P A 258 D89 1829 MAIN LIBRARY OF THK UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. GIFT OK MRS. MARTHA E. HALLIDIE. Class /^ INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES ON THE GREEK LANGUAGE. FOR THE USE OF JUNIOR STUDENTS AT SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES. BY GEORGE DUNBAR, A.M. F.R.S.E. PROFESSOR OF GREEK IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH. STIRLING & KENNEY, EDINBURGH; WHITTAKER, TREACHER & ARNOTT, LONDON. MDCCCXXIX. Edinburgh : Printer to the University. PREFACE. THE following Introductory Exercises on the Greek Language are, in a great measure, an Abridgment of the Author's larger Work, which has now been for a number of years before the public. Two considera- tions induced him to undertake the present publica- tion ; the one, to supply those who arc just entering upon the study of the Language with a Manual, more simple in its form and less encumbered with observa- tions, than the Exercises usually put into their hands ; and the other, of no less importance in the present day when elementary books are multiplied to an enormous extent, that a work, necessary for acquiring an accu- rate knowledge of the Language, might be obtained at a price burdensome to none. It was the purpose of the Author in framing this Work to adapt it as nearly as possible to the Grammars generally in use in this country. In teaching the Ex- ercises his own plan has been, and he hopes he will not be deemed presumptuous in recommending it to others, to put them into the hands of his Students as soon as they have mastered the substantives and ad- J 03307 PREFACE. jectives in the Grammar, and to follow their progress through the other parts of the elements. The exam- ples for illustrating the verh will be found more nu- merous than in most works of the kind, because the Author thinks that, without a thorough acquaintance with all its tenses and inflections, no real progress can be made in acquiring a knowledge of the Language. The most important of the Rules of Syntax have been retained, and also the more simple examples under each. No examples in English have been given under any of them, as the Author is convinced that they could not be made out with any degree of accuracy by Students at so early a stage of their progress. He has, how- ever, added a few at the end of the work to illustrate some of the more common and important idioms to be found in every classical writer. It is at present his in- tention when a new edition shall be required of the larger work, adapted to more advanced Students, to add a considerable number of examples in English to be turned both into Greek prose, and more particularly into the different kinds of verse chiefly used by the Greek poets. He has it in view also to extend the observations on the idioms, and particularly the pre- positions and conjunctions, being convinced that in a philological point of view they are as yet but imper- fectly understood by the generality of Greek Scholars. COLLEGE OF EDINBURGH, i 1st October 1829. S KEY TO THE ABBREVIATED SIGNS. 1. 1st Declension. 2. 2d Declension. s singular, du dual, pi plural. m masculine, f feminine, n neuter. no nominative, g genitive, d dative, ac accusative, v vocative. Tpo positive. < c comparative. ^sup superlative. Att. Attic. Ion. Ionic. 3. 3d Declension. 'a active voice, mi middle voice. _ pas passive voice. ' pr present, im imperfect. 1 f first future. 2 f second future. 1 a first aorist. 2 a second aorist. p perfect. plu pluperfect. in indicative, su subjunctive, op optative, imp imperative, inf infinitive, pa participle. Dor. Doric. JEol JEolic. N. B. English words in Italics, or included within brack- ets, have no corresponding words in the original. EXERCISES ON THE CONCORD OF ADJECTIVES WITH SUBSTANTIVES ADJECTIVES AND SUBSTANTIVES. Terminations o$ 9 n, ov ; og pure and go? A handsome youth. Immense wealth. Narrow roads. A hostile town. Powerful nations. The right hand. Ruinous schemes. Cruel chains. O unfortunate Adonis. To a worthy man. An unhappy woman. The road must be taken. vsctvioCg atpdovog ffrtvog f K sdvog 0X005 o odog f vogevreog. Termination og declined in the Attic form.