CALIFORNIA 
 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE 
 
 CIRCULAR 46 
 
 OCTOBER, 1930 
 
 CHERRY CULTURE 
 IN CALIFORNIA 
 
 GUY L. PHILP 
 
 Cooperative Extension work in Agriculture and Home Economics, College of Agriculture, 
 University of California, and United States Department of Agriculture cooperating. Dis- 
 tributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. B. H. Crocheron, 
 Director, California Agricultural Extension Service. 
 
 THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 
 
 1930 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2011 with funding from 
 
 University of California, Davis Libraries 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cherrycultureinc46phil 
 
CHERRY CULTURE IN CALIFORNIA 
 
 GUY L. PHILPi 
 
 GENERAL REVIEW OF THE INDUSTRY 
 
 Practically all of the sweet cherries produced in the United States 
 are produced in the three western states : California, Oregon, and 
 Washington. The sour or pie cherries are practically all produced 
 in the states east of the Rocky Mountains. California acreage and 
 production are shown in table 1. 
 
 TABLE 1 
 
 Bearing Acreage and Pkoduction of Cherbies in California* 
 
 Year 
 
 Acreage 
 
 Production, 
 tons 
 
 Farm value 
 per ton, Dec. 1 
 
 Total value 
 
 1919 
 
 1920 
 
 1921 
 
 1922 
 
 1923 
 
 1924 
 
 1925 
 
 1926 
 
 1927 
 
 1928 
 
 1929 
 
 1930 
 
 8,7£0 
 8,884 
 8,758 
 9,317 
 9,646 
 9,981 
 10,433 
 10,828 
 11,521 
 12,569 
 13,260 
 14,300t 
 15,400t 
 16,300t 
 
 12,400 
 17,500 
 13,000 
 14,000 
 17,000 
 13,500 
 12,000 
 20,000 
 12,000 
 18,500 
 16,000 
 
 $150 00 
 200 00 
 125 00 
 180 00 
 160 00 
 140 00 
 160 00 
 180 00 
 180 00 
 150 00 
 190.00 
 
 $1,860,000 
 3,500,000 
 1,625,000 
 2,520,000 
 2,720.000 
 1,890,000 
 1,920,000 
 3,600 000 
 2,160,000 
 2,775,000 
 3,040,000 
 
 1931 
 
 
 
 
 1932 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15,081.8 
 
 $165 00 
 
 S2, 5 10, 000 
 
 
 
 
 * From California Crop Report, California State Department of Agriculture. Production and value 
 figures for 1919-1924 from special publication No. 63, 1925. Other figures from special publication No. 96, 
 1928, and from mimeographed Summary, 1929, December 27, 1929. 
 
 t Forecast of bearing acreage of cherries. 
 
 A glance at the bearing acreage of cherries shows a gradual 
 increase, from 1919 to 1929 with a continued forecasted increase to 
 1932. The production, however, does not show a regular increase with 
 increased acreage. This is due to favorable or unfavorable weather 
 during the blossoming and harvesting season. The low yield of 1925 
 and 1927 is the result of unfavorable weather conditions while the 
 1926 crop indicates a favorable season. Farm value per ton, together 
 with total farm value is also included. 
 
 Associate in Pomology in the Experiment Station. 
 
4 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cm. 46 
 
 Table 2 shows the interstate carlot shipment of fresh cherries from 
 California and the total cases of cherries canned annually since 1895, 
 together with the comparative pack of the Northwest (Oregon, Wash- 
 
 TABLE 2 
 
 Interstate Shipment of Fresh Cherries from California, Cases Canned in 
 THE State, and Comparative Packs from the Northhwest* 
 
 Year 
 
 Interstate 
 shipment, 
 carlots** 
 
 Cases of 
 cherries 
 packedt 
 
 Comparative packs 
 
 of Northwest 
 (Ore., Wash., Idaho) 
 
 1895 
 
 180 
 
 98,061 
 
 
 1896 
 
 88 
 239 
 297 
 
 69,056 
 149,383 
 172,376 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 1898 
 
 
 1899 
 
 85 
 238 
 110 
 245 
 211 
 209 
 
 79 
 150 
 
 53,709 
 163,317 
 
 63,008 
 201,824 
 211,119 
 145,715 
 
 74,886 
 161,950 
 
 
 1900 
 
 
 1901 
 
 
 1902 
 
 
 1903 
 
 
 1904 
 
 
 1905 
 
 
 1906 
 
 
 1907 
 
 98 
 208 
 
 148,715 
 212,310 
 
 
 1908 
 
 
 1909 
 
 230 
 
 205,280 
 
 
 1910 
 
 250 
 
 216 
 
 215,210 
 221,320 
 
 
 1911 
 
 
 1912 
 
 214 
 
 384,455 
 
 
 1913 
 
 231 
 166 
 
 175,115 
 115,155 
 
 
 1914 
 
 
 1915 
 
 205 
 164 
 
 182,750 
 168 785 
 
 
 1916 
 
 
 1917 
 
 330 
 
 440,134 
 
 
 1918 
 
 356 
 
 360,090 
 
 
 1919 
 
 335 
 
 460,614 
 
 251,052 
 
 1920 
 
 494 
 
 647,977 
 
 353,861 
 
 1921 
 
 665 
 
 222,772 
 
 211,783 
 
 1922 
 
 502 
 
 557,591 
 
 357,596 
 
 1923 
 
 602 
 
 590,685 
 
 399,455 
 
 1924 
 
 711 
 
 215,114 
 
 380,632 
 
 1925 
 
 "512 
 
 222,816 
 
 329,924 
 
 1926 
 
 741 
 
 526,520 
 
 708,990 
 
 1927 
 
 579 
 
 170,909 
 
 356,114 
 
 1928 
 
 885 
 
 280,126 
 
 634,041 
 
 1929$ 
 
 605 
 
 393,750 
 
 607,962 
 
 * California Crop Report 1928, California State Dept. Agr. Spec. Pub. 96. 
 ** Shipments from 1895 to 1920, inclusive, are from north of the Tehachapi only, 
 t Figures from 1895 to 1905 inclusive, are calculated, as no data on total packs by varieties are available. 
 X Personal correspondence with E. E. Kaufman, California Crop Reporting Service. 
 
 ington, and Idaho) since 1919. Practically all the canned sweet 
 cherries of the Pacific Coast consist of one variety, the Napoleon. It 
 will be noted that there is a marked fluctuation from year to year in 
 the cherries shipped and canned which is influenced in general by the 
 
1930] Cherry Culture in California 5 
 
 tonnage produced. It should be noted that a marked increase has also 
 taken place in the cherry pack of the Northwest which competes 
 directly with the California pack. This fact should influence the 
 selection of varieties for new plantings. Napoleon is the only variety 
 canned and it is not a desirable shipping variety. Therefore, with 
 increased production of Napoleon not only in California but also in 
 the Northwest, competition will be more severe. The probable out- 
 come will be less returns to the grower. On the other hand the black 
 shipping varieties are dessert fruit only and, since California cherries 
 are practically all shipped before the Northwest starts, it would seem 
 that the better outlook is for the production of shipping sorts. Cali- 
 fornia growers have no competition on the fresh market with other 
 cherry sections. It must also be kept in mind, however, that pro- 
 duction in California is increasing as is shown in tables 1 and 2, by 
 acreage, tonnage, cases canned, and cars of fruit shipped. Wellman 
 and Braun^ state that additional plantings of Napoleon cherries are 
 not justified unless the market for Maraschino cherries is expanded. 
 They also feel that plantings of shipping sorts can only be profitably 
 increased in particularly favorable locations. 
 
 SOIL AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS OF THE CHERRY 
 
 The cherry is rather exacting with regard to its climatic require- 
 ments. Cherries are not adapted to most locations in the great interior 
 valleys, probably due to the high temperatures and low humidity 
 encountered in these districts. There are areas in the interior, how- 
 ever, where the cherry does well, but in most of these instances the 
 climatic conditions are modified by coastal influences. 
 
 The cherry is one of the most exacting fruit trees as to its soil 
 requirements. It will not do satisfactorily on the heavy, wet soils of 
 the state — trees on Stockton Morello root possibly excepted — nor is it 
 satisfactory on the dry, sandy soils. For successful results cherries 
 should be, in general, grown only on light, moist, well drained loams. 
 The alluvial sedimentary soils close to river and creek banks are ideal 
 for the cherry. The light, mellow soil of the foothills is also suitable, 
 while the clays and adobe are unsatisfactory. Additional information 
 on cherry soils is given under rootstocks. 
 
 2 Wellman, H. R., and E. W. Braun. Cherries. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 
 488:1-38. 1930. 
 
California Agricultural Extension Service [Cm. 46 
 
 CHERRY DISTRICTS 
 
 Figure 1 shows the different counties having 100 acres or more of 
 cherry trees. While forty-five counties of the state have some cherries, 
 10,486 acres are growing in Santa Clara, San Joaquin, Sonoma, and 
 Solano counties. The remaining 8,421 acres are scattered over forty- 
 one counties, the larger acreage, however, being in or adjoining the 
 San Francisco Bay region. 
 
 Santa Clara Valley District. — The largest district is the Santa 
 Clara Valley, including Santa Clara and Alameda counties with the 
 bulk of the acreage in the former county. This district produces mainly 
 mid-season and late varieties such as Black Tartarian, Bing, Napoleon, 
 and Black Republican. A large tonnage of the Napoleon variety is 
 produced in this district for canning and other types of processing. 
 Recently, considerable acreage of shipping varieties has come into 
 production, particularly of Bing and Republican. Production in this 
 district normally is very good. Generally pests are not serious, 
 although in some years brown rot causes heavy loss. 
 
 Lodi-Farmington-Stockton District. — This district of San Joaquin 
 County is second in importance in acreage. As the younger acreage 
 comes into bearing the production should rapidly increase. This dis- 
 trict is primarily a shipping section. The Napoleon is less desirable 
 here than the black sorts. It does not develop as well as in the Santa 
 Clara Valley and is prone to produce double fruits, which are objec- 
 tionable. In some seasons 20 or 30 per cent doubles are produced. 
 The Bing in some years also produces doubles, but generally not as 
 many as the Napoleon. The varieties grown are Bing, Lambert, Chap- 
 man, Burbank, Tartarian, Black Republican, and Napoleon. Pests 
 are not generally very serious. Occasionally cherry slugs cause some 
 damage. 
 
