S E V E J 
 
 ; R A M M A R S 
 
 OF THE DIALHCTS & SUBDIALECTS OF THE 
 
 31HARI LANGUAG! 
 
 at! H , mUi 
 
 liViH'un 
 
 OF mmk 
 
 
 BY GiOm. A. CdlLRSOt^. BCS.
 
 SEVEN 
 
 GRAMMARS 
 
 OF THE DIALECTS AND 8UBDIALECT8 OF THB 
 
 BIHARI LANGUAGE. 
 
 SPOKEN IN THE PKOVINCE OF BIHAR, IN THE EASTERN PORTION OF 
 
 THE NORTH-WESTEKN PROVINCES, AND IN THE NORTHKEN 
 
 PORTION OF TJSE CENTRAL PROVINCES. 
 
 :e>jsjrt II. 
 BHOJPURf DIALECT 
 
 OF SHAHABAD, SABAN, CHAMPABAN, NOBTH 
 
 MUZAFFABPVB, ANJ> THE EASTEBN 
 
 FOBTION OF THE N. Jl. P. 
 
 (EompiUi nnltx oxltxs of th^ (^obzxnmtni of g^ngai, 
 By GEORGE A. GRIERSON, B.C.S., 
 
 OFFG. JOINT-MAGISTRATE OF PATNA. 
 
 19 80 
 
 BHARATIYA PUBLISHING HOUSE 
 DELHI INDIA VARANASI
 
 BHARATIYA PUBLISHING HOUSE 
 
 H.O. : B-9/45, Pilkhana, Sonarpur, 
 
 VARANASI. 
 
 B.O. : First Floor, 42-48 U.B., Jawahar Nagar, 
 
 DELHI-1 10007. 
 
 Printed at : GOYAL OFFSET PRINTERS
 
 SEVEN 
 
 GRAMMARS ^ 
 
 OF THE DIALECTS AND 8UBDIALECTS OF THE 
 
 BIHARI LANGUAGE. 
 
 SPOKEN IN THE PROVINCE OF BIHAR, IN THE EASTERN PORTION Of 
 
 THE NORTH-WESTERN PROVINCES, AND IN THE NORTHERN 
 
 PORTION OF THE CENTRAL PROVINCES. 
 
 I>^ItT II. 
 
 BHOJPURf DIALECT 
 
 OF SHAHABAD, SARAN, CHAMPAJRAX, NORTH 
 MUZAFFARPVR, AND THE EASTERN 
 PORTION OF THE N W, P, 
 
 CompiUb VLXilzx QxttXQ oi i\iz ^obimm^nt oi genial 
 ,By GEORGE A. GRIERSON, B.C.S., 
 
 OFFG. J0IXT-MAGI9TBATE OF PATNA. 
 
 CALCUTTA: 
 PEUf TED AT THE BENGAL SECEETARLiT PEES3. 
 1884.
 
 ? 
 
 ^ 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Sbotioit. 
 
 1, 2. iHTBODUCTIOir. 
 
 Divisioisr I. 
 
 DECLENSION. 
 
 CHAPTER I.-NOUNS. 
 
 Post-positions 
 
 Masculine iadhhavas in ^T « • 
 
 Masculine nouns ending in silent consonauU 
 
 General rules for other nouns . 
 
 Masculine tatsamas in ■^ a . 
 
 Masculine nouns in ? » • 
 
 Masculine nouns in ^ u . 
 
 Feminine nouns in "^t . 
 
 Feminine noujis ending in a silent consonant 
 
 Periphrastic plural 
 
 Genitival affixes 
 
 De6nitive terminations .... 
 
 4. 
 
 6. 
 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 9. 
 10. 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 13a. 
 
 Page. Sbctiok. 
 
 28. IndeGnite pronoun e^"^ *?« • 
 
 29. ludefiuite pror- un ^w tachhu 
 
 30. Indefinite pronoun ^;(T sabh . 
 
 31. Compound inde6nit« pronouns 
 82. Derivative pron iminal forms . 
 
 33. A'ijectival pronouns . 
 
 34. Pronominal oblique genitive . 
 
 14. 
 16. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 21. 
 
 22. 
 23. 
 24. 
 
 25. 
 26. 
 87. 
 
 CHAPTER II.-ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Gender 
 
 Numeral adjectives, cardinals . 
 
 Ordinals 
 
 Fractional numbers .... 
 Multiplicatives .... 
 
 Definite cardinals .... 
 Indefinite cardinals .... 
 Collective numerals .... 
 
 CHAPTER 1II.-PB0N0UNS. 
 
 General remarks ... 
 
 Pronouns of the first and second peisons 
 
 Pronoun of the second person honorific ; 
 flexive pronoun . - . 
 
 Demonstrative pronouns .... 
 
 Correlative'pronouns .... 
 
 Interrogative pronoun .... 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 18 
 22 
 26 
 
 PiOF. 
 
 26 
 8d 
 
 27 
 27 
 
 90 
 81 
 
 36. 
 
 36. 
 
 37. 
 
 38. 
 
 39. 
 
 40. 
 
 41. 
 
 42. 
 
 43a, 
 
 436. 
 
 44. 
 
 45. 
 
 46. 
 
 47 
 
 48. 
 
 49. 
 
 60. 
 
 51a. 
 
 616. 
 
 52. 
 
 63. 
 
 Divisioisr II. 
 
 CONJUGATION. 
 
 CHAPTER IV.-VERBS. 
 
 Warning as to number and gender ... 34 
 
 Ditto spelling 34 
 
 Conjugational system 35 
 
 Moods 35 
 
 Simple t^nsi'S ....... 85 
 
 Periphrastic tenses 36 
 
 Personal terminations of simple tense . . 38 
 
 Formation ot tense stems .... 37 
 
 Present indicative 37 
 
 , Preterite indicative 38 
 
 Future indicative 39 
 
 Present conjunctive and imperativs . . 40 
 
 Preterite conjunctive 4^ 
 
 CHAPTEE v.- AUXILIARY VERBS. 
 
 Classes .... ... 41 
 
 Defective auxiliary v-rb u 
 
 Weak and strong complete auxiliary verbs . 41 
 
 Conjngittion of defective auxiliary verb . . 4S 
 
 Present (Ist form) 44 
 
 Present (2nd form) 44 
 
 Preterite .44 
 
 Conjugation of weak complete ivziliAry raxhi 
 
 preterite iudicatiTO ^
 
 11 
 
 SiCTIOV. 
 
 64. Future 
 
 Pa0B. Skoiiok. 
 
 Page 
 
 66. Preseut conjanctire 
 
 66. Preterite . 
 
 67. Preseut itoperative 
 68a. Participles 
 6ih. Strong complete auxifiary verb 
 68c. Defective negative auxiliary verb 
 68i. Defective emphatic auxiliary verb 
 
 CHAPTER VI.-THE EEGULAB ACTIVE VERB. 
 
 69. 
 
 Preliminary . 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 60. 
 
 Conjugation of y t^ dekh : princi 
 
 61a. Simple tenses : present indicative . 
 
 61J. 
 
 Preterite . 
 
 
 
 62. 
 
 Future . 
 
 
 
 
 63. 
 
 Present conjunctive 
 
 
 
 
 64. 
 
 Preterite . 
 
 
 
 
 65. 
 
 Present imperative 
 
 
 
 
 66. 
 
 Periphrastic tenses 
 
 
 
 
 67. 
 
 Definite present 
 
 
 
 
 68. 
 
 Variety of above 
 
 
 
 
 69. 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 
 
 
 70. 
 
 Durative future 
 
 
 
 
 71. 
 
 Perfect . 
 
 
 
 
 72. 
 
 Pluperfect 
 
 
 
 
 73. 
 
 Future exact . 
 
 
 
 
 74. 
 
 Future conditional 
 
 
 
 
 76. 
 
 Darative present conditional 
 
 
 76. 
 
 Future exact conditional 
 
 
 77. 
 
 Preterite conditional 
 
 
 78. 
 
 Participles 
 
 
 79 
 
 Infinitives or verbal nouns 
 
 
 ,80. 
 
 Noun of agency 
 
 
 
 
 pal parts 
 
 69 
 
 CHAPTER VII.-THE EEGULAR NEUTEK VEEB. 
 
 81. Points of difference 
 
 82. V firT gir •• principal parts 
 8.3. Preterite indicative . 
 
 64. Perfect .... 
 
 86. Pluperfect 
 
 CHAPTER VIII.-VOCALIC ROOTS. 
 
 86. 
 
 87. 
 
 90. 
 91. 
 
 100. 
 
 101. 
 102. 
 
 103. 
 104. 
 105. 
 106. 
 107. 
 108. 
 
 109. 
 110. 
 111. 
 
 112. 
 
 113. 
 114. 
 
 Causes of apparent irregularity 
 
 Verbs whose roots end in ^^ a, junction vowel 
 
 Examples of use of junction vowel . 
 
 Example of a verb whose root ends in ^3T « 
 Ditto ditto i i 
 
 Ditto ditto -gr u 
 
 Ditto ditto %i 
 
 CHAPTER 1X.-IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 Preliminary 
 
 V cfi-T kar, V Ifr dhar 
 y^f^mar 
 
 V Wljd, a/ ^T ^ 
 
 V f- de, -v/ % Za 
 
 CHAPTER X.— THE PASSIVE VERB. 
 
 Ordinary rule 
 Verbal noun in g" Z 
 Passive with a/ JTS par . 
 Potential passive voice . 
 Periphrfistic passive voice 
 
 CHAPTER XI.-CAUSAL VERBS, 
 
 Regular causal verbs 
 Shortening of a long radical vowel . 
 Lengthening of short radical vowel 
 Substitution of a cognate diphthong 
 Dissyllabic causals .... 
 Irregular causals .... 
 
 CHAPTER XII.— COMPOUND VERBS. 
 
 Kinds of compound verbs •. . . .94 
 Classes of compound verbs . . . .94 
 Cympounds formed with the verbal noun : the 
 
 verbal noun 94 
 
 Distribution of compounds formed with the 
 
 verbal noun , 96 
 
 Intensive compounds 95 
 
 Intensive auxiliaries .... 95
 
 Sbctiok. 
 
 116. 
 116. 
 117. 
 
 118. 
 119. 
 120. 
 121. 
 122. 
 
 123. 
 
 Potential compounds 
 
 Completive compouuds . 
 
 Frequentative compounds 
 
 Desiderative compounds . 
 
 Inceptive compounds 
 
 Permissive compounds . 
 
 Acquisitive compounds . 
 
 Compounds formed with the participles 
 tin native compounds 
 
 Statical compounds 
 
 Paob. I 
 
 96 ; 
 
 98 
 
 FHble 
 
 97 
 
 98 
 
 i:)i"visioN III. 
 
 INDECLINABLES. 
 
 124. 
 
 99 
 
 II 
 
 in 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 VI 
 
 • VII 
 
 VIII 
 
 IX 
 
 X 
 
 XI 
 
 XII 
 
 XIII 
 
 XIV 
 
 XV 
 
 XVI 
 
 XVII 
 
 SELECTIONS IN THE BHOJPURI DIALECT- 
 
 Conversation between two villagers 
 Fable I . . . . 
 
 100 
 102 
 
 A^I^FEISTIDIX: II. 
 
 BHOJPURI SONGS.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 § 1. The following Grammar treats of the Bhojpiiri dialect as spoken 
 in its purity in Shahabad, Saran, and Baliya. It also deals with the 
 dialect of Champaran and North Muzaffarpur. In Champaran a tendency 
 towards the Maithili dialect is observed, which becomes still more marked 
 in North Miizaffarpur. In the latter tract, indeed, it is difficult to say 
 decisively whether, say, near Sitamarbi, the dialect is Bhojpuri strongly 
 influenced by Maitbill or Maithili strongly influenced by Bhojpuri. In the 
 present series of Grammars it has been found more convenient to treat it as 
 the former. Bhojpuri has a Western subdialect, spoken about Azamgarh, 
 Banaras, and Jaunpiir in the North- "Western Provinces. This is the form of 
 the dialect which is treated of by Dr. Hoemle in his Gaudian Grammar and 
 by Mr. J. R. Reid in the Azamgarh Settlement Report. The main points 
 of difference between this Western Bhojpuri and the pure Bhojpuri here 
 treated of will be found noted in the following pages. 
 
 § 2. The alphabet and rules for spelling will be found in the General 
 Introduction to this series of Grammars, and the remarks therein found 
 axe not repeated here.
 
 Di-vrisioisr I. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 DECLENSION. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 NOUNS. 
 
 § 3. For general remarks, see the General Introduction, § 38 and flP. 
 
 The following are the post-positions used in declining the noun in 
 Bhojpuri : — 
 
 Potc*r. 
 Nom. Wanting, 
 Aco. Wanting or % ke. 
 
 Instr. "^j w, ^w, or ^iK*% se, te, sante, or ka/te. ' By.' 
 
 Dat. % ke. ' To.' 
 
 %, <diPd<> , Wm, or wr, le, khdtir, Idg^ or Id. * For.' 
 
 Abl. 'f or %, se or le. * From.' 
 
 Gen. ^, %, or # ; ^T' , ^, ke, or ka% ; kd> * Of.* 
 
 Loo. ^, ^, »je, wj^. * In.' 
 Voc. Wanting. 
 
 * «»r A?, ^ /fce, ^ lr(^^, are direct terminations, used only before nouns in the direct 
 form, and do not change for gender. W\ kd is an oblique termination, used only before 
 nouns in the oblique form. It does not change for gender. ^ k, ^ ke, "^ Aui, in fact, 
 nearly correspond to the Hindi w\ kd (and ^"^ ki), while WT kd nearly corresponds to 
 Hindi ^ ke (and ^ ki). Further west, in Azamgarh, Banaraa, and Jaunpur, the Hindi 
 % ke is used instead of offT kd. 
 
 All these post-positions will only be used in one example, that of ^fr 
 ghordy * a horse ; ' but they can all be used with all nouns. 
 
 There are also special forms for the instrumental and locative singular, 
 for the formation of which see § 6.
 
 2 BHOJPUBf QBAMMAB. 
 
 Except those for the genitive, they can also be used with aii ^^ronouns. 
 In the genitive singular many pronouns do not take these post-positions, 
 but have other forms having similar terminations, subject to the same rules. 
 
 The following are examples of declension : — 
 
 § 4. (a) Masculine Tadbhavas in ^ «. 
 
 Example of the declension of a tadhhava * masculine noun in ^n a :— 
 
 'i^^ gJiorct^ 'a horse/ 
 
 f -r-r , -V, , ^1 Long form,t yl^.cd ghor'tca or ^^^ 
 
 I Weak, ^ghor, \ ,- f . ' , ^ /, ' . s^ W_ 
 
 < oj. /\\ 7 A I ghortce. Redundant form, t rTfNT 
 
 Strong, ^Y^ ^/ior^i. \ ,: > ^* 
 
 Short form 
 
 ' i oironar. iir^si //«wr". i ,. 
 
 Iiorauwa. 
 
 Singular. 
 Nom. w^ ' ghorcii * a horse.' 
 
 Ace. '^^ ghom or "^Wl % ghord ke, ' a horse.* 
 
 Instr. '^'ti ghbre, ^t^T W, w, ^, or ^r^^, ghord sS, 
 
 t§, sante, or har'te, * by a horse.' 
 
 Dat. -^t^ %, or mf?rT, ^-RT, <?T, ghord ke, or 
 
 khatir, Idgy /«, * to ' or * for a horse.' 
 
 Abl. ^f^^f %, ghord 86, le, *from a horse.* 
 
 Gen. wtf^, ^T %, or ^ ; ^T, ghorak, ghord 
 
 ke, or km ; kd,"" ' of a horse.* 
 
 Loc. "^i fA^V^i ^^^, ^ ghord me or moy * in a horse.* 
 
 Voc. % ^T he ghord ! or % "srt^ he ghbrau / * horse!* 
 * Or '^VS ghor, ^t^~m gliofwd, '^^^~^^ ghdr'tce, or Wt^^t3(T ghorautod, and so 
 throughout the singular. 
 
 2 '^•35 ghorah, ^WT ^ ghord le, and ^V^T W ghord knh,, do not change for gender, 
 and are only used as direct genitives ; ^^T oFT gliord hd is only used as an oblique 
 genitive. This distinction is, however, seldom observed by the uneducated. So also in 
 the plural. 
 
 » See General Introduction, § 12. 1 See General Introduction, §§ 12, 38, and £F.
 
 DECLENSION. 
 
 3 
 
 Plural. 
 Nom. ^t^^ ' ghoran, 'horses.' 
 
 Aoo. ^i*\ ghoran f ^t^ % ghoran ke, * horses." 
 
 Instr. ^iVf^ V, V, ^, or *v»cf, ghoran se, tSy sante, 
 
 or Ay?>-^^, * by horses.* 
 
 Dat. *Jt^H %, or <aifdi, ^rm, tTT, ghoran ke, or 
 
 khdtir^ Idg^ Id^ ' to * or ' for horses.' 
 
 Abl. *rif •» ^, %, ghoran se, Ip, * from horses.* 
 
 Gen. Wi"^«l*, "^Vf T %, or ^ ; ^rr, ghomnak, ghoran 
 
 key or ka/i ; kdy"^ * of horses.' 
 
 Loo. ^^^ 'T, iff ghoran me^ mo, * in horses.' 
 
 Voc. % yt"^«l /^c ghoran ! * horses !' 
 
 * Or ^'^ ghoranh, ^>Tf^ ghorani, or srhf^epr (-^) ghofwan (-nh) or TtT^^ (- '^ ) 
 ghorauwan ( -??/*), and so throughout the plural. In Saran and Champaran an optional 
 non-honorific form of the plural ends in ^o sa : thus ^"t^fT^ ghordsa, ^r^?T^o % ghordsa 
 ke, ^^T^'o ^ ghordsa se, ^c 
 ' See note ^ to singular, 
 
 § 5. (b) Masculine Nouns ending in Silent Consonants. 
 
 Example of the declension of a masculine noun ending in a silent 
 consonant :— 
 
 ^^ gliar, ^a liouse/ 
 
 Short form, '^i. ghar. Long form,* ^t^t ghar'wd ox ^t^*"^ ghar'ue. 
 Redundant form,* ^"^^T gharauwd. 
 
 Singular. 
 Nom. "^j:^ ghar, * a house.' 
 
 Ace. 'ST, '^ % ghar, ghar ke, * a house.* 
 
 Instr. ^t: ghare, or ^"^"^ ghar se, 8fc., *by a house.* 
 
 Dat. 'ST %, or wj\j(T. ghar ke or khdtir, Sfc, *to* or 'for a house.' 
 
 Abl. 'ST ^ ghar ae, ^c, ' from a house,* 
 
 Gen. 'ST^ gharak, ^r % or ^ ; VT ghar ke or 
 
 kdi ; kd, * of a house.' 
 
 Loc. ^ ghare ; or ^T H ghar me, SfC.^ * in a house.* 
 
 Voc. % ^T he ghar ! * house !' 
 
 ^ Or ST~irr ghar'wd, StNt gharauiod, and so throughout the singular. 
 
 » See General Introduction, §§ 12, 38, and ff.
 
 4l BHOJP^ftl OEAMMAB. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. '^Tif ' yharan, * houses.' 
 
 Ace. WTT gharan or ^r^r % gharan ke^ * houses.' 
 
 Instr. '^X^'^ gharan se, Sfc, * by houses.' 
 
 Dat, ^TiT % or ^T^TT gharan he or khdtir, <5'c., * to * or * for houses.' 
 
 AbL i?TT V gharan se, S^'c, * from houses.' 
 
 Gen. «Ji«i*, wxr^r %, ^ ; ^, gharanak, gharan 
 
 ke, ka% ; A;a, * of houses.' 
 
 Loc. 'Bi:^'^ gharan me i S^-c.f * in houses.' 
 
 Voc. % ^^j^ he gharan ! * O houses !' 
 
 ^ Ov ^T?% gharanh, ^xf^ gharani, ^\-^^ (-f) ghar'wai {-nh), ^^pr (-f ) gJiarau- 
 wan (-wA), and so throughout the plural. 
 
 § 6. It is not necessary to decline further any nouns in full, as the 
 above examples suffice. All nouns ending in vowels are declined like ^T5T 
 ghordy and all those ending in silent consonants like ^t ghar. 
 
 NoET, however, that — 
 
 (1) Occasionally in the singular we find an instrumental in ^ ^ 
 and a locative in T:r <? : thus ^^ w % «iTT^ /^^»« ^^^^ lejdib, 
 * I shall take away by force/ where w bale is the instru- 
 mental of ^^ baif * force ; ' ^i" ghate, * at a landing stage,' 
 locative of ^T^ ghat, *a landing stage :' so also ^ ^t ghare 
 ghare, * in every house,' * from house to house.' When the 
 noun ends in ^T a or in silent ^ «, the final vowel is elided 
 before these terminations : thus "'^t^T ghord, * a horse,' has 
 its instrumental ^^i"^ ghbre, and '^ ghar, its locative ^^ 
 ghare.^ Nouns ending in other long vowels shorten them 
 before these terminations : thus from «Tr^ mdli, instr. J\f^. 
 (See Grenl. Intr., § 36, as to the shortening of the first 
 syllable, and § 34 as to the insertion of euphonic ^^ y. ) 
 
 * If the word contains a long rowel, it is shortened in these cases, as in ^ ghate, 
 above mentioned. Other examples are '^ dane, instmmental ^TT of ddnd, ' grain,' and 
 T^ rajB of ^^srr rdjd, * a king.'
 
 DECLENSION. 
 
 Nouns ending in other short vowels are very rare, and I have 
 never met instances of these terminations in their case. 
 These terminations are most common in the case of nouns 
 which, like wt ghar, are masculine and end in silent ^ a. 
 In Western Bhojpuri the instrumental ends in ^ir an ; e.g. 
 ^^TT darcm, * through fear,' ^;^^ bhukhan, 'by hunger,' 
 i^Rif ghdman, * by heat/ from ^grr dar, ^ bhuJthy and ^rm 
 yhdm respectively. 
 
 (2) All nouns ending in a long vowel shorten it before the plural 
 
 termination if n, "^ nh, or fV ni, and in the genitive in ^ k, 
 but preserve it long in the other forms of the genitive : thus 
 ^YfiT ghoran, ^t^ ghorak, but ^^ % ghord ke, ^tfT ^ 
 ghord kah^ ^"C. 
 
 (3) Certain verbal nouns ending in ^ / have an oblique form in 
 
 m Id: thus t^^ dek/ial, abl. t^T^ lef dekh'id se, 'from 
 seeing ;' also verbal nouns in the form of the root have an 
 oblique form in it e ; thus ^^ dekk, dat. ^ ^^nr dckke Id, 
 'for seeing.' Full particulars concerning these nouns will 
 be found in § 111. 
 
 (4) The j&nal syllables of all long forms and redundant forms may 
 
 optionally be nasalised by the addition of anundsik : thus 
 ^1"f7gT ghofwd or "rT^rvcif ghbfwd ; ^x^ gharauwd or ^^t 
 gharauicd ; ^^^ maUyd or iif%^f maliyd. 
 
 An example of each of the more common forms of nouns follows : 
 
 § 7. (c) Masculine Tatsamas * in ^ a. 
 
 Ti^ raja, ' a king/ 
 
 Short form, ^rsrr rdjd. Long form,* ^csn^r rafwd or t^ raficS. 
 Bedundant form,* T^^^ rajamcd. 
 
 ♦ See General Introduction, §§ 12, 38, and ff., 34 and ff.
 
 > BHOJPtJBi OBAMMAB. 
 
 Gen. sing. XT^nS rdjak^ TT«rr %, ^, rdjd ki, kd, ^c, 
 Instr. sing. tSt rajit ^c. 
 Loc. sing. "^ raje, ^c. 
 
 Nom. plur. <[«J^, ^T*J^, rq/flr;*, rdjanh, ^x. Also in Saran and 
 Champaran TTsir^o rdjdsa. 
 
 § 8. (d) Masculine Nouns in t i. 
 
 ^RWl' mdli^ 'a gardener/ 
 
 Short form, wc^ mail. Long form,"^ ^if^^T maliyd or irf^*"^ maliye. 
 Kedundant form,^ ^f^^TT maliyawd or ^^Wr maliwd. 
 
 Gen. sing. «Tf^* mdliky Jij^ %, -err, nid/z ke, kd, ^c. 
 Instr. sing, frf^ maliye^ ^c. 
 Loc. sing. ?Tf^% malif/ey ^c. 
 
 Nom. plur. *<if^«i, inf^P^, mdliny mdlinh, §-c. Also in Saran and 
 Champaran irr^Wo mdl'isa. 
 
 § 9. (e) Masculine Nouns in ^ u, 
 
 ^^ iiaK ^^ barber/ i^ 
 
 Short form, ^rrar »a^^. Long form,J ^^irr naiid or sff^rr «jw«, ^^3^ ;mw# 
 or ^IT^. Redundant form,:{: 3rg^^ naiiawd or ^"^T naiiawd. 
 
 Gen. sing, •ir^* 7zdw/^, TT^ %, ^T, ^^aw Are, kd, 8fc, 
 Listr. sing, -sn^ >?«»<?, ^-c. 
 Loc' sing, •srt^ naue, &;c, 
 
 Nom. plur. iirsT, •fra^, wd«», ndunh^ ^c. Also in Saran and 
 Champaran "•il^'yo ndusa. 
 
 * See General Introduction, §§ 12, 38, and flf., 34 and ff. 
 
 t Kellogg in his Hindi Grammar incorrectly gives '#1^ dsu as an example of a 
 feminine noun in ^. It is masculine. WT^ dsu is not used in Bihari, ^Yr lor being 
 tlie word for ' a tear.' 
 
 % See General Introduction, §§ 12, 38, and £E., and 34 to 36.
 
 DECLENSION. 7 
 
 § 10. (f) Pemmine Nouns in t * 
 
 ^^ potliil ' a book/ 
 
 Short form, ^Wl" pothi. Long form,* ql ftj^T pothiyd or ^ftitSf pothiyi, 
 Kedundant form,* "q^^^T pbthiyawd or "Th^t^T^oMiird. 
 Gen. sing. -^If^ pothik or "^t^ %, WTtPothi key kd, ^c. 
 Instr. sing, ^^f^ pothiye, ^c. 
 Loc. sing. xrtf^i( pdf/n'ye, 
 
 Nom. plur. -qYf^, ^f^, pothiriy j^othinh, ^c. Also in Saran and 
 Champaran ■qt^ff^F^^oMi-srt. 
 
 § 11. (g) Feminine Nouns ending in a Silent Consonant. 
 
