UC-NRLF Giiinr OF F. D. Elweil i^= 1 €<" Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from ' IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/firstlessonsinchOOyaterich FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. T BY 0^ REV. M. T. YATES, D.D. # ^Jr i* ^ SHANGHAI : AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN MISSION PRESS. 1871. pL/m 19 7/. 0:9£udi c c c e c t c . . • • 1 . » c« • • • INTRODXJCTION". Those who have attempted to acqiiire a working knowledge of any of the spoken dialects of China by picking up isolated words from a vocabulary or dictionary, (like picking pebbles from the sea shore), know full well the necessity of a beginner's book ; one that is practical, and yet so simple that the learner will be encouraged, by being able to use his acquirements from the first lesson. The design of the author of this manual is to supply, to some extent, this long-felt want ; and he is confident that any one who will take the trouble to master these lessons (the work of only a few months), will be in possession of the key to the spoken language, not only of this district, but, with a slight change in the sound of some words (which can be easily acquired), of other districts also ; for the general structure of the language (barring a few localisms), is the same everywhere. An attempt has also been made to render the work available to the Chinese who wish to learn English. Under each word will be found Chinese characters representing, as nearly as practicable, the sound of the English word. Of course, it is far from a perfect representation ; but it will be of service to the Chinese who are trying to learn English. They will find the meaning of words and sentences by looking to the right on the same line, where the English sentence is reiulered into Chinese for the benefit of foreigners. The importance of a thorough knowledge of the classifiers cannot be too strongly urged ; for it is impossible to speak of any visible object without using one of them, and it is important to a clear understamh'ng of the matter under consideration, that the correct classifier be used. A careful study of the inflected verbs will save months, if not years, of perplexing uncer- tainty ; for the same forms will be found applicable to most other verbs. Orthoguai'iiy. — The system of orthography adopted in these lessons is that which seems best adapted to meet the wants of a beginner. No combination of English letters has yet been de\nsed that will express all the Chinese sounds ; not even when I'ecourse has been had to an elaborate system of diacritical marks ; and as these usually confuse and discourage, but few are used in this nianual. A final, and a in composition, are sounded as a in far ; as, J ma, to buy ; ^ ma , to sell ; ^^ miih^ wheat ; and {^ pu'i^g-, a creek. A short, as in hit ; as, :^t sdh, to kill ; zzl sdn, three. Long a is expressed by the French e, as, ^ le, to come ; j)^ me, coals. i\^5e3(>-2i^ \ E final, and e"^ nasal, long, as : ^ me,x\cQ ; ^ t'e^, heaven. final, and 6 in composition, sounded as o in no, as : ^ ifso, tea ; [^^ g|[ md/i-cleu, wood. sounded as o in German, as in Goethe, as : a little boy, /J> Q s/aw no ; a little girl, /J> ^ staw no / a month, ^ nyoh. ij and u have sounds which the learnef will get better ffom a teacher than from ex- amples in English, as : § sii, a book ; ^ su, a tree ; p^ t/w, rain ; :|^ ^yii.tsz, a chair. ^w, sounded as in French, in monsieur, as : ^ ^ew, the head ; ^ seu, the hand. Au, sounded as in autuinn, as : J7/ tau, a knife or sword ; ^ J^ ^aw-Ze, doctrine. A small "" raised above the line indicates a nasal, as : ^ te", heaven ; "U g^ 8e^-deu, formerly. A final h shortens the preceeding vowel, as in the following words : ^ 7nah, wheat, the a sounded as a in what. ^ sa7i, to kill, the ci sounded as a in ^a«. ^^ fj^seh-t'eh, to lose, the e sounded as e in ;9e^. j^ |gj mih-t'eh, to destroy, the 2 sounded as i in sit. ^ g^ moh-deu, the o sounded as o in mote. ^ o/f, \^icked, the o sounded as o mj^ot. ^ nyoh, month, the 6 sounded as in German, but contracted by the final h. ^ muh, ink, the tt sounded as m in shut. A comma ( , ) before the initial letters t and 2h contracts those letters into a sound between t and d, and p and b. Tone Marks.— -The JQ ^ sang-sung (so-called upper tone), is marked thus ^ at the beginning of the word. The =^ ^ chu-simg (departing tone), is marked thus ' at the end of the word. The ^ ^ ping-sung (even tone), is mdicated by no mark. The y\ ^ seh-sung (entering tone), is indicated by a final h. To Abuse ... ,, Add to ... Adjectives, comparison of Adverbs To Anchor ... ,, Ascend; to descend ... ,, Ask ; to enquire; to investigate ,, Answer ... ,, Bake ; to roast ,, Banish ... ,, Bear or press upon ... ,, Beckon ... ,, Become rich „Beg ... ,, Begin ; to commence ,, Believe ... ,, Bind with a cord ,, Betroth ... ,, Bite ; to bark ,, Blow ,, Boil ,, Boil (as water) ,, Bolt ,, Bore ,, Borrow or lend ,, Break , , Broil ; grill ,, Brush „ Build ... , , Build a wall ,, Burn (as fuel) ,, Calculate ,, Call ; to tell ,, Cancel ; to erase , , Care for ; be careful ,, Carry a load ,, Carry in the arms (as a child) ,, Carve ; to cut , , Cast down ,, Cast ; to foimd ,, Catch ; to seize ; arrest „ Change ... ,, Change a dollar into cash ,, Choose ; to select Classifiers To Climb ".] ,, Come ,, Command ,, Comfort ... ,, Conduct ; to guide ... ,, Confide to ,, Confiscate ,, Confuse ,, Congeal ; to coagulate Conjunctions, tScc. To Consider INDEX tAGE. 205 207 46 to .^2 56 to 66 192 156 116 to-117 220 151 223 200 194 217 162 172 US to Ut 162 211 163 163 to 164 151 218 218 198 181 166 151 158 129 to 130 130 219 120 to 123 208 197 219 213 171 to 172 194 199 197 212 156 to 157 195 209 168 to 169 6 to 34 217 110 to 112 162 219 182 to 183 207 223 224 212- 72 to 75 223 To Consult ... ,, Contribute; to tax ,, Cook ... Counting ... To Count ... „ Crawl ... - ,, Create a disturbance J, Criticise ... "'x'-y J, Curse Cut a mortise , , Cut (with scissors.) ... ,, Cut (with a small knife) ,, Cut (with sword or laryt hiife) ... ,, Cut ; to engrave , , Decapitate ; to kill ... ,, Deceive ; to defraud ... ,, Defeat ; to frustrate ... , Deny ; to falsify one's word , Degrade ... , Deport one's self to; to treat ,, Deposit with anotlier ,, Descend ... ,, Desire ; to expect, to hope „Die n^'^S - ,, Divide ; to separate ... ,, Do ; to make , , Draw a carriage ,, Draw in or up by capstan ,, Drive ; to urge ; to press ,, Dwell ... „ Dye ,, Eat ; to drink ; to smoke, &c. ,, Economize ,, Encroach upon (as another's land) ,, Envy ... ,, Examme ; to scrutmize ,, Exchange; to barter ... , , Fail in business ... .^ „ 1^^-11 , - , , Fall sick ... ,, Fall (as the tide) ,, Fall down (as a house') , , Fear ; to dread ,, Yile (with a Jile) Finished ... To Flee ; to run away ,, Float „Fly , , i ollow ... ,, P'orbid ; to prohibit ... ,, Forfeit ... ,, Forget ... ,, Forsake ; to desert ,, Freeze ,, Gamble ... P.VGE. 223 181 to 182 220 1 to 5 186 218 221 219 1^9 206 198 198 147 148 154 149 200 221 207 1:19 222 184 202 203 196 160 ;>ii 101 to 107 209 192 220 161 197 ' 113 to 115 199 222 201 2J5 209 213 166 to 167 211 168 193 1 58 220 224 169 212 170 211 224 223 137 to 138 170 212 201 To Gum (pi-ojit) PAGE. 216 vi. To Pay a balance TAGE. 219 ,, Gather (as /'nitt or Jlowers) 219 ,, Pay money 126 to 127 The Gemler of nouns 52 The Personal Pronouns ... 34 To give birth to ; to rear 161 To Veck, (as a fowl) ... ,, Persuade 205 ,, Give ; hand ; to give in marriage .. 125 to 126 210 „Go 107 to 110 ,, Perspire ... 189 ,, Graft ; to splice 204 ,, Pile one on top of another 208 ,, Grind; to whet 220 „ Plane ... 198 ,, Guard; to be careful 213 n Plnnt ... 160 ,, Guess ... 215 n l'l'ij(^.snn instrument with the Jingei ■s) 216 ,, Hand or deliver in person 185 ,, Plaster (as a icall) ... 220 ,, Hang or suspend 171 The Plural of nouns 52 ,, Haul {as on a rope) ... rs To Point with the hand ... 222 ,, Have 100 , , Pound (in a Mortar) ... 221 „ Heal ... 217 ,, Pour out... 207 , , Hide or conceal 175 nPray^ ... 213 ,, Hide or secrete one's self 223 Prepositions 66 to 72 ,, Hoist a sail 192 To Present ... ''', 196 - „ Hook 224 ,, Press down ; to oppress . . 193 The Hours, Days of the week, INIonths, »&: c. 77 to 82 n Pi-int ... 190 To Hypothecate 210 , , Procure what is required 223 ,, Imitate ; to follow the example, &c. 211 ,, Prop 213 The Indefinite Pronouns . . 45 to 46 ,, Prove ; to evince 216 To Inform 188 ,, Pry (with a lever) ... 198 „ Injure ... 219 ,, Punish ... 214 ,, Institute a Suit at Law ]88 . , Push ; to shove 193 ,, Interpret 214 ,, Put down a sedan 195 The Interrogative Pronouns - ... 37 to 45 ,, Put ; to ijlace 18' » to 181 ,, Interrogatives 75 ,, Quarrel ... 214 To Invite ... 204 ,, Read 185 > ,, Iron; to burn or scald 154 ,, Rebel ... 224 ,, Jump ; to leap 217 „ Receive ; to collect 128 to 129 ,, Kick J 90 ,, Receive or accept 184 ,, Kneel '223 , , Recognize ; to confess 203 ,, Know 132 to 134 ,, Keconmiend 222 „ Laugh ... _ ... 190 ,, Reconcile ; pacify 219 ,, Lead (as an animal) ... 183 ,, Reduce ; to take from 214 ,, Lean against 2«)5 , R-gret ... 205 ^, Learn ... .... l(.4 to 165 ,, Reject ... 2i(i , , Let go ; to put down ... 174 to 1.5 ,, Repair ... 173 ,, Light a tire 154 ,, Repeat from memory 205 ,, Liglit a lamp 1.54 ,, Repent ... 21;:! ,, Line ; to score 1:05 ,, Rely upon 2.'G , , Listen ... 140 to 141 ,,' Remember 206 ,, Live 196 ,, Retain ; to detain 200 , , Lock ; a lock 218 ,, Return what has been borrowed ... 191 ,, Look ; to see 135 to 1"7 ,, Ride on horse-back ... 156 ,, Look for... 188 to 139 „ Ring a bell 207 ,, Lose UO ,, Rise (as tide, ijc) ... 167 „ Lose _ ... 183 to 184 ,, Roll 218 ., Lose (in trade) 217 ,, Roll up ... 188 ,, Lower or take in sail 192 ,, Rot or decay 185 ,, Loot 200 , . Row a boat 207 ,, Make ashamed J 98 ,, Run 186 ,, Make a record ; to ascend 201 ,, Sacrifice to 224 ,, Make a prostration ... 224 ,, Save (life or j>ro}>erfi/) 213 ,, Manage ; to have the management of 214 , Siive (time or luhor).. ... ' 199 ,, Measure .. 199 „ Saw ... 148 ,, Meet ; to come in contact with ... 184 ,, Scrape ... 2'.j3 ,, Melt ; to dissolve 212 ,, Scratch ... 197 ,, Mix : to get things confused LOO ,, Seal ; to deify ; to exult 199 „Nail 196 ,, Secure ; to become security for ... 210 „ Nod 2n9 ,, Seize 194 ,, Nurse (the sick) 218 „ Sell ... 123 to 125 ,, Ortend ; to transgress... 223 , , Sell on a credit 206 ,, Open ; to commence ... 176 , Send forth ; to is'^ue ... 220 ,j Pawn 210 ,, Separate; to make distinct 2:i lo Sew, stitch Sift Shake ... Shave ... Shut ; to close Sing Sink Sit Sit or stay with for company Skin ; peel ; strip Slander ... Sleep Smell Soak ; to immerse, to haptize Solder ... Speak ; to affirm or testify Spill Spin Splash ... Split Sport ; to frolic ; to trifle Spread ... Spread ; to propagate Spread, daub or smear Stab Stand Steal Step upon Stick ; to adhere Stick (i?? the (jround^ as afog^ Stir ; to agitate Stop Strain ; to filter Strike ; to chastise String («4- ca.vA) Strive Stultify ... '."] Swear Sweep Swim Take PAGE. I'AGi:. 153 ,, Take from 208 221 ,, Take hold of 173 159 ,, Take up with both hands 222 187 ,, Take to pieces, or down 103 178 to 180 , , Take the anchor 192 189 ,, Tear 189 187 ,, Tempt 206 131 ,, Think ; to consider ... 142 218 ,, Throw away 197 2!5 ,, Tie {as a parcel') ... 163 218 ,, Tow or track (as a boat) 192 208 ,, Transfer 209 211 ,, Translate 2!4 216 ,, Turn {as a wheel) ... 212 212 ,, Turn over 215 118 to 120 ,, Turn round 214 189 ,, Twist ; to wring 193 187 ,, Twist {uith thejinfjer) 194 218 ,, Uncover ; to open 222 148 ,, Understand 134 to 13-3 216 ,, Vacillate, to disappoint 222 188 , , Varnish or paint 198 217. • Verbs, and inflection of the verb to eat 83 to 94 223 Verb to be 95 to 99 2(.i5 To Violate a law or regulation 22 J 131 to 132 ,, Wait 195 188 , , Water {as a garden) ... •221 193 ,, Wa.ste, to squander ... 199 169 » Wash ... 151 to 152 197 ,, "Wear 189 209 ,, "Weave ... 188 194 „ Weigh ... 198 221 „ Welcome a visitor ... 196 144 to 146 ,, Wet; wet 204 218 „ Win ... 190 189 n Wipe ... 152 to 153 222 ,, Worship ... ... ... 194 1.S8 ,, Wrangle... 206 149 „ AVrite ... 150 189 ,, Yield ; to give place to 216 189 ± m 13 |3 f # ± ^ m ± M IRJ ^ M — ^ «/^ ^t n 7^ 4 m it w A pj- El w ■^ IE f ^ W M. 11 '^ IHl IF * IE # e pT ^ - ill ?^: m m 1=5 ifr If 4^P f J- F=T inn A r^ •ill fip p£ P& §5 ppi ± ± ^ m ^ ^ ^ m ^ ^ 1 ti -tr^-i ^P : : .^ f : ;\^^ . : ; ^\ ^^\ % ^ ± ± ft w t 6 A ^J 1£ M T T ■ . W f •• f f ••■ ^ li ;&' ^ ^• e ^ li e w i # ± ^ ± ® T 75^ ii W ^ 7> W W ^ T »f ^ M W t :£ W ^ Ui t w * T FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 1. One. ] • -2. Two. II. 3. Three, M III. 4. II Four. IV. 5. Five. V. 6. Six. VI. 7. Seven. VII. 8. Eight. VIII 9. Nine. 7^0 IX. 10. Ten. X. Dsr xj 3^ E i^ a:x. s . ENGLISll. QPINESE.. Dye' <^ng I5h ch^h pSh A ^kieu seh + 2 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 11. Eh'ven. XL seh vih 12. Twelve. XII. seh nye^ 13. Thirteen. XIIL seh sa'^ 14. Fourteen. XIV. seh sz^ 15. Fifteen. XY. 6o.ng 16. Sixteen. XVI. seh 161i 17. Seventeen. XVII. seh ch^ih 18. Eighteen. XVIII. Mr seh pah + A 19. Nineteen. XIX. seh *^kieu 20. Twenty. XX. 21. Twenty one. XXI. nya ^ ih 22. Twenty two. XXII. nya'^ nye^ 23, Twenty three. XXIII. -tf-- 24. Twenty four. XXIV. 25. Twenty five. XXV. nya^-^ng 26. Twenty six. XXVI. nyS" loh FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 27. Twenty seven. XXVII. nya^^ ch4h 28. Twenty eight. XXVIII. nya" pah 29. Twenty nine. XXIX. iiya"^ 103. One hundred and three. CIII. yih pjih lino- sa^ 104. One hundred and four. CIV. yih pjih lino- qz^ 105. One hundred and five, CV. yih p^h h'no- ^ng FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 106. One hundred and six. CYI. yih ])iili ling loli 107. One hundred and seven. CVII. yih pah ling cli^ih 108. One hundred and eight. CVIII. yih pah ling pah 109. One hundred and nine. CIX. yih pah h'ng ^kieu. 110. One hundred and ten. CX. yih pah seh 111. One hundred and eleven. CXI. yih pah seh yih m^MMmuiii^^ 200. Two hundred. CO. ■pye^ ])*ah 300. Three liundred. CCU. 400. Four hundred. CCCO. ' sz^ pah raw 600. Five hundred. D. ^ng pah 3:W • 600. Six hundred. DO. loh pj^h 700. Seven hundred. DCC. cU'ih pah -bW •- 800. Eight hundred. DCCC. J) ah pah AW •* 900. Nine hundred. DCCCC. *^kieu ])ah 1000. One thousand. M. yih ch*ie'^ 1001. One thousand and one. yih ch^ie" ling ling ^ y'ih, &c. 1 FIRST LESSOXS IN CH'NESE. 5 2000. Two thousand. nye^ ch'ie^^ 5000. Five thousand. ^ng ch^e"^ 10,000. Ten thousand. yih ma"^ 20,000. Twenty thousand. nye ma"^ 50,000. Fifty thousand. ^ ^ E ff^ Hi PI 'ng ma"' 100,000. One hundred thousand. seh ma'^^ 500,000. Five hundred thousand. *'ng seh ma^^ i + H 900,000. Nine hundred thousand. ^kieu seh ma"> ;/L + ^ 3,000,000, One mil-lion yih pah rua^^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. In spoken Chinese, the force of the^ articles <^ a " or " an " and " the " is expressed bj the numeral — (?