INGLISH .H.GOLDBERGEK ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS BY HENRY H. GOLDBERGER PRINCIPAL OF PUBLIC SCHOOL 1 8, NEW YORK CITY INSTRUCTOR IN METHODS OF TEACHING ENGLISH TO FOREIGNERS, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ILLUSTRATED CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS NEW YORK. CHICAGO BOSTON ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO DALLAS COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the permission of Charles Scribner's Sons TO MY WIFE 2091837 FOREWORD The World War has brought home to us, now as never before, the need for effectively Americanizing the millions of non-English-speaking residents of the United States. The first and perhaps the most important step in this process is the acquisition of English, the tongue in which America thinks and expresses itself; for although the bonds of language are thinner than air, they are more binding than strongest links of iron. The foreigner in this country has, relatively, a greater need for knowing how to speak English than he has for knowing how to read, and he has a far greater need for knowing how to read than he has for knowing how to write. Moreover, language teachers are agreed that speaking is the psychological basis for reading and writing, and not that reading and writing are the psychological bases for Jspeaking. On this principle the content of the book has been largely selected and organized. The lessons have been written with the purpose of being usable at once by the learner in expressing his needs in Eng- lish to English-speaking people. In learning a language nothing is more encouraging than to be able to make oneself understood, even though it be only in one sentence. It vi FOREWORD must be remembered that most of our foreigners are adults learning a new language under extreme difficulties, and academic instruction in English is, perhaps, the chief reason why so few foreigners have taken the trouble to acquire our language in the schools. Logically, the word is simpler than the sentence, but psychologically the sentence is simpler than the word. The unit of advance is not, therefore, the single word but rather the sentence, or, better still, the topic. No one ever was able to use a language by learning the words dictionary fashion. Words in this book are, therefore, taught in their proper settings in sentences with their proper associates rather than as disparate facts. The school furnishes neither the atmosphere nor the situations in which foreigners must express themselves in English on any but school topics. Imaginative situa- tions by means of dramatization can, however, duplicate life conditions and can be as compelling as life itself. The varied aspects of life home, vocational, recreational, edu- cational, spiritual have been drawn upon to furnish topics for conversation and to supply the necessary idiomatic English. The author acknowledges his debt to the many teachers who have served under him and upon whose experience he has not hesitated to draw. NEW YORK CITY, September, 1918. CONTENTS PAGE PRINCIPLES OF METHOD xi LESSON I. IN SCHOOL i II. LEARNING TO SPEAK ENGLISH 3 III. To OPEN THE DOOR . 5 IV. GOING TO SCHOOL 7 V. WASHING MY HANDS 9 VI. GETTING A DRINK or WATER 10 VII. To BATHE 12 VIII. HE AND I 14 IX. To TAKE A BATH IN THE OCEAN 16 X. NUMBERS 18 XI. IN THE SCHOOLROOM 20 XII. THE DOCTOR 22 XIII. EATING BREAKFAST 24 XIV. THE BODY 26 XV. THE BODY (CONTINUED) 27 XVI. MY ROOM 29 XVII. MAKING A BED 31 XVIII. LESSON ON PAST TIME 32 XLX. PICTURES FOR CONVERSATION 36 XX. THE TAILOR 37 XXI. LOOKING FOR WORK 39 XXII. THE CUTTER 41 XXIII. REVIEW EXERCISES 4 2 XXIV. MY JOURNEY TO AMERICA 44 vii Vlll CONTENTS LESSON PACK XXV. THE WEEK 46 XXVI. TELLING TIME 48 XXVII. REVIEW EXERCISES 50 XXVIII. Ax HOME 51 XXLX. To MAKE A FIRE 54 XXX. HOURS 01 WORK 55 XXXI. THE BAKKRY 56 XXXII. COLORS 58 XXXIII. REVIEW EXERCISES 59 XXXrV. NUMBER EXERCISES 61 XXXV. UNITED STATES MONEY 62 XXXVI. FRACTIONS . . . . 65 XXXVII. DEPOSITING MONEY 67 XXXVIIL TAKING m WASHING . - 69 XXXLX. AT THE RESTAURANT 71 XL. IN THE BARBER-SHOP 73 XLI. MY FAMILY 75 XLII. ADJECTIVES 77 XLIII. TIME-TABLE 78 XLIV. NEGATIVE STATEMENTS 81 XLV. Do, DOES 82 XLVI. TIME-TABLE 84 XLVH. POSSESSIVES 85 XLVIIL POSSESSIVES (CONTINUED) 87 XLDC. PULLMAN CARS 88 L. MILK 90 LI. RELATIVE PRONOUNS 92 LII. AM, Is, ARE 93 LIII. CONVERSATION ABOUT TRAINS ........ 95 LIV. RENTING A FLAT 97 LV. AN ACCIDENT 99 LVI. BOOTS AND SHOES MADE TO ORDER, FINE RE- PAIRING DONE . 101 CONTENTS IX LESSON PAGE LVII. BUYING SHOES 103 LVIII. REVIEW 106 LIX. BUYING A HAT 109 LX. SINGULAR AND PLURAL in LXI. CONTRACTIONS 112 LXII. WORDS THAT TELL "How" OR "!N WHAT MANNER" 114 LXIII. PREPOSITIONS 116 LXIV. THE PROGRESSIVE FORM 118 LXV. ASKING YOUR WAY 120 LXVI. FORMS USED IN LETTERS 122 LXVII. LETTER ASKING FOR INFORMATION 124 LXVIII. NUMBER EXERCISES 127 LXLX. ORDERING GOODS BY MAIL 129 LXX. LETTER OF COMPLAINT 130 LXXI. NOTICE OF REMOVAL 131 LXXII. LETTER OF COMPLAINT 133 LXXIII. ADDRESSING AN ENVELOPE 134 LXXIV. EXCUSE FOR ABSENCE 135 LXXV. AT THE THEATRE 137 LXXVI. You 140 LXXVII. IN A DEPARTMENT STORE 142 LXXVIII. CONVERSATION EXERCISES 144 LXXLX. PUBLIC SIGNS 146 LXXX. CONVERSATION LESSON ON SIGNS 148 LXXXI. THE WEATHER 150 LXXXII. CONVERSATION ON THE WEATHER 152 LXXXIII. CONVERSATION ON TRADE-SCHOOLS 154 LXXXIV. HE, SHE, IT, THEY 156 LXXXV. His, HER, THEIR 157 LXXXVI. VEGETABLES 159 LXXXVII. THEATRE EXITS 161 LXXXVIII. PRESENT PERFECT . 16^ CONTENTS LESSON PAGE LXXXIX. THE SEASONS 165 XC. SAFETY FIRST 168 XCI. AN INVITATION TO THE THEATRE 171 XCII. CHANGING POSITION 174 XCIII. CHANGING POSITION (CONTINUED) 177 XCIV. How MR. NELSON FURNISHED His FLAT . . 180 XCV. How MR. NELSON FURNISHED His FLAT (CON- TINUED) 183 XCVI. OUR SCHOOL DANCE 186 XCVII. THE POLICEMAN 188 XCVIII. THE POST-OFFICE 191 XCEX. CASH OR CREDIT 197 C. WHAT Is YOUR ADVICE? 199 CI. OBTAINING A LICENSED 201 CII. WHAT To Do IN CASE OF FIRE 204 CHI. FIRE PREVENTION 206 CIV. MOSQUITOES 210 CV. WHAT THEY LEARNED 212 CVI. OUR FOOD 215 CVII. OUR PATRIOTIC ASSEMBLY 217 CVIII. BECOMING A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES . 222 CIX. BECOMING A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES (CONTINUED) 224 CX. BECOMING A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES (CONCLUDED) 227 CXI. QUESTIONS 229 APPENDIX 231 PRINCIPLES OF METHOD The content as well as the methods of teaching English to foreigners is controlled by principle rather than by caprice. Desirable as it would be to teach our non- English-speaking people all that is usually included under the head of English, it is manifestly impossible to do so. Everything cannot be taught at once; some things are of more pressing value than others, and some basis must be had for further growth and development. Moreover, im- migrant pupils do not subject themselves to instruction for long enough periods to warrant undertaking and plan- ning a " thorough" course in English during the first criti- cal term of their instruction. Unless some basis for select- ing vocabulary, sentence-structure, topics for discussion, conversation, reading, and writing be at hand, the teach- ing must necessarily be haphazard, unorganized, formal, and academic. Such instruction in the past has been re- sponsible for the relatively slight attractiveness of Eng- lish classes for adult foreign-born pupils and for the school's consequent failure to Americanize them. The Principle of Use Non-English-speaking immigrants in America have an immediate need to learn such English as will enable them to find their way among English-speaking people, to im- xii PRINCIPLES OF METHOD prove their conditions, to escape injury, and to make known their immediate pressing daily needs. They must be taught English which they can therefore use at once to satisfy these immediate pressing needs not only because the needs are pressing but because the satisfaction of present desires is the surest guarantee of the development of future larger needs in learning English. To the for- eigner, ability to speak English is of greater value than ability to read English; the former gives him the power to communicate his thoughts, the latter the power of receiving the thoughts of others. Writing in English is even less necessary for the foreigner than is reading, because his writ- ing is limited by his desire to communicate with English- speaking people in letter forms. Not only is speaking more vitally necessary for for- eigners learning English in America than are either read- ing or writing, but it is also psychologically and peda- gogically the basis for reading, as reading is the basis for writing. Hence the emphasis in this book at all tunes on conversational English which the pupil can immediately use outside of the classroom and which at the same time serves to stimulate his desire to read and to write. The process of speaking English is a highly complicated one, requiring many minute skilful adjustments, and, like all other abilities requiring skill, can be acquired only in use, in practice, and not in vacua. Professor John Dewey tells us of a school which attempted to teach swimming by letting the pupils go through the motions on dry land PRINCIPLES OF METHOD xiii until they were able to move arms and legs in the pre- scribed manner. Some one asked a pupil what happened when he got into the water. "Sunk" was the answer., Skill in using a language, and particularly the English language, cannot be acquired by going through the mo- tions. We cannot teach foreigners conjugations, declen- sions, isolated words, and expect them to know anything else but conjugations, declensions, and isolated words. If they use English sentences in making known their thoughts it will be in spite of, not because of, such instruction. Professor Sweet calls attention to the "arithmetical fallacy" in teaching languages. He means by that that a language is not the sum of all its parts. Knowing ten, twenty, fifty, or two hundred individual isolated words will not enable a learner to put them together in those permuta- tions and combinations which we call idiomatic English. Furthermore, learning isolated words is the most expensive and least fruitful process, because the mind does not ac- quire easily or retain for long impressions which are not connected, bound up, or associated with other impressions. Teaching a language means establishing neural pathways associations between objects, experiences, or ideas and the conventional symbols which represent those ideas. Single words are not easily remembered because the mind has nothing with which to remember them, whereas a word in a meaningful series, i. e., the sentence, is remembered easily because the other words in the sentence help to reinstate it. Teachers who desire their pupils to use English as a means xiv PRINCIPLES OF METHOD of communication have long since abandoned the proc- ess of building a vocabulary of individual words and of teaching these words as isolated elements. In this book a vocabulary is built up in use, in sentences which are usable at once just as they are learned in the classroom. This is not only sound pedagogy but sound practice. The foreigner demands, and is entitled to receive, instruction which he may turn to use at once, and he resists and there- fore refuses to continue under instruction which promises him potential ability in the remote future. Logical and Psychological Considerations When the teacher or the author of a book is conscious primarily of his subject-matter he develops it according to the logic of his subject. Logically, the letters of the alphabet, syllables, and single words ought to be taught before sentences. Psychologically, however, when we are thinking of the learner, the sentence is easier than the sin- gle word, the syllable, or the letter, because it has value, interest, and meaning for the learner. Psychological rather than logical considerations determine for the teacher his order of procedure and for an author of a text-book for foreigners the organization of his material. The lessons in this book appear, therefore, in their psychological rather than in their logical order. Logically, all lessons on verbs might have been grouped and arranged in the order of their grammatical importance. The lessons on school topics might have been arranged to follow each other in PRINCIPLES OF METHOD xv one part of the book; the lessons on industries might have followed in another part of the book. This arrangement, while satisfying the logic of the subject-matter, would have been of little value either to the teacher or to the learner. Instead, in arranging the sequence of lessons the author has chosen to be guided by such psychological considerations as 1. What is most useful, most interesting, most vitally necessary for the learner. 2. What will stimulate him to acquire new needs and interests in learning English. 3. What is the order of difficulty in acquiring the ability to speak English as a second language and then to read it and to write it. HOW TO USE THE BOOK Oral Development Every lesson consists of two parts: the texts and exer- cises based on the texts. Since language is learned pri- marily through the ear, the subject-matter of a text must in all cases be developed orally by means of dramatizations and of objects. In developing the lesson the teacher per- forms the act shows the object, or a picture of the object, and speaks the accompanying sentence, e.g.: "I take my hat off." She then calls upon several pupils in turn to per- form the act and speak the sentence. When the entire lesson has thus been developed, and when the pupils under- stand the meaning of every sentence in the lesson, they are xvi PRINCIPLES OF METHOD instructed to open their books to the proper page. Now the eye is called upon to help out the ear. The teacher once more performs the acts and reads the sentences in the book. The pupils are again called upon to perform the act and at the same time to read the sentences in the book. Thus a double association will be established between the ideas, the spoken words, and the printed words. The exercises following each lesson have three functions: 1. They test the pupils' understanding of the English sentences taught in the text. 2. They provide further varied drill on sentence struc- ture, which the learner uses in conversation. 3. They provide a natural reason a motive for re- reading the text. At the beginning, the teacher reads the exercises and the more advanced pupils are called upon to answer. Later, one pupil asks the questions in the exercises and other pupils answer. Number Work Adult foreigners have a concept of number, and the object of number lessons in this book is to teach them a new name for concepts which they already possess. Ob- jects in the room, such as desks, hats, eyes, fingers, etc., should be counted and heights, distances, and weights measured in English denominations. The exercises follow- ing number lessons serve to introduce in a conversational way such simple operations as a foreigner must under- PRINCIPLES OF METHOD xvii stand. Other exercises will readily suggest themselves to the teacher and should be based entirely on the present interest of the learner. Physical Training (Lesson XIV) The names of the parts of the body must be taught. Instead, however, of teaching them artificially, catalogue fashion, by pointing to them and saying, "This is my hand, my foot, my knee, my shoulder, my hip," etc., the names of the parts of the body have been introduced into a series of setting-up drills, valuable on their own account, and at the same time teaching the meanings of the words naturally and in a context which pupils will frequently hear and fre- quently use. The teacher illustrates the meaning of each order as given and the pupils carry out the directions by imitation. In succeeding lessons each pupil should be called upon in turn to give the directions while the rest of the class obeys them. Usually not more than three or four exercises need be taken during any one lesson. Conversation The lessons based on conversations require pupils to make use of their previously acquired vocabularies and gradually to learn to think in English. The teacher must encourage many pupils to participate in the conversations and in the exercises which follow them. Considerable interest may be secured by dramatizing the situations and by varying the content of the conversation, as suggested in the exercises. xviii PRINCIPLES OF METHOD Reading Reading means getting thought from the printed page. Testing reading ability requires something more than ask- ing a pupil to read aloud. He may be able to "call words" and yet the words may carry no meaning to him. The exercises following each reading lesson will test the pupil's ability to understand the thought. As an aid to true read- ing, the following procedure is suggested to teachers : 1. Introduce the reading-matter orally by interesting the pupils in the subject-matter of the lesson. The introduction may be a discussion of a picture, a previously related experience, or an oral presenta- tion of the subject-matter of the lesson. The oral introduction ought at the same time to make clear to the learner new language forms which will occur in the reading lesson, to teach him the pro- nunciation of words over which he would stumble, and to teach him the rapid recognition of new words on the blackboard. 2. Read the selection orally to the pupils. 3. Let the pupils read the selection silently. 4. Test the pupils' comprehension of the reading material by (a) conversations (b) questions and exer- cises (c) a dramatization of the situation de- scribed (d) requiring pupils to obey directions given. 5. Call upon a number of pupils to read orally. PRINCIPLES OF METHOD xix Writing The lessons and exercises requiring pupils to write have been arranged in the order of their difficulty: 1. Copying words and sentences. 2. Filling in blanks such as "My name is . I live at . 3. Answering such questions as are given in the exercises. At the beginning pupils are required to supply one or two words, which they will find in the text. Later, pupils answer hi complete sentences of their own. 4. Dictation of easy sentences to be corrected by com- parison with the text. 5. Copying letter forms (see pages 122, 123). 6. Dictation of letter forms. 7. Writing simple letters after the pupils have studied the models. The topics for original letters are not intended for all pupils. Select such letters for your class as will be useful. Phonics Pupils who can read and write hi their own language have little difficulty in learning the sounds of English letters and phonograms. Illiterate pupils do have such difficulty, and for them the following procedure is suggested: xx PRINCIPLES OF METHOD 1. Teach illiterates to recognize and to read an entire sentence, e.g.: "I take a seat." 2. Drill them on recognizing single words by writing the words on different parts of the board, on cards, and by finding them in the book. 3. After they can recognize about fifty words, analyze these words into their sound elements, e. g.: m - an ; t - ake; h - at; s - it; n - ame; r - ead; 1 - ook. 4. Build new words by the combination of two known elements. Thus they know s from sit and at from hat. Teach them to recognize sat. Know- ing ame from name, pupils can be taught to recog- nize same, shame, lame, fame, game, etc. Showing the effect of the change in the sound of a word when silent e is added, e. g. : rat rate not note bit bite cut cute Caution. Words used as a basis for phonic analysis must be understood by the pupils and new words built by phonic synthesis must also be real words the meaning of which is clear. Not more than ten minutes at a time can profitably be devoted to an exercise of this kind. LESSON I IN SCHOOL (The teacher should illustrate the meaning of each sentence by per- forming the appropriate action as the sentence is spoken. A number of pupils should then be called upon to repeat the ac- tions and the sentences. The sentence may then be placed on the board for the pupils to copy. Pupils may now be called upon to read the sentences and to illustrate the meaning by once more going through the actions.) Come in, gentlemen. Come in, ladies. Please take seats. 