P*N(f>R(lHJlrtfUO CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION FOR 1922 BULLETIN No. 93 iSSUBD EY mE CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU FERRY BUILDING - SAN FRANCISCO THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS Tf<2'l ^?3 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO LLOYD L. ROOT State Mineralogist San Francisco] BULLETIN No. 93 [September, 1923 CALIFORNIA MINERAL PRODUCTION FOR 1922 BY WALTER W. BRADLEY CALIFOnXIA STATE rUlNTI.NG OFFICE FRANK J. SMITH. Superintendent SACRAMENTO. 1923 28547 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA DAVIS CONTEiNTS. Faok LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 7 INTRODUCTION 9 Chapter I. SUMMARY OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA DURING THE YEAR OF 1922 11 Tabulation of the Mineral Production Showing Comparative Amounts AND Values— 1921 and 1922 13 Table Showing Comparative Mineral F>roduction of the Various Coun- ties IN California for 1921 and 1922 14 Total Production, 18S7-1922 15 Chapter II. FUELS (HYDROCARBONS)— Introductory 16 Coal 16 Natural Gas 17 Petroleum 24 METALS — Chapter HI. Introductory 41 Aluminum 42 Antimony 43 Arsenic 43 Bismuth 44 Cadmium 44 Cobalt 45 Copper 45 Gold 47 Iridium. (See Platinum.) Iron 50 Lead 51 Manganese 52 Molybdenum 54 Nickel 55 Osmium 55 Palladium 55 Platinum 55 Quicksilver 59 Silver 62 Tin 63 Tungsten 64 Vanadium 65 Zinc 66 Chapter IV. STRUCTURAL MATERIALS — Introductory 67 Asphalt 68 Bituminous Rock 68 Brick and Tile 69 Cement 72 Chromite 75 Granite 77 Lime • 79 Magnesite 80 Marble 85 Onyx and Travertine 87 Sandstone 87 Serpentine 88 Slate 89 Stone — Miscellaneous 89 Paving Blocks 92 Grinding-Mill Pebbles 93 Sand and Gravel 95 Crushed Rock 95, 96 91584 4 CONTENTS. Chapter V. INDUSTRIAL. MATERIALS — Page Introductory 99 Asbestos 100 Barytes 102 Clay — Pottery 103 Dolomite 106 Feldspar 107 Fluorspar 111 Fuller's Earth 111 Gems 113 Graphite 117 Gypsum 118 Infusorial and Diatomaceous Earths 120 Limestone 122 Lithia 123 Mica 124 Mineral Paint 126 Mineral Water 126 Phosphates 128 Pumice and VoLCAKfic Ash 129 Pyrites 129 Shale Oil 130 Silica — Sand and Quartz 130 Sillimanite 132 Soapstone and Talc 132 Strontium 138 Sulphur 139 SALINES — Chapter VI. Introductory 140 Borates 140 Calcium Chloride 142 Magnesium Salts 142 Nitrates 143 Potash 143 Salt 146 Soda 147 Chapter VII. MINERAL PRODUCTION OF CALIFORNIA BY COUNTIES — Introductory 149 Alameda 150 Alpine 150 Amador 150 Butte 151 Calaveras 151 Colusa 152 Contra Costa 152 Del Norte 153 El Dorado 153 Fresno 154 Glenn 154 Humboldt 154 Imperial 155 Inyo 155 Kern 156 Kings 157 Lake 157 Lassen 157 Los Angeles 158 Madera 158 Marin 159 Mariposa 159 Mendocino 160 Merced 160 Modoc 160 Mono 161 Monterey 161 Napa 162 Nevada 162 CONTENTS. 5 Page .MINERAL PRODL'CTION OF CALIFORNIA BY COUNTIES— Continued. Orange 163 Placer ~ ~~ ~_ 153 Plumas lg4 Rivkhside 154 Sacramento lg5 San Benito 165 San Bernardino 165 San Diego 166 San Francisco 167 San Joaquin 1G7 San Luis Obispo 167 San Mateo 168 Santa Barbara 168 Santa Clara 169 Santa Cruz 169 Shasta 169 Sierra 170 Siskiyou ^_ 170 Solano 171 Sonoma 171 Stanislaus 172 •Sutter 172 Tehama 172 Trinity 173 Tulare 173 Tuolumne 17-1 Vk.mtura 174 Yolo 174 Yuba 175 APPENDIX. ITBLICATIONS OF THE STATE MINING BUREAU 176 INDEX 184 C ' ILLUSTRATIONS. ILLUSTRATIONS. Fagb Map of California — Approximate Location of Oil Fields 33 Headframe and Timber Yard at the Empire Mine, Grass "Vai.ley, Nevada County 47 Plant No. 4 of Los Angeles Pressed Brick Company, at Ai.bbrhill, Riverside County 71 Reinforced Concrete Bridge Over American River at Polsom, Sacramento County, California 73 Chart of Cement Prices 74 Marble Columns (Monolithic), in Public Library, Stockton, California; Marble from Carrara Quarry, Amador County, California 86 Chart of Sand and Gravel Prices 91 Chart of Crushed Rock Prices 91 Temescal Quarry and Crushing Plant of Blue Diamond Material Company, Near Corona, Riverside County 95 Court House at Ventura, California. Architectural Terra Cotta from Gladding, McBean and Company, Lincoln, Placer County 104 Harvesting Salt at Plant of Monterey Bay Salt Company, Moss Landing, Monterey County 146 'Salt Cake' Deposit at Bertram Station in the Salton B.4.sin, Imperial County 148 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. September, 1923. 7 His Excellency, The Honorable Friend Wm, Richardson, Governor of the State of California. Sir : I bave the honor to herewith transmit Bulletin No. 93 of the State Mining Bureau, being the annual report of the statisties of the mineral production of California. The remarkable variety, total valuation, and wide distribution of many of our minerals revealed herein show California's importance as a producer of commercial minerals among the states of the Union. Respectfully submitted. Lloyd L. Root, State Mineralogist. LETTER OF INTRODUCTIOxN. Tt is tlie (Midccivor of tlu' staff of the State ]\Iiiiiii,u- liuceau. in these animal ri'i)orts (tf llic iniiicral industries of California. 1o so eoni])il(' the statistics of pi-odiict ion that they will be of actual use to iirodiicers and to those interested in tlic utilizatiou of the mineral products of our state, Avhile at the same time keeping- the individual's data confidential. In addition to the mere fi<>'ures of output, we have included descriptions of the uses and characteristics of many of the materials, as well as a brief mention of their occurrences. The compilation of accurate and dependable figures is an extremely ditiKcult undertaking, and the State Mineralogist takes the opportunity of here expressing his api)reeiation of the cooperation of the jiroducers in nuiking this woi'k possible. A fuller appreciation of the value of early responses to the I'eque.sts sent out in January will result in eai-lier completion of the manuscript. Statistics lose much of their value if their pid)lication is uiniecessarily delayed. Some of the data relative to properties a]id uses of many of the minerals herein described are repeated from preceding reports, as it is intended that this annual statistical bulletin shall be somewhat of a compendium of information on California's commercial minerals and their utilization. Lloyd L. Root, State Mineralogist. MINERAL INDUSTRY, CALIFORNIA, 1922. DATA COMPILED FROM DIRECT RETURNS FROM PRO- DUCERS IN ANSWER TO INQUIRIES SENT OUT BY THE CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU, FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. CHAPTER ONE. The total value of the mineral output of California for the year 1922 was $245,183,826 being a decrease of $22,973,646 from the 1923 total of $268,157,472. There were fifty-three different mineral sub- stances, exclusive of a segregation of the various stones grouped under gems; and all of the fifty-eight counties of the state contributed to the list. As revealed by the data following, herein, the salient features of 1922 compared with the preceding year, were : The continued increase in petroleum yield, although of lower prices per barrel ; increases in copper, lead, natural gas, brick and tile, and crushed rock; and decreases in gold, silver, cement, and petroleum values. The net result was a decrease in the grand total of all groups of nearly twenty-three million dollars, as stated above. Petroleum accounted for a decrease of $29,756,960 in total value, although there was an increase in quan- tity of approximately 26,000,000 barrels. Of the metals: copper increased from 12,088,053 pounds worth $1,559,358 to 22,883,987 pounds worth $3,090,582 ; lead, from 1,149,051 pounds and $51,707 to 6,511,280 pounds and $358,120 ; zinc, quicksilver, platinum, and iron ore also showed increases. Gold decreased from $15,704,822 to $14,670,346, in spite of which in 1922 California accounted for approximately 30% of the gold output of the United States. Of the structural group : brick and tile increased in value from $5,570,875 to $7,994,991; miscellaneous stone (comprising crushed rock, sand and gravel, paving blocks) from $7,834,640 to $10,377,783 ; magnesite, lime, marble, and onyx also increasing; cement although increasing from 7,404,221 barrels to 8.962,135 barrels in output, decreased from $18,072,120 to $16,524,056 in value. Slate again joined the active list with a small yield. In the 'industrial' group, there were a number of fluctuations, the more important increases being shown by mineral water, pottery clay, gypsum, and pyrites; and decreases by diatomaceous earth, and lime- stone. Two new items were added in 1922 to this list, not previously produced commercially in California, namely: shale oil and sillimanite. In the saline group, potash and soda increased, with borates, mag- nesium salts, salt, and calcium chloride, decreasing. The figures of th(! State Mining Bureau are made up from reports received direct from the producers of the various minerals. Care is 12 MINERAL INDURTRY OF CALIFORNIA. ex(M"eiso(l in avoidin": (luplicatioii, and any error is likely to be on the side of under- rather tlian over-estimation. California yields commercially a greater number aiui variety of mineral products than any state in the United States, and probably more than any other equal area elsewhere of the earth. The total annual \alue of her outjiut is surpassed by not more than four or five others, and those usually the ji-reat coal states of east of the Mississippi. Of one item, at least, borax, California has long been the sole pro- ducer ; and for many years was also the sole domestic source of t'hromite and majiiiesite. We lead all other states in the production of <>:old, (piicksilver, and platinum; and have alternated in the lead with Colorado in tunusten, and with Oklahoma in petroleum. The following- table shows the comparative yield of mineral sub- stances of California for 1921 and 1922, as compiled from the returns received at the State Mining Bureau, San Francisco, in answer to inquiries sent to producers : STATISTICS OF ANMAI. I'KODl-CTION. 13 Substance Iftn 1922 Amount Asbestos Barytes — Bituminous rock 1 Borates j Calcium chloride ] Cement. Brick and tile. Chromite Clay (pottery) Coal Copper noloniite Feldspar - Fullers' earth Gems ] Gold ! Granite Graphite — . Gypsum -— j Infusorial and diato- maceous earths ._--' Iron ore i Lead ' Lime ' Limestone ; Lithia Magnesite ' Mag-nesium salts j Manganese ore ! Marble Mineral paint Mineral water Natural gas Onyx Petroleum Platinum Potash Punu'cj and volcanic ash - - Pyrites Quicksilver Salt Sandstone Shale oil Silica (sand and quartz) Sillimanite Silver Slate Soapstone and talc. Soda Stone, miscellaneous'' Zinc - Unapportioned 410 tons 901 tons 8,298 tons 50,1.?6 tons dS3 tons 7,404,221 bbls. 3t7 tons 225,120 tons 12,-J67 tons 12,0e8,0.J3 lbs. 31,195 tons 4,a49 tons 1,185 tons 37,412 tons 1.970 tons 1,149,051 lbs. 463,531 bbls. 75.921 tons b 47,837 tons 4,1."3 tons 1,005 tons .'?0,232 cu. ft. 446 tons 3,440,278 gals. 67,043,797 M. en. ft. 2,.t€9 cu. ft. 112,599.860 bbls. 613 fine oz. 14,806 tons 40S tons 110,025 tons 3,1.57 flasks 19T,9«) toas 10,150 cu. ft. Value $19,275 4,809 43,192 1,096,326 22,980 18,072,120 5,570,875 6,870 362,172 63,578 1,550,358 99,155 28,343 8,295 10,954 15,704,822 725,901 b 78,875 12,030 51,707 610,619 305,912 b 511,102 106,140 12,210 98,395 4,748 367,47fi 4,704,678 1,291 203,1.38,225 58,7.54 390,210 6,310 473,735 140,666 832,702 2,112 Amount Value 10,.569 tons 49,179 50 tons 3,370 tons 4,624 tons "39,087 tons c 8,962,135 bbls. 379 tons 277,2;?2 tons 27,020 tons 22,883,9s7 lbs. 52,409 toas 4,587 tons 6,608 tons 47,084 tons 3,588 tons 6,511,-280 lbs. 578,748 bbls. 84,382 tons c 55,637 tons 3,0.3(5 tons 540 tons 38,.?21 cu. ft. 1,020 tons 4,276,.346 gals. 103,628,027 M. cu. ft. 10,9.-)() cu. ft. 1.38,468,222 bbls. 795 line oz. 17,776 tons 613 tons 151,381 tons .3,460 flasks 223,238 tons 900 cu. ft. 9,874 tons Increase T ' Decrease — Value $1,800 18,925 13,570 1,068,025 c 16,524.056 7,994,991 6,334 473,184 135,100 3,090,582 114,911 37,109 48,756 1.312 14,670,346 676,643 c 188,336 c 18,888 a58,120 671,747 282,181 c 504,665 89,788 7,6.'50 127,792 1.3,277 486,424 6,i-90,030 3,320 173,381,265 90,288 584,388 4,248 .570,425 191,S.'n gl9,lS7 1,100 31,016 8,'752 tons 14,828 tons M6,184 lbs. 130,078 438,996 7,834,640 42,309 •'726,122 13,378 tons 20.084 tons 3,031,430 lbs. Total values I 5268,157,472 Net decrease 3,629,223 3,100.065 1S7-,186 573,661 10,377,783 172,963 '380,.558 .'^245,183,826 $17.475 — 14,1164- 29,622 — 28,301— c «_ 1,548,064— 2,424,116-^ 536— 111,012+ 71,522 b 1,531 ,224 T- 15,7i;at- 8,766-f- 40,461-1- 9,642— 1,034,476— 49,258— •= + 109,461 4- 6,838 -i- 303,413 H- 61,128-1- 23,731— C 83,.-)63-!- 16,.352— 4,.')60— 29.397-)- 8,529 (- 118,948-i- 2,285,352+ 2,026+ 29,753,960— .31 ,.534 + 194,178+ 2,()62— 96,690+ 51,1S') + 13,.->1.5— 1,012- + 18,163- = + 529,158- C _i_ 67,108+ 134,605 + 2,543.143+ 130,654 + 34.5,564- $ffi,973,646— ■Recalculated to 40% 'anhydrous boric acid' equivalent. ''Unapportion?d— includes graphite, diatomaceous earth, and lithia. •■Unapportioned— includes calcium chloride, graphite, diatomaceous earth, lithia, shale oil. sillimanite, and slate. •'Includes macadam, ballast, rubble, riprap, paving blocks, sand, gravel, and grinding-mill pebbles. 14 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. The following table shows the comparative value of the mineral production of the various counties in the state, for the years 1921 and 1922: County 1921 1922 Alameda $1,353,690 12,041,434 Alpine 925 2.800 Amador 2,368,464 2,479,063 Butte 6^,830 1,525,201 80,438 720,625 1,502,883 75,934 Calaveras - .. Colusa Contra Costa ._ 1,622,732 2,397,312 Del Norte ._ 6,029 6,261 El Dorado 112,756 184,525 FtesDo . 19,498,503 103,197 10,853,4.33 9i,;ao Glenn Humboldt -.. 138,597 125,613 Imperial 182,818 188,739 Inyo 1,460,218 100,840,933 2,137,681 68,651,002 Kern Kings 5,722 6,80« Lake 174.389 48,289 Lassen 83,485 27,327 Los Angeles 31,704.941 62,751.671 467,667 476,264 Marin 318.776 403,099 342,601 226,832 Mendocino 44,722 20,526 33,550 157,579 Modoc __ 36,650 56.876 16.018 Mono 86,863 Monterey 170,155 25.3,319 195,239 312,270 Nevada 2,641,081 2,966.005 47,499,030 38,928.087 Placer 4 9 070 1,798,461 405,975 3.314. '98 Riverside -- 4,883,898 3,243,917 2,394,894 2,189,562 .San Benito . .„ 1,386,093 1,794,248 9,375,W0 8,547.900 San Diego 501,393 656.807 41,562 65,409 San Joaquin 474.378 473.395 129,791 257,092 141,470 San Mateo 243,984 10,190.929 4,613,3-8 Santa Clara 750.708 894.036 4.080,885 3,608.805 Shasta „ 841, 2«2 1.513,591 620.361 93,147 3,030,193 1,770,626 Siskiyou 101.463 3,108.114 Sonoma 175.551 221,911 236,207 452.187 Sutter _ 54 97 30,820 9.388 Trinity .. .. ... 456.882 552,234 197.937 Tulare 371.845 Tuolumne . 554.483 6,245.269 14.829 764.938 5,837.078 Yolo 13.4.31 4,&12.266 2.588,316 $268,157,472 $245,183,826 STATISTICS OF ANNUAIj PRODUCTION. 15 Total Mineral Production of California, by Years. The following tabulation gives the total value of mineral production of California by years since 1887, in which year compilation of such (lata by the State Alining Bureau began. At the side of these figures the writer has placed the values of the most important metal and non- metal items — gold and petroleum. In the same i>eriod copper made an important growth beginning with 1897 following the entry of the Shasta County mines, and more recently Plumas County. Cement increased rapidly from 1902, while cruslied rock, sand and gravel as a group parallels the cement increase. Quicksilver has been up and down. Mineral water and salt have always been important items, but the values fluctuate. Borax has increased materially since 1896. War-time increases, 1915-1918, were shown ]\v chromite, copper, lead, magnesite, manganese, silver, tungsten and zinc. INIost of these, except silver, have since declined ; with structural materials and copper increasing in 1920-1922. Total Mineral Production of California by Years, Since 1887. Year Total value of I all iiiiuerals Gold, value 1887 $19,785,868 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 18D3 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 li;04 1905 1906 1907 1908 lfK)9 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Totals. 19,469,320 16,681,731 18,039,666 18,872,413 18,300,168 18,811,261 20,203,294 22,844,663 24,291,398 25,142,441 27,289,079 29,318,460 32,622,945 34,355.981 35,069,105 37,759,040 43,778,348 43,069,227 46,776,085 55,697,949 66,363,198 82,972,209 88,419,079 87,497,879 88,972,385 98,(>44,639 93,314,773 96,663,369 127,901,610 161,202,962 199,753.837 195,830,002 242.099,667 268,157.472 245,183,826 $2,751,150,349 $13,588,614 12^50,000 11,212,913 12,309,793 12,728,869 12,571,900 12,422,811 13,923,281 15,334,317 17,181,562 15,871,401 15,906,478 15,336,031 1 5,863,355 16,989,044 16,910,320 16,471,264 19,109,600 19,197,043 18,732,452 16,727,928 18,761,559 20,237,870 19,715,440 19,738,908 19,713,478 20,406,958 20,653,496 22,442,296 21,410,741 20,087,504 16,529,162 16,695,955 14,311.013 15.704,822 14,670,346 Petroleum, value $1,357,144 1,380,666 368,048 384,200 401,264 561,333 608,092 1,064.521 1.000,235 1.180,793 1,918.269 2.376,420 2.660,793 4,152,928 2,961.102 4,692,189 7,313.271 8.317,809 9,007.820 9.238,020 16,783,943 26,566,181 32,398,187 37,689,542 40,552,088 41,868,344 48,578,014 47,487,109 43,503.837 57.421,334 86,976.209 127.459.221 142.610.563 178.394.937 203.138,225 173,381,265 $602,218,554 $1,365,753,916 IG .MIXKKAI, 1X1)1 STUV OF CAl.ll'OUXIA. CHAPTER TWO. FUELS. Amonp: the most important mineral products of California are its fuels. This subdivision includes coal, natural j;as, and petroleum, the combined values of which made up nearly 7o^ of the state's entire mineral output for the year 1922. There are deposits of peat known in several localities in California, small amounts of which are used as a fertilizer, and in stock-food pi-eparations, but none iuis as yet been recorded as utilized for fuel. Comparison of values during- 1921 and 1922 is sliown in tiie follow- ing table : 1921 1922 Increase+ Decrea."'.'— Value Amount Value Amount Value Coal 12,467 ton.« Natural gas 67,04.3,797 M. ni. ft. Petroleum ' 112,599.860 bbls. $63,578 4,704,678 203,138,225 27,020 tons 103,628,027 M. cu. It. 138,468,222 bbls. $135,100 6,990,030 173,381,265 $71, .522 + 2,281,352 + 29,756,960- $207,906,481 $180,506,395 $27,400,086 - • COAL. Jiihiiogntphij: State Mineralopi.st Reports VTI, XIT. XIII, XIV, XV, XVII, XVIII, pp. 152-157. U. S. G. 8., Bulletins 285. 316, 431. 471. 5S1 ; An. Rep. 22, Pt. 111. Coal has been producetl in California since as early as 1860. and until the develo])ment of crude oil was an important factor in the mineral industry of the state. As most of it is lignite, the quality is gcMierally poor as comparetl with other coals on the Pacific Coast markets. How- ever, in competition with fuel oil, coal of all jrrades has had to take sec- ond place. Besides the counties noted below as showing a commercial production last year, workable l)odies of coal are also known in several others, including Alametla, Amador, Contra Costa, ^Mendocino, Shasta and Siskiyou. Some coal has also been produced, in the pa.st, in Fresno and Orange counties. Development work is at present being: done on a body of coking coal near Dos Rios in Mendocino County. During 1922, i)roduction was reported from .Monterey and l\i\erside counties totaling 27,020 tons, valued at $135,100. The increase is due to the reopening of tlie Stone Canyon "SUnc in ^Monterey County, wliieh was ojierated up to August 1st when it was shut down. The Kiver- side County ont]nit Avas utilized only for local purposes at tlie mine. Total Coal Production of California. The very c()nsideral)le ontjiut of coal in the years previous to 1883 was almost entirely from the Blount Dial)lo district. Contra Costa County. Later, the Tesla .Mine in Corral Hollow. Alameda County, was an important producer for a few years. The following; tabulation gives the annual tonnages and values, according to available records: ST.VTISTICS Ol' AN'MAl, I'K(>I>I ■("ri()X. Coal Output and Value by Years. ' Tear Tons Value Tear Tons Value 1861 6.620 23,400 43,200 50,700 60,530 84.020 124.690 143,676 157,234 141.890 152.493 190,869 186,611 215.352 166,638 128,049 107,789 134,237 147,879 236,950 140.000 112.592 76,162 77.485 71,615 100.000 50.000 95,000 121,280 110,711 1 9,3.301 85,178 $38,065 134.550 248,400 291.525 348,048 483,115 716,9e,S 826,137 904,096 815,868 876,835 1.097.439 1.073,013 1,238,274 958,169 736.282 619,787 771,863 850,304 1,362,463 805.000 647,404 380.810 309,950 286,460 300,000 150,000 380,000 288,232 283,019 1 2(i4.9i12 E09.711 1893 72,603 59,887 79.858 70.649 87.449 143.045 160,941 176,956 150.724 88.460 93.026 , 79.062 46,500 24,850 23,734 18,496 49,389 11.033 11,047 14.484 25.198 11.859 10,299 4,037 3,527 6,343 2,983 2,078 12,467 27,020 $167,555 1862 1894 139,862 1863 1895 193,790 1864 - 1896 1897 1898 161,335 1865 1866 196,255 337.475 1867 1899 420,109 1868 1900 535,531 1869 1901 401,772 1870 1902 . 248.622 1871 1903 -- 265,383 1872 1904 376,494 1873 1905 144,500 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 - ... 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 61,600 55,849 55,503 216.913 23,484 1879 1880 18.297 39,092 1881 1882 1883 1913 1914 1915 85.809 28,806 26,662 1884 1885 1886 1887 1916 1917 1918 1919 - -- . . 7,030 7,691 16,149 8,203 1888 1920 5,450 1889 1921 63,578 1890 1922 Totals 135,100 1892 5.204,145 \ $23,080,588 The tonnages in the above table for the years 1861-1886 (incl.) are taken from the U. S. Geological Survey, "Mineral Resources of the U. S.. 1910," p. 107. ITie values assigned for the years previous to 1883 are those given by W. A. Goodyear (Mineral Res., 1885. pp. 93-94). being an average of $5.75 per ton. From 1887 to date the figures are those of the California State Mining Bureau. NATURAL GAS. BibUo(jr3S Angeles by a cliange of the present standartl for domestic service. This 'luestion is discussed later with estimates of probable retiuirements. "Pipe Line and Compressor Plant Facilities. "In most cases the availability of gas to local markets is a question of pipe line and compressor plant facilities. ' A brief description of the principal gas transmis- sion lints and compressor plants is set forth in the following paragraphs: "MIDWAY FIELD. "Midway Gas Company has constructed a very comprehensive system of gathering lines in the field, which "delivers high pressure gas to its Bakersfleld lines and low pressure gas to its large compressor plant which raises the pressure to 400 pounds for transmission to Los Angeles. From Standard Oil Company's Elk Hills leases, Midway Gas Company has laid an S-inch line and also a 10-inch line for delivering thf large volume of gas produced there to Elk Hills Junction for transmission to HaktTstield. or to the Midway field and Los Angeles : and through a 6-inch line to the McNee compressor plant, where the gas enters the main gathering line system. An S-inch line about 12 miles in length, running nerthward from the Hay lease, has been laid to suppl>- the Buttonwillow plant of San Joaquin Light and Power Company. "The Bakersfield transmission line may be considered as starting at a point known as Elk Hills Junction, four miles south of the Hay lease. From this point there has been laid seven miles of 8-inch line, to which is connected ISJ miles of in-inch welded line extending to a point about three miles northwest of Bakersfield. l'>om this latter point the line is continued with 12-inch pipe a distance of about 2J miles, and further extensions of 6-inch and 8-inch lines serve the Kern River oil fii'lds with industrial gas. Paralleling the 10-inch welded line is the old 6-inch line originally installed by the California Natural Gas Company. The combined capacity of the two lines is about 24.000 Mcf. at .'2.50 pounds pressure ; the previous lines to Bakersfield had a capacity of only 10,000 Mcf. "From the Midway compressor plant there extends 110 miles of 12-inch line to Glendale for supplying Los Angeles. For a distance of thirty miles at each end of the line there has been laid a second parallel loop of 12-inch welded pipe which increases the delivery capacity to the former line about 8000 Mcf. daily. The combined lines now have an average intake capacity of 3.5,000 Mcf. and delivery of about 31,000 Mcf. at Glendale with small sales along the line. The Midway com- pressor plant consists of four lOOO horsepower Cooper twin tandem gas engines direct connected to compressor cylinders and three similar single units of 500 horse- power each." • **•*«* "An elaborate system of lines covers the Midway field where much gas is sold for oil well operations. Midway Gas Company furnishes gas in wholesale to West Side Natural Gas Company for use in Taft. Maricopa and Fellows. Other wholesale iiit';:surements are made to the Bakersfield Steam Plant of San Joatiuin Light and Power Corporation and also the Buttonwillow plant. The line supplying this runs directly north from the Elk Hills field. Little industrial load is obtained on the Bakersfield transmission line between the Midway fields and the town of Bakers- field due to the nature of the country traversed." • *«**** "COYOTE HILLS LINE. "The original line from the Coyote Hills field was completed about the first of 1916, V)eing an 8-inch welded line fourteen miles in length, delivering gas to Lynwood Meter Station south of Los .-Angeles City. This line operating at a 2.50 pounds pres- sure has a maximum capacity of about 14,000 Mcf. Because of the large quantity of gas produced at Coyote Hills in 1917 and 1918, a second 8-inch line was laid at that time, paralleling the first line for half the distance from the field and then branching northward and terminating at Vernon to deliver additional gas to Los Angeles. This second line is now connected with the Midway compressor plant at Santa Fe Springs, which has a capacity of about 6000 Mcf. At Coyote Hills Standard Oil Company has installed compressor plants of about 33,500 Mcf. capacity." ******* •• * * * These lines are now so interconnected that gas may be transported from one district to another to satisfy load requirements and to "permit the most advantageous utilization of tlie gas. This arrangement is of special advantage during winter periods of heavy gas demand. At the present time over 12,000 Mcf. of gas is delivered via several lines from Richfield to Coyote Hills and thence to Los Angeles." ******* "Extending northwesterly from Coyote Hills, Southern Counties Gas Company has built a 4-inch line taking gas from that source to its Whittier and Montebello dis- trict, and further continuance of this line has been made to Monrovia. Recently a new 8 and 10-inch line has been laid by Southern Counties Gas Company from La Habra to Montebello. This line is tied in to the Company's Santa Fe Springs system and because of its many interconnections, makes a very flexible operating system. With the development of gas in the Montebello field, a new Monrovia line was built, as well as a 6-inch line for delivering surplus gas to Southern California Gas Com- pany at Laguna. Compressor plant equipment in this field is 15,000 Mcf. on Standard Oil Company leases. "The Orange County districts of Southern Counties Gas Company were first served through a 6-inch line from Coyote Hills extending to Anaheim and Santa Ana with branch lines to adjacent towns, including a long extension to Newport Beach. 20 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. 'BREA-POMONA LINE. "This is an 8-inch line about 12 miles in lengtli wliich takes its supply from Southern Counties Gas Company's compressor plant at Brea (gas being obtained from tlie local field and Rielifield). Tlie capacity of tliis plant is 5000 Mcf. From Pomona gas is delivered to immediately adjacent towns and furtlier westward as far as Covina and Azusa. Since the latter part of 1919 gas has also been furnished to the Chino-Colton line of Southern California Gas Company. "RICHFIELD LINES. "Upon the development of large quantities of gas in this district Southern Counties Gas Company connected this field with its Orange county lines from Coyote Hills. Later the Industrial Fuel Supply Company entered the field and built a compressor plant, which now has a capacity of 13,000 Mcf.. and laid an 8-inch welded line to the City of Long Beach, a distance of approximately 22 miles. This line transmits gas for L'nion Oil Company's refint ry at Wilmington, and provides a material portion of the supply to Long Beach, Wilmington and San Pedro. Standard Oil Company has constructed, upon its Kraemer lease, a plant of 13,000 Mcf. delivering gas to Industrial P^iel Supply Company and for \'arious purposes about the lease. In order to promote the better utilization of gas produced in the Richfield District, Industrial Fuel Supply Comriany has recently laid a 10-inch line connecting its plant with tlie two lines of Midway Gas Company at Coyote Hills, and at present daily deliveries over this line amount to about 12, GOO Mcf. Southern Counties Gas Company has also connected it.s Brea Station with its 4-inch line to Whittier. By arrangement of lines it is possible, within certain limits, to make available gas from any of the fields to any of the districts served, provided pressures are adequate. "SANTA FE SPRINGS LINE. "Midway Gas Company has constructed twelve miles of 16-inch welded line to deliver gas from the Santa Fe Springs field direct to the gas works of Southern California Gas Company. This is one of the bi,ggest steps recently taken for materially increasing the cuiantity of natural gas available to Los Angeles City. LTnder relatively low pressures this line has a capacitj' of 2."), 000 Mcf. Its full operation will depend very largely upon the installation of field compressor plants for gathering low pressure gas from the various leases, or the development of more high pressure dry gas in the Santa Fe Springs field. Standard Oil Company is now constructing a compressor plant of 6000 Mcf. to SOOO Mcf. capacit.v. "LONG BEACH LINES. "Southern California Gas Company has for a long time operated an 8-inch line fi-om its gas generating plant in Los Angeles to Long Beach, this line first furnish- ing artificial gas. Due to recent developments in the Long Beach oil field Southern Counties Gas Company is now able to meet all requirements of the Long Beach district for that source, so this S-inch line is now principally used for delivering gas northward to Los Angeles from the Lynwood and Vernon Meter Stations. Midway Gas Company has iust completed a 4 -unit compressor plant at Long Beach for delivering gas to the General Pipe Line Company's Cherry Pump Station. The surnlus above the General Fine Line Company's requirements is delivered to Soutliern California Company's S-inch line at Compton. A connection between this line and the Hedondo line has recently been made, thereby permitting the delivery of gas from Long Beach oil field to Torrance and Redondo Beach. "Industrial Fuel Supply Company is now installing a 12-inch unit compres.sor plant in the Long Beach oil field for taking low pressure gas from leases of Shell Company and others for delivery to Southern Coimties Gas Company's Long Beach district. At present there is considerable sale of giis for oil field purposes. "REDONDO LINE. "The Redondo line is a 12-inch line ciperated b.v Southern California (!as Company. An 8-inch line brandies off to the south furnishing large amounts of gas for indus- trial purposes in Torrance. I-^om Redondo Beach the line has l)een extended northerly to Playa Del Rey for delivering gas to the Santa Monica Bay district of Southern Counties Gas Company. This district is nominally served with mixed gas and in order to provide this service a mixed gas line has been laid from Southern California Gas Company's holder at Slauson and Western Avenue to El Segundo. "HUNTINGTON BEACH LINE. "At Huntington Beach is an S-inch line laid by Murphy-Dillon Company at the outset of active drilling operations in the Huntington Beach oil field. Much disap- pointment was experienced in regard to this line as very little gas was developed by the early drilling at Huntington Beach, and the line was used to take gas into the field rather than out of it. Present indications point to large gas production and it is expected that this line will soon gecome operative for delivering gas to other districts to the north. Standard Oil Company is now operating a private line out of this field and also maintains a compressor station of 12-units, delivering over 10,000 Mcf. for use upon its own properties. "COLTON-CHINO LINE. "The Colton-Chinu line is an S-inch line twenty-two miles in length laid by Southern California Gas Company in 1919 for supplying natural gas to its Sail Bernardino Valley division. Gas is purchased at Chino from Southern Counties Gas Company, this being surplus above the requirements of its Pomona district. The demand for gas in the San Bernardino district is now about 3000 Mcf. with a STATISTICS OF AX MA I. I'KOnrCTION. 21 possible peak of 4000 Mcf. During tlio winter perifnl Soiitliern roiinties Gas Com- pany has not a sufficient supply availai>li-. Kroni ("olton, whicli is the central distributing point. Southern California Gas Company has laid 0-inch lines to River- side and San Bernardino and a 4-incli line to Redlands. A 4-inch line also taps the Chino-Colton line to supply Corona. All of these transmission mains arc fully adequate to meet their local demands. Any inadequacy results from inability of Southern Counties Gas Company to supply present demands, which are materially in excess of sales contracted for between the two companies. "SAWTELLE LINE. "The Sawtelle line is really a part of tlif Los Angeles Cit>- district system and is a 6-inch mixed gas line from Soutliern California Gas Company's gas plant to Sawtelle. and provides the principal supply of the Santa Monica Bay district. This line has now become inadecjuaie malcing ntcessary further delivery at El Segundo, as above referred to. Plans now being prei)ared contemplate the replacement of a portion of this line this year with a 16-inch line through I-.OS Angeles City. "LOS ANGELES CITY DISTRICT TRUNK LINES. "Because of the extremdN- lajiid growth of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent towns, all companies have had great difficulty in rendering proper service. In order to meet tlie demands the Los Angeit-.s Gas Company has recently completed the installation of 16-incli welded lines to Hollywood, Pasadena, Alliambra and the southern part of the city. These new lines permit the transmission of much greater volume of gas than previously possible and a much lower pressure. Southern Cali- fornia Gas Company has laid 8-inch lines from its Western Avenue holder to furnish mixed gas to Santa Monica, and has also constructed lines connecting its system with Long Beach oil field. Additional compressors and holders discussed later have been added to the plants. The following is a summary of gas available to Los Angeles City. "Summary of Natural Gas Available to Los Angeles City. "By Midway (Jas Company : Mcf. Froni Midway field through Glendale 3L0O0 From Coyote Hills-Soutliern Counties Gas Co 2,500 From Richfield, through Coyote Hills-Industrial Puel Supply Companv 12,500 From Santa Fe Springs* 25,500 From Long Beach through Compton 10,000 "By Southern California Gas Company : From Salt Lake fields 1.250 Total natural gas delivered to Ix)s Angeles City , 82,750 ♦Does not include oil field and Fullerton line deliveries amounting to about 9500 Mcf. "At present this gas is being distributed about equally between Southern California Gas Company and Los Angeles Gas Company." "General Summary and Conclusions. "This Report may be most readily summed up by recapitulation of the principal divisions of the discussion and short comments in regard to each. It has been the desire to study as ful'y as possible the matter- of natural gas production and utilization in the various oil fields and to give this subject special attention, as at the present time total gas production and wastage have increased to immense pro- portions and are attracting much public interest. "NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION. "Estimated total gas production in the oil fields of this state now amounts to approximately 540,000 Mcf. per day, of which amount about 100,000 Mcf. is used b,v the producer, 200,000 Mcf. is sold to distributing companies, and the balance of 240.000 Mcf. is being wasted. This wastage is equivalent to 45.000 barrels of oil per day and of this amoimt 70 per cent is in the Long Beach field. An immense quantity of gas amounting to about 2.'?0.000 Mcf. is produced in Long Beach field at the present time. However, upon completion of drilling in the productive gas area it appears reasonable to believe there will be a raoid decline in the total gas pro- duction of the field, and within a year and a half it is quite possible that only 30,000 Mcf. to 40,000 Mcf. will then be available to distributing companies. The Santa Fe Springs field appears to be offering somewhat better potentialities for continued gas production in large commercial (luantities as there has bt-en found a verv productive high pressure gas formation. Present developments at Huntington Beach point to greatly increased gas production there within the very near future, and if possible an attempt should be made to formulate measures for minimizing gas wastage there. The other fields described are on a settled production basis and are declining at rea.sonably slow rates dependent to a large extent upon their age. "TRANSMISSION FACILITIES. "Comparison of gas production figures of the various fields, and the demand requirements of the several districts served, indicates that in eastern Los Angeles county ample transmission facilities are now installed. The transmission line from Brea to Pomona is becoming inadequate for meeting all the domestic winter load now placed upon it, however another line through Carbon Canyon is contemplated. 22 lUlNKKAL INDUSTKV (JF CALIKOR^ilA. Further pipe line cfiparity from Ix>ng Beach to I.os Angeles might well be installed if a sufficient industrial market can be obtained. It is most probable, however, that any investment in sucli a line would liave to be amortized at a very high rate because of the expected short life of the field. Phins are now under way for materially increasing mixed gas deliveries from Los Angeles Citv to Sawtelle, and providing an ample supply to that point. The ciuantity of natural gas now piped to Los Angeles City for all purposes amounts to approximatelv 94,000 Mcf. per day, while a further net amount of about 56,000 Mof. is delivered to Southern Counties Gas Company, making total daily deliveries to distributing companies of about 150,000 Mcf. "NATURAL GAS REQUIREMENTS. "Domestic gas operations in Los Angeles are mounting at a most rapid rate, with peak day gas sendouts growing in an ever increasing proportion. The increase in the number of domestic gas consumers on tlie system of the Los Angeles Gas Com- pany and the city district of Southern California Gas Company amounted to about 40,000 during tlie year 1922, giving a total number of consumers of approximately 260,000 on January 1, 1923. A peak day sendout of 80,000 Mcf. of 750 B.t.u. gas by Los Angeles Gas and Electric Company was estimated for this past winter. How- ever, this figure was exceeded with a sendout of 100,800 Mcf. of 700 B.t.u. gas. Southern Counties Gas Company is now ser^'ing about 85,000 consumers with gas from its own sources. This includes the San Bernardino district but excludes Santa Monica, the latter district receiving gas in wholesale from Southern California Gas (^'ompany. The estimated peak day domestic demand of Soutliern Counties Gas Company is 31.600 Mcf. The combined peak day domestic demand of all distributing companies was estimated at 144,900 Mcf. witli total average daily deliveries of 126,000 Mcf. The distribution of the natural gas between companies and districts is not sucli, even if practical operating conditions would permit, that less than about 55.000 Mcf. to 60,000 Mcf. of artificial gas must be generated to meet domestic demands. "ESTIMATED FUTURE GAS REQUIREMENTS AND PROBABLE SUPPLY. "ReasonaVile tonservative estimates of probable future gas supply available to distributing companies point to a total of about 160.000 Mcf. of natural gas in June, 1924. and proliably 135,000 Mcf. a year later. It must be borne in mind that these estimates are based upon limiti'd information and involve much variable and rather undependab!e data. Of the above figure it is believed that about lOO.OdO Mcf. per day of natural gas may be anticipated as available to Los Angeles City require- ments in January. 1924. and 90,000 Mcf. in January, 1925. Estimated city "peak day- requirements for the same period amount to 81,000 Mcf. and 91,000 Mcf., respectively, for the maintenance of 750 B.t.u. standard. "Investigation of probable immediate increases of natural gas available to Los Angeles city indicates the possibility of raising the present mixed gas standard from 750 B.t.u. to 825 to 850 B.t.u., which higher value it appears, with present informa- tion, could be maintained for a period of about two and a half years. Any such increase of gas quality will result in a proportionate reduction in quantity of gas sold and with present conditions of about equally low oil and gas prices, only a small economy would result from the use of more natural gas, so a higher rate would therefore be required in order to provide the utilities with the same rate of return as is now being earned. "ADEQUACY OF GAS PLANT FACILITIES. "A study of facilities in Los Angeles indicates that ample artificial gas generating equipment is now installed. Additional storage and compressor equipment is. how- ever, needed to keep pace with the heavy growth of the district experienced this year. Plans for such work, together with very extensive enlargeinents of distribu- tion lines are complete, and some of the work is in progress, notably the construction of two ten million foot gas holders. Additional natural gas transmission lines have been completed to the city and have thus added to the total gas available and to the security of the service." Production and Value. There is rather a wide variation in prices quoted for natural .£ras because sucli a large ])roportion is used directly in the field for driving gas engines and firing boilers, and is therefore not measured nor sold. Such companies as have attempted to place a valuation on the gas that was thus used in 1922 gave from 2(^-20^ per 1000 cubic feet, at the well. From the totals shown in the tabulation following herein, the average value for all fields in 1922 works out at approximately 6.7^. Approxi- mately 7000 cubic feet of gas is equal to one barrel of oil in heating value, and is so accounted for by many operators. In driving gas engines, about 4000 cu. ft. per 24 hr. are consumed by a 25 li.p. engine, and 63,700 cu. ft. per day for heating a 70 h.p. steam ])oiler, which figures have been utilized in compiling this report, in those cases where gas was not metered. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 23 NATURAL GAS, 1922. County M cu. ft. Value Fresno Kern .. Kings . Los Angeles — Orange San Joaquin — Santa Barbara Tulare Ventura Butte, Humboldt, Lake, Mendocino, Sacramento, Sutter, Tuba* 1,694,000 I 47,(>«,633 1,790 , 23,254,549 25,269,402 199,389 1,876,900 380 3,583,818 103,076 Totals - — 103,828,027 $89,277 2,282,100 870 1,^3,571 2,096,629 62,454 167,290 190 636,502 101,147 $6,990,030 •Combined to conceal output of an individual producer in each. Tlie above totals for 1922 compare with 67,043,797 M. eu. ft. valued at $4,704,678 in 1921. being an increase of 55% in quantity, and of 49% in value. The Los Anjjeles County vield jumped from 6,944,277 U. cu. ft. to 23,254,549 M. eu. ft. ; and Orange County from 14,097,639 M. cu. ft. to 25, 269, 402 M. cu. ft. Kern County, in spite of having a ])()rtion of her oil Avells shut in, showed an inerease of approximately 16% in natural gas yield. Small increases were registered by Santa ]>arbara and Ventura counties, and a slight decrease* in tlie (-oalinga fi(>ld, Fresno Count^•. Natural Gas Production in California, Since 1888. The production of natural gas in California by years since 1888 is given in the following table. Tlie first economic use of natural gas in California was from the famous Court House well at Stockton, bored in 1854-1858. Beginning about 1883 and for several succeeding years, a number of gas wells were brought in around Stockton. Natural gas was known in a number of other localities, and occasionally utilized in a small way, notably at Kelseyville in Lake County, and in Humboldt County near Petrolia and Eureka, but there are no available authentic records of amounts or values previous to the year 1888. The most important developments in the commercial production of natural gas have been coincident with developments in the oil fields, by utilizing the casing-head gas as well as that from dry-gas wells. Year 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905 . M cubic feet n2,000 »14,500 "41,250 "39,000 •75,000 "84,000 " "85,080 " "110.800 •"131,100 "71.300 •111,165 115,110 40,566 120.600 120,968 120,134 144,437 148,^5 Value $10,000 12,680 33,000 30,000 55.000 68,500 79,072 112,000 111,457 62,657 74,424 95,000 34,578 92,034 99,443 75,237 91,035 102,479 M cubic feet Value 168,175 169,991 842,883 1,148,467 10,579,933 •5,000,000 "12,600,000 14.210,836 16,529,963 21,992,892 28,134,365 44,343,020 46,373,052 52,173,503 58,567,772 67,043,797 103,628,027 $109,489 114,759 474,584 616,932 1,676.367 491.859 940.076 1,053,292 1,049,470 1,706,480 2,871,751 2,964,922 3,289,524 4,041,217 3,898,286 4,704,678 6,990,030 485,092,231 $38,232,312 "Quantity, in part, estimated, where values only were reported. •■Includes natural CO2 from a mine in Santa Clara County. 24 MINERAl, IXDliSTlJV OK CALIFOKXIA. Gasoline From Natural Gas. Moi'c or less gas usiiall\' acenni|>aines the potnjliMini in the oil fields, and sueh t^as ean-ies varying' aiiioiiiits ol' gasoline. ]\I()i'e than ilO plants are in operation recovering gasoline hy compression or absorption from this 'casing-head' gas. After the gasoline is extracted, the remain- ing 'dry gas' is taken into the pipe lines, hy which it is distributed to consumers, Ixtth domestic and commercial. In the Midway field, some of the casing-head gasoline is obtained as an incidental product to the compressing of the natural gas preliminary to transmission thi-ongli the f!;n^ pipe lines. Some concerns market casing-head gasoline separately, while others turn it into the oil pipe lines, thus mixing this high-gravity gasoline with the crude oil for transportation to the refinery, where it is later regained. A total of 6;^-,l!)l,38] gallons of casing-head gasoline valued at .$8,138,551 from all fields was reported by ^)o operators, as made during 1922. This com- pares with 53,699,797 gallons by 47 operators in 1921. It was dis- tributed by counties, as follows: County Frvsno Kern Los Angeles -.. Oi-Hiige Santa Barbara Ventura Totals — - 63,191,381 Gallons gasoline Value 642,749 .$129,39.'5 30,982,474 3,461,064 3,206,217 579,103 16,934,026 2,090,102 7,643,164 1,1.-)0,203 3,782,751 728,536 63,191,381 $8,138,551 The usual recoveries of gasoline from natural gas vary from one-half gal. to 3 gal. per 1000 cu. ft. of gas handled, the average being about 1 gal. per 1000 cu. ft. PETROLEUM. Biblioqmplni: State Mineralogist Reports IV, VII, X, XII, XIII. Hulietins, 3, 11, 16, 19, 31, 32, 63, 69, 73, 82, 84, 89. Reports of Oil and CJas Supervisor 1915 to date (issued in raonthlv chapters since April, 1919). V. S. Geol. Surv., Bulletins, 213, 285, 309, 317, 321. 322, 340, 357, 398, 406. 431, 471, 541, 581, 603, 621, . 623, 653, 691 ; Prof. Papers, 116, 117. Petroleum is the chief fuel resource of California, and California led all other states of the Union in the number of barrels of crude oil ])ro- duced in 1922. California, witli Oklahoma, has enjoyed the distinction in recent years of standing at the head of the oil list on several occasions. California's oils are nearly all of asphalt base. The crude oil i)rodu('tion of California for 1922 amounted to a total of 138,4(i8,222 barrels of clean oil, valued at -1^173,381.265 at the well. This total of (|uantity is compiled from tlie monthly production reports Hied by the operators with the State O'il and Gas Supervisor, to which have been added figures for the outi)ut of a number of small operators in the Los Angeles city field not under the jurisdiction of the Super- visor, and from one property in Santa Clara County. STATISTICS OK AXMAI. I'HOni'CTlONr. 25 Till' (jin-stion ol" the valur of tlic cnulc oil yield. ;it the well, is a difficult one to settle with exaetitnde, principally because a large part of the output is nut sold until after refinin^;. The larire i-ef1iu'rs are also larire producers of crude oil which they send ilirect from well to plant, hence nuich of the cnule is not sold as such. The value.s used in the statistical reports of the State Mining Bureau since 1914 have been derived from averages of actual sales of crude oil of all grades in each field of the state, and these averages applied to the total yield of the respective fields. This we feel is a safer measure of commercial values than market (|^u)tations, because quotations do not always mean sales. Features of 1922. The outstanding features of the year 11)22 in the oil inilustry of ("alifurnia were the enormous increases in Los Angeles and Orange counties d\u' to new, gushei- wells yielding high-gravity oil, and the consequent overproduction, necessitating the shutting-in of low-gravity wells in othei- fields of the state. This resulted in decreased output of crude oil in Fresno, Kern, and Santa liarbara counties. The upward h>ap of production in Los Angeles (,'ounty (outside of the city field) due mainly to new wells at Long Beach and Santa Fe Springs was most remarkable, the first si.x months of 1022 showing a yield of S,7r)4,240 bari-els, and the second six months 28,74(1,577 barrels. Orange County increased more than 8.()0(),()0(> barrels over its 1921 figure. Ventura County increased ap])r()xiinately 800.000 barrels. Decreases amounted to approximately :-5.000,UOO barrels in Fresno County and 4,000,000 bai-rels in Kern County. There were two reductions in prices quoted for crude oil at the well, ainiounced by the marketing companies in July, 1922. and a further reduction posted January (i, 1923. These reductions have only to a limited extent afi'ected the production total by causing the shutting-in of wells yielding oil of the lower specific gravities and in the districts outside of the areas w^here intensive campaigns of new developments are taking place. The unj^recedented increase in production has taxed the storage, transj)ortation, and refining facilities of all of the market- ing concerns. Shipments by sea via the Panama Canal to Atlantic sea- board points has been of vital assistance. According to Collom/ in December : "Consumption has been greatly increased by shipment.s of crude and fuel oil to the Atlantic Coast via the Panama Canal. Existing differentials in prices and transportation costs between California crudes and the so-called Mexican light crude are enabling California marketers to ship oil in quantities estimated as high as 50,000 barrels daily. 