P A 
 258 
 D89 
 1829 
 
 MAIN 
 

 LIBRARY 
 
 OF THK 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 GIFT OK 
 
 MRS. MARTHA E. HALLIDIE. 
 Class 
 
 /^ 
 
INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES 
 
 ON THE 
 
 GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 FOR THE USE OF JUNIOR STUDENTS AT SCHOOLS AND 
 UNIVERSITIES. 
 
 BY GEORGE DUNBAR, A.M. F.R.S.E. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. 
 
 STIRLING & KENNEY, EDINBURGH; 
 WHITTAKER, TREACHER & ARNOTT, 
 
 LONDON. 
 MDCCCXXIX. 
 
Edinburgh : 
 
 Printer to the University. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THE following Introductory Exercises on the Greek 
 Language are, in a great measure, an Abridgment of 
 the Author's larger Work, which has now been for 
 a number of years before the public. Two considera- 
 tions induced him to undertake the present publica- 
 tion ; the one, to supply those who arc just entering 
 upon the study of the Language with a Manual, more 
 simple in its form and less encumbered with observa- 
 tions, than the Exercises usually put into their hands ; 
 and the other, of no less importance in the present day 
 when elementary books are multiplied to an enormous 
 extent, that a work, necessary for acquiring an accu- 
 rate knowledge of the Language, might be obtained at 
 a price burdensome to none. 
 
 It was the purpose of the Author in framing this 
 Work to adapt it as nearly as possible to the Grammars 
 generally in use in this country. In teaching the Ex- 
 ercises his own plan has been, and he hopes he will 
 not be deemed presumptuous in recommending it to 
 others, to put them into the hands of his Students as 
 soon as they have mastered the substantives and ad- 
 
 J 03307 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 jectives in the Grammar, and to follow their progress 
 through the other parts of the elements. The exam- 
 ples for illustrating the verh will be found more nu- 
 merous than in most works of the kind, because the 
 Author thinks that, without a thorough acquaintance 
 with all its tenses and inflections, no real progress can 
 be made in acquiring a knowledge of the Language. 
 The most important of the Rules of Syntax have been 
 retained, and also the more simple examples under each. 
 No examples in English have been given under any of 
 them, as the Author is convinced that they could not 
 be made out with any degree of accuracy by Students 
 at so early a stage of their progress. He has, how- 
 ever, added a few at the end of the work to illustrate 
 some of the more common and important idioms to be 
 found in every classical writer. It is at present his in- 
 tention when a new edition shall be required of the 
 larger work, adapted to more advanced Students, to 
 add a considerable number of examples in English to 
 be turned both into Greek prose, and more particularly 
 into the different kinds of verse chiefly used by the 
 Greek poets. He has it in view also to extend the 
 observations on the idioms, and particularly the pre- 
 positions and conjunctions, being convinced that in a 
 philological point of view they are as yet but imper- 
 fectly understood by the generality of Greek Scholars. 
 
 COLLEGE OF EDINBURGH, i 
 1st October 1829. S 
 
KEY TO THE ABBREVIATED SIGNS. 
 
 1. 1st Declension. 
 
 2. 2d Declension. 
 
 s singular, 
 du dual, 
 pi plural. 
 
 m masculine, 
 f feminine, 
 n neuter. 
 
 no nominative, 
 g genitive, 
 d dative, 
 ac accusative, 
 v vocative. 
 
 Tpo positive. 
 
 < c comparative. 
 
 ^sup superlative. 
 
 Att. Attic. Ion. Ionic. 
 
 3. 3d Declension. 
 
 'a active voice, 
 mi middle voice. 
 _ pas passive voice. 
 
 ' pr present, 
 im imperfect. 
 
 1 f first future. 
 
 2 f second future. 
 
 1 a first aorist. 
 
 2 a second aorist. 
 p perfect. 
 
 plu pluperfect. 
 
 in indicative, 
 su subjunctive, 
 op optative, 
 imp imperative, 
 inf infinitive, 
 pa participle. 
 
 Dor. Doric. JEol JEolic. 
 
 N. B. English words in Italics, or included within brack- 
 ets, have no corresponding words in the original. 
 
EXERCISES 
 
 ON THE 
 
 CONCORD OF ADJECTIVES WITH SUBSTANTIVES 
 
 ADJECTIVES AND SUBSTANTIVES. 
 Terminations o$ 9 n, ov ; og pure and go? 
 
 A handsome youth. 
 Immense wealth. 
 Narrow roads. 
 A hostile town. 
 Powerful nations. 
 The right hand. 
 Ruinous schemes. 
 Cruel chains. 
 O unfortunate Adonis. 
 To a worthy man. 
 An unhappy woman. 
 The road must be taken. 
 
 vsctvioCg 
 
 atpdovog 
 ffrtvog 
 
 f K 
 
 sdvog 
 
 0X005 
 
 o odog f vogevreog. 
 
 Termination og declined in the Attic form.- 
 Gram. p. 24>. 
 
 Uncultivated land. ^fy y^ 1 M 
 
 To the newly married wife. 6 v&oya 
 
 Cities overturned. -roX/s 3 
 
 Inglorious security. aoipaXs/a 1 a 
 
 * See Moor's Grammar, p. 23, 24, 
 
 f See Moor's Grammar, p. 6, at the bottom. 
 
2 ADJECTIVES AND SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 The beautiful rosy-fingered xaXog goSo&xxrjXos jjw$. 3 { 
 
 morning. 
 That the lady was not un- oux a^ctgiarog ^ yvw;. 3 M 
 
 grateful. 
 
 A counterbalancing alliance, su^a^ia ' avno<wro. * 
 With false locks. trgo<s6erog 
 
 To unwarlike hands. 
 
 Terminations a?, a/fa, ctv. ei?, g<r<ra, sv. t>, g/a, u. 
 Gram. p. 25. 
 
 Through the dark night. 3/a vv% 3 
 
 Black garments. /.sXas i 
 
 Of the bloody war. aiparoeis -roXs^os. 
 
 Winged words. 
 
 Deliberate speeches. 
 
 In a short time. /Sga^yg 3s %fo"o$. 2 
 
 Furious war. CTOXE/AOS 2 Sgaffuj. ac 
 
 Sweet song. fidvg ao/Sjj. 1 ac 
 
 Sharp cliffs. <rayog s o^uj. 
 
 Many and precious gifts. dugov 2 -roXug re xa/ 
 
 Harsh masters. /Saug diffvoriig. 1 M 
 
 The Common Gender in cyv, ^v, ^ ; &>v, mas. and 
 fern, ov, neut. ??f, mas. and fern, or e/va, fern. 
 &v, neut. ?7, mas. and fern, g?, neut. ic, and 
 vj, with the compounds of TOU?, ^^5. Gram. 
 pp. 27, 28. 
 
 Your son unhurt. cra/g 3 tfog 
 
 Into many families and flou- iroXug 5' g/'g o/'xog ' xa/ 
 
 rishing states. 
 
 O unhappy man. u 
 
 To aged fathers. ytguv 
 
ADJECTIVES AND SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 To their happy lives. 
 
 Tender flowers. 
 
 The propitious andkindgods. Seog 8 iXsug * xa/ 
 
 The experiment is dangerous, oux dtfpaXrjs ^ 
 
 To an unhappy woman, a 
 
 slave. 
 Relentless to enemies, and 
 
 gentle to friends. 
 The order unimpaired and 
 
 unfading. 
 
 Of swift steeds. uxwrovs twos.* 
 
 In a disagreeable misfortune. 
 The brazen-greaved Greeks. 
 And the powerful ruler of 6 re 
 
 the trident, the fierce 
 
 shaker of the earth, and 
 
 the briny deep. 
 
 The Terminations ?j and aj declined like Mas- 
 culine Nouns of the First Declension. 
 
 Insolent men. avdgums z u 
 
 The hundred-handed Bria- 
 
 reus. 
 Unfading thanks. X a f' 3 ^ 
 
 * Declined in the Attic manner, 
 f The genitive has the penult long. 
 J Declined in the Attic manner. g. Bj;*s, d. 
 
 A2 
 
ADJECTIVES AWI> SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 An active genera?. 
 
 And most of them wounded, xai rgav/jMnag. ! 
 
 Beautiful-maned horses. xaXX/0|/* /V<ro$. 8 
 
 The sable deep. s'ivo^ flwroc. 8 M 
 
 A general both a thief and Grgcvrriyos a *"= KOU xte<xrr ' 
 robber. agvot%.* 
 
 IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES, INCLUDING 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 The ranks Intent upon. ^ rag/g 
 
 They two being alarmed and e i^v ra 
 
 reverencing. 
 
 All engaging. tag * f 
 
 They two' being yoting. vog 
 
 Tliose that betrayed the city, o <!raga8ovc -j- 
 
 Soldiers to do this. 6 TO-JTO ro/Tjo'ctj 
 
 Willing rather than unwil- SILKY /AaXXo^ ?j ax.wy.* P I 
 
 ling. 
 
 The women laughing. jj yt""3 
 
 They came to assist. fam 
 
 They two in the bloom of 6 ptv ri^tfttg. par 1 aoi" 
 
 youth. 
 
 Every man such as ;> every <jec<,$ ottos, &c. 
 
 woman, &c. 
 
 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE DEGREES, 
 See Gram. pp. 30 32. 
 
 But the way is far more XXa croXu oWrXoog xou svdu$ 
 simple and direct with us. Tag' rifiiv % 66o. e 
 
 More persuasive arguments. ytieriKos Xoyog. 2 " 
 
 In his mind mostyhumane, 4/u^rji' 5g ^/Xav^wrrDg %a/ 
 and most studious, and /ua^ xa/ fi7.oTifj.oc. 
 most ambitious. 
 
 Happier men. tv^atftuv 
 
 * Gen. x,etM.irgiYts- f Gen. *# 
 
Swifter horses. 
 
 A most wretched course. 
 
 Greater hopes. 
 
 Tte greatest labour. 
 
 Most venerable JEther. 
 
 What remain are still far 
 more numerous and illus- 
 trious. 
 
 These things are better. 
 
 Bowmen and targeteers not 
 fewer. 
 
 O most wise spectators. 
 
 More compliant and much 
 more humble. 
 
 For the life of such men is 
 most renowned. 
 
 Igyov* croXug. 
 
 x,a,i xaXog TO, 
 
 Itfri raura. 
 
 ' tie nai vtXragrr,; l cu 
 
 ro/ouroc 
 
 yu en 
 
 PRONOUNS SUBSTANTIVE, ADJECTIVE, POS- 
 SESSIVE, RECIPROCAL, &c. 
 See Gram. pp. 35 37. 
 
 To us two still alive. 
 
 But you having neglected 
 
 (them) and become wick- fas 
 
 ed. 
 
 To you being wise. en pl 6 
 
 Whatever soldiers. or/g 
 
 These are the things which urog lifnv 05 au 
 
 you know. 
 
 Respecting this vision. 
 Our jfhr-famed father. 
 
 * The substantive pronoun, if used, in toe genitive, the possessive, in the 
 accusative. 
 
SUMMARY OF THE PREPOSITIOKS, &C. 
 
 The amount of your own fj dvvafus 3 y ffog 
 
 force. 
 
 To show himself obedient savrov va^nt svirsiSqi; o ag- 
 
 to his officers. %wi>. 3 
 
 Respecting their own affairs, tftgt 6 laurou crgay/ia. 8 % 
 
 Whatever benefactress. ItSrn; eusgysng. 3 ** 
 
 All these. sxeivos wag. 
 
 You have bodies not infe- TO tsuf^a 3 ye lyw B ovdev xaxcg 
 
 rior to us, it becomes you s%*, -4^"%^ ou&i xaxo; 
 
 to have minds also not tfu d flrgoojxa* Jyw 8 e%s/v. 
 
 worse than we. 
 
 Which gives every thing of 6 crag ro 6 /xgo c 6 aya6o$ c 
 
 the vanquished to the 
 
 victors. 
 
 SUMMARY OF THE PREPOSITIONS AND THE 
 CASES THEY GOVERN. 
 
 FOUR govern the Genitive, viz. Am, ATO, 
 E#, or E|, and flgo. 
 
 Aw/, commonly signifies Instead of, for. 
 
 AOT, From. 
 
 Ex, Oztfof. 
 
 Before. 
 
 Two govern the Dative only, viz. Ei> and 2w. 
 
 v, commonly signifies In. 
 
SUMMARY OF THE PREPOSITIONS, &C. 7 
 
 Two govern the Accusative only, viz. E*j and 
 Ava. 
 
 Ei$ commonly signifies To, into. 
 
 Ai>, -- Up, through, and along. 
 
 t * 
 
 FOUR govern Two cases, the Genitive and Accu- 
 sative, viz. A/a, Kara, Msra,* and ' 
 
 A/a, with the ^ew. signifies Through. 
 
 - with the accusat. Through means of. 
 Kara, with the gen. signifies Along, regarding, against. 
 
 - with the accusat. Down, according to. 
 
 , with the gen. signifies With, i. e. sharing unth. 
 
 with the accusat. After. 
 
 , with the gen. signifies Higher, or above, for. 
 with the accusat. Over, or beyond. 
 
 Six govern Three cases, viz. A/<p/, Ekg/, Eirt, 
 IIgo, Ilaga and ' 
 
 , with the gen. signifies About, or for. 
 with the dot. Close about. 
 
 with the accusat. Motion about. 
 
 , with the gen. signifies About, or for. 
 - with the dot. Close about, or for. 
 
 -- with the accusat. Tending about. 
 
 * Mtra. with the Poets, sometime* governs the Dative, signifying With, 
 Among. 
 
SUMMARY OF THE PREPOSITIONS, &C. 
 
 with the gen. signifies 
 with the dat. 
 with the accusat. 
 
 with the gen. signifies 
 
 with the dot. 
 
 with the accusat. 
 with the gen. signifies 
 
 with the dat. 
 
 with the accusat. 
 
 with the gen. signifies 
 with the dat. 
 with the accusat, 
 
 Upon. 
 
 Close upon, depending upon. 
 
 Directed upon, or against. 
 
 From, by. 
 
 Close to, near. 
 
 To, or towards, against. 
 
 From beside. 
 
 Close beside. 
 
 To beside. 
 
 Under, by. 
 
 Close under, by. 
 
 Motion under. 
 
 The following CONJUNCTIONS always require the Sub- 
 junctive mode. Eav, qv, if; sweuv, &TW, rav, wrs;5av, since ; 
 crov, when. See Gram. p. 94. 
 
EXERCISES 
 
 ON 
 
 VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRESENT. TENSE. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 For what hinders ? ns 
 
 Do we not call this forget- n ou wrog Xt}dn 
 
 fulness ? 
 
 You are hastening. tfu^ 1 owuSw. 
 
 My hopes do not yet slum- eXcng 3 3" okrw 
 
 ber. 
 Do you think that your mo- ?j vo/t/^w xaxovoos 
 
 ther is ill-affected to you ? tfy g/'ww j 
 He is formidable who serves 8uvo$ 05 10; ts&u. 
 
 the gods. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Commonly preceded by Conjunctions or Indefinites after 
 Verbs of the present orftiture Tense. 
 
 Or they should send others ^ aXXog /MJ 
 
 not a few. 
 Although he may not prac- stav M l 
 
 tise as a physician. 
 
 * N. B. Any teacher may vary the persons, and so multiply the examples 
 for the benefit of his scholars. 
 
10 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 Commonly preceded by Conjunctions or Indefinites after 
 Verbs of the past Tense. 
 
 I will stay. (MVU * av. 
 
 We would properly say. igQu$ av 
 
 If they also should look for- d & xat 
 ward. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Stretch out your aged hand, -ootyu ytgatog 
 Let the truce remain. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 To give his vote. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Avoid pleasure afterwards psvyu ^ 
 
 bringing pain. 
 
 Angry at his mother. irgog 
 
 The defendant. o <ptvyu. 
 
 The plaintiff. o ftiuxu. 
 
 * The particle *y, with the optative of the present, gives it the force of the 
 future. 
 
 f Attic form. See Grammar, page 1 15. part ii. large edition. 
 
ACTIVE VOICE. 11 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 My rank did not maintain 6 ym$ 3 o\> /3o<rxw lyw. 
 
 me. 
 And the hearers without xai 6 azouuv* ou 
 
 difficulty they persuaded. <TKI&U. 
 And you were also singing ddu de xai /iaX 
 
 very ridiculously. 
 They were keeping guard aurog (tsv raury 
 
 there. 
 
 FIRST FUTURE. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 How will you inscribe at ygapw <ru$ 11? 'lva%pg goa. d P' 
 
 the streams of Inachus ? 
 
 She shall suffer punishment. Bou (5/d/) &XTJ. 
 For this reward I will make ro ya% xf$o$ reteu.* 
 
 good. 
 But if you will not point out / fa olrog f&t) <pouvu P 1 tyu 6 
 
 to me the actors (those dgaw.P* 
 
 doing) of these tilings. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 Who would love another bang aXXog ^aXXov p/Xi. 
 more. 
 
 * Attic, by the elision of the a and the contraction of the vowels. 
 
12 EXEHCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 He says that he will unmask ixxaXwrru lyu psjov xou aya 
 me and will bring me bfi- svt o /Sjj^o. 3 
 fore the tribunal. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 About to adjudge an action y^a^jj crccgavo/Aos s 
 
 for a violation of the laws. 
 I will send him to bring Ti- ayu** <xwxu favgu 
 
 rcsias hither. 
 
 SECOND FUTURE. 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 I will call him out hither to uvng 
 
 the light. T^/S ro 
 
 But who will marry her ? yajMu de TIC, 
 
 FIRST AORIST. 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 The one her father called 33 /* Is/tqvi) xarqg 
 
 Ismene. 
 
 These two youths then suf- sx,tivo$ fuv ouv o /*/gax;ov 2 
 
 fered punishment. r/a. 
 
 * What is put down here for a second futune is nothing else than the 
 Attic contraction of the first. Thus jut^iu, xaA<r, <r elided *aAs, con- 
 
 f Ai-istoph. Nubes. 
 
ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 13 
 
 They cause the stars to ap- 
 
 pear in the night. 
 He both clapped his hands. 
 Why pray did not you tell 
 
 me this then ? 
 
 a<n-go 
 
 ffvyxgorsu rs n f x, er S' 
 n 3jra euros pl oa 
 
 Da not pass encomiums up- usreg ffseamv pwj <p$at<u lyxu- 
 
 on yourself. /a/ov. 
 
 If we convict Ctesiphon. lav iXsy^w Krjjff/fwp. 
 
 If you would then make me lac ouv lyw ^/Xog f VMSO*, SKI 
 
 your friend, I will lead j ^3yg rs KCU ga^og 65os ^ f 
 
 you to the most agree- ayw tfy. 
 
 able and easiest road. 
 
 Optative. 
 How I should distinguish 6tfr^ d Hiaxgivu 
 
 Thersites from the beau- 6 xaXog 
 
 tiful Nireus. 
 If you should again see. 
 Tliat we might not alone 
 
 and uriprepared wage war. 
 
 /i>j3' a<raga<j*st/of 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Save me. 
 
 Hear me reporting. 
 
 Pity me unfortunate. 
 
 dxot/<w P 1 Jyw 
 o/xrg/gw lyw 
 
 * For the formation of the 1st aorist of Liquid verbs, see Grammar, p. 82. 
 j- The mascnline article is used with the dual. 
 
 J The 2Eolic, Ionic and Attic form of the Optative of the First Aorist is 
 thus deeliued : 
 
 C 1. rvJsUK, C - C I. rv^nafter, 
 
 Sing. < 2. -rv-jstiaf, Dual < 2. <rv^(iecror Plur. < 2. rn^uarj, 
 
 ^3. ru^tii, (_3. rv^uarnv. ^3. ri/'v/'S/ay. 
 
 Of these persons, however, the 2d and 3d. singular, and 3d. plural only are 
 
14 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 To send the army away. er^arog ptv aTocTEXXw. 
 
 You gave permission to pro- XTjgvww 1-r/rgETw. 1 a 
 claim. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Having persuaded me. irtiQu f lyu. 
 
 Having obliged us to wait iv ayoga avcvyx.ct'fyi lyu Sta- 
 
 in the forum. . rg/Cw. 1 a 
 
 And easy for you who have xc <ru dxouw xg/v } a 
 
 heard it to judge. 
 
 SECOND AORIST. 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 You left the house empty. sgwog Agrw (gX/iroi/) SO/MS. 
 They two ran up. o ftsv 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Lest some snare cut me off. pri r/g ^0X05 Jyw xreivu (g' 
 If also when we are dead. si xai ivsiSctv am6a,vov. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 That they might not fall 
 
 upon the fatigued. vu. d 
 
 We should leave as a triumph xiv sup^wXjj Hgiaftos xai Tgwov 
 
 to Priam and the Trojans. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Tell me. tiirot* eyta. 
 
 Take your son in your arms. Xa/^Cacw (s'Xa&jv) ffij 
 
 * iTiry retains the augment through all the modes. 
 
ACTIVE VOICE, 15 
 
 Infinitive. 
 But will you dare to slay your dXXa XTHVU eos cra/g 
 
 two children, woman ? ywr\ -, 
 
 So as to escape observation, wars Xqda (tXadov). 
 I cannot learn the future. (tt'klMv ou/c s^ca pavddvu 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Calling out. dvaxga^w (ai/sxgayov). 
 
 The daughter of Menelaus 
 
 having left the house. 
 Learning the intrigues of our 
 
 enemies. 
 
 PERFECT TENSE * 
 
 Indicative. 
 If you are wise. ti tfopog <pvto. 
 
 The lawgiver has made the ^ ]8oyX?j vmvBvws iroizu o vofio- 
 
 senate responsible. dsrrig. 
 
 He gave orders to me. lyu d' 
 
 They have abolished the q xgia 
 
 trials. 
 Has he attempted this most faou Totyuku egyov ctl<j%go$ 
 
 disgraceful action ? 
 
 Subjunctive, 
 
 If they have spoken. sav teyu. 
 
 If they have given security. sav didufM P a (3ow) ei/u 
 
 Demosth. 
 