2 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS I come into the room. I take my hat off. I say "Good evening." I sit down. The teacher gives me a book. The teacher gives me a piece of paper. I write my name on the paper. My name is EXERCISES (To be read at first by the teacher (To be read and acted by and later by pupils.) pupils.) Come in, Mr I come into the room. Take a seat. I take a seat. Take a book. I take a book. Take a piece of paper. I take a piece of paper. What is your name? My name is What is my name ? Your name is What is this man's name? His name is What is this woman's name ? Her name is How are you, Mr ? I am very well, thank you. NOTE. Several pupils should be required to go through these exercises. LESSON II LEARNING TO SPEAK ENGLISH (Illustrate sentences by actions and objects as in previous lesson.) I go to school. I come into the room. I learn to speak English. I can speak a little. I learn to read English. I can read a book. I learn to write my name. I understand what the teacher says. I do not understand every word. I understand a little. EXERCISES (To be read at first by the teacher and by one pupil, then by two pupils. The question may then be read by teacher or pupil and the class give the answer from memory.) Can you understand me? Yes, I can understand you. ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Can you speak English? I can speak a little. Can you write your name? Yes, I can write my name. Can you read? Yes, I can read a little. Have you a pencil? Yes, I have a pencil. Please take your book, Mr Open the book, Mr Write your name on the paper, Mr Is your name John? No, my name is Can you understand the teacher? Yes, I can understand the Can you understand me? No, I cannot you. Where do you learn to speak English? I learn to speak English at school. Where do you learn to read English? I to read English at school. What is your teacher's name? My teacher's name is , LESSON III TO OPEN THE DOOR I go to the door. 1 turn the knob. t open the door. I walk into the room, I shut the door. I walk to my seat I sit down. 6 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS EXERCISES (Directions to be read by the teacher or by a pupil and to be carried out by pupils. Pupils slow to understand may be grouped with other pupils who are quick. Pupils performing the acts should speak the sentence describing the act.) Mr , go to the door. Please open the door. Please go to the window. Open the window, please. Now, shut the door and shut the window, also. Thank you- Sit down, please. What do I open? What do I turn? What do I shut? Who walks into the room? FOR READING AND WRITING I the window. I walk into the I the door. I the knob. I down. Is the door open? Is the door shut? LESSON IV GOING TO SCHOOL 1 put on my hat and coat. I say "Good- by." I walk to school. I enter the building. I come into the room. The teacher is in the room. I say " Good evening." The teacher says "Good evening." I take my hat and coat off. I sit down. I write my name on a piece of paper. EXERCISES (To be read aloud and acted by the pupils.) Mr do you walk to school ? Yes, I walk to school. Does Mr walk to school? No, he rides to school. Walk around the room, Mr I am walk- ing around the room. Walk to the front of the room. I Walk to the back of the room. I am walking , . . 8 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Please put your hat on. I am putting my Take your hat off, please. I am taking . It is cold. Put your coat on. Stand, please, and put your hat on. Say "Good-by" to the class. ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS To whom did you say "Good-by"? How do you go to school? What do you enter? What do you wear when you go to school? What do you take off in the room? Where do you write your name? What is on your desk? With what do you write your name? On what do you write your name? Who is in the room? What do you say to the teacher? What does the teacher say? LESSON V WASHING MY HANDS My hands are dirty. I turn up my sleeves. I take soap from the dish. I dip the soap into the water. I rub the soap on my hands. I wash my hands in the water. I dry my hands on a towel. My hands are clean. EXERCISES Are your hands clean or ditty? My hands are 10 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS What do you turn up? I up my sleeves. Where is the soap? The soap is in the Where do you dip the soap? i .... the. soap into the water. What do you rub on your hands? I rub the on my With what do you dry your hands? I. dry my hands with a * LESSON VI GETTING A DRINK OF WATER am very thirsty. I go to the sink. I take a glass. I turn the faucet. I let the water run. I fill the glass. I drink the water. I throw what is left into the sink. I rinse the glass before I put it down. EXERCISES Are you thirsty? No, I am not Where can you get a drink of water? GETTING A DRINK OF WATER I can get a drink from the What do you turn? I the faucet. In what do you take a drink? I take a drink in a Where do you throw the water? I the water into the What do you do with the glass? I the glass. LESSON VII TO BATHE I go to the bathroom. I turn on the hot and the cold water. I undress myself. When the bathtub is full, I get into the water. The bath feels good. I scrub myself with soap and water. I pull out the bath-plug. I get out of the bathtub. I dry myself with a bath-towel. I dress myself. TO BATHE 13 EXERCISES Where do you take a bath? I take a bath (I bathe) in the In what kind of water do you bathe? I bathe in water. What do you do in the bathtub? I scrub What do you do with the towel? I myself with the towel. When do you get into the bathtub? When the is full. What do you pull out? I pull out the With what do you dry yourself? I dry myself with a How does the bath feel? The bath feels good. What do you do with the soap and water? I myself with the soap and water What do you do with the towel? I myself with the towel. I go. I take HE SHE LESSON VIII HE AND I He goes. The man goes. She goes. The woman goes. It goes. The child goes. He takes. The man takes. She takes. The woman takes It takes. The child takes. HE AND I HE Name some one who Sits down. Gives me a pencil. Walks into the room. Goes to school. Goes to the door. Takes a seat. SHE EXERCISES THEY Opens the window. Speaks English. Dries his hands. Gives you a book. Can write his name. Shuts the door. Turn back to Lessons I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII. One pupil reads "he" instead of "I," and changes the word that tells what "he" does. Other pupils read: "The man." "The woman." "The girl." "The boy." NOTE. Let the pupils review the first seven lessons by changing the pronoun "I" wherever found to the pronouns "we,," "you," "they." LESSON IX TO TAKE A BATH IN THE OCEAN I go to the seashore. I take along a bath- ing-suit. I hire a bath-house. I pay fifty cents for the bath-house. I undress in the bath-house. I go out on the beach. I play in the sand. I go into the water. The waves dash against me. I enjoy myself very much. I feel cold. I return to the bath-house. I dry myself. I dress myself. I go out. (Read this lesson by saying "he" instead of "I." Read it again by saying "Mr. Green," "my friend," "the little girl," "she.") T6 TO TAKE A BATH IN THE OCEAN 17 EXERCISES What do you hire at the seashore? I hire a What do you take along? I take along a Where is the bath-house? The bath-house is on the What do you do in the bath-house? I myself in the bath-house. Where do you go from the bath-house? I go out to the Where do you play? I on the sand. What do you do on the sand? I on the sand. What do the waves do? The waves against me. How do you enjoy yourself? I enjoy very much. How do you feel when you come out of the water? I cold. With what do you dry yourself ? I myself with a LESSON X 1 one. 2 two. 3 three. 4 four. 5 five. 6 six. 7 seven. 8 eight. 9 nine. 10- ten. 11 eleven. 12 twelve. 13 thirteen. 14 fourteen. 15 fifteen. 16 sixteen. 17 seventeen. 18 eighteen. NUMBERS 44 forty-four. 50 fifty. 60 sixty. 70 seventy. 80 eighty. 90 nkiety. 100 one hundred. 101 one hundred one. 200 two hundred. 365 three hundred sixty- five. 1,000 one thousand. 1,492 fourteen ninety-two or one thousand four hundred ninety-two. 1,918 nineteen eighteen or one thousand nine hundred eighteen. 18 NUMBERS 19 19 nineteen. 5,000 five thousand. 20 twenty. 10,000 ten thousand. 21 twenty-one. 15,500 fifteen thousand five 22 twenty-two. hundred. 30 thirty. 100,000 one hundred thousand. EXERCISES Count from 1 to 10. Count by 2's. Say 2, 4, etc. Count by 10's. Say 10, 20, 30, etc. Count by 100's. Say 100, 200, etc. Count by 5's. How much are 3 and 4? Say 3 and 4 are 7. How much are 20 and 5? How much are 6 and 9? 6 is how much more than 4? Say 6 is 2 more than 4. What is the difference between 8 and 2? Say the dif- ference between 8 and 2 is 6. 12 is how much less than 15? Say 12 is 3 less than 15. How much is 2 times 6? Say 2 times 6 is 12. How much is 3 times 10? LESSON XI IN THE SCHOOLROOM I sit at a desk. My feet are on the floor. My hands are on my desk. My book is on my desk. A piece of paper is also on my desk. Two pencils are on my -desk. Other men (or women) are also in the room. My neighbor on my right is My neighbor on my left is My neighbor behind me is My neighbor in front of me is Many men (or women) are in the room. EXERCISES (First by the teacher then by a pupil while other pupils obey di- rections given.) Put the book on your desk. Put your feet on the floor. Show me your right foot. 20 IN THE SCHOOLROOM 21 What is on your desk? Who are your neighbors? Say "Good evening" to your neighbor on your right. Say "How do you do?" to your neighbor in front of you. Shake hands with your neighbor on your left. Bow to your neighbor behind you. Say to your teacher "How are you, Mr ?" Say to Mr "How are you?" Hold the book in your right hand. Now take the book in your left hand. (Questions to be read by one pupil and answered by another pupil.) Where do you sit? What is on your desk? Where are your neighbors? How many men are in the room? Your feet are where? On whose desk is your book? Whose book is on your desk? Where are your feet? Where is Mr 's book? Where are his feet? Who is in front of the room? Name the man on your right. Name the man behind you. LESSON XII THE DOCTOR I am sick. My head aches and I have no appetite. My friend tells me to see a doctor. I go to the doctor's office. In his window I see this sign: DR. JAMES MACDONALD Office Hours . . 9 to 10, 6 to 7. THE DOCTOR 23 I go to the door and ring the bell. The maid opens the door and asks me to take a seat. There are other patients in the room waiting to see the doctor. At last my turn comes. The doctor examines me and gives me a prescription. I take the prescription to the drug store. The druggist gives me a bot- tle of medicine. I must take a teaspoonful every three hours. The doctor says I shall get better. EXERCISES Are you well? What hurts? Is your appetite good? Who is your doctor? Who are the people in the doctor's waiting-room r What does the doctor do to you? What does the doctor give you? How often do you take the medicine? Who prepares the medicine? LESSON XIII EATING BREAKFAST The table is set. A clean table-cloth covers the table. A knife, a fork, a teaspoon are be- side the plate. The bread and butter taste good. The wife brings a plate of oatmeal. The man eats the oatmeal with sugar and milk. Then the hungry man drinks a large cup of coffee. Things to eat for breakfast: Fruits oranges plums berries apples pears melons EATING BREAKFAST Cereals oatmeal farina rice soft-boiled fried Drinks tea cocoa Bread toast rolls scrambled omelet coffee milk muffins QUESTIONS What do you see on the table? Who is sitting at the table? What food is on the table? With what does the man eat the oatmeal? What does he put into the coffee? What do you eat for breakfast? What would you like to eat? LESSON XIV THE BODY (These two-minute exercises should be conducted at first by the teacher and later by the members of the class. The person leading should perform the actions as a model for the pupils.) Mr , please open the windows. Class stand ! Face the windows. Breathe in. Breathe out. (Eight times.) Place hands on hips. Bend body to the right. Stand straight. Bend body to the left. Stand straight. Raise left foot. Down. Raise right foot. Down. Face front. Turn head to the left. Front. Stretch arms forward. Stretch arms back. Stretch arms up. Down. Place your hands on your shoulders. Down. Breathe in. Out. Take seats. Mr * . . . , please close the windows. 26 LESSON XV THE BODY (CONTINUED) The body must have exercise. We exercise the body when we walk. We exercise the hands when we work. The trunk must have exercise. Bend the trunk to the right, to the left. The muscles of the arms and the legs are strong. The muscles of the eyes are weak. Rest the eyes when they are tired. Rest the body when it is tired. The lungs must have 28 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS fresh air. Breathe only fresh air. Keep your shoulders straight. The lungs must have room to breathe EXERCISES (To be read and acted by two pupils.) Close your mouth. Breathe through your nose. Close your eyes. Open them. Raise your right hand. Put your hand on your desk. Bend your body forward. Bend it back. Raise your shoulders. Lower them. What do you do with your eyes? With what do you hear? How many legs have you? What do you wear on your feet? hands? head? Count your fingers. Show me your ring finger. Put your thumb into your vest poeket. LESSON XVI MY ROOM The room has four walls. The color of the walls is white. It has also a ceiling and a floor. The color of the ceiling is white. The room has one door. There are two windows in the room. The windows are made of glass. The teacher stands in front of the pupils. The chairs and desks are the furniture in the room. 30 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS EXERCISES Count the walls. How many windows are there in this room? Count them. How many doors in this room? What is the color of the ceiling? Point to the ceiling. What are the windows made of? Where does the teacher stand? Stand hi front of the desk. Who stands in front of the pupils? Go to the window. Open the window. Shut it. Go to the door. Open the door. Close the door. Open your eyes. Close them. Open your right eye. Close it. Stand in front of the room LESSON XVII MAKING A BED I take off the bedclothes. I turn the mattress. I dust the mattress. I put on the under sheet. I tuck it in. I put on the upper sheet. I put on the blankets. I tuck them in. I turn the upper sheet on the blanket. 31 32 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS I put on the spread. I shake the pillows. I put the pillows at the head of the bed. EXERCISES Use the words "my wife" instead of "I" in this lesson. Then say "the maid" instead of "I." Then say "she" instead of "I." Change this lesson to the past tense. LESSON XVIII PAST TIME To-day Yesterday This week Last week Present time- Past time PRESENT I am You are He is I go into the room. I went into the room. I walk to school. I walked to school. I sit at a desk. I sat at a desk. PAST I was You were He was LESSON ON PAST TIME 3J PRESENT She is It is We are You are They are Ask Bake Bring Build Buy Come Close Cure Cut Dash Dip Do Dress DrinK Dry Earn Enjoy Enter Examine PAST She was It was We were You were They were Asked Baked Brought Built Bought Came Closed Cured Cut Dashed Dipped Did Dressed Drank Dried Earned Enjoyed Entered Examined 34 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS' PRESENT Feel Fill Fix Get Give Go I have He has Hire Hold Learn Let Make Open Pay Play Pull Put Return Rinse Rub Run Say Scrub PAST Felt Filled Fixed Got Gave Went I had He had Hired Held Learned Let Made Opened Paid Played Pulled Put Returned Rinsed Rubbed Ran Said Scrubbed LESSON ON PAST TIME PRESENT See Sell Shake Show Shut Sit Stand Stop Take Teach TeU Turn Understand Walk Wash Work Write PAST Saw Sold Shook Showed Shut Sat Stood Stopped Took Taught Told Turned Understood Walked Washed Worked Wrote (Review Lessons I-XV by changing the present to the past. If you are not sure of the right word for the past time, look on this page.) LESSON XIX PICTURES FOR CONVERSATION THE BAKER THE GROCER THE PEDLER THE SHOEMAKER LESSON XX THE TAILOR I am a tailor. I have no job. My employer discharged me. He had no work for me. I am looking for another job. I walk along the street and "Tailors Wanted." I walk into the shop. The foreman comes out and says: do you want?" 37 see a sign "What 38 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS I say to him: "Have you a job for me?" He says: "Are you an experienced tailor?" I tell him I have worked as a tailor for five years. Then he asks me for whom I worked. I tell him that I worked for Brown & Smith. The foreman gives me a job. I earn fifteen dollars a week. CONVERSATION Have you a job? What is your business? How long have you been in this business? How much do you earn? Were you ever discharged? EXERCISES What did the man lose? When did he lose his position? What did the sign say? Whom did he see? What did the foreman want to know? How much did he earn? LESSON XXI LOOKING FOR WORK This man has no job. He lost his position two weeks ago. He is looking for another job. Yesterday he saw a sign "Tailor Wanted." He walked into the shop and saw the fore- man. He said to the foreman: "Have you a job for me?" 39 40 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS "Are you an experienced tailor?" "Yes I have five years' experience." "For whom did you work?" " I worked for Friedman & Sons." "What was your salary?" "My salary was twenty-one dollars a week." " I'll give you a job. Can you begin work at once?" " Yes I can begin work jiow." EXERCISES What did the man lose? When did he see a sign? What did the sign say? Whom did he see? What did the foreman want to know? How much did he earn? When did the man begin work? To the Teacher : Have pupils dramatize this situation and have others vary the lesson by applying for different kinds of posi- tions, such as Laborer, Baker, Machinist, Carpenter, Shoe- maker, Farmer. LESSON XXII THE CUTTER Henry is a cutter. He works in a factory. He cuts cloth with a knife. Sometimes he cuts cloth with a pair of scissors. He sharpens his tools. He takes a pattern. He puts the pattern on the cloth. Then he cuts the cloth. EXERCISES What is your business? Where do you work? What tools do you use? Do you sharpen your tools? 41 THE DRESSMAKER THE CIGARMAKER LESSON XXIII REVIEW EXERCISES Who bakes the bread? The baker bakes the bread. Who makes your shoes? The makes my shoes. Who builds a house? The builds a house. Who repairs the plumbing? The repairs the plumbing. Who washes your collars ? The washes my collars. Who brings you vegetables? The brings me vegetables. Who sells tea? The sells tea. 42 REVIEW EXERCISES 43 Who teaches you to speak English ? The teaches me to speak English. Who runs the car? The runs the car. Who makes cigars ? The makes cigars. Who makes your wife's dresses. The makes my wife's dresses. Who cures sick people? The cures sick people. Who makes the laws of the United States? The makes the laws of the United States. What do you do? Tell what each of these does: Teacher Dressmaker Doctor Tailor Shoemaker Carpenter Plumber Farmer Builder Baker Grocer Conductor Pedler Motorman Cigarmaker Driver Legislator LESSON XXIV MY JOURNEY TO AMERICA I arrived in this country two years ago. I sailed from Havre on the steamship La Patrie. The journey took eight days. I was not sea- sick, but I saw many men and women who were seasick. The weather was very fine. It rained only once. When I arrived in New York, my brother came to meet me at Ellis Island. He took me home. Two days later, I had a job 44 MY JOURNEY TO AMERICA 45 and I began to work. I did not earn much at the beginning. I earned eight dollars a week. The work was not hard. It was easy. Now I earn fifteen dollars a week, but I work hard, QUESTIONS When did you come to America? From where did you sail? On what steamship did you sail? How long did the journey take? Were you seasick? How was the weather? Who met you when you arrived? Where did you go when you came to America? How much did you earn? Was the work hanl? Is the work hard now? How much do you earn to-day? Do you like your work? How long have you been working? Have you a trade? What was your business last year? LESSON XXV THE WEEK The week has seven days Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Satur- day. The first day of the week is Sunday. Sunday is the day of rest. The other six days are -working days. The second day is Monday. Monday is wash day. Tuesday is the third day of the week. In the middle of the week is Wednesday, the fourth day. The fifth day is Thursday. Friday is the sixth day. It is called fish day because many people eat fish on Friday. The seventh and last day of the week is Saturday. In many places work stops at noon (twelve o'clock) on Saturday. 