A!S T 'AMERICAN- GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE,' GIVING THE / ' GEOLOGICAL FORMATION AT EVERY RAILWAY STATION, WITH ALTITUDES ABOVE MEAN TIDE-WATER, NOTES ON INTERESTING PLACES ON THE ROUTES, AND A DESCRIPTION OF EACH OF THE FORMATIONS, BY JAMES MACFARLANE, PH.D., AUTHOR Of "THE COAL-BEGIOX8 OF AMERICA," AXD ONE OF THE COMMI6S1ONKKS OF THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL SCEVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA, V>'.TH THE Co-OPEEATIOX OP TJFE STATE GEOLOGISTS, AlfD OTHER SCIENTIFIC GENTLIMSBf. SECOND EDITION. REVIVED ASD ENLARGED, I.D1TED in : JAMES R. MACFARLANE. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 3, AND 5 BOND STREET. 1890. EARTH JC.IENICK /' LIBRARY / ? 1 >f COPYEIGHT, 1878, 1885, BY JAMES HACFARLANE. 1890, BY JAMES R. MACFARLANE. OIEfi ft CO., BUFFALO, H. Y. PRINTERS, 1890. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The first edition of this book was published by my father, the late James Macfarlar in 1878 and, at the time of his death in October, 1885, he had prepared many of tJ chapters and collected some of the material for others for this second edition. By f( lowing the system of the work already completed, with the assistance of the gentlemi Trhose names appear throughout these pages, I have, after many delays, completed t edition. The whole book has been carefully revised and new lines and new notes added, that the Guide, proper, has been enlarged from 158 to 370 pages. The introducto: portion of the book has been changed only where necessary to conform its statements the views now held by geologists. The altitudes are a new and valuable feature of ti edition and the list is as complete as could be obtained. A few chapters were so pi pared by their authors that little work was needed before printing them, but in me instances the labor of collecting and arranging such a mass of material into a compa and harmonious form has been greater than would be imagined. Whatever defects ai mistakes are found in the book may be attributed to the loss of the one whose mind co ceived its plan, and who was peculiarly fitted for its preparation. To the contributors and my many advisors I owe a debt of gratitude that I cann express, but I know that they will feel rewarded if their work results in an increase interest in, and knowledge of, the noble science of geology. JAMES R. MACFARLA.XE. Pittsburgh, Pa., 1890. 251S86 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Objects and Uses of the Work . . . Dana's Table of Formations . . . . Hunt's " " Combined " " ... Descriptions of the Formations. 1 a. Laurentian . , . . 7 . . 8 9 . . 10 1 b. Norian 11 1 c. Arvonian 12 1 d. Huronian 12 1 s e. Montalban 13 1 f. Taconian 13 2 a. Acadian 14 2 b. Potsdam 14 8 a. Calciferous 16 3 b. Chazy 16 3 b. St. Peter's 17 4 a. Trenton ". 17 4 b. Utica 19 4 c. Hudson River or Cincinnati 19 Keweenian 21 5 a. Medina 22 6 b. Clinton 23 6 c. Niagara 24 6. Salina 26 7. Lower Helderberg 28 8. Oriskany 28 9. Upper Helderberg, or Corniferous . . 29 9 a. Cauda Galli 29 9 b. Schoharie Grit 29 9 c. Onondaga 29 9 d. Corniferous 30 10 a. Marcellus 30 10 b. Hamilton 31 10 b. Tully Limestone 32 10 c. Genesee 33 11 a. Portage 34 11 b. Chemung 35 12. Catskill 36 13 a. Lower Sub-Carboniferous 37 13 b. Upper Sub-Carboniferous 38 14 a. Millstone Grit 39 14 b. & c. Lower and Upper Coal Measures 39 15. Permian 40 16. Triassic 41 17. Jurassic 43 18. Cretaceous 43 19. Tertiary 44 20. Quaternary 45 Remarks on the Descriptions 49 Directions for Using the Guide GO PAGE, Geological Railway Guide. Canada 51 The New England States 86 Table of New England Formations .... 86 Maine 87 New Hampshire 89 Vermont 92 Connecticut 94 Massachusetts and Rhode Island 99 New York 109 New Jersey 139 Pennsylvania 151 Ohio 177 Michigan 189 Indiana 198 Illinois 209 Wisconsin 223 Iowa 233 Minnesota 246 North and South Dakota 253 Note on Geology of the West 257 Northern Pacific 258 Montana and Washington 261 Missouri 267 Kansas 274 Nebraska 293 Colorado 297 Wyoming . . . . 309 Utah 309 Idaho 309 Nevada 309 Oregon 316 California . , 318 Delaware 329 Maryland 332 West Virginia 337 Virginia 352 North Carolina 366 South Carolina 369 Georgia 374 Alabama 378 Mississippi 386 Louisiana 390 Florida 392 Kentucky 395 Tennessee 401 Arkansas 406 Indian Territory 408 Texas 409 Mexico 415 THE OBJECTS AND USES OF THIS WORK. 1. FOR THOSE WHO ARE NOT GEOLOGISTS. The United States are intersected by numerous railroads leading in all directions, and nearly every one has occasion more or less to travel on them for considerable distances. In these railway journeys no person who has the least power of observation can fail to notice the peculiarities in the scenery and the great variety in the formations of rock to be seen in the railway cuts and cropping out on the hillsides. If we always had a professor of geology for our traveling companion, we would be glad to learn from him what these various formations of rock are, what place they occupy in the series of strata that are visible on the earth's surface, and their mineral and other productions ; also at what other localities the same rocks occur, and whether they are entirely new to us or the same we have seen elsewhere. This work is a substitute for the supposed traveling professor of geology, giving hi a small space the names of the geological formations which occur along the lines of the railroads, and in another part of the book is to be found a plain but full description of each of them. There are also foot notes directing attention to interesting geological places and objects on' the routes of the railroads. One object of the work is to teach persons not versed in geology something of this science during the tedious and unprofitable hours of traveling, without study, not as in a text book, but by pointing to the things themselves as seen at railway stations and through the windows of a railway car. t No person could be so stupid as to travel all over the United States without learning the name of a single state or city through which he passes, yet how few persons know even the names of the geological formations on which they have spent their lifetimes. Every one is taught geography, and there is scarcely a child of sufficient age who cannot tell the name of the town, county and state in which he lives. But geology, which is just as well worth knowing, is neglected, and there is but little opportunity for learning any thing practically in regard to it from those about us. This is not owing to a want of a desire for knowledge, but to a want of instruction in this science, and of the practical application of what is learned by adding local geological information in a handy, cheap and accessible form, and this, which no other work affords, it is the aim of this book to furnish. There are some kinds of knowledge too that cannot be obtained from books, but must be gathered by actual observation. The inspection of a formation in nature, which is pointed out to you, will teach you more in regard to it in a few minutes than you could learn from lectures or from reading books in as many hours, and the lesson so received will be better remembered. This book is intended as an intelligent guide to such observations. It tells you where the various formations are, and you can then see for yourself in traveling what they are. - THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. How lonely would be a journey on which you would see not a single face that you know, and how different it would be if every one you meet were an old friend. So to the tourist new charms must be given to scenery, however attractive it may already be, if he knows something about its geology. The rocks, mountains, valleys and plains, although he sees them for the first time, are old friends in perhaps new and interesting forms. He meets them with a certain pleasure, for he understands what he sees and he is given the materials for many a happy hour of quiet and profitable reflection at home, on what he has seen on his railway journey. 2. FOR GEOLOGISTS. But while the book is thus intended primarily as a series of object lessons for those to whom geology is yet a novelty, for the purpose of exciting an interest in, and which may ripen into a love for the science, it is believed that, being in a more convenient form than geological maps, and as no other work has attempted what is here done, all geologists, and especially students, will find it a most useful hand book on their railway journeys as well as for reference at home. It will be useful in laying down the geology in colors on any map which gives the railroads. Accurate geological maps can thus be made without expense, and there is no better exercise for students. It will also be invaluable in selecting a route of travel for geological study or for pleasure, and no geologist should make an excursion over new ground without this guide. It is a scientific catalogue of the great panorama that passes with its ever shif ting scenery before the eyes of the American railway traveler, and even an artist finds a catalogue of a picture gallery very necessary. No geologist need be told that it embraces the result of a vast amount of learning, labor and research in a very small compass, and a minuteness of local geology for which he might ransack libraries in vain, and which no one man could possibly furnish. Many men for many years have devoted the finest talents in America to the study of the geology of these states, and all have contributed by their published reports, or by direct original contributions to this work, portions of the knowledge which is here indexed, otherwise it would not be becoming for the author to say so much in its praise. In order that the guide might be as accurate as possible the assistance of the state geologist of each state, or that of some scientific gentleman best acquainted with its local geology, has been invoked to revise and correct the list of formations found along the railroads. Without a single exception, and with characteristic devotion to the cause of science/ this aid has been very cheerfully and promptly rendered, and in not a few instances, where the necessary information was only in the knowledge of these gentlemen, they have filled in the geology from original sources not yet published. Due credit is given to all contributors in the notes of the proper chapter. The general accuracy of the book can be relied upon as to the formations of each locality as they were understood at the time of its publication, and it may be regarded as in harmony with the latest results of geological research. If errors are found, consider the great number of railroad stations and you will wonder there are so few. *Scientiflc men freely give the results of their labors to the world, expecting only in return to im ofliuman knowledge PROP. JOSEPH HENRY. *7**KM*VUA\ UJ.tsU JA^^IJ glVC LU.C !CC5UltO Ul btlOU laUUlQ IU UlU WJIIU, UApt'l enjoy the consciousness of haying added by their investigations to the sum of Tinman knowledge, and to receive the credit to which they might justly entitle them. Pi OBJECTS AND USES OF THIS WORK. 3. FOR USEFUL, PRACTICAL PURPOSES. To those who take only utilitarian views and care nothing for pure science, and to all those in any way interested in the country, a means is here furnished for ascertaining the natural advantages or disadvantages of any district where there is a railroad, for it is now pretty well known to all intelligent persons that the capabilities or resources of a country, what it is and what it can become, depend chiefly on its geology. No one in our day can doubt, that there is a definite and orderly arrangement of the rocks, that it is only in certain rocks that certain useful materials and minerals are to be obtained, and that the soil of each formation has a certain fixed value for agriculture. It was long ago shown that a geological map of England, is a map also of the distribution of its manufacturer Even the kind of people inhabiting a district, often depends on its geology. A considerable portion of the work of geologists, is devoted to tracing out the distribution of the various formations as they come out from beneath one another, and spread over the face of the country. This book is made up of a minute tabular statement or division of all places on the American railways, into classes, some of which yield useful materials or pro- ductions peculiar to them. It points out the limits to be observed in searching out new locations producing any material. Besides, if accompanied by a correct scientific knowledge of the country, it will make any man's discovery of anything useful available to his neighbors in hundreds of other places, over the whole region covered by the same formation. The physical structure of a country being then, the means by which we can learn the range and distribution of useful materials, a strict attention to fossils is necessary, to enable us to determine the relative position of rock groups, each group, within certain limits, holding its own peculiar fossil forms, and certain economic products being confined, over wide areas, either wholly or principally to certain rocks. Many persons, ignorantly confounding the means with the .end, think geologists are good authorities upon fossils, but not as to the useful properties of the formations. Sir William E. Logan, the great Canadian geologist, in answer to this objection, once said : " I am not a naturalist ; I do not describe fossils, but use them. They are the geologist's friends, who direct him hi the way to what is valuable. To get the necessary information from them, you must be able to recognize their aspect, and in order to state your authority, you must give their names. Some of them tell of coal they are cosmopolites ; while some give local intelligence of gypsum, or salt, or building stone. One of them helped us last year to trace out, in Canada, upwards of fifty miles of hydraulic limestone." But it is not practicable for ordinary readers to understand the difficult science of paleontology ; all they can expect to know are the results as ascertained by professional geologists, and those results are given in this little book, for every place on every railroad in America. There are many other things that might have been given, especially the structural geology of each State, geological maps, more minute lists of elevations and general physical geography, but the book contains enough for one little volume to be carried about on railway journeys. TOWANDA, Pa., 1878. JAMES MACFARLANE. Prof. J. D. Dana's Table of the Geological Formations (1885), A3 NUMBERED IN THE GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. Systems or Ages. GROUPS OR PERIODS FORMATIONS OR EPOCHS. 20. Age of Man. 20. QUATERNARY. 2O Quaternary. ?s| 19. TERTIARY. 1 9 c. Pliocene. 1 9 b. Miocene. 1 9 a. Eocene. !& 18. CRETACEOUS. 1 8 c. Upper Cret. 18 b. Middle Cret. 1 8 a. Lower Cret. 17. JURASSIC. 1 7 Jurassic. 16. TRIASSIC. 1 6 Triassic. i il 15. PERMIAN. 1 5 Permian. 14. CARBONIFEROUS. 14 c. Upp. Coal-meas. 14b. Low. Coal-meas. 1 4 a. Millstone Grit. 13. SUBCARBONIFEROUS. 1 3 b. Upper Subcarb. 1 3 a. Lower Subcarb. 8-12. Devonian, or Age of Fishes. 12. CATSKILL. 12 Catskill. 11. CHEMUNG. 1 1 b. Chemung. 1 1 a. Portage. 10. HAMILTON. 1O c. Genesee. 1O b. Hamilton. 1 O a. Marcellus. 9. CORNIFEROUS. 9 c. Corniferous. 9 b. Schoharie. 9 a. Cauda Galli. 8. ORISKANY. 8 Oriskany. af Invertebrates. 5-7. Upper Silurian. 7. LOWER HELDERBERG. 7 Lower Helderb'g 6. SALINA. 6 Salina. 5. NIAGARA. 5 c. Niagara. 5 b. Clinton. 5 a. Medina. 2-7. Silurian, or Age 2-4. Lower Silurian. 4. TRENTON. 4 c. Hudson River. 4 b. Utica. 4 a. Trenton. 3. CANADIAN. 3 b. Chazy. 3 a. Calciferous. 2. PRIMORDIAL OR CAMBRIAN. 2 b. Potsdam. 2 a. Acadian. 1. ARCHAEAN. 1 b. Huronian. 1 a. Laurentlan. Table of the Geological Formations, ARRANGKD FOR THE SECOND EDITION OP THIS WORK BY T. STERRY HUMT, LL. D., F. R. S. AGES. GROUPS. AMERICAN FORMATIONS. o 'o 20. QUATERNARY. 20, Recent. o t> 19. TERTIARY. 19 c. Pliocene. 19 b. Miocene. 19 a, Eocene. d "o M S 3 18. CRETACEOUS. 17. JURASSIC. 16. TRIASSIC. 18. Cretaceous. 17. New Red Sandstone, 16. New Red Sandstone. 13-15. CARBONIFEROUS. 15. Permo-Carboniferous, 14i Coal Measures. 13 b. Mississippi, (Carb, limestone.) 13 a. Waverley or Bonavenfure, 8-12. BRIAN OR DEVONIAN. 12. Catskill. 11. Chemung and Portage. 10. Hamilton, (Including Cenesee and Marcellus.) Corniferous or Upp. Helderb'g. Oriskany. .2 5-7. SILURIAN. 7. Lower Helderberg. 6. Onondaga or Salina. 5 c. Niagara, including Quelph, 5 b, Clinton. 5 a. Medina. 5 a, Oneida. 3-4. ORDOVICIAN, (Upper Cambrian of Sedgwick or Siluro-Cambrian.) 4 c. Loraine. 4 b. Utica. 4 a, Trenton. 3 a. Chazy. 2. CAMBRIAN. (Middle and Lower Cambrian of Sedgwick.) (Keweenian.) 2 c. Calciferous. f Upper Taconic 2 b. Potsdam. I or Quebec Gr'p. 2 a. Menevian. (St. John's group.) .2 'o M H 1. PRIMARY OR CRYSTALLINE. (Primitive and Transition.) f. Taconian. (Lower Taconic.) e. Montalban. d. Huronian. c. Arvonian. b. Norian. lla, Laurentian. TABLE OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. Systems or Ages. GBOUPS OB PEBIODS. FOBMATIONS OB EPOCHS. 19-20. CENOZOIC. 20. Age of Man. 20. QUARTERNARY. 20. Quarternary. o I s Mammals. 19. TERTIARY. 19 c. Pliocene. 19 b. Miocene. 19 a. Eocene. 16-18. MESOZOIO. 16-18. Reptilian Age. 18. CRETACEOUS. "b |f 18 c. Upper Cretaceous. 18 b. Middle 18 a. Lower " 17. JURASSIC. 17. Jurassic. 16. TRIASSIC. 16. Triassic. 2-15. PALEOZOIC. 12-15. Carboniferous. 15. PERMIAN. 15 Permo-Carboniferous. 14. CARBONIFEROUS. XV. XIII XII. 14 c. Upper Coal-measures. 14 b. Lower Coal-measures. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 13. SUBCARBONIFEROUS. XI. X. 13 b. Upper Subcarbonif'ous. 13 a. Lower " 12. CATSKILL. IX. 12 Catskill. || 15 00 11. CHKMUNQ. VIII 11 b. Chemung. 11 a. Portage. 10. HAMILTON. " 10 c, Genesee. 10 b. Hamilton. 10 a. Marcellus. 9. CORNIFEROUS. t( (1 9 c. Corniferous. 9 b. Schoharie. 9 a. Cauda Galli. 8. ORISKANY. VII. 8 Oriskany. 2-7. Cambrian to Silurian, or Age of Invertebrate*. Upper Silurian. 5-7. SILURIAN. VI. V. IV. 7 Lower Helderberg. 6 Salina. 5 c. Niagara. 5 b. Clinton. 5 a. Medina and Oneida. Lower Silurian. 3-4. SILURO-CAMBRIAN, or Trenton. III. II. 4 c. Cincinnati, Hudson River or Loraine. 4 b. Utica. 4 a. Trenton. 3 b. Chazy. 3 a. Calciferow. 2. CAMBRIAN, or Primordial. I. 2 b. Potsdam. 2 a. Acadian. 2 d. Georgian. 1. Eozoic OR ARCH^IAN. 1 b. Huronian. 1 a. Laurentian. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. INTENDED FOR RAILWAY TRAVELERS WHO ARE NOT VERSED IN GEOLOGY. All the rock-formations which appear on the surface of the globe, have been scientifically classified by geologists, according to the order in which they are found lying one upon another, and by the fossils they contain, and for our object may be conveniently included in twenty divisions or groups. In this work, the table of the names of the formations, groups and systems, published by Prof. J. D. Dana in his "Manual of Geology" and in his ** Text Book of Geology," has been taken as the general basis, by the geologists of many of the states who have assisted in preparing the following guide, but other valuable tables and especially one arranged by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, a general or combined table, and a list for each state at the beginning of the proper chapter, are also given. Numbers are attached to the names of the groups wherever they occur, making 20 in all. The subordinate members of each group, which are called formations, have the same number, but these sub-divisions are distinguished by the addition of small letters, a, b, c, etc., thus making in all 40 sub-divisions. By this means, the reader, although not familiar with geological tables, is at once enabled to see to what part of the general series any formation belongs, number 1 designating the oldest and number 30 the upper and last formed of alL Wherever the formations are found, they occur in the order as they are numbered, but the series in nature is never full, and in almost every locality one or more members of it are wanting. The true method by which each of the great stratified formations is distinguished is by its own characteristic fossils, but these descriptions, having been prepared for travelers, are confined to the general aspect of the rocks as seen hi passing them on the railways. They are intended to be popular rather than scientific, informing the reader what the formations are, what they look like, and their useful and valuable characters, qualities, and productions. It must also be borne in mind that this is a country of vast dimensions, and that the formations undergo important changes in their lithological character from place to place. Paleontology, and other interesting branches constituting the purely technical portion of the subject, are omitted. That ground has been well covered by all of the excellent illustrated text-books on geology, and one object of this work is to induce persons to take up their study. Results only are here given, not the method, by which they are attained. The thicknesses of the formations are sometimes stated, but as this might mislead the unprofessional reader, it should be observed, that the width of the surface occupied by a formation depends on the amount of dip in the beds. A group less than a hundred feet thick, lying horizontally, may cover several miles, while one of several thousand feet thick, if lying at a high angle, is soon passed over. 10 ^ THE ^GEOLOGIST'S* TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. 1. EOZOIC (ARCH>EAN, AZOIC), I. PRIMARY OR CRYSTALLINE ROCKS. The late investigations of American geologists have enabled them to establish several divisions in the crystalline stratified rocks, which were originally called Primary or Primitive. The name Azoic, formerly given to the Primary rocks to distinguish them from the Paleozoic formations, has, since the discovery of Eozoon in the former, been exchanged for that of Eozoic. The designation Archaean or ancient rocks, is used by Professor Dana and others, and applies to the Primitive formations without distinction. Among those who have made the Primitive or crystalline rocks a special subject of study for many years, no one is more eminent than Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, whose classification of these rocks established by him in North America has since been recognized by many geologists in Europe, where the same great groups are found. The following descriptions, giving the latest con- clusions as to the divisions of the Crystalline rocks, have been furnished by him for this second edition of this work. 1 a. Laurentian. The name of Laurentian was given in 1854, by the geological survey of Canada, to the ancient crystalline terrane which forms the chief portion of the Laurentide hills, and of the Adirondacks. Throughout these areas the prevailing rock is a strong, massive gneiss, reddish or grayish in color, sparingly micaceous, but very often hornblendic. The predominance of this mineral occasionally gives rise to a nearly pure hornblende-rock, sometimes with a little intermixed feldspar. The gneisses are, for the most part, distinctly stratified, but occasionally the evidences of stratification are not very apparent, so that these rocks have often been designated granites. This series is distinguished by the absence of chloritic, talcose, argillaceous or micaceous schists. It includes, however, crystalline limestones, of which there are supposed to exist, in the Ottawa valley, three distinct masses in the Laurentian series, each of which is, in parts, according to Logan, more than 1,000 feet in thickness. These limestones, which are generally coarsely crystalline, are often magnesian, and abound in foreign minerals, chief among which are serpentine, chondrodite, hornblende, pyroxene, magnesian mica, apatite and graphite. Most of these occur both disseminated in the beds, and, aggregated with other minerals, in veins, or endogenous masses. Associated with these limestones are often considerable beds of quartz-rock, sometimes garnetiferous. Great masses of magnetic oxide of iron are also found interstratified in this series. The measured thickness of the Laurentian gneisses, with their included limestones and other rocks, on the Ottawa, where the strata are nearly vertical in attitude, has been estimated at over 17,000 feet. Beneath these, known as the Grenville series? there is a great underlying mass of granitoid gneiss, without limestones, and of undetermined thickness, called the Ottawa gneiss, which, it is conjectured, may not be conformable with the upper portions. In the Atlantic belt, considerable areas of Laurentian occur in Newfound- land, and probably in several parts of New England. A range of Laurentian rocks from the Western part of Connecticut extends south westward, forming DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 1 1 the Highlands of the Hudson, and making the South Mountain as far as the Schuylkill; while a smaller range of the same, to the southeastward, forms the Welsh Mountain, in Pennsylvania. Little is known of the distribution of the Laurentian farther southward, but gneisses near Richmond in Virginia, and at Roan Mountain, in North Carolina, are referred to this terrane. Large areas of Laurentian occur around Lake Superior, and farther west in the Rocky Mountains, where they form the crystalline rocks of the Colo- rado range in the east, and those of the Wasatch in the west, and probably occur in many other parts of the region. To the Laurentian belong the gneisses of the Western Islands of Scotland, those of Scandinavia and Finland, and large portions of those of the Alps. The limestones of the Laurentian contain the remains of a foraminiferal organism known as Eozoon Canadense (Dawson), which has been found in several localities in Canada, and also in Bavaria, and in Finland. Accompanying it are several other small forms, regarded as organic, and referred to the protozoa. 1 b, Norian.-The upper portion of the Laurentian series on the Ottawa river, was orginally defined by the geological survey of Canada as consisting of a rock, gneissoid or granitoid in character, made up chiefly of labradorite, or related anorthic feldspars, but including also true gneisses and crystalline limestones, not unlike those already described in the Laurentian. Subsequent studies in Canada led to the conclusion that these rocks constitute a distinct terrane, resting uncomformably upon the gneisses and crystalline limestones oi the preceding series, and the two were respectively designated as Lower Laurentian and Upper Laurentian or Labradorian. As the newer is very distinct from the older terrane, it has, however, been thought better to restrict the name of Laurentian to the latter. A series precisely similar to the upper one occurs in Norway, where, as in North America, it rests upon Laurentian gneisses, and where the name of norite has been given to the feldspathic rock which is its chief characteristic. Hence, the name of Norian, which has been chosen in place of Upper Laurentian, as the designation of the terrane. It is conjectured, from the fact that it has yet been found only in contact with the Laurentian, and from its including gneisses and limestones lithologically similar to those of the latter, that it is next in age. The norites consist, for the greater part, of anorthic or plagioclase feldspars, sometimes almost without admixture, but at other times accompanied by small portions of hornblende, of pyroxene or of hypersthene, constituting what has been called hypersthenite or hyperite. Chrysolite, red garnet, green epidote, biotite, and ilmenite are often present, and these minerals are generally arranged in such a way as to give a gneissoid structure to the rock. The texture ia sometimes fine-grained and compact, and at other times more coarsely granular, and even granitoid, displaying great masses of the plagioclase feldspar, frequently opalescent, and varying in composition from anorthite to andesine. The colors of the norites vary from white, pale bluish or greenish, rarely reddish, to dark lavender or smoke-blue, or nearly black. The principal area of this terrane known in the United States is in Essex county, New York, where it covers several hundred square miles, and, although highly inclined, rests unconformably, according to Professor Hall, upon the 12 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. Laurentian. It is well displayed upon the shore of Lake Champlain, between Port Kent and Westport, and forms some of the highest hills of the interior. A second large area of Norian occurs north of Montreal, where it is similarly related to the Laurentian, and passes below the Potsdam sandstone. Other localities along the valley of the St. Lawrence are at Chateau Richer near Quebec, at Bay St. Paul, the Bay of Seven Islands, and on the River Moisie. Extensive areas of it also exist on the coast of Labrador. The same rock has been found on the east shore of Lake Huron, at the west end of Lake Superior, as at Duluth, and in Wyoming Territory. It c. Arvonian. There is found in many localities a series of highly inclined stratified rocks, consisting essentially of petrosilex or halleflinta, often passing into a quartziferous porphyry. There are found with it strata of vitreous quartzite and thin layers of soft micaceous schists, besides great beds of hema- tite, and, more rarely, layers of crystalline limestone. This group, which has a thickness of many thousand feet, was at first included in the succeeding Huronian series, which, however, apparently overlies it unconformably. Its relations with the preceding groups have not been clearly determined, fcut it appears to be identical, both in position and in character, with the group, which in Wales has, since 1878, been called Arvonian. These Arvonian rocks are well seen at many points along the coast of Massachusetts and New Brunswick and in the Atlantic belt in southern Pennsylvania. Areas of them are also seen on the north shore of Lake Superior, and rising through the paleozoic sandstones in Wisconsin. They appear under similar conditions in southeast Missouri, where they include great beds of iron-oxyd. I d. Huronian, The name of Huronian was given in 1855 by the geological survey of Canada, to a series of more or less schistose crystalline rocks, shown to rest upon the Laurentian series on the north shore of Lakes Huron and Superior. A similar series is largely developed in the Atlantic belt in New- foundland, in the province of Quebec, and in New England, and farther south- westward in the Blue Ridge. The Huronian differs from the preceding series by the frequent presence of schistose rocks, and of conglomerates, which con- tain fragments of the underlying gneisses. The Huronian contains a consider- able portion of epidote, hornblende and pyroxene, and is marked by varieties of diabasic rocks, often called gabbros, which are truly stratified, but are not to be confounded with the norites of the Norian series, to which the name of gabbro is also often given. The Huronian series moreover includes imperfect gneisses, quartzites, dolomites, serpentines, and steatite, besides large amounts of chloritic, micaceous and argillaceous schists. Its thickness has been esti- mated at about 18,000 feet, and it is often found resting unconformably upon the gneiss of the Laurentian. Ores of copper, nickel, chrome and iron are common in the Huronian series, which is penetrated in many localities by unstratified rocks, both granite and doleritic. The rocks in the British Islands, which have lately been described by the name of Pebidian, are apparently identical with the Huronian ; and the great series in the Alps, known to the Italians as the pietri verdi, or greenstone group, or at least its lower portion, has both the lithological characters and the geognostical relations of the Huronian, to which it is now generally referred. Similar crystalline schists found in California, both in the foot-hills DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 13 14: THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAXD-BOOK. 2-15. PALEOZOIC. 2-4. CAMBRIAN (OR LOWER SILURIAN) AGE. J a. Acadian. This series is found at Braintree, in Massachusetts, at Stjj John, in New Brunswick, and at St. John, in Newfoundland. It includes on thousand feet or more of f ossilif erous sandstone and shale, and according to Dr, Hunt, corresponds to the Menevian of Great Britain. It has only been found -along the north-eastern border of the Atlantic belt. It is remarkable as a fossil iferous rock below the Potsdam, which had, before its discovery, always been COD sidered as the lowest formation of that description on the continent. 2 b. Potsdam. The Potsdam sandstone, was for a long time considered at the lowest sedimentary fossiliferous rock. It is usually of a purely quartzosc character, generally gray, though often striped, and sometimes partially 01 entirely red. In places it appears as a conglomerate, but sometimes the enclosed masses are angular, showing them to be near their source. Hall, N. Y. R., 2'^ It is a hard silicious sandstone, white, red, gray, yellowish, and frequently stripe d Some strata of this rock are covered with the most beautifully characteriz | ripple-marks as perfect as if just formed on the sand of a sea-beach, whil the rock is the most indurated kind of sandstone. Its lower portion is a .granitic conglomerate, hi which large masses of quartz, the size of a peck measure, are often enveloped ; they are rounded and water- worn, and held togethei by a finer variety of the same material. On the Canada slope, where the mass is 300 feet thick, it is wholly a conglomerate, made up of coarse materials. The part which is properly a sandstone, has two principal varieties, a close grained, sharp edged mass, with natural joints traversing it in two directions, but so closely wedged together that it is quarried with difficulty. This is the Keeseville variety, and that of Pa. and N. J. The other, the typical mass at Potsdam, is an even bedded and somewhat porous rock, at many places a distinct friable sandstone in others a yellowish-brown sandstone, the particles of which are compacts together, so as to form a firm, even-grained mass, with the planes of deposit' perfectly smooth and separable from each other, the layers being from two inc' to four feet thick. At Potsdam quarries, a layer of 100 square feet may be rai and split into rails, six inches wide and ten feet long, or it may be broken k pieces the size of a brick, with even edges of fracture, and each layer may t -' separated into many. The color here is yellowish-brown, and a deep red varietj occurs at Chazy, resting immediately upon the primitive rock. Mather, 102. It is nowhere charged with mineral matter, either disseminated or in veins. The native copper of Lake Superior is in an old trappean formation, and has no relation to the neighboring extensive formation of Potsdam. In an economical point of view, the Potsdam is unimportant as a depository of useful substances. t DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 15 The general color of the stone at Potsdam is yellowish-brown, but the tint of each layer differs somewhat from those adjacent to it, so that the rock, upon the fractured edges, wears a slightly striped aspect. It is the finest quarry atone in the state, being so perfectly workable and manageable. 360. It is an ex- cellent building material, holding mortar well, and makes a dry house. 29. Under the Potsdam, and upon the primary rock, is the position of the specular and red oxide of iron. V. 267. In Minnesota, the lower portion of the formation is 400 feet thick, and is hard and often vitreous, and usually of a brick-red color, with very distinct layers, often separated into slaty layers by partings of red shale, strongly marked with fucoidal impressions, frequently ripple-marked and cracked. The upper part of the formation, there called the St. Croix sandstone, is white or buff in color, often friable, and constitutes a heavy bedded or massive sandstone of rounded quartzose grams. N. H. Winchell. In Minnesota and Iowa, the Potsdam proper, omitting the St. Croix sandstone, is a friable, crumbling mass, of no value for building purposes except as sand, consisting of a pure silicious sand in minute grains, with a very slight amount of cementing matter. Unless protected by some more resisting rock above it the Potsdam appears in steep slopes, or low, gently swelling hills and mound-like eminences. Those portions which are hard and enduring are cemented by oxide of iron, and have a brown color. In Wisconsin, the Potsdam is 800 to 1000 feet thick, and has a much larger surface-development than elsewhere, as will be seen by the great number of railway-stations on it. It extends over 12,000 square miles, and contains many fossils not found in New York. Where the Potsdam in Wisconsin is on the surface, and not covered by drift, there is usually a loose, sandy soil, with a sparse growth of small oak and pine timber. This formation is one that has been very properly allowed to retain its original name almost undisputed all over the United States, except that Professor Owen at first called it the LOWER SANDSTONE, in the North West to distinguish it from the 3 c., St. Peters or Upper Sandstone. In Michigan, the Potsdam is the red sandstone, which is emphatically the chief rock that appears upon the immediate coast of the whole south shore of Lake Superior, and forms the Pictured Rocks and the Falls of St. Marie. Here it is of inconsiderable thickness, but it regularly thickens in going westward. Houghton, 4th R., 500. Some have referred the Lake Superior sandstone to the age of the Chazy, but the late studies of Rominger show that it is really of Potsdam age. The Chicago Tribune office building is of this Lake Superior sandstone, and the Court House at Milwaukee is another conspicuous specimen. In Pennsylvania, the Potsdam is a compact, fine-grained, white and yellowish vitreous sandstone, containing specks of Kaolin. The Potsdam formation is supposed by some to be represented in the Green Pond Mountain of New Jersey by a local deposit of coarse conglomerate, 3000 feet thick, but others deny that this mountain is Potsdam. It is less than 30 feet thick where it is seen rising from beneath the limestones of the Lehigh River, but increases hi thickness westward and southward, until it comes to be represented in Tennessee by many thousand feet of alternate coarse and fine deposits. See Safford's Geol. R. of Tenn. 16 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. 3 a. Calciferous, This group embraces in New York three distinct as to character and position, and these alternate and intermix with each other. The first is silicious, compact, and may probably be the continuation of the Potsdam sandstone. The second is a variable mixture of fine, yellow, silicious sand and dolomite or magnesian carbonate of lime, which, when fractured, presents a fine, sparkling grain. It is in irregular layers, which have a shattered appearance, from numerous cracks, the parts being more or less separated from each other. This is the mass from which the name Calciferous sandrock was derived. The third is a mixture of the dolomite material, which is usually yellowish, very granular when fresh broken, and of a compact limestone, which resembles the Birdseye. The action of the weather gives these layers the appearance of Gothic fret-work, and the color becomes a dark yellow-brown. V. 21. As its name indicates, it is a sandy magnesian limestone, but it is not destitute of beds of pure limestone. The mixture of a variety of mineral matter causes the rock to weather unequally ; hence it is often rough externally, portions of the silicious part standing out in relief. There are two quite uniform characters which distinguish the Calciferous, viz : A fine crystalline structure intermixed with earthy matter and numerous small masses of calcareous spar. E. 105. Great numbers of quartz crystals are found in the cavities of this formation, many of them very perfect as to form and transparency. V. 30. In the Mississippi basin this formation is called the LOWER MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE, to distinguish it from the Upper or Trenton limestone. The eastern name, Calciferous or lime-bearing sandrock, does not apply, as it is almost free from sand. As its western name indicates, it is a dolomite or magnesian limestone, and makes an excellent lime for building purposes. It usually contains about one equivalent or forty-five per cent of carbonate of magnesia. This limestone forms the summits of the bluffs of the Missis- sippi ; it supports high table-lands that extend back from the river, and forms prominent angles to the summits of the bluffs on either side of that river. These even and heavy layers are those usually quarried for building-stone. D. D. Owen gives descriptions of the picturesque character of the landscape in the region of the Upper Mississippi, and especially the striking similarity which the roek exposures present to ruined structures, and his report is illustrated by beautiful engravings showing the castellated appearance of the cliffs of the Lower Magnesian limestone on the Iowa river. In Pennsylvania it is a coarse, gray, calcareous sandstone, containing cavities enclosing very minute crystals of quartz and calcareous spar. 3 b. Chazy. To the Calciferous succeeds the Chazy limestone. As a whole, it is a dark, irregular, thick-bedded limestone. At Chazy, New York, on Lake Champlain, it contains many rough, irregular, flinty or cherty masses. At Essex the beds are more regular, and form, in consequence, a better building stone. As a limestone it is purer than the Calciferous, being non-magnesian; the principal foreign matter is silica in the form of chert. It is free from the brown earthy spots, and the masses of brown calcareous spar so common in the Calciferous sandrock. This formation is 130 feet thick on Lake Champlain, but it is less constant in the series than the others, and as it is not an important formation on the DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 17 lines of the railroads, an extended description is not here necessary. It is not found in the valley of the Mohawk. Its fossils are found in Pennsylvania and Virginia, but its limits are not there denned. In the Northwestern States the St. Peter sandstone occupies the same place in the series as the Chazy in the east. 3 b. St. Peter Sandstone (Upper Sandstone of Owen). This is a western formation and does not occur in the Eastern States, but Prof. Lesley thinks it may have representatives in the massive silicious members of the great lime- stone mass of from 5,000 to 6,000 feet thick, as measured along the two branches of the Juniata in Pennsylvania. It is first recognized in going west, to the south- west of Winnebago Lake. It is also seen up the Mississippi, near St. Paul and St. Anthony, and on the streams of northeast Iowa, and at La Salle, Illi- nois, where it is brought to the surface by an anticlinal axis. It is remarkable for its uniform thickness, which is from 72 to 100 feet over a space of 500 miles in length and 400 miles in width. In Central Wisconsin, however, its thick- ness is very irregular. It is also of the same character throughout, being com- posed of wonderfully uniform and exceedingly minute grains of sand, held together by the merest trace of cement, so that the mass may easily be moved with shovel and pick, as is everywhere done for the purpose of obtaining sand for mortar. This sandstone, though usually white, sometimes assumes a buff or brown color from the presence of iron, and in some localities it becomes red or is marked by bands of a bright green color. It appears like a recurrence of the Lower or Potsdam sandstone. Being composed almost entirely of pure silica, it is, when not colored by oxide of iron, one of the very best materials yet discovered in the west for the manufacture of glass. It is the same as that known in Missouri as saccharoidal sandstone, which is carried to Pitts- burgh, Pennsylvania, and used by the glass-makers in manufacturing the best kinds of glass. See note 2, Missouri. 4 a. Trenton Limestone. Next in ascending order occurs the 4 a. Trenton limestone, which, in the Northwestern States, is divided into the Buff lime- stone and Blue limestone. In Wisconsin there are two buff and two blue beds alternating. They are undoubtedly the same as the well known Chazy, Birds- eye, Black River and Trenton limestones of New York and other Eastern States. They are known in the West wherever the exposures reach to the upper sandstone. The upper member of the 4 a. Trenton limestone, in South Western Wis- consin and the adjoining parts of Illinois and Iowa, is the very important GALENA or lead-producing limestone, which has no exact representation in the Eastern States. It is a light gray or a yellowish-gray, heavy-bedded rock. It is compact, minutely crystalline throughout, often with small cavities lined with crystals of brown spar, and the whole thickness of the formation is 250 feet. The Galena or lead ore contains 13.4 per cent, of sulphur and 86.6 per cent, of lead, and is found in heavy bodies in crevices in this Galena dolomite or magnesian limestone. Prof. J. D. Whitney, in his admirable report on the geology of the lead region of Southwestern Wisconsin, has proved that these lead deposits must have been introduced into the fissures by precipitation from above. The lead mines of Missouri are chiefly in the Lower Magnesian lime- sU>ne. 18 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. In Wisconsin, a very noticeable feature of the Trenton limestone is its marked division into the two parts before mentioned. One, which is the lower half, is very heavy bedded, in layers of two or three feet thick, known as the glass-rock, and the other thin bedded, in layers of two or three inches. There is always a stratum of carbonaceous shale from a quarter of an inch to a foot or more in thickness, which separates the blue or Trenton from the thin bedded Galena limestone above it. Professor R. D. Irving describes the Galena limestone as almost invariably a very compact, hard, crystalline rock, of a yellowish -gray color, with numer- ous small cavities filled with a softer material, or lined with crystals of calcite. The upper portion is thick bedded and free from flints, the layers being from one to four feet thick, while the lower portion almost invariably consists of several feet of layers from one to two inches thick. Good exposures of parts of the Galena limestone are frequently to be met with. It may be seen in cliffs and ledges, on nearly all the streams in the lead region, where it weathers irregularly, leaving the surface full of small cavities, due to the removal of its softer parts. The formation contains masses of flint in layers, or in irregular pieces, which are principally confined to the middle and lower parts of the formation, although not entirely absent from any part. In the interior valleys of Pennsylvania, as for example, in Sinking Valley. Blair Co., considerable quantities of zinc ore, and some galena, have been found in the Trenton limestone group, which is there at least" 1,000 feet thick. The lead mines of Wythe Co., Virginia, are at the same, or at a somewhat lower horizon. The zinc mines near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and near Landisville, Lancaster Co., are nearly of the same geological age. Isolated crystals or small masses of galena occur in crevices in the limestone beds of this age throughout the entire range of the great valley from Newburgh, on the Hudson, to Chattanooga, in Tennessee. The limestones in this valley, which are the Auroral limestones of H. D. Rogers, are, by some geologists, referred to an older series. In the State of New York the lower part of the Trenton is called the Birdseye. It is a perfectly pure limestone, and the next layer, which is the middle or Black River sub-division, is sometimes used as a marble. It is solid, hard, and easily worked, by reason of its conchoidal fracture, and is valuable for lime and for building. The upper part of the formation, or Trenton limestone proper in New York, consists of two distinct varieties, at Trenton Falls. The first or upper part is a dark or black colored, fine grained limestone, in thin layers, sepa- rated regularly by black shale or slate, forming the great mass in which the creek has worn its channel, and in which are all the falls. See Note 62, New York. The second, or lower part of the Trenton proper, is a gray, coarse grained limestone, in thick layers, and it is quite crystalline. This is the quarry- stone at Prospect, above Trenton Falls. At Montreal, the church of Notre Dame and many other structures are constructed of the gray variety of the Trenton limestone, quarried behind the city, but the thinner layers, when not dressed, are of a more pleasing color, and make a handsomer building- stone. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 19 The Trenton formation in all parts of the United States, is almost always a limestone. A conspicuous example of the Trenton, Utica aud Hudson River formations, is seen in the long continuous and beautiful valley of the Hudson and Lake Champlain, the Kittatinny valley of New Jersey, the Cumberland valley of Pennsylvania, the Shenandoah valley of Virginia, and the valley of East Tennessee. The fertility of its limestone land is almost inexhaustible. The deposits of brown hematite iron ore, found in the soil, and occupying hollows or basins in the softer limestones below the Trenton in so many places, and in such large quantities, are supposed by some to be of aqueous origin, and not strictly a product of this formation, which is only its receptacle. But many other geologists, R. M. S. Jackson, A. A. Hender- son, Lesley, Platt, Prime and Frazer, have all agreed in advocating the oppo- site view, each from his own independent studies. They derive the limonite beds either from the solution of the ferriferous limestone layers, or from the intercalated micaceous slates, or from the pyrites-bearing slates of the neighborhood. According to Dr. Hunt, it comes from the change of masses both of iron-pyrites and of carbonate of iron, originally imbedded in the limestones and slates. 4 b, Utica Slate. The Trenton limestone is succeeded by a dark or black carbonaceous slate, called the Utica slate. In Pennsylvania this for- mation is everywhere darkly colored, and the coloring matter is probably derived from abundant remains of marine plants or animals. While the black color of some of the clays in the brown hematite ore banks of the upper range (immediately beneath the Utica slate), as at the mines in Lehigh Co., Pa., and the Brandon ore mine in Vermont, seems to be derived from the black slates of the Utica, the gray color of some of the limestones, and of the carbonate ores (as at the Saucon zinc mines) is known to be due to disseminated graphite. Within the State of New York, it is everywhere black, and usually soft and fissile. Thin beds of impure limestone are associated with it in many places, and sometimes thin layers of carbonate of iron, and it passes into the Trenton limestone by gradual interstratification. Thus bands of slate are interstratified in the limestone, and thin strata of limestone containing fossil remains in the lower part of the slate. These crumbling shales may generally be distinguished by their dark blue-black and brownish-black color, but there are some strata among the grits of the Hudson River that can scarcely be distinguished from these. The Utica slate weathers ash-gray, rapidly disintegrates, and, where it is exposed in cliffs, frost and other agents con- stantly break it into small fragments, which collect at the base in the form of a talus. In Pennsylvania, it outcrops, with little or no variation, as a dark blue carbonaceous elate and shale, extremely fissile in its lower beds. It forms the surface-rock along a narrow region in the Mohawk valley. In East Tennessee, the beds both of Utica and Hudson River, or Cincinnati, are of great extent, and consist of blue calcareous and sandy shales, with some layers of calcareous sandstone. Professor Hall considers the Utica slate as properly the lower member of the Hudson River group. 4. c, Hudson River (Cincinnati, Nashville, Loraine and Frankfort sand- stone and shale). The rocks of this group in New York are mostly slates, 20 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HANK-BOOK. shales and gray, slaty and thick-bedded grits. The slates and shales are generally dark brown, blue and black, and the grits are gray, greenish and bluish-gray. They are stratified and conformable, alternating a great number of times, without any regular order of alternation, and in Eastern New York are from 500 to 800 feet thick. The first New York geologists called this formation the Grey wacke, and it is still so called by the stone-cutters on the River Hudson. Its lower portion was called the Frankfort slate and sand- stone, and the upper part the Pulaski shale and sandstone, which latter were afterwards called the Loraine shale. Wherever streams have passed over it they have, in process of time, worn in the rocks a deep channel or gorge sometimes preventing a free communication across them, as at Loraine (see Note No. 69, New York). By decomposition, it produces a tenacious, clayey soil, favorable for grass, forming the best dairy-land, as in Orange Co., New York, about Goshen and Middletown. ?t increases in thickness southward BO rapidly that at the Delaware and Lehigh water gaps, measurements of 5,000 feet have been made through it, from its top downward, without reach- ing its lower limit. In many places along its last outcrop toward the Atlantic, it has fur- nished many masses of a substance resembling anthracite, also beds of impure limestone, and beds of red shale, which increase very much going south into Virginia. In Pennsylvania, the Hudson River slate consists of blue and greenish- gray shale, alternating with gray calcareous and argillaceous sandstone in thin beds. The sandstones grow more abundant as we ascend in the for- mation. The middle portion, where much metamorphosed and intersected by cleavage-planes, in certain localities, produces a good roofing-slate, as at Slatington and Delaware Water Gap, Pa. The geologists of the Western States generally, have dropped the desig- nation of Hudson River, at least in regard to strata west of the Alleghanies, and have substituted for it the name, CINCINNATI, proposed by Worthen and Meek; making this term co-extensive with the former. In this guide, Hudson River is used in the Eastern, and Cincinnati in the Western States. At Cincinnati the whole series is about 800 feet thick, and, according to Dr. Newberry, by its fossils, is the equivalent of the Chazy, Trenton, ITtica and Hudson River, all blended together. In Ohio it is composed of alter- nating beds of limestone and shale, the latter sometimes called blue clay. The limestone is an even-bedded, firm, durable, semi-crystalline limestone, crowded with fossils. It is commonly called the blue limestone, but the prevailing color is grayish-blue, and the weathered surface shows yellowish or light-gray shades. In southern Illinois the lower part of the Cincinnati is composed of brown sandy shales and sandstone, and the upper portion is a thin-bedded, dark bluish-gray, fine grained limestone, two to six inches thick, with shaly partings between the layers. In northern Illinois it is bituminous, and consists of sandy shales with thin bands of limestone. In Iowa it is the Maquoketa shales, which are bluish and brownish shales form- ing a stiff clay soil. In Missouri the upper shale bed only is found, with an occasional flag-like limestone layer. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 21 It should here be said that in the opinion of the earlier American geologists, Amos Eaton and Ebenezer Emmons, and as now maintained by Dr. Sterry Hunt, considerable portions of the strata above described, including what is called Potsdam sandstone in Pennsylvania, along the Appalachian Valley from New England to Alabama, as well as the great mass of accompanying lime- stones the Auroral of Rogers belongs to the Lower Taconic or Taconian series, and is of pre-Cambrian age. The name of Hudson River group, has hitherto been used in a very vague sense, and made to include not only the upper schistose beds, including the roofing-slate of the Taconian, and the much more recent Loraine or Cincinnati shales, but also a great intermediate series, called by Eaton the First or Transition Greywacke the Utica, Loraine, and Oneida being his Secondary Greywacke. This First Greywacke series, along the eastern border of the Appalachian valley in New York and New England, and thence southwest on the one hand, and northeast to the lower St. Lawrence on the other, is a great belt of dis- turbed strata, which were for a long time assigned by some geologists to a position above the Trenton limestone, while by others they were regarded as below that horizon, and of the age of the Potsdam and Calciferous divisions. Emmons, who for many years maintained the latter view, called these rocks the Taconic slates or Upper Taconic, a name which Logan, when he finally ac- cepted this conclusion, changed to that of the Quebec group, divided into three parts, named by him Sillery, Lauzon, and Levis ; the latter being supposed by him the oldest. It has since been shown that the Sillery is the oldest and the Levis the newest, its fauna approaching that of the Chazy ; while some portions of this group (afterwards distinguished by Logan as Potsdam) contain a fauna as old, or older, than the typical Potsdam. These rocks, which have an aggregate thickness of 7,000 feet or more, are much disturbed, and include portions of strata of later date, Ordovician and Silurian. To this essentially Cambrian series, as already said, belongs a great part of what has been called Hudson River group, though this name, in paleontology, has been restricted to the Loraine shales, which belong to a higher Ordovician horizon. T. S. H. Keweenian. This name has been given to the great copper-bearing series of the Lake Superior basin, which, while resting in the different parts upon various crystalline groups, is unconformably overlaid by the Cambrian sand- stones of the Potsdam. It is made up chiefly of sandstones and conglomer- ates, with interposed layers of basic eruptive rocks of cotemporaneous origin, generally designated melaphyres. This series abounds in metallic copper, found both in veins, and in the beds, but most abundantly in certain con- glomerates. The thickness of the Keweenian is not less than 20,000 feet, and perhaps much greater. Notwithstanding its great antiquity the Keweenian does not belong to the crystalline rocks. (T. STKRRY HUNT.) 22 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND -BOOK. 5-8. SILURIAN (OR UPPER SILURIAN) AGE. 5 a. Medina. The lower member of this formation is a pebbly sandstone or grit called the Oneida conglomerate, being the same as the Shawangunk conglomerate. The upper member is called distinctively the Medina sandstone, and is usually a red or mottled argillaceous sandstone. 1. The Oneida conglomerate in New York is composed of quartz pebbles rarely exceeding three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and of white or yellowish quartz- sand. In some localities there is some interposed greenish shale. The source of its materials was to the south, the rock being 500 feet thick in the Shawangunk Mountain at Wurtsburg, on the N.Y. & Os. Mid. R. R., and 1000 feet thick in some parts of Pennsylvania and Tennessee. The greatest thickness of the Oneida in the eastern part of New York is 30 to 40 feet, but in the western part the same place is occupied by a gray quartzose sandstone, fine grained and compact. Passing upwards, the gray sandstone intermingles with the Medina sandstone, which, in its lower parts, differs chiefly in color. The red color of the Medina sandstone seems to be partially communicated to the gray below, which is often striped and spotted with red. There is, lithologically, no very strong line of demarcation between the two rocks. The oxide of iron, the red coloring matter of the upper member, has been transfused through the material of the lower as far as its particles could find admittance. The flagstones in the side- walks of Buffalo and Rochester, of a white color clouded with red, are of this formation . In New Jersey the gray sandstone formation consists of a thick series of hard, white and whitish gray siliceous rocks, of various degrees of coarseness, from that of a fine grained, pure sandstone to that of a quartzose conglomerate with thickly-set pebbles averaging half an inch in diameter. This is the summit of the long, straight mountain ridge called the Kittatinny or North Mountain, extending from near the Hudson River into Virginia. In Pennsylvania the Oneida conglomerate is a compact, greenish-gray, massive sandstone, containing in many places thick beds of siliceous conglomerate, and the Medina sandstone proper is a thick mass of alternating red shales and red and gray earthy sandstones . It is the North Mountain of the great Cumberland valley. At the Delaware Water-Gap the whole mass of Oneida and Medina consists of seven massive plates of coarse sand and conglomerate, separated by more argillaceous layers from each other. Going west, the number, according to Prof. Lesley, is reduced to five, and finally in Middle Pennsylvania to two, each of them very thick, and making its own mountain-crest when the dip is vertical, while the intermediate softer red mass forms a little valley between the crests. The whole formation is about 1,900 feet thick. When the dip is gentle, the Oneida makes a beautiful lofty terrace upon the flank of the mountain, the crest of which is always made by the Upper Medina. Traced southward through Virginia into Tennessee , this formation gradually thins away to 50 feet, as seen west of Knoxville. 2 . The Medina sandstone proper succeeds the gray sandstone, there being no definite line of division between them. In this rock is found the Fucoides Harlani affording a positive character whereby to recognize it in the series . This sandstone is almost invariably of a red color, generally a brown-red, more rarely variegated light red and yellowish, and in a few rare instances of a light or whitish color, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 23 partially greenish. It is both fine grained and coarse grained, the latter usually of the deepest color, the former more variegated. The lower falls of the Genesee, below Rochester, 110 feet hi height, are formed by this rock. The deep gorge and high cliffs on both sides of the Niagara River, at Lewiston, New York, are more than one-half excavated hi the Medina. In New Jersey it is a thick formation of red and variegated sandstones and shales. Its lower beds are a dark red sandstone of a very ferruginous composition, and extreme hardness, and in the middle and upper divisions of a brownish red shale and a very argillaceous sandstone, partly calcareous. Neither the Oneida nor Medina are found west of Ohio. Some large masses of galena and copper-pyrites with blende, have been found in the Oneida or Shawangunk grit, on the Erie R . R. east of Port Jervis and at Ellenville, but they were soon exhausted. When the Medina is a heavy coarse rock it produces a poor, barren country, but hi Western New York it is more calcareous, and the soil is much better. 5 b. Clinton. This group consists of many different kinds of rocks or masses, from which circumstance it was first called the Protean group. The name of Clinton was given to it on account of the characteristic masses being found around the village of Clinton, in Oneida County, New York. It consists of green and black-blue shale, greenish, gray and red, soft marly layers, often laminated calcareous sandstone, encrinal sandstone, and red f ossilif erous iron-ore beds . The most persistent member of the group is the shale. It is bluish when fresh quarried, but when long exposed it is always of a greenish hue. The next member is the greenish sandstone, which is hi thin layers, having its surface generally covered with fucoides. This also has a bluish tint when fresh quarried. The third persistent member consists of two iron-ore beds in New York and several hi Pennsylvania. The term Protean is still applicable to the Clinton group, which, in some places, consists of thin shaly sandstones, shales, and even conglomerates ; in others, of thin bedded, impure limestones, ehaly sandstones, iron-ores, etc : still again it appears as a duplicate series of shales, limestones and iron-ores, with some intermixture of sandy matter, all containing an abundance of marine shells. In the west the formation is limestone, and is of a more uniform character. The Clinton formation produces the celebrated fossiliferous iron-ore generally known as the FOSSIL OEB, which occurs hi it in every state from New York to Alabama. In all its localities this ore is red or brownish-red, very hard, and where unaltered, invariably oolitic or in larger sized concretions. In New York, where it is extensively mined, there are two beds of it, generally about 20 feet apart, and upon an average about a foot and more in thickness. The ooJitic particles are usually more abundant hi the lower, the larger sized concretions hi the upper bed. The two beds never appear at the same locality, or in the same line of section, but where the lower one occurs the upper one is wanting, and where the upper one occurs the lower one is not found. In Pennsylvania the Clinton is a very extensive formation, nearly 2,000 feet thick, of slate, shales, sandstones and iron-ore, with the same variety as elsewhere, and its iron ore is very rich, productive and valuable. The outcrop of the ore- beds have been traced for hundreds of miles. In Dodge County, Wisconsin, near Milwaukee, the Clinton iron-ore, at Iron Ridge, is from 15 to 18 feet thick, but this is very unusual, and it is not in the same part of the formation as the fossil ore hi the east . The deposits of this ore in East Tennessee and in Alabama, called the Dye-stone ore, are still more extensive. 24 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. 1 5 c. Niagara. This group consists of two distinct members, a shale below and a limestone above. The shale in New York constitutes a very uniform deposit, while the limestone, from a thin concretionary mass in the east, becomes an extensive and conspicuous rock, constantly increasing in thickness, in a western direction, even far beyond the limits of that state. The cataract of Niagara is produced by the passage of the river over this limestone and shale, and, from being a well known and extremely interesting point, as well as exhibiting the greatest natural development of these rocks in New York, this name was adopted for its designation. In this vicinity, the limestone is 164 feet thick, with the shale beneath 80 feet thick. The lower part of the Niagara group exhibits a great development of dark bluish shale, which, on exposure, gradually changes to gray or ashen color, and forms a bluish or grayish marly clay. In this state it is undistinguishable from the ordinary clays, and its outcropping edges, when long weathered, are often considered as clay beds. The Niagara is a very extensive formation, but its shales are much more persistent and wide spread than its limestone member in the east, but the limestone is more widely spread in the west. The gorge below the upper falls at Rochester is the best place to study these shales. In an agricultural point of view, this formation, like all limestones, is an admirable one. There is no better soil than that of the Niagara about Rochester, New York . A silico-argillaceous limestone, in New York, forms the beds of passage from the soft shale below to the purer limestone above . It is of a dark or bluish color when freshly exposed, but soon changes to light gray or ashen. These beds of passage are succeeded by a dark bluish gray sub-crystalline limestone, of a rough fracture, and separated into thin courses by dark shaly matter. The third member is a coarse grained concretionary mass, in irregular layers, exhibiting a very peculiar contorted appearance, as if much disturbed while in a semi-fluid or yielding condition. The concretions often present cavities lined with crystals, or contain the remains of some organic body. This is the surface-rock in West Avenue hi Rochester. The Niagara limestone is the great limestone which, in Wisconsin, occupies the peninsula between Green Bay and Lake Michigan, and then stretches southward to the south limits of the state, and far into Illinois and Indiana. It will be noticed hi looking over the Guide, how many railroad-stations in the western states, just mentioned are on the 5 c. Niagara, and how very extensive the formation must be. Its general appearance is that of a regularly bedded brown or buff dolomite, with occasional intercalations of beds of massive gray limestone. The quarries of beautiful buff limestone at Athens and Joliet, Illinois, so much used in Chicago for building-purposes, are in this formation. At Joliet there is 40 feet in thickness of this buff and gray limestone. West and northwest of Chicago the Niagara limestone is highly charged with petroleum, which oozes from the stone, blackening the face of walls built of it. On Goat Island, at Niagara Falls, the petroleum is also seen on the limestone in small quantities. In Michigan it is a grey crystalline, rather fine grained, moderately fossiliferous, doloinitic mass, 218 feet thick on Green Bay. In Western Canada the upper part of the Niagara limestone contains peculiar fossils, and is called the Guelph, and in Wisconsin it is subdivided into the 4 Guelph, 3. Racine, 2. Waukesha and 1. Mayville beds. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. '>: } This formation establishes the topographical distinction between the lower plain of Canada, in which lie Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay, and the upper plain of the United States, on which lie Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan. Its terrace crosses Ontario, growing loftier as the thickness of the formation increases northwestward, until it becomes a range of limestone mountain-land, forming the peninsula between Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. It is there broken down in a range of islands, and reappears as a peninsula, just mentioned, cutting off Green Bay from the western shore of Lake Michigan. The Niagara and other limestones above it, seem not to have been deposited in Pennsylvania between the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, and in Middle Pennsylvania. While the limestones below it are well represented, the Niagara is wanting as a separate formation, and its characteristic fossils are scattered through the Clinton rocks. 6. Salina, (Onondaga Salt Group.) This is an important group in the State of New York, containing all the gypsum and water-lime, and furnishing all the salt water of the salines of the city of Syracuse, which produce more salt in a small territory than any other in the world. Its soil is excellent for agricultural purposes, forming, with those south of it, including the Hamilton, the garden-region of the State of New York. The whole group is about 700 feet hi thickness, and is divided into five deposits, but there are no well defined lines of division between them, except the last two. 1. The first or lowest is a red shale, showing green spots at the upper part of the mass. The great mass is of a blood red color, fine grained, earthy in fracture, with no regular lines of division, but breaking or crumbling into irregular fragments, and shows but little variation. In several localities the red shale shows numerous green spots, varying from an inch or less to several inches in diameter, which strongly contrast with the red ground on which they are placed. The green color is the result of a chemical change, the peroxide of iron being reduced to protoxide. This red shale is of great extent along the railroad, and presents a thickness of from one to five hundred feet, yet nowhere has a fossil been found in it, or a pebble, or anything extraneous, excepting a few thin layers of sandstone. The main line of the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. runs on the Salina formation 107 miles, from Canastoja to Brighton, and nearly all of this distance on this lower or red shale portion. 2. The second deposit is the lower gypseous shales, the lower part of it alternating with the red shale, which ceases with this mass. This second deposit consists of shales and calcareous slates of a light green and drab color, with alternations of different colored masses, red, green, bluish and yellow, with a little whitish and greenish sandstone, different colors predominating in different places. In this deposit gypsum occurs in fibrous masses, either reddish or of a salmon color, which colors are peculiar to this deposit. The quantity of gypsum in this second deposit is comparatively small, and it is unimportant in an economical point r.f vii-v,-. Both the second and third deposits are permeable to water, which cannot be obtained in any of the hills composed of them unless the wells are sunk to the level of the water-courses, a fact which explains the absence of all brine-springs above the level of the country. 26 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. 3. The third member of the Salina formation is the gypseous deposit, whicl embraces the great masses quarried for plaster or gypsum, consisting of twi ranges, between which are the hopper-shaped cavities, the vermicular lime-rock and other porous rocks. This is the most important deposit, not only on account o its plaster-beds, but because it is only in this deposit that we have positive evidenc that salt has existed in a solid state, and, therefore, the only source whence th saline springs of Syracuse could have been derived. The great mass of th deposit consists of rather soft yellowish or drab and brownish colored shal and slate, and of more compact masses which are hard, a brownish colo predominating. It is usually denominated a gypseous marl, being earthy an< indurated, slaty and compact. Some of it when weathered, presents a peculia appearance, as of having been hacked by a cutting-instrument, with sora regularity. The gypsum does not appear in layers or beds, but it occurs in insulate< masses, and it assumes irregular not globular forms. The dark color of the gypsun is owing to carbonaceous matter. In many localities there are two ranges o these masses or plaster-beds, generally separated by the vermicular rock and thi hopper-shaped cavities. There are two masses of the vermicular rock, the uppe one four feet thick, with large porous cavities, the lower one twenty feet thick with small pores. This vermicular limestone is a porous or cellular rock, resembling lava. It is dark gray or blue in color, and perforated everywhere with curvelinca: holes, but otherwise very compact. The holes or cells vary from microscopic siz< to half an inch in diameter, the cells being very irregular, and communicating with each other, some being spherical, and the resemblance in structure to i porous lava is complete. Forms which are due to common salt have beer discovered in this rock, showing the presence of crystals of this substance, whicl were removed by solution. The most interesting products of the group are the hopper-shaped cavities which must have been produced by common salt, as no other soluble minera presents similar ones. They show conclusively that salt existed hi this thin deposit. When salt crystallizes, a cube first makes its appearance upon the surface of the brine, then similar cubes form around its border, being attached to its upper surface, near the edges, while it gradually sinks, and additional particles ar( added, forming another row of cubes upon the first range. This is many timei repeated, until the density of the mass formed becomes greater than the liquid, when it falls to the bottom. When examined, being turned upside down, ii shows a pyramid of regular steps, terminated by a cube, and when its position it reversed it presents a form like the hopper of a mill. Where two ranges of plastei beds are seen the hoppers occur between them, and between the two massses o1 vermicular rocks, and are from one inch to three inches and more hi diameter, These hopper cavities are formed hi the gypseous marl, or in the more solid part* of the vermicular rock. Testaceous animals cannot live in water saturated witl gypsum, hence no fossils are found in the deposit. No trace of rock-salt in New York has met the eye of any one, but the existence of it is a matter of nc doubt.* The fact of the difficulty of obtaining water in the gypseous hills, in either the second or third deposit, show there is little probability of finding sail above the level of the waters on account of its having long since been dissolved See Note 27, New York, as to the salt- wells at Syracuse. * After the above was written, rock-salt was first found, in June 1878, in a boring south ol Rochester. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 2? The ''Old Road," or the division of theN.Y. C. & H. R. R. R., from Syracuse to Rochester, via Auburn, runs on the gypseous portion of the formation, and the plaster-beds can be inspected at Marcellus station, close to the railroad, but the best gypsum quarries are on Cayuga Lake, just north of Union Springs, the masses being from fifteen to twenty-five feet thick. Sulphuric acid springs, and numerous sulphur springs occur in the State of New York, in the Salina formation, oftep rising through the crevices of the overlying Water-lime group. 4. The fourth or succeeding portion of the Salina formation, consists of those rocks which show groups of needle-form cavities, placed side by side, caused by the crystallization of sulphate of magnesia, and presenting a finely striated columnar appearance. The rock is a dark gray or drab colored, impure limestone, with cavities containing crystals and often embracing shaly beds. It appears to be a magnesian limestone, its usual color is a brownish drab, also dove color, and it breaks with an earthy fracture. The Salina formation extends westward across Canada, and the salt-deposits of Qoderich in Ontario are in it. Six large beds of rock salt have been found there in boring, measuring in all 126 feet in thickness, at from 1,027 to 1,385 feet hi depth from the surface, the beds measuring from 6 feet to 35 feet each in thickness. The salt-deposits and brine-springs of the world are by no means confined to the Salina formation ; on the contrary, they are found in almost all the formations from the oldest to the youngest, and always accompanied by gypsum and red and vareigated marls. 5. The fifth division of the Salina or Onondaga Salt group is the Water- lime, which has generally been considered as belonging to the Lower Helderberg,, but which properly is part of the Salina. All the hydraulic cement of the State of New York, known as Rosendale Cement, and Syracuse or Manlius Water-lime, is manufactured from a portion of the stone of this Water-lime formation. It is an earthy, drab-colored limestone and usually consists of two layers of drab limestone, always separated by an intervening mass of blue ; it is easily recognized by its gray or ash color when weathered. It has a thickness of not less than 30 feet, and often attains a thickness of 100 feet or more in New York. When the Water-lime is burnt the stone does not slake, if of a good quality. It is ground hi a mill, and then it hardens or sets when mixed with water, and remains so under water, its goodness depending on the hardness or cohesion when set. Its peculiar quality is owing to the proportion of silica and alumina it contains. The Water-lime continues across the State of New York, the drab layers which constitute it being always found. The courses into which the layers of Water- lime are sometimes divided show a crenulated or notched surface, like the sutures of a skull, the two surfaces interlocking each other. Professor Hall says the Water-lime is a distinct member, which does not belong to the 7. Lower Helderberg group of strata, but to that below it, the 6. Salina, of which it is the upper member. It is not closely related to either, but more nearly to the Salina, and is much more widely spread than the other members of the Salina. The cement quarries of the Delaware River, between Pennsylvania and New Jersey are hi this formation, but cease after passing the Lehigh River westward. The beds near Copley are Trenton or older. In Middle Pennsylvania, where the Salina group, destitute of gypsum and salt, measures 440 feet, the cement beds above measure 580 feet, and the Lewistown limestone (Lower Helderberg) 162 feet, as measured by Ashburner and Biilin, in 1876. 28 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. 7. Lower Helderberg. In consequence of these rocks being so well developed on the Helderberg Mountains, near Albany, New York, they have received that name. The Lower Helderberg series consists of five limestone sub-divisions, and the Upper Helderberg of four members. They are separated by an important sandstone formation the Oriskany. The Lower Helderberg, which is well developed in the eastern part of New York, thins out in going west, and at Syracuse disappears entirely. The sandstones also thin out and disappear, so that at Syracuse the Upper Helderberg rests on the Water-lime, the upper member of the Onondaga Salt group. The Lower Helderberg consists, in ascending order, of the 1. Tentaculite limestone, the 2. Pentamerus limestone, the 3. Delthyris shaly limestone, the 4. Encrinal limestone, and 5. Upper Pentamerus limestone. 1. The Tentaculite limestone is the lowest member of the series. Portions of it afford fine building stone, which can be procured in blocks of large size, perfectly solid, and free from cracks or flaws. They vary from ash-gray to black, and present almost every shade between these colors. The strata are intersected by two main systems of joints nearly perpendicular to each other, hence the rock can easily be quarried in large blocks. But much of it is thin-bedded, often thinly laminated, dark blue ; its color, texture and composition contrast- ing strongly with the Water-lime below. H. The 2. Pentamerus limestone is rarely pure, being more or less mixed with black shale, which gives a dark color to the rock, it being usually a dark gray. It is crystalline in grain, and is in layers, but the lines of division are not straight, and the surface is not even. The whole mass has a rough appearance, and it does not make a good building stone. V. The 3. Delthyris shaly limestone, as its name implies, is a shaly mass, and consists of alternate beds of shaly and compact limestone. It is an exceedingly interesting rock from the great number of species, the abundance and perfection of its fossils. Hall, 144. The 4. Encrinal is a compact crinoidal limestone, and the 5. Upper Pentamerus is a bluish gray limestone. In Pennsylvania, according to Rogers, the Lower Helderberg is 50 to 100 feet thick, a diversified calcareous formation, of some shade of blue, argillaceous and flaggy in its lower beds, and shaly towards the middle, with layers and nodules of chert. 8. Oriskany Sandstone, In New York the greatest thickness of this rock is not more than thirty feet, and usually much less, but in Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia it is, in places, as much as 700 feet ; even in New York it covers an extensive surface, and is strongly marked in its fossils, which are generally of a large size, and attract the attention of travelers. At the typical locality, Oriskany Falls, the sandstone is twenty feet thick, and is of a light yellow color, friable, and readily crumbling into pure sand ; no part of it being sufficiently solid for durable work. One characteristic of this rock is the abundance of small cavities, which have been formed by the destruction of fossils. These present themselves in all cases where the rock is well developed. The porous nature of the mass has admitted the percolation of water, which has dissolved the calcareous matter of the shells, usually leaving casts of their internal stuucture. As a mass the Oriskany sandstone is a coarse, rather loosely cemented, purely silicious sandstone, of a yellowish white color. Sometimes it is shaded brown or some other dark color. In Pennsylvania it forms rough ridges, with a poor sandy soil. It is used for glass- making, and contains an iron-ore too silicious to be valuable. Some of our geologists (Hall, Rogers, Dana, etc.) place the Oriskany at the top of the Silurian series, and others (Newberry, Lesley, Hunt, etc.) at the bottom of the Devonian. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 29 9-12. DEVONIAN AGE. 9. LOWER DEVONIAN. 9 Upper Helderberg or Corniferous. This very widely extended formation consists of four important members, the Cauda-galli, the Schoharie grit, the Onondaga limestone, and the Corniferous limestone, the upper member. But in the recent text-books on geology the whole formation is called the Cornif- erous, which was the name given by Eaton to the whole formation of limestone. It forms the Helderberg range, a high ridge which extends through the State of New York, forming a very rich and productive tract of country. This group of strata, as above limited, and designated the Upper Helderberg by Professor James Hall, is, in his opinion, deserving of recognition as the base of the Devonian, the Hamilton group being the middle, and the Portage, Chemung and Catskhl the Upper Devonian. 9 a. Cauda-galli* This is a fine-grained calcareous and argillaceous sandstone, usually drab and brownish, and blanching by long weathering. It readily strikes the eye by its contrast with its associated rocks, and by the singular marking of impressions strongly resembling the tail of the common barn-yard fowl, from whence its Lathi name of Cauda-galli or cock's-tail. Its fossils have been found in New York and at Crab Orchard, in Kentucky. In New Jersey, northeast of the Delaware Water Gap, this and the Schoharie are three hundred feet thick. 9 b. Schoharie Grit. This is very much like the preceding, but altogether different in its fossils. It is a fine-grained, very calcareous grit, or an arenaceous limestone, naturally brown, but weathering to a gray or drab color, containing a great number of fossils peculiar to this stratum, and is found in the mountain one and one-half miles northwest and northeast of Schoharie, New York, and extends by the Helderberg range to Kingston. The Schoharie Grit is a highly fossiliferous formation, and has a wide geographical extension. Its great number of cephalopods gives it a marked character, but it contains other fossils identical with the limestones above. H. The 9 c. Onondaga Limestone in New York rarely exceeds ten to fourteen feet hi thickness, but is very persistent, and is readily recognized by its light gray color, crystalline structure, toughness, and its numerous organic remains. This is one of the most valuable building stones in the Helderberg division, and has been largely quarried near Syracuse for the canal. It is an imperishable stone, having great power to resist the action of air, water and frost. It is generally the rock over which the water flows at the water-falls on the Helderberg range, as at Perryville and Chittenango Falls, and is remarkably uniform in its character. It is more extensive than the Corniferous proper, and it is very rich in beautiful and char- acteristic fossils. The limestones used for flagging in Syracuse are Onondaga limestone, brought from the typical localities Onondaga Valley and Split-Rock on Onondaga Hill. When wet they make a fine display of fossils of this formation. This stone is also used for building everywhere in Central New York. 30 9 d. Corniferous Limestone. For all practical purposes, this and the Onondaga limestone may be regarded as one formation. It extends from the Hudson River to the Niagara River, which it crosses at Black Rock, producing there a rapid current at the International Bridge, at Buffalo, and forming, a small island just above the water. It extends far into Canada, is seen at Sandusky City, Ohio, and there forms the bottom of Lake Erie. Its color varies from a light grayish-blue to a black, and is sometimes even a light gray or drab. It contains numerous nodules of flint or hornstone, from which it derives its name. But few if any of the layers afford a pure limestone. Its color varies from black to gray, brownish and light blue. It is usually in regular courses from six to eighteen inches thick, separated by layers of hornstone, and sometimes embracing flattened nodules of the same. This rock is crossed by vertical joints in two directions, giving rise to numerous copious springs of water. An upper division, called the Seneca limestone, is now included in the Corniferous . In New Jersey and Pennsylvania it is a blue and sometimes sparry limestone, including bands and nodules of chert. In Canada and the Western States it is a straw-colored and light gray rock. In its general eastern exposures it is generally bluish. Above the Corniferous are no general limestone masses in the Eastern States, but partial deposits only, the most ex- tensive of which is the Tully limestone, found only in Central New York. There is an astonishing change from the top of the Corniferous limestone to the black shales of Marcellus. Two formations more unlike cannot anywhere be found. Both the Corniferous and Onondaga are included in the Upper Helderberg lime- stone of Pennsylvania, and on the Juniata they measure together only sixty feet. Immediately upon the upper surface of the Corniferous limestone, lies the valuable and extensive MARCELLUS IKON ORE. This consists of carbonate of iron, which occurs in a bed of pyritous clay, and near the outcrop is changed into limonite. 10. MIDDLE DEVONIAN. 10 a, Marcellus Shales are of a black color, usually dark brown when altered. They greatly resemble the Utica slate in mineral character, and could readily be mistaken for it. They extend in New York from the Hudson River to Lake Erie. The lower part contains some impure black limestone, not in layers or beds, but in interrupted flattened masses. The upper shales are not so highly colored as the lower ones, and are disposed to separate, when long exposed, into small, thin-edged fragments, the result of a peculiar accretionary structure. The fragments often exhibit stains, in spots, from iron rust, and also minute crystals of gypsum, the effect of the action of decomposed pyrites and limestone particles. Some portions of the lower shales are black and friable from small carbonaceous f ucoids. Along the whole line of its outcrop it has been dug into in vain attempts to find coal. Van U. 147. It has two joint planes, nearly at right angles to each other, causing projecting corners of rock, with smooth nearly vertical surfaces. These are sometimes seen in the upper members also of the Hamilton group, and the septaria or flattened balls of black limestone also occur in the Genesee shales. The lower part is very black, slaty and bituminous, and contains iron pyrites in great profusion. In general character the lower part resembles the Utica slate and is not distinguishable from the 10 c. Genesee slate, in its general aspect. When long exposed, the lower part weathers to a brownish or iron-rust color, partly from the presence and decomposition of iron pyrites and partly from bituminous matter. In some situations it retains its purely black color, and scarcely separates DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 31 into thin laminae after long exposure. In many places this rock contains so much bitumen as to give out flame when thrown upon a fire of hot coals. In Western New York it is fifty feet thick, and farther east much thicker. H. This important formation carries its broad black outcrops across many of the Middle and Southern States, with comparatively little change, but in the South the black shale is supposed to be Genesee. In the Juniata region of Pennsylvania the Marcellus has been found to measure 875 feet thick, and is there divisible into an upper, middle and lower member, the last consisting of black and brown shales, the surface being stained with iron rust, &c., coated with bituminous matter. In Perry County, Pennsylvania, small coal beds occur in this formation, constituting the oldest known coal-measures, and significantly marking the great change in the general condition of things which either followed or was introduced by the deposit of the Oriakany sandstone. Lesley. In speculating upon the origin of petroleum, dome geologists have sought it in a process of distillation from the black Marcellus and Genesee shales upward, and of condensation in the oil-bearing gravels and fissures of the overlying formations. Chemists, like T. Sterry Hunt, oppose this view on chemical grounds, others oppose it from other considerations of apparently equal weight. It is a curious fact, however, that at this horizon, and hi the Upper Helderberg or Corniferous, occur the petroleum deposits of Upper Canada, while the Pennsyl- vania oil-deposits lie at successively higher and higher stages hi the series. 10 b. Hamilton. This group takes its name from the town of Hamilton, hi Madison County, New York, which contains no other rock, and where the best opportunity exists of examining the members of which it is composed, and where its fossils are in great abundance. It includes all the masses between the upper shales of Marcellus, and the Tully limestone, and is from 300 to 700 feet hi thickness in New York. It is important from its fine agricultural qualities, its thickness and extent, commencing at the Hudson and extending to Lake Erie. It consists of slate, shale and sandstone, with endless mixtures of these materials, or, hi other words, sandy shale and shaly sandstones, and is not very easily described. There are three distinct mineral masses as to kinds, but not as to arrangement. The first, in the order of the tenuity of particles, is rather a fine grained shale, often fissile or slaty, its color some shade of blue, usually dark or blackish. The second is a coarse shale, often mixed with carbonate of lime, its color blue or dark gray when fresh, but becoming of an olive or brown color by long exposure to the weather, the color being due to manganese. It has no tendency whatever to separate into regular layers, but when a mass has been long exposed it shows numerous curved divisions, the curves very short and irregular, giving it a very peculiar appearance, which is unmistakable. The third kind, which is not so common as the two first, is a well characterized sandstone, and is generally in thr upper part of the group, but more or less mixed with either of the two others. It is often in layers, though rarely straight, and usually short, interrupted, sometimes mixed with carbonate of lime. The colors of this kind are of more various shades, olive, greenish and yellowish. One thin layer produces excellent flagstones, but the group generally is deficient in building materials, the shale of the first kind readily crumbling by exposure to the air ; the two latter kinds alone furnishing building stone. The best is where limestone forms the cement, and sand is hi the THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND -BOOK. greatest abundance. So rare is the occurrence of regular layers in the group, that their absence is a good negative character, and its brownish or yellowish color, externally, or where weathered, a good positive one of the group generally. This applies to the central, but not to the eastern part of the State of New York. It abounds in fossils, and is admirably characterized by them, numerous species and even genera commencing with the group, and ending with it. Van U. 150. In the western part of the State of New York, instead of sandy shale and shaly sandstone, and even tolerably pure sandstone, as in the east, the sand has diminished and the clay increased. The group, as a whole, presents an immense development of dull olive, bluish-gray calcareous shales, which, on weathering, assume a light gray or ashen tint, some thin portions becoming brownish on exposure. The formation thins out very much in going westward, and at Lake Erie has only half the thickness found at Seneca Lake, and is so different that doubt of the identity of the two might arise, if one judged by the appearance only. The Hamilton is the New York lake formation, the folio wing lakes being excavated in it: Otsego, Cazenovia, Skaneateles, Otisco, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Canandaigua, and the north end of Hemlock Lake. The east end of Lake Erie is also cut out of the Hamilton. The upper part of the Hamilton was called the Moscow shale, from a place between Mt. Morris and Rochester, on the Genesee River. In Pennsylvania the Hamilton shale has been measured on the Juniata, 635 feet thick. It has many hundreds of miles of outcrop, in repeated zig-zags, form- ing, in combination with the Genesee and Portage above it, ranges of smooth, cultivated hills, of an entirely characteristic shape, in long lines of ruffled slopes, regularly indented with short and smooth ravines. This striking topographical feature, maintains itself throughout the mountain-region into Virginia, and still farther south. The abundance of shells, without limestone beds, in Pennsylvania, furnishes a partial clue to the deposit of the (next succeeding) Tully limestone in New York. 10 b. Tully Limestone. This is the dividing line, easy to find, between the Hamilton and Genesee, being the upper part of the former, and it is important in New York as the most southern mass of limestone in the State. It is only local, and is an impure limestone, fine-grained, usually a dark or blackish blue, often brownish. The usual thickness of the rock is about fourteen feet, and its greatest thickness twenty feet. It makes a good but not a white lime. It receives its name from the township of Tully, in Onondaga County, New York. This limestone often shows an accretionary structure, and a roughed, notched appearance, where its layers separate as in sonic of the layers of the water-lime. One of the lower layers is thick, the bottom one being frequently five feet in thickness, and it is owing to this circumstance, and to the softness of the shale beneath, that when- ever a waterfall exists, the shale has been washed out to some depth, leaving a chamber or cavern, of which the limestone forms the roof or ceiling. V. 169. It is a marked geological horizon in Central New York, being the termination of the Hamilton, and is succeeded by shales of a widely different character. It is often thick-bedded, but it is often divided by numerous irregular seams into small fragments. Its color, on first exposure, is blue or nearly black, but weathers to an ashen hue. It is best seen on the Cayuga Southern R. R., where it stands out in the face of the cliffs as a prominent band. It is absent west of Canandaigua Lake and in the eastern part of the state. H. 212. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 33 10 c. Genesee, (Black Slate of the west and south). This is a great development of argillaceous fissile black slate. Where its edges only are exposed, it withstands the weather for a great length of time, and often presents mural banks in the ravines, river-courses, and upon the shores of lakes. When the surface of the strata is exposed it rapidly exfoliates in thin even laminae. On disintegration it is often stained with iron, owing to decomposition of pyrites, but hi many instances, and the greater number of localities, it retains a deep black color. In this it is distinguished from some beds of black slate in higher situations, which always become stained with hydrate of iron on their edges, and upon the surface of the laminae. In color and general character it greatly resembles the Marcellus shale, and, aside from position, it would be difficult to distinguish the two, in the absence of fossils. It forms no conspicuous feature in the scenery or topography of the general surface. In ravines, and river and lake banks, it is usually seen in connection with the rocks below or above. Its greatest development, and a point where it appears more prominently alone, and the typical locality from which it was named, is at the opening of the gorge of the Genesee, at Mount Morris, where it is seen in the perpendicular cliffs for more than a mile hi length. See note No. 112, New York. Another great exposure of the Genesee slate is along the Cayuga Southern Railway south of Ludlowville, where it shows from eighty to one hundred feet thick, with the Tully limestone below and the Portage shales above it. See note 83, New York. The mass decomposes much less rapidly than the soft calcareous Hamilton or Moscow shales below it, and the thin slaty laminae resist atmospheric action a long toe. In lithological character it is entirely uniform, having, from Cayuga Lake to L^ke Erie, the" same deep black color and laminated slaty structure, nor is there any change in its organic remains. Its fossils hi Indiana are precisely identical with those of New York. Hall 218. There are few formations in Central New York of which the limits are so well defined as this, lying between the Tully limestone below, and the sandstone flags of the base of the Portage group, above. It may also readily be found by the black color and slaty fracture. This shale has been regarded as the main original source of the petroleum in the oil region of Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, but there is reason to believe that part, at least, of the supply of these regions has come from the Corniferous limestone below it, as maintained by Dr. Hunt. All through the western and southwestern states there is always found a BLACK SHALK, which is often the only representative of the Devonian rocks. This is generally considered to be 10 c. Genesee. It is very remarkable that a formation of its composition, of so inconsiderable a thickness, and otherwise so unimportant, should be so widely extended, and retain throughout its character unchanged as a black shale. The researches of Dr. Newbery in Ohio tend to show its fossils to be of the Portage type. It is there 350 feet thick, and he pronounces it to be the equivalent of the Genesee and lower Portage. All the divisions of the Hamilton group, Marcellus, Hamilton and Genesee, are converted, by exposure, into a deep soil of an excellent quality for agricultural purposes, sometimes quite hilly, but f orming smooth land free from stones. Some of the finest wheat-growing and hop-raising land in New York is on the Hamilton, and its rich shales have been carried south by drift and diluvial agencies, and spread over the Genesee, Portage and Chemung, greatly to their improvement. 34 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. 11-12. UPPER DEVONIAN. 11 a. Portage. This group represents an extensive development of shales and flagstoneSj and finally some thick-bedded sandstone towards its upper part. It is extremely variable in character at different and distant points. In New York the Portage rises sometimes in a gentle slope, and at other times abruptly from the softer shales below. Between the deep north and south valleys, hi which the railroads run, the enduring sandstones of the upper part extend far northward, presenting, on the north side, a gentle slope, while on the east and west sides of the same hills, the slope is abrupt, the valleys being bounded by steep hills. The change in the external appearance of the country indicates the commencement of these Portage rocks, although they are not seen. Throughout the Hamilton shales, the valleys present gently sloping sides, and the country rarely rises far above the valley bottom. But on approaching the northern margin of the Portage group, the railway traveler sees a gradually increasing elevation of the hills on either side, and an abruptness in their slope, and in a short time finds himself in a deep valley bounded on either side by hills rising 400 or 500 feet, and in some instances, even 800 feet above the bed of the stream. These elevations often extend several miles unbroken, except by the deep ravines which indent their sides. The higher sand- stones of the group, and in many instances the intermediate ones, produce falls in the streams which pass over them, and some of the most beautiful cascades in the State of New York, and many of the highest perpendicular falls of water, are pro- duced by the rocks of this group, and in none others do we meet with more grand and striking scenery. J. Hall's Report. The pedestrian often finds his course impeded by a gorge of several hundred feet in depth, such as Watkins Glen and Havana Glen. The Portage upper, middle and lower falls are 66, 110 and 96 feet, and between the middle and lower the rocks rise hi perpendicular cliffs 351 feet in height. See note No. 110, New York, as to Portage on Erie Railroad. Taghanic, Hector, and Lodi falls are also in the Portage. These points afford some of the grandest views of scenery, and admirable facilities for geological investigations. The lower division of the Portage is the 1. Ohasaqua shales, a green shale, with thin flagstones, and sandy shale. 2. The middle portion is the Oardeau shale and flagstones, a great development of green and black slaty and sandy shales, with thin layers of sandstone, from which are quarried beautiful and durable flagstones. The rocks of this part of the group form high, almost perpendicular, banks on the Genesee. In a westerly direction the sandstones disappear, and the shales increase. 8. The upper part of the Portage consists of the Portage sandstones, thick bedded sandstones, with little shale, while below, the sandy layers become thinner, and shale beds more frequent ; still it must be acknowledged that there is no abrupt change from the beginning of the Portage to the top of the Chemung. In the Portage, the sandstones and shales are less separated than above, and the sandy strata are finer grained, and contain more lime than in tbe Chemung. Towards the southern extremity of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, the Portage rocks form cliffs of considerable height, which present alternating hard and soft layers, and the numerous vertical joints present the appearance of solid walls of masonry, in distinct and regular courses. The vertical joints are well seen hi Havana Glen. Isolated masses, like huge columns, are often seen, standing out in bold relief from the line of the cliff, being the remains of previously exposed surfaces, which DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 35 had crumbled away. On the Genesee River the group is not less than 1000 feet thick. The Portage yields less lime to the soil than the Hamilton, but for pasturage it is superior to it. H. 224. The great dairy-country of Cortland, and other counties in Central New York, is on the Portage formation. The water of the Portage group is remarkably pure and soft. The Portage rocks have not been recognized in the eastern part of New York. In Ohio the Portage forms the upper part of the Huron shale, and the lower part of the Erie shale, of Dr. Newbeny. In Middle Pennsylvania, according to Lesley, the Portage flags are 1,450 feet thick, and the Chemung shales over them, 1,860 feet thick. It is very hard to draw a line of demarcation between them, but, as a whole, the Chemung strata are more silicious and the Portage more argillaceous. The Portage sandstones are flaggy, and, at times, very shaly, and their alternations with shale frequent, the individual beds being thin, and the shales predominant. The Chemung sandstones are more massive, ferruginous and micaceous, with fewer alternations of shale. Brachiopods and other shells are abundant in the upper Chemung shales, while the Portage rocks are almost destitute of animal forms except crinoids and fucoids. Fucoidal impressions are also very abundant in the upper Chemung, and to the decomposition of this abundant marine vegetation, Lesquereux and others ascribe the origin of the petroleum, at its various local horizons, from the Portage up to the Mahoning sandstone hi the Coal Measures. 11 b. Chemung. These rocks can everywhere be described as a series of thin-bedded sandstones and flagstones, with intervening shales, and mixtures in various proportions of these, and very rarely beds of impure limestone, resulting from the aggregation of organic remains. The whole series weathers to a brownish olive, and even the deeper green of the shales assumes that hue. The shales vary in color from a deep black to olive and green, with every grade and mixture of these. The sandstones are often brownish-gray or olive, and sometimes light gray. More generally, however, there is a tinge of green or olive pervading these strata. Towards the upper part of the group, in some localities, there is a tendency to conglomerate, and in a few places the mass becomes a well denned pudding-stone, with sometimes 150 t 200 feet of Chemung shales and sandstones above it. Towards the upper part of the group the shales are reddish, coarse and fissile, with much mica in small glimmering scales. Hall 251. From their red color these have sometimes been mistaken for the Catskill formation. In a few localities hi Pennsylvania it contains a very excellent variety of iron ore. As a general thing, however, this formation, and all others above it, up to near the coal conglomerate, are singularly deficient in iron ore. There is little of geological interest throughout the whole extent of the Chemung group. The N. Y. L. E. & W., or Erie Railway, runs for 300 miles west of Susquehanna on this formation, and on nearly the same portion of it. In the northwestern portion of Pennsylvania the celebrated OIL REGION is in the Chemung, the oil being found stored-up in certain coarse porous sandstones, but these are merely the repository of the oil originating in lower strata. It is a very extensive formation hi Southern New York, all the southern tier of counties, west of Great Bend, being covered by it, and it forms an excellent grazing and agricultural country, not quite equal to the Portage, but much superior to the Catskill. In Northern Pennsylvania this formation, as in Southern New York, consists of a vast succession of thin layers of shale, of every hue, from a deep olive and dark green to a light slaty gray, alternating with thin beds of brownish gray sandstones. 36 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. In Pennsylvania, ninety feet of strata have been carefully studied and measured on Sideling Hill, consisting of alternate beds of red and olive shales and sandstones with Chemung fossils, ripple-marks and f ucoids, and a bed of iron ore long known by the name of the Larry's Creek ore, which outcrops everywhere along the face of the Allegheny Mountain. In the gaps at Blairsville and Connellsville, hi Southwestern Pennsylvania, Prof. Stevenson finds Chemung fossils in what have always been called the Catskill rocks, on account of their being of a red color, and other geologists have made the same observation in Northern Pennsylvania. In Southern New York, adjacent to Pennsylvania, Professor Hall reports 150 feet of red rocks, and then thin gray rocks above with Chemung fossils. The Erie shale of Ohio is the equivalent of the 11 b. Chemung, and the upper part of the 11 a. Portage. At Cleveland, it consists of green, gray and blue shales soft and fine, with sheets oi micaceous, silvery sandstone, from half an inch to two inches in thickness, and flattened masses of argillaceous iron ore. Newberry. The formation also occurs in Kentucky, and Chemung fossils have been found in Utah and Nevada by Clarence King and Arnold Hague. 12. Catskill, There is no observable line of demarcation between the Chemung and Catskill. The first sign of change is a more solid or hard rock appearing, often accompanied by red sandstone or red shale. The group consists of light colored gray sandstone, usually hard ; of fine-grained red sandstone, red Bhale or slate ; of dark colored slate and shale, of grindstone-grit, and a peculiarly accretionary and fragmentary mass, appearing like fragments of hard slate cemented by limestone, similar to what is well known in England as cornstone. The hard gray sandstone often presents a highly characteristic structure, the layers, one or more inches thick, being disposed in oblique divisions, the divisions usually overlapping each other. This peculiar angular arrangement presents altogether a singular conformation, and forms a highly picturesque rock. V. You can see this at Ralston, Pennsylvania. The prevailing color of the sandstone is brick-red, though often it is lighter, and sometimes of a deeper color, from a larger proportion of iron, while the coarser parts are often gray, and the shales are green. Beds of green shaly sandstone are interstratified with the red friable sandstone, and these are succeeded by a compact kind of conglomerate rock. The formation expands, and augments in thickness, in passing eastward, till it finally rises in the high and prominent peaks of the Catskill Mountain, nearly 4,000 feet above the sea, from which the formation derives its name. See note No. 9, of New York. The formation extends from this locality southwestward into Pennsylvania, where its outcrop, 3,000 feet thick, in combination with that of the Pocono sandstone above it, 2,000 feet thick, forms a terraced mountain, which surrounds each of the Anthracite coal fields ; the red rocks of the Catskill making the terrace, and the white rocks of the Pocono forming the crest. Piled upon one another in inclined strata, they constitute the bulk of the Catskill Mountains in New York, of the Pocono plateau in Pennsylvania, and the Allegheny, Savage and Cumberland Mountains, far into Virginia and Tennessee. )n all the railroads approaching the anthracite coal regions of Pennsylvania one passes over these Catskill rocks, often for many miles. They contain no coal, but fossil ferns are abundant in some localities. This is the last and upper forma- tion of the Devonian period, and is the foundation on which rests the carboniferous DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 37 system. On the Delaware division of the N. Y. L. E. & W., or Erie Railway, is an opportunity of seeing the red rocks of the Catskill formation for a number of miles, and also on the N.Y. & O. Midland Railroad north of the Bloomingburgh tunnel. In Pennsylvania it is composed of a vast succession of thin-bedded red and gray sandstones, with thin seams of red, green and mottled shales, also coarse and fine sandstones of various hues of red, brown, gray and greenish ; together with red and greenish coarse silicious conglomerate of white quartz pebbles, the whole being thick bedded, and with an oblique laminated structure. It has not much of interest, either to the scientific or practical inquirer. Its most interesting fossils are fish-remains, which, in the Catskills, extend through 100 feet in thickness of strata. It is the Old Red sandstone of England, lying under the coal. The English New Red sandstone is over the coal, being the Permian, Jurassic and Triassic formations, but these are not found directly over the coal hi America. The Catskill formation is a poor one for agricultural purposes. The fields are stony, with many projecting ledges of red rocks. Its sandstones are too hard, and too destitute of lime to produce a fertile soil, and the country covered by it is either a wilderness, or very thinly populated. 