 * The perfect must be very often translated as a present, and is then called 
 the Perfect-Present : the pluperfect as the imperfect. See Clarke's note on 
 line 37th of the 1st book of the Iliad, os Xftifti 
 
16 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 Who may not have formerly bg av (tri vgartgog tf 
 assisted you. flfu. Demosth. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 He should have found him t//<rxw (sugsw) 
 
 his greatest enemy. 
 
 And they may have been f 8s woXs/ttx/j n^vn affx.su.* 
 
 practising warlike arts. 
 
 I shall have escaped the ca- Jywy* av sxpeuyu f 
 
 lamity. Soph. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 And because they thought KCU on ?j <j%rov&j P 1 
 that they first broke the Xuw fysopai aug. 
 treaty. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 He happens to have enacted, ruy^ai 
 Having done nothing good oiifais \>ytr& 
 (sound). 
 
 PLUPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Whom you had sent. cs lx 
 
 These had contrived to make, euros 
 
 * Instead of the optative of ufxia the participle with the optative of tlpu, 
 sum, is used ; thus, rurnmtorti thy (for ilri/ra,i). 
 
 f Attic. See Person's Adversaria, p. 98. 
 \ iirt with the participle. 
 
MIDDLE VOICE. 17 
 
 And hitherto they might per- KOU /%/ o s euros pl &v yiy- 
 
 haps have known this. vwrfjcw P* foav * /<to. 
 
 When he had not yet sold or' owrca flvrgao'xwP 3 (^aw) lau- 
 
 himself. roy e//w. Demosth. 
 
 NOTE. Instead of the regular indicative, subjunctive, and optative, the 
 perfect-participle, active, middle, and passive is frequently used with some 
 tense of iifu, sum: thus, il 5* o ftiv tyyaxas 'iarcu. Id. If he shall have 
 been sensible, ovs tin tK^rt^ofttliorts, Xen. Cyr. Whom you had sent. 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 If you wish to learn. it (3ov\o/j,ai f 
 
 Kindness cannot change na- rj %oigi$ aXa^w l a fj <pvsi$ * ou 
 ture. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 If we are upon our guard. sav <pvXdrru. 
 Whom they may please to eg av jBovXoji 
 assist. 
 
 Optative. 
 You would appear ridicu- xaraysXatfros tpaivu. 
 
 * Demosth. Olynth. 1. 
 
 }- 'BouXof&a.i, olofiai and oij/aftai have u instead of of the second person 
 singular. The Attic poets always used a of the second person, instead of , 
 in the present and future tenses, middle and passive. 
 
 B 
 
18 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 For being collected we shall udgoog yag uv^ xai ra%v xai 
 proceed both most speedi- aff$a\i$ av 
 ly and safely. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Deliberate slowly. (3ov\tvu 
 
 Send ye ambassadors. 
 Go rejoicing. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Are you thinking to turn ITT/ TO (ttyctc, i-mmu rgivu ; 
 
 yourself to greater objects? 
 And they teach them also to dtdatKu Be avro$ xai 
 
 obey the magistrates. a^(U9. A 
 
 Participle. 
 He was overjoyed at pleas- iwrsg^a/gw ^^ avro$ d 
 
 ing them. /aa/. 
 
 I take a special pleasure in %a/g<y 72 5/aXsyo/ia/ oi 
 
 conversing with very old 7rg<rur?js. 
 
 men. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 You asked me again. l-Trsgo^a/ lya> KaXiv. 
 
 They two conversed a little <t/Aixgov v^oc, aXXjXw* 
 
 with each other. /A/. 
 
 For the judges were asham- ak^uvo/^ai jag 6 
 
 ed. 
 
 But you put it off to a more dXX' tig rig xa/ 
 
 favourable season. 
 
 in the dual. 
 
MIDDLE VOICE. 
 
 19 
 
 FIRST FUTURE. 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 I will get myself taught. 
 
 And you will receive his ods 8 r svdt^o/^ai -J- 
 
 answer. 
 
 He will assuredly err. 
 Having marched home he 
 
 will easily repel you. 
 Will you not avoid your fa- 
 
 ther's imprecations ? 
 For I shall listen not being xaxiv yuo oux 
 
 unacquainted with evils. 
 
 / &.- 
 
 xoiiw. f m Soph, Antig. 
 
 Paulo post, or the Ionic reduplication of the 
 first syllable. 
 
 But grant this favour to me aXXa 805 syu s$ an ,,vao- 
 who will always remem- /u-a/P 3 v\ %'. 
 ber it. 
 
 I will then give over. ouxouv iravu. 
 
 These I shall remember. oifi * tyu IMO.OIJMI.'^. Eurip. 
 
 Med. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 He did not consider what 
 
 lie might suffer. 
 They should obtain suitable 
 
 rewards. 
 
 ourog ou svvosu 6<tn$ 
 
 (from fftidu). 
 ra, a%ia.z riv^u (for 
 
 vu). 
 
 * Aristoph. Nubes. } Eurip. 
 
 | Person on this observes that the Tragedians always use 
 never (Mnfiwopoti ; xtx\<rofAai, never x&titfriff'aftui : but 
 .Ki indiscriminately. 
 
 B2 
 
 and 
 
20 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION, 
 
 Infinitive. 
 You think that you will in wfas rgovog ac o/'o/Aa/ Suva- 
 
 no manner be able. [tai. 
 
 Thinking that they (them- vo^t^ca ixavo; 
 
 selves} will become fit. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Declaring what will happen. Pfw M 6 P 1 
 I have come to you to see lyw Kgos <ru ZI/AI P "^ * s 
 how you do. ro/j,ai v 
 
 SECOND FUTURE. 
 Indicative. 
 
 We will sit in silence. awry 
 
 They will turn themselves. rgsvu 
 
 Into such a snare shall she roiog tic, tgxoc, n wrrrw 
 
 fall. 
 
 TJiat I would equally perish. 6/Ao/wg a,<ffodvq<niu 
 
 FIRST AORIST. 
 
 Indicative. 
 But I vilified the art of di- Jyw 
 
 vination. //. 
 
 He received me. sadi^o/uai eyu. 
 
 They two seized his hands. %sig g 5' airrofjMi. 
 You would treat us so. roiovros P 1 av Jyw 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 If the people shall decree. lay -v|/jp/^w 6 
 But should separately make aXX' /3/a cro/sw ^ ei 
 the peace. 
 
 * Perf. m. fa or ?. f The augment a. 
 
MIDDLE VOICE. 
 
 21 
 
 Optative. 
 
 If you should think this si ds wrog Ji 
 
 wrong. 
 My father would gratify you. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Collect your strength. 
 Let Phoenix conduct them. 
 Do you two gratify them. ouros 
 Embrace and address your d<ftrao,aa/ xot,i 
 father with me. rq% pir eyw 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Before that you asked any vgw onovv sv 
 
 thing whatever. 
 If you neither wish, said he, / 
 
 to answer this. 
 
 <tu. 
 
 euros, l^jj, ]SouXo/*a/ 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Having hegun along with the apa r\ 
 
 moon. 
 
 These having written and euros xat ygatpu M xou 
 
 sealecl. vu. 
 
 SECOND AORIST. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 As soon as he came. wg ds d^/xo/a; 
 
 And they obeyed. rids mitou. 
 
 But whom did they choose ? dXXa r/$ tXw ;* 
 
 * Augment u. 
 
22 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE EIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 Do you wish that I should /SouXo/ia; (wg) rgvxu ; 
 
 turn myself. 
 He will not be persuaded. ou 
 
 Optative. 
 
 I could not obey. cm av 
 
 Let some one of the gods xgirqg ds TI$ 
 
 be judge. 
 If then there were two such /' ovv duo roiovros daxri/X/os y/- 
 
 rings. vopai. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Do not betake yourselves to !p" a^ayjj ^93 T^W. 
 plunder. 
 
 Irifinitive. 
 
 I will not conceal from you ou ^n <*v ** xgwirru vgos otfng ac 
 to whom I wish to go. /3ouXo/*a/ a 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Those that were good. 6 etdXog P 1 
 
 Promising that he would give a6Xov cuvrog \jmd^viOfj.ai dou. 
 them rewards. 
 
 PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 In the next place do you not SIT' WK fidtu (P o/5a) , 
 
 know ? 
 
 The moon deserted her path, jj ffeXqvq exXtivu q odog. P 1 
 From the time when these ! o 5' 6 ditgurau 
 
 orators appeared asking <paivu gqrug. Demosth. 
 
 you. 
 
 
 
 * The subjunctive of the second aorist middle, with the pai'ticles oil, pti, 
 has the same force as the future indicative. 
 
PASSIVE VOICE. 23 
 
 Optative. 
 How could he be ignorant ? KU$ dv X 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Upon account of having left. <5/a 6 n 
 That a certain alliance ap- po/vw r/$ 
 peared. 
 
 Trusting to the truce. aww&j 
 
 The fluttering shadows of *|/<y (rsr^/ya) 6 vxgog 33 
 
 the dead. 
 Of those aged above fifty 6 foreg Temjxow-a Iroj 
 
 years. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Nothing else was left them. ovtisis avro$ aXXos "tecrtu. 
 For ye were all bawling out ira$ pen 
 at the same time. ya, perf.) 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 They are maintained. 
 
 Every good is afforded him. Tag aya&o$ P 1 ods vtoytp. 
 
 * See Gram. p. 1 18. 
 
24 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 Sidyunctme. 
 
 If he be opposed to honour- lav xaXog xdya^og d dmrarrw. 
 
 able and good men. 
 
 But if you are pleased with fa bt Jyw xa/ 6 I/AOJ supga/iw P 1 
 
 me and my inventions. si^/Aa. 3 
 
 That both may be judged // dpportgof xgivu 6 
 
 which of them is the more rbg d 
 
 happy. 
 
 If the citizens would serve /' 6 ffoAraj? /AST' clXX?)Xwi' 
 
 together rather than the rtwpai /iaX 
 
 Lydians be drawn up with avros A Avdoi. 
 them. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Let them with justice be tixorug 
 accounted cowards. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 To the not being thrown fig ro 
 
 into disorder. 
 To be checked in every way. crag rgo-ro; ao 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Not known by their actions ou TO ngayiJM xai ro 
 and administration. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Another army was collect- dXXo rfrgau,aa <ruXXsyw* au- 
 ing for him in the Cher- ro$ sv Xsggo^ffoj. 
 sonesus. 
 
 * For the composition of Iv and trvv with verbs, see Grammar, part ii, p. 
 31, large edition. 
 
PASSIVE VOICE. 25 
 
 The soldiers were assembled 6 argariurris tfwa/s/gw. 
 together. 
 
 FIRST FUTURE. 
 Indicative. 
 
 I shall be frequently obliged ffoXXax/s Xsyw dxayxa<w crgg/ 
 
 to speak of myself. !/iurou. 
 
 I shall appear maintaining ovrog TO qdos l^w? 3 tpaivu. 
 
 this practice. 
 
 If I shall be persuaded to go / KsiQu l f P 38 Ig^o/tcw 2 a 
 
 to see (her). o/*a/. fut 
 
 I think however that Archi- o//za/ /iewo; 'Ag%/i/o$ i\ A/wv a/- 
 nus or Dion will be cho- su. 
 sen. 
 
 To shew the power of Philip ^ fc/X/Ttfog bvva^ig dsixu l a 5/a- 
 about to be dissolved. Xuw. 
 
 SECOND FUTURE. 
 
 You shall be hurt. /SXowrrw 
 
 He shall be seen doing deeds IljjXsu; * rs jag afyos, varqg r 
 
 worthy both of Peleus and Ap^/XXsuj igyov dgau P patvu 
 
 his father Achilles. (<pav'iu). 
 
 * Attic, gen. 
 
26 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 Many will appear. o-oXvc <pa,tm. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Expecting to be beaten. 
 
 FIRST AORIST. 
 Indicative. 
 
 He was immediately lulled 
 
 to sleep by the melody. 
 Against whom we were sent. 
 They have lost their lives. 
 Afterwards I was brought up Icrs/r 
 
 e<p o; 
 6 /3/oj 
 
 to the fairest hopes. 
 
 ?ro.f 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 But if on the other hand you %v 3' 
 
 be vanquished. 
 That he may be saved. 
 When the laws are observed 
 
 in the state. 
 
 xotftau viro TO 
 
 xaXog u- 
 
 o vopog j 
 
 Optative. 
 
 Nor a house well managed. our' e/xog 
 
 How he might best proceed. &ra$ dv xa\)jgrct 
 
 As any one of you would wcmg av ov exasros a/tf^ucw 
 
 be asliamed to quit his ru% 
 
 post, 
 
 * I fut. i<Q@n<roie.Kt. 
 
 j- Eurip. Hecub. 
 
PASSIVE VOICE. 27 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Be saved. <rww. 
 
 Be gone from me. ewraAXatfrfw P 1 CMT 
 
 Reverence tutelary Jove. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 That these things be done. ro rtgatidu ovros. 
 So as that these things be w<r dtj euros Xi/w xai py avay- 
 abolished and not be xaw. 
 forced. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Having learned and been pot,6tw 2 a xa/ l^/^w ^jj <poiu m 
 
 accustomed not to dread o /3aga|oc. ac 
 
 the barbarians. 
 
 How great is the little sea- ug /tsya o (j.m^og fffrm ev juu- 
 
 sonably given. _ gog d doca. 
 
 He would find nothing o- svgov P ou&itz JXAs/^rw. 
 
 mitted. 
 
 SECOND AORIST. 
 Indicative. 
 
 I was defrauded. cTagaxwrrw. 
 
 By whom I was sent. os g airo<srtk\u wro. 
 
 The thunder burst through /3gon-?j d' gjjovw (Jg|ayov 2 a a ) 
 
 the lightning. dt' affrga,<jrr}. 
 
 The point of the spear stuck dogu cbcw;cj Iv 
 
 in the earth. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Not though you should burst, ovdz dv ffu 
 
 But still if he should any sri d' sav tiga 
 
 how go wrong. 
 
28 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 Optative. 
 If he should appear accuser, si xarjjyogog dvatpatvw. 
 
 Imperative. 
 Appear the bravest. puivu 
 
 Infinitive, 
 That the dead body never be vsxvs prpeort ^cwrrw (iratp ov a ) 
 
 buried. 
 
 By being not corrupted. ro d yt (j,q diapdsigca. 
 
 To appear as splendid as us Xa/jirtgorara <paivca. 
 
 possible. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 But omitting these long ad- o (tangos 
 
 monitions. 
 These having appeared. ovr 
 
 PERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 And I am also persuaded. mtdu ds %ai syu. 
 The great heaven is com- sviTgivu (tiyag ovgavog. 
 
 mitted. 
 I have executed a greater ro Igyov [ttya$ s 
 
 work. 
 Though we have not been si xui w xa8' 'EKkrivsg %6uv 
 
 educated in the country rgspu. 
 
 of the Greeks. 
 Mortals do not possess riches ovroi TO 
 
 really their own. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 If any one be possesed of lav ns dvtv o dya^og 6 xrao- 
 it without the best. (JMI. 
 
PASSIVE VOICE. 29 
 
 We may have arranged what 65 P 1 /3<juXo/*o/ 
 we wish. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 I was afraid lest poison biixu P lu * /CAJJ In 6 xgarrjg <pag- 
 
 should have been mingled paxov P 1 /uyu. 
 
 in the cup. 
 
 That he should then most rort iJMkusra. 6 10$ & /AVOCO- 
 
 of all remember the gods. /Aa/.f 
 
 You shall both be called ffopos T av ayrog xayaOog xa- 
 
 wise and good. X 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Beware of doing those things. <pvXa<fffa yi oi/rog TO<W. inf 
 Let these things be told. oOroj tgw. s 
 
 Let it seem good to the dozu (doxeu) 6 &] ( ,os o/ ' 
 Athenian people. *a/o/. s 
 
 Infinitive. 
 He is allowed to possess it. l^rr/ xrctopat. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Being ordered by the poet. iwro 6 jro/jjrjjs s xsXiuu. 
 With the good order of the ^ 6 Tra/dsuw si/xoo^/a. 
 
 students. 
 And he was sitting crowned xadr^ai 8s ampavou lit] 
 
 upon a kind of cushion irgoffxetpdXaiov n xai 
 
 * See Gramm. 117, under 2s(5. 
 
 J- Attic form. 
 
 J The optative in this sentence is formed xxXJ^t>jv, ?a, ^T. There seem to 
 be two forms of the optative in certain words as used by the Attic writers : 
 thus, /j.ifjt.vnfit.a.1, has both JWE^V^^V, >o, sura, and /cti^cjj.ajjv, ria, r,ro. fm^&Jv 
 f4.tft,vyro it.au. Aristoph. Plut. 991. 
 
30 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION 
 
 and seat, for he happened Su&i P yag rvy^avu tv 53 au 
 to have been sacrificing in 
 the hall. 
 
 PLUPERFECT. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 There was prepared for it a <mga<fxtvau 3* avrog xai <fxa- 
 boat and victims. <pog xai hgsiov. 
 
 The unfortunate Phocians l^a^araw d& 6 raXatvugog *w- 
 were also deceived and xtue xai avaigiu % ToX/s au- 
 their towns razed. ro$.% 
 
 And the one was buried. xai ro psv 3a?rr<w. 
 
 And I myself was disturbed, xeu avrog lyuyt 
 
 Contracted Verbs in <y. 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 Indicative. 
 
 The armed son rushes. liwXog osfj.au <jrou$. 
 
 You perceive the prepara- t] /u,iv Kagaffxs 
 
 tion. 
 
 Is my son dead or alive? ^vqffxuV % aw* <irai$ 
 
 * See Grammar, p. 51. 
 4 
 
CONTRACTED VERBS IN W. 31 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 When any one asks him. orav rig alfog i 
 
 What pray should we do ? rig dqra 
 
 Optative. 
 
 Should I hunt after friends ? <p i^og av syu Sqgau ;* 
 They would not permit you. ovx av Jaw. 
 If we should see you. si p>iv <tu oaw. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Speak out. xaraudau. 
 
 Pray consider, said he, bet- o^aw fijj, lpj, /SsXnox. 
 ter. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Having instructed the fore- ods l/wrgoc&v Grya.u 
 
 most to be silent. 
 Before that (you) are hungry, rryv ptv mna,u.\ 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Not suffering to proceed in ovx saca f Ic, T&.OS 
 
 the procession to the end. ireuw. 1 a 
 Loving their safety for the dycwraw m ^ l 6 naguv A 
 
 time. f/a. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative, 
 He loved them as being use- 081 ug u<piX//y,o$ uyairaa. 
 
 ful. 
 
 They regarded each other yds 
 with pleasure. 
 
 Or in the Attic. See Grammar, p. 51. f See Grammar, p. 51. 
 
32 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION 
 
 MIDDLE AND PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 They blame him alone. a/V/aw aurog /j,ovo$ 
 
 Who is striving to seize me. og syu Sijgaw 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 If you should obtain good lav tfaga crag svvoia xraopai. 
 
 will from all. 
 But perceiving their evil dXXa ra lauroy 
 
 deeds may be grieved. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 Nor would you be at a loss ^5' a-rogiw O P I Ss/og 
 
 what to make of divine or/ p^ao/ta/. 
 
 signs, i. e. of signs from 
 
 heaven. 
 
 How should men be sooner iru$ ft dv /iaXXov ev 
 
 overcome in battles ? 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Endeavour to be good. T/gaw dyadog ytyvo[wt.i. 
 
 Use what have been said, or 
 seek better. 
 
CONTRACTED VERES IN OOU. 33 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 So as to employ them. &w p^ao/wx/* auroj.* 
 
 And if you would wish to be sin iwri p/Xog 8 J&Xw P aya- 
 beloved by your friends- 
 
 Participle. 
 In quest of your person ffog Si,u,<x,$ 
 
 (hunting after)-. 
 They contriving a laugh. Q 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSEL 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 He endeavoured to remedy 
 
 by his advice. 
 
 He imprecated many curses. woXXcc 
 They were seen by all. i^aca iwro 
 
 * See Grammar, page 51. 
 
34) EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 Contracted Verbs in su. 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 The most worthy Diogenes odi dya#o su P A/oyswjg flrago/- 
 lives beside Sardanapalus xsu fitv Sa^avcwraXos d 6 A<r- 
 the Assyrian, and Midas tfug/og, xa/ M/Sag o <J>gu!;, xa/ 
 the Phrygian, and certain dXXoj r/g 6 % ^roXurgXjjf. 
 others of the grandees. 
 
 They call them ungrateful. a^agitfros xaXgw. 
 
 For methinks I am unable. doxeu yag Jyw advvarog tlpi. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 If you consider. qv xarctvow. P 1 
 
 Who may be conscious to og av %uvn8eu lurou d w aff- 
 
 themselves of having been xsu. no pa p a 
 
 well disciplined. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 What would appear to him. ri$ doxeu avro$. 
 Whom he might invite to of xaXsw* ITT/ ro 
 supper. 
 
 Imperative. 
 Don't be ignorant of your- pri ayvoiu ftaurov. 
 
 self. 
 Hate flatterers. fjuffiu 6 xoXaxsuw. ? a 
 
 * See Grammar, page 53. 
 
CONTRACTED VERBS IN *. 35 
 
 Infinitive. 
 So as also to be rich. utfre xai -r 
 
 Participle. 
 All are relations of the sue- 6 s\i7i>^su s P* <ra$ eitfi 
 
 cessful. 
 
 Accusing others. w dXXo/ & tyxateu. P 1 
 
 But you have been found dXX' tytvgsu l a P 33 
 
 less wise. ww. P* 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 He frequently invited. xaXsw ug rot. 
 
 They praised her. aivsu a&rog. 
 
 Plato, I suppose, was sick. nXarwv o', oipai, atffaveu. 
 
 MIDDLE AND PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 No one buys. ovdu$ UVSO/MU. 
 
 They are anxious. Iff/^sXso/ia/. 
 
 As fractures and sprains are wtf^sg ro gTjy/cwt xa/ ro 
 then put in motion. rorg x/rew. * 
 
36 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 For when any one does this, orav yao nc, ovrog 
 Until the one before take the yg/v dv 6 
 lead. 
 
 Optative. 
 They were marching with *ffv<trgartvo(JLai wro/ rjyio/j.ai 
 
 him wherever he might 
 
 lead them. 
 She should be deprived of 0/05 dvyps arsgsu. 
 
 such a husband. 
 