46 THE WEEK 47 EXERCISES How many days has the week ? The week has days. What do you do on Sunday ? On Sunday I Which is the first working day? is the first working day. Name the working days. The working days are What day is this? To-day is What day was yesterday ? Yesterday was What day will to-morrow be ? To-morrow will be What was the day before yesterday? The day before yesterday was What will the day after to-morrow be ? The day after to- morrow will be What is the day after Tuesday ? is the day after Tuesday. What is the day before Sunday? What is the day after Sunday? On what days is school open? On what day were you born ? I was born on a On what day does Christmas come this year? New Year's? The Fourth of July? Thanksgiving day? Your birthday? (The teacher should direct pupils to consult a calendar.) LESSON XXVI TELLING TIME What time is it? It is twelve o'clock. (No. i.) It is one o'clock. (No 2.) It is half past one. (No. 3.) It is ten minutes to six. (No. 4.) It is a quarter to two. (No. 5.) It is twenty minutes to five. (No. 6.) Draw a picture showing a quarter past three; twenty minutes to seven; one thirty (half 48 TELLING TIME 49 past one); twelve fifteen (a quarter past twelve); four twenty (twenty minutes past four). Take out your watch. See what time it is. Is your watch right? Compare your watch with the school clock. Is your watch fast or slow? There are 365 days in the year. There are 7 days in the week. There are 24 hours in the day. There are 60 minutes in an hour. There are 60 seconds in a minute. LESSON XXVII REVIEW EXERCISES I get up at 6 o'clock in the morning. I begin my work at 8 o'clock. I eat my lunch at 12 o'clock. I eat my supper at 6.30 in the evening. I go to bed at 10.45. When do you come to school? How long do you remain in school? How many hours do you work? When do you stop work on Saturdays? How many hours in a day? How many hours do you sleep? When do you get up in the morning? At what time do you go to sleep? How long do you take for breakfast? How long do you take for lunch? Tell how you spend a working-day. Tell how you spend a holiday. How would you like to spend next Sunday? When do children come home from school? LESSON XXVIII AT HOME THE WOMAN SWEEPS EVERY SHE WASHES THE CLOTHES ON DAY MONDAY 51 ON TUESDAY SHE IRONS ON WEDNESDAY SHE MENDS THE CLOTHING ON THURSDAY SHE MARKETS ON FRIDAY SHE MAKES BREAD ON SATURDAY SHE CLEANS THE HOUSE On Sunday she rests. S3 LESSON XXIX TO MAKE A FIRE It is six o'clock in the morning. The alarm clock rings and wakes me up. It is time to get up. I dress myself quickly. I chop some wood. I put some paper into the stove. On top of the paper I place small pieces of wood. Then I strike a match under the paper. The paper blazes up and the wood catches fire. After the wood is burning well, I put one or two shovels of coal on the fire. I never pour kerosene into the fire. I knew a woman who poured kerosene into the fire, and she was burned to death. EXERCISES What time do you get up in the morning? Who awakens you? How do you make a fire? What do you put into the stove first? Why is kerosene dangerous? 54 LESSON XXX HOURS OF WORK The men in our shop work nine hours a day. We begin work at eight o'clock in the morning. At twelve o'clock the whistle blows. We all stop work and go to lunch. At one o'clock the whistle blows again and we begin work again. We work until six o'clock. Then the whistle blows for the third time and we stop work for the day. On Saturdays we stop work for the day at twelve o'clock and we go home for lunch. EXERCISES What is your business? Where do you work? Who is your employer? How many hours a day do you work? When do you begin work? When do you stop work for the day? How long do you work on Saturdays? Where do you eat lunch? 55 LESSON XXXI THE BAKERY We eat bread. We buy our bread from the baker. The bakery is not far away. It is on the corner. Another bakery is on 'Street. The baker bakes black bread and white bread. Black bread is made from rye flour. White bread is made from wheat flour. A loaf of bread is made from two pounds of dough. A loaf of bread costs eight cents. Black bread is heavy. White bread is light. THE BAKERY 57 Rye bread is heavier than white bread. The baker mixes flour and water to make dough. He bakes the dough in the oven. We like fresh bread, although stale bread is better for us. EXERCISES (Read and answer these questions. Then write the answers.) Where is the bakery? Where do you buy bread? What kind of bread do you like ? I like bread. Who bakes the bread? How does the baker bake the bread? How much does a loaf of bread cost? Which is heavier, white bread or black bread"? Which is lighter? Which is better? Is black bread or white bread cheaper? What do we buy from the baker? LESSON XXXII COLORS Roses are red. The sky is blue. Grass is green. Lemons are yellow. Nuts are brown. Snow is white. Coal is black. EXERCISES What is the color of your eyes? What color Is a Negro? a Chinaman? a German? an In- dian? Name the colors of the following articles which you are now wearing: hat; shoes; coat; tie; collar; shirt. What are the colors of the American flag? Fill in the blank spaces below with the color. The ceiling in this room is The walls are painted 58 REVIEW EXERCISES 59 My hair is The cover of my book is Leaves are in Spring and Autumn. An old man has . . hair. in LESSON XXXIII REVIEW EXERCISES QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED (First, the teacher should read the question and call upon a pupil to answer. Then some pupils read the questions and other pupils answer. Writing the answers is the third stage in the exercise. By way of summary, a number of pupils may be called upon to read their answers.) QUESTION What is your name? Where do you live? With whom do you board ? What is your business? (What do you work at?) (What is your occu- pation ?) ANSWER My name is I live at Street I board with . I am a 6o ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Who is your employer ? My employer is Where do you work ? I work at How much do you earn? I earn dollars a week. Where were you born? I was born in How long have you been I have been years in America ? and months in this country. What was your business I was a in Europe? ( Yes, I am married. Are you married? I No, I am single. How many children have I have children. you? How old is your youngest My youngest child is child? years old. How old is your oldest My oldest child is child? years old. Are your children here Yes, my children are with me. also? Is your wife in this coun- Yes, my wife is here. try? Does your wife work? No, she stays at home. Do your children work? No, my children go to school. How old are you ? LESSON XXXIV NUMBER EXERCISES Read the following numbers: 18 6 57 101 275 970 1915 2000 404 99 600 12 $5.75 $ .75 $ .05 $1.00 $ .10 $ .01 $5,000.00 $150.00 $100.00 $1.12 $52.50 $1.98 What articles are sold for these prices? 3 for 5c. 2 for 25 c. 3 for $1.00 3 for 10c. 2 for 3c. 3 for 50 c. 6 for 25 c. 5c. a piece EXERCISES Count the men in this room. How many men are there in the room? 61 62 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS How many women are there in the room? Count the pencils on the table. Are there more pencils than pens on the table? The teacher has 5 pencils. Each pencil costs 2c. How much do the 5 pencils cost? How much hioney have you in your pocket? How much do you earn each week? How much do you pay for rent? How many windows do you see? How many seats are there in this room? How much do you weigh? How tall are you? LESSON XXXV UNITED STATES MONEY (The teacher should have at hand all possible coins and bills.) Money is made either of metal or of paper. A piece of metal money is called a coin; a piece of paper money is called a bill. Coins in the United States are made of the following metals: bronze, nickel, silver, and gold. A cent is made of bronze; a five-cent piece is made of nickel and is called a "nickel." Dimes, UNITED STATES MONEY 63 quarters, half-dollars, and dollars are made of silver. Ten cents make a dime. Ten dimes make a dollar. Twenty-five cents make a quarter. Fifty cents make a half-dollar and one hundred cents make a dollar. Gold coins are not used as much as silver coins and bills because the gold coins are small. We have the dollar gold piece, the two- and-one-half-dollar gold piece, the five-dollar gold piece, the ten-dollar gold piece, which is called "the eagle," and the twenty-dollar gold piece, which is called "the double eagle." Paper money is just as good as metal money and is easier to carry. The Government gives out these paper bills: one dollar, two dollars, five dollars, ten dollars, twenty dollars, fifty dol- lars, one hundred dollars, five hundred dollars, one thousand dollars, ten thousand dollars. All money is made by the Government only. Coins and bills not made by the Govern- ment have no value. Such money is called "counterfeit." It is a crime in this country to 64 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS make counterfeit money. A person who makes counterfeit money may be punished by being sent to prison for twenty years. It is also a crime to try to buy anything with counterfeit money or to have counterfeit money in your possession. All counterfeit money must be broken up and destroyed. Examine your money carefully. If you are not sure that the money is -good, take it to a bank, and the cashier will be glad to tell you if your money is good. EXERCISES How many dimes in a dollar? How many nickels in a quarter? in a dollar? How many nickels in a dime? How many dimes in a half-dollar? What coins are made of silver? of nickel? of gold? What paper money have you seen? Who makes our money? What is counterfeit money? How does the United States punish counterfeiting? What must you do with counterfeit money? LESSON XXXVI FRACTIONS i^ one-half. j one-quarter. % three-quarters. y% one-third. ^ two-thirds. y% one-eighth. ^g five-eighths. ^ one-fifth. % three-fifths. ^ one-tenth. twelve and one-half. f ur an d three-quarters. three and one-half. EXERCISES At 12J/c. each how much will 2 collars cost? A tailor uses 3J4 yards for a suit of clothes. How much will he need for 3 suits ? The laundry charges 2J^ c. for washing and ironing 1 collar. How much will the laundry charge me for 4 collars? A yard of cloth measures 36 inches. How many inches in ^ yard? in ^ yard? in % yard? 65 66 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS How many minutes in 34 hour? in 24 hour? in ^ hour? How much is T V of a dollar? Add \i and 34. 2}/ plus 3% plus 5 % equals how much? A tailor has 14% yards of cloth; he uses 5^ yards. How many yards has he left? From 3J/s take 2%. 5% minus 2^ equals how many? A man who works 8 hours a day loses 3 hours in one day through sickness. If his salary is $3.20 a day, how much money was taken from his pay for sickness? For overtime a man gets 1J/6 times his regular wages. A carpenter receives 48 c. an hour and works 3 hours overtime. How much will he receive for the over- time? How much will 3J/ pounds of flour cost at 10 c. a pound? A washerwoman charges 75 cents a dozen for washing. What will she charge to wash 2 ^ dozen pieces? A lady brings a dressmaker 10 yards of cloth for a dress. The dressmaker uses only 7^ yards. How many yards are returned to the lady? LESSON XXXVII DEPOSITING MONEY This is pay-day. The boss gave each man a pay envelope. John takes out two dollars. He goes to the savings-bank. He goes to IN THE BANK OF SAVINGS 191 DOLLARS CTS. GOLD COIN BILLS CHECKS 'LIU KPUUTUT) the window marked " Deposits " and says : " Please let me have a deposit slip." The clerk gives him a slip and he fills it out. He hands the slip and the money to the clerk. 68 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS The clerk writes the sum in the bank-book. He gives John the bank-book. John saves two dollars every week. DRAWING MONEY The busy season is over. I have no work. The boss laid me off. I must have some money. I go to the savings-bank. I fill out a slip. I give the slip to the clerk. He gives me the money. "A rolling stone gathers no moss." "A spent dollar earns no interest." EXERCISES When is your pay-day? In what does the boss give you the money? How much do you earn? How much do you save every week? Where can you keep your money? Who takes the money at the bank? What do you fill out at the bank? What does the clerk give you? How can you draw money from the bank? LESSON XXXVIII TAKING IN WASHING "Do you take in washing?" "Yes, ma'am." " How much do you charge ? " "I charge seventy-five cents a dozen for starch pieces and fifty cents a dozen for the others." "How much do you charge for the hand- kerchiefs and stockings ? " 70 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS "I charge two cents apiece for handkerchiefs and three cents a pair for stockings." " I have some very fine table-cloths and nap- kins. Can you take special care with them?" "I am very careful with fine linens." "Will you call for my wash ?" "Yes, ma'am. I will call with a basket." "I live at 75 West Side Avenue." "I will write down your address. What is your name, please ? " "My name is Mrs. Thompson." "Thank you. I will call this afternoon at four o'clock." " When can you have the wash ready ? " "I will have it ready on Saturday." "Can you deliver the wash on Saturday at two o'clock ?" "Yes, ma'am." "Very well. Good afternoon." "Good afternoon, ma'am." LESSON XXXIX AT THE RESTAURANT There is a restaurant near my shop. I eat my lunch in the restaurant. The food is very good and cheap. This is the bill of fare for to-day. BILL OF FARE Vegetable Soup 5 cents Roast Beef and Potatoes 20 " Stewed Lamb and Carrots 20 " Sausages and Cabbage 15 " Ham and Eggs 20 " Eggs boiled or fried 15 " Sandwiches Cheese Ham Sardine Corned Beef . . 5 " Tea, Coffee, Cocoa, or Milk 5 " All kinds of Pies 5 " Cake.. 5 " 72 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS The waitress serves the food on clean tables. The table is covered with a table-cloth. The waitress puts a napkin on the table. She fills your glass with water and says: "What is your order?" I order a portion of roast beef, a glass of milk, and a piece of apple pie. After my meal the waitress gives me a check for thirty cents. I pay the cashier. EXERCISES Where do you eat lunch? What do you eat for lunch? Who serves you in the restaurant? What does the waitress say? DRAMATIZATION BETWEEN Two PUPILS Waiter What is your order, sir? Customer Bring me a ham sandwich, a cheese sandwich, and a cup of coffee. Waiter Is that all you wish? Customer That's all, thanks. Let me have my check. Waiter Here is your check. LESSON XL IN THE BARBER-SHOP "Next! Take a seat, please." "Please cut my hair." "Do you want your hair cut very short? "No, I do not like it very short." "Will you have a shampoo, sir?" "Yes, thank you." "Shall I shave you?" "Yes, please shave me." "Would you like a close shave?" 73 74 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS "No, my face is very tender." "Does my razor hurt your face?" "No, it is very sharp." "Shall I massage your face?" "No, but I should like a hot towel." "Shall I put some cologne on your face?" "No, thank you. I should like some witch- hazel." "Do you part your hair in the middle or on the side?" "On the side, please." "Let me brush your coat." "Thank you." EXERCISES Who shaves you? Where do you get your hair cut? What does the barber put on your face? How often do you shave? What do you pay for a shave? Conversation between two pupils. Ask for: Hair cut Shave. Shampoo. LESSON XLI MY FAMILY 'Are you married, Mr. ? f " 'Yes, I am married." "Have you any children?" "I have one son and two daughters." "How old is your son?" " My son is six years old." "Are your parents living?" "My father is living, but my mother is dead." "Then your children have a grandfather liv- ing, but no grandmother?" "No, you are wrong; my wife's mother is living." "Ah! yes. Do the children know their grandparents ? " "They know my wife's parents, but not mine, because my father is in Europe." 75 76 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS "Are your brothers in this country?" " My brothers are out West, but my sister works in Troy." "Then the children do not know their uncles or their aunt?" " No, I am sorry to say." EXERCISES Are your parents living? Have you any children? What are the names of your children? Have you an uncle in America? Where does your aunt live? Do you live with relatives or with strangers? Which of your relatives have come to America? _Haye you any nephews or nieces born in this country? What relation to you is your father's brother? your fa- ther's sister? What do you call your sister's husband? your brother's wife? your brother's son? his daughter? How is your sister-in-law related to your children? your brother-in-law ? Name the members of your family. LESSON XLII ADJECTIVES The cost of living is high. It is higher than it was ten years ago. We pay the highest prices for food. Iron is .hard, steel is harder, and the dia- mond is the hardest of all. This is a beautiful picture. My picture is more beautiful, but the picture in the art gallery is the most beautiful one I ever saw. EXERCISES Construct sentences, using: Warm, Warmer, Warmest. Cold, Colder, Coldest. Quick, Quicker, Quickest. Slow, Slower, Slowest. Short, Shorter, Shortest. TaU, Taller, Tallest. Heavy, Heavier, Heaviest. 77 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Light, Good, Bad, Strong, High, Cheap, Dear, Interesting, Big, Little, Many, Easy, Hard, Lighter, Better, Worse, Stronger, Higher, Cheaper, Dearer, More interesting, Bigger, Less, More, Easier, Harder, Lightest Best. Worst. Strongest. Highest. Cheapest. Dearest. Most interesting Biggest Least. Most. Easiest. Hardest LESSON XLIII TIME-TABLE This is a time-table. It shows the time of leaving and the time of arrival of trains be- tween New York and Chicago. All railroads have their own time-tables, and it is important to read them carefully. On Sundays trains do not run at the same time as on week-days. TIME-TABLE Table 1 Condensed Time Table New York and Boston to the The time given is Eastern Standard Time at all points east of Suspension Bridge and ^ of Buffalo and Suspension Bridge, except on the Michigan Central R. R. east of Detroit ^"The time between 12.00 o'clock noon and 1 1.59 o'clock i STATIONS Empire State Express Chicago Express Number One Number Forty-one The Westerner 1 South- western Limited B. & A. Wolverine 4 | 8 Bi.Snn f Daily 1 Daiiy 8 Daily f Daily * 25 Daily * Daily IS Daily * Daily s Daily N. Y. Central Lv N. Y. (G. C. Term.) * N Y 125th St AM 830 AM 9 30 h9 42 J10 00 AM 11 30 bll 41 PM 1 00 hi 12 PM 200 h2 11 T2 28 h8 57 358 455 PM 845 PM 450 PM 500 h5 11 T5 28 h5 57 See Note PM 530 h541 h6 80 See Note Yonkers b.924 blO 27 11 23 h!226 122 hi 57 248 h838 See Note h543 * Poughkeepsie " Hudson " Albany 11 35 1250 1 22 1 47 255 325 425 457 5 28 647 7 Vt 7 25 815 910 5 55 6 27 6 52 8 IE 8 4C 905 1000 h5 52 757 8 05 836 hU 20 8(1 906 LL Utica 122 306 507 5 2! 54' 940 h741 950 1013 1033 UOS8 hUOS Rome 234 425 h858 11 01 1156 hii'46 k!2 30 Rochester 405 5 30 625 610 800 825 10 15 1000 11 45 1136 Ir35 hio'28 1230 1 25 3 15 hi 23 h3 00 h2 14 Ar Buffalo Ar Niagara Falls " Suspension Bridge N. Y. C. R. R. Lv Buffalo (E.T.). 6 35 PM 535 PM 830 7 30 AM 12 00 1100 11 55 12 20 AM 1200 11 GO AM AM 12 00 11 00 All , AH ......< "Buffalo (C.T.) Ar Dunkirk II 8 22 Westfield 543 845 t> "3 - 8 01 e r 92' 1 00 1 57 3 10 3 25 4 11 4 54 2 06 3 00 q'i'35 7 58 8 41 9 50 5 22 6 14 I* II M 70S 8 15 830 10 16 11 25 11 45 12J41 illnian Cars only. Coach Paseen- rs carried. " 105th St , Cleveland "445 7 20 7 35 aengers New York to r points beyond Bufl 703 720 X X 955 * Cleveland Elyria * Sandusky atetraus- i on ti.o prss il 25 2 35 4 28 4 52 Toledo 600 8 03 8 25 9 05 Waterloo Kendallville " Goshen Ar Adrian Sea 11 00 1 25 *K " Sturgis S * Ar Elkhart **f 5 50 6 21 6 59 t'7 41 9 25 9 55 10 42 2 20 2 5f 3 28 7 21 I 8 il 10 1 41 819 South Bend * La Porte Gary * Englewood PM 8 14 8 30 AM AM 1205 1220 PM 4 45 5 00 PM 9 30 9 45 AM 8 845 460 FH * Chicago (la Salle St. Sta.) . . . AM AM PI J Extra fares are charged between certain stations as follows: No. 3 New York to Chicago, Elkhart, South Bend, La Porte, Gary, Elyri, Cleveland, Sandusky, Nilcs. Michigan City and Hammond. HanndD So ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Look at this time-table and tell when the train arrives at Albany; at Cleveland; at Syra- cuse. Does the Empire State Express stop at Sche- nectady? What train does stop at that city? How long does it take to travel from New V^ork to Chicago? What is the fastest train to Chicago? On what train would you travel at night? What train does not run on Sundays? What trains go only to Buffalo? Look at the time for train number 25. Notice the statement below "Pullman Cars only. No Coach Passengers carried." On such trains, the fare is higher than on trains that carry day coaches. Pullman cars are sometimes called parlor cars. To ride in a Pullman car, you must buy a special ticket and pay for a seat. Bring a time-table to school and find out how to go to New York; to Chicago; to St. Louis; to Denver; to San Francisco; to St. Paul; to Detroit. LESSON XLIV NEGATIVE STATEMENTS I take milk in my coffee. I do not take milk in my coffee. My friend John reads English. My friend Henry does not read English. Americans love freedom. Some people do not love freedom. EXERCISES Change the following sentences from positive to negative statements: This woman takes in washing. Tony speaks English very well. She understands me. They live in this country. The boy sleeps well. He reads the newspaper. The baker bakes bread. 