13-15 CARBONIFEROUS AGE. 13 a. Lower Sub-Carboniferous, To a superficial observer, the remarkable substitution of great sandstone and conglomerate deposits, under the coal-measures in the east, for generally limestone deposits, under the coal-measures of the west, must seem inexplicable. But the simple explanation is, that all the sub-carbon- iferous sand-beds of Pennsylvania, formed near the old continent, thin away, and gradually disappear, before they reach the Mississippi ; while the five great sub- carboniferous limestones of Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, formed hi a deep quiet sea, on the contrary, thin away, in going eastward, to 40 feet in Westmoreland County, and 25 feet in Somerset County, Pennsylvania ; and totally disappear before reaching the Schuylkill and Lehigh Rivers. But the same limestone deposits thicken southward to 600 and 1,000 feet in Virginia, and even more in Tennessee. In the Pennsylvania Anthracite country, the next formation above the Catskill is a gray sandstone, called by Prof. H. D. Rodgers the Vespertine. In the second geological survey, Prof. Lesley calls it the Pocono, from the name of the mountain bounding Wyoming Valley, on the south side. The miners call it the second conglomerate. It contains carboniferous fossils, but no coal of value. Invariably the Vespertine is the outside mountain surrounding the coal-basins, the inside one being the 14 a. Pottsville conglomerate, or Millstone grit, and they are separated by 13 b. Mauch Chunk red shale, of Lesley, or Umbral, of Rogers, a soft rock, which forms a valley; and all four, 12. Catskill or Ponent, 13 a. Vespertine or Pocono, 13 b. Umbral or Mauch Chunk, and 14 a. Serai or Pottsville 38 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAtfD-BOOK. In Pennsylvania, the Vespertine is a white, gray and yellowish sandstone, alternating with coarse silicious conglomerates, and dark-blue, olive and black slates, and occasionally thin beds of coal. In Michigan, it is the Marshall group, which is mostly a somewhat friable rock, with a reddish, buffish, or olive color, though in some regions becoming gray or bluish-gray. It forms the receptacle into which the brine descends, and accumulates from the next over-lying Michigan salt group, which is 13 b., and also sub-carboniferous. The Waverly group of Ohio is proved, by its fossils, to be of this same age. Its sub-divisions are given at the head of the chapter on Ohio. It produces the Berea grindstones and Waverly sandstone, the finest building-stone in Ohio, if not in the United States. In Tennessee there is a great development of the lower sub-carboniferous group, the 13 a. Barren group, and 13 b. Coral, or St. Louis limestone, formerly called by Prof. Safford the Silicious. Its upper part is the equivalent of the St. Louis lime- stone of Missouri ; the lower is a series of silico-calcareous rocks, characterized by heavy layers of chert, one inch to two feet thick. In Illinois the series of sub-carboniferous strata consists of the 1. Kmderhook group, 2. Burlington group, 3. Keokuk group, 4. St. Louis group, the base of which was formerly called the Warsaw limestone, and the 5. Chester group ; all of these are limestones and shale, with some sandstone in the first and last named. These embrace both the lower and upper sub-carboniferous, and are 1,200 to 1,500 feet thick in the south-western part of Illinois, but thin-out in going north, and entirely disappear before reaching Rock Island, where the coal-measures rest on the Devonian limestone. In Iowa the four lower members occur, but the Chester, the thickest member, is wanting, and it is almost entirely wanting in Missouri. In Pennsylvania a small coal-bed has been opened on the Susquehanna River, in the Pocono sandstone ; and in Huntingdon County more than a dozen small layers of coal may be traced, running through the formation. In Montgomery County, Virginia, two similar coal-beds attain a local importance, being on Tom's Creek, respectively 4 and 8 feet thick. These represent the lower coal of East Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama. In Ohio the Subcarboniferous limestone extends through some of the south- eastern counties. It is quite thin, and represents only the upper or Chester member of the group. Two workable seams of coal the Jackson and Wallston coals are found below it. Newberry. 13 b. Upper Sub-Carboniferous, In Pennsylvania this is the Umbral red shale of Rogers, and the Mauch Chunk of Lesley, sometimes 3,000 feet thick, and here consists almost entirely of very soft red shales and argillaceous red sand- stone, without fossils. It gradually becomes hi Virginia a triple mass of buff, green and red shales below, a thick body of light-blue limestone, full of fossils, in the middle, and the upper part blue, olive and red calcareous shales, with massive strata of gray and brownish sandstone. It contains beds of iron ore, which are sometimes very valuable. In the Western States the limestone is the principal rock. It is the limestone of Greenbriar Valley in West Virginia. In Northern Pennsylvania, gray and greenish shales, and gray argillaceous sandstones, are introduced among the red shales, and farther west it consists of two or more strata of soft red shales, separated by a thick body of gray, flaggy sandstone. It is generally well marked in Pennsylvania as the softest of rocks, or simply dry red mud, and is to be noticed by those in search of coal, none of which is ever DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 39 beneath the coal-measures. It is a heavy body of limestones and shale, the latter almost one-fourth of the mass ; and there is also a sandstone. See the above description of 13 a. in Illinois. In Middle Pennsylvania, around the Broad Top coal-basin, Prof. J. P. Lesley says there appears, for the first time in this formation, going west, distinct traces of the great mountain limestone formation, which underlies all the southern and western coal-fields, and becomes one of the principal features of the geology of the Rocky Mountains, as it is also of the geology of Europe. The red shale formation is here seen, divided in two 910 feet of it above, and 141 feet of it below ; a middle group of red and gray, mottled calcareous shales, and thin lime- stone layers, full of fossil shells in all 49 feet thick separating the upper and lower members of nearly pure red shale. The narrow red shale valleys, which surround this Broad Top coal-basin, the Cumberland basin in Maryland, and the three principal groups of anthracite basins hi Eastern Pennsylvania, are due to the thickness and softness of this important formation. But while it is 3,000 feet thick at Pottsville, it is but 300 feet thick along the Allegheny Mountain, and less than 100 feet thick around the coal-basins of Tioga and Bradford counties ; and, therefore, instead of making valleys, only marks the top of the mountain steep slopes with a narrow terrace, over which dominates the vertical cliffs of the outcrop of the coal conglomerate. 14 a. Millstone Grit. This is a mass of white or yellow sandstone, containing vast numbers of quartz pebbles, and forming a pudding-stone, or conglomerate. It is called the Millstone Grit, from being used for the manufacture of millstones. In Pennsylvania and Virginia the formation is 1,000 feet thick, but becomes reduced to from 10 to 175 feet hi Ohio. In Kentucky it is from 50 to 500, and in Indiana from 50 to 100 feet. It is a very peculiar rock, and very wide spread, extending out beyond the coal measures proper, of which it is the base and support. There is not in the entire geological series, says Dr. Newberry, another stratum of rock so widely distributed, and presenting as strongly marked lithological characters, as this. The pebbles are generally of quartz, and well rounded. The sand, which forms the paste, and holds together the pebbles of the conglomerate, is generally coarse, and consists of rounded grains of quartz, which differ from the pebbles only in size. In the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, conglomerate rocks some- times occur between coal-beds, but in the other coal regions they are below all the workable coal-beds. Any cases of thin beds of good coal being found in or below the conglomerate, are exceptional and rare. It does not always maintain its character as a conglomerate, being sometimes an ordinary sandstone. The great lead mines of Joplin and Granby, in Missouri, are hi a ferruginous sandstone, the squivalent of the Millstone Grit, or the Chester group, and the Hot Springs of Arkansas are in the Millstone Grit, greatly metamorphosed. 14 b. and c. Lower and Upper Coal Measures- The series of rock-strata, among which the carboniferous coal-beds are found, are called the Coal Measures, which produce all the best coal of America. They consist of repeated alternations of exceedingly diversified rocks, of every degree of coarseness, from the smoothest fire-clay to exceedingly rough, silicious conglomerates, including within those extremes a wide variety of coal-shales, or mud-rocks, of almost every color and texture marls, argillaceous sandstones and quartzose grits, also thin bands of limestones, both pure and magnesian, and numerous seams of carbonate of iron. 40 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. The numerous coal-beds themselves, which occur among this series of strata, the most interesting and important of them all, are also found in America in all their known varieties, from the most compact anthracite to the most fusible and bituminous kinds of coal. There is no invariable order for the strata of coal measures, but usually the bed of coal has a fire-clay bed below it, and shale immediately over it. Extending our view over a considerable district, we find these rocks are coarser and more massive towards the east or southeast ; that they become more fine-grained, and less sandy and earthy, and the limestones increase in size and number as we proceed westward or northwestward ; that many of the strata become reduced in thickness, and some of them entirely dis- appear. In Pennsylvania and Ohio the middle portion of the coal measures con- tains no coal seams, and hence is called the Barren Measures, thus dividing the formation into Upper and Lower Productive Coal Measures. The Lower Coal Measures sometimes contain valuable beds of iron ore. Bait is produced from the Lower Coal Measures in Western Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky.* 15. Permian. In the annexed Guide a large number of stations in Kansas are given as being on the Permo-Carboniferous (Permian) series, and it was for a long time supposed that these rocks occur only in Kansas. Prof. C. A. White has recently assigned a large area in Texas to the Permian, and Prof. I. C White is inclined to refer the Permo-Carboniferous beds of Southwestern Pennsylvania and West Virginia, the No. XVI. of Rodgers, to the same age, since they are the exact counter-part of the Texas rocks in their stratigraphical relations, lithology and palseontological affinities. The Permian rocks in Europe are limestones, sandstones, red, greenish, and gray marlites or shales, gypsum beds and con- glomerates, among which the limestones, in some regions, predominate. In Kansas they consist, according to Prof. Mudge, of calcareous and arenacous shales and beds of limestone. The latter are quite impure, but sometimes mas- sive magnesian limestone, of a drab and buff color, is found, which furnishes an excellent building material. Prof. Swallow describes them as a series of lime- stones, marls, shales, sandstones, conglomerates and gypsums. The State capitol of Kansas, at Topeka, is built of Junction City limestone of the Permian forma- tion. It is also used at Manhattan, and the buildings at Fort Riley are also con- spicuous specimens of Permian limestone. The rocks here called Permian, are conformable to the coal measures, and contain many coal-measure fossils, with some not found below. Some geologists think there is no good reason for sep- arating the Permian rocks from the Carboniferous system, of which they form the uppermost member (and in the Tables of Formations both Permian and Permo-Carboniferous are used.) Strata of the same age occur in Indiana, Texas and Mexico, where they contain many new and interesting reptilian remains. In most parts of the United States where the coal measures are not overlaid by the Permian beds, the latter have very probably been eroded. The Permian forms part of the New Red Sandstone of England, lying over the coal. The name is derived from Permia, a province in Russia. * Having been for twenty-one years actively engaged in mining, transporting and selling coal, the author's business led him to the study of geology, particularly in its economic bearings, and he has given to the world all he knows about coal in another work entitled, "THE COAL REGIONS or AMERICA : THEIR TOPOGBAPHY, GEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT," by James Macfarlane, Ph. D. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 41 16-18. MESOZOIC. 16, Triassic. As the railroads from Philadelphia to New York, the greatest lines of travel in this country, run'on this formation, it is the most conspicuous and well known in the State of New Jersey, and one in which geologists are now taking great interest. Every observing person must have noticed it, and its aspect and composition are so uniform and well marked, that a description of it here will answer for the whole belt through the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, from the Hudson River to Deep River, hi the latter State, and in the Connecticut Valley. The Triassic consists of dark reddish-brown sandstone, soft, crumbly brown shales, and the upper beds are coarse conglomerates. The almost invariable dip is towards the north-west, at angles ranging from 15 to 25'. Prof. H. D. Rogers thought this uniform dip was not caused by any uplifting agency, but that the rocks were originally laid down in this manner. His theory is that the formation owes its origin to an extensive ancient river, having its source at the eastern base of the Blue Ridge, hi North Carolina. Following the remnants of the Triassic formation thence north-east, it gradually, from small beginnings, becomes larger, and has throughout a descending course. At the James River, it is four, at the Potomac six, at the Susquehanna twelve, and at the Delaware, thirty miles wide the estuary being in the region of the Raritan and the Hudson. In New Jersey, therefore, this river was at its maximum. The uniform dip was supposed by Prof. H. D. Rogers to be the result of the oblique or slanting mode in which the sediment has been laid down by a rapid and steady current washing the material from the south-east side or shore of the river. If it were due to an upheaval, this formation, measured hi the usual way, would show an unheard-of thickness. In fact, it is very thin, as is shown hi the exposures of limestone in the interior of the belt. All the appearances of the formation indicate, and there is much to sustain his opinion, that it never was tilted. But more recent study of this interesting formation, has proven two facts : (1) that it was originally extensive, far beyond its present limits ; and, (2) that, in at least its middle beds, the original deposits were horizontal, and have been since upturned. The two great belts of Triassic, which cross from Virginia into North Carolina, and one of them into South Carolina, not only have their rocks dipping in opposite directions, showing a long and broad uplifted country between Raleigh and Danville ; but certain groups of coal-beds, which, though now dipping in contrary directions, must of course have been originally horizontal. Traces of coal-beds have been found in the Triassic of Pennsylvania, In York county, and at Phrenixville. The intermediate country in North Carolina was, therefore, pre- sumably once covered with the formation, and probably all Virginia, east of the Blue Ridge, and all south-eastern Pennsylvania. The formation is seen passing under the plastic clays of New Jersey, and may extend far under the bed of the Atlantic, being thus connected with the beds of the Connecticut, and even those of ehe Bay of Fundy. Lesley. 42 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. Relics of vegetation are occasionally found in the Triassic, in the form of highly compact and bituminous lignite, the longitudinal sections exhibiting the fibrous structure of the wood, whence it was formed. This lignite, occurring sometimes in seams of two or three inches in thickness, amid dark shales, has been a fertile source of delusion, some persons having been induced by the hope of finding valuable coal-mines, to waste much labor in the search. Although the Richmond and North Carolina coals are Triassic, all the geological facts discoun- tenance the notion that it contains coal in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, the detached fragments of plants, which we meet with in the form of lignite, having evidently been loosely drifted into these sediments from the land. Prof. Emmons says there is nothing which can be regarded as equivalent to the coal measures of the Chatham (N. C.) and Richmond (Va.) series in the northern beds. All this formation was produced at a period subsequent to the great Carboniferous or coal- bearing rocks. There are great numbers of fossil fish in the Trias of New Jersey and Connecticut valleys, among them twenty species of ganoids; also the famous bird-tracks of Dr. Hitchcock. See notes 27 and 28 Massachusetts. Fossil plants are numerous in the Trias of Virginia and North Carolina. When a large portion of the pebbles are of limestone, in the Triassic con- glomerate, and the cementing red earth which unites them, contains an adequate quantity of the same material, the rock possesses the character of a marble, as on the Potomac River. The Portland stone, or reddish-brown sandstone, so much used for building purposes in New York and other eastern cities, is from the Triassic formation. Extensive mines for copper ore have been wrought in the Triassic, hi the State of New Jersey, the ore occurring in every case adjacent to igneous traps, but not in contact with them. All these mining operations have failed, on account of the ore being diffused or disseminated through the mass of the formation, and not being found compacted hi regular veins. In Europe, the upper part of the Triassic is called Keuper, or copper. Trap Dikes. Numerous parallel ridges and dikes of Trap, some of them many miles in length, and with the elevation of mountains 400 feet high, and ridges of all sizes, traverse the Triassic. Indeed, nearly all the trap-dikes are confined to this formation. The material which composes these rough, rocky ridges, undoubtedly protruded in a state of fusion, slowly and gently through long narrow fissures, produced by the gaping asunder of the rocks, and not by enormous violent disruptions, like those of volcanoes, as the strata through which they passed are very little disturbed, and the dip of the strata is very little affected by them. These trap-dikes have burst through the red shale and sand- stone, after they were deposited, overflowing, while in a melted and highly heated condition, the adjacent beds, and greatly altering their texture, color and mineral aspect. The finest of these trap-dikes is the Palisades, on the west side of the Hudson River, above Jersey City, and extending north of that place. (See note 5, in chapter on New York). The tunnels and deep railroad-cuts through it, hi Jersey City, afford good opportunities to observe the appearance of the stone, the principal constituents of which are hornblende, feldspar, and titaniferous oxide of iron. The little mountain of iron ore at Cornwall, hi Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, was thrown up by a trap-dike of the Triassic. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. That the trap is not confined, however, to the Triassic rock surface, is beauti- fully shown by the very numerous trap-dikes which cut the Highlands of Orange county, N.Y., and of New Jersey ; by the long, straight, narrow dike whicli issues from the South Mountain, opposite Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, and cuts across all the f onnations, from the Potsdam up to the Subcarbonif erous, at the mouth of the Juniata, (see notes 9, 77 and 170, in chapter on Pennsylvania), and especially by the still longer trap-dike recently discovered by Prof. Frazer, hi Lancaster county, Pa., which not only penetrates the Welsh hills of gneiss, but cuts across the west end of the Chester county (Pa, ) Valley, near the famous nickel mine, and reaches the Susquehanna River near the roofing slates quarries at Peach Bottom. Lesley. The Triassic formation yields the rock-salt and brine of the greater part of Europe, especially in England, Ireland, France, and part of Germany. 17. Jurassic. The upper portion of what is commonly called the Triassic, on the Atlantic border, may belong to the Jurassic, and is so described by Prof. P. R. Uhler, in the annexed Guide for Maryland ; and by Prof. W. B. Rogers, as Juro- Triassic and Juro-Cretaceous, in Virginia. But there are beds which are undoubtedly Jurassic in several of the eastern ridges of the Rocky Mountains, and other districts of the far West. The rocks are, in general, a gray or whitish marly or arenaceous limestone, with occasional pure compact limestone beds, intercalated with laminated marls. The enormous Dinosauri, recently obtained by Marsh and Cope from Colorado, are from the Jurassic. It is much less import- ant here than in England, where it is subdivided into the Liassic, Oolytic and TVealden. The name is derived from Mount Jura, in Switzerland. 18. Cretaceous. The Cretaceous formation, along the Atlantic Coast and the lower Mississippi Valley, consists of a series of beds of strata, differing from each other ; but they are all earthy in form, consisting of beds of sand and sandy-clay, except at a few points, where the strata have been cemented by oxide of iron into a kind of sandstone, or conglomerate. In Texas it contains extensive beds of gypsum. In New Jersey it produces the lower two beds of green-sand, called marl, which is extensively used hi agriculture, the value of which is due to the potash and phos- phates which it contains. Ninety per cent, of it is a green silicate of iron and potash, the rest being ordinary sand, and it contains no lime. But in Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado, the Cretaceous attains a thickness of 9,000 feet, and its rocks comprise beds of sand, marlite, clay, loosely aggregated shell-limestone, or rotten limestone, and compact limestone. At the middle of the Cretaceous, lie the beds of plastic-clay, outcropping across New Jersey, from Trenton to Amboy, and of great importance to the fire-brick and pottery factories, as described in the Report of Prof. Cook, of New Jersey, for 1876. The name Cretaceous is from the Latin word for chalk, the chalk of England and Europe, being one of the rocks of this period ; but in this country it contains no chalk, except in Western Kansas, 322 miles west of Kansas City, where a large bed exists. It is within one mile of Trego station on the Kansas Pacific Railroad* and is found over a tract 125 by 30 miles. The Cretaceous formation, in the far West, passes upwards into a coal-bearing formation, several thousand feet thick, and covering on the upper Missouri River not less than 100,000 square miles in the United States, besides the portion of th belt extending into the British possessions. The area of other lignitic basins farther south, cannot be estimated, their width being unknown. Dr. Hayden 44 THE GEOLOGIST'S TBAVELING HAND-BOOK. regards this coal-formation as transitional, or Lower Eocene 19. Tertiary, and in the within Guide for Colorado it is called the Lignitic Group, lying between the Cretaceous and Tertiary. Mr. Lesquereux is of the same opinion as to its Tertiary age, but nearly all other geologists regard it as Cretaceous. In the annexed Guide for "Wyoming and Utah, the formation is given at points where the coal is mined Carbon, Separation, Black Buttes, Point of Rocks, Rock Springs, and Evanston. All the coal now mined in Wyoming is> according to the Guide, in the 18 d. Laramie Cretaceous, which corresponds with Hayden's Lignitic beds. Every division of the Cretaceous is said to be lignitic or coal-bearing, and may some day produce good coal. The Evanston beds are in the Laramie, but the Coalsville beds are probably hi the 18 b. Colorado Cretaceous. The Rock Creek coal may be 18 c. Fox Hill. A. Hague. There is no Carboniferous coal hi the far west. The difference of opinion as to the age of the Lignitic or coal-bearing group, arises from the fact of its lying at the transition point from the Cretaceous to the Tertiary, where, as is not unusual, the fossils of both are mingled ; and the con- troversy is as to precisely where the Cretaceous ends, and the Tertiary begins. I9-2O. CENOZOIC. 19. Tertiary. The Tertiary formation of the Atlantic coast is wholly of an earthy character, without solid rocks, consisting of sands and sandy blue clays, and above these yellow and brown f erruginous sand ; also clays and sands imbedding extensive layers of uncemented fossil shells. But as we trace them south and southwest through the Southern cotton-growing states, it becomes more calcareous, consisting of lead-colored sandy clays, and whitish and bluish friable limestone in North and South Carolina and Eastern Georgia. West of that, the upper member consists of two limestone strata, the middle of sand and sandy marl, and the lower part of limestone and marl. H. D. Rogers suggests that on the Atlantic slope, opposite the Appalachian Mountains, the older rocks furnished only sandy and clayey sediments, and the Tertiary deposits composed of the ruins of the former, are of that character ; while farther west a wide expanse of limestones fills the upper valley of the Mississippi, and hence the Tertiary deposits bordering the Gulf of Mexico, and extending up the Mississippi River, are of a greatly more calcareous or lime-bearing character. The cotton-growing lands of the Southern States are chiefly Tertiary. In the central part of the continent, the Tertiary beds are lake sediments, or fresh-water deposits ; while on the west coast they are marine. The Tertiary, in the southern part of New Jersey, furnishes great quantities of bog iron-ore, but bog iron-ore is not peculiar to the Tertiary formation. The upper bed of the green-sand of New Jersey is Tertiary. In the far-west the Tertiary strata are hi a greatly more indurated or rocky condition than those of the eastern coast. The 19 a. Eocene consists of beds of clay and sand, with round ferruginous con- cretions and numerous seams and local deposits of lignite, according to Mr. Les- quereux. Also gray and ash-colored sandstone, with more or less argillaceous layers. The 19 b. Miocene consists of white and light drab clays, with some beds of sandstone and local layers of limestone. The 19 c. Pliocene is composed of fine, loose sand, with some layers of limestone, and contains fossil bones of animals, which are scarcely distinguishable from living species. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 45 20. Quaternary. The materials of the glacial drift consist of vast accu- mulations of sand, pebbles, and bowlders, belonging invariably to rocks lying northward of their present positions, with beds of bowlder clay of great thick- ness, evidently brought from a great distance from the north, by causes quite dif- ferent from any now in operation, and which nearly all geologists now believe to have been glaciers. This material is spread over the whole breadth of the North American continent, down to 38 or 40 of latitude, with glacial flood- deposits farther south along the valleys ; and it is also spread, in the same way, over the northern part of Europe. Nearly every recently uncovered ledge of rock in the drift-covered region has its surface marked with the characteristic striae and furrows. These scratched, polished and grooved surfaces prove the former existence, according to Agassiz's theory, of an ice sheet, many thousand feet in thickness, moving across the continent over open level plains, as well as along enclosed valleys. When softer and harder rocks alternate, they are planed off to one outline or level, as if a rigid rasp had moved over the land, leveling all before it. On the contrary, on any surface where water flows, we find the softer materials have yielded first and been worn out, while the rocks will be left standing out, and show greater resistance. Glacial surfaces are highly polished, and are marked with scratches, grooves and deeper furrows. Sometimes the smooth surfaces are like polished marble, showing that the grinding material was held steadily down in firm, permanent contact with the rocky surface against which it moved, as is the case with the glacier. There are many deep ancient channels filled by the drift. The usual characteristic marks of glaciers extend, according to Agassiz, over the whole surface of the east half of the continent, from the Atlantic shores to the States west of the Mississippi, and from the Arctic sea to the latitude of the Ohio, about the 40th degree of north latitude. The glacier marks trend from north to south, with occasional slight inclinations to the east or west, according to the minor irregularities of the surface. The ice of the great glacial period in America, is supposed to have moved over the continent as one continuous sheet, over-riding nearly all the inequalities of the surface. The drift is spread in one vast sheet over the whole land, consisting of an indis- criminate medley of clay, sand, gravels, pebbles, bowlders of all dimensions, so uniformly mixed together, that in all parts of the country it presents a gen- eral similarity. The partial absence of stratification is one important charac- teristic of glacial drift. In the bowlder clays there is no arrangement of the materials according to size or weight, whereas in water the lighter materials are carried farther than the heavier ones and deposited separately. In glacial drift there are large angular fragments by which it may be distinguished from alluvium, and it retains the mud gathered during the journey, spread through its mass, while the water-rolled deposits are washed clean, and consist usually of well-rounded pebbles, and there are no scratches on the exposed surfaces of the solid rocks. The following general description of the limit of the drift is intended to show the approximate boundary between the glaciated and non-glaciated parts of the country. Although the margins of the different drift-sheets appear to form a single margin, because the sheets overlap, it must not be inferred that they are one and the same, or that they were formed at the same time, orneces- 46 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. sarily by the same agency. The majority of active and critical students of the drift of the interior now believe in two or more glacial epochs not merely stages of retreat, but two or more independent ice incursions. Nor is it to be understood that the southern border is everywhere a moraine, in any special sense of the term. For more than half its extent across the country, there is no special aggregation of drift at the edge, and the precise method of its forma- tion in certain portions is yet an open question. Tn the northwestern corner of the United States, the margin of the great northern drift sheet unites or becomes confused with the local drift from the mountains, and it is impossible to say at present what is to be regarded as the margin of the great northern mantle. According to Dr. G. M. Dawson, there was a general southerly movement on the highlands of British Columbia. This appears to have penetrated to the basin of Puget Sound, but not to have reached the Columbia river. It seems also to have entered the northern edge of Washington Territory, near the northern elbow of the Columbia (Willis). It also penetrated into Idaho, as far as Lake Pend d'Oreille (Chamberlin), and also the northern border of Montana. Local mountainous glaciation was quite extensive along the Cascades, Sierra Nevada, Rocky Mountains and some minor ranges. East of the Rocky Mountains, the limit of northern drift enters the United States from Canada at the foot-hills of the mountains (G. M. Dawson), and running southward to the vicinity of Fort Shaw, curves eastward crossing the Missouri river about 40 miles above Fort Benton (Chamberlin and Salisbury). Thence it courses eastward, crossing the Yellowstone about 60 miles above its mouth, keeps north of the Northern Pacific railroad to within about 30 miles of Bismark (same authorities). Here it turns south, keeps in the vicinity of the Missouri river to Nebraska (Chamberlin, Todd), thence southerly to near the mouth of the Republican river (Todd, Mudge), thence easterly to the mouth of the Missouri river (Salisbury and Chamberlin). East of the Mississippi it forms a great loop, reaching nearly to the south end of Illinois (Worthen, Wright) ; swings north to the heart of Indiana (ibid) and south again into Kentucky (Sutton, Wright). Entering Ohio above Cincin- nati it trends undulatingly northeast, and enters Pennsylvania a few miles above the mouth of the Beaver (Lewis and Wright) ; thence it extends north- eastward into the State of New York, where, making a sharp curve, it again enters Pennsylvania in Potter county, and passes southeast to Belvidere, New Jersey (Lewis and Wright), and crosses that State with a northward arch to Perth Amboy (Cook and Smock). It traverses the whole length of Long Island (Cook, Smock, Upham) and appears on Block Island, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket (Upham). The reader will understand that all south of the line described is unglaciated except local areas in the mountainous regions of the west, and possibly some in the Appalachians. From the Atlantic Coast to the Scioto valley, in Ohio, for the greater part, there is, on or near the margin, a well-marked terminal moraine, north of which lie other marginal moraines. From the Scioto valley westward, the margin of the drift is characterized by no sensible ridging of the nature of a terminal moraine, but terminates in a thin and often very attenuated edge. Eastward from the Atlantic shore, the edge of the glacial deposits is supposed to correspond with St. George's Bank and Sable Island Shoal, and to pass southeast of Newfoundland. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 47 In Europe the border limit crosses the southeast corner of England, south- ern Holland, southern Germany, passing near Dresden, and thence onward south of Warsaw and Moscow, in a sinuous course, embracing the center of European Russia, and curving around to the northeast, runs northward to the Arctic Ocean, west of the Ural Mountains. In no part of the United States are the phenomena of the drift displayed on a grander scale than in the Lake Superior region and on the northern borders of Wisconsin. Minnesota and Dakota are very deeply buried in drift. At the south side of Lake Superior, the drift is frequently 200 to 300 feet deep, and at the west end of that lake it is 300 or more feet thick, and it is 220 feet deep at Fargo, Dakota. The lower peninsula of Michigan is covered often from 200 to 300 feet deep. To the southward the drift usually diminishes, and it becomes more evenly spread over the country. It is a singular fact that in the Galena lead region, at the corner of Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin, bounded by the Mississippi, Wisconsin, and Rock rivers, and in a considerable extent of territory north of it, no transported drift material can be found. The driftless region is 10,000 square miles in Wisconsin alone, or one fifth of the area of the State. Ohio has a very complete series of drift deposits, and they have been well studied and described by Dr. Newberry. He has classified the drift deposits as follows, in the ascending order : 1st. The Erie clay, a blue or gray unstratified bowlder clay. 2d. The forest bed, consisting of a bed of soil, with timber, the remains of an ancient forest, found in Ohio, Indiana, etc., at various depths from the present surface. 3d. Lacustrine deposits, stratified sands and clays in northern Ohio ; yellow clay abounding with gravel, in southern Ohio. The Bluff formation along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers is a very pecu- liar and interesting one, resting upon the drift. It is of a slightly yellowish ash color, very fine, not sandy, and yet not adhesive. It makes an excellent soil, is easily excavated by the spade alone, and yet it remains so unchanged by the atmosphere and frost, that wells dug in it require to be walled only to a point above the water line, while the remainder stands so securely without support, that the spade marks remain upon it for many years. Road embankments and excavations upon the sides of roads stand like a wall. (See general note, Mississippi chapter and note on Vicksburg, Tennessee chapter.) The peculiar outline of the bluffs along the Missouri river is very interesting. They are often naked, entirely destitute of trees, and tower up from the river bottom-land, sometimes more than a hundred feet in height, and so steep in some places that a man cannot climb them, yet they are not supported by a framework of rocks, as other bluffs are, and not a rock or pebble of any size exists in them, except a few calcareous concretions where lime-water percolates through them. It is thought to be a lacustrine deposit, a shallow lake having, during the time of the Glacial epoch, occupied the whole of the basin of the Mississippi before the great rivers had cut their valleys down to their present depths (White). In Louisiana the bluff deposit contains three distinct groups of strata, the Port Hudson below, the Loess next, and the yellow loam above, and over this the alluvium and below them all the drift (E. W. Hilgard, F. V. Hopkins). 48 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK. Earthy material brought together by the ordinary action of water is said to be alluvial, and the soil or land so formed is called alluvium or alluvion. Diluvium implies the extraordinary action of water. When the drift material covers the surface, of course it forms the soil, but in driftless regions the soil is an admixture of clay, sand, lime, etc., derived from the disintegration of the rocks beneath, with decomposed animal and vegetable substances. Where neither glacial nor alluvial action has taken place as in some parts of our South- ern States the rocks are converted into a deep and strong soil , having undergone a process of decay which has rendered them so soft, sometimes to a depth of 20 or more feet, that they may be readily cut with a spade, although retaining all the veins and layers which mark their original stratification. Without having been broken or ground up, even the hardest rocks have quietly mouldered into a soft clayey mass, which, from its peculiar structure, has a natural drainage and possesses, moreover, great fertility. The most important of geological formations is the last of all, the soil. On this thin, superficial, earthly covering of our planet depends all the growth of all vegetation, and on that depends all terrestrial animal life. But whether the material forming the soil remains unmoved in the same spot where it was once a solid rock, or is transported bodily by a glacier, or carried from the hills into the valleys by running water, and moved from place to place by larger streams and rivers, it was originally derived from the rock formations, therefore the agricultural as well as the mineral resources of the country depend on this geology. This completes, in brief, the description of all that can be seen of the earth, classified in geological order, from the oldest of the rocks up to the sands which are now daily washed to our feet by the currents of the rivers and the waves of the sea. THE GEOLOGIST'S TB^YELING HAND-BOOK. 49 REMARKS ON THE FOREGOING DESCRIPTIONS. Paleontologists will be disappointed in this introduction, from which that is omitted which seems to them the most important, and gives the most interest and significance to the subject, namely: the life which they find in the formations, and which serves so important a purpose in their identification and classification. But another book would have been required for that purpose, and it would have been useless without a large number of expensive engravings.* Paleontology is the province of all the text-books on geology, to which this work is a supplement, not a substitute. Its only object is to teach local geology. The descriptions were an after-thought, and they should be regarded as an attempt to present to the unlearned a first-lesson in geology, in the vernacular tongue, hi the hope that it may help on the cause of popular science. They have swollen much beyond the original design, which was definitions, rather than descriptions; but they will serve to show that paleontology is not the whole of geology, and that the formations are more than a mere cabinet of fossils. There are some things in the descriptions that are not accepted by all geologists. But the scope of the work did not permit any account of the con- flicting opinions on disputed points, or discussions of the history of geological nomenclature and classification. Whether the Oriskany sandstone should be placed at the base of the Devonian, or at the top of the Silurian ; whether Hudson River, Loraine, Nashville, or Cincinnati, is the best name for that formation ; and whether Cambrian should include one, or all, or none of the Lower Silurian formations, and similar questions, seem of less importance to the ordinary reader, for whom the descriptions are intended, than to the professional geologist. All kinds of geological tables are given, for, in accepting the valuable con- tributions of others on local geology, it was necessary to let them have their own way, in the chapters on their own States, in regard to the names and the arrange- ment of the formations. A common number, attached to them throughout the book, serves to identify the formations by whatever name they are called. The valuable part of the book is the Geological Railway Guide, the design or plan of which is original with the author, as it is believed nothing of the kind has ever appeared, in any language. It is the work of many hands, and the hearty thanks of every lover of the science are due to all those who have contributed to its pages portions of the multitude of facts, forming this index to the geology of all important places in the United States and Canada. The reader will never know the amount of time, patience, labor, and care that it has cost. * See " THE ANCIENT LIFE HISTORY OF THE EARTH," a comprehensive outline of the princi- p] <= and leading facts of Paleontologies! Science. By H. A. Nicholson. Published by D. Appleton & Co., New York. 8vo., 407 pp. $2.00. A very convenient and excellent manual of Paleontology only. 50 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ARRANGEMENT OF THE GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE AND DIRECTIONS FOR USING IT. 1. The railroads are arranged by states, and the states and territories are arranged in geographical order, with reference to the great lines of travel. But to find a railroad, the reader must depend on the index. Branches are placed after the main line, which is generally first given throughout without interruption. 2. When stations are omitted for the sake of brevity, which is seldom the case, the lists being uncommonly full, their geology will be understood to be the same as that given at the stations between which they occur. If the geology of two adjacent stations is different, it is evident enough that there is a transition from one to the other formation, between the stations, but the change is often so gradual that the transition point cannot be precisely given. 3. A few feet of difference in level sometimes carries the railway track to an upper or lower formation. Railroads, too, sometimes run across narrow, projecting tails, and scalloped points of a higher or lower formation, than that given in the Guide, but which it would occupy too much space to specify. Where too, the strata are disturbed and broken-up, all the formations cannot well be specified for want of room. In such cases the Guide serves only to show nearly where you are, the prevalent formation being given. 4. The hills, bluffs and higher ground in view, are often of a different formation from that given on the railroad, but not always higher in the series. Their elevation is often due to the hardness of the strata, the softer rocks f orming the valleys, in which railways generally run. 5. Keep in mind the succession of the formations, as shown on the Guide, and whether you are going from older and lower to younger or higher strata, or vice versa. Notice the changes in the scenery with the changes in the formations. 6. When you come to a new formation, refer to the description of it, in the beginning of the book. But it is difficult to get a clear idea of the formations from even the best description. The reader must see them for himself, and these lescriptions are intended to assist him in identifying them, and to impress their character and appearance upon his mind, or to recall them to his recollection after having seen them. 7. By a little close observation of the formations hi traveling, you will find that most of them have peculiarities of their own, by which you can always know them, but which, like the features or appearances of persons, cannot be put into words, so that another who has not seen them could also recognize them. The form of the summits and elopes of the hills, and the general aspect of the country, but especially the rock-cuts on the railways, and other exposures of the forma- tions, in quarries, and in the banks and beds of streams, should be closely observed ; and if these are not visible, notice the stone used in buildings, and for the enclosures of fields, the character of the soil, and the fragments of stone mixed through its mass, which betray the nature of the solid rock formation beneath ; observe also whether the rocks lie horizontally or in an inclined position. ominian 0f BY GEORGE M. DAWSON, D. S., F. G. S., Assistant Director of the Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. I. maritime provinces. New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. II. (Quebec ana (Dntario. HI. Jllanitoba ana Xortlj-toest QEerritorg. IV. Sritisl) Columbia. V. Steamboat ttontcs. 1. The Dominion of Canada is, as a matter of convenience in this work, divided into four parts, and from a geological point of view such division is largely borne out by structural facts. I. The Maritime Provinces includes Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. II. Ontario and Quebec includes the provinces of the same names. III. Manitoba and so much of the Northwest Territory as is traversed by railway-lines forms the third division. IV. British Columbia, together with the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains (politically a part of the Northwest Territory) constitutes the fourth. For each of these great divisions a separate table of formations is given. For the purpose of enabling the traveler to provide himself with further information on geological points, the following notes on publications are attached : Dominion of Canada generally : " Sketch of the Physical Geography and Geology of the Dominion of Canada " with map ; Geological Survey, 1884. For economic minerals see also "Descriptive Catalogue of Exhibits at Philadelphia, 1876," And " Catalogue des Minereanx Roches, etc.," at the Exposition at Paris, 1878, by Dr. B. J. Harring- ton. Both published by the Geological Survey. The " List of Publications of the Geological and Natural History Survey, 1884, "enumerates all the official reports and maps to date. I. MARITIME PROVINCES." Reports of Progress." Geological Survey. The whole of Cape Bre- ton Island, part of the mainland of Nova Scotia, and nearly the whole of New Brunswick have been ecologically mapped on contiguous sheets of uniform scale. Maritime Provinces generally : " Aca- dian Geology." Sir W. Dawson. (With supplement and map.) 1878. The greater part of the really productive coal measures are included in the Province of Nova Scotia, the great spread of Carboniferous rocks in New Brunswick having so far been found to con- tain but thin, and, generally, scarcely workable, coal-seams. The deposits of the glacial period are often well shown in railway-cuttings, and extensive tracts are completely covered with these. The boulder-clay is the moet persistent and universal. Peaty deposits underlying the boulder-clay have been observed locally ; overlying the boulder-clay are stratified clays, sands, and gravels, and kames are frequent, particularly in New Brunswick. The stratified clays hold marine fossils in the vicinity of the coast of the southern and northern parts of New Brunswick. The island of Cape Breton affords good coal, and a number of collieries are in operation. As it is 'not yet traversed by railway, it does not receive notice in the body of this work, but few places of equal area are of greater interest from a geological or picturesque point of view. II. ONTARIO AND QUEBEC. "Geology of Canada." Sir W. Logan. 1863. This work summar- I ices the main features to date, and is accompanied by an atlas of maps, sections, etc. Sir W. Logan's 1 large map (25 miles to 1 inch, published 1866) includes, besides Ontario and Quebec, the Maritime Provinces and adjacent portions of the United States, and is much more detailed, for the region cov- ered by it, than the map accompanying the sketch of 1884. From 1863 reports in different portions of the provinces in annual " Reports of Progress." See I also " E*quisse Geologique du Canada," etc. 1867. III. MANITOBA AND NORTHWEST TERRITORY. In addition to the sketch of 1884, see reports and maps in annual " Reports of Progress " of Geological Survey, " Report on Geology and Resources of 4fch Parallel," by Dr. G. M. Dawson. Much information in the possession of the Geological Survey, but yet unpublished, is incorporated in the notes on these portions of the Dominion. IV. BRITISH COLUMBIA. In addition to the sketch of 1884, see annual "Reports of Progress," j 1871, to date. A considerable portion of the province is covered by preliminary geological maps, on |J a scale of 8 miles to one inch. The jrreater part of the facts for the Dominion of Canada are derived from the reports and maps of the Geological Survey. Dr. G. M. Dawson also wishes to acknowledge assistance received from Dr. . Selwvn, the director of the Survey, and several members of the staff, especially Messrs. R. W. Ells, R. Chalmers, and H. Fletcher. The notes on the Intercolonial Railway are chiefly due to Sir W. Dawon, aa elsewhere mentioned. 52 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) I. Ufarititm |)robimm Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. List of Geological Formations. Quaternary.) | 20 c. Saxicava Sand. 20 b. Leda Clay. 20 a. Boulder Clay or Till. 3 i 7. Lower Helderberg. Upper Arisaig Series 5 C. Niagara. New Canaan Series. 5 b. Cl i nton. Lower Arisaig SeriM. .2 H 1 *H 1 i 1 l 16. Upper Red Sandstone, and Traps of Bay of Fundy, Upper Red Sandstones of P. E. 1. .0 a 4. Cobequid Series? 4. Graptolitic Shales of New Bruns- wick. 14 c. Upper Carb. and Permo-Carb. 14 b. Middle Carboniferous. 14 a. Millstone Grit. Z Windsor Group. 29 1 g^^- _0 jg (Limestone Gypsum, etc.) 1 1 1 g 1 1 <$O Morton Group. 80 i| a sd CO (Lower Coal Measures.) j ^JsfcJ^w ;Laurentian.| Huronian. | Cambrian. ( Mire and St. An- 2 c. Upper Cambrian. { drew series, ( Cape Breton. 2 b. Middle Cambrian. Acadian Senei. 2 a. Lower Cambrian. \ 52j3SiS 1 b. Felsitic, Chloritic, and Epidotic Rocks of St. John, Yarmouth] and Cape Breton, in part. 10 ^o+*.i,;ii J Scaumenac Beds I/. txatSKlll.-j (BaiedesChaleurs). 11. Chemung and Portage. ( St. John Series. 10. Hamilton. teL 8hale - { Sandstones.) 8. Oriskany, Nictau Series. Gaspo Sandstones and equivalents on Bale des Cha- leurs. 1 a. Gneiss, Quartzite and Limestone of St. John and St, Anne's Mount- ain, Cape Breton. Ms. Intercolonial Railway, N. S. a Ms. | Intercolonial Railway Con. ( i u 3f 3< 61 '7* ) Halifax. 3 ) Bedford. 5 Windsor June. 4 )Elmsdale. 5 i Shubenacadie. I Truro. 6 ] Londonderry. 7 2. Lower Cambrian. K ( Contact 2 Low. Camb. "j and 13 a. Low. Carb. 13 a. Lower Carbonif. 16. Triassic. 13 a. Lower Carbonif. 9C 9f 10< 10? 11] 125 I2t )Wentworth. 8 5-7. Silurian. > Greenville. 13 a. Lower Carbonif. > Thompson. Oxford. 9 14 a. Millstone Grit. River Philip. " ! Spring HillJn 10 " llAthol. 14 c. Upper Carbonif. 2. These notes are extracted, with little alteration, from a chapter by Sir W. Dawson, in " Hand- book for the Dominion of Canada." Published by Dawson Brothers, Montreal. 1884. 3. Halifax. Quartzites and slates of the coast series, or gold series, of Nova Scotia, believed to be of Lower Cambrian ape. In the vicinity of Halifax and elsewhere it contains auriferous quartz mines. The nearest of these are situated at Montague and Waverly. The auriferous veins often also contain mispickel, and sometimes blend and other minerals. They run generally parallel to the strike of the inclosing rocks. The richly auriferous veins are seldom of great width, and the gold is sometimes disseminated also in the contiguous slate. The age of formation, of some at least, of the veins is sub- Bequent to the Carboniferous, as auriferous conglomerates of Lower Carboniferous age with derived gold occur, and have actually been worked, at Gay's River. At Northwest Arm and other places may be seen granite, which traverses these beds as thick dikes or intrusive masses, and produces con- tact metamorphism. At Waverly Mine the obscure fossil named Astropolithon may be found in the quartzite. 4. Windsor Junction. Excellent exposures of the fossiliferous Lower Carboniferous limestones, and of the great beds of gypsum characteristic of that formation in Nova Scotia. 5. Elmsdale. Beyond Gay's River, the railway enters the Carboniferous country, and in some places quarries in the Lower Carboniferous limestone may be seen near the road. 6. Truro. At and beyond Truro, the railway traverses a portion of the Triassic red sandstones of Cobequid Bay. The sandstones may be seen in the cuttings, and the red color of the soil is character- istic. In approaching the Cobequid Hills, a more broken country, and beds of sandstone and con- glomerate indicate the Carboniferous beds, which here reappear from under the red sandstone. 7. Londonderry. The road here enters a belt of highly-mclineri slaty rocks of olive- gray and dark colors, which, at a little distance west of the railway-line, contain large and productive veins of iron- CANADA. (NEW BRUNSWICK.) 53 Ms. | Intercolonial Railway Con. Ms. Intercolonial Rail way Con. 130 Maccan. ll 14 b. Middle Carbonif. 275 (Beaver Brook. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 188 Amher8t,N.B. lf 14 c. Upper Carbonif. 286 Bartibogue. u ( 14 c. " 296 Red Pine. ii 144 Aulac. I 14 a. Millstone Grit. 309 Bathurat. 1 6 13 a. Lower Carbonif. 147 Sackville. 14 c. Upper Carbonif. 321 Petite Roche. 17 5-7. Silurian. 159 Dorchester. 13 13 a. Lower Carbonif. 329 Belledune. it 167 179 Memramcook. Painsec June. 14 tt 14 a. Millstone Grit. 338 JacquetRiv'r. 18 ( " and 13 a. / Lower Carboniferous. 187 Moncton. 19 u 347 New Mills. 5-7. Silurian. 195 Berry's Mills. (( 353 Charlo. 13 a. Lower Carbonif. 206 Canaan. ii 363 Dalhousie Jn. 19 u 215 Coal Branch. 224 Weldford. it 372 Campbellton. ( 8-12. Devonian and I Doleritic trap. 238 Kent Junction. it 385 Metapedia. 80 5-7. Silurian. 244 Rogersville. 395 Mill Stream, Q. ii 255 Barnaby River. H 405 Assametquag'n. V 259 Chatham June. ti 420 Causapscal. {( 265 Newcastle. U 433 Amqui. II ore, worked by the Steel Co. of Canada. This vein, or aggregation of veins, is primarily of carbonate of iron and ankerite, with some specular iron, and has been changed in many places to a great depth into limonite, which is the ore principally worked. Beyond this place the slates are seen to be pierced by great intrusive masses of rea syenite and by dikes of diorite and diabase. 8. Wentworth. The rocks mentioned above are here overlain by dark-colored shaly beds, hold- ing fossils of the age of the Clinton or older part of the Upper Silurian. The gray slates holding ___,. _= ._.._ F or reasons stated in ing the Cobequid . .