 ^Uf{ hat, 'a word/ 
 
 Short form, ^rr<r hat. Long form,* wf?i^ Jrt//>a or ifwS iff//y<?. 
 Redundant form,* irf?ni^ batiyaicd or ^^^t hatiwd. 
 Gen. sing, ^rfr^ i^^^//t or ^TfT %, ^T ia^ Ae, ^a, ^c. 
 Instr. sing, ^fr ^«^^, Sfc. 
 Loc. sing, •srw /vft/e, ^c. 
 
 Nom. plur. ^TrT^ ftd^^??, WTW^, hdtanhy &'c. Also in Saran and 
 Champaran Tr*T»*jo bdfsa. 
 
 § 12. Periphrastic Plural. 
 
 With reference to the above plural forms, it must be noted that every 
 noun can also form a periphrastic plural by the addition of a word signify in "> 
 plurality, such as ^¥i sahh, ' all ; ' or, in the case of rational beings, such as 
 ^^ log, * people.' Example : ^r ^^ fjhar sabh instead of ^r^ gfiaran, and 
 'iT^ ^?I^ mdli logak for ??l%ii^ maiimh. Sometimes even this plural affix is 
 omitted, so that a plural noun appears under a singular form. An example 
 occurs in the ninth of the following sentences, where w«T hetd is used for 
 %^ ^ beta sabh. This is the regular rule when a numeral adjective 
 
 * See General Introduction, §§ 12, 38, and ff., and 31 and 36.
 
 & 
 
 BROfP^&i dBAMMAB. 
 
 precedes, as in Nos. 6 and 7 of the following sentences. Sometimes these 
 plural affixes are added pleonastically to a word alreadj in the usual form, 
 e.g. ^\f^ w^ pothin sabh for Mlf«j«l pothin. 
 
 § 13. Genitival Afllxes. 
 
 The following examples have been specially designed to exhibit the use 
 of the genitival affixes. As above pointed out, -?F -^, % ^^, and Hf kai^ are 
 direct terminations, while m ka is an oblique termination. 
 
 1. 
 
 This is the king's temple.' 
 
 2. 
 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 * I am the maid -servant 
 
 &i King Kans.' 
 *A swarm of bees flew 
 away.' 
 
 * There is no sin in slaying 
 
 a deceiver.' 
 
 ' The women of Mathurd 
 departed weeping.' 
 
 t TT5IT % iifx^ -WT^ (or ^.) 
 t raj a ke mandir bate (or ha we.) 
 
 Ham Kans ke lauri hawf. 
 
 Madhumdchhin^ ke jhur ur ga'il. 
 
 Kap'ti kd mdr*ld^ ke kuchhuivo dokh 
 
 ndht. 
 M^xj % H^.<<v^«i^ (nom. plur. of 
 
 ^TX'T^rr, long form of *i^«<i^) 
 
 Mathurd ke meh'raruan^ (nom. 
 plur, of tneh'rarud, long form of 
 mehU'dru) roat chal gailu 
 
 Har rarcgak hat sunal ga'il. 
 7. ^R^Tsf^r^ ^ ^K ^it "qrr^^ -^ j[x^. 
 As'phatik ke char go phdtak fut 
 ga'il. 
 * In Saran and Champaran optionally fpf »T^f^^ madhumahhisa. 
 ' ^TTT'f^rr mar Id is the oblique form of the verbal noun ^TW mdral ( see § 6, 3, and 
 § 109). With regard to the long vowel in the antepenultimate, see General Introduc- 
 tion, § 36, exc. 1. 
 
 » In Saran and Champaran optionally ^T^rn^^r meh'rdriisa. In Sh&habad, 
 optionally, *rif'TT^ .... nrift^^ tneh'rdru .... gailisa. 
 
 6. 
 
 * Matters of many kinds 
 
 were heard.' 
 
 * Four gates of crystal 
 
 broke.'
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 § 14. Gender. 
 
 See General Introduction, § 42 and ff. 
 
 § 15. Numeral Adjectives. 
 
 The cardinals are nearly the same as those in High Hindi. The follow- 
 ing are the ones that present points of difference : — 
 1, Tj^ ek or T^t ego. 
 
 2, ^ do or ^^du. 
 6, wt chho. 
 9, •ft' no. 
 
 15, M«i»<^ panWah, 
 
 16, ^1t^ sorah. 
 71, iM^X ikantar. 
 
 73, f?»^*WT tihantar. 
 
 74, ^T*n; chdkhantar, 
 
 75, "VWiTK pachhantar. 
 
 76, flf^cpc chhihantar. 
 
 77, ^^nrKsatantar. 
 
 78, ^3*fi<; athantar. 
 89, sft^rn^ woasf. 
 10,000,000, V^ A-aror or ^Ct^ A-ar^/-. 
 
 72, ^^'rn: hahantar. 
 
 § 16. Ordinals. 
 
 The ordinals up to * sixj;h ' are as follows : — 
 
 Is^, rjf^w pahil ; obi. ^ff^wr pahild or Tr^TWr pah* Id * 
 
 2nd, ^Wt dosar ; obi. X\H*>^\ dos'rd.* 
 
 Srd, fhfT tesar ; obi. -^W^Xl tes^rd,* 
 
 4th; Wt5 chauth. 
 
 5th, mT^* pdcho. 
 
 Sth, w^ chhatho or wsr^ chhath^tDa. 
 
 ♦ The first three ordinals toUow pronominal genitives in tfre "formation of oblique 
 forms. See post, § Si.
 
 10 uaoadhI obammas. 
 
 The ordinals above ' sixth ' are all formed by adding m wd or ^"f o 
 to the cardinals : as ^w^ das'wd or ^^ daso, ' tenth ; ' T^t^t^T pachas' wd 
 or ^M FiTf pachdso, * fiftieth.' 
 
 § 17. Fractional Numbers. 
 
 These are — 
 
 i, Trr^ paw, "^1 paud. 
 i, W^rt ^eAaz. 
 i, ^f^T adhiyd. 
 f , or — i, ^^ gaune, ?r3? ^fSwM. 
 IJ, or + J, 'g^f saz^a, ^ff^lt sawdu 
 
 24, ^nnr arhdi, ^?^T arhaiyd. 
 
 § 18. Multiplicatives. 
 
 Multiplicatives, such as the English * twice ' and * thrice, ' are not 
 found in this dialect. The Bihari idiom is illustrated in such phrases as 
 ^^^ ^X^ dii sate chaudah, * two seven^s, fourteen ;' ^ <?Nt ^^k^ chho tiyd 
 athdrah, * six three's, eighteen,' which correspond to the English idioms 
 * seven times two ' and * three times six.' Numbers thus used are called 
 multiplicatives, and differ in some respects from the cardinals. The 
 following are the multiplicative numbers up to 10, including fractions : — 
 
 X 1, jr^f ekkd, 
 
 X li, ^^ sawd, ^■^trj sawaiyd. 
 
 X 1 J, ^T dyorha, 
 
 X 2, ^irr, dund, -^ duni, ^1t6" dobari, %^ dugund. 
 
 X 2^, ^Tt: arhdi, W^V1 arhaiyd. 
 
 X 3, nNrr tiyd, filHl Una, 
 
 X 34, «3T hunthdf ^^ huthd* 
 
 X 4, ^^ chaiik, '^T^ chaukdy ^% chauke. 
 
 X 4i, iff'^T dhduchd, ^Nr dhduchd.
 
 NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 11 
 
 X 5, "q^ pache, ^^^ panche. 
 
 X 5J, TO'^ pahunchd. 
 
 X 6, WI chhatthe, IF^T chkakkd, W^ chhak. 
 
 X 6 J, 'ff^T khauc/id. 
 
 X 7, ^ sate. 
 
 X 8, tif ntthe. 
 
 X 10, ?c^T rftf/iaY. 
 
 § 19. Definite Cardinals. 
 
 These are as follows ; — 
 
 ^^ dunno, ^^ duo^ * the two,' * both ;* 
 
 fft'fl' tino, ' the three ;' 
 
 ^Ttt chdro, ' the four ;' and so on, 
 adding ^ o to the numerals, after omitting a final short vowel. Example : irf^ 
 vrt ^It ^^ pdcho hhdijaure hatky * the five brothers are an undivided family.' 
 
 § 20. Indefinite Cardinals. 
 
 The termination ^ o or ^ o added to the numbers ' one hundred,' ' one 
 thousand,' and so on, always denotes an indefinite number of these aggregates. 
 In this idiom ^r? saw is always substituted for ^^ sau, * one hundred.' Examples 
 are ^ ^ sawo per^ * himdreds of trees ;' ^^Tct hajdro^ ' thousands ;' ^rnit 
 Idkho, 'tens of thousands;' Y^rprf ^^^ *?XT^ir hajdro ad' mi mar' Ian, 
 * thousands of men died.' 
 
 § 21. Collectiye Numerals. 
 
 These— viz. ai^T ford, *a pair,' ?ivt garidd, * a four, '—are the same 
 as in High Hindi. Note also rr^ pan, ' twenty p and ds,' ' iom Bcore.' In 
 selling cow-dung fuel a ttst pan equals 22 or 23 pandds, according to locaUty. 
 In selling mangos, ^he word i\vi\ gdhi, ' a five,' is used.
 
 12 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 § 22. The following tables show the declensional forms of the prin- 
 cipal pronouns and pronominal forms. 
 
 The declension of pronouns presents somo important points of difference 
 from that of nouns, which must be carefully noticed. 
 
 While nouns frequently remain unchanged before post-positions, 
 pronouns, with few exceptions, change to some other form, called the oblique 
 or inflected base. 
 
 The accusative singular of pronouns is, with one or two exceptions, 
 never the same as the nominative. The only exception is ^ kuchhu^ * any- 
 thing,' * some thing.' In circumstances corresponding to those in which 
 the accusative of a noun takes the nominative form, the accusative of a 
 pronoun takes the oblique form without any post-position- 
 
 The genitive form of pronouns ending in ^ r is also to be noticed. 
 The genitive forms in XJ rd and ^ ri have only been noted near Patna pity. 
 ^j rd is used before masculine nouns without restriction of case, and ^ ri 
 before feminine nouns. Other genitive forms not ending in t r can be 
 used before any noun in any gender or case. (See § 34.) 
 
 Pronouns have the same form, whether referring to masculine or 
 feminine nouns. With the exception of the pronouns of the second person, 
 they all want the vocative case. 
 
 § 23. Pronouns of the First Person and of the Second 
 Person Non-Honorific. 
 
 These pronouns have each two forms, a shorter and a longer.
 
 PEESONAL PE0N0U58. 13 
 
 f'l ham, ^1/ 
 
 
 
 Sing 
 
 utar. 
 
 
 
 Shorter form. 
 
 
 
 Longer form. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 
 
 ^M ham. 
 
 Aco. 
 
 irt^T ' mora or iiHr % 
 
 mora 
 
 ke. 
 
 ^"•^r ' harrfrd or t*<«i> % 
 ham\d ke. 
 
 Instr. 
 
 ^"Itt "^ mora se. 
 
 
 
 ^S^rK['^ hani'rd se. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 rtrr %^ mora lei. 
 
 
 
 ^^^TT #^ ham^rd lei. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 iftTr'^ mora se. 
 
 
 
 ^^•Tr% ham^rd se. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 trIx, or jfVrr, 'tV'^ 
 
 mordf mori (fern.) 
 
 mor, 
 
 or 
 
 ^5^T, ^WTT, or ^^rc; ^^Tttt,' 
 ^«»At : hammary hatndr, or 
 /^amVe ; ham'rd^, ham'ri (fern.) 
 
 Loc. 
 
 ^Xt'^ mora ^ me. 
 
 
 
 '^«.<t'§ AflwVa we. 
 
 Voo. 
 
 1 «TV^* 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 
 • Wtn moro ana TT^T nam ro may oe 
 
 used tor m\<\ mora and TTTT ham'rd in an 
 
 emphatic sense : thus '^^'^ ■^"s^ ham'ro da, ' give to me also,' 
 
 * A form TT"^ ham're is sometimes used round about Patna, equivalent to, and 
 borrowed from^ the Hindi TTT? hamdre : e.g. T^K wrr ^ ^=f 7 ham're beta si kaha, 
 equalling Hindi fWlf ^i % W^ hamdre bete se kaho, * tell my son.* 
 
 Longer form. 
 ^rfJ'»V^'^ ham^rani. 
 ^?T^T^ (%) ham'rani (ke). 
 ^^•^^^"^ ham'' rani se. 
 ^^•T^fl" %^ ham'rani lei. 
 ^T'T'fl"^ hamWani se. 
 T5f-.T^> %, ^, or %^, %^ ham'- 
 
 rdni ke, ker or kerd, keri. 
 VR^TXt^ ham' rani me. 
 Wanting. 
 
 ' Or ^♦jTi'^ ham'ninh, t«i • fi i ham'nin, or ^iT ^?- ^am 5a5, and so throughout. 
 « Or T^-=T^ ham'ranhi, T*i'<^ hamWanh, T*i-<*T ham'ran, or TTTT W^ 
 ham'rd sab, and so throughout. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Shorter form. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Hh^' hamani. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ^^•fi" (%) hamani (ke). 
 
 Instr. 
 
 ^^^"^ hamani se. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ^^•fh %^ hamani lei. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Tf^'% hamani se. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ^^'ft" ^, %T, or %TT, %-5^ ^^wa- 
 
 
 ni ke^ ker, or A'^?*d, keri. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 ^ff^'^ hamani me. 
 
 Voo. 
 
 Wanting.
 
 14 
 
 MAOADHI GBAMMAB. 
 
 Tff ^ or ?r tu, 'thou/ 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Shorter jorm. Longer form. 
 
 Nom. ?rf or w to or tu. -nf to or w J^iz. 
 
 «N <\ 
 
 Ace. ifiTT,' *fKT % tord or ^ord ^e. frN-.?j' or ffh^rrr % toh'rd 
 
 or ^oAVd A:e. 
 
 Instr. ^^"^ tord sS, r h^iw '^ tbk'rd se, 
 
 Dat. wkr %^ tord iel. ?rt^v^ $^ toh^ra lei. 
 
 Abl. cTlTr ^ tord se. WtT^Tl "^ toh^rd se. 
 
 Gen. ??h:, or tPIxt, t^I^ tor or ^ora, <rh??;, rft^ir or ttT^^; <»>^7tt,* 
 
 ^oH (fern.) "^'^'^f tohar, tdhdr, or toh're ; 
 
 toh'^rd, t6h'r{ (fern. ) 
 
 Loc. <flTr W tord me. <rt^«TT 'f tbh\d me, 
 
 Voo. % <if ^e ^0 or % <f ^e /u. % ^ Ae /o or % <r Ae /il. 
 
 ^ ciVrt" toro and cfl-^-^V <oAVo may be nsed for ^Vrr tord and cil^'TT toh'rd in an 
 emphatic sense : thus c^^tT^^ ^^ =?^ toh'ro delche hi, * I see you also.' 
 
 « A form cf^f"^ toh're is sometimes used round about Patna, equivalent to, and 
 borrowed from, the Hindi ^f TT tumhdre : e.g. ^T^~'^ ^^ "^ 'F'f #t toh're hetd se kahe 
 ^/, equalling Hindi g'^lt ^^ "^ofiT^r "t ^Mw^a^e Jefe *e kah'td hit, 'I speak to your 
 son.' 
 
 Plural. 
 Shorterform. Longerform, 
 
 Nom. ?rT^^' tohani. ■d1^«"<:«?t^ toh'rani. 
 
 Ace. "ffNr^ (%) ^oAa/^2 (Arc). fTt'^^T^ (%) tbhWani {he). 
 
 Instr. dl'^^"^ tohani se. ?Tt^»T:«?t% tohranise. 
 
 Dat. ?rtT^ %^ ^o/mwf /e7. wItv^ %^ toh^rani lei, 
 
 Abl. at^"^ ^oAflwf se. fft^T^"^ tohWant si, 
 
 » Or cTt^f^ toh'ninh, cfhffiTiT toh'nin, cfhT^prqt toh'nid (long form), or^"* ^ ^if 
 «a&, and so throughout. 
 
 « Or F>TT^ toh'ranht, bItT"'-^ toh'ranh, bItt^ toh'ran, or cT J-g-il ^ ioA'ri 
 «a5, and so throughout.
 
 BEFLEXIVE PEONOQNS. 
 
 15 
 
 Gen. if\^^ %, %^, or %t7, %^, Tfhr".^ %, %T, or %T7, %^, 
 
 tbhat/i ke^ ker, or kerd^ keri. Wi'ram ke, ker^ or kerd^ ker'i. 
 
 Loc. t Jl ^ H ^ y tohani me. ?ft^".^:5^W toh^rani me. 
 
 Voc. % *f WW /^e ^<x «a6. % f? WW Ae tu sab, 
 
 § 24. Pronoun of the Second Person Honorific 
 and Reflexive Pronoun. 
 
 ^rm ap, or ^q^ apne, 'your honour/ 'self/ 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. ^iRTir ' op'n^y or ^tt a;?. 
 
 Ace. ^nrr^(%) ap'ne (ke), or ^7W (%)1 a/> (^'e). 
 
 Instr. WRT^ w ap'ne ae. 
 
 DaL WM*< %^ ap'ne lei. 
 
 Abl. ^Wt^ w ap'we s^. 
 
 Gen. 1|M.^ % «/?'«e ke, Sfc.y or (reflexive only) ^^w appan, ^mw djsan. 
 
 Loc. '^■'niT w flp we 7«e. 
 
 Voc. Wanting. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. ^M»^ ^;^ np' ve sab, or wjTW ^W ' dp sab. 
 
 Ace. ^w^^ WW (%) r7;?'/<e sa.6 (A-^"). 
 
 Instr. WTT*^ WWW ap'/je saft se. 
 
 Dat. H< M «H WW %^ fljo'we sab lei. 
 
 Abl. ^W •w' WW ^ op^ne sab se. 
 
 Gen. "WR^w^ wf % rt-jo'^i? sfl6 ke. 
 
 Loc. WPT*^ WW w fljo'we sab me. 
 
 Voc. Wanting. 
 
 » ■^rnr aj? may be used for ■mw'^ a;>'we throughout the singular and plural. Another 
 form of the plural is -sm-i"^ ap'nan or '^nr^^f'^ ap'nanhi throughout all cases. 
 
 In tbe west of the district ^^f raua^ plural "^^r^ rauanh^ is also used 
 in the sense of 'your honour.*
 
 16 
 
 MAGADHI OBAMMAB. 
 
 § 25. Demonstrative Pronouns, 
 
 These are (1) the proximate demonstrative t t, 'this/ and (2) the 
 remote demonstrative ^ «, *that.* 
 
 Like the personal pronouns, they have each two forms, a shorter 
 and a longer. 
 
 •" 6 
 
 this/ 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Shorter form. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ti. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ^ (%) eh (ke). 
 
 Instr. 
 
 jr^"^ eh se. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 P^ %^ eh lei. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 rr^ls eh se 
 
 Gen. 
 
 TT^ ^, %T, 5fc., eh ke, fcer, «fc. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 TT^ tI, eh me. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 f I 
 
 Ace. 
 
 X^ (%) M (ke). 
 
 Instr. 
 
 ?/^ ^ itih se. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ty^'^f^ inh lei. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ^^'^ inh se. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 T^%, tr, 8fc., inh ke, ker, 8fc. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Longer form. 
 
 Tr^rnj(%) ek'rd (ke). 
 
 jj<fi.<l %^ ek\d lei. 
 i ;q i »<l ^ eA m .sg. 
 
 jj<ft.<| lff e^Va we. 
 
 ■l*^»*«fi* inh'kam. 
 1*^»«»< T^ (%) inh'' hard (he). 
 i,'^**^!^ inh^kard se. 
 ■1«^»<*<I %^ inh^kard lei. 
 1'^»*<I^ inh''kard se. 
 X^^T. inh'kar, 1*^»<*<I,-"^ 
 
 ^t^t^T^tW, inh^kard me. 
 
 X^ -^ inh me. 
 
 » i (€^) * (saJ), 1?? (^ ^''^^ (^«*)' ■^'^ (^) *"^^^ (*'^*)' ■^'^^ (^^^ ^w/^a7^^ (*aJ), 
 in which the word ^^ Ja6 may be optionally omitted, and v^^%^ iM'nm, ^^^-'^ 
 aA;A,«/ or 3^^^^^ eM'w/, may all be used throughout the plural instead of i i or 
 
 ^ Or ^•^•<+*^ inTikanhi. 
 
 3 Other oblique forms a-e ^"'^Tr inh'kard, J.'^'mi inh'kd, or T"^^^! i»'^a ; so 
 also in the genitiye, omitting the final long vowel.
 
 DEMONSTBATIVE PRONOUNS.' 17 
 
 ^ u, 'that/ 
 
 The close analogy between the declension of- this pronoun and that of 
 t (y ' this, ' will be manifest from the following paradigm : — 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Shorter form. Longer form. 
 
 Nom. ^ w. ^ ii. 
 
 Ace. V^^ (%) oh (ke). ^rt^^^ (%) ok'rd {ke). 
 
 Instr. ^^'^'^ oh se. ^tNittt^ ok'rd se. 
 
 Dat. '^tf %^ oh lei, ^ft^-.TT %^ bk'rd lei. 
 
 Abl. ^ift^ ¥ oh se. ^fNr^TT^ ok'rd se. 
 
 Gen. ^rt^ %, %T, S,x.y 6h ke, ker, Sfc. ^tt^f^ okar, ^fT^.TT,-^ 6k*rd,.ri. 
 
 Log. '^tTT ^ o/i W€. ^ft^^TT ^ oZ:Va w^. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. '^' w. ^r^-.^* uuh'kanL 
 
 Ace. '^^ (%) ««/« (^-e). ^^^-.^m-^ (%) imh'kard (ke). 
 
 Instr. ^^ ^ «wA se. "^s^-.^rt "^ unh'kard se, 
 
 Dat. "^^^ %^ imh lei, ^3^-.^RT %^ unh'kard lei. 
 
 Abl. ^'^'^ ?m/i se. ^^^-.^rrr^ unh'kard se. 
 
 Gen. '^s^ %, %T, SfC, unh ke, ker, 8fc. ^f[^^rc, ^*^-.^na,-^ unh'kar, 
 
 unh'kardy-ru 
 
 Loo. ^'^'^ unh me. ^^^"^ncT? unh'kard me, 
 
 ' ^ (^) w [sal), ^3^ (^) wnA (sa5), ^3^^ ^ M«^a;i (^aJ), -;r^ (w^) unhani (sab), 
 in which the word W^ sab may be optionally omitted, and ■^^f^j-fVnr ukh'nin or 
 ^Y^'^ft ukh'ni may all be used throughout the plural instead of '^ u or ^^ unh. 
 
 « Or vi^-af'irt unh'kanhu 
 
 3 Other oblique forms are ^H'ch^l unlcard, ^•^'dty\ unh'kd, or ^ »i»c» r un"kd • 
 so also in the genitive, omitting the final long vowel. 
 
 Note. — In the above two demonstrative pronouns, the shorter form may 
 be used either adjectivally or substantivally ; but the longer form can only be 
 used as a substantive, and never as an adjective.
 
 18 MAOADHI QBAMMAB. 
 
 § 26. Correlative Pronouns. 
 
 These are (1) the relative pronoun '^ je, *who;' (2) the correlative 
 pronoun % se, 'that ;' and (3) the interrogative pronoun % ke^ 'who?' 
 
 The close analogy between their forms will best be shown by printing 
 them in parallel columns. Like the personal and demonstrative pronouns, 
 they have each a shorter and a longer form. 
 
 It is not necessary to give their declension in full, as it is on exactly 
 the same lines as that of the demonstrative pronouns. I shall therefore 
 give only the nominative, genitive, and general oblique forms for each 
 number.
 
 Shorter 
 Nom. w^mjau 
 Gen. WT %, 
 
 1 
 
 Obi. m^J^h, 
 
 Nom. €t^ je. 
 Gen. fsi^ %, 
 
 Obi. fsi'^'im. 
 
 1 ^ (■^) je (sofl 
 f%l*^*i^ (■^?) jinhani 
 omitted or ^^r^«ft jt 
 of ^je or f^r^^tnA. 
 
 3 Other oblique 
 fVi»i'ohi jin'kd ; so alS 
 
 Note. — In tb 
 fiubstantive, and ne
 
 COBUIATITB 1 
 
 Relative. 
 
 ^ je, 'who/ 
 
 Norn, wsw jaun 01 wft^ jam. *>«• 
 
 Gen. ir»»,^«.,yM *«■%»• •»T/e*ar or 
 
 Nom. «■ je. fir»-.^' >inA'*onl. 
 
 Gen. fti^ %, ^c, yiiiA *«, ftnt!«K'y>n,*'*i"', fti^'««,F,-^ 
 
 ObL ftiT '>'■»*■ 
 
 firr^i^^' >inA tor. 
 
 e, 'that.' 
 
 Singufu-. 
 
 r« », IfC., tlh kl, Ifc. JtTT* tekar, W^Kt,' 
 
 fil^' %, ^c, Unlit 
 
 ^TT,-^ tinh'kardf-ri. 
 ^^4^^' linh'kard. 
 
 ' Sr («^) >« (.04), f^ («^) jin* ("S). firm (B^) jinhan («ai), 
 f%prrt («») jindoii* («iiJ), in »hich the word ^^ lal may bo orlionoHy 
 omitted or « Vf iTt jekhani, ma/ all be used tiiroagboat the plural instead 
 of ^je or f'^^jinh, 
 
 • Ot ^-^T^^ jinh'kanht. 
 
 > Other oblique forms are finrTun jinkari, fffwi Jink'ki, or 
 P " * ' ^'* ! >»B'fc(i ; BO al» in the genitive, omitting the final long ToweL 
 
 NoTB.— In the above correlative pronouns the shorter form may bo ueed either adjectivally or mbstantivally, but the longer form can only be used aa 
 aubstantive, and never aa an adjective. 
 
 • In Gaya ««x aekar and i 
 
 I % (^) te (tab) and other forms ss in the declension 
 of ^>e. Bubstituting ?, ffor»> throughout, may be 
 used throughout the plural instead of % le or fipf tinh. 
 
 « Or farr^'^ tink'kanAi. 
 
 J Other oblique forms as in the declension of St je, 
 snbatitating ^ I for v^j throughout. 
 
 * ke, 'who ? ' 
 
 yrm. Longer form. 
 
 r W^l iaun. % ke ot ^ ko. 
 I. %*^ ktkar, k% 
 
 
 f»n ' %, Sfc, kinh ke, f%^s«T' kink'kar, fw 
 ISC *TT,->a kinh'kard.-t 
 
 fi^ * kink. fv^^Wl kinh'kard. 
 