/^V<). All nouns take a word between the article and the noun, which may be denominated a classifier ^ as each of these different words denotes a class of objects. It is highly desirable that every student of the spoken language, should, at the commencement of his studies, become thoroughly acquainted with these classifiers, and the class of objects denoted by each; for, a correct use of the classifiers, will greatly facilitate communication with the Chinese. If a correct classifier be used before a word, it often leads to the meaning of that word, even if it be incorrectly pronounced. It must be borne in mind, however, that in Chinese, as well as in other languages, there are exceptions to all rules. A few nouns take two different classifiers. First CLAssmER ^ {huh). A man yih kuh nyung A woman yih kuh nyii nyung An unmarried woman yih kuh siau^ ^tsia MM'^ — >^ ^h $1 A son yih kuh ur-^tsz Mm -^%^ A daughter yih kuh no^ MTin -^El A friend yih kuh pang ^yeu A mandarin yih kuh kwe ^foo A soldieu- yih kuh ping-ting A native yih kuh ^pung^-de nyung FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. A servant A sedan cooly The sun The moon A star The body A head A face A heart A nose :^^± A doorway A cannon A battery A bottle A hat, cap, or bonnet A stove yih kuh voong^ oyung — >^mA yih kuh djau^ pan yih kuh nyih-deu -4- HIS yih kuh nyoh yih kuh sing }ih kuh sung <^t^e t a yih kuh ^'teu' yih kuh me^^ k'oong yih kuh sing yih kuh pih-deu yih kuh raung-^k^eu yih kuh p^au^. yih kuh p^au^ de _>^ yih kuh poo-le ping yih kuh mau^-^tsz yih kuh hoo-loo FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. A grate A doll car A cash A loaf A cake A biscuit A buddhist priest J^ *^^ ^ A nnn A tauist priest :^ l§ # wj '^ a ^ A grave mound ^^^^ An egg pf Pi ^ ® A scholar A merchant A farmer. A carpenter A mason yih kuh hoo-k^ong^ yih kuh yang de" yih kuh dong-de^ yih kuh main-deu — >Mia yih kuh ke-ta~' kau SI* yih kuh t^ah-^ping yih kuh ^oo-zong^ yih kuh nye-koo yih kuh tau^-zz yih kuh vung sa-^ yih kuh ^ta^ yih kuh toh-sti-nyung yih kuh sang-e nyung yih kuh tsoong-de" oyung yih kuh moh-ziang yih kuh nye sz-ziang ^ M^icE FISRT LESSONS IN CHINESE. A painter vili kuli ch4h-Z:aug M %m --^ mm. A tailor yih kuli sc^M'oong Mm^ ~^ mm A stone mason yih kuh sah-ziang A horse boy 3^ih kuli mo-foo A table boy yih kuh se-ts^ Second Classifier, '^ (tsdh), denotes all animals, fowls, birds, and insects ; also all Articles of furnitke having feet or legs, or resting on a base ; also vessels, boats, &g. An elephant yih tsali *^siang Pf PS M±^ ~ H M A camel yih tsah loh-doo M ^mM^ - K mm A lion yih tsah sz-<^tsz A tio^er yih tsah lau^-Hioo A cow yih tsah nyeu A water buffalo yih tsah sz-nyeU A deer M mi yih tsah loh A slieep yih tsah yang A goat yih tsah sa^-yano^ A hog yih tsah tsz-loo 10 FIRST LESSONS IN CHIKESE. A do^ ^ mm yih tsali keu A cat yili tsali mau A wild cat yih tsah ya^-iuaii A rat yih tsah lau^-*^tsz A hare yih tsah t^oo^-^^tsz. A mule yih tsah loo-^tsz A donkey yih tsah le-^tsz A fox yih tsah ^oo-1e A wolf yih tslih za-long A squirrel yih tsah soon^j-^^tsz A wTasel vih tsah wong-long A fowl yih tsah kee A pheasant A duck A goose ^ %^ A turkey • jnh tsah ya^-kee - K '®ll yih tsah ah - K ?.! yih tsah ng-oa yih tsah teu^-kee - K nil FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 11 A bird A snipe A quail A crow A magpie A hawk A minor A sparrow A swallow A pigeon A dove A crab A butterfly A bee A musquito A wasp yih tsiili ^tiaii -K J yih tsak tsoh-kee yih tsah ^ '-dsimg - K M^l yih tsah lau^-au - K ^m yih tsah au-tsiah yih tsah ynng -KM yih tsah pah-k wvMg -K 1^ ^ yih ts'ah mo-tsiang - K ^i % yih tsah ye'^-tsz - K ?i^ yih tslih keh-tsz - Kg|^ jih tsah peh-koo — M -JSw jih tsah ^ha yih tsah oo-'dili - K mm yih tsah m'lh-foong yih tsah mnng-tsz - K 1^^ yih tsah oc-foong 12 FIRST LESSONS IX CHINES'^. A table A cliair A stool yili tsali te-tsz - K m^ yih tsUli viP-tsz - K m^ yili tstili ngeh-tsz - K ^^ A chest of drawers yih tsah tsVu de A drawer yih tsah ts^eu-t^e A trunk or box yih tsiih siang-tsz A small box yih tsah ah-tsz - K 11^ A bod yih t^ah zong A coiicli yih tsiih me-(b>o-tah - K mmm A wash liaiid table ^ mm mm n^m ■ yih tsah k^i lue' te-^tsz ~ H m mmi" A dinlnoj table yih tsah ch^uli va' te-^tsz - K P^ ® m^ An office des^k mi mmi #&j^ yih tsah sia^-zz-;le A bucket, tub, or cask yih tsah ^Jo:ig - H m A water kong yih tsali sz^-kong A slioe of svcee ^ m m^ mm yih tsah nvo ^pau A hand yili tsah ^seu FIKST LESSOKS IN CHINESE. 1 13 A foot and lower leg yik tsali kiah. K m A finger yili tsali tsih-deu K mm An ear yih tsali nye^-^too A wash bowl yih tsah me ^-bung A ])late yili tsali pung-^[sz A dish yih tsah tsiing pnnsj-^tsz A saucer yili tsah tso puncr-*^csz A cnp yih tsah pe-^tsz A glass yih tsah poc-le i)^^isz A wine glass M mm A-^n A cooking stove A clock A watch :^ iiJiJt A well A basket A vessel or boat. yih tsah tsieu^ 'pe yih tsah tSh-tsau^ - K ^ikt yih tsah sz^-ming-tsoong - K iRl^ yih tsiih piaii yih tsah *^tsing ~K # vih tsah la^ -K ^ yih ts'ah ze^ 14 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. A nail yih tsah 'ting - KT An apple yih tsiih hwo-ng An orange mm mmt. yih tsah kiuh-^tsz A peach yih tsah tau-^tsz A pear yih tslih sang-le One (of this class) yih tsah ThRTD Cr,ARRIFIER, '. pPJ C^^'o). DENOl'ES TOOLS, INSTRUMENTS OR AKTICLFS USED IN THE HAKD TOOLS, &C., AS : A knife or sword yih 'po tau -«17J A fork yih 'po ts^o A spoon yih 'po ts^iu A hammer ^ iimX yih 'po long-deii ~m lies A file yih 'po ts^oo-taii An ax. yih 'po foo^-deu A saw M m yih 'po ke-<^tsz A chisel yih 'po soh-^tsz A pair of j^ Arfp tHI^ scispors e W "J yih 'po tse^'^-tau FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 15 A pair of tongs yili 'po hoo-'^tse" yih 'po vB-'-tsz - m mf- yili 'po se^^-^tsz yih 'po ^soo -mm yih 'po ya-dsz yih 'po sau^-^tseu — tE WW yih 'po tso-oo yih 'po kV-oo An umbrella yiii 'po sa ^ Pf PI nmm^u - ffii # One (or a handful!) yih 'po Fourth Classifier, ^^ (tia ii), denotes objects long and winding or limber, as : A river or large stream yih tiau kong A river or large stream yih tiau oo A creek or canal yih tiau pang A ditch yih tiau keu ^Mm -mm A covered sewer yih tiau yung-keu ^ mi^ ■ - # mm A chair ^ ^H A fan M #PI A lock M m^ A key ^ ii A broom ^ )%M^^ A tea pot M M um A kettle -^ ^Wf^ 16 FIRST LESSONS iN CHINESE. An open sewer or drain A 5 bridge A road A street An alley [If Klili: A rope A tape or ribbon ^ :tt^ mm %±^ A strip of matting A quilt or blanket A mattress A slieet A carpet A pair of pants M Afln m^ mun A handkerchief A towel A dragon yih tiau yang-keu ~m mm yih tiau djau -mm yih tiau loo^ yih tiau ka yih tiau loong^-dong ~m '^"^ yih tiau sung — mm yih tiau ta^ -m^ yih tiau sih —mi^ yih tiau pe^-deu yih tiau nyoh-*^tsz yih tiau ta'^-^pe yih tiau mau-la^ -m ^M. yih tiau k^oo^-*'tsz -m ^^ yih tiau k;o ^-deu — m^ MM. yih tiau seu^-kiung yih tiau loong -■f^ ft FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 17 A fish K ^# A snake An eel Pf PI ^m A bar of iron A gold ba» One's life One (of this class) yih tiau ng - i^ M yih tiau so yih tiau me-le - ^ fill yih tiau t^ih-tiau - # ^1^ yih tiau kiung-diau - # ^ # yih tiau sing-ming^ - # 'ft.^ yih tiau - # Fifth Classifier, ^^ (^m^^), denotes objects long and usually ctiff, as A stick of timber A bamboo A ratan A cane or stick A boat's mast A straw A stem, or stalk (of plants) A rope yih kung moh-deu — ^ % M. yih kung mau-tsoh ~ m Ys M yih kung'tung — m yih kung ^pong yih kung siang-^tsz - m ti -^ yih kung *^ts'au — tS ¥ yih kung ^kang -mm yih kung sung 18 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. A thread yih kung se^^ -II U Sixth Classifier 2J$j ( puny), denotes books, volumes, as : A volume, a book yih ^p\mg sii An account "book yih *'pung tsang^-boa - ^ m M- A small blank book yih *^pung boo^-4sz ~ ^ m "¥■ Seventh Classifier, 'nlJ ( hoo), denotes entire works of one or more volumes, as: A work of one, or more volumes yih ^boo su -Mm Eighth Classifier, )$ {dsu), denotes massive objects, as : A mountain y-ih dsn' sa" A city yih dsiP sung -mm A temple vih dsu^ miau^ -mm A house yih dsu^ vong-*^tsz - m m ^ \ A two story house yih dsii^ leu -mm i A pagoda yih dsu' t'Sh One (of this class) 1 m. yih dsiP — m ■ 1 Ninth Classifier, /£ {p'ili) denotes whole ph:ces of goods, as : ! A piece of cloth yih p^ih 'poo^ — 7E ^ A piece of broad cloth yih p^ih too-loo-nve FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 19 A piece of silk 5'ih p^ih tseu ~ TEm A piece of satin yih p'ih do^^-'tsz A piece of velvet yih p^ih nyoong - 7E .^ A piece of shirting M ^m m^ #T yih p^ih yang-^poo^ A 2)iece of drilling yih p^ih sia-vung *poo^ ~ 7£ m^ in A piece of camlet yih p^ih yii^ mau A piece of grass cloth yih p^ih mo-poo^ A piece of white shirting M ^\in m^ mm i^r vih p^ih piau-piih poo^ A piece of long ells yih p^ih pih-ke Eleventh Classeier, 25 > ( p'th), DENOTES HORSES, AS : A horse yih p^ih ^mo — E .^ V A mule TwELVTH Classifies, A piece of wood M i^tn m^ mw yih p^ih loo-^tsz — m ¥^ [, (kive), DENOTES SLICES OR PORTIONS OF THINGS, AS : yih kw^e^ moh-deu A slab, a piece of stone yih kw^e^ siih-deii A board A slice of meat yih kw'e^ nyoh 20 FIRST l.ESSONS IN CHINESE. A slice of bread yih kw^e^ mairi-doo ^ nm^ m^ ^^m - m mm A piece of land yih kw^e^ te^-be A pane of glass yili kw^e^ poo-le ^ mm m^ ^mn ~ m m^n A dollar yili kw^e^ yang-de'' ^ ^fe ~ m nm A brick yih kw^P loh-tse M ^^±m ~ m mm A bit of cloth yih kvv^e^ ^poo^ ^ mu m^ m^n - m ^ A bit of silver, &c. yih kw^e^ nyunpj-^^tsz ^ mm m^ -wmm - % ^f Thirteenth Classifier, jjlg (/o/O, denotes paintings, or engravings, &c., as: A painting, or engraving yih foh wo^ ^ m^s nf PI m-mm. - ts « A chart, or map yih fob teMe-doo Fourteenth, Classifier, ]m {se^ ), denotes broad objects, as ; A door yih se^^ mung -M PI A window yih se"' ts'ong A screen yih se^^ ping-foong A fixed screen yih se» ping-mnng A sail yih se'^^ *-Jioong Fifteenth Classifier, ^^ {dzumi), denotes machinery, as : A steam engine vih dziing hoo-lmig FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 21 A mill yili dzung moo^-^tsz M ^ro — ^ B ^ A loom juli dzung 'poo^-ke ^ m» ~ n ifj m A carriage yih dzung mo-ts^o A rail road carriage yih dzung lioo-liing^ *^tsVt.sz A flight of stairs, yih dzung ^oo-t^e or ladder mm mm The steps of a door yih dzung tah-boo^ An irrigating machine yih dzung sz^-ts^o PiPi -%-^mrr mhu - m :^ m Sixteenth Classifier, J^ {ting). A sedan chair yih ting djau^-<^tsz M mmi ^i ^ - il ^ ^ -^ ^"^^^ yih ting mau^-*^t?z An nmhivlla yih ting Pa^^ Ptps mmmwit - ]S # SEVENTEEN-ni ClASSIHER, ^ {wc), A TERM OF RESPECT. A visitor, a customer yih wP k^iih-nyung A teacher yih we^ seen-sang A doctor yih we^ long-tsoong ^ ^77^ - -fe MIS ti^ An unmarried woman yih we^ siau^ ^tsia pf Pi /EPiaia* #spi - ^ ^j^ m 22 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. A friend yih we' pang-^yeu EIGHTEE^'TH CLASSIFIER, J^ {Uctng), DENOTES SHEETS OF PAPER. A sheet of paper yih tsiing *^tpz M ^m m^ 1^^ -mm A news paper yih tsang sing-viing-^ts^z A proclamation yih tsang kau-zz^ Nineteenth Ci^ssifier, ^ {bcf), denotes firms, shops, &c., A firm yih ba^ ^ong • A foreign firm yih ba^ yling ^ong A shop yih bS,^ te'^^ A shop of foreign goods yih ba^ yang-hoo te'^^ A pawn broker yih ba^ <^te^'-tong^ ^ mi mm^m ~^ m -^ A teal shop yih ba^ tso-que°^ A silk store yih ba^ tsen-do te^^ A wine shop yih ba'^ ^tsieu te'^^ ^ mu mmm - ^ m is Twentieth Classifier, ^(] (foo), denotes sets of things, as A set of buttons yih foo^-nyeu^-^tsz M ^m m^ mm] ~m h'f A ])air bracelets yih foo-*-tsoh-cleu M nm m'^^nam - mo m m FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 23 A set of ear rings yih foo^-ch^o ^ ^m m^ ^^ ^^n - m m A pair of spectacles A set of domino yih foo^ ^nga^-kiuDg~ yih foo^ ba - m m yih foo^ Heu^-^^tsz ©ft jji A set of dice A set of chop sticks yih foo^-kw^a^. A set of tools, or yih foo' ka-sang instruments A saddle and bridle yih foo^ mo^-6 TwENTY-FIRSt CLASSIFIER, ^ (son^), DENOTES PAIRS, AS A pair of boots M ^'^ m^ nm A pair of shoes m. sErfff m^ m.n A pair of socks M Mm m^ ^^n A pair of gloves yih song shoo — # ik yih song ^a-^tsz yih song mah yih song ^seu-t^au^ — # ^ ^ ^ nm m^ m^n Twenty-second Classifier, '^ {tsimg\ denotes idols, and a cannon. An idol (buddhist's) An idol An idol (tauist's) yih tsung veh yih tsung poo-sah yih tsung zung-dau^ ^4 FIRST LESSOKS IN CHINESE. A cannon yih tsung p'au^ Twenty-third Classifier, '^ ipau), denotes bales of things. A bale of cotton yih pail hwo A bale of shirting M ^m m^ -^T yih pail yang 'poo^ — ^ # ^ A bundle of clothing yih pail e zong A bale of medicines yih pan yah A bale of tobacco yih pan ye'^ - ^ m A bale of merchandise yih pan hoo^-snh A bale of silk yih pan sz A bale of hemp yih pan mo-sz Twenty-fourth Classifieb .1^ (k^oo), denotes trees, plants, &c. A tree yih k'^oo-su^ -mm A flowering plant ^ ^^^ -PI ^^MB yih k^oo hwo A plant of vegetables yih 'koo ts'^ -mm A plant of wheat yih k^oo mah ~mw A plant of rice yih k^oo <^tau -m^m A bunch of grass, &c. yih k^oo 4s^au -mm FISRT LESSONS ]N CHINESK. 25 TwENTir-FIFTH ClASSUIER, ^ {me^ ), denotes flat objects. A mirror yih me^^ kiung^-*^tsz A flag yih me^^ ge A gong yih me"^ kiung-loo A drurn yih me^^ %oo -mm Twenty-sixth Classifier, i^ ((e\ denotes piles of things. A pile of timber ^ mm m^ Tm% yih te moh-deu A pile of fuel yih t^ za -mm A pile of coal M ^m m^ pTrfij yih t^ m^ A pile of brick yih t^ loh-tse A pile of stones yih te sah-deii A pile of earth ^ ^m m^ mn yih te nye A pile of cloth yih te poo^ A pile of goods ^ iwm m^ mm yih te hoo^-suh Twenty-seventh Classifier, ^1 (Jcid'ungX denotes bundles op things. 1 A bundle of ratans yih *^kw'ung tung -mm A bundle of rice straw yih ^w^ing tau^-za 26 FIRST LESSONS IN CHIKESE. A bundle of wood ^ *#r?n m^ iiJ# One bundle m.m%M Twenty-eighth Cla A flute M^^M A flageolet M ^^^mw^ A gnn ^ mm A pistol K mnmm A pen :g mi A pencil K mi'Wfia yih %w^ung za yili ^kw^ung yik %we'i> tih - « ® yih ^^kwe'^ siau — # M yih <^kwe^ niau^-ts^iiing yih %we^ seu^-ts^iang — # '^ H yih *^kwe^ pili yih %w^^ k^a^ pih yih <^kw^° ts¥ti yih %w^^ ts^mg A foot rule A steel yard Twenty-ninth Classifeee, ^ (te), denotes a pair, a brace. &c. A pair of fowls yih t^^ ke ^ gErfn m^ ^mm -mm A brace of ducks yih te^ ah % ^%Mn m^ #^^ — # li A brace of pheasants yih t^^ ya^-ke M ^'^'Mn m^ ^miM ~mnm A pair of pigeons A pair of candles yih te^ keh-*^tsz -m ^"f- hih t^^ lah-tsoh FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 27 1^ A pair of candlesticks yih t^^ lah-de A husband and wife yih te^ foo-ch^e A book-case yih 1 V f^ '^^h ^k^eu sfi-dsi\ A ward-robe yih ^k^eu e-dsu A cup-board yih %^eu we^^-dsu p mm A coffin yih %^eu qu^'^-ze P mVi A well yih ^k^eu ^tsing P'# Thirty-first Classifier, >j^ (dong), denotes casks, tubs, and buckets op things, &c. A cask of wine M ^m% m^ mi yih ^dong ^tsleu A cask ' of ale yih ^dong k^ob^-*^tsieu A barrel of flour yih <^dong kw6-me^^ A bucket of water yih ^d5ng ^sz A keg of powder ^ mm m^ *a® yih *^dong hoo^-ylih m km A cask of butter yih ^dong na^-yeu Thirty-second, j0L (ping), denotes BOTl'LES, OR VIOLS OF THINGS, AS : A bottle of medicine M mm m^ -mn^ yih ping yah m m 28 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. A bottle of wine yih ping *^tsieu m mm m^ mu -mm A bottle of ale yih ping k'ou^-<^tsieu A bottle of vinegnr yih pi no- tsV)o^ u mm m^ ^um -mm A bottle of oil, &c. yih ping yen Munm m^mMifa —mm Thirty-third Classifier, 7p§ {siang), denotes boxes of things. A box of tea yih sia ng ts6-yih A box of sycee yih siiing nyo-^paii A box of dollars yih siang yan^2^-rle° A box of materials yih siaag luxP-^nh A box of toys yih siang pob-s'ang-kwo K ^^^ m^ ^^Mn - m ^- « ^ Thirty-fourth Classifier,. ^J {foong), denotes letters, and other sealed parcels, as : A letter yih foong-sing^ M ^*M -mm An envelope yih foong sirtg^-foong mm Mu^i-M - m mm An official document yih foong vimg-'^ii muB^-Mifam^miM- m ^s Thirty-fifth Crassifier, ^ {pong)^ denotes a guild, a ciJiss. The liteiarv cla' a loli-su pong The mercharitile class sang-e pong The Cnnion ^<:nild qnong^-tong j^Tg FIRST l.ESSONS IN CHINESE. 29 The Ningpo gaiUl nyung-po pong ^ Wit nmm w m m The Nanking guild ne^-kiung pong ti mM nmm m M m The entire guild or class yih pong nyung Thirty-sixth Classiiter, [pj {we% denotes times. One time yih w6 ^ m^ - Two times Hang w^ ^ mm m m Three times, &c, sa^ we ^M mm H Thirty-seventh Classiher, ^^ ( piau ), denotes jobs, &c. A job of work yih p'iau^ sang-weh ^ m^ m^ ^m-^ ~ m ^ m A business transaction yih p^ian^ sang-e^ TfflRTY-EiGUTn Classifier, JjE (tsmff), denotes affairs. An affair yih tsong pz^-t^e This aifair ^te tsong sz-i^e mn m-^m mmmm That affair e tsong sz^-t^^ Two affairs 4iang tsong sz^-t^e Thirty-ninth Classifier, ^ {dzung\ denotes a story. A three storied house Sa^ dzung leu U EM m^-^ n^n H ^ It A seven storied pagoda ch^ih dzung t^ah M X^ n^M A#^ -^ m ^ 30 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. - Fortieth Classifier, |8< {dsong), denotes things piled one on top of the other. A pile of books yili dsong^ su A pile of paper M mum m^ ^M yih dsong^ tsz^-deu — m IRIS A pile of dollars yih dsong^ yang-de'^ ~ m nm A pile of clothes yih dsong^ e-zong A pile of plates yih dsong^ pimg-^tsz, &c., Forty-first Classifier, ^f ( koo) One share , denotes shares in business. yih *^koo A business of three partners sa^ *^koo vung^-deu Forty-second Classifhsr, "^ {ka^ ) One room denotes rooms, as : yih ka^ A bed room ^ ^w mm vong-kan, vong-deu mm mm ^ A parlor M m^ k^ah-dong ka^ ■♦ An office mi m^n sia^-zz ka^ Shroff's room m^^n mm tsang^-vong ka" m m m Forty-third Classifier, 'pp (je^ ), denotes garments, pieces of baggage or mer- chandise ; ai^o an affair, as ; A garment MMfm yih je^^ e-zong An affair Pf PS %B^ yihje^^ sz^-<^t'e FIRST LESSONS IN CRfNESE. ol This affair te j«' That "^ affliir e je^^ sz-t^e Two packages *^lia,nor je^^ ^ A^n± m ff Ten packages seh. je^^ Thirty pieces ga°-seli je°^ Forty-fourth Classifier, y^ (da ), denotes rows of TniNGis. A. row of houses yih da^ vong-*^tsz A row yih da^ A line of troops yih da^ ping In a row, or line yih da^ sang -Pi M%i% mm mi ~±^ A row of trees yih da^ siP 32 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. In all the foregoing, the numeral ijili has been used in the sense of the definite and indefinite articles, to denote singular objects. When it is desirable to speak of more than one object of either classifier, any other numeral may be substituted for ylli; but the appropriate classifier must, ia all cases, be introduced after the numeral, as: Three men ^a Ml Ten eggs Four fowls Twelve swords Nine knives mm ^M^n sa' Two Six roads Bit sticks of wood Seven boards Three horses Eight books Seventeen doors Four letters -^ kuh nyung A seh kuh ta°^ + ^ ® sz-tsah ke HK IS seh-nyi <^po tau + ^ «1 77 %icu ^po tau A«l 77 liang tiau loo^ m m^ I5h kung moh-deu cli'ih kw^e pa° -t mm sa^ p^ili ^mo pah ^pung su A * # seh-ch^ih se^^ mung + -b M n sz-foong sing^ mm in Two hundred Jbales of silk nye piih pau sz Four hundred chests of tea sz^ pah siang tso-vih FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 33 Thus the learner should apply any, or all of the numerals learned in the first part of thi s manual to any, or all of the classifiers, until he is perfectly familiar with their use. If the object under consi( omit the noun and simpl; examples. Three ieration is present, or is perfectly well understood, Y use the numeral and classifier. Take the above - ea^ kuh Ten m seh kuh Four sz-tsah Twelve seh-nye 'po + n :fla . Nine ^0 ^kien 'po Six sticks loh kung Two liang tiau m m Seven ch'ih kw'6 -t m Three sa» p'ih Eight pah ^pung A 2|5: Seventeen seh ch^ih se° Four sz foong mm 34 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Two hundred bales Four hundred chests nye pah pau sz pah siang, &c. w ^ I=>EK,SOTsr.AuI-, I^E,03^TOXJ3SrS. SINGULAR NUMBER, NOMINATIVE CAI^. 