__._ al-field, on which the road now enters. 9. Oxford. Contact of Lower Carboniferous and millstone grit. 10. Springhill. Brines from Carboniferous, utilized on small scale in manufacture of salt, 21 miles from Sprmghill mines. A branch road leads to the mines of the same name, the most important coal- mines on this railway. Seven coal-seams, varying in thickness from two feet to thirteen feet six inches, are known in this district. The " black seam," eleven feet thick, is that which has been most extensively worked. The mines supply the coal used on the railway. 11. Maccan. Conveyance maybe taken from here to the South Joggins, on the shore of Chegnecto Bay, twelve miles distant. The section of the Carboniferous rocks on this part of the coast is one of the moet instructive in existence, and has been rendered classic by the writings of Sir W. E. Logan, Sir C. Lyell, and Sir W. Dawson. The section displays over 14,000 feet in vertical thickness of strata, extending from the marine limestones of the Lower Carboniferous to the top of the coal-measures, and includes seventy coal-seams, of which, however, only two are of workable thickness. Besides numerous fossil plants (including erect sigillaria), the beds here yield reptilian remains and land- shells. 12. Amherst. Near here fine examples of the alluvial deposits of the Bay of Fundy ; more es- pecially the great marshes of Amherst and Sackville. 13. Dorchester. Good sections of millstone grit formation. The contact between this formation and the Lower Carboniferous here. Copper-mine. Between Dorchester and Memramkook, salt-marsh. 14. Painsec Junction. On Shediac Branch, Carboniferous, chiefly or entirely millstone grit. 15. Moncton. From this point to near Bathurst the railway passes over the low Carboniferous plain of Northern New Brunswick, showing scarcely anything of the underlying rocks. 16. Bathurst. Beyond this point is the varied and interesting country of the Bale des Chaleurs, and the Restigouche and Metapedia Rivers, of which it is possible only to note some of the more striking features. Three miles beyond Bathurst, line crosses doleritej intrusion 1 mile. A short dis- tance north of station good sections of leda clay and saxicava sand, with fossils. 17. Petite Roche. From this station to Charlo^numerous massive intrusive bodies of dolerite cut- ting through the Silurian rocks. IS. Jacquet River. The Lower Carboniferous here forms a narrow fringe along the shore From Bus station to Dalhousie, many good sections of leda clay and saxicava sand, with fossils. 19. Dalhousie. From Dalhousie the following localities may be visited : At Cape Bon Ami, near Dalhousie, a fine section of Upper Silurian shale and limestone, abounding in fossils, and alternating with very thick beds of dark -colored dolerite. Apparently resting on these are beds of red porphyry md breccia, forming the base of the Devonian. On these, a little west of Campbellton, rest a^'lomer- Ite and shale, rich in remains of fishes (Cephalaspis, Coccosteus, etc.), and traversed by dikes of trap. Immediately above these, conglomerates and hard shales, the latter full of remains of Psylophyton and Arthroec. 1 b. Norian or Labrador* 1 a. Laurentian. Grand Trunk Railway. Grand Trunk Railway few. Ms. I Portland to Montreal. Alt. Ms. | Portland to Montreal. Alt. Portland, Me. 1 c. Huronian. 86 Shelburne,N.H.jl d. Montalban. 5 Falmouth. 1 a. Laurentian. 91 Gorham. U 798 9 Cumberland. << 86 98 Berlin Falls. Lake Group. 10 " 11 Yarmouth. 96 122 Groveton June. 1 b. Huronion. 889 27 Danville June. 1 d. Montalban. 203 131 Breathes. U 876 29 Lewiston June. 248 134 North Stratford. a 901 36 Mechanic's Falls 300 142 Wenlock, Vt. 1101 47 South Paris. 1 a. Laurentian. 392 149 Island Pond, Vt. 1 d. Montalban. 118T 70 Bethel. 654 165 Boundary Line. 1301 80 Gilead. 1 d. Montalban. 7 '6 Geology in U. S. by Prof. Hitchcock. CANADA. (ONTARIO AND QUEBEC.) 59 Grand Trunk Railway Con. Ms. | Lewiston Branch. Alt. Grand Trunk Railway Con. Ms. | Montreal, Richmond, and Quebec. 108 Alt 29 Lewiston J., Me. 33 Taylor Brook. 84 Auburn. 35 Lewiston, Me. 1 d. Montalban. * 48 41 806 a 148 u 140 Point Levis 28 (op. Quebec). 24 7 Chaudiere Curve 9 Chaudiere June. 15 Craig's Road. 20 St. Agapit. 28 Methot's Mills. 37 Lvster. 41 St. Julie. 49ISomerset. 55 Stanf old. 64 Arthabaska. 71 Warwick. 79-J Kingsey. 84 Danville. 98 Richmond. 137 St. Hyacinthe. 172 Montreal. 210 2-3. Cambrian. ' 4 a 229 M (t 335 a 406 a 444 446 ti 476 ti 442 a 128 ti 430 Coleraine. 67 Thetf dMin V 2 J 78Broughton. li2 91 St. Frederic. 100 Beauce. 105 St. Joseph. 123 HOScotts. 122 St. An-elme. 139 Levis. 1. Pre-Carabrian. H 5-7. Silurian. u it M 1. Pre-Cambrian. u M 2-3. Cambrian. H H II 110. Shefford. The railway here passes close to Shefford Mountain, an intrusive mass described as a granitoid trachyte. A larger Inass of similar trachyte forms Brome Mountain to the south. 111. Stanbridge. Bog-irpn-ore in considerable quantity in this vicinity. Formerly worked. 112. St. Armand. The limestone belt between this place and Phillipsburg affords several varieties of marble of different colors. Some of these have been quarried. A black marble occurring a mile and a half southeast of Phillipsburg is particularly worthy of note. 113. The line, for the greater part of its length, is at no great distance from the north bank of the St. Lawrence, and. owing to the depth of the drift deposits and alluvium, but little of the geological structure of the county can be seen. The outlines of the formations, as represented on the geological map of Canada, are somewhat uncertain for the same reason, and must at present be considered as approximations only. 114. Three Rivers. The railway here crosses the St. Maurice, a river important from a lumbering point of view, and having a total course of about three hundred miles. The Shawanagan Falls, on the St. Maurice, twenty-one miles distant, one hundred and sixty feet in height. The falls occur over Lau- rentian rocks, and are very picturesque. On the river below the falls the Potsdam sandstones may be observed to overlie the Lanrentian. Extensive brick-yards at Three Rivers. 115. Terrebonne. Quarries. Chazy limestone. Stone taken to Montreal in scows, and has been extensively need in enlargement of Lachine Canal. 116. St. Maurice. Iron smelting, on a small scale, has been in operation here for one hundred and fifty years. The mineral employed is bog-iron-ore. 117. Grand Piles. Navigation by steamer on the St. Maurice from this point northward, into the heart of the Laurentian country. 118. Sherbrooke. (See Note 102 under Grand Trunk, Montreal to Portland.) 119. Dudswell. About three miles northward, yellow and gray marbles capable of receiving a good polish, and highly ornamental. 120. Garthby. Deposit yielding native antimony, antimony glance, and other minerals, five miles from Garthby, in South Ham, lot 28. range 1. Lot 22, range (north) 1, Garthby ; extensive deposit of iron and copper pyrites. 121. Thetford Mines. Asbestos extensively worked. The veins occur in association with serpen- tine rocks, which here characterize a considerable tract of country. 122. Broughton. The Harvey Hill Copper Mine, at one time extensively worked, but at present suspended, near here. Purple copper-ore, copper glance, and copper pyrites, occur in veins cutting the strata and beds conformable with the stratification. 123. St. Joseph. On the Chaudiere River. Gold occurs in placer deposits in numerous localities in this vicinity. These deposits have been worked to some extent, but are as yet imperfectly devel- oped, as the auriferous alluviums are known to extend over an area of ten thousand square miles. The Kil^our nugset. found on the Gilbert River, weighed 5H ounces. A handsome brecciated marble f und on the Rivieie Guilliaume near here. 124. Port Dover. Cornif erous limestones, with pores of corals frequently filled with petroleum. Epsonite? occur in limestones on the lake shore. 125. Hamilton. A band of sandstone known as the "gray band," and referable to the Medina formation, is quarried here and used in building. 62 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) Northern and Northwestern Railways- Ms. Continued. Pasaumpsic Railway. Ms. Quebec to Newport. 96 99 105 110 114 116 120 123 126 129 151 135 Centreville. Palgrave. Tottenham. Beeton. Thompsonville. Alliston. Everitt. Tioga. Lisle. Glencairn. Collingwood. 126 Allandale. Barrie. 4 c. Hudson River. u u M 4 b. Utica. it <( 4 a. Trenton. H U 14 tt (( 3 8 12 19 21 27 30 34 40 Quebec. Montreal. (S. E. RV) Sherbrooke. 102 Lenoxville. Capleton. North Hatley. Massawippi. Ayer's Flats. Libby Mills. Smith's Mills. StansteadJn 127 Newport, Vt. 1. Pre-Cambrian. it 1. Pre-Camb. & 2-8. S& u 5-7. Silurian. M H it Granite. 5-7. Silurian. Beeton and Barrie Branch. South Eas tern Railway. treal to Richford, Vt. 9 14 19 25 Beeton. Beeton June. Cookstown. Thornton. Victoria. Allandale. Barrie. 4 b. Utica. 4 a. Trenton. u U Main Line. Mon 2 12 13 14 19 22 26 32 37 39 42 45 47 50 55 58 63 66 Montreal. 210 Longucuil. St. Lambert. Chambly Basin. Chamb. Canton. Richelieu. Marieville. St. Angele. St. Brigide. Farnham. Farndon. Brigham. , East Farnham. Cowansville. Sweetsburg. West Brome. Sutton June. Sutton. Ambercorn. Richford, Vt. 4 b. Utica. u 4 c. Hudson River, tt u u H {( 4 a. Trenton. 2-3. Cambrian, u (( u tc 1. Pre-Cambrian. tt tt 1 b. Huronian. North Simcoe Branch. 0|Allandale. 5 Col well. 13 Minesiug. 16Hendrie. 19 Phelpston. 24 Elmvale. 26Saurin. 30|Wyevale. 39 Penetang. 4 a. Trenton. Allendale to Muskoka Wharf. 63 Allandale. 64 Barrie. 70 Gowan. 74 Oro. 78 ! Hawkstone. 87;0rillia. 90 Atherly. 95 Longford. 100 Washago. 103 Severn. 109 Lethbridge. 115 Gravenhurst. 116 Muskoka Wharf 4 a. Trenton. u M it u (( 1 a. Laurentian. H H (( to a Northern Division. 6 10 14 21 27 32 36 45 54 Sorel. St. Robert. Yamaska. St. David. St. Guillaume. Boulogne. St. Germain. Drummondville. Wickham. Acton. 105 4 c. Hudson River. tt u it u it 2-3. Cambrian. it T iagara. M 198 Prairie. 9. Corniferous, 36 m. 595 are soft marly clays with thin limestone beds, and are highly fossilif erous, yielding Spirigera inucro- nata, Atrypa reticularis, Spirigera concentrtea, etc. 148. Brantford. Erie clay used in manufacture of white brick. Artemisia gravels twenty miles. 149. Paris. Gypsum quarried in a number of places in this vicinity. Two beds, each fonr or five feet in thickness, separated by four feet of shale. 150. Seaforth. Salt-works. Brines from the Onondaga formation employed. 151. Clinton. Salt found in boring at 1,180 feet. 152. Goderich. In cliffs on the Maitland River, near Goderich, sections of Corniferous formation ^-sandstones and limestones in some places fossiliferous. In 1865 brine was discovered at Goderich, in a boring made with the hope of obtaining petroleum. In the next three years several wells were sunk here and hi the vicinity, the salt being derived from the Onondaga formation. In 1867 Mr. Att- rill effected a boring of 1.517 feet, for the purpose of ascertaining the amount and character of the rock- salt which had been reached in some of the wells made before that date. This boring showed a total thickness of 126 feet of rock-salt in 520 feet of strata. Dr. Hunt conducted analyses of the specimens obtained, and proved that some of the beds are extremely pure. He calculates at 880.000 bushels to the acre, the yield of salt from the best white layer of ten and a half feet in thickness. The area under- laid by these salt deposits does not extend as far north as Teeswater, but appears to have a consider- able extension southward. Owing to difficulties met with in sinking a shaft to the rock-salt, the beds have not yet been worked, though a large quantity of excellent salt particularly suitable for dairy uae is manufactured from the brines. 153. Brantford. (See Note 148 under Buffalo to G. and D.) Artemisia gravels thirty-five mitee. 154. Chippewa. Base of Onondaga probably in this vicinity, but whole country covered by clays. 155. Clifton. In the slope and precipice over which the Niagara Falls occur, the whole thickness of the Niagara formation is included. On Goat Island fresh-water sands are found overlying the boulder-clay, and on the Canadian side sixteen species of fresh-water and land shells have been found in similar sands. (See Notes 39 and 42 in New York.) 156. Grimsby. Quarries in Niagara limestone and sandstone. 157. Dundas. Close to station, on north side, a fine section of Niagara and Clinton. Quarries. Great thickness of Quaternary clays in this vicinity. North of the town a gravelly ridge or shore deposit 318 feet above the lake. Brick-yards. 158. Copetown. Summit of Niagara escarpment. 159. Gait. Good exposures of Guelph formation with fossils. Quarries yielding magnesian lime- stone suitable for building. 160. Preston. Good sections of Guelph formation. Foeeils. 66 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) Grand Tru Ms. Great Wester ink Railway Ms. International Railway. n Division Con. o 69 Sherbrooke. 102 Lennoxville. Johnville. Bulwer. Birchton. Cookshire. Robinson. Gould. Scotstown. McLeod's Cross. Marsden. Springhill. Sandy Bay. Lake Megan tic. 1. Pre-Cambrian. i 5-7. Silurian. M u (t < 207 221 229 230 St. Clair. Tecumseh. WINDSOR. DETROIT. 9. Corniferous. 690 i( 588 10 b. Hamilton, 1 m. Great Western Railway Air Line. 16 72 81 99 102 117 136 130 145 224 225 Buffalo. Welland. 146 Simcoe. Delhi. Corinth. New Sarum. St. Thomas. Baird's. Lawrence. GLKNCOK. Windsor. Detroit. 9. Corniferous, 75 m. it (See Loop Line, on page 67.) lib. Chemung, 2 m. Grand Trunk Railway. Georgian Bay and Lake Erie Division. 8 15 20 33 36 44 50 64 69 ~~0 11 17 22 26 69 78 88 91 104 105 112 113 127 136 141 144 149 160 167 Wiarton. Hepworth. Allenford. Tara. Chesley. Elmwood. Hanover. Neustadt. Harriston. Palmerston. 5 c. Niagara, 4 m. 6 d. Guelph, 20 m. d > Canmore. 850 914 Duthil. 919 Banff. 251 927 j Castle Mount- 1 { ain. 18. Pierre Shales. 847 44 2406 ( 18. Belly River Series,' \ 107m. 2407 u 2469 l( 2373 a 2142 " 2403 2471 2471 44 2406 U 2438 18. Pierre Shales. 2493 ti :' <4 18. Laramie. * 563 44 2672 u 28 23' 2926 44 3005 44 3268 (i 3344 44 838 8 ' ( 35221 44 3712 j 18. C cetaceous, and I 18 Laramie. 3825 44 4032 t4 4170 9&14.Devono-Car. 4198 18 Cretaceous. 44 4342 44 4531 j 9 and 14. Devono-Car- I boniferous. 4511 Emerson Section. 'St. Vincent. Emerson. 10 Dominion City. 18 Arnaud. 26 Dufrost. 35 Otterburne. 42 Niverville. 54 St. Norbert. 63 St. Boniface. 64 Winnipeg June. 66 Winnipeg. 20. Alluvium. (4 44 Manitoba and Northwestern Railway of Canada. j Portage la u ~l Prairie. 9Macdonald. 16 Westbourne. 26 Woodside. 34 Gladstone. 51 Ardcn. 61 Xeepawa. 66 Stony Creek. 78 Minnedosa. j Alluvium overlying / Devonian. it 44 (4 (( (( Drift overlying Cretac. 44 below the Palaeozoic limestones of the mountains, which are seen in cutting just beyond this station. Above cutting, well-marked glaciation due to former Bow Valley glacier. (The railway here enters the Rocky Mountains.) Below mouth of Kananaskis River, fine falls over Cretaceous sandstone on Bow River. The great limestone series of the mountains, characterized above as Devono-Carbonifer- ous, is the most important constituent of the range in this part of its length. No separation, except quite locally, has yet been found possible between the Devonian and Carboniferous parts of the series. 249. The Gap. The valley beyond this point becomes quite wide, and turns to the northwest, fol- lowing a belt of Cretaceous rocks. 250. Canmore. The valley here floored by the Cretaceous rocks above referred to. while lime- stones form the mountains on both sides. The Cretaceous is in the form of a long synclinal trough, compressed and overturned to the northeastward. Looking southeastward from this point down the valley, a section of the overturned rocks is seen in the distant hills. 251. Between Dnthil and Banff, near the railway and to the north about two 'miles from Banff, openings have been made on anthracite coal-seams in the metamorphosed Cretaceous. Seams three to five feet. Coal of excellent quality. 252. Silver City. Castle Mountain, a remarkably bold range of Devono-Carboniferons limestone, nearly horizontal, rises immediately behind this place. Numerous discoveries of copper-ore in the vicinity. 253. Eldon. A few miles beyond Silver City the valley again turns to the northwest, following axis of anticlinal, which brings up Cambrian slates and quartzites. Mountains on both sides of valley fltill continue for the most part limestone. 254. Laggan. Remarkably picturesque lake, with glacier at head a few miles to the south. 255. Stephen. Near summit, between headwaters of Saskatchewan and Columbia Rivers, the gen- eral structure of the watershed range is synclinal, but complicated by minor flexures. Cambrian rocks appear a few miles down valleys both east and west of the summit. Grand peaks to north and south of valley of pass, in several cages exceeding 11,000 feet altitude. This is the only railway in North America from which actual glaciers of almost Alpine magnitude may be seen. Observe snow-field and glacier in first valley from north, west of Stephen. 250. Stonewall. Excellent exposures, in quarries, of Silurian limestones, in some beds highly f os- fiiliferous. 257. Stone Fort. Quarries near Stone Fort and St. Andrew?. Fossils. 78 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) Canadian Pacific Railway Can. Ms. | Pembina Mountain Section. | Ma Ms. nitoba S. W. Colonization Railway Continued. 4 18 30 43 56 70 66 81 88 96 102 Winnipeg. 229 St. James. Sa Salle. Osborne. Morris. Rosenfeld. 258 Gretna. Plum Coulee. Morden. Thornhill. Darlingford. Manitou. 20. Alluvium. u u Pierre Shales. u 14 27 45 47 51 Headingly. Starbuck. Elm Creek. Maryland. End of Track. 20. Alluvium. a u Stonewall Section. 13 20 Winnipeg. Air Line June. Stony Mountain. Stonewall. 256 20. Alluvium. a 4 c. Hudson River. u West Selkirk Branch. Manitoba S. W. Colonization Railway. 22 Winnipeg. Stone Fort. 267 W. Selkirk. 20. Alluvium. 4 b. Galena Limestone. u 7 Winnipeg. Murray Park. 20. Alluvium. t( 258. Rosenfeld. Copious flow of brine struck here in deep boring in Silurian. 259 Parkbeg. The so-called Continental moraine is represented in Dakota and the North- West Territory of Canada by the Missouri Cdteau. It would appear that this and the so-called Cdteau des Prairies in Minnesota and Dakota are parts of the same great feature. Their elevation is similar, and they are equally characterized by the immense profusion of erratics with which they are strewn, and by basin-like swamps and lakes. In southwestern Minnesota and eastern Dakota this elevated tract, according to Winchell, called by the earliest French explorers Cdteau des Prairies, meaning highlands feet above the Minnesota River, and 1,300 to 2,000 feet above tlu of the prairies, is 500 to 1,000 __ __ , , In the COteau, then, viewed as a whole, we have a natural feature of the first magnitude, a mass of glacial debris and traveled blocks, with an average breadth of perhaps thirty or forty miles, and ex- tending diagonally across the central region of the continent, from the southeastern corner of Minne- sota far into northern Canada, a distance of about 800 miles. Dr. George M. Dawson, from whose writings this note is compiled, was the first to recognize the glacial origin of the Missouri C6teau. He pronounces it one of the most remarkable features of the Western plains in their northwestern exten- sion, and as certainly the most important monument of the glacial period existing there. As to its origin, while he believes that the Cdteau may possibly represent a Continental moraine, his examina- tion of it led him to consider it as more probably due to a deposit of material from floating ice along the sloping front of the third prairie steppe. It is a question which should not be prejudged, as so many difficulties remain to be elucidated, from whatever stand-point it may be regarded. As to the similar deposit farther south in Minnesota and Dakota, etc., T. C. Chamberlin and other geologists, who have critically studied it, are quite decided in their belief that it is a terminal moraine. The superficial deposits are to be, for geologists, the great subject of the future. J. M. CANADA. (BRITISH COLUMBIA.) 79 IV. grittsb List of Formations. COAST REGION. INTKBIOB REGION. 19. QUATERNARY. Recent Raised Beaches. Stratified Sands, Gravels, and Clays (Marine Shells). Boulder Clay or Till. Stratified Sands and Gravels, "White Silts " of Nechacco Basin, etc. Terrace Deposits, Moraines, Boulder Clay or Till. 20. TERTIARY. Miocene (Volcanic). Miocene (Sedimentary, gwierallj with Marine Shells). Miocene (Volcanic). M iocen e (Sedimentary with Lignites). 18. CRETACEOUS. Tejon (of CaL). Chico (of CaL). Shasta (of CaL). ' NAHAIMO BASIN. COMOX BASIN. Nechacco Series. Skeena R. Sandstones with Coal, lltasyouco Beds 10,000'; Skee- na Volcanic Series; Porphy rite Series (?) Aucella Beds of Tatlayoco, Jackass Mt., and Skagit^oov or more; Porphyrite Series (?) Sand st. 8,29^. Shales 960'. ^(/Productive Up. Cong. 82 153 Section Ho. 309 19b.Mio.(Volcanic). 688 68 Ruby Creek 303 j Metamorphic rocks of I Coast Ranges. 9 6 160 166 Drynok. Spence's Bridge. 769 u 78 76 Hope. it 209 ( Chinaman's ) 18. Carboniferous. 82 Texas Lake. 304 U 195 \ Ranch. 310 r 85 Emory. (( 182 194 Aaheroft. 311 18. Cretaceous. 90 Yale. 305 216 9AA j Penny's j 18. Miocene (Vol 100 Spuzzum. 366 ^UO \ Ranch. 312 } canic). 127f * Keduced levels above ordinary high water of Pacific Ocean. 301. The rocks forming the south side of Burrard Inlet, and underlying the flat or gently undu- lating tract about the mouth of the Fraser, are, so far as known, Tertiary, and, at least in part, of Mio cene age. The covering of drift being, however, thick, and the region as yet but partially explored, it ii difficult precisely to fix the limits of these rocks. Cretaceous rocks of the Shasta group, and possiblj of the overlying series to which the coals of Vancouver Island belong, also occur. 302. The Cretaceous rocks above referred to are supposed to cross the Fraser about here. The} are somewhat extensively developed on Harrison Lake, and hold abundance of Aucella Piochii, whicl may be considered as the most characteristic fossil of the Cretaceous of the mainland of British Co kimbia. 303. The metamorphic rocks of the Coast Ranges, named the " Cascade Crystalline series " in th< preliminary classification, consist of a great variety of gneissic and schistose materials. Orthoclas* felspars are seldom developed, and dioritic rocks are abundant. The series also includes limestones It is, with little doubt, of the same age with the similar rocks of the vicinity of Victoria, and thes< are known to be Palaeozoic, and probably, in part at least, Carboniferous. The series has been largely built up of contemporaneous volcanic rocks which have since been extremely metamorphosed. Larg< granitic and syenitic intrusive masses are frequent. 304. At Silver Peak, near Hope, at a height of about seven thousand feet, exceptionally rich silver ores occur. These exist in veins traversing a small outlier of the Shasta Cretaceous which occupiei the summit of the mountain. Litigation has so far prevented the development of these mines. 305. At this point the line enters the Canon of the Fraser, and the scenery becomes grand in th< extreme, the river breaking through the axial portion of the Coast Range. From the mouth of the An derson River (Boston Bar) the valley becomes again comparatively wide, and the mountains retreat t( a greater distance. 306. The immediate valley of the river is excavated, in this part of its C9urse, in dark slaty o; schistose rocks, which have been referred to as the " Anderson River series " in preliminary reports The age of these is uncertain, but they are very possibly Triassic. They underlie the lowest Greta ceous, and rest between it and the older crystalline rocks, and have evidently been the source of th< gold which is found on this part of the Fraser. The bar. and bench diggings of the Fraser were at oni time very remunerative, and were the first in British Columbia to attract attention and lead to an in flux of miners. Subsequently the mines of the Cariboo country and rich gold finds in other districts drew away the mining population. 307. A trough of Shasta Cretaceous here crosses the river obliquely. It forms the hills and mount ains which rise above the valley on the east, for many miles to the southward. The rocks consist o hard, greenish sandstones or quartzites, with beds of conglomerate, and evidently represent, for th< most part, the deposit of a shore-line. At Jackass Mountain, on the wagon-road, they are well shown and have yielded specimens of Aucella Piochii and other fossils. 308. The line here leaves the Fraser to follow the Thompson River. Immediately north of Lyt ton the Cretaceous trough above referred to which appears in the intervening distance to be inter rupted resumes, and characterizes the Fraser Valley for a long way to the north. 309. The Tertiary rocks of this part of the province are all provisionally classified as Miocene, an< are probably of the age of the " Truckee Miocene " of the 40th Parallel Report. They consist genet ally of sandstones, shales, etc., capped by a great thickness of volcanic materials which are largely basaltic. The sedimentary part of the formation frequently holds lignites or coals, and a number o: fossil plants have been obtained from it. 310. The rocks provisionally classed as Carboniferous are, at least in great part, of that age, an< hold limestones characterized by Fusulina. They consist, however, for the most part, of quartzitei and hard shales, and contain great beds of contemporaneous volcanic matter, in association witl which nerpentines occur. These rocks are well displayed on the wagon-road from Ashcrpft north ward to Clinton. The serpentines, with associated conglomerates, etc., are best seen on this road be Uveen Hat Creek and Mundorf 's. 311. The rocks in this vicinity are much altered, but those in the valley appear to belong to an iso iated Cretaceous area. 312. General Note on Unfinished Portions of Line east of Kamloops Lake. The line may no\ (December, 1884) be said to be practically completed to Kamloops Lake, leaving, under construction, i length of about one hundred and eighty miles eastward from this point to the mouth of the Kickini Horse River, on the Columbia. The lower end of Kamloops Lake lies on rocks of the Cache Creel CANADA. (BRITISH COLUMBIA.) 81 eerier, which have been characterized in a previous note ; the greater part of the lake is, however, bor- dered by volcanic rocks of Tertiary age. Cherry and Battle Bluffs, on opposite sides of the lakes, are believed to represent the core of an ancient Tertiary volcano. In the former considerable veins of mag- netite occur. Remunerative gold placers have been worked for many years on the Tranquille River, which flows into the lake. Near the town of Kamloops the rocks of the C&che Creek series reappear and characterize the banks of the South Thompson River to the lower end of Little ShuswapLake, though the higher portion of the plateau to the south is composed of volcanic Tertiary rocks. White silty de- posits, due to the last stage of the glacial period, are cut into terraces along the banks of the river. Little and Great Shuswap Lakes, with Adam's Lake, are fjord-like bodies of water occupying deep, mountain-bordered valleys in the western portion of the Gold Range. The lakes are bordered by gneissic rocks and crystalline schists, which have been referred to collectively, in the reports of the Geological Survey, as the Shutwap series, and are now believed to be Archaean. These rocks prob- ably exceed thirty-two thousand feet in thickness, and are divisible into several subordinate series. For further information on the country from the mouth of the Fraser to this point, see " Descriptive Sketch of Physical Geography, and Geology of Canada, 1884," and " Report of Progress, 1877-1878." LeavingShuswap Lake, the line follows nip the valley of Eagle Creek and traverses the Gold Range by the Eagle Pass to the west crossing of the Columbia River. Thence it crosses the Selkirk range To the east crossing of the Columbia, and follows that river up (southward) to the mouth of the Kicking Horse. This portion of British Columbia may be said to be geologically unknown, but C9nsists, so far as ascertained, of rocks similar to those of the Shuswap Lakes, with quartzites and schists which are probably Cambrian. 82 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.) V. . I. Montreal to Quebec. Little of geological interest is to be seen on this route, the river- banks being generally low, or where higher usually showing only drift deposits. Near Quebec, sec- tions of Cambrian and Cambro-Silurian rocks. Quebec and Gulf Ports. Quebec to Pictou, Nova Scotia, with calls at intermediate ports. A picturesque and geologically interesting route. Quebec. (See Note 24, under Intercolonial Railway.) Soon after leaving Quebec, a fine distant view of the Montmorenci Falls. Beyond the east end of the Island of Orleans, Laurentian rocks form the north shore. At St. Paul's Bay, Little Mai Bay, and Murray Bay, small outliers of Cambro-Silu- rian. Beyond these the north shore is entirely Laurentian. Behind Murray Bay the nwuntains are par- ticularly bold. The south shore to beyond St. Anne des Monts is composed of Cambrian rocks, which form picturesque hills near Bic. Father Point. Pilot station. Cambrian. Metis. Cambrian. A sea-side resort. Beyond Matanne the Shickshock Mountains to the south. The higher portions composed of Pre- Cambnan rocks with extensive granitic intrusions. Beyond St. Anne des Monts the south shore is fringed with Cambro-Silurian rocks to Gaspe Bay. Gasp6. Ship Head, at northern entrance to Gasp6 Bay, a bold promontory. Lower Helderberg limestone. The shores of Gasp< Bay are generally characterized by Devonian rocks. Excellent sec- tions. Fossil plants. The south point of Gaspe" Bay is C9mposed of rocks of the Bonaventure (Lower Carboniferous) series. This occupies the coast to the Baie des Chaleurs. Perce Silurian limestones here appear below the Bonaventure, and form the remarkable pierced rock, two hundred and ninety feet high, which gives the place its name. Baie des Chaleurs. (See notes under Intercolonial Railway.) The northern shore of the eastern part is principally composed of Silurian and Bpnaventure rocks ; the southern, at Bathurst, Bonaven- ture formation eastward, to Point Miscou, Middle Carboniferous. Miramichi Bay. Shores all Middle Carboniferous. Carboniferous rocks constitute the whole New Brunswick shore to Pictou. Prince Edward Island, Permo-Carboniferous and Triassic. Quebec to Sagnenay River. Quebec. (See notes under Intercolonial Railway and Quebec and Gulf Port steamers.) Murray Bay. An outlier of Cambro-Silurian rocks here occupies the coast for a distance of six miles, and runs up the Murray River for a similar distance, gradually narrowing out. The rocks are well displayed in White Point at the wharf and at Les Ecorches on the east side of the bay. They consist of limestones and calcareous sandstones, Black River, and Trenton, and are highly fossilifer- ous in some places. Fossiliferous glacial clays on some parts of the beach at low tide. Ancient sea- margin terraces with marine shells to height of over 600 feet in this vicinity. Rivie're du Loup. Cambrian. Marine shells in glacial clays of beach on east side of bay at mouth of river. Tadousac. At mouth of Saguenay River. Laurentian. Fine examples of terraces at several levels. The Saguenay River, from this point to Ha Ha Bay, is the finest example of a fjord on the eastern coast of North America, and is celebrated for its grand and gloomy scenery. It possesses all the characters of a true fjord bold rocky shores without beaches, uniformity in width, great depth in its upper part, and comparatively shallow water at its mouth. From Tadousac to Ha Ha Bay is a dis- tance of about sixty miles. Near this point the valley bifurcates, one branch reaching to Lake St. John forty miles by Chicoutimi, while the other is occupied in part by Lake Kenogami. The rocks to Ha Ha Bay and Chicoutimi are all Laurentian, and generally heavily glaciated. Near the wharf at Ha Ha Bay an intrusive mass characterized by anorthosite felspar. Round Lake St. John extensive area of Norian rocks, with overlying Cambro-Silurian, and glacial clays with marine shells. The existence of this great fjord is probably due to the greater drainage area tributary to it as com- pared with other rivers on the north shore, and it was probably in the first instance excavated by the river at a period of greater continental elevation than the present. Port Mulgrave to Sydney, C. B. (Steamers connecting with Eastern Extension Railway at Port Mulgrave and running through the Bras d'Or Lakes to Sydney, C. B.) Port Mulgrave. (See Notes 65 and 66, under Eastern Extension Railway.) The Bras d'Or Lakes are celebrated for their picturesque scenery. They are almost altogether sur- rounded by a fringe, of varying width, of Lower Carboniferous rocks, behind which rise hills of Pre- Cambrian rocks. The formations met with in Cape Breton generally are, however, very varied. Sydney. Coal-formation rocks, with the most important coal deposits of Cape Breton. The prin- cipal workings are in the Sydney main seam, averaging about six feet thick, and these already extend ! in some places to a considerable distance beneath the sea. Fine section on northwest side of Sydney Harbor, described by Mr. Brown as including thirty -four seams of coal and forty-one underclays with Stiymaria. Erect trees and Calamites at eighteen distinct levels. Sydney mines afford good coal for gas-making and steam purposes, yielding a ftrong coke. II. Toronto or Kingston to Montreal by Steamer. This is a favorite route with tourists. After leaving Toronto, the north shore of Lake Ontario iu composed of Hudson River rocks for twenty > : miles. Thence Utica twenty miles, Trenton one hundred miles. The rocks are generally heavily cov- ered with drift, which often forms steep banks. Both shores, and the islands at the eastern extremity; of the lake, are based on Black River limestones. The north shore is then occupied by Laurentian for about thirty miles, the river cutting through a narrow neck of these rocks, which connects the great Laurentian area to the north with that occurring in New York State. This produces the well-known scenery of the Thousand Islands. For ten miles above Brockville the rocks on the north shore, Pots- dam ; south shore, Laurentian and Potsdam. Thence Calciferous on both shores twenty-five miles. > Thence to Mill Roches (twenty-seven miles), north shore, Chazy ; south shore, Calciferous. Thence Calciferous on both shores, twenty -four miles. Thence to Coteau (fifteen miles), north shore, Chazy ; south shore, Calciferons. Thence, for eight miles, both shores and Grand Island, Calciferous. Thence, in twenty-six miles, Potsdam, Calciferous, Black River, Trenton, Utica, in regular succession to Mon- treal. (See notes on Grand Trunk Railway, which runs parallel to north shore of lake and river.) STEAMBOAT ROUTES. 83 THE RAPIDS OF THK ST. LAWRENCE. Throughout that portion of the river characterized by rapids, the rocks are those of the Canibro-Silurian system. The Lachine Rapids occur over the oat- crop of the Trenton limestone, the wide basin occupied by the river below being excavated in the softer Utica shales. With this exception, no very marked connection between the geological structure and the existence of the rapids is evident. The rapids may be said to begin below Prescott, but are unimportant till the Upper Long Sault is reached, thirty miles below that place. Four and a half miles below these are the Longue Sault Rapids, which are twelve miles in length, with a fall of forty- eight feet. Farther down, at C6teau, the rapids recommence, and are kno\yn as the C6teau Rapids. Below these is calm water for about five miles, when the Cedar Rapids, a mile and a half long, occur. After three miles of calm water are the Cascade Rapids, below which Lake St. Louis, at the mouth of the Ottawa River, is entered. The Lachine Rapids, between this lake and Montreal, are the last, with a descent of forty-five feet. Above the Lachine Rapids the descent of the river is one hundred and seventy-five feet, making the total descent, from Lake Ontario to the head of ocean navigation in the harbor of Montreal, two hundred and twenty feet. The average fall of the river is about eighteen inches to the mile, but a large part of this descent is accomplished in the various rapids. These are surmounted by vessels ascending the river by a series of canals, aggregating forty-two miles in length. III. Routes from Sarnia, Owen Sound, Collingwood, etc., to Port Arthur (con- necting there with C. P. Railway). Two main routes are followed one to the south of Manitqulin Islands to'Sault St. Marie, the other to the north of the islands to the same point. The boats leaving the last-mentioned ports frequently take the north shore route, which, from a geological or picturesque point of view, is to be preferred. The south shore of the Manitoulin Islands is throughout composed of Niagara limestones, with outlying patches of Guelph in some places. After clearing Notawasaga Bay, the northeast shore of Georgian Bay is Laurentian to and at Kil- larney. Thence the shore of the mainland is for seventy-five miles Huronian, the off -lying islands con- sisting of Cambro-Silurian rocks, from the Black River series to the Niagara. The north shore is then for twenty miles Laurentian, this formation forming a narrow band with Huronian behind. Then twenty miles Huronian to Bruce Mines. Bruce Mines. Good locality for studying the Huronian rocks. Copper-mines at one time exten- sively worked ; at present closed. The veins traverse a mass of interstratified diorite. The ore is chiefly copper pyrites. From Bruce Mines for ten miles, north shore, Huronian ; south shore, Cam- bro-Silurian. Thence to Lake Superior, both Sugar Island and the southwest main shore of peculiar red and spotted sandstone of Potsdam or Chazy age. Thence to Port Arthur steamers generally run far from land. The north shore is principally Laurentian and Huronian to Nipigon Bay, whence Lower Cambrian rocks characterize the shore and form all the off -lying islands to Thunder Bay. Thunder Bay. (See Note 224, under C. P. Railway.) IT. Victoria to Nanaimo and Comox and Northward. Victoria. Highly altered rocks dioritic. felspathic, and micaceous, in a few places becoming al- most gneissic, with interbedded black argillites and crystalline limestones. The latter in a few places hold obscure fossils, which are Palaeozoic and very probably Carboniferous. Many intrusive syenitic, etc., masses ; one of which characterizes both sides of Victoria Harbor at the entrance. The rocks of this vicinity may be taken as typical of those forming the axial portions of Vancouver Island, and are largely altered volcanic products. Limestone may be observed near entrance to Beacon Hill Park, and at tne shore at the west end of the town. Fossils in limestone on road near east side of Esquimalt Bay. Very fine glaciated rocks everywhere along the shore. These are overlain by boulder-clay, and this again by stratified clays and sands which in some places yield marine shells. Good sections of all these deposits in shore cliffs. (See papers in " Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc.," Vol. XXXIV., p. 89, and ibid., 1881.) From Victoria, northward along coast, similar rocks to Saanich Point, the end of which is fringed by Cretaceous. Cowichan Harbor. South side, Cretaceous. North side, metamorphic rocks (Carboniferous ?). Maple Bay. South side, Cretaceous ; north side and at wharf, similar metamorphic rocks. From Maple Bay, for eight miles, coast metamorphic, off-lying islands Cretaceous. Thence to Dodd Nar- rows, coast and island Cretaceous. (Productive coal measures.) Just north of Dodd Narrows, high cliffs of these rocks. Nanaimo and Departure Bay. Productive coal measures (Cretaceous). Extensive coal-mines. Seams worked five to fifteen feet. These are true bituminous coals, yielding a good coke, and suitable for gas manufacture. From Departure Bay, for fourteen miles, the coast chiefly of metamorphic rocks like those above described. Thence to Comox, forty-two miles, Cretaceous. Comox. An extensive coal-field, but by reason of the more accessible position of Nanaimo the mines here are not at present worked. On Texada Island, to the northeast, fine deposit of magnetic iron -ore. N. B. The route above described is that taken by coasting steamers. Steamers bound north- ward to Port Simpson and Alaska generally pass farther out near the off-lying islands. These are almost altogether composed of Cretaceous rocks, and, in consequence of their general northeastward dip. the outer tier of islands displays the higher members of the formation as nere developed. The southwestern sides of the islands generally form low sanflstone cliffs. Route Northward from abreast Comox to Port Simpson and Alaska. From Comox the Cretaceous rocks probably extend in a wide belt along the shore nearly to Seymour Narrows, but are heavily covered by drift deposits, which form white cliffs. High mountains in the interior of Van- couver Island composed, so far as known, of crystalline rocks, witn extensive granite intrusions. Seymour Narrows and northward to Alert Bay. Metamorphic and crystalline rocks. (See Note 803, Can. Pacific Railway, W. Coast portion.) Near Port McNeil, Cretaceous rocks again form a strip of low country, extending back from the shore, and continue to Beaver Harbor. Thomas Point and north shore of Beaver Harbor, and thence to north end of Vancouver Island, all rocks of the older cries. Similar metamorphic and crystalline rocks, with interbedded slaty argillites and limestones, and granitic intrusions northward to W rangel, in Alaska. In vicinity of Port Simpson, slaty argillites and mica schists with limestones extensively developed. Near Wrangel similar mica schists yield very fine garnet crystals. Wrangel is at the mouth of the Stickeen River, by which the gold-mines of Cas- siar are reached. Clrt iteto (Snglantr States, GENERAL NOTE ON THE GEOLOGY OP NEW ENGLAND. THE geology of the New England States is much more difficult than that of the country west of the Hudson River and Lake Champlain. The rocks are very largely crystalline, besides being greatly contorted and folded. Both Archaean and metamorphic Paleozoic groups are represented, and geolo- are to be found. Different views are also entertained as to the value of lithological distinctions for chronological purposes. Fortunately, a few fossiliferous areas have escaped the ravages of upheaval and denudation, and it is only by a study of the relations of these to the underlying or overlying crys- tallines, that any attempt at correlation is possible. The principal localities where fossils are found are (1) the region of the Taconic schists and Stockbridge limestones : (2) that of probably Devonian limestone in the Connecticut Valley at Bernardston : and Niagara limestones at Littleton, N. H. ; and (3) that of carboniferous rocks in Rhode Island and their continuation northeastward into Massa- chusetts. Devonian fossils have been found in the northern part of Maine, and Silurian and Devo- nian in the eastern part of Maine. The 16. Triassic of Connecticut Valley need not be named as one of these doubtful areas. The scheme of classification proposed by Professor C. H. Hitchcock for the whole of New Eng- land is printed on an introductory page, while his determinations as to the formation at each railroad station are those given in this " Guide " for Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Connecticut. In the chapter on Massachusetts, the determinations for each railway station are given by Professor W. O. Crosby, representing a class of geologists holding widely different views, who recognize the Taconic system and believe that the white crystalline marble, 3,000 feet thick, in Berkshire County, Mass., lies below the Cambrian, and is a distinct and much older formation ; and claim that the fossils referred to occur in outliers of the newer, resting on these older formations, just as they often do elsewhere. They also claim that the highly crystalline Taconic schists can not be correlated successfully with the Cambrian or with the Hudson River group. The following scheme of classification of the New England crystallines, by Professor Hitchcock, IB also very different from that given by Professor W. O. Crosby for Massachusetts. The differences are occasioned chiefly by the views entertained concerning the igneous rocks, syenites, granite, and porphyry. In Dr. Hitchcock's scheme these are regarded as of later origin than the gneisses, which have been disturbed by their eruption ; but Professor Crosby seems to regard many of the syenites, felsites, and diorites as older than the gneisses ; because the latter appear to rest or lean upon the un- stratifled rocks. The difference is so radical that the schemes can not be harmonized. But, in a work of this character, it is right that the different views should be represented. Professor Hitchcock also thinks that the word Montalban Is misleading, and, as restricted by him in New Hampshire, it would not embrace over one sixth part of the rocks so named by Professor Crosby. The typical area of Montalban in the White Mountains is said by the former to be either overlaid or cut by the rock called Norian by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt and Professor Crosby. Hence, it is claimed, the Norian is the newer of the two, and the scheme proposed for Massachusetts is by him considered erroneous. However the reader may differ with either party, he will find much positive knowledge which all will accept in these pages, where the kinds of rock along the railroads are given, i. e., gneiss, mica chiets, granite, etc., and we can leave it to time to give to these formations of doubtful age their true place in the series, for it is believed that the discovery of fossils here and there about New England may, after a while, settle the geology of a large portion of that difficult country, and that even an accepted classification of the crystalline rocks may be accomplished. J. M. 86 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEW ENGLAND.) re, i&rm0nt, J slmtir, mttr tie, Table of the Geological Formations of the New England States. BY PROFESSOR C. H. HITCHCOCK. Cenozoic. Foliated Cr] D. Huronian. Subdivided in Connecticut Valley into Auriferous conglomerate, Lyman and Lisbon groups C. Upper ) . Laurentian \ B. Middle [ Laurentian f A. Lower f Laurentian f rstalline Series Con. ' Hydromica (talcose) Schists and Grits. Volcanic Group of Selwyn Hornblende Schist. Merrimack Group and Schists. Rockingham Group (in part). Ferruginous Slates (N. H). Vfontalban. Jreen Mountain Gneiss. Jake Winnipiseogee Gneiss. 3ethlehem Gneiss. Porphyritic Gneiss. Adirondack Gneiss. K. 2. and K. 3. of Conn. 20. Quaternary, u u 19. Tertiary. (4 (1 20 c. Terraces. 20 b. Champlain Clays. 20 a. Till, drumlins, Terminal Moraine. 19 c. Pliocene. 19 b. Miocene. 19 a. Eocene. Mesozoic. 16. Triassic. 16. Triassic. Paleozoic. 14. Carbonifer's. u 8-10. Devonian. H (( 5-7. Silurian. 3-4. Cambro- / Silurian, j" a a (i II ti (( 2. Cambrian. (i 14 b. Coal Measures. 14 a. Lower Carboniferous. !10 s. s. Probably Hamil- ton. Slates of St. Croix River. 9. Upper Helderberg 1. s. .8. Oriskany Group. 7. Lower Helderberg. 5. Niagara. 4 d. Magnesian Slate (Em- mons), possibly Cam- brian. 4 c. Lorraine Shales. 4 b. Utica Slate. !4 a. Trenton Limestone. Black River and Birdseye 1. s. 3 c. Chazy 1. s. 3 b. Levis Limestone. 3 a. Calcif erous Sandrock. !2 b. Potsdam ss. si. qu. Georgia Group, Clay Slate, f 2 a. Acadian. Clay Slates unfossiliferous. Taconic Slate (in [ part). Eruptive Crystalline Rocks. f Mesozoic Diabase or Dolerite. Older Diabase. BASIC. Diorite. 1 Melaphyr. [ Gabbro. {Felsite. Porphyry. Granite. Syenite. Protogene. Cambrian and of the Chan- thickness in 4 c. Lorraine Sla Sydromica Schist 4 b. Utica Slate. Cambro-Silurian Rocks iplain Valley, with their feet, te ... 400 , Taconic Range 2,000 300 4 a. Trenton Lin Black River, or ] eye Limestone 3 c. Chazy Limes 3 b. Levis Limes 3 a. Upper Calcii Lower Fucoidal Layer. . icstone . . 400-600 ja Motte and Birds- 40 stone 400 tone 600 erous Sandrock 200 " " 400 200 Foliated Crystalline Series. E. Groups of debatable age, probably pre- Cambrian. Rockingham Group, Slates and Quartzites. f Calciferous Mica Schist. Coos Group . J %n^ l&ieS "* ^^ 1 Kearsaree Group, Potsdam Sandsto it U " quartzit Georgia Slates . ne red . . . . 500 gray 310 e 1,200 3,000 Cambrian Slates and Schists. . . 4,000 Total thickness. . ,. 14,150 NEW ENGLAND. (MAINE.) 87 En BASIC. - iptive Crystalline Rocks of N Mica Diabase. Porphyritic Diabase. Anorthite Diabase. Olivine Diabase. Ordinary Diorite. Porphvritic Diorite, Mica Diorite. Labradorite Diorite, Gabbro. ew Ham ACIDIC. - pshire, with local names. ' Felsite. Porphyry. Quartz Porphyry. Orthoclase Porphyry. Pequawket Breccia. Muscovite Granite. Muscovite Biotite or Concord Gr. Franconia Breccia Granite. Biotite or Conway Granite. Mica Hornblende or Choconia Gr. Hornblende or Albany Granite. Protogene. Granitell. Granite of Veins. Augite Syenite. Hornblende Syenite. Maine. 1 Ms. Maine Central Railroad. Ms. | Lewiston Division. u ronianu. 8 Falmouth. 15 Yarmouth. 20Freeport. 25 Oak HilL 29 Brunswick. 37 ' Bo wdoinham. 44 Richmond. 56 Gardner. 60HallowelL 62 Augusta. 70| Riverside. 81 Waterville. 89 Clinton. 94 Burnham. lOljPittsfield. 108 Newport. 117 Etna. 125 Herman Pond. 135 Bangor. u. nuroman. B. Laurentian. fl H " Granite. u ct 2. Cambrian. H D. Huronian. H ( U (( 49 88 187 118 64 10 77 S3 64 48 117 133 157 210 800 13 8 19 29 36 46 55 61 74 84 Portland. Falmouth. Gray. Danville Junc'n. Lewiston. Leeds Junction. Winthrop. Readfield. North Belgrade. Waterville. D. Huronian. B. Laurentian. C. Montalban, 2. Cambrian. 13 49 106 {00 too 871 280 117 Belfast Division. o 12 22 32 34 Burnham. Unity. Thorndike. Brooks. City Point. Belfast. D. Huronian. H B. Laurentian. E. Pre-Cambrian. 167 283 267 376 89 29 Dexter Division. Skowhegan Division. Waterville. 11 Pishon Ferry. 19 Skowhegan. 2. Cambrian. D. Huronian. 117 7 14 Newport. Corinna. Dexter. D. Huronian. (C H 1. The eruptive rocks of Maine have not been studied yet. The " traps " along the sea shore are Of at least four different ages. The oldest is porphyritic ; the second metalliferous ; the third waa ejected earlier than the Devonian ; while the fourth has cut Hamilton sandstones. In the northern part of the State is a trappean conglomerate, with pebbles more than a yard in diameter. A light- colored, coarse diorite forms a mountain mass in Rangely, and the same material is commingled with serpentine farther north, nearer the Canada line. The granites and syenites are as varied as those of New Hampshire. The granite of Biddeford is the same as the Conway granite of New Hampshire, but with fewer cavities to produce disintegration. A drab-colored porphyry occurs in mountain masses upon Moosehead Lake and near Mount Katahdin. Siliceous slates and jaspers abound on the coast of Washington County. The Lower Helderberg is also cut by trap dikes in several localities. 88 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEW ENGLAND.) Maine Central Railroad Con. |Ms. | Knox and Lincoln Railroad. Ms. Androscoggin Division. Bath. B. Laurentian. Bath. (B. Laurentian. 11 Wiscasset. *' 9 Brunswick. 18 New Castle. tt 20 Lisbon. C. Montalban. 30 Waterloo. " 27 Lewiston. u 200 37 Warren. u 34 44 Leeds Junction. North Leeds. S71 U 280 45 Thomaston. 3 j 3-4. Limestone. Cam- ( bro-Silurian. 64 Livermore Falls. D. Huronian. 49 Rockland. " and Quartzite. 67 Wilton. B. Lake Gneiss. Bangor and Piscataquia Railroad. 74 Farmington. E. Pre-Cambrian. o Rftnowp D. Huronian Bangor to Vanceboro. 12 01 13 all 1; U I Old Town. 4 A 1-4-^-r. u 88 4 7 Bangor. Veazia. Buson Mills. D. Huronian. U 110 u 66 ml 31 40 Alton. Lagrange. Milo. TV U o, xx it 63 Dover. 10 LJrODO. Webster. U 61 Guilford. 2. Cambrian. 12 13 Great Works. Old Town. 4 U 88 64 65 Abbot. Blanchard. u 14 19 23 Milford. Costigan. Greenbush. U 111 81 88 Shirley. Greenville and ) Moosehead. ) ii u 27 Olamon. 121 Portland and Rochester Railroad. 31 36 Passadumkeag. Enfield. " 131 "and granite. 1 90 3 Portland, Me. Westbrook. D. Huronian. C. Montalban. 45 Lincoln. 205 5 Cumberland Ms. E. Pre-Cambrian. 88 66 68 Winn. Mattawamkeag. (C 01 U 6 10 Saccarappa. (jrorham. 66 Kingman. 325 15 Buxton Centre. i 79 Bancroft. 333 18 Saco River. < 88 Danforth. 379 21 Hollis Centre. 93 Eaton. U 400 26 Cen.Waterboro. < ' 98 Forrest. u 435 28 S. Waterboro. < 102 114 Toma. Vanceboro. 5 II 3-4. Camb. Silurian. 394 32 36 43 49 Alfred. Springvale. E. Lebanon. E.Roohest. N.H. Syenite. C. Montalban. E. Kearsarge Group. (( u Bangor to Mt. Desert. 137 Bangor. 6 TT-.l J rt _ D. Huronian. 62lRochester.' (i M 164 tioiaen. Ellsworth Falls. Granite. D. Huronian. Somerset Railroad. 166 Ellsworth. D. Huronian. North Anson. D. Huronian. 176 Hancock. ii 4 Anson. 179 (Mt. Desert) \ Ferry. [ 12 25 Norridgewock. Oakland. (4 U 2. Livermore. Station at gorge in Pemigewasset River, and shows finely several dikes of igneous rocks of different ages. As carefully studied by Dr. Hawes, they are diabase, olivine diabase, cuorite, syenite, and granite. 3. Thomaston. The location of the limestone-quarries furnishing the famous Rockland or Maine lime. 4. Oldtown. Most of the ancient valleys of New England have an escar or ridge of coarse gravel and sand following the channel of the current as the ice of the glacier period began to melt. These ridges are more common in Maine than elsewhere. 5. Vanceboro. The pale argillites along the St. Croix River, near and below Vanceboro, are called Devonian by Messrs. Bailey and Matthew, provincial geologists of New Brunswick, because of the discovery of the remains of Lepidodendron in it in the Magaguadavic Valley. 6. Eastport. These same authors regard the red sandstones near Eastport as of Lower Carbon- iferous age, instead of the Hamilton Devonian, as they have been heretofore referred. St. Andrews, N. B., or Calais, Me., is the nearest railroad station to Eastport. NEW ENGLAND. (NEW HAMPSHIRE.) 89 New Hampshire. 7 Ms. Grand Trunk Railway. Ms. | Portland & Ogdensburg R. H. Ccm. Portland, Me. D. Huronian. 60 North Conway. 9 Conway Granite. 5 Falmouth. B. Laurentian. 49 66 Glen Station. Albany Granite. 63 11 Yarmouth. M 94 72 Upper Bartlett. Conway Granite. 66 ISPownal. C. Montalban, 143 78 Bemis. C. Montalban. 27 Danville Junc'n. ii too 87 Crawford's. 10 1903 86 Mechanic Falls. H 898 91 Fabyan's. 1571 41 'Oxford. ii 331 96 TwinMount'n. 11 B. Bethlehem Gr. 1375 47 South Paris. 8 B. Laurentian. 389 100 Bethlehem June. a 1187 65 West Paris. H 483 104 Wing Road. A. Laurentian. 1019 65 Locke's Mills. <( 718 114 Lunenburg, Vt. D. Huronian. 70 Bethel. 80 Gilead. 86 Shelburne, N. H. 91 Gorham. 98 Berlin Falls, im Milan II C. Montalban. 14 H B. Lake Group. H 646 711 704 794 1016 1060 Boston and Lowell Railroad. 10 18 27 Concord. 1 9 Canterbury. Tilton. Laconia. Concord Granite. f 5 * E. Rockingham Schist. B. Lake Gneiss. 458 C. Montalban. AUO JtillZUl. 122 Groveton. 184 North Stratford. 142 Wenlock. D. Huronian. Granite. 884 902 1168 33 48 61 Weirs. 14 Ashland. 15 Plymouth. A. Porphyritic Gneiss. H C. Montalban. 474 (t 520 149 Island Pond. 166 Norton Mills. M M 1197 1367 69 67 Rumney. Wentworth. B. Lake Gneiss. 175 Coaticooke. (Continue E.Calcife's Mica Schist, d in Canada.) 71 84 no Warren. Haverhill. onway granite, may be followed up a cliff for one thousand feet higher than the railroad, the latter rock laving been erupted last. Between this Conway granite and a dark slate often filled with large pencils rf andalusite is the interesting vein, three hundred feet wide, of Albany granite, which illustrates the iction of a melted rock upon slates, giving rise to " contact phenomena. The slates have been ren- lered more crystalline ; have been altered into hornstone ; the broken pieces have been cemented by a iiliceou. paste full of microscopic tourmalines; and Carlsbad twin crystals of orthoclase, with dihex- igonal pyramids of quartz, are developed in the lower part of the Albany granite. All these and other interesting phenomena may be seen along the railroad in a walk of half a mile. 11. Twin Mountain. The large boulders of granite east of the hotel are part of the moraine of a ocal glacier which has moved in a aorthwest direction. The boulders have certainly been transported nom some ledge nearer Mount Washington than Fabyans's. ' 90 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEW ENGLAND.) Boston and Lowell Railroad Con. Ms. Concord to Nashua. Ms. Concord and Claremont Division. Con-. 35 37 44 Bennington. Hancock Junct. Peterboro. A. Laurentian. ci B. Lake Gneiss. 74 * 5 9 13 18 26 29 35 Concord. Suncook. Hooksett. 17 Martin's. Manchester. 18 Reed's. Thornton's. Nashua. Concord Granite. C. Montalban. 281 u 206 B. Lake Gneiss. 199 a 181 it 137 u 125 D. Merrimack Gr'up. 120 Nashua to Keene. o 40 45 48 51 55 59 66 71 75 82 89 96 Boston. Nashua. S. Merrimack. Amherst. Milford. East Wilton. S. Lyndeboro. Greenfield. Hancock Junc'n. Hancock. Harrisville. Marlboro. Keene. 