 ' Other forms as in ^ je, substitoting w i for ^ 
 throughout 
 • Orf%^'-*VMiiiA'*on/l(. 
 ' Other forms as in A>«, substituting v^k tot \
 
 20 MAOASEf OBtnAS. 
 
 § 27. Interrogative Pronoun. 
 
 Substantival. 
 
 ^ ha or ^ H 'what?' 
 
 This pronoun is really a neuter form of % ke^ and can only refer to 
 inanimate things. The form ^ ki is peculiar to South-East Patna. Vr kd 
 can only be used as a substantive. Its plural is the same as that of % ke. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Optional Gayd form*. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Vr ka or ^ ki. 
 
 iff^ kdnuihi. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 ^ri % kdh^ ke. 
 
 *fTf) % koALchi ke. 
 
 Instr. 
 
 vr^ "^ kdhe se. 
 
 >ff'^ "^ koAichi se. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ^rri ^T kdhe Id, 
 
 ^P^ ^ koAt^hi Id. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ^TTM % kdM s . 
 
 ifW "^ kdauchi se. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 vri %, %T, kdhe H, ker, §-c. 
 
 ^^ %, koALChi k^, ^c. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 ^r^ M kahe me. 
 
 T^Hi'^ koALchi me. 
 
 § 28. Indefinite Pronoun. 
 
 ^^ hm, 'anyone/ 'some one/ 
 
 When used as an adjective, this pronoun takes also the form ^i^^ff kaund 
 
 or ^{^*ff kaiind. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. %^ keii^ ^irtt koi^ or %f kehii. 
 
 Aoc. %vrt % kekaro ke or TST'ff * (%) kaund ke. 
 
 Instr. %^rrl^ kikard se or «*T«rr^ kaund se. 
 
 Dat. ^*0 % kekaro ke or ^^^^ % kaund ke. 
 
 Abl. %^nfl"l| kekaro se or Wr^*'? kaund se. 
 
 3 -ii. ^^fTt kekaro or SRP^ % kaund ^(?, ^c. 
 
 Loo. %^rl" ^ yieA:ar6 w?^ or WWf ^ Arawno iwe. 
 Plural. — Wanting. 
 
 win kaung, or cfi'Vi kot, or %▼ AreAu, and so throughout.
 
 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 21 
 
 § 29. The indefinite pronoun ^ kuchhu, giVt kuchchhd, or gr^^ 
 kuchchhao, ' anything,' * something,' is declined regularly like a substantive : 
 thuBj^f^ % kuchchho key gf^l''^ kuchchho se, ^c. 
 
 § 80. The indefinite pronoun ^? sah, * all/ * every one,' is declined 
 regularly like a substantive. It is frequently written ^^7 aahh. When 
 plurality iB to be emphasised, it has an oblique plural form ^^^r sahan or 
 ^^m suft^aw : thus, ^H %5a6A /:<?, * of all,' taken as a whole ; but ^v:^ % sabhan ke, 
 * of all/ ^aA;e» severally, 
 
 § 31. The indefinite pronouns ^^ ^V^-ew, * whoever,' and #^r^> 
 jekuchchhoy 'whatever,' are compounds, and are declined regularly like their 
 component parts^ thus aco. sing. ^^ %^r^ jeh kekaro, ^ gr^t jeh 
 kuchchho ; instr. ^'^ ^*tI ^ jeh kekaro se, S^c, 
 
 The indefinite pronominal adjective sf^ kaik signifies ' several.' 
 
 § 32. Derivative Pronominal Forms. 
 
 The following table gives the more usual pronominal adjectives and 
 adverbs in a euocinct form.
 
 Den 
 
 Eel 
 
 Coi 
 
 Int
 
 Demonstrative 
 
 Pron. adj. of Pron. adj. of 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 link, jnrr 
 
 d * this much.' 
 
 ^«^ dijon, 'of 
 that kind.' 
 
 vnv jlllik, 
 jiftid, • how 
 
 <wt mttk, 
 ttfnd, ' BO m 
 
 Wanting. The oor- 
 relative is oaed. 
 
 n^^jakhani. wi^S%\ 
 
 kv% kltlei, k 
 *<<'nd,'howiimohP' 
 
 fWAli, faliT itharnH, or 
 
 i^ /tua, WffH ittfiamS, 
 
 Jtphawd, 'whei 
 
 mf ttthami or >i»^f 
 tithauiy ' there.' 
 
 t3jrf ktthami, ira^f 
 kiilw«>i, or *xnr kah'icd. 
 
 ■njtnni, mXK Jihtti 
 
 • thither.'
 
 ADJECTIVE PBONOUNS, 23 
 
 § 33. Adjectival Pronouns. 
 
 The following sentences are designed to show the use of the various 
 pronouns, both adjectivally and substantivally. Before doing so it is best 
 to note here that colloquially the oblique forms ir^ eh, ^>^ oh ^^ jeh 
 B^^ teh, and %^ keh, are frequently written and pronounced ^ e, ^ o, % je 
 ^ te, and % he respectively : — 
 
 (1) % ^irni^ ^?^, % it^, je del hal, se gel: *he who had come, went.' 
 
 (2) ^ wsi ^UJ^ ^f^, t 'Nr, Jejan del hal, se gel : ' the man who had 
 
 come, went/ 
 
 (3) %^r: ^7t, h^t ^n^, jekar khet, tekar dhdn : ' he who owns the 
 
 field, owns the paddy/ 
 
 (4) ^ ( or t ) ^if % ^rr, W^ oiif % ^j^, jeh (or je) jan ke khet, 
 
 teh jan ke dhdn : ' the man who owns the field, owns the 
 paddy.' 
 
 (5) % ^^ ke hal ? ' who was it ?' 
 
 (6) ^ w^-s{ ^^ ^^ u kaun lok hni ? < what caste is he ?' 
 
 (7) %^rT ^>f T ^^ kekar ghord ha'i ? ' whose is the horse P' 
 
 (8) ^'^ ^ ki hai, or ?a ^T ki hakai, or ^ ^, kd hai ? ' what 
 
 is it ?' 
 
 (9) ^^^ ^^ ^ kaun 2)er hai ? ' what tree is it V 
 
 (10) ^r? ^ ^T^ ^TT^F^ % kdhe me pdn'i Idil'hu hai ? < in what have 
 
 you brought the water ?' 
 
 (11) v^iT ^2T It TTTift ^^T^ % hiim lota me pdni lailliu hai? *in 
 
 what lota have you brought the water ?' 
 
 (12) %^ sTo ^T^n: A:e« «« a'llai, ' no one came.' 
 
 (13) %^ (orjfiVf) ^^^^ ^.^ keii{oxkauno) larikd na ailai 
 
 * no boy came.' * 
 
 (14) ^fl^rlff*^> ^TJ f?« 35.. «e *eA-.r5 kuM,, na hai, 'in 
 
 that village no oue has anything.' 
 
 (15) ..f,%,^,-f ,fin,T^,^^ ^ftr^-^ «,^«/-.^..««o lauiya se 
 
 kucUhu na mili, 'in that village nothing will be got from 
 any shopkeeper.'
 
 24 
 
 MAGADHI GEAMMAE. 
 
 (16) ^ K^ ^ ^^^^ H ^"ic %* Ttt: u dawdi he kuchchhb me dhar6 
 
 ke* hot, 'it will be (necessary) to put that medicine into 
 something.' 
 
 (17) ^fi:^ »i<,.<|in M<iT5i.ft|«f ka'ik mar^ddnd dUHhiriy * several men 
 
 came.' 
 
 § 34. On the Pronominal Oblique Genitive. 
 
 The following are examples of pronominal genitives which end in ^ r 
 or «r ^?, and which have an oblique form ending in XJ rd or ^rr «a. These 
 oblique forms occur for all pronominal genitives ending in ^ r, and are used 
 with nouns in any form except that of the nominative singular or plural : — 
 
 Direct Genitive. 
 
 Meaning. 
 
 Oblique form. 
 
 i?tK mor. 
 
 *My.' 
 
 Ht^T mord. 
 
 
 *My.' 
 
 ^^^•TT hamWd, 
 
 -^XKtor. 
 
 ' Thy.' 
 
 rftXT tord. 
 
 ?ft^T tohar. 
 
 'Thy.' 
 ' Own.' 
 
 W\%-i\l toh'rd. 
 
 ^UTif appan. 
 
 ^M*«(| ap'nd. 
 
 ^CWK. ekar. 
 
 ' Of this.' 
 
 Tr^-*\1 ek'rd. • 
 
 ^tWK okar. 
 
 ' Of that,' ' his.' 
 
 ^"^^TT ok'rd. 
 
 ^^Xjekar. 
 
 ' Whose.' 
 
 ^^VTT jek'rd. 
 
 ^^TK tekar. 
 
 ' His.' 
 
 ■^^-•TJ tek'rd. 
 
 %H^ kekar. 
 
 'Whose?' 
 
 %^i^T kekWd. 
 
 The following examples will show the use of the genitive in— («) its 
 direct form, (b) its oblique form. 
 
 * Dative of the verbal noun.
 
 PHONOMINAL OBLIQUE GENITIVES. *«* 
 
 a.— Genitives agreeing with nouns in the nominative form, 
 i.e. direct genitives. 
 ^^iT ^^^"^ T fii^vf %^ T?: okar mauqi kaisnn bea ! hdi * how beautiful 
 
 his wife is !' 
 %^r: ^^ T?: kekar beta hdi ? * whose son is he ?' 
 ^WK, ^^ f^rgiT hammar dhandhd big^rat, ' my profession will be 
 
 ruined/ 
 ^^^ ^lT^ ^^ % okar roib sun ke, * on hearing her lamentations.' 
 ^t^ T^^tK f%^o okar ik'mr likha, ' write a bond to that effect' 
 
 (lit of that). 
 ^Tifif ^^ v^P^f ^^T ^rr 71^ '^ W?: appan sab dhan^cd lutd 
 kar garih ho geldi, * having wasted all his substance he became 
 poor.' 
 5.— Genitives agreeing with nouns not in the nominative form, 
 i.e. oblique genitives. 
 
 ^'^T^fT^n" ^ % yt^r o/c'ra char he ke ghord, * his riding-horse ' (lit. the 
 
 horse of his riding). 
 ^ ^rNif-.TT ^[^••^T^'^ WHJ^ u ok^rd phuVwdri me del, * he came into 
 
 his (some one else's) garden.' 
 
 ^^T^ ^TT'^ '^ hani'rd sar^ki me, * in my hovel.' 
 
 ^rt'^'TT W^^ foh^rd ghare me, 'in your house.' cflTT '^tt^TT % tord 
 
 haVi'trd se, ' from thy hand.' 
 Y^^TT ^TiTrSTr"^ ^t^fT ^■^•"TT^TT ^f^ ITT W^iJ T^ ham^rd dar^wdjd 
 
 se okar dar'wdjd bds bhar alag hdi, ' his doorway is a rod distance 
 
 from mine.' 
 IW^nTF ^HTTT f^^T ^ *^'!!<««*i kisan'wd ap'nd jiyd me kahaVkdi^ 
 
 ' the^husbandman said in his heiart.' 
 
 These oblique genitives must not be confounded with the Patna geni- 
 tives in TT rd and ^ ri, mentioned in § 22. Sometimes, by the vulgar, the 
 direct form is used instead of the oblique, but the oblique form is never used 
 instead of the direct.
 
 26 
 
 DIVISION 11. 
 
 CONJUGATION. 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 § 35. It must be noted with respect to the following paradigms 
 that colloquially the plural is commonly used in the place of the singular : 
 thus -nf"^ to ha, ' thou art/ is commonly used instead of cff ^'ft to hahi, 
 which is the more correct form. 
 
 Note also that there is great laxity colloquially in regard to gender. 
 The forms given for the feminine are only those which are specially 
 confined to that gender ; but instead of these, the masculine forms are often 
 used colloquially. In the following paradigms when the masculine and 
 feminine forms coincide, the latter are not given. 
 
 § 36. With regard to the spelling of the various tense forms, 
 it must be noted that ^JT a'i and ^^ aii are frequently written ^ ai and 
 ^^ an respectively : thus such forms as ^^vir?: dekhHa'i and ^isfr^^ 
 dekhHaii are often written ^^7d dekh'tai and ^^Vf^" dekliUau. It has not 
 been thought necessary to put both these varieties of spelling into the 
 paradigms: hence only ^^r<n; dekhHdb,\^rw^ dekhHau^kQ.^ will be found 
 therein. With regard to this and to the shortening of antepenultimate 
 vowels, see General Introduction, §§ 34 -37.
 
 CONJUGITIONAL SYSTEM. 27 
 
 § 37. Conjugational System. 
 
 The (jonjugation of the verb ^Z t^ dekh, * see/ being given in full, it is 
 not necessary to give here the details of conjugation at lengtli. 
 
 § 38. There are three moods — the Indicative, Conjunctive, and Imper- 
 ative. These may again be divided into simple tenses — formed from the root 
 direct, and periphrastic tenses — formed with the aid of auxiliary verbs added 
 to the verbal noun (in its oblique form), or the present or past participle, or 
 to the conjugated preterite indicative. 
 
 § 39. The simple tenses are as follows : — 
 
 Indicative. Conjunctive. Imperative. 
 
 Preterite. Present. Present. 
 
 Future. Preterite. 
 
 Of these, the present imperative is always the same as the present 
 conjunctive. 
 
 ^ 40. The periphrastic tenses are as follows : — 
 
 a) From the oblique form of the verbal noun— 
 
 Indicative — 
 
 Indefinite present. 
 Indefinite preterite. 
 
 In these tenses the verbal noun is really in the locative case : thus 
 ^^ ^^ ^ hafti dekhe hi, * I see,' means * I am on seeing,' i.e. the vulgar 
 English * I am a-seeing.' These tenses are formed with the present and 
 imperfect tenses of the defective auxiliary verb. 
 
 h) From the present participle, direct form — 
 Indicative — 
 
 Definite present with auxiliary present. 
 Imperfect „ preterite. 
 
 Durative future „ future.
 
 28 mXgadhi obammab. 
 
 Conjunctive — 
 Future with auxiliary present conjunctive. 
 
 Durative present ,, preterite „ 
 
 c) From the past participle : direct form in the neuter verb, 
 
 oblique form in the active verb — 
 
 Indicative- 
 Future exact with auxiliary future. 
 
 Conjunctive — 
 
 Future exact with auxiliary present conjunctive. 
 Preterite „ preterite. 
 
 d) From the preterite indicative — 
 
 Indicative — 
 
 Perfect with auxiliary present. 
 Pluperfect „ preterite. 
 
 Concerning the use of the auxiliary in tenses formed from the past 
 participle, see General Introduction, p. 13, cl. (4). 
 
 § 41. The Simple Tenses. 
 
 The personal terminations of all these tenses are as follows. They are 
 (with a few exceptions, which will be found in the paradigms) nearly the 
 same for all tenses. They are added to a tense-stem, the 'formation of which 
 will be described afterwards. 
 
 It will be observed that there are many optional forms of terminations 
 for each person. They are all used with nearly equal frequency. They 
 should be carefully committed to memory.
 
 PBBTEBITE INDICAnVB. 
 
 Table showing the Personal Terminations. 
 
 29 
 
 i 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Femioine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminiiie. 
 
 l6tj 
 
 1 
 
 ' ^u. 
 
 T^ «>0. 
 
 t/,tr. 
 
 T^ «>0. 
 
 
 
 T^ tai, 1^^ taw. 
 
 
 2nd 
 
 ^ 5, ^ e. 
 
 ^ a, q e, ^ au 
 
 ^ hi 
 
 Tr. 
 
 ^ a, f ^w. 
 
 \ hu, «^ /it/w, ^ ho. 
 
 xf hi, f^ Ae». 
 
 t /, ^ ei. 
 
 r 
 3rd< 
 
 ^TT oif V^ ail. 
 ^X kaiy V^ Aaw. 
 
 
 \ thu, ^ /Am«. 
 tI" h% f^ ^m. 
 fvT khm *. 
 
 ^ thlH, ftpfp^ jf/i/;ii. 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 
 
 khm* khini,* 
 
 % 42. These terminations are added to various tense-etems, and it is 
 by these tense-stems that the tenses are distinguished. The tense-stems are 
 formed as follows : — 
 
 § 43. The Preterite Indicative. 
 
 The stem of this tense is formed by adding ^i^ al to the root. Thus 
 ^ ^ delih, ' see,' preterite stem ^^^ dekhal, to which the terminations are 
 added : thus "t'sv^ dekh'/ii, ' I saw.' This tense has this peculiarity in the 
 
 ♦ Thes^ ter ninations are much used by Kayasth women.
 
 30 
 
 MAOADHI GRAMMAR. 
 
 second and third persons, that it adopts special terminations for active and 
 others for neuter verbs: thus active ^fk^ dekkis or ^w^p^[\ dikhal^kai, 
 * he saw,' hut neuter ftiK^ giral or fiK««l pirUa'ij * he fell.' 
 
 § 44. The Future Indicative. 
 
 The stem of this tense is formed by adding ^^ ab to the root. Thus 
 %^^ ; second person ^ii'S dekh'be, * thou wilt see.' The personal termin- 
 ations in the first person are slightly altered in this tense, and the third 
 person is not formed from the stem in ^^ a^» at all, but is formed by adding 
 the following terminations to the root direct : — 
 
 Future. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 & 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 ( 
 
 ti. 
 
 
 T^ ihe. 
 
 
 
 ^fri at. 
 
 ^ti. 
 
 J(^ tan. 
 
 f?nr tin. 
 
 
 err tdh «r^ taiJL, 
 
 
 ^W, ^, f«pft, 
 
 "^ thin, f«l^ thini. 
 
 3rd' 
 
 
 
 ath, tht, thim. 
 ^ thun. 
 f^«r khin. 
 
 ifhiT khin^ f^r^ khint. 
 
 
 
 
 ^«T^ atHhi, ^-c. 
 
 ^nrnfhr afthin, ^c. 
 
 § 45. The Present Conjunctive and Imperative. 
 
 In this tense the terminations are added to the root itjielf : thus, ^ 
 dekhu, ' let me see.' 
 
 § 46. The Preterite Conjunctive. 
 
 In this tense ^rw at or ^*r it is added to the root. The personal termin- 
 ations are then added : thus t^*w d^khUu, * (if) I had seen.'
 
 31 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 AUXILIARY VERBS. 
 
 § 47. There are two classes of auxiliaries, the defective and the 
 complete. 
 
 § 48, There is one defective auxiliary verb formed from the V ^ix 
 ah, * be/ It has a few optional forms, derived from a strengthened form of 
 the above, viz. ^Z Xl» hak. The defective auxiliary verb is only used in the 
 present and preterite tenses. In conjugation this root loses its initial ^ a. 
 
 § 49. The complete auxiliary verb is formed from the ^Z ^ ho^ 
 * become,' and is conjugated regularly throughout. Its preterite, however, 
 is never used as an auxiliary, but only as a verb substantive. In the west 
 of Gaya forms occur derived from the ^y ^^ hokh. These, however, are 
 properly Bhojpuri forms, and being found in the Shahabad Grrammar are 
 not given here. 
 
 § 50. Defective Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 y/ "^ ah/ be/ 
 
 There are only two tenses — the present and the preterite ; the rest 
 are borrowed from the complete verb ^Z ^ ^o» 'become.* Some forms 
 of the present tense are formed from a strengthened form of the root, 
 viz. ^ \^ hak. 
 
 Note that throughout the initial vowel ^ a of the root has disappeared.
 
 82 
 
 MAGADHI OBAMMAB. 
 
 § 51. Present: ^ I am,^ 8fc. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Pluba'l. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 ist: 
 
 2Dd. 
 
 ^•^ kaU, f^f MkiL 
 
 ^, ^, hdy he. 
 
 he, hai, hahi. 
 
 hai, haii, Ae, ho, ha, ha. 
 
 3rd^ 
 
 ^^ has. 
 haTca'i, hakau. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 f^^ hiyo. 
 
 ^ht. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 ^, Tf, hi, hi. 
 
 f^'*<l, f^^^, hia'i, hiim. 
 
 ^o ha, 
 
 Afl/^M, AflAu, hahun, haho. 
 T^, '^f^T, AflAe', hah in. 
 ^if, ^f^, haki, hakin. 
 
 Aa^A, hathi, hathin. 
 
 T^» ^^9^> hathu, hathun. 
 
 '^^j '^l^, '^^^j 
 AaAz, AaAw, hakhin.* 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 f%^ Ai>0. 
 
 ^"^Ai. 
 
 hathin, hathini. 
 hakhin, hakhini. 
 
 Forms such as this, containing ^ H, are much used by Kayastb women.
 
 DEFECTIVE AUXILIAET VERB. 
 
 52. Preterite : * / wm^ ^c. 
 
 33 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 1st 
 
 "^^ halu. 
 
 
 Wt, wf, haliy halt. 
 
 
 
 
 Yf%WT, Yf%^^, 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 haliai^ haliau. 
 
 
 r 
 
 ^, ^.halct, hale. 
 
 wf half. 
 
 Y^To hala. 
 
 Y^, ^, Aa/i, ^a/tt. 
 
 
 ^^T, '^^^ ha id, hale. 
 
 "^^ halt. 
 
 Y^TT^, Y^TT^, Y^^^^. 
 
 
 
 
 
 haVhu^ haVhuy haHiun, 
 T^W^, haVho. 
 
 
 nd 
 
 '^'^•^I hal hi. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^^^, Y^rvfif^, 
 
 
 
 
 
 haVht, haVhin. 
 
 
 r 
 1 
 
 hal, hala'if haluii. 
 
 Y^ halt. 
 
 Yr^«l hulati. 
 
 >5^«^, NJ^.f^, Y^7^^, 
 
 ▼f%T halin. 
 
 ^^»^*\, '^n!i.r«i«fl, 
 
 
 
 
 ^ar^^/, haVthin, haVtliun. 
 
 Afl/'Mi«, hal'ihini. 
 
 rd. 
 
 
 
 T^^f^if, haVkhin. 
 
 ^Rrna^W, T^f^ift, 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 haChhin, hal'khmi.
 
 34 
 
 KAOADHI GBAMUAB. 
 
 § 53. The Complete Auxiliary Verb, 
 
 v/tIt ho, 'be,' 'become.' 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 (a)— Preterite : 'I became/ 8fc. 
 
 Form I. 
 
 1 
 
 SiNGULAB. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 Masculine. Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Ist-! 
 
 2nd^ 
 
 Ttt*Ao/d. 
 
 ^^, ^f^, holdf hole. 
 ^tjiT hold. 
 
 Tt^T^horhi. 
 
 3rd^ 
 
 h)lf hbldi, hblau. 
 
 ^\wf holt, 
 ^^t^ holi. 
 
 Tt^ holi. 
 
 '^<^, ^fwf , holi^ holi. 
 
 holidiy hbliau. 
 
 ^tWo hola. 
 
 ThFW, TN^, TtW7«^j 
 hbVhu, hbl^hUf hbfhun. 
 Tt^'Tt, hbfho. 
 
 hbl'hty hoVhin. 
 •^ttj*! holan. 
 
 hbHit, hbl'hin. 
 
 hbVthK hbVthin, holthun, 
 ^^•f^ hbVkhin, 
 
 "^^i Tt^, AoZz, AoZ«. 
 
 ^r<!l«i AoZm. 
 
 hbVthin,-thini, 
 hbVkhiny -khini. 
 
 * Or TtT% AdiVw, and so throughout. 
 Note.— This tense is never used as an auxiliary, but only as a verb substantive.
 
 COMPLETE AUXILIARY VERB. 
 
 35 
 
 There is also an irregular form of this tense, which is as follows :— 
 
 Form II. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. Feminine. 
 
 f 
 1st. 
 
 iit bhelL 
 
 
 *^, Wf, bhell, bhelL 
 
 
 bhelia'i, bh^liaii. 
 
 
 
 ^i, W, bheld, hhele 
 
 ii^ bhelt. 
 
 i^^To bhela. 
 
 v^, v^, bhelt, bhelu. 
 
 lid 
 
 ^^rr bheld. 
 ^^fT^ hehrhi. 
 
 v^ bhell 
 
 bheVhu, bheVhu, bheVhun. 
 V^P^, bhtl'ho. 
 
 
 
 bheVhi, bheVhin, 
 
 
 r 
 
 bhel, bhelui, bhelau. 
 
 ^^ bhell 
 
 MW^ bhelan. 
 bheVhl, bhel'hm. 
 
 M?f^^ bhelin. 
 
 Jrd 
 
 1 
 
 ' 
 
 
 bhelHhi, bheVthin, bheV- 
 [fhun. ' 
 
 vw^^ bhil'i'hin. 
 
 bhH'thm, bheVthini, 
 bhH'khin,bhd'khini,
 
 (6 
 
 MAOADHI OBiMMAB. 
 
 § 54. (i)-Future : * / shall be; ^c. 
 
 
 SiNGULAE. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 1 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 1st 
 
 tU, * '^^T?:, 'Tt^^, 
 
 
 ^, Vt^, Tl^^, 
 
 ^fY«fl" hobi. 
 
 hob J hoba'ij hobaii. 
 
 
 hob, hbbdi, hobaii. 
 
 
 f 
 
 ^?t?, ^ffsf, hobs, hobe. 
 
 ^Yrf hobt. 
 
 '^^0 hoba. 
 
 "^t^, ^^1^, ^o6i, ^o6«. 
 
 
 ^T, ^, hobd, hobe. 
 
 ^fH^ hobu 
 
 ^^^' ^1«l»%^, •■^1^.564, 
 
 
 2nd. 
 
 ^^-.^ hbVhi. 
 
 
 hob'hu, hdh'hu, hbb'hun. 
 ^rt^^^, TN'-Tf, ^^'1^, 
 hob'hoy hbb'hiy hbb'hin. 
 
 
 V. 
 
 
 
 ^>^^o hoiha. 
 
 
 r 
 
 -^hou 
 
 
 'i^ hothe. 
 
 /iOi!/>, Ao^/?z, hothin, hothun. 
 
 hothiHi hbthini. 
 
 3rd, 
 
 
 
 ^rtfW holchin. 
 
 hokhin, hbhhini. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 ^tff, T^ffT, Tt«T'5, 
 
 Tt^ hoti. 
 
 tIttt /io^an. 
 
 "^tfdH ^o^m. 
 
 1 
 
 hot^ hota'i, hbtaii. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^^ri»«n««, ^Tfi»f«<«n, 
 
 1 
 
 •^'Vd.'Si, '^id«r«i«i, ^Ih^^t, 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 Ao/VAi, hbtHhin, hbifthun. 
 
 hbfthin, hbfthini. 
 