'I'liis condition has created a new outlet for ('alifornia petroleum. "Ca'ifornia production still leads consumption l)y about 2.000.0(10 barrels monthl.y. In addition it is estimated tliat 2000 wells, with a normal output of al)Out "i 2,000. are sliut down. A large part of the oil shut-in is heavy grade, less than 20 dcg. Baume. Oil in storage at the end of r>e<'ember, 1922. was about 1,000,000 barrels in excess of tlic storage of May, lOlTi, the pi-evious iiigli point foi- stored oil. Production at the close of 1922, not including potential production shut-in, was 170, OdO barrels in excess of the average production increa.se over the period 1911 to 1921, inclusive, and con- sumption was ,'?.'), 000 l)arrels in excess of the average consumption increa.se over the same period. "Krilling was concentrated in tlie Huntington Beach, Long Beach and Santa Fe Springs oil fields during 1922 and greatly curtailed in the other fields, especially in tlie San Joaquin Valley. Very few wells are being drilled in tlie oil fields of Fresno, Santa Barbara and X'entura counties. On the w1to1(>, iiowevcr, more new wells were reported to the State Oil and Gas Supervisor in 1922 than in 1921. 1439 new wells were reported in 1922 and 12S7 new wells in 1921. 799 new wells, .''..') Vr of the drilling of the State, were reported in the three new fields ; Huntington Beach, 193 wells, Long Beach 34 8 wells, and Santa Fe Springs, 258 wells. iCoUom, R. E., Weekly press bulletin. No. 375: Dept. of Petroleum and Gas; Cal. State Min. Bur., Dec. 30, 1922. 26 MINERAT; INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. "The present situation of overproduction in California is due primarily to the competitive drilling of offset wells on or adjoining: small property holdings. In the development of each of the three new fields town-lot drilling lias played a predominat- ing part. Town-lot drilling should not be confused with close drilling or small acreages per well. Tlie spacing of wells in several California fields, such as Kern River and McKittrick, are on an average basis of 2.0 to 2.4 acres per well. In tliese fields how- ever, are ten, twenty and forty acre tracfts. or larger, in wliich wells were spaced according to what the operator considered was the most economical plan for extracting the oil. "In town-lot drilling every well is in a sense an offset well. The size and shape of the property controls the spacing of offset wells. They may be only .50 feet apart. Offset wells are not drilled so much for the purpose of developing and producing that oil to which each operator has an unhindered right, within his own property lines, as to get the oil lying under each side of the isoundary line, which will move to the well first drilled into the oil sand. This condition is one of the recognized fundamentals of oil field development, and where properties are leased, the leases carefullj' safeguard each lessor's interest as opposed to the ad.ioining lessor. The necessities of drilling offset wells, to meet lease requirements, is tlferefore, one of the greatest contributory factors to forced drilling where small property ownerships are involved. "Intensive offset drilling necessitates abandonment of the principle of leaving certain ciuantitics of recoverable oil in its underground storage until the maximum profit can be obtained, and then bi'in.sjiiig the oil to the surface by drilling the wells according to established oil field practice, as to spacing and careful drilling methods. Wells are raced to production and each new producing well calls for a nimiber of offsets. "In the town-lot oil fields wells have been drilled as close as three to an acre. Town-lot drilling brings rapid recovery of flush production. For the industry as a whole it means serious overproduction. For the operator drilling in congested areas there is not enough oil underground to yield a profit for all against the cost of each well, the productive unit. "The rate of production of California petroleum has its high and low points, like every other oil producing district, in the inexorable workings of the law of supply and demand. It would seem possible, however, by careful study of development problems and intelligent effort, to level off some of the extremely high and low points in the curve. Sometimes, when oil is badly needed, as in the war period, operators do not know where to get it, or how best to get the maximum output with minimimi use of money, men and materials. In the present condition much oil is a\ailable but it is being produced like a big gusher out of control, because there is not the proper economic machinery to regidate the flow. "It is ))ossible that some of the economic evils of town-lot drilling could be eliminated by carefully considered legislation. Such legislation should recognize tlie equitable right of every property owner in tlio oil under his land, whether a small lot or ten acres, and should rigorously prevent the exploitation of California's most valual)le mineral resource by the stock jobbers and 'uniteers.' " One of the outstanding features of tlie production record for the year 1922, is that, although the oil production of Los Angeles and Orange counties increased from 35,6-15,081 barrels of oil in 1921 to 68,544,308 barrels in 1922, an increase of 95%, the water production only increased 5.6%. To anyone familiar with the complex subsurface conditions as to stratigraphic relationship of oil and water in the three new fields, which have been so rapidly developed, this is evidence of the value and effectiveness of the work of supervision by this bureau's department of petroleum and gas. Outlook for 1923. The outlook for the current year is that the figures of crude oil yield of the previous year will be exceeded. At present writing (July 2), the ])eak has not yet been reached. However, notices filed with the State Oil and (Jas Supervisor during the week ending June 16, 1923, showed a marked decrease in the number of new wells reported ready to drill, in fact the least number so reported since November, 1921, the decrease l)eing especially noticeable for Santa Fe Springs, Long Beach, and Huntington Beach fields; but it will be some time before this decrease in the number of wells being drilled will refiect corresponding decreases in production. For example, it takes about 75 days to drill a well to comi)leti()n in the Meyer sand at Santa Fe Springs and tlierefore the M'ells now drilling, and not those .just starting, must be considered to get an idea of tlie activities of the next thret^ months during which time a large proportion of the wells now drilling will be completed. STATISTirS 0['^ AXNTAI. PRODrf'TIOX. 27 Relative to the situation in that section, tlie State Oil and Gas Super- visor has written the following.- "The continuous intensive drilling of the HuntinRton Beach. Long Beach and Santa Fe Springs oil fields of southern California has brought oil production to the saturation point. Almost a half million barrels of crude oil is flowing daily from the three southern fields. Since frenzied town-lot development started in the early- part of 1921, there has been only one way of preventing such an outcome — to curtail drilling. The complicated interests of lessors, royalty holders, drilling contractors and town-lot operators, seem to have made accomplishment of a concerted effort in this direction impossible. A forced reduction in drilling and production through the Inexorable workings of the law of supply and demand appears to be the only remedy. "Four reductions in the value of the crude product within a year have caused no appreciable check in drilling. Over .")0n wells are now drilling in the three fields. A recent movement to restrict the output of individual wells will further curtail the profits derivable from each producing unit. The over-supply is being more actively maintained by initial productions of wells just completed than the rapidly declining old wells. Initial production of 12 wells recently completed at Santa Fe Springs averaged 3950 barrels per well as compared with an average daily production of 1600 barrels per well for all producing wells in the field. "It should be borne in mind — in this town-lot development — that an appreciable amount of drilling has been financed by people not experienced in the oil industry. They have invested in things hoped for rather than sfen. Probably such drilling will continue regardless of the profit that can be realized from the product. It is estimated that $58,000,000 has been expended in drilling alone since these fields started. The three fields have produced approximately 90,700,000 barrels from January 1, 1921, to May 1, 1923. "At the beginning of 1921 there were 43 producers of petroleum in Los Angeles and Orange counties. In January, 1923, the number of producers had increased to 175. "There has been no material change in the number of marketing concerns. Five of the large marketing companies of California are confronted with the huge task of taking care of a major portion of the production, providing transportation, storage, and refining facilities, for a greater additional quantity of crude oil than these same companies handled throughout the entire plant of the industry at the beginning of 1921. "Marketers can not receive oil or provide storage for it beyond the conservative limits of their financial resources or responsibility. The cost of building steel storage alone is 55 to 60 cents per barrel of capacity. The Santa Fe Springs oil field can fill five 55,000 barrel tanks in one day. "Some of the factors of the present situation as affecting the public are these : "The laws of supply and demand and the natural competition in the industry has given the public the benefit of exceptionally low prices of gasoline. Gasoline in California is now retailing for the lowest price it has reached in seven years. But the factor that is forcing a reduction in the price of gasoline, namely, overproduc- tion of refinable crudes, is drawing in a wasteful way on reserves of crude oil and natural gas which properly should be conserved for the future. The necessity of giving the maximum accommodation in transportation, storage, and refinery facilities, for the refinable crudes of southern California has forced a marked curtailment in production and transportation of low-grade crudes in other fields, the principal source of California's fuel oil." Production Figures. The following table gives the production and value by counties for 1922 compared with the 1921 figures: TABLE A. Production and Value of Oil, by Counties. 1921 1922 Barrels Fresno -— — 12,161,565 Kfrn 57,434,945 Los Angeles 12,395,605 Orange 22,929,466 San Luis Obispo : 30,725 Santa Barbara i 5,465,942 Ventura I 2,167,326 San Mateo and Santa Olara* 14,286 Totals ! 112,599,869 Value Barrels $18,643,679 97,639,407 25,79>,254 45,999,509 43,691 9,122,657 5,869,119 27,909 9,265,526 53,512,157 37,726,367 31,049,491 33,856 3,931,155 2,933,685 15,985 Value $9,895,-^82 64,803,222 52,930,053 36,483,162 31,892 3,974,398 5,236,628 28,288 $203,138,225 ai38, 468,222 $173,381,265 •Conibinod to conceal output of a single operator in San Mateo County. "See p. 2 4. ante. =Cnllom. K. E.. "V\^e.-klv pres.s bulletin, No. 3:)3 : Dept. of Petr. and Gas, Cal. State M?. Bur., May 5, 1923. ' 28 MINER.VI. INDUSTKV Ol' CAl-lFOKXIA. TABLE B. Average Price of Oil per Barrel, by Counties, 1915-1922. County 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Fresno $0,452 .409 .550 .675 $0,515 .423 .629 .612 $0,516 .611 .651 .663 .450. .794 .663 1.045 $0,825 .893 1.176 1.003 .926 .808 1.387 1.318 $1,191 1.252 1.340 1.412 .905 1.235 1.700 1.480 $1,293 1.350 1.380 1.860 1.040 1.125 1.600 1.635 $1,483 1.714 1.532 2.138 1.400 1.575 1.485 2.507 $1,068 1.211 1 jn'? Kern Los Angeles Orange - -- 1 ^^i'\ Ran Luis Obispo 942 Santa Barbara -- -- .460 ..530 1.050 .611 .666 .855 1 on Santa Clara 1 616 Ventura -- 1 785 Stats average . ._. $0,461 $0,479 $0,636 $0,908 $1,278 $1,409 $1,728 $1,249 The low price in Santa Barbara County foi- 1919 and 1920 was dne to ;i large production of 8° to 10° gravity oil from the Casmalia field, which brought only about 50^- i)er barrel in 1919 and 39^ in 1920. For .several years previous to 1919, the state average value per barrel at the well for crude oil as determined by the statistical returns was noted to practically coincide with the quotations during the same years for 23° gravity oil. In 1919. the average value for all grades worked out at a figure corresponding to the quotations for 28° oil, due to the fact that the increased output of that year was mainly from the jVIontebello field in Los Angeles County which yielded high-gravity oil. The 1920 figure of .^1.726 corresponds api>roximatelv to the average of quota- ticms for 24°-25° oil for the year; the 1921 figure of $1,804. to 26° quotations; and the 1922 figure of $1,249, to 27° tiuotations. TOTAL PETROLEUM PRODUCTION OF CALIFORNIA. The presence of oil seepages and springs in Los Angeles and Ventura counties was known and even utilized in a small way early in the history of California. According to Hanks," in 1874 production amounted to 36 bbl. per day from natural flows in Pico Caiion (New- hall), and at Sulphur ^lountain (Ventura County), the oil being of 32° gravity average. *'^'Work was commenced in Pico Canon in 1875, by drilling three shallow wells with spring pole, all of which yielded oil at depths of from 90 to 250 feet. Actual work of development commenced with steam machinery in 1877." In 1877. Pico averaged 40-50 bbl. daily, and Ventura, 80 bbl. daily. In 1878, there was some production ( @ 60 l)bl. per day, for a time) from wells in Moody Gnlch. near Los Gatos, Santa Clara County, the oil being of 46° Baume. The fi!-st wells in the Coalinga, Fresno County, and Snmmerland. Sania l^arhara County, fields were drilled in ]89(). but Coalinga did not make its influence felt conspicuously on tiie state's annual output until 1903. The Summerland yield never has been large. The Salt Lake field near Los Angeles JK^gan production in 1S94 and in 18!)7 reached over a million I)arrels annually. In the Kern Countx' fields, the flrst well was drilled in Sunset in 1891, Midway in 1900', McKittrick in 1892, Kern Kiver in 1899. The ••^danks, Henry G., Report IV of State Mineralogist, p. 298, 1884. *Idem, p. 301. STATISTICS OF ANNIAI, I'ROOlKn'ION. 29 Suiis('t-Mi(l\v;iy .listrid filt;iin.'(l ;i yield of ov.t 4.(K»0.()()() l.hl. in liJOD, and over 2(>,(H)().(H)U hhl. in 1!»1(>. Kciii I{iv(>r Held prodiu'cd ovt-r ;},()()(),0()0 1)1)1. in ]f)01. The first well in the Santa .Maria-Lompoc group, Santa Barbara Ck)unty, was drilled in U)()l, and the distriet advaneed to a yield of over ;3'.000,0UU bhi. annually in IDOo. The Whittier-Fullerton field in Los Angeles and Orange counties became an important factor in 1902. Tlie ^Nlontebello field, Los Angeles County, was the conspicuous addition in 191S-19in; and Elk Hills. Kern County, with Huntington Beach and Uichtield, Orange County, in 1920. In 1921, the new fields added were Long Beach and Santa Fe Springs, Los Angeles County. In 1922, Torrance field in Los Angeles County, and AVheeler Kidge field in Kern County were added. The effect of the advent of these various fields to the producing column will be noted in the tabulation herewith, bv vears: TABLE C. Total Petroleum Production in California. Year To and inc. 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887.. 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893... 1894 1895... 1896 1897 1898 1899 Barrels °] 75,000 12,000 13,000 15.227 19,858 40,552 99,862 128.636 142,857 262.000 325.000 "877,14", 678,572 690,333 303,220 307,360 323,600 385,049 470,179 783,078 1,245,339 1.257,780 1,911.569 2,249,088 2,677,875 Value '■$472,500 30,000 29,250 30.454 39,716 60,828 124,828 257.272 285,714 655,000 750.750 '■870,205 1,357,144 1,380,666 368,048 3&4,20O 401,264 561,333 608,092 1,064,521 1,000,235 1,180,793 1,918,269 2,376,420 2,660,793 Tear 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913... 1914 1915 1!>1(T 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Totals- Barrels 4,329,950 7,710,315 14,356,910 24,340,839 29,736,003 34,275,701 32,624,000 40,311,171 48,306,910 58,191,723 77,697,568 84,648,157 89,689,250 98,494,532 102,881,907 91,146,620 90,262,557 95,396,309 99,731,177 101,182,962 103,377,361 112,599,860 138,468,222 Value ^,152,928 2,961,102 4,692,189 7,313,271 8,317,809 9,007,820 9,238,020 16,783,943 26,566,181 32,398,187 37,689,542 40,552,088 41,868,344 48,578,014 47,487.109 43,503,8:37. 57,421,334 86,976,209 127,459,221 142,610,563 178,394,937 203,138,225 173,381,265 I I,591,6.i4,ia3 i $1,:369,360,439 "U. S. G. S., Min. Res. of U. S., 1886, p. 440, for quantities to and including 188fi. •'Values have been estimated for the years to and including 1886, after consulting a number of contemporaneous publications, including the Mining & Scientific Press, Reports of the State Mineralogist, and U. S. Reports. The figures for 1887 to date are from records of the State Mining Bureau. 30 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Well Data. The following table is compiled from the monthh' statements con- tained in the Standard Oil Bulletin : TABLE D. Well Operations, by Fields, 1922. Producing ;' Producing Completed ' J., 1 during year Dec, 1921 i Dec, 1922 Abandoned during year Bbl. per well ] produced I per day Dec. 1922 Kern River MeKittrick Midway-Sunset Kile Hills* Lost Hills^Belridge Coalinga Santa Maria-Lompoc . Ventura-Xewhall Los Angeles-Salt Lake. Whittier-Fullerton Coyote* Santa Fe Springs* Montebello* , Richfield* Huntington-Newport .- Long Beach* Torrance-Redondo* Summerland Watsonville 2,207 350 2.707 612 1,176 416 526 671 1,116 51 Totals- 137 9 9,978 2,159 283 2,156 88 417 679 322 557 669 551 234 70 116 169 153 137 13 135 8 8.916 24 4 230 24 4 12 3 34 a 70 3 70 8 18 222 93 U 836 6 5 28 2 2 11 8 11 1 3 2 9 1 7 7 11 H4 9.1 23.0 35.5 311.2 16.0 20.6 23.3 18.8 5.0 22.4 75.9 1,280.0 160.0 115.0 413.0 785.0 168.0 1.1 7.5 »55.8 •Segregated records beginning Aug., 1922. "State average. Specific Gravities of Oils Produced. The proportion of heavv and light oil produced in the various fields is shown in Table E, following, for which we are indebted to the Standard Oil Company. Under present practice, oil below 18° Baume may be considered as largely refinable for fuel oil and lubricants, while the lighter oils yield varying amounts of the higher refined products with corresponding proportions of residuum and fuel oil. Specific gravities in California range from 8° Baume in the Casmalia field, Santa Barbara County, to 56° Baume in Ventura County. California crude oils are all essentially of asphalt base, with a few notable exceptions. In the following localities are wells yielding crudes containing both a.sphalt and paraffine constituents : Oil City field, Coal- inga ; a few deep wells in East Side field. Coalinga ; a considerable part of the A'entura Count.v fields ; Western ^Minerals area, south of Maricopa ; Wheeler Ridge, Kern County. STATISTICS OK ANKIAf, PRODUCTIONT. 31 TABLE E. Production of Light and Heavy Oil, by Fields, 1922. Field Under 18" (barrels) 18° and OTei (barrels) Total (barrels) Kern River McKittrick- MidwnySiinset Lost Hills and Belridge.- Wliceler Ridge Ooaling-a Santa Muria-Lompoc — Ventura County-Newhali Log Angeles-Salt Lake WliittierFiillerton Santa Fe Sjirings Huntington Beach Signal Hill Torrance-Redondo Suuinicrland Watsonville Totalg 7,323,869 2,383,169 10,779,392 693,160 4,045,462 1,872,119 118,792 1,177,926 1,057,314 631,325 35,005 30,831 54,005 23,725 30,126,094 30.926,486 2,150,087 500 5,092,959 2,023,123 2,930,087 126,335 26,262,925 10,976,873 10,670,462 18,213,262 152,740 109,525,839 7,323,869 2,383,169 41,705,878 2,843,247 500 9,138,421 3,895,2)2 3,048,879 1,304 ,2fil 27,320,239 10,976,873 11,201,787 18,218,267 183.571 54,005 23.725 139,651,933 In the Sept(Miil)cr 1!)22 issue of 'Mining in California '■ was published a chart which reveals the fact that a decided chanpe has taken place in the relative propoi-tioiis of liizht and heavy crudes ])roduced in Cali- fornia since 1910, taking 18^ Bauna^ as the dividing line. A marked drop took place in the low-gravity yield from 1910 to and including 1914. From 1914, it has remained almost stationary, with a slight drop in 1921. while the hisli-gravity yield has increased at a rapid rate since 1915. The propt)rtions have been reversed from approximately 15% low— 257o high in 1914 to 25% low— 757o high in 1921. This has been an important factor in its effect upon the average price per l)arrel of the state's output in these years. Its effect upon the relative situation between production and consumption has also been important. It has been a fortunate development, in view of the increased demand for refinery products (gasoline, in particular), and the lessened demand for fuel oil the past three years owing in part to the shutting down of the western copper smelters which were large consumers of California fuel oil. The beginning of 1921 was marked by the discontinuance of dra^ving on storage, owing to the current production of crude oil overbalancing consumption. This still continues, so that on December 31, 1922, the stock on hand amounted to 61.184,928 barrels,*^ an increase of 26.163,016 ])arrels over the 35,021,912 barrels on hand December 31, 1921. Operating Data. The following tabulation (Table F) is compiled from data published by the Department of Petroleum and Gas," semiannually, and here combined to .show the entire year's operations for all the fields. The 'districts' are the geographical subdivisions as administered by the Department, and which are outlined on the accompanying map. .'Report XVIII of State Mineralogist, p. 442, 1922. "Standard Oil Bulletin, February, 1923. 'Eighth Annual Report: Monthly sunimaiy of operations, Aug., 1922, p. 20; Feb., 1923, pp. 6-7. A'2 MhNKK.VIi INDUSTRY OK CAMFORNIA. The column (IcsiofMatt'd 'potoiitiar was iii.sei-tcd to show the potential number of wells in the areas alVectetl by the shutting-in due to over- production, as compared with tlie numl)er actually producing during that period. It will be noted that the state average yield of oil per well per day was 38.8 barrels for the first six months and 52.8 barrels for the second. This compares closely Anth the tigure of 55,8 barrels average for December derived from Standard Oil Company data and shown in Table I), on a preceding page. STATISTICS OK ANMAI- PRoniCTIOX. :^3 S K I YOU 1^ """•;"• /s H A S T A 'TRINITY S I M c j I • I : CAU TORN lA STATE Mlt.'llin riirfaU LLOYD L i- STATt MtHE^. OUTLINtMAP rAmx)KMA APPROXIMA TE LOCATION or OIL FIELDS Compilea ty R C CX3IO- Slate O'l 4 S3S Si.pen(isor L A S S e 14 (^--- "-.n ■-» ra-: J 'T E H AMA,' "ipLu MAS". ,^ _/ C •*■'-■ 1 • ,~. S \ :- \ r V _ _q _1_6Lt N Hi'BUTTE V/-si-£RR* I ^4- (MENDOCIHO; ■ I \ CJVU! ^.e \AKf~,coius» I nooonr 6UUN ISAmCNT 3 C0ALIH6A 4 DCVIL'S DCN 5 LOST MILLS I BCLRIOSC 7 flCKrTTtUCK - TCMBLOP S ftlOWAY- SUNSET 9 ELK HILLS 10 KERN RIVtP 1 1 ABROYO ORANDt 1? CASPIALI* 13 SANTA MARIA 14 CAT CANYON 15 LOMPOC 16 SUMIERtAND n VCNTURA IB SANTA PAJLA 19 SOUTH MOUNTAIN 20 OJAI ai scsRt IZ PIRU 23 BARDSDALC 2» SIMI es coNtJO ?C NCWMALL 27 BEVCRLY MILLS 28 SALT LAKE 29 LOS AM SELES 30 nONTEBELLO 31 WMITTIER 32 SANTA FE SPRINGS 33 COVOTC HILLS 3* RiiMFlELD 35 BREA-OLINDA 3G HUNTIM&TQN BEACH 37 LONG BEACH 38 TORRANCE 39 WHtCLCn RIOCC Oil ostnct Souncanes SAK rRlNCISCO M E X C SCALE. ■ :s34: 34 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. c c s* S S <" * 2 K M 41 o 01 a a t, c -o „ 3 - c; O I 4> J3 CM CM o -J - >» u. _J o z cc o tl. li < u o < < o o z h < a: 111 a. o o z < z o I- o Z3 Q O (T Q. U J 03 < I 3 »i3 ° o I S g c. =* = C U 1> o «* ^ 3 fc 2 t" Z: ■"S3 ■3 5 ■" t. S •all J3 3 I* 5 1-H lA w eo t-^ oi *^ o>(Nr-iftio-^ooqiA©Noo o o o o o o o © o «O0Oi^CO(CC^J-*C^ COrHOOWt^CClftWCO 'u; « o i-H o o OS o »o <0 06 i^ 0> O O w? O w COrHCOCOt^rHiN ^COO<000 10 -^ 64 i-H e4 r-l G^ "^K C^ q --« lO <>5 -^ 10 O 5 «D t* ^O »w '^ 50 5 ^ CO 10 C- C^ r-< CO c^eo o> <5iA 00 CO '_^-,^ _^ ..^_.^, ^_^. ^ ^ -^ -^ 1 (f od •-< '^ o 00 ift |> frf 0»Qt-lf^f-®COC50tr3t»0 (XJ^lft CO 00 OD O) ■TP CC l-t ^ r-TcOt-^lAfN 00 cT liscpOQ-^iicoooift'n'fori COC^rHi-Hi-t r-iC^ r-i CO CI rH rH 1-1 r^o^Oi-Hi-Hirsco^Oco »A o a> «o I-* i-H frl o »-; OJ «0 tt «ci i-I Q OS ui i-i r-i-iCOo5«500«6ioCi t-hCOi— lOOCiQOliS'^i— « ^oooi^od-v'od©^ o ) (-1 CO 10 CO 00 c5 CO a»xco«&c^cii$o:t«lcb d CO COrHCO00m00»i500(N |C> 1-" 00 I-H I 10 oa-^-v^i^-fOiCO a* ■*»! w CO CO coi-H^OD«coir5ooc NI>;0qCOr-;cqC0i-H«qif:(OC0 ai Ci i^ ci ci CT» ci O O CO t^ CD ooOiOscOTjicnosoiai i-too 00=^000000 CO 00 IC N i-H fri r-I CO t-H OOOOO&OOiOiOOd 00 ^r-HOi-^COOOO i-ioo oqr-^cq(^Jt-HCoooOI-'o» '^i© i-I^i-Itoco*coO'rpL5oi CO0OCil>-lO'* Oi-HCiOi-H Wf- r-t C^ Oi C^ e>4^ 'r<^-io"OC5cocococOi?5 w r^ i-'t; IM 00 o "* < 00000000 Oft W CO ci rH e4 05 rH COrHOOOOrHOirHi-HC^ C^-'^ooa» gia t^ oi i,^ t~~ a r^ r^ io(MOC^M'C0t*lft rH Ci '^ ^ ^ °^ Si • « 'h ?; S a = e a; .Si s S c s: i^ K ^ X E-i P O 'CO M S) o a t- *H >i r- ^ «■. *^ •:; c c S c « CS p c C !*-» r* iss I-H fe g o H '£ t s c « V « == ^ STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PKODUCTION. 6i) es 00 r-i i-< eo S' rH »2* '-^ ®* 00 Ok Ok O) ^ O eft O oo odej oggi rH s s 00t--4 P ■ Ol 05 ■* 5i < • CH c^ ^ X 1 m B t- Pt^ 00 o) ri l^ '"T l-H gO) «o> '^ i-l r-i C>J Ol oJ ef •H » « so Sg O) 00 Od GO Co «0 t-t~t~ ■»!< •* •* co'i-ria' a a ^ ?5 S lO CO 5J t~ 3 S Sg •a S 8 S OS d 0> r^ r-l O t- CO O M (M "> ■=» '^ rr o* k^ 1-4 6) M CO o g S o5 CO* i-T coco CO CO e:^ i-( u5 -^ O -^ lO i-H rH « ift s 3 w :3 Q I C O OS Ho o ■a a 03 M O ■a ta o ■o a o to 03 a o a o o a o i 3 £ > o a 3 I 03 a o a ft o •a 3 X5 J3 a "3 3 ■o o u a O 3 a o. g 3 »— ( u a s 03 36 MINERAL INDUSTRY OP CAIJFORMiA. Financial and Operating Conditions of California Oil Fields, 1922. Financial results of the oil business during 1922 are shown by the following table. The features worthy of mention are: (1) the lower price received for the year as shown by the state average of all grades. (2) a slight increase in the total amount of dividends paid. (3) increases in the number of barrels per well per day yield (see Table I), for all 'fields' exce])t Kern River and Santa Barbara (bounty. (4) somewhat lower operating costs in most fields. With reference to Table I, it should be noted that altliough it lacks data from the larger operators who have refineries and with interests in more than one field, yet the data given are of economic value and interest in that they indicate the conditions prevailing among the smaller companies and operators. Oi)erating cost per well is not always lower for the dividend compa- nies than others. Profitable operations seem to depend generally upon large wells, high-grade oil, and proximity to market. Price and profits have usually been greater in the Los Angeles-Orange-Ventura fields than in others, doubtless largely due to the proximity to market and higher grades of oil. Crude oil testing as high as 56° Baume is obtained from some of the Ventura wells. TABLE G. CAPITALIZATION. Field Number of companies considered* Per cent of total product of field Capital Cash Property Fresno County— Coaling-a Kern County: Kern River Midway Sunset-JVIarieopa McKittriek, Lo&t Hills, Belridge. Devils Den, Elk Hills Los Angeles County Orange County Santa Barbara County Ventura County Subtotals Miscellaneous and marketing- companies^ Totals 62 86 ) 52 J 58 121 59 22 45 571 98 35 27 26 90 14 25 26 6i 61 $2,701,943 $8,901,709 7,901,539 ( 6,053,127 ) 2,909,571 3,341,930 11,971,983 9,883,623 1,830,641 2,255,545 5,149,172 18,258,543 11,754,071 10,242,671 18,058,516 12,864,397 5,246,926 9,739,307 $48,849,932 332,255,504 $100,215,312 108,721,021 $381,105,436 $208,946,333 *See Table I, following. ^Includes companies having reflnerie«, and those operating in several fields whose data could not be segregated as to counties or fields. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTIOX. 37 Si rJ. n a E o U J3 Q. > 5 ui -i m < C^_ CO us rH CO -p tf? ea" ffi ra p « • ca f-1" !-• O lO CO 1^ "-1^ c^ cf S CO 2^ -^ w w fc> -^ 0> C5 q? Ok CO lA t* »- lO -^ ^ !» - 6^ 55: *»^ 1(5^ *?!. *^ "^ CO O IN ^" i-^ SO CD "^ O ■-ij« « i5 CO CO ifS <0 »-* f-< ^ ^ 0» i-i Q q? oO ^ Ills lA o e^ t^ •^ CO -^ o O CO 05 -^ rH C c8 . 6i V O SHI _CJ ^3 .5 « « o - O M S M 1^ OS 3 •S ^ SO n c3 a a 53 OJ CO > 3 I" a a> <• M O en S3 O u s ■a a 03 i a O 03 |1 wis a 03 Eh « OS n 03 a 6 03 a 01 5 o u a CO 38 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF C-VLIFORXIA. •a CM C T- , OS n Q o c 4> a O •o c > IS v I •o c IS cs :^ 3J :!g Cl CO CC in CO © rH d ©■ O C ** 3 «e t- o e^ I— < "S* ci -^ i M *J rH i-H ■3 g 5 2 63 t* i; "S. la CB rH t- S* <0 CO ej ^ CO t* ■^ rH Ift CO 10 CO lO Q O ib ^~ 55 CO CO CO -^ eo fc » N N d r-< © d d •is o - ?3SS rH C c § < 111 _l m < > A ■a S3 rH I CO is d d r-i © Sift 00 © Ob be C c O i a 3 o o O -1^ tH q n OB 3 i! = -r = i O •^ S So "^ 5 - •i<< tl :S = *^ S-t ■o M "^ H ti «•§ te t. 3 2 sa ^ OS O © O © rH •a C IH J= o ^a oa ^ S Pi c^ O « t. rH a> Sa O C 5 ti: tt c c ^ 9 S3 5 1^ o 0: iH « a o o o C3 c w a © t> •— ' I— I M K n G ^ f^ O as > tc 3 =3 O t^ =3 >, C5 -^ _6f 1H OQ as O bo at a! 2 ** C c3 tn a *J t3 c — • P B CL 03 >a c3 " 4) >. S *n ^ n u °« if -^ en 3 •w fci c o o ^ ^2 « s So 8 epartment. "The procedure for determining proved oil land is based on engineering principles. A definition' of proved oil hind, as determined by this Department, is as follows: 'Proved oil land is that land which is determined, by the records of oil produced therefrom supported by geologic data, to be capable of yielding oil m paying quantities.' "It is thought that the Department's method of classifying proved oil land is a conservative one. Undrilled areas, lying between producing areas and lying where correlative geological conditions can be established with reasonable certainty, will show a greater acreage of proved oil land than undrilled areas lying beyond the outer limits of producing areas. In some cases, under the latter condition, the boundary line for proved oil land is drawn only one well location away from the nearest producing well. Boundaries are made to conform with the lines of legal subdivisions wherever possible. "The spacing of wells varies greatly within each oil field and, in arriving at the average allotted acreage per well, the spacing in numerous tracts in each field was determined, weighed by the acreages involved, and averaged for the field. These field averages, therefore, do not reflect nor emphasize the conditions of either maxi- mum or minimum spacing and.' of course, the accuracy of the average acreage per well drilled, as shown in Table T, depends largely upon the care and judgment exercised in determining sample spacings of various tracts in each field. • •«**** "The following are a few examples of the variation in spacings or well areas. In the North Midway field the well areas vary from 2.2 acres to 4.6 acres, in the Buena Vista hills the average well areas are 9.5 acres and many tracts show 10 acres per well. On the Twentv-five Hill area the average spacing is between 2.0 and 2.5 acres per well. The spacing of wells in the East Side Coalinga field varies from 3.0 to 10.0 acres per well, and on the "U'est Side from 4.2 to 8.0 acres per well. McKittrick and Kern River show the lowest acreages per well for the San Joaquin A'alley fields. In the coast fields Lompoc and Santa Maria show the largest acreages per well. In several of the larger tracts of the Santa Maria field wells are spaced 1100 feet apart. In Ventura County the Bardsdale oil field shows the lowest acreage per well. Long Beach, Santa Fe Springs and Huntington Beach oil fields in southern California show average acreages which obscure the minimum acreages brought about by town lot drilling. For example, average acreages vary at Santa ^Collom. R. E., California's proved oil and gas fields: Summary of Operations, Gal. Oil Fields, Cal. State Min. Bur., Vol. S, pp. 15-18. Aug., 1922. »Collom, R. E.. Proved oil land: Cal. State Min. Bur., Summary of Operations, California Oil Fields, Vol. 7, No. 2, August, 1921, pp. 5-9. 40 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Fe Springs from 1.5 to S acres per well. Included within the data of the 1.5 acre minimum are town lot tracts in which locations are as close as 3 wells per acre. "In estimating the average acreages per well in any field as a whole, the spacing and number of offset locations of line wells causes a marked reduction in the average acreage and the smaller the tracts held by different owners, the closer and greater in number will be the offset locations. "The average acreages per well as given herein are smaller than indicated on a basis of total proved acreages divided by the number of producing wells. • * • Using the average acreages per well for determining total developed acreages, and with liberal allowance for error, the data show that there is a large amount of acreage still undeveloped within the proved oil and gas fields of California. Further, it is the writer's opinion that some interesting and encouraging data, as to the quantities of oil still recoverable from the undeveloped areas alone, could be drawn by computations based on records of past productions and rates of decline of pro- duction in the areas already developed. "According to the estimates the total undrilled area amounts to 54,214 acres for the present proved fields. In the Midway-Sunset fields alone the proved area is 46,301 acres, of which 19.135 acres is estimated as developed and therefore 27,166 acres as undeveloped. In Kern County the proved area is 6S,S66 acres. This includes 15,360 acres of federal lands" of which approximately 2600 acres can be classed as developed. "In the coastal fields, including those of Los Angeles and Orange counties, there is not such a wide margin lietween developed and undeveloped areas and, although the oil fields of Southern California are now undergoing intensive development, it appears that the fields of Kern County, notably Midway and Elk Hills, still hold a large part of California's petroleum and gas reserve for the future." '"In the computation of proved oil land for fixing the assessment rate for taxation, the quantity of proved land owned by the United States Government is omitted as it is not taxable by the state. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 41 CHAPTER THREE. METALS. The total value of metals produced in California during 1922 was $21,700,733. The chief of these is, and always has been, gold, followed in order in 1922 by silver, copper, lead, quicksilver, zinc, platinum, iron ore and manganese ore. There was no production of antimony, cadmium, molybdenum, tin, nor tungsten, whicli have in the past been on the active list. Deposits of ores of nickel and vanadium have also been found in the state; although there has as yet been no commercial output of thoni. The aliove-noted total for this group is a net increase of .i;-iS9.654 over tlie 1921 total of $21,211,079, due mainly to increases registered by copper, lead and zinc, in spite of decreases by gold and silver. California leads all states in the l^nion in her gold production and is credited with approximately 30% of the nation's yield in 1922. The l)recious metal is widely distributed throughout the state. Thirty- one of the fifty-eight counties reported an output in 1922 from either mines or dredges. Copper, which is second in importance among the metals of the state, occurs in the following general districts : the Shasta County belt, which has been by far the most important ; the Coast Range deposits, extending more or less continuously from Del Norte in the north to San Luis Obispo County in the south ; the Sierra Nevada belt, starting in Plumas and running in a general southerly and southeasterly direction through the INIother Lode counties and ending in Kern; the eastern belt in Mono and Inyo counties; and the southern belt, in San Bernardino, Riverside and San Diego counties. Silver is not generally found alone in the state, except notably in the new Rand district, San Bernardino County ; but is associated to a greater or less extent with gold, copper, lead and zinc. Quicksilver has for many years been one of the state's staple products and California has supplied ai)i)roximately 75% of the nation's output of this metal. Tungsten is found in but few othci- localities of importance in the United States. Large deposits of iron ore have l)ecn known in several sections of the. state, but for various economic reasons this branch of the mineral industiy thus far has made only slight progress on the Pacific Coast. 42 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. A comparison of the 1922 metal output with that of 1921 is afforded by the following table : 1921 1922 Amount Value Amount Value Increase+ De crease- Value Copper - 12,088,053 lbs. Gold - Iron ore 1,970 tons Lead 1,149,051 lbs. Manganese ore 1,006 tons Platinum 613 fine oz. Quicksilver 3,157 flasks Silver Zinc 846.1S4 lbs. $1,559,358 22,883,987 lbs. 15,704,822 12,030 51,707 12.210 58,754 H0,C66 3,629.223 42,309 3,588 tons 6,511,280 lbs. 540 tons 795 fine oz. 3,466 flasks 3,034,430 lbs. $3,090,582 14,670,346 18,868 35S,120 7,650 90,288 191,851 3,100,065 172,963 Total values $21,211,079 Net increase $21,700,733 $1,531,224+ 1,034,476— 6,838+ 306,413+ 4,590— 31,534 + 51,185+ 529,158— 130,654+ $489,654+ ALUMINUM. Bibliography: Bulletins 38, 67. U. S. G. S., Min. Res. of U. S. To date there has been no commercial production of aluminum ore in California. The first authentic find of bauxite in this state was noted in the April, 1922, issue of 'Mining in California' (see Report XVIII, page 198; also 'Pacific Mining News.' p. 13, May, 1922). It is in Riv- ei-side County, southeast of Corona, but as yet undeveloped. ^Minerals containing aluminum are abundant, the most Avidel.v dis- tributed being the clays. There are only two, however, thus far of consequence, commercially, in the production of the metal : bauxite (to which may be added the related, hydrated oxides, hydrargillite and diaspore), and cryolite. Cryolite is found in commercial quantities only in South Greenland, and was formerly tiie only ore of aluminum used, being still employed as a flux in the extraction of the metal. Bauxite has been, for some years, the most important source of alumi- num and its salts. Its color varies from gray to red, according to the amount of iron present, the composition ranging usuallv between the following limits: ALO,. 30%-60% ; Fe^O,, 3^-25% : SiO,, 0.5%-20% ; TiO., 0.0%-10%. Besides its reduction to the metal, bauxite is also utilized in the manufacture of: aluminum salts, refractory bricks, alun- dum (fused alumina) for use as an abrasive; and in the refining of oil (stated to be of growing importance). The most important pro- ducing countries, both of bauxite and the metal, are the Ignited States and France, the former yielding more than 60 per cent of the world's output. In 1913 France led. Because of its light weight (2.58 specific gravity), the metal, alumi- num, has many important industrial uses, particularly in the manufac- ture of aeroplanes, airships, automobiles, cooking utensils, and electrical apparatus. The use of aluminum dust in place of zinc dust for pre- cipitating precious metal from cyanide solutions is increasing. In the Thermit process of welding and casting, aluminum in fine grains or filings is mixed with the oxide (usually iron oxide) to be reduced. Present quotations for aluminum are 25(*-27^ per pound, according to grade, for the refined metal. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 43 ANTIMONY. BihJiocfraphy: Stnto :Vlin('ralooist Reports VITI, X, XIT, XTTT. XIV, XV, XVII. liullctiu 38. Prodiietioji of antimony in California has Ixmmi irregular, and small in amount except durini; the year 1916 when the hif^h war-time priees ix'i-iiiitted Ameriean pi-oduccrs. for a short ])eriod, to compete with Chinese antimony. Tlie jn-im-ipal e-ommei-eial i)rodii('tion of antimony in California has come from Kern, Inyo, and San Benito counties, and other occurrences have been noted in Nevada, Riverside, and Santa Clara couiiti(\'<. The commonest occurrence is in the form of the sul- phide, stibnite ; but in the Kernville. and Ilavilah districts in Kern County there were notable deposits of the native metal, being among the few localities of the world wlierc native antimony has been found. California producers claim that they can not operate profitalily unless the price of antimony l)e above 12 cents jxt pound. Present New York quotations are around 7 cents per pound. Pure antimony metal, and manufactured antimony compounds are of considerable importance as pigments in the ceramic industry. The most important use of the metal, commercially, is in various alloys, particnlarly type-metal (with tin and lead), babbitt (with tin and copper), and britannia metal (with tin and copper). The production of antimony in California by years since 1887 has been as follows: Year Tom Value Year Tom Value 1887 75 100 $15,500 20,000 1900 70 50 $5,700 1888 ... 1889 1901 1902 8,350 1893 ... 50 150 33 17 ; 20 40 75 2.250 6,000 1.485 2.320 3,500 1,200 13,500 1915 1916 1917 1918 510 1,015 158 35,666 1894 ... 1895 ... 1896 64,793 18,786 1RQ7 Totals 1898 ... 1899 ... 2,363 $199,050 ARSENIC. Bibliographij: Pnllctin (17. T^. S. (i. S., Min. Res. of U. S. Arsenic is found in a num])er of localities in California in the min- eral arsenopyrite (FeAsS), which is frequently gold ])earing; and in scorodite (FeAsO^+2ILO). an oxidation product of arsenopyrite. The occurrence of realgar (AsS) has also been noted (see Report XVIII, page 197). To date, there has been no commercial output of arsenic from California ores. The principal source of the arsenic of commerce in the Ignited States has been a.s a l)y-i)rodiict from the metallurgical treatment of copper, gold, and lead ores. It is usually recovered in the form of the tri-oxide, or 'white arsenic,' for which tliere is a demand for the preparation of insecticides, foi- use in asrricnltiire atul horticul- ture, and especially against Ihe cotton-boll weevil in the southern states. 44 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. BISMUTH. Bibliography: Bulletins 38, 67. Am. Jour. Sci. 1903, Vol. 16. Several bismuth minerals have been found in California, notably native bismuth and bismite (the ochre) in the tourmaline gem district in San Diego and Riverside counties near Pala. Other occurrences of l)ismuth minerals, including the sulphide, bismuthinite. have been noted in In^-o, Fresno, Nevada. Tuolumne, and ^lono counties, but only in small cjuantities. The only commercial production recorded was 20 tons valued at $2,400, in 1904. and credited to Riverside County. In 1917, a few pounds of Ijisjnuthinite (Bi^.S..) with associated bis- nuitite (BigCOj.H^O), was taken out at the United Tungsten Copper Mine, in the Morongo district, San Bernardino County. It is associated with scheelite in a contact deposit between limestone and granite. Recovery of bismuth from blister copper in the electrolytic refinery has been noted, ^ ranging as high as 27.3 pounds of metallic bismuth per 100 tons of blister copper from the Iron Mountain, Shasta County, ores. In the United States, the principal recovery of bismuth is obtained as a by-product from the refining of lead bullion. The uses of bismuth are somewhat restricted, being employed princi- palty in the preparation of medicinal salts, and in low melting-point or cliche alloys. These alloys are utilized in automatic fire sprinkler systems, in electrical fuses, and in solders. Present quotations for bismuth are $2.55 per pound for the refined metal. CADMIUM. Bihliographij : U. S. G. S., Min. Res. of U. S., 1908, 1918. During 1917 and 1918. cadmium metal was recovered by the elec- trolytic zinc plant of the ]\Iammoth Copper Company in Shasta County. It was shipped in the form of 'sticks' and amounted to a total of several thousand pounds for the two j'ears, the exact figures being concealed under 'Unapportioned.' That was the first, and thus far the only, commercial production of cadmium recorded from Cali- fornia ore. Cadmium there occurs associated with zinc sulphide, sphalerite, probably as the sulphide, greenockite. Cadmium also occurs in the Cerro Gordo JMine, Inyo County, associated with smithsonite (zinc carbonate). There are several cadmium minerals, but none of them occur in sufficient quantities individually to be profitable as distinct ores. The cadmium of commerce is derived as a by-product in the reduction of zinc minerals and ores, in nearly all of which it occurs in at least minute proportions, the average ratio lieing about 1 of cadmium to 200 of zinc. As cadmium behaves metallurgically much the same as zinc, it con- stitutes a fraction of 1 per cent of nearly all metallic zinc. Cadmium is produced in United States in two forms — metallic cadmium and the pigment, cadmium sulphide. The principal use of the metal is in low-melting point, or cliche alloys, and its salts are utilized in the arts, medicine, and in electroplating. The sulphide is employed as a paint pigment, being a strong yellow, which is unaffected ^Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. 47, pp. 217-218. STATISTICS OK ANNUAIi PKODUCTION. 45 by hydrojren sulpliido j^as from ooal sinoko. Tt is also employed in coloring {jlass and poivelain. Cadniiuni cliche metal is stated to be superior to the correspondintr bismuth alloy, for making stereotype plates. Cadmium is also used in bronze telegraph and telephone wires, and gives some ])roiiiise of hciiig utilized in electroi)lating. Present (piotalinns for cadmium are $1.15 pci- pound Joi- the rc(iiie(l metal. COBALT. BihlinffrapJnf. Report XIV. bulletin 67. U. S. G. S., IMin. Res. of U. «., 1912, 1918. Occurrences of some of the cobalt minerals have been noted in several localities in California, but to date no commercial deposits have been developed. Some of the copper ores of tlie foothill copper belt in Mariposa and .Madera counties have been found to contain cobalt up to 3%. The most important use of cobalt is in the manufacture of the alloy, stellite. in which it is combiiied with chromium, for making high-speed lathe tools, and non-tarnishing cutlery and surgeons' appliances. The metal is also used in electroplating, similarly to nickel; and the oxide, carbonate, chloride, sulphate and other salts are used in ceramics for coloring. Some of the organic salts of cobalt (acetate, resinate, oleate) are employed as 'driers' in paint and varnish. Present ciuotations for cobalt are $2.65-$2.85 per pound for the refined metal. COPPER. Bihliofiraphj/: State :\Iiiu'ralogist Reports YIIT-XVIII (inc.). Bulletins 23, 50, 91. Copper is second only to gold, among the metals produced in Cali- fornia. For many years Shasta was the leading county in the output of tile red metal, hut in 191!) Plumas advanced to lii-st place, which it has since retained. This was due to the maintenance of output level by the Engels property in Plumas County and to the shutting down of the ]\lanun()th, ^lountain and Afterthought groups in Shasta County. The increase in 1922 is due to the return of the Walker ]\line, Plumas County, to the producing column. Both the p]ngels and Walker ores are treated by flotation and the concentrate shipped to Utah plants for smelting. The fact that the Engels ore carries apprecial)le values in gold and silver has been an important factor in the company's main- tenance of operations during this period that practically all other copper mines in the state have been closed. A small yield of copper in 1922 was also report(^d fi-om Tuyo. San Bernardino, Placer, Trinity, and ]\[ono counties. Although the copper property of the Mountain Copper Company was nonproductive in 1921-1922, a part of the copper credited to Shasta County the pa.st two years was obtained as a by-product from pyrites which had been sold and utilized in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, after which the cinder was smelted at other plants. Some copper was also obtained from nuitte made by the Shasta Zinc and Copper Com- pany at Winthrop (Bully Hill) in tiieir reverberatory operations for the production of zinc oxide. 46 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA The State's total for 1922 amounted to 22,883,987 pounds, valued at !i<3,090,582, ])einsr practically double the 1921 figures of 12,088,053 pounds, and .'|il,r)59,358. The average price in 1922 was 13.5^ as against 12.9^ in 1921, and 18.4^ in 1920; and was approximately equal to the pre-war price of 13.3^ of the year 1913. The high-level year was 1917 with an average of 27.3^. With the notable exception of the Engels group in Plumas County (and in 1922, the Walker), all of California's important copper producers have been elo.sed down since the middle of the year 1919. owing to the unfavorable market, a condition which has been world-wide. Distribution of the 1922 copper output, by counties, was as follows: County Pounds Value Inyo Mono Plumas San Bernardino Shasta Calaveras, Kern, Nevada, Ti'inity* Totals— - 69,537 $9,388 4,338 •m 20,677,771 2,791,499 13,452 1,816 1,827,875 246,763 291,014 40,530 22,883,987 $3,090,582 *Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. Copper Production of California, by Years. Amount and value of copper produeton in California annually since such records have been compiled by the State ^Mining Bureau is given in the following tabulation : Tear Pounds Value Year Pounds Value 1887 1,600,000 1,570,021 151,505 23,347 3,397,455 2,980,944 239,682 738,594 225,650 1,992,844 13,638,626 21,543,229 23.915,486 29,515,512 .^4 931 788 $192,000 235,303 18,180 3,502 424,675 342,808 21,571 72,486 21,901 199,519 1,540,666 2,475,168 3,990,534 4,748,242 n ani 7flo 1906 -. 28,726,448 ' $5,522,712 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915. 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 „ __ 32,602,945 6,341,387 40,868,772 5,350,777 65.727,736 8.478,142 53,721,032 6.680,641 36,838,024 4.604,753 34,169,997 5.638,049 34,471,118 5,343,023 80,491.535 4,055,375 40,968,966 7,169.567 55,809,019 13,729,017 48,534,611 13,249,948 47,793,046 11,805,883 22,162.605 4.122.246 12,947,299 2,382,303 1902 27.860,162 3,239,975 19,113,861 2.520,997 1921 12,088,053 1 1,559,358 1903 1922 22,883,987 3,090,582 Totals 1904 1905 29.974.154 16,997,489 3,969,995 2,650,605 851,215,542 $141,293,672 •Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 47 GOLD. liihlionrdpln/ : Stjitc ^liiicijiloiuisr liopoi-fs T to XJX (inc.") letiiis :{<;. 