 Sonoma County District. — The Occidental district is the largest 
 section in Sonoma County although there is quite a large acreage in 
 the vicinity of Sonoma. The Napoleon is the most important variety 
 in the Occidental district. There are also some black cherries pro- 
 duced but most growers say they are unprofitable because of the 
 lateness of the district. The black varieties grown extensively are 
 Burbank, Bing, Black Tartarian, Black Republican, and Lambert. The 
 same varieties are grown near Sonoma, and, since it is an earlier sec- 
 tion than Occidental, the black shipping varieties are more profitable. 
 
1930] 
 
 Cherry Culture in California 
 
 Both sections are troubled with leaf spot and brown rot. In seasons 
 favorable for the development of fungus diseases serious loss is 
 sustained. 
 
 jelnorteT * ' ~~T " ! ACREAGE OF CHERRIES 
 
 ^^^J^s(s K , vouj^ ^ ^ 0^ I 11^ CALirORINIA 
 
 -~i --xl 'r; -i Zbck dot repiBsenis 100 dcres 
 
 ^- / i -^ ^ ! LEADING COUNTIES BY ACRE5 
 
 « I ^ /SHASTA 
 
 
 1-.-,_.:.V^{< ^''>^i SoROiTV^ 
 \ (<^<. V-^rvrv.^lV-j TOTAL 5TA^ 
 
 ^1t^ 
 
 >4,647 
 2,850 
 1,62E 
 
 1,367 
 TOTAL STATE ACREIS 
 
 13,260 
 "oyi'h'^r) \ ^'^'^ ^v-^^i a^^-j 0»64T 
 
 SaaFr»«'J' 
 
 \ 
 
 
 -X 
 
 *0\ i 
 
 — ji.-^'N^ i 
 
 fNTA BARBARA ^^V ^ \ ^ '■ 
 
 SAN BERNARDINO 
 
 .'^ ! 
 
 
 .^r- 
 
 X 
 
 R , V E ROS I O E 
 
 I IMPERIAL 
 
 Fig. 1. — Outline map of California showing cherrv acreage by counties. 
 From California Crop Eeport, 1928. 
 
 y acaville-C ordelia DistrHct. — The Vacaville-Cordelia section of 
 Solano County is an important, early-shipping" district growing Chap- 
 man, Burbank, Black Tartarian, Bing, Napoleon, and Lambert exten- 
 sively. Napoleon is, however, not considered as desirable as the black 
 sorts for this district. 
 
 Fungus diseases are not normally as serious as in the coastal dis- 
 tricts where climatic conditions are more favorable for their develop- 
 
8 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cir. 46 
 
 ment. Some seasons serious loss results from insect attack, especially 
 thrips and cankerworms. Figure 2 shows a typical cherry orchard in 
 the Vaca Valley. 
 
 Beaumont District. — The Beaumont district in Riverside County 
 is the most extensive cherry section in southern California. The bulk 
 of the plantings consist of Black Tartarian, Napoleon, Bing, and 
 Lambert with a few sour sorts. The majority of the fruit is sold 
 
 r^:^%-- 
 
 Fig. -.-A t\|)iral California clierry orcliard about 18 years old. 
 Trees in the foreground are Napoleon (Royal Ann), 
 
 at the orchard or shipped to Los Angeles in lugs. A small quantity 
 is shipped to Arizona. With the exception of the bark beetle, there is 
 very little injury from insects; and normally diseases are not serious. 
 
 Yucaipa District in San Bernardino County. — Conditions in this 
 district are similar to those of the Beaumont district although there 
 is not nearly the acreage in cherries. 
 
 Placer County District. — This district is mainly an early-shipping 
 section. The important varieties are Burbank, Chapman, Black Tar- 
 tarian, Bing, Napoleon, Black Republican (Black Oregon), and 
 Lambert. Growers do not like the Napoleon as a shipping variety and 
 it produces double fruit rather badly. The variety generally does not 
 size as well as it does in the coastal districts. The Black Republican 
 
1^30] Cherry Culture in California 9 
 
 also fails to size satisfactorily some seasons. Diseases are not generally 
 serious. Thrips and cankerworms some years become quite a pest. 
 
 Sacramento River District. — The majority of cherries in Sacra- 
 mento County are produced along: the Sacramento River. Chapman, 
 Burbank, Black Tartarian, Napoleon, and Bing are the main varieties 
 grown. It is an early but not extensive district and the fruit is 
 generally shipped. Pest conditions are similar to the Stockton district. 
 
 MarysvilJe District. — Most of the cherries in this district are in 
 Sutter County and consist of Chapman, Burbank, Black Tartarian, 
 Bing, Napoleon, and Black Republican. Fruit ripens relatively early 
 and all but Napoleon are shipped. Both Napoleon and Bing double 
 seriously. 
 
 Napa Valley District. — The conditions existing in the Napa Valley 
 are similar to those of the Sonoma area of Sonoma County. The 
 varieties grown are Black Tartarian, Bing, Chapman, Napoleon, and 
 Black Republican. 
 
 GROUPS OF CHERRIES 
 
 There are three groups of cherries : Sweet cherries {Pruniis 
 avium), sour or pie cherries {Primus cerasus) , and "Duke cherries," 
 hybrids between P. avium and P. cerasus. 
 
 The majority of the sweet cherries grown in the United States are 
 produced in the Pacific Coast states. California produces the bulk of 
 the Pacific Coast sweet cherries. Neither sour nor Duke cherries are 
 commercially grown in California. Small commercial plantings of 
 sour cherries are found in western Oregon and Washington, though 
 the main production is confined to the northeastern United States. 
 The Duke varieties are of little importance for commercial planting 
 anywhere in the United States. 
 
 Important Commercial Varieties. — The leading varieties of sweet 
 cherries grown in California in their approximate order of ripening 
 are: 
 
 Early Purple (Early Purple Guigne) 
 
 Knight (Knight's Early Black) 
 
 Chapman (Early Chapman) 
 
 Burbank 
 
 Black Tartarian 
 
 Bing 
 
 Napoleon (Royal Ann) 
 
 Black Republican (Black Oregon, Lewelling) 
 
 Lambert 
 
10 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cm. 46 
 
 Of the above list probably Burbank, Chapman, Black Tartarian, 
 Bing, Black Republican, Lambert, and Napoleon are the most 
 important. The Napoleon is the only variety used for canning and 
 processing. It is a white-fleshed variety. All others are dark colored 
 sorts and used only for fresh shipment, excepting a very small 
 quantity which is dried. 
 
 Sour cherries are grown to a very limited extent and only for 
 local trade. The varieties generally grown are Early Richmond, 
 Montmorency, and English Morello. 
 
 Of the Duke varieties suggested for California, the most promising 
 sort is probably May Duke. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES 
 
 Abundance. — Originated by Luther Burbank as a seedling of 
 Napoleon. A white-fleshed sort, roundish cordate, rather similar to 
 Napoleon; ten days later in ripening, tends toward small size, good 
 flavor, cans well, may have promise as a late canning variety in certain 
 locations. 
 
 Bing. — Seedling of Black Republican originated in Oregon. One 
 of the best shipping sorts, large cordate, mid-season; flesh firm, very 
 meaty, sweet, of very good quality; ripens uniformly. Tree vigorous, 
 upright spreading. Tends to produce doubles in the interior valleys 
 and foothills some seasons. Season, May 15 to June 15. There are 
 a number of cherries similar to Bing (fig. 3). 
 
 Long stemmed Bing may be a strain of Bing or a variety similar 
 to Bing; ripens later, thought by some to be a better producer than 
 Bing. 
 
 Black Tartarian. — An old Europeon variety. Extensively grown. 
 Large, black, cordate, early, tender-fleshed, sweet, very good quality. 
 Tree vigorous, very upright; season. May. Earliest variety recom- 
 mended for later sections where fruit is in competition with mid- 
 season varieties from early sections. There are a number of strains 
 of this variety or a number of seedlings which are very similar to it. 
 Most strains are good pollinizers for Napoleon and Bing (fig. 4). 
 
 Biirbanh. — Originated by Luther Burbank as a seedling of Early 
 Purple. Very early; fruit large, cordate, dark red, sweet, rather 
 tender flesh, good quality, cracks rather badly in rainy season. Tree 
 upright, vigorous with large dense foliage. Not recommended com- 
 
1930] 
 
 Cherry Culture in California 
 
 11 
 
 --^x. 
 
 „ x"4 '-^- 
 
 
 i. 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 I I 
 
 \ 
 
 ./. 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 r -tr.-*l;*?i^^:§si2 £!•! '7vJ l-:^ ^l~-f. 
 
 Fig. 3. — Bing cherry tree about 25 years old. Note the typical 
 spreading type of growth. 
 
12 
 
 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cm. 46 
 
 Fig. 4. — Typical Black Tartarian cherry tree 17 years old. 
 Note the upright habit of growth. 
 
1930] 
 
 Cherry Culture in" California 
 
 13 
 
 mercially for late sections. Season, May 5-20. Not considered by many 
 as desirable as Chapman for most sections. It is more subject to 
 cracking and generally not as productive as Chapman. 
 
 Black BepuMican. — Originated in Oregon; also known as Black 
 Oregon and Lewelling. Medium to large, medium late, black, round- 
 cordate, firm flesh, sweet, high quality, good shipper. Tree upright 
 spreading, very productive, tends to overbear at expense of size of 
 fruit. Appears to size better in coastal sections than interior or foot- 
 hill sections. Undoubtedly there are several strains of this variety 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 5. — Fifty-year-old Black Republican cherry tree showing typical growth 
 of the variety. Tliis tree has produced over 1,200 pounds of marketable cherries 
 in one season. 
 
 or else several varieties very similar; good pollinizer for Bing and 
 Napoleon. Season, May 20 to June 20 (figs. 5, 6). 
 
 Chapman. — Seedling of Black Tartarian, originated at Napa, 
 California. Very early, medium to large, cordate, black, sweet, rather 
 tender flesh, good quality, one of the best very early sorts. Generally 
 considered better than Burbank, cracks less, better yielder. Tree large, 
 vigorous, upright spreading. Not recommended commercially for late 
 sections. Season, April 20 to May 10 (fig. 7). 
 
 Centennial. — A seedling of Napoleon grown by Henry Chapman, 
 introduced by Leonard Coates in 1885. Fruit medium to large, cordate, 
 
14 
 
 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cm. 46 
 
 yellow with red blush, rather tender, meaty, sweet, good quality. 
 Cracks badly. Not recommended for commercial planting. A good 
 home orchard sort. Ripens with Napoleon. Season, May 10 to June 15. 
 
 ^k 
 
 1^. 
 
 ■m^^i 
 
 'X i- 
 
 ^vji^ 
 
 Fig. 6. — Black Eepublican cherry tree 18 years old. 
 Typical for a young bearing tree. 
 