 * T^^ hoah, "T^ hoib, or "rbr^ hoeb, may be written throughout for Tl"^ hob, and ft^ 
 ^ih for rl^ Ao^A, and ^g ^oa^ or fKcT Aoi^ for tV^ hot.
 
 
 
 COMPLETE AUXILIARY VEBB. 
 
 1 
 
 37 
 
 Conjunctive Mood. 
 
 § 55. (c)— Present \ ' (IfJ I be,' ^c. 
 
 i 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 ' 
 
 ^ft^ hou- 
 
 ^>^"f 
 
 ^Prt, ^T, hot, hoi. 
 
 '^^l*rf /^0*yo. 
 
 Ist^ 
 
 
 hoiyo. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •^Iim, viTll^^i, 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 hoidi, Jhoiaii. 
 
 
 r 
 
 ^, ^5^, ho, hoe. 
 
 
 ^W hoa. 
 
 >j1"t, Tt^, ^oi, Aow. 
 
 
 >fNf, ^ft^, hody hoe. 
 
 ^t ha. 
 
 "^j "^%> "ils^, ''Tt^, 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 hohUy hohvLy hohun, hoho. 
 
 
 1 
 ! 
 
 'il'^Jl, '^'W^, 
 
 
 ^^. Ttf^, hohi, hohin. 
 
 
 hodi, hohi. 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 ^Vl hoe. 
 
 
 X\% "^^^i hoi, hoitu 
 
 
 
 '^'^'^l, ■^'^^, 
 
 
 ^Pr^, ^"^'sTl, '^^l-l, >f1^H, 
 
 ^V^, TTftR^, 
 
 
 hoai, hoau. 
 
 
 hoth, hot hi y hothin, hothun. 
 
 hothin, hot him. 
 
 3rd< 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 ^trf, 'i^^^, hohl, hohin. 
 
 
 1 
 
 "^X^H hoas. 
 
 
 ^fe^ hokhin. 
 
 ^>^iT, ^'^^ 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 hokhin, hokhini.
 
 38 
 
 MAGADHI OBAMHAB. 
 
 S 56. (d)—Pre\er\te :'fl/j I had been,' ^c. 
 
 SlNGTTLAB. 
 
 PUJBAL. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Mascnline. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Jlet^ 
 
 ^it^* hotu. 
 
 2n(i' 
 
 8rd< 
 
 ^jVcf, ^^*r, hotd, hole, 
 ^f^, ^^, hotd, hote 
 
 T^»^ hot'' hi. 
 
 ^tfr, ^^, ^0^, hotd. 
 
 hotly 0, 
 
 
 Vt«ft Ao/i. 
 
 ^t^, Vmf> hoti, hoti. 
 hbiidi, hbtiau. 
 
 Ttfrr|[, Vl«T«"|[, ^rtff*^^, 
 hbehu, hot'hu, hbt'hun. 
 
 hbeht, hbVhin, 
 
 ^TTT hotan, 
 
 Vtwnf^, v^lfj.ftlH, ^ifT^, 
 hib'thij hbfthin, hbfthun. 
 
 hbtlitf hbfhin. 
 ^^•^^ hbt'khin. 
 
 ^Ifd^TF hbtiyo. 
 
 ^iW, i^, Ao^/, Ao/ti. 
 
 TtfiR Ao^w. 
 
 hbtUhirij hbfthini. 
 
 hbt^khin, hbt'khini. 
 
 * Xt^ hoit or tW^ Aoa< may be written for "ftcT Aof throughout.
 
 COMFLETB AUXILIARY VERB. 
 
 § 57. Present Participle, ' being.' 
 
 Singular and Plural. 
 Masc. Fem. 
 
 Vtff* hot. T^^ hoti. 
 
 Past Participle, 'been.'' 
 
 Form 1. -iY^ t hoi. V^ holi. 
 
 Form 2. ^ bhel. v^ hheli. 
 
 § 58. Infinitive, ' ^o 6^.' 
 xlirw Aoe6, >n^«( ^oflt, or ^fY?;w hoib. 
 
 * irtsg Aot^ or 'fY^of Aoa^ may be -written for T^ hot throughout. 
 t TtfW hoil may be written for tW hoi throughout.
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 THE REGULAR ACTIVE VERB. 
 
 § 59. There is only one conjugation of active verbs, if we except 
 a few irregular verbs to be noted further on. The conjugation of neuter 
 verbs differs from that of active verbs only in certain of the past tenses, and 
 these will be treated of in a future page. Verbs whose roots end in vowels also 
 exhibit slight variations, which will be explained at the proper place. For 
 the sake of uniformity the tenses are given in the same order and under the 
 same names as those in Dr. Hcernle^s Grammar. 
 
 Eeference is again made to General Introduction, §§ 34 to 36, with 
 regard to the changes of the root vowel. 
 
 § 60. v/^^ dekh, ' see. 
 
 Infinitive : ^^3^ dekhab. 
 
 Present Participle : Mmc. %f^ dekhit^ ^^§«t dekhat, or ^«id dekhdit. 
 Fern. ^*^*^ dekhUi or ^f^<ft dekhiti. 
 
 Past Participle : Masc, ^^^ dekhal Fern, ^y.^^l dekkUi. 
 Complete Past Participle : Mmc, ^w^ if^ dekhal bhel. Fern, ^«w 
 ^^ dekhal bheli.
 
 BEOULAB ACTIVE VEBB. 
 
 41 
 
 f A)— Simple Tenses. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 61. (a) —Preterite : ' I saw,' 8fc. 
 
 . 
 
 SiNGULAB. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 1 
 
 t^rt deB'lu. 
 
 
 ^r^\ ?[^r^'¥, 
 
 
 let. 
 1 
 
 
 
 dekh'li, dekh'li. 
 
 
 
 
 ^;%^T, t^f^^r^, 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 d^kh'liai, dekh'liau. 
 
 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 ■ t^v% dekhUe. 
 
 dekWli. 
 
 ^w:^ dekh'la. 
 
 dekh'li, dekh'lu. 
 
 
 ^W^, ^Wr^, 
 
 \^-^ 
 
 ^^r^r|, t^^,-««r,-'^, 
 
 nd-j 
 
 diuna, dekh'li. 
 
 t^^^ dekhar/ii. 
 
 dekh'li. 
 
 dekhal'hu, dekhcd'huy-huu, 
 
 l-ho. 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 dekhaVhi, dekharhin. 
 
 
 r 
 
 1 %^^ dekhis. 
 
 
 ^^•'^^r, ■^^'^Iv^iT, 
 
 ^*^-^fws{, ^^^-.f^?r, 
 
 
 dekh'kdi, dekh'kaii. 
 
 
 dekh'lan, dekhal'kan. 
 
 dekh'lin, dekhal'kw. 
 
 
 ^■^-'^^ dekh'lak. 
 
 dekh'li. 
 
 dekhal'thi, dekhaPthin. [iekhaVthin, dekhaiUhini. 
 
 Jrd 
 
 dekhaVkai, dekhaV- 
 
 dekhaPthu, dekhaVthun. 
 
 
 
 [ kaii, 
 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 dekhal'hi, dekhaVhin. 
 dekhaV khin, dekltanathin. 
 
 dekhal'khin, dtkhul'- 
 
 I. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 
 
 [khini.
 
 42 
 
 
 MAOADHI 0BAMMAB. 
 
 \ 
 1 
 
 § 62. (6>— Future : 'I shall see* ^c. 
 
 i 
 
 . 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plubal. j 
 
 1 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 1 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 dekhab, d^kh'bdi, dikh'baii. 
 
 t^iT^'V d^kh'bi. \ 
 
 Istj 
 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 I 
 
 dikh'bo, dekh'bdu. 
 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 ^"vi, ^^^, 
 
 ^Tlf 
 
 t^ilo d^kh'ba. 
 
 t^a.^tV, ^'^7^, 
 
 ' 
 
 dekh'bd, deWbe, 
 
 dm'bt\ 
 
 t^^^, -If, -«^, -^j 
 
 d^kh'bi, deWbu, 
 
 
 t^T^Tt ^•^, 
 
 ^*b»m\ 
 
 dmiaVhurhurhunrho. 
 
 
 2nd 
 
 dekh'bd, d^kh'be. 
 ^W^-.^ dekhaVhi, 
 
 dekh'bi. 
 
 dekhaVht.'hin. 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 \^^^ dekhiha. 
 
 
 r 
 
 ^ dekhi. 
 
 t^^ 
 
 t^f ^e^//?7/e. 
 
 ^^^W, I^^Tf^^, 
 
 
 
 dekh'ti. 
 
 ^^fer dekh'khin. 
 
 dekh'hMn, dekh'hhini. 
 
 
 %^if dekhat. 
 
 
 ^^a.Trir dekkHan. 
 
 t^^ffR dekhHin. 
 
 O J'^ 
 
 ^rdi, ^^^fl^, 
 
 
 t^?rnq\,-f«J<,-¥'T, 
 
 ^cF^T, ^^fl^fqift. 
 
 3rd 
 
 dekhUdiy dekhUau. 
 
 
 »t7 <7 1 ^T 1 i 1 J f J 7 ■ 
 
 dekhafthin, dikhat'thini. 
 
 
 
 
 dehhathy dekk^tMyMm, 
 
 %H*^A, <<a.ui«n. 
 
 
 
 
 [-thun. 
 
 d^khHhin, dikhHhmi. 
 
 
 
 

 
 BBGDLAB ACTIVE VERB. 
 
 CoNJUMCTiVE (Conditional) Mood. 
 § 63. (()' Present :'(!/) I see ;' rarely 'I see,' or * I shall sec,' H^c. 
 
 43 
 
 
 SiNGULAE. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 r 
 1 
 
 ^ dekhu. 
 
 tf^^ 
 
 t^, ^, dekhi, dekht. 
 
 tf^f dekhiyo. 
 
 1 
 
 
 dekhiyo. 
 
 ^U^^, ^f^^r^, 
 
 
 
 
 dekhidiy dekhiaii. 
 
 
 f 
 
 |w, t^, dekh, dckhe. 
 
 
 ^0, ^^^, dekha, dekhah. 
 
 t^, ^, rf^Hi, (/.AAtf'. 
 
 1 
 
 %^y ^^, dekhdy dekhe. 
 
 ^^deUi. 
 
 ^^r|, ^w% ^-.^^, 
 
 
 2nd 
 
 
 
 dekh'id, deklihu, dekh'hun, 
 ^^rfr dekh' ho. 
 
 
 I 
 
 dekhdi, dekh'hi. 
 
 
 dekh'hi, dekh' kin. 
 
 
 
 ^% dekhc. 
 
 
 t^^, t1^^. rftA/^r, dekhin. 
 
 
 
 ^^Tj ^^, 
 
 
 %-m7{, \-^-.^, ^-.f«J^, 
 
 ^<^.«n«J, ^^ftjil^, 
 
 
 dekhai, uekhau. 
 
 
 (/f/C7/flM, dekh'thi, dekh'- 
 [thin. 
 
 dekhHhin, dmCthmi, 
 
 3rd. 
 
 
 
 dekhHhu, dekhHhun. 
 
 
 
 ^^^ dekhas. 
 
 
 dekh' hi, dekh'hin. 
 
 dekh'khin, dekh'khink. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 %W*^k^ dekh'khin. 

 
 44 
 
 MAOADHI QBAMMAR. 
 
 § 64. (t/)— Preterite : '(If) I had seen,' ^c. 
 
 a 
 
 SiNGULAE. 
 
 Plueal. 
 
 o 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 • 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 ( 
 
 ^^TTrT^,* dekhditu. 
 
 dekhditiyo. 
 
 dekhditi, dekhditi. 
 
 ^^^ifd^f dekhditiyo. 
 
 i 
 
 dekhditd, dekhdite. 
 
 dekhditi. 
 
 dekhditia'i, dekhditiaii. 
 
 dekhditi, dekhditu. 
 
 1 
 
 ^<slldo dekhaita. 
 
 
 dekhditd, dehkdite. 
 t^T^-.^ dekhdifhi. 
 
 dekhditi. 
 
 ^ v.. * 
 
 
 2iid 
 f 
 
 dekhdifhii, dekhaifhu, 
 -«^, -'^, -/{?«i, -Aa. 
 
 dekhdifhi, dekhdifhin. 
 ^^TTiT dekhditan. 
 
 dekhdifthi, dekhditHhin. 
 
 
 
 ^"^fKJf, ^«g?,<ii, 
 
 
 ^ <^ IT d •* dekhdmn. 
 dekhdifthm,4him. 
 
 
 dekhdit, dekhditd. 
 
 dekhditi. 
 
 3rd 
 
 1 
 
 dckhditdi, dekhditaii. 
 
 
 dekhdifhi, dekhdifhin. 
 
 
 
 dekhdildi hal. 
 
 
 ^^T?r.f^ dekhdifkhin. 
 
 dekhdif kh{n,'kMm. 
 
 L 
 
 dekhditaii hal. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 dekh'th'i, dekhHhin. 
 
 dekhHhin,-thim. 
 
 * Or t^^ dekh'tu or ^fW dekhitu, and so throughout. As in the third person, 
 so '^^ /i^/ may be added throughout to emphasise the preterite character of the tense.
 
 begulab active verb. 
 Impebative Mood. 
 § 65. (^.) —Present. — Same as Present Conjunctive. 
 Precative Forms. 
 
 45 
 
 d 
 
 SiNGULAE. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 O 
 CO 
 
 u 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 1st 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 ( 
 1 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 t'siW^ dekhab'hu. 
 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 2n(i 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 Wanting. ■< 
 
 ^f^^^ dekhiha. 
 or ^^ dekhi. 
 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 3rd 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 Wanting, 
 
 
 Wanting. 
 
 (B)— Periphrastic Tenses. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 § m. (/)— Present : 'I see.' 
 
 fl 
 
 Singulab. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Istj 
 
 \mo'^^\dekhahi,^c. 
 
 ^0 f^T 
 dekha hiyb. 
 
 ^e 'rf dekha ht^ ^c. 
 
 ^■^0 f^«iT dekha hiyo. 
 
 2nd| 
 
 \^o '^ dekha hcL, i^c. 
 
 dehha ht. 
 
 ^0^0 dekha ha. i^c. 
 
 ^0 ^ dekha hi. 
 
 3rd( 
 
 ^^o ^\y dekha hdi, ^c. 
 
 
 ^^Wo ^T dekha hat^ ^c. 
 
 ^0 >jtn«i, &CC. 
 
 dekha hathin, ^c. 
 
 * For %^o dekha, %m dekhe may be written throughout. 
 
 t Any other form' of the present of the defegtive auxiliary verb may bo used 
 throughout.
 
 46 
 
 MAOADHI OBAMMAS- 
 
 § 67. (^)— Indefinite Preterite: ' I saw,' S^c. 
 
 
 SiNGULAB. 
 
 Plueal. 
 
 1 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 FeTniTiine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Istj 
 
 2nd<| 
 3rd| 
 
 dekha halu. 
 
 %^o ^ dekha kald. 
 
 ^UTo^^ dekha hal 
 
 dekha halt, 
 dekha hall 
 
 ^"^ dekha halt. 
 ^^0 ^^To dekha hala. 
 
 ^^To ^^ dekha halt. 
 ^^^ ^f%^ dekha halin. 
 
 * For t^Fo dekha, ^ dekhe may be written throughout. 
 
 t Any other form of the preterite of the defective auxiliary verb may be used instead. 
 
 § 68. (A)— Definite Present : ' I am seeing,* S^c. 
 
 
 SiNGULAE. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 
 Masculine. Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 A 
 
 ^:w^*i^fdekhdithi. 
 
 dekhdit hiyo 
 
 ^T^ '^ dekhdit hi. 
 
 t^TW f%^T dekhdit hiyo 
 
 2nd 
 
 ^^Xff ^ dekhdit hd. 
 
 dekhdit hf. 
 
 ^^rrw To dekhdit ha. 
 
 ^<sild '?*^ dekhdit hi. 
 
 3rdi 
 
 ^V^ ^\ dekhdit hal 
 
 
 t^rnr YT dekhdit hat. 
 
 dekhdit hathin. 
 
 * t^ dekhait or ^^«r dekhat may be used for ^^dld dekhdit throughout, 
 t Any other form of the present of the defective auxiliary verb may be used 
 throughout.
 
 BEOULAB ACTIVE VEBB. 
 
 § 69. (t) — Imperfect: */ was seeing,^ ^c. 
 
 47 
 
 p 
 
 SiNGDLAB. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 o 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 2nd| 
 3rd 
 
 dekhait halu. 
 dekhait haldi. 
 dekhait hal. 
 
 dekhait halt, 
 dekhait hali. 
 
 t'^T'T wf , dekhait halt. 
 
 ^^T'f ^^0 dekhait hala. 
 
 ^iBid^^-H dekhait halan. 
 
 dekhait hali. 
 dekhait halin. 
 
 * ^^TrT dekhait or ^^«T dekhat may be used for ^WTTT dekhait throughout, 
 t Any other form of the preterite of the defective auxiliary verb may be used 
 throughout. 
 
 § 70. (y) — Durative Future: */ shall he seeing ^^ ^c. 
 
 d 
 
 SiNGULAB. 
 
 Plcbal. 
 
 o 
 £ 
 
 MascuHne. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Istl 
 2nd| 
 3rd| 
 
 dekhait hob. 
 dekhait hohd. 
 dekhait hot. 
 
 dekhait hoht. 
 dikhdit hoti. 
 
 t^9Tir tN dekhait hob. 
 t^T^ VtWo dekhait hoba. 
 t^T'T tItV dekhait hoihe. 
 
 dekhait hpbi. 
 dikhait hobi. 
 dekhait hothin. 
 
 * %w^ dekhait or ^^arr dekhat may be used for ^wx«T dekhait throughout, 
 t Any other form* of the future of the complete auxiliary verb may be used 
 throughout.
 
 48 
 
 UAGADHl GBAMMAB. 
 
 § 71. (/?:)— Perfect : ^ I have seen^^ ^c. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plueal. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 1st 
 2nd 
 3rd 
 
 ( dekWlu hai. 
 
 C ^ ^ »^ % dekhUe hai. 
 
 C \f^ % dekhi8 hai. 
 
 \ 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 dekh^lt hai. 
 
 dekh'li hai. 
 
 ^Wf % dekh'li hai. 
 ^^a^^To % dekhla hai. 
 
 ^<si«r?l«i % dekh^lan hai. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 5^"<^ % dekh'^li hai 
 ^^§^f%«r % dekhUin hi 
 
 * Any of the other forms of the preterite may be used throughout, 
 t Or ^ ha'i^ '^^ hail, %o ha, or ^ ha, and so throughout. 
 
 § 72. (O— Pluperfect : 'I had seen/ S^c. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plueal. 
 
 1 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 lst[ 
 2nd 
 3rd| 
 
 dekh'lu hai. 
 
 dekh'le hai. 
 
 %fm^ "^^ dekhis hai. 
 
 dekh'l^ hai. 
 
 ^"^^^ 
 dekh'li hai. 
 
 ^^^^ '^^ dekh'lz hai. 
 ^Wi^o '^^ dekhUa hai. 
 ^Tg-.^R ^^ dekh^lan hai. 
 
 '^r^'^^ dekh'lihi 
 
 ^•f%T T^ 
 dekh'lin hai. 
 
 * Any of the other forms of the preterite may be used throughout, 
 t Or ^^ halai or ^^r^ halaii, and so throughout.
 
 KEGULAE ACTIVE VERB. 
 
 § 73. (m) — Future Exact : * / shall have seen^ i^c. 
 
 49 
 
 . 
 
 Singular. | Plubal. 
 
 1 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Istj 
 2ndi 
 3rd| 
 
 dekh'le hob. 
 dekh'le hobd. 
 dekh'le hoi. 
 
 dekh'le Iwbt. 
 dekh'le hoti. 
 
 ^^-.^ ^fl^ dekh'le hob. 
 ^^^T^^^i^o dekh'le hoba. 
 ^--W^ir^ dekh'le hoihe. 
 
 dekh'le hobi. 
 dekh'le hobi. 
 dekh'le hothin. 
 
 * Any other form of the future of the complete auxiliary verb may be used instead 
 throughout. 
 
 Conjunctive (Conditional) Mood. 
 
 § 74. («.)— Future Conditional: '(If) I be seeing,' ^c. 
 
 d 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminiue. 
 
 Istj 
 2nd| 
 3rd| 
 
 dekhdit hou. 
 dekhdit hod, 
 dekhdit hodi. 
 
 dekhdit hoiyo. 
 dWidithot. 
 
 t^T^ Ttr dekhdit hoi. 
 ^<dlff '^>w dekhait hoa. 
 ^^V« Vtr dekhait hot. 
 
 dekhait hoiyo, 
 
 \*^yn Ttt dekhait hoi. 
 
 dekhait hotUn. 
 
 * ^^fT dekhait or ^W dekhat may be used for ^^T<T dekhait throughout, 
 t Any other form of the present of the complete auxiliary verb may be used 
 instead throughout.
 
 50 
 
 MAQADHI OBAMMAB. 
 
 § 75. (o)— Durative Present Conditional: *{!/} I were seeing,' i^c. 
 
 
 SiNGULAB. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 I 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 FemiDine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Istj 
 2nd| 
 3rd[ 
 
 dekhdit hotu. 
 dekhdit hotd. 
 dekhdit hot 
 
 dekhdit hbtiyo. 
 dekhdit hott. 
 dekhdit hott. 
 
 ^^TcT ^Wf dekhdit hott, 
 
 5<d<,d TTWo dekhdit hota. 
 
 t^rXTT ^t^Tif dekhdit hotan. 
 
 dekhdit hoti, 
 dekhdit hotin. 
 
 * ^^g^ dekhait or ^w dekhat may be used for ^^a^d dekhdit throughout, 
 t Any other form of the preterite conditional of the complete auxiliary verb may 
 be used instead throughout. 
 
 § 76. (^) -Future Exact Conditional: ' {If) I hare seen,' ^c. 
 
 
 SiNOULAB. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 1 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Istj 
 2nd 
 3rd| 
 
 dekh'le hoL 
 dekh'le huoL, 
 dekh'le hodi. 
 
 dekh'le hoiyo. 
 dekh'le hoi. 
 
 ^^■•^^Tdekh'lehot. 
 ^^•%^^ dekhUe hoa. 
 ^-.^^^dekhUe hoi. 
 
 dekAUe hoiyo. 
 
 ^■^ Ttt dekh'le hot. 
 
 dekhUe hothm. 
 
 * Any other form of the present of the complete auxiliary verb may be used 
 instead throughout.
 
 BEGULIB ACTIVE VERB. * "1 
 
 § 77. (^.)— Preterite Conditional: '(If) I had seen,' ^i. 
 
 SlNQULAB. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminme. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 iBt' 
 
 2nd' 
 
 3rd 
 
 d^khHe hotu. 
 
 dekhUe hold. 
 
 dekh'le hot. 
 
 dikh'le hbtiyo. 
 
 d^khUehott. 
 
 ^•^ VtdT deklCU hott 
 
 ^\^X\7['i d^kh*U hota. 
 
 ^•^ Ttfft ■^•^^^fnr d^kh'U hotan. 
 dekh'le hoti. 
 
 d^kh'U hbtiyo. 
 
 dikh'U hott. 
 
 dekh'le hotin. 
 
 * Any other form of the preterite conditional of the complete auxiliary verb may be used 
 instead throughout. 
 
 § 78. Participles. 
 
 Adjectival. 
 
 Masculine. Feminine. Oblique. 
 
 r |f%w dekhit. -^fW)- d^khifi. ^1^ d^ihUi, 
 
 Present, * eeein^ * \ %^^ dekhaf, ^;wi'^ dekhit i. ^Htdikk'ti. 
 
 [ ^^rw dikhait, ^«tvft dekhaUi. ^vrS dikha'iti, 
 
 r a) t^^ dekkal. ^-.^ dekhUL -^ini? dM'le, 
 
 Pasty ' seen * \ b) %w^ h^ ^^ ^^ 
 
 [ dekhal bhel dekhil bhelt. 
 
 Conjunctive. 
 
 * Having seen' ^^ % dekh k^ oi^mw^ dekh kar.
 
 52 MAOADHf QBAMMAB. 
 
 § 79 laflnitives or Verbal Nouns, * to see,' * the act of seeing: 
 
 Nominative. UDlique. 
 
 ^ * dekh. %^ dekhL 
 
 ^^ deMal. ^Hl»^r d^Wld. 
 
 %'m^ dekhab. Not used.f 
 
 • This form of the verbal noun is always the same as the root. 
 
 t The oblique form of this verbal noun is not used. Judging from analogy of other dialects, 
 Wf should expect ^^''^ dekh'bd. 
 
 § 80. Noun of Agency, ' one who sees.* 
 
 Masculine. Feminine. 
 
 ^f^RTTT^ or ^fs^TT?!" 
 dekhir^hdrt or dekhinihdri. 
 
 "^fw»Tn; or ■^f^^Wrx: 
 
 dekhin'hdr or de/chmihdr.
 
 63 
 
 CHAPTEE VII. 
 THE REGULAR NEUTER VERB. 
 
 § 81. This verb differs from the active verb only in the formation of 
 certain of its past tenses. The three more usual past tenses are here given ; 
 the conjugation of the rest of the verb can be learnt from the conjugation 
 of the yj ^ dekh. 
 
 Note that throughout the periphrastic tenses of the neuter verb, in 
 which the past participle occurs, the past participle takes the direct form 
 fil^^ giral, not the oblique form f3T^^# gir^e, which might be expected : 
 thus TW f?TT^ Ttw ham giral hob, * I shall have fallen,' and not X^ f?iw Tt^ 
 hum yir'U hob, ' I shall have fallen.' 
 
 § 82. y/ Tv^ gir, ' fal]/ 
 
 Past Participle : ^asc. fti^^ ^tVa/. Fem, fi\rj€\ gir'lt, ' fallen' Obi. 
 fl^^ yirUe,
 
 5i 
 
 iiaoadbi gbammab. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 § 83. (fl)— Preterite « I fell; ^c. 
 
 SlNOULAB. 
 
 Plubal. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Ist^ 
 
 2nd^ 
 
 3rdJ 
 I 
 
 ^^"^^ gir'lu. 
 
 (/irUdf girdle. 
 
 T^Tj^j, Ti\TJW, 
 gir'ldy girHe. 
 
 Tt[T^v^ giral^ln. 
 
 ft\Tjs giral. 
 
 girUa'i) girUaii. 
 fViT?^^ gir'lak. 
 
 Tj\Tj^gir'lt, 
 
 Ti\Tj^ gWU. 
 