- Gram. p. 24>. Uncultivated land. ^fy y^ 1 M To the newly married wife. 6 v&oya Cities overturned. -roX/s 3 Inglorious security. aoipaXs/a 1 a * See Moor's Grammar, p. 23, 24, f See Moor's Grammar, p. 6, at the bottom. 2 ADJECTIVES AND SUBSTANTIVES. The beautiful rosy-fingered xaXog goSo&xxrjXos jjw$. 3 { morning. That the lady was not un- oux a^ctgiarog ^ yvw;. 3 M grateful. A counterbalancing alliance, su^a^ia ' avno, g/a, u. Gram. p. 25. Through the dark night. 3/a vv% 3 Black garments. /.sXas i Of the bloody war. aiparoeis -roXs^os. Winged words. Deliberate speeches. In a short time. /Sga^yg 3s %fo"o$. 2 Furious war. CTOXE/AOS 2 Sgaffuj. ac Sweet song. fidvg ao/Sjj. 1 ac Sharp cliffs. v, mas. and fern, ov, neut. ??f, mas. and fern, or e/va, fern. &v, neut. ?7, mas. and fern, g?, neut. ic, and vj, with the compounds of TOU?, ^^5. Gram. pp. 27, 28. Your son unhurt. cra/g 3 tfog Into many families and flou- iroXug 5' g/'g o/'xog ' xa/ rishing states. O unhappy man. u To aged fathers. ytguv ADJECTIVES AND SUBSTANTIVES. To their happy lives. Tender flowers. The propitious andkindgods. Seog 8 iXsug * xa/ The experiment is dangerous, oux dtfpaXrjs ^ To an unhappy woman, a slave. Relentless to enemies, and gentle to friends. The order unimpaired and unfading. Of swift steeds. uxwrovs twos.* In a disagreeable misfortune. The brazen-greaved Greeks. And the powerful ruler of 6 re the trident, the fierce shaker of the earth, and the briny deep. The Terminations ?j and aj declined like Mas- culine Nouns of the First Declension. Insolent men. avdgums z u The hundred-handed Bria- reus. Unfading thanks. X a f' 3 ^ * Declined in the Attic manner, f The genitive has the penult long. J Declined in the Attic manner. g. Bj;*s, d. A2 ADJECTIVES AWI> SUBSTANTIVES. An active genera?. And most of them wounded, xai rgav/jMnag. ! Beautiful-maned horses. xaXX/0|/* /V every . 3 Respecting their own affairs, tftgt 6 laurou crgay/ia. 8 % Whatever benefactress. ItSrn; eusgysng. 3 ** All these. sxeivos wag. You have bodies not infe- TO tsuf^a 3 ye lyw B ovdev xaxcg rior to us, it becomes you s%*, -4^"%^ ou&i xaxo; to have minds also not tfu d flrgoojxa* Jyw 8 e%s/v. worse than we. Which gives every thing of 6 crag ro 6 /xgo c 6 aya6o$ c the vanquished to the victors. SUMMARY OF THE PREPOSITIONS AND THE CASES THEY GOVERN. FOUR govern the Genitive, viz. Am, ATO, E#, or E|, and flgo. Aw/, commonly signifies Instead of, for. AOT, From. Ex, Oztfof. Before. Two govern the Dative only, viz. Ei> and 2w. v, commonly signifies In. SUMMARY OF THE PREPOSITIONS, &C. 7 Two govern the Accusative only, viz. E*j and Ava. Ei$ commonly signifies To, into. Ai>, -- Up, through, and along. t * FOUR govern Two cases, the Genitive and Accu- sative, viz. A/a, Kara, Msra,* and ' A/a, with the ^ew. signifies Through. - with the accusat. Through means of. Kara, with the gen. signifies Along, regarding, against. - with the accusat. Down, according to. , with the gen. signifies With, i. e. sharing unth. with the accusat. After. , with the gen. signifies Higher, or above, for. with the accusat. Over, or beyond. Six govern Three cases, viz. A/

/3oj3' aytr& (sound). PLUPERFECT TENSE. Indicative. Whom you had sent. cs lx These had contrived to make, euros * Instead of the optative of ufxia the participle with the optative of tlpu, sum, is used ; thus, rurnmtorti thy (for ilri/ra,i). f Attic. See Person's Adversaria, p. 98. \ iirt with the participle. MIDDLE VOICE. 17 And hitherto they might per- KOU /%/ o s euros pl &v yiy- haps have known this. vwrfjcw P* foav * / KaXiv. They two conversed a little jv, ?a, ^T. There seem to be two forms of the optative in certain words as used by the Attic writers : thus, /j.ifjt.vnfit.a.1, has both JWE^V^^V, >o, sura, and /cti^cjj.ajjv, ria, r,ro. fm^&Jv f4.tft,vyro it.au. Aristoph. Plut. 991. 