 Early Purple {Early Purple Guigne). — An old Eurepean variety. 
 Fruit medium to small, cordate, reddish purple, tender, sweet, good 
 quality. Tree large, vigorous, upright spreading; one of the earliest 
 
1930] 
 
 Cherry Cui.ture in California 
 
 15 
 
 shipping varieties. Recommended commercially only for early 
 shipping sections. Season, April 15 to May 1. 
 
 ./ 
 
 1/ 
 
 Fig. 7. — Chapman cherry tree about 25 years old. Note the upright 
 spreading habit of growth. 
 
 Early Rivers. — A seedling of Early Purple raised by Thomas 
 Rivers in England. Fruit medium to large, roundish-cordate, dark 
 red, rather tender but more firm than Black Tartarian; sweet, good 
 
16 
 
 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cm. 46 
 
 quality, does not crack. Tree vigorous, spreading, a promising new 
 variety. A little earlier than Black Tartarian. Season, May (fig. 8). 
 
 
 Fig. 8. — Early Rivers cherry tree 11 years old. A rather promising variety. 
 
 Giant. — A seedling produced by Luther Burbank in 1900. Fruit 
 large to very large, roundish-cordate, black, sweet, good shipper. 
 Very similar to Lambert. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Thought 
 by some to be superior to Lambert. Season, June. 
 
1930] 
 
 Cherry Culture in California 
 
 17 
 
 There seems to be considerable difference of opinion reg^arding" this 
 variety, several growers maintaining^ that the Giant is a cherry of the 
 Bing type rather than of the Lambert type. 
 
 Knight (Knight's Early Black). — An old English variety reported 
 as a seedling" of May Duke crossed with Yellow Spanish, by T. A. 
 Knight, Downton Castle, Wiltshire, England, 1810. Fruit medium, 
 cordate, black, tender, rather soft, sweet, good quality. Tree upright 
 
 
 *■■> fi ■ 
 
 v\ 
 
 f"--^* , 
 
 
 
 ^i^^.. -"<:>?'■€ ti 
 
 \ 
 
 -<•■--• 
 
 •^.^. , 
 
 Fig. 9.- — Typicul Lambert cherry tree about 25 years old. 
 Note the spreading habit of growth. 
 
 X^-_: 
 
 ""h^'-^IM i%l'" "^ 
 
 ■\n 
 
 spreading. Not extensively grown commercially, seems rather par- 
 ticular as to soil requirements. Very few growers recommend it for 
 commercial planting. Ripens about with Chapman. Season, April 20 
 to May 10. 
 
 Lambert. — Originated in Oregon. Reported as a seedling of 
 Napoleon crossed by Black Heart. Fruit large to extra large. Round- 
 ish-cordate, red to dark red, very firm, meaty, sweet, very good, 
 shatters badly when overripe. A good shipper. Tree vigorous, spread- 
 ing, rather irregular bearer in most sections. Cracks badly when there 
 are late rains. Season, June 5 to June 30 (fig. 9). 
 
18 
 
 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cir. 46 
 
 Napoleon {Royal Ann) . — A European variety of unknown origin. 
 The only important commercial canning variety of the Pacific Coast. 
 Fruit large to very large, cordate, yellow with red blush ; firm, meaty, 
 juicy, good quality. Cracks badly in seasons of late rains. Tree 
 moderately vigorous, upright spreading, very productive, particular 
 as to soil and climatic conditions. In the interior and foothill sections 
 produces double fruit to a fault. Season, May 15 to June 15 (figs. 
 10, 11). 
 
 fl f 
 
 Fig. lU.- — Left : Napoleon elierry tree 18 years old. Note typical spreading 
 type of growth. Eight : Napoleon cherry tree 15 years old. Compare with tree a-t 
 left. This tree is not typical because it has never produced a crop of fruit. 
 
 CHERRY ROOTSTOCKS 
 
 The selection of the proper rootstock for cherries is a difficult 
 task. At the present time there are three stocks in use : Mazzard, 
 Mahaleb, and Stockton Morello. Heppner,^ in a survey of the root- 
 stocks used by California nurserymen for 1926-27, found the follow- 
 ing percentages used : Mazzard, 60.8 per cent ; Mahaleb, 24.3 per cent ; 
 Stockton Morello, 14.9 per cent. The above figures show the Mazzard 
 to be by far the most popular. 
 
 Growers are not at all agreed on the rootstock problem. Probably 
 most of them feel that Mazzard is the best, but other growers in the same 
 
 Heppner, M. J. Unpublished data. 
 
1930] 
 
 Cherry Culture in California 
 
 19 
 
 sections are just as confident that Mahaleb is the better stock to use. 
 The general opinion is that Mahaleb dwarfs the tree. This may or may 
 not be a fault. In ideal situations, on Mazzard root, the trees grow so 
 large that the harvesting expense is excessive. On the other hand, 
 if soil and moisture conditions are not favorable the trees on Mazzard 
 
 'O. 
 
 
 Fig. 11. — Typical Napoleon cherry tree on Stockton Morello root, 15 years 
 old. This tree is rather severely thinned. Compare with figure 10, left, typical 
 tree on Mazzard. 
 
 show serious die-back (fig. 12). If the soil is heavy and tends to be 
 wet, trees on Mazzard and Mahalab will die outright in a very short 
 time. 
 
 The Mahaleb, which seems to have a dwarfing tendency, adapts 
 the cherry to drought conditions much better than Mazzard, but will 
 not withstand prolonged saturation of the soil. With many varieties 
 
20 
 
 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cir. 4G 
 
 of cherry propagated on Mahaleb root, in addition to the dwarfing 
 tendency of the tree, there is a marked constriction at the graft 
 union, and the scion overgrows the Mahaleb stock. Where trees are 
 budded low on Mahaleb the dwarfingr and overgrowth condition seems 
 
 Fig. 12, — Napoleon cherry tree at least 50 years old on Mazzard root. At 
 least two-thirds of the top has been lost from die-back, caused by drought in 
 seasons of scant rainfall. This is in a non-irrigated orchard. 
 
 to be largely obviated. While cherry trees on Mahaleb in New York 
 State'* are short lived, and many California growers feel that the 
 Mahaleb makes a short-lived tree, there are trees in the state over 
 
 4 Howe, G. H. Mazzard and Mahaleb rootstocks for cherries. New York 
 (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 544:1-14. 1927. 
 
1930] 
 
 Cherry Culture in California 
 
 21 
 
 50 years old, which show no dwarfing effect and are still producing 
 comparable crops to similar trees on Mazzard. The Mahaleb root is 
 seriously attacked by gophers. 
 
 The Stockton Morello rootstock has been used extensively in the 
 Stockton district to adapt cherries to heavy wet soils. It is a dwarf 
 stock and shows a very great overgrowth of the scion (fig. 13). The 
 union seems to be strong and no breakage occurs. The varieties 
 propagated on Morello root come into bearing much earlier than on 
 either Mazzard or Mahaleb and the trees tend to overbear, to some 
 
 -^'^^^^F^^ 
 
 ^•^;^M:l^^l 
 
 
 Fig. 13. — Left: A 15-year-old Bing cherry tree, higli budded on Stockton 
 Morello. Eight: A 15-year old Napoleon cherry tree on Stockton Morello, show- 
 ing typical overgrowth. The Bing overgrows the stock less than most other 
 varieties. 
 
 extent at least. This stock also suckers badly. At the present time, 
 however, suckering may be considered as a good fault as the demand 
 for suckers for propagation exceeds the supply (fig. 14). The Stockton 
 Morello does not come true from seed ; therefore, it is necessary to use 
 the suckers instead of seedlings for rootstocks. 
 
 In the last few years considerable interest has been shown for this 
 stock and numerous plantings have been made in many parts of the 
 state. These trees, however, have not been under observation for a 
 sufficient length of time to determine definitely how the stock will 
 respond. If it does as well in other sections as it is doing in San 
 Joaquin County, it certainly is worthy of trial. 
 
22 
 
 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cm. 46 
 
 The Chapman variety is uncongenial with Stockton Morello root 
 and requires double-working. This is the only variety, as far as is 
 known, which cannot be propagated on Stockton Morello root. 
 
 ■•k 
 
 ■\\lH^i^^! 
 
 h'li^: 
 
 *f^". 
 
 Fig. 14. — Typical 15-yeai-old Bing tree on Stockton Morello root. Note the 
 Morello suckers in the foreground which are in great demand as stocks. 
 
 POLLINATIONS 
 
 Experiments extending over a number of years, not only in Cali- 
 fornia but in other states and several foreign countries, show con- 
 clusively that all varieties of sweet cherries are self-unfruitful, i.e., 
 they will not produce crops when self -pollinated. Varieties do not 
 
 5 For a detailed account of the pollination requirements for cherries see: 
 Tufts, W. P., and G. L. Philp. Pollination of the sweet cherry. California Agr. 
 Exp. Sta. Bui. 385:1-28. 1925. 
 
1930] 
 
 Cherry Culture in California 
 
 23 
 
 all bloom at the same time, and so care must be exercised to select 
 varieties which are not only inter-fruitful but which bloom approxi- 
 mately at the same time. 
 
 Blooming Period. — The averag'e period of bloom for most varieties 
 is about two weeks. Weather conditions just preceding and during 
 bloom have a marked influence upon the length of the period of bloom 
 and also upon the dates of blooming. Because of climatic condition, the 
 dates may vary as much as three or four weeks in different seasons. 
 
 PERioPorEr-f-ECTivQ Blooai or Certai/h CMHRRy Varieties) 
 
 Vac A \/ALLcy-CALirof?/<iA 
 
 1917 TO l920-i/^CL\75)Vli 
 
 1 nppiL 
 
 Black Heart 4 
 
 Black tartaria/i a 
 
 Chapma/m 4 
 
 Apva>^<cc. 3 
 
 E-ARLY Pv/RPLE 4 
 
 Dv/RBA^K 4 
 
 Black RiiPvyDLic/^/s 4 
 
 P0/^TIAC 4 
 
 Bl/SG 4 
 
 AaPOltON 4 
 
 rockport 3 
 
 Lambert a 
 
 H \7 \ H 1.TM H k'l N Rl^FT 
 
 Fig. 15. — The period of effective bloom of certain cherry varieties, covering 
 a period in nearly all cases of four years. The number of years averaged is 
 shown in a separate column for each variety. (From Bui. 385.) 
 