 Ti\Tj^girHi. 
 
 gir*l{, gir^li. 
 gir'lidi, girUiaii. 
 
 fflT»^o gir'la. 
 
 giral' hUy-huy-hun, 'ho. 
 giral* hzy'hin. 
 
 f?lT^T gir^lan. 
 
 giral' thiy-lhiti,'thun. 
 
 giral' hi y-hin. 
 f?lT^*^«f^T giraVkhin* 
 
 gir'Hf girUu, 
 
 f^iTTf^T girUin, 
 ^ iraVth in , - Mme'. 
 
 ral'khiny-khinL
 
 BEOULAB NEUTER YEBB. 
 
 55 
 
 § 84. (A;)— Perfect: ' I have fallen,' i^^^. 
 
 fl 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 Masculine. Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 l8t. 
 
 2nd 
 3rd| 
 
 girlu hai. 
 girld hal. 
 giral hai. 
 
 gir'li hai, 
 gir'li hai. 
 
 ftl Wf % gir'li hai, 
 f^K'^^lo % gir'la hat. 
 
 T^K.*^^ % gir'lan hai. 
 
 f^T5^ % gir'li hai. 
 fi[K*f^^gir'hnhai. 
 
 * Any of the other forms of the preterite may be used throughout. 
 t Or TT hai, «S,c., throughout, as in the conjugation of ^Z %^ dekh, 
 
 § 85. (0— Pluperfect: ' I had fallen,' ^c. 
 
 Ph 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 let. 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 gir'lvL hal, 
 gir'la hal. 
 giral hal. 
 
 gir'lu halt. 
 
 gir'a hall. 
 
 gir'li halt. 
 
 fi\jjw^ ^TfT gir'li hal. 
 
 Tj\X^w^ T^ girHa hal. 
 
 f?l<»^«j T^ gir'lan hal. 
 
 gir'li halt, 
 gir'li halt, 
 gir'lin hali. 
 
 * Any of the other forms of the preterite may be used throughout.
 
 56 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 VOCALIC ROCTS. 
 
 § 86. Many verbs have roots ending in vowels, and the junction of 
 the root with the termination frequently causes some slight apparent 
 irregularity. 
 
 For this reason the following examples are given of the conjugation of 
 verhs having roots ending in vowels. They are here conjugated in the 
 masculine gender, and through the four radical and participial tenses. From 
 these the periphrastic tenses can easily be formed. It has not been thought 
 necessary to give the conjugation in full for each person. 
 
 With regard to the shortening of the root vowel, see General Introduc- 
 tion, § 36. 
 
 § 87. Example of a verb whose root ends in ^rr a :— 
 
 The conjugation of these verbs should be carefully studied, as a large 
 class of active and causal verbs follows it. 
 
 In the preterite indicative these verbs insert a junction vowel between 
 the root and the ^ / of the termination : thus ^* + \ -\- ^ kha + i -^ lu, 
 ' I ate,' where T * is the junction vowel ; and ¥* + ^ + ^ joa + w + /u, 
 * I got,' where ^ m is the junction vowel. 
 
 The following rules show when T i and when ^ m is the junction vowel : — 
 1) All active (including causal) verbs take ^ u : thus v^* paiiiu, 
 ' I got ; ' ^^^ charhaulut * I caused to ascend.* 
 
 Exception. -^ThQ root ^Z '^ khd* * eat,' always takes T «: thus 
 ^^ kha'ilUi * I ate.' 
 
 * With regard to the shortening of the root Towel, see General Introduction, § 36.
 
 YBBBAL BOOTS I!f ^TT d, 67 
 
 2) All nauter verbs take t ^ - thus W^rr^ aghdilu, * I wa« latiated ;* 
 ^n;^ rtiVu, * I came.* 
 
 Exception, — The v^ ttt ya, * eiDg,' always takes ^ m : thus ?w4. 
 * I sang.* 
 
 It is usual to add the letter ^ t^ to the end of all roots which take v u, 
 in order to distinguish them from those which take the letter t «': thus 
 y/ ^mpawj ^ m^ gaWf &o., which take ^ u ; but ^ ^^ aghd, ^ ^ d, &c. 
 which take ^ i. 
 
 All verbs which take a ^ m in the preterite indicative insert a ^r tf' in 
 the past participle ; and similarly all verbs which take \ h insert a ^ y in the 
 past participle and in that form of the 3rd singular preterite .which is the 
 same as the past participle. 
 
 The following examples will make the above remarks clear.
 
 
 P..t Participle. 
 
 l.t Singular Pret. Ind. 
 
 in Put. bD. 
 
 San Par 
 
 . Isc. 
 
 
 Siagalar. 
 
 Floral. 
 
 Smgul". 
 
 PInral. 
 
 TTTpdK',' obtain' (active). 
 
 mwvpdaal. 
 
 ^mitpaulu. 
 
 T^pauU. 
 
 -rewrpai-'o. 
 
 TnW^p^M'kai. 
 
 paufkaM. 
 
 TOTT *.yd», ' cause to epeak ' 
 (active) . 
 
 nnv bajdwal. 
 
 im^ bajam. 
 
 TOW» %<■£&. 
 
 ^WVS ta>ii;a. 
 
 ^mimWX. bajaul'ko,. 
 
 bajaul'kaiM. 
 
 ^TT c/ujrhdir, ' cause to 
 
 ^m-WW cAarhdirat. 
 
 •V^^ ch^rioUi. 
 
 ■»TS» cAor*""*- 
 
 r^rm tl;,rhaula. 
 
 •VVfW^ 
 
 •^rrfn^ 
 
 ascend' (active). 
 
 
 
 
 
 charhauCkdi. 
 
 charhaul'k«thi. 
 
 >IT¥»<iB, 'sing' (neuter). 
 
 vnvgduH,!. 
 
 ^.... 
 
 JWWi jdiiW. 
 
 nrres jauii. 
 
 imm odml. 
 
 gaul'Ui. 
 
 mjlilid, 'eat' (active). 
 
 wnm khdyal. 
 
 wrt <'*"''■'*!• 
 
 wrtWai*. 
 
 «^ *AaiV». 
 
 «T«!^ kh,,mm. 
 
 khdU'knUi 
 
 ^m v. 'be satiated '(neu- 
 ter). 
 
 ^mw oghdyal. 
 
 ^nt »i>*oV/ii. 
 
 
 ^^^agiaila. 
 
 ^^.gUyar 
 
 ayhdtTlhi. 
 
 WPfTjjJoJVd,' be confused' 
 (neuter). 
 
 flWJfUIW ghal'rdyal. 
 
 WP,rTt(?*a6'.raiM. 
 
 wwiTWTj«ai'rdii/d. 
 
 
 VPfnm gliab'rdyal. 
 
 gknb'raii'l/ll. 
 
 «T!»fTW6<.ra,' be Burned' 
 (neuter). 
 
 hcr'bardyal. 
 
 
 *<.r'»".ra"d. 
 
 luir-bardila. 
 
 kar'barayal. 
 
 Aor'iT'-W'*!- 
 
 ^ri, 'come' (neuter). 
 
 'WT^dyal. 
 
 ^tk ML 
 
 ^Twrmld 
 
 WW? oi/o. 
 
 ^TUW iH. 
 
 dil'lhi. 
 
 Nora— In ill Ihe above Ibe v jweli <i« au may be conlticled into v^ o» and yr oi into ? oi: thui ^patUi, ^■m^^ bajaiiU, mif Hai.d, ^iJif ojAoW.
 
 VERBAL BOOTS IN "^T d. 59 
 
 The easiest way of remembering these changes is to note the form of 
 the past participle of each verb ; and then, as explained in General Intro- 
 duction, § 37, the ^ iva or ^ ya is weakened in certain cases to ^ m and T i 
 respectively. 
 
 It must, however, be noted that even in active verbs there is a 
 tendency to substitute ^ ya for ^ tea, so that we sometimes find forms like 
 "^X^paUu instead of vs^ paulu. This tendency is most marked in the east 
 of the district ; and in the adjoining Maithil-Magadhi of South Munger 
 (Monghyr) we find that it has become the rule and not the exception, and 
 that the junction vowel ^ u never occurs, but only forms like VT^ pailu^ 
 ffT^ baja'iluf ^^T^ charhdilu^ &c. 
 
 88. Many people write v ^ instead oi \i : thus niUv[^ aelu instead 
 of ^rrt a'llL The word for * he came ' is always ^mr^ ae/, and never 
 ^?TT^ ail. See § 96. 
 
 Many people also write v e instead of ^ ya, and ^"1" o instead of ^ tea, 
 in the past participle. Thus, it is quite common to find the words in the 
 second column of the opposite table spelt "mrNf pdbly ^«nVt^ hajdoly 
 ^T^'^^ charhdbly ?ItVI^ poo/, wur^ khdel, ^^T3J^ aghdely n^«^iiJ^ ghab'rdely 
 N««<I«IJT^ ha f bar del, and WTST^ del.
 
 60 
 
 MAOADHI ORAMMIS. 
 
 § 
 
 89. \/ xn pa, ' get/ 
 
 Infinitive (Ist form) : '^ pd-, obi ^mr pae, TT^ pawJi?, ttt^o paM>«, or TT jt)a. 
 
 „ (2nd form) : m<«^ pai^;a^ ; obi. M^^i paiild. (See General Intro- 
 
 duction, § 37.) 
 „ (3rd form) : TT^l^ pdabf Tnr^pded, or -^r^fW pdyabj * to get.' 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 ej 
 
 Pbetebite. 
 (See remarks above.) 
 
 FUTUBB. 
 
 o 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 IstJ 
 
 ^^4 (or TTTt) 
 
 paiilu (pa'iiu.) 
 
 M^T^orMtnJT 
 pnulzy pault. 
 
 THTW or TT^W 
 /?ae6, pdyab. 
 
 
 r 
 
 •^^^ or T^%, 
 
 H'^f^o or M^tdo 
 
 M14 joaifjtf, TT^ /?a6e. 
 
 T^o or TPCo 
 
 iindj 
 
 paiile, paule. 
 
 paiila, paula. 
 
 ■ 
 
 j»ail6fl, jpd6a. 
 
 3rdl 
 
 TTl^ or paiilak or 
 pats. ^i^^jRif 
 
 paulan, pau- 
 lan. 
 
 TTt ;?a/. 
 
 ^TTT ;?afA«. 
 
 Conditional Mood. 
 
 
 Pbesent. 
 
 Pbetebite. 
 
 £ 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Istj 
 
 2nd 
 r 
 
 1 
 
 3rdj 
 
 Trar 
 paw. 
 
 T?TT or TPrF 
 pda", pdvt, 
 
 MMo jodra. 
 
 Trrf jt?dtr, 
 Tr?"8r or tw 
 pdvath^ path. 
 
 VIH^* or TT^ 
 pditu, paiilu, 
 
 TTTlcr pdit. 
 
 VT^ paiti. 
 
 M\^f\o pdita. 
 yf^d«< pditan. 
 
 TT^TT joflw^ or T^ /7at(^ may be substituted for '^\^ pdit throughout.
 
 VBBBAL HOOTS IN i (. 
 
 90. Example of a verb whose root ends in t i ;— 
 
 y/ qt pil ' drink/ 
 
 Infinitive : "'ft^^ piah^ * to drink.' 
 Indicative Mqod. 
 
 61 
 
 d 
 
 Pbeteeite. 
 
 
 FUTUEB. 
 
 
 o 
 2 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 3t 
 
 T?)^ * ^z/u. 
 
 M^t^ pilt. 
 
 tNt^ ptah. 
 
 
 
 
 d 
 
 Tft% pile. 
 
 ^^op'ila. 
 
 "tft^ pihe. 
 
 
 ■^ft^fo p/6a. 
 
 
 1 
 
 ■^tfT¥ or "^Hru 
 
 ^f^^ipilan. 
 
 ^hfl" p'lU or T^ pi. 
 
 
 f^f^f^ or T^^ 
 
 
 p/Ai5, pilak. 
 
 
 
 
 pihihe or pihe. 
 
 
 * Or fr^^ pih'lu, and so throughout. 
 Conditional Mood. 
 
 Pbesent. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Pbeteeite. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 9t 
 
 T^^ pihu. 
 
 '^t^pid. 
 
 ■qVrf piht. 
 
 fqr^* ;?iA'^i2. 
 
 ■«ftw 
 
 pia^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^^t. 
 
 T^^ p^'A^^ 
 
 firTSWT piV^a. 
 
 wTf^d ^iAiY. 
 
 fVWf pih'tt, 
 
 fqr^Wo pihHa, 
 
 rH l »c««l pih'tan. 
 
 • Or ftrfTX pihita or ^JX* i>»^<^/and so on throughout.
 
 62 
 
 UAQADHf GBAMMAH, 
 
 § 91. Example of a verb whose root ends in ^ « 
 
 yj ^ chu, ' drip/ 
 
 Infinitive : ^^ chuahy ' to drip.' 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 
 Pbetebiti 
 
 I. 
 
 FUTUBB. 
 
 1 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1st 
 
 -^cMli. 
 
 ^C^ chuli» 
 
 'f^iIW chuab. 
 
 
 
 2nd 
 
 ^<97 chuld. 
 
 ^TcTo chula. 
 
 fit cAu6d. 
 
 
 ^[Wo chuba. 
 
 3rd 
 
 ^;^^9 chual. 
 
 ^i:^rir Mian, 
 
 Tt chui. 
 
 
 VJJX chuthg. 
 
 Conditional Mood. 
 
 
 Pbesent. 
 
 Pbetebitb. 
 
 1 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 let 
 
 2nd 
 3rd 
 
 ^ chiiL 
 
 ^^ chm. 
 ^^ chuai. 
 
 i;^ ML 
 %^ chiia. 
 
 ^%jn Mtd. 
 
 ^irf chiiU. 
 
 %ifo Mia. 
 ^?nf Mtan. 
 
 • Or \\^ chuitii, and so on throughout.
 
 TIBBAL HOOTi IN ^ 0. 
 
 § S 92. Example of a verb whose root ends in ^ o 
 
 v'^ 
 
 ro^ ^weep/ 
 
 Infinitive : tWw roab^ ' to weep.* 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 63 
 
 Pbetebite. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 FUTUBB. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Ist 
 2nd 
 
 3rd 
 
 ^t% * rolu. 
 O^r rold, 
 
 Kt^ia roal. 
 
 Ot^ roll. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 roi. 
 
 
 • Or t'Nt^ roaZ^ or TtT'f; roili, and so throughout. 
 
 t Or tH^ roih, T^y^ roeb, or TTif rob, and so throughout the first and second persons. 
 
 Conditional Mood. 
 
 
 
 Pbesent. Pbetebite. 
 
 s 
 c2 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 l8t. 
 
 2nd 
 3rd 
 
 Xt^ rou. 
 
 xHf rod. 
 Tt^ roai. 
 
 ^>T rot. 
 TtT rot. 
 
 Tt^* roiH. 
 ^?tWT ro(d. 
 
 tmf rott. 
 tIti^ rotan. 
 
 • Or» tVt({^ rot7i< or ^W^ roat4, and so on throughout. 
 For furthor examples of verbs of this class, see conjugation of ^ ^ ho^i 53 & ft.
 
 64 
 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 IRREGULAR VERBS 
 
 § 93. The following verbs are irregular only in their preterite tense indicative :— 
 y ^ kar, ' do ;' v^ ^ dhar, * seize ' or * place ;' v/ ^ mar, * die ;' v^ V^ Ao, « become ;' 
 and v^ «rrya, * go.' Their conjugation is therefore given in that tense only. 
 
 The conjugation of ^ ^ ho has been already given in § 53 and ff., and is not 
 given here. 
 
 Besides, the irregular forms ^Z ^^ *«^, \/ ^ dkar, and ^ ^TK marj have each a 
 regular form of the preterite indicative, which is also given. 
 
 The verbs ^ % cfe, * give,' and ^/% le,^ take,' are also somewhat irregular in all the 
 tenses, especially the preterite indicative and present conditional. The verb ^ ^ de 
 is therefore given conjugated throughout the four radical and participial tenses. The 
 verb y/ % /e is conjugated precisely like the verb ^ ^ de. 
 
 §94. ]/ ^B^ ^cir, 'do/ 
 
 Infinitive : WK^ harah, ' to do.' 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Pbeterite, Form I. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Ist 
 2nd 
 3rd 
 
 <tt<«% kar^le. 
 ^IPC7i$i^ JearHah. 
 
 jir?c^ kar'U. 
 U<«<o kar*la. 
 mjj^l^kar^lm. 
 
 Pretebitb, Form II. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 W^ * kdilL 
 W^ ka'ile. 
 <(il^4 kdilaL 
 
 Wi^ kdilL 
 <^l^o ka'ila. 
 ^i,^^ kdilan. 
 
 * Or %^ kailu, and so on throughout all forms. Similarly is conjugated the root 
 y ^T dhar, * place/ * seize,' the letter ^ dha being substituted for the letter ^ ka.
 
 IBBSOULAB TBBB. 
 
 §95. V/ 'flT^ mar, ' die.' 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Ist 
 2n(i 
 
 3rd 
 
 Pbbtbbitb, Form I. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 ifT^; margin. 
 WKJWT mar* Id, 
 
 J{JM moral. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Pbeteeite, Form II. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 «<\«<^ mar* It. 
 WXT^fo mar'la. 
 
 WKJW^ mar ' 
 
 \_lan. 
 
 ^^[^ mu'M* 
 HV^l mu'ild. 
 
 ^^r^ mual. 
 
 ^T^ muilt, 
 ^\Mo mulla, 
 
 ^T^JT mu'ilan. 
 
 * Or ^ mulu, and so throughout. 
 
 § 96. y^ ^ jd, 'go.' 
 
 This root is conjugated like v/ tjt ;?a in all tenses but the preterite indicative, \^hich 
 is therefore here given. With it is given the same tense of ^/ ^t a, * oome,' for the 
 sake of comparison. 
 
 Ist 
 
 2nd 
 
 3rd I 
 
 y "Wi d, Pbeteeite Indicative. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 ^T?:^* a'ilu, 
 
 ^i^r a'ild. 
 
 ^THJ^ or '^v'^iv 
 del or dila'i. 
 
 "^V«!lo 0il<^' 
 
 ^«,^«f a'ilan. 
 
 v/ wT^'i, Pbbtbbitb Indicative. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 W^ gelvL. 
 ^hgrr geld. 
 ^ gel. 
 
 Plural 
 
 'N^ geit. 
 
 * Or ^ ailu or '^jr^ aelu, and so on throughout, except in third falnguiar, which 
 makes only ^t^T^ aH^ but other forma are ^^^V aMi, ^X^ a'ila'h or ^^. aildi. 
 (See §88.)
 
 66 
 
 lliOADHf GBAHHAS. 
 
 s 97. V f de, 'give. 
 
 Infinitive : ^ deb^ * to give.* 
 
 06/. form of let variety of verbal noun : ^ de, ^ dew^^ or %w rfe«. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present : Y'r % ^ ham de hi, ^c. 
 
 d 
 
 Pbetebite. 
 
 Future. 
 
 1 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Ist 
 2n(i 
 
 3rd 
 
 ^i^j* or ^f^ 
 
 t^ dell. 
 ^<d^ delan 
 
 ^t debe. 
 ■^^ d{hi. 
 
 ^^ deba. 
 
 fXfY^or^T 
 rf«A/Ac or (/A^. 
 
 * Or r<?t-^ dih'lii, and so on throughout. 
 Conditional Mood. 
 
 Peesent. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Preterite. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 let 
 2nd 
 3rd 
 
 i^^ diu. 
 
 ^ rf5 or ^ de, 
 
 ^ dei or ^ de. 
 
 dtj diht. 
 
 ^ or %1? 
 «/«, dehu. 
 
 It or^ 
 
 ^* detu. 
 ^ det. 
 
 \-^ deti. 
 ^W5 deta, 
 ^wsf detan. 
 
 * Or f^T^'' dih'tie or f^^ftri* dihitSy and so on throughout. 
 Pbecative, Tf(T^ dtha, ^^ diht. 
 Similarly is conjugated the ^ ^ ie, ' take', the letter w h being substituted for 
 the letter ^ da throughout.
 
 67 
 
 CHAPTEE X. 
 THE PASSIVE VERB. 
 
 § 98. The passive verb is formed by conjugating the verbal noun 
 ending in ^w al with the verb ^mrw jdib, * to go :' thus ^^^ wTJr^ 
 dekhal jd6h, * to be seen.' This verbal noun is not altered for gender, num- 
 ber, person, or tense, only the verb smrwya^A being conjugated. Thus 
 
 TH ^W^ «IT ift ham dekhal jd hi^'l am seen.' (Masc.) 
 
 %v ^^wm «rr fV^ ham dekhal jd hiyo, * I am seen.' {Fem.) 
 X^ ^^ ^^ Wf ham sab dekhal gelt^ * we were seen.' 
 ^ WW f^^ i^if M aah dekhal gelan, * they were seen.' 
 
 § 99. This verbal noun in w^ al must be carefully distinguished 
 from the past participle having the same termination. The former even in 
 irregular verbs is sometimes quite regular, while the latter. is in them almost 
 always irregular. 
 
 Thus the verbal noun of ^nrPW jdeh is ^TRW jdyal or «rrw^ jdval^ but 
 the past participle is 7h^ gel. In other irregular verbs, however, such as 
 ir^ karab, * to do/ the verbal noun, like the past participle, may be either 
 regular or irregular : thus v^ kail or ^PCW karal^ like the past participle. 
 Hence the passive voice of ^w^jd^b, *to go,' used impersonally, is srnj^ 
 ■mfW jdyal jdeb or mmt' ^T3JW jdwal jd^b : e.g. m\H^ ^T % jdyal jd hat, 
 * it is gone,' Hum est ; siniilarly ^ WT^ jf «T « kail gildi or WT« iwf, 
 karal g^laiy * that was done.' 
 
 § 100. Another common form of the passive is made by adding to the 
 direct form of the first variety of the verbal noun (which is the same in 
 form as the root) the verb T^ paraby * to fall ; ' the whole then forms an 
 intensive compound. y^QQ § 114.) 
 
 Examples of this form are — 
 
 f^f W^ "TTI T^ TT kuchhu kuchhu jdn para hat, ' a little is evident/ i.#. 
 ' it is slightly apparent/
 
 68 hXoadhI qbahmab. 
 
 jr^TTT % t T« ^^ YT ^h*rd se t bujh para hat, * from this, this is understood. 
 
 gr^ >8*<*^^ ifo t^ ^^ ^T kuchhu umWal na dekh para hai, * it is not seen 
 to be at all increased in size.' 
 
 The ]?otential Passive Voice. 
 
 § 101. This voice, mentioned by Hcernle in his Gaudian Grammar, 
 does not exist, so far as I am aware, in Magadhi. 
 
 The Periphrastic Passive Voice. 
 
 § 102. A very common kind of passive voice is formed by placing the 
 verb ^ WT d after the shortest form of a verbal noun in the locative case : 
 thus ^ ^ wnr^ dekhe me deb^ * the coming into seeing,* t.e. * to be 
 seen.' The person by whom the action is done is put in the oblique genitive 
 form of the noun or pronoun when there is one ; thus ^ ^TF-Trr ^ 'T ^^ 
 to hamWd dekhe mS aild, * you came into my seeing,' * you were seen by 
 me.' The following example shows a verb in this voice conjugated in the 
 preterite indicative masculine: — 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 1. %^ iT ^% dekM me ailu. 
 .2. ^W ^T dekhS me aild, 
 3. ^ iT ^TTP^ dekhe me dH. 
 
 ^ 'T ^^ dekhe me ailt. 
 ^ if ^o dekh6 me aila. 
 \i T ^^T dekh^ me ailan. 
 
 Example. — \h^ ^Tstt^W^^ hamamiohWd dekhi me ailt, *we 
 were seen by you.'
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 CAUSAL VERBS. 
 
 5 103. A causal verb is formed, by adding ^TR die or ^T'T at/ to the 
 root of the simple verb, and a double causal by adding TIT wdw or TRT way. 
 The stems thus formed are conjugated exactly like verbs whose roots end 
 in ^ a. (See § 87). The long vowel of ^tt dw or ^TR di/ and TTT trdw or 
 TRT wa^/ is, as usual, liable to be shortened in the antepenultimate (see 
 General Introduction, § 36) ; and if the t wa or ^ ^a is followed by the 
 neutral vowel, it becomes ^ uot"^ i respectively (see General Introduction, § 37) , 
 which, with a preceding ^ a (see General Introduction, § 35) , may be written 
 ^ aw or ^ ai respectively. 
 
 Thus, taking the simple verb ^Z ^H wt/^, 'rise,' and using the affixes 
 ^nr dw and TTT ^pdw, the first plural definite present indicative of its causal 
 would be regularly ^j?t^?t Tf uthdicait hi. But the first plural preterite 
 would be -idA*^ uthawUi^ which (as ? wa is followed by the neutral vowel) 
 becomes (General Introduction, § 37) ^T'^^f uthaiilt or v3«it«dT uthauU, 
 Again for the double causal the forms would be vrfd.cjRcr Tf uth'tcdtcaU hi 
 and ^cTT^^irf uth^waiiUy or ^^^^*^^. uWwault. 
 
 Similarly, if we use the affixes ^rni df/ and TT^ way, we get in the present 
 definite ^3^T^?r vf uthdyait hi and "^^i'Mi^n^ utk'wdyait hi, and in the preterite 
 ^5^^*^ uthdilt or <Jdt^ uthailt and ^?3Tr?^ uth^wdili or ^grr^^ uph'tcailt. 
 
 The following are examples of the regular formation of causals and 
 double causals. It may be remarked that the forms containing ? tea are the 
 usual ones. (See § 87). Only the forms in ? wa are given below ; the forms 
 in «r ya can be formed by substituting a final if y for a final ^ ic : — 
 
 Simple Verb. Causal. Double Causal. 
 
 ^ ^^rs nth, ' rise.* ^^zm uthdw, 'raise.^ vjd»<ji^ uth'icdtc, 'cause 
 
 [to raise.' 
 v/f^cMzjo, 'be hidden.' fwvjw chhipdw, 'hide.' l>n»c) h chhip'wdw,^ cause 
 
 [to hide.* 
 <v/ ^^ luk, 'be hidden.' <<i«M lukdtc, ' hide.' ^4*^m luk'tcdic, ' cause 
 
 [to hide.
 
 '^Q MAGADHI OBAMMAtt. 
 
 Simple Verb. Causal. Double Causal. 
 
 / irm pak, * be cooked.' ^VT^ pakdw, * cook.' t??ft?t^ pak'wdw, * cause 
 
 ^ [to cook.' 
 
 ^ ^^ mily *ineet.' fi<^ T? w?7a«r, * mix.' f«^»«<H miVwdw^ 
 
 [* cause to mix.* 
 
 */ ^S'T swn, 'hear.' ^^^TR sundw, \ tell.' ^•<»^T^ sun'wdw, 'cause 
 
 [to tell.' 
 