30 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION and seat, for he happened Su&i P yag rvy^avu tv 53 au to have been sacrificing in the hall. PLUPERFECT. Indicative. There was prepared for it a iv gu!;, xa/ the Phrygian, and certain dXXoj r/g 6 % ^roXurgXjjf. others of the grandees. They call them ungrateful. a^agitfros xaXgw. For methinks I am unable. doxeu yag Jyw advvarog tlpi. Subjunctive. If you consider. qv xarctvow. P 1 Who may be conscious to og av %uvn8eu lurou d w aff- themselves of having been xsu. no pa p a well disciplined. Optative. What would appear to him. ri$ doxeu avro$. Whom he might invite to of xaXsw* ITT/ ro supper. Imperative. Don't be ignorant of your- pri ayvoiu ftaurov. self. Hate flatterers. fjuffiu 6 xoXaxsuw. ? a * See Grammar, page 53. CONTRACTED VERBS IN *. 35 Infinitive. So as also to be rich. utfre xai -r Participle. All are relations of the sue- 6 s\i7i>^su s P* rig anyavou fi /3ooX>j. Optative. Calling to him his friends, he T|otfxaXw o/ ^/Xo/, tf-youSa/oXo- engaged in earnest eonver- yiopui ^ ws &jXo * of n- sation imth them, that he /Aw.P r might shew whom he ho- noured. The sword would bring the 6 eidqgos av /Vow 6 do&wjf 6 /V- weak upon an equality %^o$ d Jv with the strong in battle. In the Attic form. Sec Grammar, p. 55i 38 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. Imperative. Let him restore. avodidou. Infinitive. Perfectly to understand these axgiZou ouroj. things. To punish those not perform- ^JJ/A/OW 6 pri ovrog iroieu. ing these things. Participle. Turning my face round. xuxXow ngMwrov. IMPERFECT TENSE. Indicative. He afforded them a beginning ag%r) auroj d svdiftou of the war. And manned the ships. xai fj vave As you wished. MIDDLE AND PASSIVE VOICE. PRESENT TENSE. Indicative. So that he again bribes this usrs TaX/i/ /wotfow 6 contemptible wretch. ouro$. Whose glory you envy, imi- 6g 37 do%a, ^Xw, tate their actions. irgufyg. Subjunctive. If they should be opposed. lav aGro ivctvriou. CONTRACTED VERBS IN CW. 39 Optative. But you, however, would in- dXXa cur a heavy loss. Think yourselves deserving d/o /wyag T//MJ.S of the highest honours. Infinitive. He thinks him worthy to be avrog d|/ow tfn^avow. crowned. If indeed they seemed in any ej ds n ago, % 6 tufux, 8 respect to be inferior in (JMOU doxsu.^ strength of body. Participle. These things being dedicated o6rog hgoa %sog. to the gods. IMPERFECT TENSE. Indicative. And at the same time took xou /* 3s/ow auroj. 8 * hold of his right hand. They soon manned the ships, rap^wg q au; EXERCISES VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. ACTIVE VOICE. PRESENT TENSE. Indicative. He enacts a law, and a very excellent one. They two say. They say that all stop. They know this also. xai OVTOS \tsv\iu. Subjunctive. But when the law sends forth orav 8s ersgog psv f^sv j. f s MIDDLE AND PASSIVE VOICE. PRESENT TENSE. Indicative. You court ambition the most jj xaxos daipuv tpirjf infamous of goddesses. /ti/a.s The enactor points out to his o ygapw P* eiri8ei)tvvfju o hearers. He goes if he should be able /j^ew s/ n dvvafjMi P to lend any assistance. Subjunctive. That you may know to fore- iva, vgoogau fautTct/Mii TO see your advantage. gov.? 1 44 EXERCISES ON VERBS OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION. Optative. You may soon perhaps be ro^u y av 8ui/a/*a/ pavSaveiv vsy able to learn about rythm. Imperative. Boy, don't buy a .torch, since pn vgtojMiu, naig, the light of the moon is p us n 22X]i>ej fine. Infinitive. To be filled with all things. -rag B J He ordered them to gird themselves. Participle. Always neglecting the pre- ro psv iragov ahi sent. Being desirous to do what I^/JJ/A/ d pl -rgarrw a TaXa/ JOT- they were long anxious ^b/tscj. 1 about. IMPERFECT TENSE. Indicative. The ground was opened. ro sbafog He did not refuse labours, ou crocog s i/ nor shun dangers. p/cm&a/. Each spread his repast. rtfyfti P 1 bogiroc, z-/ux,6ro$.* Such as might be already in- baoc, pw an avavi^v'k^i qfy xa- fected (filled) with vice. * Homer. MIDDLE AND PASSIVE VOICE. 