 Imperative. 
 Do not only praise the good, w pom effamu o dyadog, 
 
 but also imitate them. xou j 
 
 Both respect each other. aXX?jXwv r 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Good to be exercised by the dyaQos n daxeu UTTO 6 
 
 soldiers. rqg. B 
 
 That he himself being irre- dv l<xih.7[<xroz auro$ M uv IC 
 
 proachable take charge. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Thinking to do away such qytoiiat P 1 Xuw * f 6 ro/ouroj 
 pretexts^ <pa&g. f 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 For I would never have oJ yag av von v 
 
 thought. 
 
 When you chose him ge- ^wxa a/osco P 1 
 neral. 
 
 * See Grammar, p. II. p. 31, large Ed. 
 
37 
 
 Contracted Verbs in ou. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 Indicative. 
 
 No one dedicates a crown. ffrtpawg ovdti$ xadttgoq. 
 
 He gives much. sroXXa didou. 
 
 The king requests you to 6 fia&Xsvg a|/ow tfy axovteu. 
 sail. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 If the council crown any one. lav IJM> rig anyavou fi /3ooX>j. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 Calling to him his friends, he T|otfxaXw o/ ^/Xo/, tf-youSa/oXo- 
 engaged in earnest eonver- yiopui ^ ws &jXo * of n- 
 sation imth them, that he /Aw.P r 
 might shew whom he ho- 
 noured. 
 
 The sword would bring the 6 eidqgos av /Vow 6 do&wjf 6 /V- 
 weak upon an equality %^o$ d Jv 
 with the strong in battle. 
 
 In the Attic form. Sec Grammar, p. 55i 
 
38 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 Imperative. 
 Let him restore. avodidou. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Perfectly to understand these axgiZou ouroj. 
 
 things. 
 To punish those not perform- ^JJ/A/OW 6 pri ovrog iroieu. 
 
 ing these things. 
 
 Participle. 
 Turning my face round. xuxXow ngMwrov. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 Indicative. 
 
 He afforded them a beginning ag%r) auroj d svdiftou 
 
 of the war. 
 
 And manned the ships. xai fj vave 
 
 As you wished. 
 
 MIDDLE AND PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 Indicative. 
 
 So that he again bribes this usrs TaX/i/ /wotfow 6 
 contemptible wretch. ouro$. 
 
 Whose glory you envy, imi- 6g 37 do%a, ^Xw, 
 tate their actions. irgufyg. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 If they should be opposed. lav aGro ivctvriou. 
 
CONTRACTED VERBS IN CW. 39 
 
 Optative. 
 
 But you, however, would in- dXXa <ru /.gvrw, /twyaXa y* a> 
 cur a heavy loss. 
 
 Think yourselves deserving d/o /wyag T//MJ.S 
 of the highest honours. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 He thinks him worthy to be avrog d|/ow tfn^avow. 
 
 crowned. 
 If indeed they seemed in any ej ds n ago, % 6 tufux, 8 
 
 respect to be inferior in (JMOU doxsu.^ 
 
 strength of body. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 These things being dedicated o6rog hgoa %sog. 
 to the gods. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 Indicative. 
 
 And at the same time took xou /* 3s/ow auroj. 8 * 
 
 hold of his right hand. 
 They soon manned the ships, rap^wg q au; 
 
EXERCISES 
 
 VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 He enacts a law, and a very 
 
 excellent one. 
 They two say. 
 They say that all stop. 
 They know this also. xai OVTOS \tsv\iu. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 But when the law sends forth orav 8s ersgog psv <punj afirj/ju o 
 one sound. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 If he knew any thing good. tt rig /5j/M aya&og. 
 
 That no one should first tva prpic, <pdrifu mu^o/ia/.P 3 ' * 
 
 boast. 
 
 One would say. ip-ryu av ns. 
 
ACTIVE VOICE. 41 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Hear me, my friends. xXu/*/, ipiXog. 
 
 Prepare a feast for the sena- damjti P 1 dais yt$**~ 
 
 tors. 
 
 Report my answer. ayyiXia airoip ]/. pl 
 
 Don't be severe with us. /M) xp&,t<xos syu tijj,L* 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 To go to a feast. ss da/ 
 
 Do you indeed give to me, 3 xa/ 
 
 said he ? 
 
 He said that he was ready avoSiixwfM <pq(u in/ios no incu 
 
 to shew the dead body of ro vcutbov o vtxug. 
 
 the child. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Mixing with it certain bar- 7rga ( cwyw/M a/*a /3a^g;xos 775 
 
 barous names. oco^aa. 
 
 Giving completion to the o- riXtff<pogo$ -j- f 
 
 racle. 
 
 Uttering a sound. f wj a 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 Indicative. 
 
 Which he was eagerly bent 05 f <?rgo6vjj,u$ as 
 
 to ruin. 
 They dismissed their slaves o at/rou oherris atpi-ryu aviteu- 
 
 free. 
 
 * Mi is the 2d sing, imperative of tifu, sum, 
 ogjj agrees with #ji9yt. 
 
42 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 SECOND AORIST. 
 Indicative. 
 
 He then put on a certain avrog (j.tv o\jv [taymos ru; 
 
 magic robe. tfroXjj. 
 
 At length one of the popular Xo$ awrfr?j/4/ P* ~ a rig o 
 
 orators rising up, read a yuyo$ avaympi vj/Tjp/cjtta roi- 
 
 decree to the following ef- OVTO$. 
 
 feet. 
 
 If then they are true ye know an IMV olv 
 
 your duty. dsov P 1 
 
 Sulyunctive. 
 
 If you should desert me. i\v lyw ffu 
 
 When they do not requite. brav ^ 
 
 Should any thing not go ac- av n w xara 
 cording to their mind. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 Just as if you should say. ufftftg av tt 
 
 Should become master of xvgiog no ^ Qgaxn 
 
 Thrace. 
 May you never proceed. /i?jn <ru P 1 iron 
 
 Imperative. 
 Allow me to command him 8idu/u eyu rgsig f)fi,ega a l a 
 
 three days. 
 
 Dismiss ambitious views. (jbtdirifju 8 du ro * X/ac. 
 
 Let him submit to me. syot vtpiGTriiii. 
 
 Reckon me culpable and dis- !y&> f^sv <pauXo$ fiysotuti, euros & 
 
 miss him. 
 
MIDDLE AND PASSIVE VOICE. 43 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Being able to requite a fa- 8uvafj*ai %g/5 a 
 
 vour. 
 To give an account of his \oyos bidufu 6 P 1 
 
 conduct. 
 
 To make an offering. avadqfJM. a 
 
 To impute illiberality. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Having placed upon them r/aga rs evin6r,fu xat do%v<p ogo$ 
 
 a tiara and given them ^r 
 
 guards. 
 
 Not only transgressing the ou 6 vopos /MVOV 
 
 laws. 
 
 Now getting out of the di- wv ds !g;tfrj/M 6 6^05 xai 
 
 rect and right path. 6&>j. f s 
 
 MIDDLE AND PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRESENT TENSE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 You court ambition the most jj xaxos daipuv tpirjf 
 
 infamous of goddesses. /ti/a.s 
 
 The enactor points out to his o ygapw P* eiri8ei)tvvfju o 
 
 hearers. 
 
 He goes if he should be able /j^ew s/ n dvvafjMi P 
 
 to lend any assistance. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 That you may know to fore- iva, vgoogau fautTct/Mii TO 
 see your advantage. gov.? 1 
 
44 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 Optative. 
 
 You may soon perhaps be ro^u y av 8ui/a/*a/ pavSaveiv vsy 
 able to learn about rythm. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Boy, don't buy a .torch, since pn vgtojMiu, naig, 
 the light of the moon is p us n 22X]i>ej 
 fine. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 To be filled with all things. -rag B J 
 He ordered them to gird 
 themselves. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Always neglecting the pre- ro psv iragov ahi 
 
 sent. 
 Being desirous to do what I^/JJ/A/ d pl -rgarrw a TaXa/ JOT- 
 
 they were long anxious ^b/tscj. 1 
 
 about. 
 
 IMPERFECT TENSE. 
 Indicative. 
 
 The ground was opened. ro sbafog 
 
 He did not refuse labours, ou crocog s i/ 
 
 nor shun dangers. p/cm&a/. 
 
 Each spread his repast. rtfyfti P 1 bogiroc, z-/ux,6ro$.* 
 
 Such as might be already in- baoc, pw an avavi^v'k^i qfy xa- 
 
 fected (filled) with vice. 
 
 * Homer. 
 
MIDDLE AND PASSIVE VOICE. 45 
 
 SECOND AORIST. 
 Indicative. 
 
 The name Polynices your ovo/ia noXws/xjjg x <?ra 
 
 father gave you. 
 
 They willingly gave up the &xuv rvgavvis& d 
 
 sovereign power. 
 
 The horse which he sold. 'iititos ac 65 
 
 Thus he spoke. u$ 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Being afraid lest we attack <poiopai /MJ effirifaipi a.vrog. A 
 
 them. 
 Whatever the people may a- aovra o dq{j,o$ 
 
 gree to. 
 
 Optative. 
 Unless he should have sold ' /AJJ sroXus s 
 
 it for more. 
 
 We would yield to no man. ovdeig d dvdgwrog 8 P 1 v 
 You would not even thus oud' ai ovru fisrctyvuju. 
 
 change your resolution. 
 
 Imperative. 
 Let me first go now. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 To alienate his property. &an6rifu o ^ n i 
 
 Participle. 
 
 All the citizens having com- fl-a o ToX/r>jg 
 mitted the state to you. ^ woX/s ffy.P 1 
 
 And having put off the mask, xa/ ro irgoffeaveiov &irvtityu. 
 
OF THE 
 
 GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 I. CONCORD AND GOVERNMENT OF 
 S UBSTANTIVES. 
 
 I. CONCORD OF SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 RULE. Two or more Substantives relating to 
 the same object agree in case : as, Tlawtfoivos, 
 vvzrog o(pdoc,\^og. ^EschyL The full moon, the 
 eye of night. 
 
 O prince and king, and our w &<worj, xou /Satf/Xsug, KOU 
 
 Jupiter. yiftsrtgog Zeus. Lucian. 
 
 And all the other men pro- KOU 6 dXXos TS avSgumg ava- 
 
 claiming him their bene- xaXsw, 6 euigyirrig, 6 avqg, o 
 
 factor, a man of worth. ayn&og. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 Cyrus having freed the Per- Kugog, iXsu^ow l a Hsgtfai 6 
 
 sians, his countrymen, by aurou ?roX/rj, 6 aurou ^ge- 
 
 his own abilities. K)j^a. s Plato Menex. 
 
 4 
 
GOVERNMENT OF SUBSTANTIVES. 47 
 
 II. GOVERNMENT OF SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 RULE I. One Substantive governs another, 
 denoting a different thing, in the Genitive Case : 
 as, xoaccov uyytkos, the messenger of evil. 
 
 It is not the language of an st/ii ds ofy o X&yog 6 gjrg. De- 
 orator. mosth. irtgi (trap, 
 
 The language of truth is a^Xoog 6 pv6os rj Xjj^;a i<pw. 
 simple. Eurip. Phceniss. 
 
 Of how many evils is ignor- otfo; xaxos a/Y/a ^ dyvo/a o dv- 
 ance the cause to men. 6guvos. Plato Alcib. 2. 
 
 RULE II. The Genitive Case is often go- 
 verned by another Substantive understood : as, 
 n n>ig (paXayyo?, supple [*SPO$. A part of the line. 
 Xen. Anab. 
 
 For the possessions of friends xoivos yag o o p/Xoj. Eurip. 
 
 are common. Orest. 
 
 We ought to bear the de- dsi <pega o o 10$. Eurip. 
 
 crees of the gods. Phreniss. 
 
 Go you and bring the son of Xwgsw <fu xou xtfjufy Mtvoi- 
 
 Menoeceus. xsvg. Id. 
 
 RULE III. The Genitive Case is often put 
 elliptically : eWa, l*ar;, or oyvexa, on account of, 
 
48 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 being understood : as, duXonz rov jou, supple ovve- 
 zct, wretched upon account of your temper. Soph. 
 
 And great grief for my fa- xcu varrig irwdoc ptyag. Es- 
 
 ther. chyl. 
 
 O wretched I repon account u pthtog syu xaxos. Eurip. 
 
 of my misfortunes. Orest. 
 
 He blames us neither upon our' ag' oy gu^wX?j em/ieppo- 
 
 account of a vow nor a sa- (JMI ovff gjcaro/ACjj. Horn. 
 
 orifice. 
 
 RULE IV. The Poets frequently, and the 
 Prose writers sometimes, use the Dative instead 
 of the Genitive : as, vrargi rt[AtPov <povou. The 
 avenger of your father's murder. Soph. Elect. 
 
 Of the son ofLabdacus. AaQaxs/os TTU/S. Soph. (E- 
 
 dip. Tyr. 
 And you will confirm the xai j3taiou 6 &xa<rrj n &>^. 
 
 opinion of the judges. Plato Grit. 
 
 What is vny aged father do- nc, ya% irarrig lyu <ffgigv$ l 
 ing at home ? dofM$v l Bgau ; Eurip. (Iamb. 
 
 Trim.) 
 
 RULE V. A Noun denoting time, and an- 
 swering to the question when, is commonly put in 
 the Genitive or Dative, how long in the Accusa- 
 tive : thus, o/ vvx.ro$ xai qpsgas i<puXarroj', who kept 
 guard night and day. 
 
 And a trireme was taken the xai rgvigris n avrog JifMgot, d oX- 
 same day. /w.P r Thucyd. 
 
CONCORD OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 49 
 
 The anger of lovers lasts but 
 
 a short time. 
 Having held the sovereign 
 
 power for three or four 
 
 days. 
 
 Menand. (Iamb. Trim.) 
 
 f) rvgavvig. Plato Al- 
 
 cib. 2. 
 
 III. CONCORD OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 RULE I. The Article, an Adjective, or Par- 
 ticiple, agrees with its Substantive in Gender, 
 Number, and Case. 
 
 Knowing the two men to be 
 worthy of confidence. 
 
 If ye now truly have this 
 knowledge, be propitious. 
 
 That the life of private men 
 is secure and undisturbed 
 and without danger. 
 
 The boat was already crowd- 
 ed and full of lamentation. 
 
 avijg 
 Xen. H. Gr. 
 
 /' ds vuv aXr)6us ourwg o 
 fti) s%u du /Xg g//w.P Plat. 
 Euthyd. 
 
 6 (iw o i&iwrqs (3to$ ** atf<pXj 
 xa/ airgaypuv xai axivduvo$ 
 uv. Dem. Philip. 
 
 ro Kogdpsiov xai 01- 
 avairXeus. (Att.) Lu- 
 cian. 
 
 RULE II. An Adjective as a predicate, is 
 often put in the Neuter Gender, xwa common- 
 ly, xrri(JtM 9 irgwypa, and zgyov sometimes, being 
 understood ; as, ovx, dyadov (^^ot 
 
 D 
 
50 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 Horn. The government of the many is not 
 good. 
 
 How troublesome friends are. ug %a,Xe<!rog tifju o p/Xo$. Ari- 
 
 stoph. 
 
 Wisdom alone of possessions aotpia, f^vog 6 xrrtfia a.6ava,ro$. 
 
 is immortal. Isocr. 
 
 Wealth is cowardly, and a &/Xog d' 6 v-Xovrog, xcti p/Xo-\}/v- 
 
 pitiful thing fond of life. %p$ xaxog. Eur. Phoaniss. 
 
 A woman is exceedingly well xgl/^a pl ffog/w suTogos n yuvTj. 
 
 fitted to procure wealth. Aristoph. Eccl. 
 
 RULE III. An Adjective or Participle is 
 often put in a different Gender from the Sub- 
 stantive with which it is connected. 
 
 .O children, overshadowed fl rsxvov, ixrqgiog x> 
 
 with suppliant boughs ! <p W.P P a P 388 Soph. O2d. Tyr. 
 
 Alas ! O good and faithful <psv, Si ayaSog xai 
 soul, thou art then gone o/p^o/ia/ &] 
 leaving us. lyu. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 IV. GOVERNMENT OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 RULE I. Adjectives signifying desire, me- 
 mory, knowledge, Jitness, fulness, plenty, supe- 
 riority, defence, acquitting, or their opposites ; 
 also worth, difference, &c. govern the Genitive 
 Case : as, wv ^o&v^og w$ dsi. Of which you ivere 
 always desirous. Soph. Elect. 
 
GOVERNMENT OP ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Skilled in warlike affairs. fcnjryytpi x * 6 argarturixog. 
 
 Xen. Cyr. 
 
 Already fit for marriage. yet/tog ^6j wga<os. f Xen. 
 
 The whole world is full of fag q oitsu P a P r pas fuffrog ytvo- 
 traitors. ^a; P rai ireodorrig. Demosth. 
 
 Who is superior to the plea- og syxgarqg psv ti^i 6 dia o eu- 
 
 sures of the body. /eta & ^GVTJ. Xen. Mem. 
 
 Destitute of all things-. vrag tgi(M$. te pl Soph. CEd. 
 
 Tyr. 
 
 RULE II. Verbals compounded with the pri- 
 vative a, t and those ending in uiog, govern the 
 Genitive :t as, oirtves 8s dvsigoi fyuv ovr&$. Such 
 as are acquainted with us. Xen. 
 
 Uninstructed in virtue. airaidtvrog agtrq. Xen. 
 
 That he might be as far as ug nktusrog i//u ods anoffrog d<s- 
 
 possible from the view of TV. Soph. GEdip. Tyr. 
 
 this city. 
 
 But if ever a war should sids <ffore irokipog yivofiai 2 a opt 
 
 break out, you might not /MJ& euros ayv&vaerog ?//Z-/.P 
 
 be unpractised in these. Xen, Cyr. 
 
 * The preposition <rgi is sometimes used after adjectives of this descrip- 
 tion. Thus Plato Hipp. Min. vrt^t <rav TI^VUV 1-riirrnfe.uv. And occasion- 
 ally they govern the case of their verbs. Thus Xenoph. Cyr. III. ivritr-rnp-o- 
 vif fiff&v fa fgofftixavra <r Itturuv txafffa; e-rXifti. See Eurip. Mod. 691. 
 Aristoph. Nub. 867. 
 
 } See an account of the privative a, under the preposition diro. 
 
 | damans and some others used in a passive sense require the dative ; as, 
 TaSs 3s eixoioftav do^aro; jftiv Irnt. Xen. Mem. 
 
 D2 
 
SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 RULE III. Partitives and words used parti- 
 tively, Comparatives, Superlatives, Indefinites, 
 Interrogatives, and some Numerals, take after 
 them the Genitive Plural : as, xaXhiffra yuidvv, 
 most beautiful of girls. Theocr. 
 
 The younger of the men. 
 For who of the Greeks, and 
 
 who of the barbarians does 
 
 not know ? 
 And some of them also fell. 
 
 And how they might become 
 the best of all. 
 
 O mother, of the Persians 
 indeed my father is much 
 the most handsome. 
 
 6 nog avQgwrog. Isocr. 
 rig yag ovx sidsuV' 1 
 rig dz (3agagog ; Dem. 
 
 bfa xai ovrog dwro<)v]0Xw. 8 a Xen. 
 
 Anab. 
 
 xa/ ug fag av ti//,i op ayaQog. 
 Xen. Mem. 
 
 Hsgtfai (ttv TroXu xa- 
 6 I/AOJ irarj^. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 RULE IV. The Comparative Degree, when a 
 comparison is stated, requires the Genitive after 
 it : as, rov icon d^o ykuaarig p&.tro? y'h.vxttuv psev ay- 
 &?. Horn. From whose tongue the speech flowed 
 sweeter than honey. 
 
 I have found nothing supe- 
 rior to necessity. 
 
 Do you think you could an- 
 swer better than Gorgias ? 
 
 For there is no greater evil 
 than anarchy. 
 
 There is a time when silence 
 will be better than speech, 
 
 xgeiffffuv oiideig avayxq 
 xw. 2 a Eurip. Alcest. 
 o/'o/ta/ oli xaXog av Togyiag d<jro- 
 ' a Plato. 
 
 avag%ia yag ptyag oiix 
 
 Kog. Soph. (Iamb. Trim.) 
 tifit d' ou <siyn \oyog aya&og yi- 
 ^ atr ifai ft oi/ ov- 
 
GOVERNMENT OF ADJECTIVES. 53 
 
 and there is when speech yn Xoyog. Eurip. Orest. 
 is better than silence. 
 
 RULE V. An Adjective or Pronoun in the 
 Neuter Gender without a Substantive * governs 
 the Genitive : as, g/V rocovrov fa xotxiug yjkdsy. Lys. 
 He arrived at such a pitch of 'wickedness. 
 
 So much of hope I entertain, rotfouros y sen lyw 
 
 Soph. (Ed. Tyr. 
 
 But he has arrived at such a 68' 11$ roffouTos ** (Augi 
 
 pitch of folly. f/Mi. z a Eurip. Med. 
 
 My marriage cannot be ou fj,t[A<?cros lyw d P 1 6 ya.fj.oc, tig 
 
 blamed to this day. 65' wiga. Eurip. Phceniss. 
 
 For I will never proceed to ly<a jag ouwor' a/'g 65' eifu -j- 
 
 such a misfortune. ffvpioa. Id. 
 
 RULE VI. Adjectives signifying advantage, 
 likeness, conformity, trust, obedience, clearness, 
 decency, facility, affection, nearness, equality, or 
 their opposites, with Verbals, and those com- 
 pounded of ffvv and opov, govern the Dative ; as, 
 4>/X/Tfl*<y jM/gv qv ffvptpegov. Demosth. it. <rrg<p. // 
 was advantageous to Philip. 
 
 * The substantive fttgos is commonly understood. It is expressed by So- 
 phocles, OZdip. Tyr. v. 294. AXX* it n ftiv S $i!f<t,a,ros 7* i%fi ft'fgoS' 
 
 J- The present of tipi, eo, and its compounds ai'e generally used by the 
 Attic writers in a future sense ; thus, iifti xai ffufea iro>.i\i. Eurip. Pheeniss. 
 I will go and save the state. M/xgov l-rctvufti. I will recapitulate a little. 
 Xen. Cyr. See Zeun. ad Viger. p. 207. 8vo. 
 
SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 ava; 
 xa; vopof Ivamog. Demosth. 
 
 Visions are like fictions. iffof fa -^evftog o-vj/ig. Theocr. 
 
 To you it will be honourable, xa< a\> xaXog eifu xa/ fj 
 
 and to the state advanta- a/afos. Xen. Mem. 
 
 geous. 
 Every tyrant is inimical to 
 
 liberty and an enemy to 
 
 the laws. 
 It is disgraceful to those 
 
 nobly born to live vicious- fl-gpuxaJ? 9 Soph. Elect. 
 
 All things are spoken and all 
 
 attempted by him. 
 Be a relation to them, be a 
 
 friend. 
 
 . Soph. Philoct 
 
 a ode 6wyyivj} 
 . Eurip. Heracl. 
 
 RULE VII. Comparatives and Superlatives 
 are commonly accompanied with the measure of 
 difference in the Dative :* as, dvdga>7ryv jW<a*g<y a- 
 gurro$. By far the best of men. Herodot. 
 
 By how much the greater 6<rog (ityas roffovro$ 
 by so much the more per- Plato Grit. 
 plexing. 
 
 Art is far weaker than neces- 
 sity. 
 
 The other by far the first of 
 his contemporaries in every 
 thing. 
 
 . Prom, 
 
 ids srtgog o ^X/^ yoaxgoj ro 
 Herodot. Clio. 
 
 * The substantive 
 Dative. 
 
 or S/<rr<et is generally understood with the 
 
CONCORD AND GOVERNMENT OF PRONOUNS. 55 
 
 RULE VIII. Adjectives frequently take after 
 them an Accusative case, governed by the prae- 
 position xarot, understood : as, t&og *aXXrro?, 
 -^vyyv <pik(x,v6<u<7rora,rog. Xen. Cyr. Inform the 
 most beautiful, in disposition the most humane. 
 
 There is no one of us so ob- ou8u$ tyw slpi ovru SurfxoXoj n 
 
 stinate by nature. <puti$. JEschin. contra Ctes. 
 
 Endeavour to be, with respect wtigaopai TO ptv awpa sipi <pi- 
 
 to your body, fond of la- Xotfovog, rj 8s 
 
 bour, and with respect to <pog. Isocr. 
 your mind, desirous of wis- 
 dom. 
 
 V. CONCORD AND GOVERNMENT OF 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 RULE I. 1. The Relative and Relative Ad- 
 jectives agree with their Antecedents in Gender 
 and Number. 
 
 2. If there be no other Nominative between 
 them and the Verb, they will form the subject 
 of the Verb. 
 
 The great Jupiter is in tifM ^yag sv ovgavoe Ziv$, 1$ 
 
 heaven, who inspects all Ipogaw ira$. Soph. Elect. 
 
 things. 
 Do those things which will 
 
 not hurt you : and reflect 
 
 before action. Pythag. 
 
56 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 RULE II. But when a Nominative comes be- 
 tween the Relative and the Verb, the Relative is 
 governed by some other word either expressed or 
 understood. 
 
 For why should I live whose 
 father was king of all the 
 Phrygians ? 
 
 He gave them what he pro- 
 mised. 
 
 This man is an important 
 friend to whom he may be 
 a friend. 
 
 It is your business to em- 
 ploy such arguments by 
 which you shall reconcile 
 your sons. 
 
 rt yag syu dsi Qua o$ 
 
 Eurip. Hec. 
 
 d f 
 
 nac, 
 
 g 
 * a Xen. Anab. 
 
 ods 
 
 5 av 
 
 <fo$ egyov 
 05 
 Phoeniss. 
 
 . 8u Id. 
 
 roiofffie 
 nxvov. Eurip. 
 
 RULE III. The Attic and Ionic writers often 
 put the Relative by attraction in the same case 
 with the Antecedent. 
 
 To abide by the decisions 
 which the state might pro- 
 nounce. 
 
 The first of men whom we 
 know. 
 
 But examine each of the 
 things separately which the 
 deity hath said. 
 
 And all turn their attention, 
 not to the just arguments 
 
 yj BIKTI d 65 av fj 
 w. P Plat. Crit. 
 
 avdguvos 6 syu 
 for iaapsv). Herod. 
 xaff tv ixatrrog 
 rswP 1 058 Ivca 6 Qeog. Xen. 
 Apol. 
 
 xa/ rgotfg^w awus (vow), ofy 
 65 ITW <rorg lyw 
 
CONCORD AND GOVERNMENT OF PRONOUNS. 
 
 57 
 
 which we have already ad- 
 vanced, or might advance, 
 but to (the things] which 
 we are doing. 
 
 vvv av tftU) P aXX' 65 
 Dem. Phil. 4. 
 
 RULE IV. The Personal, Reciprocal, and 
 Adjective Pronouns, are frequently used in the 
 Genitive } sometimes in the Dative, instead of the 
 Possessive : as, srargg yipcav, the father of us : for 
 iroiTsg fip&regs, our father. Orat. Dom. 
 
 Such as his Margites. oiov sxnvog o Magyttrris. Ari- 
 
 stot. 
 
 Now your actions are mani- vvv ds <sv P 1 ro egyov <pavsgo$ yivo- 
 
 fest. (JMI.V P 388 Lys. 
 
 You have ruined my art and airoXkvpt l a lyu fj ri^vn xa! o 
 
 livelihood. j8/og. Aristoph. Pax. 
 
 It is enough if every one per- ixavos Be, lav sxctffrog IxwXjjgow 
 
 form his own duty. ro savrov egyov. Epict. Ench. 
 
 From this period Astyages Ix fa ovro$ 6 %gow>s s (^ira^sfA- 
 
 sent for his daughter and trofjuu ' a 'Aarvayris rj saurov 
 
 her son. Suyarqg xai 6 irais avro$. 
 
 Xen. Cyr. 
 
 But Nicias also himself ofit N/x/ag co^w^w ftsv xai avrog 
 
 thought that their affairs mv^bs <f<pt% rb 
 
 were bad. Thucyd. 
 
 RULE V. 1. Two or more Substantives Sin- 
 gular commonly have an Adjective, Relative or 
 Participle in the Plural Number. 
 
58 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 2. If they signify things without life, the Ad- 
 jective, Relative or Participle must be in the 
 Neuter Gender. 
 
 3. If they be of different Persons or Genders, 
 the Adjective, Relative or Participle will agree 
 with the most worthy. 
 
 xai y yuwj. 
 
 And all the men and women 
 
 were fair. 
 Don't you perceive that 
 
 shame and fear are innate 
 
 in men ? 
 When they saw each other, 
 
 his wife and Abradates, 
 
 they embraced each other. aAXjjXwv. Xen. 
 Such entertainment he af- roiovrog (iiv avrog su&ywaP 1 
 
 forded them (Astyages and va^u h 
 
 Mandane) at supper. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 ds tfas o 
 Xen. Anab. 
 
 Be xai < 
 
 eivdgwro$ uv; Xen. 
 Mem. 
 
 ft si8u * a aXXjjXwi/, 53 
 xou 
 
 VI. CONCORD OF VERBS. 
 
 RULE I. A Verb agrees with its Nominative 
 in Number and Person : as, vpsis <$' tig rqv \K- 
 zXriffiav twogzvsffdz. Demosth. vregi <rrt<p. And ye 
 went to the assembly. 
 
 Next day, at day-break, the 
 Prytanes summoned the 
 
 d 
 xa- 
 
CONCORD OF VERBS. 59 
 
 council to the senate- tea iis TO jSouXsunjg/ov. De- 
 house, mosth. IT. <rre<p. 
 
 The gods love the humble odt cupguv $tos p/Xg xou <frv- 
 
 and hate the wicked. yea 6 xaxog. Soph. Aj. 
 
 Thus they two weeping ad- us oys xXa/< 
 
 dressed their son intreat- Xog f vios, croXXa 
 
 ing him much. Horn. U. 
 
 RULE II. Plural Neuters are commonly con- 
 strued with Verbs Singular : as, aVgXmf ra ygn- 
 j,ara, Aristoph. Money has failed. 
 
 But it is not so. aXX' oux //*/ euro/. Dem. it. 
 
 And the children were xai 
 
 brought to him. traidiov. Plato. 
 
 The armies were near each syyvs aXX>]Xwi ro 
 
 other. yiyvofuti. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 Objects themselves do not ragatfffw 6 dvdguwos ou ro 
 
 distract men, but opinions vgay/wc,, olXXa ro vigi r5 
 
 about them. wgay//,a 8 Boy/Aa. Epict. 
 
 Ench, 
 
 OBSERV. Two nouns in the singular, connected by a 
 conjunction, when they express different shades of the same 
 idea, require the verb to be in the singular number : as, 
 /tap^jj, iroXipos ft fafys. Horn, U. The battle and the fight 
 raged (was kindled). 
 
 If I had the tongue and the s'i 3* 'Ogtpsug lyw d yXwrra xai 
 melody of Orpheus. /tXos crags//*/. Eurip. Al- 
 
 cest. (Iamb. Trim.) 
 Both the air and the atmos- */ 6 dw xa/ ro 
 
60 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 phere around it produces $ aurog x 6 aurog 
 
 the same effect. Plato Phaed. 
 
 And there was tumult and xai Sogyog xou dotwrog fi/u, 
 
 uproar, such as is likely to oiov tixoc, poog e/wwrrw, 2 a 
 
 happen, an alarm being yiyvopou. Xen. Anab. 
 taken. 
 
 So also in Latin : tanta circa fuga atque trepidatio fait. 
 Liv. 21. 7. pigritia et desperatio in omnium vultu emineret. 
 Id. 21. 35. 
 
 RULE III. A Verb, whether active, neuter 
 or passive, may have for its Nominative an Infi- 
 nitive with the Article, or the clause of a sen- 
 tence. 
 
 When an Adjective, or Pronoun, or Participle is connect- 
 ed with it, it is always in the Neuter Gender : as, royt a&i- 
 xuv OVTI ayaQov wrt xaXov (sari). Plato Crit. To do an injury 
 is neither good nor honourable. 
 
 To love is voluntary. ro 6' Igaw l&Xoutf/og dpi. Xen. 
 
 Cyr. 
 For to imitate is natural to ro ri yfy (jufAso/iMt <tv/A<pvro$ oi 
 
 men from childhood. df^wro/ Ix wa/g sif&i. Ari- 
 
 stot. 
 What sort of pleasure does TO/OS rig qdow) ro vixau 
 
 victory produce ? Xen. 
 
 To have a mind not ill regu- ro w xaxu$ <pgoviu 3$o 
 
 lated is the greatest gift of Sugov. .ZEschyl. Agam. 
 
 God. 
 
CONCORD OF VERBS. 61 
 
 RULE IV. Substantive and Neuter Verbs, 
 and the Passives of Verbs of naming, judging, 
 &c. take after them a Nominative Case ; as, 
 ovx. uly^rirfis ir&(pvxzv. Eurip. Orest. He is not a 
 warrior. 
 
 The less is always an enemy 6 -roXug $ an 
 
 to the more.* /*/ 6 iXa^ug. Eurip. Phoe- 
 
 niss. 
 The degraded spends the ods sxxgivu l a P 358 UTI/MS 6 Xo/- 
 
 rest of his life dishonour- #0$ [3io$ 8/anXe. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 ed. 
 I shall be called yours, and eog (ttv lyw, eu d' spog xtxXritfo- 
 
 you shall be called mine /*/, BIXS xgariu. Theocr. 
 
 if I shall conquer. 
 For a cautious commander is atfpaX^s yag sifu &ya$>$, % 
 
 better than a bold one. fyaitus tfrgar^Xarjjg. Eurip. 
 
 (Troch. Tetram. Cat.) 
 
 VII. GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 
 L Of Verbs governing the GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 RULE I. Verbs implying any desire, affection 
 or anxiety of mind, or the reverse, govern the 
 
 * The abstract is here put for the concrete. 
 
62 
 
 Genitive : * as, Ivip&ov avr^ be careful of her. 
 Xen. Cyr. 
 
 If being in any respect care- ei ri lyu xqdofjMi. Plato Crito. 
 
 ful of me. 
 Why are you eager for the rig /j>^ ipeigu ; P 1 Theocr. 
 
 fight? 
 Of beautiful persons, some 6 & xaXog, 6 (MV fgaw, 6 8e oo. 
 
 they love, others they do Xen. Cyr. 
 
 not. 
 I have indeed been often roXXax/s OUK Sau/wx^w ' a 57 
 
 surprised at the boldness roX//,?j 6 Xsywv vireg yro$.6 
 
 of those who spoke for Lys. 
 
 them. 
 
 RULE II. Verbs expressive of any of the 
 
 senses except the sense of sight, govern the 
 
 Genitive : as, XX* dxovz pov. Eurip. Alcest. 
 But hear me. 
 
 Which (things) you shall soon 65 iruv6avo[Mx.i ra;a. Soph 
 
 hear. Elect. 
 
 It is dangerous to touch a 6uff%^ -vj/auw votfew di/>jg. Eu- 
 
 diseased person. rip. Orest. 
 
 For you never saw a noble ou&/g yag vruirore taurov { 
 
 * *o6iu, desidero, has always an accusative after it : as, T<MO* *0A.v xa- 
 ffiu. For such a head (such a person) I languish. Horn, /va wcni ro, elxciSi 
 jfofotti. That he might the less regret the things at home. Xen. Cyr. 
 iptigu, desidero, is sometimes construed with the accits. See Soph. OZdip. 
 Tyr. 59. 
 
GOVERNMENT OP VERBS. 63 
 
 deed of your own. Igyon ** xaXo? Ssao/*a/. P 
 
 Xen. Mem. 
 
 I saw them clinging fast to iigaca airgi% l%w * mi aurog. Lu- 
 them. cian. 
 
 RULE III. Verbs signifying to know, to re- 
 member, to forget, to consider, reflect, under- 
 stand. 
 
 No inclination has seized you outf l0u/*/a tfy dXXog 
 
 to know another state and ou' aXXoc vo/ioj XapSavu * a 
 
 other laws. g/'S^/. Plato Crit. 
 
 And they remember with xai rifauc pev o fa\aiog v^a^tg 
 
 pleasure their former ac- fMaoftai. P P 353 Xen. Mem. 
 tions. 
 
 But when he saw a hind u$ ds sidu JXa^og sxrtqdaca, 1 a 
 
 bounding forth, forgetting <xa$ IviXavdavu z a mi 658 
 
 every thing he heard. OMOVU. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 RULE IV. Verbs signifying to rule or g-o- 
 vern, to excel, to accuse or blame,^ to judge, 
 to be condemned, to neglect, to despise 
 or ridicule. 
 
 The Sacian shall not com- ^ rag' Jyw 90 s/VoSog tfu d oii 
 mand your entry to me. 2axas a^w. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 * The verb i%<u, in the middle voice, sometimes signifies, to hold %, to 
 be next, and has the genitive after it, governed probably by the preposition 
 rsg/ or i-xo : thus, aid rav ciyndav l%ta. Hesiod. Theog. 
 
 J- fitftQepai culpo for the most part governs the accusative : as, ov3si; al- 
 irau; l(n.i(t,Qt<ri>. Xen. Anali. 
 
SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 He holding this in his hands 
 
 led the people. 
 If any one be charged with 
 
 theft and be not punished 
 
 with death. 
 And entertaining great hopes 
 
 that he will surpass all in 
 
 the power of speaking and 
 
 acting. 
 
 oy ev 
 
 Horn. II. 
 
 a?J<rxw 2a xXo-Tr^, xal 
 rog. De- 
 mosth. 
 
 <irag Sta- 
 f Xsyw rs 
 xa/ xgarru. Xen. Mem. 
 
 RULE V. Verbs signifying to begin, to de- 
 sist, to attempt, to attain and obtain, to refuse 
 or fe?z#, (<pdov$&>, peyaigu) to err or fail, to swr- 
 render or iV e w? to Z7W at. 
 
 extrtf, odsv lyw d 
 xaigo$ ZIILI dgxppoii rj 
 Xen. Cyr. 
 05 P 1 /AJJ xvgeu * a 57 dixy, itii- 
 gaofjMt Bgaa. Eurip. Phce- 
 niss. 
 
 6g P 1 de tfo 
 fjMiy dxovu 
 loct. 
 
 I will go there, whence I 
 think there is an oppor- 
 tunity to begin the fight. 
 
 Which, having not obtain- 
 ed my right, I will try to 
 do. 
 
 Hear what I wish to obtain 
 from you. 
 
 * 2 a e<pie- 
 Soph. Phi- 
 
 RULE VI. Verbs signifying to partake of, to 
 inherit, fXjjgw^w&) to enjoy, to want, to despair. 
 
 That all may enjoy their iva nag svavgopai 
 
 king. Horn. 
 
 And all the citizens and xa/ crag tfoXmjs xa/ e 
 
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 65 
 
 neighbours, men and wo- gog avqg xai 
 
 men, shared in the feast. sogrj. Xen. Anab. 
 
 They were in want of every Iffojjj elfti avag xai avogsa ffil 
 
 thing and despaired of their fj aur^ta. Demosth. xa- 
 
 safety. to, Nsa^. 
 
 RULE VII. Verbs signifying to differ from, 
 to oppose, to forgive, to spare, to speak falsely of. 
 
 Spare my kids, spare, wolf, <psidofj,cti 6 lg/po$, <psido/tai, Xy- 
 
 my dams. xo$, v\ roxas syw. Theocr. 
 
 (Dor.) 
 
 And if you have any thing xai ei #$ s-^u avrshzyu lyu X- 
 
 to say in opposition to my yw, pa dvriteyu, xai &u a 
 
 statement, oppose and 1 <xti6w. "" Plato Crit. 
 will yield to you. 
 
 RULE VIII. Verbs signifying in the Active 
 Voice, to Jill, to empty, to satiate, to free, to de- 
 prive of, to frustrate, to deserve, to remind of, 
 to obtain for (Xa^avcy) govern the accusative of 
 the person with the genitive of the thing. In 
 the Passive Voice they govern the genitive. 
 
 I have filled this tender eye o-^ig ngqv }$i crXj0 l a daxgv. 
 
 with tears. Eurip. Med. 
 
 I will again remind you of o tfy auric, fj,tfj,w)<fxu (fj,vdia). lf 
 
 these. Horn. 
 
 Since he wishes to be a vmi irgoSvpsu qfti XOIVOM yvyri, 
 
 sharer of this banishment. Eurip. Phceniss. 
 
 He was full of shame, so as a/'3wj Si J.aOTTrXjj//./, worg xai 
 
 E 
 
66 
 
 even to blush when he met sgvOgaivopai, Ivor* 
 with his elders. ^avu P 6 <rg<ru;. Xen. 
 
 Cyr. 
 
 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 OBSERV. Verbs denoting origin or termination, buying 
 and selling, distance from, the materials from which any 
 thing is made, t\\efood or drink of which one partakes, the 
 period of time spoken of, and some others, are commonly 
 classed under the general rule i But a little attention will 
 make it evident that the genitive case of the nouns following 
 them in the order of construction, is either governed by a 
 preposition in composition or understood, or by the ellipsis of 
 some noun : as, oiirig xai ruv xivdvvuv vXtigTov ptgog ftidifyuffiv, 
 &c. Isocr. Archid. who also shall have the greatest sJiare 
 of the dangers. 
 
 After they had ceased from avrag l-rei iravopai l a (avo) 
 
 labour. irovog. Horn. 
 
 About what time will Her- qxa d' eg oixogf 1 "EgAwowj (ve- 
 
 mione return to the house ? g/) rig xgovog ; Eurip. Orest. 
 
 Don't you think we might o-ix dv GIO/JUXI aung (ano) tya- 
 
 check his boldness ? eog IT/O^W ; v Plat. Hipp. 
 
 Maj. 
 
 The Armenian said tftat he f*!//-/ o 'Agf&tvios (am) ToXu? 
 
 would give a great deal dv ovrog vgianQai. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 for this. 
 
 HULB IX. E/|M/, yivofAKt, and other verbs sig- 
 nifying possession, property or duty, govern the 
 genitive ; as, ruv yag vtxuvruv tart. Xen. Anab. 
 it belongs to the conquerors. 
 
67 
 
 It belongs to those who have 6 ydg /JM%n vix.au P 3 xcu rb ag- 
 
 gained the battle also to y(u s<fn. Xen. Anab. 
 
 command. 
 
 They become of the old ovro$ o yegeuos c yivoftai. Xen. 
 
 men. Cyr. 
 
 But when it was necessary wrort di xgtvu l a 8si P & 
 
 to determine whose the e %,iruv iipt. ? 1 Id. 
 
 coat should be. 
 
 Xen. Anab. 
 
 II. Of Verbs governing the DATIVE CASE. 
 
 RULE I. Verbs or Adjectives followed by 
 Nouns expressing the cause, manner or instru- 
 ment, require them to be put in the Dative. 
 
 He entreated them by every 
 art and contrivance. 
 
 And they live by remem- 
 brance more than by hope. 
 
 But with brazen and ada- 
 mantine walls, as he says, 
 he fortified our country. 
 
 For it had been cut off by 
 a scymitar by the Egyp- 
 tians. 
 
 dXXa 
 
 Aristot. 
 s xai 
 
 avrog 
 
 ga syw 
 adv. Ctes. 
 
 diroxo-vru P lu yag XT/J iwro oi 
 Xen. Cyr. 
 
 RULE II. A verb signifying advantage or 
 disadvantage governs the Dative ; as, uar ug- 
 KW <pi\oi$. Soph. Elect. So as to assist his 
 
 friends. 
 
 E 2 
 
68 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 If it is agreeable to you. ti fa j)8ofjMi tan. Plato Pha> 
 
 do. 
 
 It is not easy for every thing fag 8s ou g5/o$ 9wjro$ avrip xa- 
 
 to happen to a mortal man ra voog ac sv b eaurou f3io$ ex- 
 
 according to his wish in a/vw. Plato Menex. 
 his life. 
 
 For in jest no less than in xai ya^ -ra/^wP* ov8e I}TTW r t 
 
 earnest, he benefited those ffrouSa^w Xwr/rsXsw 6 ffvvdia- 
 
 associating with him. rg/w.P a Xen. Mem. 
 