135 D. Merrimack Gro'p. 1 2<> B. Laurentian. " and granite. C. Montalban. 328 E. Rockingham. 624 C. Montalban. A. Laurentian. (t it 1334 C. Montalban. 78 B.Bethlehem Gr'up. 466 Suncook Valley Branch. OjHooksett. 1 7 20 Pittsfield. C. Montalban. E. Rockingham Sch. 493 Northern Division. 7 14 17 25 31 44 62 59 65 69 Concord. Penacook. Nor. Bos ca wen. Franklin. East Andover. Potter Place. 12 Graf ton. 13 Canaan. Enfield. Lebanon. W. R. Junction. Concord Granite. * 5 C. Montalban. * 68 U 290 << 363 661 E. Kearsarge Gr. 6C3 A. Porphyr. Gneiss. 848 D.HornblendeSchist. 965 B. Bethlehem Gneiss. 7 6 8 610 D. Hornblende Sch. 369 Mt. Washington to Wing Road. 3 9 10 14 19 23 Mt. Washington. BaseMt.W'n. 20 Fabyan's. Wh.M't'n. House TwinMt.K'se. 11 Bethlehem Jun. Wing Road. C. Montalban. (( 2668 (i 1071 Conwav Granite. B. Bethlehem Gr. 1375 U 1187 A. Laurentian. 1019 Concord and Claremont Division. 8 12 18 23 27 34 43 48 54 12 20 27 33 Concord. ia Mast Yard. Oontoocook. Warner. Roby's Corners. Bradford. Newbury. Newport. Kelleysville. Claremont. D. Ferrug. Schists. 37C Concord Granite. 373 B. Lake Gneiss. 422 A. Porphyritic Gneiss. 679 (t 1130 B. Lake Gneiss. 892 U 707 E. Calc. Mica Sch. 643 Pemigewasset Valley Branch. 2 4 7 9 13 16 20 Plymouth. Livermore F'ls. 2 Campton. Campton VilL Thornton. W. Thornton. Woodstock. N. Woodstock. C. Montalban. i< 631 (C 539 (t 583 A. Laurentian. sss f Worcester. Lesquerenx, after examination of photographs, pronounces it to be like the L. acuminatum of the Carboniferous limestone of Siberia. If there is no mistake about this discovery ill prove the existence of an outlier of the Lower Carboniferous in Central Massachusetts The schists have been supposed by us to belong rather to the Huronian or Cambrian. * Lpon July 10, 1885, a new slide scarred the north side of Cherry Mountain. It originated in th ig way of a ledge near the top of the mountain, when the ground was exceedingly wet T^" --v one m n an l?- h - f - milfc! V" aboilt fonr . minQ t e *' time, killing cattle in the field and ' " one man. The earth 92 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEW ENGLAND.) Vermont. 28 Central Vermont Railroad. Ms. I Central Division Con. Ms. Southern Division. 29 2 j Milton. 2 Potsdam Limes. 361 127 Brattleboro. 2. Cambrian. 296 Georgia. 30 Potsdam Slate. 365 130 Putney. E. Coos Schist. 306 St. Albans. 2 Potsdam Slate. 39 141 Westminster. 2. Cambrian. Rutland Division. 146 153 163 171 Bellows Falls. 24 Ch'rlest'wn,N.H. Claremont, N.H. Windsor. 25 C. Montalban. 276 E. Coos Group. E. Calcife's Mica Schist. a 331 5 10 Bellows Falls. 24 Rockingham. Chester. C. Montalban. E. Calcif'sMicaSch. 333 B. Lake Gneiss. 601 179 185 North Hartland. White River Jn. 2.Camb.&D.Huro'n. 387 D. Hornbl.Sch. " 369 22 27 04 Cavendish. Ludlow. 27 921 D. Huronian. 1061 BfJrPPn Mt frHAIflQ Central Division. OTC 39 toummit, E. Wallingford. . VTrcCH iiit. vrntsloS* 1195 !7l|Hartford. 2. Cambrian. 46 E. Clarendon. 3 b. Camb. Sil. Limest. 198Sharon. E. Calcif's Mica Sob. 607 2 e. Calcifer's Sandrock 205 Royalston. 617 52 Rutland. 28 > (Stockbridge). 619 216 Bethel. D. Huro'an Soapst. 576 59 SutherlandFalls. 3 c. Chazy Marble. 217 Randolph. it 698 69 Brandon. 19 a. Eocene Tert'y. 353 223 Brain tree. (( 784 74 Leicester June. 3 c. Chazy Marble. 361 232 Roxbury. "VerdeAnt. 1016 79 Salisbury. 3 b. Levis Limest. 346 239 Northfield. D. Huro'an Soapst. 739 85 Middlebury. (I 341 249jMontpelier. "&ClaySlate. 529 89 Brooksville. 3 c. Chazy Limest. 301 258|Waterbury. {( 434 93 New Haven. 4 a. Trenton Limest. 291 286JBolton. 26 B. Green Mt. Gneiss. 346 99 Vergennes. 3 c. Chazy Limest. 201 272 Richmond. D. Huronian. 104 Nor. Ferrisburg. 131 281 Essex Junc'n. Clay Slate. 36 108 Charlotte. 29 161 286 Winooski. 3 b. Camb.SiLLimes. 190 113 Shelburne. 2 j. Potsdam Sand. 161 289 Burlington. 2 Potsdam Sandst. 109 120 Burliogton. 109 23. LIST OF ERUPTIVE ROCKS OP VERMONT. Diabase, diorite, trachytic porphyry, muscovite granite, mica hornblende granite, protogene, granitell, concretionary granite, granite of veins, sye- nite, brecciated syenite. The trachytic porphyry is supposed to have been erupted at the close of the Silurian. 24. Bellows Falls. The finest exhibition of terraces along the Connecticut River north of Mas- sachusetts is just south of the village of Bellows Falls. 25. Windsor. An interesting escar has been traced from Lyme, N. H., to Windsor, Vt., about thirty miles long. Portions of it have been removed by the wearing action of the Connecticut. It appears to have been deposited by a powerful current derived from the melting of the glacial sheet prior to the accumulation of terraces. Mt. Ascutney, 3,186 feet high, is proved to be an eruptive mass of syenite and granite which has been protruded through a narrow orifice and poured out over a floor of the calcif erous mica schist about one thousand feet above the sea, very much as lava accumulates around a volcanic vent. The melted material penetrated cracks in the underlying calciferous mica schist, forming veins indurating the clayey layers, calcining and glazing the limestones, but where it flowed over gneiss the floor remained unaffected. Many other granite mountains in Northern New England show similar proofs of protrusion at the surface. 26. The center of the anticlinal axis of the Green Mountains. At least eight of the general sec- tions of the Vermont survey show this feature of structure, proving this formation to be older than the Huronian adjacent upon both sides. This structure was denied oy Logan for the continuation of the Vermont rocks in Canada in his generalizations, but his descriptions of the rocks confirm the views of the Vermont geologist. Dr. Selwyn, the successor of Logan m office, accepts the Vermont view. 27. Ludlow. In Plymouth, ten miles north, gold is now (1885) being profitably milled from quartz. It is in the Huronian, which may be followed continuously to Zoar and Chester, Mass., upon the Fitch- burg Railroad. 28. Rutland. The Rutland Railroad follows the Champlain Valley, noted for the presence of the entire series of Lower Silurian groups. The valley itself is a part of the great Appalachian Valley, extending from the St. Lawrence to Alabama, and constituting a natural and well-marked boundary between the crystalline groups on the east, known as the Green Mountains, Highlands of New York and New Jersey Blue Ridge of Virginia, and the true Appalachian Mountains on the west from the Catskills to the Cumberland plateau, in Tennessee. 29. Charlotte. Champlain clays. The bones of a Beluga, a species of white whale, were found near here while excavating a railroad cut in 1849. one hundred and fifty feet above the ocean. The subdivision proposed by C. B. Adams in 1846 was that of the lower " Blue clay," containing a deep-sea fauna, and an upper " Brown clay," carrying littoral species. Several years later, Dawson proposed the names of " Leda clay " and " Saxicava sand" for the synchronous deposits in the St. Lawrence Valley. 30. Georgia. This town has furnished thirty or forty species of trilobites and other fossils of the Middle Cambrian, or a horizon between the Potsdam sandstone of New York and the St. Johns or Acadian group of New Brunswick and Eastern Massachusetts. NEW ENGLAND. (VERMONT.) 93 Ms. Central Vermont Railroad. Western Division. Ms. | Bennington and Rutland R. R. Con. 30 Manchester. 1 8 39 Arlington. 31 44 Shaftsbury. 51 N. Bennington. 55 Bennington. 6 IT. &B. Junc'n. 8 b. Camb. Sil. Limest. t< 471 (( it M 2. Cambrian(Taconic) sL St. Aibaus. 9 S wanton. 2 j. Potsdam Slate. 39 it 160 Northern Division. St. Albans. Georgia. 30 9 ! East S wanton. 17 [Province Line. 2 j. Potsdam Slate. 39 M 3 b. Levis Limestone. Boston and Lowell Railroad. Vermont Division. Eastern Division. 1 13 21 33 41 49 57 62 70 73 78 86 104 118 120 Lunenburg. Miles Pond. West Concord. St. Johnsbury. 32 Danville. Walden. Greensboro. Hardwick. 36 Wolcott. Morrisville. Hyde Park. Johnson. Cambridge Jun. Sheldon. Swanton. Maquara Bay. Lyman Gp. and D. Hur. C. Montalban. E. Coos Group. E. Calcif s Mica Sch. 591 U 1375 u 1673 u 1168 U 8?1 D. Huronian. 705 u 659 u 686 u 641 4T3 974 u 160 M 0- ton and Maine Railroad Con. Ms. | Georgetown and Newburyport Branch. Boston and Lowell Railroad Con. Ms. Middlesex Central Branch. 10 Wakefield. 13 Lynnfield. 15 W. Peabody. 19 Danvers. 25 Topsfield. 28 Boxford. 81 Georgetown. 34 Byfield. 40 Xewburyport. 2 c. Erupt. Diorite, etc. 2 e.Limest. & Serpent' ne 2 c. Eruptive Diorite. M 2 a. Granite. 2 d. Strat. Diorite, etc. 2 c. Erupt. Diorite, etc. M 2 a. Granite. 184 3 Somerville. 4 W. Somerville. 5 Arlington. 6 Arlingt'n H'ghts. 9 East Lexington. 11 Lexington. 15 Bedford. 19 Concord. 21 [Prison Station. 5. Acadian Slate. u 2 a. Granite. 2 c. Erupt. Diorite, etc. M 3 b. Gneiss. 135 H Georgetown and Bradford Branch. Salem and Lawrence Branches. 31 Georgetown. 34 rrroveland. 38 Bradford. 2 c. Erupt. Diorite, etc. 3 c. Mica Schist, Argil. 26 Lowell. 3 c. Mica Schist. " 31 Tewksbury Jn. 3 b. Gneiss. l24 Lowell and Andover Branch. 33 Hagget's. 38 Lawrence. u 3 b. Mica Schist. 65 20 Lowell June. 22 Tewksbury. 2f Lowell. 3 b. Gneiss. 124 3 c. Mica Schist. " 34 Wilmington Jn. 38 Xorth Reading. 43 West Peabody. 48 Peabody. 48 Salem. 3 b. Gneiss. 2 d. Strat. Diorite, etc. u 2 c. Erupt. Diorite, etc. 1. Syenite, etc. Dover and Alton Bay Branch. 67 Dover. 75 Gonic. 77 Rochester. 85 Farmington. 91 New Durham. 94 Alton. 95 Alton Bay. 3 a. Granite. 3 d. Argillite, etc. 3 c. Mica Schist. H it H 3 b. Gneiss. Stony Brook Branch. 26 Lowell. 29 N. Chelmsford. 31 W. Chelmsford. 33 Westford. 35 Graniteville. 8 36 Forge Village. 42 Ayer Junction. 3 c. Mica Schist. 3 a. Granite. <' 108 U 3 c. Mica Schist. 30 Boston and Lowell Railroad. Bos ton. 1 3 Somerville. 4 College Hill. 5 West^Medford. 8 Winchester. 10 Woburn. 11 Stoneham. 15 Wilmington. 19 Billerica. 22 North Billerica. 26 Lowell. 28 Xo. Chelmsford. 82 Tyngsboro. 40 Xashua. 45 Merrimack. 48 Amherst. 61 Mil ford. 65 \Vilton. 89 So. Lyndeboro. 66 Greenfield. 71 Hancock June. 75 Hancock. 82 Harrisville. 89 Marlboro. 06 Keene. 20 a. Glacial Drift. 18 5. Acadian Siate. * << 31 21 2c. Erupt. Dior., etc. 87 M 3 b. Gneiss. *' 110 << 180 3 c. Mica Schist " 106 3 a. Granite. 3 c. Mica Schist. " 3 d. Argillite, etc, 3 b. Gneiss. * " 844 3 c. Mica Schist. 388 3 b. Gneiss. 835 H 378 it Nashua and Acton Branch. OiNashua. 6Dunstable. 9 East Groton. 15 Westford. 16 East Littleton. 20 North Acton. 22 Acton. 23 Prison Station. 3 c. Mica Schist. 3 b. Gneiss. 3 c. Mica Schist. 3 a. Granite. 3 b. Gneiss. u <( 44 Boston, Revere Beach, and Lynn Rail- road. Boston. l 1 East Boston. 3 Winthrop June. 4 Beachmont. 9 6 Atlantic. 7 Point of Pines. 9 West Lynn. 10 Lvnn. 20 a. Glacial Drift. 10 u if 20 b. Beach Gravel u 2 b. Petrosil. and Felsite M 8. The Chelmsford granite, so called, is extensively quarried near this station. *- This railroad runs from Beachmont to Point of Pines on the crest of Revere Beach, a remark- sus. 10. The celebrated Trilpbite quarry, a quarry in the Acadian slate, which has afforded lar-e and ie sp'-cimens of Paradoxides Harlani, is on the banks of Hayward's Creek and Wcymouth Fore iiver, f \vo miles southeast of Quincy station, and one mile north of East Braintree station. 11. Fall River is on the boundary between the Carboniferous conglomerate and the Montalban 102 ;AN ^kT&CAr &OQGI,CAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MASS.) Ms. Old Colony Railroad. Ms. | Plymouth and South Shore Division. I 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 17 22 24 30 35 37 39 42 48 54 56 58 68 Boston. 1 Savin Hill. Harrison Square. Neponset. Atlantic. Wollaston. Quincy. 10 Quincy Adams. Braintree. South Braintree. Randolph. Stoughton. North Easton. Easton. Raynham. Taunton. North Dighton. Dighton. Somerset. Fall River. 11 Tiverton. Bristol Ferry. Portsmouth. 12 Newport. 13 20 a. Glacial Drift. 10 6. Acadian Conglom. u u 20 a. Glacial Drift. 5. Acadian Slate. 2 a. Granite. u u 2 c. Eruptive Diorite. 2 a. Granite. 14 b. Coal Measures. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 14 b. Coal Measures. 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 19 22 25 27 80 34 36 38 39 42 46 Braintree. E. Braintree. 10 Weymouth. N. Weymouth. East Weymouth. West Hingham. Hingham. Nantasket. Cohasset. Egypt. Scituate. 16 E. Marshfield. Marshfield. Webster Place. Duxbury. South- Duxbury. Kingston. Plymouth. 32 2 a. Granite. 5. Acadian Slate, and 2 a. 2 a. Granite. u 5. Acadian Conglom. 2 a. Granite. (( 1 28 (( (( 20 a. Glacial Drift. u U u u 11 15 18 21 24 30 33 18 20 25 South Braintree. S Weymouth. N. Abington. S. Abington. 16 South Hanson. Plympton. Kingston. 2 a. Granite. u 14. Carboniferous. u 20 a. Glacial Drift. Bridgewater and Myrick's Division. 11 South Braintree. 15 Holbrook. 17 East Stoughton. 20 Brockton. 21 Campello. 26 Bridgewater. 34 Middleboro. 42 Myrick's. 45 Assonet. 50'Fall River. 11 2 a. Granite. u u u 14. Carboniferous. << 96 a 8 a. Granite. 14 a. Millstone Grit. N. Abington. Rockland. Hanover. 1 6 2 a. Granite. 14. Carboniferous. Cape Cod Division. 34 39 45 49 54 62 69 73 75 80 84 89 94 97 103 111 120 Middleboro. 17 Rock. Tremont. Wareham. Buzzard Bay. Sandwich. W. Barnstable. Barnstable. Yarmouth. So. Yarmouth. Harwich. Brewster. Orleans. Eastham. Wellfleet. Truro. Provincetown. 20 a. Glacial Drift. 3 a. Granite. 20 a. Glacial Drift. u * u u 13 u 37 u 57 u 40 U U u U 44 U 18 u 14 u U Shawmut and Milton Branches. 4 5 6 7 8 Harrison Square. Shawmut. Cedar Grove. Milton L. Mills. Mattapan. 5. Acadian Conglom. 5. Acadian Slate. 5. Acadian Conglom. u u Granite Branch. 6 8 9 Atlantic. E. Milton. West Quincy. 14 5. Acadian Congloiner. 5. Acadian Slate. 2 a. Granite. granite (3 a). There are important quarries in the granite, and the quartzite pebbles in the conglom- \ erate contain Primordial forms of Lingula. 12. The most extensive coal-mines in New England are at the Coal Mine Station in Portsmouth, i 13. The shore east and south of the city gives a very good section of the Carboniferous strata. The chasm called Purgatory is on the shore two miles from Newport. Newport Neck is chiefly com- j posed of granite and metamorphic slates. 14. The important granite-quarries of Quincy are chiefly in the immediate vicinity of this village. ' 15. Outcrops are almost unknown between Scituate and Plymouth, but the drift probably rests at most points on Huronian granite (2 a). 16. The drift of this region is thick and unbroken, and there is much doubt concerning the bound- ' aries of the underlying 17. South and east formations. , of Middleboro the rocks are very rarely exposed, and Barnstable County, in which the greater part of this division lies, does not include a single outcrop. The cliffs near High-j land Light, in Truro, on the extremity of Cape Cod, afford fine sections of the drift deposits, and aiso* include fragments of calcareous sandstone, filled with characteristic Eocene fossils, indicating the. occurrence of Eocene strata under this part of Massachusetts Bay. MASSACHUSETTS. 103 KB. Old Colony Railroad Con. Fair Haven Branch. Ms. i Fitchburg and Taunton Division Con. 46 50 53 55 68 63 65 69 Medfield. Walpole. South Walpole. Foxboro. Mansfield. Norton. Crane's. Taunton. 2 d. Strat. Dior., etc. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 167 6. Acadian Congl. 2 b. Petrosil. & Felsite. 2 a. Granite. M 2 c. Eruptive Diorite. is a *** Sorge cut out of euar f Lancaster i8 noted for the numerous and fine crystal* of chiastolite 106 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MASS.) Ms. Fitchbnrg Railroad Hooeac Tunnel Route Con. Ms. | Peterboro and Shirley Branch. 98 102 106 110 114 119 122 128 132 136 143 148 152 Miller's Falls. Montague. Greenfield. West Deerfield. BardwelPs. j Shelburne "1 Falls. 26 Buckland. Charlemont. Zoar. Hoosac Tun'l. 26 Hoosac Mount. Do., E. Summit, over Tunnel. Hoosac Tunnel, East Portal. Do., Cent. Shaft. Do.,West Portal. North Adams. 22 Williamstown. Pownal. 3 b. Gneiss and 8. 292 16. Triassic. 129 " Sandst. & Trap. "and3c. 181 8 c. Mica Schist. 238 j- 3 b. Gneiss. 43 3 c. Mica Schist. u u 3 e. and 3 f. 2510 2269 769 819 769 4 b. Limestone. 6 8 6 680 " and 4 c. 36 40 44 46 48 52 65 60 Ayer Junction. West Groton. Townsend Harb. Townsend Cent'r W. Townsend. Mason Centre. Pratt's. Greenville. 3 c. and 3 d. 3 d. Argillite. 3 c. Mica Schist. 3 b. Gneiss. u 429 U Turner's Falls Branch. 3 5 Greenfield. Montague City. Turner's Falls. 27 16. Triassic. " 129 170 New London Northern Railroad. s 65 68 70 75 80 85 88 91 94 96 100 103 109 111 116 121 Stafford. Monson. Palmer. Three Rivers. Barrett's June. Belchertown. Dwight's. Amherst. North Amherst. Leverett. Mount Toby. Montague. Miller's Falls. Northfield F'ms. Northfield. South Vernon. Vernon. Brattleboro. 3 b. Gneiss. u 336 II 3 a. Granite. 329 3 b. Gneiss. (i 245 3 a. Granite. 235 ( u 16. Triassic. <( 129 " and 3 b. 392 3 b. Gneiss. 16. Triassic. 8 c. and 3 d. u u Watertown Branch. 5 6 8 10 Fresh Pond. Mount Auburn. Watertown. Waltham. 20 b. Champlain Clay. 5. Acadian Slate. (4 U Marlborough and Hudson Branch. 25 28 31 32 34 38 South Acton. Maynard. Whitman's Cros. Rockbottom. Hudson. Marlboro. 3 b. Gneiss. it it U 221 U 378 25. The falls of the Deerfield River are near the station, and are interesting on account of the numerous large pot-holes exposed, and the contortions and metamorphism of the gneiss, which here marks an important anticlinal axis. One mile west of the station ancient pot-holes are exposed inl the railroad cut, fifty feet above the present bed of the river. 26. The rocks traversed by the tunnel are well shown in the vast deposit of dtbris between the station and the eastern portal. The side of the mountain above the portal is serpentine, the same belw that crosses the Boston and Albany Railroad near Chester. One half mile east of the station is a quarry in soapstone and chlorite schist, affording green foliated talc. Travelers on the Boston and Albany, and Fitchburg Railroads, have a good opportunity to observe^ the stratigraphy of the mountainous district between the Berkshire and Connecticut Valleys. The main Hoosac range is probably an overturned or broken anticlinal, the exposed beds nearly < all dipping to the east. A synclinal axis is reached at Chester, on the Boston and Albany line, anas near Zoar, on the Fitchburg. Beyond this the strata dip to the west until we reach the anticlinal axis at Shelburne Falls, on the; Fitchburg, beyond which they dip to the east again for about eight miles, or until covered by the Tri- assic beds. The second anticlinal is not exposed on the Boston and Albany road, passing under the Triassic ; before it reaches that line. 27. The noted locality of fossil footmarks is on the west bank of the river, one and a half miles ' above the village. W. W. Draper was the first person to observe them, in 1835. He suggested thafl they were " turkey tracks made two thousand years ago." His impressions were communicated toil Colonel Wilson, who called the attention of Dexter Marsh to them. Mr. Marsh collected many find slabs, and showed them to Dr. James Dean, who requested Professor E. Hitchcock to investigate theinfl scientifically. This was done, and the results accumulated in the Hitchcock Ichnological Museum at Amherst, where are over twenty thousand separate ichnites, illustrating about one hundred and eixtjg species, all from the Connecticut Valley. 28. This is the locality furnishing for the Amherst Museum the large rows of tracks of Srontozoum^ Giganteum, the largest of the Triassic birds. Across the river, in South Hadley, is an excellent locaM ity of Otozoum Moodii, so named for Pliny Moody, who was the first person in the Connecticut Valley! known to have observed any of the footmarks. A specimen is preserved which he dug up in ISOOjja saying that " the tracks were made by Noah's raven." 29. This is the town where the celebrated Helderberg limestone crops out. It is believed to be a remnant of a once extensive deposit, preserved accidentally from erosion, and resting upon or folded] beneath the Coos quartzite. MASSACHUSETTS. 107 Ms. Connecticut River Railroad. New Haven and Northampton Railroad- Ms. Continued. 4 6 8 13 15 17 21 14 26 28 33 36 43 50 Springfield. Chicopee. Chicopee Falls. Holyoke. Smith's Ferry. Mount Tom.** Northampton. Hatfield. North HatfieU. Whateley. South Deerfield. Deerfield. Greenfield. Bernardston. 29 South Yernon. 16. Triassic. M II tt II " and 3 a 16. Triassic. u M ( tl ( " and I andd. 3 c. and 3 d. 70 79 94 122 126 172 186 207 221 181 3c. 359 SOiFlorence. 82 Leeds. 84 Haydenville. 85 Williamsburg. 3 a. Granite. 27 U 356 " 432 " and 3 c. 49 88 1 South Deerfield. 93 Conway. 99|Shelb'rneF'ls. 25 16. Triassic. 207 3 c. Mica Schist. 3 b. Gneiss. 43(> Housatonic Railroad. i 75 Ashley Falls. 79 Sheffield. 85 Gt. Barrington. 87 Van Deusenville. 89 Housatonic. 91Glendale. i 93 Stockbridge. 99 Lee. 30 102 Lenox. 106 Deweys. IllOPittsfield. 4 b. Limestone. ( M M 4 a. Quartzite. and 4 b. 4 b. Limestone. u II u 101S New Haven and Northampton Railroad. 47 55 61 68 72 77 Granby. Southwick. Westfield. Southampton. Easthampton. Northampton. 16. Triassic. u 242 u 147 < 195 169 " and 3 a. 125 ! 87 Van Deusenville. ! 95 W. Stockbridge. 98 State Line. 4 b. Limestone. u 4 c. Taconian Schists. 30. The Taconic limestone is here a beautiful white marble, and it is extensively quarried. Less- important quarries, worked for lime or marble, occur the entire length of the Berkshire Valley. 31. Amesbury. This and the adjoining towns, also the immediate city of Boston, are chiefly oc- cupied by a profusion of lenticular-shaped drift hills, believed to be moraines of ancient glaciers, and different from the usual ground moraine of glacial drift. The hills may be two hundred feet high, and their longer axes run southeasterly, being parallel with the course of the striae in the neighbor- hood. They consist of till, and resemble the drnmlins of Scotland. They also occur conspicuously in southern New Hampshire, and other parts of New England, and in western New York. In the Mer- rimack and Connecticut Valleys a few have been found having a direction to the south and west of eouth. but agreeing with the course of adjoining striae. 32. Plymouth. This township is said to contain three hundred and fifty-six ponds. These lie in hollows of the drift. 33. Wood's Holl. The extreme terminal moraine of the ice-sheet, which constitutes the "back- bone " of Long Island, also Block Island, and the hilly part of Martha's Vineyard, from Gay Head to Vineyard Haven. It also appears at Chappaquiddick and Tuckernuck Islands, and forms Saul's Hills and Sankaty Head on Nantucket. A second terminal moraine, five to fifteen miles north from the foregoing, extends on the north shore of Long Island, from Port Jefferson to Orient Point, forms Plum and Fisher's Islands, reaches along the south shore of Rhode Island, from Watch Hill nearly to Point Judith, forms the chain of Elizabeth Islands, and continues on the peninsula of Cape Cod, from Wood's Holl to North Sandwich, and thence east to Orleans. The portions of Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and Cape Cod, south of these moraines, and also Eastham. Wellfleet, and Traro, are modified drift. Manomet Hill, east of Plymouth, is a moraine connected with that of Cape Cod and the Elizabeth Islands. 34. The numbers attached to the Norian, Huronian, Montalban, and Taconian, and their subdivi- sions, are used for convenience in this chapter; they only apply to Massachusetts, and are not in- tended to indicate correlation with formations similarly numbered in other parts of the book. Notes 31, 32. and 33 are by Prof. Warren Upham ; and from the first edition. and 29 are by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, 108 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. This blank space is intended for additional geological notes in pencil by the traveler. NEW YORK. 109 New York. BY JAMES GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.2 FORMATIONS AND SUB-DIVISIONS. FORMATIONS AND SUB-DIVISIONS. 20, Quaternary. i3 S < 3 ( 83 J *: \ Lower Helderberg.* >. Waterlime. 5. Salina or Onondaga Salt group. > c. Niagara. > b. Clinton. >a Medina ( 2 V Medina Sandstone, >a. meama, \ 1 OneidaCongiom. 16. Triassic, a eS 1 Ten 3,D Eton 12, Catskill. 11 b. Chemung. f 3. Portage s. s. 11 a. Portage, 4 2. Gardeau shales. ll. Chasaqua shales. 10 c. Genesee, (3. Tully Limestone. 10 b, Hamilton,^ 2, Moscow shales. ll, Hamilton shales. 10 a, Marcellus. f 4. Seneca 1, s. 9c,U.Held'berg J 3, Corniferous 1, s, or Corniferous, 1 2. Onond'a.l, s. 11. Schohane. 9 a. Cauda Galli. 3 Oriskany. Lower Silurian or Ordovician. 4 c, Hudson River, X 2! Frankfort, 4 b. Utica. (3. Trenton j. s. 4 a, Trenton, s 2. Black River I. s. (1. Birdseye I, s. 3 b. Chazy. 3 a. Calcif erous. c - M 2b. Potsdam=dicellocephalusbeds. 2 a, Acadian=paradoxides beds. [yole , 2 a. Georgian =olenellus beds. 'Consisting in the ascending order of : 1, the taculite limestone ; 2 Pentamerus limestone ; jlthyrus shaly limestone ; 4, Encrinal lime- e ; and 5 Upper Pentamerus limestone. | Id. Montalban. J 1c. Norian. S la. Laurentian. GENERAL NOTE. The State of New York is to the geologist what the Holy Land is to the Chris- tian, and the works of her Palaeontologist are the Old Testament Scriptures of the science. It is a Laurentian, Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian State, containing all the groups and all the forma- tions of these long ages, beautifully developed in belts running nearly across the State in an east and west direction, lying undisturbed as originally laid down. Railroads running north and south pass over a number of the formations in short distances, while those running east and west run for long distances on the same formation, as for example the N. Y. C. A H. R. R. R. on the 6. Salina, and the Erie Railway on the 11 b. Chemung. In the eastern part of the State the formations are more irregularly disposed. New York localities are those to which we must always go back as the stand- ard by which any disputed formation of these ages is to be tested. 1. The author has bestowed more of his own labor and research on the local geology of this State, than any other, having besides diligent study of all the official reports, made personal observa- tions of the exposures of the formations in traveling for many years on all the railroads. It was from making geological notes on the margin of railroad timetables that he conceived the idea of this ecological railway guide book for the State, and by calling in the aid of scientific gentlemen of other States, he has been enabled to extend it over the whole United States and Canada. To Prof. James Hall, of Albany, the State Geologist, he is indebted for much information as to some of the localities in this State. [Note to first edition.] In revising this chapter the editor has made changes in the first edition only where recent investigations have rendered them necessary. In the revision he has been advised by the gentlemen whose names appear as authority for new lines and new notes and especially by Prof. W. B. Dwight of Vassar College. When no authority is given for any portion of the chapter, it will be understood that it has been taken from the first edition. J. R. M. 2. The table here given is not satisfactory to all of the contributors to this chapter, but, where terms are used by them in a different sense, the change is indicated by the number or otherwise. The Cambrian, as given in the table, is also divided into Lower (2 a), Middle (2 a.) and Upper (2 b.). In the first edition "Cambrian" included 2 b. 4 c.and was divided into Lower (2 b.), Middle (3 a., 3 b. (Quebec), and 3 c. (Chazy) ), and Upper (4 a., 4 b., and 4 c.) J. R. M. 3. N. Y. C. ft H. R.'R. R. GRADES CACSID BY GEOLOGICAL STBUCTUB*. This railroad undoubtedly Jccupies the finest locality for an east and west railroad in the United States. It owes this to sreologi- ji structure, the outcrop of the formations running east and west, and the Salina or Onondaga, Utica and Hudson River soft shales are cut into low valleys through which the railroad and Erie Cana! are built. If the formations had run north and south, as they do in Pennsylvania, Maryland, etc., 110 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.; New York Central and Hudson River Ms. Railroad. 3 Alt. New York Central and Hudson Rivet- Ms. Railroad. Continued. Alt. New York. 1 See Note 4. 2 2 34 Croton. ! 1 a. Laurentian. 23 ms. 11 Spuyten Duyvil. 1 a. Laurentian. ! 37 Crugers. 12 Riverdale. 5 38 Montrose. 6 13 Mt. St. Vincent. 41 Peekskill. " 7 HJ 15 Yonkers. fFt. Montgom- tr o 19 Hastings. 45 \ ei r- 3 20 Dobb's Ferry. 12 [ Highlands. crT p" 22 Irvington. ACt ( Garrison's. 5* 25 Tarry town. 4y \( West Point.) &> 29 Scarborough. 52 Cold Spring. <( pa 80 Sing Sing.5 9 54 Cornwall. 6 and been turned up edgewise, the hard sandstones would have been high ridges and perhaps moun- tains to overcome-as they are everywhere from the Mohawk Valley to Alabama. If even the lime- stone ridge of the Helderberg range, which bounds this valley on the south, had taken a northern direction, as the 2-4. formations do, a tunnel would probably have been necessary. In the western part of the State these Helderberg limestones continue, but not as a prominent ridge. The road via Geneva, runs on them at Auburn, Clifton Springs, etc., but with less favorable grades than the direct road, and at Buffalo they are level with the plain. It should be added that the old Laurentian mountains at Little Falls and at Peekskill have been cloven from top to bottom, thus opening the gateways for the traffic and travel of the West. The popular impression that New York is a level plain like the prairies of the West, derived from traveling on the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R., is altogether erroneous. There is only a narrow trough through the centre of the State, in which tiie railroad and canal are located, that is of this level character. 4. New York island is 12 miles long and nearly two miles wide. The widest point is two and one-quarter miles at 14th St. Below 'Grand street it gradually becomes narrower as well as at the north end. The lower part of the city, below Wall street, is half a mile wide. The rock of the island is gneiss, except a portion of the north end, which is limestone. The south portion is covered with deep alluvial deposits, which in some places are more than 100 feet in depth. The natural out- croping of the gneiss appeared on the surface about 16th street, on the east side of the city, and ran diagonally across to 31st street on 10th Avenue. North of this much of the surface was naked rock. It contains a large portion of mica, a small proportion of quartz and still less feldspar, but generally an abundance of iron pyrites in very minute crystals, which, on exposure, are decomposed. la consequence of these ingredients it soon disintegrates on exposure, rendering it unfit for the pur- poses of building. The erection of a great city, for which this island furnisnes a noble site, has very greatly changed its natural condition. J. M. Dr. Hunt claims that the New York gneiss is in great part of Montalban age (1 d.) and the same with that of Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington, and that it rests upon the Laurentian gneiss of the Highlands, which he says is the surface rock in the northern part of the island, but Dr. J. D. Dana thinks it extremely probable that the limestone and conformably associated rocks of Westches- ter County and New York Island, as well as those of the Green Mountain region from Vermont to New York Island, are metamorphosed Lower Silurian (including Cambrian) strata. J. R. M. 5. Ontheopposite side of the river may here be seen for many miles the Palisades, a long, rough' mountain ridge close to the water's edge. Its upper half is a perpendicular precipice of bare rock of columnar structure from 100 to 200 feet in height, the whole height of the mountain being generally from 400 to 600 feet, and the highest point in the range opposite Sing Sing 1,011 feet above the Hud- son, known as the High Torn. The width of the mountain is from a half mile to a mile and a half, the western slope being quite gentle. In length it extends from Bergen Point below Jersey City to Hav- erstraw, and then westward in all 48 miles, the southern portion being merely a low ridge. The lower half of the ridge on the river side, is a sloping mound of detritus, of loose stones which has accumulated at the base of the cliff, being derived from its weathered and wasted surface. This" talus and the summit of the mountain are covered with frees, with the bare rocky precipice called the Palisades between. Viewed from the railroad or from a steamboat on the river, this lofty mural precipice with its huge weathered masses of upright columns of bare rock, presenting a long, straight, unbroken ridge overlooking the beautiful Hudson River, is certainly extremely pictur- esque. Thousands of travelers gaze at it daily without knowing what it is. J. M. ' treat sheet of basalt the trap has come from below as a dike through a longrent|or fissure and then extended eastward by intrusion between the layers of sedimentary rock. Subsequent erosion has removed the overly- ing strata near the crest line and for some distance back but at many points along the western side of the ridge, the dike structure and relations to the overlying strata are finely exposed. See Notes 145 and 134. N. H. DARTON. (See description of the 16. Triassic formation and its Trap Dikes.) Here is a remarkable but not' uncommon instance of a great geological blank. On the east side of this river the formations be- long either to the Archaean and oldest rocks, or to the Cambro-Lower Silurian, metamorphosed, while on the west side they are No. 16. all the intermediate Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous formations being wanting. This state of things continues all along the Atlantic coast to Georgia, the 18. Cretaceous or 17. Jurassic taking the place of the 16. Triassic farther south. J. M. 6. 38 Montrose to 54 Cornwall. This celebrated passage of the Hudson through the Highlands, is a gorge nearly 20 miles long from 3 miles south of Peekskill to Fishkill, and is worn out of the 1 a. Laurentian rocks far below mean tide water. The hills on its sides rise in some instances as much as 2,600 feet, and in many places the walls are very precipitous. The rock is gneiss, of a kind that Li not easily disintegrated or eroded, nor is there any evidence of any convulsive movement. NEW YORK. Ill New York Central & Hudson River Rail- Ms, road. Continued.! Alt. New York Central & Hudson River Rail- Ms, road. Continued. Alt. 1 ( Dutchess and 67 -I Columbia I Junction. 7 4 c. Hud. Riv. Group. 142 145 160 Albany.iV 21 West Albany. 11 Schenectady. 122 4 c. Hudson Riv., 27 m. u 19ft 4 b. Utioa, 2 * SSFishkill. 213 169 Hotfman's Ferry. 4 b. Utica, 7 miles. 268 62 Low Point. 174 Crane's Village. 270 64 New Hamb'g. 1 1 8 Calciferous-Trenton. 176 Amsterdam. 1 2 4 a. Trent. 10ms. 2 * 9 69 Camelot. 4c.Hud. Riv.Gr'p. 139 182 Tribes Hill. 11 ' 1 " quar. 1 m. 30 * 73Poughke'psie. 119 < 187 Fonda. 13 4b. Utica, 5 miles. 2 78 Hyde Park. 83 Staatsburg. M M 192 Yost's. 14 {Two blufts or noses of Calc. onLaur. 3 o 88Rhinebeck. 94 Barrytown. 4c.&H.R. 21&2b.Cam. 195 Spraker's. 1 * / 3 a. Calc. hill. Laur'n \ at R. R. track. 3 01 98Tivoli. 04 Germantown. 198 Palatine Bridge. pi 5 iso f 4 a. Trent. 3 ms. 30 * 1 Hills to north Calcif. 107 09 Livington. Catskill. M 200 > 8 Fort Plain. 16 J 4 a. Trenton, 18 ms. \andHuds'n Riv. 30 * 14 Hudson. 9 4 b. Utica. 206 St.Johnsville.iso 319 18 Stockport. 2 &. Cambrian. 209 East Creek. ti 334 21 Coxsackie. 216 Little Falls. 17 1 a.Lauren'an, 1m. 376 123 Stuyvesanfe. 4 c. H'd. R. & 2 .Cam. 223 Herkimer. 1 * 4 b. Utica, 28 miles. 398 129 Schodack. s, 120 H 225 Ilion. 400 133 Castleton. 4 c. Hudson River. 1 9 227 Frankfort. 402 142 East Albany. 28 237 Utica. ^ 410 142 Albany. 10, 121 < 30 241 Whitesboro. 19 415 148 Troy. ?, 10 4c.Hud.R.&2d. Cam. 244 Oriskany. 20 4. c. Hud. Riv. 8m.* 23 t is clearly a case of erosion, but not by the present river, which has but very slight fall in cross- ng them to join tide water near Peekskill. This therefore was probably a work mainly per- ormed in some past period when the continent was at a higher level. Most likely it is a valley of jreat antiquity. Also see note 17. 7. From Dutchess Junction to Troy, revised bv Prof. W. B. Dwight, from Rhinebeck to ?roy the stratigraphy being given on the authority of Mr. S. W. Ford, except that his nomenclature Las been modified so as to harmonize with that adopted in this chapter. 8. Schodack. A series of great dislocations with upthrows on the east side traverse eastern North jnerica from Canada to Alabama. One of these great faults has been traced from near the mouth of he St. Lawrence River, keeping mostly under the water up to Quebec just north of the fortress, hence by a gently curving line to Lake Champlain or through Western Vermont across Washing- on and Rensselaer Counties into Columbia County. The line of faulting has been recently traced louthward to Schodack. Landing and to the south of Poughkeepsie and is supposed to run in to tnoth- r series of faults, probably of a later date, which extend as far as Alabama. It brings up the *ocks >f the 2 b. Potsdam group in Vermont and New York on the east side of the fracture to the level of the4c. Hudson River and 4 a. Trenton 1. s. on the west. In some places the Trenton appears n the east. J. M. This fault is met with, a little more than half a mile east of Troy along the line of Jacob street. The ocks upon its eastern side (Potsdam) there hold an interesting fauna. From that point the fault ikes a somewhat irregular course, being nearly two miles inland from the Hudson at GreenbusL od comes out upon the Hudson about a mile and a half south of Schodack landing. S. W. F. 9. CatskiU Mountains. For many miles on this railroad are beautiful views of the Catskill fountains, 3,000 feet high, (12. Catskill,) several miles distant on the opposite or west side of the river uid which furnish the name for the Catskill formation. The wide valley between them and the iver is composed of 11 b. Chemung, 10. Hamilton, 7 Lower Helderberg and 4 c. Hudson River. The jeology on the east or railroad side is entirely different. 10. Albany. The clay beds at Albany are more than 100 feet thick, and between that city and chenectady they are underlaid by a bed of sand that is in some places more than 50 feet th'ck. 112 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) New York Central & Hudson River Rail- New York Central & Hudson River Rail- Ms, road. Continued. Alt. Ms. road. Continued. Alt. 251 255 Rome. 21 445 Green's Cors. 22 4 c. Hudson River. 5 a. Medina, 2 ms. 46 s 273 Canaseraga. 418 f 6. Salina or Onon- \ daga Salt group. 259 Verona. 2 3 467k b. Clinton 9 miles. 275 Chittenango. " A17 264 Oneida. 2 * 440 4 c. Niagara. 3 miles. 279 Kirkville. < 423 266 Wampsville. 2 * 282 Manlius. 416 269 Canastota. 26 4a6 {6. Salina or Onon- daga Salt group, 289 Tt Syracuse. 27 , 181 ie railroad via Aubu 403 rn is better than the Di- 23 miles. | rect road to Rochester for geological observation. has ever been found beneath them. The scenery has suddenly changed, and nothing is seen but bare, weatherworn precipices of crystalline rocks, from which all the elements through all the ages, have failed to produce a soil, yet a certain strange interest is attached to them. The oldest picture ; in the world, the oldest statue or other work of art, would excite the greatest attention, yet what are these in antiquity compared with these grand old Laurentian rocks, the oldest formation and the oldest dry land on the face of the earth, dating far back of the first appearance of either animal or veg- etable life of any kind on our planet. The river channel through these rocks is an unequivocal exam- ple of river erosion, as pot-holes are found at various heights. See also notes 6 and 56. 18. Utica. The 4 b. Utica slate was named from this city. To study the Trenton, Black River and Birdseye limestones at their original, historical localities, change cars at Utica and go up the Utica and Back River Railroad to Trenton Falls. (See the within guide for that railroad). You can then go on to Watertown on these limestones. Return by the Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburg Rail- road to Rome or Syracuse, examining the Loraine shales at Adams and Pulaski. 19. From here to Syracuse there is no lock in the canal. This long level is 427 feet above tide. 20. Oriskany. The formation of this name, is not exposed here, but at Oriskany Falls on the D. L.i & W. R. R. from which the name is derived. The best fossils of it are found east of Union Springs in Cayuga County. Along the part of the road east of Oriskany, the Utica shale forms the bottom of the valley. The south wall of the valley consists of the outcrops of the 4 c. Hudson River, 5 a. Onei- da Conglomerate, 5 b. Clinton, the 6 Waterlime and 9. Upper Helderberg. See 191. 21. Rome. No more 2-4 formations west of this in New York. From Rome to Buffalo and; from Lake Ontario south to the Pennsylvania line all the formations are 5-11 Silurian and Devonian, and they are finely displayed in numerous gorges, ravines, canons and precipices, very regularly disposed in belts of outcrop running east and west. The typical localities from which most of the formations were named, are situated in this district. It is all historical geological ground, and you can scarcely go amiss in looking for fossils, 22. West of Little Falls the lower formations pass abruptly to the north and cross under Lake Ontario into Canada. The 4 c. Hudson River first crosses the valley, and then the Oneida conglom- erate. Other rock formations now appear between Rome and Oneida, which had no existence in the basin east of LittleFalls. These are the 5 a. Medina and Clinton, which overlie the Oneida, and form all the south shore of Lake Ontario, and extend across Canada West. Also 5 c. Niagara and the 6. Salina or Onondaga salt group, on which the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. runs from Oneida nearly to Roches- ter. The non-existence of these extensive formations east of Little Falls (the 5 a. Medina, 5 b. Clin- ton, 5 c. Niagara and 6. Salina), which cover the best part of Western New York, must be owine; to the two parts of the State being separated in these early ages by the old Laurentine ridge at Lit- tle Falls into separate basins, in which the rock-forming conditions were different. 23. Verona. The Clinton fossil iron ore crops out on the railroad, but not of a good quality. 24. Oneida. The prominent ridge bounding the valley on the south of Utica, Oneida and Syra- \ cuse, called Stockbridge Hill, Pompey Hill, Cazenovia Hill and Onondaga Hill, is the Helderberg range, a continuous mountain 800 feet high, forming the back-bone of the State, and composed at its base of the 6 Waterlime, of the Salina group, all the members of the 7. Lower Helderberg being want- ing as well as the 8. Oriskany sandstone and other sandstones that separate the Lower and Upper Helderberg, except a mere trace. On the Waterlime rests the Onondaga limestone, the most valu- able building stone, and above this the Corniferous. Over these three great limestone formations is always found the 10 a. Marcellus shales, the 10 b. Hamilton and the 10 c. Genesee, forming the fine fertile country extending south from this ridge. Still farther south is the 11 a. Portage with its glens, gorges and precipices, and lib. Chemung, extending to the Pennsylvania State line. The Oneida conglomerate, which is 30 or more feet thick in Herkimer and Oneida, gradually attenuates ingoing west, being ta grey band, from 4 to 6 ft. thick at Rochester. It was named from Oneida County. 25. Wampsville. Numerous fragments of Niagara limestones are seen mixed with the soil, showing its existence underneath. The Niagara limestone and shales which, at Niagara, Lockport and Rochester are 150 ft. thick, thin out in going eastward, being only two or three ft. thick at Sa- quoit Creek near Utica. 26. Canastoto. Stop off and take the branch railroad to Cazenovia, rising 750 feet in 15 miles. Fine geological sections of 6. Salina with gypsum beds, 9 Upper Helderberg and 10 b. Hamilton. Mag- nificent view across Oneida Lake and a beautiful village and lake at Cazenovia. , 27. Syracuse. Onondaga Lake, which is in sight and on the north side of the railroad at the west end of Syracuse City, is 5 miles long , 1 mile wide; its greatest depth is 60 feet, and its surface is 363 feet above tide water. It is excavated in the red shale of the (6.)Salina formation. The lake is what remains of an ancient much more extensive and deeper excavation, all of which has been filled in with sand, gravel and rolled stones, except the part occupied by the lake. The bottom and sides of the lake are covered with lake marl six feet thick. The ancient excavation underneath answers an ter material for the purpose. Into this basin the various borings of the salt wells are made, not through NEW YORK. 113 New York Central & Hudson Kiver Kail- New York Central & Hudson River llail- road. Continued. road. Ms. Old Road, via Auburn. Alt. Ms. Old Road, via Auburn Continued. A!t, 289'Syracuse. 27 6. Salina, 9 miles. 403 346 Oaks Corners. 31 9 c. Cornif. 1. s., 18 ro, 298 Camillus. H 349 Phelps. 300 Marcellus. 28 " Gypsum beds. 353 Clifton Spri'gs. 40 618 303 Half Way. 9 c. Upp. Helderberg, 358 Shortsville. H 307 Skaneateles. 29 or Cornifer. 14 m. 61 364 Canandaigua. 157 10 Hamilton 6 ms. 74 <> SlOSennett. " 368 Paddleford. u 316 321 Auburn. 80 Aurelius. f 715 \ Quar. of Corn. 1. a. 6. Salina, 10 miles. 369 370 Farmington. W. Farmington. f 9 c. Cornifer's 1. a. \ and Salina. 326 Cayuga.78 (Lake. 3 s s) 374 Victor. 182 331 Seneca Falls. 9 c. Corn. 1. s. 8 miles. 379 Fisher's. 1 8 2 9 c. Salina 11 miles. 334 Waterloo. 9 c. Seneca limestone. 384 Pittsford. it f Deep drift overlying 388 Brighton. 5 c. Niagara, 4 miles. 341 Geneva. 31 J 6. Salina and 9 c. 392 Rochester. 36 , 187 508 1 Cornifer. 1. s. 452 or into rock, but only through the lake marl and other loose material mentioned, to a depth of 150 to 450 feet. No rock salt or bed of salt has ever been discovered in this State, although it has been in Canada; but in this Salina formation are twoporous or Vermicular masses of limestone, looking as if perforated by little worms, and hence the name ; and between them are certain hopper shaped cavities in the shale in which, as well as in the perforations of these limestones, salt in a crytallme and solid state, it has been conjectured, formerly existed, the saline materials of which have been dissolved in water which percolated through the formation and passed into the basin where it is now found, the bed of marl on which is Onondaga Lake, being afterwards formed over it. But the origin of the salt water may be said to be at present unknown. Forty gallons of the brine produce a bushel of salt, weighing 60 pounds. These are the most productive salt wells in the world in so small a terri- tory two miles long and one-fourth of a mile wide. 28. Marcellus, from which the formation is named, is three miles south of this station. 29. Skaneateles. From the Junction with the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. the Skaneateles railroad runs south up the outlet of the lake of that name over the Corniferous limestone. The lake outlet with its falls, amounting to 463 feet to Jordan, affording excellent mill sites and many exposures of the rock. Before reaching Skaneateles Village the railroad passes over the Marcellus shales. Skaneateles Lake, where the railroad terminates, is 14 miles long, from a half to a mile and a half wide ; its greatest depth south of Borodino is 320 feet and its surface 879 feet above tide. The sides of the northern end of this lake, at the beautiful village of Skaneateles, gradually slope to the water, corresponding in inclination to each other and adding greatly to the beauty of the lake. The water line, with the exception of the south part, is excavated in the Hamilton group. The south part of the lake is more narrow, and the banks rise abruptly to a considerable height above the water. The Tully limestone, at the top of the Hamilton, and over that of the Genesee slate, appear to the pouth of Borodino, rising, when first seen, 150 feet above the lake, and the south end or head of the lake is surrounded by the Portage group. Fossils along the lake. Cyathophylloid corals. 30. Auburn. The Corniferous member of the 9. Upper Helderberg limestone and the Onondaga limestone, which is its lower member, are extensively quarried at Auburn. The State Prison and the facings of many of the buildings of this handsome little city are entirely made of this limestone, and several fine churches are built of it. The formation ends at the main street where the 10 a. Marcellus shale begins, and it extends in the stream up to the outlet of the lake. Beginning below the city and following up the stream to the State Prison, the outlet exposes the following section: eight feet of the upper part of 6. the Waterlime of the Salina formation, one foot of 8. Oriskany sand- stone, over eight feet of 9 c. Onondaga limestone and twenty -seven feet of the Corniferous exclusive of its upper member the Seneca limestone. 31. Geneva. The Seneca limestone of the upper part of the 9. Upper Helderberg disappears near Waterloo and reappears at a distance of six or seven miles west near Oaks Corners. The whole ma>s of limestone, and all the rocks north of it to Lake Ontario, have been removed from all the intermediate space, and along the shore of that lake the great depth of alluvium conceals the rock if any be present. Near Oaks Corners the limestone suddenly terminates as if broken off and removed, leaving an abrupt descent to the east which bears evidence of the erosive action of water. Seneca Lake and Lake Ontario probably originally communicated by this deep old channel. Ontario is 196 feet lower than Seneca. The same state of things seems to exist north of Cayuga Lake, where the drift material causes the Montezuma marshes and the shallowness of that lake at that end. Sen- eca Lake is 40 miles long, 3 miles wide, 530 feet deep, and its surface is 441 feet above tide water. 32. Jordan. Between Skaneateles Junction and Elbridge the Oriskany sandstone is over 30 feet thick, being at its maximum. At Auburn it is from six inches to two and a half feet thick. 33. Weedtport. At many points between Syracuse and Rochester, and on the Southern Central and other cross roads, are seen numerous hills or short ridges running from north to south, from fifty to one hundred feet high, with steep slopes and very sharp crests. These are not of drift or alluvium, as they appear to be, but are in reality outliers of the marly deposits of the Salina or On- ondaga salt group, with only a thin covering of loose materials. Mount Hope at Rochester, the hills south of Brighton, Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn, James street hill and University hill in Syracuse, and numerous hog-back ridges about Jordan and other places, are of this character, being Salina shales in place, spared when the adjoining valleys were eroded. There are, however, some hills composed of gravel, or a mixture of gravel and sand, but very little glacial drift on this R. R. 34. Great crops of peppermint are raised here, and this place supplies the world with pepper- mint oil. There seems to be some peculiarity in the soil which adapts it for the production of this plant 114 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) New York Central & Hudson River Kail- road. Continued. Ms. Direct Road. Alt. New York Central & Hudson River Kail, road. Ms. Niagara Falls Division. Continued. Alt. 289 299 302 307 311 314 324 328 335 340 348 353 360 366 370 Syracuse. 2 ?, 1 8 1 Warner's. Memphis. Jordan. 32 Weedsport.33 Port Byron. Savannah. 31 , 7 s Clyde. Lyons. Newark. Palmyra. 34 Macedon. Fairport. Brighton. 35 Rochester. 36 , 1 s 7 J 6. Salina or Ononda. \Salt gr'p, 71 ms. 403 n 427 410 . 406 404 406 40 7 " Marshes. Intern'l Bridge. Buffalo. 40 5 c. Niagara, 10 miles. 628 6. Salina, 12 miles. 580 9c. Corn. 1. s. 4ms. 595 595 584 Direct Route. 370 377 381 385 388 391 395 402 408 414 418 421 423 428 438 Rochester. 3 6 , 13 v Coldwater. Chili. Churchville. 5 ?o Bergen. West Bergen. Byron. Batavia. 41 895 Crofts. 63 Corfu. Crittenden. 848 Wende. Town Line. Lancaster. Buffalo. 40 5 c.Niagara, 15 ms. 508 ( 488 6. Salina, 17 miles. 609 695 9 c. Corniferous, 3 ms. 10 b. Hamilton. 13 ms. 855 " 9 c. Cornif. 9c. Cornifer., 20 ms. 742 683 ?84 Niagara Falls Division. 370 380 383 389 392 396 481 407 411 415 420 426 437 446 447 Rochester. 36 , 13 ? Spencerport. 53 Adams Basin. Brockport. Holley. 53 2 Murray. Albion. Knowlesville. Medina. 37 Middleport. Gasport. Lockport. 38 Sanborn. Suspens. Bridge Niagara Falls. 3 9 5c. Niaga., 10ms. 508 5 b. Clinton, 12 miles. ( Railroad runs be- -| tween Clinton and ( Medina. < 546 5 a. Medina, 23 miles. 568 547 545 5 b. Clinton, 4 miles. 521 5 c. Niaga., 21 ms. 60 580 574 Buffalo and Niagara Falls Division. 3 5 11 17 22 24 30 Buffalo. 5 8 4 Intern'l Bridge. Black Rock. 40 Tonawanda. La Salle. Niagara Falls. 39 Suspens. Bridge. Lewiston. 42 358 9 c. Cornif. 1. s. 5 ms. <( 595 595 6. Salina, 15 miles. 580 ; u 5 c. Niag. 4 miles. 5 7* 580 /5 b. Clinton, 5 a. \Medina. Lake, 245. 35. Irondequoit. A few miles east of the mouth of the Genesee River, the Irondequoit Creek i empties into the lake, 'flowing in a deeper channel than the Genesee, but through deposits of sand and gravel. Professor Hall suggests with much probability that the Genesee ran in the channel of the Irondequoit, but when that was filled with gravel and the region elevated, the Genesee was . turned westward and compelled to cut its present rocky bed like the Niagara. This phenomenon is not rare, but is many times repeated in this State. See notes 31, 38, 39 and 110. 36. Rochester. See Genesee Falls out of the car windows on the north side at the east end ofl the station house. The gulf of the Genesee River, from Rochester to Charlotte, is remarkable for the striking example of erosion which it exhibits. The distance is seven miles, in which the river forms three cataracts over three distinct formations, the Medina sandstone the lowest, 84 feet fall ; the Clinton 25 feet one and three-fourth miles below, and the Niagara group 96 feet fall, close to the railroad bridge. It is evidently the different hardness of the groups or their varying facility of de- composition that have produced these falls. These three falls at first were but one, and at this time the lower ones are gaining probably on the upper one and the time may come when they will unite again. 37. The 5 a. Medina formation is named after this place. Layers filled with Lingula and Leperdilia. 38. At Lockport is a repetition of the Rochester and Niagara Falls ravine in the Niagara lime- ; utone and shales here crossed by the railroad on a high bridge. Here too, a mile west of the city, you can see on the north side of the railroad an old, dry channel from which the stream was diver- ted by the drift, corresponding to the Irondequoit at Rochester and St. David's at Niagara Falls. There is another of these dry, old channels at Oak Orchard. Niagara fossils found here. 39. Niagara Falls are six and a half miles south from Lake Ontario at Lewiston, and the whole distance the river runs in a gulf, which, at the falls, is 160 feet, and at Lewiston, 300 feet deep and generally about twice as wide at the top as at the bottom. The rocks passed through by the receding falls are the Medina sandstone, the Clinton group of limestone and shale, and the Niagara limestone and shale. These rocks have a slight southerly dip, and all except the Niagara group have disap- peared beneath the bed of the river, the falls being now in the Niagara group entirely, the shale lying beneath the limestone. At the whirlpool, a little more than three miles below the falls, on the west bank of the river, the continuity of the rock forming the bank is interrupted by a deep ravine filled with drift material. This ravine many be traced two miles in a northwest direction, and from thence another depression can be followed to Lake Ontario at St. David's four miles west of Queens- town. When the ravine to St. David's was blocked up by drift materials the stream would be forced NEW YORK. 115 New York Central & Hudson Kiver Rail- road. Continued. inandaigua and Tonawanda Division. Alt. New York Central & Hudson River Rail- road. Continued. Ms. Charlotte Branch. Alt. 8 12 15 18 25 26 28 33 40 44 60 67 63 65 07 74 77 80 86 Canandaigua. 15 ^ East Bloomfield. Miller's Cor's. 1 8 West Bloomfield. Honeoye Falls. West Rush. Erie R. R. June. Maxwell's Caledonia.* 2 * LeRoy. 125 Stafford. Batavia.* 1 East Pembroke. Richville. Falkirk. Akron.i25 Clarence Centre. Transit. Gettzville. Tonawanda. lOb.Hamin, 16m.74 883 896 (( 9c. Cornifer. 2ms. 77nr 6. Salina, 22 miles. it 658 9c. Cornif., 25ms. 872 894 10 b. Hamilton. * 9 * 9 c. Corniferous. 8 8 5 828 * 843 75 6. Salina, 21 miles. 6 * s M " 580 :',7< Rochester. 3 V 87 379jCb.arlotte.35 f 5 c. Niagara. 50 * \ 5 b. Clinton. 5 a. Med., (Lake, 246) Troy & Schenectady. 148 Troy. 151 Cohoes. 154 Crescent. 160 Niskayuna. 166 Aqueduct. 170Schnectady. Hud. Riv. & 2 b. Pots. " Falls, 70 Feet. it 4 b. Utica. Skaneateles Railroad. 2 9 1 Syracuse, Skaneateles Jc. 3 Mottville. 4 Kellogg's Mills. 5 Skaneateles. 29 (As before.) 9 c. Corniferous. 6 : 10 a. Marcellus. M 1 Ob. Hamilton. 