81 82 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS The boss gives you a job. The ship goes out to sea. The shoemaker mends my shoes. Change the above sentences to the past tense. Then change the positive statements to negative statements, thus: Statement: I took milk in my coffee. Negative: I did not take milk in my coffee. Statement: My friend John reads English. Negative: My friend John did not read English. Statement: Americans love freedom. Negative: Americans did not love freedom. do LESSON XLV DO, DOES I we you they the men . the women does he she it a man a woman a child DO, DOES 83 CHANGING STATEMENTS TO QUESTIONS I work. Do I work? He works. Does he work? You work. Do you work? They work. Do they work? Change these statements into questions: The children play. We ride to work. I eat my breakfast. The girl washes dishes. She sets the table. John walks up-stairs. He sits at the table. The friends quarrel. Read the above sentences in the past tense. Then change the statements into questions, thus: STATEMENT QUESTION I worked. Did I work? He worked. Did he work? You worked. Did you work? They worked. Did they work? The horses drink. He works hard. LESSON XLVI TIME-TABLE (To the Teacher: Instruct pupils to bring time-tables to school. Call attention to "Sunday only," Pullman and sleeping cars.) Examine the time-table. How far is it from New York to Albany? What trains can you take? Which is the fastest train? Which are the slow trains? When will you arrive? What train can you take on Sunday? There are only two kinds of trains in the United States passenger and freight. Passen- ger-cars carry people; that is, men, women, and children. Freight-cars carry baggage and goods, such as animals, wheat, iron, furniture. Every passenger-train usually carries a baggage-car, in which the railroad carries the trunks and other baggage of the passengers. On the ticket which you buy at the railroad station, you will find the following words: "Baggage, etc." 84 POSSESSIVES If the trunk or baggage weighs more than the railroad agrees to carry free of charge, the passenger must pay for the excess; that means for the extra weight. Be sure that you check your baggage in time to catch the train on which you travel, and be sure to get a check from the baggage-master. LESSON XLVII POSSESSIVES This chair belongs to me. The hat belongs to Mrs. Brown. Mrs. Smith owns this house. This country is the friend of every man. These books belong to the men. This book belongs to the man. It is my chair; or, It is mine. This is Mrs. Brown's hat. This is -Mrs. Smith's house. This country is every man's friend. These are the men's books. This is the man's book. 86 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS My brother has a house. It is my brother's house. My brothers have a house. This boy has a sharp eye. These boys have sharp eyes. It is my brothers' house. The boy's sharp eye sees everything. The boys' sharp eyes see everything. We use the apostrophe to show ownership. After the apostrophe we add an "s." We do not add an Thus: word ends in "s." SINGULAR PLURAL POSSESSIVE SINGULAR PLURAL King Kings King's Kings' Child Children Child's Children's Man Men Man's Men's Boy Boys Boy's Boys' Mr. Jones Messrs. Jones Mr. Jones' Messrs. Jones' LESSON XLVIII POSSESSIVES (CONTINUED) Fill the blanks with words showing possession. (I, my.) (You, your.) (Her, his.) (Our, their.) Always mind business. He has learned lesson. John paid for dinner. Please take hat off. They brought . . tools. I must take medicine. Honor father and mother. Change these sentences to the possessive: The lady has her pocket-book. It is the pocket-book. Her husband owns the house. This is her house. You have the book belonging to the teacher. You have the book. Construct sentences, using the possessive of: King, child, friend, neighbor, policeman, boy, girl. 87 LESSON XLIX PULLMAN CARS All trains in this country carry first-class passengers only. We do not have second and third classes as they have in Europe. Many trains, however, carry special cars called "Pull- man cars." The company charges an extra sum for riding in the Pullman. Trains that go long distances at night usually carry Pullman sleepers. On one of these sleepers, you may go to sleep in New 88 PULLMAN CARS 89 York at nine o'clock in the evening and wake up in Buffalo the next morning. Besides sleepers, many trains carry dining- cars, where you can get a full meal. CONVERSATION Passenger: What is the fare to Pittsburgh? Ticket-seller: Fourteen dollars. Passenger: How much for a sleeper? Ticket-seller: Four dollars. Passenger: Does the 9.30 train carry sleepers? Ticket-seller: Yes, sir, and a dining-car as far as Wilkes- Barre. Passenger: Please let me have a through ticket and an upper berth. LESSON L MILK Coffee is dark brown. Milk is white. I put milk into my coffee. Sometimes I put sugar and cream into my coffee. I drink coffee for breakfast. I like to drink tea for supper. My baby drinks pure milk. A"- glass of fresh milk and a piece of bread and butter taste good to a hungry man. Milk comes from the country. The farmer milks the cows early in the morning. He pours the milk into large cans. The railroad carries the cans to the cities. The milkman sells milk loose or in bottles. The best milk is sold in bottles. Milk is sold by the pint or quart. The price of milk is different all over the country. In some places you can buy good milk, fit for babies or sick people, at five cents a quart. In most cities you must pay from MILK 91 nine to eleven cents a quart. If milk is not clean and pure, it is dangerous. Babies should not drink impure milk. It makes them sick. The best way to kill harmful things in milk is to boil it. Some dairies (milk-sellers) boil the milk and then seal it in bottles. This is called "sterilized milk." Sick children are given this milk. EXERCISES Who brings us milk? What color is milk? How much do you pay for a quart of milk? When does the farmer milk his cows? What do you put into your coffee? Who sells milk? What tastes good to a hungry man? How do we sterilize milk? What kind of milk makes people sick? What is the best way to kill harmful things in milk ? LESSON LI RELATIVE PRONOUNS I go to the restaurant. The restaurant is around the corner. I go to the restaurant which is around the corner. I pay the cashier. The cashier sits at a desk. I pay the cashier who sits at a desk. The book is on my desk. The book is mine. That book is mine." I work for a tailor. His name is Brown. I work for a tailor whose name is Brown. I work for a man. He is called Brown. The man for whom I work is called Brown. who whose for persons. which \ for animals that > and things, whom EXERCISES Make one sentence out of each set: My boy goes to school. The school is on the corner. I have a friend. I like my friend. 92 AM, IS, ARE 93 The windows are clean. They are in this room. These people live in glass houses. They must not throw stones. We learn many things in school. The thing? are useful. The man is very kind. We see the man's store. I have a hat. It does not fit me. Here is a poor man. His child is sick. LESSON LII AM, IS, ARE I am in this room. The teacher is in the room also. You are in the room too. ONE PERSON IS, TWO PERSONS ARE ONE THING IS, TWO THINGS ARE I am. We are. You are. You are. He (she or it) is. They are. Always use are after you, whether you are speaking to one person or to more than one. 94 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS EXERCISES Read these sentences and fill in the blank spaces with the correct word: The tailor and the butcher in their shops. These three men with me. You wrong. She very pretty. Business good. Many people . , out of town. this true? My children in school. Your feet on the floor. these my shoes ? How you, Mr. Brown? Where my coat? What you doing? all members present? There three pictures on the wall. I your friend. In this country you welcome. Our flag flying. \j Red, white, and blue the colors of our flag. My three rooms very light but my bath- room . . dark. LESSON LIII CONVERSATION ABOUT TRAINS INFORMATION DESK Mr. T. : I want to go to Pittsburgh. When does the next train leave? Clerk: The next train leaves at six o'clock. Let me give you a time-table. Mr. T. : Thank you. Can you tell me if the six-o'clock train carries a sleeper? 95 96 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Clerk: Yes; sleeper, dining-car, and observa- tion-car. Mr. T.: That's fine. I'll get my ticket and check my trunk. BAGGAGE OFFICE Mr. T.: Will you check my trunk through, please, to Pittsburgh? Baggageman: Surely. Let me see your ticket. Mr. T.: Here it is. Baggageman: I'll punch your ticket. Take this baggage check and give it to the baggage- master in Pittsburgh. He will give you the trunk. Mr. T. : Then I don't have to look after it until I arrive? Baggageman: No. The railroad will take care of that. Mr. T. : Is there any charge for this? Baggageman: No. We carry one hundred and fifty pounds of baggage free. LESSON LIV RENTING A FLAT TO LET 4 Rooms Inquire Janitor We ring the janitor's bell. He comes to the door. "What do you wish?" My hus- band says: "We want to see the flat" The janitor takes us to the fourth floor front. He opens the door. We walk in. We go into the kitchen. It is not very large, but it is light and sunny. There are two large closets for dishes. There is a washtub in the kitchen. Then we go into the bedroom. It has two windows facing the street. The ceiling is high. The walls are painted. Next we enter the dining-room. The ceiling is white, but the walls are papered a light brown. From Q7 98 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS the dining-room, we go into the sitting-room. We like the flat very much. The janitor tells us the rent. It is not dear and it is not very cheap. The price is satisfactory. We rent the flat. EXERCISES Are you looking for a flat? How many rooms do you want? How much do you wish to pay? Will you take a flat on the "fourth floor? Is the bedroom too small? What kind of flat would you like? What color do you want the sitting-room papered? Do you like your bedroom papered or painted? CONVERSATION "Have you a flat to rent?" " Yes, we have a four-room flat on the top floor." " Have you nothing lower down ? " " No, that is the only flat vacant." " How much is the rent ? " " The rent is twenty dollars a month." "May we look at the flat?" " Certainly ; come with me, please." LESSON LV AN ACCIDENT What's the matter? See the crowd running toward the corner. Every one wants to get near the drug-store. A man is lying on the floor. He looks pale and the blood is streaming from a cut in his forehead. A policeman comes in and says: "Stand away: 99 ioo ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS give the man a chance to breathe." The crowd moves away a little. The man is very sick. The druggist goes to the telephone, lifts the receiver, and says: "I want an ambulance; this is 250 Main Street." In a few minutes an ambulance comes. The doctor examines the man and takes him to the hospital. EXERCISES What happened? What did the crowd do? Where was the man? What did the druggist say? What did the doctor do? How did the man look? When did the crowd run? What did the policeman say? When did the ambulance arrive? Where did the ambulance take the man? How can you get an ambulance? Change the above sentences to the present by reading does instead of did. (To the Teacher : Have pupils dramatize the situation of calling for an ambulance; for a policeman; to report a fire.) LESSON LVI BOOTS AND SHOES MADE TO ORDER FINE REPAIRING DONE JOHN FANIA BOOT AND SHOE MAKER REPAIRING NEATLY DONE PRICE LIST Soles and Heels $ LOO Soles .75 Heels .30 Rubber Heels .50 Children's Shoes: Soles and Heels .60 Soles .40 Heels .25 "Good morning! Are you the shoemaker?" " Yes, sir. What can I do for you ? " " I'd like you to repair these shoes. They need soles and heels." " Do you want them hand sewed or machine sewed ? " 102 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS "Which is cheaper?" " I charge seventy-five cents for machine sew ing and one dollar and twenty-five cents for hand sewing." "Are hand-sewed shoes better than machine- sewed shoes.'*" "Yes; they are much stronger." "Very well, then. Sew the soles on by hand and make a good job." "When do you want the shoes?" " Can you have them ready to-morrow night?" " They'll be ready to-morrow night at seven o'clock." "Thank you. I'll call for them." EXERCISES Who repairs shoes ? How much does he charge ? What does he repair ? Who brings the shoes to the shoemaker ? Do you like hand sewing or machine sewing ? Which is better? Which is cheaper ? When will the shoes be ready ? LESSON LVII BUYING SHOES Here is a sale of shoes. Let us read the sign: ALL MEN'S SHOES REDUCED TO $3.00; regular price $4.00. ALL WOMEN'S SHOES NOW $3.50; regular price $4.50. ALL CHILDREN'S SHOES NOW $1.75; regular price $2.50. 103 io 4 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Let us go in and see if they have any bargains. If the shoes are good we shall buy a pair for each of the children. I do not like to buy shoes on special sale. They do not fit or they do not wear well, or something is the matter with them. You cannot get something for nothing. But there is no harm in looking at what they have. CONVERSATION BETWEEN CUSTOMER AND SALESMAN Salesman : Step this way, please. Take a seat. Customer: Let me see a pair of boy's shoes, size 9. Salesman: Do you want button or lace shoes ? Customer: Which are better for a boy seven years old? Salesman: I think lace shoes are better. Here is a pair of shoes good for running around. These will stand wear. Customer: That is just what I want. May BUYING SHOES 105 I take them home and have the boy try them on? Salesman: Certainly; we shall be glad to exchange them if they do not fit. Would you like a pair of fine shoes for the lady? Customer: Show me a pair of patent-leather shoes for dress wear. Salesman: We do not recommend patent- leather shoes, because they split. Let me show you a pair of calf shoes that look very dressy. Try these on, please. Customer: They fit very well. How much are they ? Salesman: These shoes are three dollars and fifty cents, reduced from four dollars and fifty cents. Customer: I'll take them. Will you wrap them up, please? EXERCISES What size shoes do you wear? Do you wear button or lace shoes? What did you pay for your shoes? io6 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS j Do your shoes wear well? Did you buy your shoes at a special sale? What kind of shoes do you wear on Sundays? Which part of your shoes wears out first the upper. the sole, or the heel? When do people wear low shoes? When do people in this country wear boots? LESSON LVIII REVIE"W I am feet inches tall. I am taller than Mr I am shorter than Mr Mr is heavier than I. Mr is the tallest man in the room. Mr is the shortest man in the room. I am years old. Mr is older than I. I am younger than I weigh pounds. My weight is How much more do you weigh now than last vear? Did you gain or lose in weight? Are you as heavy as Mr ? REVIEW 107 Who is the heaviest man in the class? How much do you weigh without your clothes? I eat soup with a A knife is used for I eat potatoes with a The table is covered with a I put salt on my From a I drink water. My head is on my I have two in my head and ears. I see with my I have fingers and toes. ' My arms are than my legs. T with my nose. I with my feet. My teeth are Who is: rich? quick? bright? polite ? careful ? poor? slow? dull? impolite ? careless ? tall? dark? stout? strong ? sick? short? light? thin? weak? well? io8 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS What is: above you? below you? in front of you? behind you? to the right of you? to the left of you? Write these sentences, filling in the blank spaces: The windows are /. of me. The door is of me. The teacher is me. Mr is in front of me. The ceiling is me. The floor is me. The desk is me. Mr is behind me. My book is the table. My feet are the table. My hat is go to a hat bows. Salesman : Customer : Salesman : Customer : Salesman : Customer: LESSON LIX BUYING A HAT very old. I need a new hat. I store. The salesman smiles and What do you wish? I want a hat. What kind of hat do you want ? I want a soft hat. What size do you wear? I wear size 7. IOQ no ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Salesman: Try this one on, please. Customer: I do not like this hat. The brim is too large. Salesman: Let me show you another style. Try this hat, please. Customer: I like this hat. How much is it ? Salesman: This hat costs two dollars and fifty cents. Customer: I'll take it. Salesman: Shall I wrap it up for you or will you wear it? Customer: I'll wear the new hat. Please wrap up the old one. (Vary this lesson by buying a derby hat; object to the color, price, crown, fit, material. Introduce the meanings of the following words in the course of the conversation: dear, cheap, afford, felt, soft, smooth, rough.) EXERCISES Have you a new hat? What kind of hat do you wear? What size is your hat? Where do you buy your hat? How much do you pay for a hat? What do you say to the salesman? LESSON LX SINGULAR AND PLURAL ONE, MORE THAN ONE The boy reads. The boys read. The man buys. The men buy. The child sleeps. The children sleep. The woman sweeps. The women sweep. The lady goes shop- The ladies go shop- ping, ping. Select the correct form in these sentences: The butcher (sell, sells) meat. Horses (eat, eats) oats. This tool (cut, cuts) well. The grocer (weigh, weighs) the flour. The doctor (bandage, bandages) my arm. The sun (shine, shines). She (walk, walks) into the room. Every man (work, works) for a living. The boss (treat, treats) his men well. At twelve o'clock the whistles (blow, blows). ii2 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS The children (come, comes) home from school. In the garden many pretty flowers (grow, grows). Our cow (give, gives) us fresh milk. My parents (write, writes) me a letter every week. We (eat, eats) our dinner at home. The man and his wife (dance, dances) beautifully. My son and my daughter (go, goes) to school. The people of America (love, loves) freedom. He (become, becomes) a citizen of the United States. Our country (protect, protects) .you. In the park the band (play, plays). He (speak, speaks) English very well. LESSON LXI CONTRACTIONS In talking, the following expressions are usually shortened thus : I am is shortened to I'm. you are " you're, he is " he's, she is " she's. it is " it's. 113 that is is shortened to that's. what is " what's. who is " who's. -we are " we're. they are " they're. I have " I've. we have " we've. they have " they've. he is not " he isn't or he's not I cannot " I can't. I do not " I don't. he does not " he doesn't. EXERCISES Use contracted forms in these sentences: What is the matter? You are wrong. This is not Russia. He is my friend. It is true. Who is the foreman? I cannot go with you to-day. I have had the pleasure of meeting you before. ii4 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS That is not your affair. I am not interested in your story. Can you not come to court? I am a native of America. We do not work on Labor Day. He does not know what you mean. LESSON LXII WORDS THAT TELL "HOW" OR "IN WHAT MANNER" The man is slow. He works slowly. He is a rapid reader. He reads rapidly. Her dress is beautiful. She dresses beautifully My coat is warm. I am warmly dressed. The judge was kind. He spoke kindly. Use the following words in sentences: slowly easily lazily well poorly suddenly swiftly bright brightly slow rapid rapidly - easy brave bravely lazy wise wisely good soft softly poor hard hard sudden equal Squally - swift "HOW" OR "IN WHAT MANNER" 115 EXERCISES Fill the blank spaces with words that tell "how." The fire is burning I walk very Diamonds sparkle You speak English It is raining The door closed The money was divided between the chil- dren. He swam across the river. Our soldiers fought in the war. The man died The Belgian people were fed. the weeks go by.' General Foch decided to wait. it began to rain./ The nurse spoke to the wounded soldier. He turned around to look at her. She was dressed She came to his side. The tired man walks . LESSON LXIII PREPOSITIONS to for * in into of on .by near at from across against with /between- before xbehind among beside -_ over through below Xipon without X beyond under Read the following sentences, filling in the blanks with the correct preposition: I went a wedding. He took it me. This coat was stolen me. It belongs my brother. What's the matter you ? The table is covered flies. I have a reference my last employer. I am sorry you. Don't be angry the policeman. 