45 SECOND AORIST. Indicative. The name Polynices your ovo/ia noXws/xjjg x jg mitted the state to you. ^ woX/s ffy.P 1 And having put off the mask, xa/ ro irgoffeaveiov &irvtityu. OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. I. CONCORD AND GOVERNMENT OF S UBSTANTIVES. I. CONCORD OF SUBSTANTIVES. RULE. Two or more Substantives relating to the same object agree in case : as, Tlawtfoivos, vvzrog o(pdoc,\^og. ^EschyL The full moon, the eye of night. O prince and king, and our w &ig (paXayyo?, supple [*SPO$. A part of the line. Xen. Anab. For the possessions of friends xoivos yag o o p/Xoj. Eurip. are common. Orest. We ought to bear the de- dsi ^. opinion of the judges. Plato Grit. What is vny aged father do- nc, ya% irarrig lyu with suppliant boughs !

/X/Tfl*.i\i. Eurip. Pheeniss. I will go and save the state. M/xgov l-rctvufti. I will recapitulate a little. Xen. Cyr. See Zeun. ad Viger. p. 207. 8vo. SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. ava; xa; vopof Ivamog. Demosth. Visions are like fictions. iffof fa -^evftog o-vj/ig. Theocr. To you it will be honourable, xa< a\> xaXog eifu xa/ fj and to the state advanta- a/afos. Xen. Mem. geous. Every tyrant is inimical to liberty and an enemy to the laws. It is disgraceful to those nobly born to live vicious- fl-gpuxaJ? 9 Soph. Elect. All things are spoken and all attempted by him. Be a relation to them, be a friend. . Soph. Philoct a ode 6wyyivj} . Eurip. Heracl. RULE VII. Comparatives and Superlatives are commonly accompanied with the measure of difference in the Dative :* as, dvdga>7ryv jWs s (^ira^sfA- sent for his daughter and trofjuu ' a 'Aarvayris rj saurov her son. Suyarqg xai 6 irais avro$. Xen. Cyr. But Nicias also himself ofit N/x/ag co^w^w ftsv xai avrog thought that their affairs mv^bs ]Xwi ro other. yiyvofuti. Xen. Cyr. Objects themselves do not ragatfffw 6 dvdguwos ou ro distract men, but opinions vgay/wc,, olXXa ro vigi r5 about them. wgay//,a 8 Boy/Aa. Epict. Ench, OBSERV. Two nouns in the singular, connected by a conjunction, when they express different shades of the same idea, require the verb to be in the singular number : as, /tap^jj, iroXipos ft fafys. Horn, U. The battle and the fight raged (was kindled). If I had the tongue and the s'i 3* 'Ogtpsug lyw d yXwrra xai melody of Orpheus. /tXos crags//*/. Eurip. Al- cest. (Iamb. Trim.) Both the air and the atmos- */ 6 dw xa/ ro 60 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. phere around it produces $ aurog x 6 aurog the same effect. Plato Phaed. And there was tumult and xai Sogyog xou dotwrog fi/u, uproar, such as is likely to oiov tixoc, poog e/wwrrw, 2 a happen, an alarm being yiyvopou. Xen. Anab. taken. So also in Latin : tanta circa fuga atque trepidatio fait. Liv. 21. 7. pigritia et desperatio in omnium vultu emineret. Id. 21. 35. RULE III. A Verb, whether active, neuter or passive, may have for its Nominative an Infi- nitive with the Article, or the clause of a sen- tence. When an Adjective, or Pronoun, or Participle is connect- ed with it, it is always in the Neuter Gender : as, royt a&i- xuv OVTI ayaQov wrt xaXov (sari). Plato Crit. To do an injury is neither good nor honourable. To love is voluntary. ro 6' Igaw l&Xoutf/og dpi. Xen. Cyr. For to imitate is natural to ro ri yfy (jufAso/iMt $, % better than a bold one. fyaitus tfrgar^Xarjjg. Eurip. (Troch. Tetram. Cat.) VII. GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. L Of Verbs governing the GENITIVE CASE. RULE I. Verbs implying any desire, affection or anxiety of mind, or the reverse, govern the * The abstract is here put for the concrete. 