4."). 57. !)1. V. S. (Icoi. Siirv.. Pn.f. Paper 7:1 lliil- (!old was tlip first and, foi- many years, the most important single mineral jiroduet of California. 'Althonirh now sni'i)assed for a lunnher 1)1" years in annual value by jx'troleum, and by cement during the past three years, it still heads our metal list, and California continues to out- raidv all the other gold-j)roduein gold miuei" to operate at a profit. .Many mines were forced to close down, and the gold output of not oidy California, but of the other western gold states, decreased greatly. Economic conditions are iu)w slowly improving, and gold production will no doubt soon again strike an upward trend. Tlie 1922 figui'cs show a decrease from the 1921 yield. The continued shut-down (»f all but two of the large coi)per properties, which have always been important producers of by-product gold and silver, has also been an important factor. Outlook for 1923. According to the mid-year review of the U. S. Geological Survey'^ for the first six months of 1923, 'U. S. Geol. Surv., Pre.ss Bulletin July 15, 1923. 48 MiNEKAf. INDUSTRY OK CALIFORNIA. "mining in California durine: tlie first half of 1923 has been greatly handicapped by lack of efficient labor and by a very large labor turnover. Considerable develop- ment and prospecting work have been done during the first six months of the year in different parts of the State, particularly in the gold districts. Most of the larger gold mines .are operating about as they were in 1922, and a few new gold producers have started production. The silver mines have been worked to their full capacity thus far in 1923, but some curtailment of activity in silver mining took place in June. With the resumption of open-market prices for silver it may be expected that the I)roduction of that metal will bo further reduced. The Engels and Walker mines have been operating at full capacity, and st^ps have been taken to increase the output at both properties. It is reported that the copper mines in Shasta County and the Calaveras Copper Co. may reopen in the near future. * U: * * ± * * "Tlie output of both gold and silver during the first half of 1923 did not come up to that during the corresponding period, in 1922, but the increase in production by copper and lead mines will probably offset the decrease of silver from the silver mines, so that the output for 1923 will probably about equal that for 1922, which was valued at $21,625,600." Production in 1922. The State Mining Bureau has never independently collected statistics of gold and silver production, as there is no necessity for duplicating the very thoroughly organized work of the U. S. Geological Survey covering those metals. The data here given relative to these two metals have been received through the courtesy and cooperation of i\[r. J. M. Hill, Statistician in Charge of the San Francisco branch office of the Division of ]\Iineral Resources. Anyone wishing fuller details of the production of these metals may obtain the same by applying to the U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C, or to room 305, U. S. Custom House, San Francisco, California, for a copy of the 'separate' on the subject. The gold production of California for 1922 was distributed, by counties, as follows: County Amador .. Butte Calaveras El Dorado Fresno Humboldt Imperial _- Inyo Kem Madera -- Mariposa - Mono Nevada -— Placer Value $2,241,100 491,201 1,413,465 47,340 10,442 1,330 350 ^,265 124,337 1,594 218,571 65,747 2,903,573 119,673 County Value Plumas I $223,025 Sacramento 1,350,749 San Bernardino 125,728 Sha.sta - - -_ 393,034 Sierra I 1,753,242 Siskiyou 75,105 Trinity 182,918 Tuolumne -- 222,366 Yuba 2,492,948 Colusa, Del Norte, Lassen, Los An- geles, Orange, San Diego, Merced, Stanislaus* — - 127,243 Total value -- $14,670,346 •Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. The following is quoted from the advance chapter on Gold in 1922, by courtesy of :Mr. J. M. Hill of the U. S. Geological Survey : "The gold $14,670,346, a vield of 1'921. production of California in 1922 was 709,677.98 ounces, valued at decrease of 50,042.78 ounces, or $1,034,476, as compared with the gold In 1922 deep mines produced 62.51 per cent and placer mines 37.49 per cent of the gold output. In 1921 the relation was deep mines 4 8 per cent and placers 52 per cent, whereas in 1920 deep mines produced 51 per cent and placer mines 49 per cent of the gold output. The 2 82 placer mines operated in California In 1922, for the most part, were relatively small operations. Aside from the dredges there were only 2 placer mines, both drift, at which over $20,000 in gold was recovered. "The placer gold yield in 1922 was 266,055.50 ounces, valued at $5,499,855. which is $2,654,969 less than the value of gold produced at placer mines in 1921. Dredges produced 91 per cent, drift mines 5 per cent, hydraulic mines 3 per cent, and surface placers 1 per cent of the total yield of gold from placers in 1922. During the year there were 35 dredges, 63 drift, 60 hydraulic, and 124 surface placers at which gold was produced. Dredges in 1922 produced $2,757,572 less gold than in 1921, the greater j STATISTICS t»F ANMAh I'KODUCTION. 40 part of the loss beiny from tlio Yuba River fi«'kl in Yiil)a County, though tho drtdges in Amador, Calaveras, Phu-er, Sacramento, and Trinity counties all saved smaller 1884 4,532 , 40,983 1914 1915 1916 1917 1,436 5,'i28 724 2 5&4 1885 ... 1886 . 3,676 19,250 3,000 6 000 1887 2,874 11 496 1893 250 : 2,000 200 1 1,500 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Totals 3108 15 947 1894 2 300 13 796 1895 .. 5 975 40 889 1907 1908 .. 400 400 1,970 12,0.30 3,588 18,868 190() 1 1A« 17J ! 1910 579 900 62,646 $503,254 •Productions for the year 1881-1886 (inc.') were reported as "tons of pig iron" (U. S. G. S.. Min. Rps. 1885), and for the tabl9 herewith are calculated to "tons of ore" on the basis of 47.6% Fe as shown by an average of analyses of the ores (State Mineralogist Report rV, p. 242). This early production of pig iron was from the blast furnaces then in operation at Hotaling in Placer County. Charcoal was used in lieu of coke. Though producing a superior grade oi metal, they were obliged finally to close down, as they could not compete with the cheaper English and eastern United States iron brought in by sea to San Francisco. LEAD. Bihliograplnj : State ^Mineralogist Reports IV. VITT-XV (inc), XVII, XVIII. Lead production in California in 1922 increased to nearly .six times that of the i)receding year, but was still below the record yield of the years 1916-1918. The principal output was from lead-silver ores from Inyo County, with smaller amounts from Shasta. ]\Iono and San Bernardino counties. The average price of the year was 5.5^ per pound as compared with 4.5^ in 1921, ;}.9f in 191.3, and the high-level average of 8.7^r per pound in 1917. 52 MINKUAIi INDUSTUY OF (JALIKOltNIA. The 1922 production was distributed by counties, as follows: County Pounds Value Inyo 6,264,138 ' $344,528 Mono 9,820 540 San Bernardino 11,188 615 Imperial, Korn, Nevada, Orange, and Shasta* 226,134 12,437 Totals 6,511,280 $358,120 •Combined to eoneeal output of a single operator in each. Lead Production of California, by Years. Statistics on lead production in California were first compiled by this Bureau in 1887. Amount and value of the output, annually, witli total figures, to date, are given in the following table : Tear 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 Pounds Value 1,160,000 900,000 940,000 800.000 1,140,000 1,360,000 666,000 950,000 1,592.400 1,293.500 596,000 655,000 721.000 1,040,000 720,500 349,440 110,000 124,000 533.680 $62,200 38,250 35,720 36,000 49,020 54,400 24,975 28,500 49,364 38.805 20,264 23,907 30,642 41,600 28 820 12,2.30 3.960 5.270 25,083 Tear Pounds 19C6 338,718 1907 ; 328.681 1908 1.124.483 1909 2.685,477 1910 3,016,902 1911 1,403,839 1912 1,370,067 1913 3.640,951 1914 4.697.400 1915 - 4.796,299 1916 I 12,392.031 1917 21.651,352 1918 1.3.464,869 1919 4.139.562 1920 -- 4.903,738 1921 1,149,051 1922 6.511.280 Value $19,307 16,690 46.66 i 144.897 134.082 63.1i3 61,653 160.202 183,198 22.5,426 85.5,019 1.862.016 956.006 219.397 392.300 .51.707 358.120 Totals 103,266.220 $6,348,896 MANGANESE. BibUoqrapJiij: State ^Mineralogist Reports XII, XIIT. XIV XVIII. iiulletins 38, (57, 76, 91. U. S. G. S., Bull. 427. XV By far the greater tonnage of manganese ore is utilized in the prep- aration of ferro-manganese and employed in the steel industry both for its metal content and to slag off certain impurities during the open- hearth treatment. Though its other uses may be classed as 'chemical,' the tonnage thus consumed is relatively smaller. Its chemical uses are as a decolorizer or oxidizer in glass manufacture, and as a constituent in electric dry batteries. In the paint trade, the black dioxide is used as a drier in varni.sh. One of the newer uses of these black, oxide ores of manganese is in the manufacture of pressed and fancy brick, in the compo.sition of which it is mixed in powdered form to deepen the color. The chemical uses require a much liigher grade of manganese ore than the steel industry. In making ferro-manganese, carbonate ore can be utilized as well as tlie oxides ; l)ut for chemical purposes the dioxide is the important constituent. For steel i:»urposes an iron content STATISTICS OF ANN'IAI. I'Ki tDICTIOK. 53 is acceptahlt*, l)ut niani,'rnu'S(> sliould oxeeod 4(1','. Silica sliduld be under 89r, though higlici- was taken during the war period. IMios- phorus shouhl ho under O.l^O' ; . For electric dry crlls, ihc iron content should he under 1.5'; FeoO.., and Si(^_ under 6'v. For glassnuiking the inaniranese sliould he practically free of iron. On account of the hiuli pi-iees prevailing for manganese during liM.l-lDlS. selenium replaced nuinganese dioxide in glass factories; and it is stated to have lieen so successful that its use continues. Though the impoi-ts of nuinganese ore from the Caucasus District in Russia were reduced by the war to practically nothing, the I'nited States received iniix)rtant shij^ments from Brazil, India and Cuba; so that the total im])nrts for 1916 were ]n-acticall>' doul)le those of either 1!)14 or 1015. The 191 (i figurt^s were 57t),:}21 long tons, valued at $8.(i(i(i.l79: for 1!)17. a total of tJ29,972 hmg tcms, valued at ^10,2(i2,929, of wliich 512,517 tons were from Brazil; in 1918 a total of -t91,3():{ long tons, value $15,095,867, of which 345,877 tons were from Brazil; in 1919. a total of 333.344 long tons, value $11,229,184, of which 246,592 tons came from Brazil; in 1920. total 601,437 long tons, value $11,955,922, with 421,523 tons, Brazil; in 1921, total 401,354 long tons, $3,365,732, with 262,468 tons, Brazil. In 1922 up to Sept. 22, when the new taritl' became etVective, a total of 327,727 long tons, valued at $2,695,724 was imported; and 46,724 tons, value $704,040 for the remainder of the year. The Tariff Act of 1922 i)rovides: "Manganese ore or concentrates contiiining in excess of 30 per centum of metallic manganese, 1 cent per pound on the metallic manganese contained." Batteries, chemicals, and kindred industries in the United States con- sume approximately 25,000 tons of high-grade manganese ore, annually, or about one-thirtieth of that used in steel manufacture. A considera1)le portion of the state's 1917-1918 product was utilized in California in making ferro-inanganese by electric furnace; besides shipments which were sent East. Some 'chemicar ore was also shipped. For many years the principal producing section has been the Livermore-Tesla District, in Alameda and San Joacpiin counties, but exceeded in 1915 by Mendocino and regaining the lead in 1916. Since 1918 the largest producing county has ])cen Stanislaus, which ad.joins San Joa])er sulphides. The onh' recorded commercial ship- ments of molybdenum ore in California were during the war, 1916-1918. Some development work has recently been done on a high-grade deposit at the head of the Kaweah River, Tulare Countv. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 55 The 1917 output included some concentrates assaying up to 58% M0S2 but the bulk of it was 1.5% ore which was sliipped to Denver, Colorado, for concentration. Th:it production came maiidy from Shasta County, with smaller amounts from Inyo, Mono and San Diego counties. There were two concentrating i)lants l)uilt in California — one in each of the above tir.st and last named counties. In the spring of 1!)1S, a flotation plant oi)('rat('d for a short time by a lessee on the Houkler Creek ]Mine, near Gibson Siding, Shasta County, made a small amount of 90%. ]\IoSo concentrate. The ore treated carried 2.6% ]\IoS.,. There has been none produced in California since 1918. Present quotations for molybdenum ore are @ 75^ per pound for 85% ^NIoSj concentrates, plus duty. The California production of molybdenum ore by years is summa- rized in the following tabulation : Year Tons Value 1916 — — - 8 $!),945 1917 - 213 9,0U 1918 _ - • 300 Totals 251 $19,259 •300 pounds of 90% M0S2 concentrate. NICKEL. Bihliograpliu: Reports XIV, XYII. U. S. G. S., Bulletin 640-D. Nickel occurs in the Friday Copper ]\Iine in the Julian District, San Diego County. The ore is a nickel-bearing pyrrhotite, with some associated chalcopyrites. Some ore has been mined in the course of development work, but not treated nor disposed of, as they were unable to get any smelter to handle it for them. Nickel ore has also been reported from other localities in California, ])ut not yet confirmed. Present quotations for nickel are 27f-32^ per pound, according to grade and quantity. OSMIUM (see under Platinum). PALLADIUM (see under Platinum). PLATINUM. BihUograpJuj : State ^Mineralogist Reports IV, VIII, IX, XII- XVIII. Bulletins 38, 45, 67,85, 91. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bulletins 193, 285. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. 47, pp. 217-218. In California, platinum is obtained as a by-product from placer operations for gold. The major portion of it comes from the dredges Morking in Butte, Calaveras, Sacramento, Shasta and Yuba counties, with smaller amounts from dredges in Amador, Stanislaus and Trinity, and from the hydraulic and surface sluicing mines of Del Norte, Humboldt, Siskiyou and Trinity. During the last threc^ years, f|uite a number of prospectors and small oi)erators, woi'king with i-ockers and panning have recovered amounts of platinum which, though individually small, have in the aggregate 56 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. added inatei-ially to tlie state's total yield. This is particularly true of the Beeguiu ('reek District in southwestern Shasta County; also the New River and Hayfork districts in Trinity County. The production of platinum-frroup metals in California for 1922 totals 937 ounces, crude, containiiiir 795 fine ounces, valued at $90,288. Of this amount, a total of 898 ounces, crude, or 96^^, came from the gold dredges. This is an increase of 182 fine ounces in quantity, and an increase of $31,534 in value compared Avith the 1921 figures. The prices pi-evailing in 1922 were materially hitrher than in 1921. From $70 to .$113 per fine ounce was paid for platinum, and from $160 to $225 per fine ounce for iridium content in 1922. The above-noted total of 898 fine ounces includes 570 fine ounces of osmiridium and iridium. .Most of the ])latinum refiners ])ay for the osmiriilium on the basis of its ii-idium content. Crude 'i)latiuum'' is really a mixture of the metals of that group, and carries vars'ing per- centages of platinum, iridium, and osmiridium or iridosmine, with occasionally some palladium. Some platinum and palladium arc also recovered in the electrolytic refining of blister copper. Iron in greater or less amount is always alloyed naturally with native platinum, and usually some iridium and osmium. P^or further detailed information on California's platinum resources, anal.v.ses, tests, et al.. the reader is referred to Bulletin. 85. issued by the State ^Mining Bureau, and to the April, 1922, issue of 'Mining in California', pages 158-172. In addition, there is usually some platinum recovered as a by-jiroduct in the gold refinery of the ]\liut, but which can not be assigned to the territory of its origin for lack of knowing to which lots of gold it belongs. The San Francisco ]\Iint is stated to have recovered as high as 100 ounces of })latinum in a single year from this source, some of which unquestionably came from California mines. For 1922, the distribution of California's platinum yield was as follows : County Pine ounces Value 30 $3,826 22 2,i:o 4 41.'5 496 ; 57,4.3,S 12 1,22.1 115 11,077 116 n,ia Butte Calaveras Humboldt Shasta Trinity -- Yuba Amador, Del Norte, Mendocino, Plumas, Sacramento, Stanislaus* Totals - - - 795 $00,283 ♦Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. Russia, previous to 1916, was producing from 90% to 95% of the world's i)latinum, but for several years following was reduced to practi- cally nothing: and has not yet recovered her former position. Colombia ranked in second place. l)ut now leads. California is the leading j)ro- ducer in the United States. STATISTICS OP ANNIAI, I'KODCCTIOX. 57 Uses, Markets, and Consumption. Besides its well-known uses in jcweli-y, dentistry and Tor cheinieal- ware, an importiint industrial development of recent years employs platimnii as a catal^zci- in llie 'eontaet j)rocess' of manufactui'inj; con- icntratcd siilpluirie acid. It is also necessary for certain delicate i)arts of the ignition systems in automobiles, motor boats, and aero{)lanes. Experiments have l)een made to find alloys which can rej)laee platimnn for dishes and crucibles in analytical work, but so far witli oidy sli«;lit success. According to Hill' the apparent consumption of crude platinum in the Tnited States in the last few years lias been about 50.000 ounces a year, but the sui)ply has l)een below noniud for a numbei- of years. In the Tiuted States, the demand foi- I'etined i)latinum metals has Ijcen ap])i-oximately 145. 000 ounces durinu' recent years. Al)out half this demand is tilled by metals recovered from domestic and foreign crude platinum anil by recoveries from gold, cop|)er. and nickel refiinng. but importation of retined metals and the recoveries from sweeps and scrap materials is an essential part of the domestic supply. Prior to 1915 the annual consumption of i)latinum metals in the United States was about 160,000 ounces. "The chemical imliistry uses phitinuni. paHatliiim, iiidhim, and rlimUiim in tlie pvirc state and in alloys in various tvijcs of apparatus. Appai-cntl.v the hulk of platinum apparatus contains from one-half of 1 per cent to ."> per cent of either iridium or ihodium and very small quantities of iron and silica, which are detrimental. Salts of the various metals are useil as reagents in the chemical lal)oratories. "The chemical industry is not considered a good or steady buyer of platinum metals. 'J"he electrical industry requires practically pure platinum and iridium to make the alloys for contact points. Tliese alloys carry from 5 to 20 per cent iridium, dependent on the character of work they are to perform. It is understood that palladium-Kold alloys are being used for telephone, telegraph, and signal equipment contacts, and rhodium-olatinum alloys are used in tlie manufacture of thermo-couples. Less expen- sive metals, particidarly tungsten and nickel-chrome alloys, are used in some electrical equipment, such as heating elements, where platinum wns formerl.v used. "The demand for platinum in the electrical field is good, but there is a tendency to develop substitutes whicli may further restrict tlie market. The dental industry con- sumes considerable amounts of platinum metals, but tlie recent developments .are toward palladium rather than platinum. Falladium-gold alloys have been found entirely satisfactor.v for tootli pins, rivets, and for foil for the manufacture of arti- ficial teeth. Formerly these articles were made of platinum and platinum-iridium alloys. The demand of the dental industry should continue good and may increase, for there is no immediate prospect of the utilization of base-metal substitutes for precious metals in this field. "Practically all of the jewelers' demand is for the 5 or 10 per cent iridium-platinum alloys, which are sold by the refiners in the form of sheet, wire, or semifinished find- ings, such as rings and settings. The jewelers are the largest consumers of platintmi in the world, as platinum has been found satisfactory for gem settings and its price is commensurate with the value of the gems. Unless fashion should otherwise decree, there seems to be no reason why this market for platinum should not increase rather tlian decrease. "Crude platinum is sold in lots ranging from less than an ounce to hundreds of ounces; buyers, however, prefer not to handle lots of less than two ounces. For small lots settlement is usually made on the basis of recovered precious metals, each metal being paid for at the market price. Large lots are usually offered with an assay certificate from a reputable chemist. Sometimes sale is made on the basis of this iissay, but more often on an adjustment of the seller's assay and an assay of a sample taken in the presence of the buyer. As the actual recoveries seldom eoual the content shown by assay, some sales are made on a figure which is the average of the assay content and actual recovery. The latter method is not liked by sellers. As all crude platinum carries appreciable quantities of palladium and iridium, and some of the rare elements of the platinum group, as well as moie or less gold and silver, all the precious metals are shown in the analysis and should lie paid for by the purchaser. "Formerly the markets were so limited that buyers were in a ijosition to dictate moi-e or less the pi-ice of crude, and it has been said that in the past crude-platinum producers were really at tlie mercy of the few refiners. More recently, liowever. more buyers have entered the field, and reports indicate that the seller's position is better. 'Hill, J. M.. The marketing of platinum: Eng. & Miii. .Joui.-Press, Vol. 114, pp. 718- 719, Oct. Jl. 1922, 58 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Much of the dissatisfaction of sellers of domestic crude platinum seems to be due to lack of care on their part in cleaning the metal before trying to market it. Often larse amounts of sand grains mixed with platinum particles necessarily reduce the value of the material to the refiner, and the returns from such shipments are not satisfactory to the producer. "As the platinum metals are very heavy, the volume of a package containing several hundred ounces is not large. Adequate packing for shipment to prevent loss is very important. Shipments of large size from South America are often doubly wrapped in specially tough, semiglazed paper, sewn into tightly woven cotten cloth, which in turn is sewn into canvas and sealed. This package is placed in a box made of g-inch boards to fit the parcel exactly, put together with screws, the heads of which are deeply countersunk and the holes above the screw head filled with sealirg wax. For small shipments such elaborate packing is possibly not necessary, though every precaution against loss through breakage of the wrappings should be taken. Domestic platinum shipments are usually made either by insured parcel post, or express, the rate varying from one-half of 1 per cent to 1 per cent of the value. Insurance companies will insure shipments to and from foreign countries at a usual rate of one-half of 1 per cent, though some rates are lower. "The market for platinum, both crude and refined metal, is very sensitive, and prices vary from day to day, depending more on the supply of imported material than demand, though sellers of crude platinum watcli the market closely for sudden changes in price. The strongest market is usually in the fall, when manufacturing jewelers begin making up stock for the holidays, for the jewelry industry is the largest and most steady buyer of platinum. The following table gives the range of prices of the three principal platinum metals for the last ten years. Although prices have decreased considerably since the war, they are still much above the pre-war level, and it is believed that high prices will prevail for some years, for supplies of crude platinum are short and will be short until the Russian fields again become a factor in the market." "Prices of the Three Important Platinum Metals, Per Troy Ounce, 1911-1921. Platinum Palladium Iridium "1911 - - 1912 — 1913 - - — 1914 - $43 50 45 SO 44 88 - . 45 00 $5500 55 00 50 00 44 OO 56 00 67 00 110 00 135 00 130 00 108 00 50 00 $62 00 65 OO 65 00 65 00 1915 1916 1917 55 00 84 00 _ 103 00 83 00 94 00 150 00 1918 — 1919 - -- 105 00 123 00 175 00 255 00 1920 — 1921 j 111 00 .-.' 75 00 331 00 195 00 "All dealings in the platinum metals are on a strictly cash basis, and no discounts are either asked or given. Though quotations are published each week, it is practi- cally impossible to get a 'firm offer' either to buy or sell that holds for more than forty-eight hours. All transactions for both crude and refined metals are based on the troy ounce of 480 grains. As the domestic production of platinum metals is practically negligible, imports of foreign crude are absolutely necessary to supply our refiners, and, as there is a world shortage of crude platinum, it is necessary to import considerable quantities of refined metals. English, French, and German brands seem to be equally acceptable, possibly because they pass through the hands of domestic refiners and makers, whose reputation is established and concerning the character of whose goods there is no question. As a matter of fact, the ultimate consumer rarely knows whether he or she has real platinum or something of the same color. So long as the piece of jewelry or apparatus looks and acts as platinum should, there is little question as to the chemical purity of the metal." A recent press bulletin- of the T". S. Geological Survey shows that the total consumption of platinum metals in the United States in 1922 was 181,498 troy ounces, an increase of about 3% as compared with the consumption in 1921. =U. S. Geol. Surv., Press Bulletin, June 20, 1923. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 59 'Consumption of Platinum in the United States, 1921-1922, by Industries, in Troy Ounces. Industry 1921 "Chemical Electrical Dental Jewelry Miscellaneous Totals "Ch?mical Electrical Dental Jewelry Miscellaneous Totals-- 1922 Per cent Platinum Iridium Palladium Total of total 12,273 34 45 12,362 7.02 20,574 1,003 7,628 29,203 16.58 13,181 75 8,501 21,757 12.35 101, 2n8 2,307 1,265 1(M,S90 59.55 3,791 3,938 217 7,946 4.50 151,077 7.417 17,^4 176,148 100.00 8,831 172 458 9,464 6.02 2-1,988 1,537 2.735 29,260 . 16.12 11,G51 83 5,535 17,269 9.71 108,527 2,588 9,852 120,967 63.65 2,838 1,064 636 4,538 2.50 156,838 5,444 19,216 181,498 100.00" Platinum Production of California by Years. Tlie annual production and value since 1887, have been as follows; 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 189() 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 Year Ounces 100 500 500 600 100 80 75 100 150 162 150 300 300 400 250 39 70 123 200 Value $400 2,000 2.000 2,500 500 440 517 6C0 900 944 900 1,800 1.800 2,500 3,200 468 1,052 1,849 3,320 Ye.ir 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 .- 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Totals Ounces 91 300 706 416 337 Ell 6C-3 3G8 463 667 886 610 571 *41S 477 613 795 13,025 Value $1,647 6,255 13.414 10,400 8.386 14,873 19,731 17.738 14,816 21,149 42,642 43,719 42.788 •m6n 68,977 58,754 90,288 $563,878 ♦Fine ounces, beginning with 1919. QUICKSILVER. Bibliorjrnphi/: State :\lin('ralofrist Reports IV, V, XII-XV. XVIT. XVill. Bulletins 27, 78, 91. U. S. Geol. Surv., Monograph XIII. U. S. Bur. of Mines, Tech. Papers 96, 227. Quicksilver Avas produced in C^alifornia in seven counties during 1922, to the amount of 346(i tlask.s, valued at !|?191,851, beinjL' a .slight increase both in amount and value over the 1921 output, which was the smallest number of flasks ])r()(luced in a year in California since the quicksilver industry ])egan in 1849. The average price received during 1922, according to the producers' reports to the State Mining Bureau, 60 MINERAL INDUSTKV OF CALIFORNIA. was .'i^ilo.-So jier flask, as against .t44.r)() in 1!)21. and the record average of $114.03 for the year 1918. The avera.Ere of San Francisco quotations for 1922 was $57.78 per Mask. Quotations ranged from $47.;5() in Febriuii'v to $71.30 at the chise of the year. Ht>cause of liiyli oi)erating costs, and foreign importations, practically all of California's important quicksilver ])rodncers have been shut down since November, 1920, with the exception of the Senator IMine of the New Almaden Company in Santa Clara Count.v, which has been working steadily, and the Cloverdale Mine in Sonoma, operated intermittently. Operations are now heing resumed at the New Idria ]Mine, San Benito County, and at the Oat Hill and the Knoxville mines, Napa County. The taritf act of 1922 provides for an imjxjrt duty of '2n^ per pound, 01- $18.75 per Mask (75 pounds, net). This l)ecame effective September 21, 1922, following which the situation for our domestic producers has been somewhat improved. Quicksilver, though not used in such quantities as is copper or some of the other metals, is not less vital in peace than in war. No eoni- l^letely successful substitute has yet been found for quicksilver in some of its uses. Except during the stimulated prcKluction resulting from the higli prices of the war period, our domestic output of quicksilver for a number of years has not kept i)ace witli domestic consumption. This is not due to a lack of local sources, but mainly to the competition of low-cost foreign metal duuq)ed onto our market through an almost ui^gligiblc import dut.v. Otlier tinaucial and economic conditions obtaining during these year.s have also had their etfect on the situation, but they could have been weathered had it not been that the lack of taritf protection permitted the too-free entry of foreign metal. There is plenty of ground, even in California, in addition to what may be in Nevada and Texas, that will warrant development if only a fair price can be assured that will justify exploitation. Uses. The most important uses of quicksilver are the recoveiy of gold and silver by amalgamation, and in the manufacture of fulminate for explosive caps, of drugs, of electric appliances, and of scientific appa- ratus. By far the greatest consumption is in tlie manufacture of ful- minate and drugs. One new use for quicksilver is in tlie introduction of a small amount into the cylinders of steam turbines to improve the vapor pressure and thus increase efficiency. This mercurv is recoverable and can be re-used^. so that there is only a small proportional loss. Quicksilver is an absolutely essential element from a military stand- point, as there has not yet been produced an entirel.v satisfactory com- mercial substitute for it in the manufacture of fulminating caps for exph)sives. However, in oi"der to reduce consumption of the fulminate, some pota.ssium chlorate, picric acid, ti'initro-toluol, or tetranitro- methvlamiiie is sometimes mixed with it. STATISTICS OF AXM'Al, I'l.'OI )!( 'I'K »N. 01 Total Quicksilver Production of California. Total amount an 7fi.'?„'')2() 16,217 773.788 17.665 799.002 19.109 879,205 20,600 866.024 15,361 630.042 11.373 557.846 14,199 1,157,449 21.427 2,003.425 24,382 2.396,466 22,621 2,579,472 15,200 1,353,381 10,278 775.527 3,157 140,666 3,466 191,851 Average price per flask $42 38 42 50 45 00 52 50 45 25 40 71 36 75 30 70 37 04 34 96 37 28 38 23 47 70 44 94 48 46 43 20 42 25 37 62 35 94 36 50 38 16 42 3.3 47 71 45 23 46 01 42 04 40 23 49 05 81 52 93 50 98 29 114 03 89 04 75 45 44 56 55 35- TotalS-J 2,192,450 $107,03.3,457 •Flasks of 75 lbs. since June, 1904; of 76i lbs. previously. 62 MINERAL INDTTSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. SILVER. BibUographij : State ^Mineralouist Reports IV, VIII. XII-XIX (inc.). Bulletins 67, 91. Min. & Sei. Press, March 1, 1919. Silver in California is produced largely as a by-product from its association with copper, lead, zinc, and gold ores. As explained under the heading of Gold, the State Alining Bureau does not collect the statistics of silver production independently of the U. S. Geological Survey. The average price of domestic silver during 1922 was $1.00 per ounce at New York as compared with 54.8^' in 1914; 50.7^ in 1915; 65.8^ in 1916; 82.4^ in 1917; $1 in 1918; $1.12 in 1919; $1.09 in 1920 and $1.00 in 1921. The following paragraph is quoted from the U. S. Geological Survey Advance Chapter on 1922, by courtesy of ^Ir. J. M. Hill, statistician in charge of the San Francisco branch office : "There were 3,100,065 ounces of silver produced in California in 1922, which is r)29.15S ounces less than the output in 1921. This loss of silver output is largely due to the decreased shipments from the Riindsburg district in San Bernardino County, for much more silver was produced from the lead ores of Inyo County and the copper ores of Plumas County than in 1921. The decrease in silver production from the R;indsburgr district was 835,754 ounces. "The output of silver from placer mines in 1922 was 19.613 ounces, about 50 per cent as much as in 1921, and the decrease was practically all from the dredge opera- tions, which produced 16,608 ounces in 1922, as compared with 36,322 ounces in 1921. There were slight increases of silver output from drift and hydraulic operations, but surface placers produced less silver than in 1921. "The production of silver from deep mines was 3,080,452 ounces, a decrease of 510,141 ounces, as compared with 1921. The deep mines supplied 99.37 per cent of the silver output of the state. The Kelly mine at Randsburg was by far the largest producer of silver in the state and the production of silver from San Bernardino County was 77 per cent of the total deep mine output. The copper ores mined in Plumas County carried the second largest r4uantity. and the lead ores mined in Inyo County the third largest quantity of silver produced at deep mines. The output of silver from deep mines of these counties was 296,764 ounces and 256,009 ounces, respectively. The next nearest competitor was Amador County, whose dry gold ores yielded 32,039 ounces of silver. Dry silver ores mined in 1922 yielded 77 per cent, cooper ores 10 per cent, lead ore 9 per cent, and dry gold ore 3 per cent of the total deep mine silver output of the state. Gold and silver mills recovered 3 per cent, con- centrates produced at all types of mills carried 35 per cent, and ore sent direct to smelters 62 per cent of the silver output of California In 1922." Silver output was sustained and encouraged through the operation of the Pittman Act maintaining the price of domestic silver at $1.00 per ounce minimum. This ceased, however, after June of the current vear, 1923. The distribution of the 1922 silver yield, by counties, was as follows : County Value Amador .. Butte Calaveras El Dorado Fresno --- Humboldt Imperial — Inyo Kern Madera .— Mariposa . Mono Nevada .— Placer $32,28rr 1,89:) 11,&48 376 87 10 18,024 256,006 6,524 3,500 3,301 11,686 19,583 952 County Value Plumas Sacramento San Bernardino Shasta Sierra Siskiyou _— Trinity Tuolumne - Tuba Colusa, Del Norte, Lassen, Los An- geles, Orange, San Diego, Merced and Stanislaus* 297,254 3,392 2,374,948 26,901 14,484 612 2,432 2,976 8,222 2,907 Total value I $3,100,065 •Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 63 Silver Production of California by Years. The value of the silver produced in California each year since 1880 has been as folloM's, the data previous to 1887 being taken from the reports of the Director of the Mint. There are no data available for the years previous to 1880 : Tear Value Tear Value 1880 $1,140,556 1902 $616,412 1881 - 750,000 1903 517,444 1882 - 845,000 1904 873,525 1883 1.460.000 1905 678,494 1884 M,185,101 1906 817,830 1885 - 2,568,036 1907 751,646 1886 - 1,610,626 1908 873,057 1887 1,632,004 1909 1,091,092 1888 , - 1,700,000 1,065,281 1910 993,646 1889 1911 673,336 1890 1,060,613 1912 799,584 1891 953,157 1913 832,553 1892 463,602 1914 813,938 1893 537,158 1915 851,129 1894 297,332 1916 1,687,345 1895 599,790 1917 1.462,955 1896 422,464 1918 1,427,861 1897 452,789 1919 1,240,051 1898 414,055 504,012 1920 1,859,896 1921 3,629,223 1900 ^724,500 1922 3,100,065 1901 =571,849 Totals . .. $49,&49,007 iLawrer, A. M., In Production of Precious Metals in United States: Report ol Director ol Mint, 1884, p. 175; 1885. ^Recalculated to 'commercial' from 'coining value,' as originally published. TIN. Bibliofjraplnf : Reports XV, XVII, XVIII. Bulletins 67, 91. Tin is not at present produced in California; but during 1891-1892, there was some output from a small deposit near Corona, in Riverside County, as ta])ulat('d below. Small quantities of stream tin have been found in some of the placer workings in northern California, but never in paying amounts. Two occurrences have also been noted, in northern San Diego County. Crystals of cassitorite were found there, associated with blue tourmaline cr3\stals, amblygonite and beryl. No commercial quantity has been developed, only .small pockets having been taken out. The principal sources of the world's supply of tin are the islands of Banka. Billiton and Singkop, Netherlands India (Dutch East Indies), followed l)y the Federated ]\Ialay States (Perak, Pahang, Negri Sembilan and Selangor). Bolivia, Siam, Cornwall, Transvaal, New South Wales, Queen.sland and Tasmania are also important sources. A measurable amount of the metal is also recovered by de-tinning scrap and old cans. (i4 .MI\i:i{AI. IXDlSTin' Ol' (AMKORXIA. Total output of tiu in California : Tear | Pounds Value 1S91 125,289 |27,5Gt 1802 126,000 32,400 Totals 251,289 $59,90i \ \ TUNGSTEN. Bibliography: Reports XV, XVII. XVIII. Bulletins 38. 67, 91. U. S. G. S. Bull. 652. Proe. Colo. Sei. Soo. Vol. XL South Dakota School of ^Nlines, Bulletin No. 12. Eng. and ^lin. Jonr.- Press, Vol. 113, pp. 666-669. Apr. 22, 1922. Tungsten ore ha.s heen produced in California principally in the Atolia-Hands])urg district in San Bernardino and Kern counties, fol- lowed l)y the Bishop district in Inyo County, with small amounts coming from Nevada County and from the district near Golfs, in ea.stern San Bernardino. Most of the California tungsten ore is scheelite (calcium tungstate). though wolframite (iron-manganese tungstate) and hiibnerite (manganese tungstate) also occur. The deposits at Atolia are the largest and most productive scheelite deposits known,' and the output has in some years equaled or exceeded that of ferberite (iron tungstate) from Boulder County, Colorado. It is inter- esting in this connection to note that, in practically all other tungsten producing districts of the world, wolframite is the important con- stituent. Burma, the largest producer, reported- for 1917-1919, yields of 4.537, 4.443, and 3,577 tons of wolframite concentrates, respectively, most of which was obtained from placers, in part associated with cas- siterite (tin oxide). Imports of foreign tungsten ores into the United States during 1922 amounted to 1665 long tons, valued at .'1^281,251, compared with 1441 hmg tons at $276,757 in 1921, 1740 lonir tons, at $779,593, in 1920, 8400 long tons, at .$6,261,190, in 1919, and 10,362 long tons valued at $11,409,237, in 1918, which ores were duty free up to September 22, 1{)22. Owing to lack of protection against the cheap coolie labor of Asiatic tungsten mines, and the low market prices, practically all of the tungsten mines in the United States have been closed down since the middle of 1919. Quotations during 1922 ranged around $2.50 per unit, np to Septeml)er. Present quotations are $8.50-$9.0(), with a miiiimum of 609f. The taritf act of 1!)22, which l)ecame etl'ective September 22, 1922, placed a duty on tungsten ore or concentrates of 45^ per pound on the metallic tungsten contained therein. Duties are also provided for imported tungsten-])earing alloys. The value of the ore is based upon the content of tungstic trioxide (WO3), and rpiotations are commonly made per unit (each l^p) of WO3 present. In California in 1920-1922, there was no production of tungsten, neither of ore nor concentrates, for the tii*st time since the beginning of tungsten mining in this state. The tonuages here shown are recalculated 'U. S. G. S., Bull. 652, p. 32. =U. S. Commerce Reports, No. 78, April 5, 1921, p. 95. I STATISTICS OF ANM Ai. I'RODUCTION. 05 to a l)asis of 00% WO,. Concentrates usually carry 597^; to 63%. Previous to 1915. a sincrle company ])roducod almost all of California's tungsten. During the latter part of 191."), and the early months of 1916, ])ecause of the high prices prevailing, prospecting was nuieh stimulated, and the known tungsten-hearing areas were eonsiderahly extended hoth in San Hernardiiio and Kern counties. In the Clark ^Mountain and New York .Mountain districts in eastern San Bernardino County, wolframite and hiibnerite are the principal ores, with some scheelite, while at Atolia it is scheelite only. Scheelite is also the tungsten min- eral in Inyo County near Bisho]). and three concentrating mills have l)een in operation there. The Nevada County ore is scheelite. The metal, tungsten, is used mainly in the steel industry and in the manufacture of electrical ai)pliances, including the well-known tung- sten filament lamps. Because of its resistance to corrosion ])y acids, it is valual)le in making certain forms of chemical api)aratus. Its employ- ment in tool-steel alloys, permits the operation of cutting tools, such as in lathe woik, at a speed and temperature at which carbon steel would lose its temper — hence the name 'high speed' steels for these tungsten alloys. As made in the United States, tungsten forms 13% to 20% of such steels. Some chromium, nickel, cobalt, or vanadium, are sometimes also included. Tungsten compounds are used in the manufacture of colors. Tungst(>n is introduced into the molten steel charge, either as the powdered metal or as ferro-tungsten (containing 50%-85% tungsten). The specific gravity of the pure metal, 19.3-21.4, is exceeded only by platinum, 21.5; iridium, 22.4 -. and osmium, 22.5. Its melting point is 3,267° C. (5,913° F.), being higher than any other known metal. Though millions of tungsten filament lamps are now made, the wires are so fine that the metal they contain represents but a few tons of tungsten concentrates annually. Total Tungsten Ore Production of California. The ainiual amount and value of tungsten ores and concentrates produced in California since the inception of the industry is given here- with, with tonnages recalculated to 60% WO3 : ( Tons Bt 1 Tear 60% WOs Value Tods at Tear 60% WOs Value 1905 57 $18,800 1914 420 1 $180,575 1906 485 189,100 1907 287 120,587 1908 105 37,750 1909 577 190,500 1915 1916 1917 1918 962 2,270 2,466 1.982 1,005,467 4,571,521 3,079,013 2,832,222 1910 .. 457 208,245 1919 214 219,316 1911 387 127,706 1920 1912 572 206,000 1913 559 234,673 Totals 11.800 $13,221,475 VANADIUM. Bihlioqraphii : Report XV. Bulletin 67. Proc. Vol'. XI. U. S. Bur. of Mines, Bulletin 104. Colo. Sei. Soc, No commercial production of vanadium has as yet been made in Cali- fornia. Occurrences of this metal have been found at Camp Signal, near CoflFs, in San Bernardino County, and two companies at one time did considerable development work in the endeavor to open up paying 5— 2S547 CiG MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. fiuantities. Each liad a mill under construction in 191G, but apparently no commercial output was made. Ore carrying the mineral cuprode- scloizite and reported as assayinc^ 4:% VoO., was opened up. Late in 1917, some ore carrying lead vanadate was discovered in the 29 Palms, or Washington district, on the line between Riverside and San Ber- nardino counties. The principal use of vanadium is as an alloy in steels, especially in tool steel and in those varieties where resistance to repeated strains is required. Present New York quotations for vanadium ore are @ 75^- $1 per pound of contained V2O5 (guaranteed minimum of 18% V0O5). ZINC. Bihliogmphy : State Mineralogist Reports XIV, XV, XVII, XVIIT. BulletinsSS, 67, 91. The production of zinc in California in 1922 amounted to 3,034,430 pounds, worth $172,963 at the average price of 5.1^ quoted for the metal. This (mtput represents mainly the metal contained in zinc oxide prepared at the plant of the Shasta Zinc and Copper Company. There was also some ore shipped from Inyo Count}'' to Colorado for smelting. The oxide was obtained directly from zinc-copper ore by roasting in the reverberator.y, collecting in a bag-house, and subsequent refining. The resultant product was sold to paint and rubber manu- facturers ; and there appears to be a promising future for such business on the Pacific Coast. There are already several automobile tire plants in operation in California. The zinc ores of Shasta and Calaveras counties are associated with copper, while those of Inyo aud San Bernardino are associated prin- cipall.y with lead-silver and zinc-silver ores. The principal uses of zinc are for 'galvanizing' (plating on iron to prevent rust), for zinc oxide (used in rubber goods and paint), and for brass (an alloy of copper and zinc). These outlets for the metal take approximately 80% of the quantity produced. Of the remaining 20% a large portion is rolled into plates and sheets, and utilized in the building industry for sheathing, roofing, leaders, and eaves-troughs. Zinc is particularly desirable and efficient for roofing and siding where corrosive gases are present, as at smelters, refineries and chemical plants. Total Zinc Production of California. Total figures for zinc output of the state are as follows, commercial production dating back only to 1906 : Tear Pounds 1906 206.000 $12,566 1S07. 177 J59 10,598 1908 54,000 3,544 1909 1910 1911 2,679,842 152,751 1912 4,331,391 298,866 1913 1,157.947 64,845 1914 399.641 j 20,381 Tear Pounds 1915 13,043,411 1916 15,950,565 1917 11,854,80^1 1918 5,565,561 1919 1,384,192 1920 1,188,009 1921 846,184 1922 3,0^,430 Value $1,617,383 2,137,375 1,209,190 506,466 101.046 96,229 42,309 172,96:5 .Totals 61,873,736 $6,446,512 STATISTICS OF AXM \l- l'Kol)t;CTION. G7 CHAPTER I-OUR. STRUCTURAL MATERIALS. Bihliofirophji: Stato :Minoralnc:ist Roports XTV, XV, XVII. Bui- letiu 38. See also under each substance. As indicated by this subdivision headiuf;, tlie mineral substances hercMu considered ai'e those more oi- less directly used in l)uilding and structural work. C'alifoi-nia is independent, so fur as these ai'e con- cerned, and almost any reasonable construction can he made with materials produced in the state. Tliis ])ranch of the mineral industry for 1922 was valued at $86,992,001, as compared with a total value of $3;l.-i77.120 for the year 1921, the increase being' due to continued activ- ity in all building and construction operations which followed the release of war-time restrictions. In most cases in 1922, increased ton- nages were sold, but at lower unit prices. Deposits of granite, marble and other buiUling stones are distributed widely throughout tliis state, and transportation and other facilities are gradually being extended .so tiiat tiie growing demand may be met. Tlie largest single item, cement, has had an interesting record of growth since the inception of the industry in California a])0Ut 1891. Not until 1904 did the annual value of cement produced reach the million-dollar mark, following which it increased 500% in nine years; though from 1914 to 1918 there was a falling otT common to all build- ing materials. The 1921 output esta])lished a new high-level mark, both in quantity and value. The quantity sold in 1922 was greater than in 1921, but the total value less, owing to drop in price. Crashed rock production is yearly becoming more worthy of con- sideration, due to the strides recently taken in the use of concrete, as well as to activity in the building of good roads. Brick, with an aver- age annual output for a number of years worth approximately $2,000,000, had difficultly in holding its own, due to the popularity of cement and concrete. In 1920, however, the sales increased to nearly double the previous record figure of the year 1907, with only a slight decrease in 1921 ; but 1922 showed an advance to new record figures. This item will, no doubt, continue to be an important one, and of course a market for fire and fancy brick of all kinds will never be lacking. Fifty-five counties contributed to this structural total for 1922, and there is not a county in the state which is not capable of some output of at least one of the materials under this classification. 68 MlNliKAI/ INDUSTRY OF CAUFORNJA. The following suniinaiy .sliovvs the value of the stnietiiral materials produced in California during- the years 11)21-1922, witli increase or decrease in each instance. 1921 1922 Increase+ Becrease— Value Amount Value Amount Value Bituminoue roclc Brick and tile 8,298 tons $43,192 6,570,875 18.072,120 6,870 725,901 610,619 511,102 98,393 1,294 2,112 4,624 tons 8,962,135 bblsi. 379 tons $13,570 7,994,931 16,524,056 6,334 676,643 671,747 594,665 127,792 3,320 1,100 •• 10,377,783 $29,622- 2,424,116+ 1.518.064— Cement 7,4M,221 bbls. 347 tons Ohromitc -- - 536— Granite 49,258— Linio - - 463,534 bbls. 47,837 tons 30,232 cu. ft. 2,569 cu. ft. 10.150 eu. ft. 578,748 bbls. 65.637 tons 38,321 cu. ft. 10,950 cu. ft. 900 cu. ft. • 61,128+ Magnosite -- --- 83,563+ Marble .. 29,397+ Onyx . 2,026+ Sandstone Slate . .. - . 1,012- • + Stone, miscellaneous 7,834,640 2,543,143+ Total values $33,477,120 $36,992,001 Net increase $3,514,881+ •Concealed under 'Unapportioned.' ASPHALT. Bihliograplnj : State Mineralogist Keports VII, X, XII-XV (inc.), XVII, XVIII. Bulletins 16, 82, 63, 67, 69, 91. Asphalt was for a number of years accounted for in reports by the State Mining Bureau, because in the early days of the oil industry, considerable asphalt was produced from outcroppings of oil sand, and Avas a separate industry from the production of oil itself. However, at the present time most of the asphalt comes from the oil refineries, which produce a better and more uniform grade ; hence, its value is not now included in the mineral total, as to do so would be in part a dupli- cation of the crude petroleum figures. Such natural asphalt as is at present mined is in the form of bituminous sandstones, and is recorded under that designation. BITUMINOUS ROCK. Bihliograplnj: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIII, XV, XVII, xviii. The manufacture of asphalt at the oil refineries has almost eliminated the industry of mining bituminous rock, but small amounts of the latter are still used occasionally for road dressing. The production during 1922 from quarries in Santa Cruz and Santa Barbara counties was 4.624 tons, valued at $13,570, compared wuth 8,298 tons and $43,192 in 1921. STATISTICS OP ANNUAL, PRODUCTION. 