'nsroo You He, she, it E m p POSSESSIVE CASE. Mine ^ngoo kuk 13l ^ ^ OBJECTIVE CASE, Yours noong^ kuh m'^n m His, herPy its. e kuh Me Yon 'ngoo noong^ Him, her, it. e mm m-mp PLUEAL NUMBER. NOMINATIVE CASE. POSSESSIVE CASE. OBJECTIVE CASE. We nye^ 1M Ours nye^ kuh Us nve^ You na^ m Yours na^ kuh If ^ You na^ If They e-la pn Theirs e-hi kuh Them e-la pn FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 35 COMPOUND PERSONAL PRONOUNS, USED IN THE NOMINATIVE AND OBJECTIVE CASE$. SINGULAE NUMBER. NOMINATIVE CASE. OBJECTIVE CASR. I myself ^11 goo szMva Me myself *'ngoo gz^-ka Yoii yourself noong^ sz^-ka You yourself uoong^ sz^-ka He himself e szM^a He himself e sz^-ka She herself e 6z-*-ka She herself e sz^-ka It self e sz^-ka It self e sz^-ka PLURAL NUMBER NOMINATIVE CASK. OBJECTIVE CASE. We ourselves uve-^ ?zMca You yourselves na^ sz^-ka c-la sz^-ka They themselves 1^ ^^Pf^rfij^«J PUUM Ourselves nye^ pz^-ka You yourselves na^ szMca They themselves e-la sz^-ka 36 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. EXERCISES IN THE PRONOUNS WITH A VERB AND A NEGATIVE It is mine ^ Sz ^Dgoo kiih -m -± mm ^i a >^ It is not mine 2 veh sz^ ^ngoo kuli -m ~± M^ «Pi i^ m^ A^ My hat ngoo kuh mau^-^tsz mmm a >^ -i-i ^ Your house noong kuh vong-^tsz It is yours sz noong^ kuh -m -± ^^^ mm ^ It is not yours veh sz-noong> kuh —m -± MB ^^n ^ mm ^ Is it, w is it 6z e 3 nye veli-^z e kiih ? — ± — fl§; iHua — ± —B mp vM^mp^ not his ? It is his, or hers sz e kuh -u~± m~± K^ m^n mp ^ It is not ours veh ^sz nye^ kuh ~m -± mu m^n ^ mn^^ We did not go uye^ veh ^ ch^e kuh %^ it# mm M n^ ^ Oars have not yet nye^ kuh veh ^ ziing 6 ]^ m^m fls^* mm 9\-mu ^ ^ ^ M arrived Where are voiirs ? na^ kuh leh hi ^a It^ ? M^ 03^ ^5!.^ If >h *^ fe nT M Ours arj on hoard ship nye^ kuh leli-hi ze'^ long^ m^%^ m^ mu ie# ^m%^u m ± 1 (Sz), the verb to be. 2 (FeA), not, no. 3 Nye, or. 4. Ch^e, to go. 5. Veh-ztmg, not yet. 6. Le to come. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. .37 They have not cuiue ^ m^^ mm m^ e la veil ie They have not vet come ^ m^^ mm mm mn^ e-la veh-zung le These are my own m±n pgia n^ mB *^te kuh sz ngoo'szM^a kuh It is not your own -m ~± mm ^^mu vih sz noong^ szM^a kuh ^ mm g^>^ It is his, or her own sz e sz'-ka kuh -m -± »±n m^ m.mu ft i^ i m ^ We went ourselves nye^ sz^-ka ch^e^ kuh You yourself said so noong^ szMva ^ wo^ kuh m ^ mm ^ They came themselves c-la szM^a le kuh You yourselves gave it me na^ sz^-ka 8 beh ^ngoo The learner should not fail to run sach of the above examples through all the persons of the pronoun, both singular and plural. inSTTEROOA-TI^V^E I^IR.OlSrOXJTsrS- Who ? sa^ ? Which ? a le^? What? sa^? '^f* (ll^)? '11 ^'^i© sense of who, is applied to persons, and only when we enquire after a person or persons whol y unknown; and is almost always joined to the noun. Who? or who is it? sa^ nvung ? Who said so ? sa^ nyung wo^ kuh ? 7. Wo^ to speak. 8. Beh, to give. 38 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Who did it ? Who took it ? Who brought it ? Who has gone ? vf m± mi Who wants it ? Who opened the door ? Who shut the door? Who came ? p^ #^ Who has been in ? «^ flS± 0L -PI sa^ nyung ^ tsoo kuh? fit A m ^ sa^ njnm^ ' 2 'ta" kuli ? lit A ta ^ sa nyung B^A ta'^ le kuh ? sa nyung flt A ch^e> kuh ? 6a nyung 3 yau^ kuh ? sa nyung ^k^^mm^g? ntA i^ P^ sa nyung ^ qua^ mung ? »t A ^ PI 1 sa nyung le kuh ? B^ A ^ 4^ sa nyung ^ tsing^ le shih kuh ? B# A ^ ^ U: .^ W^hich, pf g {a-le^)j is used to designate a certain number of persons or things, according to the numeral used before the classifier. Which one ? Which book ? Which road ? Which shop ? Which two knives ? a-le.' vih kuh ? nl^M — .^ a-le-* yih pung su ? pT M — 2|5: # a-le^ yih tiau loo^? pT M - # ]^ a-le' yih ba° te°^ ? a-le^ *^liang *^po tau ? pt m mmji 1. Tsoo, to do. 2- ^«w, to ta^e. 3. yau, to want. 4. ^'e, to open. 5. quan^ to slmt. 6. ?si//^, to enter. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 39 Which three tables ? a-le^ sa^ tsah te-<^tsz ? i^.-s flsa m^f^n ht a h k m ^ Which vessel ? a-le^ yih tsah ze^ ? ^.t; #^ffli PT M - K m Which steamer ? a-le^ yih tsah hooMiing ze°- mt^ «i/s^ pt a - K ;^ ife m Which four doors a-le^ sz^ se°^ mung ? When the subject of conversation is present, or is well understood, the name or noun may be omitted, and simply use the numeral and classifier. Take the above examples. Which one ? a-le^ yih kuh ? ^. t; ^ tfi^a— ^ Which road ? a-le^ yih tiau ? Mt. mtm pt a - # Which book ? a-le^ yih <^pung ? Which shop ? a-le^ yih ba^ ? Which two knives ? a-le^ ^liang po ? ^>^ ^ ^5:gM^ tfp M ^ ^ Which three tables ? a-le^ sa^ tsah ? ^.t Ea ii#i£^ pt a H K Which vessel? a-le^ yih tsah ? ut, #^fffj pt a - K Which steamer ? a-le^ yih tsah ? ^>^ ^JS:?- Pl^ a - K Which four doors? a-le^ sz^ se° ? ^>t; n^ *&Piia^ pt a « 40 FIRST LESSNOS IN CHINESE. The learner should take many similar examples from the different classifiers, both with and without the noun, using different numerals. Sa (d^), in the sense of what, is used when the name, character, description, and wants of persons or things— and the meaning and explanation of things, — are enquired after; and usually follows a verb, and commences a sentence without a verb, as: What name? sa^ ming deu ? ^ ^ m ^te kuh 1 kiau^ sa^ ? sa? ^ong nyili ? What is this called? ^0. -± mn Jifffj# What occupation? What trade, or business? sa^ sang-e^ ? ^u fls:^^# mm m±7bm^^ ^M What is the matter, or ' What sa^ zz'-<:t'e ? business ? What business has he ? e 2 yeu sa zz'-H'e ? What do you want? ^M ^ m^ mm What does he want ? What are you doing ? What color ? ^m wt What kind or form ? noong^ yau^ sa^ ? ii ® B^ 6 yau^ sa^ ? noong^ la tsoo^ sa^? sa^ kuh Dga" siih ? sa' nga" suli ? sa^ kuh yang^ sub ? 1. A7aw, to call. 2. Yew, to have, FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 41 What price ? What o'clock ? ^M PI M'^% What news ? What weight ? What day ? What year ? What disease ? What did you say? mm mm w^ ^ What does he say ? At what time? m^ ^m mpf sa^ ka de^ ? sa ong zicg? ke^ te^ tsoong ? sa zz-keu ? sa^ sing sih ? ffS fe ^§i sa^ vung^-^liang ? sa' nyih-kiah ? mu m sn? nye^-vung ? sa^ kuh ping^ ? sa' ping-t^ong ? Bt^ m \i^ mm noong' wo' kuh sa' ? e woo' sa' ? sa' zung kwong ?' What is your honorable tsung sing' sa' ? tsung sing ? ^m -± i^ja [Hjpipa^^ # J* nt M n name ? sa' yo koo ? What is the cause ? What is the meaning ? sa' ka sell ? sa' e-sz ? What is the use of it? sa' yoong-deu ? ^m-'±nm^nm^-mii^ mm What place ? sa' 00 dong ? sa^ tsiing hau ? 42 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. What number? sa^ soo-mab ? Sa (B^) is also used in the sense of any, and no, or none, as : Did you say any thing ? noong^ wo^ sa^ va ?- I did not say any thino;, <^Dgoo veh wo^ sa^. Does he wish to say any thing ? e yau^ wo^ sa^ va ? He does not wish to say e veh yau^ wo^ sa. any thing.. MB ^ Have you any thing to say ? noong"* ^yeu sa^ woMeu va ? mm^ m^ m^ w ^Mi^- ^ n^ m ii ^ I have nothing to say, *^ngoo mg-sa^ wo^-deu. Have you any pros- ^yeu sa^ mong deu va ? flf j^^ PS¥ m^ m^^n m^ mm ^^ pect ? I have pect, no. no pros- m<]c sa^'monf?^ deu. ■smn mn^ m m Have you any shirtings? ^yeu sa^ yang-poo^ va ? yeu kuh. I have. I have none. nms^ mm mg meh. .^- FISRT LESSONS IN CHINESE. 43 Have you any money ? Have you any em- mm^ pf¥ m^ mi ploy men t ? noong^ ^yeu sa^ nyuiag-^tsz va ? noong^ ^yeu sa^ tsoo^-va ? I have no business, mg sa^ tsoo^. nothing. Has any one been here ? *^yeu sa^ nyung le va ? No. mg sa^ nyung. mm K Have you any plan ? ^eu sa^ f ah-tsuh va ? Is there any answer? ^yeu sa^ we sing^ va ? -±^ ^% m^ mi^ ^n mum ^ mg sa^ w^ sing^. m.mmm *^yeu sa^ pih yang^ va ? There is no answer. Have you any other mm^ n^ m^ mm. kind? miM I have no other kind. mg sa^ pih yancr^. I have nothing more mg sa^ pih yang^ wo^-deu. to say. ^^ Have you any thing to ^yeu sa^ ch^uh va ? mm^ m^m^n^ ^ d^ tr^ ^ eat or drink ? 44 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. I have nothinf^ to eat. mg sa^ ch'uh. ^^ mm^ mj^r ^ mm pi nt pg This. This That This te kuh. man. mm woman, chair. that. That table. This road. That house. This room. That door. These two doors. Those three windows. These four swords. Those ten boxes. Those ten boxes of e-kuh, as : *-te-kuk nyung. n^ A e kuh nyiP nyung. ¥^± A te po jii^-^tsz. e tsah te-<^tsz. te tiau loo^. e-dsu^ vong-*^fcsz. in) e se mung. ^te-kuh liang se^^ mung. M II PI ^ e-kuh sa° se" ts^ong. <^te-kuh sz^ ^po tan. 0^ ra ffi 7; e-kuh seh ts'ah siting-^tsz. ^ ^ tea. e-kuk seh siiing tso-yih. FIRST r LESSONS IN CHINESE. 45 Apply the above, and similar numerals : also the following e2 examples, to all the classifiers, with different .amples, in which the noun may be omitted, as in page 33. This one. <^te-kuk. These two. ^fce-knk ^liang tsah. That one. e se^\ p m Those three. e-kuk sa^ *^pung. These five. *^te-kuh ng kung. Those ten. mm MB e-kuh seh ^po. These two pairs. ^te-kuh ^liang song. Those seven sets. mm ^^ M\: e-kuh ch^ih foo^. This boat, compared with that, is fast. ^te tsah z4P-, ^pe-tsz^ e K m }^\izp tsah, K kwV. The study of the demonstrative pi classifiers, with different numerals, wi IlSriDEFIISriTI onouns, in connection with the different 11 be a very profitable exercise. 3 i^i^onsroxjzsrs. All, IHIrfn' ^loong-tsoong. (applied to persons) ta^-ke\ Jill ±m Many, much. too-^hau. Few, ^sau. Each one, every one. (applied to persons) ta^-too. 46 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Wlioevtr. ^a^ J^i veil lung^ sa^ nynng. What so ever, no matter what, veh-lung^ sa^, swo pe^^ sa^ veh tyii sa. Which ever. swo pe'\ ^m Mm MM Others. pih-kut.'N Other men. pih nyung. Other kind. pih yiing. Other forms, or styles. pih-kuh yang^-suh, pih yang\ WiM :^mn m^ nm^n m "^ # ^ m # Other places. pih-ts^ii^ pih tsang-hau. The adjective jff (hau) good, well, has a very wide application in Chinese. Indeed, every thing that is good, well, suitable, correct, charitable, palatable, ready &c, and in fact, every thing that suits the taste, or is agreeable to the mind, may be said to be Jf hau. The converse of nearly all the above, may be expressed with equal latitude not by bad, but by not good &c ^ f^ veh hau. Adjectives may be compared in Chinese. The superlative may be expressed in different words ; but this is regular, as: Good. %au. Bad. ch^eu, Better. ^hau te". | Worse. ch^eu-te^. Best. ^ting 4iau. Worst. ^ting ch^eu. FIRST l.ESSONS IN CHINESE. 47 Cold. Colder. Coldest. Hot. Hotter. mm Hottest. White. mm Whiter. mm Whitest. Rmnm Black. Blacker, Blackest. Green. Grreener. Greenest. *^lang. flang-te". ^ting ^liing. nyih. nyili-te'^. m m ^t.ing nj'ih. m m pah. S plih-te^ *^ting plili. m e huh. huh-te". m m ^ting huh. ]5h. loh - te^ ^tino; l5h. Red. Redder. Reddest. Blue. Bluer, Bluest. Yellow. Yellower. Yellowest. Short. Shorter. Shortest. Long. ong. Longer. Longest. '6ng-te^ M U la" - te». M m ^ting la\ wang-te°, n m ^to-te". mm ^ting 15, tsang. tsang-te". M m ting tsang. m m 48 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. High. Higher. Highest. Low. Lower. Lowest. Broad. Broader. Broadest. Narrow, Narrower. mmm Narrowest. Deep, mm Deeper. Deepest. Shallow. kau. kau-te". M m ^t'mg kau. te. % te - te°. % m ^ting te. kw^eli. kw^eh-te^. m m ^tins:"! kw^eh. W 'ah. ah te". mm ^ting 'ah, m m SUDg. sung-te^. *^Ling snng, II ^^ <^ch^e^ Shallower. Shallowest. Square. Bound. Old. Older. Oldest. Young. Younger. Youngest. Fast. Faster. Fastest, Slow. Slower. Slowest. fch'e"-te". m m *^ling ch^e^. m m f ong. :^ .yo- m «lau. ^^lau-ie'^. ^ting ^lau. eu-sang. #^ eu^ sang-te^. ^^m ^ting eu sang^ kw^a^, '^ kw V - te^. ^ m ^ting kw^a\ If raa^'-te". Tl 1:^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 49 Handsome. Handsomer. chHi\ Handsomest. Ugly. Uglier.- Ugliest. Early. Earlier. Earliest. Al. K»J Late. Later Latest. Heavy. Heavier. Heaviest. cli^u>-te^ m m ^ting chHi. m ® p^o^-te^ '\^ M ^ting p^o^. ^tsau. "^tsau-te*. ¥ m • ^ting ^tsau. m ^ m m II m ^tsoono[. ^tsoong-te". ^ting *^tsooDg. Light. Lighter. Lightest. Sharp. ch^ung. m ch'ang-te^. Hing ch'ung, Tl m kwV. Sharper. Sharpest. Dull. ma Duller. _DulIest. Large. Larger. Largest. Small. ^sia Smaller. Smallest. n^MMnB Ti 4 kwV-te". '^ m ^ting kwV. tung\ tung^.te^ ^ting tung^. II M too'. :^ tooMe". H\ng too^. ^siau-te^. ch- ting '■siau. 50 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Sweet. Sweeter. Sweetest. Bitter. More bitter. Most bitter. Thick. Thicker. Thickest. Thin. Mi Thinner. Thinnest. MiMnm Slippery. More slippery. Most slippery. te". m te^-te". mm Hinp: te^ nm qv'oo. Ei^ OF nsroxjnsrs. I can trace but two genders in Chinese. When applied to Mankind, the masculine is indicated by ^ ne and feminine by ^ nii, as : A man. n^ nyung. M Wl ^ A A woman. niP nynng. A male child. ne no. B mm fkMMm . ^ m A female child. nii no. ^ 3¥mm m^mm ^ m A male servant, ne siang pong. K mm ^mim ^m % A female servant. nii siiing pong. When applied to animals, the male is indicated by yoong ||| and the female by ^f ts^z, as ; A horse. A mare, mm A male cow. mm 'WM. yoong ^mo. tsz ^mo. m jik^ yoong nyeu, in 4^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 53 A female cow. A cock. ^ ^^ A hen. A male dog. A female clog. Male and female. l^sz nyeu. ill 4^ yoong ke. ts^z ke. yooiig ^keii. ts^z %eu. itti m ts^z yoong. The only way of formingthe plural of nouns in Chinese, is either by prefixing a numeral indicating the number referred to, or by leaving off the numeral and classifier ; in which latter case, the term is generic, as : Mankind. spi mtm Cows, Fowls. Birds. Houses. Windows. nyung. A nyeu, 4- ke. ^tiau. vonff-tsz. ^ ts^ong. Forks. Books. Horses. Dogs- Greese. Fish. ts'o. SLI, ^mo. *^keu. ngoo. ng. 54 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Doors, mimg. Spoons, ts^iii. Knives. ;, tan, 7J Trees. Or by prefixing a numeral, as : Seven men. ^^ mi A hundred horses. About ten men. Tliirty or forty bales. About a hundred. About a thousand. About ten thousand. m^B u mm - A half dozen. A dozen. :^ MMl A dozen and a half, M MMl PtPIflS :g m^ All men, or, men in &m mi tHi^ *pi -PI general. chMli kuh nyung. ■^ ^ A yih pah tsah ^mo. - W K .^ sell si\ kuh nyung. + it ^ A sa^ sz sell pau. ~m + ^ pall ^po, ch^e" ^po. mau^ ^po. loh kuh ; loh tsah ; loh ^po, &c. -^^ :fB sell nye^ kuh ; seh nye^ tsah ; + :n >^ + n K seh nye^ ^po, &c, + ^ ffil seh pah kuh; sell i)ah tsiih, &c. + A ^ + A K. nyung uyung ; tli ke. A A A« FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 55 Less than one hundred. n mi ^ ^MM More than that, li^ mm mm veh laiP yi h ])iih. ^ m - - W veh me^ yih pah. ^ M — W veil q)a. ^ n This term (veh ba) is used in reply, where the person spoken to is conscious that the amount, or number given, or communicated by the person speaking, is short of what it ought to be, as : More than a hundred men. §m PiPI M "f ^M Ml veh ba^ yih pah nyung. ^ SB . n6 — ' W A There are more than fifty dollars, veil ba^ no^-seh yano-_de° Less than that. ^n PiPS mm veil siau. This term may be taken as the reverse of veJi ha, or the reverse of more than necessary, or, enough. It is not necessary for —m -i^I ^B ^:kn^M ^W v.h sia,i seh-k.S'. so much as that. i> Mt; ^m mm Less than a hundred dollars. ^n PiPi^ t^:^ ixun Ten catties are more than are necessary. More than a hundred. ft^ PiPi :h "f ^m More than a thousand soldiers. E5i PiPi M mm 'i!>mmm± M m veh siau yih pah yang de". ^ m - w nm veh siau seh kiung: &c. ^ m -Y m yih piili too. - W ^ yih chV^ too ping ting. 56 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. More thau five hundred cliests. ng ]iah too seUng. More than thirty rooms. sll^ sell too ka^. Near, (restricted to numbers) mau, as: Near a hundred- mau yih piih. ^ - W Near fifty men. mau ^ng-seh nyung. Near three lee. mau sa^ le loo^, &c. One or more. m m'^ m • kwo *^po. A man or two. kwo po nyung. ^m A A dollar or two. kwo po yiing de". OF -A.r)-VEBS, How ? na^ nung ? na hang^ nung ? as : 015 m M f H^ How do you know ? noong^ na^ nung shau^-tuh ? m m m m # How did you know ? 5^^ ii:# li¥ m noong^ na^ nung shiiu^-tuh kuh ? How did you do it ? 5^^ ii:# m¥ ^ -m na^ nung tsooMvuh ? FIRST LESSONS IX CHINESE. 57 Now. How? ua^ meh na^-nun^? ii\i^. I^O^AL* M M m How now ? v^^^dze^ na^-nung ? ^^ ti M^ mm. How shall we manange it ? na^-nung tsoo^ den ? 