 Varieties, however, keep approximately the same order of blooming 
 each season and may be divided roughly into early and late bloomers 
 as follows : 
 
 Early 'bloomers 
 
 Advance 
 
 Black Heart 
 
 Black Kepublican (mid-season) 
 
 Black Tartarian 
 
 Burbank 
 
 Chapman 
 
 Early Purple 
 
 The accompanying chart (fig. 15) gives 
 bloom of the above varieties. It should be 
 definite break between the early and late bloomers but a gradual 
 gradation from one to the other. 
 
 Late bloomers 
 
 Black Republican 
 
 Bing 
 
 Lambert 
 
 Napoleon 
 
 Pontiac 
 
 Rockport 
 
 the period 
 noted that 
 
 of effective 
 there is no 
 
24 
 
 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cir. 46 
 
 Fndt fulness of Varieties. — Since all varieties of sweet cherries are 
 self -unfruitful, varieties must be inter planted. Unfortunately cer- 
 tain varieties are inter-unfruitful and if planted together will not set 
 fruit. This is true with Bmg, Lambert, and Napoleon, three of the 
 most important commercial varieties. If an orchardist desires to grow 
 
 PlAGRAnATiC RtPUt5tm/\J\0H 
 
 or- THt 
 
 POLLmATIO/N R[:QIRE.n£/NT5 
 
 or- 
 
 CERTAI/S 5W££T CHERRy VARIETIES 
 
 
 
 Is 
 
 fc H § ^ ^ 
 
 2 f i U 
 
 CQ cd CQ t:^ c: 
 
 s 
 
 > 
 
 1'^ 
 
 1- 
 
 2: 
 
 S % 
 
 
 Apva/>(ce 
 
 Bl/^<3 
 
 Bl. JiCART 
 
 BlRepv&u(W{ 
 
 ^/5 BlTaRTARIA/I 
 \) Bv/RBA/NK 
 
 ^^Chapman 
 
 l:ARLyP\yRPLI: 
 LrtMDERT 
 
 /Sapoleo/s 
 
 Po^lTIAC 
 
 ' Rock PORT 
 
 • 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 # 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 
 ^ofe: Circ/es Indicate STerilitL/ 
 
 Sauares indicaTe [nier-Fertilitt^ 
 
 
 Fig. 16. — This chart indicates the pollination requirements of certain sweet 
 cherry varieties. The circles indicate sterility, the squares indicate inter- 
 fertility, and the blank spaces crosses which are not recommended or which 
 have not been made. (From Bui. 385.) 
 
 any one or all three of these varieties he must plant other varieties 
 with them to secure fruit. Of the desirable pollinizers Black 
 Republican and Black Tartarian are the best ones to use. Either or 
 both will generally be satisfactory, particularly for Bing and 
 Napoleon. However, they are not entirely satisfactory for Lambert, 
 because of its lateness of bloom, and will be satisfactory only in seasons 
 
1^30] Cherry Culture in California 25 
 
 of very favorable bloom. This probably is the reason that Lambert is 
 generally regarded as a very irregular yielder. 
 
 It should also be pointed out that there are ''strains," particularly 
 of Black Tartarian and, therefore, it is unsafe to depend entirely on 
 this one variety to pollinate the orchard. 
 
 The chart numbered figure 16 shows graphically the pollination 
 requirements of certain cherry varieties. 
 
 A7Tangement of the Pollinizers. — When the minimum number of 
 pollinizers are desired, one tree in nine, planted as every third tree 
 on every third row is recommended. Grafting one or more pollinizers 
 into every tree is also a desirable practice from a pollination stand- 
 point. Either of the above suggestions offer objections in harvesting, 
 so in planting a new orchard it is more desirable to plant in rows with 
 at least every fourth row a pollinizer. For convenience in harvesting, 
 it is best to plant two rows of the pollinizer, then two or four of the 
 favored variety, and repeat. 
 
 Desirahility of Bees. — Since cherries are pollinated only by insects, 
 mainly bees, it is of great importance to provide bees during the 
 blooming period. In intensive fruit sections where wild bees are few 
 it is necessary to import colonies for the blooming season if the grower 
 does not keep bees. At least one hive per acre is desirable, distributed 
 as widely as possible throughout the orchard. 
 
 TOPWORKING AND PROPAGATION 
 
 It is not a general practice to topwork mature cherry trees except 
 to introduce pollinizers into an orchard of a single variety, or where 
 intersterile varieties are planted. The commonly accepted methods of 
 toijworking which are discussed in the circular on propagation are 
 recommended.'^ 
 
 In sections where bacterial gummosis is serious some growers plant 
 the seedlings in the orchard and allow them to grow for several years, 
 forming the framework. Then the seedlings are worked over, preferably 
 budded, to the desired varieties, thus getting a more or less resistant 
 trunk and framework. The Mahaleb is more resistant to gummosis 
 than the present Mazzard stock. 
 
 The cherry like most other fruits does not come true from seed. 
 In order to obtain commercial varieties it is, therefore, necessary to 
 
 6 Topworking and propagation are fully described and illustrated in: Stahl, 
 J. L. Propagation of deciduous fruits. California Agr. Exp. Rtru Cir. 294-1-24 
 1925, 
 
26 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cm. 46 
 
 bud or graft seedlings, or suckers in the case of the Stockton Morello, 
 to the variety desired. In commercial production of nursery trees 
 budding is the method used. The usual practice is to grow the 
 seedlings in a seed bed one year. The following year these seedlings 
 are lined out in the nursery row, where they are allowed to grow until 
 August or September, when they are budded to the desired variety. 
 The spring following budding, before growth starts, the seedling top 
 is cut off, back to the inserted bud. This forces all the growth into 
 the bud, which develops into the nursery tree of the desired variety. 
 At the end of that growing season there is, then, available a one-year- 
 old tree with a three-year-old root system. The nursery trees are dug 
 and graded according to size into the following grades : 
 
 6 to 8 ft. grade — trees to caliper not less than % inch 
 4 to 6 ft. grade — trees to caliper not less than 1/2 inch 
 3 to 4 ft. grade — trees to caliper not less than % inch 
 2 to 3 ft. grade — trees to caliper not less than 14 inch 
 
 It is the general opinion that the medium-sized tree is the most 
 desirable for planting. It is doubtful if the smallest size should be 
 ordered when it is possible to get trees which have made a better 
 growth. 
 
 Upon arrival of the trees they should be removed from the original 
 package and, if not planted at once, ^'heeled-in" in a convenient, 
 well-drained location slanted toward the southwest, so as to protect 
 the trunks from the afternoon sun. If the roots are dried out in ship- 
 ment they should be soaked in water several hours before heeling in. 
 If the whole tree is dried out, it can very often be saved if it is 
 completely covered with moist soil for several days before heeling in. 
 
 PREPARATION FOR PLANTING 
 
 The proper preparation of land previous to planting is of great 
 importance in giving the trees a satisfactory start. The majority of 
 land planted to cherries has been previously cleared so that prepa- 
 ration is mainly a question of deep plowing, breaking up the plowpan, 
 if present. Where irrigation is practiced it is highly important that 
 the land be properly leveled. In some few sites the question of drain- 
 age may be important, though in general cherries are not adapted to 
 conditions of soil where there is not good drainage. 
 
 It is doubtful whether any good cherry soil requires fertilization 
 previous to planting though the use of a green manure crop the year 
 previous to planting may be desirable, primarily to improve soil tilth. 
 
1930] Cherry Culture in California 27 
 
 In most of the cherry districts of the state irrigation is desirable, 
 if not necessary, for young orchards, and in most sections it is neces- 
 sary for bearing orchards. Therefore, it is undesirable to start a new 
 orchard without irrigation facilities. 
 
 ORCHARD PLANS 
 
 Great care should be given to laying out the orchard previous to 
 planting. While trees will grow as well in crooked rows as in straight, 
 tillage operations will be more difficult. Moreover, most growers will 
 take sufficient pride in their orchard to see that the trees are planted 
 in straight rows. The majority of the orchards are planted by the 
 square system, though some growers prefer the alternate or diagonal 
 system of planting. The various methods of laying out orchards are 
 discussed by Wickson.'^ 
 
 The proper distance for planting cherry trees is important.^ 
 Probably no sweet cherries should be planted closer than 24 feet 
 (Dwarf trees on Stockton Morello root excepted) and for good grow- 
 ing conditions a greater distance (28-35 feet) would be desirable. 
 There are many old cherry trees in the state with a spread of 35 to 
 40 feet. 
 
 After the planting plan has been selected the arrangement of the 
 varieties from a pollination standpoint is very important. It is desir- 
 able to have at least every fourth row and preferably every second 
 row of a pollinizing variety. For convenience in harvesting, it is best 
 to plant two rows of one kind, then two rows of the pollinizing variety, 
 and so on ; or if it is desirable to have more of one variety than 
 another, four rows of the favored variety and then two rows of the 
 pollinizer, and repeat. Under some conditions it is desirable to have 
 the minimum number of pollinizers. Under these circumstances one 
 tree of the pollinizer to eight of the favored variety is recommended, 
 planted as every third tree in every third row. 
 
 7 Wickson, E. J. California fruits and how to grow them (10th edition), 
 pp. 85-92. Pacific Eural Press. 1926. 
 
 8 Allen, R W. Planting- and thinning distances for deciduous fruit trees. 
 California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 414:1-29. 1926. 
 
28 California Agricultural Extension Service [^^R- ^c 
 
 PLANTJNG THE ORCHARD 
 
 In setting the trees, compacting the soil around the roots and 
 planting at approximately the same depth that the trees grew in the 
 nursery are probably the two most important factors in getting a 
 uniformly vigorous stand. Trees may be planted with success any 
 time between the first of January and the first of March, when the 
 soil is in good tilth and not too moist or wet. If attempting to plant 
 earlier than that it is difficult to get properly matured and dormant 
 trees from the nursery. If planted later, in most sections, the trees 
 will not have become established and root growth well started before 
 warm weather sets in and excessive water loss will take place. It is 
 preferable to plant as soon after the first of the year as possible, 
 whenever the soil is in good working condition. 
 
 When the trees are dug from the nursery half to three-fourths of 
 the root system is destroyed. It is desirable to remove broken and 
 damaged roots and shorten the longer roots to about six inches in 
 length before planting. To compensate for the loss of roots in digging, 
 it is desirable to cut back the top of the tree. It is also desirable to cut 
 back the top to form the head at a convenient height, probably 
 between 24 and 30 inches from the ground. 
 