116 PREPOSITIONS 117 Why are you laughing the man? We bought the shoes the shoemaker. The coat was made the tailor. Her dress is made silk. He walked the shop ten o'clock. Bathing is very good the health. Don't live your means. The floor is the feet. The apple falls the tree. Don't speak my back. He sat two ladies. May I ask you a light? He threw a ball the window. the door was a sign. The boat sailed the ocean. We take a bath breakfast. He was grateful me my kind- ness. Place your hands . . . .' the shoulders the man front of you. When you walk the room, put your hat . the closet. LESSON LXIV THE PROGRESSIVE FORM I work every day. Now I am working. I read English. At this moment I am read- ing English. Mr. Brown teaches all th~e time. He is teach- ing us now. These men learn to speak English. They are learning this evening. You speak every day. You are speaking now. The woman washes her clothes. She is wash- ing now. I take, to-day; every day; at the present time. You take. We take. He takes. You take. She takes. They take. It takes. 118 THE PROGRESSIVE FORM 119 I am taking, now; at this moment; at present. You are taking. We are taking. He is taking. You are taking. She is taking. They are taking. It is taking. Change the following sentences to the progressive form: The church bells ring. The people go to church. They sit in the pews. The minister reads the Bible. He delivers a sermon. The widow prays for her husband. I sing a hymn. You listen to me. We bow to our neighbors. Questions to be answered by the pupils: What are you doing now? What were you doing at Who is talking now? noon? Are you working now? What are you looking at? NOTE. Let a pupil perform several actions in succession and let the class describe the actions, e. g., you are sitting, you are stand- ing, you are walking, you are writing, etc. Vary the procedure by describing actions in different persons, e. g., he is walking, they are writing, etc. LESSON LXV ASKING YOUR WAY This advertisement was in a newspaper: WAXTED Cigarmakers Men and Women. Apply in person at the factory before 10 o'clock. Strauss & Co., 25 E. 34 St, John Smith saw this advertisement. He is a cigarmaker but he has no position. He met a policeman and asked him how to go to 25 East 34th Street. This is the conversation between John Smith and the policeman: John Smith: Excuse me, sir! Please tell me how to go to 25 East 34th Street Policeman: Take the Eighth Avenue car and get a transfer. Ride down to 34th Street and take the East 34th Street car. Ask the conductor to let you off at No. 25. John Smith: Thank you very much. Smith took the car and got off at 34th Street. He then asked a stranger which was the East 34th Street car. ASKING YOUR WAY 121 John Smith: I beg your pardon, can you tell me which is the East 34th Street car? Stranger: This car coming now goes east. How far do you want to go? John Smith: I want to go to No. 25 East 34th Street. Stranger: Ask the conductor to let you off. John Smith: I'm much obliged to you, sir. The conductor called out when Smith was near No. 25. He got off at the corner and walked a little distance until he came to the cigar factory of Strauss & Co. He went in- side and applied for the job. EXERCISES Conversation between two pupils: Ask how to go to the public library. To the theatre. To the park. To the museum. To the post-office. To the railroad station. To the bank. To the glove- counter hi the department store. (Xote to the Teacher: The teacher should participate in this dram- atization until the pupils have acquired confidence. Then let two bright pupils conduct the conversations and gradually draw in the less advanced pupils.) LESSON LXVI FORMS USED IN LETTERS TITLES To a man: Mr. James Smith. To an unmarried lady: Miss Mary White, To a boy: Master Fred Brown. To a married lady: Mrs. Bessie Green or Mrs. John Green. (The lady is married to John Green.) To a firm: Messrs. Green & Blue. To a company: The American Express Com- pany. Messrs. R. H. Macy & Co. Charles Scribner's Sons. To a lawyer: Ralph Emerson, Esq. To a physician: Dr. Henry Wile. To a public man: Hon. Theodore Roosevelt 122 FORMS USED IN LETTERS 123 SALUTATIONS To a man : Dear Sir: My dear Sir: Dear Mr My dear Mr. To a woman: Dear Madam: My dear Madam: Dear Miss My dear Miss Dear Mrs My dear Mrs. To a firm or to a company: Dear Sirs: Gentlemen: To a friend: My dear George, Dear George, My dear friend Tom, Friend Tom, Dear Tom, Complimentary close: Yours truly, Yours respectfully, Very truly yours, Yours sincerely, Your friend, LESSON LXVII LETTER ASKING FOR INFORMATION VA^?-^S _-i>7-t<^- *-*~t*^-^?^-&-->-i--^ / a^yf-^e^-^'^ff-->^i^^^^^c^>T^f--^^ I2S 126 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Write a letter to one of the following: To a vocational school for information and for catalogue of their courses. To the Postum Food Company for a sample of their goods. To the Victor Phonograph Company for a catalogue of their new records. To the Western Magazine Company, enclosing ten cents for a sample copy of their magazine. To the Ford Motor Compaay for information about terms of employment. To the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company for infor- mation about the cost of a policy for you. Be sure to give your age at your nearest birthday, what kind of policy you want, and for how much you wish to be insured. To the Lost and Found Department of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, asking whether an article which you lost has been found. Describe the article so that they may be sure it belongs to you. To the advertiser in the following advertisement: WANTED: 10 men for profitable work at home. No experience necessary. State age and education. R. 216 Times. LESSON LXVIII NUMBER EXERCISES 1st first. 12th twelfth. 2d second. 13th thirteenth. 3d third. 14th fourteenth. 4th fourth. 15th fifteenth. 5th fifth. 16th sixteenth. 6th sixth. 17th seventeenth. 7th seventh. 18th eighteenth. 8th eighth. 19th nineteenth. 9th ninth. 20th twentieth. 10th tenth. 21st twenty-first, llth eleventh. 100th one hundredth. The twelve months of the year are: January. May. September. February. June. October. March. July- November. April. August. December. What is the 1st month? What is the 12th month? What is the 3d month? What is the 5th month? 127 128 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS What is the 7th month? What is the 2d month? February is what month? November is what month? What day of the week is Sunday? Saturday? Wednesday? Thursday ? On what day of the month did school open? On what day of the month does Christmas come? New Year's? Here is a list of the first sixteen Presidents of the United States. George Washington. William Henry Harrison. John Adams. John Tyler. Thomas Jefferson. James K. Polk. James Madison. Zachary Taylor. James Monroe. Millard Fillmore. John Quincy Adams. Franklin Pierce. Andrew Jackson. James Buchanan. Martin Van Buren. Abraham Lincoln. Who was the first President? the fifteenth? the sixteenth? the eighth? the third? the fifth? the second? the seventh? the fourth? LESSON LXIX ORDERING GOODS BY MAIL Order by mail a bill of goods from any firm whose name you know. State the method of payment: whether it is C. O. D., or whether you enclose check, cash, money-order, or postal money-order, or whether you want the goods charged to your account. 129 LESSON LXX LETTER OF COMPLAINT NOTICE OF REMOVAL 131 Write a letter complaining that goods which you ordered have not arrived. Write a letter complaining that a bill of goods which you ordered failed to arrive on tune. Write a letter stating that the box in which goods were packed was opened. Write a letter complaining that the goods which you received were not the goods which you ordered. Write a letter saying that the goods which you received were poorly made. LESSON LXXI NOTICE OF REMOVAL - ''^Zfi-yr ^'C-^'3-7t-A->-t^ x/ / i 3 2 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Other ways of writing this letter: Read the model letters on this page. Write the same kind of letter to one of the following: The Dime Savings Bank. The New York Life Insurance Company. The Consolidated Gas Company. The principal of your school. The Home Life Insurance Company. Your employer. (To the Teacher: After careful study of the model for thought, vo- cabulary, and form, let pupils answer the questions orally. This will give them practice in speaking and at the same time help them when they come to write. While the rest of the class is writing on paper, let several pupils write their letters on the blackboard. Criticism of these letters written on the black- board will help to make the pupils self-critical.) LESSON LXXII LETTER OF COMPLAINT /Le*^>- b-?~&s /2*+-t4. /. i^^i^^^rrT^^f--<^c^G*s^i 'yZt^jb^f-t^S ' # y /*=}-/- <* &-^-*-*/-tx~^S f (-~^sds. -- ^-7"-f-2-?-^t- 7 -- \0p-&^y^*S t A _^-^->-^-t cf^ 134 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Write a letter to the Adams Express Company asking for information about a package which you shipped. Write a letter to the Westcott Express Company asking why your trunk failed to arrive. LESSON LXXIII ADDRESSING AN ENVELOPE Write your address on an envelope. Address an envelope to each of the following: The New York Life Insurance Company, 346 Broadway, New York City. Sears, Roebuck & Company, Chicago, HI. Henry Smith, in care of Jackson & Brown, 118 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Scribner's Magazine, 597 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Title. Salutation; LESSON LXXIV EXCUSE FOR ABSENCE *-+--&s Heading. Close, Name. 135 136 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Address. City or town. Date. Name of person to whom you write. Address. Name. Write a letter to your teacher telling why you were absent. Write a letter to the school telling the teacher why some other member of your family was absent. Write a letter to your employer telling him why you were absent from work or why you cannot go to work. What is the heading of a letter? What should the form of salutation be in writing to tach of the following: Curtis Brothers? James McCreery & Co.? Committee on Public Information? your teacher? your employer? the mayor of your town? LESSON LXXV AT THE THEATRE The other day I met my friend James. I was very glad to see him. He told me that he had a very good position and that he was doing well. He said: "Let's go to the theatre this evening." I said: "All right. What play shall we see?" We looked at the advertisements in the newspaper and made up our minds to see a musical comedy. We walked to the theatre. In front of the box-office there was a line of people waiting for tickets. The price-list near the box-office showed the prices charged for seats: PRICE-LIST Box Seats $2.00 each Orchestra.. 1.00 " 138 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Balcony: First three rows 75 each Other rows 50 " Gallery 25 " I heard my friend say: "Please let me have two fifty-cent seats." When the man gave him the tickets he said: "These seats are too far to the side. Have you nothing in the centre?" I think they had no better seats because James said : " Well, let me have seventy-five-cent seats." Then we entered the theatre. The doorman took our tickets, tore off the stubs, and gave us back the seat number. We showed our seat numbers to the usher. He showed us our seats. We could see the stage very well. The orchestra was playing and we had just time to glance at our programmes when the curtain rose and the play began. The curtain went down after the first act We had time to look around and saw many AT THE THEATRE 139 little red EXIT signs. We enjoyed the play very much, especially the music and the danc- ing. EXERCISES How often do you go to the theatre? Where do you like to sit in the theatre? What kind of plays do you like to see? What does the doorman do? the usher? Where is the curtain? the stage? the balcony? Where can you see the price-list? How can you find out what play to see? (To the Teacher: Instruct pupils to bring newspapers to school and teach them how to read advertisements of plays.) LESSON LXXVI YOU The word "you" always takes a plural verb in English, even when we speak to one person. We never say "you is" or "you was." We say "you are" and "you were." You are an American to-day. You were a foreigner not long ago. Your wife was sick yesterday. Were you able to work? Are you a citizen of the United States? The word you is used in speaking to one person as well as to more than one. We say: " John, you are a good boy." Here we are speaking to one boy. We say: "John and Fred, you are good children." " You Americans obey the law." Here we are speaking to more than one. 140 YOU 141 EXERCISES In the blank spaces below, choose the correct form of "was" or "were." Where you all day? When the men discharged? Our door locked. The stores closed on New Year's Day. you ready at six o'clock? The building destroyed by fire. the letter-carrier here? My letters mailed. The post-office closed. Why you absent from school ? With whom you at the theatre? You and I good friends. your friend working yesterday ? Whose book you reading? Your shoes well polished. /^ you ever discharged ? How much your wages? January and February cold months last year I sick and you my nurse. The children in school. Each man . . there with his wife. LESSON LXXVII IN A DEPARTMENT STORE CONVERSATION BETWEEN CUSTOMER AND SALESMAN "Good evening. What can I do for you?" "I'd like to see a man's suit, please." "For yourself?" "Yes. I want a good business suit in gray or brown." "Try this coat on, please. I want to see what size you wear. This fits very we'll You take size 38." "The sleeves are a little too long." " We can change that very easily. We make no charge for alterations." "I don't like this material. It's too rough. Please show me something better." "Here's a very fine suit, well tailored and very reasonable." IN A DEPARTMENT STORE 143 "Let me try this on, please. What is the price of this suit?" "You may have it for eighteen dollars Please step this way and put on the vest and trousers." "The shoulders need lifting and the trousers are too long." "Our tailor will alter that very easily." "When can the suit be ready?" "You may have it by Wednesday. Shall I send it or will you step in for it?" "Please send it to my home." "We have a special sale in ties. Let me show you some of them." "No, I don't need any, thank you. Good night." (To the Teacher: To secure variety, let pupils vary the sentences in the preceding lesson. Thus, instead of "What can I do for you?" accept such sentences as "What do you wish," "Can I do anything for you?" Each pupil should write a varied form of the important sentences in his note-book. These written con versation forms will make interesting reading to the class.) LESSON LXXVIII CONVERSATION EXERCISES The words on this page are used in buying and selling. Make sentences in which you use as many of these words as you know. Let two students act as salesman and customer. Make up a conversation in buying an article. Buy. Sell. Dear. Cheap. Bargain. Afford. Can't afford. How much ? What's the price of ? What does cost? Sale. Reduced. Soiled. Damaged. Torn. Broken. Send. Exchange. Return. Fit. Becoming. Tight. Loose. Big. Large. Small High. Low. Pretty. Ugly. Rough. Smooth. Coarse. Fine. Well made. Badly made. 144 CONVERSATION EXERCISES 145 Dark. Light. Shade. Credit. Change. Cash. C. O. D. Instalment. Check. Money-order. Articles to be bought: For Men: Shirt, collar, tie, gloves, underwear, sweater, hat, cap, shoes, slippers, socks, handkerchiefs, belt, overalls, suit, trousers (pants), overcoat. For Women: Waist, skirt, shoes, stockings, garters, gloves, underwear, shawl, belt, petticoat, suit, jacket, coat, hat, veil, ribbon. Goods are made of: Wool, cotton, silk, linen. Names of goods: Silk, velvet, satin, plush, wool, cotton, linen, muslin, calico, flannel, cambric. EXERCISES For written work and spelling: With books open, write a conversation between salesman and customer. Read your conversation lesson to the class. LXXIX PUBLIC SIGNS Last Sunday it was very warm and we de- cided to spend the day in the country. On our way we read all the signs which we saw. In the trolley-car there was this sign: SMOKING ON THE FOUR REAR SEATS ONLY When we arrived at the RAILROAD STATION we found that we had just missed a train. The gates were down and we had time to read several signs. In the WAITING-ROOM we noticed more signs : NO SMOKING SPITTING ON THE FLOOR PROHIBITED We looked around the room at all the win- dows and doors. Everything seemed to have a sign on it. There was the TICKET OFFICE 146 PUBLIC SIGNS 147 and the TELEGRAPH OFFICE. Next to that was a window marked INFORMATION. The busiest place of all seemed to be the BAGGAGE-ROOM. It was piled high with trunks and hand-bags. One door was marked NO ADMITTANCE and another had a sign on it which read PRIVATE. They did not want any one to enter either of these two doors. At last our train arrived. The conductor called ALL ABOARD; the whistle blew, and we were off for the country. In about an hour we got out at our station. There was a pretty little garden near by, but the children could not play there because they saw the sign KEEP OFF THE GRASS. We passed other pretty places, but we did not go near them because the signs warned us off. These were some of the signs: NO THOROUGHFARE NO TRESPASSING NO CROSSING COMMIT NO NUISANCE KEEP OUT 148 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS At last we came to a beautiful field which had no signs to keep us out, and we spent a very pleasant day in the country. LESSON LXXX CONVERSATION LESSON ON SIGNS Read the signs printed below and on pages 149 and 150. ; Where have you seen these signs? Pick out the signs which you see every day. What other signs do you see on your way to work? What signs do you see in your shop? Which of these signs is not clear to you? CHILDREN UNDER SIXTEEN NOT ADMITTED. HELP WANTED. MEN WANTED FOR THE UNITED STATES ARMY. MEN WANTED FOR THE UNITED STATES NAVY. DENTIST. DRUGGIST. APOTHECARY. CONVERSATION LESSON ON SIGNS 149 DOCTOR. OFFICE HOURS, 10 TO 11 A. M. 5 TO 6 P. M. TO LET. FOR RENT. FOR SALE. FIVE DOLLARS DOWN AND FIFTY CENTS A WEEK. FREIGHT ELEVATOR. UP-TOWN. DOWN-TOWN. U. S. MAIL. POLICE-STATION. HOSPITAL STREET. HANDS OFF. ENTRANCE AROUND THE CORNER. SCHOOL STREET DRIVE SLOWLY. PUSH. PULL. BEWARE OF THE DOG. DO NOT FEED OR ANNOY THE ANIMALS. SMOKING-ROOM. SAFETY FIRST. EXPRESS OFFICE. 