69 The following tabulation shows the total amount and value of bituminous rock quarried and sold in California, from the records compiled by the State ^Mining Bureau, annually since 1887: Tear 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 189.5 1896 1897 1899 1900 1901 19f>2 1903 1904 1905 Tons Value 36,000 §160,000 1906 50,000 257,000 UK)7 40,000 170,000 1908 40.000 170,000 1909 39,962 154,164 1910 24,000 72,000 1911 .32,000 192.0.36 1912 31,214 115,193 1913 38,921 121,-586 1914 49.4.56 122,500 1915 4.5.470 128,173 1916 46.836 1.37,-575 1917 40.321 116,097 1918 2.5,306 71,495 1919 2AM2 66.3.54 1920 33,490 4-3.411 1921 21,944 .5-3.106 1922 45.280 175.680 24,753 60,436 ( Year Tons Value 16,077 §45,204 24,122 72,835 30,718 109,818 34,123 116,436 S7M7 165,711 75.125 117,279 44,073 87,467 37,541 78,479 66,119 166,618 17,789 61.468 19,449 66.561 .5,.590 18,-580 2,561 9,067 4,614 18,537 5,450 27,825 8.298 43,192 4,624 13,570 Totals 1,172,825 $3,605,453 BRICK and TILE. Bihlioaraphir. State :\rineraloe:ist Reports YIII, X, XII-XV (inc.), XVII, XVIII. Bulletin 38. Preliminary Report, No. 7. Bi-icks of many varieties and in important quantities are annually 7)i-odueed in California, as might be expected in a state with such diversified and widespread mineral resources. The varieties include common, fire, pressed, prlazed. enamel, fancy, vitrified, and others. So far as possible, the different kinds have been segregated in the talnilation herewith accompanying. AVe also include under this heading the various forms of hollow building 'tile' or blocks. The application of these tile to residence construction as well as to other structures is growing; and their total value for 1922 shows a 50% increase over that for 1921. The aggregate value for all kinds of brick in 1922 shows an increase of more than 40% over the 1921 output. Individually, the various groups (except fire brick, which decreased -slightly) made material advances, and especiallv common brick which increased from $2,880,124 in 1921 to $4,-363.629 "in 1922. The total .sales of common brick in Los Angeles County alone in 1922 (217,750 M valued at $2,990,151) exceeded the entire state's total of common for 1921 (202.417 M and $2,880,124). This item, of itself, is an indication of the activity in construction operations during the past year. The detailed figures of brick and tile production for 1922, by counties, are given in the following tabulation. 'Production' in this case means sales of product of California manufacture; and 'value' is vet price at the works, f.o.b. cars, trucks, or l)oats. The detailed figures of brick and tile produeton for 1922, by counties, are shown in the following tabulation : 70 MINERAT. INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. f- — O IN i-> 50 O C-l 1- r O ^ t^ O ^ r-«_ 1-;^ ri^ O 1 1 1 w ;:< 1 t >f3 s 1 1 -^ Oi rt i — " CO 1-" ts" t-^ CO O « o" 1 1 1 "^ 1 1 Z! o ' j S rH W O I-* rH , 1 1 O) Ci tn ^ -^ } ! 1 '^ ^ 8 is is i i i i ! 1 1 PH 1 1 m i •3 05 1 ^Ji 1 t-1^ 1 I ' ' ' *^ ! **-" 1 1* 1 1 1 1 1 -« 04 a 1 ?o , 1 CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 S f-H B m t» rH ^■g «e- 5 3 5^ ^ o o »- £2 ' !5 i 1 ; 1 S S IS 1 1 1 1 S* *^' is !*• 1 1 1 i i s 1 1 -^ 1 i "" s rH w E^ t; 1 i is? i ! i i ; ife i 1 (M^ t 1 1 t^ ] I [ ] \ CO I 1 "^ 1 1 1 1 1 1 "^ 1 1 <=> I 5^ ee S S 1 1 •** 1 " 1 CO ■ "> E-^ do- 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 i-l ^ «» (0 Ul 0) -a ^ to 1 C4 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 ao 1 « f^c 1 3 : 1 i i ! " * * i ^ i i i i i tH h z 5 1 t- 1 Z) ctf o o 3 o > 1 2 1 ; i§ 1 1 1 1 Jo 1 1 1 "O 1 1 J 1 t-^ 1 1 1 l"^ 1 1 1 1 CO 1 1 S3 : : t^ 1 1 CO 1 CO 8 CM * > 1-1 1 <:o 1 1 1 1 1 ^-111 1 1 1 1 i ^ 1 ! rH g cc Ph S r- 1 iM 1 1 1 1 CO 1 " oi O Oi 1 CO 1 1 1 I CO 1 I ^ O 1 00, 1 1 1 1 I-H I t o_ IL 3 !-<■«♦ 1 !■-" 1 1 * 1 1 ■^ 1 I '^ 1 1 z o O s O 0} 1 Q O ^ 3 I rH 1—* OS rH 1— i lO ~i* cc o €e- Q. H Ill o g eg oa 00 tQ o to f^ C> i-i u5ooor-b^(NcO'* 00 i c 3 o ± r^C^lSt^'^i£io6r^ Ift CO h * i-t r-i ^ i-H ^ s Q < z < 03 g i i i i ; I ! ! !6« ! ca ! ! o 1 )£ 1 |a iiMiiiiillj " 1 ' -S ' O I * n 1 a ' o V 1 o ^ a fc « ! S 1 o DC : 1 ! : 1 1 1 1 1 hi i 1 i i ! i M i|2 i s 0) o i i i I i ^-e i 1 1 . C3 1 i 1 i i i i i i is" ! a) n : 1 ; : ; 1 ; 1 :|5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CS rH 1 : 1 '. : ; 1 1 1 ! 1-1 3 1 s i 'g ^ i — 1 g S 1 o 1 1 1 1 ii 1 1 1 ^ , . 1 « C 1 ^ 1 1 I 1 1 1 ! 1 1 s o ; 2 ! - a3 1 a ^ u 2 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t- 'S 1 W CJ C3 4-' . ■ &) Q ■ 0) tJ E-i i i i i i i I i ili i fa 1-^ 1 O e.S --a 1 "3 1 1 1 1 . o 1 ^ ~ O V * 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4^ a 1 j ; j ] ; 1 ; ; 1 -o t» ; g cr c e g p a •>! oj 3 a ,' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 O oT 1 ^ c SS.2 o 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 . 1 « .2 1 g«^.„-^ o i 1 i i "' i : -9 =3 M ?5 i Jo 1 1*^ 1 ' S ^ '^ " rj 1 1 a) ' o cr « .Oi *, rS - _ 1 C 0, .i O ^ -3 -- K '— s ^ ^ ^ 2 S a H cc "a o ^OuoOuc3«e3 — < O fe ^ M « ^ !« ■^. <5 oo STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 71 a o U s u (0 > s o U m -a ai m bo C o J5 72 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Brick and Tile Production of California, by Years. Record of brick production in the state has been kept since 1893 by this Bureau, the figures for building tile being also included since 1914. The annual and total figures, for amount and value, are given in the following table: Year Brick. M Building blocks. tons Value 1893 1894 1895 - 1896 1897 - 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 191fi 1917 1918 1919 1920 - 1921 1922 Totals 103.900 81.675 131.772 24,000 97.468 100,102 125,950 137,191 130,766 169.851 214,403 281,750 286,618 277,762 362,167 332,872 333,846 340,883 327,474 337,233 358.754 270,791 180,538 206.96C' 192,269 136,-374 156,328 245,842 238,022 374,853 6,558,414 $801,750 457,125 672.360 524,740 563,240 571,362 ; 754,730 905,210 : 860,488 ' 1,306,215 I 1.999,546 1.994,740 I 2.273,786 ' 2,538,848 3.438,951 2,506,495 3,059,929 2934,731 2,638,121 2,940,290 2,915.350 2,288,227 1,678,756 2,096,570 29,348 2,532,721 34.818 2,363,481 36.026 3,087.067 99,208 5,704,393 67,100 5,570,875 105,909 7,994,991 372,409 i $69,975,088 CEMENT. Bihliograplnf. State Mineralogist Reports VIII, IX, XII, XIV, XV, XVII, XVIII. Bulletin 38. Cement is the most important single structural material in the output of the state. During 1922, there was produced a total of 8,962,135 barrels, valued at $16,524,056, being an increase in quantity but a .slight decrease in value from the record figures of 1921. As in the preceding year, the output came from nine operating plants in seven counties. The average value, reported, decrea.sed from $2.44 ])er Ijjirrcl in 1921, to .$1.84 in 1922. The cement industry is .so distributed in California that it is not possible to apportion the details of production to the counties in which the plants mj'c located without makiug i>rivate business public. With the exception of San Bernardino, no county has more than one cement plant, The three operating plants in Spn Bernardino County, in 1922, STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 7:5 made a total of 2,770,953 barrels of cement, valued at ^4,156,430; the balance coniinsr from a single jilaiit in each of the following: counties: Contra ('osta, Kern, iiiverside, San Benito, Santa Cruz and Solano. 'Portland' cement was first commercially produced in California in 1891 ; though in 1860 and for several years following, a natural hydraulic cement from Benicia was utilized in building operations in Reinforced concrete bridge over American River at Folsom, Sacramento County, California. Old steel bridge in background. San Francisco. The gro'wiih of the industry became rapid after 1902 ; since which time cement has continued to be an important factor in the industrial life of the state. Although the total cement figures, to date, are not of the same magnitude as those for gold and petroleum, it is interesting to note that the value of California's cement yield beginning with 1920 has since annually exceeded the value of her gold output. 74 MINERAL IXDL'.STKV OF CALIFORNIA. According to reports of the U. S. Geological Survey, California ranks third as a cement producer, being surpassed by Pennsylvania and Indiana. 1923 CEMENT PRICES AVERAGE 69Z AROVE 1913 Production 21% Greater Than Pnewar Starxdard, Commence Department Leeu-'os 19 5 19114. 1915 19 "VSI' 6 1917 1918 1919 I9Z0 19Z1 mi 1923 ■^m ■ TO 60 ■ 50 ■ W ■ 30 ■ ZO ■ 10 ■ - 10 ■m y /^rpc/of-r vo/y & /?r/ce t PERCENTAGE INCREASE C+) OR DECREASE C-) FROM ISl 3 A7ont/7/y Ax/erac^so Price Prodactioo I9iif 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1911 mz I9Z3* -II -6 +18 +53 +65 +66 +80 +52. +59 ^9 -W -7 -1 + 1 -11 -13 1-9 + 7 +24- +ZI ♦ First Poor Months coprpiGKT lazs fir nAiPw f. couch, Washington, d.c. Cement Production of California by Years. Annual production of cement in California has been as follows : Tear 1891 , 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 Barrels Value 5,000 5.000 8,000 16,383 9.500 18,000 50,000 60,000 52.000 71.800 171,000 640,868 969.538 1.265,553 1,286,000 1.613,563 $15,000 15.000 21,600 32,556 28,250 66,000 150,000 180.000 121,000 159,842 423,600 968,727 1,539,807 1,791,916 1.941.250 2,585,577 Tear Barrels 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1,629,615 3.779.205 5.453.193 J 6.371,369 ' 6,198,634 6.167.806 5,109.218 4.918.275 5.299.507 5,790.734 ._. -. 4,772,921 4.645.289 6.709.160 7.404.221 1922 8.962.135 Value $2,359,692 4.969,437 7,485,715 9,085,625 6,074,661 7,743.024 6,558,148 6,044,950 6,210,293 7,544,282 7,969.909 8,591.990 14.962.945 18,072,120 16,524,056 Totals 89,453,487 $140,236,962 STATISTICS OF ANNIAI, PRODUCTION. . 7o CHROMITE. Bibliofjniphii: Stat.' Miiu-ralo^rist Keports IV, XII, XIII. XIV, XV^ X\'h, XVill. Bulletins 8S, 7G, 91. Prelim iiiarv Report 3 U. S. G. S., Bull. 430. Wm. & Sci. Press, Vol. 114, p. 552. Chromic iron ore, or eliromite, to the amount of 312 short tons of all grades (or 371) tons, reealculated to a basis of 45% Cr.OJ, valued at $6,334 f. o. b. shipping jjoint was sold in California during the year- 1!)22. As in 1921, there were but three producers who reported sales last year, comi)ared with the high nuirk of 236 in 1918, since which year the number has steadily decreased, owing to importations of foreign ore which can be landed at the consuming centers cheaper. The ore shipped in 1922 analyzed from 50.4% to 55% CrgOa, and brought from $18 to $26.50 per ton. The pnncipal production was in Placer' County, and a small amount also from San Luis Obispo County and was utilizctl both for refractory and for chemical purposes. Occurrence. Until 1916, when some shipments were made from Oregon and smaller amounts from ^laryland, Wyoming and Washington, practi- cally our only domestic production of chromite for many years came from California. From 1820 to 1860 the deposits in Pennsylvania and Maryland sui)plied the world's consumption. Chromite is widely distributed in Califoi-nia, the principal produc- tion, thus far, having come from El Dorado. San Luis Obispo, Del Norte, Shasta, Siskiyou, Placer, Fresno, and Tuolumne counties. In 1918 a total of 29 counties contributed to the state's output. There are two main belts in California yielding this mineral, one along" the Coast Ranges from San Luis Obispo County to the Oregon line, including the Klamath ^Mountains at the north end, and the other in the Sierra Nevada from Tulare County to Plumas County. Chromite occurs as lenses in basic igneous rocks such as peridotite and pyroxe- nite. and in serpentines which have been derived by alteration of such basic rocks. For the most part, so far as developments have yet shown, the len.ses have proved to be small, relatively few of them yielding over 100 tons apiece. A notable exception to this was the deposit on Little Castle ("reek, near Dunsmuir, from which upwards of 15,000 tons was shipped l)ef()re it was exhausted. Deposits worked in Del Norte County during 1918 promised well for a large tonnage. On the whole the orebodics in the northwestern corner of the state appear to average larger in size than tlic chromite lenses in other parts of California. Concentration became an accomplished fact in several localities, thus utilizing some of the disseminated and lower-grade orebodies whiclT have been found. In fact, an important part of the 1918-1920 production came from that source. Economic Conditions. Chromite is one of spvci'al of California's ndncrals most atfected by the economic conditions ])rought about by the European war. The 76 MINERAL INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. major portion of our domestic requirements for chrome is for con- sumption in the steel mills of the East. Formerly, most of that used was imported from Rhodesia and New Caledonia, and they are still, with the addition of India, the more important sources. The reports of' the U. S. Department of Commerce show the foreign imports of chromic iron for the nine rears 1013-1922, inclusive, to have been 49,772; 75.-155; 115,886; 72*063; 100,142; 61,404; 150, 275; 81,836 and 90,081 long tons, respectively. The average price of imports in 1922 was $8.23 per ton. The major consumption of chromic ore is for use as a refractory lining in smelting furnaces for steel and copper. A smaller portion is used in the preparation of ferro-ehrome for chrome-steel alloys. Some of the California product in 1916-1918 was converted into ferro- chrome in the electric furnaces of the Noble Electric Steel Company at Ileroult, California, and some of it was similarly reduced in electric furnaces at Niagara Falls, New York. A small amount of high-grade ore is utilized in preparation of chromates for tanning. Total Chromite Production of California. Production of chromite in California began, apparently, about 1874, principally in San Luis Obispo County. There was considerable activity from 1880 to 1883, inclusive, and a total of 23,238 long tons (or 26,028 short tons), valued at $329,924 was shipped from that county up to the beginning of 1887. Some ore also was shipped from the Tyson properties in Del Norte County. The tabulation herewith shows the output of chromite in California, annually, including the earliest figures so far as they are available. The figures from 1887 to date are from the records of the State Mining Bureau : Year Tons 1874-1886 (San Luis Obispo Co.) __. 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 26,028 3,000 1,500 2,000 3,59i) 1,372 1,500 3,319 3,680 1,740 786 Value $329,924 40,000 20,000 30,000 53,985 20,580 22,500 49,785 39,980 16,795 7,775 140 1,400 130 1,950 315 4.725 150 2,250 123 1,845 Year Tons Value 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 40 $600 317 2.859 302 6.040 350 6.195 436 5.309 749 9,707 935 14.197 1,270 11,260 1,180 12,700 1,517 9.434 3.725 38.044 48.943 717,244 52.379 1,130,298 73,955 3,619,497 *4.314 97.161 1,770 43.031 347 6,870 379 6334 Totals ; 242,290 I $6,410,827 •Recalculated to 45 per cent CraOs, beginning with 1919. STATISTICS OK ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 77 GRANITE. Bihiioijntphif : State .Miiici'alogist Reports X. XII-XVIII (inc.), Bulletin 38. Ill llie statist icjil i-t'|»nrts of the State Minijiu liiu'eaii i'ur seveial years previous to l!)l(i. ui-anite was recorded as a subdivision under 'Stone Industry* oi- undei- 'Miscellaneous Stone.' Since ]91G, we liave given it a separate Jieadinii'. as lias always been doue with niai'l)le and sandstone. ("rnslied i-ock. nil)ble. ;nid pa\iii m z o h o D Q O OC a Ul h z < OC o o o in"*-" O ^ t; C-l O ! O Ig CO CQ CO O T-t 1^ 00 CD ^ S 5 qS i ^g8 1— t c^j O i o s M O" 00 1— 1 £^ a a S E 3 3 O O g« o Mi" s 1> - 03 fu if, c £5 - ^ £ o _ _ o n t^ _ ^ r "w » ^ 5 >> £ s g; X X ° -■' ■= '-- 3 ss O : s J', s ph o _«) a n o . ^ 2 o «2 o tt S 22 « -c-a g" c s o £ O = £ fe STATISTICS OK ANNFAIi PRODUCTION. 79 Granite Production of California, by years. Tlic vjiliie (it;' liraiiile produced, annually, .since 1SS7, has been as f ollo\v.s : Tear Value Tear Value 1887 $150,000 57,000 1,329,018 1,200,000 1,300,000 1,000.000 531,322 228,816 224.329 201,001 188,024 147,732 141,070 295,772 519,285 255,239 678,670 467,472 353.837 1906 $344,083 1888 - 1907 . 373,376 1889 1908 512,923 1890 1909 376,834 1891 1910 417,898 1892 1911 3.55.742 1893 1912 362,975 1894 1913 981,277 1895 1914 — 628,786 1896 1915 227.928 1897 1916 535,339 1898 1917 221,997 1899 1918 -- 139,861 1900 1919 220,743 1901 1920 495,732 1902 19-^1 725.901 1903 1922 m Total 676,&43 1904 1905 .. $16,866,628 LIME. Tllhlingraphif. Reports XIV. XV. XVTT. XVTTT. Bulletin 38. Lime to the amount of 578,748 barrels, valued at $671,747, was pro- duced by seven plants in five counties during 1922, as compared with 463,534 barrels, valued at $610,619 in 1921. There were two plants, each, in Kern, San l^ernardino, and Santa Cruz counties, and one in Tuolumne County. So far as we have been able to segregate the data, these figures include only such lime as is used in building operations. A portion is hydrated. lime. Limestone utilized in sugar making, for smelter tiux, as a fertilizer, and other si)ecial industrial uses, are classified under 'Indus- trial ]\raterials. ' That consinncd in cement manufacture is included in the value of cement. Lime Production of California by Years. The following tabulation gives the amounts and value of lime pro- duced in California b.y years since 1894 when compilation of such records was begun by the State ^Mining Bureau : Year Barrels Value Year Barrels Value 1894 373,500 397,754 302,750 287,800 297,860 299,854 312,517 317,383 44S,664 493,587 579,451 616,995 689,268 684,218 396,386 $318,700 386,094 261,505 252,900 254,010 314,575 283,«99 334,688 869,616 418,280 571,749 .5^,322 763,060 756,376 379,243 19C9 1910 - 520,752 479,507 429,587 522,118 613,444 439,961 356,534 493,635 600,730 436,843 420,696 463,144 463.534 578,748 577,824 1895 477,683 1896 1911 390,988 1897 1912 464,440 1808 1913 528,547 1899 1900 ]914 1915 378,663 286,304 1901 . . . 1916 -. 390,475 1902 -. 1917 311,380 1903 . 1918 1919 461,315 1904. -. 552,043 1905 1920 557,232 1906 1907 1908 1921 1922 Totals . 610,619 671,747 13,220,230 $12,879,077 80 MINKRAI; INDUSTRY OK CALIFORNIA. MAGNESITE. Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVII. Bulletin 38. U. S. G. S., Bulletins 355, 540 ; :\Iin. Res. 1913, Pt. II. pp. 450-453. Min. & Sei. Press. Vol. 114, p. 237. "Magnesite'' — Hearings l)efore the Comm. on Ways and Means, House of Repr., on H. R. 5218, June 16, 17 and July 17, 1919. Eug. Soe. W. Pcnn.. Vvoo. 1913, Vol. 29, pp. 305-388, 418-444. Eiig. & Min. .loui'.-Pivss, Vol. 114. July 29, and Dee. 2, 3922. Occurrence. INIagnesite is a natural carbonate of magnesium, and when pure con- tains 52.4% CO., (carbon dioxide) and 47. 67t. MgO (magnesia). It has a hardness of 3.5 to 4.5, and specific gravity of 3 to 3.12. It is both harder and heavier than caleite (calcium carbonate), and also contains a higher percentage of CO;,, as caleite has but 44%. Most of the California magnesite is comparativel.y pure, and is ordi- narily a ])eautiful, white, fine-grained rock with a conchoidal fracture resembling a break in porcelain. The Grecian magnesite is largely of this character ; but the Austrian varieties usually contain iron, so that they become brown after calcining. The Washington magnesite resembles dolomite and .some crvstalline limestones in physical appear- ance. Its color varies through light to dark gray, and pink. In California the known deposits are mostly in the metamorphic rocks of the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada IMountains, being associated with serpentine areas. The notable exceptions are the sedimentary deposits, at Bissell in Kern County and at Afton in San Bernardino Count.y. Several thousand tons have been shipped from the Bissell deposit; and small shipments have been nuide from the Afton property. The Washington deposits are associated with extensive strata of dolomitic limestone. The magnesite there appears to contain more iron than most of the California mineral, which makes it desirable for the steel operators. However, recent experience has ])r()ved that several California localities have sufficient iron in their magnesite to be service- able in the steel furnaces. This is particularly true of the Refractory ^lagnesite Company's mine near Preston in Sonoma County, the White Rock JMine at Pope Valley and the Blanco IMine in Chiles Valley, Na]ia County. There is some also at the Sampson Peak property in San Benito County. Uses. The ])rincipal uses include : Refractory linings for basic open-hearth steel furnaces, copper rcverberatories and converters, bullion and other metallurgical furnaces ; in the manufacture of paper from w^ood pulp ; and in structural work, for exterior stucco, for flooring, wainscoting, tiling, sanitary kitchen and hospital finishing, etc. In connection Avith building work it has proved particularly efficient as a flooring for steel railroad coaches, on account of having greater elasticity and resilience than 'Portland' cement. For refractory purposes the magnesite is 'dead burned' — /. e., all or practically all of the COo is expelled from it. For cement purposes it is left 'caustic' — i. e., from 2% to 10% of CO. is retained. When dry caustic magnesite is mixed with a solution of magnesium chloride (]\lgCl._,) in proper proportions, a very strong STATISTICS OF ANNCAI- PRODT'CTION. SI (•('iiiciit is proiliK'cil. know 11 as oxxfhloridc or Sorcl eemeiit. It is ai)i)lii'il in a plastic form, which sets in a few lioiirs as a tough, seamless surface. It has also a very stronjr lionding {)ower. and will hold firmly to wood, metal, or concrete as a base. It may be finislied with a very smooth, even surface, which will take a irood wax or oil i)olish. As ordinarily mixed there is added a cert.iin i)roportion of wood fiour, cork, asbestos, or other tiller, thereby adflim; to the elastic properties of the finished product. Tts surface is desii-il)ed as 'warm' and '(piiet' as a result of the ehistie and nonconducting character of the eomposite material. The cement is frequently colored l)y the addition of some mineral pigment to the materials before mixing as eement. The desiral)le qualities of any flooring material (cost not considered) are listed for purposes of analysis or comparison under eighteen heads, as follows: Cleanliness (sanitary (|ualities), (piietness, immunity from abrasion (surface wear), resilience, immunity from slip]ieriness, appear- ance, waterproof character, plasticity, warmth (thermal insulation), life (immunity from deterioration with age), acid-proof character, alkali-proof character, fire resistance, elasticity, crushing strength, struc- tural strength (rupture), imnuinity from expansion and conti'action. and lightness. The imi)ortanee of these several (|ualities varies with the varying re(piirements to be met; for instance, in some places, as in hospitals, cleanliness is one of the ])i'ime considerations; in other places inniuniity from abrasion niiuht be one of the ])rincipal requisites. As 1(» most of these ((ualities the conclusion is reached that tlie magnesia eeiiient affords one of the most satisfactory flooring materials for many purposes, such as in kitchen, laundry, toilet and bathrooms, eoi-ridors, lar^e rooms or halls in put)lic or other buildings, including hospitals, factories, shops and restaurants. There is no doubt that the material is steadily coming into more .•reneral recoiinition and favor for these uses. For a few special uses it is more or less dis( pud ifiinl ; as an instance, it is not suited for construc- tion of swimming tanks or for conditions of ])ermanent wetness, since under constant immersion it gradually softens, although it is said to withstand intermitteni wetting and dining and is recommended i'oi' slutwer baths. Naturally it is not acid-proof and not wholly alkali- l)roof, which miulit be a disadvantage in use for laboratory floors and tables; but these are rather special re(|uirements. Its cost per square foot is given (in li)13') as 25 to 3.'3 cents, depending on area, which is estimated to be lower than marble, cork, rubber, clay oi- mosaic tile, slate or terrazzo. although more ex|)ensi\-e than wood, asphalt, linoleum (»r Portland cement. In the discussion of the subject (see Bibliography) the causes of failure ar(> ascribed to uncertain climatic changes, lack of unifoi-mify in the mixtures used, lack of care on the part of those handling the mate- rials, po.ssible deterioration of materials used through exposure (either before or after mixing), lack of proper preparation of foundations on which the material is to l;e laid, and. as a verv important factor, expe- rience or nouexi)erience in the manipulation or actual laying and trow- eling of the material. Data concerning the percentages of magnesium chloride and of ground calcined magnesia and data concerning the char- acter and ([uantity of filler and color added to the commercial prepara- tions are naturally guarded as trade secrets by the firms alread.y In the 6 — 2S547 82 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. business. The examination and standardization of the raw materials used, and of acceptable filler materials, and the establishment of stand- ard proportions for the mixtures would seem to be about the only- satisfactory way of attacking the problem. The condition of the calcination of magnesite for cement uses is important, as the same material may undoubtedly be greatly varied in its reacting properties by differing treatment in the kiln. It is gener- ally agreed that the magnesite for cement use must be comparatively free from lime, as lime has a greater tendency to reabsorb water and carbon dioxide than the magnesia, thereby causing swelling, and is therefore not so permanent in the completed cement as a pure magnesia material. The fillers used may constitute 10% to 40% of the whole cement, and commonly consist of ground marble, sand, sawdust, cork, asbestos or other materials. As an example of the fornuilas used in mixing such cements the following are ciuoted:^ 2Iijrturcs for the underlying or coarser layer. [Parts by weisrht.] 1. 15 parts magnesia. 10 parts magnesium chloride solution, 20° Baum^. 10 parts moist sawdust. (Sets in 36 hours.) 2. 10 parts magnesia. 10 parts magnesium chloride solution, 28° Baum«''. parts sawdust. (Sets in 16 hours.) 3. 20 parts magnesia. 15 parts magnesium chloride solution, 20° Baume. 4 parts ground cork. (Sets in 24 hours.) 4. 5 parts magnesia. 3 parts magnesium chloride solution, 20° Baume. 5 parts ashes. (Sets in 24 hours.) Mixtures for overlying or surface layers. IParts by weight.] 1. 40 parts magnesia. 33 parts magnesium chloride solution, 19° Baum^. 10 parts asbestos powder. 5 parts wood flour. 1 part red ocher. (Sets in 24 hours.) 2. 25 parts magnesia. 25 parts magnesium chloride, 21° Baum€. 4i parts wood flour, impregnated with 4J jiarts Tei"pentinharzlosung. 15 parts j-ellow ocher. (Sets in 30 hours.) The magnesite used is the fine-ground calcined (not dead-burned) of certain specified kinds or place of derivation regularly sold for •Scherer, Robert — Der Magnesit, sein Vorkommen, seine Gewinnung und technische Verwertung, pp. 216-217, A. Hartleben's Bibliothek, Wien und Leipzig, 1908. STATISTICS OF x\NNl\Mi PRODUCTION. 83 plastic^ purposes. This material eomnionly comes in paper-lined casks, barrels or box<^s. in which form it is fairly permanent, but it deteriorates by exposure. al)s()rbin(r carbonic acid and moisture from the air. If carefully handlcil it can i)i'obably be kept unopened a year or more, but it should be used within a few weeks after l)eing opened, even under most favorable conditions. Tlic use of mauiiesia cement has been suggested as a protecting coating for mine timbers, particuhirly against the fire hazard. Tlie necessary (|ualitics for any substance for such purpose have been summarized as follows : It should be resistant to abra-sion, and to impact and struc- tui-al stresses. It shoidd ])e dura])le when subjected to the action of the elements, and stal)le to any minor derangements of the base on which it is placed. It nuist be relatively unaffected by changes in tempera- ture, by the action of water, and should adhere to the material on which is it placed, and it should also be free from shrinkage cracks due to setting up the material, and have the alnlity to resist fire. I\Iagnesite cement appears to fulfill the various conditions thus outlined. It is stated that some metallic nuignesiuiii has been prepared eleetro- lytirally at Niagai'a Falls fi-om magiu'site. For refractory purposes the calcined magnesite is largely made up into bricks, similar to fire-brick for furnace linings. It is also used unconsolidated, as 'grain' magnesite. For such, an iron content is desirable, as it allows of a slight sintering in forming the brick. Dead- burned, ])ure, magnesia can not be sintered except at very high tempera- tures ; and it has little or no plasticity, so that it is hard to handle. Its plasticity is said to be improved by using, with it some partly calcined or caustic magnesite. Heavy pressure will bind the material sufficiently to allow it to be sintered. A coating of crushed magnesite is laid on hearths used for heating steel stock for rolling, to prevent the scale formed from attacking the fire-brick of the hearth. Imports and Domestic Production. Reports of the U. S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce show ini])orts of calcined magnesite to have been 172.591 long tons in IDllJ; 114,7-17 in 11)14, and 63,847 in 1915; most of it coming from Austria-Hungary and some from Greece. For the same years the pro- duction of crude (from 2 to 2^ tons of crude ore required to yield one ton of the calcined) magnesite in California (the sole producer of those years, in the United States) was: 9632 short tons, 11,438 tons, 30.721 tons, respectively. For 1916 the California output leaped to 154,052 tons of crude and to 209,648 tons in 1917, but has dropped considerably since then on account of resumplion of foreign im|)orta- tions, which totaled 52,483 long tons in 1921, valued at $776,384, being then admitted duty free. Shipments from Washington were begun late in 1916; and during the following three years assumed important proportions, but only a small tonnage was shipped in 1922. The Tariff Act of 1922, which became effective September 22d, last year, placed the following import duties on magnesite: Crude magne- site, -f^f, per lb. ; caustic-calcined magnesite |^ per lb. ; dead-burned and grain magnesite, not suitable for manufacture into oxychloride cements, 23/40^' per lb.; magnesite brick, ^^; per lb. and 10% ad valorem. The 84 mineratj industry op California. fio-nros of imports for 1922, as pii])lish('(l by tlie V. S. Bureau of Foreign and Douiestie Conniieree, show a total of ll!),(i90 long tons of calcined ore valued at $2,253,227, as compared with the figures shown in the preceding paragraph. Output and Value. In considering mineral production, the value of the crude material is used so far as practicable. ]\Iagnesite presents a peculiar example of a material which previous to 1916 was seldom handled on the market in the crude state. It is mainly calcined and ground ])efore being consid- ered markctalile. From 2 to 2h tons of crude material are mined to make (me ton of the calcined. In tlie earlier reports an arbitrary value for the crude material at the mine was calculated from the above on the basis of the calcined value, there having been very little product shipped crude. On the contrary, however, considerable tonnages since 1916 have been shipped in the crude state, contracted for at prices ranging from .+7 to $17 per ton. f.o.b. rail points. The average was $10.50 per ton, for 1922. This is the basis of the valuation used herein. The production of crude magnesite in California during the year 1922 totaled 55,637 tons, valued at $594,665 f.o.b. rail-shipping point. This is an increase over the 47,837 tons and $511,102 in 1!)21. The strong hope for the future for California magnesite appears to be in the development of the plastic business, particularl.v in the territory- west of the Rocky IMountains and possibly as far east as the Mississippi River; and in the manufacture of I'efractory brick to be ulilized mainly by the copper and lead smelters in the same district. It is p()ssil)le that California magnesite may be sent via the Panama Canal to the Atlantic seaboard ; but, on account of our higher production and transportation costs, it is difficult to compete with the Grecian article at Atlantic ports. Several plants are reported making refractory brick here from Cali- fornia magnesite. The ore from the White Rock JMine in Napa County, and that from the old Rolling (Refractory Magnesite Company) Mine, Sonoma County, is a natural ferro-magnesite and has found a ready market for refractory purposes. Both of these properties are at present (September, 1923) shut down, but similar material is being shipped from the Blanco ]\rine, Xapa County, and from the Sampson ^line, San Benito County. In 1918, for the first time since Tulare C*ount.y became an imi)ortant producer of this mineral, it was surpassed in tonnage output for the year, Init regained the lead in 1919, followed by Santa Clara and Xapa counties, respectively. The same ranking was retained in 1920; but Santa Clara took the lead in 1921. The largest individual i)roducer in 1920-1922 has been the Western Magnesite Development Company, in Santa Clara County, operated under lease by C. S. ]\Ialtby. A total of 24,091 tons was reported as shipped calcined by Californian mines in 1922, representing approximately 52.205 tons of crude ore. Owing to increased building operations, and the duty on foreign im])ortations,- the outlook for magnesite is improving. Research work is being conducted by the larger o]ierators to insure uniformit.y of product, and to work out formula' anil mixtures for its application in the plastic trade. Present quotations (September) are reported at $14 per ton crude, f.o.l). California points, and $35-$40 per ton calcined. STATISTICS OP ANNUAT. PROOrCTION. 85 rrodut'tion of i-nulc iiiaiiiiesitc for li>22, 1)\ counties, is iiivcii in the following table, with total erude value : County Tons Value Siinfii Plnra - 28,650 2,400 17,22:3 7,364 $301,875 St M n i •< 1 jiim -_ 35.475 TiUaro -- - 181.842 Fresno Nana San Benito. Tuolumne* - 75,473 Totals -- 55,637 $5^,66.5 •Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. ,Total Magnesite Production of California. Tiie first coniiut'icial product ion of magnesite in California was made in the latter part of ]88() from the Cedar Mountain distriet,' southeast |()f Livermore, Alameda County. Shipments amounting to 'several tons' pr 'several carloads' wert' sent hy rail to New York; hut there is appar- ently no exact record of the amount for that first year. The statistical records of the State ^Mining Tiureau began with the year 1887, and the table herewith shows the figures for amount and value, annually, from \hiit time. Siiij)ments of magnesite from Napa County began in 1S!)1 from the Snowtlake Mine; from tlie Retl Mountain deposits in Santa 'iai-a County, in lS!)i); and fi'om Tuhire County in liXK). Production of Magnesite in California, Since 1887. Tear Toni 600 600 600 600 1.500 1.500 1.093 1.440 2,200 1.500 1,143 1,263 1.280 2.252 4.726 2.830 1.361 2.850 3,933 Value $9,000 9.000 9,000 9.000 15.000 15.000 10.930 10,240 17,000 11.000 13,671 19.075 18.480 19.333 43,057 20.655 20.515 9,298 16.221 Tear 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Tons 4,032 6,405 10,582 7.942 16,570 8,858 10512 9.632 11,438 30,721 154.a52 209,648 83,974 44.696 83.695 47.837 55,637 Value Totals. 829,502 $40,320 57,720 80,822 62,588 113,887 67,430 105.120 77,056 114,380 283.461 1,311.893 1.976.227 803,492 452.094 1,033.491 511,102 594,665 $7,981,223 MARBLE. BIbliocjraijhi/: State Mineralogist Reports XII-XV (inc.), XVII, XVIII. i^ulletin :^S. V. S. P.ur. of Mines, Bull. 106. Marble is widel\- distribuled in California, and in a considerable variety of coloi-s and grain. Dui-ing 1922, production from one oper- ator each in Imix'rial. In\"o, and San Dieuo counties, and two in Tuol- lunne, amounted to 38,.'J21 cul)ie feet, valued at ^]21J[)2, being an iSee U. S. Gcol. Surv'.; Mineral Resources of U. S.. 1886. pp. and 696. 86 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. increase botli in quantity and value over the 1921 iigures. Tliis is again approaching what might be considered the normal output of earlier years, though still far below our possibilities. California has many beautiful and serviceable varieties of marble, suitable for almost any conceivable purpose of construction or decora- tion. In the decorative class are deposits of ou.yx marble of beautiful coloring and effects. There is also serpentine marble suitable for electrical swithboard use. Marble Production of California, by Years. Data on annual production since 1887, as compiled by the State Mining Bureau, follows. Previous to 1894 no records of amount were preserved. Marble colums (nionoliiliic), in Public Library, Stockton. Cal., built in 1893. Marble from Carrara Quarry, Amador County, Cal. Now being reopened. Photo by A. G. Dondero, owner. Year 1887 . 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 Cubic feet Value Tear 38,441 14,864 7,88a 4,102 8,050 9.682 4,103 I 2,945 19,305 84,624 55,401 73,303 , $5,000 5,000 87,030 80,000 100.000 115,000 40,000 98,326 56,566 32,415 7,280 23,594 10,550 5,891 4,630 37.616 97,354 91,208 129,450 1906- 1907 .. 1908 .. 1909 .. 1910 .. 1911 .. 1912 .. 1913 .. 1914 .. 1915 -. 1916 .. 1917 -. 191S .. 1919 .. 1920 - 1921 .. 1922 .. Cubic feet Vain* 31,400 $75,800 37,512 118,066 18.653 47.665 79.600 238,400 18.960 50,200 20.201 54.103 27,820 74,120 41,654 113,282 25.436 48.832 22.186 41,518 25,954 50.280 24,755 62,950 17,428 49.898 2.5,020 74,482 29,531 92,899 30.232 98,395 38,321 127,792 Total value $2,448,592 "Includes onyx and serpentine. •'Includes onyx. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. .87 ONYX and TRAVERTINE. Bihliographij: State Mineralogist Reports XII-XV (inc.), XVII, XVIII. iinlletin 38. Ony.x and travertine are known to exist in a number of places in California, but there has been only a small and irre.?ular production since the year 1896. As there wa-s but a single operator, the Tolenas Springs (juarry, Solano fonnty. in 1918 and 1920. the figures for those years were combined with those of the marble output. In 1922 there were two operators in Solano County and one in Mono, and a total of 10,950 cubic feet, valued at $3,320, was shipped. In the latter county, the travertine deposits near Bridgeport are being reopened, after an idleness of some years, by the Dineen Marble Company of Oakland. Operations are also under w^ay at a new quarry being opened up at Kernville in Kern County. The Solano County material is, in part, being utilized for terrazzo. Onyx Production of California, by Years. Production by years was as follows : Tear Value Tear Value 1887 $900 1888 — 900 1889 900 1890 .'• 1,500 1891 ! 2,400 1892 1,800 1893 27,000 1894 20.000 1895 1896 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Total- $12,000 24,000 1.294 3,»20 $96,014 •See under Marble. SANDSTONE. Blblioqi-aphif. State Mineralogist Reports XII-XV, XVII, XVIII. Bulletin 38. U. S. Bur. of M., Bull. 124. An unlimited amount of high-grade sandstone is available in Cali- fornia, but the wide use of concrete in buildings of every character, as well as the popularity of a lighter-colored building stone, has curtailed produetion in this In-anch of the mineral industry during recent years almost to the vanishing i)oint. In 1922 two counties — Santa Barbara and Ventura— turned out 900 cubic feet, valued at $1,100; compared with 10,150 cul)ic feet and $2,112 in 1921. The main feature of the loss since 1914 is the closing of the well known Colusa quarries, on account of the competition of lighter colored materials. S8 MINEHAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Sandstone Production of California, by years. Ainoiiiit Jiiul value, so J'iir as coutaiiicil in llic records o1' tliis liureau, are presented herewith, with total value fi-oiu 1887 to date: Tear Cubk- feet Value 1887 — 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 56,264 1900 378,468 1901 266,741 1902 i 212,123 1903 i 353.002 1904 .— 363,487 1905 302,813 $175,000 150,000 175,598 100,000 100.000 50,000 26,314 113,592 35,373 28,379 24,086 46,384 103,384 254.140 192,132 142,506 585,309 567,181 483,268 Tear Cubic feet 1906 ! 182,076 1907 159,573 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 93.301 79,240 165,971 255,313 66.487 62,227 1914 111,691 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Total valiio- 63,350 17,270 31.090 900 5.400 10.500 10.150 900 Value $164,068 148.148 55.151 37.032 80,443 127,314 22,574 27,870 45,322 8.438 10,271 7,074 400 3.720 2.300 2.112 1,100 $4,095,983 SERPENTINE. liiblhxjrdplin: State ^lineralogist Ke|'<>i't XV. P)nlU'tin ;}8. Serpentine has not been produced in ('alifoi'iiia to a ver\- larj»e extent at any time. A single deposit, that on Santa (Jatalina Island, has yielded the principal output to date. Some material was shipped from there in IJ'IT and 1918, Ix'inu' the oidy output recorded since 1907. It Avas used for decorative building purposes and for electrical switch- boards. As there was but a single operator, the figures were combined with those of marl)le out})ut for those years. Serpentine Production of California, by years. The following table shows the amount and value of serpentine from 1895 as recorded by this Bureau: Year Cubic feet Value Tear Cubic feet Value 1895 4,000 1896 1.500 $4,000 6,000 2,500 3,000 2,000 2.000 890 5.065 800 1 1904 __ 200 $2,310 1905 1897 2,500 1898 750 1899 500 1900 350 1901 89 1902 512 1903 99 1906 847 1.694 1907 1917 1918 1919 Totals 1,000 3,000 1 1 a * 12.347 $33,259 ^Under 'Unapportioned." ^See under Marble. STATISTICS OF ANNTU, PKODICTIOX. 89 SLATE. HihJioiimphii : State Mineraloirist Reports X\'. XVIII. Bulletin ;^8. ' r. S.' Ccoi. Surv.. Bull. oHti. V. S. Bur. of Mines, Bull. 218. Slate was tirst prt)dueed in California in 1889. Up to and including!; 1910 such production was continuous, hut since then it has been irregu- lar. Large deposits of excellent (piMlity are known in the state, espe- cially in El Dorado. Calaveras and ^Mariposa counties, but the demand has been light owing principally to competition of cheaper rooting materials. 'Slate' is a tenn applied to a tine-gi'ained ro<'k that has a more or h'ss perfect cleavage, permitting it to be readily split intt) thin, smooth sheets. Varieties differ widely in color and have a considerable range in chemical ami mineralogical com])osition. Excepting certain ran; slates of igneous oi-igin (of which the green slate of the Eureka (piarry, YA Doratlo County, California, is an example) formed fi'om volcanic ash or igneous dikes, slates have oi'itiinated from sedimentary deposits con- sisting largely of cla.w By consolidation, and the pressure of super- imposed materials, clays become l)etlded deposits of shale. By further con.solidation luuler intense pressure and high tempei-ature incident to mountain-building forces, shales are metamorphosed to slates. The principal mineral con.stituents are mica, (piartz. and chlorite, with smallei- var.xinu' amounts of hematite, i utile, kaolin, graphite, feldspar, tournuilinc, calcite, and others. The color of slate is of economic importance. The common colors are trra.v. bluish gray, and black, though reds and various shades of green are occasionall\' found. The pernuinency of sbite for roofing is well known, it is stated that there are slate roofs in Penns.vlvania and Mar.vland over 100 years old. '"In England and Wales, and in France, many buildings constructed in the 15th and 16th centuries were roofed with slate, and the roofs are still in excellent condition. I'here is a record of a cliapel in Bedford-on-Avon in Wiltsliire, F-^nghmd, roofed with slate in the 8th century, and after 1200 years of climatic exposure is moss-covered but in good condition." Contrary to the general impression, however, the major portion of the slate produced in the United States is used on the inside rather than the outside of buildings. Its interior u.ses include stationary washtubs, electrical switchboards, and blackboards. A s(iuare of rooting slate is a sufficient number of pieces of any size to cover 100 scjuare feet of roof, with allowance generally for a three- inch lap. The sizes of the pieces of slate making- up a square range from 7 X !) inches to 16 x 24 inches, and the number of pieces in a .s(iuare ranges from 85 to 686. The Ferry Building, San Francisco, is roofed with Eureka slate from El Dorado County. In California, at present, commercial output is being i-enewed. The Losh (luarr.v near Placerville, El Dorado Count.v, was opened up in 1921, and some material marketed in 1922; but as it was the only produce)-, the figures are concealed under the 'unapportioned' item. The Pacific <|uarrv at Ilornitos. Mariposa Count.\'. is also being reo|)eue(l. ;iiid expects to make shii)ments during the current year. 'Bowles, O., Slate as a permanent roofing material : U. S. Bur. of M., Reports of Investigations, Serial No. 2267, July, 1921, p. 4. 00 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Total Production of Slate in California. A complete record of amount and value of slate produced in Cali- fornia follows: Tear Squares Value Year Squares Value 1889 4,500 4,000 4,000 3,500 3,000' 1,800 1,3,50 500 400 400 810 3,500 5,100 4 000 10,000 $18,089 24,000 24,000 21,000 21,000 11,700 9,450 2,500 2,800 2 800' 5.900 26,2.tO ?8,2.50 .30,000 70,000 1904 .- ... 6,000 4,000 10,000 7,000 6,000 6,961 1,000 - $50,000 1890 1905 - -. 40,000 1891 1906 100,000 1892 1907 .. -- - -. 60,000 1893 1908 60,000 1894 1909 -- .. 45,660 1895 . 1910 - 8,000 1896 1911 1897 1915 1916 _ 1,000 5,000 1898 1899 1920 8 80 1900 1921 _ 1901 1922 * * 1902 Totals 1903 88,829 $676,479 *OoncpalC(1 under 'Unapportioned.' MISCELLANEOUS STONE. BibliogrriDhii: State IMineraloeist Keports XII-XVIII. 38. Bulletin ^ 'INIiseellaneous stone' is the name used tlii'ouKliout this report as the title for that hranch of the mineral industry coverins; crushed rock of all kinds, pavinc blocks, sand and ii'ravel. and jiebhles for p:rindin2f mills. The fore»'oino- are very closely related from the standpoint of the producer ; therefore it has been found to be most satisfactory to irroup these items as has been done in recent i-eports of this Bureau. So far as il has been possible to do so, crushed rock ])roduction has been subdivided into the various uses to which the i)roduct was put. It will be noted, however, a very lar,422 ; Fivsno, third, :-f (J0(),:U8 : Contra Costa, fourth, !|>or)9,9ir) : Saeramento, tifth, $412,667; and Riverside, sixth, $4()(),r)6(). The followiui,' is (lUotcMl. and the charts reproduced, from one of the trade journals^ relative to tlie avei'aue prices oblaininy- for crushed rock, sand and gravel, throughout the United States during 1922. The results, ou tlie whol(>. indicate lariici- (piantities used at somewhat lower unit values: JAN. M^R GRAVEL MAY JULY SEPT NOV /.2S /.OO $, '0.7S /^x//7n//n/zr/T^ Ayerc^pr/ce ^ 5:^/er/7 pkf^fs /.OO of pr/ces o.so SAN -B.^S Ay{^3,924. The amount and value of paving block production annually .since 1887 has been as follows: Tau Amount M Value Tear Amount M Valu* 1887 nO.OOO $350,000 1888 10,500 367,500 1889 7,303 297,236 1890 7,000 245,000 1891 5.000 150,000 1892 *3,000 96,000 1893 2,770 96.950 1894 2.517 66,981 1895 2.332 73,338 1896 , 4.161 77.584 1897 I 1.711 35.235 1898 I 1,144 : 21.725 1899 305 7,861 1900 1,192 23,775 1901 ; 1,920 41,075 1902 3,502 112.437 1903 4,854 134.642 1904 _„.; 3.977 161,752 190.J ] 3.408 ' 134,347 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Totals 4.203 4,604 7,660 4.503 4.434 4.141 11.018 6,364 6,053 3.285 1.322 938 372 27 63 4 72 135.649 $173.4.32 199,347 334.780 199.803 198.916 210.819 578,355 363.505 270.598 171,092 54.362 38.567 17,000 1.350 3.155 280 3.924 $5,312,723 ♦Figures for 1887-1892 (inc.) are for Sonoma County only, as none are available for other counties during that period ; though Solano County quarries were then also quite active. ST.\TISTICS ol" A.N.MAL I'liODlCTION. !).{ Grinding Mill Pebbles. Production of pchhlcs for tiihc and jrrindinhints in Califoi'uia, Xevada, ^Tontana and Ctah. lmi)orts in 1!>1!>, amounted 1o 17.(i77 lonu' tons, valued at $25(),()I)(); 2:^782 tons and >t^:^:}S.(i:i() in l!)2(l; !)()()4 tons and $ll(),ir)7 in 1!)21 ; \4^:^2^ tons and .i^l4.').S()5 in 1922. California output for 1!»22 was ir)71 Ions, valued at •^7.(128, an iiici-ease over the 1!)21 tiiiui'cs. The aiiiount and value of gi-iuding mill pel)bles, annually, follows: Tear Tons Value 191.5 .- 340 20,232 21,450 8.628 2.607 2.104 247 1.571 $2,810 1916 107,567 1917 . . 90,538 1918 . .. 61.268 191S -. --- 19.272 1920 - . - 17,988 1921 1,418 1922 • .. 7,628 Totals 57,179 $238,489 94 MINERAI; INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. Sand and Gravel. The distribution of the li)22 output of sand and gravel, by counties, is given in the following table : County Tong Value Alainoda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Contra Costa El Dorado — Presno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Korn Lake Lassen ' "699,863 -- 5,632 I 12,747 I 167,653 ' 14,110 62,136 2,500 ! 552,041 ' 174,241 48,988 j 256,942 I 35,970 23,337 11,823 Los Angeles 2,629,631 Mendocino Merced -— Monterey - Napa Nevada .. Oiansc -— Plac'jr Riverside - 14,000 125,000 •'120,083 171,383 9,607 251,135 8,333 "17,788 $495,580 2,800 7,300 99,350 6,929 24,656 2,000 201,094 91,250 102,308 64,56.') 23,58o 16,669 5,850 2,140,828 14,000 79,500 84,180 118,664 6,026 225,764 6,800 5,650 County Sacramento - San Diego San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Sluista Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Tuolumne Ventura Yuba Colusa, Del Norte, Inyo, Madera, Mariposa, Modoc, San Benito, Santa Cruz, Sierra, T e h a m a. Trinity, Yolo* Tons "167,233 »268,478 212,690 28,000 13,881 65,500 193,915 54,180 28,005 27,472 128,208 337,462 72,333 24,294 147,447 138,203 Value $96,425 29J,448 87,967 21,000 10,411 51,500 154,125 31,344 12,11? 