 The sweet cherry is rather susceptible to sunburn, and to borers. 
 Consequently it is desirable to protect the newly planted trees from 
 sunburn immediately after planting. Growers differ in their recom- 
 mendations ; some prefer a coat of whitewash, while others recommend 
 the use of tree protectors. The protectors are entirely satisfactory if 
 properly put on so that they will not drop down later in the season 
 and expose the tender trunk bark. In the use of whitewash it is often 
 necessary to go over the trees at least twice the first season. 
 
 A satisfactory whitewash may be made by the following formula: 
 
 Fresh rock lime 5 pounds 
 
 Salt % pound 
 
 Sulfur (flowers) i/4 pound 
 
 While the lime is slaking add the salt and sulfur, mixing well, 
 later thinning to the desired consistency. Allow this whitewash to 
 cool thoroughly before using. It will stick better if allowed to age 
 several days before applying to the trees. Some growers prefer to use 
 cold water paint rather than go to the bother of making up a white- 
 wash. Cold water paint sticks satisfactorily. 
 
19^0] Cherry Culture in California 29 
 
 CARE OF YOUNG GROWING TREES 
 
 After the orchard is set out it is desirable to keep the trees grow- 
 ing: vigorously. The recommended practice of clean cultivation fo" 
 young orchards probably is desirable for most locations, especially 
 where irrigation is not possible. One or two irrigations a. season, 
 depending on soil, climate, etc., will be desirable for best growth in 
 most locations. 
 
 It is very often necessary for the orchardist to grow intercrops in 
 the young orchard. With conditions of good soil and plenty of mois- 
 ture there probably is no objection to planting intercrops in the young 
 cherry orchard as long as the orchardist remembers that the cherry 
 trees are the main crop and does not grow the intercrop at the expense 
 of the trees. 
 
 It is questionable whether the addition of artificial fertilizers to a 
 young cherry orchard is desirable or necessary. This is especially true 
 if good orchard soil has been selected for the trees. There is no doubt, 
 however, that the use of winter covercrops or green manure crops is a 
 desirable practice. 
 
 CARE OF BEARING ORCHARDS 
 
 The question of moisture regulation and tillage is extremely im- 
 portant in mature cherry orchards. The practices by different growers 
 in the various cherry growing areas of the state differ greatly. Some 
 growers maintain that one irrigation a year is sufficient, while others 
 argue that the soil should be kept moist for a depth of 16 feet, at all 
 times. In the Santa Clara Valley it is a general practice to irrigate 
 once before the crop is harv^ested and twice after, followed by a 
 thorough winter irrigation. 
 
 In the hot dry valley locations most cherry growers plan on irri- 
 gation, but as previously indicated their practices vary from a single 
 irrigation to as many as four applications. No definite recommen- 
 dations can be made regarding irrigation as the soil, climate, rain- 
 fall, etc., will influence the amount of water applied and the number 
 of irrigations necessary. The main point to keep in mind is the 
 necessity of not allowing the trees to suffer from the lack of moisture. 
 This is particularly true of trees on Mazzard root (fi,g. 12). 
 
 In non-irrigated locations, especially in years of scant rainfall, 
 supplementing rainfall with irrigation would be desirable if it were 
 possible to irrigate. However, in these locations no irrigation facilities 
 
30 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cir. 46 
 
 are available, which generally means less vigorous trees and smaller 
 sized fruit. 
 
 The general tillage practice in the cherry sections of the state is 
 clean culture during the summer. Plowing or disking in the early 
 spring is followed by more or less frequent cultivations. The 
 frequency of summer cultivation should depend on weed growth and 
 frequency of irrigation. Kecent studies by Veihmeyer^ indicate that 
 cultivation for the conservation of moisture is unnecessary so long as 
 the soil is kept free from weeds or other growth. Frequent cultivations 
 after the weeds are killed, or the crust broken up are, therefore, 
 unnecessary and expensive. 
 
 FERTFLIZATION AND COVERCROPS 
 
 We have no experimental data showing that the sweet cherry 
 responds to the application of fertilizers. Experiments with sour 
 cherry fertilization^" indicate that the trees respond to applications 
 of nitrogen. Chandler^^ reports that the sour cherry seems to respond 
 to nitrogen fertilizers but that little is known as to the response to 
 high or low potash or phosphorus supply. Observation indicates that 
 the sweet cherry when the nitrate supply is low may make striking 
 response to applications of available nitrogen. 
 
 The use of manure and nitrate fertilizers in California cherry 
 orchards is becoming a common practice. Many growers recommend 
 using as much manure as they can get. In most cases this means 
 from two to ten tons per acre applied occasionally. The kind of 
 manure used depends upon the available supply. There seems to be 
 no recommended practice regarding its application. However, where 
 manure is used best results seem to be obtained when the application 
 is made in the fall. 
 
 In the use of inorganic fertilizers there is a wide difference of 
 opinion. The only material being used extensively is a nitrogen ferti- 
 lizer and in most cases sulfate of ammonia seems to be the favored 
 material, used in amounts varying from two to twenty pounds per tree. 
 The most general practice is to use from four to seven pounds per 
 tree applied just before bloom. 
 
 9 Veihmeyer, P. J. Some factors affecting the irrigation requirements of 
 deciduous orchards. Hilgardia, 2:125-290. 1927. 
 
 10 Tukey, H. B. Responses of the sour cherry to fertilizers and to pruning 
 in the Hudson River Valley. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 541:1-26. 
 1927. 
 
 11 Chandler, W. H. Fi'uit growing, p. 315-316. Houghton-Mifflin Co. 1925. 
 
1930] Cherry Culture in California 31 
 
 The use of covercrops is about as variable with cherries as with 
 other fruits. Some growers insist that it is highly desirable, if not 
 necessary, to use a covercrop annually. Most growers advise a 
 leguminous covercrop ; and Melilotus indica seems to be the favorite, 
 though some prefer vetch, bur clover, or the small-seeded horse bean. 
 
 In practically all locations where covercrops are grown the annual 
 winter covercrop is the one used, which is plowed under in the spring 
 and clean culture practiced during the summer. In the Lodi section 
 a number of growers are using a permanent alfalfa covercrop, v/ith 
 apparently good results. It should be kept in mind, however, that 
 the use of a summer covercrop necessitates an increased water supply 
 and, therefore, can be used only where sufficient irrigation water is 
 available. 
 
 PRUNING12 
 
 Training and Pruning Young Trees. — There are three methods of 
 training young trees: (1) leader type where the central, or uppermost 
 branch is allowed the ascendency and becomes the main leader; (2) the 
 open center or vase-shaped tree where the scaffold branches have equal 
 dominance and no branch is allowed to grow at the expense of the 
 others; and (3) the modified leader or delayed open center. In the 
 delayed open center type the tree is started as a leader tree and the 
 upper branch is allowed the dominance but is directed outward after 
 the first two or four years. Allowing the topmost branch to assume 
 the lead for several years enables one to obtain greater spacing of the 
 scaffolds on the trunk. It is felt that this type of tree has much in its 
 favor and should be more extensively used. 
 
 Most cherry trees in California are trained as vase or open-centered 
 trees. At the time of planting the tree should be cut back to balance 
 the top with the root system and also to form the head at a desirable 
 height (24-30 inches). During the first summer lateral branches will 
 develop which will form the primary framework of the tree, three to 
 five being selected for this purpose, preferably three. If the trees 
 start out vigorously, the selection of the framework branches may be 
 made in May of the first growing season. In this case the undesirable 
 branches should be subdued by cutting them back and the ones 
 selected for the framework allowed to grow undisturbed. 
 
 12 For greater details of priming see: Tufts, W. P. Pruning young deciduous 
 fruit trees. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 313:113-153. Eevised 1927. Also: 
 Tufts, W. P. Pruning bearing deciduous fruit trees. California Agr. Exp. Sta. 
 Bui. 386:1-47. 1925. 
 
32 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cm. 46 
 
 In those orchards making only moderate growth the trees should 
 not be summer pinched but should be allowed to grow undisturbed 
 until the dormant pruning when the selection of the framework is 
 made. In selecting the framework branches only those should be 
 left which will make a symmetrical head. 
 
 The branches should be properly balanced around the trunk and 
 spaced up and down the trunk as far apart as possible (six to eight 
 inches). Care should be tal^en not to select two branches opposite 
 each other on the main trunk, particularly if using the open center 
 type of tree, as invariably the center branch will be choked out. These 
 primary scaffolds should be headed at fifteen to thirty inches or more 
 from their juncture with the trunk. 
 
 Since young vigorous cherry shoots tend to branch only near the 
 tip, it seems desirable under most conditions to head the new growth 
 moderately for the first three or four years, in addition to thinning 
 out undesirable branches. 
 
 Where vigorous growth is obtained the second and third summer, 
 one or more years' training may be saved by summer-pinching the 
 vigorous shoots in May. This practice will force lateral branching and 
 also give spread. 
 
 Pruning Bearing Trees. — The purpose of pruning bearing trees is 
 to remove dead and interfering branches and also to renew the fruiting 
 wood. The sweet cherry produces its fruit laterally on long-lived 
 spurs which are economically productive ten years or more. The 
 cherry, therefore, needs less renewal wood than most any other 
 deciduous fruit. Most cherry growers do very little pruning on bear- 
 ing trees. The general practice is to remove dead wood in the early 
 summer following harvest, at which time it is more easily distinguished 
 than is the case in the winter when the trees are dormant. In addition 
 to the removal of dead wood, cross and interfering branches are cut 
 out from time to time. 
 
 The sweet cherry is subject to die-back, especially trees on 
 Mazzard root where soil and moisture conditions are not entirely 
 congenial. This condition is very often responsible for the dying of 
 the tops of cherry trees, necessitating removal of rather large amounts 
 of dead wood. However, it must be kept in mind that no pruning 
 treatment will overcome unfavorable soil or moisture conditions. 
 
1930] Cherry Culture in California 33 
 
 DISEASES OF CHERRIES AND THEIR CONTROLi3 
 
 Diseases of plants are of three kinds, depending" upon their cause. 
 They are: (1) fungus diseases caused by fungi and usually controlled 
 by spraying; (2) bacterial diseases caused by bacteria within the 
 tissue and generally impossible to be controlled by spraying; 
 (3) physiological diseases produced, generally, by some functional 
 disturbance which is often impossible to determine. 
 
 Bacterial Gummosis {Bacterium cerasi Griffin). — This is a serious 
 cherry tree disease which attacks buds, twigs, spurs, branches and 
 trunks, accompanied by copious gum formation. The gum is gener- 
 ally amber colored. The disease is usually most active during the 
 spring and early summer and may be spread through wounds. 
 Control is difficult although the scarification method^^ used with pear 
 blight seems promising. Whenever the bark is killed in large areas 
 the dead bark should be scraped out to the wood and Bordeaux paste 
 applied to prevent wood rots. No other disinfectants than Bordeaux 
 need be used after the scarification work. 
 