150 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS DANGER. PAINT. POST NO BILLS. TELEPHONE PAY-STATION. FIRE-ESCAPE. FIRE-ALARM. MEN'S LAVATORY. FOR MEN. FOR WOMEN. THIS WAY OUT. PAY AS YOU ENTER. LESSON LXXXI THE WEATHER This is a very warm and pleasant day. The sun is shining brightly and there is not even one cloud in the sky. It is too warm for an overcoat. The paper says that we shall have showers this evening, but I do not always believe what the newspaper says. THE WEATHER 151 I shall not take an umbrella. Yesterday it rained very hard. The wind blew and the rain came down in torrents. I forgot to take my rubbers and I caught a very bad cold. I do not feel well in rainy weather. Everything is cold and damp. My clothing clings to my body, and yet I know that we must have rain. The farmers need rain for their crops. In winter the snow falls and covers the streets and fields. When the warm weather comes the snow becomes soft and then we have slush. Snow keeps the plants warm. It is like a white blanket. The cold north wind cannot freeze the little plants. (To the Teacher: Teach pupils to find and to read weather notices in the newspapers.) LESSON LXXXII CONVERSATION ON THE WEATHER "How do you feel?" "I am very well, thank you. How are the children?" "They are all right, thanks. Isn't the weather fine?" "Yes, the sun feels fine after all the rain we've been having." "Don't you like the rain?" "I don't mind the rain, but I don't like the wind. I'm afraid we're going to have a storm." "No, I think not. It's too early in the season for a storm." "Don't you remember at this time last year we had a snow-storm?" "Well, I hope we shan't have any storm now. It would spoil my business." "We can't complain of the weather in this part of the country." CONVERSATION ON THE WEATHER 153 " No, the weather is mild most of the year." "Yes, we never have great changes." "The Summers are hot, but they don't last long." "But aren't the Winters cold?" "True, our Winters are cold, but the frost does not stay long." " I know some people who go south in Winter and north in Summer." "Where do they go?" "They go to Florida and other southern resorts during the cold weather. There they can bathe in the ocean in December and January. When it gets hot they go north to the mountains." EXERCISES What season do you like best? How can you tell what the weather will be? How does the farmer tell? Tell the class about the worst storm you saw. Talk to the class about the weather in the country from which you came. LESSON LXXXIII CONVERSATION ON TRADE-SCHOOLS Mr. Brown: How are you, Mr. Young? Mr. Young: I am very well, thank you. How is Mrs. Brown? Mr. Brown: Mrs. Brown is not feeling very well. She has a toothache. How is business? Mr. Young: Business is poor just now. We have had a dull season and I have been laid off. Mr. Brown : I am sorry to hear that. You ought to learn a trade. Mr. Young: I wish I could. I don't speak English well enough. Mr. Brown: Well, you can remedy that; go to night school. It's free. Mr. Young: I am going to night school and I am learning English, but they don't teach me a trade. 154 CONVERSATION ON TRADE-SCHOOLS 155 Mr. Brown: No; that's true; but after you speak English well enough you can find out where you can learn a trade. Mr. Young: Are there free trade-schools in this country ? Mr. Brown: Oh, yes! Find out about them in the evening school. Mr. Young: Has the teacher a list of trade- schools ? Mr. Brown: I don't know whether they have such a list, but the teacher can easily find out where you can learn a trade, if you are interested. Mr. Young: Thank you very much. Give my regards to Mrs. Brown. Mr. Brown: Thank you, I shall. I wish you would come to see us. We shall be very glad to see you and learn how you are getting along. Mr. Young: I'll let you know just as soon as I've found a school. Good night. LESSON LXXXIV HE, SHE, IT, THEY Read the sentences below and fill in the blank spaces as follows: He for a man or a boy. She for a woman or a girl. // for a thing. They for two or more~ persons or things. John is a butcher. works very hard. Mary works in a laundry. earns ten dollars a week. The cook baked a pie. tasted very good. The window is shut. Please open Take this boy home is lost. Where are my tools ? are in the shop. Have you seen my son? Yes; just went to school. 156 HIS, HER, THEIR 157 The boss wants two men must be experienced men. Where did you put my shovel ? I put in the cellar. Is the table set? Yes, is set. This knife is sharp is made of steel. The waitress serves my lunch is very neat. LESSON LXXXV HIS, HER, THEIR In the sentences below, say HIS when speaking of one male (a man or a boy); say HER when speaking of one female (a woman or a girl); say THEIR when speaking of two or more persons. The man is eating dinner. The wife is sewing dress. They live in own house. The girl is playing with doll. 158 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS The boy is studying lessons. Every man must know ; business. Each maid has room. Let every man do duty. Has any one lost rubbers? All Americans honor flag. Everybody wants to do things in own way. Taking tools, the carpenter walked away. The children saw father for the first time in two years. When work is done, the mother sits down to rest. The women in this country deserve freedom. Taking child in arms, John cried for joy. Jones & Smith employed the girl in store. Before the soldiers stood com- mander. LESSON LXXXVI VEGETABLES Americans like many vegetables with their meals. There are some people who eat nothing but vegetables. Vegetables are very healthful food. At every meal, Americans eat some vegetable, and sometimes they eat three or four vegetables. We eat potatoes boiled, mashed, or fried. Tomatoes are sliced and eaten raw with 159 i6o ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS salt and pepper. Tomatoes, potatoes, celery, and carrots are used to give soup a flavor. Beans, peas, and carrots are eaten as side dishes. In the summer-time, fresh green lettuce is eaten as a salad, with vinegar, oil, and pepper. Garlic and onions are sometimes used to give flavor to meat and soup, but Americans rarely eat raw onions. The smell of onions and garlic is so strong that we can telj when a person has eaten them. When you smell onions or garlic on a person's breath, you will usually find that this person has not been very long in America. American cooking is very plain. We do not like greasy or fatty foods nor do we like very strong seasoning. EXERCISES What vegetables do you like? How do you prepare your vegetables? Why are vegetables good for you? At what meals do you eat vegetables? LESSON LXXXVII THEATRE EXITS Every theatre has a ticket-office where you buy your ticket. Before you enter, the man at the door takes your ticket and drops it into a box, or he tears the ticket in half and gives you one part and he keeps the other part. As soon as you enter, the usher shows you to your seat. In front of you is the stage. The orchestra usually sits in front of the stage. All around the room you will see little signs in red or white marked EXIT, The sign means that you may go out by that door. When you enter a theatre, pick out the nearest exit. Go out by the nearest exit if there is any danger of fire or panic. Never run, shout, or push in any public place like a theatre, church, or school. Acci- dents happen because people become frightened 161 162 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS when they hear some one call "FIRE!" They then push, run, and trample the people who fall down. Many have lost their lives in such panics. Keep cool and keep out of crowds. There is very little danger if you do not get excited and lose your head. Most schools and theatres can be emptied in less than three minutes if you walk out in an orderly way. There is great danger, however, when there is crowding at the exits. EXERCISES What does the sign EXIT mean? What does the sign ENTRANCE mean? What other signs do you see in a theatre? What other signs do you see in a shop? What do you see when you enter a theatre? How do accidents occur in public places? How can they be prevented? Tell how you buy a ticket for the theatre. Read the first paragraph, changing every sentence to the past tense. LESSON LXXXVIII PRESENT PERFECT I have slept, eaten, washed, worked. You have slept, eaten, washed, worked. He has slept, eaten, washed, worked. She has slept, eaten, washed, worked. It has slept, eaten. We have slept, eaten, washed, worked. You have slept, eaten, washed, worked. They have slept, eaten, washed, worked. The form just used is the present perfect tense. Tense means time. It is called present be- cause the time is always present to-day this week this year this month or any time that is still going on. It is called perfect because the action is perfected or finished. Therefore we use the present perfect tense when we wish to express an action which is completed but the time in which the action is completed is not yet past. 163 i64 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS I have worked hard this week. I worked hard last week. It has rained all day. It rained yesterday. This month we have made no progress. Last month we made much progress. During the present year there have been many changes. Last year there were many changes. In the first sentence we say "I have worked hard this week" because the week is not yet over. We say "I worked hard last week" be- cause last week is all past. EXERCISES (Insert the proper form.) Many years ago I in Europe (live). Last night we a new book (read). I that story before (hear). The children you do it (see). All my life I him (know). When he became sick they him home (take). LESSON LXXXIX THE SEASONS The four seasons of the year are SPRING, SUMMER, AUTUMN (or FALL), and WIN- TER. Summer is the hot season in this country and comes during the months of June, July, and August. The leaves and grass are green and the trees are in full bloom in summer-time. This is the busy time for the farmer. From early morning until late at night the farmer takes care of his garden, his crops, and his cattle. Many farmers keep boarders during the Summer. People in the cities like to go away from the hot streets. They go to the cool places in the mountains, to the farms, or to the ocean breezes at the seashore. Even the very poor people go to a park or to a resort on Sundays or holidays. Central Park, in New York City, is crowded during the 165 166 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Summer on every Saturday and Sunday. Thousands of people bathe in the ocean at Coney Island or at the other seaside resorts near New York City. After Summer comes Autumn (or Fall) dur- ing the months of September, October, and November. The beginning of Autumn is usually very pleasant. Some people prefer (like better) Autumn to any other season. Now the leaves begin to fall and cover the grass with a brown carpet. Now the Summer boarders come back to the city. The children return to school and business goes on as usual. December is the first Winter month. De- cember, January, and February are the Winter months, but cold weather sometimes comes ear- lier, in November or in October. In the north- ern part of the country the ground is fre- quently covered with snow by Thanksgiving Day. Even if the weather is mild it is good to have warm Winter clothing. IK snow or rain it is wise to wear rubbers or rubber boots. THE SEASONS 167 Many people catch colds by going out in rainy or in slushy weather without protection for the feet. These colds are dangerous because they lead to more dangerous sicknesses like grippe, pneumonia, and consumption. The weather changes very quickly and some- times without warning. It is best to be pre- pared during the Winter by wearing Winter clothing until the Winter is over. EXERCISES What are the four seasons? In what season is January? September? July? March? When is the farmer's busy time? Where do city people go in the Summer ? Which season do you prefer? Why do you like Autumn? When does the grass begin to grow? In what season do we have snow? What kind of clothing must we wear in Winter? Why should we wear rubbers in rainy weather? What season have we now? What is the cold season of the year? What does the farmer do during each season? LESSON XC SAFETY FIRST Every year thousands of people are hurt or killed because they are not careful. Foolish people take risks, unnecessarily. Wise people believe in safety first. In large cities there is a policeman stationed at busy street corners. He holds up his hand, and all the traffic stops to let the people cross 168 SAFETY FIRST 169 the street Then he blows a whistle and the traffic goes on. Sometimes the policeman has a sign showing which way traffic may go on. Many people are hurt and killed in panics because they do not obey simple rules. In every theatre in large cities you will find some such notice as this printed in your programme: FIRE NOTICE Look around NOW and choose the nearest exit to your seat. In case of fire, walk (not run) to THAT exit. Do not try to beat your neighbor to the street. ROBERT JONES, Fire Commissioner. It is dangerous to cross the street where automobiles, wagons, and horses are going. At every crossing, railroads place a sign which reads: DANGER CROSSING or STOP LOOK LISTEN. Children especially like to take risks. They jump on cars, hold on to swiftly moving wag- ons while skating, stand on the steps of ice- 170 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS wagons, and run in front of automobiles and wagons. They do these things because chil- dren must play and must be active. A good, strong, healthy child can no more keep still than a kitten. It is natural that a child should play. In order that a child may not be hurt while playing we must provide suitable play places where the growing child will not be tempted to take great risks. Playgrounds and recreation centres are fine places for children because they can play without danger. Every city and every town must provide play space for its children. Find out who has charge of the playgrounds in your town and what is being done to make the streets safe. EXERCISES What safety devices are there in your factory? Could anything be done to make the work safer? Where do the children in your town play? Is it safe? What ought to be done to make playing safe? Who could do this for the children? How could you start a movement for safe playgrounds? LESSON XCI AN INVITATION TO THE THEATRE (The teacher should take part in the dramatization to give con- fidence to the pupils. After the most advanced pupils have had an opportunity to act out the parts the slower pupils may be called upon for dramatization.) ON THE STREET "Good evening, John." " How do you do, Mr. Curry. I'm glad to see you." (They shake hands.) "Have you anything to do this evening?" "Not particularly. I was just going for a walk." " I want you to be my guest at the theatre this evening." "That's very kind of you, Mr. Curry. I'll be glad to go with you." "What do you want to see?" " I don't know. I haven't seen a play for a long time." "Do you like comedy or tragedy? Or per- haps you'd like to see something musical?" 171 172 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS "Let's see the advertisements in the news- paper." (They examine the advertisements in the newspaper.) " Here is a play that everybody likes." "Very well. I'd like to see it." (They walk to the theatre.) AT THE BOX-OFFICE "Give me two orchestra seats, please." "Orchestra seats are all sold. I have some good balcony seats left." "Where are they?" "Second row, centre." " I'll take them." (Takes tickets and pays for them.) AT THE TICKET-TAKER'S BOX "Tickets, please!" "Here they are." (Tears off the stubs and hands them back to Mr. Curry.) "Take the staircase to the right." "Thank you." AN INVITATION TO THE THEATRE 173 INSIDE THE THEATRE "Your tickets, please!" (Looks at the stubs and walks toward seats, followed by Mr. Curry and by John.) "May I have a programme?" "Certainly. Here are programmes." "Thank you." (They sit down.) AFTER THE PERFORMANCE "Well, what did you think of the play?" "It was splendid. Did you like the star?" "No. I have seen her in plays that I liked better. What do you think of her?" "I have never seen her before and so can't compare her acting in other plays with her performance to-night." " Her company is very good, especially her leading man." "I want to thank you for a pleasant eve- ning." "Not at all. It was a pleasure to have you with me." LESSON XCII CHANGING POSITION Mr. Nelson is a stonecutter. He has no work. He cannot find a position in this town. He sees this advertisement in a newspaper: WANTED. Experienced Stonecutter. Steady work. $4.00 a day. Duff & Thomas, 406 Granger Street, Cleveland, Ohio. Mr. Nelson investigates this offer. This means that he finds out something about Duff & Thomas before he takes the train for Cleve- land. He goes to see his old foreman. The foreman gives Mr. Nelson some good advice. He says: "Duff & Thomas is a good concern, but how do you know that they will keep you? The best thing to do is to write them a letter. Tell them about your work and ask them if the work is steady." Mr. Nelson takes the advice. He writes the following letter: 174 6w>o-x. ( c^e^i^-e^e^-ct^^i^- -c^ f \^s~fL*o. I7C 176 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS To this letter Mr. Nelson received the fol- lowing reply: DUFF & THOMAS STONECUTTERS 406 Granger Street Cleveland, Ohio, Jan. 5, 1915. Mr. Robert Nelson, 485 East 3rd St., New York City. Dear Sir: Please come to work at once. We have steady employ- ment for you, ii your work is satisfactory. Kindly bring your references. Yours truly, Duff & Thomas. LESSON XCIII CHANGING POSITION (CONTINUED) Mr. Nelson talks the matter over with his wife and he decides (makes up his mind) to go to Cleveland. He does not know whether he should take his wife along or not. This is a very serious question. Finally (at last) they decide that Mrs. Nelson will stay in New York until Mr. Nelson can find a home for his family in Cleveland. Now everybody is busy in the house. Mr. Nelson packs his trunk. Mrs. Nelson mends the socks, irons the shirts and the handker chiefs. The children run about the house bringing what Mr. Nelson wants. Then the expressman calls for the trunk. He gives Mr. Nelson a check and takes the trunk to the railroad station. At last the time for parting 177 178 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS comes. Nobody is very happy. Even the baby cries, although she does not understand what it is all about. Carrying a grip (bag, satchel), Mr. Nelson walks quickly to the railroad station. He goes to the window marked: TICKETS He buys a ticket, then goes to the baggage office. Here he shows his railroad ticket and the baggage check which the expressman gave him. The baggage-master punches his railroad ticket and gives Mr. Nelson another baggage check. In a few minutes he hears a man call out : " Two-o'clock train for the West. Track number 15. Albany, Utica, Syracuse, Buffalo, Cleveland." Mr. Nelson goes aboard the train and finds a comfortable seat. The seat is not comfortable very long. After riding several hours in the day coach our friend becomes very tired. He cannot sleep. The seat in front is too close, so that he cannot even stretch his legs. The conductor passes through, and a man CHANGING POSITION 179 near by asks if the train carries any sleepers. Mr. Nelson wants to know what a sleeper is. The conductor says : " Come along with me and I'll show you." They go into the next car and see a colored porter making beds out of the seats. One bed is let down from the side of the car and one bed is made from the seat. These are called berths. When they are made up they look like the berths on the steamer on which you crossed the ocean. The upper berth is cheaper than the lower berth, but either is too expensive for our traveller. He makes up his mind to try to sleep in the day coach. He shuts his eyes and tries to fall asleep, but the jolting of the car keeps him awake. At last he dozes, only to be awakened when the train stops at a station. After a very long journey, Mr. Nelson hears the conductor call out : " Cleveland Cleveland this station is Cleveland." He gets out, takes his grip in his hand, and asks his way to Duff & Thomas's place of business. LESSON XCIV HOW MR. NELSON FURNISHED HIS FLAT When Mr. Nelson had been in Cleveland two years he had saved enough money to send for his wife. When Mrs. Nelson came they lived in a boarding-house for three weeks. Mrs. Nelson wanted her own home. They looked for a flat. Mr. Nelson rented a four-room flat on Darcy Street. It was on the second floor in front. The flat had a kitchen, dining-room, parlor, bedroom, and a bath. The landlord furnished heat for the water, but the tenant must heat the flat himself. In the kitchen there was a coal-stove for cooking, baking, and heating, in the Winter-time, arid also a gas-stove for use in the Summer-time. The landlord gave every tenant a big ice-box to use. The closet for dishes was not very large, but it was large enough for a small family. Mr. Nelson bought some pretty oilcloth for the 1*0 HOW MR. NELSON FURNISHED HIS FLAT 181 floor of the kitchen. Besides the kitchen table, Mrs. Nelson wanted a set of dishes, some pots and pans and cutlery (knives, forks, and spoons). Mr. Nelson wanted to buy some furniture. He bought a newspaper and in it he saw this advertisement : CLEARANCE SALE ARTISTIC FURNITURE SEE SOME OF OUR BARGAINS Dining-Room Suite, nine pieces $100.00 Extension Table One Armchair Five Chairs Sideboard China-Closet Bedroom Suite, three pieces 60.00 Bed, Dresser, and Chiffonier Living-Room Suite, three pieces 80.00 Sofa, Chair, and Rocker, Upholstered in Leather These are examples of the bargains in this sale. The beauty and workmanship of this furniture can be