9 to find its present rocky channel. Even though the drift rose only a foot higher than the rocks it would as effectually force the water over the rocks as if it formed a mountain. Could the river have once surmounted the drift, its work would have been comparatively easy in wearing out a bed through the old ravine, but till it was able to flow over the barrier it would have no power over it, and must commence its slow work of wearing away the solid rock. The present gulf shows us what it has done since the drift period. J. HALL and SIB CHARLES LTELL. 40. At Black Rock there is only from 6 to 14 inches of the Onondaga limestone which is of a grayish color, crystalline and contains few fossils. The Corniferous limestone above it is 25 to 30 feet containing abundance of hornstone. It is dark colored, fine grained, and in its fresh fracture, and particularly when wet, it presents an almost black appearance, which has given the name of Black Rock to the place. It affords good quarries of excellent building stone. From the occurrence of the Corniferous along the south ena of Lake Erie and its dip southward, it seems probable that the bed of this lake has never been excavated below it, and that it now'forms the floor beneath the de- posit of alluvium. It seems that there are others of the lake bottoms composed of limestone, espec- ially Lake Ontario. See note 71. This is probably for the reason 'that it received a polish from the action of glaciers which then passed over it, while the resistance of the grit of the sandstones and shales was more favorable for deeper excavation. Lake Erie is 230 miles long, 50 miles wide, 140 feet deep and its surface is 569 feet above tide. 41. Batavia is the highest point on the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R., and one of the highest in Western New York, being 895 feet above tide. This is caused by there crossing the 9 c. Helderberg forma- tion, which maintains its elevation although not observable as a mountain range, being overcome by easy grades. Notice the elevations of the railroad crossings of the Helderberg and Hamilton range, although the railroad seeks the lowest points ; Buffalo, 584; Batavia, 895; Le Roy, 872; Canandaigua, 74": Auburn, 715; Skaneateles, 890; Tul|y, 1249; Cazenovia, 1249; Cooperstown, 1193. When the valleys cut through the limestone, the summit is farther south on the Hamilton or Portage. 42. Lewiston. Tourists should not fail to go down to Lewiston, the terminus of the Buffalo and Niagara Falls division. This railroad ride, although little known, is one of the finest in the United It follows the bank of the Niagara River, affording admirable views of the rapids and the formations displayed in the gulf. Nowhere in the State are there better geological sections. On the Canada side, also the Canada Southern Railway, running to the mouth of the Niagara River at Niag- ara City, affords one good view of the falls, but no such remarkable sections of the rocks as on the American side, where the railroad overhangs the fearful torrent of the river for several miles. 43. Knowersville. The Helderberg mountain shows finely on the left or southwest side of the railroad opposite Guilderland and Knowersville. The railroad passes through it between that place and Duanesbnigh. The mountain is capped by the 7. Lower Helderberg limestone forming a steep precipice along its summit, and this rests on the 4 c. Hudson River slates. Back of Knowersville rehes are cut out of the mountain by two streams, leaving a picturesque, for tress-like bluff of the limestone. The Helderberg formations are named from this mountain. See Note 158. 44. At Howe's Cave large quarries on the railroad track. Good place to examine Lower Helder- berg limestone and to collect fossils. The cave is an old underground water channel, and it is several mile- long. Notice that the limestone at Cobleskill is Upper Helderberg and that at Howe's Cave Lower Helderberg. On no other railroad can you see them both. 45. Cooperstowu is seated at the south end of Otsego Lake on a dike of alluvium. This lake is a handsome sheet of water seven miles long, one and a half wide, 1193 feet above the ocean. I r has a high ridge of the Hamilton group on the east side, a low and interrupted range of the same on the west .side, and an elevated projection on the northeast end. This lake is one of the head waters of the Susquehanna, the valley spreading out to the southwest. See also 186. 46. Sharon Springs. All the large sulphur springs of the State, Avon, Clifton, Richfield, etc., and manv small ones, rise from the waterlime. Glacial Striae here and at Cherry Valley. 47. Cherry Valley. The railroad is on Corniferous, but the cliffs and gorge are Walerlime, Lower Helderberg, Cauda Galli,and, slightly, Oriskany. Marcettus and Hamilton form the hills on the south. 116 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Delaware & Hudson Canal Co's Railroads. Ms. Albany and Susquehanna Railroad. Alt. Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's Railroads. Continued. Middleburg and Schoharie, and Schoharie Val- Ms. ley Railroads. Alt. 6 7 11 14 17 24 27 31 36 39 45 50 57 62 67 70 75 76 79 82 90 95 99 103 108 114 119 127 132 134 142 Albany. 10 , 12 ! Adamsville. Slingerlands. New Scotland. Guilderland.i 58 Knowersville. 48 Duanesburg. 793 Quaker Street. Esperance. Central Bridge. Howe's Cave. 44 Cobleskill. 903 Richmondville. East Worcester. Worcester. m Schenevus. 1272 Maryland. 122 f Cooperstown (Junction. 45 Colliers. Emmons. Oneonta. Otego. Wells Bridge. Unadilla. 184 Sidney. " Bainbridge. Afton. Nineveh. Tunnel. Osborn Hollow. Port Crane. Binghamton. 1 8 5 4 c. Hudson River. 30 212 214 327 329 459 and Utica. 769 7. L. Helderberg. 782 8. Oriskany. ^ 9c.U.Helderb'gl.s. g. 10 a. Marcellus. ol n* 3 " lOb. Ham* 10 b. Hamilton. " 11 a. Portage. W 1 CD ^i 11 b. Chemung. 2, 1118 5?ii27 1087 '1054 1049 a 1022 12. Catskill, synclinal. 994 lib.. Chemung. 9 J032 1115 a 1041 859 3 6 9 1 12 Central Bridge or Schoharie Junction. Hollenbeck's. 48 Schoh'eC. H. 49 Borst's. Mjddleburg. L 4 c. Hudson River. 9 b. Schoharie grit. 6 i 7. Lower Helderberg. 10 a. Marcellus. 64 Nineveh Branch. |119 1122 1127 130 133 140 Nineveh. Centre Village. Ouaquaga. Windsor. Comstock. Jefferson June. 11 b. Chemung. 1032 964 991 < a Saratoga and Champlain Division. 6 9 12 Albany. 10 ,! 21 West Troy. Cohoes. 50 Albany Juncticn. 4 c. Hudson River. x " Falls 70 ft. 6 12 25 32 43 49 57 60 64 71 ~0 7 10 14 20 22 24 Troy. Albany June. Mechanicsville. Ballston. Saratoga. 2 6 5 Gansevoorts. Fort Edward. Smith's Basin. Fort Ann. Comstock's. White Hall. 1 7 9 < 30 ii 310 4 a. Trenton & Calcif. (i 141 " quarries. {2 b. Potsdam. Fine surface exposures for 4 miles. ( 2 b. Potsdam. Fine ] expos'rs on 1 a. Lau- ( rentian gneiss. 115 15 29 Saratoga. 2 6 5 Ballston. 3 1 Schenectady. Quaker Street. f 3 a. Calciferous and \4a.Trenton. 304 4 c. Hudson River. 246 White Hall 51 Chubb' sDock. Dresden. 52 Putnam. Pattuiwa. (Mt. Defiance.) Ft. Ticonderoga. (Ticon'ga Creek, (Tunnel.) Addison June. " Lake, 9 3 a Calciferous. " & 1 a.Laur. back. 1 a. Laurentian. 5 1 5 3 a. Calciferous bluff. 4 a. Trenton. Valley. 1 a. Laurentian. outlet of Lake George.) 4 a. Trenton. " large valley. 45 50 54 59 68 Cobleskill. <> Hyndsville. Seward. Sharon Spr'gs. 46 Cherry Valley. 4 * 9 c. Upper Helderberg. 1112 1177 7. Low. Helderb. * 8 5 3 9c. Corn.&Marc.i 321 Cooperstown and Susquehanna Valley R. R. 75 1 Junction. 91'- 5,000 feet high, each distant aoout 6 miles from the other. This group of Adirondack Moun- tains is the culminating point of the State around the sources of the Hudson, Ausable, Racket and Black Rivers, and dividing the north half of the State into two separate geological basins. They are directly west of Westport, several miles to the west of the railroad. Only a glimpse of one of them can be had from the railroad. In the Adirondack pass in Essex County, is a perpendicular precipice or naked wall of rock 1,000 feet high and more than half a mile long. There is not prob- ably in the Eastern States an object of the kind so vast and imposing as this. Emmons, 218. 57. Stop at Port Kent and visit the Ausable valley, which is interesting for the Ausable chasm, where for at least two miles the Ausable River, a large and rapid stream, is compelled to flow through a rocky gorge in the 2 b. Potsdam sandstone with perpendicular walls of 100 feet with a width only varying from 20 to 40 feet. Here the lingula antique, is found in great abundance, and there is here a better development of the Lower Silurian or Cambrian rocks than in any other part of the State. Emmons, 267. Lingula and trilobites near foot of Cathedral rocks. 68. The 3 b. Chazy formation was named from this locality. Off line of R. R. are abundant Chazy fo-siN, Madura Rhynchonella, etc. See Note 55. Also as to Isle La Motte see Note 67. 59. The rock which forms Diamond Inland in Lake George is a good example of 3 a. Calcifer- ous. Lake George is 30 miles long, 1% miles wide, and its surface is about 80 feet above tide water. 118 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Ms. Adirondack Railroad. Alt. Ms. Utica and Black River R. R.-Cbn. Alt. 6 10 13 17 22 30 36 44 47 50 58 Saratoga. 304 Greenfield. King's. 60 South Corinth. Jessup'sLanding. Hadley. 60 Stony Creek. Thurman. The Glen. Washbu'n'sEddy. Riverside. North Creek. 4 a. Trenton & 3 a Cal. 2 b. Potsdam. 564 588 606 606 1 a. Laurentian. 606 << 569 585 712 815 976 25 28 35 38 42 45 51 54 58 66 70 74 81 83 85 92 East Steuben. Alder Creek. Boonville. 63 Leyden. Port Leyden. Lyons Falls. 64 Glendale. Martinsburg. 65 Lowville. Castor Land. Deer River. Carthage. 6 6 Great Bend. Felt's Mills. Black River. Watertown. 67 4 a. Trenton. ii i< < 900 1 a. Lauren. 1m. 845 4 a. Trent., 28 ms. ?80 760 H 745 M (l 1 a. Laurentian. 74 4 a. Trent. 18ms. 649 620 397[R 575 Tren.,Birdseye &Black Chateaugay Railroad.164 8 12 17 22 34 Plattsburg.i 6 * Morrisonville. Cadyville. Dannemora. Saranac. Lyon Mt. 4 a. Trenton. 2 b. Cambrian. (?) 1. Laurent. & 2. b. Cam. tt 104 Sacket's Harbor. '< 455 74 92 98 101 108 Carthage. 6 6 Theresa June. Orleans Corners. Lafargeville. Clayton. 1 a. Laure'n 6 ms. 74 2 b. Potsdam. 34 i 3 a. Calciferous. 2 b. Potsdam. 233 Crown Point Iron Co's R. R. 13 Crown Point. Hammondville. 1. Laurt. &4 a. Trent. 1. Laurentian. 74 83 87 90 93 95 101 108 113 118 123 Carthage. 66 Sterlingsville. Philadelphia. Shurtliff's. 4 1 e Theresa Junct. Theresa. Redwood. Rossie. 326 Hammond. Briar Hill. Morristown. 2 5 1 1 a. Lauren 1m. 74 ^ 3 a. Calcif 1m. 58 * 2 b. Potsdam, 8ms. 485 " Iron ore. 405 ( 1 a. Laurentian and \2b. Pots. 18ms. 341 <. 66 " Lead mine. 2 b. Pots., 10ms. 346 276 " & 1 a. Laur'n. Utica and Black River R. R. 6 10 12 16 18 19 21 Utica. Marcy. Stittville. Holland Patent. Trenton. Trenton Falls. 62 Prospect. 62 Remsen. 4 b. Utica, 12 ms. 446 587 i< 560 4 a. Trenton, 32ms. 630 840 i 840 1010 ' 1185 60. This railroad cuts through Trenton, Calciferous and Potsdam within less than 10 miles of Saratoga. Fine sections of ripple marked Potsdam in railroad cut in Greenfield. The Ausable chasm is repeated at the High Falls of the Hudson at Luzerne or Hadley station on the Adirondack Rail- road, in Warren County, where the river flows for a mile through a gorge at the junction of the Potsdam sandstone and the gneiss. The walls rise in some places to a height of one hundred feet. 61. Potsdam. This is the locality which gave the name to the Potsdam sandstone. See the description of that formation in another part of this volume. 62. Trenton Falls. For about three miles between Trenton Falls station and Prospect station and a mile or two east of the railroad, the East Canada Creek has cut a passage through the Trenton limestone, the sides of the excavation rising vertically with an average height of over 100 feet. In this passage are the Trenton Falls or Cascades which have given so much celebrity to the place, just- ly meriting by their number, beauty and position, the admiration they receive. Including the one at Prospect Village there are six falls, five of which are placed at intervals somewhat regular and occupy the middle part of the excavation. The rock is m thin layers of from 6 to 10 inches in thick- ness, separated by thin layers of shale, and contains trilobites in prodigious numbers. The forma- tion derives its name from this place. It is 500 feet thick and about seven miles in breadth. Going east or south it grows thinner and is about 30 feet thick in the Mohawk Valley. The stone quarried at Prospect and used at Utica, is the upper part of the Trenton, which is here of a gray color and of a more solid an9 crystalline structure and appearance. Going on north by this railroad you travel for many miles^bn a terrace of the limestones of this group, forming the banks of Black River, which has its rdcky channel in this formation all the way to Watertown, with three important falls at Lyons, Carthage and Watertown and many cascades. Very picturesque scenery and interest- ing geology, with an abundance of fossils. 63. Boonville. The first range or clift of limestone on Black River, extending by the side of the river from opposite Boonville to Watertown, is the Birdseye limestone. It is of a light dove color which by long exposure to the weather becomes of a light ash gray or white. It is in thick, straight layers, with straight, vertical joints, giving the rock when quarried the appearance of a wall, and it has a compact grain and smooth fracture. 64. At Lyons Falls, Black river falls effect over gneiss or 1 a. Laurentin rock. Thence to;; Carthage it falls but feet and there is another fall over gneiss rock. 65. The high hills west of Martinsburg are of the Hudson River group. NEW YORK. 119 Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg Koine, Watertown & Ogdensburg R. R. Con. Ka. Railroad. Alt. Ms. Syracuse Division. Alt 5 8 11 15 18 22 24 27 Syracuse. 2 7 Liverpool. Woodward. Clay. Brewerton. 102 Central Square. Mallory. Hastings. Parish. ( 6. Salina or Ononda- \ ga Salt group. 403 5 c. Niagara. 5 b. Clinton. 384 5 a. Medina. 474 1 11 14 18 23 28 31 Rome. *** Tal>erg. McConnellsville. Camden. West Camden. Williamstown. Kasoag. 4 c. Hudson River. " 11 miles. {5 a. Medina and Oneida Conglom- erate, 31 miles. 520 604 < 380 37 42 47 52 54 Albion. Richland. 68 Sandy Creek. 5 5 9 Mannsville. 725 Pierrep't Manor. 547 4 c. Hudson R. 12 ms. " Lora. shales. " deep gulfs. 31 34 39 45 Union Square. Holmesville. Pulaski. 70 Sandy Creek Ju. 4 c. Hudson River. ( 320 377 559 59 Adams. 69 " 4 a. Trenton limestone. Lake Ontario Division, West. 63 Adams Centre. < 019 Oswego. 7 2 8 5 a. Medina. Lake, 245. 72 Watertown June. Tren., Birdseye 4 Furniss. < Watertown. 67 and BlackRiv.^403 1 Wheeler's. 78 Sanford'sCorners ^435 10 Hannibal. 5 b. Clinton. i 83 Evan's Mills. 3 a. Calciferous. * 13 Sterling Valley. i 90 Philadelphia. 2b. Potsdam. ^ 485 16 Sterling. " \ 96 Antwerp. 1 a. Laure'n, Iron ore. 20 Red Creek. i< 525 101 Keene's. 26 Wolcott. 3 "Fossil iron ore. 108 Gouverneur. 2 b. Potsdam. 31 Rose. " 115 Richville. 2 1 a. Laurentian. 36 Alton. " 123 De Kalb June. " Iron ore. 38 Wallington. " 12!< Rensselaer Falls. 2 b. Potsdam. 41 Sodus. 430 134 Heuvelton. 47 Williamson. 604 142 Ogdensburg. 3. a. Calciferous. 248 52 Ontario. *i5 "Fossil iron ore. 42 Richland. 68 5 a. Medina. 56 Union Hill. ' " 47 Pulaski. 70 4 c. Hudson River. 3 i 7 59 Webster. " 60 Sandhill. 5 a. Medina. i a 375 64 66 Pierce's. Sea Breeze. 35 5 a. Medina. 60 New Haven. 306 70 Charlotte. 35 t< 255 63 Scriba. 76 Greece " 710swego. 7 i 28 " Lake, 245 80 83 North Parma. East Hanilin it 73 Watertown. 67 4 a. Trenton. * 55 86 Hcitnlin < 310 72 Watertown June. Brownville. 72 403 ft 90 no East Kendall. haumont. 89 Three-Mile Bay. f\n -T-* 294 94 97 100 East Carlton. Carlton. " 93 97 nosiere. Caj'G Vincent. 103 106 Waterport. Carlyon. 349 123 131 De Kalb June. Canton. 1 a. Laurentian. 110 2 b. Potsdam. 114 Lyndonville. County Line. 142 Potsdam." us Somerset. 332 148 Potsdam June. 3 a. Calciferous. !_>:; Hess Road. " 127 Newfane. H 128 Coomer Road. 132 Wilson. 300 147 Rawsonville. < 156 Lewiston. 42 3 5 Lake, 245. 66. The Laurentian rocks cover the whole of the country east of the Black River and the Inter brmation* west of the river, the opposite sides forming the strongest contrast imaginable as to Jjk0 t 8oil, vegetation and population. 67. At Watertown the hanks of the Black River present fine sections of the limestone visible rom thf r-ar windows, showing the Trenton limestone, Black River limestone and the Birdseye rming the Black River sub-division, known toquarrymen as the seven eet tif-r, lying between the Birdaeye and Trenton limestone. At the Isle LaMotte, near Chazy. in Lake Champlain, it is a black marble, but at Watertown it is only suitable for ordinary purposes. 120 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Delaware, Lackawaima and Western Ms. Kailroad. Alt. Ms. Railroad. Con. Alt. Binghamton. 18 11 b. Chernung. 60 Poolville. ! 9 9 10 b. Hamilton. ^ 7 Chenago. 190 64 Hubbardsville. CD " jd 11 Chenango Forks. 901 ' Moraine. 68 ^or. Brookfield. <3 " L 11 b. Chemung. 1 ! 94 o 12 Catskill Synclin. e. 10 b. Hamilton. 80 92 98 Syracuse. 27 Baldwinsville. Lamson's. 6. Salina. 403 5 c. Niagara. 5 b. Clinton. 39 5 a. Medina. 104 115 Fulton. 75 Oswego. 28 387 Lake, 245. 99 102 South Columbia. Richfield Spgs. 46 (4 9 c. Upper Helderberg. Cayuga Division. Utica. 18 4 b. Utica. *i Owego. 188 11 b. Chemung. 822 4 New Hartford. 5 b. Clinton. 4 Cattatonk. it 9 Clinton. 7 6 ( 583 10 Candor. ll 822 11 Franklin I. W. 5 c. Niagara. 14 Wilseyville. 11 a. Portage. 94 14 Deansville. 6. Salina. 33 Ithaca on hill. " Striae, 84 18 OriskanyFalls. 20 8.0risk'yon7L.H'g. 9 56 33 Ithaca on Lake. 189 392 21 Solsville. 19 ! 10 b. Hamilton. Binghamton. 185 11 Chenango Forks. 19 ttrPPTiP 188 11 b. Chemung. 846 901 Moraine. 916 24 26 29 Bouckville. Peaksport, Hamilton.i 98 " Valley drift. 310 25 Brisbin. 188 ? 31 Smith's Valley. (i 29 Coventry.* 88 3 Clinton. 76 5 b. Clinton. 58 33 Oxford.* 8 98 10 a. Portage. Z Kirkland. 540 41 Norwich. 10 <>i 10 b. Hamilton. q o Clark's Mills. &( 528 47 North Norwich. Kj 5 Westmoreland. < 528 52 Sherburne. (t 1042 fj i Bartlett, 558 57|Earlville. 9 V 9 i 1071 13 Rome. 4 c. Hudson River. 445 The Falls of Black River in Watertown are 35 feet perpendicular over the limestones at the Suspen- sion Bridge, and 112 feet within the city limits in six separate falls. Good locality for fossils. 68. There are two miles of rapids in Salmon River, which terminate in a fall of 107 feet. At high water the sheet of water is 250 feet wide, and at low water about half that extent. The fall is over the grey sandstone of the 5 a. Medina, and is seven miles northeast from Richland. 69. Adams. The Gulf of Loraine, on South Sandy Creek, is a genuine canon upon a small stream flowing through the Loraine or Hudson River slates, Utica slate and Trenton limestone in the town of Loraine, from which some geologists prefer that name for the formation. The walls are perpen- dicular and vary in height from 100 to 300 feet, and the gulf varies in width up to 16 rods. There are several of these" gulfs in Jefferson County, some of them 12 miles in length, reaching to the starting points of the streams. A convenient place to study the Loraine shales, a huge mass of mud rock, is the pleasant village of Adams. There are two of these gulfs within two miles southeast in the town of Loraine, but not on the stream in the village, which is on Trenton limestone. On the way observe a remarkable moraine of naked Laurentian boulders, some of them very large. This ridge crosses the railroad just south of Adams, where are many boulders In the fields, and is said to ex- tend from Lake Ontario south of Woodford northeast into Canada. The ridge road, which runs all along Lake Ontario, also occurs here a little nearer the lake than the ridge of boulders. 70. The shales and sandstones at Pulaski are the upper part of the 4 c. Hudson River, which were at first called Pulaski Shales, or the Shales of Salmon River, and Loraine Shales. It is the only rock at Pulaski village and is full of fossils, while the lower or Frankfort division has yery few. 71. Oswego. Lake Ontario, like all other New York lakes, is a lake of excavation. Along its northeast shore, in Canada, is the 4 a. Trenton limestone. On its south or New York shore we find the 5 a. Medina sandstone extending from Oswego, the whole length of the lake to Hamilton in Canada. The lake is excavated 50 feet in the red and 100 feet in the gray 5 a. Medina formation, 230 feet in the Hudson River and 120 feet in the 4 b. Utica slate, the whole making a thickness of 500 feet or the real depth of the lake, the surface of the 4 a. Trenton limestone being its bottom. It is 180 miles long, 40 miles wide, 492 feet deep and its surface is 245 feet above tide water. NEW YORK. 121 Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Del., Lack. & Western R. R.Con. Ms. Binghamton to Buffalo. Con. Alt. Ms. Biugh?-nton to Buffalo. Alt. 380Darien. 387Alden. 8 396 Lancaster. 10 b. Hamilton. 8 7s 10 b. Ham. & 9 c. Corn. 9 c. Corniferous. 6 5 207 Biughamton. 90 11 b. Chemung. J 215 Vestal. 828 403 East Buffalo. 577 Apalachin. i 819 409 Buffalo. 90 538 228 233 OQfi Owego. 188 Lounsberry. Nichols. 815 < 789 Northern Central Railroad. Elmira. 108 11 b. Chemung. 8 3 AOv) 242 r.i**i4UM , 6 Horse Heads. 8 5 Valley drift. 246 Waverly.i 250 W ill i wanna.. 826 801 10 13 Pine Valley. Millport. << 865 11 a. Portage. OfiQ Lowmansville. Elmira. 828 < 855 19 22 Havana. 85 , 19 ! Watkins. 8 V* < 447 473 Lake,* 4i **uo 207 H o r^ G!IG i d s 911 29 Rock Stream. " Big Flats. Gibson. ( 906 31 3:) Big Stream. Starkey. 10 c. Genesee, Gulf. 810 Corning.! 88 < 929 37 Himrod's. "\ CM 799 28liPainted Post. 284 Coopers. 287 Curtis. Fossils. " 945 41 45 49 Milo. Penn Yan. 8 ? Benton. *< 857 756 & Portage. impbells. 1015 M 51 55 Bellona. Hall's. 10 b. Hamilton. 8 6 3 2Ms Bath. 205 < 1101 58 Stanley. 904 ftQ i ) \Van r\n a. f( 61 Lewis. << OV 30*1 Avoca. < 1193 63 Hopewell. <( 850 Ov'J Wallace. 1282 69 Canandaigua. 88 Lake,668" 74 314 Cohocton. 1287 ~0 Sodus Point. 5 a. Medina, Lake 245. 819 Bloods. ' 1317 4 Wallington. " 327 Perkinsville. 6 Sodus Centre. 5 b. Clinton. Wayland. 1359 10 Zurich. " 332 Dansville. 11 a. Portage. l038 13 Fairville. 5 c. Niagara. 332 Groveland. < 598 16 Newark. 6. Salina. 418 846 Mt. Morris. 10 c. Genesee. *74 20 Marbleton. < 849 Leichester. < 650 22 Outlet. < 3-> Vork. 23Phelps. 9 c. Corniferous. 863 Roch. & Pitts. Ju. " 27 Orleans. M 367 East Bethany. * 8 | 31 Flint. " 374 Alexander. 10 b. Hamilton. 9 H 34 1 Stanley. 10 b. Hamilton. 90 * 72. Midway between Watertown and Brownville the whole river falls 60 feet in less than half a mile, running in a gorge with high banks. 73. Tutty. The Tully limestone, separating the Hamilton from the Genesee, which is named f from this place, is not seen on the railroad, but is found further to the west. Outcrop in grove S. E. of the village. The swamp near Preble is supposed to be underlaid by the Tully limestone. 74. Between Syracuse and Jamesville are good natural sections of the 6. Waterlime and 9. Onon'laga and Corniferous limestones, many quarries and natural cliffs. Beyond Jamesville observe the transition into the Hamilton group where the high hills begin, the Marcellus shales being deeply excavated. Visit Green Lake, near Jamesville. 75. The red sandstone of the 5 a. Medina formation is well displayed at Fulton, in Oswego County, where it causes the Oswego Falls and forms the banks and bed of the river above and for half a mile below. The upper layers are covered with Fucoides Harlani, some of them of gigantic size. 76. The 6 b. Clinton formation is named from this place. 77. This is one of the best railroads in the State for geological observations. There are many points on the Cayuga Railroad where the junction of the Hamilton with the Tully limestone and of toe latter rock with the Genesee shale, and of the Genesee with the Portage group are perfectly seen in juxtaposition. The lake affords every evidence and facility for geological sections, with fossils. 78. Cayuga Lake is 40 miles long, 3'% miles wide, 390 ft. deep, and its surface is 376 ft. above 79. The gypsum beds are finely displayed just north of Union Springs, and large quantities are produced for market. South of the town the g.Upper Helderberg range crosses, and causes an islet In the lakf. Its lower layers, the Onondaga limestone, make beautiful quarries. 80. The low clayey land extending nearly to Levanna is on the 10 a. Marcellus shale. The first rock south of this is the dividing line between the Marcellus and Hamilton. 81. The 10 b. Hamilton presents its first bluff south of Aurora, 20 to 50 feet high, containing numerous fossils. Further south are many others, some of them 100 feet high, extending for miles. Nothing could be finer than thesei geological sections of the Hamilton. 82. The Tully limestone first appears at Lake Ridge, from which the station is named. It is the dividing line between the 10 b. Hamilton and the 10 c. Genesee. It dips as you go sooth and rises again. This looks like a flexure of the formations, but it is caused by the change In the course of 122 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. Iiehigh Valley Railroad. Ms. Pa. & N. Y. Canal & R. R. Con. Alt. Ms, Cay uga Branch. V 7 Alt. Freeville. 11 a. Portage. 104<> Cayuga. 78 388 6 Salina. Lake, 376. 4 West Dryden. a ( 6. Salina, with Gyp- 7 Asbury Road. 6 Union Springs. 79 j sum beds. 9 c. Cor- 10 South Lansing. i 394 ( niferous quarries. 14 North Lansing. 10 Levanna. 80 ( 10 a. Marcellus. \ 10 b. Hamilton. 17 23 Genoa. Venice Centre. ' 13 1 > Aurora. 81 925 27 Scipio. 197 < 730 16 20 Willett's. King's Ferry. 405 s 94 " Bluffs 100ft. Geneva, Ithaca & Sayre R. R. 22 Atwater's. 394 Sayre. 1 9 lib. Chemung. 774 25 Lake Ridge. 82 401 Tully limes. 2 West Waverly. << 836 27 Taughannock. 411 9 Bingham's (i 32 Ludlowville. 83 896 ( 10 c. Genesee and \ Portage. 16 19 Van Ettenville. Spencer. 1 s 1010 < H- 1006 u 3 38 Ithaca. 8 4 lib. Portage. 392 23 North Spencer. of" Pa. & N. Y. Canal & R. R. 27 31 West Danby. Newfield. 19 ! 872 P O < Sayre. 109 lib. Chemung. 774 38 Ithaca. 84 11 a. Portage. 7 Barton. ~| 803 44 Willow Creek. 10 Smithboro. to 799 46 Taghanic Falls. Gulf. 14 Tioga. P 805 48 Trumansburg. < 878 20 Owego. 188 3 822 51 Covert. s 53 "Tully limes. 24 Flemingville. S- 907 54 Farmer. 10 b. Hamilton. 86 <> 29 Newark Valley. f $ 966 57 Ovid Centre. << 819 35 Berkshire. ^1045 61 Hayt's Corners. (( 396 39 Richford. 2 1097 65 Romulus. 719 43 Hartford Mills. P 70 West Fayette. <( 609 45 Hartford. 198 1186 (9 c. Corniferous. An 51 54 Dryden. 19 <5 1079 Freeville. Sum'it,1215 11 a. Portage. 1049 77 Geneva. 31 459 ancient deep chan- nel northward, fil'd 56 Peruville. with graveldr't. 452 59 65 Groton. 196 Locke.* 97 997 799 "on 10 c. Gen. Syracuse, Geneva and Corning R. R. 69 Moravia. 98 732 Q Geneva. 31 9 c. Corniferous. 459 73 Cascade. 99 10b. Hamilton. * 24 J 9 Earle. 89 10 a. Marcellus. 76 70 Scipio. 197 Wyckoff's. 99 7 30 (Glen.) 726 14 Dresden. 87 f 515 " Tully lime- \ stone, 1 mile south. (Foot of Lake.) _ 21 Himrod's. 10. Hamilton. 799 86 Auburn. 30 9 c. Corniferous. 6 6 6 a> 26 Dundee. 990 90 Throop. 6. Salina, 13 miles. 30 Rock Stream. 11 a. Portage. Q 95 Weedsport. 33 429 33 Reading Centre. 1043 99 Brick Church. 36 Watkins Glen. QD S 1020 104 108 Cato. Ira. 423 5 c. Niagara. 37 Glen Bridge. 86 f 102 1< view of Glen. \ Bridge 150 ft. high. 112 Martville. 5 c. Clinton. 367 45 Beaver Dam. 11 a. Portage. 1279 115 Sterling, lie, Fair Haven. 5 a. Medina, 3 miles. 49 52 Post Creek. Ferrenburo;. lib. Chemung. 1187 tt 118 N. Fair Haven. " Lake, 245 58j Corning. 1 8 t< 942 the lake. After rising again it forms a beautiful coping of the Hamilton group for miles above Taughannock. See the description of the 10 b. Tully limestone. 83. This is one of the best localities of the Hamilton group which we know. South of Ludlow- ville the 10 c. Genesee shale appears above the Tully limestone. It is uniformly black, of a slaty structure, fine grained, a hard and brittle mud rock, its edges resisting the weather, but its surface when exposed falling into pieces. You get a good section of the base of the Portage here. There is a well marked dividing line here between the Genesee and Portage, being a sandstone 2 or 3 feet thick, very compact and solid, with its under surface filled with fucoids raised in relief, one or two inches long with their ends depressed. The eye readily follows it as it dips toward the water. 84. Every part of the Portage groupcan be inspected in the ravines and water falls in the vicinity of Itha-. 85. There is a glen here, one mile southeast from the station, quite equal to that at Watkins. It is also in the Portage. See Note 86. 86. Watkins Glen is in the 11 a. Portage. It is a great wonder and very beautiful. There is a grand view of the chasm in crossing the bridge over it at Glen Bridge on the Syracuse, Geneva A Corning Railroad. The gulfs on that road are perfectly characteristic of the Portage group. NEW YORK. 123 Elmira, Cortland & Northern, formerly Ms. New York, Ontario & Western R. R. Alt. Ms. Utica, Ithaca and Elmira Railroad. Alt. New York, (Erie n \f i rl /ll*rkTm Railroad), N. W. 4 c. Hudson River. 5 5 Elmira. lib. Chemung. 8 2 u -MiciciieLOwn. 5 Fair Oaks. 5; Horse Heads. 10 Breesport. (( 899 1097 10 Bloomingb'g. 101 f 5 a. Oneida. 737 \ Tunnel, 3,840 feet. 14 Erin. 1249 1 12 Wurtzboro. 17 Park. i 515 -wart wood. 1059 25 Van Etten.* 98 28 Spencer. 1 * 32 West Candor. 34 North Candor. 1 5 1 ISSummitville. 198 30 Fallsburg. 39 Liberty Falls. 40 Liberty. 46 Parksville. f 10. Hamilton, II 5 al \ Portage & Chemung. 12. Catskill. Tunnel, Striae. " 1,017 ft. * 1798 37 Wilseyville. 1 " 8 42 White Church. 940 p" 958 . The D., L. A W. From Binghampton to Buffalo is by Prof. H. S. Williams of Cornell Uni- r-uy. Comj'an- formations and notes on N. Y., L. E. A W. 124 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Ms. Ne w York , O ntario & We stern. Con. Alt. Ms. New York, Lake Erie* West'n Con. Alt. Middletown. 4 c. Hudson River. 47!Turner's. 128 3? Low. Silur'n 1. s. 5 5 15 Summitville. ti 49 Monroe. 1 2 9 4c. Hudson River. 17 Phillipsport. u 50 Schunemunk Mt. 10? Middle Devonian. 19 Homowack. 51 Oxford. 3? Low. Silur'u 1. s. 54 ' 23 Ellenville. " and Trenton. 53 Grey court. 1 so 4 c. Hudson River. Cornwall to Middletown.i 2 3 59 / /- Goshen. " 431' Cornwall.!! 6 , 142 4 c.Hudson River. 66 Middletown. 562 3 jV-Iontcimi M 70 Howell's. 699 6. 7 12 Meadow Br'k. 124 Dennistons. 142 Rock Tavern. Red Grits and Cong. 4 c. Hudson River. 75 Otisville.ioe Kittatiny, Blue, or Shawangunk 870 5 a. Oneida, or Shaw- angunk and Medina. 14 Burnside. Mountain. f 7. Low'r Helderberg. 16 18 21 Campbell Hall. Stony Fork. Ireland. 87 Port Jervis. 101 188 J 8. Oriskany. 442 ) 9. Cauda Galli & Up. t Heldg. & 10. Hamilt. 23 Mfio.h n.n i fst r wn (( Sparrowbush. 1 1 a. Portage. 25 Middletown. 99 Pond Eddy, Pa. 106 Sl.nhnln 11 b. Chemung. 5T1 ( 648 New York, Lake Erie and Western K. R. 110 Lackawaxen. 1 7 648 (Late Erie Railway.) 116 Pine Grove. 668 INew York. See Note 4. 122 Narrowsburg. 1 *< g 412 Lancaster. 683 94 Stafford. 910 ff %$ & 420 East Buffalo. ff 807 lOOBatavia. 41 895 ff "^SS 422 Buffalo. 40 , 197 sss ff Lake. 569. 107 Alexander. 10 b. Hamilton. 93 ' 8 Corning. lib. Chemung. < 1303 1330 < 1262 u 1258 1262 1261 Newburg Branch. 123 (Shortcut.) 2 6 7 13 15 17 20 Greenwood. Junction. 128 Central Valley. Highl'd Mills. 126 Woodbury, Mountainville. Cornwall 12 " Vails Gate June. New Windsor. Newburg. 138 I Archaean. 3? Lower Silurian, l.s Silurian Grits. 48 f 10? Green Pond Mt \ S'rs, Mid. Dev'n.*^ 3? Lower Silurian, 1. s. 4 c. Hud. Riv. 280^142 280 192 it 25 ire t.o, Wand 110 feet high, besides the intervening rapids. Two of them are visible from the car rindows on the north side. The bridge crosses the upper falls. The river pursues a meandering soui>f through this deep gorge and over these three successive cascades, descending more than 500 feet, and passes out into the Valley of the Genesee at Mount Morris. The gorge is 20 miles long river, or 14 by the public road, and its depth in some places is not less than 350 feet, its width only about GOO feet, and the banks nearly perpendicular. The place is well worth a visit. It is cut out of the 11 a. Portage group, except tne lower end, which is in the 10 c. Genesee shale. The 128 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Ms. Lake Shore & Mich. Southern B. B. Alt. Ms. Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsb'h B. B. Alt' Buffalo. 40 9 c Corniferous 58 Rochester. 5 c. Niagara. ^88 10 Hamburg. 148 10 Hamilton. 635 5 Maple wood. c< 21 Angola. <( '667 7 Brookdale. 6. Salina. 26 Farnham. u 623 11 Scoftsville. *< 058 29 Irving. (( 586 14 Garbuttsville. 6. Waterlime. 31 Silver Creek. 10 c. Genesee. 6 ss 15 Wheatland. < 590 40 Dunkirk. 598 1 1 a. Port. & Chemung. 17 Mum ford. " 618 49 Brocton Junct'n. 689 (( (' O 21 Lime Rock. 9c. U. Helderberg.'7: 57 Westfield. 697 < g*^ 25 Le Roy. " 72 65 Ripley, Pa. Bo g*^ 30 Pavilion Center. 10. Hamilton. s>*o 73 North East. K 33 Pavilion. L 65 83 Eagle Village. Machias. Moraine." Sum't. 1909 1 164 <5 "&llb. CheJ 128 Ashtabula. 14 * 648 ST.* 93 Ashford. Mor. " " (Continued in Ohio.) 5T 97 Ellicottsville. Moraine. " 156 f 102 Great Valley. 2 1 139 J New York, Chicago & St. Louis By. 108 Salamanca. Valley drift. " 139 ^ Buffalo Division.136 2 Buffalo. Erie Junction. 9 c. Corniferous. Buffalo. 9 c. Corniferous. 9 Bay View. 10. Hamilton. 2 Buffalo Creek. 10. Hamilton. 15 Lcikc Visw 5 W. Seneca. 28 32 Irving Silver Creek. H 10 c. Genesee. 10 11 Hamburg. Orchard Park. tt t( 42 50 Dunkirk. Brocton Ju. 11 a. Port. llb.Chem. <. 16 21 West Falls. Golden. it 11 a. Portage. 58 Westfield. ( 23 Glenwood. " 66 88 Ripley, Pa. Erie. < (i 28 31 E. Concord. Springville. u 103 Girard. <( 38 Riceville. 116 Conneaut, Ohio. 11. Erie Shale. 41 48 W. Valley. Ashford. 11 a. Por. llb.Chem.! Bath and Hammond sport B. B. 11 b. Chemung. 57 Gt. Valley Cent. 62 Bradford Ju. Bath.205 11 b. Chemung. n 5 63 Kilbuck. 5 Cold Spring. 66 Carrolton. < 9Ham'ndsport.i7 72 Limestone. < northwest to the mouth of the gorge, where the Genesee River, after running 20 miles through the deep canon from Portage, breaks out into the beautiful broad and fertile Genesee Valley. There in a good section close to the bridge over the river. Get a boat and row one mile up the pool of the State dam, which flows to the foot of the precipices all that distance. This is the finest exposure of the 10 c. Genesee in the State, the typical locality from which it was named, and the scenery is in itself re- markably good. The cliffs are 100 to 200 feet perpendicular, full of Septaria, like flattened cannon balls sticking in the walls. It is curious that so soft a shale rock should stand the weather so well and not form sloping banks when the edges only are exposed. See note No. 110, Portage. 113. Dansville is in a beautiful ampitheatre of Portage hills with very picturesque views fronaH the Water Cure and other elevated points. Moranic Kame-like hills of glacial origin. 114. The Rosendale Cement, manufactured near Rondout, is from the 6. Waterlime rock, which ] is here between the Medina sandstone and the Lower Helderberg limestone, the intermediate form mations being wanting. It is a light blue, fine grained limestone, with smooth conchoidal fracture. The same formation furnishes the Hydraulic Cement, made at Syracuse, N. Y., and elsewhere. 115. Jamestown. Chautauqua Lake is 18 miles long, 2 miles wide, 1291 feet above tide water and 726 above Lake Erie. Its northern extremity is only Smiles from Lake Erie, and yet it empties its waters by the Conewango, Allegheny, Ohio and Mississippi into the Atlantic. It is a beautiful sheet of water, bounded on its eastern side by gravelly sloping oauks, and on the west by more level and in some places marshy shores It is excavated in the Cnemung group, the Portage being along its outlet and on the shores of Lake Erie below, but of much less thickness than further east. 116. Cornwall. Just south of this station contact of the Trenton slates (See Note 142.) and the Archaean rocks of the highlands: the former overturned and dipping beneath the latter. See also Notes 130 and 126. N. H. DABTON. NEW YORK. 129 Buffalo, New York aud Philadelphia, now, M -. Western N. Y. & Penna. B. B. Alt. B., N. Y. & P., now Wn. N. Y. & Pa. B. B., Ms. Rochester Division. Con. Alt o 18 17 29 36 39 43 50 57 63 69 76 84 97 107 121 Buffalo.* Elm*. Aurora. ' 2 5 Wales. Holland. Protection. Arcade." 5 1457 Yorkshire. Machias. Franklinville. Ischua. Hinsdale. Olean.2oi Portville. Eldred, Pa. Larabees. Port Allegeny. Keating Summit. Emporium. 1024 9 c. Corniferous. 588 10. Hamilton. 27 " &lla. Portg. M ( 1176 47 50 Tuscarora. Nunda Ju. 11 a. Portage. 1C lla.Por.&llb. Chem. 11 b. Chemung. to Conglomer. 11 b. Chemung. u 53 62 Nunda. Swains. Moraine. " 1S8S lla.Por.&llb. Chem. Moraine. " 1458 lib. Chemung. isss Vall'y drift. " i4i << 1501 Moraine. " 1438 1442 12.Catskill. 14 * 3 1481 1482 < 1881 f 14 a. Carboniferous, \ summit of hills. 52 55 59 64 68 72 75 91 99 106 W. Nunda. Lewis. Portage. Wiscoy. Filmore. Houghton. Caneadea. Cuba. Hinsdale. Olean.zoi 3 9 13 19 25 33 39 Olean. Alleghany. S. Vandalia. S. Carrolton. Salamanca. Red House. Wolf Run. Cory don, (Pa.) Pittsburgh Division. 136 Buffalo.* 10 Hamburg. 1 * 8 40 Dunkirk. 49 Brocton. 56 Prospect. 63 Mayville. 69 Summerdale. 73 Sherman. 79 Panama. 83 Clymer. (Continued in See Lake Shore R. R. tt 11 b. Chemung. s ( 1221 1300 1629 1568 1545 1146 Pennsylvania. Michigan Central Bailway. 136 13 16 17 Buffalo. Fort Erie. Chippawa. Niagara. Clifton. (Can'da). 9 c. Corniferous. 5 c. Niagara. Tonawanda Valley & Cuha By. 136 Attica. 9 Johnsonburg. 13N. Java. 19 Curriers. 26 Arcade. 11 a. Portage. 11 a. Per. lib. Chem. 11 b. Chemung. Rochester Division. 138 6 12 20 26 29 33 35 39 41 Rochester.i 3 ^ Genesee Ju. Scottsville. Avon. 111 York. Pifford. Cuylerville. D., L. & W. Cros. Mt. Morris. Sonyea. 5 c. Niag. 5 b. Clinton. 6. Salina. 9 c. Cornif. 6. Waterli. 10 b. Hamilton. M 10 c. Genesee. 36:Fairview. 59 Cuba. 30 Sandusky. Rochester and Lake Ontario Bailroad.136 Rochester. Lake Beach. 5 c. Niag. 5 b. Clinton. 5 a. Medina. 117. Tribes Hill. Good Trenton fossils at quarries and along outcrop. Canastota, Cazen- ovia and surrounding country excellent ground for Lamellibrachiati of Hamilton group, and there and at Hamilton best locality for Homolonotut Dekayi. R. P. WHITFIELD, Curator of Museum of Nat. Hist, of N. Y. 118. New Hamburgh. Wappinger Creek, entering the River here is bordered for nearly its entire course of thirty miles from Stissing Mountain, mostly on west, by ridges of limestone. This belt of limestone, like another one lying further east along the Harlem Railway, traverses the Hudson River shales of the County from N. E. to S. W.; like the shales, it consists of denuded folds, dipping mainly eastward, often forced over so as to overlie the younger slates. These lime-tones have lately been proved, on the evidence of fossils, to comprise at least the following formations: 1. Strata of associated limestone and quartzose rock, of the Lower Cambrian, containing Olen- ellus trilobites. These are best seen at the bases of Stissing and Fishkill Mountains. Limestones and calcareous shales of Middle Cambrian or Paradpxides horizon. 3. The Upper Cambrian, or Potsdam, arenaceous limestones interstratified with calcareous shales and sandstones. 4. A prominent stratum, probably Calciferous, but containing mostly a new and unique fauna. Its most characteristic locality is Rochdale, four miles northeast of Poughkeepsie. 5. Trenton limestone, with a fauna of Canadian type, shown at Rochdale and Pleasant Valley. 130 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Fonda, Johnstown and Gloversville Ms. Lehigli and Hudson River R. R. Alt. Ms. Railroad. Alt. Grey court. 130 4 c. Hudson River. Fonda. 13 4b. Utica. 2 " 1 East Chester. < 6 Johnstown. " Strise. 3 Sugar Loaf. < 8 Gloversville. j 4 b. Utica and 80 \ 4 a. Trenton. 4 9 Lake. Warwick. 141 4 a. Trenton. 5 * 2 tt 502 22 Northfie.d. 180 ( 4 b. Utica and \ 1 a. Laurentian. 12 New Milford tt Lackawanna & Pittsburg R. R.136 New York, Susquehanna & West'ii R. R. 123 Clean Division. 71 Quarry ville,N.J. 4 c.Hudson River. 142 Olean. lib. Chemung. 72 Van Sickles. '< 4 Gordons. 75 Unionville. i 6 Postville. " & Conglom. 78 West Town. ' 7 White House. tt 81 Johnsons. ' 10 Ceres. tt 83 Slate Hill. i 15 18 Little Genesee. Bolivar. Chemung to Conglom. 11 b. Chemung. 85 1 Spring Side. 88 Middletown. ' 20 Richburg. " West Shore R. R. 143 29 Friendship. 38 44 Narrow Gage Ju. Angelica. Weehawken,N. J. 2jNew Durham. 6 Little Ferry. 7 Ridgefield Park. 8|E. Hackensack. 9iTeaneck. 144 Trias.; Trap dike.* 5 16 Triassic. 4 tt 8 ft 6 It 50 95 Lackawanna Division. 136 6 Nar'w Guage Ju. Angelica. 11 b. Chemung. 16 94 Birdsall. 10 W. Englewood. tt 74 A%. 29 37 o\VLlHS. Canaserago. Rogersville. it ti 12 Bergen Fields. 13 Schraalenburgh. 16 Randalls. ft 67 ft 82 It 46 41 ~~0 10 Wayland. tt tt 11 a. Portage. 18 West Norwood. 19Tappan, N. Y. 144 21 Orangeburgb. 52 74 It 93 Swains. Nunda. 12 Junction. " 22 Blauveltville. tt 122 Ulster and Delaware Railroad. 24 NyackT'pike. 145 " Trap. 56 :londout. 114 i 4 c. Hudson Riv. 6 \ 6. Water Lime. 26 29 Valley Cottage. Congers. tt 125 tt 173 4 9 Kingston. 159 West Hurley. 7. Lower Helderberg. 10. Hamilton. 534 33 37 Haverstraw. 146 Tompkin's Cove. tt 75 14 ??Slates &limest's. 5 12 Olive Branch. 11 b. Chemung. 504 39 Jones' Point. 1 a. Laurentian. 6 15 Brook's Crossing. LI a. Portage. 41 lona Island. ti 7 17 Broadhead Bra. tt 504 43 FortMontgomery. tt 8 18 Shokan. 87 11. Chem. & 11. Cats. 47 i Cranston's. tt 8 21 Boiceville. 12.Catskill. 604 48 West Point. 8 24 Mount Pleasant. 52 Cornwall. 116 4 c. Hud. Riv. 1 ^ 2 10 27 32 Phoenicia. 206 Fox Hollow. tt 796 1004 57 Newburgh. 13 8 f Hudson Riv. and 28 \ Cambro-Silu. limest. 33 36 Shandaken. Big Indian. tt 1072 1213 61 Clark's Dock. 149 f 3. Lower Silurian \ limestones. 10 39 Pine Hill. 1679 f " Lowest Pass \ofthe Catskill Mts. 65 68 Marlborough. 150 Milton. 9 4 c. Hudson River. 1 4 c. Hud. Riv. Group. 9 44 Griffin's Corners. 12. Catskill 1504 72 Highland. tt 9 48 Dean's Corners. 11. Chemung. 78 West Park.isi ( 108 51 Kelly's Corners. 208 tt 1378 80Esopus. 162 tt 113 53 Halcottville. 2 <>8 1403 83 Ulster Park. tt 145 57 Straton's Falls. 12. Catskill. 88'Kingston. 153 9 c. Corniferous. 1 8 a 59 Roxbury. 208 1501 95 Mt. Marion."* tt 159 65 74 Moresville. Stamford. 20 "and Chemung. tt 1771 99'Saugerties. 154 103, West Camp. 154 9 a. Cauda Galli. 158 4c. Hudson River. 118 This limestone crosses the Hudson Hirer obliquely in two strips, between Hampton, _ south of Marlborough). and Danskammer Point. At the north end of the New Hamburgh tunnel, the limestone is well shown overlying, by inversion, the Hudson River shale. The shales throughout this County are mainly of the Hudson River Group, with here and there Graptolitic layers, which are by some geologists assigned to the Utica slates. W. B. L>. NEW YORK. 131 M-. West Shore. Con. Alt. Ms. West Shore. Con. llO.Catskill.iss 4c. Hudson Riv. ? 33 255 W amps ville. 5 c. Niagara. * 50 115 West Athens. 127 257 Canastota. 6. Salina. 43 120 Coxsackie. 187 201 Canaseraga. t. 417 12". New Baltimore. 185 204 Chittenango. 410 128 Coeyman's Ju. 177 268 Kirksville. 420 133 Selkirk. 148 270 Manlius Centre. 412 141 Albany. 18 274 Dewitt. ( 410 202 (i 225 297 *< 827 812 286 278 Syracuse. _>*") Amboy. 288 Warners. 290 Memphis. 295 Jordan. 300 Weedsport. 303 Port Byron. 399 402 428 4 5 u 393 i 423 339 128 Coeyman's Ju. 132 S. Bethlehem. 136 Feura Bush. New Scotland. 142 Voorheesville. 146 Guilderland. H7 Fnllprs 1 r UHcrs. 152 S. Schenectady. 846 4 a. Trent. & 3 a. Calc. 307'Montezuma. 309 Seneca River. 311 Savannah. (( 339 405 i Saratoga. 160 Rotterdam Ju. 4 b. Utica. 287 31 7 Clyde. 389 161 Patterson ville. < 270 324 Lyons. 403 168 Port Jackson. 4 a. Trenton. 2 8 1 329 Newark. 433 173 Fort Hunter. < 294 333 Port Gibson. 430 174JAuriesville. ft 803 338 Palmyra. 436 178 Fulton ville. 4 b. Utica. ' 341 Macedon. ( 472 183 Downing. M 296 349 Fairport. 449 187Sprakers. 0! (la. Laur. capped by \ 3 a. Calcifer. hills. 353 Pittsford. 356 Edgewood. ( 470 500 193 Canajoharie. 4 a. Trenton. 3 2 360 Red Creek. 542 194 Fort Plain. aoe 4 a.Birdseye, 4 a.Tren. 362Genesee Ju. 5 c. Niagara. 5 2 5 199 St. Johnsville. 4 c. Hudson River 327 367 Rochester. 200 Mindenville. 331 363 Maplewood. 535 204 Indian Castle. 339 365 Chili. i' 549 209 Little Falls. 1 a. Laurentian. 3 8 2 368 Buckbees. 563 212 Jacksonburgh. 888 372 Churchville. 6. Salina. ser 217 Mohawk. 4 b. Utica. 96 374 Bergen. < 530 219 Ilion. 890 381 Byron. 615 221 Frankfort. 398 387 Elba. 760 225 W. Frankfort. 403 392;0akfield. < 765 229 E. Utica. 497 398 Alabama. ( 710 231 Utica. 518 404 Akron. 9 c. Corniferous. 6 7 238 Clark's Mills. 4c. Hudson River. 5 1 6 410 Clarence. 706 242Heckla. o a. Medina. 62 - 415 Bowmansville. ( 695 247 Vernon. 5 b. Clinton. 595 433 E Buffalo Ju. 620 262 Oneida Castle. 1 5 c. Niagara. 458 |l426 Buffalo. i*a ( 579 119. Poughkeepsie. From the north end of the New Hamburgh tunnel, with the exception of a short strip of Potsdam limestone a little south of Camelot, Hudson River shales and grits occupy continuously the east bank of the River as far as Rhinecliff and beyond, passing under the city of Poughkeepsie. Also they form the west bank from Hampton to Rondout. At sev- eral points there appear, without any definite divisional lines, layers of graptoliyc shales which pome geologists consider characteristic of the Utica Slate. Such layers occur in the R. R. cuts at the dock opposite the N. Y. State Hospital for the Insane, and at West Park on the west bank above the City. At a point immediately south of the Driving Park, and on the Spackenkill road are localities of fossiliferous Potsdam. At the first point there is a conspicuous fault between the Potsdam and Hudson River Groups, which continues three miles southeasterly, striking the river in a bold bluff south of Camelot Here are extensive and valuable beds of moulding sand, which are evidently in part at least derived from the disintegration of the Potsdam arenaceous lime- stone. This fault is a part of the great system of faults described in Note 8. W. B. D. 120. Schodack Landing. The Hudson River shales in the neighborhood abound in graptolites and about a mile and a half south are overlaid in apparent conformity by schists and limestones, containing fossils of the Lower Cambrian group, the latter rocks making the third promontory along the R. R. track south of the station. When the foliage is absent, the line of contact of the two groups can be seen from the cars. S. W. FORD. 121. Albany. Two miles below Albany at Kenwood in ravine near Knitting Mill is the fa- mous locality for the Norman's Kill graptolites in Utica Slate. Beds nearly covered by buildings at present. The bed is seen near the middle of D. & L. R, R. cut. R. P. W. Champlain deposits here. T. C CHAMBEBLIN. 132 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Ms. New York City & Northern R. R.156 Alt. N. Y. Central and Hudson River R. R. 01155 StreetJ is, Ms. Harlem Division. 162. 174, 175, 176. Alt. I High Bridge. Limestone. 8 0|New York. See Note 4. o South Yonkers. Middle Lauren. n 9 Fordham. Middle Laurentian. 11 N. Yonkers. '164 11 Williams Bridge. Limestone. 130dells. 119 14 W. Mt. Vernon. 15 Ashford. 16 Bronxville. << 18 Elmsford. M 17 Tuckahoe. " Marble. 20 E. Tarrytown. << 20 Scarsdale. 21 Tarrytown. (( 22 White Plains. Middle Laurent'n. 2 o a 23 Tarrytown Hts. 387 31 Pleasantville. Limestone. Marble. 27 Whetson's. 33 Chappaqua. tt 30 Merritts Cors. 346 37 Mount Kisco. M Middle Laurentian. 32 Croton Lake. 40 Bedford. 2 9 1 " Feldspar pro- 37 Yorktown. < 439 45 Golden's Bridge. Jj " duced for pot- 38 Amawalk. 384 47 Purdy's. -, " teries. 39 West Somers. 517 48 Croton Falls. !3 356 42 Bald win Place. 621 53 Brewster's. 414 L. Laure. Iron ore W. 44 Mahopac. Lower Laurentian. 641 56 Dykeman's. " on summit. 47 Crafts. i 482 61 Patterson. Camb. Silurian 1. s. 49 Carmel. 519 64 Pawling. 52 TillyFoster Mines 401 71 South Dover. 415 u iron ore W. 54 Brewster. < 406 76 Dover Plains. " Limest. on E. 122. The limestones and sandstones used for flagging and building in the various cities along the line of the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R.. are as follows: At Albany and Schenectady, 4c. Hud- son River; Utica and Rome, 4 a. Trenton limestone, generally of the Birdseye portion, which produces the thickest stone; at Syracuse, Auburn and Geneva, the 9. Upper Helderberg, generally the Onondaga or lower portion of it; from Rochester to Buffalo the 5 a. Medina sandstone is the favorite for these purposes. Some 5. Niagara limestone are used at Rochester and 9 Upper Helderberg or Corniferous at Buffalo, especially for lime burning. But the best flagstones are from the Hamilton and Chemung formations, and generally come from the shores of Cayuga Lake. Large quantities of flagstones are also brought from the upper part of the Hamilton group in the higher parts of the Helderberg, and from the same geological position along the west side of the River Hudson from below Catskill as far as Kingston. 123. By Mr. Nelson H. Darton, of the U. S. Geological Survey. Mr. Darton prefers to use the term 4 a. Trenton rather than Hudson River for the wide areas of slates in Orange and ad- jacent counties, which contain a mixed Hudson River and Trenton limestone fauna, but for the sake of uniformity Hudson River is used throughout the chapter. 124. Meadow Brook. About three-fourths of a mile east, the railroad crosses the ridge de- scribed in note 126. The red grits near this station are the some as those in the ridge there de- scribed, brought up by a synclinal. N. H. D. 125. Caledonia and Stafford, two of the best places in the State for silicified Upper Helder- berg corals. Akron also. Excellent corals at Le Roy. R. P. W. 12G. Cornwall. Just west of this station is a ridge composed of red and grey conglomerates similar to those near Highland Mills and probably near Oneida in age. It is flanked on the western side by Lower Helderberg limestone from the Waterlime to the Delthrysis shaly limestone, the latter holding a bed of Limonite and plentiful fine casts of about a hundred varieties of fossite. The occurrence of this fossiliferous rock so far from the main mass of the formation is very in- teresting. See also Note 124. N. H. D. 127. Passaic. South of this station the palisadal front of the First Watchung or Orange Mountain is in sight. This long canoe-shaped ridge and some others behind it to the west and south are capped by the outcropping edges of great sheets of basalt lavas, which were outpoured at intervals on the floor of the Triassic sea during the deposition of the formation. The upper surfaces of these sheets, when not too deeply eroded, are deeply vesicular and at some points they are exposed in contact with unaltered snaly sediments. The more or less vesicular and alt- ered bases of tfiese sheets lie with perfect conformity on the shales, which often extend for some distance up the steep sides or the ridges and dip at low angles westward. Basal contacts in the quarries on the ridge slopes southeast of Paterson may be seen from the cars and are fine exposures in the deep gorge, into which the Passaic River falls in crossing the First Wat- chung ridge in Paterson. N. H. DARTON. 128. Turner'*. On emerging from the highlands north of Greenwood the line of the road pass- , es over a broad valley encirling and extending northeastward from Turner's, and is in greater part underlaid by limestones of undetermined, but probably Lower Silurian age, and by slates of Tren- ton age. N. H. D. 129. Monroe. A mile west of this station a synclinal holding Middle Devonian is crossed, but no outcrops are visible from the cars. These rocks extend for many miles southward into New Jersey. In New York they form Bellvale Mountain to the Erie R. R. and thence extend northward in the high, rough, double crested ridge known as Schunemunk Mountain. The lower members are flagstones and slates, the upper a coarse pebble conglomerate. In a flagstone quarry, two miles N. N. \V. of Monroe, the remains of Devonian plants are quite abundant. In the valley wentward the series is underlaid by a white Quartzite succeded by limestone holding an Upper Silurian fauna and an unfossiliferous limestone lying on Gneiss. The two last are exposed in the railroad cut a mile east of Oxford. This gneiss is flanked on the west by an inconsiderable thickness of lime.- stone winch is overlaid by the slates which are thence exposed nearly to Oxford. N. H. D. NEW YORK. 133 N. Y. Central & Hudson River R. B. Con. Ms. Harlem Division. Con. Alt. Ms. N. Y., New Haven & Hartford R. R. Alt. 82 Wassaic. 84 Aiuenia. 87 Sharon. 93 Millerton. 2 97 Mount Riga. 100 Boston Corners. 106Copake. 109 Hillsdale. " 116Martinsdale. 120 Philmont. I'J'. <:hent. 127 Chatham. All the iron ore is pro none on the east side of Cam.-Sil. Schists. " " 1. 8. " " "Burd'n'sgun " "bar'l iron oreW " " 1. s. (Summit). " " Iron ore W. i ron Works. Cambro-Silurian. u { duced on the west side- railroad. 12 15 18 22 25 27 30 31 35 New York." 8 Williams Bridge. Mount Vernon. New Rochelle. Mamaroneck. Rye. Port Chester. Greenwich. Cos Cob Bridge. Stamford, Conn. See Note 4. fid. Montalban, \ probably. 70 Harlem River Branch. 1 o 12 Harlem River, Port Morris. West Chester. New Rochelle. Montalban or Meta- morphic. See Note 4. u N. Y., Rutland & Montreal Ry. Chatham 4 cor. 5 Chatham. 11 Rider's Mill. 18 New Lebanon. 27 Lebanon Springs. 31 N. Stephentown. 34 Centre Berlin. 39! Berlin. 44 Petersburg. 4~> N. Petersburg. 47 T. & B. Junction. 53 Bennington, Vt. 4 c. Hud. Riv. Group. (( \v Jersey. They are underlaid by limestones, which hold Lower Silurian faunas. N. H. D. 131. Suffern. A short distance east is Union Hill composed of a thin sheet of trap lying upon heavy beds of Conglomerate. N. H. D. 132. Sparkill. At many points south of here overlying stata are found in contact with Palisade trap sheet, as stated in Note 5. North of this station the R. R. crosses the sheet and skirts the east side of the ridge at a considerable altitude. The under contact of trap and sandstone maybe found near Piermont-on-the-Hill, and near Grandview, above the R. R. N. H. D. 133. Homestead. See Note 5. This road crosses the Palisade trap ridge in the Erie tunnel and skirts its western base to Sparkill where it recrosses to Piermont. A few hundred yards S. E. of the station, and in sight from the cars, contact of trap and overlying shales is exposed in a small quarry. N. H. D. 134. New Durham. Three-fourths of a mile east in a cut at entrance to W. S. R. R. tunnel the dike structure of Palisade trap is exposed at unconformable contact with overlying sand- stones. N. H. D. 135. Oranton. A short distance north is a small 4 ike and sheet of trap separated from the Palisade sheet by a slight thickness of sandstone. N. H. D. I3>i. By Prof. H. S. Williams, of Cornell University. 1:57. Rochester. Shales below falls filled with corals and Braehiopods of Niagara group. En- anton exposed and many layers filled with excellent fossils. Several beds of graptolites known by the black color of the seam. Lower fall gives limestone filled with Pentamerous Elong- atus and below Medina sandstone with fucoides, etc. R. P. WHITFIELD. See Note 36 and Glacial Note 181. 138. Newburgh. The city rests upon strata which are evidently similar to those identified in Duchess County. The entire water-front is composed of Hudson River shale, while that part of the city west of West street is on the belt of limestone which crosses ;the river from New Hamburg in Duchess County. On the river road three miles north of the city, there are highly fossiliferous ledges of the Trenton group, containing the Coral Solenopora Compacta, and very large Crinoid columns. With this exception this great belt of limestone from Hampton to Long Pond appears to be entirely without fossils. A comparison with the more northern ex- tension of the belt makes it probable that besides the Trenton, Calciferous and Cambrian strata are present. Snake Hill to the south and Cronomer's Hill to the west, are Archsean gneiss. W. B. D. 139. Mt. Joy. Road crosses Palisade trap sheet. 140. Eagle Bridge. At Eagle Bridge, Cambridge and Granville, the railroad passes over a narrow strip of Hudson River Shales flanked on either side by broad masses of Lower Cam- brian or " Georgia " shales and limestones, which are not more than a mile distant, or less. At Salem a broad belt of Hudson River shale lies a short distance to the west. Fossiliferous localities of the Lower Cambrian have been found near Shushan, Salem, Rupert and Granville. (Some of the chief localities described are one mile south of Shushan one and one-half miles .ea-t and west, and one mile south of N. Greenwich (near Salem) two miles south of North Granville, and at Low Hampton, just west at the crossing of Poultney River.) W. B. D. 134 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Ms. Boston and Albany Railroad. Alt. Ms. Hartford & Conn. Western R. R. Alt. Albany. 1 Greenbush. 9;Schodack. 208 17 Kinderhook. 20; Chatham Centre. 24 Chatham.* 6 3 29 East Chatham. 39 State Line. (Continued 4 c. Hudson River. 3 2 24 Doubtful, 17 4,175ft! 7 6 318 315! 4c.Hud. Riv. Gr'p. 462 691 869 914 in Massachusetts). Rhinecliff. 3 Rhinebeck. 7 Red Hook. 11 Spring Lake. 17 Jackson Corners. 25 Ancram. 