5^^ f^rfij i^m muMt. -f^ M m m m How can it be arranged ? na^-nung tsoo^ f ah ? «^¥ ^PI -flS: ^ ^lE^PI-fe^ iP Hi ft ^ How did be tnanage to 5^^ ii:# fKJist ^PS^t ^ get in ? ^^ -PI Why? ^^ Why dont you come ? ^:^ liflS: m^ %m Why did yoil do it? ^M mm m^ ^ -m Why dont you pay it ? ^^ mm m^ m ~b Why do you do so ? w6 sa^ lau tsoo^ seb-ke^ ? Why is it ? we^ sa^ lau ? , ^^ —n ~m ^m ^ ^ When ^ ke-zz ? as : e na hang^-nang PM ^ m kuh? tsing^ le m ^ we sa^ ? we sa^ lau? we sa^ veh le? we sa^ lau tsoo-* kuh ? we sa^ veh foo^ ? ^ D^ ^ # When will j^ou come ? %e-zz^ le ? mpi T^-ro pf ^ 5£Pf ^B# ?15 When will you do it ? <^ke-zz^ tsoo^ ? 58 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. When did you go ? mu mwm^ When did you do it ? mu mw M^ m ~u How long since you came? ^^ m mat wp- -^m When is it due? mm ~n ~b m^p- Now it is too late. mm-m~n ^ m^ Just now, a little while ago. Quickly. Go quickly. Come quickly. Do it quickly. Be in a hurry. qccS-zz' ch'e' knh ? ^ke-zz^ tsoo^ kuh ? le tsz^ *^ke-zz^ tseli ? %e-zz^ je ? ^ke-zz^ tau^ je ? Now. mm ye^ dze^. as : I want it now. ^M uM ~m mm ye^ dze^ yau\ I dont want it now. nM mu wm ~m mm ye" dz(5' veh yau'. ye° dez^ 1^ veh je^. k'a" k'a", veh too 'ke-zz'. kw*a^-te°, au-saw', as : ^ m Mm kw'a'-te» ch'e\ ^ m ^ kw^a^-te^ le. kw^a^-te'^ tsoo^; tsoo^ le kw^a^ te^. BiJ: au-sau^, au-sau^ te^, kw^a^-te^. mm Bmm 'W^m FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 59 Only. Only these two kinds. mm± nn ^ mat Only small ones. Thus, so, &C. Not so. mm -y,- *^])ih koo ; tsuh-tuh, as ; tsuh-tiih ^te kuli ^liang yang^. pih koo-^siau kuh. ^ M /J^ >^ seh-kP; seh-ke^ ^iwng, as ; mm nm m veil ^sz seh-ke^ niing. I want it so. nM urn -m i!> It is so. Very. #^- Very good. Very fast. Very high. Very large. Very happy. Immediately. yau^ seh-ke^ kuh. *^sz seh-ke^ kuh. ma'\ as ; ma" ^hau, mil ^ kw*a\ m ^ ma" kau. i rPl ma" too^. m ± ma" k'a^-weh. m ^ Wi sieu^, as ; Come immediately ; I Avill come immediately. ^ :^ 60 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Do it immediately. sieu^ tsoo^. I returned it immediater I started immediately. sieiP dong-snng. But. ta'^^ zz, toh^-zz, se-r. The man is honest, but he nyung sz^ lau-zeh, ta°^-zz is good for nothing. mg-sa^ yo^^ng^ ^^^^- ~m uw urn fm Pint M m But he cannot speak ^a^^ zz he veil w(^^ wo^ ta^-.yung English. wo^. Verily, truly, indeed. Moreover. Not only. mm mu± He not only smokes opium. m^mumm±n!^-^nmmf ^ ^ #, p?„^ he moreover gambles. r-ch^a too^ dong-de , m^ i^'^i^ mmmm \jn m. m mm a le^ ? sa^ oo-dong ? a-le^ m^ a Dt ^ ^ Pi^a Where » doug ? a-le^ kwY''? sa' su ? Mli M pTS M Bt JTr a-le^ deu ? sa^ tsang hau ? &c. sedi-z(^\ r-ch'ia r-cli^e^, vehrda^^. as; 1? ^ e veh da"^ ch^ih ye^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 61 Where are you going? fi-le^ cli^e ? tau a-le^ eh^e ? Where did you find it ? sa^ oo dong sing-dsah kuh ? m^ mw ^"^ miw -m mp m mm^ Where is it to be had ? a-le^ dong veu tuh ^ma ? M)«--^-^^ i=btt# n-pSM '^ n n Where have you been ? noog la a-le ? Here t?z de^, te-kw^e.^ I am here. It is here. J^g. jH^t||l Men of this place. tsz-de^ nyung. *Pi m^ ^n m^n mk a Bring it here. ta° tau^ tsz-de^ le. It is not used here. tsz-de^ veh ang. There is a brisk |§^ — WJ M #^ — «)^ ^^'^■'^''' sang-e> nati> mang. fade here. tYM ^M ^ M We dont want it here. tsz-de^ veil yau\ ^5!< mu uM -M m^% "i^cM ^ m Tbere. e-deu, e-kw'e,^ as ; *s^ pm pm How is it there ? e-deu na^ nung ? 5A.^ -H] -fls: 4^^ ^H ^15 ii Is trade good there ? e-deu sang-e^ *^hau va ? 62 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. I>nt it down there. fong^ la e-kw'u^. Slowly, ma"^; ma^^ te" ; ma^ ma^ nung. nm± \^ m§k m \% n^ Not so fast ; go slowly. ma^^ te^. mB$A^nmn nm± it m Walk slowly. nia'^^ ma° ts? <^tseu. m^ nm± ti m z ^ Go up slowly. nia"^ ma^ nnng song' ch'e, w Mm mmi. It 11 Hi ± * Distinctly, eliding <^song, as ; Speak more distinctly. wo^ le ch'ing-^^song te» ni^t^m^ mnr^± m^ m m m I do not see it distinctly. ^ngoo k'o^^le veh ch'ing-^^song. n^coo t'inor^ ]^ veh ch^ino:-^sonfy. I do not hear It distinctly. fg M ^ Z^ MM Besides. tse wP ; ling nga^,as ; Have 3^on anj besides these ? tse we^ wa" ^yeu va^ ? There were five hundred ^jeu ^ng-plih kuh ping ; tse-we^ \t% ^% ^^ -^M^m % 3:w >^ :^ ^^F soldiers, besides burden bearers. wa^^ <^yeu t^iau te^ sa^ kuh. wx^i^^n ymM i^^ mm. m ^n n m m ^ Inasmuch, seeing, still. sang^-cli'ia. How much more ? oo-hwong^, as ; ^^ mz sia M ^% FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 63 If 3^e then, being evil, know na^ yeu tsiio kuh, sang cli'ia how to ffive ffood ffifts unto , -,^1111 -. ^ ^ -, *^.-rt.-^. — T-.j^-wt— .rrT>^ shau-'-tiih beh hau^ meh-zz^ la ^¥^^^^#^*^m^ j^ ,^ ^. ^ ^^^ your children, how much B^ W il5 JCT ^^ W M^ -trfiiflSriapI ^^ PSt; '-'^''' oo-hwong> na^ t'e- ya more shall your Father which ^ "T* ff^ ^ 1115 5c ^ Si.^ '^fffl M^ *^# M^ tau veh <^k'ung beh hau^ meh-zz> is in heaven give good things jt^^ ^ ^ m. ^Ut. Mn 1^ ~n -PI m^ ^^ ^#^^ ^^f ^ M i9F # » to them that ask him ? ^"^ '^J'^" ^ kuh va ? ^ #Pf M^ mn-% ntm u^p ^ ^ Still. more. Much more. nmmB^ M^ mt> b^ Much worse. Much longer. Still dearer. Still better. nmm z^'^ Then, now. mi m Now it is well. kung^-ka ; MM yuh-ka, as ; MM kung-ka veh *^hau. kung^-ka MM tsang. kung^-ka MM tyiP kung^-ka ^hau. Da" meh, m M as. na°-meh m M *^hau tseh. Tsoo^ %au-tsz <^te-kuh, na^ When you shall have finished ^Pi m^ \^m m^ mi~Wim n mz n^ this, then do something else. meh tsoo^ pih-kuh Now he is happy. ' na^-meh k'a^ weh-ts<5h. m 64 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Yesterday. so-nvilij as | He went awav yesterday. e s6-nvili cli^e^ kiitl. She come to day. e kiung-tsau le kuh» ^ 4 ^ ^ >^ The more you do, the more you will be able to do. vuh-zz^ tsoo^, yuh-zz^ we Mm m mm t tsoo^. For the time bein^^. ch'ia tung. Too, OVER (denoting excessa.) t'uh. Too large. Too small. Too good. Too bad or in- different. 2fm^ -PI Too cold. ^ mmmw Too hot. Too white. ^ ME t'uh doo'. full "^siau. t'uh fhau. t'uh ch^eu. t'uh ^lans. ^ 5^ t*uh nyih. t'uh pah. Too black, ^ ^ Too yellow. Too blue. ^ Too green. mi ^ Too red. Too long. Too short. Too liigh. ^^ t'uh huh. t'uh wong. t'uh la^, t'uh loh, t'uh 'ong. t'uh dsang, t'uh <^do. t^ih kau. ^ 1^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 65 Too low. Too broad. Too narrow. tn^m Too deep. Too shallow.- t^i^ Too fast. mi ^ Too slow, nu Too early. ^ Too late. ^ Too heavy. Too light. Too sweet. Too bitter. Too thick. ^ :5£ Too thin. t'lih te* t'lih kw'eh. :^IHIIf ]fi£ t'lih 'ah. t^ih sung. 1^ '^ t'lih k\v'a^ '1^ t'lih nm'^\ ^ tf full ^tsau. t'uh aii\ 1^ m full ^dsoong. full cli'ung. i^ IS t'uh te". ^ m t'uh flc'oo. t'uh ""en. full poh. Too hard, stilf. soft, Too limber. mmx* Too smooth. 0- ^0 A Too rough. Too many. ^^ Too few. Too fierce. Too wicked. Too stupid. Too clever. Too salt. Too old. ^ PIffii# Too young. ^ full DgUng^. full ^nyo. full quong. full mail, f uh 'too. full *^sau. ^ full shooug, f uh 'oh. full pung^. f uh ts'oong- fuh a^ fuh qau. i^ :^ nye'^ ke ^ IE fuh ch^ung. 66 FIKST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Too cheap. ^ mm Too dear. Too -wet. full cljang. fall tvu\ full Sllll. Too dr full kwo. ili^ i^ Afterwards. Until. Perhaps. I fear. Daily. eu^ ^seu. ffiJitE # t tsuli tau\ It m oh-tse. ^# ^k'oong-p'u^. nyih-too. ^ Openl}^, franklv, &( Securely. tsuh-loh. It m C,.r wung-tong\ About. About seventy bales. Secretly. Gently, with care. m m as yah j/<\^ ch'ih ^^ M -b seh pau. &>> e"> le. B& at ?M ch'ung ch'ung, M m m OF DPREI^OSITIOlSrS. Above. Below. Under. beneath. Inside. Outside. song^ deu. f. /.-^ au^ te ; au^ te deu. T m y m m te^-%u. le^-shling. nga^-deu. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 67 After, Behind. Before. From. To (to arrive at). When did you arrive ? How many lee from Shanghai to Peking ? On. On the table. On the chair. mumm On the floor. On the carpet. mm ti t^:?:^ On the ground. mm n mmmw On the street. mm m n^'^^m ^eu. 'eu^ te, 'eu^-te-deu, 'eu^ deu ^^^ nfja* -^^ r5=^ T??: ^<^. Trz: se", se^-deu. *^tang, as ; tang tsz-de tau e-deu. tr mmmti m tau^. m ? aHf m <^tang' son^ r^-qie tau^ *r ± mm poh — k iUDg, %e le loo^ ? :((i M m ^m long f {much iised) as; ± te-^tsz long\ 1^^ ± li^-^tsz long^. Wf ± te long^; te^-koh long^. «i ± m m ± mau-ta^ long^. te loT]g\ ^ ± ka long^. 68 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. On the wa}^, or road. On the person. On board ship. iHiiii iE^# mm On the foot, or leg. On the hand. On the wall, Mi ^ ^m% On the box or trunk. [HIS. ^ f|>M) ^^^^ On the bed. On the window. On the door. On the head. On the roof. On a plate. On shore. On the water. loo long^. ^ ± sung long^ Jt z4» 1 ong'. m ± hi ah long'. m ± *^seu long^ — L» siling lopg^ ± siang ^-tsz long^. ^ ± zong long^ ^ ± ts'on g' '\'e\\ Jong? P ± mung long\ n ± ten long^. IS ± 5h long\ ± pun g-<^tsz long^ ^ ^ ± '6^ Iong\ ^ ± t^ z:ii In the water. .sz^ ^e. In the Winter, 'tono- ^e la the Summer. au^ ^e. In the Spring. ts'ung ^e, ts'unglong\ 1-31 ^^^Ei m n m ± n the Autumn. ts'ieu ^e. In the day. nyih ^e. In the night. ya ^le. In the church. ^e-pa^-dong le- In the school room. 'oh-dong ^le. In the heart. sing ^e In the ground. te^-he le In the grave. vung-sa^ le. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 71 la the well. tsing^ ^le. In hell. te^-nyoh *^le. mm m In the go-down. tsa">-vong qe. In the canal. pang ^le. In the river. '00 <:ie. mm In the city. sung ^le, m m In the temple. miau^ <^le. JH m In the shii)'s hold. ts'ong^ ^le. m m In the eye. nga^^ tsing *-le. m m m In this month. He kuh nyoh *^le. In the ear. nj^e^ ^too le. ^ ^m In a bottle. ping 'le. In the cask. 'tong <^le. In the mouth. tsz' He. In this. ■^te-kuh fie. 72 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. In that. e-kuh Me. In the wilderness. liwong-va^ He. In the light. liiing^-kwong Me ; liang^ Me. In the dark. e°' dong 'le; e°^ Me. -5: ^ ;^|E:^ Btr ti n Bt ii Within these two or three daj^s. *^te kuli liang^ sa^ nyih Me. In trouble. k'oo'-fnau "^le; ts-. This also is a good one. <^^e kuh ^a- zz <^haii kuh. mn m^'i!> -n ^^m ^ ^ pt ^g ^ i- I also want to purchase* ^ngoo ^a yan^ <^raa. I also want to go. ^ngoo *^a yaiP ch'e\ n mm '&m.u ^m 1^ pt ^ * Do you still, or yet Want more ? wa'^ jrw^ va ? 0'm^m^mm^w,mumm'^ ^ 51 ^ Though, Although, ITot withstanding. swd-zz^; swo ze^. ^vn mm^ummi^-nnn^ mm mm Although he is oldj he e swo— zz^ *^Iau, wan mm^m^m^ -n mmwm^ ^ mm ^ m is still able to work. tsoo^-tuh dong sang weh. ~n n^m ^mm ^ m wn m ^ 1^ Because, For, jung we^; weMsz; ^k^. Why did you run away ? we sa^ lau tau tseu ? Because I was afraid. y^^"g we^ ^ngoo p'o^-kuh. mmnnMmn^m^Mw m % ^ ^^ For this is the law and the ke, lih-fah lau se^-tsz sz prophets, (Matt. 7. 12.) seh ke\ 74 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. It is because matters are —B — ^ WM^ W^^ M% ^•^' tsz Beh-k^' 'ngoo veh thus, I do, or did not wish % :t WM. ^ ^ M^ ^M ^ Mas fS"# P">^ lah-k^. to have anything to do with it. ffi JS ^ If, except, unless. That, so that. mm '};> mu Then, well then. When you shall have finished this, then do that. sah-sz; sah-ze^. na'^-meh, keh-raeh. Tsoo ^hau tsz ^te^ kuh, na" meh tsoo^ e-knli. sah-sz^ e veh ^k'nng tsau^ ^ngoo, If he will not do as I propose, then wiiat will M^U^n *&S MB Wl—M keh-mehe/k'Mgtsoosa^? he do ? Lest. Take an umbrella, lest m^ i^m^Mm^^HU^nm you get wet. Neither, nor. Neither this nor that. iS H) m^^ III case, if, should. —% Mn ~^ Mf ^## td^ sang-tsz, as; ta"^ yih *^ting sa^^, ^sang-tsz^ m~m # -t ^ ling sail. ^ m ^a veh. te kuh veh zz, e kiih a veh zz. t'ong^ sz, t'ong^ z^^. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 75 Either, or. oh-zz^, as; ^m m^^ ^;i oh-zz^ kiung tsau, 5h-zz^ ming Either to-day or to-morrow. ^^^ w^'^m HJ? ^m^^m^^^m tsau. And. t7* lau. Pf PI# ^ The morning and evening. tsau^-zung lau ya^-kw'a. ^ %^f^^i Pf s# ^^i&^s. ^- ^ ^^'^ Books, &c. sii lau^ sa. b^is}ms.^}!>m^ m^m i I3SrTEE,ROO-A.TI-\rES- Va — have you found it ? sing dsah va ? ^ m^ w^ :^um ~m m ^^ Meh — is used as an interrogative when you L have reason to expect or. hope for ^ an affirmative answer, as ; Is breakfast ready ? va" hau meh ? -± r-ffnM^^n m^^ mnm Sa — as an interrogative, is sometimes found at the close, and sometimes at the Ifg commencement of a sentence, as ; What do you want ? noong^yau sa ? mu m ffii^ um ii ^m What price ? sa ka de"? mm m.'i^^n mmm, A-le — is also an interrogative. noong tau a-le ch*e ? noong-tau Where are you going ? ii ©jui^a* m m 1^^ ^rfn M¥ ffl0 a-le ? a-le ch'e ? pTM ptM # Nye — is also used as an interrogative. pjs Is it or is it not ? 8Z nye veh sz ? ~±~um%~±~mmu m^Ji^^ Is it good or not ? hau nye veh-hau ? -± ~m mm m% mm n m^mm 76 FIRST LESSONS JN CHINESE. ^^EIQHCTS^ <^,0. A pic III. yih ta'*^; yih p*ah kiung. A catty. yih kiung; seh-loh-liang. An ounce. yih *^liang. — ^ An ounce of silver. yih liang nynng-^tsz. 1-lOtli of a liang. yih ze^ l-lOth of a ze". yih fung. - » ll-lOth of a fuug. yih le, -s - lOth of a le. yih an. Tls. 12.33 8eh nye^ liang sa^ z^.* sa^ fung Tls. 10.42. 5.3 seh ^liang sz^ ze^^ nye^ fung ^ng^ le sa'^ au. One dollar. yih yo, yih kw'P yang de^. A half dollar. yih kuh te k'e; pe^ kw'P. A quarter of a dollar. yih kuh sz^ k'e. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 77 Ten cents. yih koh. - # One cent. yih fung, yih fung yang de^. - ^ - ^ n m An inch. Pfi —it; yih ts^ung^. - ^ 1 — tenth of an inch. yih fung. - ^ A foot — (ten inches.) (Ch inese foot-) yih ts'ab. Ten feet. yih *^dsang. - 5t Ten feet sqnare. yih fong. A mow. yih ^rag. A foot square. yih ts'ah tse" fong. An hour. yih *^l'ie° tsoong, '-mm Half an hour. fli* mm n^ loe»^ ^t'ie^ tsoong. ^ #^ M Quarter of an hour. yih k'uh. - M A minute. yih fang. A day. yih nyih. - 78 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Sunclav. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. le-pa^, le-pa^ nvih, mn mn le-pa^ yih. mn ~ le-pa^ nye\ le-pa^ sa". Thursday. le-pa^ sz^. Friday. le-pa^ *^ng. Saturday. le-pa^ 15h. A week. yih kuh *^]e-pa^, yih ^le-pa^ — 4^ /If ^ — ;li ^ To day. kiung-tsau. 4 15 To-morrow. ming-tsau, w m Yesterday. so-nyih. \$ Day before yesterday koo^-nyih-tsz. M ^ Day after to-morrow. ^eu-nyih. #0 Two days. liang nyih. m Every day. nyih nyih, nyih too. 0^ / FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 79 Day. nyih. Night. va\ In the day time. -^ ^ ^ mm nyih-le. M In the night. ya^-le. In the morning. tsau^-zung-deu. ^ mm In the evening. (twilight). wong hwung deu. n ^ m In the forenoon. song^ lie^ nyih ; ^song tseu. ± ^ ± « In the afternoon. *^au tseu^; au^ pe^ nyih ; ^au T « T^ T tseu^ dong. ft W} At noon. ^m Mm. nvih tsoong ; nyih-deu tsuh. B ^ sR It About midnight. pe^^ ya *^po. First half of the night. song^ pe^ ya^. The Litter half of the ^ m'^ m^ m^ # night. au^ pe^ ya\ T ^ ^ Just before daylight. t'"e^ liang kw'a\ ^ ^ 'It?; Month, or moon. fn^x mm nyoh. 80 FFRRT LESSONS IX CHINESE. A month. yili huh iivoh. - ^ M A full month. M insffij ?^-X . me" nvoh. This month. ^te kuh nvoh. >h ^ Last month. se" nyoh. la n Intercalary month. nyung nyoh. m n Next month. •"au nyoh. First of the month. nyoh deu ; ts'oo-deu. H M m M On or about ot the month. the . first nvoh deu long^. The end or last of month, P1^ the nyoh *^te. The middle of the month. nyoh pe"^. Half a month. pe^^-kuli nyoh. Monthly, every month. nyoh nyoh ; nych-too. First day of the month, ts*oo yih. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 81 Second day of the month. Third day of the month. Fourth day of the month. Fifth day of the month. Sixth day of the month. Seventh day of the month. Eighth day of the month- Ninth day of the month. Tenth day of the month. Eleventh day of the months The twentieth. Twenty first. Year. One year. Half a year. ts'oo nye-*. ts'oo sa". %/ = ts'oo sz^. %j m ts'oo ^l)g, ts'oo loh. ts'oo ch'ih. ^^ -fc ts'oo pab. ^Ti A ts'oo "^kieu, ts'oo zeh. m -h seh yih. + - nye^-seh. ::! + nya^^-ih. -tt - nye". yih nye^ pe"^ nye^. 82 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. This year. Last year, Next year. m^nm mm The whole year 'liner 1^^ m0 Every year. kiung nve^. djeu^ nye°. k'e nye^ ; le nve'^. nye° dsang ; me'^ nye" ^ n # ^ nye'' too ; nye** nye°. First half of the year. The last* half of the 'It mnm m^ m^ m year. The new year. m n mm The close of the year. 'It mm^ m^ m mm The beginning of the year. 'It &^m, m^ m mm All the time^ from year to m^mmm^rnhmmm^ year. About a year. ^UB B mm After the new year. ^i**ffi'it M mm sono ± '^ p<5» nye". 