 The following Classes of Verbs for the most 
 part govern the Dative. 
 
 Is/, Verbs of commanding, obeying, yielding, 
 announcing, approaching, and meeting. 
 
 I shall obey those in office. oi sv riXog jSsCwg vei&u. So- 
 
 phocl. 
 
 He ordered each man. xtXsuu <p<a$ kxaffrog. Horn. 
 
 The body must be accustom- ^ yvww virqgsrsw TO ffu/ta sdiff- 
 
 ed to obey the mind. fso;. Xen. Mem. 
 
 What wild beasts he should 07:0105 ou -^ ^)g'ov <ri\a<?u. 
 
 not come near. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 We announced, therefore, to aa^ayysXXw l a ovv aM.rfkuv q- 
 
 each other to come as xu us Kgu'iatTara sis r6 g/w- 
 
 early as possible to the 0. n Plato Phsedo. 
 
 usual (place). 
 
 %d, Verbs of praying or entreating ; as, 
 irgoffzv^opzda, rourt ffotg ayaX^a<r/. Eurip. Hippol. 
 We will invoke thy image. 
 
 I entreat all the gods and o ^so 
 goddesses. Dem. it. 
 
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 69 
 
 We will pray to caution, the rj d' svXa&ia, %gwi{ju>$ Sta. s 
 
 most useful of goddesses, irgo<rtu%p{jMi yds btcttiuQu iro- 
 
 to save this city. X/g. Eurip. Phoeniss. (2 
 
 Iamb. Trim.) 
 
 3d, Verbs of using, rejoicing and gratifying, 
 admiring, resembling. 
 
 They seem to use you in #u de sixu P "^ en ptXixurtgov 
 
 a still more friendly way % 6 dXXog %gaofjMi. Xen. 
 
 than others. Mem. 
 
 But he thought that the gods dXXa VO/A/^W 6 Ssoj fi naga 6 su- 
 
 were much gratified with <rgj ripy /aaXa ^a/g w. Xen. 
 
 the honours of the most Mem. 
 
 pious. 
 
 i, Verbs of admonishing, blaming, reprov- 
 ing, and being angry. 
 
 I admonish the sailors. 6 & vaor)$ -raga/vw. Thucyd. 
 
 Hector, you always some- 'Exrwe, asi pw tru; Jyw IT/- 
 how reprove me offering TX?j<r<rw, ayoga I^XogP 1 pga- 
 in meetings good advice. tppou. Horn. 
 
 The soldiers having heard it, axouw ' 3' 6 erganuT^g, %(*.- 
 were angry and highly ex- Xtffaivu xai bgyifyfjuzt /tfp^ugwj 
 asperated at Clearchus. 6 KXsa^oj. Xen. Anab. 
 
 5th, Verbs of contending, opposing, or re- 
 sisting, (uvr&aivu, avdiffrripi,) avenging, (ripu- 
 gsa,*) assisting, (upvw*} pardoning, trusting, 
 
 and distrusting. 
 
 * 'I'lftuesiv, governing the Dative, signifies to avenge : governing the ac- 
 cusative, to punish, to assail. See Soph. (Edip. Tyr. 107, 136, 140. 
 
70 SYNTAX OF THE GEEEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 No one opposed him. oldsig aiiros /ta^o/wt/. Xen. 
 
 Anab. 
 And I pardoned you. *ai syu <fu ffvyyivuffxu. Xen. 
 
 Cyr. 
 
 And they entreat you to be xai xeXtvu pyXarrw ml /ATJ 6 ( ae/f 
 upon your guard lest the eirmfauu u a mi ^ vu g g 5 
 
 J. V 
 
 barbarians attack you in /3oago. Xen. Anab. 
 the night. 
 
 But I perceive some rather aX>.' (igu) ev/w (JM\\M exeivc^ 
 
 trusting him than any of iriffrtvu j? rif auroj. Dem. 
 
 them. -. e'j'j,. 
 
 RULE III. Passive Verbs sometimes govern 
 the Dative of the Agent. 
 
 Has any thing new been de- doxew n vtog c o xaru iregi o tv- 
 creed by those below con- 6adt ; Lucian. 
 cerning those here? 
 
 With respect then to the <regi pev ouv t) oXog Karri-yogia 8 
 whole of this accusation, fttrgtus lyu l^iri^u Kgxgiu. P 
 I hope I have spoken with P 888 j^Esch. adv. Ctes. 
 moderation. 
 
 Why then, pray, when blam- n irvrt ovv 6 aXXog 11 JyxaXew, o^ m 
 ing others does he make Jyw vgaagu P* P P 383 ou^/ ^cow- 
 no mention of my actions /.<*/ ; P P" 88 Dem. it. <frt<p. 
 (the things done by me) ? 
 
 OBSERV. Passive Verbs frequently take after them the 
 genitive of the agent governed by a proposition expressed 
 or understood. 
 
 NOIE. The propositions commonly used are wsr> ,iro, **., #;, and 
 U or ig. 
 
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 
 
 It is evident, that if he de- 
 part farther, we shall he 
 frozen with cold. 
 
 That the citizens might not 
 be infected (filled) with 
 
 1 vice by strangers. 
 
 Say that you shall not be in- 
 jured by us, my daughter. 
 
 sen OTI ti wgoaurtgtot ciirtt- 
 fu y ewnwrjjtfo'w 2 f iwro TO ~fyv- 
 %ps. Xen. Mem. 
 
 ri gqdiovgyia, o tfoXmjg 
 wiro o tvog l/Mr/TXa/ww, op 
 Xen. de Rep. Lac. 
 
 xeu, "" TIXWV. Eurip. Iph. 
 . in Aul. 
 
 RULE IV. iipi, sum, when used for 
 beo, governs the Dative. 
 
 We have no other good but 
 our arms and our valour. 
 
 So that we are no longer 
 able to surround them by 
 fortifications. 
 
 ha- 
 
 aXXoj fUn ayadoi 
 it pri O7r/.a xai agenj. Xen. 
 Anab. 
 
 utfre fj>t) eivai (tyw) 
 1 a avrog. Thucyd. 
 
 NOTE. i%tu is also frequently used for "Suvafiai, possum, or has the substan- 
 tive rnv Jfva^/v understood : as, aXXat -XKi/rt; i%ouffi $u%ai. Xen. Mem. 
 But all can show. The adjective pronoun i; (qiialis) with the particle TJ, 
 has the same power ; as, ol^ oios r 'urn QihifoQut. He is not able to phi- 
 losophise. 
 
 If they could. . 
 
 Did you imagine, that it was 
 possible for a wicked man 
 to procure good friends ? 
 
 Are you not able to remem- 
 
 ; ber that I was investiga- 
 ting the beautiful itself? 
 
 si oiof r si/ii. Plato Crit. 
 oX) 3* e/'o/iew, 0/05 T zlvou 
 
 uv xgqffr 
 
 Xen. Mem. 
 eu okf T ii[u 
 
 xaXov aiiros sgurau ; Plato 
 Hipp. Maj. 
 
 No one is any longer able to Xa/Atfaj 
 
 o/o; 
 
72 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 carry a lamp through want (Anapaest. Dim.) iwr ^ 
 of exercise, vasia. In wvi. (Parcem. Aris- 
 
 toph. Kan.) 
 
 V. Impersonal Verbs govern the Da- 
 tive. 
 
 It is incumbent upon every SXUGTOS P 1 v-goifrixu. Epict. 
 
 one. Ench, 
 
 We could not seem do what oux av irgtirov fifing Soxtu mi' 
 
 becomes us. w. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 But let it be sufficient for aXX' l|-agx/ su TO eoyov auroj 
 
 you, seeing their works, to ogaw, <sto[uu xai rifjMu oi 
 
 reverence and honour the SEO/, Xen. Mem. 
 
 gods. 
 
 Does it then appear to you ae ouv doxsu oi av^&wroj d 5o- 
 
 to be possible for a man varg thai TO ov P 1 iraj l-r/tf- 
 
 to know every thing that rc^o/ ; Id, 
 
 exists ? 
 
 OBSERV. The following impersonal verbs frequently go. 
 yern the dative with the genitive, viz. 8t?, oportet ; /MTttTi, 
 est mihi cum aliquo ; (itXti, curce est ; /Asra/zsX?/, pcenitet ; 
 i, differt ; vgotfqxti, convenit. 
 
 I see that you also will need o^aw & xai <ru OVTOI &/. P a ' f 
 
 these requisites. Xen. Mem. 
 
 Whose troubles I share. o$ [MTsffTi syta vovog. Eurip. 
 
 Phceniss. 
 
 What pray have I to do Tig 5g ngoafixti d%T lyu Kwiv- 
 with the Corinthians ? 6101 ; Aristoph. 
 
 He said that he would care sVw, 2 a or/ ou^v aur 
 
 nothing about your con- ufMTego$ ^opuCoj. Lys. 
 
 fusion. 
 
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 73 
 
 RULE VI. Verbs of comparing, giving, pro- 
 mising, declaring, and taking away, govern the 
 Dative with the Accusative. 
 
 He did not compare me to lyu fa Ssos fi?v o-ix s/'xa^w. ' a 
 
 a god. Xen. Ap. Soc. 
 
 But Jupiter does not accom- dXX' ou Ziv$ av^ nr^ia, T; 
 
 plish for men all their in- rsXsuraw. Horn. 
 
 tentions. 
 To you he announced peace, <TJ fj,tv tigrivri, sxtivos 8s (3oi]dna 
 
 to them assistance. evayyOO^opcu, l a Demosth. 
 
 it. Grip. 
 I promise you ten talents. wrt<rxyso[Mu <ru Ssxa raXairov. 
 
 Xen. Anab. 
 To avert the baneful plague attxqs Xo/yog a/tuvw * a oi dX- 
 
 from others. Xo;. Horn. 
 
 III. Of Verbs governing the ACCUSATIVE CASE. 
 
 RULE I. A Verb denoting action or motion, 
 governs the Accusative : as, yvuQi ffzuvrov. Know 
 thyself. 
 
 Fear God and honour your o ptv Sso$ po&o/wc/, 6 e 
 
 parents. ri^a.u. Isocr. 
 
 For either time consumes, or xaXXog psv yog v\ Xgwo$ ana- 
 
 disease impairs beauty. X/<rxw, ' a ^ vo<roj (jM^aivu. 
 
 Id. 
 
 Do not choose the impious ^i\ fa 8v<ftterig atgtc>;j,ai 2 a su 
 
 as your friends having re- sragwdw ' a ti<rgjj. c Eurip. 
 
 jected the pious. Orest. 
 
 . 
 
74 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 OBSERV. Sometimes the infinitive mode with the article 
 stands in place of a noun in the accusative : thus, xaXou< ys 
 axoXaff/ai' ro twro TUV qdovuv ag^egdai. Plato Phaed. They call 
 the being governed by pleasures intemperance. 
 
 And thinking slavery a griev- xai paka. xaxog 
 
 ous evil before they were yt Igaw, 1 ^ rb dovXtvu. Xen. 
 in love. Cyr. 
 
 He also loses the remem- ruvavaX/oxw ' a xa/ ri fwao/wiv 
 brance of his gratitude to fi Tv%rj y x a S'^ Demos.th. 
 fortune. Qlynth. 1. 
 
 And most of us till then xa/ eyu o flroXug P 1 rtu$ fj,tv s- 
 were tolerably able to re- 7s/xwj oiog re slpi Tiariyu ro 
 frain from weeping. ^ 6ax|uw. Plato. Phaedr, 
 
 NOTE. The following phrases I would reconunend to the attention of 
 learners, tu Tctff%a, beneficiis 'afficior ; tu -raiei, iu $gu, beneficiis afficio : 
 \\a.rttai 'o yfaiay tii tou -roitifxvTos. Aristot. Eth. the obliged is inferior to the 
 obliger. xttxtu; vea<r%ta v<*t> rivas, mails afficior ab aliquo. XKXUS faiu nva, 
 injuria aliquem afficio. u ri; aycdav % x&xot ^feirnrttiv alrov. Xen. Anab. 
 If any one should treat him well or ill. ff%o*.u'i&>s ieonli. Xen. Anab. 
 remisse agere. Ss/va u-nrav&va/. Aristoph. Nub. 606. to be abominably 
 ill treated. -xtur^ovitt $t xui 0,^0.60. oux eX/ya. Herod. They enjoy 
 also no few advantages. <ri %gtift,a vrKff%us, a lea.'rt^ ; Aristoph. Nub. 
 What ails you, father? H^eLrru. 1. X'^UTTUV <rt <ra,^a, TWOS, aliquid 
 ab aUquo impetrare. 2. vi>a.rrtiv TO. *o>j<rtx,oi, to engage in politics. 
 3. ret xtura r^etrrtiv, rempub. administrai'e. 4. tu /r^arTtiv, to be pros- 
 perous. 5. XKX&II irjaTT!;v, to be unfortunate. 6. (tiro, nvas, or virt(> 
 <rivos (Tgarrt/v, a partibus allcujus .stare, to act with, or in behalf of any 
 one. 7. xaxtov vel %t~ov vgurriiv, to be mere unfortunate, upuvet x^a.t- 
 Tttft.iv. Aristoph. Plut. we are more fortunate, x^wrov n -r^drrav. Id. 341. 
 m good luck. 8. vr/ta-rtff&ai rtva. ^Yi/jtara., Thucyd. 4. c. 65. to fine any 
 one. l*s/J Tagyugiov Itr^xrraftttv. Aristoph. Ran. When I asked money. 
 fuffav S 1 , ovnt 0.1 IIgarT>) fit. Aristoph. Nub. 246. Whatever reward you 
 may bargain with me for. ov/>ft,u<rrx trgeifffcav. Eurip. Med. Her. F. 509. 9. 
 (rxaniva vrgetrrtiv. Eurip. Suppl. 334. obscurt: degere. 10. TO, (tiyifra. 
 5rg^TT/v, sometimes signifies, ad minimum, fortunes pervenire, sometimes, res 
 magnas gerere. 11. vavra, a,y6a. vrgetrrut, to be exceedingly fortunate. 
 
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 
 
 75 
 
 12. ;rXX srjarrwv, to be officious. 13. trgar<ruv Qi*.* T/W, to gratify one. 
 fivixx \aynfcts(iti <ri Si/ xaxov rift&S* Demosth. <r. rrnf. p. 1 18. oovvm S<- 
 xj;, to suffer punishment, t. e. to give satisfaction. S/* Xt/v !raj T/VD/, 
 to inflict punishment upon any one, i. e. to obtain satisfaction. Xtuv/*as S/*r, 
 lapidatio. Eurip. Heracl. 60. #' S;Sva/, to do a favour. %<*"> vT<S<So- 
 vai, to requite a favour. Xtyun KO.XU; nva., to speak ill of one. it S" ijttaf xtt- 
 xus l^ti;. Eurip. Alcest. 720. \iyovv an KO.X.U; Tt/javvai/;. Eurip. Med. 
 458. xa.x.u$ TO. itirofirira. kiyvftl* aXXijXot/;. Demosth. irif>i ff-rif. 113. <rivi 
 xctxi*; fo/>y=7v, to think ill of one. eun v Suva/^^v KKKU; Qgo*t7 <rT<. 
 Eurip. Med. 465. 
 
 condemning, ac- 
 
 RULE II. Verbs of accusing, 
 quitting, freeing, estimating or valuing, take after 
 them the Accusative of the person with the Ge- 
 nitive of the thing. 
 
 The accuser blames Socrates 
 
 for this. 
 But you, goddess, having 
 
 come freed him from Aw 
 
 bonds 
 For such are the exalted 
 
 ideas I have entertained 
 
 of you and myself. 
 But if the property be esti- 
 
 mated at more money. 
 
 oi/ros 2wxfarjg 6 xarijyogos a/- 
 T/ao/xa/. Xen. Mem. 
 
 aXXa <ro 6 yg i^o/a/, * a ^ga, 
 iwroXuocta/ 1 B Sstf/toj. Horn. 
 
 ovrug lyu xai an 6 xaXog ^ l SU P 
 
 xai e/taurov x afyou. P Xen. 
 
 Cyr. 
 lav ds iroXug ^ ovffia avrorir 
 
 /*a P pas //*/ ^Jj/ta.? 1 Dem. 
 
 if. ffrep. 
 
 RULE III. Verbs of asking and teaching, giv- 
 ing and taking away, benefiting and injuring, 
 clothing and unclothing, concealing, hindering 
 and persuading, and some Verbs of accusing, 
 govern tfwo accusatives, the one of the person, the 
 
76 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 other of the thing ; as, qv rig slgqrai pe rovvopa. 
 Lucian. If any one should ask me my name. 
 
 Whether did I ask any thing 
 
 of you ? 
 They teach the young men 
 
 also modesty. 
 He did much good to the 
 
 city. 
 As he did not persuade the 
 
 Phocians to this. 
 It is in the power of the E- 
 
 phori to treat their king 
 
 thus. 
 Do not conceal from me 
 
 what I am going to suffer. 
 
 You have deprived hoary fa- 
 thers of their noble sons. 
 
 airsu ri$ ffv ; Xen. 
 Anab. 
 
 ds 6 <raig xai <Kixpgu<}v~ 
 Xen. Cyr. 
 
 a-yaQos P 1 15 croX/j cro/sw. 1 a 
 Isocr. 
 
 euros ou fftidu 01 
 Hesiod. 
 
 ffn o 'Epogo; o fiafftXtug 
 . Thucyd. 
 
 1 a 
 
 su l a 
 
 OUTOJ 
 
 chyl. Prom. 
 
 oX/o$ T upaig 
 fvytvfa r'sxm. Eurip. (Iamb. 
 Trim.) 
 
 RULE IV. The Accusative Case in general 
 after Passive and Substantive Verbs, or when any 
 related circumstance is introduced, is governed by 
 the proposition xura, understood. 
 
 I am distracted in my fearful IXTHVU P P 885 pc&goj <pgqt. Soph. 
 
 mind. CEd. Tyr. 
 
 They are unfortunate both ro P 1 r evdov ttfu, ro re 
 
 at home and abroad. dua-ru^rig. Eurip. Orest. 
 
 And strikes me on the mid- x/ lyoi rurrw 
 
 die of my liver, Anacr, 
 
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 77 
 
 Having my hand armed with rX/^w p P 383 fa ^i^ ofa 
 this sword. wv. Eurip. Phreniss. 
 
 Having his shoulders enve- vt<p&r) g/Xu/*/ uftog. Horn, 
 loped in a cloud. 
 
 RULE V. Verbs signifying distance or space 
 take after them an Accusative. 
 
 He is not far off, but near 63' ou ftaxgos (o3og) oVstfr/, crXjj- 
 
 you. ffiov fa tfu.s Eurip. Phoeniss. 
 
 Ephesus is distant from Sar- 'Etpisog a^s^u cwro 'Sctefais reti$ 
 
 des three days journey. ^tigga & 6do$. Xen. Anab. 
 
 The two lines were four nrraca, gradiov dvs^u v\ fa- 
 stadia distant from each Ay|; oar' aAX/jXwv. Id. 
 other. 
 
 And if now when the battle xou zi wv rgtig qfAtgai e3og aero 
 
 was fought three days n 'ATT/XTJ fj /ota^jj s 
 
 iourney from Attica such P P* P 388 roaovrog xi\ 
 
 J / 
 
 danger and alarm sur- <poog <jr*oi';*nn.i 2 a 
 
 rounded the state. Dem. >. 
 
 IV. Of the Infinitive. 
 
 RULE I. The Infinitive Mode is governed by 
 Verbs, Participles, and Adjectives. 
 
 Frightful to behold. faivos /3w. 2a Theocr. 
 
 Whoever desires to live let osng ^au siridu/Atu, vn^a.ofMU vi- 
 
 him try to conquer. xau. Xen. Anab. 
 
 When the boys seemed to be e<rsi&av bmiu ! a ixavog thai 6 
 
 fit to learn something. cra/s pavQavu n. Xen. Mem. 
 
78 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 Do not hasten to be rich ra- 
 ther than to appear to be 
 good. 
 
 /tt?j 
 
 y %gri<fro$ doxiu iivai. Isocr. 
 
 OBSERV. The infinitive is often used elliptically, especial- 
 ly by the poets, oga, tixtyai, puXafftfou, /3XsT, axovti, dog, SeXw, 
 or u^o/*a/ being understood to govern it : as, avros sv 
 a^ssSai, supple, oga or tdtXi. Horn. Do thou fight 
 among the foremost. 
 
 Take charge of them two for 
 me. 
 
 (I exhort you) always to ex- 
 cel and be superior to ci- 
 thers. 
 
 (See) that you do not admit 
 sleep upon your languid 
 eyes. 
 
 q eyu /iXo//,a/ 
 (Ed. Tyr. 
 
 ahv 
 
 . Soph 
 
 vmiog 
 
 Horn. 
 
 ',XO lit OflfJM ' 
 
 * Pythag. 
 
 RULE II. The Infinitive Mode has an Accu- 
 sative before it, and this may be an Infinitive 
 with the Accusative of the Article. 
 
 It is the fate of royalty, said /3ovX/xof, <p >)/*/, g//t/ sv -JTOIW P 3 
 he, when conferring fa- 
 vours to be defamed. 
 
 For, in the first place, I 
 think that the being in 
 good health is a blessing, 
 and the being in ill health 
 an evil. 
 
 axovu. Plut. 
 
 ev yag auroj TO vytauvta 
 aya&og that VO/M^U, ro di vo- 
 tffw, xaxog. Xen. Mem. 
 
 OBSERV. When a person speaks of himself, or when the 
 nominative to the verb and the pronoun or adjective pre- 
 
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 
 
 79 
 
 fiuv aou ftvaxiu yu a- 
 a 2 P ass 
 
 ceding or succeeding the infinitive respect the same object, 
 the accusative of the personal pronoun is not used before the 
 infinitive. If an adjective, participle or pronoun (aurog com- 
 monly) is employed when one speaks of himself particularly, 
 it is generally in the nominative : But when he speaks of 
 another, the accusative is most commonly placed before it : 
 thus, ohi yag di) thai xaXX/tfros n xat ^yierog. Plato Alcib. 1. 
 For you think indeed that you, are very handsome and very 
 great. He said that he (i. e. another person) insulted the 
 state, xaratpgovtiv avrov etpri rri$ ffoXfug. ^Eschines adv. Ctes. 
 