35 Boston Corners. 42 State Line. See Con 4 c. Hudson River. 2-4 Camb. Sil. Schists. u 3-4 Camb. Sil. Limest. necticut. Newburgh, Dutches* & Conn. Railroad.164 Hudson & Chatham Branch. 2 4 6 11 13 Dutchess June. Matteawan. 170 Glenham. 170 Fishkill. Hopewell. Clove Branch Ju. 4 c. Hud. Riv. Group. <( 119 213 Calcif.-Trent.mrs. 2 !* 252 289 4 c. Hudson River. 39 * 553 566 tt (( 437 Cambrian(Upper?) 4 70 3 a. Calciferous. f Calciferous and 5 5 \ Upper Cambrian. Cambrian (Upper?) 4 c. Hudson River. 687 Calciferous-TreiiU 7 2 Hudson. 4 Claverack. 9 Millerville. HPulver's. 15 Ghent. 17 Chatham. 4 b. Utica. Doubtful. 4 c. Hud. Riv. Group. 17 Sylvan Lake. New York & Massachusetts R. R. 164 19 25 30 37 40 45 47 50 52 54 59 Billings. Verbank. Millbrook. Bangall. 171 Stissing June. Pine Plains. Bethel. Shekomeko. 172 Husted. Winchell's. Millerton. 6 11 13 16 18 20 21 27 31 37 Poughke'psie.n 9 Pleasant Val.ic 5 Salt Point.is 6 Clinton Cors. 167 Willow Bro'k. 16 s Standfordville. Mclntyre. Stissing.i69 Pine Plains. *ro Ancram L'd. Ms. Boston Corners. 4 c. Hud. Riv. G'p. 1 ? 9 4 a. Trenton. 4 c. Hud. Riv. Group. 4 c. Hud. Riv. Shale. Cambri.(?) limestones. 4 c. Hu. Riv. Shale. 3 2 3 Calciferous limestone. 2 a and 2 a Cambrian. 2a and 2 (?) Cambrian. 570 738 141. Warwick. At Edenville, four miles west, compare the "blue limestone" of Primor- dial or Lower Silurian age with the "white limestone" of the Archaean, which there crop out in parallel and almost contiguous ridges. The Archsean limestone is highly crystallized and contains many crystals of foreign matter. W. B. D. 142. This series of slates, occupying large areas in Orange County, New York, and extend- ing southward into New Jersey, contains a mixed Hudson River and Trenton limestone fauna, and should perhaps be designated Trenton. (See Note 123.) N. H. D. 143. West Shore R. R. Stations from Weehawken to Nyack Turnpike are by Prof. W. B. Dwight of Vassar College, thence to Cornwall by Mr. Nelson H. Darton, U. S. Geologist, thence to Esopus by Prof. Dwight, and thence to Albany by Prof. Dwight and Hon. James G. Lindsey of Rondout. From Albany to Buffalo the tables are by Prof. H. S. Williams of Cornell. On this portion see notes on New York Central, running nearly parallel. 144. For stations in N. J. see also New Jersey Chapter. 145. Nyack Turnpike. From some distance south of this station and thence northward, this road skirts the western side of the palisade trap sheet, and crossing it in a tunnel north of Congers, follows its eastern side to Haverstraw, where the high ridge formed by the trap, curves westward to the highlands. In the cut at the southern end of the tunnel the highly altered sedimentary beds are exposed, abutting against the steep trap dike, while on the east side of the ridge, they are exposed dipping gently beneath the trap, indicating the dike and sheet structure described in Note 5. N. H. D. 146. Haverstraw. One mile north of the station there is a cut through 16. Triassic cal- careous conglomerate. A few hundred feet farther, on Stony Point, the deep cut gives fine exposures of some members of the Cortland series of intrusives and metamorphics. N. H. D. 147. Tompkirfs Cove. Extensive quarries of blue and grey limestones near station. Age of the beds uncertain but probably Lower Silurian. They are separated from the Archaean rocks of the highlands by black slates of unknown age, which are exposed at many points in this vicinity and southward to Pompton, N. J. N. H. D. 148. Hamburg. Eighteen Mile Creek and vicinity are most excellent localities for Ham- ilton fossils, along lake shore and up stream a short distance and also at Hamburg in cutting on R. R. (R. P. W.) Sub-aqueous drift; lake terraces along the lake shore to Ashtabula. (CHAMBERLIN.) 149. Clark's Dock. Interesting clay beds of the Champlain Period deposited in the form of three inverted, truncated cones, instead of horizontally, as is usual in the beds lining both banks of the Hudson. W. B. I). 150. Marlborough. Hampton Point, three quarters of a mile south is the northern edge of the limestone belt crossing from Duchess County, (See Note 118.) and passing to the west of Newburgh. Hre Kerr's Hydraulic Cement Works are now in successful operation. The lime- stone is apparently Cambrian with perhaps Lower Silurian. See Note 138. W. B. D. lf>l. West Park. On the north side of a railroad cut just south of Hazen's (or Adam's Dock), and between one and two miles south of the railroad station, slabs of slate covered with excellent graptolites, may be obtained. These are referred by Prof. Whitfield to the Utica slate ; by some other geologists to the Hudson River Group. W. B. D. NfiW YORK. 135 Ms. New York & New England R. R.164 Alt. Ms. Troy and Boston. Con. Alt. ONewburgh. 1 '* 4 c. Hudson River. 26 Hoosic Junction. 4 c. H. Riv. & Georgia- 1 4 Fiskkiil.ns Matteawan.* 70 a State Line. f 4 c. Hud. Riv. and \ Calcif.-Chazy-Tren. 8 Fishkill Village. Calcif.-Trent. I's. 213 27 Hoosic Falls. 4 c. Hudson River. 10 14 Brinkerhoff. Hopewell. 223 30 Hoosac. ( 4 c. Hud. Riv. and \ Calcif.-Chazy-Tren. 19 Stormville. 32 Petersburg. Calcif.-Chazy-Trent. 22 Poughquag. (< 36 North Pavvnal. Pawling. 43 Willi'mstown.i3 << 31 33 Patterson. Towners. Laurentian. u 432 45 Blackinton. f Hudson River and 1 Calcif.-Chazy-Tren. 38 Brewster. 406 48 North Adams. Calcif.-Chazy-Trenton. 44 Mill Plain. " Greenwich and Johnsonville Railroad. Troy and Boston Rail road. K4 (Fitchburg Railroad.)163 Washington Co. 1G4 9 Johnsonville. 4 c. Hudson River. OTroy. Hud.Riv. and Georgia. 5 Lee's. 4 Lansingburgh. 6 S. Cambridge. 9 Melrose. 8 W. Cambridge. < 13 Schaghticoke. " Trenton? 10,Summit. M 14 Vallev Falls. 4 c. Hudson River. 13 Easton. Lower Cambrian. 17 Johnsonville. 16 Greenwich. L'l Buskirk's. 4 c. H. Riv. & Georgia. 24 Eagle Bridge. 152. Esopus. On leaving the river in Esopus, before crossing Rondout Creek, going north, the road crosses the ends of a synclinal arch; the first rock is nearly vertical section of tamerus, Upper Pentamerus. After crossing the creek, the road enters a tunnel the south : end of which is Catskill Shaly, the middle section Upper Pentamerus and the north end Oriskany, all nearly vertical. After the tunnel is passed the Cauda Galli is entered and per- haps Schoharie Grit, and then Corniferous and it may be the Onondaga. J. G. L. 153. Kingston. Unconformability of Lower and Upper Silurian well shown here. Rpmark- | able contortions of strata. Fossils abundant. At Rondout, now included in the city of Kings- ton, are seen Hudson River Group; Oneida; Coralline limestone of Niagara Group; all the di- ! vision? of Lower Helderberg; Oriskany; Cauda Galli and Corniferous; all but the last two quite fossiliferous. At old Kingston, on Esopus Creek, Marcellus and Hamilton. Immense Cement quarries in Helderberg limestones. See "Non-conformity at Rondout " by W. M. Davis, Am. Journ. Science, November, 1883. Station is on terrace of Alluvium and Drift overlying Corniferous, which crops out in a high ridge to the eastward, dipping to the northwest. To the west bluff of Marcellus over- i lying Corniferous. J. G-. L. 154. Mount Marion. The road (going north) continues on Corniferous nearly to Saugerties, t where it comes again to the Cauda Galli and, before it reaches West Camp, it passes back over all the intervening layers to the Hudson River which it does not leave, except a few cuts into the Waterlime between West Camp and Catskill. J. G. L. At Glenerie a little over a mile southeast from Mount Marion station along the east bank of Saugerties Creek, are abundant exposures of Oriskany, crowded with finely weathered fossil" . B. D. (155. CatskiU. The Helderberg rises sharply to the west nearly all the way to Coeyman's. 156. By Prof. C. H. Hitchcock. 157. Ciinandaigua. Go up the lake six miles to Monteith's Pt. up ravine, most excellent Hamilton fossils, all classes. Also all along lake shore to Black Pt. Heads of Monteith's ra- vine, Genesee slate with plants, and gas springs. R. P. W. 158. Knowersville and Guilderland. Go up mountain to first plateau, rocks filled with Low- er Helderberg fossils. Tentacutites and Leperditia at base of vertical layers. Thompson's Lake one and a half miles back from top of bluff at Indian Ladder road, Schoharie grit and Up- per Helderberg fossils. Also Clarksville 12 miles southwest of Albany has yielded immense num- Sers of Lower Helderberg Bryozoans and Corals. R. P. W. 159. Schoharie. In the hill east and west from the village the entire Helderberg series occurs, and fossils are numerous in the Coralline limestone. Lower Helderberg, Oriskany sand, \ Schoharie grit and Upper Helderberg. R- P. W. 1JO. Darien. Best locality in the state for Hamilton in streams at Darien City, and also { two miles west of Darien Centre in small stream at Milldam, and for one mile below slate j road Corals and Shells. R. P. W. 101. The formations are given on this road approximately, no definite information having been published. From Dannamora to Lynn Mt. both the Laurentian and the Potsdam are given, implying that both strata are in the neighborhood. W. B. D. !'_'. Revised by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock. From Pawling to Chatham Prof. Dwight prefers . " Caloiferous " or " Calciferous-Trenton." This limestone, he says, is the eastern fork of the Copake- i Hillsdale belt of which the Wappinger Valley limestones are the western fork. Calciferons fossils J occur in it. Cambrian strata may be present. At North East Center, one and one-half miles south of B Miller-ton, Calciferous fossils occur on Edward Clark's farm. 136 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) Ms Ogdensburg & Lake Champlain R.R. Alt. Ms. Catskill Mt. & Cairo Railroad.164 Alt. 9 17 25 28 36 41 47 55 61 73 81 89 90 97 103 106 114 118 122 126 133 136 142 Ogdensburg. Lisbon. Madrid. Norwood. Knapps. Brasher Falls. Lawrence. Moira. Bangor. Malone. Chateaugay. Cherubusco. Ellenburg. Dannemora. Altona. Mooer's Forks. Mooer's Junction. Champlain. Rouse's Point. Alburgh. Alburgh Springs. Swanton. Swanton June. St. Albans, Vt. 3 a. Calcif. 20 ms. 248 n 2 b. Potsdam, 53 ms. it (i u 1 a. Laurentian, 5 ms. 2 b. Potsdam, 36 ms. (( (i 1356 U t( 3 b. Chazy. 3a.Cal.&3b.Chazy,4ms 3 b. Chazy, 2 miles. 4 b. Utica, 13 miles. 4 c. Hudson River. u 2 b. Potsdam, 6 miles. 1 8 14 16 Catskill Landing. Catskill. S. Cairo. Mountain House. Palenville. 4 c. Hudson River. 7 Low. Helderberg 1's. K Stony Clove and Catskill Mt. Railroad. 164 2 4 6 12 14 Hunter. Kaatersville Ju. Stony Clove. Edgewood. Lanesville. Chichesters. Phcenecia. 12. Catskill s. s. C| M a If ft Kaatersville Railroad. 8 Kaatersville Ju. Kaatersville. 12.Catskill s. s. Long Island Railroad. 10 19 25 Hunter's Point. Jamaica. Mineola. Hicks ville. 20. Quarternary, with Tertiary or Creta- ceous. 29 Syosset 163. Williamstown. An important point in the typical area of the original Taconic Series. Recent researches of laborious stratigraphic and paleontological field-work, have at last result- ed in securing, in general, a well-assured stratigraphy for this entire Taconic region includ- ing the great synclinals of limestones, shales, schists and quartzytes of the central moun- tain ridges and the adjacent rolling country on the east and west flanks. The most recent and extensive discoveries of fossils were made by Mr. C. D. Walcott in 1887 and in one or two years previous. Stratigraphic maps have been lately published by Prof. J. D. Dana, and by Mr. Walcott. These show beyond question that the main central ridges of Taconic rocks con- sist of Potsdam, Calciferous, Chazy, Trenton and Hudson River strata, flanked on the east by a belt of Potsdam and pre-Cambfian rock, and on the west by a wide belt of Lower Cam- brian somewhat intermixed with Hudson River Shales. Some of the principal localities of fossils are at Pownal, and three miles south of Ben- nington, Vt., north side of Graylock Mt., Mass, near Hoosac, and Hoosic, N. Y. and at other points for which see Note 140. W. B. D. 164. By Prof. W. B. Dwight, of Vassar Collge. 165. Pleasant Valley. Fossiliferous Trenton in cut near north of depot and in quarry, one half mile south. Calciferous limestone in ridges west of the Trenton, at quarry, etc. Fossiliferous Potsdam limestone a little northwesterly from railroad station. Hudson River shales on each side of the belt of these limestones. About half way between this and Salt Point fossilifer- ous Potsdam mainly composes hill on east side of the railroad near the school house. W. B. D. 166. Salt Point. Limestone belt passes to east of depot through Hudson River shales. At- Clinton Corners passes west of station. Exposure of Trenton and Calciferous limestone with a little Potsdam at Wallace's quarry one mile south of Salt Point. W. B. D. 167. Clinton Corners. Limestone of Potsdam and Calciferous groups occurs northwest of; station. 168. Willow Brook. A ledge of quartzite of Lower Cambrian occurs near the station to^j the southwest and some of the limestone may belong to the same horizon. 169. Stissing. Station stands on one of the Wappinger limestones, which appears in place in a little gully near track and in cuts to the north and south. Being without fossils its age is uncertain, but probably either Potsdam, Rochdale or Trenton. Between this limestone and the base of Stissing Mountain (Archaean gneiss) is a strip of red shale of the Olenellus group. On ascending the southern slopes of the Mountain, the red shale is succeeded by an underlying stratum of limestone of the "Olenellus" group, containing Hyolithellus Jf ir.aus ; underlying this a little higher up the declivity is quartzose rock also of the "Ole- nellus" group and immediately overlying the gneiss. In some spots this quartzyte is ferru- ginous and highly fossiliferous containing Olenellus asaphoides and other fossils. W. B. D. 170. Matteawan and Glenham. The stations (Newburg, Dutchess and Conn.) stand on shales of the Hudson River Group, which near Glenham become in some localities greenish and also bright purplish red. Ledges of an impure irregular granite appear at some points near Fishkill Creek surrounded by shales or limestones. On the southern side of the creek in Matteawan and Glenham are conspicuous ridges of limestone belonging to the Wappin- ger Valley series, but not yet exactly determined by fossils. On farm of Mr. Charles M. Wol- cott, southwest from Matteawan and three miles from the Hudson River ? quartzite of the Lower Cambrian crops out, immediately overlying the gneiss rock of Fishkill Mountain. "W. B. D. 171. Bangall. A broad belt of Calciferous and Cambrian limestones stretches northerly from Bangali for about a mile and a half along the Hull's Mills road; the Calciferous is quite fossiliferous at some points. In this vicinity there are numerous faults between the Hudson River Group, and the two stratigraphic components of the limestone. W. B. D. NEW YORK. 137 Long Island Railroad. Con. Alt. Ms. Long Island Railroad. Qm. Alt. Huntington. Xorthport. Port Je Her son. 20. Quartenary, with Tertiary or Cretaceous. 10 16 Jamaica. Valley Stream. 20. Quartenary. 19jOcean Point. L' 1 Far Rockaway. -ea Side House. : Farmingdale. Manor. Greenport. 36 47 54 Freeport. Babylon. Oakdale. Patchogue. H Hunter's Point. Woodside. Win field. Xe \vtovvn. Flushing. College Point. Whitestone. Brookdale < Staten Island Railroad. : Stapleton. Richmond. Pleasant Plains. Tottenville. {18 c. Cretaceous. (Plastic clay forma- tion.) it Brooklyn. Richmond Hill. 20. Quartenary. 172. Shekomeko, An independent strip of limestone about six miles Jong extends from le Square" two mile south of Shekomeko, up the valley to Pulver's Corners. It consists of Calciferous, and probably the Potsdam, which runs 1 frequently into calcareous shales. At Husted Station, the latter formation skirts the west flank of Winchell's Mountain, and is well hown in a deep cut just north of the station. In a cut south of the Shekomeko Station is i conspicuous fault between the Calciferous and Hudson River Group, and a little further toouth, the Calciferous contains fossils. W. B. D. 173. Canaan 4 Corners. The limestone belt between Canaan 4 Corners and State Line Station. Which with: the overlaying argillaceous and arenaceous rocks, formed a portion of the original "Taoonic Series" of Emmons, have recently been shown by indisputable paleontological evi- Wence to belong, in part at least, to Lower Silurian formations. Fossils have been recently discovered at the railroad tunnel (No. 290) and south of it, also on Browne's farm one mile jast of Canaan 4 Corners. These fossils indicate certainly Lower Silurian strata, probably of tht- Trenton and Calciferous groups. See note 163. W. B. D. Geology of Eastern New York. 174. The geology of the country between the Hudson River and the Connecticut and Massa- :s State Line was involved in almost entire obscurity until within a few years. In the MM geological survey of forty-eight years ago, the slates were assigned, for stratigraphic rea- lons, to the Hudson River Group, and the limestones without any evidence of any value Derived from fossil*, was assigned to the Calciferous and Trenton groups. Afterwards, the entire mass of rocks was indefinitely assigned to the Quebec Group and was so designated n the first edition of this GUIDE. The difficulty of ascertaining the true order was much in- fereased from the fact that the strata are much metamorphosed, flexed and faulted. It H now known, on abundant paleontological evidence, that the shales and schists with Home attendant "grits'* are of the Hudson River Group, and perhaps of the Utica Slate ; and hat the limestones and some quartzytes are Cambrian or Silurian, that is, comprising strata Ifither of the "Georgia" ["Olenellus"], Paradoxides, Potsdam, Calciferous, or Trenton. It is certain that tne three latter formations are largely represented. The fossils are iilque and important, but they are in general altered, fragmentary, difficult to obtain and limcult to study. W. B. DWIOHT. A general sketch of the geology of this region is given in Notes 175 and 176 by Drs. unt and Dana, who represent diverse views on some of the important questions connected rith the stratigraphy, and much information will be found in the tables and notes on Utions in this region, especially in Notes 118, 119, 138, 163 and 173. 175. To the east of the Hudson River in New York we find besides the Laurentian ocks of the Highlands, a great development of the gneiss and mica-schists of the Montal- m and of two other and very unlike series. The first of these is the Lower Taconic, con- sting of the Stockbridge limestone with quartzites and peculiar elates. This series together Ith the Primary crystaline schists, stretches up northward, passing along the southeast side ' the Highlands, and occupying portions of Eastern New York and Western New England, a the northwest side of the Highlands, extending northwand along the valley of the Hud- Hi, and as far as Lake Champlam, is found another series, variously designated as the Udson River Group, the Taconic Slates or Upper Taconic series of Emmons, and the Que- c group of Logan. These rocks have been supposed to be Upper Cambrian or Silurian, Jtica, Loraine and Oneida) but are now believed to be chiefly of Lower and Middle Cambrian fes. They are generally disturbed and often inverted, and include small outliers and in- olved portions of Upper Cambrian and occasionally of Silurian strata. This Upper Taconic 1 Cambrian group is distinct from and superior to the Lower Taconic. It is impossible in present state of our knowledge of their distribution to define the limits of these various roups of strata to the east of the Hudson, or to say at what stations the Upper Taconic, i Lower Taconic (Taconian) or the Primary rocks are met with. T. S. Hmrr. NOTE. Dr. Hunt here uses the terms Cambrian, etc. as given in the first edition. See Note 2, so Dr. Hunt's table in the Introduction. 176. To the north of Putnam County, N. Y., whose rocks are with small exceptions rchsean, there is a large development along the boundary between New York and New ngland of the "Lower Taconic Series" of Emmons, consisting of limestone, called in part Stockbridge limestone, with hydromica and mica-schists and quartzite. These rocka 138 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. Y.) extend northward over a portion of Eastern New York and neighboring portion of Connecticut, Massachusetts and the southern half of Vermont. The limestones have afforded Lower Sil- urian fossils in Canaan, (see Note 173), Columbia County, New York and in West Rutland and elsewhere in Central Vermont. The rocks near Poughkeepsie were made part of the "Low- er Taconic" and have recently afforded Lower Silurian and some Cambrian fossils. The slates were formerly all referred to the Hudson River Group. In Rensselaer Co., N. Y., oc- cur slates and other rocks made "Upper Taconic" by Emmons, containing Cambrian fossils and similar rocks occur in parts of western and northern Vermont. J. D. DANA. Note on the Glacial Drift on Long Island by Mr. Warren Upham, Assistant U. S. Geologist. 177. On Long Island the terminal moraine of the continental ice-sheet extends from Fort Hamilton twenty-four miles in a nearly northeast course to Roslyn ; thence it runs nearly due east sixty miles to Canoe Place and the Shinnecock Hills; next it turns northeast about eight miles to near Sag Harbor; and thence its course is east and east-northeast about twenty-five to Montauk Point. This range of hills long ago was called "The backbone of the island." From the Narrows to Roslyn, this moraine varies from 100 to 250 feet in height, is mainly composed of unmodified drift, upper till on the surface, with glaciated pebbles and boulders in deep excavations. Its irregular contour is well seen in Greenwood Cemetery and Prospect Park and at Ridgewood Reservoir. East of Roslyn it is almost wholly composed of modified drift, being waterworn grav- el and sand with few or no boulders. These deposits are stratified, but often with oblique bedding and seem to constitute the entire mass of hills from 200 to nearly 400 feet high. Harbor Hill, a half mile east from Roslyn is the highest, 384 feet above sea, and is of this kind. In the same class are Jane's Hill, 354 feet; Rutland's, 340 feet; Osborn's or Bald Hill, a few miles southwest from Riverhead, 293 feet, The portion of this moraine forming the peninsula of Montauk, ten miles long and 150 to 200 feet high, is stratified, but contains frequent embedded boulders, which are also spread over the surface. Long Island, south of this series of hills, consists of plains of fine gravel and sand 5 to 10 miles wide and lOOj long. The north portion at the foot of the moraine is 50 to 150 feet above sea, from which height they slope southward. Numerous ancient water courses 10 to 25 feet deep and 100 to 300 feet wide cross from north to south. In some cases these channels continue beneath the the sea level of the southern bays to the beach ridge, by which they are divided from the ocean. A later terminal moraine 100 to 200 feet high, formed during a halt in the final retreat of the ice-sheet, of modified drift, except near Greenport and Orient, forms the north shore from Port Jefferson to Orient Point. It is separated from the extreme moraine by plains, also crossed by old channels of drainage. Glacial Notes, BY PBOF. T. C. CHAMBERLIN, Of the United States Geological Survey and State Geologist of Wisconsin. 178. Roches Moutonnees at New York and for several stations east on the N. Y. & N. R. R. 179. Champlain. 180. Strise. 181. Between Syracuse and Rochester drumlins have very fine development. 182. Between Victor and Fisher's, kame-like, semi-morainic hills are well developed. 183. Kame-like, semi-morainic hills. 184. Kame-like gravel hills. 185. Glacial flood deposits. 18 C. R. R. i \ eilAsburv. 70 63 Valley. 71 65 Bloomsbury. 68 Springtown. 74Philiipsburg. 72 3 a. Magnesian. u (i u 438 398 334 312 223 66 Washington. 6 1 71 Oxford Furnace. 62 75 Bridgeville. 77 Manunka Chunk. 63 80 Delaware 1 a. Laurentian ; 2 b. Potsdam. 48 3 a. Magnesian ; 2 b. Potsdam. *9* 3 a. Magnesian. 395 Uc. Hudson. 32 " 295 2 Newark and New York R. R. 1 [Jersey City. 8[Newark. 1. Archaean. 16. Triassic. 10 35 44. The Archaean rocks are west of the plains. The drift is thick and the plains are a part of the old glacial Lake Passaic. The road enters the Highlands north of this station 4->. Dover is the center of the iron-mine district of Morris County l^ma^SS ( 5^I srl- here entered ' the road P* 88in s throu s h the terminal morain '* roaown 47. The beautiful and fertile valley is here spread ont before the traveler. Going south to Port Murray, deep cuts show slate. The Schooley's Mountain table-land is seen on the east The railroad cut exposes Potsdam sandstone and Laurentian gneiss. The Pohatcong Valley ifl here entered, aud hence to Broadway the line follows at the side of the valley 50. The railroad cut near Phillipsburg cuts a slaty rock, which may be Utica slate. east fooTof Lon mil" 16 ran8 fr m Summit into the valley of the Pa8s aic and along the south- 52. Bernardsville is at the border of the Laurentian Highlands. 53. Modified drift forms cuts m trap-rock and sandstone. On the right one sees the same rocks exposed in the bluff west of the mill*. Fine view of the city is here also had 56. i See Note 35.) 57. Here the road follows on northern foot of Hook Mountain and south of the Pomnton Plains. 58 Between Whitehall and Montville there are very fine sections of high terrace hills at the right Of the track. Footprints in red sandstone at quarry one mile southeast of ?he station tinn V T 9 hT ft fentine and chrysolite at Gordon's quarry two miles north of this sta- tion. Fossil fish locality is about two miles southeast Second Moumain^nge of' t^k the pa88en S er looks over the "* ^ndsfene plain-to the distant 61. i See Note 48.) !' ?nn en f ye SSS^ffi f.^.'^n-mines. Tunnel through the gneissic rocks east of the station. encil by the traveler. PENNSYLVANIA. 151 Pennsylvania. BY J. P. LESLEY, STATE GEOLOGIST. LIST OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF PENNSYLVANIA. Prof. Dana's Table of the Formations. Names Provisionally adopted in tne Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, by Prof. J. P. Lesley. g2S |o m ill 20. Quaternary. 20. Quaternary. 16. Triassic. 16. Triassic. 14 c. Upper Coal Measures. 14 c. f Green Co. Group. \Washington Co. Group, XVII. XVI. it Monongahela River Series. XV. 14 b. Lower Coal Measures. 14 b. Barren Measures. XIV. a Allegheny River Series. XIII. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 14 a. Pottsville Conglomerate. XII. 13 b. Upper Sub-Carboniferous. 13 b. Mauch Chunk Red Shale. XI. 13 a. Lower Sub-Carboniferous. 13 a. Pocono Gray Sandstone. X. 12. Catskill. 12. Catskill Red Sandstone. ' IX. lib. Chemung. 11 b. Chemung. VIII f. 11 a. Portage. 11 a. Portage. j VIII e. ( Genesee. 10 c. Genesee. 4) , O VIII d. 10. Hamilton, ] Hamilton. 10 b. Hamilton. S3 VIII c. ( Marcell'.is. 10 a. Marcellus, " 3 VIII b. 9. Corniferous. 9. Upper Helderberg. Villa, 8. Oriskany. 8. Oriskany. VII. 7. Lower Helderberg. 7. Lower Helderberg. VI. 6. Salina. 6. Salina. SB Vc. 5 c. Niagara. 5c. Niagara. 5' Vb. 5b. Clinton. 5b. Clinton. Va. 6 a. Medina. 5 a. Medina. IV b. (t Oneida. IV a. 4 c. Hudson River. 4c. Hudson River. "I o Illb. 4 b. Utica. 4b. Utica. | R Ilia. 4 a. Trenton. 4 a. Trenton. Hb. 3. Canadian. 3 a. Calciferous. '? II a. 2. Primordial or Cambrian. 2b. Potsdam. 1. 1. Archaean. 1. Azoic. NOTES OK TH TABLE or FORMATIONS. All beneath the Potsdam is styled Azoic, because no survey has yet sufficiently differentiated the mass into its several systems. The term Eozoic is rejected, partly because both too vague and too shifting, and partly because it would suit the Cambrian system better than the Huronian and Laurentian, both of which remain to all intents and purposes Azoic. The terms Huronian and Laurentian are known to apply lithologically to rock masses in Pennsyl- vania, but their geographical relationships in the State are but imperfectly made out. Much uncertainty still exists about the lines of demarcation between some of the formations in Pennsylvania, such as between the Catskill and Chemung; the Lower Helderberg and Clinton; the Hudson River and Utica; the Calciferous and Potsdam. Niagara, Onondaga or Salina, Corniferous and other names were omitted, in the first edition, because of their uncertain presence in many districts of the State ; and because of the narrowness of their upturned outcrops where they do exist. Some of the places named in the following lists occupy positions covering the width of two or more steeply outcropping formations, to any one of which, therefore, they might be assigned. In the northern and western counties it is often impossible to say precisely whether places stand upon Chemung, Catskill, Pocono or Mauch Chunk rocks. In such cases, Chemung has been pre- ferred, because the others might be studied in the surrounding hills on account of the general hon- zontality of the bedding. The last column in the table gives the numbers assigned to the Paleozoic formations in 1837, and their modifications since 1874. All above XII are additions. J. P. L. 152 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.) Pennsylvania/ Pennsylvania Railroad. Ms. New York Division. Alt. Pennsylvania Railroad. Ms. Pennsylvania Div. Main Line Con. Alt. 6 W. Philadelphia. Kensington. * 1. Azoic. 20. Quaternary. 2 ? 61 Bird-in-Hand. f 2-4. Siluro-Cam- 3 59 \ brian Limestones. 13 Holmesburg. u 69 Lancaster. 359 23 Bristol. 21 76 Landisville. 5 405 26 Tullytown. ( 20 81 Mount Joy. 366 32 Morrisville. 1. Azoic. 84 87 Elizabethtown. 6 16. Triassic. 457 33 Trenton, N. J. ( See New Jersey.) 3 95 Branch Inter. 7 Pennsylvania Division Main Line. 96 Middletown. " S14 {4 a. Trenton Lime- W. Philadelphia. 1. Azoic. 32 106 Harrisburg. stone and edge 32 5 Merion. 247 of 4 b. Utica Slate. 9 Bryn Mawr. 416 111 Rockville. 8 50 4 c. Hudson Riv. Slate. 20 Paoli. 534 113 Marysville. 5 a. Oneida Conglom'e. 22 Malvern. 546 120 Duncannon. 9 12 Catskill s. s. \ 56 28 33 Oakland. 2 36 s i Downingtown. f 2-4. Siluro-Cam- \brian. (Calcif'ous?) f 3 a. & 4 a. Magnesian \ Limesto's & Marbles 133 138 143 Newport. Millerstown. 10 Thompsontown. lib. Chemung. f 3s ("5 b. Clinton and 408 \ fossil iron ore beds. 7. L. Helderberg. *i 39 Coatesville. 380 148 Tuscarora. 10. Hamilton. 429 44 Parkersburg. 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 5 3 ? 152 Perry sville. 11 ( 441 47 Penningtonville. 500 155 Mifflin. 5 b. Clinton. 441 61 Gap. 3 1. AZOIC. 559 162 Narrows. 12 57 Lemon Place. 4 f 2-4. Siluro-Cam- \ brian Limesto's. 3 8 a 167 178 Lewistown. McVeytown. 13 7. L. Helderberg. 498 522 1. Kensington. This line runs along the Delaware river over alluvion and modified glacial drift, based upon Azoic rocks, upon which lie the bottom layers of the Cretaceous of New Jersey. 2. Oakland. Here the line finally leaves the Azoic rocks, across a fault, and passes white marble quarries to the Westchester Valley, rocks vertical, and probably identical with those of western Vermont. 3. Gap. Beds of quicksand. Wharton's famous nickel mine not far off'. 4. Lemon Place. From here to Elizabethtown, over the garden of Pennsylvania, the great lime- stone plain of Lancaster; steep dips; plications and faults innumerable; structure difficult. 5. Landisville. Zinc mines recently worked one mile to the east. 6. Elizabethtown. Road runs for a mile or two along part of a greenstone trap dike, twenty miles long, extending from the Cornwall iron mines near Lebanon, to the Susquehanna river at Falmouth, and into the trap region of York County. Good place to study the action of the trap rock in metamor- phosing the beds of New Red. 7. Branch Inter. South edge of the limestones of the Great Valley. 8. Rockville. Finest section in the State here. Seven miles thickness of rock, nearly vertical, slightly overturned, so that the upper formations seem to plunge beneath the lower, may here be measured, viz : From the Hudson River slates (Siluro-Cambrian), up to the Coal Measures on the summit of the Third Mountain. 9. Duncannon. Here a greenstone trap dike only 4 feet thick, crosses the road and river. It carries iron ore. One mile west, a coal bed is opened in the Pocono Sandstone, the representative of the New River Coal System of Montgomery County in Virginia. Five miles east is a curious notch in the summit of Peter's (Fourth) Mountain, where the Dauphin-Halifax Turnpike crosses its crest. The vertical wall is scored horizontally with glacial striae (t). Notice the terrace which the Catskill makes on the north flank of Peter's Mountain opposite Duncannon; it is the finest exhibition of Catskill terrace erosion in the State. See Notes 77 and 170. 10. Millerstown. Clinton fossil ore bed extensively worked here and at Mifflin. 11. Perrysville. Best place to study the little coal beds in Hamilton (Lower Devonian) rocks. 12. Narrows. Long Narrows. River flows in a narrow synclinal between anticlinals of Medina. 13. Me Veytown. Good place to study Oriskany glass sand quarries, one mile back of McVeytown on the opposite (north) side of river. * The altitudes In this chapter are taken from Report N, by Charles Allen, Assistant Geologist, and from other reports of the survey. The datum is high water in the Schuylkill and seven feet have been added to reduce to mean surface of the Ocean. PENNSYLVANIA. 153 Pennsylvania Railroad. Ms. Pennsylvania Div. Main Line Con. Alt. Pennsylvania Railroad. M*. Pennsylvania Div. Main Line. Con. Alt. 188 Newton Hamil'n. 10. Hamilton. SOS^erry. 14 b. Barren Mres. 11 73 U'l Mount Union. 195|Mapleton. 14 5 b. Clinton. 3*7 7. L. Helderberg. 5 93 313 Latrobe. 24 toos ( 14 c. Monongahela \ Riv. Series of C. M. 2:-! Huntingdon. is 10 b. Hamilton. 632 323 Greensburg. 1091 2lO;Petersburg. 6. Salina. 6 328,Penn. 974 210 Spruce Creek. i 4 a. Trenton L. s. 777 333 Irwin's. 884 220 Birmingham. 17 3 a. Calciferous. 8 6 6 343 Brinton's. , 787 22 -My rone. 5 b. Clinton. 7 347 Wilkinsburg. 14 b. Barren Mres. 923 227 Tipton. 48 10. Hamilton. 89 354 Pittsburgh. 25 ' 745 231 Bell's Mills. 18 237 Altoona. 1060 < 1178 Philadelphia and Erie Division. 242 Kittaning Pt. 19 12. Catskill. 159 * rUb.CoalMeas- 31 * 1 OSunbury. 36 Ill b. Chernung. 4 * 7 2 Northumberland. 12 Catskill. *7 24C- Gallitzin. j ures of the Alle- 9 Montandon. 6. Salina. ** ( gheny Riv. Series. 13 Milton. 3 7 476 252 Cresson. 2017 17 Watsontown. < 482 255 Lilly. 20 1887 19 Dewart. / lO.Hamiltonand 488 262 Wilmore. 1557 24 Montgomery. \7. L. Helderberg. 4 9 i 265 South Fork. 21 1485 28Muncy. 28 5 b. Clinton. 220 269 Mineral Point. 274 Conemaugh. 1414 1225 40Williamsport. 2 45 Linden. 10. Hamilton. 528 11 a. Portage. 53S 270 Johnstown. 1184 52 Jersey Shore.' lib. Chemung. 95 285Ninevah. 1121 57|Pine. S66 290 New Florence. i 1076 60. Wayne. 573 295 Bolivar. 22 1033 65 Lock Haven. 31 " 559 301 Blairs ville Int. 33 1113 14. Mapleton. Vertical Oriskany glass sand quarry on the opposite (east) bluff. 15. Huntingdon. Plenty of middle Devonian fossils to the south of the town, across the flat. One mile further on, high and picturesque pulpit rocks of Oriskany crown the bluffs on both sides of the river. Best view to be got by crossing the turnpike bridge at Huntingdon and riding a mile towards Petersburg. Fine pulpit rocks stud the crest of Warrior's ridge to the north and far to the north-east. 16. Spruce Creek. To the south are the Springfield Furnace mines. To the north-east, up Spruce Creek a dozen miles, are the largest limonite mines of the interior of the State. 17. Birmingham. Here Potsdam comes up in the center of the overturned anticlinal. 18. Bell's Mills. Blair's mine, between Bell's Mills and Altoona. An open quarry in limonite on Ori-kany and Helderberg outcrops; very curious. Unique exposure of celestine in the bank of the creek below Bell's Mills. 19. Kittaning Pt. Horseshoe Bend, on 1 gradient, cuts off the point of a spur of horizontal Devonian measures, between two ravines ; coal mines at the head of each ravine ; curious scenery. 20. Lilly. Coal mines and coke ovens for miles. 21. South Fork. The anticlinal at the Viaduct brings up the Mauch Chunk Red Shale 20 feet above grade, and produces the three-mile loop in the river. A very curious place. Notice the boulders of false bedded Pocono sandstone lying in the bed of the valley below, under the viaduct. 22. Bolivar. A vast bed of fire-brick clay half a mile back. 23. BlairsvilU Int. Notice the arch of Pocono and Catskill opposite. On the opposite mountain top lies a small patch of the lowest coal bed of the Allegheny River series. See also note 73. 24. Latrobt. Here the Pittsburgh Coal Bed is first met the lowest bed of the upper productive (Monongahela River} Coal Series. Down the Loyalhanna, left bank, six miles, the hill slope is covered with cubic blocks of sand rock 20 feet high and 100 feet on a side, moved several hundred feet down a gentle slope from their original sites. ttsburgh. The Pittsburgh Coal Bed is seen mined at the hill tops south of the city, 350 feet above the Monongahela River level. At the south end of the hill behind the city, stand? an oil well derrick 70 feet high, 100 feet above the streets. It has been bored to a depth of 2,300 feet, through the Butler Oil Rocks, but yields nothing but a stream of strong brine. 26. Sunbury. Fine cliffs opposite, west side of the river. Superb landscape from hill % mile back of station. 27. Milton. In the centre of a rolling plain of Salina anticlinals and synclinals crossing the river from east to west, bounded on the west by anticlinal Oneida and Medina Mountains called the "Buffalo," "Seven Mountain," "Jacks," ete., around the bases of which run the outcrops of the fossil ore. 28. Muncy. Plenty of fossils; fine cliffs of Chernung and Portage facing the river on the east side. Last appearance of Silurian Mountains of Middle Pennsylvania towards the north-east the end of the Bald Eagle Mountain (5 a. Medina) close along the railroad. Facing the spectator, in the north, appears the wall of the Allegheny Mountain with patches of the lowest coal on the broken forest plateau above. 29. Willicmuport. Five miles south, through a gap, lies the little secluded Musquito Valley of Siluro-Cambrian limestone, with black marble quarries of Trenton limestone. 154 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( PA.) Pennsylvania Railroad. Ms. Philadelphia and Erie Division Con. Alt. Pennsylvania Railroad. Ms. Philadelphia and Erie Division Con. Alt. 69 75 80 86 89 92 98 102 106 110 117 120 129 133 139 148 160 165 170 178 184 189 193 199 202 209 212 217 222 228 Queen's Run. 2 Ferney. Whitham. Hyner. North Point. Renovo. 83 Westport. Cook's Run. Keating. Round Island. Sinnemahoning. Driftwood. 34 Sterling. Cameron. 35 Emporium. 36 Beechwood. St. Mary's, i 6 ' 7 Daguscahonda. 37 Ridgeway. 38 Wilmarth. Wilcox. 39 Sergeant. Kane. 4 2020 Wetmore. Ludlow. Sheffield. 41 Tiona. Stoneham. Warren. 4 2 1195 Irvineton. 11 b. Chemung. 584 595 519 < 644 < 657 < 672 < 691 709 < 719 < 755 < 794 12. Catskill. 815 914 962 ( 1031 ( 1252 f 14 b. Allegheny Riv. 1 Series of Coal Mres. 12. Catskill. 1478 lib. Chemung. 139 s 12. Catskill. i* 4 ? ( 1526 1716 14 a. Potts ville Conglo. 1808 < 1604 1339 13a.Pocono? i 3 ^ 12. Catskill. 1357 lib. Oil Sand Group. 1168 234 238 244 249 251 256 262 269 275 281 288 Pittsfield. Garland. 43 Spring Creek. Columbus. Corry. 44 Concord. Union. Waterford. Jackson. Belle Valley. 45 Erie. 189 11 b. Chemung. 1241 1309 1395 1407 1445 1384 1270 119'2 1227 11 a. Portage. 1006 535 Sunbury Branch. 11 20 54 Sunbury. 26 Danville. 4 1 Catawissa. Conyngham. Cranberry. Hazleton. 4 * 12. Catski!!. 5 b. Clinton. 471 Catskill-Chemung. 478 14 b. Anth. Coal Mres. 1325 36 58 63 Nescopec. 49 Nanticoke. 50 Wilkesbarre. 132 10 b. Hamilton. 14 Coal Measures. 26 35 37 39 43 Mainville. 51 Mt. Grove. 52 Rock Glen. 53 Gowen. Tomhicken. Pocono-Catskill. 597 13 b. Mauch Chunk. Conglomerate. 92 14 Coal Mres. 1017 1286 30. Jersey Shore. Gap into secluded Nippenose or Oval Valley (anticlinal Trenton limestone, fossils) four miles south, and across the river in the gap stands a remarkable conical hill. 31. Lock Haven. Five miles south gap into Nippenose Valley; limestone; limonite mines; Trenton fossils, etc. 32. Queen's Run. Here the road enters the gate of the long gorge of the West Branch Susque- hanna, and continues in it 51 miles to Driftwood ; the floor of the gorge being sometimes Chemung and sometimes Catskill. Steep walls of Catskill and Pocono rocks, a thousand feet high, hem in the river, with its innumerable bends. Side gorges of the same nature open on both sides. On the hogback mountain tops between, covered with broken rocks and forest, lie patches of coal measures. The strata gently rise and fall in successive undulations, crossing the river at right angles. Old iron furnace of cut stone at Farrandsville. Total failure to work sub-conglomerate carbonate iron ore. Similar failure in same ore at head of Tangascowtac Creek, opposite, to the west. 33. Renovo. Good hotel; machine shops of the company; coal mines on the top of the mountain, back of the town. 34. Driftwood. Low grade road to the great Jefferson county coal field, up Bennett's Branch. 36. Camtron. Coal mines on top of the mountain. 36. Emporium. Valley of erosion in Chemung rocks straight north into New York State. From here, the road (and river) rises fast, and reaches the general level of the upland at St. Mary's. 37. Dagutcahonda. The lowest coal beds are mined all about here, and south of Daguscahonda. The road descends rapidly into the winding gorge or trench of the Clarion River to Ridgeway. 38. Ridgeway. Down the Clarion are coal mines and salt and oil borings (no oil). 39. Wilcox. Deep gas wells (no oil). The Bishop Summit coal mines, 10 miles to the north- east ; Johnson's Run coal basin to the east. 40. Kane. Summit of the country. Lowest coal bed. Road northeast, through forest, 15 milea, to Alton coal mines : thence railroad down Tuniangwant to the Bradford oil wells. 41. Sheffield. Here the Olean conglomerate may be well studied in connection with the lowest coal bed. 42. Warren. Capita) centre point for the geological student. Fossils in the hills around. Fine cliffs of Olean conglomerate crown the hill tops. Butler- Venango oil sands crop out in the foot-hills. Oil wells sunk in the valley bottom reach Warren oil sand group at 500 to 600 feet. Railroads down the river; and across to Titusville. Good hill-roads to Pleasantville and Oil City, along the great original oil belt. 43. Garland. Olean conglomerate quarries on the peak of the hill, one mile northwest. Top ol oil sand crops out in the valley bed. 44. Corry. Oil refineries ; very high land. 45. Belle Valley descends rapidly through a ravine, in Chemung and Portage rocks, to the lake shore. PENNSYLVANIA. 155 Pennsylvania Railroad Continued. Ms. Columbia Branch. Alt. KB. Pennsylvania Railroad Continued. East Brandywine and Waynesboro. Alt. Lancaster. 7 Mountville. 12 Columbia. 5 * 16 Marietta. 23Bainbridge. 65 27 Falmouth. 30 Highspire. 33 Baldwin. 37 Harrisburg. f 2-4. Siluro-Cam- 1 brian Limesto's. 3 5 9 u 404 <( 251 260 271 16. Triassic. 800 24. Siluro-Cambrian. 4 b. Utica Slate. 20 i 6 12 18 22 28 Downingtown. Brooklyn. Barneston. Honey brook. Beartown. New Holland. 4 a. Trenton. 1. Azoic. 488 H Williamsburg Branch. I 6 11 14 Williamsburg. 58 Reese's. Frankstown. 69 Hollidaysburg. 4 a. Trenton. 10. Hamilton. 91S 5 b. Clinton. 942 Pomeroy and Newark Railroad. Pomeroy. 3 Newlin. 6 Doe Run. 12 Chatham. 15 Avondale.' 6 18 Landenberg. 22 Thompson. 38 Delaware City. f 2-4. biluro-Uam- \brian. * 83 1. Azoic. 574 Serpentine. 282 Del. 16 Ebensburg and Cresson Branch. Creseon. 6 Kaylor's. 11 Ebensburg. f!4b. Coal Mrs. 10 \ Allegheny Riv. Ser. 2022 Bedford Division. (See Huntingdon and Broad Top Railroad.) Frederick Division. Mount Dallas. 60 8 Bedford. 61 1062 13 Napier. 18 Sulphur Springs. 22 Bard's. 3l!Hyndman. 62 36 'Cook's Mills. 39 State Line, Md. 41 Mt. Savage, Jn." 45 Cumberland, " 5b. Clinton. 105a 7. Lower Helderberg. 5 b. Clinton. u 10. Hamilton. 7. Low. Held. 80 774 723 87 638 Columbia. 5 * 5 Stoner. 14 York. 5 7 19 Gray bill. 25 Minges Mill. 32 Hanover. 39 Littlestown. 47 Taneytown, Md. 70 Frederick, " 2-4. Siluro-Camb. a51 865 < 426 455 599 619 i 493 4. a. Trenton. 28 46. Tioton. Branch railroad to mines recently opened in Pocono coal measures. Very important 47. Danville. 'Famous and extensive fossil ore (Clinton) iron mines, sunk deep. Iron works here and at Bloomsburg. Ore crops along both sides of mountain ridge tor 15 miles. May I studied on the anticlinal arch in the gaps at both places. Medina arch in the gap through Montour s Ridge. Fine cliffs of Portage and Chemung along the river. Fine collecting ground for fossils at the limestone quarries. 48. Hazleton. Mammoth and other anthracite beds mined extensively along this road ; remark- able open cut mines. Tty. .*. cocvj/cv. j. juc; &<*u MUWUKU nnz i.^c?^vpcv; n.ii>uui*ciu. wv */i*^ ov.*-j * 50. Nanticoke. A remarkable mining accident occurred in the vicinity of Nan ticoke December 18, 1885. The roof of a coal mine which was only three feet thick, but which was overlaid by 257 feet of glacial drift, caved in. The glacial gravel filled the mine and entrapped 26 miners. Exposure of i beds of No. XI, 500 feet thick on south side of river extending from Nanticoke gap to Shickshmny. The mountain on the north side of the river is made of No. X. No. XII caps the mountain on the south side of the river. The thickening of the red shale between Pittston and Nanticoke is gradual. See Note 122 51. liainville. Fine gap and section of Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous rocks here. 52. Mt. Qrove. Pass the isolated synclinal McCauley's mountain and coal basin between here 53. Bock Glen. Enter here the northern basin of the Eastern Middle Anthracite coal field. Fine views down upon the red shale. Cunningham valley northward. 54. Columbia. Five miles back toward Lancaster, famous limonite iron mines. Road runs up the east bank of the river, six miles, under cliffs, to Chicques. Chicques rock, 300 feet high, Potsdam. Geology still obscure and very interesting. 55. Bainbridge. One mile after passing this, enter Trias (dipping N. W.) and continue on it to flighspire. 56. Avondale. Serpentine belt crossed here, and before reaching here. 57. York. This road follows the York county belt of the Cadorus (S.-C.) limestones, with the south-east edee of the Tria*, not far off on the right, and the north-west edge of the Azoic country on the left. Pigeon Hills (Azoic or perhaps Potsdam?) to the right before reaching Hanover. Trap dikes just west of Hanover, and at Littlestown. 58. WiUiamtburg. The great Springfield furnace limonite mines are (by Mine Railroad) five miles to the south. 59. Frankstown. Old and extensive Clinton (fossil) ore mines here. 156 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( PA.) Pennsylvania Railroad Continued Ms. Bald Eagle Valley Division. Alt. Pennsylvania Railroad Continued. Ms. Phillipsburg and Moshannon Branch. Alt. OiTyrone. 6 Bald Eagle, e 3 lOjHannah. 14 Port Mathilde.. 21Julian. 26 Unionville. 29 Snow Shoe June. SIMilesburg. 6 * 34 Curtin. 40 Howard. 44 Eagleville. 61 Mill Hall. 55 Lock Haven. 5 b. Clinton. 10. Hamilton. 907 1058 1057 1007 851 782 722 700 679 635 573 555 OjMorrisdale. SOsceola. 67 ISjSterling. 17|Ramey. 14 b. Coal Measures. 1488 u Hollidaysburg and Morrison's Cove Branch. 4 8 11 17 22 28 Altoona. Canaan. Hollidaysburg. Reservoir. Roaring Spr's 68 Martinsburg. Henrietta. 69 10. Hamilton. 5 b. Clinton/ 967 4 a. Trenton. 1 1 9 ( 1366 i< 1409 31 Milesburg. 6 * 33 'Belief onte. 66 4 a. Trenton. 700 744 Southwest Pennsylvania Branch. 2 7 ! 11 16 20 24 39 45 Fairchance Oliphant. Uniontown. Lament Turn. 70 Dunbar.fi Connellsville. 73 Pennville. Tarr's. Youngwood. Greensburg. 14 c. U. Coal Mres. < < 983 < 1023 995 14 b. Barren Mrs. 9 l 5 < 1054 < 1099 < 957 14 c. U. CoalMrs.* 091 Tyrone and Clearfield Division. Tyrone. 6 Vanscoyoc. 13 Summit. 66 2043 190sceola.e7 24 Phillipsburg. 29 Wallaceton. 34 Woodland. 41 Clearfield. 47 Curwinsville. 5 b. Clinton. 9r 12. Catskill. 1*27 14 a. Pottsville Conglo. 14 b. Coal Mrs. ^ 8S (( 1425 1727 1472 1103 1141 60. Mt. Dallas. Extensive fossil ore mines at Everett, east of Mount Dallas; and in the gap of the mountain approaching Bedford. 61. Bedford. Mineral waters. Abundance of Helderberg and Oriskany fossils ; interesting and varied geology; iron mines around. Dunning mountain, fossil iron ore mines, north-east. 62. Hyndman. At north end of, but outside of the Cumberland coal basin. 63. Bald Eagle. This and the following stations are at old iron furnaces, not able to use their fossil ore close by, and therefore hauling Sil.-Cambrian limonites from the Warrior Mark Valley, over the Bald Eagle mountain. 64. Milesburg. Entrance gap to the Nittany Limestone Valley, which is full of iron ore banks. 65. BeUefonte. Trenton fossils abundant here. To the south-east, seven miles, Nittany Mountain, in the centre of the valley; fine views; curious geology; synclinal ships-keel mountain; turnpike road. Fine section of limestone beds on the great anticlinal of Nittany Valle'y. 66. Summit. Summit of Allegheny Mountain and east edge of the bituminous coal fields. Here Powell's semi-bituminous coal mines. 67. Osceola. Many coal mines along the Moshannon above and below this in the 1st sub-division of First Basin. Road gets into 2d sub-division over a low anticlinal. All the mines along this road are on beds of the Allegheny River series. 68. Roaring Springs. Here enter Morrison's Cove by a gap in the nearly vertical Medina and Oneida rocks of Dunning's Ridge. Fossil ore outside (W.) ; Bloomfield limonite mine (very famous) inside (E.) U. S. cannon made at Pittsburgh from pig metal from the furnace in the gap. Sinking springs up the run. 69. Henrietta. Old limonite mines (very rich), Schoenberger's. A few miles further on are the large, recent, and curious Leathercracker Cove limonite mines of the Cambria Company. Remarka- 70. Lamont Furnace. Important outcrop of the iron ore beds underlying the Pittsburgh Coal bed. 71. Duribar. Mauch Chunk red shale iron ore beds in the ravines of the mountain. 72. Connellsville. Centre of the coke trade. Miles of coke ovens along the road from here toward Greensburg and toward Mount Pleasant. (See Coke Report, L. 1877, Second Geological Survey of Pa.) Pittsburgh bed 12 feet thick in this narrow basin. 73. Blairsville Int. Occupies the same position on the Kiskaminitas that Connellsville (72) does on the Youghioghany, in the center of the narrow first gas coal basin west of Chestnut ridge. Pittsburgh coal bed on the hills opposite, south side river. See also Note 23. 74. Saltsburg. Two miles further the Pittsburgh bed occupies the central hills of the third gas coal basin. Old salt wells along the river bringing up brine from the Pocono sandstone. 75. Leechburg. Famous gas well 1,250 feet deep, on south side of river. Gas from first (?) oil sand (of Butler and Venango) brought across the river on bridge, to rolling mill. Gas furnaces for puddling iron here first successfully used. See Report L. Geological Survey. Some miles to the south are the famous Murraysville gas wells. 76. Tarentum. Group of great gas wells ; gas piped to Pittsburgh. 77. Millersburg. End of the long trap dike is just back of this. See Notes 9 and 170. 78. Allegheny City. Remark the typical Eddy Hill in the centre of plain, on which the Observatory stands. PENNSYLVANIA. 167 Pennsylvania Railroad Continued. Ms. Western Pennsylvania Division. Alt. Pennsylvania Railroad Continued. Ms. Lewisburg and Tyrone Railroad. Alt. o 8 IT 24 32 37 38 45 61 57 62 67 Blairsville Int. 73 Livermore. Saltsburg. 7 * Roaring Run. Leechburg. 75 Allegheny June. Freeport. Tarentum. 78 Springdale. Moatrose. Sharpsburg. 10 ' Allegh'y City. 78 14 b. L. Coal Mrs. 1 n 14 b. Barren Mrs. 945 891 830 14 b. L. Coal Mrs. 785 772 757 14 b. Barren Mrs. 749 < 739 743 2 11 19 37 43 67 58 Montandon. Lewisburg. Mifflinburg. Laurelton. 82 Cobura. 8 " Rising Springs 83 Oak Hall. " Lemont. 5 b. Clinton. 463 56ft 607 4 a. Trenton. 102 1002 Lewisburg and Tyrone Branch. 9 12 18 21 25 26 Scotia. 85 Penn. Furnace. 86 Marengo. Warriors Mark. Pennington. L. &T. June. 87 Tyrone. 3 a. Calciferous. 10T4 < it 5 a. Oneida. 5 b. Clinton. 10 21 Butler. 79 Delano. Butler Junction. 14 b. L. Coal Mrs. 1009 1233 768 Lewistown Branch. 1 6 13 Lewistown. Mann's. 80 Milroy. 7. Lower Heldbrg. *> 4 a. Trenton. 5 ? 8 4 and 3 a. Calcif. 7 *6 Bellefonte and Snow Shoe Branch. 3 4 6 22 Bellefonte. 6 5 Milesburg. 6 * Snow Shoe Int. 88 School Hse. Cross. Snow Shoe City. 4 a. Trenton. ** 10 a. Marcellus. 722 H 12. Catskill. Hb.Low.Cl.Mrs.^a Indiana Branch. 3 13 19 Blairsville Int. 23 Blairsville. Homer. Indiana. 81 14 b. L. CoalMrs.i 11 ' 14 c.U. Coal Mrs. 1011 14 b. Barren Mrs. 1311 Newry Branch. 2 3 4 Newry. Duncansville. Y Switches. Hollidaysburg. 12. Catskill. 7. L. Helderberg. "<> 6. Salina. 953 Lewistown Division. OSunbury. 26 5 Selinsgrove. ITMiddleburg. 25 Beavertown. 50 Lewiston. 12. Catskill. 4" 10. Hamilton.-) 2,3 > 5. b. Clinton. \ r= 1 f - J 1 7. L. Helderberg. * 98 Springfield Branch. Springfield June. 8 Mines. 4 c. Hudson Riv. 876 3 a. Calciferous. 1874 79. Butler. To get to the first productive deep oil wells one must go several miles north-east from Butler toward St. Jo., Petrolia, etc. The road descends to the Allegheny River over lower coal measures. 80. Manna. In the gap of Jack's Mountain is the spring and former residence of " Logan the Indian." Trenton rocks form cliffs. The Kishacoquillas Valley is shut in east of Milroy by two remarkable "ships keel" (synclinal) mountains of Medina and Oneida. The hull is Oneida, the keel Medina. The valley and its three arms are all surrounded by terraces of erosion. Taylor thought it was a terrace of deposit, and that the valley had been a lake. A turnpike drive across the valley from Logan's Gap, north-west, by the old iron mines, and over the Standing Stone mountain, to Greenwood furnace, with its fossil ore mines and fine scenery will repay. A fault cuts the mountain. The Clinton shales are curiously crumpled in the cuttings descending to the furnace. 81. Indiana. The barren coal measures cover most of Indiana County; underneath lie the Alleghenv River coal series. 82. Laurelton, Coburn. Between Lanrelton and Coburn the road gets through the Seven Mountains by following the deep tranverse gorge of Penn Creek, crossing the anticlinals, which make the Buffalo Mountains in Union County; the last two being those of Poe Valley and Lick Valley. It issues at Coburn upon the wide limestone valley, full of sink holes and caves, with beds of limonite iron ore. Roundhead (synclinal) splits the east end. Brush Mountain forms the north wall. 83. Rising Springs. Egghill to the west, a synclinal knob of Medina left standing in the valley. Notice Long's cave at west end of Brush Mountain, at the opening of Brush Valley. Notice sink hole two miles west of Old Fort, which communicates, under Nittany Mountain, with the great spring one mile west of Pleasant Gap. Curious eddy hill in pleasant gap. 84. Oak Hall. Here Nittany Mountain ends, the Hudson River slates swinging round it. Oneida rocks on top; fine view toward Bellefonte, northward, and toward Tyrone, westward. Remarkable uncovered cavern, with more recent cavern under it along Big Hollow, four miles west. (See Report T. 4, p. 422.) 85. Scotia. Brown hematite (limonite) iron mine. 86. Penn. Furnace. The greatest old brown hematite mine in middle Pennsylvania. Excellent place to study the origin of such deposits. Other mines near the next three stations. 87. L. and T. Junction. In the Bald Eagle Gap. 88. Snow Shoe Int. Rocks all vertical Oriskany outcrop continuous from here eastward to Lockharen; none seen westward toward Tyrone. 158 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.) Ms. Pennsylvania Railroad. Continued. Bloomfield Branch. Alt. Ms. Pennsylvania Railroad. Continued. Columbia and Port Deposit Branch. Alt. Roaring Sprg. 68 4 a. Trenton. i 196 Columbia. 54 1 Azoic. 251 3;0rehill. 3 a. Calciferous. 3 Washington. c 232 Pittsburgh, Virginia and Charleston Ry. 5 11 Cresswell. Safe Harbor. 95 . 198 Now Monongahela Div. P. R. R. 14Pequea. 95 i A nv/r_r_ii>~ T^, PR 13 17 Conshohock'n 140 Norristown. 3 a. Calciferous. 68 16. Trias. 85 111 Millersburg. 7 7 ( 13 b. Mauch Chunk \Red Shale. 396 28 Phoanixville. 148 131 118 Mahantango. 12 Catskill. 404 40 Pottstown. 14 * < 140 |127 Trevorton. 103 430 48 58 Birdsboro. Reading. 1 * 8 ( 193 3 a. Calciferous. a 9 133 Selinsgrove. 104 f 10. Hamilton & 7* 3 8 \ Lewiston limestone. 138 Sunbury. 24 f 12. Catskill or ** 4 1 11 b. Chemung. (Philadelphia and Erie to Williamsport.) 89. Mines. One of best and largest brown hematite iron mines in Pennsylvania on the sharp anticlinal axis of Canoe Valley, five miles east of Hollidaysburg. 90. Port Perry, McKeetport. Mines in the Pittsburgh coal bed line the river on both sides in a continuous series; the bed descending slowly from 360 feet above water level at Pittsburgh to within 30 or 40 feet in the neighborhood of Monongahela City. The bed rises again and goes into the air, ascending the Youghiogheny River ; the banks becoming hillslopes of the Barren measures. 91. Frazer. From here to Fern Hill, study the belt of South Valley Hill talcose mica slate. 92. Fern Hill. Cross the serpentine belt. 93. West Chester. Supposed Laurentian gneiss belt. 94. Shawmont. Fine fresh rock cuttings of gneiss all along this part of the line; contortions; steatite quarry. 