11,040 104,039 248,462 78,100 27,588 75,960 148,981 Totals— 7,312,307 $5,369,854 •Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. "Includes molding sand. ' ' " ••Includes molding, core, building, cutting, grinding, blast and filter sand, mainly from ocean beaches. Crushed Rock. To list the kinds and varieties of rocks utilized commercially under this heading would l)e to run almost the entire gamut of the classifica- tion scale. ]\Iuch depends on the kind available in a given district. Those Avhich give the most satisfactory service are the basalts and other hard, dense, igneous rocks which break with sharp, clean edges. In many localities, rivei'-wash boulders form an important source of such material. In such cases, combined crushing and washing plants obtain varying amounts of sand and gravel along with the crushed sizes. In Sacramento and Butte counties the tailings piles from the gold dredgers are the basis for like operations. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 95 96 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. a o H a P CM CM O IL m 2* O o D Q O (C Q. ^ O O (T Q UJ I (0 D DC O o ■a a a o in c) i-H CO o 1* CD -1- »^ 00 to C-l 1>1 ' -- f ■M ( «£) C: t~ ■ WOO' 00 O « ' *r m CO '^COOwOOQOrHr-lO' OI^OCOOO r-^eOOf-Hi e5'* rli-iIP OOC-lr-f O0C)00 g S iii: :8 ' -^ b- (N liTJ CO !gSS8S?S88^S M 00 le 52 iM d£ o I.-— »— 1 T— 1 ^^ J-"- VJ UJ l"~ i^ ^.l >^ l^^ Wj V3 ^— ' ^T' V_J ^*>* lirf S" •* M cf w ift CO r-T i-i i" i^" t- fri -1 IN ap ^S Ifl -* r-l lO N CO l6 rl is lO in ift » Ci O ■*" ;t5 o 8 S i s s O CO CO -li 00 05 tr O S 8 8 S3 05 3^ 8 •1^ C-f %. 5 °c a" CC o a a fe a c t- *" c c X P^ x o O c = 1 STATISTICS OF ANNCAI. fRODUCTION. 97 00 o fe £3 ft •a « 01 tit O 4> o -o >4 >^ (^ o . V4 a, si O bo tio 5 >-• O $■§ . •O "Tl ** a" 1 « C5 g 2 « O 6t >- S >- t, tH O o _C •" *" "o -a 0} u o J3 O OQ "? CO pa g ai , M ■s 'S ."" a s - « d" 2 Mug B a o M 2 C3 ■a tu! 2 S S-S " . 2 *- li O o >> 03 a .Q ® .s S<5 . c o W "SI o o r tn X ^ 5SS o a. S H y m u. O a "» *^ C3 - several of these lines are large and with increasing transportation and other facilities, together with stead- ily growinti- demands, tlie future for this l)ranch of the mineral iiulustry in California is promising. There is scarcely a county in the state but might contribute to the output. Up to within the last few years, at least, production has been in the ma.jority of instances dei)endent ui)on more or less of a strictly local market, and the annual tables show the results of such a condition, not only in the widely varying amounts of a certain material produced from year to year, but in widely varying prices of the same material. Fur- Hicrmore, the (pialily (.f this general class of material will l)e foiuid to tluctuate. even in the same deposit. The war in Europe affected some of these items, b\it not to the striking degree that it did the metal markets. Tlie more important of these minerals thus far exploited, so far as shown, by value of the output, are limestone, mineral water, pyrites, j)ottery clays, diatomaceous earth, gypsum, tale, and dolomite. Two new substances were added t(^ the commercial list in 1922, namely, shale oil and sillimanite. This uroup as a whole siiowed a slight increase in the total value from $2,675.4::!8 for 1921 to $2,884,748 in 1922. The principal losses were by diatomaceous earth, limestone, silica and asbestos. Important increases were sho^vn bv day. uy])sum. mineral water, and p.vrites. .100 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. The iullowing table gives the eoiupaiative iigui-e.s for the amounts and values of industrial materials produeed in California during the years 1921 and 1922 : Substance 1921 1922 Increase-l- Amount Value Amount Value Value 1 1 Asbestos _ . 410 tons 901 tons $19,275 4,809 302,172 99,155 28,343 8,295 10,954 * 78,875 • 305,912 • 4,748 367,476 6,310 473,735 50 tons $1,800 $17,476— 3,370 tons iSfl« 11 nfi-;- Uarytes Clay (pottery) Dolomite Feld.«par .. 225,120 tons 31,195 tons 4,349 tons 1,185 tons 277,232 tons 52,409 tons 4,587 tons 6,606 tons « 47,084 tons • W,382 tons • 1,620 tons 4,276,346 gals. 613 tons 151,381 tons • 9.874 tons « 13,378 tons 473,184 111,012+ 114,911 15,756+ 37,109 8 766+ Fuller's earth G?ins 48,7^6 40,461 + 1,312 9,642— Graphite Gyi>.sum - * 37,412 tons » 75,921 tons « 446 tons 3,446,278 gals. 406 tons 110,025 tons 1 • + 188,336 109,461+ ♦ * 282,181 I 23,731— Infusorial and dia- tomaeeous earths. Jjimestone - Lithia - • 1 • Mineral paint Mineral water Pumice and vol- canic ash Pyrites - -- 13,277 8,529+ 486.424 118,948+ 4,248 2.062— 570.425 96,690+ Shale oil . . . • + Silica (sand and quartz) . .. 10,569 touis 49,179 31,016 18,163— Sillimanite - - • , * + Soapstone and talc 8,752 tons Unapportioned^ 130,078 726,122 197,186 67,108+ 365,658 360,464— Total values . 82.675.4.^ $2,834,748 . $159,310 + Ket increase — . „.' - ' •Combined under 'Unapportioned.' ^In 1921 includes graphite, diatomaeeous earth and lithia; ceous earth, lithia, shale oil, and sillimanite. in 1922 includes graphite, diatoma- ASBESTOS. Bihliograplii! : State ^lineralogist Reports XVI, XVII, XVIII. Bulletins 38, 91. Mines Branch Bulletin 69. :\Iin. & Sei. pp. 531-533". Eng. & :\jin. Jour.-Press, 670-677. XII. XIII. XIV, XV. Canadian Dept. of M., Press, April 10, 1920, Vol. 113, pp. 617-625; In 1922 a total of 50 tons of asbestos fibre, valned at $1,800, was shipped from ]\Iontere.v. San Benito, and Shasta counties, b.v a single operator in each. This was a considerable decrease from the 410 tons, worth $19,275, produced in 1921 ; due mainly to there ha^ang been no shipments from Nevada County which has been the principal producer for several years past. The Monterey Coiint.v product was of spinning-grade fibre. The bulk of the yield Avas of short-fibre mill grade, and was utilized mainly in magnesite-cement stucco, steam-pipe covering, flooring, composition shingles and roofing paper. The outlook for a.sbestos becoming an important industry in California is promising. There are extensive serpentine areas in the Coast Ranges, in the Klamath ^Mountains, and in several sections of the Sierra Nevada, Mhich localities came to the fore in yielding chromite during the war period. As chrysotile asbestos is a fibrous fonn of serpentine, these areas are all within the range of possible asbestos producers. In addition to the above-mentioned pro- J STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 101 (lucino: counties, ohrysotile of good-quality fil)re. though short, has also l)eon found in Calaveras, Lake, Napa, Shasta. Siskiyou, and Trinity founties. Reports of the V. S. C.eoh)gieal Survey also confirm the I)i'()iiiising (piality of the California fibre. Classification and Characteristics. The word asbestos (derived from tlie Greek, nieaninii' iiieom])ustible) as used hei-e ineludes several minerals, from a strictly mineralogical standjioint. There are two main divisions, however: Amiiliil)ole and ehrysotile. The fibrous varieties of several of the aniphiboles (silicates chietly of lime, magnesia and iron), notably ti'emolite and actinolite, are called asbestos. Their fibres usually lie ])aral]el to tlie fissures con- taining them. Ami)hib()h' asbestos jiossesses high refractory properties, but lacks strength of fibre, and is applicable princi])ally for covering steam ])ipes and boilers. Chrysotile, a hydrous silicate of magnesia, is a fibi'ous form of sei'pcntine, and often of silky fineness. Its fibres are formed at right angles to the direction of the fissures containing them. Chrysotile fibres, though short, have considerable strength and elasticity, and may bp spun into threads and woven into cloth. To bring the highest market ]n-ice asbestos must needs have a com])ination of proper- ties, i. r., length and fineness of fibre, tensile strength and flexibility — all combined with iufusibilily ; and determination of the same can only l)e made by practical tests or in the laboratory. In the two years prior to li)]4, chrysotile as1)estos was sold at prices ranging from .$10 to $250, according to length of fibre and quality. Almost fabulous figures were reached for extra-long spinning fibre in 1918, and proportionate levels for other grades. Prices have since receded from those high levels; but statements issued ])v some of the important marketing concerns indicate that the unprofitable low prices of 1912-1914 will not again obtain The extreme high values quoted for extra-long fibre material are mislnadine" to one looking for average values in the industry. In <'ana(la the sliorter. 'iiiill-slock' grades constitute over 95% of the merchantable asbestos, and are quoted at present at approximately $10 (o $150 per ton. Tile poorer grades which are unsuitable for weaving are used in the maiuifactui'c of steam ])acking, furnace linings, as])estos brick, w^all plasters, paints, tiling, a.sbestos board, shingles, insulating material, luagnesite-stuceo, etc. The better grades are utilized in the manufac- ture of tapestries of various kiiuls. firepr-oof theater curtains, cloth, vo]K\ etc. A very important development of the asbestos industry is the rapidly increasing demand for tlie lower-grade material, on account of the numerous diversified uses to which asbestos products are being put, in almost every branch of nuinufacture. This fact means that many deposits of asbestos will become commercially important even though of the shortest fibre. It has been found Ihat not only does an asbestos wall-plaster render llie wall so covered imix'rvious 1o heat, but that in. rooms which have given forth an undesiiable echo this evil has been ahsolutely removed. Asl)estos pulp mixed with magnesite-cement has been experimented with: and roofing, floorinu' and other building m.nterial of the most satisfai'tory sort are now b(>ing manufactured therefrom. .102 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. The Inilk of the world's supply of asbestos has, for many years, come from Canaila. Shipments from South Africa are also heeoming impor- tant. Id tlie United States, hmg-tihre clirysotile is being' ol)tained in Arizona whieh is the e(jiial. if not superior, in (pialit\' to the Canadian. Value and Production of Asbestos in California. Total amount and value of asbestos production in California since 1887, as given in the records of this Bureau, are as follows : Year Tons Value Tear Tons 1887 .-. 1888 .— 1889 .— 1890 .... 1891 .... 1892 — . 1893 _-. 1894 .... 1895 ..- 1896 ..- 1897 .... 1898 _.-. 1899 .... 1900 .... 1901 .... 1902 .... 1903 ... 1904 .... 1905 .... 30 30 30 71 66 30 50 50 25 $1,800 1,800 1,800 4.260 3,960 1,830 2,500 2,250 1,000 10 30 50 110 200 750 1,250 4,400 10 112 162 2,625 1906 .. 1907 .. 1908 -. 1909 . 1910 . 1911 ., 1912 . 1913 - 1914 . 1915 . 1916 - 1917 . 1918 . 1919 ( 1920^ 1921 . 1922 . Totals. 70 70 70 65 20O 125 90 47 51 143 145 136 229 131 410 50 Value 2,736 $3,500 3.500 6,100 6,500 20,000 500 2,700 1,175 1,530 2,860 2,380 10,225 9,903 6,240 19,275 1,800 $128,775 *Aniuial d'jtails contoaled undiT 'Unapportioncd.' BARYTES. Bihiioifraphtj: State IMineralouist Reports XII, XIV, XV, XVII. Bulletin HS. P]ng. & MiiL .lour.- Press, Vol. 114. p. 109, July lo, 1922; Vol. 115, pp. 319-324. Feb. 17, 1923. The output of crude barytes in California during 1922 was 3370 tons valued at il 8,925, as compared with 1921 production of 901 tons, worth ,1^1,809. This included, in part, witlierite (BaCO,) from the deposit at El Portal. IMaripcsa County, whieh yields both the sulphate and carbonate. :\lost of the outjjut of barvtes in California, at present, is beinu' utilized in the manufacture of lithopone. The i)i-incipa] uses for barytes, after washiuu' and grindinu', are as an inert pigment and tiller in i)iiiiit. pai)er. linoleum, odcloth and rubber manufacture, and in tlu' preparation of lithoi)one and a number of chemicals. The most important of such chemicals, other than lithopone, are: barium binoxide (used in preparation of hydrogen peroxide) ; barium carbonate (used l)y pressed l)rick and by rubber manufacturers to neutrali/e suljihnr crntent): l)arium chloride (used in battery plates, and as a monlant by dry-color manufacturers, and in tanning leather) : barium nitrate (used in munitions and in making 'red Hre' nuiterial i : barium sulphate precii)itated, or 'blanc fixe' (used ill rubber manufacture; for ])ainting on interior steel of battle- ships and other s('a-?.;(>in'j;' vessels; also as a detector in taking X-ray pictures of the human l)od.v). More than luUf of the total tonnage of l)arytes utilized in the Fnited States is taken in the nianufaclurc of lithopone. This is a chemically- STATISTICS OF AXXTAL PRODUCTION. 1U3 prepared, white pigment containintr about 70' v barium sulphate and 60% zinc sulphide, and is one of the i)rin('ipal constituents of 'flat' ■wall paints now so extensively used in oltiec buildinijs and liospitals, icplaeinj^- both pajxr and ealeiniine wall finishes. Present (quotations for barytes vary from $5 to *i) per ton, crude, f.o.b. rail-shipping ])oint, •depending on (|uality. ^lost ])arite has to be washed and acid- fi'catcd to remove iron stains or other impurities before being suitable for i»aint use. Known occurrences of this mineral in California are located in Inyo, liOs Angeles, ^Mai-iposa. ^lonferey, Nevada, San Hernai'dino, Shasta and Santa Barl)ai-a counties. The deposit at El i'ortal, in Mariposa County, has given the largest comnieirial i)roduction to date, in part witherite (barium carbonate, HaCO;,). The 1915 output was the first commercial production of the eai-lxunite in the United Slates of which we have i-ecoi-(l. Jn li)l()-l!i20, some tomiatre of barytes came from a deposit ('Peiied up on Fremont's Peak. ^lonterey County, near the line of San l^enito Count\ ; in 1!)15)-1922. shipments were made from Nevada County. Shasta County is in the list for 1921-1922. Total Barytes Production of California. The first recorded production of barytes in California, according to the statistical reports of the State ^Mining Bureau, was in 1910. The annual tigures are as follows: Tear Tons 1910 — 860 1911 309 1912 564 1913 1,600 1914 2,000 1915 410 1916 1,606 1917 — . 4,420 Value Year $5,640 2,207 2,812 3,680 3,000 620 5.516 25.633 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Tons Value 100 $1,500 1,501 18.065 3,029 20.795 901 4,809 3.370 18.925 Totals. 20.670 $113,202 CLAY (pottery). Bibliographi/: State :Mineralogist Reports I, IV. IX, XII-XV, XVII, XVIII. Bulletin 38. Preliminary Report No. 7. At one time or aiiothei- in the history of the state, pottery clay has been quarried in thirty-three of its counties. In this report, 'pottery day' refers to all clays used in the manufacture of red and brown earthenware, china and sanitary ware, flowerpots, floor, faience and ornamental tiling, architectural terra cotta, sewer pipe, drain and roof tile, etc.. and the figures for amount and value are relative to the crude material at the pit, without reference to whether the clay was sold in the crude form, or whether it was immediately used in the manufacture of any of the above finished products by the producer. It does not include clay used in making brick and building blocks. There are many other important uses for clays besides pottery manu- facture. Among these may ])e enumerated, paper, cotton goods, and chemicals. Being neutral, clay does not have an injurious effect upon other constituents used in the manufacture of such articles. In paper making, clay is used as a filler in news and similar grades, and as a ao4 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. eoater or ^-lazer iu the more liil(j 4<5,5e8 1917 — _ „ 66,410 1918 - - 79,441 1919 -- 67,953 1920 - - . „ 132,791 ]!)21 — 95,155 1!»22 ... - 114,911 Totals - 220,470 $621,737 FELDSPAR. Bi-hliographj/: Reports XV, XVTI. XVITT. Bulletins 67. 91. TT. S. Bur.'HU of :Mines. Bulletin 92. Kiv^. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 115, pp. 535-588, Mar. 24, 1923. Feldspar was ])rodueed by five operators in two eounties during 1922, to the amount of 4587 tons, valued at .$37,109, being a slight increase ))oth in tonnaoe and value over the output of 1921. Feldspar i)roduetion began in California in 1910. The mineral is a constituent of many rooks, but can only be commerciall.y produced from pegmatites where the crystals are large and quite free from impurities. The f)pen-cut quarry method of mining this material is '•ommouly used. Aranul'acturers of ])()ttery, ehinaware, ])()rcelain, enamel wares, also enamel brick and tile, buy most of the better grades of feldspar pro- duced. Tbey use it in both the body and the glaze of the various grades of eeramie jn'oduets. In the body it constitutes from lO^o to 35%, its value there being due to the fact that it melts during firing at a temperature below the fusing points of the other ingredients and forms a firm bond between the particles of clay and quartz. In glazes the percentaue of feldspar used runs from .'W% to 50%. Small quanti- ties are used in the manufacture of opalescent gla.ss and scouring soaps, and the more im])ure material is utilized as chicken grit, in making various ])rands of roofing, and in emery and corundum wheels where it s(^rves as a binder. ^'^aI•ious experinienf?; have been made with potash feldspars in the attem[)t to extract their ])()tash content for use in fertilizers. The most successful of these has been accomplished through .108 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. the medium of cemc^iit inanufacture, and recovery of the potash as a by-prodnet. The requirements of the pottery trade demand that in general the percentage of free silica associated with the feldspar be less than 20%, and in some cases the potters specify less than 5%. An important factor, also, is the iron-hearing- minerals frequently present in pegma- tites and granites, such as biotite (black mica), garnet, hornblende, and l)lack tourmaline. Feldspar for pottery uses should be practically free of tliese. The white, potash-mica, muscovite, is not particularly objec- tionable except that, being in thin, flexible plates, it does not readily grind to a fineness required for the feldspar. A recent paper by Arthur S. Watts.^ Trofpssor of Ceramic Engineer- ing at Ohio State I'niversity. contains nnich valuable information on the subject of commercial feldspar, and the following paragraphs are quoted therefrom : "Feldspars may be classified according to their alkali or alkaline earth constituent into four distinct groups: (1) Potash feldspars, known as niicrocline or orthoclase, KAlSi-iOs; (2) soda feldspar, known as albite, NaA!Si:iOs ; (3) lime feldspar, known as anorthite. CaAlsSisOg ; (4) barium feldspar, known as celsian, BaAl2Si:.Os. In nature, these minerals commonly occur as intimately crystallized masses of two or more different feldspars. Some of the feldspars apparently combine and form homo- geneous crystals of definite composition, whereas others are isomorphous mixtures. ******* "Mixtures of microcline and albite or mixtures of microcline and albite-rich members of the plagioclase series are really the feldspars with which the manufacturer who uses the material popularly known as "potash feldspar" has to deal. "In purchasing 'soda feldspar' the manufacturer neyer obtains pure albite, because deposits of pure albite of commercial size do not exist. The nearest approach to pure albite which is obtainable in commercial quantity is a feldspar high in soda content and relatively low in potasli and lime content. * * ***** "The alkali feldspars are the only ones that have industrial importance at present. The potash feldspars are used in largest quantities. They constitute the chief flux or solvent of all ceramic or clay bodies, causing a gradual vitrification which can be controlled successfully in commercial kilns. These include art and service porcelains, chinas and earthenwares, sanitary porcelains, wall and floor tiles, electrical porcelains, and chemical porcelains. They are also used in compounding glasses, glazes, and metal enamels. "The soda feldspars are used chiefl.v as an auxiliary flux with the potash feldspars, but predominate as a glaze flux over the potash feldspar, owing to the fact that they impart to the surface produced a superior gloss and texture. "Feldspar was marketed to the user in the ground state exclusively until within the last five years, when a few large and particular manufacturers have installed grinding machinery and are now buying the crude rocks. ******* "All feldspar-bearing rocks are of igneous origin — that is, they have .solidified from molten masses. The potash and soda feldspars are found chiefly in eranites. which generally occur as vast intruded masses, and consist essentially of quartz, feldspars, micas, and hornblende. Granite masses generally contain dikes or sills of rock that are similar in composition to the granite itself, but were intruded after the latter had more or less solidified. These dikes or sills are generally pegmatite — that is, tliey are coarsely crystalline granite in which feldspar and quartz are the chief constituents ; the other granite constituents may be totally absent or replaced by rare minerals. This pegmatite is the source of the feldspar of commerce. "When the crystallization is exceptionally coarse or the constituents of the dike are separated into distinct bands, it is sometimes possible to obtain feldspar in com- mercial quantity absolutely free from associate minerals. In most dikes the feldspar and quartz are crystallized too intimately to permit of such a separation, and the most that can be accomplished is the elimination of such as.sociated minerals as are segregated or sufficiently coarsely crystalline. "Feldspar is mined by ordinar.v ciuarry methods, and after a general sorting the rejected portion is resorted and by 'cobbing' an additional yield of marketable rock is obtained. The crude rock is {-rushed in a jaw crusher or under a Ijuhrstone chaser mill, and screened, the fines going to tlie pulverizing mill and tlie coarse material returning for further crushing. The pulverizing process is accomplished in either the l>all liiill, the tulie mill, or tlie conical mill. In the United States, all grinding is done dr>'. whereas in Europe wli.-re tlie plants grind their own feldspar, the wet process of grinding is general. (For a full discussion of grinding methods, see Bulletin of February 20, 1922, American Ceramic Society.) 'Watts. A. S.. The marketing of feldspar: Eng. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 115, pp. 535- 538, Mar. 24, 1923. STATISTICS OF ANM Al. I'KUDLCTJON. 101 "Grades of Feldspar. "No deflnite grading svstein lias over been establislied citlier in crude or ground feldspar The terms No. 1 and No. 2 spar are sometimes used in market reports, but these have only general meaning. No. 1 feldspar is a selected grade of the product of the district. No. 2 feldspar is a grade less carefully selected than No. 1 and gen- erally higher in iiuartz and mu.scovite. Neither No. 1 nor No. 2 grade feldspar may contain biotite (black mica), garnet or tourmaline in amount sufficient to noticeably ■iffect the color of tlie feldspar when fused. In some districts a No. 1 grade will carry no free silica, though in other districts the same grade will carry 10 or even 1:> per cent (luartz Nuin.ruus attempts to reach some agreement l>elween i)rodurers and consumers have failetl. but tlie problem is now under consideration by a ronimittee i.l tile American Ceramic Society, and doubtl.-ss some system of grading will !..• offered in the near future. , , , .- "A. grade known as dental feldspar has been produced and markele per cent K:;0. and not more than 3 per cent Na-O and not more llian 1 per cent CaMgO, and the sum of the potash and soda contents shall not l»e less than 12 per cetit. "2. I'\'ldspar sold as soda feldspar shall contain not less than 7 per cent Na...O, not more tlian ?, per cent K:;t), and not more than 2 per cent CaMgO, and the sum of the potasli and soda contents shall not be less than 10 per cent. '".i. Feldspar sold as mixed or blended feldspar shall contain not less than 11 per cent total potash and soda content. "III. I'hjisicul Properties and Tests. "1. Color. The feldspar when formed into a standard-sized cone and deformed in a closed sagger or muffle shall sliow a uniform white color and no specks or spots either on the surface or on tlie interior of the cone wlien broken. "2a. Fineness of Giain. One liundred grams of tlie sample, after being dried to constant weight at 105 deg. C, shall ]><■ tested for fineness of grain according to the process set forth in paragraph 21), and the residues on the various standard sieves shall not exceed the ma.ximum totals as set forth in the following table : "Standard sieve mesh per linear inch Residues in per cent Each sieve Maximum total 65 - . 0.25 0.25 1.75 3.75 5.00 7.0O 0.00 100 0.50 150 2.25 aoo 2no 6.00 ll.OO 300 ... .. 18.00 1,10 MINERAfj INDUSTRY OF CAI.IFORNIA. "All percentagrs are calcuUitiMl on dry basis. "3. Moisture Content. Unles.s otlniwise spt'c-ilied, tlie purchase price shall be based on moisture-free material. ******* "4. Fusion Behavior. Test cones of the material shall be made of standard dimen- sions : i. f., -11 in. liigh by 9/16 in. diameter across base of one face. ,*«**•• "Tlie fusion lieliavior of tlie different feldspars sliall be as follows: "(a) Feldspars sold as potasli feldspais sliall fuse with or prior to Standard Orton cone 8.' The mi.xture of 75 per cent feldspar and 25 per cent standard flint shall fuse with or prior to Standard Orton cone 9. "(h) Feldspars sold as soda feldspars shall fuse with or prior to Standard Orton cone 7. Tlie mixture of 75 per cent soda feldspar and 25 per cent standard flint shall fuse with or prior to cone S. "(c) Feldspar sold as mixed or blended feldspar shall, if it contains more than 4 per cent soda, fuse prior to cone 7. The mixture of 75 per cent mixed or blended feldspar and 25 per cent standard Hint shall fuse prior to cone 8. , "5. Shipping Conditions. All material purcha-^'ed under these specifications shall be shipped in clean, closed cars. ******* "Feldspar is shipped in l)ull< in carload lots. A common and questionable practice is to merely clean the car carefully and dump the pulverized feldspar directly on the floor. Within the last few years some bu.xers insist that the car be lined with paper. Less than carload lots are shipped in cloth sacks, which are charged for, but are returnalile for credit. All pricts are quoted f.o.b. cars at mill. "No basis for determining the value of feldspar based on its actual composition has been establisheil. and at present a feldspar with 10 per cent potash or soda has the same market value as one contai ling 12 per cent. Much interest is manifested in the subiect, however, and no doubt some radical changes will result within the next year or two. ****** ♦ The most important recent dcvelojiments in feldspar deposits in California have taken place in San Diejjo and Riverside connties, where lars'e deposits of massiv(\ hiyh-srrade spar are lieinii' openiMl up. These dej)()sits are unusually free from hlaek mica and other deleterious iron- bearinu' minerals objectionable in pottery work. The important dis- tricts are near Lakeside and Cam{)o in San Diego County, and near Lakeview. ^Murrietta. and Elsinore. in Riverside County. For 1921, some i)roduction was also reported from San Bernardino County; but none in 1922, and none was reported from Monterey and Tulare coun- ties, for the past two years. Total Feldspar Production of California. Total amount and value of feldspar production in California since the inception of the industry are given in the following table, by years: Tear Tons Value Year 1910 1911 1912 1913 L914 1915 1916 760 740 1.382 2,129 3.530 1.800 2,630 $5,720 4,560 6.180 7.850 16,565 9,000 14,350 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Totals- Tons Value 11,792 $46,411 4,132 22,061 1,272 12,965 4,518 26,189 4,349 28,343 4,587 37,109 43,621 $237,298 STATISTICS (»F ANMAI> PRODUCTION. Ill FLUORSPAR. Bihliography -. Reports XVII. .Will. Hulletins 67, PI. Fluorspar is used as a flux in steel and iron smelting for which use no substitute has yet been found ; and in the production of aluminum. It is also utilized* in the numufacture of hydrofluoric acid, glass, porce- lain, enamels and sanitary ware. '"The nuirket for tlie I)iilk of the iluoispar sohl in the UniU-il States depend.^ on the steel industry, :ind tlie demand lluctiiates vvitli the ri.se and faU in the production of steel. Clravel .spar is eonsumed as a flux in l)a.sic open-hearth steel furnaces and to a smaller e.xtent in other metallurgical operations. In both 1914 and 191.') the sales of gravel spar constituted between 83 and 84 per cent of tlie total marketed outDUt of domestic fluorspar, and in 1916 it was nearly 86 per cent. Fluorspar is used also as a tlu.x in iron blast furn;ues. iron foundries, and in gold, silver, copper and lead smelters ; in the manufacture of fluorides of iron and manganese for steel fluxing and of sodium fluoride for wood preservation- ; in tlie manufacture of glass, enameled and sanitary ware, and of hydrofluoric acid : in the elei'trolytic reflning of antimony and lead, and in the production of aluminum. Other miscellaneous u.ses of fluorsDar tliat have been reported aic as <: Ijonding for constituents of emery wlieels. for carbon electrodes, in tlie extraction of potasli from feldspar, and in the recovery of potash in Portland cement manufacture. Tlie last use depends on tlie suitability of calcium fluoride as a reagent for increasing the volatilization of pot:issium salts from the clinker and llie regeneration of tlie reagent from the dust collected.''" Tn California, deposits have been reported in Los Angeles, ^lonn. Kiverside and San Ht'riiardino counties, but up to 1917 no eommereial production had resulted. In 1917-1918, a total of 79 tons valued at $991 was shipped from Riverside County, l)ut none since. In 1921, at the King ^line under development near Afton. San Hernardino County, some fluorspar was mined but not shipped. Field examinations have indicated a consider- able deposit there of merchantable spar. The Tariff Act of 1922 places a duty of $5.60 per ton on foreign importations of fluorspar. Present (piotations (Engineering and Mining Journal-Press, New York, June 2, 1923) are: Fluxing gravel, 85% calcium fluoride, and not over 6% silica, (a) $21 per ton: acid lump $35: No. 2 lump, $30: f. o. b. Illinois mines. TiUmp. 92%, at $17. f. o. b. New ^Mexico. FULLER'S EARTH, Biblioyniphy: Heports XIV. XVII, XVIII. bulletins 38, 91. U. S. Bureau of .Mines. HuUetin 71. Fuller's earth includes many kinds of unctuous clays. It is usually .soft, friable, earthy, nonplaslic, white and gray to dark green in color, and .some varieties disintegrate in water. Like all other clays, fuller's earth is a hydrous aluminum silicate, but usually contains a higher percentage of wafer of composition than most clays. This water is 'Burchard. E. V., Fluorspar and cryolite in 1916: U. S. Geol. Surv., Min. Res. of U. S., 1916, Part II, p. 315, 1917. =Teesdale, C. H., Use of fluorides in wood preservation : Wood Preserving, vol. 3, No. 4 ; vol. 4. No. 1. (Reprint. 9 pp.) ^■Treanor, John, Potash from cement at the Riverside Portland Cement Co. : Met. and Chem. Eng., June 1.5. 1917. pp. 701-703. 1,12 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. not an essential factor in the bleaching- properties of all fuller's earths, as some bleaeli full.y as Avell after it Jias l)een driven off as before, and others lose much of their bleaching power when this water is removed. All fuller's earths which have been found valuable for bleaching pur- ]ioses show a distinctly so-called 'aeid reaction.' (If a sample is touclied to neutral litmus paper the paper will be turned red). Chem- ical analyses are now well understood to be no criterion in determining the classification of a given clay as 'fuller's earth.' The final deter- ')ninaii()ii is a commercial one as to Us capacity for absorbimj basic colors and removing these colors from solution in animal, vegetable or nvineral oils, also from water. '"The Sliipping Board's Inqiiiries al.so brovis'lit out tlie interesting information that only doniestie fuller's earth is used for the refining of mineral oils. There appears, on the other hand, to be a difference of opinion as to the suitability of the domestic earth for use in refining edible oils. Some of the larger users of fuller's earth, anticipating a sliortage of imported material, began early in the war to experiment with domestic earths in refining edible oils and fats, with results so satisfactory that they became independent of imported earth. Others stated that they had experimented with every ivnowM domestic eartli, but had not found one tliat completely met the requirements to .supplant tlie imported eartli. The requirements of a good earth for refining edible oils are (1) tliat it shall bleach well and that the oil shall not revert to its original color; (2) tliat it sliall filter well and not cake badly; (.3) that it shall leave no permanent (iisagreeable taste or odor; (4) tliat the retention of oil in the spent earth shall be small ; and (5) that there shall be no spontaneous ignition either in the press or in the waste piles. Those wlio use the imported earth claim tliat it is standard in all of these requirements, and that the domestic earth is deficient in one or more of tliem. Such a defect as inability to bleach well appears to be inlierent in some domestic earth, and can not be remedied by treatment. Other defects, such as the taste or odor left by the earth, which is tlie most frequent objection urged against the domestic material, may possibly be overcome by treatment. Another serious fault charged against tlie Ameri- can earth is that it retains a greater proportion of oil than the English earth, which means a direct loss in production ; also tliat it clogs the filter presses more, so that they require more frequent cleaning, which t:auses further decrease in production. It is also charged that domestic earth is more subject to spontaneous combustion." In California, fuller's earth has been used in clarifying both refined mineral and vegetable oils, and for si)ecial chemical purposes ; although its original use was in fulling wool, as the name indicates. Production has come mainly from Calaveras and Solano counties. Deposits have also been found in Riverside, Fresno, Inyo, and Kern counties. Some of the large oil refiners have been trying out clays of the montmorillonite and halloysite group ('rock soap') to determine their suitability, or efficacy as a substitute for fuller's earth in the refining of petroleum products. Deposits of this class of material are being exploited in Inyo, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties, and occurrences have been noted in several other counties of California. The production of 6,606 tons, valued at $48,756, here credited to 1922, as 'fuller's earth' is in reality a colloidal clay of the montmorillonite class ('bentonite', 'otaylite', 'elkonite', 'shosshonite', are merely local names arbitrarily applied to varieties of this mineral found in a given locality). Because it was used for clarifying and filtering processes, we have placed it, for the purposes of this statistical report, under the 'fuller's earth' heading. As noted above, the final determination as to what constitutes a fuller 's earth is a commercial one. 'Middleton, Jefferson, Fuller's Earth in 191S : U. S. Geol. Surv., Min. Res. of U. S. 1918. Part II, p. 136. 1919. STATISTirs OF ANXr.M. PRODUCTION'. 113 Fuller's Earth Production of California, by Years. Fuller's earth was first produced commercially in this state in 1899, and the total amount and value of the output since that time are as follows : Year 1899 ... 1900 ... 19(Jl ... 1902 ... 1903 ... 1904 ... 19(ir. ... 1906 -,. 1907 ... 19(J8 ... 1909 ... 1910 ... 1911 ... Tons Value 620 500 1.000 987 250 500 1,344 440 100 50 459 340 466 $12,400 a 7.50 19.500 19.246 4.750 9..500 38,000 10.500 1,000 1.000 7,385 3.820 5.294 Tear Tons Value 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Totals. 876 $6,500 460 3,700 760 5,928 692 4,002 110 5.50 220 2,180 37 3:^3 385 3,810 600 6,000 1,185 8.295 6,606 48.756 18,987 $226,199 Note. — Above production, in 1922, was montmorillonite (hydrous aluminum sili- cate) a colloidal clay, sometimes called 'rock soap,' and in part locally called 'sho- shonite' from its being found ni.ir Shoslione in Inyo County; and in part 'otaylite' from Otay, San Diego County. GEMS. Jiihnofiraphu: State :\riucral()s,'ist Reports II, XIV, XV, XVII, XVIIT. liulletins M, (i7, !)1. U. S. G. S., ':\Iineral Resources of the U. S.'; Bull. 608, p. 208. Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. of Cal., Vol. 5, pp. 149-153. 331-380. Am. Jour. Sei., Vol. 31, p. 31. The production of gem materials in California has been somewhat irregular and uncertain during the past ten years. The compilation of complete statistics is dilHeult owinu' to the widely scattered places at wliich stones are gathered and marketed in a small way. The higher figure of the j'ear 1920 was due to shipments of quartz crystals from Calaveras County and Iceland spar from ^Modoc County sold for optical purposes, which nse demands material of gem (piality and free from Haws. The tourmaline mines at Pala, San Diego County, are being reopened, so there is promise of an increased production for 1923. The following table shows the i>roduction, by counties, of rough, nneut gem and jeweler's materials during 1922: County 1 Value 1 Kind Butte - San Diego Calaveras 1 Riverside _ | San Bernardino f Sonoma ) $225 40O •687 Diamonds Tourmaline, blue and green topaz f Quartz crystals 1 Optical fluoritei 1 ITiomsonite and sapphire j Chalcedony Total value 1,312 •Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. 'Mined and sold in 1018, but not reported to State Mining Bureau till 1922. Varieties of California Gem Stones. Diamonds liave been found in a nuiuber of localities in California; but in every case, they have been obtained in stream gravels Avhile Avorking them for gold. The i)rincipal districts have been : Volcano in Amador County; Plaeerville. Smith's Flat and others in El Dorado 8—28547 114 MINERAIj industry of CALIFORNIA. County ; French Corral, Nevada County ; Cherokee Flat, Morris Ravine, and Yankee Hill, Butte County ; Gopher Hill and upper Spanish Creek, Plumas County. The most productive district of recent years has been Cherokee in Butte County. California tourmalines are decidedly distinctive in colorins: and 'fire' as compared to foreign stones of this classification. The colors range from deep ruby to pink, and various shades of green; also a blue tourmaline has been found. One of our California gem stones, henifoitc, has not been found else- Avhere ; and in but a single locality here : The Dallas Mine in San Benito County. Kunzite, a gem variety of spodumene, was first found in the Pala district in San Diego County. It has thus far been found in only one locality (Madagascar) outside of California. It is of a lilac color, and is described in detail in Bulletin 37 of the State ]\Iining Bureau. Beryls of excellent fire and delicate colors are also obtained in the Pala district, of which the aquamarine (blue) and morganite (pink) varieties deserve special mention. Morganite, like kunzite, has thus far been found elsewhere only iu ^Madagascar. Calif ornitc, or 'California jade,' is a gem variety of vesuvianite, and is green or white in color. It is found in Butte, Fresno, and Siskiyou counties. Some rhodonite has been mined in Siskiyou County, and used for decorative purpose, its value being included in the marble figures. Chrysoprase has been produced in Tulare County. Turquoise has been found in the desert section of San Bernardino County, but none produced commercially in recent years. Sapphires have been reported recently found in San Bernardino and Riverside counties, but not as yet confirmed. Rubies have been identified by the laboratory of the State Mining Bureau, occurring in limestone from the Baldy Mountains, San Bernardino County. Thus far no stones of commercial size have been 1 aken out. Total Production of Gem Materials in California. The value of the gem output iu California annually since the beo-inning of commercial production is as follows: Year 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909 1910. 1911. Value $20,500 40.000 162,100 110.500 136,000 148.500 497.090 232.642 208.950 193.700 237.475 51.824 Tear 1912. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917 . 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. 1922. Value $23,050 13,740 3.970 3.565 4,752 3,049 650 5,425 36,056 10.954 1,312 Total - $2,145,804 STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODT'CTION. 115 Industrial Uses of Precious Stones. The following onumeration of the industrial applications of precious stones is quoted from '[Mineral Resources of the United States'-: "Some Industrial Uses of Precious Stones. "In the following paragraphs are given some industrial uses of minerals of gem quality. In addition to ornamentation, all gem minerals are of value as specimens for collections, for use in standardization (for example, fluorite and auartz as stan- dards of densities and of refractive indices), and as sources of material for investiga- tion, both industrial and scientific. These uses are therefore not always repeated imder the different mineral names. Ornamentation itself covers a variety of utiliza- tion, such as for jewelry, knife handles, paper weights, and pipes (meerschaum). 'Agate. Mechanical bearings and supports, scale bearings, balls for water meters. "Azurite. Ore of copper ; pigment for paint. "Azurmalachite. Ore of copper. "Calcite. See Iceland spar. "Chrovtite. Ore of cromium. "Chri/socoUa. Ore of conoer. •'Cobaltite. Ore of cobalt. '■Corundum. See Sapphire. '•Diamond. Cutting, grinding, engraving, boring, and polishing material ; supports for bearings and pivots ; dies for wire drawings ; tips for phonograph needles. "Epidote. For coloring artificial slate and roofing material. "Fluorite. See Optical fluorite. "Franklinite. Ore of manjranese .and zinc. "Garnet. Abrasive : for watch jewels or jeweled bearings ; as tared weights. "Garnierite. Ore of nickel. "Gypsum. Used in manufacture of artificial pearls — the so-called "Roman pearls." "Hematite. Ore of iron. "Iceland spar. Iceland spar is a variety of calcite, clear and transparent and unusually free from imperfections and impurities. Transparent crystals or cleavage pieces of calcite of any appreciable size are very rare, and as Iceland has furnished almost all of such material used, the name Iceland spar has been given it. "Elongated cleavage rhombohedrons of Iceland spar are used in the manufac- ture of nicol prisms, which are an essential part of optical instruments requiring plane polarized light, as, for example, certain microscopes, dichroscooes, and saccharimeters. The material, on account of its simole chemical composition and purity, finds application in chemical standardization. Iceland spar is also used in the manufacture uf some kinds of glass, and some of it is sold as mineral specimens. "Pieces of Iceland spar, either in single untwinned crystals or parts of such crystals, or in homogeneous untwinned cleavage rhombohedra, which are large enough to yield a rectangular prism at least one inch long and half an inch thick each way and which possess the properties described below, ai'c suitable for optical purposes. The colorless material must be so clear and transparent that it is limpid and pellucid. It must not be partly opaque on account of numerous cracks or fractures, must not show any internal, iiidescent, or rainbow colors due to incipient cracks along fracture lines, nor any cleavage, nor twinning planes. Neither can there be any capillary or larger tubelike cavities, nor cavi- ties or bubbles of any shape, nor inclusions, as isolated particles, veins, or clouds, composed of minute crystals of some other mineral or of any kind of foreign substance. The spar should not be discolored or stained by the presence of any clay, iron oxide, or other material. It should be noted that many of the inclusions and imperfections of Iceland spar are not always scattered irregularly through the mineral or even segregated in distinct masses, but frequently lie in a distinct but very thin plane which can har'dly be seen if looked at on edge. In examining a piece of Iceland spar foi- defects tiie piece sliould therefore be turned in all directions while held to the light. "The material suitable for optical uses naturally brings the highest prices, as it has to be at least of the dimensions already given. Specimen material is generally of a larger size. The material used for standardization, chiefly chemical, need be of no special size, and the smaller pieces are as usable as the larger ones. "The optical variety of Iceland spar produced in the United States, sold, ner pound, for $3 to .$4 in 1914. about $8 in 191.5, and as high as $20 in July. 1918. The specimen variety sells for considerably less, and material for standardization sells for from $1 to $2 a pound. "The following firms are buyers of Iceland spar suitable for optical use : Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Purchasing Department, Rochester, N. Y. : Central Scientific Co., 460 Ohio street east, Chicago. 111. ; Gilbert S. Dey, Superintendent Optical Department, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y. =Schaller, W. T.. Gems and precious stone in 1918: U. S. Geol. Surv., Min. Res. of U. S., 1918, Part II, pp. 12-14, 1919. 11 n MINERAL INDT'STRY OP CALIFORNIA. "The market for specimen spar is inegular, as the demand is usually very li^ht. The best market will probably be found with some of the larger mineral dealers. "Standardization material may be sold to large dealers in. general chemicals as well as to mineral dealers. "Although calcite is, next to quartz, the commonest mineral, the only locality' outside of Iceland known to produce tlie variety Iceland spar in commercial iiuantity is in Montana, about 9 miles from Gray Cliff, Sweet Grass County, on the main line of the Northern I'acific Railway. The spar occurs in a nearly vertical fissure vein from 3 to 8 feet thick, which strikes northwest, traversing a gneissic rock for several miles. "Brief mention of the Montana occurrence of Iceland spar is made in the reports on the production of gems and precious stones in Mineral Resources for 1913 (p. 704) and 1914 (p. 33.5). C. L. Parsons, of the Bureau of Mines, has also described the occurrence and material in Science, Vol. 47, No. 1221, pp. SOS- SOB. May 24, 1918. "Jasper. See Agate. "Malachite. Ore of copper, pigment for paint. "Mariposite. Pigment for paint. "Meerschaum. Pipe bowls; cigar and cigarette holders. "Optical finorite. Fluorite, commonly called fluorspar, is a common mineral but is very seldom found in pieces clear enough and large enough to be of special use in the manufacture of certain opticiil lenses and prisms. IHuorite of the requisite qualities as described below, suitable for such use, is known as 'optical fluorite.' Any deposit of fluorite may yield a small quantity of such material, but at present about the only localities known to produce it are southern Illinois, Meiringen, Switzerland ; and Obira, Bungo, Japan. Optical fluorite is cut into lenses and placed between glass lenses. It forms the apochromatic objective for microscopes and similar optical instruments, the fluorite lens correcting the spherical and chromatic errors of the glass lens systems. This result is due to the low refractive power, weak color dispersion, and single refraction of fluorite. These apochromatic lenses represent the finest type of microscope objectives made. The use of such a fluorite lens greatly increases the value of a micro- scope and if optical fluorite were more abundant many more microscope objec- tives would be equipped with such lenses. "Optical fluorite is also used in the lenses of certain telescopes, in making prisms for spectrographs in ultra-violet work, and in other optical apparatus where transparency in the ultra-violet and infrared parts of the spectrum is necessary. "Optical fluorite must yield or contain pieces at least one-fourth of an inch in diameter, which must be clear and colorless and free from all defects. Defects consist of internal cracks or cleavage planes, bubbles, or inclusions of dirt or mineral matter. The presence of faintly developed or incipient cleavage planes or fracture surfaces usually may be determined, if not readily visible, by moist- ening tlie specimen with kerosene. The material must not show any anomalous double refraction. Absolutely water-clear material is of the highest valvie, but very faint tints of green, yellow, or purple do not render the material useless. "Fluorite suitable for optical use is valued at from $1 to $10 a pound, accord- ing to the size of the piece suitable for cutting as well as to its quality. The present yearly requirement is not large — perhaps several hundred pounds — but under proper" conditions and with a dependable steady supply this requirement may be increased. "Possible buyers of optical fluorite are : Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. ; Spencer Lens Co.. Buffalo, N. Y. ; Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Rochester. N. Y. ; United States Bureau of Standards. Washington, D. C. "Suitable material has been obtained from several of the fluorite mines in Hardin County, 111., and may also occur in the extension of this fluorite belt in western Kentucky. Although fluorite is found in many other states, practically none of them is known to contain any 'optical fluorite.'* "Among publications dealing with optical fluorite are the following: "Pogue. J. E., Optical fluorite in southern Illinois: Separate from Bull. 3S, Illinois State Geol. Survey. Urbana, 111.. 191S. "Burchard. E. F., Fluorsnar and cryolite in 1917 : V. S. Geol. Survey, Mineral Resources. 1918, pt. 2, pp. 301-302. 1918. "U. S. Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. : Circular letter dated May 8, 1918. '•Quarts. See Rock crystal. "Rock n-ystal. The perfectly clear and colorless variety of quartz is called rock crystal. It furnishes the material for certain special glasses and fu.sed silica ware ; and it is used in wedges for microscopic work, as spectographic prisms for special researches, and as mechanical bearings. A use in connection with certain sounding boxes has recently been developed. "Sepiolite. See Meerschaum. ^Since the above was written, there has been some production of optical Iceland spar from Modoc County, California. ■•A small amount of optical fluorite was reported sold In 1918 from material mined in Riverside County, California. STATISTICS OF ANNL'AL PRODUCTION. 