62 Genitive : * as, Ivip&ov avr^ be careful of her. Xen. Cyr. If being in any respect care- ei ri lyu xqdofjMi. Plato Crito. ful of me. Why are you eager for the rig /j>^ ipeigu ; P 1 Theocr. fight? Of beautiful persons, some 6 & xaXog, 6 (MV fgaw, 6 8e oo. they love, others they do Xen. Cyr. not. I have indeed been often roXXax/s OUK Sau/wx^w ' a 57 surprised at the boldness roX//,?j 6 Xsywv vireg yro$.6 of those who spoke for Lys. them. RULE II. Verbs expressive of any of the senses except the sense of sight, govern the Genitive : as, XX* dxovz pov. Eurip. Alcest. But hear me. Which (things) you shall soon 65 iruv6avo[Mx.i ra;a. Soph hear. Elect. It is dangerous to touch a 6uff%^ -vj/auw votfew di/>jg. Eu- diseased person. rip. Orest. For you never saw a noble ou&/g yag vruirore taurov { * *o6iu, desidero, has always an accusative after it : as, T. Xen. Anali. SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. He holding this in his hands led the people. If any one be charged with theft and be not punished with death. And entertaining great hopes that he will surpass all in the power of speaking and acting. oy ev Horn. II. a?J, peyaigu) to err or fail, to swr- render or iV e w? to Z7W at. extrtf, odsv lyw d xaigo$ ZIILI dgxppoii rj Xen. Cyr. 05 P 1 /AJJ xvgeu * a 57 dixy, itii- gaofjMt Bgaa. Eurip. Phce- niss. 6g P 1 de tfo fjMiy dxovu loct. I will go there, whence I think there is an oppor- tunity to begin the fight. Which, having not obtain- ed my right, I will try to do. Hear what I wish to obtain from you. * 2 a e do. It is not easy for every thing fag 8s ou g5/o$ 9wjro$ avrip xa- to happen to a mortal man ra voog ac sv b eaurou f3io$ ex- according to his wish in a/vw. Plato Menex. his life. For in jest no less than in xai ya^ -ra/^wP* ov8e I}TTW r t earnest, he benefited those ffrouSa^w Xwr/rsXsw 6 ffvvdia- associating with him. rg/w.P a Xen. Mem. The following Classes of Verbs for the most part govern the Dative. Is/, Verbs of commanding, obeying, yielding, announcing, approaching, and meeting. I shall obey those in office. oi sv riXog jSsCwg vei&u. So- phocl. He ordered each man. xtXsuu $ Sta. s most useful of goddesses, irgo.' (igu) ev/w (JM\\M exeivc^ trusting him than any of iriffrtvu j? rif auroj. Dem. them. -. e'j'j,. RULE III. Passive Verbs sometimes govern the Dative of the Agent. Has any thing new been de- doxew n vtog c o xaru iregi o tv- creed by those below con- 6adt ; Lucian. cerning those here? With respect then to the ,iro, **., #;, and U or ig. GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. It is evident, that if he de- part farther, we shall he frozen with cold. That the citizens might not be infected (filled) with 1 vice by strangers. Say that you shall not be in- jured by us, my daughter. sen OTI ti wgoaurtgtot ciirtt- fu y ewnwrjjtfo'w 2 f iwro TO ~fyv- %ps. Xen. Mem. ri gqdiovgyia, o tfoXmjg wiro o tvog l/Mr/TXa/ww, op Xen. de Rep. Lac. xeu, "" TIXWV. Eurip. Iph. . in Aul. RULE IV. iipi, sum, when used for beo, governs the Dative. We have no other good but our arms and our valour. So that we are no longer able to surround them by fortifications. ha- aXXoj fUn ayadoi it pri O7r/.a xai agenj. Xen. Anab. utfre fj>t) eivai (tyw) 1 a avrog. Thucyd. NOTE. i%tu is also frequently used for "Suvafiai, possum, or has the substan- tive rnv Jfva^/v understood : as, aXXat -XKi/rt; i%ouffi $u%ai. Xen. Mem. But all can show. The adjective pronoun i; (qiialis) with the particle TJ, has the same power ; as, ol^ oios r 'urn QihifoQut. He is not able to phi- losophise. If they could. . Did you imagine, that it was possible for a wicked man to procure good friends ? Are you not able to remem- ; ber that I was investiga- ting the beautiful itself? si oiof r si/ii. Plato Crit. oX) 3* e/'o/iew, 0/05 T zlvou uv xgqffr Xen. Mem. eu okf T ii[u xaXov aiiros sgurau ; Plato Hipp. Maj. No one is any longer able to Xa/Atfaj o/o; 72 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. carry a lamp through want (Anapaest. Dim.) iwr ^ of exercise, vasia. In wvi. (Parcem. Aris- toph. Kan.) V. Impersonal Verbs govern the Da- tive. It is incumbent upon every SXUGTOS P 1 v-goifrixu. Epict. one. Ench, We could not seem do what oux av irgtirov fifing Soxtu mi' becomes us. w. Xen. Cyr. But let it be sufficient for aXX' l|-agx/ su TO eoyov auroj you, seeing their works, to ogaw, ;j,ai 2 a su as your friends having re- sragwdw ' a ti rivas, mails afficior ab aliquo. XKXUS faiu nva, injuria aliquem afficio. u ri; aycdav % x&xot ^feirnrttiv alrov. Xen. Anab. If any one should treat him well or