appreciated only when you see it. The chairs have real leather seats. JOHNSON FURNITURE COMPANY 420 Broadway. i8 2 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS Mr. and Mrs. Nelson went to the furniture store and picked out these things : For the Living-Room, or Parlor. A Rug A Rocker A Table A Pair of Curtains A Sofa Three Pictures Three Chairs For the Dining-Room. An Extension Table -'. A Sideboard Five Side Chairs A China-Closet One Armchair A Rug For the Bedroom. A Bed Two Pillows A Mattress A Dresser A Spring A Chiffonier A Rug EXERCISES What furniture have you in your bedroom ? Did Mr. Nelson buy any furniture which you have not in your home ? What furniture would you like for your kitchen ? What furniture does your landlord provide in your home? LESSON XCV HOW MR. NELSON FURNISHED HIS FLAT (CONTINUED) Mrs. Nelson did not want to spend any more money. She said that she would make curtains for the bedroom and the dining-room later. The proprietor of the store was anxious to sell them more furniture and was willing to trust them. Mr. Nelson did not wish to buy goods on the instalment plan. He said he would pay cash for everything and that he would wait for those things which he could aot afford to buy now. When the furniture was placed in their new home, Mr. and Mrs. Nelson were very well satisfied with what they had bought. They had a very cheerful home. When Mr. Nelson bought the furniture the salesman said: " If there is anything the 183 184 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS matter with the furniture when it arrives, let us know and we shall be glad to repair it." Soon after the furniture was placed in the new flat they noticed a scratch on the dining- room table and that the glass in the china- closet was broken. Mr. Nelson was working and had no time to go to the furniture store. Mrs. Nelson could not speak English. But Mr. Nelson had learned English in the night- schools. He wrote this letter: 68 Darcy St., Cleveland, Ohio : , Jan. 10, 1917. The Johnson Furniture Co., 420 Broadway. Gentlemen: Last week you sold me some furniture, and you promised to repair anything which was not right. My dining-room table is badly scratched and the glass in the china-closet is broken. Kindly send some one to polish the table and to repair the china-closet, and oblige, Yours very truly, ROBERT NELSON. HOW MR. NELSON FURNISHED HIS FLAT 185 The next day a man came and repaired everything. Mrs. Nelson was very glad that she had bought her furniture from an honest firm. When the neighbors visited her, Mrs. Nelson was very proud to hear them say: "What a beautiful home you have!" EXERCISES Write a letter complaining that goods which you bought came damaged. Why did Mr. Nelson write a letter? What did the salesman promise Mr. Nelson? Did he keep his promise? How did Mrs. Nelson feel when the furniture was re- paired ? Read the story in the present tense. How many rooms are there in your house? What do you call each room? Name the furniture in your bedroom, dining-room, living- room, kitchen. Where do you put curtains, pictures, rugs? For what room did Mr. Nelson buy chairs, a china-closet, a dresser, a sofa? LESSON XCVI OUR SCHOOL DANCE Before every holiday our school gives a party or dance to the scholars and their friends. Last year we had a dance the evening be fore Christmas and another one the evening before Easter. All the men came with their wives, their sisters, or their sweethearts. The women, too, brought their husbands and their brothers. A committee of teachers and pupils took charge of all arrangements. They hired a band of four pieces a piano, a violin, a cornet, and a drum. The large room was beautifully decorated with American flags. In one corner was a table. It held a large bowl of lemonade and glasses. A young lady served lemonade to every one. At 8 o'clock the room was full. The men 1 86 OUR SCHOOL DANCE 187 and women, dressed in their Sunday clothes, looked fine. Soon the band played a waltz and every one who could dance took a partner for the dance. I do not know how to dance American dances, so I watched. I saw some young men who were very bashful. They wanted to dance but did not know how to ask the young ladies to dance. One of the teachers then introduced a young man near me to a girl. I heard the teacher say: " Miss Brown, let me introduce to you Mr. Thomas." Miss Brown : " I am pleased to meet you." Mr. Thomas : " I am very glad to know you. May I have the pleasure of dancing with you?" Miss Brown : " Certainly." And they waltzed around the room until the music stopped. Mr. Thomas then brought the lady back to her seat, bowed, and said : " I enjoyed that dance very much." She smiled sweetly and said: "Thank vou." i88 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS EXERCISES Introduce one of the pupils in your class to the teacher. Ask a lady in the room to dance with you. Compliment the lady on her dancing. Do you dance? Does the school give dances? When is Christmas? New Year's? Thanksgiving Day? Easter ? LESSON XCVII THE POLICEMAN The United States is a republic. In a republic the people rule. In a monarchy a king or a prince rules. In a republic all officers are the servants of the people. They must obey and carry out the laws which the people, through their representatives, make. We, the people, pay the policeman to see that our laws are obeyed. The laws are made for your protection and for mine. The policeman is your friend and not your enemy. If you are lost or if you do not know how to find THE POLICEMAN 189 your way, ask a policeman. He will tell you. The policeman protects you from others who wish to do you harm. He sees that the streets and the roads are safe for you to cross. Here are some simple rules for you to follow; these rules are made for the benefit of all decent citizens, and it is the duty of the police- man to arrest people who do not obey these rules : Do not spit on the floor of a train or on the floor of any public building or on the sidewalk. This law protects you against dirt and sickness. Do not throw banana-peels, papers, dirt, or garbage on the street. Do not obstruct the sidewalk. This means that you must not put furniture, boxes, push-carts on the sidewalk, because other people will not be able to pass. Do not put anything on the fire-escapes. Some people obstruct the fire-escape by putting flower-pots, bed- ding, and other articles there. The fire-escapes must be free so that you can use them in case of danger. Most fire-escapes have on them a little sign which reads as follows: 190 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS NOTICE Any one placing any encumbrance on this balcony will be fined $10.00. Look for this little sign on your fire-escape. Always obey a policeman when he says "Move on." He must see that crowds do not gather in the public streets. Crowds sometimes make riots and riots cause damage to people and to property. If you want to talk things over, go with your friends to a room or to a hall, and no one will trouble you. A golden rule to follow is: "Do unto others as you would have others do unto you." If you always follow this rule the policeman will be your friend, you will be the policeman's friend, and you will be a welcome citizen in America. EXERCISES What is a republic? What is a monarchy? Who rules in the United States? Who makes the laws in a republic? Name some of the duties of a policeman. Whose servant is the policeman? Why do we have laws? LESSON XCVIII THE POST-OFFICE Every town in this country has a post- office. It sends your letters and postal cards to all parts of the world. The cost of sending a letter is very little. You pay three cents for sending a letter to any part of the United States, its colonies, or to England, and you pay five cents for sending a letter to any other part of the world. If a letter is heavy, you must have it weighed at the post-office. The clerk will tell you how much it will cost. You must buy stamps to put on the letter before mailing it. After you drop your letter into the letter-box, a letter-carrier will take it away to the post-office, and from there it is sent to the person addressed. It is wise to have your name on the envelope as well as IQI i 9 2 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS the name of the person to whom you send your letter. Put your name on the upper left- hand corner like this: If you wish your letter to arrive very quickly, you must put a special-delivery stamp on it. This will cost ten cents extra. A special messenger will then deliver the letter to the person to whom it is sent before the letter-carrier would deliver it. Sometimes you want to be sure that your letter was received. You must then take it to the post-office and have it registered. That means that the post- master will make out a receipt which the receiver of the letter must sign. The letter- carrier will then bring you this signed receipt. THE POST-OFFICE 193 Packages and parcels may be sent by the parcel post. Before sending a package, take it to the post-office, have it weighed, and place the right amount of stamps on the package. You must be sure that your name is on the package. If it is valuable, you ought to insure it. This will cost only a few cents more. Then, if the package is lost, the post-office will pay you the amount for which you in- sured it. You can save money by depositing it in the postal savings-bank. You may deposit any sum from ten cents up at any time during office hours, from 8 o'clock in the morning until 8 o'clock at night, except on Sundays and holidays, when the post-office is not open. Deposits draw interest at the rate of two per cent a year. It is not safe to send money in a letter. A better way is to send money by postal money- order. The post-office charges for this service according to the amount to be sent and the 194 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS distance to which you send it. Below is given a sample money-order blank. No. Stimp of Issuing Offlc* DOLLARS CCMT8 (Form No. 0001) Jfafii (Offtrr Department THIRD ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GENERAL DIVISION OF MONEY ORDERS The Postmaster will Insert here j,, ......................................... ........n ,. the office drawn on, when tbe office named by the remitter In tbe body of tbls application Is not a Money order Office. Spaces abore Ibis I Ine are for the Postmaster's record, to be filled In by him. Application for Domestic Money Order Spaces below to be filled In by purchaser, or. If necessary, by another person for him Amount Dollars Cents Pay to ( Order of / of pcraeu or flrm for wbum order It In Whose Address bose ) Idress } is j Ho. _ ,,,,.,,, __^~. Street Post ) Office / Stale. Sent by iNuue of Sender) .Street PURCHASER MUST SEND ORDER AND COUPON TO PAYEE THE POST-OFFICE 195 The back of the money-order blank reads as follows : Fees for Money Orders drawn on Domestic Form Payable in the United States (which includes Guam, Hawaii, Porto Rico and Tutuila, Samoa) ; or payable in Bermuda, British Guiana, British Honduras, Canada, Canal Zone (Isthmus of Panama), Cuba, Newfoundland, at the United States Postal Agency at Shanghai (China), in the Philippine Islands, or the following islands in the West Indies: Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Trinidad and Tobago, and Virgin Islands. For Orders From 5 0.01 to 8 2.50 From 2.51 to 8 5.00 From 9 5.01 to 8 10.00 From 510.01 to 8 20.00 From 520.01 to 8 30.00 From 830.01 to 8 40.00 From $40.01 to 8 50.00 From 5-30.01 to 8 60.00 From 560.01 to 8 75.00 From 875.01 to $100.00 . Scents. . Scents. . Scents. .16 cents. .12 cents. .15 cents. .18 cents. .20 cents. .25 cents. .30 cents. Memoranda of Issuing Postmaster: Norm. The msitmum amount for which a tingle Money Order may be tuned U $100. Who A larger sum li to be sent additional Orders mast be obtained. Any number of Order* may b Iravn oa any Mooey Order office on any one day. Application a mut be preserved at the office of issue for three yean from date of bioe. (EDITION Feb.. 1915.) i 9 6 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS (To the Teacher: Obtain copies of postal money-order blanks and distribute them to each pupil. Teach them how to fill them in and how to find the cost of sending money from your home town to their native places and various other places in which they are interested.) EXERCISES Where is the nearest post-office? Where do you buy stamps for your letters? Address an envelope to a relative or to a friend in your own country. How can you send money by the post-office? Read the front and back of the money-order blank on pages 194-195- What is the largest amount you can send in one money- order ? How much will it cost to send forty-five dollars from New York City to Chicago? How much will it cost to send fifteen dollars to a person in your own town? How can you make a letter arrive quickly? Why do some people register their letters? How much does it cost to send a package by parcel post in your own town? From your town to New York, Boston, Providence, Chicago, Pittsburg, San Francisco, Detroit, Buffalo? LESSON XCIX CASH OR CREDIT Most people buy the things that they need only when they have money. We say such people buy for cash. Most retail stores like to sell for cash. Sometimes they show a sign in their place of business to tell their customers that GOODS ARE SOLD FOR CASH ONLY But people do not always pay cash for what they buy. We say they buy on credit. It is always cheaper to pay cash rather than to buy on credit. You always pay more when you do not pay cash. Some people like to buy and pay on the instalment plan. That means they pay a little every week or every month until the whole amount is paid. For example: a person buys 198 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS furniture for one hundred dollars. He pays twenty-five dollars cash and then he pays four or five dollars a week until the balance of seventy-five dollars is paid. Such a person is paying instalments of four or five dollars a week. Furniture dealers like to sell on credit be- cause they can take the furniture back if you do not pay. Buying on the instalment plan is much dearer than buying for cash. The furniture which costs one hundred dollars on the instal- ment plan can probably be bought for seventy- five dollars in cash. But the worst thing about instalment buying is the fact that many of us buy things we do not need. EXERCISES What other things are sold on the instalment plan? Did you ever buy on the instalment plan? How much more did you pay than if you had paid cash? Why is it bad to buy on the instalment plan? Examine the newspaper and pick out the names of stores that do an instalment business. LESSON C WHAT IS YOUR ADVICE? In our house lived three families whom I shall call Blue, Brown, and Black. They each had two children, a boy and a girl. Mr. Blue's boy as well as his girl goes to school. Mr. Black, however, is not so well off, and either the boy or the girl will go to school, but he cannot afford to send both. If he sends the boy to school the girl must help her mother, and if the girl goes to school the boy must help his father; one of them must work so that the family may be supported. Mr. Brown thought that the girl ought to go to school rather than the boy, because she was brighter and because she needs the oppor- tunity which schooling will give her. Mr. Black said that although the girl was brighter she was more needed at home than the boy. What would you advise? 199 200 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS EXERCISES Fill the blank spaces in these sentences by adding another thought of your own: Children must go to school so that I shall learn English if My parents are wiser than He does not speak English because This man is very poor although I shall become a citizen when Fill the blank spaces by using the proper conjunction: America France are republics. Japan nor England is a republic. You are Russian he is Italian. We shall go to the country the weather is fine. The maid said dinner is served. He remained at home he was sick. He went to work he was sick. Take a seat in the library . : in the dining- room. We finished our work the clock struck six. They will come to school the train is on time. LESSON CI OBTAINING A LICENSE Henry Stolz came to this country from Swe- den. He was a carpenter in his mother coun- try, but because he did not know how to speak English he could not find a job at his trade. He lived with a family who came from the same town, and they advised him to rent a pushcart, buy a barrel of apples, and peddle them. He did so. The first day he took in three dollars and twenty cents, and he figured that he had made a profit of one dollar and fifty cents. The next day a policeman came and said: "Show me your license." Henry had no license and he had to go to court with the policeman. Then the judge told him that he must get a license before he could peddle, and that if he was ar- rested again the judge would fine him five dollars. Henry went to the city hall and re- 202 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS ceived a license for two dollars and fifty cents. After that he was never again arrested. Not only pedlers, but lawyers, doctors, drug- gists, and dentists must also get licenses before they may practice. These must pass an exam- ination to make sure that they know their business. The Department of Health gives permits to milk dealers so as to make sure that the milk is fit for human beings. It is easy to get a license, and all good citizens obey the law very gladly. Liquor dealers, pawnbrokers, and theatres must also get licenses before they can open for business. In every saloon window you will see a license. People who wish to get married must go to the License Bureau and get a license before they can marry. A priest, rabbi, or minister who marries a couple must see the license before he can perform the ceremony. If he marries them without a license he may be fined and sent to prison. OBTAINING A LICENSE 203 No one can carry concealed weapons without a license. The penalty is very severe for any one who disobeys this law. A concealed weapon is anything which can harm another! person. A revolver, a large knife, a razor, or anything else which may be used to hurt a person must not be carried by any one unless he has a license to do so. Licenses are re- quired for chauffeurs and for the holding of mass-meetings and parades. , If you have a license, the police will not trouble you but instead will protect you. EXERCISES For what must you obtain a license? Do you think a license law is a good law? Why? Can you think of anything else for which a license ought to be necessary? Must you have a license for your business? Where can you get a license? Examine your pockets. Do you carry anything which might be called a "concealed weapon"? How many inches does the largest blade in your pocket knife measure? LESSON. CII WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE In case of fire notify the Fire Department at once. You can do this if you keep cool and do not get excited. If you see a fire, go to the nearest fire-alarm box and send in an alarm. Then wait until the fire-engines come and tell them where the fire is. If you do not know where a fire-alarm box is go to the nearest telephone and ask for Fire Headquar- ters. Tell the operator where the fire is. When you enter a strange building look, around for the exits and the fire-escapes. Then 204 WHAT TO DO IN CASE OF FIRE 205 if a fire breaks out go to the nearest exit and walk out. Do not run or try to get to the exit before the people in front of you. If you are in school, and a fire breaks out, obey orders and you will be sure to get out safely. In all well-conducted schools and shops the people are trained to go out quietly and quickly. This is called a FIRE DRILL. People have lost their lives in theatres and in shops because they did not obey these simple rules. TELEPHONE CONVERSATION "Hello! I want to report a fire." "I'll connect you with the Fire Department." "Is this the Fire Department?" "Yes. What can I do for you?" "There is a fire at the corner of State and Clinton Streets opposite the hotel." "Thank you. We'll send the engines at once." LESSON CIII FIRE PREVENTION When John Scutai came to America he took his wife and two children to a little flat of three rooms on the top floor of a tenement house. The other tenants in the house were his countrymen who spoke the same language and worked at the same trade. The house was a four-story frame building; that is, it was made of wood. There was a cellar in the basement of the house where each tenant kept the things he