 */ v^ /fcaA, *Bay.' "^rrr^ kahdw, ' cause ^^t^t? kah'wdw, ' cause 
 
 [to speak.' [to cause to speak.' 
 
 >)/ ^ ghur, ' be turned.' t|^tt ghurdw^ * turn.' '|;tt^T^ ghur'wdu:, ^cause 
 
 [to turn.' 
 
 § 104. If the simple root contains a long vowel it is shortened, viz. 
 ^T a to ^ fl, 1 2 to T *> ^ w to ^ w, T^ c to jr ^, ^ o to ^> o, ^ at to ^ m, and 
 ^^ aM to ^ cm. 
 
 Similarly, if a root ends in a double consonant, it is made single : thus — 
 
 -v/ ^stjujdgy * be awake.' wi\T^ jagdwy * awaken.' ^Ji•^^J^ jag'wdw^ * cause 
 
 [to awake.' 
 v^ ^S^pii 'conquer.' ^WTWjitdWy 'cause to.' fkir^T^jifwdiPy 'cause 
 
 [conquer.' [to cause to conquer.' 
 ^ ^itm sikky * learn.' f%^"n" sikhdw, ' teach.' f^»^T^ sikh'wdw, ' cause 
 
 [to teach.' 
 y ^ pif * drink.' f^^TIT pidwy * cause to fTnir^T^ piatcdw, ' cause 
 
 [drink.' [ to cause to drink.' 
 
 ^ ^$fm* hhijy ' be wet.' f^^JFT hinjdw, * moisten.' fv^-.^T? hhlfwaw, 
 
 [* cause to moisten.' 
 ^ ^ ghuniy^ be turned.' -^jrr^ ghumdtc, 'turn.' -^jt-.tt^ ghum'tcdw, * cause 
 
 [to turn.' 
 ^ ^K 8ut, * sleep.' ^7^ sutdwy 'put to ^fHTR sut^wdw, ' cause 
 
 [sleep.' [to put to sleep.' 
 
 \/ W ^^t"} * sink.' T^T^ bvrdWf ' immerse.' ^^•TT? bufudw, ' cause 
 
 [to immerse.' 
 
 • See General Introduction, § 28.
 
 CAUSAL VERB. 71 
 
 Simple Verb. Causal. Double Causal. 
 
 v/ 1^ dekh, * see.' ^"PT d^hhdw', * show.' ^^q.^t r ? d^kh'wdw, ' (j^use 
 
 [to show.' 
 v/ ^^ pair, * swim.' VTTT pmrdw, * cause to vt^"R poTir'tcdw, ' cause 
 
 [swim.' [to cause to swim.' 
 
 x/ TS- baithj * sit.' '^'ST^ haithdv), ' seat.' ' Sg »^T^ ba%th\cdw, ♦ cause 
 
 [to sit.' 
 -v/ ^T?" fl?<7Mr, * run.' ^^T^ daurdw, ' cause ^^-.^T^ ddkr'udw, 
 
 [to run.' [' cause to cause to run.' 
 v/ W /mA/^, * be hidden.' ^^T^ lukdw, * hide.' ^^^^^TW luk'wdw, * cause 
 
 [to hide.' • 
 Note in connection with the above : — 
 
 Simple Verb. Causal, 
 
 v^ Vr kah, * speak.' W^^^T^ kah'ldic, also regular. 
 
 V^T ^^a, * eat.' f^'^TT? khidw or f^^sTR khildWy also regular. 
 
 y/ xn jd/, ' drink.' fkwi"^ pUdw, also regular. 
 
 y/ t^ c^^^/^ ' see.' ^-.^T^ dekWldw, also regular. 
 
 y/^W szX'A, * teach.' f%<g««!iH ukKldw, also regular. 
 
 § 105. Some primitive neuter verbs, having a monosyllabic root enclos- 
 ing a short vowel, form the first causal by simply lengthening that vowel. 
 The double causal is formed in the usual way, e.g. — 
 
 Simple Verb. Causal. 
 
 ^ f^ katy * be cut.' ^rr^ icdt, * cut.' 
 
 y ^ handh, * be tied.' ^f^ * bddh, * tie.' 
 
 ^ ^r^ lady ' be loaded.' r^rr^ lad, * load.' 
 
 ^ f^^ khinchy ' be dragged.' i^ * khtch, ' drag.' 
 
 § 106. Sometimes a cognate diphthong is substituted for the long 
 vowel, e.g. — 
 
 ?5^ khuly * be open.' ilW khol, * open.' 
 
 "^ ghuly ' melt ' (neut.) "i^ gholy ' melt ' {act) 
 
 • When the vowel is lengthened anuswdr becomes anundsik. (Compare General 
 Introduction, § 28.)
 
 72 
 
 MAQADHI GBAJIMAB. 
 
 § 107. The verb ^J firkin? nikas or fii^f^ nikal, * come out,' makes its 
 causal fii^n^ nikda or fsi^rr^ weA:a^, * take out,' on the analogy of the above. 
 So also <J «r^T pasar, ' be scattered,' makes iTOTT pasdr, * scatter,' ' extend,' 
 ^ ^¥T aasar^ * slip,' ^^TT Sffsar, * cause to slip,' y/ ^nr^ upar,'' be rooted up/ 
 ^mr wjoar ' root up,' and ^ ^^rr u/rAar, * be rooted up,' ^«dT^ ukhdr. 
 
 §108. The following are irregular : — 
 
 Simple Verb. 
 
 ^ ^rs" a*, ' be stopped.' 
 ^ -^ phat, ' be torn.' 
 ^ ^ cAhutj * be sepa- 
 [rated.' 
 \/ ^S^J"tf ' he joined.' 
 ^ -^ tut, 'be broken.' 
 
 V "St^ pAw*, ' be burst.' 
 
 V f^^ ^^'^j ' be sold.' 
 ^^ ?:^ rah, ' remain.' 
 ^ ^JVtt bhigy ' be wet.' 
 v/ ^^ ^Jw'6, ' sink.' 
 
 CausaP. 
 
 ^T^ dr, ^ stop.' 
 TjiTf phdfy * tear.' 
 w¥f cA/ior or WT^ chhdr, 
 [* separate.' 
 ^tf yor, 'join' 
 ?Pr^ ^or, or «?h: tor^ 
 
 [' break.' 
 T^ pkor, ' burst.' 
 ^^ 6ec/>, ' sell.' 
 T7^ rdkh, 'place.' 
 fTflf<nt Ij/ngoj 'wet.' 
 ^^ 6?<<6o, 'immerse.' 
 
 Double Causal. 
 
 m^M phardw. 
 Wt^m chhbrdw, 
 
 fftfR" ^ordw or cftKT^ 
 
 mTI^M phbrdw. 
 "^"^T^ hechdw, 
 \*ar<i rukhdw, 
 fHil-^TT bhlg^wdw, 
 ^iTT^ dub'icdw.
 
 73 
 
 CHAPTEE XII. 
 COM POUND VERBS. 
 
 § 109. CompouTid verbs are either intensives, potentials, completives, 
 frequentatives, desideratives, oontinuatives, staticals, inceptives, permis- 
 sives, or acquisitives. 
 
 § 110. Compound verbs may be classed as — (1) those formed with the 
 verbal noun, and (2) those formed with the participles. 
 
 (1) Those formed with the verbal noun are— 
 
 a) intensives. e) Desideratives. 
 
 b) Potentials. /) Inceptives. 
 
 c) Completives. g) Permissives. 
 
 d) Frequentatives. h) Acquisitives. 
 
 (2) Those formed with the participles — 
 
 a) Continuatives. | b) Staticals. 
 
 Class I.— Compounds formed with the Verbal Noun.* 
 
 § 111. There are three varieties of the verbal noun — 
 
 a) In ^ a (silent), oblique form, jr e; as ^(f dekh, obi. ^^ dekhS. 
 
 b) In ^RT a/, oblique form, t?^T Vd ; as %^ dekhal, obi. ^^s^r 
 
 dekh' Id. 
 
 c) In ^^ abf oblique form wanting ; as ^^W dekhab, obi. wanting. 
 The direct first form is always the same as the root. 
 
 Compound verbs are either formed with the direct form of the first 
 or second variety of the verbal noun, or with the oblique form of the first 
 variety. 
 
 • Much of the succeeding matter is based on Kellogg's Hindi Grammar.
 
 74 MAOADHI OBAMMAB. 
 
 § 112. intensiues, Potentials, and Completiues, are always formed with 
 the direct form of the first variety ; Frequentatiues are always formed with 
 the direct form of the second variety ; and Desi derail ues are generally so. 
 Inceptives, Permissiues, and Acquisitiues, are always formed with the ohlique 
 form of the first variety. 
 
 113. Intensiue compounds intensify or otherwise modify the meaning 
 of the verb whose root stands first in the compound. They are formed by 
 adding to a verbal noun of the first variety in the direct form one of certain 
 other verbs, which latter verb in conjunction with the verbal noun is then 
 conjugated as usual. This second conjugated member does not, however, 
 retain its separate character and significance, but only modifies, in accordance 
 vrith the general idea which it embodies, the meaning of the ijnoonjugated 
 verbal noun to which it is annexed. Examples are — 
 
 xhfW phekab, ' to throw.' ^^ f^ phek deh, * to throw away.' 
 
 ^ftK^ torab, ' to break.' wt^ ^m^ tor ddlab, ' to break in pieces.' 
 
 ^9^ banab, ' to be made.' ^ ^TJrw ban deb or wsr ^TTF^ ban jd6b, 
 
 [' to be completed.' 
 
 ^nrw khdeb, * to eat.' ^ ^srnr^ khd jd^b, ' to eat up.' 
 
 wWw bolab, » to speak.' 'ft^ '^^ bol uthab, ' to speak suddenly.' 
 
 ^rr^^ kdtab, * to cut.' ^^ ^ kdt leb, ' to cut for oneself.' 
 
 rdkhab, ' to place.' 'O^ ^ rdkh leb, * to lay by.' 
 
 § 114. The auxiliary verbs usually employed to form intensives are— 
 
 %^ deb, * to give/ implying intensity. 
 
 WT^ ddlab, ' to throw,' ,, vioUnce. 
 
 ^TTT^ deb, 'to come,'! ^^ completion, 
 «rn^ j'ded, * to go,' ) 
 
 TT^^ parab or trtt parab, ' to fall,' „ chance. 
 
 .5B^ uthab, ' to rise,' „ suddenness. 
 
 %w/^6,*totake,' ,. refiexiveness. 
 
 j^ parab is also used in intensive compounds to form passives of trans- 
 itive verbs. (See § 100.)
 
 COMPOUND VEEB3. 76 
 
 § 115. Potentials are formed by adding to the same form of the verbal 
 noun of any verb the verb ^li^ mkah, ' to be able,' which may then be 
 conjugated throughout. Examples are — 
 
 wW W^ hoi sakab, * to be able to speak.' 
 
 «r ^^ g^»o TT « daur saka hdi, * he can run.' 
 
 TiT ^ ^^IfT hamjd sakab, ' I shall be able to go.' 
 
 ^ ^W ^ ^^Ro ^^•r*^*! u sab a saka haVthin, ' they were able to 
 
 come.' 
 T^ sfo «n" ^^fo ^ ham najd saka M, * I cannot go.' 
 
 § 116. Completiues are formed by adding to the same form of the 
 verbal noun of a verb the verb ^^ chukab, which may then be conjugated 
 throughout. This compound denotes the co7w;?/f^ion of the act denoted by 
 the primtiry member of the compound. Examples are— 
 
 V ^T '5^r^ u khd chukal, ' he has done eating.' 
 ?nw ^ ^nr ^^wtjab u kha chuM, * when he shall have eaten.' 
 -^ fft ^srr '^^r^ % « tojd chukal hai, ' he is indeed already gone.' 
 § 117. Frequentatiues are formed by affixing to the direct form of the 
 
 second variety of the verbal noun of any verb the verb ^rtt karab, which 
 
 may then be used in any tense. Examples are — 
 
 ^T^^ ^STo dwal karay * come often.' 
 
 ^ ?SV^ vr % u kahal kar€ haiy * he is in the habit of saying.' 
 
 T^ ^T« % ^TfW ^TTo ^ ham sdsir ke parhal kara Ai, ' I am in the 
 habit of reading the shastras.' 
 
 Iff ^1K ^TcT ?rrsrw ^r© to hammar bdt mdnalkara, * always obey my 
 words.' 
 
 ifl" vnr ^rr^nsr ^v««i wr,© TS to kdhS disan kail kara hay * why do you 
 always do so ? ' 
 
 ^ «1I*J^ ^ % ujdyal kar^ hai, ' he often goes.' 
 § 118. Deaideratiuea are formed, like frequentatives, with the direct 
 form of the verbal noun in ^iw a/, substituting the verb ^m^ chdhab for
 
 76 maoadhI obammab. 
 
 ^^1 karah as the second or conjugated mem]ber. These denote primarily desire 
 to do the action expressed of the principal member ; secondarily, the immediate 
 futurity of that action. Examples are— 
 
 ^ «rtf^<gi ^rr# % w holal chdhe hai^ * he wishes to speak/ 
 ^ ^^<gl ^T^ % w mual chdhe hat or ^Jj^ ^TTo Vi; maral chdha hai, 
 * he is about to die.' 
 
 Sometimes the principal verb is put in the oblique form of the first 
 variety of the verbal noun with or without the dative postposition % ke or 
 ^rr Id. Examples are — 
 
 •g^ -sfTsi -^T^o % ghar'i bdje chdha /laif * th^ clock is about to strike.' 
 'gr ^^ % ^T% % u bole ke chdhe haiy * he wishes to speak.' 
 ^ ^VJ ^T^ % u jde chdhe hat, * he wishes to go.' 
 M^ ^T -^Ko ^ bhej'e Id chdha hi, ' I wish to send.' 
 The desiderative compound in the precative form with ^T^ chdhi is 
 idiomatically used to express obligation or duty. Examples are — 
 
 ^ Tt^ % "'Tf^ ^T^ i poth'i ke parhal chdhi, * (one) ought to read 
 this book.' {Lit. * be good enough to wish to read.') 
 
 ?j=t^TXT '^rsm srni^ "^r^ tbh^rd uthamd jdyal chdhi, 'it is right for 
 you [i.e. you ought) to go there.' 
 
 & 119. Inceptiues are formed by using the inflected form of the first 
 variety of the verbal noun in construction with the verb ^mr^ Idyab, ' to be 
 ioined/ 'to begin,' and denote the action of the verbal noun as beginning. 
 Examples are — 
 
 ^ ^TR^ kahe Idgal * he began to say.' 
 ^ ^RT^^rr mare lag'ldi, ' he began to beat.' 
 ^T9 ^T^ ^^^^TT bdgh khde lagUdi, ' the tiger began to eat.' 
 § 120. Permissiues are formed by combining the same form of the 
 verbal noun with the verb ^ deb, ' to give, ' and express permission to do 
 the act denoted by the verbal noun. Examples are— 
 ^ni^T ^T3J ^ ham^rdjde da, * let me go.'
 
 COMPOUND VEEB8. 77 
 
 i|^ it^ hanCrd hole dihi, * be good enough to let me speak.* 
 ^ ^>^[7^ ?8TU ^^r^^rs; u bk^rd khde deCkaiy ' he allowed him to eat.' 
 
 § 121. Acquis! tiues are the exact converse of the preceding, and are 
 formed in the same way, substituting Trnnr pdeb, * to get,' for %w deb. 
 Examples are — 
 
 iff ^RRT wn^ -To Mi«4o td uthamd jde na pdiha, * you will not obtain 
 permission to go there.' 
 
 ^^ -sfi^ cicT "Rwl" ham baitM na paul% 'I was not allowed to sit.* 
 
 Class II.— Compounds formed with the Participles. 
 
 § 122. Continuatiues are formed by combining the present participle 
 of any verb with the verbs ^nu^ jdeb, * to go', or ^CT^T rakab, * to remain.' 
 The present participle is sometimes in the direct and sometimes in the oblique 
 form. The compound with wiV^jdeb expresses stead}/ progression^ and with 
 V^ rahah the continuayice of a complete action. Examples — 
 
 ^ fH<aid ^rr ^T ^ likhditjd hdi, ^ . i . . -i . , 
 
 r" r . ;.;z.'/- •' 7. •• C ^® ^^ &^^°^ ^^ writing.' 
 
 w f^^ grr '^ w hkh te ja hai, } 
 
 ^ ^^ ^t^ff^rsf v^ld (or M<«d) "J 
 ^nr '^^•«?1«T u sab cliliQk''riyan C Hhose girls were going on reading.' 
 porhdit {parhHe) jd haVthin^ J 
 
 Tnfi" ««'^»d«rr T?: pant hahUejd hdiy * the water keeps flowing away.' 
 
 ^ ^TWTTo T?; ii gate raha hdiy * she continues singing.' 
 
 «fF ^^ ^rr^ ^^TSfT T^o To to sab kdhe hds^te raha ha^ * why do you 
 
 keep laughing ?' 
 •r^ % ^-^ ^s^.rf T'^o ^ 7W(/i /{-e (f/mr 6flAVe raha hai^ * the stream of 
 
 the river keeps flowing on.' 
 
 Closely connected with the above is a common combination in which the 
 past instead of the present participle takes the first place and a verb of 
 motion the second place. An example is — 
 
 vm Tre "R^r^ f^o T^TT ek bdgh paral phira halai, * a tiger was 
 prowling about.'
 
 78 uiQ^Dki GBAMlllB. 
 
 Note. — In Hindi the toim ^^rr 'WTTT chald jdnd^ * to go away,' occurs under 
 this rule ; but in Magadhi this form does not occur, the compound taking 
 an intensive form. Example — 
 
 ■<iff<f| ^^ »jMo ^^ nduri chal jdwa hal% * the girl was going along.' 
 
 § 123. Staticals denote motion in a state of doing anything. They 
 are formed by combining a verb of motion with a present participle in the 
 oblique form. Examples are — 
 
 ^ **<.rt ^irr^ ^ u kandHS dic6 hai, * he comes weeping.' 
 JT^ ^nft ^rrS'^T«ro TWT ^^ janm gdU dwa halai, *a woman came 
 einging.' 
 
 Divisioisr III, 
 
 INDECLINABLES. 
 § 124. See General Introduction.
 
 79 
 
 — -♦ — 
 
 The following selections are in the Magadhi dialect. The conversation 
 between two villagers is written by a guru of the Bihar subdivision of the 
 Patna district ; the fables have been provided by Pandit S^iv Narayan Trivedi, 
 Deputy Inspector of Schools, Gayfi. A translation of the selections will be 
 found in the General Introduction : — 
 
 SELECTIONS FEOM THE MAGADHf DIALECT. 
 
 CONVERSATION BETWEEN TWO VILLAGERS. 
 {In the dialect of South Patna.) 
 
 ^rrr: i ^r»f%^T Jif?"^ ^rR"o '^ n 
 
 {\) ^ I ^■^gf'if ^(P3ii5n" ^^TJ^o ir^ I 
 
 ^ 1 f^T^ % '^^r^ ^ II 
 {\) ^ I ^irr# %^ ^^t i\-^»\ '^^ I 
 
 ^ I ^^f -^mx ^fT T^, W^^*^ ^^ 71^ ^^ II 
 (U) ^1 ^TtT W ^ * ^IT^^o % I 
 
 ^ I ^rr^ TT^^ ^5\^ Ti^r?: % ii 
 («) ^ I ^Tf o *rrt ^R % ^^ % ^ x:?r ^^ I 
 
 ^ I t ^r^^ ^ '^^ ^ ^^3 ^o I m:^ ^r«^ U% w^ '^TT^ ^11 II 
 
 {i) ^ I ^TW ^^ ^^5^ % wit TT ^^ ¥^ T'l^ I 
 
 ^n-^T^ 11 
 (^) ^ I ^irrq %^ ^r^ ^"Rj % ^^ ^ '^^^ I 
 
 ^o T?: II 
 
 Note the use of eift ki instead of w\ kd, which is peculiar to South-Eastern Patna.
 
 80 
 
 
 MAOADHI QRAMMAB. 
 
 ^j ^ 1»^ ^^^^ ^^T° ^T II 
 
 t ^^T »ri^H ^T. w^^ ^1^ ^ ^ ^ I 
 
 t ^d»<if 'fNysr T?: I ^^TT %T ^ 3T^ Tr5?t ^ tt ii 
 
 r?r^nc ^*«<^ ^ ^^ng I 
 
 ^H 'g-T %^ ^^"Nf^TT ^f^ ^n: TT^^ T^o ^ II 
 ^^^ % ^TU ^ ^ WT'^^ II 
 
 fft'^TT ^ '''I 'TIT '^ JHT-.i^ f??^ W^fo -^ I 
 ^rrt ^~ I ^TTRif '^ 31T3J V^ % ^To II 
 fftT'TT fr^f %^ 'TT^ ^^To '^^ I 
 
 ^^r iTt^ ^rrwf % ii 
 
 ^^-.^ cTt ^^7^^ ^rr^^TTT ?f^Ti: .to ?!> ^sh Thrr ^^t i 
 
 '^T, ^ ^ ^T '^ I ^r^T «ft ^'^ ^^ T?:, ^T5T qr^f 
 TTTTfT T^f '^ II 
 
 ^^ ^ %, fR V«f ^ 11 
 
 * Emphatic for 'fwn ham'rd, ^"t^lrTr dk'rd—*me also,' 'him also.'
 
 81 
 
 FABLES. 
 
 [Ill the d'mhct of Gat/ a.) 
 
 % % Tjafr ^^^"^ ?TY<ft fiRT^ ^T^T ' ^^ ^T7T".^T ^^«!T.*T f%, ^TfT ^TT^^ ^'^T 
 «3flf(l 1 TT^ '^^TT ^T^T ?M^yr\ ffY ^T ?rhf?|- % i^ '^^ I ^^ ^ ^ ^jjj^ 
 
 r(W[ rPm^ ^TIT If ^^ ri T ; TTfT f^^ ^^T ^ % I "^l^vin- ^ ^^ ^i^^ jp{ 
 
 %. ^\A\<S\ ^T^^vf^ i%, ^TTT, fT ^T ^^^nr ^o I ?T^ off wcn»rr T^ ^^ ^r^ 
 
 ^^ ^^ ^, ¥T «f^ t ^r^ifTfT ^T ^^ ^ f^, # Wi ?^ %, "t ^>^^ T^ %, 
 
 ^*»0 ^ ^T Iray tttV i
 
 82 MAaADHI GBAMMAR. 
 
 TT^ irft ^-.TT irf^^TT % <»-^'^ r -^B^^Tsir^ f%, '^rr^ '^'t^ <Nrt ^>» vf 
 
 WS( ^^Tt % ^^ '^I'T- "5^^^ -Ct^T Tt^ ^ ^T. "^*^»K WTRo '^ftl^, ^1t '?'TT^ 
 
 * Emphatic for cSlT'"'^ tohani, 'you also.'
 
 FABLES. 83 
 
 ^rr^ fajr jj^xr ktt ^ w^ ^^••fd ^t^^ tf, ^V ^t ^fT^" ^^'^ ^^^^ ^"^^ ^^rr 
 
 ^^T^rsr I UwiXT % ^^^T ^fVii^ w^fT^ % ^^ t«i« c h^ f% ^^W'Ji ^1^ wK^ 
 
 JT^ ^T %, f^ Wf -^T^ % tf % ^iRftT t ?i1^TT TT^ '^r^ TTtI, rrt '^ ^^ 
 
 ^rr^, ^T '^ff^nrr tt^. <rt ti^.^T ^1^r;w ^^-w ^r^ f^rirrTT % ^jt oi-pr i ^% ^, 
 
 TT^ ^^ ^«nT % "3^?^, fVi^ f^iiw ^fTo ^^^ I ^-^f T^ ^K^^ -^ if^ I 
 
 «*'^»^^ f^. ^5^ ^ ^n- f^^o '^o I fR ^^ ^fT^vfJgsf f^, Hit f^^^ f%^o '^ I 
 
 f%^o '^ I w^ ^ ^^^•■^?: t%, '^^•Ot" iff? f%^ ■^'^o I ^f%^T f^-if^^"^ % 
 
 fiUi^l ^Mi^i^TT f% t c?Y ?F"pff ^f^^ 'TTf % ^^^ ^'fiT %, ^'^T -JWr^.*! f% TThc 
 
 ^ft'^T ^reirr f?^ I 
 
 ?«W ^^^^ ^^T, ^? WTT^T "f^ ^ VI" Vf^T I *T? "^^ <•<<■•< ^\«^ ^TT^T^^ f^, ^^^ 
 
 * Emphatic for ^"^aRT okar. 
 
 t Emphatic for f «^ hamar, ' my also.'
 
 84 
 
 MAOAPHl GRAMMAR. 
 
 u 
 
 ^^r?TT »T^ % t ^^^fWT f%, <T^^^ %W'^^, ^T ^ ^WT Tt<r Tt^lfT ^7^ hV^ %W | 
 
 ■^T '^f ^a e <rr ^^rf, ^ ^ ^"^^ ^3(nc ■^^ff ^TH fi?^Tfr i <r^ g>f rrt % 3j^> tIx^t 
 
 ^T'^ ^^Y^^f^ 'S^^T ^T i\W^ I ^"d^^ % TJX f%f%^T ^f^ ^H^.^sll, fPr 
 
 ^?
 
 f^WT ^rm i5^r^ f^T, ^^TT 'it ^T^ rni % '^•rf 1 
 
 ^irr f^T ^^ f**dTH % ^^'TT % 5TT Ir ^f'^ w^T'^f^ ^^w[^ ^^ % t^tt i 
 f%, fff ^^v?:t w>^ ^, err t?t fTlTT iJ*.<f t^^ ^^ ^Tf? ^rffi f^^T f% ^^tt % rPlrr 
 err ^T^r?;! -ifx wt^ % '^^'^, ^"Wt ^50^ ^«T ^f^^ % Ti: ^^, ^i^rrrr wr^ % ?r? 
 
 '^T^. ^T 7^^ ^^^^T % ^551 ^]^ % •TT ^^Tt. ^T^ ^ ^»rt" ^^T, "STf Wf ^^^TT ^^ 
 
 ^T w^ '^^ ^rlXT ^^^^-^T % fsnf^ ^rf^f^^. TT^ TnrspfT^rr % wr "^trn 1 t^^t^tt ^ 
 
 37^ ^»fi TT^o TT. fV ^TRf ^PT ^^, fft T^% l^ fifi %, ff^ ^r I ^1^ xftt ^nr? 
 