ill. ff%o*.u'i&>s ieonli. Xen. Anab. remisse agere. Ss/va u-nrav&va/. Aristoph. Nub. 606. to be abominably ill treated. -xtur^ovitt $t xui 0,^0.60. oux eX/ya. Herod. They enjoy also no few advantages. a.rrtiv TO. *o>j ) fit. Aristoph. Nub. 246. Whatever reward you may bargain with me for. ov/>ft,u vTi ff-rif. 113. y=7v, to think ill of one. eun v Suva/^^v KKKU; Qgo*t7 . IV. Of the Infinitive. RULE I. The Infinitive Mode is governed by Verbs, Participles, and Adjectives. Frightful to behold. faivos /3w. 2a Theocr. Whoever desires to live let osng ^au siridu/Atu, vn^a.ofMU vi- him try to conquer. xau. Xen. Anab. When the boys seemed to be e)/*/, g//t/ sv -JTOIW P 3 he, when conferring fa- vours to be defamed. For, in the first place, I think that the being in good health is a blessing, and the being in ill health an evil. axovu. Plut. ev yag auroj TO vytauvta aya&og that VO/M^U, ro di vo- tffw, xaxog. Xen. Mem. OBSERV. When a person speaks of himself, or when the nominative to the verb and the pronoun or adjective pre- GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 79 fiuv aou ftvaxiu yu a- a 2 P ass ceding or succeeding the infinitive respect the same object, the accusative of the personal pronoun is not used before the infinitive. If an adjective, participle or pronoun (aurog com- monly) is employed when one speaks of himself particularly, it is generally in the nominative : But when he speaks of another, the accusative is most commonly placed before it : thus, ohi yag di) thai xaXX/tfros n xat ^yierog. Plato Alcib. 1. For you think indeed that you, are very handsome and very great. He said that he (i. e. another person) insulted the state, xaratpgovtiv avrov etpri rri$ ffoXfug. ^Eschines adv. Ctes. Do you imagine having de- luded us to escape un- punished ? I omit that / myself was fre- quently crowned. Do you say that you are able to make a rhetorician if any one will learn from you? He said that neither he him- self will do it. Do you think that you your- self could speak if it were necessary and the senate chose you ? Arist. Plut. px\sii a ovr oiroc. Thucyd. j? 0/o/u.a/ oiotiT av J-7Tw 2a si 3e/P x/ j ; Plato Menex. RULE III. The Infinitive Mode of Substan- tive and Neuter Verbs has commonly the same Case after it as before it : as, i^-g;^ zut g t is frequently used : GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 81 thus, yvudt or/ \yu uXfjdf} Xgya>. Know that I speak the truth. They said that Cyrus was dead. And having gone to ask Cy- rus for ships that they might sail away. And no one ever shall say that I, having betrayed the Greeks, preferred the friendship of the barba- rians. Soph. OEd. Tyr. euros Xfyu on Kugo$ fj>sv vjjtf- JCW.P Xen. Anab. a/Yew flrXo/ov us Xen. Anab. xai suffer' egiu ovdas us lyw, 01 Id. OBSERV. us is sometimes construed with the participle (commonly the future) in different cases instead of the indi- cative ; as, us ovx WKI^UV olBs irigrsviiuv Xgyg/g ; Soph. CEdip. Tyr. Do you say that you will not yield or obey f Xen. Anab. You announce, as it appears, that he is dead. Be thus assured that I will not give over. Let none of you say that I will command this army. And he (usually) prayed to the gods to give him sim- ply what was good, as the gods know best what is good. xw .ac p pa Soph. Elect, ourw yivuffxuV 1 us ovds fjwu i f jyw.g Lucian. us (AW ffrganyyiu eyu ac ovros q ffrgarrryict f^rjdsis vpsis Xs- yw. Xen. Anab. Kai iv%pf/,ai "^ ds wgbs 01 Seoi ivirkus rb dya^ojP us oi ^soi^ xaXX/tfra wro/ogP 1 &ya.do$ itfii. Xen. Mem. SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. RULE V. The Infinitive with the Article, and sometimes without it, is often used instead of a Noun : thus, rov &tv, sapiential : wgos ro rot ywq worsted by a woman. no$. n P 1 Soph. And if you think that you tlrs aito /Sotfxjj^a ought to be enriched by a-Xour/^w, ro cattle, you must bestow XJJTSOJ. Xen. Mem. care upon cattle. IX. OF PARTICIPLES. RULE I. Participles govern the Cases of their own Verbs. For I remember once to have pvao/utt yag dxouw 1 a #ore ffv. heard