 Do you imagine having de- 
 luded us to escape un- 
 punished ? 
 
 I omit that / myself was fre- 
 quently crowned. 
 
 Do you say that you are able 
 to make a rhetorician if 
 any one will learn from 
 you? 
 
 He said that neither he him- 
 self will do it. 
 
 Do you think that you your- 
 self could speak if it were 
 necessary and the senate 
 chose you ? 
 
 Arist. Plut. 
 
 px\si<ru xai croXXax/s alrog 
 Dem. v. <srvp. 
 <pr)fJ.i iroitu oiog r thai 
 eav rig j3ovXo/jMi su vuga <ru 8 
 -, Plato Gorg. 
 
 oux <pqfJt>i a ovr 
 
 oiroc. Thucyd. 
 j? 0/o/u.a/ oiotiT av 
 
 J-7Tw 2a si 3e/P x/ 
 
 <ru i) /3&yX>j ; Plato Menex. 
 
 RULE III. The Infinitive Mode of Substan- 
 tive and Neuter Verbs has commonly the same 
 Case after it as before it : as, i^-g;^ zut <ru <pq<; shut 
 Aristoph. Ran. Since you say that you are 
 
 a god. 
 
80 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 Do you think Phidias a bad 
 
 artist ? 
 Does not such a person seem 
 
 to you to be a disagreeable 
 
 friend ? 
 Are we all in reality become ovrug yao sffn 
 
 rich ? 
 
 OlOfJMI 
 
 Plato Hipp. Maj. 
 
 OLI SOKSU ffv xou euros 
 
 thai ; Xen. Mem. 
 
 d shai j Aristoph. PI. 
 
 OBSERV. This rule admits of exceptions, particularly 
 after impersonal verbs, when the adjective, pronoun, or par- 
 ticiple, preceding or coming after the infinitive, does not 
 agree with the substantive or pronoun governed by the im- 
 personal or other verbs, but is put in the accusative : as, 
 s^sivai yag avroig hvai, Tga^airag ra j3i\nu rouruv. Xen. Mem. 
 For they may go and do something better than these. 
 ds dqffzv agqs aAjcrJjoa ysveffdat. II. o / . 100. 
 
 If it will be enough for you 
 to become the supreme 
 ruler of the Athenian state. 
 
 I determined having gone to 
 those called philosophers. 
 
 For it was not Cyrus' way, 
 (when) he had, not to give. 
 
 If the most skilful were al- 
 lowed to go united against 
 the unskilful. 
 
 tfy rvgams yivo^at a 
 rj 'A&qvaiuv <iroXi$. Plato Al- 
 cib. 2. 
 
 o^s syu tXdcav waga 01 
 obroi <pi\offo<pog. Lucian. 
 yag sifju rtgos o Kugos 
 eyrwi (j^ avodidu/J,!. Xen. 
 Cyr. 
 
 iZfffri im oi xgar/ffro; tiuvridt- 
 (jMi 2 a ITT/ oi 
 Xen. Mem. 
 
 RULE IV. Instead of the Infinitive, preceded 
 by the Accusative, the Indicative, Subjunctive or 
 Optative, preceded by on or &>g t is frequently used : 
 
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 
 
 81 
 
 thus, yvudt or/ \yu uXfjdf} Xgya>. 
 Know that I speak the truth. 
 
 They said that Cyrus was 
 dead. 
 
 And having gone to ask Cy- 
 rus for ships that they 
 might sail away. 
 
 And no one ever shall say 
 that I, having betrayed 
 the Greeks, preferred the 
 friendship of the barba- 
 rians. 
 
 Soph. OEd. Tyr. 
 
 euros Xfyu on Kugo$ fj>sv vjjtf- 
 JCW.P Xen. Anab. 
 
 a/Yew flrXo/ov us 
 Xen. Anab. 
 
 xai suffer' egiu ovdas us lyw, 
 
 01 
 Id. 
 
 OBSERV. us is sometimes construed with the participle 
 (commonly the future) in different cases instead of the indi- 
 cative ; as, us ovx WKI^UV olBs irigrsviiuv Xgyg/g ; Soph. CEdip. 
 Tyr. Do you say that you will not yield or obey f 
 Xen. Anab. 
 
 You announce, as it appears, 
 
 that he is dead. 
 Be thus assured that I will 
 
 not give over. 
 Let none of you say that I 
 
 will command this army. 
 
 And he (usually) prayed to 
 the gods to give him sim- 
 ply what was good, as the 
 gods know best what is 
 good. 
 
 xw .ac p pa Soph. Elect, 
 ourw yivuffxuV 1 us ovds 
 
 fjwu i f jyw.g Lucian. 
 us (AW ffrganyyiu eyu ac ovros 
 
 q ffrgarrryict f^rjdsis vpsis Xs- 
 
 yw. Xen. Anab. 
 Kai iv%pf/,ai "^ ds wgbs 01 Seoi 
 
 ivirkus rb dya^ojP 
 
 us oi ^soi^ xaXX/tfra 
 
 wro/ogP 1 &ya.do$ itfii. Xen. 
 
 Mem. 
 
SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 RULE V. The Infinitive with the Article, and 
 sometimes without it, is often used instead of a 
 Noun : thus, rov <ptkoffo<p&iv ovfev qdtov, for rqg 
 <pikoffo<ptK$ 9 nothing is more pleasant than philo- 
 sophy, to (pgovsiv, sapientia : rov <pgot>&tv, sapiential : 
 wgos ro <pgomv 9 ad sapientiam ; \v ra (pgomv, in sa- 
 pientia. 
 
 Don't you think that to die oux ivavrios pty pw ro Zot,u, ro 
 
 is the opposite to live? 
 
 i. e. that death is opposite 
 
 to life. 
 Since you are accustomed to 
 
 make use of questions and 
 
 answers. 
 He will free me from death. 
 
 shai ; Plato Phaed. 
 
 The pleasantest life consists 
 
 in being wise. 
 For all things are subservient 
 
 to riches. 
 
 sirudq xai t"cadcc %gao/Aai rb 
 egurdu KOL\ arnxglvo/JMi. Pla- 
 to. 
 
 uw ml fit M Svyffxu. z a Eurip. 
 Orest. 
 
 iv 6 (pgov'su j)du$ fiios. Soph. 
 
 ro vrfavrtu yag iipi wrq- 
 xoog. Aristoph. Plut. 
 
 RULE VI. The Greeks use the Infinitive 
 Mode, generally with the Article, governed 
 either by a proposition expressed or understood, 
 or by some other word in the sentence, in the 
 same manner as the Latins their Gerunds and 
 Supines : thus, fanwrapiMt Koktpi&v. Horn. Skil- 
 led in the art of 'war (peritus bettandi}. 
 
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 83 
 
 In learning. (In discendo.) tv TO pavQam.* a Soph. 
 
 To others you were going XAo/ dopos XUKU ' f 
 
 to leave (reHcturw eras) (pavog diagvafy. l a Eurip. 
 
 this deserted house to be Alcest. 
 
 plundered (diripiendam). 
 
 Worthy to be chosen (dig- a%iog xiigorovw. ^Esop. 
 
 nus electu). 
 
 For he was stern to behold xai jag ogau aruync, Ian. Xen. 
 
 (tetricuseratvisu). Anab. 
 
 OBSERV. 1. Participles are likewise used in a similar 
 manner, and agree with the nominative to the verb in gen- 
 der, number and case ; thus, ai^frai KtiXtpuv fttiova ravra 
 f<uiiv. Xen. Anab. He preferred to diminish them in waging 
 war. 
 
 By dying I shall afford laugh- Svjjtfxw * a f ridrifju 6 epos 
 ter to my enemies. yeXwg. Eurip. Med. 
 
 But by what action he might XX n &v <ru cro/gw l 
 gratify you. /M.a/.P ' 3 Xen. Cyr. 
 
 OBSERV. 2. The following construction of the infinitive 
 with the article, governed frequently by a proposition, a 
 noun or a verb, either with or without certain cases of a 
 substantive, adjective or pronoun, between the article and 
 it, deserves particular attention : thus, irtors <piXori{j,u$ ft i^oisv 
 rgog rb ayafoi ipaiviffdai, rode wsidieQat avrois qdiov eiij ro\j ajrstdfiv. 
 Xen. Cyr. And when they are ambitious to appear brave 
 men, and to obey is more agreeable to them than to disobey. 
 In this example, the article before <paiveg6ai is governed in 
 the accusative by the proposition <ffgb$, and ayadoi is in the 
 nominative case, as related to the nominative of s^oitv. 
 
 This he did from being se- euros 8e KOISU \K rb 
 vere. vou. Xen. Anab. 
 
 F2 
 
SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 With our drinking sleep our 
 cares. 
 
 If all should die that par- 
 takes of life. 
 
 That it was evident that no- 
 thing was more useful than 
 to associate with Socrates. 
 
 And while we live we shall 
 thus, it appears, be near- 
 est to know, i. e. we shall 
 approach nearest to know- 
 ledge. 
 
 For all other men before 
 events commonly make 
 use of deliberation. 
 
 ffvv ro 
 
 gifj,vri. Anacr. 
 ft dwrodwjtfxw P (Mv crajP 1 offov 
 
 TO a ^sraXa^avw. 2 * P 
 
 Plato Phsedo. 
 (pavtgog shut OTI ovdsig w 
 
 Itfr/ ro 2wxgrj 
 
 Xen. Anab. 
 xai sv (%ovo?) 05 av ecw, 8u ou- 
 
 rug, ug sixu P "^ lyyurarw 
 
 /'/./ TO itdrifj,!. Plato Phaedo. 
 
 yag aXXoj <xa.c, av 
 TO, Tgay^aara sdu P mi 
 ro jSovXevofuti. De- 
 mosth. 
 
 RULE VII. Verbal Adjectives in rsog are fre- 
 quently used by the Greeks when any necessity is 
 implied, in the same way as the Future Participles 
 Passive and Gerunds in Latin, and govern the 
 Dative of the Agent with the Cases of their own 
 Verbs : thus, vptv ravra ffgctxr&oy. Demosth. Haec 
 facienda sunt vobis. You must do these things. 
 
 That Clearchus was not to 
 
 be disobeyed. 
 Every thing of rulers (t. e, 
 
 Rulers) must be obeyed. 
 I think indeed that all must 
 
 be done by us. 
 
 ug ova uffitfriov Itfr/ P 
 
 Xen. Anab. 
 6 x|aw sari K&6 P 1 
 
 Soph. Elect. 
 
 s y oifjtat va$ 
 
 Xen. Anab. 
 
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 85 
 
 And not to be by any means xa/ oi> rot ywq 
 worsted by a woman. no$. n P 1 Soph. 
 
 And if you think that you tlrs aito /Sotfxjj^a 
 ought to be enriched by a-Xour/^w, ro 
 cattle, you must bestow XJJTSOJ. Xen. Mem. 
 care upon cattle. 
 
 IX. OF PARTICIPLES. 
 
 RULE I. Participles govern the Cases of their 
 own Verbs. 
 
 For I remember once to have pvao/utt yag dxouw 1 a #ore ffv. 
 
 heard you. Horn. 
 
 Those inimical to the tran- xarttdu z a ef avros oi ft fo\if 
 
 quillity of the state having ^otfTroXs/tgw rjifv^ia. ^sch. 
 
 observed him. adv. Ctes. 
 
 To whomsoever he gave out otfrtg Be pjj^/ P QtXos sfai, ovros 
 
 that he was a friend, he J^jjXog etfn J?r/GoyXsuw. Xen. 
 
 was evidently plotting a- Anab. 
 
 gainst him. 
 
 RULE II. Participles are often elegantly pre- 
 ceded by the Verbs si(/ii 9 ytvoput, vwug/p, %%&>, rvy- 
 "fcdva, <pdoci>&> 9 \u,v6<x,vu, %%u t %a/g<a/, and the poetic 
 Verbs XVQU, r&k&da, wtka, and TgXo^/a/, to express 
 what in Latin would be rendered by some Tense 
 of a single Verb : thus, ov ffi&f^ffug wei j for ov 
 frta'x'qffzts : Won't ijou be silent ? Soph. CEdip. 
 
 ^ . Ml JL *. 
 
 Tyr. 
 
86 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 If my mother did not live. ei /OMJ xu|w au q r/xrw.P* e a 
 
 Soph. (Ed. Tyr. 
 Before I wet the tip of my ou <p6avu /3g^w l a dxgog ro %ti- 
 
 lips. Xog. Lucian. 
 
 His corruption and bribery lyw diatpdtigu P P 38 xa/ ffiKgaa- 
 
 escaped me. x P iavrov XavQcau.** 11 De- 
 
 mosth. 
 That you may not conceal onus ftrj Xavdavw s * aurou ay- 
 
 from yourself that you are vosw. Xen. Mem. 
 
 ignorant. 
 
 RULE III. The Participle is used instead of 
 the Infinitive after Verbs signifying to go or pro- 
 ceed, to sen d, to persevere, to desist, to perceive, 
 to appear, to find, &c. and such as signify an af- 
 fection or emotion of the mind : thus, favg lr& 
 Kzuffopsvot ra, vsar&gu. Aristoph. Av. Come hither 
 to learn the news. 
 
 Go rejoicing. 
 
 He appeared to surpass all 
 
 his contemporaries. 
 Though I should never cease 
 
 looking at her. 
 They continue to maintain 
 
 the peace. 
 He ceases being thirsty, i. e. 
 
 he is no longer thirsty. 
 I, my friends, am glad at the 
 
 honour conferred upon me 
 
 by you. 
 
 X,ctigu irogsvopai 
 TS o ^X 
 Cyr. 
 
 Eur. Med. 
 <paivu. Xen. 
 
 Xen. Cyr. 
 
 ayta SiareXiu. Isocr. 
 
 Xen. Cyr. 
 
 lyw, w av>j|, qSu /MV weo u/uwg * 
 Xen. Anab. 
 
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 87 
 
 OBSERV. The participle in general is frequently used 
 instead of the infinitive, and sometimes even instead of ad- 
 verbs : thus, vsfL^u ra%vva,ea. Soph. CEdip. Tyr. I will 
 send, having made haste (quickly). dXX' dvutfaj 
 
 No one said that he knew. ovdsig /'&? Xgyw. Soph. (Ed. 
 
 Tyr. 
 
 Be assured that you have roffourog dexouw " a i<fq{u. Eur. 
 
 heard such things. Orest. 
 
 They say falsely that you are fyevSofjuzi ds av <f>qpt Zsvg yovog 
 
 the descendant of jflEgis- Atyioxps Ion tipi. Horn. 
 
 bearing Jove. 
 
 RULE IV. The participle is used after the 
 Adjectives (pwzgos, difi.o$, and their compounds, 
 a^awjf, sirtQctvtjs, &c. ; and the Adjective is com- 
 monly rendered in English by its adverb : as, 
 &jXo 7jv I'ffi&v^uv (Atv ifkovrov }<r)yjgag. Xen. Anab. 
 He was evidently very desirous of riches. 
 
 He was evidently endeavour- <pavtgo$ & s<sn 
 
 ing to surpass. Xen. Anab. 
 
 It was evident to all that they pa^gog P 1 m vug sffri 
 
 would be obliged to fly to fy> lt xarouptwyu e 
 
 us. Dem. if. <sn<p. 
 
 And the agents also of the xai oi twnjgsrjjj 8s oi $toi sugufxu 
 
 gods you will find to be dpawjs //*/. Xen. Mem. 
 
 invisible. 
 
 Those about Ariaeus were tvd^\os sari oi <rsy 6 
 
 evidently giving less at- rirrov oi ''. 
 
 tention to the Greeks. vov$. Xen. Anab. 
 
88 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 RULE V. The Participle, with the Article 
 preceding it, is frequently used instead of the in- 
 dicative with the relative : as, ri$ yv wore o rovvdz 
 \&%a$ rov? Xoyou? vpiv, yvvui ; Soph. GEdip. Tyr. 
 Who 'was it t pray, that gave such information to 
 you, lady? 
 
 For I am he who saves you. iyu yag 
 
 He that was purified from 
 the murder (as to the mur- 
 der). 
 
 What man was it that dared 
 such a thing ? 
 
 And he who arranges and 
 supports the whole world, 
 in whom are all things ex- 
 cellent and good. 
 
 aims 
 
 e/fu o xa/ 
 Xen. Mem. 
 o 
 Herod. 
 
 TI; avqg 8 P 1 sari o 
 odi ; P 1 Soph. Antig. 
 
 KOU 6 6 b\og x.off/AO$ ffuvrurru re 
 xa; twi^ca, sv 6s ffas xaXog 
 TW,I ayct6o$ tl/u. Xen. Mem. 
 
 RULE VI. A Substantive with a Participle, 
 whose case depends upon no other word, is most 
 frequently put in the Genitive absolute : as, 
 %ukvovro$. Xen. Anab. No one hindering. 
 
 The enemy being encamped 
 under the very walls. 
 
 Now think that your children 
 are no more, 
 
 And the Syracusans and 
 their allies having been 
 
 sx6goi iwr* avro$ 
 
 /nou. Eurip. Phosniss. 
 us ovx IT uv eos rsxvov 
 
 &j. Eurip. Med. 
 xa/ wxaw x a o/ Sogaxuovw xa< 
 
 o/' cvpfMvi, xa/ vwos i/ro- 
 
OF ADVERBS. 
 
 89 
 
 vanquished, and having 
 carried off their dead un- 
 der a truce. 
 
 cyd. 
 
 ot.vaigeotJi.ui.** Thu- 
 
 RULE VII. Participles, as they denote quali- 
 ties in action, may, with the Article most com- 
 monly prefixed, be substituted for the names of 
 agents : as, vgof roy lyyvrot 6 tptiovo? igKst. Soph. 
 Envy creeps to the person possessing, i. e. to the 
 possessor. 
 
 Seeking the advantage of the ro 6 irgo&duv ffujjupsgov 
 traitor. Dem. it. 6rt<p. 
 
 And to which part of the re- xai tig n (jj,igoi) 
 
 pugnant ? Plato Grit. . 
 
 Your son shall slay you. airoxrsivu <fv o po^t/. 2a Eurip. 
 
 Phceniss. 
 
 X. OF ADVERBS. 
 
 RULE I. Adverbs are joined to Substantives, 
 Adjectives, Verbs, Participles and other Adverbs : 
 as, tfoXyyg qrrov, multo minus, far less. -Xen. 
 
 And from this period many xai croXu -roXug ex rovrov avro$ 
 
 more men courted him. 
 
 And it was said that he was 
 not very willing to be go- 
 verned by others. 
 
 They fly in swarms upon the 
 vernal flowers. 
 
 s. 8 Xen. 
 
 Cyr. 
 
 ' wro dXXo/ 8 
 
 Xen. Anab. 
 
 siayvog. Horn. 
 
90 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 RULE II. Adverbs govern the same case as 
 the Adjectives, Verbs, &c. whence they are de- 
 rived : as, af/a> Xoyoy ; 'worthy of estimation. 
 
 And I am honoured most of ri^au de pafaara, iras. Xen. 
 
 all. Mem. 
 
 Sufficiently for me. evragxouvrus 8s syu. Soph. E- 
 
 lect. 
 
 RULE III. Adverbs of time, place, quantity, 
 order, exception, and the like, govern the Ge- 
 nitive. 
 
 You' are now at that period ivravQa r[dr) iipi n ^A/x/a. 
 
 of life. 
 Where are we ? ou yn t>f*i ; 
 
 RULE IV. \>n and ^, used in adjuration or 
 swearing by, govern the Accusative : as, xa/ vq 
 A/a, yes by Jove. Xen. 
 
 I swear by this sceptre. vat (JM ode ewirrgw. Horn. 
 
 No, I swear by those of ou, JMX, 01 ev 
 
 your ancestors who expos- vevw x a o/ Trgoyovw. Dem. ir. 
 
 ed themselves to danger 
 
 at Marathon. 
 
 RULE V. Two or more negatives commonly 
 strengthen the negation : as, tv&t oitfa ptv ov8t 
 . Horn. Since it is not at all becoming. 
 
OF ADVERBS. 
 
 91 
 
 Nor did any one at all of the olds dXXos ou3 o/ ' 
 
 Greeks suffer any injury ouroj rj (JM-ffl vaff^u 
 
 in this battle. ovBev. Xen. Anab. 
 
 That is, not only not to pre- rouro $ hnv, ou JMVOV ro 
 
 flgoxaray/vwtfxwP f^ds 
 
 judge any thing. 
 
 OBSERV. If a verb come between the two negatives they 
 form an affirmative : thus, ou dvvaf&ai /CMJ /^s/Avriffdai aurou. Xen. 
 I cannot but remember him. 
 
 It is impossible not to be. 
 He certainly will attack us. 
 
 You cannot but be a gene- 
 rous man. 
 
 egri ftiv aduvaros fj,r> oux ihai. 
 
 Xen. de Venat. 
 oux effnv wrug ovx. 
 
 7I/JMS. Xen. Anab. 
 oux eifM wrws oux si <fv 
 g. Aristoph. 
 
 RULE VI. The question Whither? is com- 
 monly answered by the Proposition g/V or ^gog 
 with the Accusative ; Where ? by \v expressed 
 or understood with the Dative ; Whence? by 
 I* or a^ro with the Genitive ; and By or Through 
 what place ? by dice with the Genitive. 
 
 Cyrus having thus gone to 6 ptv dr> Kugog oiirus 
 
 the Persians. 
 
 When Mandane was prepar- 
 ing to return again to her 
 husband. 
 
 At Mycene, not here, invoke 
 the gods. 
 
 But after there came to him 
 
 . twenty ships from Syra- 
 
 2 a s/s Higffai. Xen. Cyr. 
 8s tj MavdavT) 
 
 us 
 o avqg. Id. 
 
 Eurip. Phceniss. 
 
 avros f] rs Ix 
 vaus sixotfiv, 
 
92 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 cuse, and others also from //,a/ de xai % atro 'luvia. Xen. 
 
 Ionia. Hist. Gr. 
 