 Recent studies indicate that there may be several bacteria causing 
 gumming on cherries; also there are, apparently, physiological dis- 
 turbances which cause serious gumming without bacteria being present. 
 
 In sections where gummosis is serious it probably is desirable to 
 grow the seedlings in the orchard, forming the framework of the 
 stock which is more resistant than the various varieties. Mahaleb is 
 more resistant than the types of Mazzard commonly used by the 
 nurserymen. Bing and Napoleon are more susceptible than other 
 commercial varieties, and Lambert is seldom injured. The Duke and 
 sour cherries are highly resistant. Sweet cherry trees on Stockton 
 Morello roots seem less susceptible to the disease than those on the 
 ordinary Mazzard root, possibly owing to the less rapid growth. 
 
 In the Lodi district many cherry orchards have been sown to 
 alfalfa. This practice seems to be of decided benefit in rendering the 
 trees less subject to bacterial gummosis. 
 
 Brown Rot. — [Sclerotinia cinerea (Bon) Schroet.] Brown rot is 
 not generally serious on cherries, but in some years it does consider- 
 able damage. It attacks the blossoms and runs down into the fruit 
 spur, killing it. The blossoms and leaves dry up and remain on the 
 spur, and there generally is an exudation of clear gum from the spur. 
 
 13 Home, W. T., E. O. Essig, and W. B. Hernis. Plant disease and pest con- 
 trol. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 2,65:1-124. 1927. 
 
 14 Day, L. H. Pear blight control in California. California Ext. Cir. 2,0:1-50. 
 1928. 
 
34 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cir. 46 
 
 The fruit is also attacked, especially in years of late rains, and 
 generally is most severe in areas having coastal influence of fog and 
 moist, cloudy weather. Fruit destroyed by brown rot dries up and 
 generally remains attached to the spur during the winter and acts 
 as a source of infection for the following season. 
 
 Cherry growers do not regularly spray for brown rot control. 
 Those that do generally use Bordeaux mixture 5-5-50 to 8-8-50 as 
 the first blossoms are opening. This application is satisfactory except 
 in seasons of rain during harvest, when serious loss occurs from the 
 fruit rot stage. 
 
 Leaf Spot {Coccomyces hiemalis Hig. = Cylindrosporium). — This 
 disease appears as small brown spots on the leaves, the underside of 
 which show whitish coating of spores. This disease also affects the 
 fruit stem and certain seasons causes serious loss. It is not considered 
 serious in California except in certan districts near the coast, and no 
 spray program has been thoroughly worked out. One grower says 
 he gets 100 per cent control with Bordeaux applied when the blossoms 
 show white, care being taken to thoroughly coat the flower stem. In 
 the east the following recommendation is given : Spray with Bordeaux 
 mixture: (1) when three-fourths of the petals have fallen; (2) two 
 weeks later; (8) just after the fruit is picked. 
 
 Oak Fungus^' — [ArmilJaria mellea (Vahl) Quel.] This disease is 
 caused by a fungus which is both a saprophyte and a parasite. It 
 works almost entirely on the roots underground. Cherry trees are 
 killed in areas which enlarge from year to year. Since the disease 
 spreads mainly from root to root, it travels very slowly and, for that 
 reason, is considered as a disease of old trees. Fig, black walnut, and 
 French pear are the most resistant of our commo-n orchard trees. In 
 oak fungus spots in cherry orchard it will be necessary to plant an 
 annual crop or use one of the above-mentioned resistant trees. The 
 cherry is susceptible, and usually the tree is so seriously infected that 
 no control is possible. Sometimes, however, on slightly infected trees, 
 considerable benefit may be obtained by digging away the soil from 
 about the crown and removing all diseased bark on the main trunk 
 and all dead roots out to a distance of several feet. The cut surfaces 
 should be covered with Bordeaux paste and left exposed for several 
 weeks. 
 
 Buckskin Disease. — An abnormal condition found mainly on 
 Napoleon, Black Tartarian, and Chapman varieties. The disease 
 stunts and deforms the fruit, the affected specimens never mature 
 
 15 Hendrickson, A. H. Oak fungus in orchard trees. California Agr. Exp. 
 Sta. Cir. 289:1-13. 1925. 
 
1930] Cherry Culture in California 35 
 
 and develop only a fourth to a half normal size. The flesh has a 
 translucent appearance and is tou^h. 
 
 There is no prevention or control known at present. It is thought 
 by some to be a soil trouble ; others believe it to be a virus or related 
 disease, though in one section it seems to be associated with little leaf 
 and crinkle leaf. 
 
 It is confined almost entirely to trees on Mazzard root. Dr. T. E. 
 Rawlins^*^ of the Plant Pathology Division of the University of Cali- 
 fornia in a survey of buckskin in one section, found that of 147 trees 
 on Mazzard root 52 showed buckskin, while of 82 trees on Mahaleb 
 only three showed the trouble. All three of the trees on Mahaleb 
 showing buckskin, however, had rooted above the graft union. The 
 above report would seem to indicate that trees on Mahaleb root are 
 resistant, if not immune to buckskin. It also suggests the advisability 
 of using high-budded trees to prevent the scion from taking root. 
 
 Crinkle Leaf {Bed Bud, Bachelor Tree, He Tree).— This trouble 
 seems to affect Black Tartarian more commonly than other varieties. 
 However, other varieties are not immune. It is probably a soil trouble 
 but is thought by some to be a virus disease. The trouble affects the 
 foliage, mainly, deforming the leaf and giving it a crinkled appear- 
 ance. The leaves generally are slightly yellow, having a mottled or 
 marbled appearance. It may affect a single branch or the entire tree. 
 Many of the fruit buds fail to completely open, which has suggested the. 
 name "red bud." With bad infections the fruit is slightly deformed, 
 having a pointed, beaked appearance. Trees affected never set a full 
 crop.t Some people consider this to be a bud sport. 
 
 It is sometimes found associated with little-leaf condition. The 
 two troubles may be related. There is no known prevention or cure 
 at present. 
 
 Little Tjeaf. — This is a physiological trouble supposed to be caused 
 by some unfavorable soil condition. It affects the new growth and 
 foliage. The shoots are weak and in bad cases die. The foliage is 
 small and yellow in co'or. It may affect only one branch, in light 
 cases, or the entire tree. Sometimes a shoot dies back part way and 
 many new shoots grow out and give a witch's broom effect. There is 
 no complete commercial control or remedy at present. Where alfalfa 
 is grown among the trees little leaf is much less prevalent. Trees 
 affected with little leaf respond to treatment with iron sulfate applied 
 to the soil, but in most soils such large amounts are required that it 
 is impractical. In old corrals and poultry yards, if later planted to 
 trees, a similar little-leaf condition very often develops. 
 
 16 Rawlins, T. E. Mimeographed progress report on cherry buckskin disease. 
 1929. 
 
36 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cir. 46 
 
 INSECTS OF CHERRIES AND THEIR CONTROL 
 
 Black Cherry Aphis (Myzus cerasi Fabr.) — This is a shiny black 
 aphis attacking the cherry in spring and early summer, causing 
 severe curling of the leaves and is one of the most troublesome pests 
 in home orchards. In serious infestations it does considerable damage 
 especially to young orchards and nursery trees. Controlled by spray- 
 ing with 1 pint 40 per cent nicotine sulfate, 4 pounds fish or whale oil 
 soap, and 100 gallons of water ; or dusting with 5 per cent nicodust 
 soon after blossoming when aphis appear and before the leaves curl. 
 
 Cankerworms {Fall and Spring Cankerworms) . — These are small 
 greenish or dark measuring worms about one-half inch long which 
 feed upon opening buds and the leaves mostly, with some damage to 
 young fruit. Females are wingless and crawl up the tree in spring 
 or fall to lay eggs. Control consists of preventing females from 
 crawling up the tree by using tanglefoot or screenwire bands around 
 the trunk of the tree. Spraying with basic arsenate of lead powder, 
 2 to 4 pounds per 100 gallons will kill most of the worms. Recently 
 better control has been obtained by using insect powder, pyrethrum 
 or buhach, than with arsenate of lead. Insect powder must be fresh 
 as it loses its strength with age. Soak 2% to 5 pounds overnight in 
 5 gallons of water, then add enough water to make 200 gallons of spray. 
 
 Cherry Fruit Saw fly {Hoplocampa cookei Clarke). — A small white 
 worm (larva) which works within the immature fruit of plums and 
 cherries. It is not an universal pest but in some seasons it does con- 
 siderable damage in certain sections. Its presence is recognized by 
 the yellowing and dropping of the half-grown fruit which show round 
 exit holes, where the larva emerge. The best control consists of 
 applying standard arsenate of lead powder, 2i/4 to 5 pounds per 100 
 gallons of water just as the petals are opening. 
 
 Cherry Slug {Eriocampoides limacina Retzius). — The slug attacks 
 both cherry and pear but generally not in sufficient numbers to 
 necessitate control measures. The worm is a slimy green or blackish 
 larva about one-half inch long which feeds on the leaves and some 
 years in sufficient numbers to defoliate the trees. 
 
 Control is comparatively easy due to the slimy covering of the 
 insect and consists in using any one of various dusts: as hydrated 
 lime, ashes, roaddust, 2 to 5 per cent nicodust or spraying with 
 arsenate of lead 2V2 to 5 pounds per 100 gallons of water. However, 
 arsenate of lead should not be used when the fruit is nearly ripe, 
 but rather after harvest. It is the most satisfactory method of control. 
 
1930] Cherry Culture in California 37 
 
 Red-humped Caterpillar. — [Schirula concinna (A. & S.)]- The 
 caterpillars are from one to two inches long' when full grown and may 
 be identified by the large red hump on the back. They work in 
 colonies but do not spin a web. The damage consists in defoliation 
 of shoots or entire young trees. The caterpillars eat the leaves, except 
 the large veins, mid rib and petiole. 
 
 Control measures consists of picking off and destroying the colonies 
 on young trees or spraying with arsenate of lead with 2 to 3 pounds 
 per 100 gallons of water, or dusting with equal parts of powdered 
 arsenate of lead and hydrated lime. For satisfactory control by 
 spraying or dusting it is advisable to apply the arsenical before the 
 caterpillars are full grown. 
 