you. Horn. Those inimical to the tran- xarttdu z a ef avros oi ft fo\if quillity of the state having ^otfTroXs/tgw rjifv^ia. ^sch. observed him. adv. Ctes. To whomsoever he gave out otfrtg Be pjj^/ P QtXos sfai, ovros that he was a friend, he J^jjXog etfn J?r/GoyXsuw. Xen. was evidently plotting a- Anab. gainst him. RULE II. Participles are often elegantly pre- ceded by the Verbs si(/ii 9 ytvoput, vwug/p, %%&>, rvy- "fcdva, &> 9 \u,v6j|, qSu /MV weo u/uwg * Xen. Anab. GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 87 OBSERV. The participle in general is frequently used instead of the infinitive, and sometimes even instead of ad- verbs : thus, vsfL^u ra%vva,ea. Soph. CEdip. Tyr. I will send, having made haste (quickly). dXX' dvutfaj No one said that he knew. ovdsig /'&? Xgyw. Soph. (Ed. Tyr. Be assured that you have roffourog dexouw " a iqpt Zsvg yovog the descendant of jflEgis- Atyioxps Ion tipi. Horn. bearing Jove. RULE IV. The participle is used after the Adjectives (pwzgos, difi.o$, and their compounds, a^awjf, sirtQctvtjs, &c. ; and the Adjective is com- monly rendered in English by its adverb : as, &jXo 7jv I'ffi&v^uv (Atv ifkovrov } lt xarouptwyu e us. Dem. if. Xoyoy ; 'worthy of estimation. And I am honoured most of ri^au de pafaara, iras. Xen. all. Mem. Sufficiently for me. evragxouvrus 8s syu. Soph. E- lect. RULE III. Adverbs of time, place, quantity, order, exception, and the like, govern the Ge- nitive. You' are now at that period ivravQa r[dr) iipi n ^A/x/a. of life. Where are we ? ou yn t>f*i ; RULE IV. \>n and ^, used in adjuration or swearing by, govern the Accusative : as, xa/ vq A/a, yes by Jove. Xen. I swear by this sceptre. vat (JM ode ewirrgw. Horn. No, I swear by those of ou, JMX, 01 ev your ancestors who expos- vevw x a o/ Trgoyovw. Dem. ir. ed themselves to danger at Marathon. RULE V. Two or more negatives commonly strengthen the negation : as, tv&t oitfa ptv ov8t . Horn. Since it is not at all becoming. OF ADVERBS. 91 Nor did any one at all of the olds dXXos ou3 o/ ' Greeks suffer any injury ouroj rj (JM-ffl vaff^u in this battle. ovBev. Xen. Anab. That is, not only not to pre- rouro $ hnv, ou JMVOV ro flgoxaray/vwtfxwP f^ds judge any thing. OBSERV. If a verb come between the two negatives they form an affirmative : thus, ou dvvaf&ai /CMJ /^s/Avriffdai aurou. Xen. I cannot but remember him. It is impossible not to be. He certainly will attack us. You cannot but be a gene- rous man. egri ftiv aduvaros fj,r> oux ihai. Xen. de Venat. oux effnv wrug ovx. 7I/JMS. Xen. Anab. oux eifM wrws oux si Kugog oiirus the Persians. When Mandane was prepar- ing to return again to her husband. At Mycene, not here, invoke the gods. But after there came to him . twenty ships from Syra- 2 a s/s Higffai. Xen. Cyr. 8s tj MavdavT) us o avqg. Id. Eurip. Phceniss. avros f] rs Ix vaus sixotfiv, 92 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. cuse, and others also from //,a/ de xai % atro 'luvia. Xen. Ionia. Hist. Gr. Thence he marches through svnvdsv efylMwu diot, 57 2i/|/a, Syria, and arrives at the xou apixvioftai ffgos river Araxes. cnwa/iog. Xen. Anab. There are eighteen Propositions, properly so called, in the Greek language : Of these, Four govern the Genitive only, viz. 'Avr/, 'Asro, 'Ex., or 'E|, Ilgo: Two the Dative only, viz. 'Ey and 2yv : Two the Accusative, viz. Els and ' Ava : Four the Genitive and Accusative, viz. A/a, Ka- ra, Msra and 'T-reg : and the other Six the 6re- nitive, Dative and Accusative, viz. 'A/o/