 Thence he marches through svnvdsv efylMwu diot, 57 2i/|/a, 
 
 Syria, and arrives at the xou apixvioftai ffgos 
 
 river Araxes. cnwa/iog. Xen. Anab. 
 
 There are eighteen Propositions, properly so 
 called, in the Greek language : Of these, Four 
 govern the Genitive only, viz. 'Avr/, 'Asro, 'Ex., or 
 'E|, Ilgo: Two the Dative only, viz. 'Ey and 
 2yv : Two the Accusative, viz. Els and ' Ava : 
 Four the Genitive and Accusative, viz. A/a, Ka- 
 ra, Msra and 'T-reg : and the other Six the 6re- 
 nitive, Dative and Accusative, viz. 'A/o/<p/, 
 , ITgo?, ITaga and 'T-ro. 
 
 I. Of such Propositions as govern the Geni- 
 tive only. 
 
 ' Al/TI. 
 
 'Am sometimes denotes, 1st, Opposition, from a hostile 
 body coming in front of another ; 2d, Comparison) because 
 objects were frequently brought forward in front of each 
 other for the purpose of being compared ; 3d, Preference, 
 the act consequent upon comparison ; and 4th, Substitution. 
 This last is the most general, and has been derived from 
 the practice of exchanging commodities by way of barter, 
 
OF PROPOSITIONS. 93 
 
 in which one object was placed before another to ascertain 
 their respective values ; and hence, when the exchange was 
 agreed upon, the one was substituted for the other. The 
 following examples will illustrate these observations : 
 
 Hector made head against 'Exrwg o' avn Aia$ ei/ti ' a ml 
 
 (in front of) the illustrious xuda^jpog. Horn. II. 
 
 Ajax. 
 
 That an honourable death is a'tgtros a I&TI 6 xccXcs $avaro$ 
 
 preferable compared with avri 6 a/V^oj f3io$. Xen. de 
 
 a base life. rep. Laced. 
 
 I would prefer freedom be- % eXtvdtgia a'igsu 2 a mi av avri a 
 
 fore all that I have. !%<w TOCJ. Xen. Anab. 
 
 The most common application of this proposition is to 
 space or corporeal objects, denoting the beginning or origin of 
 one thing from another ; hence it was easily transferred to 
 signify the " commencement of one period of time from 
 another:" because, in all representations of this nature, 
 mankind affix to the progress of time a material image 
 founded on the extension of space, to aid their conceptions. 
 It also, in common with most of the other propositions, de- 
 notes modes of action directed from. 
 
 1. They departed from (ori- avo % M/Xjjroj wtfr?j/A/. 2a Thu- 
 gin of their departure) cyd. 
 
 Miletus. 
 
 To appoint magistrates from ugxjav atfo xva{M$ xafaffra/jMt. 
 the bean (origin of their Xen. Mem. 
 election). 
 
 2. From the naval engage- d-ro n vau/A^;/a /ttxg' % ^ fj vri- 
 ment (origin of the mea- eog payvi. Thucyd. 
 surement of the time) un- 
 til the battle in the island. 
 
SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 To turn the ships at one sig- 
 nal (the commencement of 
 the turning). 
 
 wro 
 Id. 
 
 tit 
 
 'E* or 'E|. 
 
 The original application of this proposition was, like the 
 rest ; 1. to place and situation, denoting that one object is 
 out from another : thus, IK ruv vroXiruv sKksytedai rot)j iff%ugora- 
 TOVS. 2. By the same kind of transition as was remarked of 
 dwro, to time. We find it also applied to the materials of 
 which a thing is made, denoting that one thing is taken out 
 of another thing. In several instances it is used synoni- 
 mously with dwro, regard being had, not to the primary rela- 
 tion the objects bore to each other, but to their situation 
 after the departure from, or the coming of the one out from 
 the other. 
 
 Out of the adults. 
 
 And Ajax from Salamis 
 brought twelve ships. 
 
 Of bees always issuing in 
 succession out of the hol- 
 low rock. 
 
 2. From this period Astya- 
 ges sent for his daughter. 
 
 After dinner (period from) he 
 led forward the army. 
 
 3. Stones of (out of) which 
 they make statues. 
 
 IK 01 r&siog avjg. Xen. Cyr. 
 A/ag $' IK 2aXa/A/s dyw dvoxat- 
 dexa, vav$. Horn. II. 
 
 oust veov sg%pfMva,i. JEo1 ' Horn. 
 
 IK ds ovros 6 %govo 
 
 fjwu 'Arfruayj rj jaurou So- 
 
 yar]g. Xen. Cyr. 
 12; agiffrov qrgoayw ro trgarsv/j/a. 
 
 Xen. Hist. Gr. 
 6s TO 
 
 Theoph. 
 
OF PRJEPOSITIONS. 
 
 95 
 
 This proposition must have been originally applied to 
 objects before others, in the point of situation or in the order 
 of succession ; thus, Tgi d' ag' ovg%s$ xiov uvruv. II. %}/. 115. 
 And then mules went before them, euro/ & ergo rou jSaovXgwg 
 nraypsvoi %<tav. Xen. Anab. I. All its other significations 
 respecting time, defence or protection, and preference, may 
 easily be referred to its primary meaning. See Moor, El. 
 Ling. Gr. P. II. p. 40. 
 
 1. They sailed to Eleus first, 
 an island before Miletus. 
 
 They publicly buried Brasi- 
 das in the town, before the 
 present forum. 
 
 Always leading out the Sy- 
 racusans before the fortifi- 
 cations. 
 
 2. I shew that even before 
 me (i. e. the time before me} 
 the state entertained this 
 sentiment. 
 
 3. These I constructed for 
 the defence of Attica 
 (placed before so as to pro- 
 tect). 
 
 4. I would prefer before much 
 wealth. (I would place be- 
 fore and so give the pre- 
 ference). 
 
 1$ 'EXso? irgurw, 
 TI Kgo M/X]ros vqtfos. Thu- 
 cyd. 
 
 6 BgaovSa; dr)(&o<fiu, Saffrw 1 * 
 sv q ?roX/s Tgo r) v\Jv ayoga wi/. 
 Id. 
 
 go rb 
 
 I. Id. 
 
 077 xa/ irgo Jyw ovrog 
 
 Dem. 
 
 raora wgoSaXXw 2 a mi jy w ^ 
 (%) Dem. T. 
 
 av 
 i Isocr. 
 
96 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 II. Of such Propositions as govern the Dative 
 only, viz. 'Ef and 2yp. 
 
 The natural and common application of sv is, 1st, to place, 
 denoting that something is within a limited space; 2d, to 
 time. All its other more remote significations may, without 
 difficulty, be traced to its primary meaning. 
 
 1. For the issue of it was in sv ya.% 6 Stag ro ouroj Xoj Itfr/, 
 the deity (the deity the oux ev lyu. Dem. if. ars<p. 
 recipient), not in me. 
 
 Nor did they ever injure the ovdi nor ev dtr] g/wXa|; j3u- 
 
 fruit in fertile populous riaviigos Kagirog dqXsa. 1 * mi 
 
 Phthia. Horn. 
 
 Whatever wisdom there is a- otfcwrsg Itfr; sv uv&gwro$ <fo<po$P* 
 
 mong (in) men. Aristoph. Nub. 
 
 2. In a short time. sv fajyag xgovog. Isocr. 
 
 In five days you assisted sv irtvre fiftsga, /Sojj^w' a auroj 
 them, i. e. the period con- ^Esch. adv. Ctes. 
 tained within five days. 
 
 2w, Attice Eyv. 
 
 The Latin prseposition cum, and the Greek proposition 
 2yv or &vv, originally xeuv, appear to me to be the same, the 
 Romans having omitted the aspirate, while the Greeks 
 changed it into 5, as was not unusual, and either joined it 
 with the preceding consonant, which seems to have been the 
 original form of the proposition, and no peculiarity of the 
 Attic dialect, or omitted the x, and pronounced it tftk 
 
 2uv denotes something joined, put together, or connected ivitfi 
 some other thing/. 
 
OF PBJEPOSITIOKS. 97 
 
 1. And advantage with a xa/ xsgcio* yi sw fi>o%6/t>t /3ga- 
 
 little trouble, i. e. trouble yjj;. Eurip. Hippol. 
 
 joined, connected. 
 
 It shall be my care with the lyw ftstei avv o/ eoi. Xen. 
 
 gods, i. e. the assistance of Cyr. 
 
 the gods joined. 
 
 He left this only to them y.arXy<rw 2 a rouro ^ovoc ai/rw, 
 
 to fight witJt a sword and ro tfw /a.a^a/^a, xa/ ysgg'ov, 
 
 shield and corslet. xcu Sw*a /*a^o/xa/. Xen. 
 
 Cyr. 
 
 2, He went away % /i of <rw TO 
 
 supper (supper connected 
 
 uritb his departure,) 
 
 III. Of such Propositions as govern the 
 
 satfuc viz E/c ciiiu ^\.vcc 
 
 E/V or 'E?. 
 
 E/ B - seems to denote <// motion or direction of a body so as 
 .to fame dose to, or to enter into another body : And this idea 
 seems necessary from its governing the accusative of the lat- 
 ter .object. Its primary signification refers to place ; its se- 
 condary to time; and it also refers to the final cause of any 
 Action. 
 
 1. Having revolted to the ap/tfr^ 23 efc Itfytfo/. JCen. 
 Mysians. Anab. 
 
 .And he divided (the Greeks) &/ ^iitsry^i ' 
 iwft> many parties. Dem. ?r. 
 
 2. To all time coming. eis awag o Xo/crof ygows- Id. 
 
 3. To their acquiring a pru- sis TO pavdavu <ru<pgovsu 
 dent deportment. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 G 
 
98 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 No one blamed them respect- ov8ng-^-es p/X/a auro/ fiz^6[iai. 
 ing friendship. Xen. Anab. 
 
 'Acri primarily denotes the ascent of a body either upon 
 the surface of another, or so as to be placed upon. In se- 
 veral instances it requires to be translated by the praeposi- 
 tion through ; but then, progressive motion up to a certain 
 point may be generally observed ; and this will appear to 
 have been more the aim of the writer in this application of 
 the proposition, than the medium through which the motion 
 may be traced, which is commonly expressed by Bia. In 
 most cases, either a real or fancied idea of tendency up- 
 wards, may be observed in the use of this proposition by 
 the best writers. 
 
 'Ava is applied, 1. to place ; 2. to time ; 3. to numbers 
 taken distributively. 
 
 1. To fight both in the plain xat Jv vreftiov xat ava ro egos 
 and upon the mountains. fJM^ofiai. Xen. Ages. 
 
 Up the green wood. ^Xwgog 3' ava /Xj. Eurip. 
 
 Hippol. 
 
 Having said this I went (up) ug Icrw ava vavg |3)j/.A/. a Horn, 
 on board. 
 
 2. That they see their el- or; xai oi vgseZvrsgoi ogau ava 
 ders also living moderate- crag jj/isga ffutpgovuc 5/ayw. 
 ly through the whole day. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 3. When the officers knew \<xu Sf raura yryvuexu* a o 
 this they formed six com- ergarriyoc, woitu ' a mi e% Xo- 
 panies up to an hundred %o$ ava sxarop a^. Xen. 
 men (each). Anab. 
 
OF PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 99 
 
 IV. Of such Propositions as govern two 
 Cases, the Genitive and Accusative, viz. A/a, 
 Kara, Mera, 'KVs^. 
 
 A/a". 
 
 A/a with the genitive, denotes the object penetrated or 
 passed through, and is equally applied to matter, or space, 
 or ft'wie. With the accusative, it commonly denotes <Ae a- 
 <7ew/ through which, or through means of which something is 
 effected, brought to a particular end, and in this respect it 
 corresponds with the Latin proposition per : as, raura TTO/S/ 
 dta rqv emfjuXsiav. Plutarch. He does this through the me- 
 dium of care. 
 
 1. With the Genitive, through. 
 
 And wounds him through the 
 
 corslet. 
 They marched through Ar- 
 
 menia. 
 He lay within the cave 
 
 stretched through among 
 
 his sheep. 
 Thus then the old men are 
 
 constituted, having pass- 
 
 ed through all the noble 
 
 virtues. 
 2. To deliberate through 
 
 night and day. 
 But Socrates through the 
 
 whole of his life. 
 
 xa/ nrguffxu 8ia 6 
 Anab. 
 
 a dia jj 
 
 Xen. 
 
 . Id. 
 
 liro<rtP avrgov ra.ww l a mi 
 8ia jU-jjXa. Horn. Od. 
 
 c dia, tag 
 xa6iffra- 
 
 . Plato. 
 
 OVTU ptv n o 
 6 xaXos 
 /JMI. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 8ta vu xou 
 
 8ia irag o /3/o{. 
 
 Xen. Mem. 
 G2 
 
100 SYNTAX OF fHE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 With the Accusative, through means of. 
 
 Are they not then happy ovxovv evdaipuv 8i aya6o$ P 1 wri- 
 
 t/trough means of the pos- ffi$ ; Plato Alcib. 1. 
 
 session of good? 
 
 I am become your slave syuye rot diet, a^n^og agyvgidiov 
 
 through means of (for) a douhog >yivofjMi, P P 338 5/ ro 
 
 little Silver, through means w irXovTiu leug. Aristoph. 
 
 of not being equally rich. Plut. 
 
 Lest the Greeks should at- f^rjvug xoci 8iet wg 'A%a/osp?u- 
 
 tempt to fly through means, y&, o^ao/Aa/. J * su Horn. 
 
 or favour of the night. 
 
 Kara. 
 
 When xarA governs the genitive, the noun governed de- 
 notes the origin or subject of the action or relation : thus, 
 Xoyog XT A/V^/voo, the speech of which yEschines is the 
 subject ; xar A/tf^/i/ou, course of the speech, ^Eschines ; against 
 ./Eschines. When it governs the accusative it denotes the 
 course of the action, so as to terminate at or to go along 
 some other object, e^ti ft aSfJM V.OJT ovrafAsvqv urfiXqv. Horn, 
 II. g'. 86. and the blood was flowing, the course of its Jiow, 
 the wound inflicted, &c. 
 
 1. With the Genitive, along, $c. 
 
 Which these good souls main- o$ { wro$ xara yj imrgi$ rqgu 6 
 
 tain against their country. ;$jtfro. Dem. T. tfnf . 
 (their country in opposi- 
 tion, hence against.) 
 
OF PROPOSITIONS. 101 
 
 He immediately digs a hole tvdv.$ xarogu<s<ru ^ xara n yn 
 
 for me low under the xarw. Aristoph. Plut. 
 
 ground. 
 
 And many throwing them- xara rs xgrywos 6 vo^v 
 
 selves down the precipices. sauroy. Thucyd. 
 
 2. And (along) during all xa/ xara fas 6 xgovo$ 
 
 future time consider. [icu. l a Dem. adv. Andr. 
 
 With the Accusative, motion along or 
 down, fyc. 
 
 He drives them along the BIUKU Xao^ggog xar* 0005. Horn. 
 
 public road. II. 
 
 The water ran along the ro vdug xara fj rapgos %wgew. 
 
 trenches. Xen. 
 
 For it struck him grasping x<wrw 18 yag ayroj l^w xara 
 
 (it) on the breast (direc- ffrqdos vaga. Ssigq. Horn. 
 
 tion of the stroke) near 
 
 the neck. 
 
 I have been wandering dur- a&hrivos xara vuf irXacaw.P P*" 
 
 ing the moonless night. Anacr. 
 
 Msra. 
 
 Msra, with the genitive, signifies with, sharing with. With 
 the accusative, after. 
 
 Mera, with the Poets, governs the Dative in the sense of 
 among, between, corresponding with the Latin medius. 
 
 1. With the Genitive, with. 
 
 They were going to expose /asra ^roXyg rt x; a 
 
102 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 themselves with many ftot-XfS jttsXXw x/vuu. ' f 
 
 brave allies (allies, com- Thucyd. 
 
 panions, mates.) 
 
 With much thanks this would /j.?ra croXus %g'S row' av aff- 
 
 have been willingly given /igvwg didupi* a q woX/g. Dem. 
 
 to the state. <ir. ffrttp. 
 
 They do not lie unhonoured o\> ptra, Xj07j a 
 
 tvith (in) oblivion. Xen. Mem. 
 
 2. With the Dative, among, between. 
 
 He was busy, among the fore- ptra, Tgwrog TOVSW. Horn. 
 
 most. 
 Conspicuous among the Tro- 'Idaiog yuwj, iragdtvog r avo- 
 
 jan matrons and virgins. CXeffros /^sra. Eurip. He- 
 
 cub. 
 
 3. With the Accusative, after. 
 
 After the Sicilian disaster (ttra f] 2/xsX/jo; %vfj,<poga. Thu- 
 (the Sicilian disaster /re- cyd. 
 ceding.) 
 
 Whom I love most after you. 6$ lyw p/Xew /AX//rra /asra tru. 
 
 Aristoph. Plut. 
 
 A city the richest in Asia oroX/s M ^ wXovffiog ev rj 'Aoia, 
 ' after Babylon. pera, BaCoXwv. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 appears to denote that one object is higher than, or 
 over another object. 
 
OF PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 103 
 
 1. With the Genitive, it commonly signifies 
 rest over or above ; 1. In point of place : 2. In 
 defence of or in behalf of : 3. In room of. It 
 may also be translated by^/or or concerning. 
 
 1 . High above the earth. 
 
 The sun advancing over us 6 ^X/oj 
 
 and our habitations. 
 Him he struck on the head 
 
 above the ear. 
 
 2. And that it is right to ex- 
 pend them here for (in be- 
 half of) ourselves and not 
 for those exiles. 
 
 3. But go as quickly as pos- 
 sible, and learn for me (i.e. 
 in my stead, wrig nu roTou 
 
 TOU ttOi>.) 
 
 4. What he falsely charged 6<ra 
 me concerning the peace, 
 
 (i. e.) he formed his false 
 charge over the peace as 
 the subject. 
 
 ic\j/oy iwrsg yccwj. Horn. 
 Asis xai a/ 
 Xen. Mem. 
 
 oi/aj. Horn. 
 
 dixaiog Ic- 
 
 oi8e. Thucyd. ,' 
 
 lyu [tavdavu. Aristoph. 
 
 Nub. 
 
 2/gjjvj 
 Dem. T. 
 
 2. With the Accusative, motion over or beyond. 
 
 And laboriously beyond my xou 
 
 strength (proceeding higher Dem. 
 
 than.) 
 Another to those beyond the aXXo o'i uvreg ro rfrgarsu<r//A<>j 
 
 age of military service. krog r 1 yivofjai. P P mi Xen. 
 
 Cyr. 
 
104 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 V* Of such Propositions as govern three 
 the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative, viz. 
 t, ITf^, '*}, IlgoV, Ilaga and 'TW. 
 
 and ng< are frequently used synonimously : 
 originally signified on both sides, */, o // s7t ; s, round 
 about. When, however, neither the form of objects is 
 such as to confine the application of the preposition to 
 two sides only, nor is it necessary to state very particularly 
 the extent of the circuit, /.>/ and m%l are used synonimous- 
 ly. Thus Homer. II. g'. 4. A/^/ & dg auruJ /Sow/, wj rig 
 g. See also II. r'. 369, &c. 
 
 1. With the Genitive, about, concerning. 
 
 They dwell about the city <J/*f>/ wX/g w'xew. Herod. 
 
 (i. e. their dwellings em- 
 
 brace the city). 
 
 A treatise about the stars. d//,p< currgov 7f af jj. Lucian. 
 
 2. With the Dative, close about or around. 
 
 Shaking about your head. riva<f<ru appt xgag <fo$. Ari 
 
 stoph. 
 
 To suffer calamities a long roioff&& afntfit y\nn woXu; 
 time about such a woman. dXyog irafyu. Horn. 
 
- 
 
 OF PROPOSITIONS. 105 
 
 3. With the Accusative, motion or action about. 
 
 Where the old men take tvdat&n -raXcwog ^P Saoww a/*pi 
 
 their seats about the sac- Iltigrivr) ud. Eurip. Med. 
 
 red waters of Pirene. 
 
 He was, when he died, about s<fn 8s 6 rsXsuraw appi TO vtv- 
 
 fifty years. rjjjcowa erog, Xen. Anab. 
 
 You say, said Cyrus, that Xeyw ffv, <p JJ/A/ 6 Kugog, irtfys de 
 
 the infantry are nearly ff%t8ov &^i oi r^usvc,. Xen. 
 
 about the half. Cyr. 
 
 Ilf/y ttft<A /Ac genitive, signifies, in general, bounding so as 
 to touch upon, so that the noun governed forms the origin or 
 subject ; hence it is generally translated by the Latin prae- 
 position de, concerning : When connected with this case, it 
 sometimes denotes about for defence, and sometimes for pos- 
 session, as in the one case the object of defence is protected 
 on all sides by the arms of its defender, and in the other, 
 when there is a struggle for the possession of an object, the 
 assailant attempts it on all sides. These accessory ideas, 
 however, do not arise from the proposition, but from the 
 context. With the dative, in general, close about : With the 
 accusative, about any thing as a centre to which the object is 
 directed. Hence it is generally translated by the proposition 
 circa. With the accusative, it applies, 1. to place, 2. to 
 time ; 3. to numbers. 
 
 1. With the Genitive, about or concerning. 
 
 The contest will be about <rtgi crarg/s //*/ 6 ayuv. Thu- 
 (our) country. cyd. 
 
106 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE GEEEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 s/ olwvos ayadog, 
 Horn, 
 
 One omen (is the) best, to 
 
 contends/or our country. 
 Are not these poems about ovxovv rovro -Troika sffri irtgi dia- 
 
 the difference between jus- <poga dixaiog P 1 re XOLI a&ixog ; 
 
 tice and injustice ? 
 
 Plato Alcib. 1. 
 
 With the Dative, close about. 
 
 Fearing for (about) the ships. 
 But what is called defensive 
 
 armour, a breast-plate close 
 
 about the breast. 
 
 vavg. Thucyd. 
 dirXa 
 
 TO tirtgvov. 
 
 Xen. Cyr. 
 