 Pear Thrips {Taeniothrips inconsequens Uzel). — These insects are 
 often a serious pest of the cherry. It is a small black insect about 
 YiQ inch long which appears about the time the buds or blossoms 
 begin to open. The young or white thrips work on the late blossoms, 
 young fruit and leaves. Control consists of spraying with summer 
 oil, 3 gallons, 40 per cent nicotine sulfate, 1 pint, and water to make 
 200 gallons. Repeated dusting with 5 per cent nicodust will also 
 control them. 
 
 Flat-heuded Borer {Chrysohothris femorata Fabricius). — This 
 borer is discussed under the heading of planting the orchard. 
 
 HARVESTING THE CHERRY CROPi7 
 
 Picking Equipment. — The three-legged or tripod ladder is the 
 standard for orchard use. There are a number of satisfactory makes 
 on the market. They should be strong, light and well constructed. 
 These ladders are made in various lengths from six feet up. 
 
 Various types of picking receptacles are used. Probably the most 
 common, in the shipping districts, is the galvanized-iron cherry pick- 
 ing cup which straps to the picker's waist (fig. 17(7). Other growers 
 use various sized galvanized-iron water pails (figs. 11 A, IIB). The 
 cherry picking cup is preferable for fruit for fresh shipment where 
 the greatest handling care is necessary. For local sale or cannery the 
 larger water pail type is satisfactory. 
 
 Delivery Containers. — For cannery stock the 50 to 60-pound lug 
 box is the standard container used. Where fruit is for eastern ship- 
 ment the common practice is to dump the fruit from the 'cup' into 
 
 17 Duruz, W. P. Harvesting and handling California cherries for eastern 
 shipment. California Agr. Exp. Sta. Cir. 232:1-19. 1922. 
 
38 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cm. 46 
 
 the galvanized pail for delivery to the packing" house. Other growers 
 pick directly into the water pail, which is also used to deliver to the 
 packing house. This eliminates one handling and is satisfactory if 
 not filled too full, and when the bucket can be filled from one setting 
 of the ladder. Numerous growers dump the cherries into lug boxes of 
 various sizes. Where this is done the lugs should not be filled too 
 full and also corrugated paper pads and liners should be used to 
 eliminate bruising. 
 
 Fig. 17. — Various picking receptacles: (A) Large fruit picking pail, almost 
 too large for cherries. (B) Galvanized water pail, a satisfactory cherry picking 
 receptacle. (C) The cherry picking cup, extensively used in some of the early 
 shipping sections. 
 
 Delivery Trucks and Wagons. — The auto truck with pneumatic 
 tires is a common, satisfactory conveyance for delivering cJierries from 
 orchard to packing house and then to the shipping point. If wagons 
 are used only those equipped with good springs are advisable. Neither 
 springless wagons nor solid-tired trucks are advisable. 
 
 Picking Hooks. — A i)icking hook is very desirable in picking 
 cherries as it enables the picker to pull the long branches within 
 reach, thereby lessening the number of times it is necessary to reset 
 the ladder. A forked branch is very often used and is satisfactory. 
 However, a pole about four feet long with a hook at both ends is more 
 desirable. This makes possible pulling a limb within reach and fasten- 
 ing it to the ladder or another branch, so the picker has both hands 
 free to pick the fruit. 
 
1930] Cherry Culture in California 39' 
 
 PICKING THE FRUIT 
 
 The Time to Pick. — The time to pick will depend upon several 
 factors — whether for eastern shipment; for local fresh shipment; for 
 cannery or other by-product use ; and also upon variety. In general 
 the early softer fleshed varieties like Chapman, Burbank, Black 
 Tartarian, are picked less mature than the later more firm varieties 
 like the Bing, Black Republican, and Lambert. While specific direc- 
 tions cannot be given for all conditions, in general the earlier sorts, 
 which when tree ripe are dark red to black, are generally picked when 
 they have attained a good red color and are fairly sweet. The later 
 sorts, on the other hand, should be a dark or purplish red before being 
 harvested. 
 
 Recent studies by Hartman and BuUis^^ indicate that the time of 
 harvesting does not seem to greatly affect the shipping quality of 
 sweet cherries. When the fruit reaches full maturity on the trees 
 it generally holds up sufficiently well to ship to eastern markets. 
 
 The Napoleon, the only variety canned or extensively used for 
 other by-products purposes is a white or yellow fleshed variety with 
 a distinct blush on the exposed cheek. This variety is also shipped 
 east to some extent. For shipment it should be harvested when it 
 has attained a good yellow color and is fairly sweet. For canning or 
 processing it should be allowed to become more mature before 
 harvesting. 
 
 How to Pick. — Cherries for eastern shipment must be picked with 
 stems attached, otherwise the skin will be broken and the fruit will 
 not hold up in shipment. In removing the fruit from the spur the 
 operator grasps the cherry stem firmly between the thumb and fore- 
 finger, giving it an upward twist. Care must be taken not to break 
 the fruit spur. 
 
 Normally fruit for canning or processing should be picked with 
 stems. However, where the fruit is delivered to the cannery or 
 processing plant immediately it may be picked without stem. 
 
 In all cases the fruit should be placed carefully into the picking 
 receptacles and never be thrown or dropped into the containers. 
 
 18 Hartman, H., and D. E. Biillis. Investigations relating to the handling of 
 sweet cherries. Oregon Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 247:1-38. 1929. 
 
40 
 
 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cir. 46 
 
 PACKING AND PACKING EQUIPMENT 
 
 As previously stated, only fruit for distant shipment is packed, 
 fruit for canning and for processing' being delivered in field lugs. 
 
 The first prerequisite for packing cherries is a well lighted, con- 
 veniently arranged packing house. At present, in most cherry pack- 
 ing houses, all sorting, grading, and packing is done by hand from 
 conveniently arranged packing tables (fig. 18). Recently, however, a 
 
 Fig. 18. — Interior of packing house. Note arrangement of packing 
 tables and packing trays. 
 
 few growers are using cherry graders. These graders consist of a 
 dumping platform above which is arranged a suction fan that removes 
 the leaves, bud scales, etc., from the fruit. The fruit moves forward 
 slowly on a series of endless belts, at the end of which is placed one 
 of the various types of containers. When the lug is filled it is replaced 
 by another empty one. As the fruit passes along on the endless belts 
 it is sorted. The culls are removed and the small specimens are picked 
 out. In some packing houses the fruit is also sorted for color. 
 Generally, however, only the overripe fruits are picked out and no 
 attention is given to fruit of various degrees of ripeness. 
 
1930] 
 
 Cherry Culture in California 
 
 41 
 
 Where cherry graders are used no attempt is made to place the 
 individual fruits in the box. Care is taken to fill the corners of the 
 boxes and to see that the minimum net weight is contained in each 
 package. When hand packing is done the standard cherry box is 
 extensively used. The box is made with a divider in the center 
 separating the box into two equal sections. This box contains eight 
 pounds net. When the box is made the top is nailed on so in packing 
 the face or top layer of fruit is placed in first. 
 
 The cherries are carefully sorted and graded to size and placed 
 in the box on their cheek with the stems toward the packer. After the 
 
 '43 
 
 Fi^. 11). — The standard clicrr}' box. The box at the left shows the top view 
 of the pack. Note the '^facing." The box at the right shows the bottom view, 
 and presents no arrangement of the fruit. 
 
 first layer is finished the second layer is placed so that the fruit rests in 
 the spaces formed by the cherries of the first layer. This is known as 
 ''double facing." When one section is faced the box is turned end 
 for end and the other section faced in a like manner. The remainder 
 of the box is filled with fruit without definite arrangement. The 
 bottom is finished off, care being taken to fill the corners and to have 
 no fruit extending over the sides. The bottom is then nailed on, the 
 box turned over and the top opened to see that no overripe, bruised or 
 cull fruit has been placed in the package.^^ (fig. 19). 
 
 19 In packing cherries for shipment, certain state regulations regarding pack- 
 ing, maturity, containers, etc., must be followed. Copies of these regulations 
 of the California Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Standardization Act may be obtained 
 from the California State Department of Agriculture, Sacramento, Calif. 
 
42 
 
 California Agricultural Extension Service [Cir. 46 
 
 In packing" lugs, facing, as described above, is very seldom prac- 
 ticed. Some growers ''bunch face" by placing a small number of 
 fruits in the box at a time, stems up, without any regular arrange- 
 ment (fig. 20). The lug is then filled, care being taken to fill up the 
 corners and edges. Generally, however, no facing is done in packing 
 the lugs. 
 
 Fig. 20. — Lambert lug, ' ' bunched face. ' ' The box at the left shows the top 
 view and the box at the right shows the bottom view. Note that there is no 
 regular arrangement of the fruit. Compare with figure 19. 
 
STATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION 
 
 BULLETINS 
 
 No. 
 253, 
 
 263. 
 277. 
 279. 
 283. 
 304. 
 
 310. 
 313. 
 331. 
 335. 
 
 343. 
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 346. 
 347. 
 
 348. 
 349. 
 
 353. 
 
 354. 
 357. 
 
 361, 
 
 362. 
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 364. 
 
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 368. 
 
 369. 
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 374. 
 
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 391. 
 
 392. 
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 395. 
 
 396. 
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 400. 
 405. 
 406. 
 407. 
 
 Irrigation and Soil Conditions in the 
 
 Sierra Nevada Foothills, California. 
 Size Grades for Ripe Olives. 
 Sudan Grass. 
 
 Irrigation of Rice in California. 
 The Olive Insects of California. 
 A Study of the Effects of Freezes on 
 
 Citrus in California. 
 Plum Pollination. 
 
 Pruning Young Deciduous Fruit Trees. 
 Phylloxera-resistant stocks, 
 Cocoanut Meal as a Feed for Dairy 
 
 Cows and Other Livestock. 
 Cheese Pests and Their Control. 
 Cold Storage as an Aid to tlie Market- 
 ing of Plums, a Progress Report. 
 Almond Pollination. 
 
 The Control of Red Spiders in Decid- 
 uous Orchards. 
 Pruning Young Olive Trees. 
 A Study of Sidedraft and Tractor 
 
 Hitches. 
 Bovine Infectious Abortion, and Asso- 
 ciated Diseases of Cattle and New- 
 born Calves. 
 Results of Rice Experiments in 1922. 
 A Self-Mixing Dusting Machine for 
 Applying Dry Insecticides and Fun- 
 gicides. 
 Preliminary Yield Tables for Second- 
 Growth Redwood. 
 Dust and the Tractor Engine 
 The Pruning of Citrus Trees in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 Fungicidal Dusts for the Control of 
 
 Bunt. 
 Turkish Tobacco Culture, Curing, and 
 
 Marketing. 
 Methods of Harvesting and Irrigation 
 
 in Relation to Moldy Walnuts. 
 Bacterial Decomposition of Olives 
 
 During Pickling. 
 