117 'Sapphire. The variety of gem corundum used for other purposes than jewelry- is called sapphire, irrespective of its color. It is used for mechanical bearings and pivot supports, especially in watches and phonograph needles (mostly arti- ficial sapphire). "Topaz. Abrasive. "Tourmaline. In the tourmaline tongs or in polarizing forceps, a very simple form of polariscope." GRAPHITE. Bibliographir. State .Aliiieralopist Reports XI II. XIV, XV, XVII. Biilietin HI. U. S. G. S., Miii. Kos., 1914, I't. II. Orai)liite lias hoon produced from time to time in the state, coming principally from Sonoma and Los Aniieles counties. It is difficult for these deposits, ^vhich must be concentrated, to compete with foreign supplies, Avhich go on the market almost directly as they come from the deposit. Graphite ores are concentrated Avith considerable difficulty, and the electric process of manufacturing artiticial graphite from coal has been perfected to such a degree that only deposits of natural graphite of a superior quality can be exploited with any certainty of success'. According to tlie U. 8. Geological Survey, operators in this country who are working disseminated flake deposits must depend on their X'o. 1 and 2 Hake for their profit. Graphite dust is merely a by-product and is salabji^ only at a low i)rice. Inii)roved inetliods of graphite milling adoi)ted i)romise to increase largely the production of tlake of better grade. The principal value of graphite is on account of its infusibility and resistance to the action of molten metals. It is also largely used in the manufacture of electrical appliances, of 'lead' pencils, as a lubricant, as stove polish, paints, and in many other ways. Amorphous graphite, commonly carrying many impurities, bring^s a much lower price. For some purposes, such as fouiulrv facings, etc., the low-grade material is satisfactory. Among the newer uses for graphite is the prevention of formation of scale in boilers. The action is a mechanical one. Being soft and slippery, the graphite prevents the particles of scale from adhering to one anotlicr or to the boiler and they are thus ea>sily removed. The price increases Avith the grade of material, the best quality crystalline variety being quoted at present at 6f-6^(* per pound (Ceylon lumps) ; with American tlake at 4(^-a(i per pound f.o.b. mine. The coarser flakes are necessar}^ for crucibles, as they help to bind the clay together in addition to their refractory service. Since the close of hostilities in Europe, prices have declined to pre-war levels; and im]>orTs have been resumed from Ceylon, Canada, Madagascar, Mexico and Korea, of a total of 7-19() terns valued at .^452, 076 in 1921. Occurrence of graphite has been reported at various times from Calaveras, Fresno, Imperial, Los Angeles, ^Mendocino, San Bernardino, San Diego, Siskiyou. Sonoma and Tuolumne counties. During 1922 an increased production was reported from Los Angeles ( "ounty. It was concentrated from a disseminated ore, and was used I 1.18 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. for paint and foundry facing. As there was but a single operator, the figures are concealed under the 'Unapportioned' item. The pro- duction, by years, has been as follows : Tear Pounds Value 1901 128,000 84,000 $4,480 1,680 1902 1903 1913 .. 2,500 ih 1914 - 1915 1916 29,190 .*770,000 *624,000 2,33-5 1917 1 1918 1 1919 f 37,225 1920 1 1921 ) 1922 ^_ ( 26,160 Totals 1,637,690 $71,905 *Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned,' on account of a single producer. GYPSUM. BihlioorapJvi: Reports XIV. XV, XVII, XVIII. Bulletins 38, 67, 91. IT. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 223, 413, 430, 697. Gypsum is widely- distributed throughout the state, and has been produced to some extent, to supply fertilizer manufacturers as well as those of plaster and cement. During 1922, producers in ImjH'rial and San Bernardino counties took out a total of 47,084 tons, valued at $188,336, compared with 37,412 tons, valued at $78,875 in 1921. Uses. The mcst important use of gypsum is in the calcined form where it is utilized in the manufacture of various hard-wall plasters and plaster board. As plaster of paris, it plays a very important part in surgical work. Approximately 2% of raw gypsum is added in the manufacture of Portland cement ,iust before the final grinding. In this application, the gypsum acts as a retarder to the set of the cement. During the past year about 76% of the total gypsum mined in thei United States went into the manufacture of gypsum plasters of various] brands.^ The increased use of this plastering material has encouraged | tlie formation of new concerns at a number of localities throughout the i country, one of which is in Imperial County, California. The use of gypsum tile for nonbearing fireproof partitions, stairway and elevator] enclosures, and the protection of steel columns, girders and beams, hasj increased to an extent to .justifv the construction of new plants andj machinery at the manufacturers' mills. "Similar advance.'* are noted in respect to the use of gypsum plaster board andl gypsum wall hoard in building construction. Gypsum plaster board, recognized as an incombustible lathing material, is in great demand for nonbearing incombustible parti- tions in fireproof construction wlien secured to metal supports and covered with gypsum j plaster. More recent uses of gypsum plaster board include suspended ceilings, insula- tion and lire protection. Tliis material is also being used upon the roof boards and under wood shingles, and between the wood sheathing and finished siding for fire protection purposes and insulation. 'Marani, V. C, Gypsum industry's growth in 1922 Dec. .SO. 1922. Rock Products, Vol. XXV, p. 53. STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 119 "The scarcity of plasterers has contributed to a substantial increase in the use of Kvnsum wall boards which constitute an interior wall, ceiling and partition finish for all types of buildings. The popular desire for an interior finish of this character wliich is incombustiblf has necessitated provisions for a greater output and a standard- ized product. Manufacturers of this product have increased their plant facilities, and have included sucli mechanical changes in the machinery as will assure a product of uniform strength and thickness. Gypsum boards are manufactured to meet the fire tost and requirements of the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., and in conformity with the strength and dimension specifications of the American Society for Testing I^Ititoriiils. "Building construction economics, which involve consideration of 'dead load' to be provided for, rapid erection, quick setting, etc., have contributed to the prevailing use of reinforced gypsum in the construction of fireproof fioors and roofs. The improve- ments during the past years in this type of construction are noticeable in the character and method of reinforcing, a more dense and uniform product and, in the case of pre- cast structural tile or slabs, .ioint details which assure more satisfactory results and provide for any unequal spacing of tlie steel supports. "More recent developments in the use of gj'psum for floor or roof construction in one instance involve tlie use of standard rolled steel sections designed to carry the full load. The construction is completed by attaching precast reinforced gypsum slabs on top to form the floor and below for the ceiling. "Another new roof construction consists of steel supports between which a gypsum plaster board is set (as a form) over which the reinforcement is placed, the whole being covered with the gypsum, which is poured-in-place. The plaster board form is not removed. The importance of gypsum floor and roof constructions, aside from the fire protection afforded, lies in the weight, which in some designs is only 48 lb. to the cubic foot. , . , "A better knowledge of the chemical and physical properties of calcined gypsum has made possible the use of gypsum, in the form of tile, as a void filler in combina- tion systems in which reinforced concrete T-beams are designed to carry the full 'dead' "and 'live' loads. The light weight of gj^psum permits the use of a larger void filler than usual and, consequently, greater spacing of the concrete beams. In work involving about 50,000 sq. ft. or more it is practicable to cast the gypsum tile on the job. • * « ♦ • • • "Its Use for Insulation Purposes. "Tlie use of gypsum for purely insulation purposes is being fostered by American enterprise. A new, economical and practical process consists of introducing into the calcined gvpsum when mixing certain chemicals in powdered form up to a possible 7 per cent' of the bulk. The resultant chemical action just prior to the setting period causes the ma.ss to increase from two to three times its original bulk, yielding an extremely porous material of cellular formation which, according to the amount of chemical uses, can be made to weigh as little as 9 lb. to the cubic foot. Because this material sets qiiicklv it can be noured in place, or in forms, for the purpose desired. The logical field for this material will be the insulation of dwelling-house exterior walls and the ceilings and attics." Gypsum plaster is used as a binder in molding carborundum grinding Avheels. The eommon blackboard crayon known as 'chalk' is made of finely pulverized raw gypsum to which a binder has been added; and for colored crayons a pigment is also added. The action of gypsum as a fertilizer was formerly considered to be indirect'-; that it was not a food for plants, but was supposed to act on the double silicate of magnesia and potash in the soil, freeing the mag- nesia and pota.sh. so that they become available as plant food. Its use was believed to be beiietieial only if these elements are present in the soil. More recently, investigations are stated to prove that gypsum serves as a source of both sulphur and calcium, which are plant foods. Some authorities hold that land plaster tends to make nonporous clay soils more pervious to water and to make sandy soils less pervious. Ground gypsum has an affinity for water and will draw moisture from the atmosphere, so it keeps moisture in the soil and is of value to the farmer who is starting grain and grass crops, as it holds moisture where the roots of the small plants most need it. The use of ground gypsum or land plaster in a dry, hot sea.son may draw enough moisture from the atmosphere to save a crop from damage by drought. Land plaster is employed to neutralize the hiaek alkali that forms in many of the soils of arid regions, as in parts of California, Nevada and TUali. =U. S. G. S. Press Bulletin No. 371, .Tuly, lOlS, p. 4. 120 MINEKAI; IXDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Land plaster may l)e ai)i)lie(l to the soil l)y drilling, or scattered in the hill, or it may be sowed hroadea.st, in quantities ranging from 200 , to 500 pounds to the acre. ^ Total Production of Gypsum in California. Production of gypsum annually in California since such records have been compiled by this Bureau is as follows : Tear Tons Value 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 2,700 2,500 3,000 3,000 2,000 2,000 1,620 2,446 5.158 1,310 2,200 3,100 3,663 2,522 3.875 10,200 6,914 8,350 12,859 $27,000 25.000 30,000 30,000 20.000 20.000 14,280 24.584 51.014 12,580 19,250 23.600 14.950 10,088 38,750 53, .%0 46,441 56.592 54.500 Tear Tons Value 1906 1907 . 1908 , 1909 , 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918, 1919 1920 1921 1922 21.000 $69,000 8.900 57,700 34,600 155,400 30.700 138.176 45.294 129.152 31.457 101.475 37.529 117.388 47,100 135.050 29.734 78,375 20,200 48,953 33,384 59,533 30,825 56,840 19.695 37.176 19.813 50,579 20.507 92.535 37.412 78.87.5 47,084 188,336 594.642 $2,166,672 INFUSORIAL and DIATOMACEOUS EARTH. BibUuqniphii: State ^Mineralogist Reports IT. XII. XIII. XIV, XV, XVII, XVIIT. Bulletins 38, 67. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Bull. 104, August, 1915, pp. 1539-1550. U. S. Bur. of Mines, Rep. of Investigations: Serial No. 2431, Jan., 1923. Eng. & I\Iiii. Jonr.-Press, Vol. 115. ]ip. 1152-1154. June 30, 1923. Infusorial and diatomaeeous earths — sometimes called tripolite — are very light and extremely porous, chalk-like materials composed of pure silica (chalk, being calcareous) which have been laid down under water and consist of the remains of microscopical infusoria and diatoms. The former are animal remains, and the latter are from plants. The principal commercial use of this material is as an absorbent. It is also employed in the manufacture of scouring soap and polishing powders; for filtration purposes; in making some classes of refractory brick; and as an insulating medium both in heating and refrigeration. It is a first-class nonconductor of heat, where high temperatures are employed, such as around steel and gas plants and power houses. In such cases, it is built in as an insulating layer in furnace walls. In Germany, under the name ' kieselguhr, ' it was used as an absorlient for nitro- glycerine in the early manufacture of dynamite. As a nonconductor of heat it has been used alone or witli other mate- rials as a covering for boilers, steam pipes, and safes and in fireproof 1 STATISTICS OK ANMAL I'KODl ITIUX. 121 cements. It is used largely l)y paint manufacturers as a wood filler, l^oiled -with slicllac it is made into records for talking machines. It has l)cen used for absorbing licjuid manures so that they could be utilized as fertilizers, and as a source of silica in making water-glass as well as in the manufacture of cement, tile glazing, artificial stone, ultra-marine and other pigments of aniline and alizarine colors, paper fillimr, sealing wax, fireworks, hard-rubber objects, nuitches, and i)apier mache, and for solidifying bromide. For making insulating brick the material is sawed into l)locks, and for all other purposes it is ground and screened. Tlie most important deposits in Califoi'iiia thus fai' known are located in Monterey, (Grange, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Barbara counties. The Santa Barbara matei-ial is diatomaceous and is of a superior quality. Infusorial earth is also found in Fresno, Kern, Los Angeles, Plumas, San Benito. San Bernardino. San Joaiinin, Shasta, Sonoma, and Tehama counties. The following description of the deposit and plant of the Celite Products Company at Lompoc, Santa Barbara County, is quoted from a recent paper published by the U. S. Bureau of mines ■} "The chaiacter of tlie material varies in different iiart.s of the beil and only selected parts wliere the overburden is lisht, are quarried. Also, certain parts of the bed are used for specific purposes. After cleaninK off tlie overburden, the diatomaceous earth is -ard. The brick are hauled to a drying yai-d in light tram cars. After sun- drxing, the brick are hauled to the railroad, and the other product to the mill in motor trucks. "At the mill, the sun-dried diatomaceous earth is fed by hand into a nimpact pulverizer, which is moved along the bottom of the storage bin. The pulverized material is di-awii tliiough galvanized iron tul^ing by an exhaust fan to tlie main building where it is iiacked for sliipment in bags. The unbroken single diatoms are desired for filtering and some other uses. The dust, consisting of the finer particles and broken diatoms, which does not settle in the V)ins of Ihe main l)uilding, is drawn into a bag house where it is filtei-ed out of the air. This material is u.sed for polishes and other similar purposes. All crushing is done dry. "The Kleselguhr Is nearly pure silica and has the capacity of absorbing several times its weight of lir. Herbert Insley, petrologist, U. S. Bureau of Mines, examined some of the samples under the microscope and made the following report: 'This material is very light in weight due in part to its great porosity. Under the microscope, the materhil was found to be made up almost wholly of the tests or skeletons of diatom.s. These tests are composed of practicall.v pure silica. The silica is evidently amorphous for there is no evidence of double refraction between crossed nicols. Most of the skeletons were unbroken. Complete skeletons more than three- tenths of a millimeter in greatest dimension were not oli.served. although some of the skeletons of which fragments were observed must have been at least seven-tenths of a millimeter in length. Disk-like diatoms containing hexagonal perforations or depres- sions and long, slender spine-like diatoms are very common.' "Photomicrographs made by Dr. Insley show considerable fine dust .and many sharp- edsed narticles. "The deposit Is damp when first exposed, but during tlie summer months, the air is very dry and the wind blows almost continuou.sly, hence the surface is soon dried. Since the kleselguhr is very light, the dust Is easily picked up by the wind." As over 95 per cent of the output in California is from a single operator, we have concealed the exact figures under the 'Unappor- tioned' item in the state and county totals. There were three operators in 1922 in San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties. 'Gardner. K. ]).. Mining diatomaceous earth at Lompoc, Cillfonila : U. S. B. of M.. Reports of Investigations Serial No. 2431, .Ian. 102.3. 122 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA, Total Production of Diatomaceous Earth in California. The first recorded production of these materials in California occurred in 1889 ; total amount and value of output, to date, are as follows : i Year 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 Tons 39 50 51 422 2,703 6,950 3,000 2,430 Value $1,335 Year 2,000 2,040 200 2,532 16,015 112.282 15,000 14,400 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Tons Value 2,531 2,950 500 1,843 2,194 4.129 8,645 12,840 12.400 15.322 24.301 35.963 40.200 60,764 *90,739 Totals. 330,971 $28,948 32,012 3,500 17.617 19,670 17,074 35,968 80.350 62,000 80.649 127,510 189.459 217,800 1.056,260 1,016,675 $3,151,296 ♦Annual details concealed under 'unapportioned.' LIMESTONE. • Bihliography. State Mineralogist Reports IV, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVII, XVIII. Bulletins 38, 91. Oregon Agr. College, Extension Bulletin 305. Limestone was produced in nine counties during 1922, to the amount of 84,382 tons, values at $282,181, being a slight increase in tonnage hut a decrease in value from the 1921 output of 75.921 tons, worth $305,912. The amount here given does not include the limestone used in the manufacture of cement, nor of lime for building purposes ; but accounts for that utilized as a smelter and foundry flux, for glass and sugar making, and other special, chemical and manufacturing processes. It also includes that utilized for fertilizers (agricultural 'lime'), 'roofing gravel,' paint filler, whiting for paint, putty, kalsomine, terrazzo, pav- ing dust, concrete filler, chicken grit, carbon dioxide gas, 'paving compound,' and facing dust for concrete pipe. That indicated in the table below as coming from Santa Clara County is a calcareous marl sold for agricultural purposes. Of the total product in 1922, approxi- mately 25,000 tons valued at $101,700 was used for agricultural purposes. In agriculture, the chief reason for the use of lime is now recognized to be that of correcting soil acidity. Lime in stated to be especially necessary for the proper development of the bacteria in the nodules on the loots of legumes such as the clovers and alfalfa. It will also combine with some of the plant food materials already in the .soil to make them more readily availalile, and will supply any lack of cHlcium i STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 123 as a plant food that may exist in the soil. To some extent, certain forms of lime will make heavy soils more friable, thus aiding; aeration, cultivation and drainage. It may be applied, ground, in either the burned or unburned form, or as hydrated lime. Distribution of the 1922 output was as follows: County Tons Value El Dorado — -— — Los Ang-oles San Bernardino Santa Cruz — Contra Costa, Inyo, Santa Clara^, Siskiyou, Tulare*. 42,200 $113,709 12,096 35,163 2,200 7,800 4,581 20,534 23,3(K 104,970 Totals- 84,382 $282,181 •Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. ^Calcareous marl, used for fertilizer. Limestone Production of California, by Years. The following tabulation gives the amounts and value of 'industrial' limestone produced in California b}' years since 1894 when compilation of such records was begun bj^ the State Mining Bureau. These ton- nages consist principally of limestone utilized for flux, glass and sugar making, agricultural, chemical, and other special industrial purposes. That utilized in cement manufacture is not included. Year Tons Value 1894 15,420 1695 - — I 71,355 189C — — ■ 68,184 1S97 ' 36,796 1808 ; 27,686 ]'99 -- ' 30,769 1900 - j 32,791 1901 — — I 76,937 1902 - I 71,422 1903 ' 125,919 1904 ....' 40,207 1905 — 192,749 ]9D(5 I 80,262 1907 ; 230,985 1918 273,890 1909 i 337,676 $19,275 71,690 71,112 38,5c6 24,5)8 29,185 .71,532 99,415 9'),524 163,988 87,207 323,325 162,827 406,041 597,264 419,921 Year 1910 1911 1012 1913 1914 1915 — 1916 , 1917 , 1918 1919 1920 1921 1022 Totals Tons 681,635 516,398 613,375 301,918 672,272 146,324 187,521 237,279 208,568 88,291 90,120 75,921 84,382 Value 5,520,050 $581,208 452,790 570,248 274,455 517,713 156,288 217,733 356,396 456,258 248,145 298,197 305,912 282,181 $7,053,964 LITHIA. Bihliography : State Mineralogist Reports II, IV, XIV. 38, 67. Bulletins Lithia mica, lepidolite (a silicate of lithium et al.) utilized in the manufacture of artificial mineral water, fireworks, glass, etc., has been mined in San Diego County since 1899, except between 1905 and 1915. Some amblygonite, a lithium phosphate, has also been obtained from pockets associated with the gem tourmalines. In 1922 there was a slight droj) in the yield of lepidolite, the output being utilized in glass manufacture. As there Avas only a single producer, the figures are concealed under the 'unapportioned' item. The average value reported was $15.30 per ton. f.o.b. rail-ship]iiiig point. 124 MINERAIi INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Lithia miea total production in the state has been as follows: Tear Tods Value Tear Tons Value 1899 124 440 1,100 822 700 641 25 $4,600 11,000 27,500 31.880 27.300 25,000 276 1916 71 880 4,111 800 10.046 * 1,365 $1,065 8,800 73.998 14,400 153,502 20,781 1900 1917 1901 1918 1902 1919 1903 1920 1901 1905 1Q06 1921 1 1922 \ Totals 1915 91 1,36.5 21,216 $401,467 ♦Annual details concealed under 'Unapportioned.' MICA. Bibliograplitj : IState .Mim-ra legist Kcports II, IV. Bulletins 38, 67, 91. U. S. Geol. Survv., Bull. 740; Min. Res. of U. S. Eng. & Min. Jonr.-Press, Vol. 115, pp. 55-60, Jan. 13, 1923. No commercial production of mica lias recently been reported in California. Production in previous years has been as follows: Year Tons Value 1902 50 50 50 $2,500 1903 . . . 3,800 1904 _ _ 3,000 Totals 150 $9,300 The following summary of the uses and characteristics of mica is quoted from a recent article by Bowles :^ "Practically all marketable mica is of the miiscovitL- or phlogopite types. Biotite and chlorite are sold in pulverized form, but the amount so used is so small that no further mention of them need be made. Mica falls generally into three classes: sheet mica, including punch ; splittings, and scrap. Slieet mica is used chiefly for electrical purposes and for glazing; splittings are made into built-up mica; scrap is ground to a Dowder. "Mica to be classified as sheet must yield a rectangle of at least IJ x 2 in., must split evenly and freely, be free from cracks, rulings, or plications, and reasonably free from inclusions of foreign matter, tliough stains of a nonconducting cliaracter are permissiVile for some uses. Ability to witlistand heat and higli electrical resistance have led to a wide application of slieet mica in tlie electrical industries. The electrical uses of slTeet mica greatly exceed all others in quantit.v and value of the material used. Mica has become so essential that some of the larger electrical companies own and operate their own mica mines, which suppl>' onl.v a part of their requirements. An important use of electrical mica is for inter-leaving between the copper segments of commutators. Its adaptability for such a purpose depends chiefly on its dielectric strengtli — tliat is, its ability to resist disruptive discharge due to difference in potential between the segments on either side of it. Only liigii-grade mica free from iron impurities, pin holes, or cracks may be so used. A soft variety of mica is preferable, in order tliat tlie copper and mica may wear down evenly, and in this respect it is claimed tliat Canadian amber mica is superior to all others. "Specifications of Mica for Electrical Use. '"I'hiii lilnis aic used in \ast numbers in condensers for magnetos and wireless aiiparatus. A liigli qualit.v (jf mica is demanded for condenser use. It nuist be clear 1 uliy, colorless or greenish, must split easily into smooth plates one-thousandth of an iiuh thick, and must l)e free from tracks, holes, stains, spots, wrinkles, rulings, air l>ul)bles. or knots in any form. Large sizes are not usually recjuired, 1 J x 2 or 2 x 3 in, being tliose ordinarily used. For wireless outfits each film must be capable of with- standing 2(»,(.H)ii \()lts. For magneto condensers a much lower electrical resistance is permissilale. 'Bowles, Oliver, The marketing of mica: Eng. & Min. Jour.-Press, Vol. 115, pp, 60. .Ian. 13, 3 92.1. 55- STATISTICS OF ANNIAL I'UODrCTlON. 125 "As sheets in groatly divorsilieJ shapes, or as washers and tubes, niioa is used extensively as an insuUitor in dj'namos and in various littiiiKs "r appliani'cs, in fuse boxes, sockets, insulators, electric lieaters, tlatirons, and telephones. The highest grades of electrical mica are reijuired for condensers and spark plugs, Viut for uses where low voltage currents are employed less perfect mica, containing a limited amount of impurities, may be employed. "As a heat-resisting transparent medium, sheet mica has various uses. It is widel.v employed for stove windows, but this use has declined to a considerable extent. A hard and rigid mica that is nearly clear is best suited for stove fronts. I>oniestic mica, particularly mica from North Carolina, is well adapted for this use. Stove No. 1 must be free from cracks and stains, l>ut may contain air l)ubbles. Stove No. 2 may be spotted and stained to a limiti-d extent. High-grade stove mica commands a higher price tlian electrical mica, because for the most part larger sizes are demanded. Elec- trical companies that opeiale their own mines sell tlie lareer sizes of clear sheet for glazing, and utilize the smaller sizes in electrical work. Mica is also used in furnace and bake-oven sight-holes, heat screens, lamp chimneys, canopies and shades, particu- larly for gas mantles, and also for military lanterns and in lantern slides. Micalite is a trade name given to sheet mica used in mica chimneys, canopies, and similar ajipliances. Kor lamp chimneys and canopies the mica must be clear and transi^arent, must split easily, and be very llexible. Indian and Brazilian mica are used chielly for such purposes. "Transparency of Mica a Valuable Characteristic. "Its ability to withstand shocks and strains, combined with its transparency, has led to. wide use in motor goggles, spectacles, diver's helmets, smoke helmets, compass cards, gage fronts, and in windows subject to shock, as in the conning towers of war- shiiis. "Owing te developed. There is also a satisfaction in the assurance that if mineral waters are a war-time necessity in convalescent hospitals, supplies from abroad may be com- pletely shut off without deprivation to patients in this country." In the analyses chosen. Chambers^ compares two of California's springs with springs at Aix-les-Bains, France, and at Carlsbad, Austria- Hungary, respectively. An interesting development in recent years in California is the obtaining of 'geyser' wells at Calistoga, in Napa County, by drilling into the thermal-water strata underlying that part of the Napa Valley. There are at present several wells so erupting. They spout in true geyser fashion, and their periods vary from 10 minutes to 2 hours, each following its own schedule rather closely. Radioactivity has been noted in at least two localities in California. Some preliminary qualitative tests have been made by the writer at The Geysers in Sonoma County, and positive reactions obtained; also, radioactivity has been proved at Arrowhead Hot Springs in San Bernardino County, by Prof. Gilbert E. Bailey of the University of Southern California. •Chambers. A. A., Comparison of American and European mineral waters: U. S. Geol. Surv., Min. Res. of U. S., 1916, Part II, pp. 500-510, 1918. 'Hinsdale, Guy. Some analogous European and American mineral springs : Am. Climatological As.soc. Trans., vol. 17, pp. 2 63-265, 1901. ''Idem, pp. 506, 507, 508. 128 MINERAIv INDUSTRY OK CALIFORNIA. Commercial production of mineral water by counties, in 1922, was as follows: County Gallons Value Butte — Calaveras Lake .- Los Angeles Napa --- Riverside - San Diego Santa Barbara Santa Clara Sonoma Colusa, Contra Costa, Humboldt, Marin, Placer, San Bernardino, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Siskiyou, and Solano* I 3,550,505 Totals - 4,276,3t6 2.835 $2,485 1,914 639 60,420 29,370 300,400 15,450 80,481 54,341 58,116 ic,»)';2 71,781 9,262 110,552 62,269 3,500 325 35,843 9,108 3,550,505 298,503 $486,424 •Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. The production above tal)ulated was in part bottled with artificial earbonation, in part natural, and a large part was used in the prepa- ration of soft drinks with flavors. Mineral Water Production of California, by Years. Amount and value of mineral water produced in California sinee 1887 are sriven herewith: Year Gallons Value 1887 I 618.162 \ $144,368 1888 I 1,112,202 ! 252,990 1889 ' 808,625 ' 252,241 1890 258,722 89,786 1891 334.553 139,959 1892 _. 331,875 162,019 1893 383,179 90,667 1894 I 402,275 1&4,481 1895 701,397 291,500 1896 808,843 337,434 1897 1,508,192 345,863 1898 1,429,809 213.817 1899 1,338.537 406,691 1900 2,456,115 268,607 1901 1,555,328 559,057 1902 1,701,142 612,477 1903 2,056,340 558.201 1904 2.430.320 496.946 1905 2,194,150 538,700 Year Gallons 1906 I 1,585,690 1907 2.924,269 1908 2,789,715 1909 2,449,834 1910 2,335,259 1911 2,637,669 1912 2,497,794 1913 .- 2,350,792 1914 ! 2.443.572 1915 2,274.267 1916 j 2,273,817 1917 I 1,942.020 1918 1,808,791 1919 1920 1921 1922 Totals. 2,233,842 2,391,791 3,446,278 4,276,346 Value $478,186 544,016 560,507 465,488 522,009 590,654 529,384 599,748 476,169 467,738 410,112 340,566 375,650 340,117 421,643 367.476 486,424 65,091,512 $13,921,691 PHOSPHATES. Biblwgraphy: Bulletins 67, 91. No commercial production of phosphates has been recorded from California, though occasional pookets of the lithia ]ihosphate, amblyg- onite, Li (AlF) PO4, have been found associated witli the gem tourma- line deposits in San Diego County. Such production has been classified under lithia. STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 129 A deposit of phosphate rock is reported to have been located near Big Pine in Inyo County, bnt no commercial development has taken place. PUMICE and VOLCANIC ASH. Bihlioqraphy : State :\Iineralogist Reports XII, XIV, XV, XVII, XVill. Bulletin 38 (see 'Tufa'). Tlio prndnction of pumice and volcanic ash for the year 1922 amounli'd to ()l;5 tons valued at $4,248, and came from a single prop- erty, each, in Imperial. Inyo, and San Francisco counties. This is an increase in tonnage ])ut a decrease in total value from the 1921 yield. The pumice de^posits in Imperial and Siskiyou counties are of the vesicular, block variety, and are practically the only localities in the United States from which commercial production of this grade has been made. Tliere are other known deposits of this variety in Inyo, IMadera, and IMono counties. This form is used largely for abrasive purposes; and is also being utilized in fire-brick, and as an insulating filler in the walls of refrigerators and cold-storage plants. It has also been tried .in concrete construction. Foreign importations of block pumice come mainly from the Lipari Islands, Italy. The volcanic ash, or tulf, variety is employed in making scouring soaps and ])olisliing powders. The above-noted production from Inyo and San Francisco counties was of ash. Commercial production of ])umice in California was first reported to the State IMining Bureau in 1909, then not again until 1912, since which >ear there has been a small annual output, na indicated by the following table: Year Tons Value 1917 1918 1919 525 2,114 2,388 1,537 406 613 $5,295 28.669 43.657 1920 25,890 1921 6.310 1922 4,248 Totals — 12,999 $147,061 PYRITES. Bibliography: Report XVIII. Bulletins 38, 91. Min. & Sci. Press, Vol. 114, pp. 825, 840. Pyrites are mined for use in the manufacture of sulphuric acid, which in turn is used in large quantities in the preparation of explo- sives and of fertilizers. One property, each, in Alameda, Shasta, and Mariposa counties reported a total production in 1922 of 151,381 tons, valued at $570,425, which is an increase over 1921, both in tonnage and value. The material shipped in 1922 carried 42% to 46% S. This does not include the large quantities of pyrite, chalcopyrite and other sulphides which are otherwise treated for their valualile metal contents. Some sulphuric acid is annually made as a by-product in 9— 2S547 130 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. the course of roasting certain tonnages of Motlier Lode auriferous con- centrates for their precious-metal values. California has available sup- plies of sulphide ores suitable for the manufacture of sulphuric acid far in excess of the local requirements. Pyrites Production in California, by Years. The total recorded pyrites production in California to date is as follows : Year 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 Tons Value 6.000 $30,000 5,400 28,620 3,642 21,133 4,578 18.429 17,525 60,306 24.311 94.000 15,043 62,992 15.503 63,958 46,689 145.895 82,270 251,774 107.081 610.335 457.867 1.389.802 42,621 179,862 year Tons Value 1911' 54,225 $182,954 1912 69,872 203,470 1913 79.000 218.537 1914 79,267 230,058 1915 92.462 293,148 1916 120.525 372,969 1917 111,325 : 323.704 1918 128.32i^ 425.012 1919 147.024 , 540,300 1920 146.001 530.581 1921 110,025 473,735 1922 I 151,381 I 570,425 Totals 2,117,966 ' $7,322,049 SHALE OIL. Bihliograpluj : State Mineralogist Report XIX. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bulletins 322, 729. U. S. Bur. of Mines, Bull. 210. The commercial production of shale oil was begun in California in 1922 by a plant near Casmalia, in Santa Barbara County. Their product was sold for utilization as a flotation oil in metallurgical work. The property and plant are described by Gore^ in a recent issue of 'Mining in California.' As there was only a single operator the amount and value of the output are concealed under the 'unapportioned' item. SILICA (Sand and Quartz). Bihtiography: State ^Mineralogist Reports IX. XIV, XV. XVII, XVIII. Bulletins 38, 67, 91. We combine these materials because of the overlapping roles of vein quartz which is mined for use in glass making and as an abrasive, and that of silica sand which, although mainly utilized in glass manu- facture, also serves as an abrasive. Both varieties are also utilized to some extent in fire-brick manufacture. A portion of the tonnage of vein quartz in California in 1916 and 1917 was employed in the preparation of ferro-silicon by the electric furnace. At present, some is utilized as a foundry flux, and for steel- ^Gore. F. D.. Oil shale in Santa Barbara County, California : State Min. Bur., Report XIX, Sept. 1923. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTIOX. 131 casting moulds. A portion of the silica sold (both sand and quartz) is also used in glazes for porcelain, pottery and tile, and in the body of the ware to diminish shrinkage ; and some of the sand for the preparation of sodium silicate ('water glass'). ]\[anufacturors of paint use finely ground silica, wiiieli forms as much as one-third of the total pigment in some paints. For certain purposes finely ground crystalline material is superior in paints to other materials because of the angu- larity of the grains, which makes them adhere more firmly to the article painted and aftei' wear afford a good surface for repainting. The same angularity makes artificially comminuted crystalline quartz supe- i-ior to natural sand for use in wood fillers. It is also preferable for soaps and polishing powders. We do not include under this heading such forms of silica as: quartz- ite, sandstone. Hint, tripoli. diatomaceous earth, nor the gem forms of 'rock crystal.' amethyst, and opal. Each of these has various industrial uses, which are treated under theii" own designations. The production of silica in California in 1922 amounted to 9,874 tons, valued at $31,016, from eleven properties in six counties, distributed as follows : County Tons Value Amador £65 2,000 1,877 5,132 $5 030 Placer 5,500 Riverside 11,391 Kern. Monterev. San Dieeo* - 9,005 Totals 9,874 $31,016 •Combined to conceal output of a single operator in eacb. Of the above total. 5,811 tons was of sand, and 4,063 tons of vein and boulder ({uartz. For making the higher grades of glass, most of the sand is imported from Belgium. There are various deposits of quartz in California which could be utilized for glass making, but to date they have not been so u.sed owing to the cost of grinding and the difficulty of preventing contamination by iron while grinding. Silica sand ha.s been produced in the following counties of the state : Alameda, Amador, El Dorado, Los Angeles, oMonterey, Orange, Placer, Riverside, San Joafiuin, and Tulare. The chief producing centers have been Amador, Monterey, and Los Angeles counties. The industry is of limited importance, so far, becau.se of the fact that much of the avail- able material is not of a grade which will produce first-class colorless glass ; for such, it must be essentially iron-free. Even a fractional per cent of iron imparts a green color to the glass. Belgium sand is also displacing local material in the manufacture of sodium silicate ('water glass'), causing the closing down of operations in January of the present year, of the sand plant of the Philadelphia Quartz Company in Amador County. 132 MINERAL Industry of California Total Silica Production of California. Total silica production in California since the inception of the industry, in 1899, is shown below, being mainly sand : Year Tons 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911' 3,000 2.200 5,000 4,500 7.725 10,004 9,257 9,750 11,065 9,255 12,259 19.224 8,620 Value $3,500 2.200 16.250 12,225 7.525 12.276 8,121 1.3,375 8178 22,045 25,517 18,265 8,672 Year 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Tons Value 13,075 $15,404 18,618 21,899 28,538 22,688 28,904 34,322 20,880 48.908 19,376 41,166 23,257 88,930 18,659 101,600 25,324 96,793 10,569 49,179 9,874 31,016 Totals 328,933 $710,054 SILLIMANITE. Bibliography: Bulletins 67, 91. Dana's Mineralogy. Sillimanite is an aluminum silicate (AloSiO-,). having the same com- position and formula as andalusite, but having different physical char- acteristics. Theoretically, they both contain 63.2% AUOy and 36.8% SiOj. Both are found in gneiss, mica schist, and other related crystalline metamorphic rocks. A massive deposit of sillimanite found in Dry Creek Canyon in the Inyo Llountains, IMono County, is being mined, and the material shipped East, Avhere it is utilized in the manufacture of porcelain for automobile spark plugs, and for high-tension electrical insvilators. This is apparently the only deposit of sillimanite thus far found in the United States (at least) in sufficient quantity to be of commercial consequence. As there was only the one operator, the tonnage and value of the 1922 production is concealed under the 'unapportioned' item. SOAPSTONE and TALC. Bihliographi/: State :\rineralogist Reports XII, XIV, XV, XVII, XVIII. Bulletins 38, 67, 91. U. S. Bur. of Mines, Bulletin 213. Rep. of Investigations, Serial No. 2253, May, 1921. The total output of tale and soapstone in California in 1922 amounted to 13,378 tons valued at $197,186, from two producers, each, in El Dorado and Inyo counties, and one in San Bernardino. This is an increase both in tonnage and value over the 1922 figures. The bulk of the product was high-grade talc from Inyo and San Bernardino coun- ties. This was due, in part to improvement in the eastern demand for California talc on account of its high quality, in part to a 10% reduc- tion in freight rates in July, 1922, and in i^art to the increases in tariff duties placed on foreign importations of talc l)y the Tariff Act of 1922 which became effective in September. It is reported that California talc is steadily replacing imported talc in the toilet trade on the basis STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 133 of quality. The largest production of tale in the United States comes from Vermont and New York, and of massive soapstone from Virginia. Composition and Varieties. Talc is a hydrous magnesium silicate with tiie chemical formula II,^rg.,(SiO.,)4.' It is also called soapstone, and steatite. The term 'talc' properly inchidcs all forms of the i)ure miiieral. whereas 'steatite' denotes particularly the massive. C()m|)act variety, and 'soapstone' the impure, massive forms containing as low as 50% of talc. When pure, talc is soft, having a hardness of 1, but impurities increase the hardness up to 3 or 4. The color varies from i)ure white and silvery white through gray, green, apple green, to dark green, also yellow, brown, and reddish when impure. It is commonly compact or massive, or in fine granular aggregates, and often in foliated plates or in fibrous aggregates. Uses. Althougli the uses of talc and soapstone are many and varied, some of tiiem are not in general well known nor fully developed; and although few of their uses can justly l)e considered essential in the sense that no substitutes can be used, there are several which are of great impoi'tance. The widest use of talc is in the powdered form, and the value depends upon color (whiteness), uniformity, fineness of grain, freedom from grit, 'slip,' and sometimes freedom from lime. The white varieties, free from grit and iron, low in lime, ground to 200-mesh and finer, are largely used as a filler for paper, rul)l)er and l)aint, and the very highest grade as toilet powder. Ground talc is also used in dressing and coating cloth, in making soap, rope, twine, pipe- covering compounds, heavy lubricants, and polishes. Ground talc and soapstone are used for foundiy facings, cither alone or mixed witli graphite; and a coarser grade is used in the manufacture of asphalt- coated roofing felts and papers, both as a filler and as a surfacing. ]\Iassive, close-grained talc, free from iron and grit, is cut into blanks and baked, forming the material used for gas tips and electrical insula- tion, connnei-cially known as 'lava.' Its hardness, its resistance to heat, acids, and alkalies, and its great dielectric strength make it very useful for electric insulation, and no satisfactory substitute for it has been found. Massive varieties of talc, pyrophyllite. and high grades of soapstone are cut into slate pencils, and steel- workers' crayons. 'French chalk' or 'tailor's chalk' is a soft, massive talc. In China, Japan, and India, massive talc (steatite) is carved into grotesque images and other forms, and is often sold as imitation jade. Soapstone is usually cut into slabs of 1 to 2 inches in thickness and sold as griddles, footwarmers, and fireless-cooker stones, or fabricated into laundry sinks and tubs, labora- tory-table tops, hoods, tanks, and sinks, electric switchboards, and for other uses in which the properties of resistance to heat, acids, and alka- lies, and electricity are essential. The following detailed account of the various uses of talc and soap- stone is given by Ladoo^ : "Ladoo, R. B.. Talc and soapstone, their mining, milling, products, and uses : U. S. Bur. of Mines, Bulletin 213, pp. 66-70, 1923. 134 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. "Uses of Powdered Talc and Soapstone. "1. Paper manufacture: a. Filling or loading of all grades of paper. h. Ingredient of coating mixture on glazed or finished papers. r In tissue-paper manufacture from sulphite stock. d. In the manufacture of blotting and absorbing papers. e. For the bleaching of cellulose. f. For removal of resin from cellulose. Quality: 200-mesh or finer. Colloidal property demanded. Presence of lime sometimes objectionable. Color : Colorless ; free from ferric salts, for white paper. Color not important for wrapping paper." "2. Roofing-paper manufacture: a. Filling or loading. h. Coating, to prevent sticking together. c. Surfacing. . ,/>,„. Quality : For filling and coating, 200-mesh. For surfacing. 40 to 80 mesh. Color : Negligible. "3. Textile manufacture : a. Dressing cloth. h. Coating, sizing, and bleaching cotton cloth. c. Dyeing. d. Dry polishing or sizing of pile fabrics. Quality: 200-mesh. Color : Dependent on u.se. "4. Rubber manufacture : a. Filling. b. Dusting. c. Packing material for rubber. d. Protective coating for crude rubber. e. On molding tables in making tires. f. In manufacture of rubber tubing for bedding tubing during vulcanization. Quality: 200-mesh. Color :' Negligible. "5. Paint manufacture : o. Pigments ; absorption of complex coloring matters. h. Filler or extender, particularly in mixed paints. c. Cold-water paints. d. Enamel paints. e. Waterproof paints for protection of metal, stone, and wood. /. FlexilDle roofing paints and cements. g. Fireproof or fire-resistant paints. h. Base for disinfectant paints. Quality : 200-mesh or finer. Colloidal property demanded in most paints. Color : Dependent on use. "6. Soap manufacture : rt. Filler. h. Constituent of soap compound. Quality: 200-mesh only, colloidal property demanded in b. Color : Dependent on use. "7. Foundry-facing manufacture : a. Replacing graphite. h. Mixed with graphite. Quality: 200-mesh. Color: Dependent on use. "8. Toilet preparations : a. Face powders. h. Toilet powders. c. Foot powders. d. CreaiTis, pastes, and lotions. Quality: 200-mesli or finer; freedom from grit, iron, and lime; good slip. Colloidal property advantageous when used with litiuids. ('olor : White or flesh color. "9. Wire insulating compounds: Quality; 200-mesh. Color : Dependent on use. "10. Lubricants, liquid or grease: «. Talc alone. h. Incorporated with heavy oils. 40 to 60 per cent talc. c. With water, talc in colloidal state. Quality: 200-mesh. Color : Negligible. "11. Linoleum and oilcloth rwanufacture : o. Filling. h. Dusting. Quality: 200-mesh. Color: Dependent on use. "12 Pipe-covering compounds. "13. Pottery and norcelain : a. Body material for china, porcelain, and porcelain crucibles. h. Glaze. "14. Electrical insulation: rt. Artificial or synthetic lava — talc with binder. h. Substitute for electrical porcelain — talc with clay, with or without liquid binder. Quality: 200-mesh. Color : Dependent on use. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 135 "15 Rope and twine manufacture: a. Filliner. b. Finishine. Quality : 200-mpsh. Color : Dependent on use. "IG. Leather manufacture: a. DressinK skins and leathers. b. Drying "oily leathers. c. Substitute for wheat flour in mal4 Preservative coating on stonework. . , , i_ „„j "25. CleSg and poli-sliing rice, peas, coffee, beans, maize, barley, peanuts, and similar food stuffs: Quality : 20n-niesh. , ^ , . ^ ^^ Color- Negligible; colored talcs are used for colored products. "2C. Bleaching barley grain of inferior color. Used with sulphur-dioxide gas: Quality : 200-mesh. Color: Negligible. "27. DustinsT in rubber-stamp manufacture: Quality : 200-mesh. Color : Negligible. "28. Composition lloor manufactures, * 4.. „ "29. Insulating material for switchboards and floors of generating stations. "30. Imitation stone: a. Marble and jointless flooring. 7). Sanitary appliances. "31. Boot and shoe powder: Quality: 200-mesh. "32. Glove powder: Quality: 200-mesh. Color: White. "33. Dermatology: ., , , ^. , ^ ■, -,„ a. Absorbing colors, colloidal solutions, fats, and oils. b. Absorbing odors. "34. Absorbing colors of animal, plant, and artificial origin. ■ Vm'"dusting wounds and sores, and for treating skin diseases of cattle and other animals. "o6. Purifying, decolorizing, and degreasing of waste waters: Quality: 200-mesh. Colloidal properties demanded. Color: Negligible. . . „ , * t i "37. Manufacture of water filters, similar to Berkfeld. "38. Con.serving fruits, vegetables, and eggs. "39. Sugar refining. "40. Contact material for catalytic reactions. "41. Absorbent for nitroglycerin. "42. Packing material for metallic sodium and potassium: Used wetted with oil. "4 3. Fireproofing ^-ood : Used with sodium silicate (water glass). _ "44. Acid-proof and fireproof packing and cement, for pipe, and such articles. "45. Automobile polish. "46. Filler in manufacture of fertilizers. "4 7. Agriculture: a. Filler or extender for insecticides. . b. Ingredient of remedies for plant diseases, such as Fostit or mixture or copper sulphate with ground talc or soapstone. "4 8. Shoe polish and cleaner: a. Cleaner for white canvas and buckskin shoes. b. Ingredient of polish for leather shoes. "49. Yarn and thread manufacture: a. Dressing. h. Polish. 