 3. With the Accusative, directed about, tending 
 about. 
 
 1. Upon account of their fi vgotdw svsxct, -rigi syu 
 former services about me. Xen. Anab. 
 
 He stationed the whole ar- 
 my round the city. 
 
 2. Now about (verging to- 
 wards) twilight. 
 
 3. And having sunk about 
 seventy ships they erected 
 
 a trophy. Thucyd. 
 
 $ 
 
 Xen. 
 . Thucyd. 
 
 ' a 
 
 rgvxcuw. 
 
 With the genitive of several adjectives, and the infinitive 
 middle of the verbs cro/sw, ridqfju and ^yso^a/, Tg/ denotes the 
 measure of value : thus, <ffti croXXoy Koiuffdai, or nQtff&ai, or 
 yytiffdai, magni facere, to esteem highly. T/ 7rXs;owc, &c. 
 pluris ; wtgi wXsigrov, plurimi ; wtgi navrog, maximi ; tigi (M- 
 xg&u, parvi ; irigi JXarroi/og, minoris ; TT^/ JXa^/tfTou, minimi ; 
 ffg< ou5fi/oc, wz'/7z ; mot -roXXou Jtfr/, magni interest, or with 
 
OF PROPOSITIONS. 107 
 
 the verbal itttivyrtoc, : thus, In ou <rb *jV <rreg/ crXs/tfrou 
 Xenoph. Mem. In these and similar expressions the geni- 
 tive of rip^a, pretium, or %gjj 1 aa, is understood. Thucydi- 
 des employs the expression ev 6X;yw^/a rt <tffoiovvro, parvifacie- 
 bant, in the same sense as vsgi /uxgov, or fty oudsvog emtovvro. 
 VII. 3. 
 
 'Erf. 
 
 'ETT/, with the genitive, commonly signifies motion or rest 
 upon. With the dative, close upon, depending upon, upon 
 account of. With the accusative, motion directed upon or 
 against. It is applied, 1. to place ; 2. to time ; 3. to num- 
 bers. 
 
 1. With the Genitive, motion or rest upon. 
 
 1. And let any point d be xc 
 
 assumed upon (the line) piiov l<xi fi AT TO A. Eucl. 
 ay. VI. 9. 
 
 Nor were you by yourselves /wjd' Ip' V/ASIS adtroi 0/05 rs son 
 (i. e. resting upon your- tfuwj/w. 2 a Dem. xara 'Agiff- 
 selves) able to understand rox. 
 them. 
 
 2. For these happened in my lif !ya> yag, ou^;/ *aXa/, y/vo- 
 <zi(?, (resting upon me, and /*; oOrog.P ^ Dem. Olynth. 
 hence denoting the precise 
 
 period,) not long ago. 
 
 3. The captain leading his ra^/a^oj 30 ayw 
 company one by one ; i. e. Xen. Cyr, 
 one adhering to another or 
 
 following upon. 
 
SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 $* With the Dative, close upon, &c. 
 
 Close upon the sources of em q cnjyjj 6 mra/nog. Xen. A- 
 
 the river. nab. 
 
 Who first ? and who next ? 
 
 (i. e. following close upon.] 
 He deliberates how he shall 
 
 no longer be dependent 
 
 upon his brother. 
 
 Eurip. 
 
 tri s<f 
 Xen. Anab. 
 
 Thu- 
 
 3. With the Accusative, motion directed upon 
 or against. 
 
 1. When a right line being 6ra,v 8s evdua fair svdvs I 
 placed upon a right line. 
 
 For they came against the 
 parent state against us 
 with the Mede, 
 
 For they now suspected that 
 they were going against 
 the king. 
 
 2. They laid waste the coun- 
 try ^/or two days. 
 
 Bear up, my friends, and re- 
 
 \for a little. ygoi/oj, Horn. 
 
 1 a pass Eucl. I. 12. 
 
 yag lift f) 
 
 ,u>ra o 
 cyd. 
 
 qdq lift 
 Xen. Anab. 
 
 dyow y yjj ITT/ dvo 
 cyd. 
 
 Thu- 
 
 In almost every example irfa seems to denote primarily 
 the situation of an object before, but either proceeding^/hwt 
 before or advancing^noarc?, according to the case it governs 
 or the nature of the act ; 1 . With the genitive, from before, 
 denoting the origin ; also to and towards, denoting the po- 
 
OF PROPOSITIONS. 109 
 
 sition of the object before another : 2. With the dative, close 
 before, so as to communicate with, make an addition to: 
 3. With the accusative, the motion of an object towards tin- 
 other : and sometimes against : In this sense it is opposed 
 to fj,i7u.xa,l yAg rbv aywu, (j,tff bfj&v /A&XXoK, $ wgos fyoag iXo- 
 (Jktvot tfoiqifaffdcti. Demosth. <x. ffrtp. It also denotes compari- 
 son, for, when one object is brought right forward to an- 
 other, an opportunity is afforded of comparing the one with 
 the other. vgbs txeivovs efyrdfyiv not,} tfaga&xXXs/i/ sp'i. De- 
 mosth. it. tfrttp. TgaaXX8/v rb dXXou q&os #$$ ravra wrw K%t- 
 v'sru. Xen. Mem. 
 
 1. With the Genitive, from, &c. 
 
 Since she has felt that she &rei it$>$ avqg a}<f6a,vopai 8 a tic- 
 
 has been injured by her dtxtu.v P 333 Eurip. Med. 
 
 husband (i. e. the injury 
 
 proceedingyrowz.) 
 
 She did not die by us at least, our; vgog vpsis ye oXXy^a/. 2 * 
 
 Eurip. Alcest. 
 
 I entreat, I supplicate, by txsnvu, dmoX irgtc, vats, vgos 
 
 your children, by your yu 
 
 wives, by the blessings Dem. xu.ru. 'Apo. 
 
 you possess. 
 
 With the Dative, close to, m addition to. 
 
 The angles cfose to the base. j *|os jj /Saovg ywwa. Euclid. 
 Fighting cfose to the land. Tgog ^ y^ vau^a^eca. P 1 Thu- 
 
 cyd. 
 
 Besides these (cfose to, 50 rts <X%Q$ Se raura (JMV&O.VU rofyuu 
 to make an addition), they xai axom^u. Xen. Cyr. 
 
110 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 learn to shoot with the 
 bow, and to dart the ja- 
 velin. 
 
 He is young, and, (added to) vtog effrr irgog di 6 vsog, a 
 besides his youth, tender. Plato Symp. 
 
 3. With the Accusative, to or towards. 
 
 Inhabiting that part of Sicily TO vgo$ A/Cuj 
 
 towards Africa, (situated i/s/Aw. mi Thucyd. 
 
 before.') 
 
 The path leading toiuards the dywa M q vgog 6 
 
 palace. gw.P a Xen. 
 
 For she was adding /Vorog to q ftev jag iirvog 
 
 his name, Xanthippus, &c. roii/o/ia, Savdivvrog. Ari 
 
 stoph. Nub. 
 
 Ilaga commonly signifies, 1. With the genitive, from be- 
 side ; 2. With the dative, close beside ; 3. With the accusa- 
 tive, motion to beside. 
 
 1. With the Genitive, from beside. 
 
 Having drawn his sword from tpaeyavov Iguw ' 
 
 beside his thigh. go. Horn. 
 
 The deserters y^om beside the o/ auro/^oXgw l a 
 
 king. Xen. Anab. 
 
 And thinking that they had xa/ vo,a/^w J 
 
 heard from one exceeding- s/'^wj axouw. P mi Thucyd. 
 
 ly well informed. 
 
OF PROPOSITIONS. Ill 
 
 2. With the Dative, close beside. 
 
 The market-place which was ayog?j M i 
 
 constructed close beside the Horn. 
 
 ships. 
 
 His venerable mother heard o8s xXt 
 
 him as she was sitting be- go. varye yigu\>. Horn, 
 
 side her aged father. 
 
 The boys do not eat beside ou waga. ^r^o eirso/Aai 6 <irai;, 
 
 their mother, but beside aXAa waga. 6 di&affxaXog. 
 
 their teacher. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 3. With the Accusative, motion beside, or to 
 beside. 
 
 He went in silence beside the 
 
 shore of the far-resound- pXo/<ros SaXa<r0a. Horn. 
 
 ing main. 
 But Achilles struck him on 'A%i\sug ds rvitru 1 * xaraxX^J? 
 
 the collar-bone beside the wag atr^jjv. Id. 
 
 neck (the blow directed 
 
 beside.] 
 He went to Egypt to (beside) 1$ A/ywrrog atfixtro itaga 'A- 
 
 Amasis, and also to Sar- (JM<H$, xai dq xai Ic, la^dig 
 
 dis, to (beside) Croesus. raga Kgo/ffoj. Herodot. 
 
 'Tfl-i, signifying under, with the genitive, commonly de- 
 notes m, or situation under, and very frequently fer #//e 
 agency or instrumentality of; as the object under is general- 
 ly affected by what is above it : With the dative under, with 
 
112 SYNTAX OP THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 different modifications depending upon the nature of the 
 higher object, as, subjection, influence, protection, fyc. : With 
 the accusative, motion tending under or coming under. 
 
 1. With the Genitive, rest or situation under, &c. 
 
 For it was extended under vwo yag firsts vagaruvu * * P 3 * 8 
 
 us and Pericles. xai Higixteqs. Aristoph. 
 
 Nub. 
 
 When honoured by men (un- rifiau %atg u uvdgwrog wro. Eu- 
 
 der the agency of men) rip. Hippol. 
 
 they are pleased. 
 
 Where deepest under the p%i (3adve wro %duv fan 
 
 earth is the gulf. Horn. 
 
 . With the Dative, close under, under the in- 
 fluence of, &c. 
 
 And one having fallen under Kiirru P 3g rig weo 6 Kvgog }<sr- 
 Cyrus' horse. ieog. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 Until they reduced Thessaly lug 0srraX/a ivo <bi\t>7tirog 
 under Philip. cro/ew. ' a Dem. r. tfnp. 
 
 Having yoked (them) under '&g(/M& Joyw** wro. Eurip. 
 the chariot. Hippol. 
 
 He came under niglit. l^o/*a/ 2 a wro nu^. Apollon. 
 
 S. With the Accusative, motion tending 
 under, &c. 
 
 Under the 'darkness we fled. iro tfxorog p su 7 w - Eurip. O- 
 
 rest. 
 He did not inarch his troops owe avaC/Ca^w em 6 Xoipog, XX' 
 
OP CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 113 
 
 up the hill, but caused 
 them to halt at the bottom 
 of it (under it). 
 As he was fetching the blow, 
 some one strikes him vio- 
 lently with a javelin under 
 the eye. 
 
 ro <trga- 
 
 Xen. Anab. 
 
 ' aurog dmvril^u nc, 
 TOV viro 6 op 
 Id. 
 
 XII. OF CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 I. "Ax. 
 
 1 . The particle is construed in Attic Greek, with the 
 indicative of the imperfect, aorists, perfect, though seldom, 
 and pluperfect, especially when used as an imperfect. 
 
 2. It is generally, in the order of construction, preceded 
 by si in another member of the sentence, pointing out the 
 conditional statement. 
 
 5. When si is construed with the indicative) av is also fol- 
 lowed by that mode. 
 
 If the Greeks had remained 
 at home, he would not 
 have been known as brave. 
 
 It is evident then that he 
 would not have foretold, 
 unless he believed that he 
 was going to tell the truth. 
 
 If any one should exhort the 
 rulers of the people to vir- 
 tue, he would benefit both. 
 
 For if the man had imme- 
 
 E/' 
 
 sip! 
 
 Eurip. 
 
 s/ fj^ri 
 Xen. 
 
 or/ oux av 
 irtffrtvu ' a 
 
 'A%ami,) 
 &v. 
 
 im 
 
 rig 01 xgareu P* TO 
 
 rtgot av 
 
 H 
 
 a P 
 a Isocr. 
 
114 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 diately expired under the vaa^ey)fia avrodvrisx.u, * * &- 
 blows, he would have just- xa/w; 3' y 3wj<rx<w. P 1 " 
 ly perished. 
 
 4. "Av is construed with the subjunctive denoting present 
 or future time, when preceded by the relative, relative ad- 
 jectives, adverbs of time, place, quantity, quality, fyc. 
 
 I should be base not doing iyu xaxfa ^ dgau av stfju P 
 
 every thing which the god ^raj P 1 offo$ av &jXo Stog. 
 
 may point out. Soph. 
 
 For a friend is pleasant to $vs P yag p;Xoj xav vu| 
 
 behold even in the night, o<rr/g M av tragttfju 
 
 whatever time he may Eur. 
 
 come. 
 
 5. When "Af is merely contingent, i. e. refers solely to a 
 future event, it is construed with the subpunctive. 
 
 If, however, you would be 'Av pivroi <7rsidu l a P 888 lyw. 
 persuaded by me. 
 
 Beware lest you be flogged (puharrofAai) O-TWJ ow /M} diroX- 
 
 to death after you are at XU/A/ sub * * m 
 
 home, should you come, svsid*) o/'xo/ //*/, P 
 
 having learned from him. uroe futvddvu 8 a P a ^xu. Xen. 
 
 If I proceed to my actions 'Av 5' !p' cgP 1 xa/ cnwswP xa/ 
 
 and administration. crfr\/rsuo/A/ P P 3 * /3a8/^w, De- 
 
 mosth. 
 
 6. When A is preceded by any interrogative particle it is 
 generally construed with the optative. 
 
 For who would not admire rig yu.% oux av aya^o/wc/ ' * o/ 
 the bravery of these men? un% txeivos ^ a^r^^ ; Dem. 
 
OF CONJUNCTIONS. 115 
 
 What pray would this avail ri &jra ourig av w 
 
 you ? Aristoph. 
 
 How then could any one es- fug olv av rig jj TOIOVTO$ 
 
 cape such disgrace ? vq expeuyu ; 2 a jEschines. 
 
 7. "Av is sometimes construed with the infinitive. 
 
 He thought those that were rtyto/JMi ^ oi 6' ayvoeu P a 
 
 ignorant might justly be irodufyg av 8ixa 
 
 called slaves. Xen. 
 
 For they think that the un- OIOJJMI yag oi a%agi<rroi xx) 
 
 grateful must be exceed- eoi av /AaX/orc 
 
 ingly careless towards the Xen. 
 
 gods also. 
 
 8. Av is also construed with participles. 
 
 Of those who would readily oi rjdtu$ ptv av 
 be confuted, and would yfaas 5* av \ 
 readily refute. Plato. 
 
 (Beware) lest these be in re- ( pvXarfofjMi) ^ u$a\i>)dug rov- 
 ality the views of those TO P 1 (fxip/jM efai sub oi gqfau$ 
 who readily put us to d<roxr/vvu^/, xai dva^tuffxofjMi 
 death, and would recall us y av, ei oio( r iipi. Plato, 
 to life again, if they could. 
 
 II. Kl 
 
 K or xlv, with Homer and the Epic Poets, besides being 
 construed with the same tenses and modes as av, is also 
 found with thefutttre. 
 
 For many of the Trojans we woXXo/ ya Tguoi xaraXifou, oi 
 shall leave behind, whom xsv A^aiot XaXxoj 
 the Greeks may slay with 
 the sword. 
 
 H2 
 
116 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 But he shall be exasperated 6 ds xsv ;oXoi Ion redu P 6g xtv h- 
 to whom I may go. viopai. 8ub 2 a 
 
 But if ever I shall return and Ei ds xs voffrsu xa! I<r<wzro/Aa/ o<p- 
 behold with my eyes my 
 country. 
 
 III. 'E&. 
 
 'Eav, contracted vp, smnv, contr. njv, always take the sub- 
 junctive mode. 
 
 If any one happen to have 'Eav rig a8ix.su P P Mt ng ruy- 
 
 wronged the state in any yum 6 -roX/g. 
 
 respect. 
 
 But if you should look to 'Eav & sis jj <pvffi$ xal q aXj- 
 
 nature and the truth, ye 6sm 
 
 will not be deceived. irardw. 
 
 When we may have taken 'E<ffr,v 
 
 the city. 
 
 I shall return back itninc- A/'-vpa 5' 'l^opai aurif, lirr^v su 
 
 diately, after I render oi d J-ra/AUfw. 1 a Horn. 
 
 them eflFectual aid. 
 
 In Homer it is sometimes construed with the optative, as, 
 Xw&jc. II. xix, 208. 
 
 IV. MjJ, the Conditional Negative. 
 
 1 . It is construed with the imperative of the present, and 
 if the negative is repeated, the subjunctive of either aorist 
 commonly follows. 
 
 Look about and consider, and Kairraivu xai <pgo\iriu, /JLT^S au- 
 never reckon fool-hardi- Quftia, iuouX/a a 
 
OF CONJUNCTIONS. 117 
 
 ness better than safe coun- o/*a/ TOTS, .flischyl. 
 sel. 
 
 Whom neither dread nor ut- 65 WT oxv'eu P 1 /MJT' a<piri[M 2 a 
 ter a bad word. roj xaxov. Soph. 
 
 Mn is also construed with the indicative of the present and 
 of the future ; sometimes also with the optative. 
 
 V. 'Oirus /j^ and ov rj. 
 
 These particles are frequently construed with the future 
 indicative; sometimes with the subjunctive of the aorists of 
 all the voices. 
 
 You shall remain secure, and (tevu dtfuX&j, xai ou tfu iw /j,sdir,- 
 I would not give you up to /A/ 2 a rig. Eurip. 
 any one. 
 
 That this should not happen OTTWJ rouro ^ yivo/jMi l 
 I was constantly watching. rngtu P diarsXsu. ^ Dem. 
 
 XIII. APPENDIX, 
 
 CONTAINING A FEW IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS, TO BE 
 TURNED INTO GREEK. 
 
 1 . To be well spoken of (axovu) by the citizens. 
 Who was exceedingly (dg/<rra) well spoken of. 
 To have a bad, (xccxws) or disgraceful (pXaugwf) character. 
 
 2. It is even far (vrohvs) from it (d'su). 
 To want but little (oX/yof). 
 I am so far (rotfonros 6) from saying. 
 
118 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 3. I entreat you to pardon ((fuyyvu/Muv and the verb si/j,<) 
 
 my expressions su P P 88 ). 
 
 But pardon (rfuyyvw/tj and g^a) my folly (me being fool- 
 ish, 
 
 4. I have admired (s^u with a participle). 
 Have you married ? (ya/Asw ' *). 
 Wont you be silent ? (ctoraw with the fut. 
 
 5. I wish that I had perished (eXXv^iw * m ) on that day. 
 I wish that the ship (<txa<pog) Argo had not sailed ( 
 m ). Eurip. 
 
 6. If this happened to be so (nyxftvu with l^wP^ 1 ). De- 
 
 mosth. 
 
 If this is so (ad v. holds itself so). 
 To be well. 
 To be ill. 
 Of those acquainted with him, (ad v. of those having ex- 
 
 perience), (spfffigus with the gen). 
 To be prudent (pgonputc). 
 They were in a strait (dTogog and the imperf. mid. of 
 
 To be busy 
 
 To return thanks to any one 
 
 To be inferior. 
 
 7. I am not able (0/05 with S// 
 He says that he is not able. 
 We say that they are not able. 
 I wish that you were able. 
 I wish that the multitude were able. 
 I wish that she was able to accomplish this work. 
 
 8. Do you think (^yso/*a/) those that are prosperous (EU 
 have not a contrary feeling, (ad v. sufter, ircta- 
 
OF CONJUNCTIONS. 119 
 
 %u P m ) not a contrary suffering, (vn&og) to those that 
 
 are unsuccessful ? Plato. 
 Having been well treated by them. 
 Whom I ought not to treat (%w) ill. 
 Do you wish (/SouXo^cw) to treat us well ? 
 She says that she has done you other services. Aristoph. 
 You know that (on) he has treated (vot'eca) none of mor- 
 
 tals well. 
 Fortune, favouring us, (xalMs v&ifu) has increased the 
 
 public wealth (-rotos fi>isu ri> XMVOV P 1 ). Demosth. 
 They will speak (If su) ill of us. 
 He did us a great favour. 
 You were not able to requite the favour. 
 
 9. And thinking himself (doxsu) a most distinguished orator 
 
 and an admirable fiav/taffrog) personage. Demosth, 
 Having sworn that he would * conduct me home, he 
 
 brings me to Troy. 
 And always expecting (vgoadoxsu) that you would be flog- 
 
 ged (TXJJOVW a f P 38 ) for the misdeeds of which you were 
 
 conscious (l<p ' a d recip. pronoun d 6uvn$eu P lu P erf adi- 
 
 x'tu part d^ Demosth. 
 
 10. We shall unconsciously (kavdavu) be doing an unjust 
 
 action. f 
 If he should unconsciously (av et XavQavu 2 a ) have spent 
 
 (avatitSKu 1 a ) his fortune. 
 They happened (rvy^avu 2 a ) to be skilful. 
 For perhaps some one of those within happens to wish 
 et /3ouXo/*a/) to become your disciple. 
 
 11. He said that Orestes was dead. J PP 31 ' ^Eschyl. 
 
 * See observation under Rule II. of the Infinitive. 
 
 f See Rule II. of Participles. f See Rule III. of Participles and Observ. 
 
 4 
 
120 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. 
 
 He perceived (alffdavopai 2 a ) that lie was deprived of them. 
 They shall know to their cost (-ra 
 
 He was evidently endeavouring to benefit them. 
 They evidently took it amiss (ayavaxrsu). 
 They fem were evidently wishing to make their escape 
 2 a ) through the night. 
 
 13. In the first place he shewed (svidtixvufju l a ) himself, that 
 
 he would reckon it of the greatest moment,* if he 
 
 made a treaty (<ftrgydw) with any one. 
 Neither reckon any favour (%g/v) nor person of more 
 
 consequence than justice (dtxaio$ n with the article) 
 
 and your oath. 
 Philosophy, ac unless (lav pri) you reckon it of little mo- 
 
 ment (vy'io/tat l a with waga.) 
 He reckoned (ayw ta P) his life of no value.f 
 
 * See under r{). f See under the same. 
 
 "VERsnry ; 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 Edinburgh : DUNCAN STRFENSON, 
 Printer to the University. 
 
103307 
 
 I YB 00165 
 
 RKELEY LIBRARIES