did not need or for which there was no room in the flat. One day Scutai came home and found the fire-engines in front of the house. The building was in flames and the firemen were pouring water into the house from four fire-hose. No one was allowed to go near the building. He looked around for his wife and children and at last found them 206 FIRE PREVENTION 207 sitting on a bundle of bedclothes which Mrs. Scutai had dragged down when she heard the cry of fire. Thanking God that the family was safe, he went back to watch the fire. It was soon put out, but everything in the house had been burned. With a sinking heart Scutai went back to his wife and children to look for a place where they might spend the night. He remembered now that he had refused to pay for a fire-insurance policy because it was too dear, and now all their household goods and their clothing were gone. Later he heard that some boys playing with matches in the cellar had set fire to some rags and so caused this terrible thing to happen. Very few of the tenants were insured, because the house was so badly kept that the insurance com- panies wanted a high rate for insuring them. They all lost everything they had. The story about Mr. Scutai is true. It happens every day. Sometimes the results are more serious. Every year about two hundred 208 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS lives are lost in fires and about six thousand people are hurt. The damage by fires is many millions of dollars a year. The cost of fire CLOTHES DRYING OVER A HOT STOVE CAUSE MANY FIRES departments to fight fires in this country is over five hundred million dollars a year. Most fires occur in the homes, not in fac- tories, stores, or shops. Somebody is careless, a fire breaks out, and we never know where FIRE PREVENTION 209 it is going to stop. Children playing with matches cause many fires. Kerosene lamps explode if they are too full or if the wick is dirty. Lace curtains near a gas-jet or clothes drying over a hot stove cause many fires. Some people put oily rags, boxes, and rubbish in closets or in cellars. A spark from a match is enough to set them on fire. Thousands of fires are caused by people who throw away lighted matches, cigars, or cigarettes. These fires could all be prevented if people were careful. EXERCISES How did Mr. Scutai's house burn down? In what kind of building did Mr. Scutai live? Do you live in a frame or in a brick building? How much fire insurance do you carry? Where should clothes be dried? Where is it dangerous to dry clothes? What have you stored in your cellar? How can you prevent fire breaking out in your house? ONE OF THE GREAT LOCKS OF THE PANAMA CANAL LESSON CIV MOSQUITOES Before we built the Panama Canal the French tried to build it. They had good en- gineers, good machinery, and enough money. Yet they failed; and it was a very small insect that caused their failure the mos- quito! In warm, marshy Panama mosquitoes MOSQUITOES 211 are found in great numbers. They give no rest. Men cannot eat, walk, or sleep in com- fort. But the worst was that the mosquitoes carried a deadly disease yellow fever and malaria. Men who were willing to work in Panama could not do so because they became sick; they were poisoned by the mosquitoes. When the United States took hold of the building of Panama the government first sent sanitary engineers and doctors to find out how to rid the land of mosquitoes and how to make it healthy. When the doctors and the engineers learned enough about mosquitoes they made the land safe for workmen, and the Panama Canal was finished. EXERCISES Who built the Panama Canal? Examine a map. Can you understand why it was built? Why was it not built by the French? Why did America succeed? What diseases does the mosquito carry? Who found out how to rid Panama of mosquitoes? LESSON CV WHAT THEY LEARNED We know now that the mosquitoes breed only in water. It takes from one to three weeks for the eggs to develop into full-grown mosquitoes. The males die in a few days, but the females live a month or longer. Only the females bite or suck blood; the males are harmless. Mosquitoes lay their eggs in water or in low, swampy places which will probably be covered by water. The eggs develop into worm-like insects which swim in water. From these worms, or wrigglers, the mosquitoes de- velop. The best way to get rid of mosquitoes is to get rid of pools of standing water. When there is no standing water there will be no mosquitoes. A pail or a rain barrel will breed WHAT THEY LEARNED 213 enough mosquitoes to make the lives of thou- sands of people miserable. A few years ago a summer resort near New York City was closed because the mosquitoes drove everybody DEVELOPMENT OF A MOSQUITO Egg mass, enlarged egg, hatched out larva, pupa, and adult emerging from pupa case (After Howard, Miall, etc.) away. It was found that a few pails of water, kept for use in case of fire, had bred all the mosquitoes. The proprietor put fresh water into the pails every two weeks, and he had no more mosquitoes because they could not come up to breathe. In places where it is impossible to get rid of the water, pouring oil on the water once 2i 4 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS every two weeks will kill all the mosquitoes. Before they are fully developed, mosquitoes must come to the surface of the water to breathe through a very fine thin tube. The oil prevents them from getting air and they die in the water. The best way to make sure that there will be no mosquitoes in our neigh- borhood is to see that no water is allowed to gather in empty bottles, tubs, pails or boxes, or on roofs. EXERCISES Where do mosquitoes lay their eggs? How long does it take for an egg to develop into a full- grown mosquito? Which mosquitoes are harmless? How can we get rid of mosquitoes? What kind of water is a good breeding-place for mos- quitoes? Examine the picture on page 213. It shows how the mos- quito develops very quickly from a little worm to a dangerous insect. LESSON CVI OUR FOOD From the farmer we get most of our food. We get our vegetables, our meat, our dairy products from the farm. But before it comes to us many people handle it and make profit on it. Sometimes food is spoiled by the people who handle it. The Board of Health inspec- tors look after the food which enters the city. They take all bad food and destroy it. They take rotten fruit and dump it into the ocean. They take spoiled meat and burn it. Bad eggs are also burned. Candy and ice-cream are sometimes impure. Manufacturers of candy use poisonous coloring matter and they use bad milk for ice-cream. In sausages inspectors have found spoiled meat and poisons. Canned goods spoil sometimes because the 215 2i6 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS food was bad or because they were not prop- erly packed. In the city the inspectors examine all food which enters. In the country inspectors are not needed so much. Why not? And yet much rotten and poisonous food is eaten by people, and many people die because they eat impure food. Inspectors examine eggs, milk, meat, fruit, and vegetables. They also go to the depots where food is received, to the milk stores, to butchers, groceries, restaurants. They examine the wares on the push-carts and on stands. It is hard for a poor pedler to lose the money he paid for rotten fruit, but it is much worse for some poor people to become sick. Do not buy impure food because it is cheap. It will be very dear in the end. Do not buy uncovered food and candy. Fresh fruit should be washed with cold water before eating. Un- covered food becomes dusty and may cause serious sickness. LESSON CVII OUR PATRIOTIC ASSEMBLY On February 22, 1732, George Washington, the Father of His Country, was born. He fought for us in the Revolutionary War to make this country free and independent. After the war George Washington was elected 217 218 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS President of the United States. He served two terms of four years each and then re- fused to be elected for the third time. We pay respect to his memory by making his birthday, February 22, a national holiday. We celebrate Washington's birthday in our schools by assembling the pupils. The teacher tells them what George Washington did for his country. Then some pupils make speeches about Washington. We sing "America" and the "Star-Spangled Banner." AMERICA My country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing; Land where my fathers died! Land of the Pilgrims' pride.' From every mountain side Let freedom ring ! My native country, thee, Land of the noble free Thy name I love; OUR PATRIOTIC ASSEMBLY 219 I love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed hills: My heart with rapture thrills Like that above. Let music swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees Sweet freedom's song; Let mortal tongues awake; Let all that breathe partake; Let rocks their silence break, The sound prolong. Our father's God, to Thee, Author of liberty, To Thee we sing; Long may our land be bright With freedom's holy light; Protect us by Thy might, Great God, our King! THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER 0, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the peril- ous fight, 220 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly stream- ing? And the rockets' red glare, bombs bursting hi air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. CHORUS O, say, does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected, now shines on the stream: CHORUS 'Tis the star-spangled banner: O, long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, A home and a country should leave us no more? Their hlood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave: OUR PATRIOTIC ASSEMBLY 221 CHORUS And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. O thus be it ever when freemen shall stand Between their lov'd home and wild war's desolation; Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the heav'n-rescued land Praise the pow'r that hath made and preserved us a na- tion! Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto: "In God is our trust!" CHORUS And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave. THE PLEDGE TO THE FLAG I pledge allegiance to the Flag and to the Republic for which it stands. One nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. LESSON CVIII BECOMING A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES FIRST STEP: FILING THE DECLARATION OF INTENTION Mr. Nelson was very happy in his new po- sition; still he felt strange and not entirely at home. His friends and the other workmen in the factory often asked him this question: "Are you a citizen of the United States?" He heard many other people answer this question proudly, 'Yes, I am a citizen," but our friend had to answer truthfully: "No, I am not yet a citizen." One day Fred Stone, his neighbor, said: "To- morrow we shall have little work. Let's go to the court-house and get our citizenship papers." So the next day both men went to the court-house. The clerk asked them many questions and told them what to do to be- come citizens of the United States. He told them that they must live five years in this country before they could get citizenship pa- pers, and that the first step toward getting 222 BECOMING A CITIZEN 223 them is the filing of a paper called a declara- tion of intention. This paper is sometimes called the first paper. Two years after filing this paper they must apply for the certificate of naturalization, or citizenship paper. They decided (made up their minds) to file their declaration of intention at once. Each one of them answered the questions put to him by the clerk. They signed the paper and swore that what they had said was true; then they paid the clerk one dollar and re- ceived from him a copy of their declaration of intention. The clerk told them to keep this paper and to attend a night-school so as to learn about our government. EXERCISES (Before you file your declaration of intention, be sure you know how to answer these questions): Where were you born? What is your height? your weight? At what place did you board the ship which brought you to this country? LESSON CIX BECOMING A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES (CONTINUED) SECOND STEP: FILING THE PETITION Two years after filing his declaration of intention Mr. Nelson again, went to the court- house. He knew now what to do because his teacher had told him. He brought with him two friends, both of whom were citizens. They knew him well, and they were able to swear that Mr. Nelson had lived five years or more in this country and that he was a man of good character. These men were his neighbors, and in their talks with Mr. Nelson they had found out that he was a lover of this country and that he always obeyed our laws. Mi. Nel- son also brought with him his declaration of intention. The clerk now asked some other questions, such as: 224 BECOMING A CITIZEN 225 Are you married? What is your wife's name? Where was she born? Where does she reside (live)? Have you any children? What are their names? When and where were they. born? Where does each reside? Then the clerk read a long statement which Mr. Nelson understood very well because it had been explained to him at the school. Mr. Nelson was asked to swear to each part of this statement: 1st: That he believed in organized government and that he did not belong to any society which did not believe in such government. 2d : That he was not a polygamist (had not more than one wife) and that he did not belong to a society which believed that it was right to have more than one wife. 3d: That he believed in the Constitution of the United States. 226 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS 4th: That he threw off forever his allegiance to any for- eign prince or ruler. 5th: That he could speak the English language. Mr. Nelson paid the clerk four dollars and received a certificate stating that he had filed his petition. But he was not yet a citizen of the United States. The clerk told Mr. Nelson to come back in ninety days, to bring his cer- tificate and his two witnesses. He would then be examined by the court as to his fitness to become a citizen of the United States. EXERCISES What do we call people who do not believe in organized government ? To whom did you owe allegiance before you came to America ? To whom do we owe allegiance in America? (To the Teacher : Copies of the declaration of intention may be ob- tained from the clerk of the naturalization court and may be filled out by the pupils in the classroom, with the assistance of the teacher.) LESSON CX BECOMING A CITIZEN OF THE UNITED STATES (CONCLUDED) THIRD STEP: THE HEARING Ninety days after filing his petition Mr. Nelson and his two witnesses again came to court. This time he was taken into the court- room before the judge, who was sitting on the bench. The judge questioned the two wit- nesses. He asked them what they knew about Mr. Nelson; how long they had known him; where they first met him; what kind of man he was. Then the judge asked Mr. Nelson some questions. The judge wanted to make sure that Mr. Nelson understood what our government is, how we are governed, who makes our laws, and whether Mr. Nelson had read the Constitution of the United States. The judge was very well satisfied with Mr. Nelson's answers and asked him to swear to the 227 228 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS OATH OF ALLEGIANCE I do hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and en- tirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state or sovereignty, and particularly to the King of Sweden, of whom I have here- tofore been a subject; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign or domestic; and that I will bear true faith and allegiance to. the same, so help me God. And now Mr. Nelson is happy. Not only is he a citizen of the United States, but his wife and his children under the age of eighteen also are citizens. They all have the same rights as those Americans who have lived a long time in America, or have even been born in America, except that naturalized citizens have not the right to be elected President of the United States. The Constitution provides that the President of the United States must be born in the United States. LESSON CXI QUESTIONS Be sure you are able to answer these ques- tions before you appear at the hearing for iyour naturalization papers: What is the form of government under which we live? What is a republic? What is a monarchy? Who makes the laws in our country? What is the Constitution of the United States? Who made the Constitution? What are the three branches of our government? What is Congress composed of? How many senators are there in the United States? How many senators are there from your State? How many representatives are there from your State? Where does Congress meet? Who is the President of the United States? Who is the governor of your State? For how long is a President of the United States elected? 229 230 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS For how long are each of these elected: A representa- tive? A United States senator? The governor of your State? The mayor of your city? The as- semblyman of your district? Who enforces the laws of the United States? What are the duties of the United States Supreme Court? What congressional district do you live hi? Who is your congressman? Who is the commander-in-chief of the United States Army and Navy? How is the President elected? If the President dies, who will take his place? What office does the Vice-President hold in the Senate? Who selects the judges of the United States Supreme Court? Who makes the laws for your State? Where is the capitol of the United States? of your State? Who makes the laws for your city? Who is the chief officer of your city? Who elects the mayor of your city? APPENDIX EXERCISES IN PRONOUNCING Short i Long e it eat bit beat is he? easy hit / heat grit greet fit feet - mit meat slit sleet knit neat sit seat These words are pronounced with a short u sound as in but : come not calm other not odder mother not mudder another up some sum 231 232 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS wh is pronounced hw : when say hoo-en why not vie where not ware what who whose whom w is pronounced by rounding the lips for whistling and saying oo, thus: wait (pronounce oo-ait) well wine wood window water winter will walk wander wall weave The sound of v is made by biting the lower lip with the upper teeth: vine vim vent vaseline very vigor vice vomit There are two sounds of th voiced and breath these are produced by placing the tongue between the teeth, EXERCISES IN PRONOUNCING 233 but the voiced sound is produced with voice, while the breath sound is made with breath only. Voiced sounds of th: Breath sounds of th: this thin that thank these theatre those breath them think then youth father mouth there myth breathe bath other birth with earth Sound of j is pronounced with voice ch is pronounced with breath: enjoy children joke chop journal chance just cheat jam Charles junk chat George (g pronounced j) shoes German choice 234 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS The ng sound is produced by holding the breath and allowing the sound to go through the nose. Be sure you do not add a g or a k sound at the end of the word: sing ring young singing ringing long ng sounds length bring strong .; cling wrong These words are pronounced as if an additional g were added to the second syllable: hunger, hung-ger stronger, strong-ger linger, ling-ger younger, young-ger finger, fing-ger English, Eng-glish longer, long-ger The sound of oi is made by saying aw-ee: oil toil broil choice boil soil voice noise The sounds of d and t are often mispronounced. The sound of d is made with the voice, while the sound of t is made with breath only: EXERCISES IN PRONOUNCING 235 dear tear down town do to dray tray dry try dug tug p is a breath sound: b is a voice sound: place blaze pit bit putter butter pun bun pin bin pill bill pier beer gh has several different sounds in English c gh silent: daughter light caught bright taught fight slaughter might weigh night weight dough sleigh through neighbor 236 ENGLISH FOR COMING CITIZENS gh pronounced as f: cough rough enough Sounds pronounced like e in her: her verse hurl bird work pearl girl Y IN HfcUWNAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 000 047 043 5 University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. !. MAR >t- DUE 2 WKS FR >',_M ACCESS nterlibrary Loan 1 630 University x 951575 1 6 7005 'f^? < ~ N I DATE RECEIVED Research Lbrav