136 MINERAL INDUSTRY OK CALIFORNIA. "50. Chemical-pharmaceutical industry: a. Powder. ft. Tablets. "51. Colored crayons: a. Crayons of chrome colors, and pastel colors. "52. Stove polishes. "53. Imitation amber: For clouding effects. "54. Cleaning and glossing of hair and bristles. "55. Floor wax. "56. Terrazzo or mosaic flooring: In place of oil in laying terrazzo. "57. Candv manufacture : With starch, or other medium as dusting agent to prevent sticking in molds, on molding boards, etc. "58. Window shade manufacture ; to render cloth opaque. "59. Chewing-gum manufacture ; as dusting agent to prevent sticking. "60. In manufacture of putty, as filler. "Uses of Massive Talc and Soapstone. "1. Lava blanks for electrical insulation, gas burner tips, and spark plugs: Quality: Massive, fine-grained talc, free from iron and grit, no cracks or cleavage planes. Must be soft and easily machineable but compact and strone. Must be tested under heat. Color : Negligible in raw state, but white color preferable after burning. "2. Crayons and pencils: Quality : Compact, massive talc, medium hard, strong when sawed into thin, narrow strips. Color : Negligible. "3. Tailors chalk or French chalk. Quality: Compact and strong, fine grained, but medium soft. Color :' White or light color. "4. Glass making: Molds for bottles, watch glasses, etc. "5. Metallurgical industries : Molds for casting of iron, brass, copper, etc. "6. Refractories : Fire brick and blocks. "7. Polishing agent : «. Wooden handles, etc. Small blocks of talc tumbled in cylinder with wooden handles to fill grain of wood and give rough polish. ft. Polishing and lubricating wire nails used in automatic box-nailing machines. Blocks of talc tumbled with nails. "S. Carvings : Chinese and other Oriental carvings. "9. Cooking utensils : Used by uncivilized people in various parts of the world. "10. Soapstone slabs: a. Electrical switchboards and base plates. ft. Acid-proof laboratory tables, sinks, hoods, and tanks. c. Laundry tubs and sinks. d. Fireless-cooker stones. c. Foot warmers. /. Griddles." Foreign and Domestic Talcs. Foreign importations of high-grade ^hite tale suitable for the nianu- faetiire of toilet powder have come mainly from Canada, Ital.y and France. A small, irregular production of white talc was obtained from certain eastern states, but the material tiuetuated in quality and quan- tity to such an extent that it was not largely used by manufacturers of the better-grade toilet powders. Graduall.y a wall of pre.judice against all domestic talcs grew up in the trade, and this has been fostered by people interested in the sale of the imported article. Deposits of high-grade talc in California have been known for several vears, but little interest was shown in them until 1911-1912. The lack of importations during 1917-1919, gave California an opportunity to demonstrate the qualit}" of her goods. According to Ladoo- : "In the essential qualities of pure white color, freedom from grit, and fine-grain size it is a well-established fact that the best California talcs equal or surpass the best imported talcs. In the debatable qualities of slip and freedom from lime some of the best California talcs equal some of the best imported talcs and in other cases excel =^Ladoo, R. B., High-grade talc and the California talc industry : U. S, Bur. of M., Reports of Investigations, Serial No. 2253, May, 1921. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 137 other iiniiL>rted talcs. Somo of the very largest consumers of toilet-grade talc have expressed complete satisfaction with the high-grade California talcs and have used them regularlv in preference to Italian talc. "Therefore." it can not be truthfully said that the United States produces no talcs equal in quality to imported talcs. Unfortunately many domestic consumers have been so thoroughly imbued with the alleged superiority of imported talcs that domestic talcs have not been given a fair chance. It is even reported that unscrupulous dealers have relabeled domestic talc and sold it as Italian talc, with prefect satisfaction to the con- sumers. Such dislionest trade practices are probably not common, but they serve to refute the erroneous statements regarding the quality of domestic talc." Foreign producers liave the benefit of cheap hibor, and a low tariff import duty. In addition to these disadvantages, the California oper- atoi's are up against high transettntinental freight rates. In 1921 imports amounted to 18,264 short tons of ground talc, valued at $371,329. It is stated that in Italy the mines are all small tunnel workings, operated in the main hy i)eopl(> of limited capital. Few of the com- })anies have their own mills, the mills being separate enterprises, located at a central point, to which all the lump talc is hauled by teams. Practically all of these mines are in the northwestern corner of Italy, in the district of Pinerolo (Val Chisone), near Turin (Torino), in the province of Piedmont. Talc Production of California, by Years. Production has been intermittent in the state since 1893, as shown in the following table : Year Tons Value Year Tons Value 33 $280 740 7.260 1,750 7,350 1,350 6,150 1.000 4.500 1,663 14,750 1,703 9,831 5,267 45,279 11,760 85,534 8,764 115,091 11,327 221,362 8,752 130,078 13.378 197,186 1893 . 1894 . 1895 . 1896 . 1897 . 1898 . 1899 , 1900 , 1901 . 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 400 i $17,750 25 10 14 219 228 300 375 119 288 10,124 2,315 3,000 48 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Totals. 68,686 , $878,670 STRONTIUM. BihUographij: Bulletins 67, 91. U. S. G. S., Bull. 540; 660-1. There has been no production of strontium minerals in California since 1918, though in that year both celestite (SrS04), and the car- bonate, strontianite (SrCOg) were shipped. The first recorded com- mercial output of strontium minerals in California was in 1916. The occurrence of the carbonate is particuLvrly interesting and valuable, as it appears to be the first considerable deposit of commercial importance so far opened up in the United States. Shipments reported as averag- ing 80% SrCO^ have been made. The deposit is associated with deposits of barite, near Barstow, San Bernardino County. The carbonate has also been found in massive form near Shoshone, Inyo County. In addi- 138 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. tion to Imperial County, celestite is found near Calico and Ludlow, and in the Avawatz Mountains in San Bernardino Countj^ but as yet undeveloped. Production of strontium minerals in California, by years, has been as follows : Tear Tons Value 1916 57 3.050 2,900 $2,850 1917 37,000 1918 - - - - 33.000 1919 . — Totals 6,007 $72,850 The principal use for strontium in the United States is in the form of the nitrate in the manufacture of red flares, or Costen and Bengal lights and fireworks. Previous to 1914, the nitrate was imported from Germany. England, and Sicily. In Germany and Russia, strontium in the form of the hvdroxide is used in the manufacture of beet sugar. It is stated that strontia is more efficient and satisfactory in that process than lime, as it gives an additional recovery of 6% to 8%. Of the two minerals, strontianite (carbonate) and celestite (sul- phate), the carbonate is the more desirable as it is easier to convert to other salts; but it is scarcer. Celestite is found with limestone and sandstone and is sometimes associated with gypsum. Strontianite is also found with limestone, but associated with barite and calcite. SULPHUR. Bihliogrophij: State :\Iineralogist Reports IV, XIII, XIV. Bulle- tins 38, 67, 91. There has not been, for man.y years, any commercial output of native sulphur in California, although this mineral has been found to some extent in Colusa, Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Lake, Mariposa, San Bernar- dino, Shasta, Sonoma, Tehama, and Ventura counties. Sulphur was produced at the famous Sulphur Bank mine in Lake Count.v, during the years 1865-1868 (inc.), totaling 941 tons, valued at $53,500; following which the property became more valuable for its quicksilver. The Elgin mine, near AVilbur Si)rings, Colusa County, is a similar occurrence. There are prospects for some production for 1923, as two plants have ])egun operations in western Kern County. The principal sources in the L'nited States are the stratified deposits ill Louisiana and Texas, extraction being accomplished by a unique s.ystem of wells with steam pipes. It is stated that the three large companies operating there are capable of producing more than 1,000,000 tons annually in excess of our normal consumption in the L^nited States, which averages about 600,000 tons. The mines at Freeport, Texas, are in a peculiarly favorable location in that they are practically at tide- water. Formerly considerable sulphur was imported from Italy and from Japan ; but the situation is now reversed, so that in 1922, a total of 485,706 long tons valued at $7,005,964 was exported from the United States, principall.y to Europe and Canada. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 139 CHAPTER SIX. SALINES. BihUoqraplwj: State :Mineralogist Reports XIV, XY, XYII. letin 24. Biil- T^nder this heading are included borax, common salt, soda, potash, and other alkaline salts. The tirst two have been produced in a number of localities in California, more or less regularly since the early sixties. Except for a single year's absence, soda has had a continuous produc- tion since 1894. Potash, magnesium chloride and sulphate, and calcium chloride have only recently been added to the comm^rcial list, while the nitrates are still prospective. Our main resources of salines are the lake beds of the desert regions of Imi)erial, Inyo, Kern, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, San Luis Obispo, and Siskiyou counties, and the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Substance 1921 1922 Increase ^- Dec^ease— Value Tons Value Tons Value Borates -. -. - . - 50,136 6S3 4,153 14,806 107,989 14,828 $1,096,326 22,980 106,140 390,210 &32,702 438,996 "39,087 • 3,036 17.776 223,238 20,084 $1,068,025 * 89,788 5*4,388 819,187 573,(161 $28,301— Calcium chloride • Magnesium salts Potash -- 16,3o2— 194,178-t- Salt Soda 13,515- 134,665+ Total values — ' $2,887,354 $3,135,049 Net increase - $247,695+ •Concealed under 'Unapportioned.' "Recalculated to 40% 'anhydrous boric acid' equivalent. BORATES. Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports III, X, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVII, XVIII. Bulletins 24, 67, 91. During 1922, there was produced in California, a total of 74,998 tons of borate materials, compared with a total of 50.136 tons for the year 1921. The material shipped in 1922 included crude and selected cole- manite ore varying from 12.54% to 32.16% anhydrous boric acid ("A. B. A."), also refined borax recovered from evaporation of brines at Searles Lake in San Bernardino County (See also under Potash). As the crude ore is not sold, as such, and is almost entirely calcined before shipping to the refinery for conversion into the borax of commerce, it is difficult to arrive at a valuation of the crude ore mined. For this reason and the fact that the material varied widely in boric acid content, Ave have re-calculated the tonnage to a basis of 40% A. B. A. This is approximately the average A. B. A. content of the cole- manite material after calcining, in which condition it is shipped to the refinery. A valuation of 50^ per unit of 'anhydrous boric acid' w'as reported for the calcined material. Recalculated as above, the 1922 production totals 39.087 tons valued at $1,068,025. Borax was first discovered in California in the waters of Tuscan Springs in Tehama County, January 8, 1856. Borax Lake, in Lake County, was discovered in September of the same year by Dr. John A. Veach. This deposit was worked in 1864-1868, inclusive, and during that time produced 1,181,365 pounds of refined borax. This was the first commercial output of this salt in the United States, and California 140 MINERAIi INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. is still today the leading American producer of borax, having been for many years the sole producer. Production from the dry lake 'playa' deposits of Inyo and San Bernardino counties began in 1873; but it was not until 1887 that the borax industry was revolutionized by the discovery of the colemanite beds at Calico, in San Bernardino County. These have since been largely worked out, and the output for a number of years has been coming from similar beds in Inyo and Los Angeles counties. In 1920 San Bernardino County again entered the field with shipments of such ore from near Daggett. The colemanite deposits of Ventura County are at present unworked, owing to lack of transportation facilities. Some production of coleuianite is being made from deposits recently opened up in Clarke County, Nevada. Colemanite is a calcium borate, and the material mined is mostly shipped to eastern chemical plants for refining. Refined 'borax' (sodium tetraborate) is used in making the enameled coating for cast- iron and steel-ware employed in plumbing fixtures, chemical equipment, and kitchen utensils. It is also a constituent of borosilicate glasses which are utilized in making lamp chimneys, baking dishes, and laboratory glassware. Other important uses of borax are in the manu- facture of laundry and kitchen soaps, in starch, paper sizing, tanning, welding, and in the preparation of boric acid, which is employed as an antiseptic and in preserving meats. Total Production of Borate Materials in California. The total production of borate materials in California is shown in the following table: Tear 186i 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 Tons Value 12 126 201 220 32 $9,478 94,099 132.538 156,137 22,384 140 515 915 1,168 1.437 993 373 364 609 690 732 900 1.019 942 1,285 1,015 1,405 965 3.201 4,267 5.525 3.955 89,600 255,440 259,427 289,080 312,537 193,705 66.257 65,443 149,245 189,750 201,300 265.500 198.705 155.430 173,475 116,689 196,636 145,473 480,152 640,000 838,787 593,292 Year Tons Value 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1901 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 5.770 5,959 6.754 8.000 8.300 20,357 25,837 22,221 "17,202 34,430 45,647 46,334 58.173 53.413 22,200 16,628 16,828 50,945 42,135 58,051 62,500 67,004 103,523 109,944 88,772 66.791 127.065 50.136 •-39,087 $807,807 595,900 675,400 1,080.000 1.153.000 1.139.882 1.013.251 982.380 2.234.994 661,400 698,810 l,019,15i5 1,182.410 1,200,913 1,117,000 1,163,960 1,177,960 1,456,672 1,122,71J 1,491,530 1,483,500 1,663,521 2,409,37& 2,561,95b 1.867.90i» 1,717,19!* 2,794,200 1,096,320 1,068,025 Totals 1,313,012 $44,927,710 "Refined borax. '•Recalculated to 40% 'anhydrous bopI« as^' ef its products. At the same time the price of fuel oil, which alone represents over 30 per cent of the production costs, has been reduced from ?2.92 per barrel, the price at the beginning of last year, to $1.38 per barrel at the present time. "The demand in the United States for both potash and borax has improved consid- erably during the last year. Though the price of borax has remained practically stationary, the price of foreign potash has increased from Qi( net per unit of K2O as 'Parmelee. Maurice. Germany: Trade and economic review for 1921, No. 35, Supple- ment to Commerce Reports, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Jan. 1923. ^American Trona Corp.: Company report.?, Eng. & Min. Jour., Vol. 114, p. 1096, Dec. 16, 1922. 144 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. prevailed last year, to 6Sti net per unit of K^G this season, wliicli increase represents an advance of about $2.25 per ton of our salts. Tlie foreign prices are c.i.f. Atlantic coast ports, to whicli must be added freight to interior points of consumption. It will thus be seen that owing to the reduction of freiglit rates from the California plant to the East, also to the lowering of production costs on the one liand and to the increase in the price of potash on the other, tlie company is in a more favorable competitive position — its advantage increasing in direct ratio to the distance of tlie overland haul of foreign potash. This favorable position is particularly felt in the Middle West, which is geographically the corporations' natural sales area." ******* "Since the resumption of operations at Trona the weekly production of salts has steadily increased, and the cost of production has been steadily reduced at a gratifying rate, as is shown by the following comparative figures: "PRODUCTION AND RELATIVE COSTS OF AMERICAN TRONA CORPORATION. Production in tons of 2,000 lb. Potash Borax Comparison first four months of — Salts Average grade in per cent Potassium chloride con- tent (100 per cent KCl) Total tons potassium chloride and borax 1019 1920 -- 4.791 3,369 5,609 6,593 61 89 91 92.6 2,941 3,019 5,102 6,108 • 1,430 2,647 2,834 2,941 4,499 7,G49 8,942 1921 1S22« _. Comparison first four months of — Fuel-oil consumption in gallons Per ton potas- sium chloride produced Per average ton potassium chlo- ride and borax produced Cost based on 1919 production costs as 100 per cent Per ton potas- sium chloride produced Per ton boras produced Per average ton potassium chlo- ride and borax produced 1919 1920 1921 1922* 1.647 857 417 371 5S4 279 253 100 68.3 32.8 24.4 100 54 40 100 59.3 33.4 24.9 "First four months in operation— May to August, 1922, inclusive. *No borax produced." The bulk of the 1922 potash output of California was utilized in fertilizer preparations, and some was sold for chemical purposes. Other uses for potash salts, besides those noted above, are in the manufacture of the best liquid soap and some higher-grade cake soaps, of some finer grades of glass, and in matches. The chemical require- ments included tanning, dyeing, metallurgy, electroplating, photog- raphy, and medicine. Total Production of Potash in California. The annual amounts and value of these potash materials since their beginning in California in 1914, are shown by the following table : Year Tons Value 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Totals. 10 $460 1,076 19.391 17.908 663.605 129,022 4,202,889 49,381 6,808,976 28,118 2.415,963 26.298 1,465,463 14,806 390.210 17,776 584,088 284.395 $16.557.J«5 STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PKODUCTlOxV. 145 SALT. Bihliographii: Rtat(> ^Nriiioraloyist Reports IT, XII, XV, XVII, XVill. Bulletins 24, 67, 91. Most of the salt prodneed in California is obtained by evaporating the waters of the Paeifie Oeean, plants beiny located on the shores of San Francisco Bay, Monterey Bay, Long Beach, and San Diego Bay. Additional amounts are derived from lakes and lake beds in the desert regions of the state. The salt production of San Beriuirdino County is in part derived from deposits of rock salt which are worked by means of quarrying and steam shovels. Some also is prepared by crystalliza- tion from the brines of Searles Lake, which are worked mainly for potash and borax. A small amount of valuable medicinal salts is Harvesting salt at plant ot !Montfit'.\' Bay Salt Company, Moss Landing-, INIonterey County, California. occasionally obtained in Mono and Tehama counties, by evaporation from ]\Iono Lake and mineral springs respectively. Formerly a considei'ablc pi'oportion of the table salt consumed in California was shipped in from Eastern points; but, at present, Cali- fornia salt refineries supply not only our own needs but export a fair tonnage to other markets. It may appear at first thought superfluous to enumerate the uses of so well-known an item as 'common' salt, one whose history antedates the written page ; but it is employed for many purposes other than culinary. A bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey states that there is produced annually in the United States sufficient salt to supply each one of the 106.000,000 inhabitants with at least 150 pounds apiece. Besides its culinary uses, salt is employed in packing meat, curing fish and hides, dairying, refrigerating, preserving products from deterioration, pottery 10— 2S547 146 MINERAL INDUSTRY OP" CALIFORNIA. glaziny, enameling, piekle making, salting live stock, and in some chem- ical industries, as in preparing soda ash and caustic soda. Distribution of the 1922 salt production of California, by counties, was as follows: County Tons Value Alameda . . _. . 139,556 18,000 12,222 32,428 21,082 $434,076 66,000 Kem San Bernardino San Mateo 54,259 149,3(^2 Los Angeles, Modoc, Mono," Monterey, San Diego* 115,550 Totals 2-23,238 $819,187 "Medicinal salts. "Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each. The above returns show an increase in tonnage but a decrease in value from the 1921 figures of 197,989 tons and $832,702. In 1922 there were ten plants operating in Alameda County, and a total of twelve plants in the other connties tabulated. Production of Salt in California, by Years. Amount and value of annual ])roduction of salt in California from 1887 is shown in the following tabulation : Tear Tons Value Tear Tons Value 1887 28,000 $112,000 1906 101,650 $213,228 1888 _. 30,800 92,400 1907 88,063 310,967 1889 21,000 63,000 1908 121,764 281,469 1890 8,729 57.085 1909 155,680 414,708 1891 20,094 90,303 1910 174,920 395,417 1892 23,570 104,788 1911 173.332 324,255 1893 50,500 213,000 1912 185,721 383,370 1894 49,131 140,087 1913 204,407 462,681 1895 53,031 150,576 1914 223,806 583,553 1896 64,743 153,244 1915 169.028 368,737 1897 67,851 157,520 1916 - 186.148 455,695 1898 93,421 170,855 1917 227.825 584,373 1899 82,654 149.588 1918 212.076 806,328 1900 89,338 204.754 1919 233,994 896,963 1901 126,218 366,376 1920 230,638 972,648 1902 115,208 205,876 19'^1 - _ — 197,989 832,702 1903 102,895 211.365 19-2-2 223,238 819.187 1904 95,968 187,300 IQO'i 77,118 141,925 Totals 4,310,548 $12,078,323 SODA. Bihliocjraplnj: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIII, XV, XVII, XVIII. Bulletins 24, 67, 91. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 717. The production of carbonates of sodium in California in 1922 included soda ash from plants at Owens Lake, Inyo County, and crude 'trona' from Searles Lake, San Bernardino County. There were no shipments in 1921-1922 of sulphate from the deposit on Carrizo Plains, San Luis Obispo County. The total amounted to 20,084 tons, valued at $573,661, ])eing an increase over the output of 1921. which was 14.828 tons, wortJi $438,996. For the current year, 1923. shipments are being made from a deposit of the anhydrous sulphate (theuardite) at Bertram station in the Salton Sea basin, Imperial County. STATISTICS OF ANNTAL PRODI'CTIOK. 14' Tlu'se 'sodas' produced in California have been used in the manu- facture of ^dass. soap, and jiaper, as well as for Avashing and baking soda, in sugar retining, and in various chemical industries. The crude trona shipped \va.s used for neutralizing in tiotation concentration in I>lace of soda ash. For several years a portion of California's product was exported, but since the latter part of 1920, the export demand has fallen oft'. '.Salt Cake" deposit (mainly tlienarilite. anliydrous sodium sulphate), at Bertram station in the Salton Basin, Imperial County. Photo by E. N. Smith. Sodium compounds are replacing potassium compounds, either wholly or in part, in glass and soap making, in photography, in match mak- ing, in tanning, and in the manufacture of cyanide for extracting gold and silver from their ores. Soda Production of California, by Years. The total output, showing amount and value of these materials in California since the inception of the statistical records of the State Mining Bureau, is given in the table which follows: Tear Tons Value Tear Tons Value 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1,530 1.900 3,000 5,000 7,000 10,000 1,000 8,000 7,000 18,000 12,000 15,000 12,000 $20,000 47,500 65,000 110,000 154,000 250,000 50,000 400,000 50,000 27,000 18,000 22, SCO 18,000 9,600 14,4fj0 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 7,712 $11,593 8,125 11,862 9,023 52,887 7,200 37,094 1,861 24,936 6,522 115,396 5,799 83,485 10,593 264,825 24.505 928,578 20,447 855,423 21,294 721,958 32,407 1,164,898 14,828 438,996 20,084 573,661 Totals 301,430 $6,.531,992 148 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. CHAPTER SEVEN. BY COUNTIES. Introductory. The State of California includes a total area of 158,360 square miles, of which 155,980 square miles are of land. The maximum width is 235 miles, the minimum, 148 miles; and the length from the northwest corner to the southeast corner is 775 miles. The state is divided into fifty-eight counties. The 1920 census figures show a total population for California of 3,437,709. Minerals of commercial value exist in every county, and during 1922 some active production was reported to the State ^Mining Bureau from all of the fiftj^-eight. Of the first ten counties in point of total output for 1922, the first four (Kern, Los Angeles, Orange, Fresno) owe their position mainly to petroleum, as do also Ventura (sixth), and Santa Barbara (seventh). Kern, due to its oil, leads all the others though challenged by Los Angeles, its nearest competitor. San Bernardino ow^es its place chiefly to cement, silver, potash, and borax; Riverside to cement, brick and tile; Santa Cruz to cement; Plumas to copper. Twenty-two counties have each a total in excess of a million dollars, for 1922. Cement is an important item in seven of these counties. In point of variety and diversity, San Bernardino County led all the others in 1922, with a total of 19 different mineral products on its commercial list, followed by San Diego with 18; Inyo with 17; Los Angeles with 15; Kern, Placer and Riverside, 13 each; Shasta, 12; Santa Barbara, 11; Fresno, 10; Calaveras, Imperial, Nevada, Santa Clara, and Tuolumne, 9 each. The counties with their mineral resources, production for 1922, etc., are considered in detail in the following paragraphs. Value of California's Mineral Production by Counties, for 1922. Arranged in the Order of Their Importance. County Value 1. Kern 2. Los Angeles 3. Orange 4. Fresno 5. San Bernardino 6. Ventura 7. Santa Barbara . 8. Santa Cruz 9. Plumas 10. Riverside 11. Solano 12. Nevada 13. Yuba 14. .A.mador 15. Contra Costa .. 16. Sacramento 17. Inyo 18. Alameda 19. San Benito 20. Sierra 21. Shasta -. 22. Calaveras 23. Santa Clara — 24. Butte 25. Tuo'umne 26. San Diego 27. Madera ■ 28. San Joaquin 29. Stanislaus 30. Placer $68,551,002 62,751,671 38,926,087 10,853,433 8,547,900 5,837,078 4,613,358 3,608,805 3,314,498 3.243,917 3,108,114 2,966,005 2,588,316 2,479,063 2,397,312 2,189,562 2,137,681 2,(M1,454 1,794,248 1,770.626 1.513,591 1,502,883 894,038 720,625 764,938 656,807 476,264 473,.'59-> 452,167 405,975 County Value 31. Marin 32. Tulare 33. Napa 34. Monterey 3.). San Mateo 36. Mariposa 37. Sonoma 38. Trinity 30. Imperial 40. El Dorado 41. Merced 42. San Luis Obispo. 43. Humboldt - - 44. Siskiyou 45. Glenn 46. Mono 47. Colusa 48. San Francisco .. 49. Lake 50. Lassen 51. Mendocino "2. Modoc 53. Yolo M. Tehama 55. Kings 56. Del Norte .57. Alpine .58. Sutter — Total. $403,099 371,845 312,270 255,319 243,984 226,832 221,941 197,937 188,739 184,525 157,579 141.470 125,613 101,463 91,250 86,863 • 75,934 65,409 48,289 27,327 20,52fi 16,018 13,431 9,388 6,806 6,261 2,800 97 $245,183,826 STATrSTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 149 ALAMEDA. Area: 843 square miles. Population: 344,177 (1!)20 eensus) Alameda County, while in no sense one of the 'mining counties,' comes eighteenth on the list with a va'ue of mineral products for 1922 of $2,041,454, an increase over the 1921 total, which was $1,353,690. The mineral resources of this county include asbestos, brick, chromite, clay, coal, limestone, raagnesite, manganese, pyrite, salt, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Clay and clay products. — -- ?777,354 Manganese ore _ — -— 130 tons 1,020 Salt -- - 139,556 tons 434,076 Stone, miscellaneous 760,422 other minerals* .- _ -- 68,582 Total value - _ — - $2,041,434 •Includes magnesium salts, and pyrites. ALPINE. Area : 776 scjuare miles. J'opulation: 243 (1920 census). AI|)iii(' hris ill the i>ast shown a small piixluctioii of gold and silver, hut droi)pe(l out of the list of producing counties in 1914-1918. For 1922, a total value of $2,800 was reported, as follows: Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous — -. — - - $2,800 This county lies just south of Lake Tahoe, in the high Sierra Nevada range of mountains. Transportation is by auto, wagon, or mule back, and facilities in general are lacking to promote development work of any kind. The mineral resources of thiuS section are varied and the country has not yet been thoroughly prospected. Occurrences of barium, copper, gold, gypsum, lead, limestone, pyrite, rose quartz, silver, tourmaline, and zinc have been noted here. AMADOR. Area: 601 square miles. Population: 7,793 (1920 census). The value of Amador County's mineral production increased from $2,368,464 in 1921, to $2,479,063, placing it number fourteen on the list of counties in the state as regards total value of mineral substances marketed. The advance was due to an increase in clay products and gold output. Although having an output consisting of 8 different minerals, the leading product, gold, makes up approximately 91% of the entire total. Amador at one time led the state in gold production, but was exceeded in 1920-1922 bv Yuba and Nevada counties. 150 MINERAI. INDrSTKV OF CALIFORNIA. Tlu- mineral resources of this county inuhule a.sl)estos. brick, chroniite, clay, coal, copper, gold, lime, quart/ crystals, glass-sand, santlstone, silver, soapstone, and miseellaneams stone. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Subs^tance Amount Value Clay (iwttery) 39,572 tons $68,126 Gold 2,^11,100 Silica -- 865 tons 5,030 Silver 32,287 Stone, miscellaneous 7,300 Other minerals* 125,220 Total value $2,479,063 •Includes brick and platinum. BUTTE. Area: 1.722 square miles. Population: 30.080 (1920 census). Location : North-central portion of state. Butte, twenty-fourth county in California in regard to the value of its mineral output, reported a commercial production of eight mineral sul)stances. having a total value of >i<720.625 as compared with $669,830 in 1920. As will be noted in the following tabulation, gold is by far the most important item. Hutte stands seventh among the gold-producing counties of the state. Among tlie mineral resources of this section are asl)estos, barytes, chromite. gems. gold, limestone, marble, mineral water, platinum group, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial value for 1922 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Diamond.s $225 Gold 491,201 Mineral water 2,8.35 gals. 2,485 Platinum — 30 fine oz. 3,826 Silver 1,890 Stone, miscellaneous 220,450 Other minerals 548 Total value - $720,625 CALAVERAS. Area: 1,027 sfjuare miles. Population: 6.183 ( 1920 census). Location : East-central portion of state — ^Mother Lode district. Calavera.s County reported production of 9 different minerals, valued at $l.o02.883 during the year 1922 as compared with the 1921 output at ii^l.525.201. ( Jold. copper, and silver are the chief mineral sul)stances. In regard to total value of mineral output, Calaveras stands twenty- second among the (-(uinties of the state, and fifth in gold. The decrease, as compared with 1921, is due mainly to gold. The i)riucipal mineral resources developed and undeveloped are: Asbestos, chromite. clay, (opper. fullers' earth, gold, limestone, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, platinum group, pyrite. quartz crystals, .silver, soap.stone. and miscellaneous st22 Avas as follows: Substance Amount Value Gold _ -- _ -- $1,413,4«5 Minoral water - - 1,914 gal. 639 Platinum -.. - - - 22 fine oz. 2,150 Silver — -- — 11,648 Stone, miscellaneous — 35,590 Other minerals* - — - — 39,3;j1 Total value _ - $l,502,8S3 •Includes clay (pottery), copper, gems. COLUSA. Ar((i: 1.140 s(jiiMro miles. ropitlafian: 9.920 (1920 census). Location : Sacramento Valley. Colusa County lies largely in the l)asin of the Sacramento Valley. Its western border, however, rises into the foothills of the Coast Range of mountains, and its mineral resources — largely undeveloped — include coal, chromite. copper. Liyjisinn, manganese, mineral water, pyrite, (luicksilver. sandstone, misiellaneans stone, sulphur, and in some i)laces traces of gold and silver. The value of the 1922 production was $75,984. a decrease from the 1921 figures of .i^S0.4.S8. giving it forty-seventh place, and was as follows : Substance Value I'napportioned* ._ — $75,934 •Includes gold, mineral water, silver, miscellaneous stone. CONTRA COSTA. Area: 714 sgnare miles. Population: 53,889 (1920 census). Contra Costa, like Alameda County, lies on the eastern shores of San Francisco Bay. and is not commonly considered among the mineral- producing counties of the state. It stands fifteenth on the list in this respect, however, with an output valued at $2,:i97,812 for the calendar .vear 1922. Various structural materials make up the chief items, including brick, cement, limestone, and miscellaneous stone. Among the others are asbestos, clay, coal, gypsum, manganese, mineral water, and soapstone. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Brick and tile.. — $307,749 Clay (pottery) 7,086 tons 12,910 Stone, miscellaneous 559,915 Other minerals* _ 1,516,738 Total value $2,397,312 •Includes cement, limestone, mineral water. 152 MINERAT. INDUSTRY OF CAIilPORNIA. DEL NORTE. Area: 1,024 !S(|uaiH' miles. Populaiion: 2,759 (1920 census). Locaiion : Extreme northwest eorner of state. Transportation: ]\Iotor, wagon and mule baek; steamer from Crescent City. Del Norte rivals Alpine County in regard to inaccessibility. Like the latter count}' also, given transportation and kindred facilities, this portion of the state presents a wide field for development along mining lines especially. Its chief mineral resources, largely untouched, are chromite, copper, gems, gold, iron, platinum group, silver, and mis- cellaneous stone. The 3 922 ()uti)ut was a slight increase over the figure of $6,029 in 1921. Commercial production for 1922, giving it fifty-sixth place, was as follows : Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous - - - $5,500 Other minerals* - 761 Total value - $6,261 ♦Includes gold, platinum, silver. EL DORADO. Ar(piil(ilioii : ().42G (1920 census). Location: East-central portion of llic s1;it<', noiHiciiiiiiosI of the ]\Iother Lode counties. El Dorado County, which contains the locality where gold in Cali- fornia was first heralded to the world, comes fortieth on the list of counties ranked according to the value of their total mineral production during the year 1922. In addition to the segregated figures here given, a large tonnage of limestone is annually shipped from El Dorado for use in cement manufacture, and whose value is included in the state total for cement. The increase, over the 1921 figure of $112,756 was due mainly to limestone. The mineral resources of this section, many of them undeveloped, include asbestos, barytes, chromite, clay, copper, gems, gold, iron, molybdenum, limestone, (piartz crystals, quicksilver, slate, soapstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Gold — - $47,340 Limestone - 42,200 tons 113,709 Silver - 37S Stone, miscellaneous 4,2j0 (>tlipr minerals* 18,850 Total value - $184.52* MiK'ltidci slate and soapstone. STATISTICS or ANNT\\L PRODTiCTlOX. I.'l3 FRESNO. Area : 5,950 square miles. Popiilafion: 128.779 (1920 eensus). Lotat'wn : South-central portion of state. Fresno County, fourth in importance as a mineral producer among the counties of California, reported an output for 1922 of ten mineral substances, with a total value of $10,853,433, a decrease from the reported 1921 production, which was worth $19,498,503. The bulk of the above is derived from the petroleum production of the Coalinga field. The mineral resources of this county are many, and, aside from crude oil, are in tlie main not yet fully developed. They include asbestos, barytes, Ijrick. cliromite. copjHM', gems, gold, graphite, gypsum, mag- nesite, natural gas. i)etro]eum. (luicksilver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial i)roduction for 1922 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Brick and tile - - - $220,737 Gold - - - 10.442 Granitg — - - 28,600 Natural gas 1,694,000 M. cu. ft. 89,277 Petroloiim - 9,265,529 bbls. 9,895,5S2 Silver - - - -- ^7 stone, miscellaneous 600,348 Otlicr minerals 8,360 Total viihie.. - - i?10,853,433 GLENN. Ar((i: 1,259 scpiare miles. I'opulation: 11,853 (1920 cen.sus). Location : "West side of Sacramento \'alley. Glenn County, .standing forty-fifth, owes its position among the mineral-producing counties of the state mainly to the presence of large deposits of sand and gravel which are annually worked, the product' being used for railroad ballast, etc. In 1917 and 1918, chromite was also an important item. In the foothills in the western portion of the county, deposits of cliromite, copper, manganese, sandstone, and soap- stone have been found. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows. Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous $91,250 HUMBOLDT. Area : 3,634 s(|uare miles. Population: 37,857 (1920 census). Location: Northwestern portion of state, bordering on Pacific Ocean. Humboldt County is almost entirely mountainous, transportation within its limits being very largely by auto and wagon road, and trail, and until recent years was reached from the outside world by steamer 154 MIXERAK IXDTSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. only. Tlie county is rich in mineral resources, among which are brick, chromite, coal, clay, copper, gold, iron, mineral water, natural gas, petroleum, platinum, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Nine mineral substances, as shown bv the table given below, having a total value of $125,613, were produced in 1922, as compared with the 1921 output, worth $138,597, the decrease being due mainly to miscel- laneous stone. lIum])oldt ranks forty-third among the counties of the state for the year. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Amouot Value Brick and clay (pottery) ?6,39f) Gold 1,330 Platinum i fine oz. 413 Silver 10 Stone, miscellaneous 117,308 Other minerals* 153 Total value $125,613 *Includes mineral water and natural gas. IMPERIAL. Area: 4,089 square miles. Population: 43.383 (1920 census V Location : Extreme southeast corner of the state. During 1922 Imperial County produced nine mineral substances having a total value of $188,739, as compared with the 1921 output, worth $182,818. Its rank is thirty-nintli. This county contains deposits of gold, gypsum, lead, marble, pumice, salt, silver, and strontium, largely undeveloped. Commercial ]n-oduction for 1922 was as follows: Substance Value Gold - - $350 Silver 18,024 Stone, miscellaneous 154,560 Other minerals* 15,905 Total value - $188,739 •Includes brick, gypsum, lead, marble, pumice. INYO. Area: 10,019 square miles. Population : 7,031 (1920 census). Location : Lies on eastern border of state, north of San Bernardino County. Inyo, the second largest county in the state, and containing less than one inhaliitant per square mile, is extremely interesting from a mineral- ogical point of view. It is noted because of the fact that within its borders are located both the highest point, Mount Whitney (elevation 14,502 feet), and the lowest point. Death Valley Celevation 290 feet below sea level), in the United States. In the higher mountainous sections are found many vein-forming minerals, and in the lake beds of Death Valley saline deposits exist. STATISTICS OK ANMAI. I'KODICTIO.N. 15;") Tnyo's mineral production during- the year 1922 reached a value of $2,137,(58], standiuir seventeenth among the counties of the state in this respect. The 11)21 value was .tl,4(i0,218, the increase being due mainly to lead, silver, and soda. Its mineral resources include antimony, asbestos, barytes, borax, eop[)er. gems, gold, gypsum, lead, marble, .soda, sulphur, tale, tungsten, and zinc. Commercial production was as follows: Substance Amount Value Copper _ 69,537 lbs. $9,388 Dolomite -- -- - ' 43,778 tons 72,2R1 (iold 85.265 U'arl _ - 6,26M38 lbs. 344,528 Silver - 256,009 stone, miscellaneous 12,000 Other minerals* - 1,3-58,207 Total value -- $2,137.6P1 •Includes borates, building- stone, clay (pottery), fuller's earth, limestone, marble, pumice, soda, talc, zinc. KERN. Arm: 8,()0.S sqnare miles. Population: 54.848 (1920 census). Location : South-central portion of state. Kern rount>'. because of its immensely productive oil fields, stands preeminent among all counties of ( "aiifornia in the value of its minei-al output, the exact figures for 1922 ])eing $68,551,002. This is approached oidy by Los Angeles County in 1922, for which petroleum is also responsible. This figure is more than four times the value of the total gold output of the entire state for 1922. The 1921 mineral ()ut])ut for Kern County was worth .$100,840,988. The decrease was due to the lower prices for crude oil of all grades, and to the fact that a large number of wells in the San Joaquin valley fields were 'shut in' o^\^ng to the over-production of liigh-gravity oil in the new gusher fields of the Los Angeles basin. Among the mineral resources, developed and undeveloped, of this section are: Antimony, asphalt, l)orax, brick, clay, copper, fuller's earth, gems, gold, gypsum, iron, lead, limestone, magnesite, marble, mineral paint, natural gas, petroleum, potash, salt, silver, soap.stone, soda, sulphur, and tungsten. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Urick- 5,082 M $66,6.52 [ Gold 124,337 Natural gas 47,644,633 M. cu. ft. 2,282,100 Petroleum .- 53,512,157 bbls. 64,803,222 Salt -- - — 18,000 tons 66,000 (Silver 6,,524 Stone, miscellaneous 35,585 1 other minerals* -- 1,166,.582 Total value $68,551,002 •Includes cement, copper, lead, lime, silica. 156 MINERAT; INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. KINGS. Area: 1,159 square miles. Popxilation: 22,031 (1920 census). Location : South-central portion of the state. Little development has taken place in Kings County along mineral lines to date. Deposits of fuller's earth, gypsum, mineral paint, natural gas, and quicksilver, of undetermined extent, have been found in the count.v. Some drilling for oil has been under way, but there has, as yet. been no commercial output recorded. Tulare Lake is in Kings County. In fifty-fifth place, commercial mineral production in this county for 1922 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Natural gas - 1,790 M. cu. ft. $870 Other minerals - 6,3^ Total value - - — $6,806 LAKE. Area: 1,278 square miles. Population: 5,542 (1920 census). Location : About fift\' miles north of San Francisco Bay and the same distance iiilaml from the Pacific Ocean. On account of its t()i)ography and natural beauties, Lake County is sometimes referred to as the Switzerland of America. The mineral resources wliich exist here are many and varied, actual production being comparativel.v small, as shown by tlie table below, and in the past composed mainly of quicksilver, and mineral water. Some of the lead- ing minerals found in this section, in part as yet undeveloped, are borax, chromite, clay, copper, gems, gold, gypsum, mineral water, quicksilver, silver, and sulphur. In fortieth place, commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Mineral water 60,420 gals. ?29,370 Quicksilver -- 38 flasks 2,000 Stone, miscellaneous 16,669 other minerals 250 Total value ^,283 LASSEN. ^ Area : 4,531 square miles. Population: 8,507 (1920 census). Location : Xorthea.st portion of state. Lassen County is one of the little-exi)lored sections of California. Since about 1912 a railroad traversing the county north and south has l)een in operation, thus affording opi)ortunity for development along inineral and other lines. Among the mineral resources of this county are copper, gems, gypsum, gold, silver, and sulphur. In the past, some gold had been STATISTICS OF ANN' LAI. PRODUCTION. 157 produced, but not for some years, until 1921, when the yield again became important. In fiftieth place, commercial production for 192l2 was as follows: Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous $9,450 Other minerals* - — - - 17,877 Total value - - -— $27,327 •Includes brick, gold, silver. LOS ANGELES. Area: 4,067 s(iuare miles. Population: 936,438 (1920 census). Location : One of the southwestern coast counties. Mineral production in Los Angeles County for the year 1922 amounted in value to $62,751,671 as compared with the 1921 output, worth $31,704,941. This county ranked second in the state as a mineral producer in 1922, liaving passed Orange County which has l)een second for several years. The advance was due mainly to the large increase in the petroleum yield, and in part to an increase in the output of bricks, building tile, natural gas, and miscellaneous stone. Its output of brick and tile was over four million (lollars. and tliat of petroleum amounted to nearly fifty-three million doUars. Among tiie mineral resources may be noted asphalt, barytes, borax, brick, clay, fuller's earth, gems, gold, gypsum, infusorial earth, limestone, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, natural gas. petroleum, salt, glass-sand, sandstone, serpentine, silver, soapstone. and miscellaneous stone. Some l)()tash has been obtained from kelp. Commercial production for 1922, consisting of 15 substances, was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick ^40,424 M. $4,190,185 lUiilding til9 39,095 tons 397,1.SS Clay (pottery) 54,924 tons 66,519 Limestone — - 12,096 tons 35,l(i8 Mineral water 300,400 gals. 15,450 Natural gas 23,254,549 M. 1,653,571 Petroleum 37,726,367 bbls. 62,930,093 Stone, miscellaneous 3,390,477 Otli'T minerals* 72,772 Total value- $62,751,671 •Incliidps borates, gold, graphite, magnesium salts, salt, silver. MADERA. Area: 2,112 square miles. Population: 12,203 (1920 census). Location : Ea,st-central portion of state. ]\Iadera County prodiu-ed six mineral substances during the year 1922, having a total value of $476,264, as compared with the 1921 out- put worth $467,667. This county contains deposits of copper, gold, iron, lead, molybdenum, pumice, silver, and building stone. 158 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. In twenty-seventh place, eouunereial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Value Gold - $1,594 Granite ' 4»4,2-22 Silver 3,500 Stone, miscellaneous -.. 16,048 Total value — $176,264 MARIN. Area: 529 scpiare miles. Population: 27,342 (1920 census). Location : Adjoins San Francisco on the north. ]\Iineral ])roduction in Marin County during the year 1922 reached a value of $408,099. as compared to the 1921 output, worth $318,776, the increase being due to crushed rock, and l)rick. This county is not especially prolific in minerals, although among its resources along these lines are brick, gems, manganese, mineral water, soapstone, and mis- cellaneous stone. In thirty-first place, commercial production for 1922 was: Substance Value Unapportion"d* $103,080 *InfUules Itriek, mineral Avater, potash, miscellaneous stone. MARIPOSA. Area: 1,463 square miles. Population: 2,775 (1920 census). Location : Most southerly of the Mother Lode counties. East- central portion of state. Mariposa County is one of the distinctly 'mining' counties of the state, although it stands but thirty-sixth on the list of counties in regard to the value of its mineral output for 1922, with a total of $226,832, as compared with the 1921 figure of $342,601, the decrease being due to gold. Its mineral resources are varied; among the more important items being barytes, copper, gems, gold, lead, marble, silver, slate, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. The Yosemite Valley i,s in Mariposa County. Commercial production in 1922 was as follows: Substance Value Gold $218,571 Silver 3,301 .*^tone, miscellaneous 2,000 Other minerals* - 2,960 Total value — - $226,832 *Includes barytes and pyrites. STATISTICS OF ANNl'AL PRODrCTION. 159 MENDOCINO. Area: 3,453 s(iuare miles. Population: 24.116 (1920 census). Location : Joins Humboldt County on the south and bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west. Mendocino's annual miiuTal production lias usually been small, the 1922 output beinjr valued at $20,526, ranking- it fifty-first among the counties. That of 1921 was worth $44,722. Deposits of in part undetermined value of asbestos, chromite, coal, copper, graphite, magnesite, and mineral water have been found, as well as traces of gold, platinum, and silver. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous _ $18,?-2fi Other minerals* ...' 1,800 Total value. $20,526 *Influiles brick, natural gns, platinum. MERCED. Area: 1,995 square miles. Population: 24,579 (1920 census). Ijocation : Al)out the geographical center of the state. Merced County as a whole lies in the San Joaquin Valley, and it figures as one of the lesser mineral producing c()unti(>s of the state. The 1922 mineral output was valued at $157,579 compared with $83,550 in 1921, the increase being due to tile and miscellaneous stone. Gold, j)latinum, and silver were formerly obtained by dredging, which ceased in this county in 1918, though a small yield from other sources still continues. Undeveloped deposits of antimony, magnesite, quicksilver, and limestone have been noted in this county in addition to the fore- going. In forty-first place, commercial production during 1922 was as follows : Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous $88,110 other minerals* 69463 Total value $157,579 •Includes building tile, gold, and silver. MODOC. Area: 3,823 scpiare miles. Population: 5,425 (1920 census). Location : The extreme northeast corner of the state. ]\Iodoc County, like Lassen, has only in recent years had the benefit of communication with the outside world by rail. Among its known mineral resources are: Clay, coal, gold, iron, quicksilver, salt, and ICyO MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. silver. In fifty-second place, commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Value Unapportioned* $18,018 •Includes salt and miscellaneous stone. MONO. Area : 3,030 square miles. Population: 960 (1920 census). Location: Is bordered by the State of Nevada on the east and is about in the central portion of the state measured on a north and south line. Gold mining has been carried on in portions of Mono County for many years, although taken as a whole it lies in a somewhat inaccessible country so far as rail transportation is concerned. It is in the con- tinuation of the highly mineralized belt which was noted in Inyo County and contains among other mineral resources barytes, clay, copper, gold, limestone, molybdenum, pumice, salt, silver, and travertine. In forty-sixtli place, commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Chopper 4,338 lbs. $586 (idld 65,7J7 Lca'd - - 9,820 lbs. 540 Silver - - 11.686 Other minerals* - _ 8,301 Total value. $86,803 *Includes onyx, salt, sillimanite. MONTEREY. Area: 3,330 square miles. Populatim: 27,980 (1920 census). Location : West-central portion of state, bordering on Pacific Ocean. Monterey County produced eight mineral substances during the year 1922, having a total value of $255,319, as compared with the 1921 out- put worth $170,155, the increase being due to coal. Its mineral resources include brick, clay, copper, coal, dolomite, feldspar, fuller's earth, gold, silver, gypsum, infusorial earth, limestone, mineral water, petroleum, quicksilver, glass-sand, sandstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone. In thirty-fourth ]ilace, commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Value stone, miscellaneoust - $88,180 Other minerals* -.