 ^>^^ V^T^t '*<v|.H«i % ^f^ #^^^f^ I ^^v^ ^x^ ^^iT ^^T ^^ ^T^ ^ xg^rri 
 
 ^TTT W^^ ^TTTT %■ MVd< ^ ^ ^ ^^'^T?: f^. Hit ^TTT fsTT W^ ^^T^ rfT^;^ 
 
 * EiupLiaiif lor =^*T /un/i
 
 86 MAGADHI GEAMMAE. 
 
 ^rr % ^'i ^m-.^TT f%, vrt '^nr ctHt ^^i% '^^ % ^^f^^T '^^j ^ '^'^^ 'tKt 
 
 'ITT'^^ ^^"RT ^^WR^ ^JT^H, '^ ■^■•flol fft^VF, ffr ^rrW t '«HfT ^^K 'TT ^H^ I 
 X[i?t ^Tin -^ f*«fK ^^^ «IT ^r^ I «JT^ H ^^'^ JJ^ '^T^ iW «T^T I 
 ^^ f? ^^ ?3^ ^1^ ^^^ -q^^.^ ^^-.2T ?i^ I fl^ ifT^ X(^-.% ^171^, ^T ^
 
 87 
 
 AI>I*ElSrDIX II 
 
 ♦ 
 
 List of Mdijadhi Words. 
 
 The following list has been compiled principally with the help of Pandit S^iv 
 Narayan Trivedi, of Gay a. It contains a large number of words peculiar to Magadhi, 
 few of which will be found in any extant Hindi Dictionary. 
 
 MAGADHf VOCABULARY. 
 
 akhaii 
 
 f3^ as'thi. 
 
 ^^m akhaind (If. "RT^t), a rake for stir- 
 ring chaff on the threshing floor. 
 
 ^^T^ aMaut [II. ^\^ ^> ^rri" % ^'^ ^ 
 %^ ), the fulcrum of a well-lever 
 (^nr^). 
 
 ^^•^ ng^rd ( H. ^D^TT ), sugar-cane tips, 
 whicli are useless for making sugar, as 
 they possess no juice. 
 
 ^^T^ arcgdri ( H. T^'^iW^ ), a spark, 
 
 scintillation = fff cH"^. 
 ^TTcPt arcgcthi ' ( H, ^f\ TVk VT ^% ^ 
 
 ^T*rir), a vessel for holdmg fire; "{II. 
 
 ^^ ^ ^irsrr ), the action of stretching 
 
 the arms, as in yawning. 
 
 ^^RIT acharcgd ( H. ^T^ ), a stage, shelf. 
 
 ^^flrnpr afgut, adj. ( H. ^^^sr ), wonderful. 
 
 4fTH drds ( IT. fj^ % ^vr^ ^ ^f^^^), the 
 wooden frame over a well. 
 
 "^^^ araid ( H. ^Y^ ), a screen. 
 
 ^?ir^ atJi'vi, ' an earthen basin for holding 
 water or washing clothes ; ' a vessel 
 for roasting poppy-flowers in cakes. 
 
 ^??t6" amdri ( H. i^\ ^ ^nw^ ) , dried 
 cowdung. 
 
 ^<,*M r ar'pdy the space between the thumb 
 and forefinger. Cf. %^, fji«l". 
 
 ^^•%5rr ar'mend {R.^^ W^^T^), amuse- 
 ment, pleasure. 
 
 ^<^T«{ alduy a trellis for supporting a 
 creeping plant. 
 
 ^^v^ifi- as'gani ( E. ^K^'fl" ), a clothes- 
 horse made of rope or bamboo = ^^?lI5ft, 
 q.v. 
 
 ^H *^ as' tin ( H. iTTT ), the raised piece 
 of ground below the eaves (^iTT^) 
 in a courtyard ('nfilT).
 
 88 
 
 MAQADHI GBAUUAB. 
 
 ^nrw d'il. 
 
 ^^•<hH4 kach^kach. 
 
 ^nr^ ««/, a field boundary. 
 "^31^1?;^ dg^ddin, the fore ox among the 
 oxen engaged in treading corn. Cf. 
 
 ^f<n: afar ' ( H. ^-^ M>t<.H I ) , the portion 
 of land contained within a plough- 
 circuit; ^the intermission of fever; 
 ^adv. Sf prep. {E. ^Wt), within. 
 
 ^TTT dpd, a pit for keeping fish in when 
 caught in a ^^#fx, q.v. 
 
 ^^ dbhi ( E. WT3 ^ ^f?!'), a heavy kind 
 of wooden spade tipped with iron, 
 used for digging up soils. 
 
 ^K*^*^ dr'si ( E. ^fW^ WTJ^ W\ f^ ), a 
 kind of horn-shaped net made of bam- 
 boos for catching fish. 
 
 wml" dlo ' (E. Wr^ft ), a part of a crop 
 which is reaped by a cultivator for 
 present eating, before the whole is ripe; 
 '{E.^i]Tjwsf), the first fruits of a 
 field ofi'ered to the family priest. 
 
 ^f%^ fkfa^ ukil bikily adj. ( E. ^TTfT^ ) 
 pei-plexed ; distraught. 
 
 ^*^'*^*« uf/kan, a poker, an instrument for 
 stirring a fire. 
 
 v' ^T? urdh ( H. ^^T^^T), to dedicate 
 to family use an earthen vessel, -that is 
 U' ray, for one of the family to use it 
 
 first before making it over to servants, 
 otherwise if it is first used by servants 
 it is impure. 
 
 ^ ^M'ri i^t um'tdkd, adj. {H. ^fTTr), mad. 
 
 vd<d»<t?t" us'U ( E. 5iT^^ Wf^T), teasing. 
 
 ^'J-dl"^ us'thdhy adj. ( E. ^t^t), rough. 
 
 ^^•<T usWd (E. ^^TKt), a portico, 
 verandah. 
 
 ^^^ "5^^ usuk pusukj adj. (E. '^'^w), 
 fickle. 
 
 ^"V^rr o/cd, a bag for catching fish, dragged 
 along through the water by two or 
 more men. 
 
 ^^ffTTTF^ bjh^rdel, adj. ( E. ^ifT^fTT^ )y 
 
 tangled, tossed. 
 ^ ^>?r ot, to put new straw on a roof ; 
 
 to rethatch a roof. 
 ^irr<rT btdi, adv. ( E. ?^), in that place ; 
 
 there, 
 ^'^'^rd 6/idri ( E. "^^t^ ), the eaves of a 
 
 house. Cf. ^R^. 
 
 '^'^t: dkthdi (E. ^Jiz^), naughtiness, 
 
 wickedness. 
 ^Tsr? aufJidh^adj. (E. ^7[?), naughty, 
 
 wicked. 
 ^'W^T aurdnd ( //. ^T*rf^), rotten flesh. 
 kachlcach, adj. ' ( E. W^ ) unripe ; 
 subd. ( E. ^i^r^ ), altercation, debate
 
 MAGADHf VOCABULABT. 
 
 '• ^yi'^^K kach^damhar. 
 
 WX^ /card. 
 
 ^r^^^TT kach'damhar, adj. ( H. %^w^ ), 
 half-ripe. 
 
 it-rj.ejfrj^f kncJi' waniyd (H. ^RTT, fV^), 
 a kiud of sweetmeat. 
 
 ^^R'fi' kafr'i, B. worm which infests buds 
 and plant-shoots. 
 
 «»e^l /catad [H. ^^), chaff, husk. 
 
 vfidH^ kaWnahl ( H. ^513" ^rr ^t^ ), a 
 wooden bucket for drawing water from 
 a well. 
 
 ^^ kararu ( 5". xTfTT ), a male buffalo 
 calf = «*T'^T. 
 
 ^<I^ X'^iVi • ( ff. TT^ ^ TTTT ) , an orna- 
 ment worn on the fore-arm by low-caste 
 women ; "^{H. ^«W ^ "T^tt ) a wooden 
 plate attached to an oil- mill on which 
 the oilman sits. 
 
 V^ kattdf an instrument for cutting 
 bamboos, used only by Doms. 
 
 ^^ katti, a round potsherd used to play 
 with. 
 
 (t)«l*<A«f kan^kan, adj. ( H. ^TT ), cold. 
 tftw<.fn>^ kan'tor, a small box. 
 
 (t)«i«<i^ kan\cah, a drain, a safety pipe for 
 running off excess water. 
 
 ^Tifs^f kan'wd ( H. W^hd ) , the sixteenth 
 part of a ser. 
 
 ^^7 kanetd ( E. ttt^ j, the gable-end of 
 a house. 
 
 ^R"r1" kanatm ( H. WT^ ), a kind of ear- 
 ornament. 
 
 ^^^ kfmd'ri, a well dug on the bank of 
 a river for filtering the river- water. 
 
 ^XT kandd {H. ^'^), a kind of esculent 
 root. 
 
 ^FV^ kandhaili, a bullock saddle. 
 
 ^r^ kann'i^ a twig ; a small branch of a tree. 
 
 cfr^T^rr kanhaud ( H. ^n^ ^rr ^3 ), ear-wax. 
 
 4M»i^ kap'ti ( ^. QTRfT, "sw^ ), an earthen 
 cup. 
 
 ^Rfr^T kahariyd, one who roots up paddy 
 seedlings for transplantation. ( The 
 v^ ^RTX means * to root up.') 
 
 ■^f^^f kamiyd {H. ^^TT), a labourer; a 
 ploughman. Fern, f^^k^^ kamiaini^ 
 a ploughman's wife. 
 
 ^V^ kar'chhi ( H. f^^nrr), edge, border. 
 
 ^r^«r karin, a canoe-shaped lever for rais- 
 ing water for irrigation. 
 
 *t^T^I kalaud {H. ^fi^i), breakfast. 
 
 4r^^ kdkut ( H. Ti^f^ ), a kind of chop- 
 per for cutting straw. 
 
 ^T^T kdrd {/em. wrr^), {ff. T?^), a 
 buffalo calf = ^rf^.
 
 90 
 
 MAOADBl OBAMM&R. 
 
 ^nVr kdrd. 
 
 ^V^'^ khnp'khfip. 
 
 Mrdf a long leather rope to which 
 the bullocks are tied when treading 
 out corn, 
 ^ffft kdri {H. TK^)i a bamboo tube 
 for forcing liquids down an animal's 
 throat. 
 
 ^FTf; kddu {H. ^5^"^), a grain-parcher. 
 
 vnft kddo [E. ^'^ ), clay, mud. 
 
 f«F^ kichchi ( H. ^T^ ), the mucus of the 
 
 eye. 
 Tfi^T yiya (H. f^TTT), a small box for 
 
 keeping sindiir ( red lead ) . 
 
 grare- kiigarhj adj. {R, t ^T^), ugly. 
 
 gf^T^Hs-il kufdahind, the left hand ox of 
 a ahrrow. Cf. ^TT^'^TTir, "^T^, V^, 
 ^^T^rr : also the ox nearest the post of 
 a threshing floor. They all go round 
 from right to left, and hence the left 
 hand ox is nearest to the centre, i.e. is 
 near (^Tf ) the centre, on the right 
 ( ^fTTT ) of the centre. Cf . w^^j. 
 
 1^ kundd [H. ^rarr), rice-dust. 
 
 gj^ kuddi ( H. \(T^ ), a portion, share. 
 
 ^T^T hour, an instrument for turning 
 sand. 
 
 f f%^T kulhiyd ' ( H. ^r^^ ^'^ ^'^ «rtf| ), 
 a small boy's cap ; '^(R. %^7 ) a small 
 earthen pot for holding water. 
 
 %^rr kekd ( JT. fi< ^^?rr ), to lament. 
 
 %fT' keri, the space between the fore- 
 finger and thumb. Cf. ^TTTT, f^isft. 
 
 ^f^^T Hxchiyd, a kind of toothed sickle. 
 ^"t^T^ kbchdni, the top of a roof. 
 ^5?t koni ( H, ifiWr ), a comer, angle. 
 ?rlT kor ^{H. f*HKr ), margin, edge; 
 '' adj. [H. snjT), new. 
 
 irtYT kohd {H. T?f«^rr), an earthen pot. 
 
 ^T^^ kaual (H. %'^), two long bam- 
 boos crossing each other like a pair of 
 scissors for supporting the ridge-pole 
 of a house. 
 
 ^^^ kauri ( H. "'Tlfffl' ), the act of chewing 
 cud ( of a ruminating animal). 
 
 ^^T kyochdy an instrument for barking 
 wood. 
 
 ni^^^T^ khakh'nal, adj. (H. ^Ognc), dis- 
 tressed ; restless. 
 
 ^7^7 khafkhat ( R. ^j^y^ ), a rapping 
 
 sound. 
 
 ^fTi khafhu ( H. ^TfT ^«JTr «firr^ ^ 
 ^^), a section of an dhar (embank- 
 ment ) or of a field. 
 
 ^■qr^'q" khap^khap, adj. ( H, ^^rf ^1^ -q^ 
 «^rr ), full of worms.
 
 I 
 
 MAGADHl VOCABULARY. 
 
 91 
 
 ^■R-. 
 
 "iM^ lihap'rauri. 
 
 ?l?r^^«S gatnlak. 
 
 ^M'M^^ Idiaf/raurif an earthen pot for 
 removing the after-l)irth, &c., when a 
 child is bom. 
 
 y/ ^vr^ Jchahhdw ' (if. 4i|«(«(iT^^<»THr), 
 to make an animal get up to drive ; 
 "{H. Tn^^^n:^Tr) to get awet 
 field dug (causal). 
 
 ^T^ khar\ce ( H. ^ ir ^^ ), sowing 
 
 in a dry field. 
 f%^T khichchdf adj. {H. ^TWT), unripe. 
 
 ^5lT"6" khiiiauri ( ^. -JJ^JSTT ^T ^"Wt '^ ) , 
 an old or small plough. 
 
 y/ f^^ hhil ( H. Bff^-RT ), ». «. to sew 
 in a particular way, to run, tack. 
 
 ?|[^ khukJche^ adj. ( H. '^T^ ), empty. 
 
 ^IWr Mutild (//. ^tt), a kind of ear- 
 ring. 
 
 <^<.-'«ft Jchud^ni (H. w^x^), a spade. 
 Cf. ?|T^. 
 
 <4i«"«ft khur'ni {ff. ^^t^^), a spade 
 used for stirring the embers of a 
 fire. Cf. i^^.^n. 
 
 t^v^T hhur^hd ( H. TtT ), a cattle disease 
 attacking the hoof; foot-and-mouth 
 disease. 
 
 ^•^l^TTT khua'khiiadhd, adj. ( H. g^\ 
 brittle = "S^. 
 
 %^ kherhi ( H. ^^ ), a staircase. 
 
 %-^ kheicd ( H, iraffrw ) , a time ; a turn ; 
 an occasion. 
 
 ^i?|- khaini (H. ^T^ ?f|- fHTTf), chewing- 
 tobacco. Cf. Tphft. 
 
 ^^^ khaihan ( U. ^T^ ^ "^?f ) , corn given 
 as food to raiyats. 
 
 ^afVr hhodhd ( H. ^Wr ) , a nest. 
 
 ^§^T AAo;ja ( H. -^tw^ ), leaves folded in 
 the shape of a cup. 
 
 ^>rr khord [H. J{Z^, #?t), a large 
 earthen jar. 
 
 ^'^ khori {H. ^Vf y^^), a kind of 
 small dish. 
 
 ^TCTTT k/idurdhd, adj. ( H. ^wnil ), 
 unfortunate. 
 
 ?I^<T gaiit ( iT. ^TXT), forage, fodder. 
 ^^3? yawt/i, ^'f/y. (jS'. t^)^ less by a 
 
 quarter ; a quarter less than. 
 "^^"^^^ gcifbaj, adj\ ( H. fi^r^ T ^<^ T ), mixed. 
 
 ?l?mT3 ^tft>at {H. ^ fifT^mr), associ- 
 ation. 
 
 Jl'^^-^^Ti gapar' gapar [H. •s[^-^ WiW[), 
 
 gobbling, devouring. 
 
 J[^TW\ gam'chhd ( H. ^irt^T ), a towel ; a 
 body-cloth. 
 
 ^mn?^ gamlak, adj. (H. ^TT 71^), 
 known, understood.
 
 92 
 
 MAGADUI GRAMMAR. 
 
 3IK«<«<l«ri gar'^dau'dm. 
 
 '^^F^ ghuk'ri. 
 
 HXr^X^ yar\iaudm ( H. W^l^ ), a 
 
 necklet. 
 UTTTi^ garngat { H. W^iX), limestone; 
 
 gravel. 
 Tinr gardr • ( E. ^ifr^TT ), an alligator : 
 
 hence V/r/y. (H. ^) obstinate, per- 
 verse, firm. 
 H ^.^e.<» l' gar sat' ka (IT. ^^), a neck- 
 
 oruament. 
 inx-sf gdran ( II. wl^T ) treacle, molasses. 
 HTcg; .r/a/w ( H. ^^ fg\), a liar : adj. false. 
 ni^T^ (72>ar2 ( H. J[T^), the neck. 
 fjpoTATigir'gird (H. wY^T ^TT^), a small 
 
 net. 
 fj[-i\ giin, the space between the thumb 
 
 and forefinger. Cf. %f^, ^T^TT. 
 5^7^ <7Mrf'm ( H. <ifii^J^ ), a little. 
 ^^T^ guddrd, wages for reaping. 
 
 ^TTT^^^V"''^ ' -^^ ^T^)j abed in a garden 
 
 or field. 
 ?f^n ^et/'m (F. ^r«r^j, a garment of 
 
 rags worn by mendicants. 
 ?) < fil <C i' geddgediy adj. ( H. i^>NY^ ), little ; 
 
 an infant. 
 
 *?fwT (jro^^a {H. ^"^f), a kind of spade 
 used by helddrs. 
 
 a gang of men employed in embanking 
 
 a water-course in order to divert the 
 water in any given direction. 
 ?rt2T gotd ( //. ^Nt ), seed. 
 
 irl^TT gbthanr ( H. ?vtT^ ^T ^T), a house 
 for keepiag dried cowdung. 
 
 irT^nniT^ gbr'paurt ( H. ^-^ ^T^ ^rr 
 i[^'%l ), the pit into which the rear of 
 the lever of a pounding-machine 
 ( dheki) is depressed. 
 
 ?rrT"«f^^T ybr'khiyd ( H. ^i«<UI ), a herd- 
 boy. 
 
 ^>cr gov a ( H. ^ ^T ^>fT ^^rr ), white 
 ink made of chalk and water. 
 
 ^>^7rr gblUvd ( H. "^it flT^ ), a small 
 ear-ornameut. 
 
 ?i "lwi. - ^\tj ybChath {H, ?iWt iTTfr ), over- 
 boiled rice. 
 
 ^37iiT ghafnd ( H. VT<I ^T ^^T^T ), a stir- 
 rer ; a spoon for stirring. 
 
 TEr27^ ghat'rd { H. TT^"?;^!), a kind of 
 cake. 
 
 "^iTlfh^ithd ( ^. iT^-t ^T ^ ), coarse 
 
 meal made from maize. 
 ^^T "SI^T ghasar ghasar, adv. at once, 
 f^of^^ ghir^sindi ( i/. '^•Tj^ ), a platform 
 
 for keeping water jars on. 
 ^^^rrfj- ghuk'ri, adj. ( H. ^[^^. Uf^ ^^ ), 
 
 frozen ; congealed.
 
 MAGADHI VOCABULAET. 
 
 93 
 
 '^rrr ghugghd. 
 
 "^^ ghuctgld ( H. -^z ) a veil ; the action 
 of veiling the face. 
 
 ■^^ ghur^ke, adv. again. 
 
 "^tv^^ ghur* child ( H. gT»^Wr ), a coil 
 
 of rope. 
 '^W ghogha^ an umbrella made of tdr 
 
 leaves, 
 'i^t^ ghog/ii ( H. tf^ ), a pocket ; a bag. 
 
 'gt^r^^T ghbfmuhd ( H. ztfT ), a piece of 
 wood shaped like a horse's mouth, used 
 for sustaining a roof. 
 
 '^^ ghor ( U. ^w ), buttermilk. 
 
 WTX ghaud ( H. TiTX ) j a bunch ; a clump of 
 
 fruit. 
 s^j chakJcd ( H. ^iff ), a wheel. 
 
 ^^tth: chat' gar (II. ^^k), relish, fla- 
 vouring. 
 
 'gff^TT chariydr, a pit in which a cMr is 
 
 worked ( se^ ^T^)' 
 ^ri'Jl chat'rd (H. %rr ^ ^^), a disease 
 
 which attacks crops. 
 
 '^T^ charak ( H. ^*lt^l ), white. 
 ^rx:f3 char 6 1 ( //. ^^GRTH?), pasture. 
 
 "^^sU-fl chalaund ( ^. '^W ), the treadle 
 of a spinning wheel. 
 
 ^f^ cMi (/f. i;Wl^ W[ ^iNlf ), tamarind 
 
 '^T^^ cUuUchuh. 
 
 f cMr ( K. ?ft/l^F, i^ ), a kind of 
 basket used for tossing up water (used 
 in irrigation). 
 
 ^-^ chdpi ( H. ^^Tf ), a milk-pot. 
 ^^ chdli, a coarse kind of mat made of 
 bamboo slips tied together. 
 
 ^J^ chds ( H. ^J{ ), ploughing. 
 
 pT^^tHl chik'nd ( H. -r^, ?r^5f^ ), butter. 
 
 f^^HT^ chik'sd ( H. ^T3rr), flour ; meal. 
 
 f^^T chiturd (t^pfT^ ^?*^ ), poppj 
 capsules which have not borne seeds. 
 
 i%^rt^ chilohi ( II. T^Q^), a sickle. 
 fV^^ childntd ( //. ^w^ *<K*l ^rr f^r^ ) , a 
 kind of trap for catching flsh. Cf . ^nrr. 
 
 ^tJ^ chichi ( E. wf?r^T), young fruit. 
 
 •^l«jT chuiyd ( H. ^7% ), a pit ( especially 
 in the dry bed of rivers ) from which 
 water springs. 
 
 =^^f^ chuk'ni (H. "JTTT ), a small earthen 
 
 jar. 
 '5%^i chukkemukke ( H. \i6fU{^\ ^a^rr), 
 
 the position of sitting with both hands 
 
 on the knees. 
 
 ^^i<^ chunctal {II. ^•TT % nlni «^WT), 
 
 white-washed. 
 ^<j^]«?t chulhdniy a cookhouse. 
 ^ ■ ^«^ ^ chuh'chuhy adj. ( //. ^e«*\^f ) 
 
 splendid, glittering.
 
 94 
 
 MAGADHl GBAMMAB. 
 
 ^HT ctieya. 
 
 ^J[\ chegd ( H. ^^<4il ), a child. 
 
 ^W^TT cheWwd ( H. vajK ^ F^ ), a knife 
 used by milkmen. 
 
 ^y Wf^^ chhagun {H. frw 1Wnxr), to 
 meditate. 
 
 WW^T^ chhachh^ nal, adj. (H. 1%^^r^), 
 longing, eagerly desirous. 
 
 Wr^T. chhdhur ( H. itrt ), a shade, 
 shadow. 
 
 fwwtr^Kl chhichhoh^rd { H. 'g^rlrr, ^^T), 
 a glutton. 
 
 ^hn cAAijoa ( 5^. ^rp^ ), a dish. 
 
 ^h^^ chhihar, adj. ( H. TJTCr ), thin. 
 
 ^^ chhuchchhi, a kind of nose-stud ; an 
 ornament for the nose. 
 
 T^ chhiihd, adj. {H. ^f^^rfn «?rT), 
 arranged ; classified. 
 
 ^/ W^ chhew ( H. «»K«ir ), to cut. 
 
 ^1^ chhord, the hole in a sugar-press 
 
 through which the juice oozes out. 
 ^tifl- chhopi, an umbrella made of leaves. 
 ^f^^J^ janiauri {H. ^TO), a woman. 
 ^t^--x^ jab'rd (E, ifr^ ^ft^), a small 
 
 granary. 
 
 m^ ya^^i ( ^. ^^ ), a net of string for 
 muzzling the mouth of an ox or calf. 
 jdran ( ^. ^V^), fuel. 
 
 ^^^ '^^Tjhukur jhukur. 
 
 ^ 'm^i^jidw (H. «rr^^), to kill. 
 ^^jukur (H. ^^ ), able, fit. 
 ^Kjor ( H. T^), a string, 
 y ^>^ jor ( H. ^^nr-RT ), to kindle. 
 ^tx^joran ( H. «if^«f ), a kind of rennet, 
 
 used for curdling milk. 
 m^J[lKJhaggdr^ kind of hook for pulling 
 
 out any water-pot or lota which may 
 
 have fallen into a well. 
 m^^ jhatainiy the leafed branch of a 
 
 date-tree ; the branch with its leaves. 
 v^w^jzjhan'^kaut ( H. '^KJl'^m), a kind 
 
 of native hinge for securing a door. 
 
 (m^ ' saving -/ t^t^, ' a door.') 
 
 vfi^'W^ jhap^jhap, adv. ( H. ^wT^ «^^ ), 
 quickly. 
 
 »ff^^^ jhas^gar, adj. ( H. n^xx^x), pun- 
 gent (like mustard), v^ means ' pun- 
 gency,' as distinct from »frr^, ' the heat 
 of pepper.' 
 
 vfiT^KJhdkhurj adj. hairy. 
 
 f^^^jhikHi (H. fz^ ), a pebble. 
 
 ^^"^jhukjkuky adj. (R.fwsXT '^WT)^ 
 bent downwards. 
 
 ^^ ^^ jhukur jhukur^ when a man 
 with long hair dives or sinks in water, 
 and a portion of his hair is seen floating 
 on the surface, that portion is named 
 as above.
 
 MAGADHI VOCABULAET. 
 
 95 
 
 ^r jhor. 
 
 ^ WtK jhor {R, TftTRT, ^ITTTTt), to 
 
 brush or wash, 
 afft^ jhol (E. «fc<K^ ; ^'^t), a cobweb. 
 
 *fiWr^ jlioljr (H. f^^)i an arbour, 
 a bower, 
 
 ^^Xr^ljfianrdhdy adj. {H. M^^\, "^iNr^), 
 perverse; cross; restive. 
 
 3r?iii?|- tartg^m (H. ^^^^), a clothes- 
 horse made of rope or bamboo : = 
 ^^9^^, q. V. 
 
 ^Z^'star^t ghnnt (H. ^TTr), prepara- 
 tion. 
 
 ^^^T tdrud {E. ift^ ^ITT), a small 
 canal. 
 
 Tn^-.-^ tik'ri ( E. w^ Tt2> ), a small loaf, 
 a roll. 
 