 Comparison of Woods for Butter Boxes. 
 
 Factors Influencing the Development 
 
 of Internal Browning of the Yellow 
 
 Newtown Apple. 
 
 The Relative Cost of Yarding Small 
 
 and Large Timber. 
 Pear Pollination. 
 
 A Survey of Orchard Practices in the 
 Citrus Industry of Southern Cali- 
 fornia. 
 Growth of Eucalyptus in California 
 
 Plantations. 
 Pollination of the Sweet Cherry. 
 Pruning Bearing Deciduous Fruit 
 
 Trees. 
 The Principles and Practice of Sun- 
 Drying Fruit. 
 Berseem or Egyptian Clover. 
 Harvesting and Packing Grapes in 
 
 California. 
 Machines for Coating Seed Wheat with 
 
 Copper Carbonate Dust. 
 Fruit Juice Concentrates. 
 Crop Sequences at Davis. 
 I. Cereal Hay Production in California. 
 II. Feeding Trials with Cereal Hays. 
 Bark Diseases of Citrus Trees in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 The Mat Bean, Phaseolus Aconilifolius. 
 Manufacture of Roquefort Type Cheese 
 
 from Goat's Milk. 
 The Utilization of Surplus Plums. 
 Citrus Culture in Central California. 
 Stationary Spray Plants in California. 
 Yield. Stand, and Volume Tables for 
 White Fir in the California Pine 
 Region. 
 
 No. 
 
 408, 
 409, 
 
 410. 
 412. 
 
 414. 
 
 415. 
 416. 
 
 418. 
 
 419. 
 
 420. 
 
 421. 
 423. 
 
 425. 
 426. 
 427. 
 
 428. 
 
 430. 
 431. 
 
 432. 
 
 433. 
 
 434. 
 435. 
 
 436. 
 438. 
 439. 
 
 440. 
 
 444. 
 445. 
 
 446. 
 
 447. 
 
 448. 
 449. 
 450. 
 
 451. 
 
 452. 
 453. 
 
 454. 
 
 Alternaria Rot of Lemons. 
 The Digestibility of Certain Fruit By- 
 products as Determined for Rumi- 
 nants. Part I. Dried Orange Pulp 
 and Raisin Pulp. 
 Factors Influencing the Quality of Fresh 
 
 Asparagus After it is Harvested. 
 A Study of the Relative Value of Cer- 
 tain Root Crops and Salmon Oil as 
 Sources of Vitamin A for Poulti-y. 
 Planting and Thinning Distances for 
 
 Deciduous Fruit Trees. 
 The Tractor on California Farms. 
 Culture of the Oriental Persimmon in 
 
 California. 
 A Study of Various Rations for Fin- 
 ishing Range Calves as Baby Beeves. 
 Economic Aspects of the Cantaloupe 
 
 Industry. 
 Rice and Rice By-Products as Feeds 
 
 for Fatteni-ng Swine. 
 Beef Cattle Feeding Trials, 1921-24. 
 Apricots (Series on California Crops 
 
 and Prices). 
 Apple Growing in California. 
 Apple Pollination Studies in California. 
 The Value of Orange Pulp for Milk 
 
 Production. 
 The Relation of Maturity of California 
 Plums to Shipping and Dessert 
 Quality. 
 Range Grasses in California. 
 Raisin By-Products and Bean Screen- 
 ings as Feeds for Fattening Lambs. 
 Some Economic Problems Involved in 
 
 the Pooling of Fruit. 
 Power Requirements of Electrically 
 Driven Dairy Manufacturing Equip- 
 ment. 
 Investigations on the Use of Fruits in 
 
 Ice Cream and Ices. 
 The Problem of Securing Closer Rela- 
 tionship between Agricultural Devel- 
 opment and Irrigation Construction. 
 I. The Kadota Fig. II. The Kadota 
 
 Fig Products. 
 Grafting Affinities with Special Refer- 
 ence to Plums. 
 The Digestibility of Certain Fruit By- 
 Products as Determined for Rumi- 
 nants. II. Dried Pineapple Pulp, 
 Dried Lemon Pulp, and Dried Olive 
 Pulp. 
 The Feeding Value of Raisins and 
 Dairy By-Products for Growing and 
 Fattening Swine. 
 Series on California Crops and Prices: 
 
 Beans. 
 Economic Aspects of the Apple In- 
 dustry. 
 The Asparagus Industry in California. 
 A Method of Determining the Clean 
 Weights of Individual Fleeces of Wool. 
 Farmers' Purchase Agreement for Deep 
 
 Well Pumps. 
 Economic Aspects of the Watermelon 
 
 Industry. 
 Irrigation Investigations with Field 
 Crops at Davis, and at Delhi, Cali 
 fornia, 1909-1925. 
 Studies Preliminary to the Establish- 
 ment of a Series of Fertilizer Trials 
 in a Bearing Citrus Grove. 
 Economic Aspects of the Pear Industry. 
 Series on California Crops and Prices: 
 
 Almonds. 
 Rice Experiments in Sacramento Val- 
 ley, 1922-1927. 
 
BULLETINS— (C7on«mw«d) 
 
 No. 
 
 455. Reclamation of the Fresno Type of 
 
 Black-Alkali Soil. 
 
 456. Yield. Stand and Volume Tables for 
 
 Red Fir in California. 
 
 458. Factors Influencing Percentage Calf 
 
 Crop in Range Herds. 
 
 459. Economic Aspects of the Fresh Plum 
 
 Industry. 
 
 460. Series on California Crops and Prices: 
 
 Lemons. 
 
 461. Series on California Crops and Prices: 
 
 Economic Aspects of the Beef Cattle 
 Industry. 
 
 462. Prune Supply and Price Situation. 
 464. Drainage in the Sacramento Valley 
 
 Rice Fields. 
 
 No. 
 
 465. 
 466. 
 
 467. 
 468. 
 
 469. 
 470. 
 
 471. 
 
 474. 
 
 475, 
 
 Curly Top Symptoms of the Sugar Beet. 
 The Continuous Can Washer for Dairy 
 
 Plants. 
 Oat Varieties in California. 
 Sterilization of Dairy Utensils with 
 
 Humidified Hot Air. 
 The Solar Heater. 
 Maturity Standards for Harvesting 
 
 Bartlett Pears for Eastern Shipment. 
 The Use of Sulfur Dioxide in Shipping 
 
 Grapes. 
 Factors Affecting the Cost of Tractor 
 
 Logging in the California Pine 
 
 Region. 
 Walnut Supply and Price Situation. 
 
 CIRCULARS 
 
 No. 
 
 115. Grafting Vinifera Vineyards. 
 
 117. The Selection and Cost of a Small 
 
 Pumping Plant. 
 127. House Fumigation. 
 129. The Control of Citrus Insects. 
 164. Small Fruit Culture in California. 
 166. The County Farm Bureau. 
 178. The Packing of Apples in California. 
 20.S. Peat as a Manure Substitute. 
 212. Salvaarine Rain-Damaged Prunes. 
 230. Testing Milk, Cream, and Skim Milk 
 
 for Butterfat. 
 232. Harvesting and Handling California 
 
 Cherries for Eastern Shipment. 
 
 239. Harvesting and Handling Apricots and 
 
 Plums for Eastern Shipment. 
 
 240. Harvesting and Handling California 
 
 Pears for Eastern Shipment. 
 
 241. Harvesting and Handline California 
 
 Peaches for Eastern Shipment. 
 
 243. Marmalade Juice and Jelly Juice from 
 
 Citrus Fruits. 
 
 244. Central Wire Bracing for Fruit Trees. 
 
 245. Vine Pruning Systems. 
 
 248. Some Common Errors in Vine Pruning 
 
 and Their Remedies. 
 
 249. Replacing Missing Vines. 
 
 250. Measurement of Irrigation Water on 
 
 the Farm. 
 
 253. Vineyard Plans. 
 
 255^ Leguminous Plants as Organic Ferti- 
 lizers in California Agriculture. 
 
 257. The Small-Seeded Horse Bean (Vicia 
 
 faba var. minor). 
 
 258. Thinning Deciduous Fruits. 
 
 259. Pear By-Products. 
 
 261. Sewing Grain Sacks. 
 
 262. Cabbage Production in California. 
 
 263. Tomato Production in California. 
 
 265. Plant Disease and Pest Control. 
 
 266. Analyzing the Citrus Orchard by Means 
 
 of Simple Tree Records. 
 
 No. 
 269. 
 270. 
 276. 
 
 277. 
 
 278. 
 
 279 
 
 282. 
 
 284. 
 287. 
 288. 
 289. 
 290. 
 292. 
 294. 
 295. 
 296. 
 
 298. 
 
 300. 
 301. 
 302. 
 304. 
 305. 
 307. 
 308. 
 309. 
 310. 
 
 311. 
 312. 
 
 313, 
 314. 
 315. 
 
 An Orchard Brush Burner. 
 
 A Farm Septic Tank. 
 
 Home Canning. 
 
 Head, Cane, and Cordon Pruning of 
 Vines. 
 
 Olive Pickling in Mediterranean 
 
 Countries. 
 The Preparation and Refining of Olive 
 Oil in Southern Europe. 
 
 Prevention of Insect Attack on Stored 
 Grain. 
 
 The Almond in California. 
 
 Potato Production in California. 
 
 Phylloxera Resistant Vineyards. 
 
 Oak Fungus in Orchard Trees. 
 
 The Tangier Pea. 
 
 Alkali Soils. 
 
 Propagation of Deciduous Fruits. 
 
 Growing Head Lettuce in California. 
 
 Control of the California Ground 
 Squirrel. 
 
 Possibilities and Limitations of Coop- 
 erative Marketing. 
 
 Coccidiosis of Chickens. 
 
 Buckeye Poisoning of the Honey Bee. 
 
 The Sugar Beet in California. 
 
 Drainage on the Farm. 
 
 Liming the Soil. 
 
 American Foulbrood and Its ControL 
 
 Cantaloupe Production in California. 
 
 Fruit Tree and Orchard Judging. 
 
 The Operation of the Bacteriological 
 Laboratory for Dairy Plants. 
 
 The Improvement of Quality in Figs. 
 
 Principles Governing the Choice, Oper- 
 ation and Care of Small Irrigation 
 Pumping Plants. 
 
 Fruit Juices and Fruit Juice- Beverages. 
 
 Termites and Termite Damage. 
 
 The Mediterranean and Other Fruit 
 Flies. 
 
 18m-10,'30