o%6/t>t /3ga- little trouble, i. e. trouble yjj;. Eurip. Hippol. joined, connected. It shall be my care with the lyw ftstei avv o/ eoi. Xen. gods, i. e. the assistance of Cyr. the gods joined. He left this only to them y.arXy many parties. Dem. ?r. 2. To all time coming. eis awag o Xo/crof ygows- Id. 3. To their acquiring a pru- sis TO pavdavu yivofjMi, P P 338 5/ ro little Silver, through means w irXovTiu leug. Aristoph. of not being equally rich. Plut. Lest the Greeks should at- f^rjvug xoci 8iet wg 'A%a/osp?u- tempt to fly through means, y&, o^ao/Aa/. J * su Horn. or favour of the night. Kara. When xarA governs the genitive, the noun governed de- notes the origin or subject of the action or relation : thus, Xoyog XT A/V^/voo, the speech of which yEschines is the subject ; xar A/tf^/i/ou, course of the speech, ^Eschines ; against ./Eschines. When it governs the accusative it denotes the course of the action, so as to terminate at or to go along some other object, e^ti ft aSfJM V.OJT ovrafAsvqv urfiXqv. Horn, II. g'. 86. and the blood was flowing, the course of its Jiow, the wound inflicted, &c. 1. With the Genitive, along, $c. Which these good souls main- o$ { wro$ xara yj imrgi$ rqgu 6 tain against their country. ;$jtfro. Dem. T. tfnf . (their country in opposi- tion, hence against.) OF PROPOSITIONS. 101 He immediately digs a hole tvdv.$ xarogu ptra, Xj07j a tvith (in) oblivion. Xen. Mem. 2. With the Dative, among, between. He was busy, among the fore- ptra, Tgwrog TOVSW. Horn. most. Conspicuous among the Tro- 'Idaiog yuwj, iragdtvog r avo- jan matrons and virgins. CXeffros /^sra. Eurip. He- cub. 3. With the Accusative, after. After the Sicilian disaster (ttra f] 2/xsX/jo; %vfj,.) 4. What he falsely charged 6j age of military service. krog r 1 yivofjai. P P mi Xen. Cyr. 104 SYNTAX OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE. V* Of such Propositions as govern three the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative, viz. t, ITf^, '*}, IlgoV, Ilaga and 'TW. and ng< are frequently used synonimously : originally signified on both sides, */, o // s7t ; s, round about. When, however, neither the form of objects is such as to confine the application of the preposition to two sides only, nor is it necessary to state very particularly the extent of the circuit, /.>/ and m%l are used synonimous- ly. Thus Homer. II. g'. 4. A/^/ & dg auruJ /Sow/, wj rig g. See also II. r'. 369, &c. 1. With the Genitive, about, concerning. They dwell about the city / wX/g w'xew. Herod. (i. e. their dwellings em- brace the city). A treatise about the stars. d//,p< currgov 7f af jj. Lucian. 2. With the Dative, close about or around. Shaking about your head. riva yag, ou^;/ *aXa/, y/vo- ra o cyd. qdq lift Xen. Anab. dyow y yjj ITT/ dvo cyd. Thu- In almost every example irfa seems to denote primarily the situation of an object before, but either proceeding^/hwt before or advancing^noarc?, according to the case it governs or the nature of the act ; 1 . With the genitive, from before, denoting the origin ; also to and towards, denoting the po- OF PROPOSITIONS. 109 sition of the object before another : 2. With the dative, close before, so as to communicate with, make an addition to: 3. With the accusative, the motion of an object towards tin- other : and sometimes against : In this sense it is opposed to fj,i7u.xa,l yAg rbv aywu, (j,tff bfj&v /A&XXoK, $ wgos fyoag iXo- (Jktvot tfoiqifaffdcti. Demosth. $ avqg a}. Horn, side her aged father. The boys do not eat beside ou waga. ^r^o eirso/Aai 6 7tirog under Philip. cro/ew. ' a Dem. r. tfnp. Having yoked (them) under '&g(/M& Joyw** wro. Eurip. the chariot. Hippol. He came under niglit. l^o/*a/ 2 a wro nu^. Apollon. S. With the Accusative, motion tending under, &c. Under the 'darkness we fled. iro tfxorog p su 7 w - Eurip. O- rest. He did not inarch his troops owe avaC/Ca^w em 6 Xoipog, XX' OP CONJUNCTIONS. 113 up the hill, but caused them to halt at the bottom of it (under it). As he was fetching the blow, some one strikes him vio- lently with a javelin under the eye. ro )dug rov- ality the views of those TO P 1 (fxip/jM efai sub oi gqfau$ who readily put us to disu ri> XMVOV P 1 ). Demosth. They will speak (If su) ill of us. He did us a great favour. You were not able to requite the favour. 9. And thinking himself (doxsu) a most distinguished orator and an admirable fiav/taffrog) personage. Demosth, Having sworn that he would * conduct me home, he brings me to Troy. And always expecting (vgoadoxsu) that you would be flog- ged (TXJJOVW a f P 38 ) for the misdeeds of which you were conscious (l