'au pe" nye'^. sing nye°. if ^ ';?" ya\ nye^ deu long> m u jih nye° tau^ den nye" ^po. koo^ nye^ ^ ^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 83 OF "V^EIiBS- I am not aware that any attempt has ever been made to conjugate and in- flect the verb, in Chinese, through all. its numbers, persons, moods, and tenses, as it is done in English. As the attempt cannot fail to be of great benefit to the student of the spoken language, I shall, at the risk of exciting a smile, try to throw some light upon this unexplored field. Any one, familiarly acquainted with any of the spoken dialects, may, by close observation, detect, in the Chinese stereotyped manner of conveying their ideas, certain forms of expression which change the sense of the verb, witj^ every variation of form ; somewhat analagous to what we find in English, in the Indicativ^e mood, Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future tenses also the Imperative mood and participle. The same forms may also be traced through all the tenses of the Subjunctive mood. Having tested this peculiarity, in more than three hundred verbs, and finding that the moods and tenses are ex- pressed in uniform manner, why may we not take this peculiarity of manner as a rule, and inflect a verb through all its moods and tenses ; and thus establish a rule for all other verbs, that will be of infinite value to the student of the spo- ken language ? OBSEi^"v^-A.Tionsrs oisr the is/tooids. The five moods, Indicative, Potential, Subjunctive, Imperative, and Infinitive may be distinctly traced in the Shanghai dialect. The Indicative mood, present tense, is only distinguished from the Imperative and Infinitive moods, by the personal pronoun, expressed or understood. The Potential mood prefixes to the verb such other auxiliary verbs as express possibility, liberty, power, will, and obligation, as; You can go, noong^ k'o^-e ch'e^. They can come in. e-la k'o^-e tsing^ ]6. ^M mi m^ -m p^ n^ m ^ He would not come, e veh-%'ang 1^. m Bm MB Mf #f ^ # ^ 84 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINES,!^. He can {has the physical 2^0 wer to) do it. e iiung^ tn'oo-*. He can {has the ahility to) do it. e we tsoo^. mmi ^~u Pt n Tlie}^ ought to sell. e^la yung-k^ ma^. He must come. e tsoong yau^ le. m^mnumn^ p m m m The Subjunctive mood, which represents an action under a condition, supposi- tion, &c. is preceded by a conjunction expressed or understood ; or takes a suf ■^x with the force of a conjunction, as ; If you do not assist, siib-sz^ noong^ veh siang- we cannot do it. j.oiig, nye' Yeh nuiig' kuh tsoo-" If you do not find him, sah-sz^ noong^ sing e veh -^m^mMmmmmmf ^m .m mp ^ come back immediately. dsab, sieu^ tse^ le. :^Pf A^ —vty^MMU± M ^ ^ ^ If it is finished, brinp; eab-sz' %au la' tseh, ta" -^ -u -± mm^WiB m%m ^m. n ^ m % it. le. Five tenses may be traced in the Shanghai dialect : the Present, Imperfect, Terfect, Pluperfect, and the Future. The PRESENT TENSE has two distinct forms. mi • 1 T ^ngoo ch*ah. The simple, as ; I eat. - The progressive form, as ; I was eating. ^ngooleh-la ch'uh. And the emphatic form, as ; I did eat. ^ngoo sz ch'uh kah. The PERFECT TENSE, as ; ^ngoo ch'uh -tseh, or ngoo ch'uh I have eaten. ^ Pg ^ ^ P^ la tseh, or ngoo ch'uh koo^ um m ^ m. tseh. m The PLUPERFECT TENSE, as ; <^ngoo e-kiung ch'uh tseh, or, I had eaten. ^^ M Pt ^ The FUTURE TENSE, as; *^ngoo e-kiuug ch'uh la tseh or, ^a m P2fe # ^ngoo e-kiuDg ch'uh koo tse. ^ a m pt Mm^ I will or shall eat. *'ngoo yau ^ch'uh. n ^ vt The Imperative Mood. Eat. ch'uh, ch'uh long. flg pg m Each tense of the verb has two numbers, the Singular and Plural, and each number has three persons, as in English ; but the form of the verb of each per- son, both Singular and Plural, is the same, as ; 86 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. SINGULAR. TLURAL. 1. I eat. 2. You eat. ^ngoo cli'iih. noong^ cli'nh. 3. He, she or it, eats. e cli'Lih. 1. We eat. m mu 2. You eat. 3. They eat. nye^ ch'uh. is f»g na^ cli'uh. m P^ e-la cli'uh. The verb may be conjugated in Chinese, as ; present eat, (l^ Ch'uh, imperfect ate, [1^ >^ Ch'uh kub, perfect participle, having eaten, P^ -J- Ch'uh tsz ; and inflected as follows ; Indicative Mood; •f^ B^ PRESENT Tense, Simple Form. Singular. ^ Plural. 1. I eat. 2. You eat. *^ngoo ch'uh. I 1. We eat. m p£ m ^m nooDff^ ch'uh. m^ mm m \ft 3. He, she or it, eats. e ch'uh. m^mmit p [ft 2. You eat. 3. They eat. m mm nye^ ch'uh. iM P^ na^ ch'uh. m pt e-la ch'uh, JS B^ ^ Present Tense, Progressive Form. ^^ Singular. 1. I am eating, ^ngoo leh-le ch'uh. nMmfmm nrnvt. 2. You are eating, noong^ leh-le ch'uh. m^umr m fim p^ 3. He, she or it,is eating, e leh-le ch'uh. M^m~±mrpmm\tt ■^ Plural. 1. We are eating, nye^ leh-le^ ch'uh. m n mr m ^m P2 2. You are eating, na^ Ich-le^ ch'uh. m^ u mr m ^m Pg 3. They are eating, e-la leh-le^ ch'uh. m nmr ifim*&mpt FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 87 ^ ^ Imperfect Tense, Simple Form. m Singular. 1. I ate. ^ngoo ch'uh kuh. *^ P2 ^ 2. You ate. mm ^noong ^ch'uh kuh. 3. He, or she ate. m MB e ch'ah kuh. 1. We J3E M ate. Plural. nye^ cli'iih kuh. \t ^ A^ 2. You ate. na^ ch'uh kuh. 3. They ate. MB e-la ch'uh kuh. '^:^tT I^IPERFECT Tense, Progressive Form. ^ Singular. 1. I was eating. ^ngoo leh-la^ ch'ah. a «fcte p^ 2. You were eating. noong^ leh-la^ ch'uh. 3. He, or she was eating. e leh-la^ ch'uh. ^MM P^ M Plural. 1. We BE ■were eating. nye^ leh-la^ ch'uh. 1)5 *ito pg 2. You were eating. na^ leh-la^ ch'uh. # «fcte P2 3. They were eating. 1^^ \>xy e-la leh-la^ ch'ah. i» *fcfe Pg 88 FIRST LESSONS IN Chinese. 1 -^^^S Imperfect Tense, Emphatic Form. m SiNGULAI I. 1 I did eat. m^ mw Bu ngoo^ sz^ ch'ah kuh. 2. You did eat. m^ mw j^fls: noong^ sz^ ch'ah kuh. 3. He, or she did eat. e sz^ ch'ah kuh. ^ m vt ^ M Plural. 1. We did eat. nye^ sz^ ch*uh kuh. m m ^ ^ 2. You did eat. m^ m# m^ na? SY? ch'uh kuh* m m v^ ^ 3. They did eat. e-la sz^ ch'ah kuh. ^ Perfect Tense'. m Singular. 1. I have eaten. ngoo^ ch'uh tseh. n vt m 2. You have eaten. noong^ cVuh tseh. m pg % 3, He, or she has eaten. e ch'uh tseh. ^ Plural. 1. We have eaten. nye^ ch'ah tseh. 4lg p£ # 2. You have eaten. na^ ch'uh tseh. m ^ ^ 3. They have eaten. e-la ch'uh tseh. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 89 La tseh and koo-tseJi, are frequently heard in the perfect tense, as ^ngoo 01,' ah la tseh, or ^ngoo ch''uh koo-tseh, the la and koo, are not necessary to the sense. '^/Jfl Pluperfect Tense. ^ Singular. 1. I • had eaten, ^ ^ngoo e-ldung ch'iih tseh. n^m^ mmi ^ a if ng m 2. You had eaten, noong^ e-kiung ch'uh tseh m^ mw ^^m m b m vtm 3. He, or she had eaten. e e-kiung ch'uh tseh. ^ Plural. 1 We had eaten. nye^ e-kiung ch'uh tseh. 2. You had eaten. na^ e-kiung ch'uh tseh. 3. They had eaten. e-la e-kiung ch'uh tseh. * fls#0^pi ^m Qj^ pg m La tseh, and koo-tseh, are frequently found in the pluperfect, as ; ^ngoo e-kiung ch'uh la tseh, or ^ngoo-e-kiung ch'uh koo-tseh. ^ JR Future Tense. ^ Singular. 1. I will or shall eat. *^ngoo yau^ ch'uh. nu m^ m^^^^mm m ^ \^ 2. You will or shall eat. noong^ yau^ ch'uh, ffi^ SE^IHl^ t&j^ ^^ ii ^ P^ 3. He will or shall eat. e yau^ ch'uh. m-<^ SEB m'^ ^"^ i>xm ^ w \fZ 90 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. ^ Plural. 1. We will or shall eat. nye^ yau^ ch'uli. J§E JSEja Mj^ f^li j^flS: # ^ vt 2. You will or shall eat Da^ yau^ ch'uh. 3. They will or shall eat. e-la yau^ ch'uh, 'm JiEB m^ ^^ mm pm m vt The learner should bear in mind that yau has several meanings, as ; yaUj to want ; yau, will or shall; yau, must ; and yau, ought. Pif Potential Mood. i§^ 0^ Present Tense. ^ Singular. 1. I may or can eat. ^ngoo k'o^-e ch*uh. n^m m^mim^u a ^r^ p^ 2. You may or can eat. noong^ k'o-e cli'uh. 3. He may or can eat. e k'o-^-e ch'uh. m-^ m m% mi jass: ^ pTja t^ ^^ Plural. 1. We may or can eat. Dye^ k'o'^-e ch'uh. m m m% mi mm m mix ng 2. Tou may or can eat. 'na> k'o'-o ch'uh. 3. They may or can eat. e-la kV-e ch'uh. m m m^ mm mm pm ^m pg FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 91 | Subjunctive Mood. §^ Hi^ Present Tense, Simple Form. | m Singular. | 1. If I eat. -^ nM ^m siih-pz^ ^ngoo ch'uh. 7^ ffe P2 2. If you eat. -^ M^ Bm sah-sz^ Doong^ ch'uh. 3. If he or she eat. -^ yftiJc naE ^ 1^^ siih-sz^ e ch'uh. ^ Plural. 1. If we eat. -^ m mm sah-sz^ Dye^ ch'uh. 2. If you eat. -^ M^ mm sah-sz^ na^ ch'uh. ^^ If Pg 3. If tht-7 eat. -5^ *a 0^ sah-sz^ e-la ch'uh. iS B^ M Present Tense, Emphatic Form. m Singular. ]. If I do eat. sah-sz' "'ngoo "^sz ch'uh. *fS ^ :^ P£ 2, Ir you do eat. siih-sz^ noong^ <^sz ch'uh. 3. If he do eat. sah-sz^ e ^sz ch'uh. M Plural. 1. If we do eat. sali-pz' nye' xr sah-sz^ na^ leh-le^ ch'uh. im.m^m. P2 3. If tliey are eating. sah-sz^ e-la leh-le^ ch'uh. ^n pn *fca pg ^/^ Imperfect Tense, Simple Form. m Singular. 1. If I ate. -^ n^ ^B sah-sz^ ^ngoo ch'uh kuh. 2. If you ate. -^ ffi¥ ^^ ?Sh-sz^ noong^ ch'uh kuh. 3. If he ate. -^ >;$i?< ^fl§: sah-sz e ch'uh kuh. MmP Pg ^ ^ Plural. 1. If we ate. -^ BE MU sah-sz^ nye^ ch'uh kuh. Mm m \ft ^ 2. If you ate. -p^ ffl¥ ^38: sah-sz^ na^ ch'uh kuh. Mm ^-^ pg ^ 3. If they ate. sah-sz^ e-la ch'uh kuh, MmPU Pg ^ FIRST ].ESSONS IN CHINESE. 93 ^ ^ S Tmperfect Tense, Emphatic Form. ^ Singular. 1. If I did -^ m^ mw eat. sah-sz^ ^ngoo ^sz ch'uh ^m ^ m vz kuh. 2. If you did -^ m^ iS:# eat. sah-sz^ noong^ *^sz ch'uh kuh. ^^m m m v^ ^ 3. If he did -^ '^3!c ji:# eat. Plural. sah-sz^ e ^sz ch'uh Mm ^ m m kuh. 1. If we did eat. 8ah-sz nye^ ^sz ch'iih Mm m m v^ kuh. 2. If you did -5^ M¥ m# eat. mm £*ah-sz' na^ ^sz ch'ah kuh. Mm m m v^ >^ 3. If they did eat. siih-sz^ e-la ^sz ch'uh kuh. >f\ ^ ^ Imperfect Tense, Progressive Form. ^ Singular. 1. If I- were -^ ^^ Jiia eating. mr sah-sz^ ^Dgoo leh-la^ Mm m ^U ch'uh. P2 2. If you were -^ m^ %% eating. sah-sz^ noong^ leh-la^ Mm m ^U ch'uh. P2 3. If he were eating. sah-sz^ e leh-la^ Mm P i^U ch'uh. P2 M Plural. ' 1. If we were -* SE ^52. eating. mr sah-sz^ nye^ leh-la^ ch'uh. 2. If you were -^ W¥ ^^ eating, mr sah-sz^ na^ leh-la^ Mm m nML ch'uh. 3. If they were eating. , mr sah-sz^ e-la leh-la^ ^® PU i^M ch'uh. ( 9^ [ FIRST LESSONS 11^ r CHINESE . ^ PERFECT TENSI :. ^S^ Singular. 1 If I have eaten. Sah-sz^ *^ngoo ch'uh tseh . 2. If you have eaten. -^ ffi¥ mm mmi sah-sz^ noong' cli'iili tseh. m 3. If he has eaten. ^ Plural. siih-sz^ Mm e ch'uh tseh. m 1. If we have eaten. sah-sz^ MM nye^ ch'uh tseh. m 2 If you have eaten. slih-sz^ MW. na^ ch'uh m pg tseh. m 3 If they have eaten. sah-sz^ Mm e-la ch'uh PU i€ tseh . m ^ J^ PLUrERFECT TeNSE. • ^j^ Singular. If I had eaten. -^ ^^ ai# «#PS sUh-sz^ ^ngoo e-kiung di'iih tseh. 2, If you had eaten. -^ M^ mw iiXmi sah-sz^ noong^ e-kiung ch' liI Mm m ^m \ft I tseh. 3. If he had eaten. -^ y$^ «# ^mi sjlh-sz^ e e-kiung ch'uh tseh, m ^ Plural 1. If we had eaten. sah-sz^ nye^ e-kiung ch'uh Mmm Q^ P2 tseh. 2. If' you had eaten. sah S7? na^ e-kiung ch'uh tseh. m 3. If they had eaten. sah sz^ e-la e-kiung ch'uh tseh. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 95 The Verb TO BE. This verb is irregular, and, in this dialect, restricted to heing in, or a^ a place. Sz, _a^ is generally considered to be the verb to he^hxxt I can get nothing outofs2, JS- but 2/65, or an affirmation. The idea of the verb to he is expressed, in this dialect, by ^^ leh-le, if the person or thing is present ; and by >i)^ ^ Imperfect Tense. ^ Singular. 1. I was there. ngoo^ leh-la^ kuh, n^ m.± ;l^ ^ ^^ ^ 2. You were there. ^noong leh-la^ kuh. 3. He, she or it was there. e leh-la^ kuh. M^m m.± ilia ^ s^u ^ 96 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. ^ Plural. 1» We were there. nve^ leh-la^ kuh. 2. You were there. . na^ leh-la^kuh. wp- m'^ K;^ m^±u ^ 3. They were there. e-la leh-la^ kuh ^ The Perfect Tense is not expressed by i^^ leh-la, but, by JlJ Tau, as ; I have been here, or *^ngoo tau shih tseh, or n^ m^ mi m% m% ^ %\\ Wi m m% there. ^iigoo tau koo shih tseh. )i% n m M. Wi ^ ^ Singular. 1. I have been here, or there. ^ngoo tau koo shih tseh. n^m^ mi m% m% >iiia m ^y ® ^ # 2. You have been here, or there. noong^ tau koo shih tseh. m^ m^mim%n% Hs% m m 'm Wi m 3. He, or she has been here, or there, e-la tau koo shih tseh. M Pi- URAL. 1. We have been here, or there, nye^ tau koo shih tseh. m m^ mi m'^m^ji^ m m^ m m 2. You have been here, or there, na^ tau koo shih tseh. m^ m^ mi m^m^fi^ m m m wi ^ ^ 3. They have been here, or there, e-la tau koo shih tseh. « m^ mim'^m^ji^ pm m m '^ m FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 97 ■^ ]j^ Pluperfect Tense. ^ Singular. 1. I had been here, or there. m^ m^ )i^ ^ngoo e-kiung tau koo shih tseh. 2. \ou had been lere, or there. noong^ e-kiung tau koo shih tseh . 3. He, or she had been here, or there, e e-kiung tail koo shih tseh. ^ Plural. 1. We had been here, or there. nye^ e-kiung tau koo shih tseh. 2. You had beefi here, or there. i\3? e-kiung tau koo shih tseh. 3. They had been m. mm mi here, or there. m^ m^ )i^ e4a" e-kiung tau koo shih tseh. 'IJ^ Subjunctive Mood. J^H$ Present Tense. 1. If I am ^ Singular. here. sah-sz^ ^ngoo leh-le. 2. If j-oii are -^ m¥ ^^ here. sah-sz^ noong^ leh-le. 3. If he or she is here. ^ Plural. sllh-sz^ e leh-le. 1. If we are here. sah-sz^ nye^ leh-le. Mm m i±m 2. If you are -^ m^ n% here. sah-sz^ na^ leh-le. Mm m i±m 3. If they are here. sah-sz^ e-la leh-le. Mm pm mm 98 FIKST LESSONS IN CHINESE. -7 '^ Imperfect Tense. ^ Singular. 1. If I were there. sah-sz^ ^ngoo leb-la. 2. If you were there. sRh-sz^ noong^ ]eh-la. -* m^ m'^ fi% ^^ m ^^u 3. If he, she, or it were there. siih-sz^ e leh-la. ^^ Plural. 1. If we were there. sah-sz^ nye^ leh-la. 2. If yon were there. sah-sz^ na^ leh-la. 3. If they were there. slih-sz^ e-la leh-la. * ^ Perfect Tense. ^ Singular. 1. If I have been here or sah-sz^ ^iigoo tau koo shih there. tseh. 2. If yon have been here or sah-sz^ noong^ tan koo shih -^ m^ m^ mi %% m% Mm m m m. w: there. tseh. 3. If he, she, or it has been sah-sz^ e-taii koo shih ~^m^ m m±mi Mm pm m ^ here or there. tseh. m^ m^ ji% m ^ Plural. 1. If we have been here or there, sah-sz^ nye^ tau koo shih tseh. ~^ IE m^ mi m% m% mi Mm iis ^u m ^ m 2. If you have been here or there, sah-sz^ na^ tan koo shih tseh. ~^m^m^mimmi'^}i% Mm m m m i: ^ 3. If thev have been here or tliere. sah-sz^ e-la tan koo shih tseh. -=kmm^mim%m%ns^ Mmpmm m w^m FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 99 ^^fjW Pluperfect Tense. ^ SiNGULAK. 1 If I had been here or sah-sz^ ^ngoo e-kiimg tan there. koo shih tseh. 2. If you had been here or sah-sz^ ^noong e-kiung tau koo there. shih tseh. lA" 3. If he, she, or it had s*ah-sz^ e e-kiung tau koo shih been here or there. tseh. ^ Plural. • slih-sz^ nye^ e-kiung tau koo 1. If we had been here or there. ^ fg 4lg g^M ^|j ^;a 2. If you had been hero sah-sz^ na^ e-kiung tau or there. koo shih tseh. 3. If they had been here sah-sz^ e-la e-kiung tau -^ a fli# mi ^^ ^fi^#Qii m or there. koo shih tseh. Is he there? leh-la^ va ? He is there. leh-la^ kuh; e leh-la^ kuh. Where is he or it? e leh-la^ <^a le^ ? leh-la^ ^a le^ ? 100 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. He is in the office. mti-m-m ^ m^n If he is there tell him to come here. To Have. Have 3^011 it, or any ? mm m^ ~m m^ ^^ I have it. nu mm -m I have some. have it not. I have none. im. mm mu Have you any on board mm m^ ^^ mm m^w ship? ]eh-la^ *^sia-sz^ ka" le^. ^UM^ mm sah-sz^ leh-la^, kaii^ e le. ^yeu. noong^ ^yeu va^ ? ^ngoo ^yeu le^; <^ngoo ^ w a ^ *^yeu la^ *^ngoo *^yeu kuh. ^ngoo veh *-yeu. ^ ^ ^ ^ngoo mg-meh, 1^ Bl * - se* loDg^ ^yeu va^? ^ ± ^ ^ No. m Have they any ? mm ^ ^;^ Neither have they %^% mm ^ Who has any ? No one has any. m m m± ^i any. mg-meh; veh. e-la ^yeu va^ ? e-la ya mg-meh. PU-& Pi * sa^ nyung ^yeu kuh? t'oh veh ^yeu ; mg sa^ nyimg. 5S ^ W Hi B^ A FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 102 How long have you had it ? noong^ ^veii-tsz <^ke-zz^ tseh ? mm m mm m^ if# ~u m %z m^^ m I have had it over a year. ^ngoo^yeu-tsz^ yih nye^ 'too. To Do. To work . Can you do it? I can do it. tsoo^. tsoo^ sang-weh; tsoo^ koong-foo, ^ ^ m W r. ^ noong^ we^ tsoo^ va^? tsoo^ tuh-Ie va ? m #*^ ^ngoo we^ tsoo^. ^ ^ m ^ugoQ tsoo^ tuh-le kuh. I cannot do it. Who can p^ mi do it? Then is a Canton who can do it. pf MPS ^ -fl§: man ^ngoo tsoo^ veh le. ^ m m ^ ^Dgoo veh we^ tsoo^. n ^ ^ m sa^ Djung we tsoo^? m A# ft ^yeu yih kuh quong-tong "^ ~, ^ m M nyung we^ tsoo^. A # ft There call do it. him to come and WW ^'^Pf 1^P£# kau^ 6 le tsoo> meh tseh. ^ p-^m * # Just now he is not able to work. ye^ dse^ e tsoo^ veh-dong. 'i02 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Tell him to come and kau^ e le^ tsoo^ tsoo^ try it. k'o\ Who did it? sa^ nynngtsoo^ kiih? ^ wm -u Bt A # >i^ I did it. <^iigoo tsoo^ kuh. ^Mmm-B ^ m A^ He did it. e tsoo^ kuh. m^ m^ -u p m ^ When can you do it? <^ke-zz^ 4iau tsoo^? ms. mi m^^ -m m^^ n m I can do it immediately. sieu^ ^hau tsoo^. ^tungh'angnyih; kahliaognyih; I cannot wait. ^ngoo ^tung veh tiih. im. mimm mm ^ m ^ n Are you at work on it ? leh-la^ tsoo^ meli ? =^5£m¥ mmm^-^ mu-m ^^ w m When will you have it done ? *^ke-zz^ tsoo^ %au ? MPi mm m^ mm -B mi ^s^ i^ n Within three days. sa° nyih le^ J5^-pi Em :t^ -urn Is it finished .? tsoo^ ^hau meh ? *^hau meh ? -iR] -fl§: ^f;5*^^# fi: :{tf * itf * It is finished. tsoo^ ^hau la-* tseh ; ^hau la^ tseh. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 103 veli-zung; veh zung le-*; veh-zniig Not yet. ^ ^ ^-^ S ^ 'i' Ifc will be done soon, ''hau kw'a tseh. -E^ffij ife mi MU n >^ ^ Not for sometime yet. meMe^ ; me^ sz^ me^ la le^. nm mm^^ mmm -m * m ^iv st * & m Do ifc quickly. kw'a-te^ tsoo\ -yt m ^ Will he do it? k'ung tsoo^-va? He will not do it. e veh k'ung tsoo^ Has he done it? mmm^mi -u tsoo^ meh ? He has done it. •m^mm mi-m ^ teoo^ la tseh^. Why do you not do it? w^-sa^ veh tsoo^ ? Because it cannot be done. 'M^^± -B mmmu ^ wm veh Hiau tsoo^ lau. ^ m m m It can be done. ~mmm ^ mi *'hau tsoo^ kuh. ^ ft >^ I _^ will try_^ it. Cjjgoo tsoo^ cli'e le k'cP. ^* :^r?n ^Hk — flS: ^ ft fe ^ # If you do not do it well tsoo^ le veh hau meh ; you will work for nothing. ])iih tsoo^ kiili. 