 E^^ tik (//. ^^pc^), a lock of hair on 
 the crown of the head. 
 
 ^<4c^i4i tuJcHuk (E. ^*i«*1" )} a fixed gaze, 
 a stare. 
 
 "^T^ tup' tup, adj. ( H. *nCT ^^T ), full. 
 
 ■^X ^PTT tmr tdpar {E. ^^^), an 
 orphan ; helpless. 
 
 ^ tu^ ( E. §n^)> ^ kind- of vessel with 
 a spout. 
 
 3^iim tek'nas ( E. irNrrw^, fffnc ^ttt ), 
 a mushroom, a toad-stool. 
 
 ^M'^miJf^ daVdahdel. 
 
 "z^ tlhhi '(IT. "^grtr), a sprout, shoot; 
 
 «(£f. ^kr ^^^), the flame of a 
 
 candle. 
 ^'^^TT ^eAVa ( E, ^^[^, ^ff^), an earthen 
 
 pot. 
 5fl*»«ri tok'niy a kind of wicker-work 
 
 bask'^;t used for covoring the eyes of 
 
 an oilman's o:s. 
 
 irtsTT tond, a piece of wood. 
 ^ «^ top ( i?. ^^ ), to sew. 
 
 ^r^i^^Tirr thaFmakdnd, adj. (E. ^^^^), 
 perplexed. 
 
 ^^•^r^^ thak'mur'ki, adj. {E. T^ wwr), 
 perplexed. 
 
 3W thas, adj. (E. ^^) , brittle = <^^ .<^^j ^ i . 
 
 f^S^mr^ thisudely adj, (E. ^m^^^), 
 
 ashamed. 
 
 ^^TTT thek'rd, a stick for stirring grain 
 while it is being pounded. 
 
 ^W^ t>hekud ( T^TT ), a kind of cake. 
 ^vi theghd, a kind of mud flight of steps. 
 ^gn^TT (jag'rd, a large flat dish made of 
 wood. 
 
 ^ ^f dark ( E. ^^^\ ), to bum. 
 
 ^TT dunddj adj, ( E. Mf^^l ), alone, single. 
 
 ^v{i^l«fl daphudnd, a sign of anger. 
 
 ^^r^TTP^ dab^dabdcl, adj. [E. TphTAr), 
 tearful.
 
 96 
 
 MAOADHl GBAMMAS- 
 
 ^fUT dubhhd. 
 
 ?[^ dah. 
 
 ^^ clubbhd {H. ^^ ^^^tXT), a large 
 
 cup. 
 ^MV^^ dahWhal, adj. [E. ^S^s^^ ^^)y 
 
 grain when nearly completely boiled 
 
 (lit. that which says '' dabh dahh 
 
 dahh"). 
 ^^fj^ dam'kd [H. ^ 5i^ ), high 
 
 land. 
 ^TT^-^ dani'm [H. ^K ^T ^TT), a tiger 
 
 whelp. 
 ^^KT damdrd ( ^. f^^^T ^*^T ), dried 
 
 cowdung; specially, cowdung picked up 
 
 dry in the jangal and not made into 
 
 cakes ( i^tK^l ) 
 T^r^X dah' jar, adj. ( E. ^H^ ), envious. 
 Tgf^ dori, a kind of fishing net. 
 rs^niTKldohh'rd {H. ^-^^t), a small ditch. 
 <g*l»^Hr« y i dhan\lhandnd, adj. ( E. M^^^y ), 
 
 astray. 
 ^ ii»<l'^<gl dhas'rdel, adj. [E. ^^"m"), 
 
 half -ripe, unripe (of fruit, or corn). 
 
 •^T^n? dlidiJLS ( E, ^TT %^ ) a toad, a 
 
 large frog. 
 f^^^T dhilud {E. f^'Wr), a cradle. 
 ^jj^j: dhur'dhur, adj. {E. *1«^) soft, 
 
 tender. 
 y ^^ c^Aws, to attack with the horns ( of 
 
 a homed animal ). 
 
 i^rr^f^ dhek\cds ( E. i^^f^ ), a sling. 
 
 s^Tipl- dhoni ( E. «rT^ ), u present of • 
 fruit, &c. 
 
 wiH'^ tag'hi ( E. m\^\ ), a tether ; a 
 
 hobble. 
 wf^T^r?; tdgia'i ( E. ^s), obstinacy. 
 
 cT^t tanigo ( H. *)i|<dT ), a little. 
 
 *fMT«l«f tapdwan ( ^. ^TT^ ) , wine. 
 
 «1<.»'^<^ tar'hatihi {E. "^^ ), the palm 
 of the hand. 
 
 rTT^T taregan (E. ht<NI11 ), stars. 
 cr% ^fl/e, arf«7. ( ^. i?t% ), below, down. 
 
 fd«i«<*l tit'ki ( E. ' V^wiT^ ), a spark, 
 
 scintillation = ^7T"n^. 
 fpNrsr t'lan ( jy. d4.*i<^ ), vegetables. 
 ^ <FK tir ( -ST. ^^^ ), to draw, drag. 
 
 «f|^*fi% tiletile, adv. ( E. TITBIT ), often, 
 
 frequently, 
 gg^ tutuhu {E. ^^•ili), a musical 
 
 instrument ; a kind of large hautboy. 
 
 ^■ ^r< tekhdr, the third ploughing of a 
 
 field. Cf . kWr:, f^j ^btt^. 
 ^^n: thethar, adj. ( jff. f^^T ), shameless. 
 ■^•^ dand ( £". ftfif^ ), anxiety. 
 
 ^'^ darech'i ( E. Tt^ fiai<.*l ), a email 
 window. 
 
 X^ dah, a ditch.
 
 mXgadhi vocabulary. 
 
 97 
 
 ^l^K dddar. 
 
 MX Til pataurd. 
 
 ^TXT dudar ( II. -<<«*r ), a crack, a 
 
 fissure. 
 
 f^TT^T din' gave ( H. f^ t^ ), before 
 sunset. 
 
 f^^rm dinaurd, wages for reaping. 
 
 f^'f^T^ dindidl ( H. ^ ^), violently. 
 
 ^fhfft" dini ( H. ^rz^ ), wages for reaping, 
 the act of reaping a crop. 
 
 ^1%^f dumnhij/dj adj. ( H. W^J ^qrgx ), 
 cunning, artful. 
 
 ^ ^ dus ( ^. ?i^ ^iiT^rr), to blame. 
 
 ■^^irv?TT dekhan'gar ( //. ^id-ij* ), beauti- 
 ful. 
 
 ^t^rnc dokhdr, the second ploughing of a 
 field. Cf. ^^rrT; :5^* ^^stt:^. 
 
 ^t?IT dogd, the thatching along the ridge 
 of a roof. 
 
 ?if JHT dogd ( H. ?\T^ % ^T^ ^ 'TT^ ) , the 
 
 second Journey of a bride to her 
 
 husband's house. 
 ^t^rnr dogdh ( H. ^'^ '^TT ), a cattle-shed. 
 y^TT dhandhaurd (H. ^^ ^T^ ), a 
 
 violent flame, a blaze. 
 ^TT^sTT dhar'khd ( E. «rreT ), a small shelf 
 
 or recess in a wall, 
 '^^f dhtiiyd ( //. ^1 ), smoke. 
 ^^ dhundhur ( H. -^^ ), twilight. 
 
 ^ dhur ( Zr. ^^ ), an ox, a bullock. 
 ^"M^ dhbk'H ( JJ. ^ ), a bag. 
 vfwr dhochhd, adj. ( ZT. <s<tct«( ), wicked. 
 TTTT «am (iZ^, iT^"^ ^ "^^jj niarud- 
 
 straw. 
 f^d«<|r?i nifrdl, adj. ( /f. ifKH I ), wanton, 
 'ft^ ?2ii;e ( H. ^irirr ), plaster, 
 snr W2^nw ( H. ^^^i^ ), a child, an infant. 
 ^^ net ho ( H. m^), a platter made of 
 
 straw or rags to support a water- jar 
 
 on a woman^s head. 
 
 ^tNt nochd {J[t^T^^^ ^ ), the per- 
 quisite of grain taken by the village 
 gorait out of each crop. 
 
 •rt^ uokh, adj. ( H. ^•tT^sit ), uncommon, 
 wonderful. 
 
 i fl^f.JK fion^gar, adj. (H. ^fsj^n), salt, 
 saline. 
 
 TT-^l d^ pachdthi, a religious ceremony 
 before transplanting seedlings. 
 
 ■q^^ pachaut, the left ox of a harrow. 
 
 TTZTt j^flfc'se, a(/i). (IT. g^^ ), quickly. 
 •qa^ path'rii) a kid. 
 
 Trf?i^ pa^i/a (E. wV^ ), an earthen jai-. 
 T?7^ pataurd (E. dl^lCl ), vegetables :
 
 98 
 
 MAGADHI OBAMMAB. 
 
 ■qftr^ patJiid. 
 
 "^K^^x phar^ kd. 
 
 "^^^B!^ pathid ( H. i^^), a basket. 
 
 TTiT pan, an aggregate numeral = 20 
 gandds. One ganda = 4. One J9a« there- 
 fore = 80. 
 
 M«l«4'<.r pan^chhandd, a man whose duty 
 it is to guard water. 
 
 ^"•ItiTt^T pan'sokhd ( H. i;^^^^ ), a 
 rainbow. 
 
 ■^ifiT^crr panihatdj boiled rice mixed with 
 water. 
 
 TTTJ^j par' gd ( R. ^t<\, K^i?f), the bound- 
 ary of a field. 
 
 THT^rl" par'Jho ( H. ^^ ), an example. 
 
 ■qT»? paranif the sprout of a palm-tree. 
 
 Tn^«f^ 2)ar\caiti or xnrtfifnT jmr'tcaitin, 
 
 a woman when engaged in a religious 
 
 ceremony. 
 
 ''^RiildT pariydtlidf the wooden frame- 
 work over a well on which the person 
 who draws water stands. 
 
 xpgr^ pas^ni {H. i^<H\ ) , a scraper, a 
 kind of hoe. 
 
 ■qr^T pdchary straw, &c., mixed with 
 earth for building. 
 
 "^^1 pdjd, a hurdle of grain. 
 
 TTSTT patarif the act of laying freshly cut 
 
 rice out in the field, either to dry or to 
 
 be softened by the dew. 
 
 ^^T^!^ pdlat ( H. ^J\T^ ), the act of 
 
 harrowing. 
 fww^ pichchhiil, adj. { H. f^W^^T ), 
 
 slippery. 
 Ttit pMhd ( E. TR^ ), a kind of boiled 
 
 puddiog made of sattu. 
 
 fWilwrrr piVpildhd ( H. ^^tT* ) , a 
 
 coward, 
 vf f pzr ( n. ^v^x ^ ^ ), a high bank 
 
 round a pond or tank. 
 ■«fN?|- ;jz>?i '(£". fWifl"), cleaned cotton 
 
 fit for spinning ; - ( Z?". Vl^ ^ d44l^ ), 
 
 smoking tobacco. Cf. ^cfj-. 
 
 5^»THT^ pule' thai, adj. (H. il^rrTT), 
 
 half-ripe. 
 ^tT^ putti {H. msic?t ), the spokes of a 
 
 spinning wheel. 
 ^tW purcncc^ the second ploughing of a 
 
 field. See ?rt^K, WIT, ^SKT. 
 ^i.-^f>r*jf pefhuu'?/a ( R. it^^bn), 
 
 sleeping on the face, with the belly 
 
 undernealL 
 TTTT ;:>«//'« ( il' ^fkm ^^ ), a castrated ox ; 
 
 a bullock. 
 
 Ml«Jl«ri pbthdni (^. TTcrnrr), the foot of 
 
 a bed. 
 ■^nTfl" l^auti ( H* M«iTl1 ), a kind of covered 
 
 basket. 
 H<»^ phar'kd, ' a pit for catching fish ; 
 
 * ( H. f^T<^ ), epilepsy.
 
 MAGADHI VOCABULABY. 
 
 99 
 
 phdran* 
 
 ^TTv^ bufru. 
 
 phuran (IT. xjfw^TTf ), the first 
 ploui^'-hing of a field. Cf. "^t^K, 'SX^, 
 
 ^[^ p/iuc/wh?, short hair, down. 
 
 ^t^p/ieti, pieces of dried cowdung. 
 
 %5r phen, adi\ ( II. f^ ), again. 
 
 v/ ^siphen ( H. ^^ifT ), to mix. 
 
 %X\ pherd, the right hand ox of a harrow. 
 
 Cf . ^TJI-KTTT, It^^f^TiTT, "qr^, '?^T^T. 
 qrteRT^ phbk'chd (H. Wt^fT ), a blister. 
 uTti.*! phoran, spices for seasoning food, 
 ^^r^ baturi, a Idnd of leg-ornament. 
 s(<^.^l batf/id {II. '^JW1 ), a wooden shoe. 
 ^•^Ki hadh^uuhd, one who guards a 
 
 field ( ^T^ ) ; a fjarda champttrc. 
 
 ^ fii ^ i ff ) hanhjdti, one who works in the 
 forest ( ^^ ). 
 
 ^^^TT hatnimr, the completion of the 
 transplanting of rice seedlings from the 
 nurseries to the fields ; "^mx ^^^TT ir^ 
 ' I have finished transplanting my rice- 
 seedlings.' Cf. ■^r^f^r^T. 
 
 (TT'T^ har'^hd ( E. ^ft^cf ), the rope for 
 drawing up the leather bucket of a 
 well. 
 
 irfx^lT baridr, adj. (5'. spH^^), high- 
 handed, powerful. 
 
 fCt-^n barducM ( ff. ^^^ ), a brush made 
 of pig's bristles (used by goldsmiths). 
 
 ^^i'^ bal'hi {H. ^r^> WT «PNr), a bundle 
 
 of fuel. 
 ^^ ball'./, an insect which infests grain 
 
 when first in the ear. 
 
 ^W^ bas'n? ( H. «»^«J1 ), a water-pot. 
 
 ■^^^^T Ids'phetd ( H. fTTzT) , a stick, a 
 cudgel. 
 
 •^f^ bdki, a disease which attacks the 
 leaves of trees ( especially the pepper- 
 tree ) and causes them to curl up and 
 wither. 
 
 ^V=f bddh ( //. TK ), the cultivated fields 
 immediately round a village. 
 
 fNrr bichchd ( II. ^\^ ), seed. 
 
 r^ ^T'-ft bich/iat'^n'/, the washing of a cloth 
 
 after it has had patterns printed on it. 
 fV^ bindd, a bundle of straw on the edge 
 
 of the well on which the bucket rests 
 
 w^hen it is being emptied of water. 
 fWrrl: bir^ird'!, vegetable seedlings. 
 «ri^<: liar ( H. f^^ ), a hole. 
 ^Ni^ bijhal ( //. ^^ s^T ), weevil-eaten. 
 ^\xt bin (H. ¥ai^, Tnn"rr), a kind of 
 
 food made of leaves and flour fried 
 
 in ghi. 
 
 ifhrt biro ( //. ^rr), medicine. 
 
 'fi>j«i bihaiiy seed-grain. 
 
 ^crr^ biU'rii ( H. w^^ ), an infant.
 
 100 
 
 MAaiDHI OBAUMAB. 
 
 ■^Ji beg. 
 
 "Itt beg ( H. '^^^m ), a frog. 
 %^ besy inter j. {H. ^'^T), all right ! 
 
 ^•nr "rVt*?)" baind pehdni, a sweetmeat or 
 cake distributed at a marriage or other 
 ceremony. 
 
 •^T baudhd, adj. {H. t^iT^ ), senseless; 
 an idiot. 
 
 *T^I»ai1^|..?i bhag'jdfm (II. ^^qVfr), a 
 firefly. 
 
 WT7^ bhag'icd [E. ^?iVt), a small cloth 
 worn between the legs. 
 
 'T^KI^T bhad'rdhd, adj. ( ff. ^\rn\i ) , un- 
 fortunate. 
 
 Wfpc WTT bhanar bhanar^ an cbscure sound, 
 a hum. 
 
 ^•J'^l bhan\sdy a kitchen, a cook-room. 
 VT^VT bhar'bhar, adj. ( E. t^^ ), wanting 
 
 in viscosity, not tenacious.. 
 ^inir^ bhdgal, adj. (E. ^<rr ^^T), broken, 
 ^lyr bhdrd ( H. ^#)"), a jar. 
 ^?T^ bhds ( E. ^T^ ), sense, knowledge. 
 
 f*T?KT bhithdrd {E. ^TTT^), a field 
 reserved for rati crops. 
 
 ^?It bbire or ^fl^ bhiru, adj. [E. •ioj^tft ), 
 near. 
 
 ^JfT ^IR: ^/i?/A'wr 6Aw/l'?<r ( H. ^<|^^ih t ), 
 a twinkling. 
 
 T^^TF^ marudel. 
 
 ^•#r ^'/iu^' (^. VT^), the earth, the 
 ground. 
 
 ^srr i/»1;a (iZ". '^^ ), parched grain. 
 ^^ ^'/iS'i/ii/r (JT. ^), hot ashes, 
 embers. 
 
 ^ bhir ( ZT. w^ ), a hole. 
 
 ^^%^ Md/t//a (ZT. wt^ "^t), a small 
 water-channel. 
 
 *?h!??: bhothar, adj. (E. ?rff^), blunt, 
 vt^'' bhori ( ^. ?i^rfft ), an error, a mis- 
 take. 
 ^T^i mi:iyd ( ^. t^^.cft^), a girl. 
 
 TT^^ mak'ri ( ^. ^rr^T % ^^ ^ ^^5^), 
 a piece of wood fastened in the post of 
 a well-lever ( ^rrsT ) to keep the latter 
 in its place. 
 
 i^i\r^ 7)mg^ni, adv. (-ET. ^^^), gratis; 
 gratuitously ; for nothing. 
 
 ;Rf^«TT mag^rd, a large kind of tile laid 
 along the ridge pole of a roof. 
 
 ??zrqx ma f par [H. irt^ ^t^), an 
 earthen pot for containing fire. 
 
 iT '^«^^*«»>l mafsat'kd (E. T^ITT TTTT), 
 
 rice-gruel. 
 
 ^ ^ mane inane, adv. (E. ^^T '^), 
 
 quietly. 
 ?r^;^rnJ^ marudel, adj. (E, ^TfTRRr), 
 
 withered.
 
 maqadhi vocabulabt. 
 
 101 
 
 ?rf%irr malhiyd. 
 
 ^ lamhh. 
 
 iTf%^T malhiyd (H. ^w^f%^), a small 
 cup for keeping oil. 
 
 ^TTT mat ( jff. ^Tf^ ), a girl. 
 lii^rsf majan ( H. ^f?§^T ) , the chairman 
 of a committee. 
 
 fifw\ majhd '{If. f^TRT % ^nn; ^ 
 ^RTf^), the angle in which the front 
 of a cart rests when supported on a 
 sipdicd ( the two crossed sticks used to 
 support a cart when the bullocks are 
 away): 'Aground-bait; food thrown 
 into water to attract fishes before fish- 
 ing: ^a plaster of powdered glass 
 applied to kite strings to enable them 
 to cut the string of a rival kite. 
 
 v/ f»<'^«<t>Tl mich'kdr ( S. ^^TT, m\hm\ ), 
 
 to rinse ; grind. 
 f^^^iT^ mljhdl (H. "^ir^ «^, extinguished. 
 (^<.^AI'^ mir'kutdh, adj. (H. ^^), 
 
 lean, thin. 
 ^•Tp^ muficdri, the iron ferule of an 
 
 oil-press. 
 
 ^•^•^K muWgary adj. ( 77. ^rr^TT^ ) , elo- 
 quent. 
 
 ^^•^< muh'chtir, paddy when partially 
 husked. 
 
 *rsi^ mejan (H, ^^nr ), mixture; ming- 
 ling. 
 
 ^l^TT ( mem^nd ), a kid. 
 
 «TTi^ m^hHd, the ox which when em- 
 ployed in treading out com stands 
 nearest the centre post (%^). Cf. 
 
 inn maiyd ( .ff. ?n), a mother. 
 
 ift^" mori ( H. iPb^if ), rice seedlings for 
 transplantation. 
 
 *n^ maugd ( H. M%K\ ), womanhood, 
 i^^ip^ mauni ( H. ff^ ) , a very small kind 
 of basket. 
 
 TXm rdwd ( H. nr ), syrup. 
 
 ^h[\ regd ( E. w^^^ ) , a boy. 
 
 t^ res ( H. ^TT ), envy ; jealousy. 
 
 ^T^TT^ lak'pak, adj. ( H. ^^Iw), elastic ; 
 viscid ; tenacious : = <^<»(^^ | 
 
 ^?r^ lag'ni, a general term for all the 
 
 apparatus of a wedding. 
 ^ijirnjfT^ laitgafphdt {H, %J5^rr), one 
 
 who has no food in his house and 
 
 dresses himself extravagantly; an 
 
 extravagant coxcomb. 
 
 W^^^Tpc lachhan'gar, adj. { E. ^^fr^^ ), 
 
 fortunate. 
 
 ^^7^ laj'kot ( E. ^Torr^ ), bashful. 
 ^^ laVlab, adj. (E.■^^^^^fi ^^ 
 ^^), an ignorant prater. 
 
 y ^'T lambh, to drive cattle into another 
 person's field.
 
 102 
 
 MAOADHI OBAMMAB. 
 
 ^rx»Tr lar^hd. 
 
 tj^»tj<5 sal' sal. 
 
 W^^ lar^hd { H. mcTI^ ^TTT ) , a thin 
 pole. 
 
 ^ITTTT lardJid, adj. {H. ^R^K), tenacious, 
 viscid = ^^^ 
 
 ^ <; I M»«ftN lah'kdw {H. WTRT), to 
 cause to blaze : henccy to incite, excite 
 (as a dog to bite a person ). 
 
 ^i?rr luggd ( F. ^fwr ), cloth generally ; 
 a cloth for wearing. 
 
 ^x-iT[X lu/gar, adj. {H. tj^^.^r^), in- 
 telligent ; witty. 
 
 ^7^ lur'lur, adj. ( H. ^^^T ), elastic ; 
 viscid ; tenacious : = ^W»xr^, tsKi^r. 
 
 ^'^r^ hih'chuh, adj. [H. '^'^^T^ ), varie- 
 gated, bright- coloured. 
 
 7^ lur ( H. W^x), wit; esjyecially clever- 
 ness and expertness in some particular 
 trade or art. 
 
 ^[^^^ lurukhurv, the doing a little work ; 
 acting lazily or half-heartedly. 
 
 ^<.»fi<.l^ led^guddh, a disease in which 
 the belly swells ( ? dropsy ) . 
 
 %^ ledd, the mud counterpoise of a 
 well-lever. 
 
 ^KT^ ^^<^o.^ ( H. ^%3T ) , plaster. 
 %^ leru ( H. -sf^m ) , a calf. 
 
 %Tr lewd ( E, ^^"S ^^ ), sowing in a 
 wet field. 
 
 ^1 hhu {H.xm)> blood. 
 
 ^ITT f^T lorhd bichchhd ( H. fa^^rr ) 
 gleaning. 
 
 ^f^ /ofi?a,*alump of kneaded clay, a clod 
 ^>?: lor ' ( m %^ ), tears ; ^ H. vjm- 
 T^J ^T ^#1^), a thin paste of floui 
 for preparing the sweetmeat oalled 
 mdlpud; ^{H. '^^ ^ ^^^w), ar 
 ear-ornament worn by men of thf 
 gowala caste. 
 
 ^T'^»-fT loh^rd, the first day of the chhath 
 festival. 
 
 ^^'^ff^T Ibhdriyd, one whose caste prevent! 
 his eating with another. 
 
 ^^ sanes ' ( //. v<r ), recognition ','^{E 
 ^T^7^ ); a complimentary present. 
 
 ?3W»^^ sani\{har, the wedge which holds 
 the three parts of a plough together. 
 
 ^^f^ samcith ( H. ^[^t), a pestle. 
 
 ^i?^T samaildy the two pegs of wood oi 
 metal at each end of a yoke. 
 
 ^Mi^\ mmaud {H.%-^ ^j ^:^)y th( 
 wooden p<3stle of a pounding-machine. 
 
 ^k: sar ( H. ^f ), a basket used for raisin f 
 water for irrigation. 
 
 ^•\^^ sai^'sur, adj. ( H. ^XT^^ ), equal. 
 
 ^W^^ sal' sal (H. ir^t ^W^T ), getting 
 fat.
 
 MAGADHI VOCABULARY. 
 
 103 
 
 "^f^^j^T adsihm. 
 
 ^^TT^^ hul'chulh. 
 
 §f^^hsr sdsihin, adj. ( E. ^^nr^TIT ), with- 
 out prosperity, unlucky. 
 
 fwr sikkd (H. fV^f^T), three or more 
 strings forming a kind of sling for 
 carrying anything, such as are used 
 by bahttgi'barddrs. 
 
 f^TTP^ sirdel, adj. {H. ^^^), cold. 
 
 f%^T^ straury a furrow : = ^rnr. 
 
 ^TETT sughar, adj. ( ^^n:, ^^ ), beautiful. 
 
 ^•l*^^ sun' gun {H. "qWT), a person's 
 address ; news about a person. 
 
 ^rr-.fi', sup'ri { H. ^fzm ), a small jar. 
 
 ^S^-^'^sur'khuru, adj. ( H. i^ ), influen- 
 tial. 
 
 ^^T?T sewdt, a furrow : = fgi^ I 
 ^rtsot . ( H. TTtrr), a spring of water ; 
 anything which oozes out naturally 
 
 without artificial pressure ; ^ {H. WNn), 
 perspiration. 
 
 ^l^'^TIi^ sojh'rdelf adj. disentangled ( of 
 string, &c.) 
 
 ^1^.^ soh'nd {H. ^j^r^nr ^ f^r^), 
 a goldsmith's tongs. 
 
 '^^•^^ hak'^baky adj. ( H. ^*^T^ ), 
 motionless. 
 
 ^^^T hathaildy an earthen vessel for 
 ladling the juice out of a sugar-press. 
 
 ^'ii^rr hat ha tidy one of the oxen of a 
 harrow; the one next the ^ g »<^P<>f T, 
 q. V. ; also v, ^H|.<^K5r, -q^^^"^, and ^rr. 
 
 '^^^r^ haVgab ( H-. wwt^ ), a precaution. 
 
 TTTST hardthd adj. { H. ^^ WT^rr ), 
 hard-working ; vigorous. 
 
 «^TT^ huVchuUi »(//. ^^r^TW ), ex- 
 peditious ; ' [H. ^^w ), fickle, restless. 
 
 Reg. No. 285«J -400-7-1.83.
 
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