- - 169,1.39 Total value -- $255,319 tincludes molding, building-, blast, filter, and roofing sand. •Includes asbestos, coal, dolomite, quicksilver, salt, silica (glass sand). STATISTICS OF ANNIAL I'KOOUCTION'. IGl NAPA. Afcd : 788 square miles. Population: 20,678 (1920 census). Ijocatidu: Directly north of San Francisco 15ay — one of the 'l)ay counties.' Napa, because of its production of structural and industrial mate- rials and mineral water, stands thirty-thiril on the list of mineral- producing counties in California. Its mineral I'csources include chro- mite, coj)p('r, gypsum, magnesite, mineral water, (juicksilver, sandstone, and miscellaneous stone. In the past this county has been one of the important producers of cjuicksilver. In 1!)22, the value of the output increased to $812,270 over the 1921 figure of $195,289, due mainly to miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Mineral water — - - - 80,481 gals. $54,;i41 Quicksilver 89 flasks 5,143 Stone, miscellaneous 200,151 OthiT minerals' - -- 52,635 Total value. - - - _ $312,270 •Includes building stone (red tuflf) and magneslte. NEVADA. Area : 974 square miles. Population: 10.860 (1920 census). Location : North of Lake Tahoe, on the eastern border of the state. Nevada, one of the mountain counties of California, for some years alternated with Amador in the gold lead, but both were passed by Yuba in 1918-1921. In 1922, Nevada regained the lead. Nevada County stands twelfth on the list in regard to value of its total mineral output, with a figure of $2,966,005, as compared with the 1921 produc- tion worth $2,641,081. The increase is due mainly to gold. While this county actually produces mainly gold and silver, its resources cover a wide scope, including antimony, asbestos, barytes, bismuth, chromite, clay, copper, gems, iron, lead, mineral paint, pyrite, soapstone, and tungsten. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Value Gold - - $2,903,573 Silver — 19,5S3 Stone, miscellaneous 27,982 Other minerals* 14,867 Total vahi'.> -. — $2,966,005 *Inelude8 baryte?, copper, granite, lead, mineral paint. 11 — 2S54" 162 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. ORANGE. Area: 795 square miles. Population: 61,375 (1920 census). Location: Southwestern portion of state, bordering Pacific Ocean. Orange County is one of the many in California which on casual inspection appears to be anything but a mineral-producing section. It has stood for several years, however, as the second county in the state in regard to the total value of mineral output, its highly productive oil fields making such a condition possible. It was passed in 1922 by Los Angeles, the credit for which is also due to oil. Owing to the lower prices for oil this county shows a decrease in 1922. with a total value of mineral products of $38,926,087, compared to the 1921 output, worth $47,499,030. Orange passed Shasta County in 1917, which previously for a number of years had exceeded all other counties in California, except Kern. Aside from the substances actually produced and noted in the table below, coal, gypsum, ii'on. infusorial earth, .sandstone, and tourmaline have been found in Orange County. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Brick - 4,706 M. $73,106 Natural gas 25,269,402 M. cu. ft. 2,096,829 Petroleum 31,049,491 bbls. 36,483,162 Stone, mLscellaneous 270,022 Other minerals* 3,168 Total value - $38,926,087 "Includes day (pottery), gold, lead, silver. PLACER. Area: 1.395 s(iuare miles. Papulation: 18,584 (1920 census). Location : Eastern border of state directly west of Lake Tahoe. AVhile standing only thirtieth on the list of mineral-producing counties. Placer contains a wide variety of mineral substances, some of which have not been commercially exploited. Its leading products include gold, chromite. granite, copper, and clay. Other mineral resources are : Asbestos, brick, coal, gems, iron, lead, limestone, mag- nesite, manganese, marble, quartz crystals, glass-sand, silver, and mis- cellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows, compared to a total value of $449.0(0 for the preceding year: Substance Amount Value Brick and tile - $118,797 Clay (pottery) 79,531 tons 111,166 Gold - --- 119,673 Granite - - 12.980 Silica -- 2,000 tons 5,500 Silver Sf'^ Stone, miscellaneous 24,430 other minerals* - — 12,477 Total value $405,975 •Includes chromite, mineral paint, mineral water. STATISTICS OF ANiNUAL i'HuDUCTION. 163 PLUMAS. Area : 2,594 square miles. Population: 5,681 (1920 census). Location : Northeastern border of state, south of Lassen County. A considerabU^ portion of the area of Plumas County lies in the high mountains, and deposits of the metals, especially gold and copper, are found there. Lack of transportation and other facilities has retarded its growth, but its future is promising. Mineral production for 1922 was valued at .t^J.-'H 4,4:98, as compared with the 1921 output, worth $1,798,4()1, the increase being due mainly to copper, with accompanying increases in gold and silver. This placed the county ninth in rank. In 1919 Plunuis passed Shasta in the copper lead, owing to the Shasta smelters being closed down, which position Plumas still retains. Among its mineral resources are : Chromite, copper, gold, granite, iron, lead, limestone, manganese, molybdenum, platinum, silver, and zinc. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Copper — 20,6rr7,77l lbs. $2,791, t!)Q Gold 223,025 Silver — 297,2>4 other minerals* 2,720 Total value... $3,314,498 •Includes granite, platinum, miscellaneous stone. RIVERSIDE. Area: 7,240 square miles. Population: 60,297 (1920 census). Location : Southern portion of state. Riverside is the fourth county in the state in size and the tenth in regard to the total value of mineral output for 1922. Within its bor- ders are included mountain, desert, and agricultural land. Its mineral resources include metals, structural and industrial materials, and salines, some of the more important being brick, cement, clay, coal, copper, feldspar, gems, gold, gypsum, iron, lead, limestone, manganese, magnesite, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, salt, soapstone, silver, miscellaneous stone, and tin. In point of variety Riverside County showed thirteen different minerals commercially produced in 1922. The decrease in 1922 from the 1921 value of $4,883,989 was due mainly to lower prices for cement. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick and tile.. $535,772 Clay (pottery) — — 81,577 tons 181,897 Feldspar — 1,087 tons 7,609 Granite 30,210 Mineral water 58,115 gals. 16,672 Silica — 1,877 tons 11,391 Stone, miscellaneous - 400,560 other minerals* 2,059,806 Total value— _ $3,243,917 *Iiicludes cement, coal, fluorite (optical). 164 MINERAL Industry of c.vlifornia. SACRAMENTO. Area: 983 square miles. Population: 90,978 (1920 census). Location : North-central portion of state. Sacramento stands sixteenth among the counties of the state as a mineral producer, the output, principally j?old, for ]922. l)eing valued at $2,189,562, as compared with the 1921 production, worth $2,394,894. In regard to gold output alone, this county ranks fifth, being exceeded onl}' by Nevada, Yuba. Amador and Calaveras counties, the Sacra- mento product coming from the dredges. Its mineral resources include : Brick, clay, gold, natural gas, platinum, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance " Value Brick and tile _ $259,203 Gold 1,350,719 Granite — 61,500 Silver 3,3!)2 stone, miscellaneous' 412,667 Other minerals* _ 111,991 Total value — $2,180,56i> 'Includes natural gas and platinum. SAN BENITO. Area: 1,392 square miles. Population: 8,995 (1920 census). Location : West-central portion of state. Although nineteenth among the counties of the state in regard to value of total mineral production, San Benito led for some years in one important branch of the mineral industry, namely, quicksilver. In spite of the shut-down of the quicksilver mines in 1921-1922, San Benito County retained its position on account of cement, which showed an increased yield over the 1921 figures. Its other mineral resources, many of them undeveloped, include: Antimony, asbestos, bituminous rock, chromite, coal, dolomite, gems, gypsum, limestone, magnesite, mineral water, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Dolomite 6,650 tons $30,100 Stone, miscellaneous 259,805 Other minerals* 1,504,343 Total value $1,794,243 •Includes asbestos, cement, magnesite, mineral water, quicksilver. SAN BERNARDINO. Area: 20,157 square miles. Population: 73,401 (1920 census). Location : Southeastern portion of portion of state. San Bernardino, by far the largest county in the state, in area, ranks fifth as regards the value of its mineral output for 1922 with a total STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 165 of sf;8.r)47.900. as compared with the 1021 total of i|?9,375,540. The decrease is due to silver aud cement. San Bernardino for several years (except 1918) has led all other counties in the state in point of variety of minerals, producing com- mercially during 1922 a total of 19 different substances. This county, cousistiiiir largely of mountain and desert country, is highly mineralized, the following being included among its resources: Asbestas, barytes, borax, l)rick, cement, chiy. copper, gems, gold, granit(\ gypsum, iron. lead, limestone, manganese, marble, mineral l>aint. mineral water, nitre, potash, salt, .soapstone, soda, miscellaneous stone, strontium, talc, tungsten, vanadium, and zinc. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Cement 2,770,953 bbls. $4,1.56,430 Copper 13,452 lbs. I.SIG tiolrt 125,728 I-eail 11,188 lbs. 6M Limestone 3,200 tons 7,800 Suit , 12,222 tons &4,25!) Silver _ 2,374,918 other minerals* „ 1,826,."04 Total value $8,547,900 •Includes borates, calcium chloride, fuller's earth, gems, gypsum, lime, mineral water, potash, soda, talc, miscellaneous stone. SAN DIEGO. Area: 4,221 square miles. Population: 112,248 (1920 census). Location : Extreme southwest corner of .state. San Diego ranks twenty-sixth in the total value of its mineral output, and advanced to second place in jxjint of variety with a record of 18 different commercial minerals for the year. The value for 1922 equaled $656,807, as compared with the 1921 output worth $501,393. In 1918, for the only time in several years, there was no production of gems, in which San Diego County has led the state. Aside from minerals com- mercially produced, as shown below, San Diego County contains occur- rences of bismuth, lithia. marble, nickel, soapstone, and tin. Potash has been produced from kelp. A development of recent years is the shipping of pebbles for grind- ing mills. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Amount Value ("lay and clay products - $93,045 Feldspar 3,500 tons 29,500 Gems -. 400 Granite 35,673 Mineral water 71,781 gals. 9,262 Stone, miscellaneous 355,810 other minerals* 133,117 Total value - $656,807 *rnclndps fuller's earth, gold, lithia, magnesium salts, marble, salt, silica, silver. 166 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. SAN FRANCISCO. Area: 43 square miles. Poindation: 506,676 (1920 census). Surprising: as it may appear at first glance. San Francisco County is listed among the mineral producing sections of the state, actual production consisting mainly of crushed rock, sand and gravel. Small (piantities of various valuable mineral substances are found here, inclnding cinnabar, gypsnm. lianite. and magnesite. none, however, in jiaying (juantities. Some pumice has been produced. In forty-eighth place, commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Value Unapportioned* $65,409 •Includes pumice and miscellaneous stone. SAN JOAQUIN. Area: 1.448 square miles. Population: 79,905 (1920 census). Location : Central portion of state. San Joaquin County reported a mineral production for the year 1922 having a total value of $473,395. as compared with the 1921 output, worth $474,378. Comparatively few mineral substances are found here, the chief ones being brick, clay, manganese, natural gas, glass-sand, and miscellaneous stone. Gold, platinum, and silver have been obtained by dredging in the Mokelumne River, which forms the boundary between this county and Amador on the northeast. In twenty-eighth place, commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick and clay — - $314,269 Natural gas 199,389 M. cu. ft. 62,4o4 Other minerals* 96,672 Total value — ^73.395 •Includes manganese ore and miscellaneous stone. SAN LUIS OBISPO. Area : 3.334 square miles. Pojnilation: 21,893 (1920 census). Location : Bordered by Kern County on the east and the Pacific Ocean on the west. The total value of the mineral production of San Luis Obispo County in 1922 was $141,470, as compared with the 1921 output, worth $129,791, the increase being due to miscellaneous stone. Among its mineral resources, both developed and undeveloped, are : Asphalt, bituminous rock, brick, chromite, coal, copper, gypsum, infu.sorial earth, iron, limestone, marble, mineral water, onyx, petroleum, quicksilver, soda, and miscellaneous stone. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 167 In forty-second place, commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Petroleum - 33,856 bbls. $3:,SQ2 Stone, miscellaneous 107,000 Other minerals* .:. 2,578 Total value .- $141,470 •Includes chromlte, diatomaceous earth, mineral water. SAN MATEO. Area: 447 square miles. Population: 36,781 (1020 census). Location: Peninsula, adjoined by San Francisco on the north. San Mateo's most important mineral products are stone and salt, the last-named being derived l)y evaporation from the waters of San Fran- cisco Bay. The total value of all mineral production during^ 1922 equaled $24,3,984, as compared with the 1921 figures of $257,092, the decrease being due to salt. Small amounts of barytes, chromite, infusorial earth, and quicksilver have been noted in addition to the items of economic value given below. Bricks have also been produced commercially. In thirty-fifth place, commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Salt -. 32,428 tons $149,302 Stone, miscellaneous - 60,009 Other minerals* 34,9»4 Total value $^43,984 •Includes magnesium salts, petroleum, potash. SANTA BARBARA. Area: 2,740 square miles. Population: 41,097 (1920 census). Location : South-Avestern portion of state, joining San Luis Obispo on the south. Santa Barbara County owes its position of seventh in the state in regard to its mineral output to the presence of productive oil fields within its boundaries. The total value of its mineral production during the year 1922 was $4,613,358, as compared with the 1921 output of $10,190,929, the decrease being due to lower petroleum prices. Aside from the mineral substances listed below, Santa Barbara County contains asphalt, diatomaceous earth, gilsonite. gypsum, mag- nesite, and quicksilver in more or less abundance. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Mineral water _— - - 110,552 gals. $52,269 Natural gas - — 1,876,900 M. cu. ft. 167,2:50 Petroleum -- - 3,931,155 bbls. 3,974,393 Stone, miscellaneous -- 72,300 Other minerals* — 347,101 Total value — $4,613,358 •Includes bituminous rock, brick, diatomaceous earth, potash, sandstone, shale oi]. 168 MINERAL IXDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. SANTA CLARA. Ana: 1,328 square miles. Population: 100.588 (1920 census). Location: West-central portion of state. Santa Clara County reported a mineral output for 1922 of $894,036, as compared Avitli the 1921 figures of .$750,708. the increase being due to brick, magnesite, and miscellaneous stone. This county, lying largely in the Coast Range Mountains, contains a wide variety of mineral substances, including brick, chromite, clay, limestone, magnesite, manganese, mineral water, petroleum, (piicksilver, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. It led in quicksilver yield for the year. In twenty-thh-d place, commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick , 11,409 M. $150,057 Clay (pottery) - 3,836 tons 7,372 Magnesite — - 28,650 tons 301,87a Mineral water 3,500 gals. 325 Stone, miscellaneous 235,125 Other minerals* — 199.282 Total value ?S91,036 ♦Includes limestone marl, petroleum, quicksilver. SANTA CRUZ. Area: 435 square miles. Fopulation: 26.269 (1920 census). Location : Bordering Pacific Ocean, just south of San Mateo County. The mineral output of Santa Cruz County, a portion of which is itemized below, amounted to a total value of $3,608,805, giving the county a standing of eighth among all others in the state in this regard. The decrease from the 1921 figure of $4,080,885, is due mainly to lower cement prices during the year. The commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Lime 174,490 bbls. $235,SC2 Limestone 4,681 tons 20,534 Stone, miscellaneous- 7,39S Other minerals* — — -- - 3,345,071 Total value $3,608,805 •Includes bituminous rock, cement, potash. SHASTA. Area: 3,858 square miles. Population: 13,311 (1920 census). Location : Xorth-central portion of state. Shasta County stood twenty-first in California among the mineral producing counties for 1922, with an output valued at $1,513,591. as compared with the 1921 production worth $841,062, \he increase being STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODl'CTION. 169 due to copper, gold, and zine. Tlio marked decrease in 1918-1921 was due to the falling off in the outi>ut of copper, the large plants of the Mammoth and ]Moiintain copper companies being shut down. Not tak- ing petroleum into account, Shasta for a number of years led all of the counties ])y a wide margin; but in 1919-1921 was passed by San Ber- nardino, Inyo, Yul)a, Phnnas, Amador, Nevada, and Sacramento, among the 'metal' counties. Shasta's mineral resources include: Asbestos, barytes. brick, chromite, coal, copper, ^old. iron, lead, linu^, limestone, mineral water, molyb- deiuim, pyrite, silver, soapstone, miscellaneous stone, and zinc. Lassen Peak is located in southeastern Shasta County. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Copper - - 1,827,875 lbs. $246,763 Gold 393,034 I'latinuni - 496 fine oz. 57,4.j8 Silver — 26,i)01 Stone, niiFcellaneous : fi5,5'25 Other niinpral.s* — 723,910 Total value ._ — - $1,513,591 •Includes asbestos, liarytes, iron ore, lead, pyrites, zinc. SIERRA. Area : 923 square miles. Population: 1,783 (1920 census). Location : Eastern l)order of state, just north of Nevada County. Sierra County reported a mineral production of $1,770,626 mainly of gold and silver, during the year 1922. as compared with the 1921 output, worth $620,361. the increase being due to gold. Considering gold output alone this county stands fourth, having passed Calaveras and Sacramento ; and as to total mineral yield, twentieth. Aside from the metals itemized below. Sierra County contains deposits of asbestos, chromite. copper, iron, lead, platinum, serpentine, and talc. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Value Gold - $1,75.'J.242 Silver - 14,484 Stone, rais^ccllaneous . 2,900 Total value.. $1,770,626 SISKIYOU. Area: 6,256 square miles. Population: 18.545 (1920 census). Location: Extreme north-central portion of state, next to Oregon boundary. Siskiyou, fifth county in California in regard to size, located in a highly mineralized and mountainous country, ranks forty-fourth in regard to the value of its mineral output for 1922. The increase in 1922 was due mainly to gold. Although the county is traversed l)y a transcontinental railroad in a north and south line, the mineral-bearing sections are almost without 170 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. exception far from transportation and other facilities. A large part of the county is accessible by trail only. Future development and exploitation will increase the productiveness of this part of the state to a considerable degree. Mount Shasta is located in Siskiyou County. Among SiskiA'Ou's mineral resources are: Chromite, clay, coal, cop- per, gems, gold, lead, limestone, manganese, marble, mineral water, pumice, quicksilver, sandstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows : Substance Value Gold yrs.ioa Silver 612 Stone, miscellaneous — 21,726 Other minerals* 4,020 Total value $101,463 'Includes limestone and mineral water. SOLANO. Area : 822 square miles. Population : 40,602 (1920 census). Location : Touching San Francisco Bay on the northeast. Solano, while mostly valley land, produced mineral substances during the year 1922 to the total value of $3,108,114, ranking eleventh among the counties of the state, the increase over the 1921 figures of $3,030,198 being flue to cement. Among her mineral resources are : Brick, cement, clay, fuller's earth, limestone, mineral water, natural gas, onyx, quick- silver, salt, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1922 was as follows: Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous - $103,394 Other minerals* - — 3,004,720 Total value - $3,108,114 'Includes cement, mineral wati>t. January. February. .March. S('i)l(Mnber__ Fri-e Chapters of State Oil and Gas Supervisor's Report : Summary of Operations — California Oil Fields, July, 1918, to March, 1919 (one volume) Free Summary of Operations — California Oil Fields. Published monthly, begin- ning April, 1919 : **April, **May, June, **July, **August, **September, **October, November, **December, 1919 Free January, February, March, April, **May, June, July, **August, September, October, November, December, 1920 Free Januarv. **F('bniary, **March. **April. May. June. **July. August. ♦♦September, *»6ctober, **November, **December, 1921 Free January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, 1922 Free Jaunarv, February. **March. April, May, June, July. August, September. 11123 -- Free BULLETINS. Asterisks (•*) Indicate the publication Is out of print. Price **Bulletin No. 1. A Description of Some Desiccated Human Remiains, by Winslow Anderson. 1888, 41 pp., 6 illustrations **Bulletin No. 2. Methods of Mine Timbering, by W. H. Storms. 1894, 58 pp., 75 illustrations **Bulletin No. 3. Cas and I'etroleum Yielding Formations of Central Valley of California, by W. L. Watts. 1S94, 100 pp., 13 illustrations. 4 maps. ♦♦Bulletin No. 4. Catalogue of Californian Fossils, by J. G. Cooper, 1894, 73 pp., (57 illustrations. (Part I was published in the Seventh Annual Report of the State Mineralogist, 1887.) ♦♦Bulletin No. 5. The Cyanide Process, 1894, by Dr. A. Scheidel. 140 pp., 40 illustrations -2S547 178 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. BULLETINS— Continued. Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. Price Bulletin No. G. California Gold Mill Practices, 1S95, by E. B. Preston, 85 pp., 40 illustrations $0.50 **Bulletin No. 7. Mineral Production of California, by Counties for the year 1S94, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet **Bulletin No. S. Mineral Production of California, by Counties for the year 1S95, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet **Bulletin No. 9. Mine Drainage, Pumps, etc., by Hans C. Behr. 1S9G. 210 pp., 20G illustrations **Bulletin No. 10. A bibliography Relating to the Geology, Paltentology and Mineral Resources of California, by Anthony W. Vogdes. 1S96, 121 pp. **Bulletin No. 11. Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of Los Angeles, Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, by W. L. Watts. 1897, 94 pp., 6 maps, i!l illustrations **BulIetin No. 12. Mineral Production of California, by Counties for 189G, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet **Bulletin No. 13. Mineral Production of California, by Counties for 1897, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet **Bulletin No. 14. Mineral Production of California, by Counties for 1S9S, by Charles G. Yale — **Bullotiu No. 15. Map of Oil City Fields, Fresno County, by John H. Means. 1899 **Bulletin No. IG. The Genesis of Petroleum and Asphaltum in California, by A. S. Cooper. 1899, 39 pp.. 29 illustrations **Bulletin No. 17. Mineral Production of California, by Counties for 1899, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet **Bulletin No. 18. Mother Lode Region of California, by W. H, Storms. 1900, 154 pp., 49 illustrations **Bulletin No. 19. Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of California, by W. L. Watts. 1900, 23G pp., GO illustrations, 8 maps **Bulletiu No. 20. Synopsis of General Report of State Mining Bureau, by W. L. Watts. 1901, 21 pp. This bulletin contains a brief statement of the progress of the mineral industry in California for the four years euding December, 1899 **Bulletin .N'o. 21. Mineral Production of California by Counties, by Charles G. Yale. 1900. Tabulated sheet **Bulletin No. 22. Mineral Production of California for Fourteen Years, by Charles G. Yale. 1900. Tabulated sheet Bulletin No. 23. The Copper Resources of California, by P. C. DuBois, F. M. Anderson, J. H. Tibbits und G. A. TVeedy. 1902, 282 pp., G9 illustrations, and 9 maps .50 **Bul]etin No, 24. The Saline Deposits of California, by G. E. Bailey. 1902, 21G PI)., 99 illustrations, 5 maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 25. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1901, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 2(!. Mineral Production of California for the past Fifteen Years, by Charles G. Yale. 1902. Tabulated sheet **Bulletin No. 27. The Quicksilver Resources of California, by William Forstner. 1903, 273 pp., 144 illustrations, 8 maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 28. Mineral Production of California, for 1902, by Charles (J. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 29. Mineral Production of California for Sixteen Years, by Charles G. Yale. 1903. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 30. Bibliography Relating to the Geology, Pahpntology, and Mineral Resources of California, by A. W. Vogdes. 1903. 290 pp". ♦♦Bulletin No. 31. Chemical Analyses of California Petroleum, by H. X. Cooper. IJKM. Tabulated sheet ♦*Bulleiin No. 32. Production and Use of Petroleum in California, by Paul W. Prutzman. 1904, 230 pp., IIG illustrations, 14 maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 33. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1903, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 34. Mineral Production of California for Seventeen Years, by Charles G. Yale. 1904. Tabulated sheet STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 179 BULLETINS— Continued. Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. Price ♦♦Bulletin No. 3.". Mines and Minerals of California, by Charles G. Yale. 1004, o3 pp., 20 county map-s. Kolicf map of California ♦'Bulletin No. 3(5. Gold Dredging in California, by J. E. Doolittle. 1905, 120 pp.. GCt illustrations, 3 maps Bulletin No. 37. Gems, Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones of California, by George F. Kuntz. IIX)."). IGS pp.. 51 illustrations .$0.2.j ♦♦Bulletin No. 3S. Structural and Industrial Materials of California, by Wm. Forstner. T. C. Hopkins, C. Naramore and L. H. Eddy. 1900, 412 pp., 150 illustrations, 1 map ♦♦Bulletin No. 39. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1904, by Oiarles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 40. Mineral Production of California for Eighteen Years, by Charles G. Yale. 1905. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 41. Mines and Minerals of California, for 1904, by Charles G. Yale. 1905. 54 pp.. 20 county maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 42. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1905. by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 43. Mineral Production of California for Nineteen Years, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 44. California Mines and Minerals for 1905, by Charles G. Yale. 1907, 31 pp., 20 county maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 45. Auriferous Black Sands of California, by J. A. Edman. 1907. 10 pp Bulletin No. 4G. General Index of Publications of the California State Mining Bureau, by Charles G. Yale. 1907. .54 pp .30 ♦♦Bulletin No, 47. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1906, by Charles G. Yale. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 48. Mineral Production of California for Twenty Years. 1906, by Charles G. Yale ♦*Bulletin No. 49. Mines and Minerals of California for 1906, by Charles G. Yale. 34 pp Bulletin No. 50. The Copper Resources of California, 1908. by A. Haus- mann, J. Kruttschnitt. Jr., W. E. Thorne and J. A. Edman, 366 pp., 74 illustrations. (Revised edition.) 1.00 ♦♦Bulletin No. 51. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1907, by D. H. Walker. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 52. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-one Years, 1907, by D. H. Walker. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. .53. Mineral Production of California for 1907, with County Maps, by D. H. Walker, 62 pp , ♦♦Bulletin No. 54. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, by D. H. Walker, 1908. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 55. Mineral Production of California for TNventy-two Years, by D. H. Walker, 1908. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 56. Mineral Production for 1908, with County Maps and Mining Laws of California, by D. IT. Walker. 78 pp ♦♦Bulletin No. 57. Gold Dredging in California, by W. B. Winston and Chas. Janin. 1910, 312 pp., 239 illustrations and 10 maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 58. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, by D. H. Walker, 1909. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 59. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-three Years, by D. H. Walker, 1909. Tabulated sheet **Bulletin No. GO. Mineral Production for 1909, County Maps and Mining Laws of California, by D. H. Walker. 94 pp ♦♦Bulletin No. 61. Mineral Production of California, by Counties for 1910, by D. H. Walker. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 62. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-four Years, by D. H. Walker, 1910. Tabulated sheet ♦♦Bulletin No. 63. Petroleum in Southern California, by P. W. Prutzman. 1912, 430 pp., 41 illustrations, 6 maps ♦♦Bulletin No. 64. Mineral Production for 1911, by E. S. Boalich. 49 pp.__ ♦♦Bulletin No. 65, Mineral Production for 1912, by E. S. Boalich. 64 pp.__ _„, ]80 MINERAL INDUSTRY OV CALIFORNIA. BULLETINS— Continued. Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. Price **Bulletin No. 66. Mining Laws of the United States and California. 1914, S9 pp. **Bullctin No. 67. Minerals of California, by Arthur S. Eakle. 1914, 220 pp. **Bulletin No. 68. Mineral Production for 1913, Avith County Maps and Mining Laws, by E. S. Boalich. 160 pp **Bulletin No. 69. Petroleum Industry of California, with Folio of Maps (18 by 22), by R. P. McLaughlin and C. A. Waring. 1914, 519 pp., 13 illustrations, S3 figs. [18 plates in accompanying folio.] **Bulletin No. 70. Mineral Production for 1914, with County Maps and Mining Laws. 184 pp ♦♦Bulletin No. 71. Mineral Production for 19ir>, with County Maps and Mining Laws, by Walter W. Bradley. 193 pp., 4 illustrations Bulletin No. 72. The Geologic Fonnations of California, by James Perrin Smith. V.nC. 47 pp $^-25 Koc-onnais.sancp Geologic Map (of which. Bulletin 72 is explanatory), in 23 colors. Scale: 1 ineli (Hiuals 12 inchos. .Mounted 2.r)0 *-'Bulletiu No. 73. First Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Super- visor of California, for the fiscal year 1915-16, by R. P. McLaughlin. 278 pp., 26 illustrations Bulletin No. 74. Mineral Production of California in 1916, with County Maps, by Walter W. Bradley. 179 pp., 12 illustrations Free ♦♦Bulletin No. 75. United States and California Mining Laws, 1917. 115 pp., paper Bulletin No. 76. Manganese and Chromium in California, by Walter W, Bradley, Emile Huguenin, C. A. Logan, W. B. Tucker and C. A. Waring, 1918. 248 pp., 51 illustrations, 5 maps, paper .50 Bulletin No, 77. Catalogue of Publications of California State Mining Bureau, 1880-1917, by E. S. Boalich. 44 pp., paper Free Bulletin No. 78. Quicksilver Resources of California, with a Section on Metallurgy and Ore-Dressing, by Walter W. Bradley, 1918. 3S9 pp., 77 photographs and 42 plates (colored and line cuts), cloth 1.50 Bulletin No. 79. Magnesite in California. (Unpublished.) Bulletin No. SO. Tungsten, Molybdenum and Vanadium in California. (In preparation.) Bulletin No. 81. Foothill Copper Belt of California. (In preparation.) **Bulletin No. 82. Second Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Super- visor, for the fiscal year 1916-1917, by R. P. McLaughlin, 1918. 412 pp., 31 illustrations, cloth Bulletin No. 83. California Mineral Production for 1917, with County Maps, by Walter W. Bradley. 179 pp., paper Free **BulIetin No. 84. Third Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Saper- visor, for the fiscal year 1917-1918, by R. P. McLaughlin, 1918. 617 pp., 28 illustrations, cloth Bulletin No. 85. Platinum and Allied Metals in California, by C. A. Logan, 1919. 10 photographs, 4 plates, 120 pp., paper .50 Bulletin No. 86. California Mineral Production for 1918, with County Maps, by Walter W. Bradley, 1919. 212 pp., paper Free '^♦Bulletin No. 87. Commercial Minerals of California, with notes on their uses, distribution, properties, ores, field tests, and preparation for market, by W. O. Castello. 1920. 124 pp., paper Bulletin No. 88. California Mineral Production for 1919, with County Maps, by Walter W. Bradley, 1920. 204 pp.. paper Free Bulletin No. 89. Petroleum Resources of California, with Special Reference to Unproved Areas, by Lawrence Vander Leek, 1921. 12 figures, 6 photographs, 6 maps in pocket, 186 pp., cloth 1.25 Bulletin No. 90. California Mineral Production for 1920, with County Maps, by Walter W. Bradley, 1921. 218 pp., paper Free Bulletin No. 91. Minerals of California, by Arthur S. Eakle, 1923, 328 pp., cloth 1.00 Bulletin No. 93. California Mineral Production for 1922. l>v Walter W. Pradley, 1923 ^_^^^_.,,, .._^__^__.,___ ^ ^ Free STATISTICS OF ANNTAL PRODl'CTIOX. 181 PRELIMINARY REPORTS. Asterisks (♦•) Indicate the publication is out of print. Price **Prcliminarj- Report No. 1. Notes on Damage bj' Water in California Oil Fields, December. 1913. By R. P. McLaughlin. 4 pp ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 2. Notes on Damage by Water in California Oil Fields.' March, 1914. By R. P. McLaughlin. 4 pp ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 3. Manganese and Chromium, 1917. By E. S. Boalich. 32 pp Preliminary Report No. 4. Tungsten, Molybdenum and Vanadium. By E. S. Boalich and W. O. Castello, 191S. 34 pp. Paper Free Preliminary Report No. ">. Antimony, Graphite, Nickel, Potash, Strontium and Tin. By E. S. Boalich and W. O. Castello, 191S. 44 pp. Paper__ Free Preliminary Report No. G. A Review of Mining in California During 1919. Fletcher Hamilton, 1920. 43 pp. Paper Free ♦♦Preliminary Report No. 7. The Clay Industry in California. By E. S. Boalich, W. O. Castello, E. Huguenin, C. A. Logan, and W. B. Tucker, 1920. 102 pp. 24 illustrations. Paper **Preliminary Report No. 8. A Review of Mining in California During 1921, with Notes on the Outlook for 1922. Fletcher Hamilton, 1922. 68 pp. Paper MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS. Asterisks (**) indicate tlie publication is out of print. ♦♦First Annual Catalogue of the State Museum of California, being the collec- tion made by the State Mining Bureau during the year ending April 16, ISSl. 350 pp ♦♦Catalogue of books, maps, lithographs, photographs, etc., in the libi-ary of the State Mining Bureau at San Francisco, May 15, 1S84. 19 pp ♦♦Catalogue of the State Museum of California, Volume II, being the collec- tion made by the State Mining Bureau from April 16, 1881, to May 5, 1SS4. 220 pp ♦♦Catalogue of the State Museum of California, Volume III, being the collec- tion made by the State Mining Bureau from May 15, 1884, to March 31, 1SS7. 195 pp ♦♦Catalogue of the State Museum of California, Volume IV. being the collec- tion made by the State Mining Bureau from March 30, 1887, to August 20, 1890. 261 pp ♦♦Catalogue of the Library of the California State Mining Bureau, September 1. 1892. 149 pp ♦♦Catalogue of West North American and Many Foreign Shells with Their Geographical Ranges, by J. G. Cooper. Printed for the State Mining Bureau. April, 1894. __-- **Roport of the Board of Trustees for the four years ending September, 1900. 1-5 pp. Paper Bulletin. Reconnaissance of the Colorado Desert Mining District. By Stephen Bowers, 1901. 19 pp. 2 illustrations. Paper Free Commercial Mineral Notes. A monthly mimeographed sheet. April, May, June, July, August, September, 1923 Free 182 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF C.VLIFORNIA, Register Register **Register **Register **Register **Register ** Register ** Register **Register **Register **Register **Register ** Register Register **Register **Register **Register ** Register * '"Register Register Register MAPS. Registers of Mines With Maps. Asterisks (**) indicate out of print. Price of Mines, with Map, Amador County $0.25 of Mines, with Map, Butte County .25 of Mines, with Map, Calaveras County of Mines, with Map, El Dorado County of Mines, with Map, Inyo County of Mines, with Map, Kern County of Mines, with Map, Lake County of Mines, with Map, Mariposa County of Mines, with Map, Nevada County of Mines, with Map, Placer County of Mines, with Map, Plumas County of Mines, with Map, San Bernardino County of Mines, with Map, San Diego County of Mines, with Map, Santa Barbara County .25 of Mines, with Map, Shasta County of Mines, with Map, Sierra County of Mines, with Map, Siskiyou County of Mines, with Map, Trinity County of Mines, with Map, Tuolumne County of Mines, with Map. Yuba County .25 of Oil Wells, with Map, Los Angeles City OTHER MAPS. Asterisks (**) indicate the publication is out of print. Map of California, Showing Mineral Deposits (50x60 in.) — **Mounted **Unmounted Map of Forest Reserves in California — Mounted .50 **Unmounted **Mineral and Relief Map of California **Map of El Dorado County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests **Map of Madera County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests **Map of Placer County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests **Map of Shasta County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests **Map of Sierra County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests **Map of Siskiyou County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests **Map of Tuolumne County, Showing Boundaries, National Forests **Map of Mother Lode Region **Map of Desert Region of Southern California Map of Minaret District, Madera County .20 Map of Copper Deposits in California .05 **Map of Calaveras County Map of Plumas County .25 **Map of Trinity County Map of Tuolumne County .25 Geological Map of Inyo County. Scale 1 inch equals 4 miles .60 Map of California accompanying Bulletin No. S9, showing generalized classi- fication of land with regard to oil possibilities. Map only, without Bulletin .25 Geological Map of California, 1910. Scale 1 inch equals 12 miles. As accurate and up-to-date as available data will permit as regards topog- raphy and geography. Shows railroads, highways, post offices and other towns. First geological map that has been available since 1892, and shows geology of entire state as no other map does. Geological details lithographed in 23 colors. Mounted , 2,50 STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 183 OIL FIELD MAPS. Those maps arc revised from time to time as development work advances and ownerships change. Price Map No. 1 — Sargent, Santa Clara County $0.50 Map No. 2 — Santa Maria, inchuling Cat Can.von and Los Alamos .75 Map No. 3 — Santa Maria. Including Casmalia and Lompoc .75 Map No. 4— Whittier-Fullerton, including; Olinda. Brea Canyon, Puente Hills. East Coyote and Richfield .75 Map No. 5 — Whittier-Fullerton, including Whittier, West Coyote, and Montehello .75 Map No. — Salt Lake, Los Angeles County .7.5 Map No. 7 — Sunset and San Emido and Kern County .75 Map No. S — South Midway and Buena Vista Hills, Kern County .75 Map No. 9 — North Midway and McKittrick, Kern County .75 Map No. 10 — Belridge and McKittrick, Kern County .75 -Map No. 11 — Lost Hills and North Belridge, Kern County .75 Map No. 12— Devils Den, Kern County .75 Map No. 1.3 — Kern River, Kern County .75 Map No. 14 — Coalinga, Fresno County .75 Map No. 15— Elk Hills. Kern County .75 Map No. IG— Ventura-Ojai, Ventura County _ .75 Map No. 17 — Santa Paula-Sespe Oil Fields, Ventura County .75 Map No. IS— Piru-Simi-Newhall Oil Fields .7-5 Map No. 10 — Arrovo Grande, San Luis Obispo County .75 Map No. 20— Long Beach Oil Field 1.00 Map No. 21 — Portion of District 4, Showing. Boundaries of Oil Fields, Kern and Kings counties ' .75 Map No. 22 — Portion of District 3, Showing Oil Fields, Santa Barbara County .75 Map No. 23 — Portion of District 2, Showing Boundaries of Oil Fields, Ventura County .75 Map No. 24 — Portion of District 1, Showing Boundaries of Oil Fields, Los Angeles and Orange counties .75 Map No. 2.">— Kern River Oil Field .75 ^L'lp No. 2C) — Huntington Beach Oil Field .75 Map No. 27— Santa Fe Springs Oil Field .75 Map No. 2S — Torrance, Los Angeles County .75 DETERMINATION OF MINERAL SAMPLES. Samples (limited to three at one time) of any mineral found in the state may be sent to the Bureau for identification, and the same will be classified free of charge. No samples will be determined if received from points outside the state. It must be understood that no assays, or quantitative determinations will be made. Samples should be in lump form if possible, and marked plainly with name of sender on. outside of package, etc. No samples will be received unless delivery charges are prepaid. A letter should accompany sample, giving locality where mineral was found and the nature of the information desired. INDEX. Page Alameila County 150 Alpine County 150 Aluminum 42 Amador County 150 Amblysonite 123 American Trona Corporation, cited — 144 Antimony 43 Total production 43 Appendix 176 Architectural terra cotta 105 Arrowliead Hot Springs, radioactiv- ity at 127 Arsenic 43 Art pottery 105 Asbestos 100 Classes and characteristics 101 Total production 102 Asphalt 68 Bailey. G. E., cited 127 Barytes 102 Total production 103 Ballast 96 Bauxite 42 Benitoite 114 Beryl 114 Bismuth 44 Bisque ware 105 Bituminous roclt 68 Total production 69 Blue Diamond Material Company 94 Borates 140 Production, 1864-1922 141 Bowles, O., cited 89, 124 Brick 69 Production of various kinds 70 Total production, 1893-1922 72 Building stone. (.See Granite, Mar- ble, Sandstone, etc.) Bulletins, list of 176 Burchard, E. R, cited 111 Butte County 151 Cadmium 44 Calaveras County 151 Calcium Chloride 142 California, area of 149 Map of, sliowins approximate loca- tion of oil fields 33 Californite 114 Calistoga 'geysers' 127 Cement 72 Chart re production and prices 74 Total production 74 Caen stone 97 Chalcedony 113 Chambers, A. A., cited 127 Chromite 75 Concentration of 75 Economic condition of 75 Imports of 76 Occurrence of 75 Prices of 75 Total production 76 Chrysoprase 114 Cinders 97 Page Clav — pottery 103 Production, 1887-1922 106 Products 105 Coal 16 Total production of 17 Cobalt 45 Colemanite 141 Collom, R. E., cited 25, 27, 39 Colusa County 152 Concentration of chromite 75 Of molybdenum 55 Tungsten 65 Concrete bridge at Polsom 73 Contra Costa County 152 Copper 45 Flotation concentration of 45 Production, 1887-1922 46 Cost data on magnesite S3 On power in the oil fields 23 On quicksilver 60 Counties, mineral production of 149 Court House at Ventura 104 Crushed rock 94, 96 Average prices for 1922 91 Cryolite 42 Curbing 78 Del Norte County 153 Diamonds 113 Diatomaceous earth 120 Dolomite 106 Total production 107 Dredge production of platinum 56 Dredging, gold, decline of 48 El Dorado County 153 Economic situation of quicksilver 60 Electric smelting of ferro alloys 51 Empire Mine, Grass Valley 47 Faience tile 105 Feldspar 107 Grades of 108 Total production HO Ferberite 64 Ferro-chrome by electric furnace 76 Ferro-manganese 52 By electric furnace 53 Filter sand 95 Fire clay 105 Fluorspar HI Foundry core sand 93 Fresno County 154 Fuels 16 Fuller's earth HI Total production 116 Gardner, E. D., cited 121 Gas (See Natural Gas). Gasoline from natural gas 24 Gems 113 Industrial uses of 115 Total production 114 Geysers at Calistoga 127 California, radioactivity at 127 Glass sand 131 186 INDEX. Page Glenn County 154 Gold 47 Outlook for 1923 47 Production by counties, 1922 48 Total production 50 Gore, P. D., cited 130 Granite 77 Production, 1887-1922 79 Graphite 117 Gravel 94 Greenstone granules 97 Grinding mill pebbles 93 Gypsum 118 Total production 120 High-speed steels 65 Hill, J. M., cited 47,57,62 Hinsdale, Guy, cited 127 Hiibnerite 64 Humboldt County 154 Hydrargillite 42 Hydrocarbons 16 Iceland spar 113, 116 Imperial County 155 Industrial materials 99 Infusorial earth 120 Total production 122 Inyo County 155 Iridium 50, 56, 58 Iron ore 50 Electric smelting of 51 Total production 51 Jewelers' materials (See Gems). Kern County 156 Kings County 157 Kunzite 114 Ladoo, R. B., cited 133, 137 Lake County 157 Lassen County 157 Lassen Peak 170 Lawyer, A. M., cited 63 Lead 51 Production, 1887-1922 52 Lepidolite 123 Lignite 16 Lime 79 Production, 1894-1922 80 Limestone 122 Production, 1894-1922 123 Lithia 123 Lithopone 102 Los Angeles County 158 Los Angeles Pressed Brick Company 71 Macadam 96 Madera County 158 Magnesite 80 Duty on 83 Imports of 83 Occurrence of 80 Producing districts 84 Production by counties 85 Production 1887-1922 85 Refractories plants 84 Uses of 80 Values of 85 Page Magnesium salts 142 Manganese 52 Imports of, from Brazil 53 Prices of 53 Total production 54 Marani, V. C, cited 118 Marble 85 Production, 1887-1922 86 Marin County 159 Mariposa County 159 Masser, H. L., cited 18 Mendocino County 160 Merced County 160 Metals 41 Mica 124 Middleton, Jefferson, cited 112 Mineral industry, review of 11 Current prices 11 Output by counties 14 Output, comparative value, 1921— 1922 13 Paint _._^ 126 Water 126 Production, 1SS7-1922 128 Minerals, total production of by years 15 Variety of, produced in California 12 Miscellaneous stone 90 Chart, average prices in U. S., 1922 91 Production, 1893-1922 98 Modoc County 160 Molybdenum 54 Concentration of 55 Mono County 161 Monterey County 161 Monterey Bay Salt Company, Moss Landing 146 Monumental stone 77 Molding sand 94 Napa County 162 Natural gas 17 Gasoline from 24 Production. 1888-1922 23 Production per day, 1922 18 Summary of fields 18 Nevada County 162 Nickel 55 Nitrates 143 Oil (See Petroleum). Fields, chart of approximate loca- tion of 33 Lands, proved 39 Onyx 87 Optical fluorite . 113,116 Orange County 163 Osmium 55 Osmiridium 56 Palladium 55, 56, 58 Parmelee, Maurice, cited 144 Paving blocks 92 Peat 16 Pebbles for grinding mills 93 Petroleum 24 Average price by counties, 1915- 1922 28 INDEX, 187 Petroleum — Continued. Page Dividends from 37 Features of, 1922 25 Financial tables 36 Map of California, approximate location of oil fields 33 Operating costs by fields 38 Outlook for 1923 26 Pi-icos by fields 27, 28 Production, 1875-1922 29 Production and value by counties. 27 Production by fields 30 Production of light and heavy gravities 31 Production statistics, 1922 34, 35 I'roved oil land 39 Statistics of well operations 30 Storage of 31 Yield per day of Wells 30 Pliosphates 128 Placer County 163 Platinum 55 From blister copper 56 Prices of 58 Production of, 1887-1922 59 Plumas County 164 Porcelain 105 Potash 143 Total production of 145 Pottery clays 103 Proved oil land 39 Publications of State Mining Bureau 176 Public Library, Stockton 86 Pumice 129 Pyrite 129 Total production 130 Quartz 130 Crystals 113 Quicksilver 59 Duty on 60 Foreign competition in 60 Production, 1850-1922 61 Prices 60 Total production 61 Uses of , 60 Radioactivity of hot springs 127 Red shale 97 Rhodonite 114 Riprap 96 Riverside County 164 Rubble 96 Rubies 114 Sacramento County 165 Salines 140 Salt 146 Production, 1887-1922 147 Cake deposit, Salton Basin 14 8 San Benito County 165 San Bernardino County 165 San Diego County 166 San Francisco County 167 San Joaquin County 167 San Luis Obispo County 167 San Mateo County 168 Sand, glass 131 Sand and gravel 91, 94 Sandstone 87 Production, 1887-1922 88 Faqb Sanitary ware 105 Santa Barbara County 168 Santa Clara County 169 Santa Cruz County 169 Sapphires 113 Schaller, W. T., cited 115 Scherer, Robt, cited 82 Scheelite 64 Serpentine 88 Sewer pipe 105 Shale oil 13() Shasta County 169 Sierra County 170 Silica 130 Total production 132 Sillimanite 132 Silver 62 Production by counties 62 Production, 1880-1922 63 Siskiyou County 170 Slate 89 Production, 1889-1922 90 Soapstone 132 Total production 138 Uses 133 Soda 147 Total production of 148 Solano County 171 Sonoma County 171 Spelter. (See Zinc.) Standard Oil Company, cited 31 Stanislaus County 172 State Mineralogist's Report, cited 31 List of 176 Oil and Gas Supervisor, cited 25, 27, 39 Stone, miscellaneous 90 Production by counties 96 Production by years 98 Stoneware 105 Strontium 138 Structural materials 67 Increased production of 67, 68 Sulphur 139 Summerland oil field 28 Sutter County 172 Talc 132 Uses 133 Teesdale, C. H., cited 111 Tehama County 172 Terra cotta 105 Tile 69, 105 Thomsonite 113 Tin 63 Topaz 117 Tourmaline 113, 114, 117 Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., cited 44 Trap rock 92 Travertine 87 Trinity County 173 Tube mill pebbles 93 Tulare County 173 Tungsten 64 Concentration of 65 Total production 65 Tuolumne County 174 United States Bureau of Mines, cited 121 Commerce Reports, cited 64 Geological Survey, cited 17, 29, 47, 48, 58, 62, 64, 74, 85, 115, 119 188 INDEX. Page Vanadium g5 Ventura County ~_ 174 A'olc-anic ash 129 Watts, A. S., cited 108 AVitlierite 102 Wolframite g4 Fagh Yolo County 174 Yuba County "__ 175 Zinc 66 Total production 66 2S547 12-23 3M THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW BOOKS REQUESTED BY ANOTHER BORROWER ARE SUBJECT TO RECALL AFTER ONE WEEK. RENEWED BOOKS ARE SUBJECT TO IMMEDIATE RECALL JUN 3 198i 1981 JUN 3 01982 JUN 8 1984 JUN 30 1985 m m 301986 ;jUN 3 1987 NOV 04 1986 RB'O RECEIVED NOV 5 1986 PHYSSCI LIBRARY LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS Book Slip-Series 458 PHYSICAL SCIENCES UBRARY 3 1175 00488 8726 T"NZ4- A3 , LIBRARY XnqilVERSITY OF CAUPfl»JBBi DAVIS 915S4