104 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Of course. sz-ze^. I will pay voii when siing-weh tsoo^ *^hau-tsz^ laii, the work is finished. iaP- dong-de°. m m^^-m ^(3*>mj:# m mm What can you do? noong^ we tsoo^ sa^ ? mm mu m^ m m ^m ^ I can do any thinir. yang suh we^ tsoo\ Have vou ever done it before ? tsoo^ koo shih va^ ? I have done it before. ^ngoo tsoo^ koo shih tsel). ^M mm mi -m &m^ a m '^ m ^ When will you begin? ke-zz^ tsoo^ ch*e ? mi ^ffij m^"- it mi mmm m When did you begin? nooDg ke-zz^ tsoo^ ch^e kuh ? mm mw m^ y\imi it m^mm "^ How long since you commenced ? tsoo^-tife^ ke-zz^ tseh ? mm m mz m^ mmMMm m "zmm m n mz ^B^^ I have been at it a long 1^^M% Ml^kB —B^^ '"Soo W-tsz> ta-zz' tseli, time. mi When will you finish? ke-zz^ tsoo^ we° pih ? IvL mi ^ffij m^ #^^pf ms^m^ m ' ■ I dont ^vant to do it. <^ngoo veh-yau^tsoo\ You ought to do it. noong^ yung-ke tsoo\ m-'p- iHiiis: ^m. ~u m m m m You ought not to do it. noong^ veh yung-ke tsoo^ m^ munm ^m-B m ^ mm w FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 105 Dont do it. mm m-m veh yau tsoo^. I am determined not to do it. ^ngoo ting^ que veil tsoo^. Not allowable. It is allowable. tsoo^ veb-tuh kiih. isoo^ tub kuh. fc # >^ Not difficult to do ; easy to be done ^- ft m MW Difficult to do. Spoiled. (in making.) na" tsoo^ kub. m m ^ tsoo^ wa^-tseb. Do it well. It is well done. tsoo^ le ban kub, It is badly done. ~m~m^w± mi tsoo^ le veb-bau. To trade or do business. tsoo^ sang^-e. A mercbant. tsoo^ sang^-e nyung ; ft ^M A sang^-e nyung. To write a composition. tsoo^ vung-tsang. m ^ M To become a man. tsoo^ nyung. m A To economize. tsoo^ nyung-ka. m K m 106 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE, Cant afford to tlo it. tsoo^ veh-cli'e. mum n^^w ^^-m m ^m He can afford it. e tsoo^ tnli-ch'e kuk. m-^ mi ^m%-M ^w life ^ To use violence. ma'^ tsoo^; ngnDgtsoo^;hah tsoo\ ^ m^n wmjMi'^ mw w m m m Bont be violent. veil yau^ nia'^ tsoo.^ mm & %Mmmim m mm m The manner of doing (things.) tsoo^-deu ; tsoo^-fah. ti mm m^ ^-s "T^ m is # ^ How can, or shall it he done? na uiing tsooVleu? mmmim%mm-m^ mi m m mm He has injured his o\mi cause. PB MW &M To defeat ; to frustrate. tsoo^ t'eh. ^ *&#E ^M^j^^mn^^m ft m I could not accomnlish it. tsoo^ veh-zung-koong, nmiWMmmmmM±n~m m m jfi ^ To act for another. ^ %^mwm%Miwm A substitute. M -^mnmm^m How much can you m¥ ^n mi n^ do in a day? ^~U M ^ It cannot be (lone yih nyili tsoo' veb-je'; -mmiMm& mi - ^^^,3^ ^ in a day. yih nyih tsoo-* veh hau. &c. -PS ^ IS - B m ^ M <^le tsoo\ ^le tsoo^ kuh. yih Dvih - H <^ke-hau ? tsoo^ fi: tiih n FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 107 He is not inclined m^ -± mm -u^miw to do it. ^m ~m To make clothes. ^ mm ^mn e veil kau-shiing^ tsoo\ tsoo^ e-zong. A tailor. To am Go, i^Mmm going. Has he gone? mm mti mi He has gone. m^ mm mi He has not m^ mm mm \ Did he go ? He went. yet gone. mi What has become of it or mm mm i^tmf m^ ~m Mia nim ? mm Where has he gone? m^ mm m mi Have you been ? m^ m^ mi I have been. i^Mm^ mi tsoo^ e-zong kuh; se"-voong. m ^m >h mm ch'e'. *^ngoo ch'e^ tseh. ch'e^ meh? ch'e^ tseh. e veh zung ch*e\ P ^ ^ ^ ch*e^ kuh. <^a-le^ ch'e^ tseh ? taip fa-le' ch'e^ ? "^a-le' cli'e' tseh ? ch e^ koo-meh ? * MM ch'e^ koh- tseh . 108 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Have you ever m^ m^ Mm been ? mi ch'e^ koo-shih-meh ? I have been n^m^ mi once. ch'e^ koo-shih yih we. * mm - la How long have they mm m m^ ^ been gone ? mi mu ch'e>-tsz> 'ke-zz' tseh ? They have been gone but ^ m^ mi mi^m a short time. M m%u tasf They went long ago. You can g^. m mi w ch'eMuh-veh too shih ; k'a^ k'a^ ch'e\ ch'eMsz^ tsiing ^yo tseh. Go quickly. Go together. To go, or pass bv ; to ^^ m^ A^ m^ ^ pass over; to pass away. AH PI* ^ An ^n Will you go ? or are you i^m m^ w m^ ^^ ^^ going ? I will go; I am going. nooug^ k'o^-e ch'e^ meh-tseh. chV; * kw'a^-te° ch'e^ : ^ m ir cli'e>. * yau^ kw'a^-te* yih-dau ch*c^. koo^ ch'e^. chV va? chV meh? * ^ * * cli'e^ kuh. FIRST ]>ESSONS IN CHINESE. 109 What are you going for ? cli*e^ tsoo^ sa^ ? mi^ n w¥ n-u mm ^ m ^ ' Gro and see. ch'e» k'6'. m * I am going, or will go now. j^^ dse? sieu^ yau^ cli^e^. nmm^^-mm^MmM m m ^ m m ^ Depart ; be off. ch'e^ ba. nmm & m^ ^ m Take it away. nau ch'e^ ; ta° ch'e^. mm -m Mi^ $ * ta * Take it with you. ta^ ch'e^. Is it safe or allowable %au ch'e^ va? ch'e^-tuh -m-mM^m^^mi^^m ^ * ^ * # to go ? va? It is not safe or veh-^hau chV; ch*e^ veh- ~m -m mm M^m'^ ^ n ■*• * ^ allowable to go. tub. To be on good terms ; to ^ ^ mu ^# mm ^ ii ^i-^'- correspond in business. ^ -^g* #^^^ ^PI# - Pi «i|^ ft ^ Not intimate; not on Mm-ummu mmmu vehi^chv. speaking terms. ^ ^H ^ n>jL^^m mm To eradicate. ch'e^ t*eh. I will not or do not go. *^ngoo veh ch*e^. 110 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Go in. ^ -PI- tsing^ ch*e\ m # Not inclined to MM -PI^MPI# ^ go. veh-kau-shung^ ch'e^. ! go along, PI W ^115 ch'e^; ch'e* meh tseh. * * * # To Come. ^ ^Pf le. Come in. ^Pf -m. tsing^ 1^. m ^ He came in. 'M^ Mf -£ e tsingMe kuh. They have come in. ^ m^ mn^ -s. e-la tsing^ le tseh. You had come in. m^ fli# mf -PI ■ . na^ e-kiung tsing^ le t seh. Has lie come ? mm mti m^ i le meh ? He has come. m-a mm %m le tseh. He has not come. m^mm mm m^ 6 veil le. He has not yet m^ mm mm mm come. e veh zung le. He will come. m^ nm m^ le kuh; e yau^ le 1 aih. They will come in. ^ :^rfrj M$ -m. e-la yau^ tsing^ U PUW m ^ kuh. Let him, or them ^m iiPf m^ ^m come in. nvang e tsing^ le. m p m ^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. HI Tell him to come here. kaii^ e le ; ha^ e le. He will not come. e veh-k'ang le. Come quickly. kw'a^-te^ le : sieu^ le. He will come soon. le kw'a^ tseh ; e sieu^ le. mti %M %n Mfs. ^ ^ m ^m^^ 1 cannot come. ^ngoo veh nung-kuh le. Come to-morrow. ming-tsau le. I have been here three times, ^ugoo le koo^ shih sa° t'ong^. You can come ; come a-head. le meh tseh. s¥ mi -^n m% wmm ^ * ^ To be on friendly terms ; Hereafter. tsiiing le. From ^ of old. P^ng^ le ; shatig^ le, ^%mim^tmw i^ ^ ^ ^ When will you come ? <^ke-zz^ le ? Mpf %m m^ Mf mm ^^ When did vou come.? xj^ mm ^'''"'^ -'' !?]!• no ap])etite. f?^ ^ j^ I can eat. m> ~m ^ mm fancy it ; (\o not kiioAV bow cb*nb vrb-lc. to go about eating it. Dinner time. cb'tib va^^ ^dong. wB:m ^Pf ^ m m Before dinner. Ta'^^ ze'^. ^w>^ mum w. ir After dinner. va"^ ^en. ^Bi^*^ mum . is # Food. cb'iih djoh ; ch'ub deu. ^# ^ M ^ m To finisb eating. cb'uli ding; cb'ub ^ban. ^^f^># J^T P2 ^ pg m Have you finisbed eating? cb*ub ^bau meb? He bas eaten it up. cb'ub t'eb tseb. m-^ mm ^^ ~m Mm v^ u ^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 115 To get the worst of a bargain ; to be clieated. Pg ^ To retain unlawfully ; to appro[)riate to ones own use, that which VZk >l2i |HI!1I m^m MB Bit belongs to another. T() suffer punishment; to get the worst ol an aliair. ^m^mBm^mm.nm^ f€ =^ "h- If we make a living hj ^ffZ^ — ^ BE ^% M JJ:#5E pas oh'uh pih-nyung ^we^ p(^-> serving anothe*-, we shoiihl ffg ^|j ^ -j gyjj ^ - ^Iti ¥,|5E#5S BE -#:# y^^i pih-nyung <^sz-hw^^\ obey his orders. ^ SlJ A -t® Hft If the rations are not eqiuil, the operatives will <^'' "" ''"'i veil clie" yon siang i^mm ^mi^\i3iMm^^m ^ffij f^ :^ ^, r^ ^ « not put forth equal ''"'S veh ze-siDg. etfo rt. To get drunk. ch*uh tswo\ To eat enough ; io eat to fullnes. ch'uh ^pau. Not enough to satisfy mmnim^^m^m'i^M ch'«h vei,-v„. ai.petite. pfy An H 116 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To be injured bv eating. ch'iih song ; ch'iih wa^. ^^ -s.^wmM mr vt m ^ m To be imprisoned. ch'uh qiie° sz. » « ^ » » To Ask ; To Inquire ; To Investigate ; To Get Information by Asking. mnng^. I asked. ^ngoo miing^ kub. I have asked. ^ngoo mnng-* la tseb. nM mm mn%M m m i& m I bad asked. ^nf^oo ejkiimg miKig^ koo^ tseb. ^K mm mn^m ■ ?£ E.m m m m J will ask. *^ngoo yau^ mung^. Ask bira. mung^ e. Inquire tbe way. mung^ loo^. I ' beg to ask, or inquire. ^cli'ing murig^ ^M ^m ^ %n%m$i - ^^% si m Inquire of others. mung^ pib-njung^. ~^^%m^^m%n m m a Did vou ask ? nuing^ va ? 1 did not ask. *^ngoo veh mung^. ^^ it# MU ^%n% ^i ^ P"i FIRST LESSONS IX CHINESE. 117 Why did vou not inquire? we sa^ veh inun^^ ? Go and inquire, or ask. Make definite inquiries. Unable to get in- formation bv inquiries. To jiidge, to try a person, cli'e mung^. mung^ cli'ing-^'song. mung^ veh ts'eh. ^ \i\ or case. Have you ever inquired? aSf^ S^ ®? -S3^J^# I have inquired. I will make inquiries about it. M^U~M I have inquired eveiy wdiere. It is not necessary to inquire. mung^ shih va ? ^ngoo raung^ koo shih tseb. ^ngoo yau^ mung^ mung^ k'o^ wj m] koh-tsii^ mung^ tau ka tseh. ^ m m m m^ Yell yau^ mung tub ; ^ ^ m n veh pih mung^ tub. ^ # 5.1 ff 118 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Speak ; To Say ; To Utter in Words ; As a ^ «Bb^ ^ u ^ ^'^ -i v^^^^ m± M Command, or Promise ; To Affirm ; To Testify ; To Tell, or Inform. wo^. said so. *^ngoo wo^ knh. M ^# i> m m ^ have spoken. ^ngoo wo^ la tseh. had spoken. 'ngoo e-kiung wo' hi tsi'h. will or shall tell. "^ngoo yau' wo' kuli. ^K ^ffi iHi^a i^ffli it^a m mm ^ did say so. ^ngoo szwo^kidi. did not say so. *^ngoo sz veh wo^ kuli. Dont say anv thing about it. veh yau^ woMv'e le .. I will not speak of it. ^ngoo veh wo\ Who said so ? sa' nyung wo' kuli ? ^ MWi> • i D^ A IS 4- You said so. nooog' wo' kuh. m^ urn £> m m "t What did or do you say? noong^ wo^ sa^ ? ^mmwm^ m m^^ ^ m mm I did not sav any thing. ^ngoo veh wo^ sa\ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 119 You told me so. Wlien did I tell you? noong^ \(i '^ngoo wo^ kiili. >) Able to spenk. (as a language Unable to speak. I cannot speak Chinese, You can spenk it. You must speak the truth. A *'ngoo ^ke-zz^ 1e ^noong wo^ ? ^ mB^m mm we wo^: wo^ tub le. veh \vP vvo^; wo^ veh le. tsoong kwoh wo^, <^ngoo wo^ veh le* ^ m m ^ m^M iioong^ wo^ tuh le kuh. m mn^^ vau^ wo^ lau->eh wo^; wo^ tsun mm^nm mm wo-^. Dont use violent mm m^± ^mmin^m language, Dont be so noisy. A sentence ; a word. What are you talking about? To speak evil. Dont slander people. There was not time to spe.ik. ^^ M±Mmmm ^nan veh yau^ avo^ nia^ wo^. ^ mm mm veh yau^ nau^ le ^se. yih tyii^ seh-wo^. — ^ um ^noong hi wo^ sa^ ? wo^ cli'eu wo^. mur> m veh yau^ wo^ ^liau pih nynng ^m m mm a le veil je^ wo^. "^^nm 120 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Flattering words. vam Words spoken in Laughable words; words to ail] use children. Idle words. Cannot reconcile them. k'ah wo^; k'iih ch'e wo^-deu, ^ m ^ mum pa-wo^ t^eh. siau W0-*. a^ wo\ wo^ veh-'^le. IS ^J JM to It is not necessary -U ~± nm 7^m:k^ ~^^± ^ "t ^^ ^li' 'f^ ; y^^' t"^!;^- s.y any thing. ^ ^ It It ^ >li^ SS # Boastful words. False or imaginary words. too wo^. mong wo\ To Buy. ^ mm I bought it. ^:^ mM -E I did buy it. I am buying now. ^^ Pf Pf #m-Pi mm ma. ^ngoo ^makuh; ^ngoo *^ma la^ kuh, ffe ^ 4- ^^ S fe t ^nfifoo sz^ ^ma kuh. ^ >h ^ngoo ye ^ dse^ leh-le^ ^ma. t'IRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 121 I was buying. ^ngoo leli-la^ ^raa. ^^ Wim± m^-m . i^ nun 1 liave bought. ^Dgoo *^ma la^ tseh. nM mm mm m num I had bought, *^ngoo e-kiung ^ma la^ tseh. I want to purchase. *^ngoo yau^ ^ma. nM urn ^ ^-t::^^ m W M How much do you want? noong^ yau^ *^ma ^ke-%au ? ^^ mt. ^ m^ mm m w n mm I do not wish to purchase. *^ngoo veh-yau^ ^ma. nM ^ mm Wi-wi ^ m-^:Mn ^ ^m n Do Tou wish to purchase? noong^yau^ ^ma va? yau^ ^ma va? Buy it. <^ma meh-tseh. ^^ ~m M M m It can be bought. %au ^ma kuh. -mus. ^ mm m n ^ No where to be had. mg *^ma tsip ; *^ma veh dsah. ^ K^ m & mw a^ ^ j^ ^ ^ # It is to be had. yeu^ ^ma tsu. -m-±^&m^ m n m It cannot be bought at —mWL^mm & um ^m '^^ ^^^^ ffii!>^~m n M m ^f- I have sold it. <^ngoo ma^ t'eh tseh. mu mm 'i>wm -m ^ mm m I had sold if. ^ngoo e-kiungma^ t'eh tseh. Will you sell it? '^ffn M^ :g;fm ~M ma> va ? yau ma^ va ? Is it for sale ? ^ ^ ® W -5 124 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. I will sell it. It is fur sale. I will dispose of it. nM nm mn bhi m^ ~m I cannot sell it. Have you sold it? ma^ kuh. ^ngoo yaa^ ma^ t'eh e. ^ngoo ma^ veh t'eh. md? t'eh meh ? To whom did you sell^ ^ i^Pf m.w m^ ^ffii I have sold all. i^Mmm '&wi mm To sell • at auction. mo? la sa^ J^yung ka ? mo? we^ tseh. * ^ # p'ah ma^. It was sold at auction p'ah ma^ t'eh I cannot sell at that ^M M^IS: grfij 1!|)1§; ^^ price. mo? veh ^dong. I __^ -will not gell (at that price.) veh ma'. ^M ^m MM W(n ^ H Selling price. ma ^ ka^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 125 To Give ; To Transmit by Hand ; To Yield to THE Power of ; To Give in Marriage. beh. Give, or hand it to me. beh ^ngoo ; beh la^ ^ngoo. M% m% ii3t# -m^^ m a m ^^ I shall not give, or hand ^^ l^ffn »RE ^^ Kia ti5# !^°° ^?Jj ^^l?- He '" is not willing to give. e veil ^k^inof beh. -ifc. ff ^ -g I gt'i'Ve, or handed it im. im m'^ iiis# -^ to him. % ^ngoo bell e kuh ; ^ngoo n m ^ A' n beh la-* e. Who gave it to you? I have given it. ^M m^ n-oc -u I have given it away. ^^ aif# ^^ -fls M% sa^ nyung beh noong ? lit A ^ fg *^ngoo beh la^ tseh. ^ngoo beh t'eh tseh. m. m u m Give me notice, or beh sinor ^nofoo. a I endured a beating from him, Dont allow him to have it. mm "fiitfi)^ ^Bf ^ mm ~u Dont give it to him. mu m% -u ^ wim ^ngoo beh e ^tang. veh yau^ beh e. ^ ^ P 126 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. I have already given it to *^iJgoo e-kiung beh la^ him; I had given it to him. tseh. Grive him something to eat. beh te^ sa^ hx^ e ch'uh. When will you give it to me? noong^ %e-zz^ beh ^ngoo ? I will hand it to you to morrow. W ilJ ^ M To Pay Money. foo\ I ' paid it. ^ngoo foo^ kuh. mu m^ -m • ^ # >h I have paid it. ^ngoo foo^ la^ tseh. ^^ asff mii^ ~m ^ ft n.^ I have already paid it ; I had paid it. ffe a II # fe # ^K m^ ^# i^)}§: Pay it foo^ meh tseh. 15 — k # *. # To pay out. foo^ ts'eh ; foo^ ts'eh cli'e^ VkX^ mm # oj # tn * To pay in. foo^ tsing 1^ ; foo^ au le\ Not able to pay. foo^ veh ts'eh. wm%^m^ '4, ft ^ bi FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 127 Able to pay. foo^ tnh ts'eh. ^^M ^ n fin m Has he paid it ? foo^ la meh ? m± mti im-B # «fc * He has not yet paid. e veh zung foo^. m^m± nm mm n i^^ -^ # When Tvill you pay me ? *^ke zz^ foo^ la ''ngoo ? When did you pay ? <^ke zz^ foo^ kuh ? MS mw m^ ^ iiB## ^ Tell him to pay. kau e foo^ au ch'e\ ^m mm ^ m n##T * Ask him to pay. kau e foo^ au 1^. How much money is to kiung tsau yau^ foo^ ts'eh ^^ mz mm ~± ^ ^ m m i^ \i\ be paid out to day? cli'e^ %e hau^ nyung tsz ? To whom did you pay it ? noong foo^ la^ sa^ nyung ? 51 m^ m^ m'^m ~m m # fe nt a I have paid it out. ^ngoo foo^ I'eh tseh. nM mm mw-mmm ^ i^ m m Unable to pay now. ye" dse^ foo^ veh ts'eh. To pay in fall. foo^ ch'ing. 128 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Receive ; To Collect. sen. To collect accounts. seu tsang. To receive ])ayment for a lease. ^ ^ To receive house rent. seu vong-tsoo ; seu vong de°. To receive payment in kind. i\X M M I have received payment — ^ fSifij Did you receive ' it ? seu dsah va' ? M#M^^lsi®ja^-fl§: H^ * « I did not receive it. ^ngoo seu veh ds'ah. I did receive it. *^ngoo seu dsah kuh. n^ M# %]ixm]X^ 'ngoo «eu veh dsah sa'. anything. ^ il^ ^ ^ D^ A receipt. seu p'ian. To finish or complete a work. ll^ i^ FIEST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 129 A receipt in full. sen ch'jng p'iau^. ^ m m To suffer im prison men <■. seu ka^. To entertain one in distress. seu lien. 1^ I? To clean np, to arrange thirds. i|^ ^ i6F SI sen qn;lh. To make a clean sweep of thiu'i;s. tHJ^ PTPI To draw tight. (as a cord) sen kiiiiig. Draw it ticrlif. seu le kiung. i\X M m 'saw. To Build. To build a house. To build a bridge To build a boat, or vessel. To cast a gun. m: ^saw vong-*'tsz. ^saw yih tiau dyau. saw ze^. *^8awp'au^: tsu p'au^ 130 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To erect a battery. To take census. To start a rumor. Have you completed your house ? It is finished. -m-± n^iit^^w To build a city wall. ^saw p'au^ (le. 'iS ^ fi *^saw ts'ah ^tpz. ^ ff ^ *^saw yau-ye^. vong-tsz <^sa\v ^hau meh ? ^ ^ it ^ * *^saw Hiau tseh. m. n m ^saw zung-deu. ^ ftE IS To Build WALL. ch'e^ sianof. To build a single brick partition. ^ ,^ To pave a road. Please be seated. Sit down ; be ch'e'ka\ To Sit. *^soo. ch'ing^ ^zoo m * ted. ^800 zoo. 4fe ^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 131 Sit a while. *'soo yih shih. I dont wisli to sit. veh yau^ soo. ^ ^ * I have no time to sit. *^ngoo mg koong <^foo ^soo. ffe HM ;5(f ^ * Not room to nm ^Mm ^ be seated. sit, or soo^ veh loh. Sit still. ^soo la^. Sit on it. ^m ^m -m soo la long. ^ fe ± Room to sit, or be seated. <^soo tub loh. Cushion for a seat. ■ mm soo^ nyoh. To sit on a seat of judgment. soo^-dong. A throne. M M3mu ^soo w^. To Stand. lib. If. Stand; stand still; or was standing. is, lib la\ 132 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Stand up ; stand it oil end. AL ^ ^ Cannot stand ; unable to stand. AL^ m Cannot stand as^ainst umm ^tMi# Mm^^ such odJs ; cannot bear bh v4i dsu^. such k)sses. Can stand &c. lib tub tsu\ Stand to one side. lib la^ pie^-deu. To' Know. sbau^-tuh. m m mn sbau^-tub va? Do you know? ^ ^^ Jg^ ^ 1^^ J^gP shauUuh veil sbau^-tub? m n^u % Do not know. vhIi sbau^-tuli. ^ mmm ^ m n I know. *"ngoo shau^-tub, n^m ^ m # I knew it. ^ii2[00 sbau^-tiili kub. ^^ ^^ -^ ^ m n ^ nnsT i.ESSONs in chinesi^. 133 I have known it. mm mm ms. ~m I had known it. nM mw mm. -m ^Dgoo shau^-tuh la tseh. ^ngoo e-kiiingshau^-tnh la tseh. How lonfT have yon known it? iioong sliau^-tuh-tsz^ke-zz^ tseh? M^p- MIS mm ^^ mm -u m nnzm^m I have known it a long time. ^ngooshau^-tuh tsz-tsangyotseh. mM mm mm ~B M Mi5i:^p# ^ mn zMmm I have known it but a ^ngoo shau^-tuh veh too ^ke-zz^; nM mm mm ~m ^jeu m ^ mn ^^mm short time. k'a^ shaii-tuh. I have alwavs known it. nu mm mt^n ±mm -m I know a little about it. nM mu±nffn^nm- I know all about it. ^M m mm mnu -u nm. know nothina: about it, ipT ^UB -B He knows. m^ m± Now I know. nm im. m *-ngoo yih shang^ shaii^-tuh kuh. « - isj n n ^ shau^-tuh te^; ^yeu te^shau^ tub. *^ngoo toll shaiP-tiih. ^ m m n *^ngoo yih-nga^ veh shau^-tuh. n ~m ^ m n e shaip-tnb la tseh. ^ mn u m ^ngoo shau-tuh le tseh. How did you find it noong^ ''nang shau^-tuh ? out ? nmm Why do I not know ? ^^ ^ n^ mm m noong^ na^ nung siiau^-tiih ? m m m m n ^yeu sa^ veh shan^-tuh ? w^e sa-* % Bt ^ ^ # ^ Bt veh shau-'-tuh? ^ m n 134 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. You onglit to know iw^ mm ^ m What do you know? ^m M^'p- m Difficult to know. Easy enough to find out. ^f^ i>xm^ ^ K-iE mu Verv well ; all rio^ht, #ji: fS-ffif m^ la^E You dont know. I knew he would come n^ m'P: m-^ m^ mf to grief. He has not yet ' known m-^m± nm mu mm. anything ahout it. ^mr umm -m noong^ yung-ke shau^-tuh. m mmmn noong^ ke-yung shau'-tuh, m m m mu noong^shau^-tuh kuh sa^ ? Ya^ na^ shau^-tuh. mmm n yoong-e shau^-tuh. m M m n shau^-tuh tseh. m n ^ noong^ veil shau^-tuh, m ^ m n ^ngoo shau^-tuh e yau^ a m n 1^ '^ pang^-dsah va^ na^. m M m m e veh-zung shau^-tuh. To Understand ; To Comprehend. ^tong. Do you understand ? *^tong va^ ? 11 ^ or I understand, comprehend. ^tongkuh; ^ngoo <^tong kuh; ji A- n fi -i^ *^tong kuh tseh. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 135 I do not nnderstand. veh tong ; ^niroo veh to"g. 1 am unable to iinderstantl. ^ '|'j| ^ ^ It is . ^ -^ ^iong veil le kuh. incomprehensible. fg ^ ^ '^ 1 do not vet nnderstand. *^ngoo veh-znng *^tong. n^mnmmm )Es.mmm^w ^ ^ ^ m I dont comprehend ^^l(^i^Pf^^:35cWS:# yih nga» veh f J Now I understand. ^tong le tseh. mm ^M J^^mnm^w li a# Can you comprehend it? ^tong tub ts'eh va? I cannot understand I^M ^^MM J^mMnU^i^ 'ngoo ^tong veh ts'eh. It. ^ m ^ ^ To Look; To See. k'o'. I saw. • ^ngoo k'5^ ke"^ kuh. ■^M m ^ m n. ^ I have seen. ^ngoo k*o^ ke° tseh, 136 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. I had seen. Look. 1 did not see. ^^it# MM m Who saw it ? pf m —M Have yoa seen it ? have you ever seen it ? mm m^ Mm fois ~m I have seen it ; n^mm mm. -m J have seen it before. ^ngoo e-kinng k'o^ kc^ tseh. ^ Bm m ^ ^ k'o^ k'o^ k'o\ ^ngoo veh k'o^ ke**. sa^ nyung k'6^ ke" ? k'6' ke" shih va' ? ^ngoo k'o^ ke'^ shih kiih. aiJ: ^ I have not vet ' seen it. nm mm mu mm mm ~m I do not see it. I cannot see it. n^mmmm m -B ^ngoo veh-znng k'o^ ke°^ shih. ^ ^ ^ m ^i m. ^ngoo veh k'6^ k( **. ^ngoo k'o^ veh ke^. can or do see it. Look at me ; do as I do. 1 dont wish to see it. Dont look at it. MB i<^ -fil^-E *^ngoo k'o^ tub ke°. k'o^ ^ngoo> %goo veh yaiP k'o\ ^ ^ ^» veh yau^ k'o^. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 137 Dis{i sing veh dsSh and cannot tintl it. ^ 5|5 ^ -^ ^ :^ ^ To Listen; To Hear. t*ing. I hear. *'ngoo t'ing ke"^. I heard. ^ngoo t'ing ke^^ kuh. He did not hear. e veh t'ing ke^^; e vth t'ing tiil m^ mw MB m^^ p^m^p^mn Listen; give attention. t'ing la. Do you hear distinctly or n^ ong^ t'ing tuh ts'eh va ^ nnderstandingly ? i ^ i-* i-i I _^ ^^^^ (nnderstandingly). e. i" I'lm. n^ ^ m im i^ It is difficult to believe. va^ na^ siang-sing\ It is impossible not to ~B~±~mMm-^tfnMU ^ veil tuhveh siSng sing'. To believe in idols. sing^ veh. # 144 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To believe in Jesus. sing^ ya-soo ; siang-siiig^ va soo. To worship, or believe in no God. pah veh siang-sing^, pUh veh sing^» Faith; trust. sing^ t\)h. i$ * Dont believe it. veh yau^ siiing-sino^. ^ m M in It wont do to take his word. veh *^hau siang-sing^ e. ^ M m in P To delight in. siang-sing^. « in He delights in wine. e siang-sing^ Isieu. pm in m To Strike ; To Chastise ; To Fight. ^(ang. He struck me. 6 ^tang ^ngoo. They are fighting. leh-la^ siang-'^tiing. Able to whip. ^tang tub koo^. Not able to whip. ^tang veh koo^. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 145 To fight a battle. ^tiing tsang\ To deliver a general cliarge. JS^ ^ To gain a victory. <^tang viing^ ; <^tang sung^ tsUng^ ^ n^^f^-^^± tr 'm ir m- -^ 'tangs^; "^tang ba' ; To lose ^ battle. tT M ^ Ht ^ M± J^ ^Ero ^tangba^-tsang. *r n^ i5t To fihoot game, lang> ^tian. To shoot large game. tang> lib. ^ #^ :fet mm tr m To hit. tang' dsah. To miss. tang^ veh dsah. ^ M^ fr ^ M ^ To wound, tang^ song. To ring, or strike a tang^ tsoong. large bell. u^^ mm To thrash wheat. tiing^ mah. To thrash rice. tang' h S I dont want tliem too hard. veh vau^ tub ngang\ To Grill; To Broil. shon. Grilled fowl. slion ke. m^-^w ^mm m m Broiled stake. shon nyeu nyoli. Proil it rare. yau shon le sang. Broil it well done. yau shon M soh. To Bake; To Roast; To Warm One's self. hoong. To Wash. sing^ Wash your hands. sing^ *^6eu. To wash one's feet. sing^ kiah. 1 52 * FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To bathe. sing^ yoh. ^ ism ■ ^ m To wash clothes. sing^ e-zoDg. Wash clean. sing^ kwo zinir^ T^K^ mBM tfr Cannot wash it out. sing^ veh t'eh. To WIPE. k'a. Wipe or wash the face. k'a me^^. Wipe it off. k'a t'eh. Wipe it. _- k'a k'a. Wipe clean. k'a kwo zinff\ n-MB m&s. m nm Wipe the table. k'a t^-*^tsz. Knives forks &c, wipe clean. 7/ X ^ H^ IS ^ # Plates cups &c, wipe pung ^tsz pe-<^tsz lau sa k'a clean. kwo-zing. Cannot wipe it off. k'a veh t'eh; k'a veh loh. FIRST LFR^ONS IN CHINFSE 153 Wi])e it MMM -) a cam. tse' k'a. Wipe it till it is clean. k'a tsuh tau^ kwo ziing*. Have vou mm m^ I have nM mm You have m^mm T want cleaner. wiped it ? MMB -m wiped it. k'a shih meh ? k'a la^ tseh; k'a shih kuh. not wiped it clean, k'a tuh veh kwo zing^ vou to wipe it. I wan t every you to wipe dav. yau^ noong^ nyih too k'a k'a. To Sew ; To Stitch. ^ m ^ nm-t Take a stitch. ling yih tsung ; ling^h'ang tsung. a - # m m ^ To make clothes. ling e zong. 154 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Iron ; To Burn, or Scald. t'ong^ To Cut, or Engrave. k'uh. To cut characters. k'uh IT?. m ^ To engrave. k'uh hwo. m ^ To stereotype. k'uh pa^^ ^tsz. m m "¥■ To cut a stamp. k'uh yung^ <^tsz To Light a Fire. sang ''boo. You have lio^hted il; badly. noong^ sang le veh *^hau, Light it again. ts^^ sang. To Light a Lamp, or Candle. te"' hoo ; te"' tnng. It will not L'ght. » te"^ veh *^zong. ~m ^'^ mm nMm m ^ ±- To Take. ta°. ^ mm m Take it ; take it away. Ha^ ch*e^ mm ~m mm~m ^n ta * FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 155 Bring it here ; bring to me. TO ^ Unable to ttake or J^^M^M^ M^ Pa^ 'ta''veh-nyung <^ta" ? (^ ^^ -^ ot A ta He took it. e •^ta" kub. u^ ^% -% # ta >h Did any one see him take it? ^yeii sa^ nyung k'o ke°-*e^ta^ va^? 1 saw him, with mv owq ^ngoo ch'ing ^^n^a'^, ^^ '1% mm ^-flS: »^ MaL a , „^ ^ }\ , eyes, take it away. k'o ke°^ e Ha^ chV. fe^±i>fp^ ~% M-k *^^ta* Where are you going with that? ^tekuhnoong^ ^ta^taiP^a-le^ ch'e? Take it out. la^ ts'eh ch*e\ Take it inside. ta° tau^ le^ shang ch'e\ Take it and throw it away, ta^ ch*e^ wliah t*eh. mn^-Mn^mmmi-mM% ta* a as: I did not take it. ^ngoo veh ta° kuh. Take it above stairs. Ha^ tau^ leu long^ ch'e\ mni~uMm^%m^%± mm t« ± * Take it ou board ship. la^ tau^ ze» lono^ cli'e.^ mm -M iHiat ^%m wm ta m m £^ 156 F1R:^T LESSONS IX CHINESE. To Ascend ; To Descend ; To Get up. loh. ^ mm Mm m Get up. mm j^m loh ch'e> 14. Sf ^ ^ Come up. ^Pf MM ]oh zong^ le. Go up; mount; ascend. loh zong"* ch'e^. Come down; descend. loh au^ le. Go down. loh au ch'e^. Cannot go up, or mount. l5h veh 'zong. Cannot get up (for want of strength' u^MM mm Mm ). loh veh ^ch'e. Able to get up.* mmm ^ mm Mm loh tuh <^ch*e. m # ^ To Ride on Horse Back. je <^mo. ' To Catch ; To Seize : To Arrest. tsoh. Catch him. tsoh e. Catch thief. tsoh zuh. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. ] 57 To arrest a man. tsoh iijiiug. Unable to find, catch, or arrest. *E ^ # Able to catch &c. tsoh tub dsah. ^^52. ^ ^z m^&m%m i^ n m To arrest gamblers. Not sufficient force or, skill to catch, or arrest, I have caught him. To make a dam. ^ mm M tMPf To make a grave mound. To reap wheat. To cut rice. To cut grass. tsoh <^too. tsoh veh dsii^. U ^ ^ tsoh dsah tseh. ^ ^ # tsoh po^. tsoh vung sa°. tsoh mah. tsoh <^tau. m tsoh ^ts'au. 158 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Brush. seh. To brush shoes. geh ha-<^tsz. m #!&;£# m± m m ^ To brush clothes, seh e-zong ^ #5a;E^ ^m± m ^ m To Fear ; Dread. p'o^ Do you fear? pV va ? I do fear. Cngoo p'o' kuh. nu^ ^^ ^ ^ ^ What 4o you fear? p'o^ sa^? I do not fear. ^ngoo veh p'o^. nM^ MB w^' ^ ^ ^ Dont fear. veh yau' n'o>. mm ^^ ^ M^ There is nothing to fear. mo- sa^ p'o^. ^la -± nm ^ w^ wimm I am apprehensive he :^ro MB Mf I fear you will lose ^-R ?^I2. M^ ^ffij Mdt «-«' ha« meu ? I have everything ready, yii-be-^ haii la tseh. He has not provided ^ thing. — # ^ -i* St 4R PTi To Shake. <^dong. Do'nt shake. veh yau^ ^dong. mu mm ^w m Do'nt touch it ; do'nt have veh yau^ ^dong ; mu .^t> -m^'-'Mu mm ^ m m anythin^j to do with the matter, dong veh tiih kuh. It is loose, or unstable. yau ^d5ngtseh ; *^dong lau^dong. Stead V, immovable. *^dong a veh ^dong. To start ; to eml)ark. dong^ sung. 160 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To cnminence work. in It does not move ~u m± nm m^ ~jl the least. To Dig. ^ mm To dig lip loosely. To dig up a garden. Too hard to dig. Dig Dig it deep. it deeper. * dong -etm^. ji£yti^ m ^ yih nga'^ veil *^d6ng. - m ^ m p\mg\ pnng^ soong. pung^ yo-de\ ^ 111 ^ pnng"* veil loh. ^ ^ ^ pung^ le s^g. m ^ m pnng^ le s^g te' To Plant. To cultivate a farm. To cultivate a garden. What are you planting? I am planting vegetables. To plant flowers. tsoong^. tsoong^ te^. tsoong^ yo-de\ noong^ la tsoong sa ? m ^ mm tsoong^ tse\ tsoong^ liwo-*^tsau. Fir.ST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 161 rinnt them well. Plant them deep. tsoong^ 16 4iau. tsooDg^ 16 sung. To sow, or do tliat from which one may ex[)ect evil fnut. ^g Im yk ^ Have you finished planting? tsoong^ we^ meh? I have finished. tsoong^ w6^ tseh. ^J^ *±^ rfaJ. To Dwell. Where do 5^011 live? M^ ^ w¥ ±m I live in tlie city d8u\ noong^ dsu^ la 'a le^ ? *^ngoo dsu^ la snng ^le. I live out side of the city. *^Mgoo dsu^ la sung nga-deu. Cannot dwell in so small 11^ place. W ^ m To Give Birth to; To Rear. yang. 162 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Beg. To beg for food. ^ mm ^m% ^w ^L'au va \ To dun. ^t'au tsang^. To dun for a debt of long standing. *^t'au tsa^. To get married. *^L^iu nyang-*'tsz. m m. ^ To beg for something in addition. to what is due. t'au^ nyau. m ^ To annoy by entreaty. ^tau ye"^. m m To Command. fung ^foo. Who gave the order? sa^ nyung fung *^foo ? m A ^ ^ To Bind with a Oord. ^pong. Tie him to a tree. m^ mm m m ^^^ <^pong la sii^ long. m urn ± FIRST LESSONS IN < CHINESE. 163 To tie a niMii hands and feet. %w'ung ^pong. To Tie {as a small percel). tsah. Tie it well. tsah Hiau. To Bite ; to Bakk. ^ngau. Will that dog bite? ^te tsah ^keu yau^ ^ngau kub va? He will bite. yau^ ^ngau kub. W f^ ^ ■ He will not bite. veh *^nfau; veh ^ngau ^ f^ ^ v^ kuh Did you hear the dog bark last night ? so ya deu ^keu *^ngau va? t'ing ke"' To Blow. ts*z. 1^ Blow it out ; (as a light) t'sz ^yiing. Cannot blow it out. ts'z veh ^yung. To blow into a blaze. ts*z yong^. 164 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Cannot blow into a blaze. ts'z veh yong^. Can be blown into a blaze. PX ^f BE ^^± Blow it off. ts'z t'eh. Cannot blow it off. ts'z veh tVh. Usinm mmi -mm^ pk i^ m The wind blew :l. off. foong ts'z t'eh knh, ^ i^^m.W ^m -U m^ M. ^ )^ A- To blow a trumpet. ts'z tsan-kyon. ^ #:^Pi ^ E^a/EPfif^fls: pk m m To play the clarion. ts'z la-pa. ^BM^m^'^-m^ pk m^\ To play the flute. ts'z tih. Cannot play. ts'z pk veh le. Try it. fs'z ts'z k'o\ To Learn. 'oh. To learn business. 'oh sang e^. To learn to write. 'oh ^sia zz^. 1 ^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESK. 165 To learn tlie Shanghai dialect. 'oh song^-*^he wo^. To learn mandarin. 'oh que°-wo\ To learn the classic stvle, 'oh vnng-^le. Difficult to learn. na° 'oh kuh. No inclination to learn. mg sing siiing^ ^oh. Just commenced to learn. k'a° 'oh. Been learning a long lime, 'oh ts'z tsang-^^yo tseb. To succeed in learning. *oh zung koong. ^ ^a# -i f)ia5Ett*»£ m fti ^ Did not, or will not succeed in learning. '^ ^ )vC ^ A school room. 'oh-dong. A ])upil. 'oh-sUng-<^tsz. K J:W^iti^r?n (^ ^ ^ Cannot learn 'oh A^eh le. Can learn. 'oh tuh le. ii^i fiia^ ^ # * Confucian temple. 'oh-koong. 166 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. The teacher of graduates. V)h laiP-sz. To aspire to a liiojli degree 'oh *^haii. ot virtue; to reform. To learn bad habits. 'oh ^liaii. To Break (as a pice of timber' or cord), ^to. It is broken (in two). ^to tseh. To break with the hands Cas a stick), wa^ <^do. It cannot be bipken. wa^ veh ^do. To Fall. 4h. He had a fall. e \\\i tsz^ jih kau. He or it fell down. wi an^ 1^. It fell down of itself. BZ-ka "bih au^ le. Be careful or von will fall. dong-siug vau^ tih kuh. FIRST LESSONS IN CHTNFSE. 167 The price has fallen. ka^-de^ dili tseh. How much has it fallen ? dih-tsz ms.%ifn m^m Pf *i^ i JJ r ij • (as an engagement) 2 y^"^ vi^ ^t- FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 173 When shall it commence (as interest or reni)? When did you begin (as an engagement)? ^ke-zz^ tsoo^ *^ch'e knh ? To Repair. Take it and mend it. Repairs. To reform. sieu; sen- tsoh. ta° cli'c' seu-tsoh. sieu-^le. mm sieu sang; sieu sing ft 'C^ To Take Hold. Take liold of it. Hold fust. Take it in your hand. Cannot hold it. To' have charge of an affair, or a work ; to exercise authority; also the handle mm~m m m-d^^ u pj^i# m ol anything. nyah. m. nyah ]&?. nyah dsii^; nyah Hiau. m ^ m M nyah la^ seu^ He. nyah veh dsii\ m ^ ^ nyah seu^. 174 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. No means of taking bold of it. Hit ^ ^ To crush in the hand. nvah se\ To Let Go; To Put Down; To Discharge a Gun; To Liberate. long*. Let go. fong^ ^seii. Put it down. ffing' an le; fong' la. Let him go. fong^ e ch'e. To set at liberty. fong^ t'eh. Put it on the table. foug^ la te-tsz long. To place money at in- terest. JiC Ifl To sell on a credit. fong tsiing'. We do not sell on a nye^ veh fong^ tsan; credit. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 175 To dismiss a school. fong-* 'oil. He m To corarait an incen- diary. fong^ ^hoo. n 'X To discharge a cannon. fong p'au^. To fire crackers. fong^ })'au-dsang^. tk ^ i^ To bleed. fong^ sh5h Ik k. To Af a kite. fong^ yan-^tsz. Quiet your mind; have no apprehension. fong^-sing. ik '^ I cannot siip])ress my anxiety. ^ngoo veh nnng kuh fong^-sing. ^ ^ m ^ ik '^' Put it in the drawer. fong^ la ts'eu t'e He. Put them down in one place. #^ nn ^s. -3t m.m^^ fong^ la yih kwM^. He has been set at liberty. fong^ t'eh tseh. To Hide; To Conceal. k'ong'; k'oiig' 'loong. Hide it. ko'ng-* 4oong. 176 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. It IS concealed. No ])]ace to conceal it. Ifc cannot be concealed. k'ong^ *^loong la\ I^ lite mg k'ong^ tsCi. Pi @^ k'ong^ veh ^loong. Concealed on his person. k»ong^ la sung-pe^ Du'nt conceal it. mm i^isrflj ~B veil yaiP k'ong^-^oong. ^ '^ m m. Where have yon concealed it? k'ongMa 'a-le^ ? M^ mm m^ i^xffiffi7# -m m te pt m I _^ ^^^^'^ ^^^ concealed it. ^iigoo veh k'ono^ ^^loong. ^:^mi^Mmn3s.mmw~B ^ ^ m M To Open; To Commence. Open the door. Cannot open it. M.s.nm mz-m. —m Cannot be opened. It can be opened. ~mu^&mr^s.w I can open it. n^ Mi Pi^i -m To open a box. k'e. k'e mung. m fn k'i veh M. veh hau^ k'^. hau> k'^ kuh. ^■ngoo k'^ tub 1^. k*e siang-Hsz FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 177 0|)en the wav. k'e loo\ Not enough to meet ex- mm \>xhM^^^m Mn "!!:^€^t'T- To take anchor and set sail. k'e z^^. ^mmns.m^ns.w:kmMm m m To commence speakino;; to Open the month. pg fj To enlighten. k'e dau\ To open a firm. k'e 'ong. I To open a sho]>. k'e te°\ I ^ pi^thl ^ spie^ mis Not yet opened. veh-zung k'e. nm MU Pi^i# ^ -©• ^ It is open. k'^la'tseh. -m — ± PI^3l ^ te # i To commence business. k'^ ^zz; k'e tsang. ^ ^Pf ^i^ »l)±7^± 1^ rfr 11 5i To open a canal, &c. k'e 'oo. To bloom. k'e hwo. ^ ^mm ^^ To scatter; to separate. sa'^ k'e. 178 FIRST LESSONS 1^ CHINESE. To fire a cannon. k'e p'; kwa'^ -va m To Put; To Place. i)a. Place it securely. Place it level. Place even and in order. Cannot place it level. Put above. pa^ ^han. ]ia^ ping. #^ pa^ d6-tsung\ mi^ IE pa^ veil ping, ^pa la^ song^-deu. Pat it below. Put t on the table. ^"^ -«S; Mi ti »#ifiJ Put it inside. Put it outside. Put it in the chest. *'})a la^ 'au-te, ^pa la^ te-*^tsz long\ ^pa la^ le-'-shang. *'pa la^ nga^-deu. *^pa la^ siang-*'tsz le. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 181 To decorate; the decora- tions of a room. ff| ^x A ferry boat. pa^-doo ze^. To sef, or lay tlie table. <^pa t^-^tsz. To Contribute; To Tax; Also, a Tax. kio. House tax. vong-kio. Taxes. ki6-le. Impost tax. le-kio. Quarterly tax. sz-ke*^ kio. Monthly tax. nyoh-kio. To Borrow, or to Lend. tsia^ To borrow money. tsia^ nyung-^tsz. Lend it to me. tsia^ la ngoo. ^a# ~M^M -if *fe II Cannot borrow. tsia^ veh-^dong. 182 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. I will not lend. veh tsia^. It is borrowed. tsia^ la kiih. It is loaned out. tsia^ ts'eh cli'e^ la. Sublet. <^tse^ tsia\ Can you borrow it? <^hau tsia^ va ? Do' nt borrow, veh ^vau tsia^. mmumi ^ fe ^ To Conduct; To Guide. <^Hnoj. Bring him in. ling^ tsing-li^. Conduct him out. ling^ tsVh-ch'e^. TJie leader, the head man. ling-deu nyung. The blind lead the blind. hah-^tsz <^ling liah-<^tsz. ^ mm.^w mm % ^^^m m ^ m. m^f A pilot. ling^ ^kong kuh. A pilot boat. ling^-^kong-z^°. M /\%m G^ m tL m To nurse; to take charge of ling^ siau-no, ^ m%n ^ nm. m^t^ m^ m 4^ m a child. FIEST lESSOKS ]N CHINESE. 183 A collar. To conduct oufc of the way vih tiau ^ling. ling^ tb*o. To Lead (^as an animal). To lead a horse. ^' Lead him in. M# mm ~s. Lead him out, M# ^Pf IHj^ To lead by the hand (as a child). ch'e^. ch'e^ ^mo. ch'e^ tsing^ le. ^ a ^ ch'e^ ts'eh ch'e\ ^ ai * ch'e'^ ^seu. To Lose. 1 have lost it, jjow much did you lose? ^^ Mt mw M^ 1®± seh-t'eh; loh-t*eh, seh-t'eh tseh; loh-t'eh tseh, seh-t'eh *^kr-haiP ? ^B m it He has lost all his pung^-de" yih zh° seh-t'eli tseh . capital. I have lost heavily. Reh-t'eh-tsz too-Hiau. 184 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. He cant afford to lose. e seh veil ''cli'e. To Meet; To Come in Contact With; To hit. P pang-di^ah; pang^- m m M,m deu. Did you meet him? mw m'p- ^m ms. pang-dsah va ? m M ^ Did not meet, or see, mw MB ^m Kia m I)ang^ veh-dsah. I saw him. nM 'm mm pang-dsah kuh. m M 4- To butt (as a sheep or goat). pang\ m To Receive, or accept That Which is Conferred, or Imposed. mu^^^wm^-mG^±m ^seu. To receive presents. *'seu le^-veh. To receive an honor. *^seu ^song-sz^. ^ n m To suffer. ^sen *^k'oo; <^seu Da°\ To be imposed upon. seu^ wong. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 185 To be put to the blnsli. seu^ mg-ch'ii^ To decline (a favor). • veh *^seu. To Hand; To Deliver IN Person. \seu\ Hand it to me. \seu^ la ^ngoo. ' ^ tea Cannot reach. tseu^ veh dsiih- n ^ M Hand it to him. tseu* la e. I delivered it to him. mu ^^n-w -M ^ mm ^ngoo tseu^ la e. To Read, t5h; toh sii; k*o^ su. He cannot read. toll veh le. A scholar; a literary man. toh-su nyung. To Rot. la°>. m It is unsound. la^^ tseh. 186 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. It is not rotten. veh la'*^. -m -± mu %M^^ ^ m Mud. la'-'-nyp. mm mu Muddy under foot. te loiig> lii'"; IS"' 1^ ^ ^ UT^ *^ch'e kiih. To drown. tsung' sah. To Spin. fong^ so, 188 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Weave. tsuh poo^. To Spread Out ; Spread it Out. t'a^ k^e le. To Steal. t'en ; t'eu meh-zz^. Secretly. t'eu be" 'tsz. To Roll Up. ky5^-^loong. ^ mm }^Wi m m To Inform Against. song^-foli. To Institute a Suit at Law. kau-z no-^. To Inform. kau-soo'; kwa»-tsau'. ^~s.^mmf ^ Wf m m To Swear. vixh-tseu^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 189 To Perspire. tsVh o\ To Strive. yoong^ lih; yoong^ sing; p*ing ming\ To Spill. 1ang'-fa». 51 ^'M^m tT m To Swim. yen ^sz; loong^ sz. ^m~m m :^ W yi^ To Sing. ts'ong\ ^ til' m •0- To Cry. k'oh. J)(/nt cry. ' veh yau^ k'5h. W)B -^^m ^ W ^ Unable^ to cry. k'oh veh ts'eh. To Tear. T CH1NE3E. foil e-zong. To nil dress. To wear a hat, cap or bonnefc. ta^ man-*^tsz. To take ofF the hat. ^m^m^n mm tsii mau-^tsz. m m "f- To Laugh. Laughable. To excite laughter. To ridicule. siau-'. %au siau. ^sa siau. ^laiig siau^. To Win (in a race or game). To Lose. su. To Kick. He will kick. m^ mn ^m t'ih. ysiu? t'ih kuh, To Print. A stamp or chop. yiing'. yung'; yung^-^tsz. ^n fn -^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. ]91 To stamp. Hnng yung\ ^ nmmm tr m Stereotype pltates, or blocks. pP ^ To print books. yimg'* su. To leak. yung^; leu- ^ Mm m m To Return Wbat Has Been Borrowed, ^va" ^ li^j^s. ^m m± &m. u^mw m Return it to me. "wa" la^ *^jigoo: wa^ *^i PI iigoo; wa^ *-Dgoo, ^:^^^s.-m^< m m n ^ m ^ Return it to liim. wa° la^ e. ^^^m.-W: ^ m-s. m U P To return in full. wa"^ ch'ing ^song. I have returned it. wa^ la^ tseh; wa^ tseh, nM mm ^■^^m.w -u m u m m m Not vet returned. veh-zung wa^ mmmm'^^^s.w ^ ^ m To avenge one'self. wa'^ pau^; pau^ wa". ^ M<^s.t^ ^m:km^ m m n m To make good a loss,, or or Not able to return, 192 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Hoist a Sail. To hoist a fla_o^. ts'a 'poong. ts'a je. If m To Lower, or Take in a Sail. loh '])oong. ^ i^m m^^ mm -m.^ mm n- m To Anchor. p'au-man. +44. /C>4t To Take the Anchor. ^ mm m m^^ To pull out, or up. ^ =^i?n mm m^ m^ To pay back by install- ^ m nm ^ m~s.n ments. })ah-mau. pah; pah-t'eh. pah-Wa"^. n m To Draw in, or up by a Capstan. pe". To Tow, or Track (as a boat). be ch'e°. ^ mm Mii m%mm i^ m To pull in two. U fdo. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 193 To pull down. be t'a^ To Fall Down (as a house do). t'a^ That house will fall. He dsu^ vong-^tsz jau^ t'a^ To Haul, (as on a rope), t'oo. ») ^ke-zz^ tseh ? I have waited a long time. <^tung-tsz^ tsang-yo tseh. To Put Down a Sedan, wa^^-ping. To Change. w^^^; also *^tiau. I want you to change vour ^ngoo yau^ noong^ we°^ yang- ^HE 5E^ i¥ ^ ^i-g ^la ^ ^ ii M # manner. suh. 196 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Nail. ting\ To Live. weh. Living. weh la\ Lively. weli-^dong. f^ if To Die. ^se. He, or it is dead. ma m^ -m ~± m.w All men must die. *^se tseh; *^se t'eh tseh. nyuDg nyung tsoong yaii^ se. A A ^ mM To Present (as a present). To conduct, or accompany one a short distance. soong^. soong^. To Go OUT AND Welcome Anyone. nyung-tsih. F1R!^T LESSON^ I?T CHINESE. 197 To Stick {in the ground or elseivhere). ts'ab. To Dye. To Cast Down. kwa°' 'au 1(5. To Throw Away. hwSh-t'eh. To meet, to have an interview To hold a meeting. Did you meet him. mm m^ m^ mn wP-dsah Ta ? # * ^ I did not ; No. mm mm nm m wP veh-dsiih. To Call; To Tell. kiaw^; kau. B4 b4 Call him. kiaw^ e. 14 ¥ Tell him to come. kau e le, (4 i^^fJ To Scratch. tsau. 198 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Cut with Scissors. ^tse". To Pry (ivitJi a lever). cli*au. To Plane. pau^. To Bore. To Cut a Mortise. To Make Ashamed. tsyo. m soh. t'a"-ts'oong\ To Varnish ; To Paint, To Weigh, ^ ts'ung. FIRST LESSONS IN ( [CHINESE. 199 To Measure. ... n Liang. To Save ; To Economise. ^sang. To save time, or labor. ^ urn mf m^ %% sang^ koong-foo. To Waste; to Use Extravagantly. song. To waste time, or labor. song koong-foo. ^ X ^ To use money extrava- gautly. song dong-de". To Seal; To Deify; To Exalt to a High Station. foong. Seal it up. iSirffi — E ;Ev0 foong meb. To seal up a house. foong mung. • To Cut; To Carve. cli'ih. 200 * FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Cut a slice of meat. ch'ih yih kwM^ nuoh. Cut a slice of bread. m cli'ih yih kw'e* ^ ~ m me°-deu. mm Cut it open. ch'ih k'e le. fi mm To Bear Upon. ch'ung^. Bear upon it. ch'ung^ long. m ± Press it firmly. ch'ung-dsu. m ^ -u To Loot. * loo; loo ^ M^ . WW .n . . . . meh-zz^. To Mix; To Get Things Confused. To take bv force. *^ch'iang ; . n ch'iang^ meh-zz^ To Deceive; To Defraud. p'e'^^ ^kwa; ^kwa p'e^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 201 A Dkckiver. kwa^-*^tsz. To Gamble. <^too ; too^ dong-de'^. To Envy. t'e^^; ^^too-je. Envious. *^too-je ^smg. To Ascend; To Make a Record. ^soug. ^ ijsr^*i# ^MmM 3iMm^w ± Make a record. ^song tsiing^. Mm^^^M^w ± m To ascend a mountain. song^ sa'^. To go up to the capital. song^ poh-kiung. ^^MM^^^'M^^m ± :it M To go to heaven. song^ t'e°. To land goods. song^ hoo^-suh. ^ Mi# fcB ± :t ^ To oil houses or any wood. song^ yeu. The place of honor. song^ spu. 202 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To put a signature to anv instrument of writing. _£, :^ g^ To be deceived, or im])Osed upon. *^song tong\ ± ^ To Descend. 'au. To descend a mountain. VuP sa'^. Come down. 'au^ le. To go into the country. 'au^ shang. To 'embark. 'au^ ze\ To ship goods. 'au^ hoo-suh. Below. 'au^ te deu. Underneath. Under the table. ie? 'au. te <^te 'au. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 203 To Desire ; To Expect ; To Hope. moi]g\ ^ m^m ^ mnr^m ^ mm m No hope. mg mong^-deu. i ^ He has hope. e yeu"* mong-deu, 'm^m±mm pm m m To Tempt. *-yung ; ^yung-yeu. To Scrape. kwah. Scrape it off. kwah t'eh. To Recognize; To Confess. nyung^ Do you know me ? nyung^-tuh <^ngoo va ? mm M # a « cloNit know you. ^ngoo veh nyung^-tuh. mm m m^ m ^ m n Does he confess it ? nyung^ va ? m± m^ ms.%n -m m ^ He won't confess it. e veh *^k'ung nyung^. 204 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Graft; To Splice. tsih. To Tie. voh. Tie it fast. voh Ian. To Wet ; Wet. sabi ^ mm mm i^. To Invite. <^ch^in£r ^ -m.i^^m m to* Invite hiin in. ^ch'ing e tsing' ]e. -m.^^mmm~^ m p m ^ To invite giiesls. ^^cli'iDg k'iilu ^-^i'i^mimmn m ^ Please be seated. ^cli'ing zoo. I beg to inquire. <^cli'ing mnng\ I solicit your insfriic- nM v>±'^m m^i -s.n m^ !?!>'i«g ^■ tions. |§ ^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 20.5 To Regret; Uecre TFUL. sob. m iia^ we zing. To Peck (^as dfoxvT), To Lean Against. n To Repeat from Memory. be^^. To rei)eat books. be°^ s^. To Line; or Score. wab, To Stab. ts'oli. ^m^m >*-/ To Quarrel. siang-mo^ To Abuse. 206 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Curse, tseu\ To Wrangle. <^tse° To Remember. ke^. Memory. ke^-sing. ^,^^— IE >»!> Bad memory. ke^-sing veh ^hai], ^# *a5E- IE 'H^ ^ n Remember. ke^-la; ke^-tuh. %-iiMmX> lEte IE # To Retain; To Detain. lieu. I will retain one hunlred. ^ngoo lieu yih pah. Could not detain; or retain. lieu veh dsu^ To Sell on a Credit, so. To Rfly Upon. . k'au^ ; k'au>-t*oh. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 207 To Confide to. foil. You cnn trust him. c'o^-e k'au^-t'oh. It will not do 1o trust him. mm t'oh veh tuli. He ' is reliable. foil tub kuh. Put not your trust in QE MM k^ u'^Mnm -3L nmn. t'oh veh tub nyung. *^# A To Deny; To Falsify One's Word. la\ To Ring a Bell. yau ling. To Row; To Shake. ^ j^Pi ^ mm yau; yau-ze'\ To Pour out. <^tau t'eb. Q To Add to. ka; ka te'^; t'e°; t'e^ te". MMmn mm 208 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Pile one on top of Another. teli; t(li long\ ^ H'&ffii ^ Hi mm m^ ms^mm # # ± To i)ile up. tell cli'e^ le. To Take from. nau t*eb. ^ mm m^fim ^ m To take back. nau tse"^ le. M mm w,m mm^ To Calculate. s\v6\ Calculate and see how much, swo^ swo k*o. I cannot calculate. swo^ veh le. An abacus. To Sleep. kw'ung\ m Go to sleep; go lie down. ch'e^ kw'ang^. * m He is asleep. kw'uDg^ *^ch'e la^. m *fe Unable to sleep. kw'ung^ veh ^ch'e. m ^ * To sleep soundly. *^liau kw'nng^. M m FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 209 To sleep l;ite. kw'iuig^ a^ tsau. ^nmn^m m mm He has gone to sleep. kw'ung^ cli'e tseh. To Nod ; To be Drowsy. k*eh-ts'oong^. To Exchange; To Barter. avg^^; ^tiau. i% m m ^Mn^'^m.t.^ ^* To Stir; To Agitate. <^t8?au. ^ ^'^ ^ mik^m To Draw a Carriage. t'oo mo^-ts'o. To Change a Dollar into Cash. te^ dong-de°. To Transfer. wall. Transfer it to my name. wah la^ ^ngoo ming^-'an. 210 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Pawn. To Hypothecate. To whom is it liypothecat- ed? It is hj^pothecated to me. all ; all fell ah la^ sa^ i^Ji^^ig ? mn^ A ah la^ ^iigoo. To Secure. A secnritv. Will yon secure ? pan. pau'-nvung. U A noong^ ^k'ling ^pau va ? I am willing to become seciiri- I^M PiPf ^— # lil &Mi m-E '■^g°° 1^'".:!S' 'P^' '^'J''' I will not secure. nu "^m nm ^^^^ n jfe. ^ >h ^jDgoo veh *^pau. n ^ U To Persuade. cTi'6' FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 211 To Fall Sick. To Betroth. To Smell. To Follow. Follow Me. To Imitate; To go towards. Imitate the sample. Follow my example. saiig-piDg^. p'a^-cli'ing. m y f{^ r ft. To Divide; To Separate. fimo^-k'e. kung. i^ kiing ^ngoo. 1^ ^ tsau^ tsaii yan(][^. W % tsau ^ngoo. 212 riR=T LE'^SONS IN CHINESE. To Solder. 'o\ To Cast; To Found. kiau; tsu\ To cast a cannon. tsu p'aii\ To Melt ; To Dissolve. Tang. —0- To Freeze. ping-kan. To ('ONGEAL ; To Coagulate. kill ; kih-*^loong. To TnRN (as a tvheel). 'tse». To Float. H'ung. FIRST LESIONS IN CHlKESi:. 213 To Fail in Business. ^tau, ^ mm%w^ To Prop. ts'ang. To Save. kieu\ Save me. kieu^ kieu^ ngoo. mi^ t^ # ^ To Pray. djeu; ^fcau-kau\ ^'^la^ * !S ^ To Kepent. hwP-<^ke. To Regret. au-laip. To Guard; To be Watchful. pongM)e\ To Care for; Be Careful. tong-sing; siau^-sing. 214 rm^T lessons in Chinese. To Quarrel, (as husband and wife). taii-jliV^. To Punish. vah; pa"'. To Reduce; To Take From. n^. +. ^ '^^m^n ^ mm ^^mn ^ li I will cut your wages. ^ngoo yau^ ngali noong^ nM nm :^m ^% %n^± ^ m ^ ^ koong-de^. X m To Translate. fa'^; faM^uh. To Enterpret. fa^ wo^; tse^ wo\ ^ ~^^^^^%w^ mm mn To Manage; To Have The Management, kiung-^seu. To Turn Bound. sib tse"' le. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 215 To Turn Over. fa° tse^-^ le. i- ^ J To CoNSiTLT. song-Hang; tsnng-tsab, ^Ns^ffnE m "^ m m To Run {as tenter'), lieu. ^ ^jEi is^± mm. m To Skin; To Peel; To Strip. poh. To Feel; To Touch. m5h. To Guess. ts'e; ts'o. ^im mm Guess. ts'e m ts'e k'6'. To Examine ; To Scrutinize. tso. it Examine. tso tso k'o^. ^ ^ ^ 216 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Unable to find out bv tso veh t^,'ub. examination. To Prove ; To Evince. le^; te-tsung^. ^m^M%^^n~3L'^ m mm To Play (as an instrument with the fingers), ta^. To Reject. t'e^; t'e>-t'eh. To Sport; To Frolic; To Trifle. peh-siiing^; looug^ p»h-siang. # ffl I? ^ « To Yield; To Give Place. nyiing^ To Soak; To Immerse; To Baptize. tsing\ To Gain {profit). To Make Money. ^tPa^ FIRST l.ESSONS IN CHlNESi:. 217 Profit. tsa"-deu. To Lose, &c. seh; seh-t'eh; seh-pung. To Become Ricet. fah-ds^.' To Hbai,. e; kW; k'6> hau. To Spread; To Propagate, (as c^iscase or re^or^), f ah; f ah-k'e. To Jump; To Leap. t*iau^ To Climb. po. ^ ^MP» le To Crawl. 'pa^. 218 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Splash. To Boil (as wate^-}. sa^^; sa^> ch'e 1^; sa^^ k'^. ^kwung, m To Nurse (the sicJc). -0— soo-tsang\ To Sit or Stay with for Company. 'p^. ^ "^m iHiB n^ ^-^ ^tmja #^ft -© To Slander. wo-^liau, mm To Lock; A Lock. ^soo. To Bolt; A Bolt or Bar. sail. To Roll. ^kwung. To String (as cash). ts'^». FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 219 To Comfort. o-*^we. To Injure. 'h^^. To Degrade. kah; kah-t'eh. To Burn {asftiel). sau. To Gather {as fruit orfloivers), ^t,s*t\ To Cancel ; To Erase. cli*o-t'eh. To Reconcile; To Pacify. 'oo; cli'oVoo. To Pay a Balance. ^tscau; *'tsau wa^ To Criticise. p'e-'ping. 220 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Answer. we-deii. 0- To Cook. sau v5°^; saii. ^ @^ m m m To Send Forth; To Issue. ts*eh. To issue a proGlamation, ts'eh kau-zz\ To Violate (a Begulation, or law), *^va°; va^ f ah, To drive; To Urge; To Press. ^^k^vo. To Grind; To Whet. moo. To Plastrr (as a ivall), fnng ; fnng pih. To File. ts'oo^ FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. 221 To Found {in a mortar'). To Sift. sz. To Strain; To Filter. lib. To Water (a garden), kiau. To Separate; To Make Distinct. *^le; ^le ch'ing-^song. To Create a Disturbance. tsoh-*'fa° To Defeat; To Frustrate. tsoo; tsoo-<^tong. To Separate; To Divide. fung-k'e; fung-pih. 222 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. Recommend {for a position). tse°^. To Encroach upon {another^s land), tse^^. To Take up with Both Hands. d5h. ^ m-m urn mm mn ms.m « To Uncover; To Open. shih; shih-k'e. To Point with the Hand. <^te°; tsz-<^te^ To Stultify. tung-taii. To Vacillate; To Disappoint. tah-djau. To Deport OxMe's Self to ; To Treat. te. I treated liim kindly. ngoo te e ma° liaii. FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE, 223 To Offend ; To Transgress. To Hide or Secrete One's self. tuh-dsiio. j^ie^Moong. ^ It if ; seh-kwe, A W To Consult. song-liang. ^ ft To Consider. tang-swo^. To Spread, Daub, or Smear. l*ah. To Procure what IS Kequired. To Kneel. To Banish. ts'oong-kioa. To Forfeit. seh-t'eh. To Confiscate. ts'ooDg-koong 3^ ^ 224 FIRST LESSONS IN CHINESE. To Rebel- uyuh. To Forbid; To Prohibit. veh-sM. To Make a Prostration (as before an idol), keh-deu, To Add to. Add a little. — ka. M ka te^ To Hook. ^ mn.% . ken. To Confuse. me-ah. ^ pJA^ ^3: To Deceive. loong-zuDg. To Sacrifice to. Finished. tse\ -tseh. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. IIMar65SW ^^eio^Q^ ~^^^^^MW¥JI o fiEC'D LftJ APR ^ — ^^UZ.^^^ i: o • : n {'} Tsr a: 1 FFB 1 2 1997 LD 21A-60»i-4,'64 (E45558l0)476B TEBJWW7 General Library University of California Berkeley r U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES liiiiiin CD57^3flED^ THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA UBRARY k