95. Safe Harbor, Pequea. Iron works. 96. McCaWs Ferry. At Toquan Creek the great anticlinal crosses the river, which runs on north-eastward by Quarryville and Christiania into Chester County, north of the Chester Valley. 97. Chestnut Hill. The Valley of the Wissahiccon Creek on the west gives a fine section of the Chestnut Hill sub-division of the gneisses of the Philadelphia Azoic belt. 98. Hanover June. Magnetic and limonite iron ores from one to five miles west of this and in the ridges to the north and south. 99. Conewago. Cliffs of greenstone trap overhang the road and river. 100. Goldsboro. More trap cliffs from here to Red Bank. Magnetic iron ore bed above, back from the river. 101. Bridgeport. Fine long cuttings through Calciferous limestone opposite Harrisburg. 102. Sharpsburg. Iron works here were fired by natural gas brought in a pipe, 40 miles long, from the great gas wells in northern Butler County long before its introduction into general use m or near Pittsburgh. PENNSYLVANIA. 159 M>. Northern Central Railway. Con. Alt. ! N. Y., Lake Erie & Western R. R. Con Ms. Honesdale Branch. Alt. 178 187 198 202 203 207 212 218 220 222 231 286 241 247 256 Williamsport. 29 Cogan Valley. Trout Run. 105 Bodine's. Ralston. Mclntyre. 106 Roaring Run. Carpenter's. Canton. Minnequa Sprgs. Alba. 107 Troy. Columbia X R'ds Snediker's. State Line. Elmira, N. Y. 10. Hamilton. 5 * 12. Catskill. u 694 14 b. Coal Meas. 86 12. Catskill. 9 * lib. Chemung. u 1201 1261 12. Catskill. 123 1349 lib. Chemung. n*s 1148 < 1106 863 ,! 25 Lackawaxen. Rowland's. Millville. Kimble's. Hawley. White Mills. Honesdale. 11 ! 12. Catskill. 700 c 780 849 699 925 966 Tioga Railroad. 15 23 31 30 41 4> Corning. Lawrenceville. Tioga. Mansfield. Covington. Blossburg. F. B. C. Co. R. B. Fall Brook. (SeeC.C.& A.R.R.) 942 u 1006 11 b. Chemung. 10 * 2 ill b. Chemung n*o Iron ore. b. Chemung. i^os f 14b. Semi-Bitumin's \ Coal Measures. 1 ** 1092 " 1249 << 1440 1593 it 1021 Xeu York, Lake Erie & Western R. R. Jefferson Branch. Bradford Branch. 11 19 26 14 27 32 42 53 Carrol ton, N. Y. Bradford. 11 ' Big Shanty. Gilesville. Custer City. Kinzua B'dge 118 Mt. Jewett. Midmont. Johnsonburgh. (SeeErieRailw'y) 1399 11 b. Chemung. L*** 166G 14 b. CoalMres. 2055 Catskill & Chemung. J Carboniferous Con. \ and 13a. Pocono s.s. 14. Coal Measures. < 13a. Pocono Sandstone. Susquehanna. 11 Starrucca. 14 Thompson's. 25 Herrick Centre. 33 Forest City. 38 Carbondale. lib. Chemung. ** 12. Catskill. 1703 18 OS 13 a. Pocono. 1481 f!4b. Anthracite 10 ' 9 \ Coal Measures. 1U3. Trevorton. West end of the anthracite coal field. No anthracite west of this. Fine study of the lowest beds in the gap of the Conglomerate mountain. 104. Selinsgrove. Easternmost limit of the fossil ore outcrops of the Lewistown belt. Good anticlinal sections of 10. Geneee, Hamilton, Marcellus and 7. Lower Helderberg 1. s. between here and Sunbury. 105. Trout Run. Entrance to the long gorge of the Lycoming Creek through the Allegheny Mountain plateau ; similarly situated to Queens Run (32). Gorge exactly like that of the West Branch Susquehanna (32). Coal patches 1,000 feet above road level, up Trout Run. 106. Mclntyre. Old iron mines under the cliffs of Potts ville conglomerate forming the cornice of the mountain walls. Great incline plain up mountain to Mclntyre coal mines. 107. Alba. The Armenia Mountain of Catskill and Pocono dominates this on the west. On its top is the east end of the Blossburg-Antrim semi-bituminous coal basin. 108. Shamokin. In the gap opposite the town five ribs of Pottsville conglomerate enclose the four lowest anthracite coal beds. A cross section of the coal measures up to the 12th bed can be made here. 109. Mt. Carmel. In the center of the Shamokin group of three anthracite sub-basins. 110. Lykens. Here is a range of collieries on the southern outcrop of the famous Lykens Valley anthracite coal bed, which lies 50 or 100 feet above the Mauch Chunk red shale formation No. XI, and is, therefore, worked from the outside conglomerate wall of the Bear Creek coal basin. The bed seems to correspond to the famous block or iron furnace coal bed of Sharon in Mercer County, and of Nelsonville in Ohio. It is the lowest workable bed in the anthracite region. 160 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.) N. Y., Lake Erie & Western B. B. Con. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Ms. Railroad. Alt. Ms. Toby Branch. Alt. 84 New York. (Cont. from N.Jersey.) Delaware. 14 c. Hudson River. Brock way ville. 14 b. Lower Coal Mres. 4 Brockport. 6 Hellen Mills. 10 Kyler's Corners. 12'Dagus Mines.ii 4 M ( 92 96 100 104 Water Gap. 11 Stroudsburg. 11 * Spragueville. Henry ville. 5 a. Oneida. 319 10. Hamilton. 4 3 Catskill-Chemung. 4 9 o 596 New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio B. B. 109 Oakland. 12. Upp. Catskill. 1 on 115 Forks. 61 Salamanca. Corry. 44 (See New York.) 1393 Oil Sand Group. 1431 122 128 Tobyhanna. Goldsboro. 118 1932 72 Union City. ' u 1301 136 Moscow. u 1558 79 Mill Village. 1216 139 Dunning's. 119 u 1400 88 92 Cambridge. Venango. 1163 (i 1163 149 Scranton. /14b. &c.Anthra- 74S \ cite Coal Measures. 96 Seagertown. Sub-Conglomerate 1 * 1 6 159 Abington. 12. Catskill. 1058 102 Meadville. u 1080 164 Factoryville. 120 920 110 Geneva. 1069 174 Nicholson. 769 116 Evansburg. 14. Conglomerate. 1284 176 Foster. Catskill-Chemung. 121 Atlantic. 183 Montrose. 1053 129 Greenville. Sub-Conglomerate. 984 190 New Milford. 1087 131 Shenango. << 936 196 Great Bend. 11 b. Chemunff. 8 ?9 135 Transfer. " " 3 (Continued in Ohio.) 210 Binghamton. (Cont'd in N. Y.) 84 Bloomsburg Division. 1,21 Franklin Branch. f 14 b. and c. ^ g ff Scranton. 7 4 3 1 Anth'eCoal 5 0,0 Meadville. Sub-Conglomerate l 8 9 ( Measures. ? 6 Shaw's. 1092 6 Lackawanna. 576 P ^ 11 Cochranton. 1064 9 Pittston. 134 576 r ~ ? 19 Utica. 1035 12 Wyoming. 563 rs-* 28 36 Franklin. 115 Oil City. 987 1006 20 24 Plymouth. Nanticoke. 50 542 538 m 33 Shickshinny. 122 14a. Pottsville Con. 520 41 Beach Haven. 10 b. Hamilton. 53 47 Briar Creek. 10. Hamilton. 501 54 Espy. 123 7. Low.Helderberg- 490 58 Rupert. 11 b. Chemung. 482 68 Danville. 4 7 5 b. Clinton. 457 80 Northumberland. 12. Catskill. 452 111. JBonesdale. Head of the Delaware and Hudson Canal supplied with Carbondale and Scranton anthracite coal of the third great basin by railroads coming out of the basin over the Wyoming mountains. 112. Bradford. Petroleum was first found in the Bradford (Chemung) black oil sand in 1871. The area of productive oil territory in the Bradford district up to January, 1885, was 121 square miles. and during 14 years had produced on an average 820,000 barrels of crude oil per square mile (C. A. Ashburner). The most productive oil region in the State, and, until the discovery of oil at Smethport and Kane, the lowest of the Pennsylvania oil horizons, 1,775 feet below the Glean conglomerate. (J. P. L.) 113. Kinzua Bridge. Highest bridge structure in the world ; 301 feet high, 2,052 feet long ; con- tains 3,500,000 pounds iron ; cost 8275,000. 114. Dagus Mines. Extensive workings in the Lower Kittaning coal bed by the New York, Lake Erie and Western B. R. Co. 115. Franklin. Lubricating oil from the first sand. At Stoneboro and Mercer, on the road to Newcastle, local glacial moraines are reported by Prof. T. C. Chamberlin of the U. S. Survey. 116. Water Gap. Celebrated for its scenery. Large hotels. Indian staircase in the gap made by massive north dipping outcrops of Medina and Oneida. One mile before reaching these rocks are quarries of Hudson River roofing slate on both sides of the Delaware River. Best^ headquarters for studying the great Terminal Glacial Moraine, which crosses the river at Belvedere and the mountain at Fox Gap, and runs past Lake Poponoming, northward, to the top of Penobscot Knob and so west wx/.y ww*. AU HIT- lavinr ui .Diuauiicmj. D viwu. uci/vTCJcuj. me: $<*(-' nun otrOUUSDUTg. x'un^no nisuuvtauv around Str owls burg. Buttermilk and other cascades to the right of the road (east). Noble carriage drive and exquisite scenery, for 30 miles from Stroudsburg to Milford. Lake on top of the Blue (Kittatinny) Mountain, 10 miles east of S. Fine drive south-west through Red Valley (Clinton) and over outcrops of Helderberg to the Wind Gap. Ascent of the Pocono Knob (Catskill) to the north-west. PENNSYLVANIA. 161 Ma. Lc'high Valley Railroad. Alt. Lehigh Val Ms. Pa. & N. Y. R ley Railroad. 61 73 88 81 87 94 103 107 114 120 130 132 142 146 152 158 162 168 170 172 183 186 194 199 206 209 217 227 233 237 Perth Amboy. Easton.i 2 ^ Bethlehem.i26 Allentown. Catasauqua. 127 Laury's. Slatington. 128 Lehighton. 129 Mauch Chunk* s Penn Haven. Drake's Creek. Tannery. Wkitehaven. Summit Siding. Fair View.* 31 Newport. T023 Sugar Notch. 66 Wllkesbarre. 132 Fort Blanchard. Pa. & N. Y. R. R Pittston. L. & B. Junction. Falls.* 33 McKunes. 134 Tunkhanuock. Vosburg. Mehoopany. Meshoppen. Laceyville. Wy al using. Frenchtown. Rummerfield. (See New Jersey.) 3 a. Calciferous. H 4 a. Trenton. 4c. Hudson Riv. Sh. lib. Chemung. 13b. M'chCh'kr.s. 12. Catskill. 13b. MauchCh'k. 1 13 a. Pocono. * i 13b.Mc'hCh'kr.s.^ 14 a. Potts. Cong. 14b. An. Cl. Mres. 549 671 569 . 12. Catskill. u Catskill-Chemung. 11 b. Chemung. i4 210 235 294 282 329 366 465 544 705 143 728 673 << ! 3* cw J ? 587 597 610 615 34 643 657 674 689 696 R. Continued. Alt. 244 248 255 259 263 265 268 Wysaukmg.ias Towanda. 136 Ulster. Milan. Athens. Sayre. Waverly, N. Y. 11 b. Chemung. 718 737 742 779 774 < 830 Mahanoy, Hazelton & Beaver Meadow Branches. 4 5 11 15 Penn Haven Jc. Black Creek Jc. Weatherly. Beaver Meadow. Audenreid. 13b. M'chCh'k r. s. 705 u 1015 1090 14b. An. Cl. Mres. 1355 1735 < t( Carbonif. Conglom. 14 b. Anth. Cl. Mres. 13b. MauchCh'k.i'i* 14b. An. Cl. Mres.i 665 1280 < 858 . 1484 < 1050 < 730 10 Lumber Yard. 14 16 Jeddo. Ebervale. 16 Freeland. 15 23 18 22 27 Hazelton. ^ s Tomhicken. Quakake Junct. Delano. Mahanoy City. 30 35 38 Shenandoah. 137 Girardville. Ashland. 36 40 45 59 Raven Run. Centralia. Mt. Carmel.109 Shamokin.i 118. Ooldsboro. Head waters of Lehigh, on the extreme hignland, "shades of death," "beach woods," a plate of Pocono rocks covered here and there by synclinal outstretches of Mauch Chunk red shale. 119. Dunnings. Commence descent into third anthracite coal field by a ravine through the Pottsville conglomerate. Under it the iron ore of XI has been opened. 120. Factoryville. Now over the Elk Mountain synclinal range of Pocono in the first bituminous coal basin ; but no coal. 121. Scranton to Pittston. Terraces and drift hills along railroad, also glacial striae at Pittston and Taylorville. 122. Shickshinny. River cute across the coal field, leaving a small ridge of coal measures isolated on the west side. Here all the measures from No. X to No. XIII, inclusive, can be seen from the station. The Susquehanna's course through the synclinal at right angles to its axis is interesting here. See Note 50. 123. Espy. Square across to the north, six miles, is seen the high end of the Shickshinny (Pocono) Mountain, reached by a good road from Bloomsburg, seven miles, and affording one of the finest panoramic views in Pennsylvania. The glacial moraine crosses that mountain from Berwick northward. 124. Pittston. In the gap north of the station the red shale beds of No. XI are missing. 125. Easton. Famous collecting ground for rare minerals. Azoic ridge to the north, with serpentine belt. Remarkable outcrops, natural and artificial, of the calciferous limestones along the river north bank to Bethlehem. Many iron works. Laurentian rocks south of the river all the way up. 126. Bethlehem. Zinc works. Zinc mine in Saucon Valley to the south, easily reached by N. P. Railroad. 1J7. Catasauqua. Perhaps the best limonite open mine In America for study, lies four miles west (Ironton). Best reached on wheels; also by rail, over a long, high iron bridge. Manganese, kaolin, lignite, with the ore. Mine very large and old. 128. Slatington. Extensive roofing slate quarries here where the roofing slate belt from the Delaware river crosses the Lehigh river on its course west into Berks County. Note the duplication of the slate bands by anticlinals and synclinals, as described in Report D. 3,Vol. I, GeologicaI 4 Survey. Two miles further enter the Lehigh Water Gap between sloping walls of Oneida and Medina. Issue upon Clinton red shale. Notice a fine Eddy Hill opposite. Behind it is a local moraine, ? which a glacier, formerly descending the Lehigh, le'ft across the mouth of the Aquashicola Creek, forcing that stream to exf .irate a new channel in the solid Medina rocks of the mountain. Two miles farther, at the bend of the river, north bank, the ice has crushed over the slates, polished the surface and loaded it with till. From the Gap Hotel ride to the top of Stone Hill (Oriskany outcrop) for the view through the Gap. Hydraulic lime quarries on the way up. 162 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( PA.) Ms. Barclay Railroad. Ait.i" Ms - Philadelphia and Reading R. R. Alt. 7 16 Towanda. 136 Greenwood. Barclay. 138 11 b. Chemung. ? 25 12. Catskill. 823 14 b. Coal Mres. i? 56 v 4 8 14 17 22 24 28 32 40 45 47 52 58 66 70 75 78 83 86 93 rmiuutJipma. Belmont. W. Manay'k.iaa W. Consho'n. 1 * Bridgeport. 1 41 Port Kennedy. Valley Forge. 1 42 Phoenixville. 1 * 3 Royer's Ford. Pottstown. 1 ** Douglasville. Monocacy. Exeter. 145 Reading. 1 46 Leesport. Shoemakersville . Hamburg. Pt. Clinton. 147 Auburn. 148 Landingville. Pottsville 14 9 6i4 i. -azoic. 49 61 61 3 a. Calciferous. ? 76 2 b. Potsdam. 8 7 98 16. Triassic. 110 127 150 181 < 162 193 3 a. Calciferous. 268 4b. Utica? 298 4c Huds'n Riv. s.l. 81 * 375 5 b. Clinton. 4io 7. Low. Helderberg 4 7 1 11 b. Chemung. sos 14 b. &c. An. Cl. Mres. State Line and Sullivan Railroad. 4 24 29 Towanda. 136 Monroeton. Dushore. Bernice. 11 b. Chemung. 725 762 12. Catskill. 1593 f 14 b. Loyalsock 1 Coal Measures,semi- [ Anthracite. * 8 5 8 Montrose Railroad. 8 14 22 28 Montrose. Hunter's. Springville. Lobeck. Tunkhannock. 12. Catskill. 1656 1547 1257 611 129. Lehighton. On the crest of one of the grandest anticlinals in the State. The gently south dipping Chemung and Hamilton here turn over and descend vertically. From here to Mauch Chunk the vertical Devonian and Bernician systems are crossed at right angles, so as to give an easy section of 10,000 feet, up to the coal measures. 130. Mauch Chunk. Fine geological headquarters. The gap in the Second mountain gives the whole Pocono and Catskill. The river above gives the Mauch Chunk red shale. Mt. Pisgah the Pottsville conglomerate. Nine miles up the "passenger tourist's gravity road" lies the famous Summit Mine, mammoth coal bed, 60 feet thick, open quarry. In the gap notice the islet on which the very earliest anthracite iron furnace once stood. Good specimens of dendrites to be got from the plates in the mountain opposite the hotel. From here to Penn Haven, the fine gorge of the Lehigh, with its ox bow bend and walls of Catskill rocks. Glacial Moraine at Sand Run. 131. Fair View. Ascend 400 feet higher to the summit of Penobscot Knob, affording the finest view in the State. Notice the glacial scratches on the rock on the highest summit of the Knob. From here all the colleries are visible below, and the whole structure of the third anthracite coal field can be made out. Down Solomon's Gap by three incline planes, notice the erosion of the red shale under the conglomerate cover. 132. Wilkesbarre. Anthracite coal was first mined and used at Wilkesbarre in 1768 and 1769 by two blacksmiths named Gore. First shipment made to government arsenal at Carlisle in 1775. 133. Falls. Buttermilk Falls, not the falls of that name near Stroudsburg, but in nearly the ' same rocks, with the hollows filled with gravel. 134. McKune's. Enter the long gorge of the North branch of the Susquehanna through the Allegheny mountain plateau, capped (further west) by the Mehoopany coal basin. 135. Wysauking. A small but remarkable fault in the 11 b. Chemung rocks in the Wysox Narrows. It slants up the hillside and may be studied on the R. R. and on the common road, 200 feet above. The centre line of the Towanda anticlinal crosses the river at the northern end of this cliff, 1,050 feet above the fault. 136. Towanda. Fine cliffs, " The Red Rocks," just north of the fault and east from Wysauking station. Chemung fossils. Also another cliff directly opposite Towanda on east side of the river. Going north no such precipices are seen, the Chemung shales forming hills with rounded summits. Good view of Towanda village from the railroad. Boulders of white limestone from Central New York found in the river were formerly burnt for lime. Picturesque view at Ulster Narrows. 137. Shenandoah. The greatest overlap in the mammoth coal bed in the Anthracite region occurs in the Shenandoah City colliery. See Atlas of Geological Survey, where it is fully illustrated. 138 Barclay. Barclay or Towanda C. Co.'s, Long Valley and Shraeder Mines on the top of the Towanda Mountain, 1,300 feet above the river at Towanda. Incline planes. High falls. Profound gorges splitting the mountain. Laurel swamps. Semi-bituminous coal. 139. W. Manayunk. Beautiful ravine of the Wissahiccon to the east, deeply trenching the Azoic belt. ~ ....... t. Serpentine and soapstone quarries at Lafayette above Manayunk. 140. W. Conshohocken. Picturesque vertical trap dyke left standing in the limestone. Marble quarries east and west of here. 141. Bridgeport. On south edge of the Trias country. Bone cavern in limestone quarry near Port Kennedy studied by Dr. Leidy and Prof. Cope. Great limestone quarries south of the river, in one of which the trias beds are seen lying on the upturned edge of the old limestone beds. 142. Valley Forge. Ditto. The hill back of it is the east end of the ridge of Potsdam sandstone forming the north wall of the Chester Valley far to the south-west. Under its north flank come up the Azoic. 143. Phcenixville. In the tunnel here Mr. Wheatley found his coal plants (Trias) and reptile ; bones. Two miles south-west runs the edge or the Trias, with breccias, copper veins, etc., lying on Azoic. Trias continues hence to near Reading. 144. Pottstown. Trap hills to the north. PENNSYLVANIA. 163 Philadelphia & Reading B. B. Continued. Ms. Lehigh and Susquehanna Division. Alt. Philadelphia & Beading B. ~R. Continued. Little Schuylkill, East Mahanoy, Mine Hill and Ms. Mahanoy & Shamokin Branches. Alt. TSEaston. 12 * 86 Bethlehem. 1 2 95Catasaqua. 12 7 109XehighGap.i2 120Mauch Chnk. 1 " 127 Penn Haven Ju. 145 White Haven. ISSPenobscot.i' 1 171 Ashley. 174 Wilkesbarre. 55 183Pittston. 57i 187 Spring Brook. 193 Scranton. 7 * 195 Green Ridge. 3 a. Calcife 4 a. Trentoi 11 b. Chen 13b. Mch.C M 12 Catskill It 14 b.Anth'e it rous. 2lb 235 i. 283 : mng. * 92 hk.r.s. 532 708| 1120 Coal Mres. \IK1 ?- CB LJp|5 Herndon. 14Trevorton. 7 21 Shamokin. 1 os 2o| Excelsior. 30 Mount Carmel. 43 Ashland. 1 53 45 Girardville. 12 Catskill. Ub.&c.An. Cl. 431 Mres. 7^8 859 1021 47 Mahanoy. 154 * 1343 98 Tamaqua. 165 102Ringgold. 15 U 5 b. Clinton. 808 55S Chester Valley Branch. j Bridgeport. 6 Centreville. 10: Cedar Hollow. 16 Exton. 22 Downington. 3 a. Califerous. 202 246 324 257 East Penna and Lebanon Valley Branch. Allentown. 150 6 Emaus. 10 Millerstown. 15 Shamrock. 18 Topton. 25 Fleetwood. 31 Temple. 36 Reading.!* 6 45 Wernersville. 51 Womelsdorf. 58 Mverstown. 64 Lebanon. 15 ! 69 Annville. 74 Palmyra. 81 Hummelston. 152 90 Harrisburg. 3 a. Calciferous. * 31 434 < 383 433 485 449 387 268 < 388 < 456 474! 466 442 455 376 4 b. Utica Slate. ' 2 1 Schuylkill & Susquehanna Branch. Auburn. 1 * 8 5 Hannon. 12 Rock. 18 Pine Grove. 24 Ell wood. 67 s 30 Rausch Gap. 35 Yellow Spring. 38 Rattling Run. 46|Forge. 51 Dauphin. 54 Rockville. s * 59 1 Harrisburg. 9. Up.Helderberg. *e 10. Hamilton. u 11 b. Chemung. 52 <> 13 b. Mauch Chu'k r. s. << 909 777 ( 692 u 435 349 4 c. Hudson Riv. Slate. 4 b. Utica Slate. 32 1 145. Exeter. Trap dikes to the south and west, across the river. Remarkable horseshoe ridge of trap to the east. See map of the South Mountains in Report D 3, Vol. II, Part 1, Atlas Geological Surrey. 146. Beading. The " White Spot " high on the mountain to the east is a remnant of Potsdam sandstone left lying unconformably on Laurentian. 147. Port Clinton. A noble fault crosses the river three times in the gap ; once at the canal locks, again at the rock at the west mouth of the old tunnel, and then runs vertically up the steep. Hudson River slates dipping 10 south abut against the bottom plate of Oneida standing vertical. Between this and Auburn very fine exposures of Clinton red shales. No fossil ore. 148. Auburn. Back of this, on the south side of Summer Hill multitudes of Hamilton and Chemung fossils. 149. PottsvilU. Center of the soft anthracite colleries. Fine geological headquarters. For four miles before reaching this place the whole Devonian and Bernician systems stand vertical, affording a section of 20,000 feet of rock up to the top of the lower productive coal series in the fold of the great synclinal in the lower part of the town. View from the top of Sharp Mountain, 800 feet high, instructive. Hotel at Mount Carbon close to where Dr. Isaac Lea found fossil footprints. See Note 169. 150. Allentown. Road runs along the base of the Laurentian Mountains over Calciferous lim--~tone holding limonite beds. 1*1. Lebanon. Cornwall Magnetic Iron Mines six miles to the south; holds copper, trap and marble. 152. Hummelton. Iron mines, limonite, south of the town. 153. Athland. Remarkable large fossil tree stems visible in the coal measures here. Glacial strife (?) cross white pebbles in the conglomerate crest of mountain west of the Ashland Gap, opposite Mt. Carmel. 1.54. Mahanoy. Large colleries. Shaft sunk by diamond drill. 155. Tamaqua. Little Schuylkill here makes a cross section of the Pottsrille coal basin. Mr. C. A. Ashburner estimates that the center of the mammoth coal bed basin south of Tamaqua is 1800 feet deep. 156. Ringgold. From here down to Port Clinton the Little Schuylkill cuts through ten anticlinals. 157. Union. All along here the thinness of the Trias upon the Cambro-Silurian is revealed by erosion. 158. Ironville. Famous old and large limonite iron ore mine. 159. Tremont. View from the mountain to the southwest of it down the fish tail double red shale valley, split by the great mass of the Pocono rocks, is fine and instructive. 164 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.) Philadelphia & Beading B. B. Continued. Ms. Schuylkill Valley Branch. Alt. Philadelphia & Beading B. B. Continued. Ms. Catawissa and Williamsport Branch. Alt. 4 7 13 18 Pottsville. 14 ^ Port Carbon. New Philadelp'a. Tuscarora. Tamaqua. 15 " 5 14b.&c.An.Cl.Mres 614 639 ( 690 909 803 78 98 107 114 118 124 132 136 139 146 154 162 167 170 175 182 187 190 195 199 Philadelphia. Port Clinton. 1 47 Tamaqua 155 Tamanend. 1305 Girard. Brand'nville. * 6 2 Ringtown. Beaver Valley. McAuley. 1 ^ Main ville. 164 Catawissa. Danville 4 ' Mooresburg. Pottsgrove. Milton. 2 7 White Deer. Montgomery. Muncy. 28 Hall's. 12 Montours ville. Williamsport. 29 (See Main Line.) 5 b. Clinton. 41 <> 14b.& c. Cl.Mres. 80 13 b. Mh. Ck. r.s.fc s.s. 1-407 13 b. Mh.Ck.r. s. 1285 1129 924 759 12 Catskill. 72 Cdtskill-Chemung. 476 5 b. Clinton. * 94 10 Hamilton. 6 1 < 489 6 Salina. 46S < 476 11 a. Portage. 488 5 b. Clinton. 494 7 Lower Helderberg. 10 Hamilton. 524 11 a. Portage. 5 i Pickering Valley Branch. Oi Phoenix ville. i 43 lllByers. 16. Triassic. 110 1. Azoic. 426 Reading and Columbia Branch. 6 13 16 20 27 32 37 41 46 Reading. 1 * 6 Sinking Springs. Reinholds. Union.* 5 * Ephrata. Litiz. Manheim. Landisville. 5 Iron ville. 158 Columbia. 54 3 a. Calciferous. 2 6 8 348 16. Triassic. 449 399 3 a. Calciferous. 384 375 402 404 2 b. Potsdam. 3 a. Calciferous. 25 Lancaster and Quarryville Branch. Mill Creek and Mount Carbon Branch. 8 14 20 23 Lancaster Jun. Lancaster. West Willow. New Providence. Quarryville. 3 a. Calciferous. 8 7 * 312 449 1. Azoic. 401 488 O.Pottsville.i 49 4 Dormer's. 7 (New Castle. 12;Frackville. 14 b. An.Cl. Mres. si* 647 " 876 1479 Lebanon and Tremont Branch. Colebrookdale Branch. 13 20 24 29 37 44 Brookside. Tremont. 159 Pine Grove. Irving. Murray. 160 Jonestown. Lebanon.* 5 * 14 b. Anth. Coal Mres. 14 b. Coal Mres. 76 <> 11 b. Chemung. 52 10. Hamilton. ^^ < 456 4c. Hudson River. 422 3 a. Calciferous. 4fle 6 13 Pottstown. 144 Colebrookdale. Mt. Pleasant. 16 Triassic. 15 1. Azoic. 81(J Philadelphia and Chester Branch. 4 Eddystone. Thurlow. 1. Azoic. Mine Hill and Schuylkill Haven Branch. Chestnut Hill Branch. 9 14 Schuylkill Hav. Minersville.i" Glen Dower. 11 b. Chemung. 5a9 Ub.andCl. Mres. 700 11 Philadelphia. Chestnut Hill. 1. Azoic. 47 410 160. Murray. Passing out of the gap Hole Mountain stands on thejleft (east) a curious* synclinal outlier of Oneida capping a ridge of Hudson River, proving that no non-conformability exists. 161. MinersviUe. A line of great colleries on the mammoth vein extend westward. The gap of /. A curious little oval mountain basin of anthracite lower coal beds (McCauley) red shale plain to the right. Notice the rift in its southern side, and its fortress the west branch Schuylkill above Minersyille, shows a superb arch of the conglomerate. Mine Hill is the mine which burned for thirty years. 162. Brandonville. Making down grade from the conglomerate along the southern and western sides of the red shale valley of the Catawissa Creek crossed by numerous anticlinals from between the Beaver Meadow, Hazleton and Black Creek basins, to the east, and zigzagging the (Pocono) Catawissa Mountain to the west. 163. McAuley. stands out on the like outline. 164. Mainville. Fine gap through the Nescopic Mountain and section of white Pocono rocks with terraces of Red Catskill on its northern flank. 165. Owynedd. Plants in the Trias as at Phoanixville. Trap ridge pierced by the tunnel. 166. Cooper sbur a. Saucon valley zinc mines. 167. Steelton. Bessemer steel works, Pennsylvania Steel Co. 168. Cornwall. Cornwall magnetic iron mines located here; this is the largest deposit of iron ore in Pennsylvania. 169 Pottsville Ju. The deepest shaft (1575 ft.) in Pa. is located here. The carboniferous con- glomerate is boldly and beautifully exposed in the gap south of the town. The dip of the conglom- erate is overturned and is toward the south, although the coal beds above the conglomerate lie in the synclinal to the north. See Note 149. PENNSYLVANIA. 165 Philadelphia & Reading R. R. Continued. Ms. Schuylkill and Lehigh Branch. Alt. Philadelphia & Reading R. R. Continued. Ms. Cornwall and Mt. Hope R. R. Alt. Reading, n 43 Slatington. 128 3 a. Calciferous. 2 6 8 4c.HudsonRiv.s.l. 866 C )Lebanon.i 51 3 a. Calciferous. 1 4 ;' G 7 8 9 12 Donaghmore. Midway. N. Cornwall. Cornwall. 168 Miners Village. Overlook. Penryn. Mt. Hope. M 16 Trias. ( North Pennsylvania and Bound Brook Div. 10 14 18 22 25 31 88 44 61 64 Philadelphia. Abington. Ft. Washington. Gwynedd.i 65 Landsdale. Hatfield. Sellersville. Quakertown. Coopersburg. 1 6 6 Hellertown. Bethlehem." 6 1. Azoic. 254 16. Triassic. 17 271 868 311 and Trap. 831 496 649 3 a. Calciferous. 276 237 People's Railway. 6 15 Pottsville.i* 9 Pottsville Ju. Tremont.is 9 14 b. Coal Mres. i* Coudersport and Port Allegheny R. R. Bound Brook Route. 3 9 13 17 Coudersport. Olmstead. Pomery Bridge. Silver Spring. Port Allegheny. 12Catskill. i66i M " 1481 Philadelphia. 8 Jenkintown. 15 Somerton. 21 Langhorn. 29 Yardley. 88 Jersey City. 1. Azoic. 28 located one and a half miles east of the town and is one of the most remarkable gas welis in Pa. (See Carll's report on Warren County, I 4.) 217. Chewton, Good geological headquarters for studying XIII in hills and XII along wild gorge of Connoquenessing River. I. C. w . 218. Youngstown, In vicinity of Youngstown the Sharon coal which comes near the base of XII may be studied. 219. Renfrew. Near this is the celebrated Thorn Creek oil district, which has furnished the largest wells in America, one, the Boyd and Semple putting out 9,000 barrels the first 24 hours. I. C. WHITE. 174 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.) Ms. Sharps ville R. R. Alt. Ms. Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R. R. Con. Alt. A 5 6 7 9 12 15 17 Sharpsville. Mt. Hickory. Hermitage. Oakland. Summit. Neshannock. Lackawan'ck Jc. Lyle. New Wilmington. Wilmington Jc. Sub-conglomerate. Conglomerate. tt n 43 44 46 49 Wampum. Newport. Moravia. New Castle Jc. Lower half of XII. 76 Basal portion XII. 7 7 2 786 Base of XII. 79 * tt 800 13d. Cuyahoga Shale. 808 it 822 827 52 New Castle. 182 50 54 57 59 62 68 Mahopingtown. Edenburg. 7 9 3 Carbon. Lowellsville, 0. Struthers. Youngstown. 218 Tionesta Valley R. R. 6 10 13 19 Sheffield Junct. Brookston. Donaldson. Sheffield. 2 ! 6 Garfield. 13 a. Pocono. M 11 Carbonif. Conglom. Pittsburgh, McKeesport & Youghiogheny Railroad. 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 19 22 25 28 33 38 40 46 54 56 57 58 Pittsburgh. 2 * Hayes. Homestead. City Farm. Rankin. Braddock. Bessemer. Port Perry. 90 Saltsburg. Demmler. McKeesport. 9 Boston. Greenock. Stringtown. Scott Haven. West Newton. Port Royal. Jacob's Creek. Lay ton. Dickerson Run. Broad Ford Jc. Broad Ford. New Haven. 14 b. Barren Mres. T3 ti 755 tt 759 tt 742 ft 735 tt 739 tt 734 748 it 742 754 742 tt 756 tt 75ft tt 762 t( 768 ti 780 785 811 ti 853 14 c. U. Cl. Mres. 873 804 New York, Pittsburgh & Chicago R. R. New Galilee. 3 i Darlington. 6 Cannelton. 9 Negley. 12 Mill Rock. 14 Rogers ville. 14 b. Low. Cl. Mres. u Pittsburgh & Castle Shannon R. R. Pittsburgh. 25 9 Castle Shannon. 14 b. Barren Mres. 14 c. U. Coal Mres. Pittsburgh & take Erie R. R. * 5 6 7 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 31 32 34 36 40 Pittsburgh. 25 Chartiers. McKee's Rocks. Davis Island. Moon Run. Montour Jc. Middletown. Lashell. Stoop's Ferry. Shousetown. Shannopin. West Economy. Woodlawn. Alliquippa. Logstown. Stobe. Kiasola. Monaca. Phillipsburg. Beaver. Bridgewater. Fallston. Brighton. Beaver Falls. College. Homewood. 188 Clinton. Rock Point. 14 b. Barren Mres. 73 720 14 c. Mahoning s. s. 7 2 6 tt 725 718 718 ft 722 716 tt 719 tt 761 14 b. L. Cl. Mres. 777 (i 765 <( 742 tt 756 752 752 tt 752 751 752 752 730 tt 719 14 a. Conglomer. 722 14 a. Top of XII. 74 Middle of XII. 75 Lower half of XII. 749 754 tt 754 Montour Railroad. Montour June. 11 (Imperial. 14 b. Barren Mres. 718 Pittsburgh, Chartiers & Youghiogheny Railroad. 0, Pittsburgh. 25 5 Chartiers. 12 Mansfield. 15 Bower Hill. 20 Beechmont. 14 b. Barren Mres. 14 c. U. Coal Mres. Pittsburgh & Western R. R. 3 5 9 14 16 A.llegheny. 7 8 Bennett. Sharpsburg. Elfinwild. Wildwood. Gibsonia. 14 b. Barren Mres. tt 14 b. L. Coal Mres. 14 b. Barren Mres. *By Prof. I. C. White, U. S. Geologist. PENNSYLVANIA. 175 Ms. Pittsburgh & Western R. R. Con. Alt. Ms. Pittsburgh & Western R. R, Con. Alt. 18 20 25 28 32 33 43 45 51 54 67 Bakerstown. Valencia. Gallery Jc. Evans City. Harmony. Zelienople. North Sewickley. Wurtemburg. Chewton. 317 Moravia. New Castle Jc. 14 b. Barren Mres. u 14 b. Low. Coal Mres. < u 14 a. Comglom. Sub-conglomerate. u lOljLucinda. 107'Tylersburg. 120 Warrensville. 135'Sheffield Jc. 153 Kane. 157 Kanesholm. 164 Mt. Jewett. 14 b. Low. Coal Mres. Conglomerate. Coal Measures Waynesburg & Washington R. R. 5 7 9 11 12 14 15 16 18 19 21 23 26 29 Waynesburg. Sycamore. Swart. Deer Lick. West Union. Dunn. Lindley's Mills. Hackney. Johnson. Luellen. Baker. McCracken. Vankirk. Braddock. Washington. 1 9 14. c.Greene Co. Group. 14 c. U. Coal Mres. ii It < It 60 58 62 67 76 33 40 48 53 57 58 62 67 70 74 78 86 91 95 100 Newcastle.^ 82 Mahoningtown. Edenburg. Lowellville, 0. Youngstown. 2 1 8 Gallery Jc. Renfrew. Butler. T 9 St. Joe. Millerstown. Karns. Petrolia. Bruin. Parker. Foxburg. St. Petersburg. Turkey. Knox. Shippenville. Clarion Jc. Clarion. 14 b. Barren Mres. 14 b. L. Coal Mres. u H Conglomerate. 14 b. L. Coal Mres. H Youghiogheny R. R. Irwins. Shaft No. 2. Chambers. McGrew's. Millville. Cowans. Marchands. Sewickley. 14 c. U. Coal Mres. 88 * 993 1082 981 86T 78* 780 98| Arthurs. Mineral Localities. The following notes are taken from a list of Mineral Localities sent to the editor by Mr. Joseph Wilcox, of Media, Pennsylvania, one of the Commissioners of the Second Geological Sur- vey. P. W. tk B. R. R. Sicarthmore. At Avondale quarries, one mile south, Garnets and Tourma- line : one mile north, Andalusite. Media. At Blue Hill, two miles north, Green Quartz, Chrysotile. In Upper Providence, An- dalusite, Stellate, Antophyllite, Amethyst, Asbestos, Actinolite. Elwyn. In Middletown, Actinolite, Green Feldspar, Corundum, Chromic Iron, Moonstone, Sunstone. Bridqewater. Sphene. Morgan. Amethyst, Corundum. Rochdale. Ametnvst, Asbestos. Concord. Two mifes south, in Green's Creek, Garnet (so-called Pyrope). Garnet mined as a substitute for emery. Fairvilte. Mica in large crystals. Rising Sun Station. Near ^ew Texas in Lancaster Co., Chromic Iron has been largly mined. Brucite, Ripidolite, Picrolite, Emerald, Nickel, Williamsite, Genthite, Brandywine Summit. Two miles southwest, Kaolin mines. Near Elam, Garnet, Mica, Feld- spar. Moore's. Near Moore's Ferry, Kyamite. Chester Station. In Leiperville quaies, Garnet, Beryl, Feldspar, Tourmaline, Pink Zoisite, Mica. Newport. At Brandywine Springs, Fibrolite. West Chetter. Two miles south at Brinton's quarry, Clinochlore, Jefferisite, Oligoclase. Ser- pentine is largely quarried there. Wilmington and Northern R. R. HaH's. One mile and a half southwest, Corundum mines, Diaspore, Marearite, Garnet, Feldspar, Tourmaline. P. R. R. Gap Station, Lancaster Co. Gap mine four miles, Millerite, Siderite, Chalcopyrite, Pyrrolite (niccoJiferoua.) 176 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. This blank space is intended for additional geological notes in pencil by the traveler. OHIO. 177 Ohio.* GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN OHIO. GROUPS. OHIO StTB-DlVISIONS. EQUIVALENTS IN OTHER STATES. 20. QUATERNARY. 120 c. Stratified Drift. Terraces, &c. f Valley Drift, Kames, Osars, &c. 20 b. Forest Bed (local). 20 a. Boulder Clay, Till., Erie Clay. 14. COAL MEASURES AND CONGLOMERATE COALS. 14 c, Upper Barren Measures. 14 c. Upper Productive ' 14 b. Lower Barren 14 a. and b. Lower Productive and Conglomerate Coal Measures. {Coal Measures of Pennsyl- vania, and Conglomerate Coals. 14. CONGLOMERATE (in part). j 14 a. Sharon Conglomerate. ( Sharon Conglomerate of ( Pennsylvania. 13. SUB-CARBONIFER- OUS LIMESTONE. | 13 f. Maxville Limestone. Chester Limestone, Illinois. 13. WAVERLY. 13 e. Logan Group, Olive Shales, Logan Sandstone, Waverly Conglomerate. 13d. Cuyahoga Shale. 13 c. Berea (or Waverly) Black Shale. 13 b. Berea Grit. 13 a. Bedford Shale. {Shenango Sandstone in part, Pennsylvania. j Marshall Group, Michigan. ( Crawford Shales, Pa. j Orangeville Shale in part, 1 Pennsylvania, j Pithole Grit, or Third Mono- ( tain Sand, Pennsylvania. 11. OHIO (Black) SHALB. ( 11 c. Cleveland Shale. j 11 a. and b. Erie Shale. ( 10 c. and 11 a. Huron Shale. ichemung, Portage, and Genesee, of New York. 10. HAMILTON. 10 b. Hamilton Shale. " Olentangy Shale. j Hamilton Group, New York / (in part). Q r j 9 b. Delaware Limestone. J9a. Columbus Limestone. (Marcellus Shale, Corniferous and Onondaga Limestones of New York. 6 & 7. WATXRLIMI. - 6 and 7. Waterlime. ( Waterlime and L. Helder- 1 berg, New York. 6. SALISA. 6. Salina Shales & Plaster Beds. Salina Group, New York. 5. NIAGARA. 5 h. Hillsboro' Sandstone. 5 g. Cedarville Limestone. 5f. Springfield Limestone. , 5e, West Union Limestone. 5 d, Niagara Shale. 5c. Dayton Limestone. 5 b. Clinton Limestone. .5 a. Medina Shale. Guelph, Canada. j Niagara Group, New York. Clinton Group, New York. Medina Sandstone, New York. ( 4 c. Lebanon Beds, 4. HUDSON RITER \ 4 b Cjncinnati Beds . Or ClHCINKATI. / 4 a p^ p, easant Beds . i Hudson River and Utica Shale of New York. * In the first edition this chapter wa famished bv Dr. J. S. Newberry, the State Geologist at that time. It hae been very much enlarged for this edition, the new railroads added, the whole care- 178 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (OHIO.) ' Ms. | Ashtabula and Pittsburg Railroad. B ell air e, Zanesville and Cincinnati R. R. Ms. In driftless region o L S &M S R R 1 8 12 16 24 29 34 40 45 Ashtabula. Austinburg. Eagleville. Rock Creek. Orwell. Bloomfield. Bristolville. Champion. Warren 11. Erie Shale. 66 u u " & 13. Waver. 13 e. Waverly. u (( 13 d " 862 12 33 42 49 59 77 Bellaire. Bethel. Jerusalem. Woodsfield. Lewisville. Summerfield. Caldwell. )14 c. Upper Prod. Meas. Pittsburg Seam, No. 8. 65? 14 c. Up. Barren Meas. 60 55 60 65 68 Niles. Girard. Youngstown. Struthers. Lnwpll 14 a. Conglomerate. 911 j 13 Wav., 14 a. Congl., 1 14 b. Coal Meas. 885 14a.Con.&Cl.Meas. 865 14 b. Coal Measures. H 88 110 Cumberland. Zanesville. 14 b. Low. Barr. Meas. (The Sewickly coal mined near known as Cumberland Seam. 14 b. Low. Prod. Meas., Kittan. Coals, Nos 5 and 6 7 : * Baltimore and Ohio and Chicago Rail- road (B. dfc O. R. R.). Central Ohio Railroad (B. k O. R. R.). Baltimore Md 8 16 Chicago June. Attica. Republic. 9. Cornif. & 10. Huron. 9. Corniferous. 376Bellaire. 385 Glencoe j 14 c. C'l Meas. Pitts- \ burgS'm, No. 8. 657 u 24 80 Tiffin. Bascom. 5. Niag. & 7. Held. 768 5. Niagara. 395'Belmont. 14 c. Coal Meas. Up. Barren Measures. 3V 44 50 62 '74 88 Fostoria. Bloomdale. New Baltimore. Deshler. Holgate. Defiance. 5. Niag. & 7. Helderb'g. 7. Helderberg. 10 c. Huron Shale. 70 403 413 428 437 Barnesville. Salesville. Cambridge. Concord 14 c. Coal Meas., Se- wickly Seam, No. 8 6. 14 c. Coal Measure, j 14 c. Coal Meas., Up. ( Freeport S'm, No. 7. u 94 Delaware. 447 Sonora. Straitwville, Somerset and Newark R. R. 454 Zanesville. j 14 c. Coal Meas. Kit. | S'ms, Nos. 5&6. 711 Newark. 13 e. Waverly. 468 Pleasant Valley. 13 c. " 9 Avondale. 14 b. Coal Measures. 470 Black Hand. 13 e. Waverly. 17 Glenford. (13s. and c. Limestone ( and 14 a. Congl. 480 486 Newark. * Union. 821 13 d. " 27 Wellans. H 495 Pataskala. u 38 Bristol. (14b. Coal Meas., Kit- | tanning Seams, Nos. 504 Taylor's. ( 11 c. Hur. & 13 a. & ( b.. Waverly. 43 Shawnee. ( 5 and 6. 965 u 513 Columbus. ( 9. Cornif., 10. Ham., i 1 I.Ohio Shale. 746 fully revised, and about fifty foot-notes appended by Professor Edward Orton, the present State Geologist. Several additional glacial notes are by Rev. G. Frederick Wright, of Oberlm, one of the United States Geologists, who has been engaged under Professor T. C. Chamberlain in making a special survey of the terminal moraine through Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Illinois. His notes are signed G. P. W., and all the other notes are by Professor Orton except No. 62. J. M. 1. Newark. Glacial boundary at Newark. G. F. W. 2. Chicago and Atlantic Railway. Route heavily covered with drift. 3. Marion. Fine exposures of limestone in Marion quarries. Fossils abundant. 4. Lima. Waterlime quarried here. Strong building-stone. Some beds fossiliferons. 5. Winchester. Near margin of glacial drift. 6. Mineral Springs. Springs derived from black shale. 7. Miamisburg. Cedar trees and peat 100 feet beneath glacial deposits at Germantown, three miles southwest from Miamisburg. G. F. W. 8. Amanda. Glacial boundary three miles east of Amanda. G. F. W. 9. Lancaster. On the glacial boundary. Granite boulder two miles northeast, 18 x 11 x6 feet out of ground. G. F. W. 10. Bremen. Glacial boundary two miles northwest. G. F. W. 11. Cecil. Region heavily covered with drift. Very few outcrops of strata to be found. These mainly in beds of streams. 12. Greenville. At Greenville an interesting outcrop of Guelph division of the Niagara occurs, rich in fossils. A number of new species have been obtained here. The rock is dolomitic, but con- tains more carbonate of magnesia than carbonate of lime. OHIO. 179 Ms. | Chicago and Atlantic Railroad. Ms. { Cincinnati, Hamilton 979 138 Geneva. i 50 Martinsville. 5 b. Niagara. "45 154Painesville. u 651 62 Lexington. 7. Helderberg. 160 Mentor. u 684 74 Greenfield. a 898 165 Willoughby. u 85 Frankfort. 11. Ohio Shale. 765 173 Euclid. u 98Chillicothe. 33 j 11. Ohio Shale, and 13 183 Cleveland. \ a. and b. Wav. 637 192 Rocky River. II u 599 105 Schooley'a. 1 3 d. Waverly. 6 6 8 202 Avon. 117 Raysville. j 14 a. Cong. & Cornif. 210 Lorain. ( Coal Meas. 638: 221 Vermilion. u 13 a. and b. Waverly. 127 Hamden. 14 b. Cong. C'l Meas. 7 23 229 Berlin Heights. 139 Zaleski ( Coal Meas., Mercer & 236 Milan. I Kit.,Nos. 3to6. 723 248Bellevue. 11. Ohio Shale. u 766 152 Marshfield. Camb. Limestone. ' 8 260 Green Springs. 7. Waterlime. 159 Athens. Cam. & Crin. Limest. 6 5 6 280 Fostoria. 5 g. Niagara. New England. 14 c. Coal Measure. 300 Mt. Comb. 7. Waterlime. Cutler. M 779 310 Leipsic. u Moore's Junct " 325 Continental. u Marietta. u 626 341 Latty. 9. Corniferous. Blanchester. 4 c. Cincin. Group. 9 1 9 353 Smiley's Station. u 11 21 Lvnchburg. Hillsboro. u 6c.d.e.f.g.h. Ni. 1135 New York, Pennsylvania dc Ohio R . R. Hamden. {13 s. c. Limest., 14 Coal Meas., Sharon fYial FTnrir Cincinnati. 62 59 Dayton. O O7 j 4. Cincin. Group, & 5 1 a. b. & c. Niag. 754 12 19 28 38 Jackson. Vaughan's. Washington. Webster. \^Oo.i iioriz* \ 14 a. Cong, and Cong.; \ Coal Measure. 14 b. Coal Measure. Coal Meas., Fer. Limest. ( 14 b. Coal Meas., Mer- j ccr Horizon 70 Osborne. 76 Enon. 80 Springfield. 89|Bowlinsville. 95 Urbana. 105 Mingo. 4. Cincinnati Group. 5 d. and e. Niagara. 5 d. e. f. g. Niagara. 5g. Ni. &7. Held. 10 *9 7. Helderberg. 60 56 Sciotoville. Portsmouth. 13 e. Waverly. 13 d. 114Pottersburg. 121 Broadway. 1 99 TJirhwnod tt u it 844 Athena. j 14 b. Coal Measure, \ Crin. Limest. 656 i7 JvlCIlWUUil. 138 Green Camp. 144 Marion. <( 9 a. and b. Cornif. 961 11 Guysville. 14 c. Coal Measure. 153 Caledonia. H 1068 23 Coolville. > Little Hocking. u u 757 164 Galion. 172 Ontario. 13 b. Waverlv. 13 c. 1171 1377 36JParkersburg. l 179 Mansfield. 13 e. Waverly. 1 156 Marietta, Pittsbnrff and Cleveland R. R. 187; Windsor. 1069 .' Marietta. 14 c. Coal Measure. 6 * 5 196 Ashland. 1086 7 Caywood. 2u7 Polk. 1242 18 Warner. 213 West Salem. 1088 27 Dexter. " Crin. Limest. 216Burbank. 36 Caldwell. 2-21 Pike. 45 Glenwood. " 225 Russell. u AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (OHIO.) New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Kail- Ms. North-Western Ohio Railway. Toledo. 7. Helderberg. 232 Wadsworth. 14 b. Coal Meas. 6 Walbridge. u 240 New Portage. 14 a. Conglomerate. 967 18 Woodville. 5. Niagara. 246!Akron. 1005 26 Helena. u 250 Tallmadge. j 14 b. Coal Measure, } Sharon Seam. 1102 31 Burgoon. 42Tiflfin. " &7. Held. 768 256 Kent. 14 a. Conglomerate. 10 52 Bloomville. 9. Corniferous. 263 Ravenna 14 a. &b. C'l Meas. 1095 62|New Washingt'n 10 c. Hur. & 10. Ham. 269 279 Freedom. Braceville. u 1150 13 d. and e. Wav. 901 75 Vernon. 86! Mansfield. 13 d. Waverly. 13 e. " 1167 283 286 Leavittsburg. Warren. lo a. & e. Waverly. 3 d. Waverly. 902 Ohio Central Railway. 294 Cortland. " Toledo. 7. Lower Helderb. { 307 Orangeville. 13 c. and d. Wav. 945 10 Stony Ridge. 5 g. Niagara. Mahoniug Division. 35 69 89 108 19,4 Fostoria. Bucyrus. Mt. Gilead. Centerburg. Granville. 11. Ohio Shale. 1009 13 a. andb. Wav. 110 13 d. Waverly. 13 e. " 7 Sharon. Hubbard. ( 14 a. & b. C'l Meas., ( Sharon C'l, No. 1. 14 a. & b. Coal Meas. 514 a. Cong. & 14 a. & 149 Lakeside 3 5 13 d. " 15 Youngstown. b. Sharon Coal No. 156 Rushville. 36 13 e. 23 31 Niles. Leavittsburg. << 911 897 167 Junction City. 172 New Lexington. 179 Moxahala. 37 14 b. Low. Mer. Horiz. 14 b. Kit. C'ls,5&6. 871 40 Mahoning. f, 1 \fr,^<-,,r> 14 a. Conglomerate. 1111 184 'Corning. 38 (C 67 Aurora. i< 1090 U 1032 Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. 65 75 Solon. Newburg. 13 a. Waverly. 815 9 Cincinnati. Delhi 14 b. Cincin. Group. 507 u 80 Cleveland. 11. Erie Shale. 5 " 13 North Bend. 39 u Niles and New Lisbon Branch. Ohio Southern Railway. Niles. j 13 d. Waverly and 14 1 a. Conglom. 9 1 l Springfield. 40 5 f. andg. Niagara. 953 6 Austintown. ( 14 a & b. C'l Meas., \ Low. Merc. Horiz. 12 S. Charleston. ( 5 f . & g. Ni. Drift < heavy, no rock vis- 12 18 Canfield. Green. Coal Meas., Ferrif. Limest. Horiz. 1100 Coal Meas., Low. Kit- tanning Coal. 36 43 Washingt'n C.H. Good Hope. ( ible. j 7. Waterlime. No ( rock visible. 957 7. Waterlime. 28 Leetonia. 1036 50 Greenfield. 41 u 898 25 Franklin. {Coal Meas., Ferrif er. 62 Bainbridge. 42 j 7. Waterl., 11. Ohio "I Sh., 13a.&b.Wav. 33 New Lisbon. 34 Limest. to Mahon- ing Sandstone. 968 84 Waverly. ( 11 c. Ohio Sh., 13 a. ( b. and c. Waverly. Liberty and Vienna Branch. 109 Beaverton. Jackson. 43 Ha.&b.Con.&C'IMeas. 0| Vienna. 8 Vienna Junct. 14 b. Coal Meas. u 113 119 Coalton. 44 Wellston. 48 u (I 35. Lakeside. Lake produced by glacial accumulations near margin of glacial area. 36. Rushville. The upper beds of the Waverly here yield an abundant series of fossils, part of them agreeing with the Sub-Carboniferous limestone forms of Illinois. 37. Moxahala. Between Moxahala and Corning the change occurs which converts the middle Kittanning coal seam (No. 6) from a 3$ foot seam into a 10-12 foot seam. The Mid. Kittanning coal, and also the Lower Freeport seam, are both mined at Moxahala. In the tunnel south of the town the Upper Freeport horizon is well shown except the coal. 38. Corning. The Upper Freeport coal (No. 7) is also worked near Corning. It is known here as the " upper vein," or Norns coal. 39. North Bend. Extensive glacial deposits at North Bend railroad-tunnel, on the I. C. & L. R. R., passes through a glacial deposit 150 feet deep. G. F. W. 40. Springfield. Fine exposures of Niagara. Worked on large scale for building-stone and lime. 41. Greenfield. Best showing of Lower Helderberg in Ohio. Stone of great value. Quarried on large scale for building-stone. All fragments and spalls burned for lime ; stone remarkably even bed- OHIO. 185 Ms. ! Painesville & Youngstown R. K. Pittaburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Kail- Youngstown. 9 Niles. 15 Warren. 25 Southington. 31 Bundysburg. 38 Burton. 48 Chardon. 59 Painesville. ( 14 a. and b. Cong. & I Cong. Coals. 868 j 14 d. Conglomerate. 911 ! 13 d. Waverly. 892 (i 14 a. Conglomerate. 11. Erie Shale. 696 Ms. road uon. 259 Nevada. 267 Bucyrus. 280 Crestline. 293 Mansfield. 307 Perrysville. 318Lakeville. 383 Wooster. 344 Orrville. 359 Massillon. 367 Canton. 379 Strasburg. 385 Alliance. 392 Damascus. 405|Leetonia. 414!N. Waterford. 47 (Continued in 9. CorniferouB. j 9. Cor., 10. Ham., & | 11. Ohio Sh. 1009 13d. Warerly. 1169 13 e. " 1167 U 1008 ( 18. Wav., 14 c. Con., \ & 14 b. C'IM. 986 13 e. Waverly. 9l " ( 13e.Wav.,14c.Con., 1 & 14 b. C'IM. 1074 14 a. &b. CoalMea. 967 CoalM.,Mer. Hor. l059 Coal Measure. u 1099 1190 ( Coal Meas., L. Kit. 1 Seam, No. 5. 1036 Freeport Seams. 1078 Pennsylvania.) Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis R. R. Columbus. 10 Black Lick. 1 7 Pataskala. 33 Newark. 46 41 Hanover. 49 Frazeysburg. 55 Dresden June. 62 Conesville. 69 Coshocton. 73 West Lafayette. 83 X. Comerston. 89 Pt. Washington. 97 Trenton. 100 Uhrichsville. HOBowerston. 121 Fair-view. ISOUnionport. 138 Smithfield. 150 Steubenville. ( 9. Corn., 10. Ham., & 1 11. Ohio Shale. 746 13 b. Waverly. 13 d. 13 e. " 881 u 888 j 14 b. Coal Meas., Mer- \ cer Horizon. 753 44 737 j 14 b. Coal Meas., Kit. "j Seams, 5 and 6. 740 773 (( ( 798 it 816 835 Coal Measures. 865 C'l Meas., Freep't S'ms. Coal Measures. 1011 948 (( 776 C'l M.,L. Free. Sms. 730 Sandnsky, Mansfield and Newark Rail, road (B. & O. R. R.). OlSandusky. 8 Prout's. 15 Monroeville. 23 Havana. 26 Chicago June. 35 Plvmouth. 42 Shelby June. 49 Spring Mill. 54 Mansfield. 63 Lexington. 74 Independence. 84 Frederick. 91|Mt. Vernon. 103'Utica. 116! Newark. 46 9. Corniferous. 11. Ohio Shale. 11 c. Ohio Shale. 736 13 b. Waverly. 13 c. " u u 1119 3. Waverly. From Waverly the division of rocks received its name, the main element being the qnarrv-stone, which is the southern extension of the Berea grit. 51. Sciotoville. At Sciotoville the famous Sub-Carboniferous fire-clay that accompanies the lime- stone is largely worked and manufactured. 186 AN AMERICAN" GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (OHIO.) Ms. | Scioto Valley Railroad Con. Toledo, Cincinnati Ms. roa and St. Louis Rail- 50 61 70 76 90 100 105 114 124 127 131 Chillicothe. 48 County Bridge 49 Waverly. 5 Piketon. Lucasville. Portsmouth. Sciotoville. 51 ( Franklin Fur- ( nace. Hanging Rock. Iron ton. 62 Ashland. J 11 c. Ohio Sh., 13 a. 1 b. c. d. e. Wav. 6 * 7 13 b. c. & d. Waverly. j 11 c. Ohio Sh., & 13 ( a. b. c. Waverly. U 578 13 c. d. e. Waverly. 13 e. -" 489 j' 13 e. Wav., 13 f. Sub- i Carb. Limestone. l! 14 a. and b. Coal " Measures. ; 14 b. Coal Meas. and | Ferrif. Limestone. 14 b. Coal Meas., Kit. " Coals, 5 and 6. i Con. 30 66 80 93 104 110 115 Jamestown. Frankfort. Chillicothe. Richinondale. Byers' Station. Coalton. Wellston. 5. Niagara. Drift beds heavy. 11. Ohio Shale. 765 ( 11. OhioSh. &13a.b. \ c. d. e. Wav. 637 14 a. Con. & 13 e. Wav. u 14 a. &b. Con. & C'l M. a 115 136 152 159 168 Wellston. Centerton. Mt. Vernon. Etna. Ironton. it 14 b. Coal Measures, j 14 b. Coal Meas., Fer. 1 Limestone. it u Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. Valley Railway. 24 42 74 108 74 92 104 139 150 156 169 183 199 207 229 Toledo. Grand Rapids. Hoi gate. Delphos. Decatur. 7. Waterlime. 9. Corniferous. u j 7. Waterlime. Drift { heavy. 78 6 9. Corniferous. Cleveland. Independence. 56 Peninsula. 57 Akron. Greentown. Canton. 58 No. Industry. Mineral Point. 59 Valley June. 11. Ohio Shale. 5 " 13 a. b. c. Waverly. 14 a. Cong, and 14 b. Coal Measure. 1005 14 b. Brookville or Gray Limest. Coal. 14 b. Merc. Horiz. 1049 14b.Kit.Cls.,No. 5&6. n 14 b. Mercer Horiz. 90 Delphos. Mendon. Celina. Covington. West Milton. Harrisburgh. 53 Dayton. 54 Centerville. Lebanon. 56 Mason. Cincinnati. 62 7. Waterlime. 786 u 5 g. Niagara. 85 5f.&g. " 5b. u ( 4c. Cin. &5 a. b. c. d ] Niagara. 754 u 4 c. Cincinnati. 74 4b. &c. " 70 4 b. " 507 Wabash, St. Louie and Pacific Railroad. o 17 29 35 52 61 71 94 Toledo. South Toledo. White House. Liberty. Napoleon. Defiance. Emerald. Antwerp. Ft. Wayne. 7. Helderberg. ). Corniferous. 10 c. Huron. 684 10.Ham.&11.0.Sh. 682 ( 700 10. Hamilton. ). Corniferous. 738 See Indiana. 17 Dayton. ^ Xenia. j 4 c. Cincin. and 5 a. ( b. c. d. Niag. 754 j 4 c. Cincin. and 6 a. j and b. Niagara. oints. The Clinton limestone highly fossiliferous in this region ypical localities for fossils of the Upper Cincinnati beds. le quarries in Berea stone. Grit eseciall valuable for millsto 52. Ironton. The charcoal iron manufacture of Ohio is centered here. 53. Harrisburgh. Clinton limestone, white and marble-like here. 54. Dayton. Junction of Lower and Upper Silurian well shown at Soldiers' Home. Valuable quar- ries in Dayton stone at many points. 55. Lebanon. One of the t 56. Independence. Valuable quarries in Berea stone. Grit especially valuable for millstones for grinding wood pulp, pearl barley, etc. 57. Peninsula. Large quarries in Berea grit. 59. Mineral Point. Valuable bed of Kittanning clay. Best fire-clay in the State. PO. Lodi. Excellent locality foV Upper Waverly fossil?,. 61. Massillon. Lowest coal (Sharon) mined largely here. 62. The Cincinnati Glacial Dam. The survey of the terminal moraine In Ohio, made by Rev. G. F. Wright in 1882, proved that the southern boundary of the great ice-sheet crossed the Ohio River near New Richmond, twenty-two miles by the river above Cincinnati, and extended across the north- ern counties of Kentucky, four or five miles south of the river, recrossing the Ohio near Aurora, Indi- ana. Mr. Wright inferred that one effect of this glacier was to form an immense dam of ice and mo- raine dfcbris, 500 to 600 feet high, which effectually closed the old channel of the Ohio for forty-nine miles by the windings of the river, and set back the water of the river and its tributaries until, as shown by Mr. I. C. White, it probably occupied the channel between the Eanawha and the Ohio Val- leys, through West Virginia, now the line of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. The site of Pitts- burg, Pa., was submerged to the depth of 300 feet, the remarkable terraces in the valleys of the Ohio. Allegheny, Monongahela,[and other branches, for the origin of which no satisfactory explanations had before been given, being then formed, according to White and Lesley, around the shores of this great inland lake. (See Note No. 62, in West Virgin ia.) J. M? OHIO. 187 MS. Wheeling and Lake isrie itaiiway. ^1S. wneerg v i^aiie r-rie itaiiway (jon. Toledo. 36 Fremont. 7. \Vaterlime. 7. Waterlime. 637 133 Sippo. j 14 a. Congl. & 14 b. \ Lower Coal Meas. 59 Monroeville. 11. Ohio Shale. 736 137 Massillon. 61 " ^67 64 S5 Norwalk. Wellington. 13 a. & b. Waverly. 13d.Wav. D'fth'vy. 861 143 Navarre. ( 14 b. Con. Coal Meaa., ( Mercer Horizon. 100 Lodi. 60 13 d. & e. Waverly. 154 Zoar. >< 891 121 Orrville. 13 e. Waverly. 1074 157 Valley Junction. (1 63. The Berea Grit, the most important member of the Sub-Carboniferous formation in Ohio, is quarried here on a very large scale. The Berea Shale that makes the roofs of the quarries is highly fossiliferous. 188 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL KAILWAY GUIDE. This blank space is intended for additional geological notes in pencil t)y the traveler MICHIGAN. 189 Michigan. LIST OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF MICHIGAN. PROBABLE EQUIVALENTS OF DAXA. .LOCAL DESIGNATIONS. 20. Quaternary. 2 20. Quaternary, Lacustrine Drift." 14 c. Upper Coal Measures. 14 c. Coal Measures. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 14 a. Parma Sandstone. 13 b. Upper Sub-Carboniferous. 13 b. Carboniferous Limestone. it 13 b. Michigan Salt Group. 13 a. Lower Sub-Carboniferous, 13 a. Marshall Group. 11 b. Chemung. 11. Huron Group, Chemung Shale. 11 a. Portage. 11. Huron Group, Portage Shale. 10 c. Genesee. 11. Huron Group, Black Shale. 10 b. Hamilton. 10 b. Little Traverse Group. 9 c. Corniferous and 9 b. Schoharie. 9. Corniferous Group. 7. Lower Helderberg. 7. Lower Helderberg. 6. Salina. 6. Salina Group. 5 c. Niagara. 5. Niagara ( Group. 5 b. Clinton. 4 c. Cincinnati. 4 c. Cincinnati. 4 a. Trenton. 4 a. Trenton. 3. Canadian. 3 c. and 3 a. Chazy and Calciferous. 2 b. Potsdam. 2 b. Lake Superior Sandstone. 1 c. Keweenian, 1 c. Cupriferous Rocks, Sandstones, 1 b. Huronian. Conglomerates and Traps. 1 a. Laurentian. 1 b. Huronian. 1 a. Laurentian. Sketch of the Geology of Michigan.* The State of Michigan is divided, geographically, into two parts by Lake Michigan and the Straits of Mackinaw, but geologically there is no such division, the upper and lower peninsula, as they are called, being, with the portion now covered by water, one uniform series of formations succeeding each other in their proper order. For the clear understanding of its geological structure we should imagine the water of the lakes removed, or the strata extending under it. The city of Cincinnati, in Ohio, stands upon a dome or ridge of upraised older strata which have been uncovered by the planing off of their higher beds, until on both sides of it the outcrop of several of the formations appear. The strata dip from this ridge towards the east and towards the west, and the line of it ex- tends towards the common corner of Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. It bifurcates, however, before reaching that point, the east branch running up to the west end of Lake Erie, causing several islands there, and subsides in Canada near the River Thames; while the west branch passes across the northern part of Indiana and Illinois to the head of Lake Michigan, and thence northwest through .-in. On the north another ridge of still older rocks, the 1. Laurentian, extends through Canada around the north shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. It also appears in the upper peninsula. This, the oldest of the formations, is the lowest and foundation of all, the later formations resting upon it, dipping south and southwest away from the Laurentian. The whole State of Michigan, including the parts covered by the lakes, is therefore surrounded on all sides by ancient axes of elevation, which, isolated her rock formations from the adjoining regions. It may be considered as one great basin, for even if the surrounding regions do not in all cases actually occupy a higher level, yet we find the strata dip from all sides towards the centre. The upper peninsula, or that portion of the State north of Lake Michigan, is bounded around the entire south shore of Lake Superior by the 2 b. Potsdam red sandstone, of which the Pictured Rocks are composed, and reposing upon it are the south-dipping Lower Silurian series in regular belts, in a general east and west course, and extending up to 5 c. Niagara limestone, which extends between Green Bay and Lake Michigan, and forms the shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. The Upper Helderberg also appears on Mackinaw and other islands. 1. This chapter was prepared for this work by Prof. Alexander Winchell, LL. D., of the Univer- sity of Michigan, former Director of the Geological Survey of Michigan. 2. The rocky formations of the lower peninsula are deeply and generally covered by drift. In all the western half of the State, south of Little Traverse Bay, no good characteristic exposures exist, save in Kent county and near Holland in Ottawa county. Hence in most cases our knowledge of the underlying rocks is only a matter of inference, A. W. * Derived chiefly from Prof. A. Winchell's Geological Reports of this State. 190 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MICH.) Michigan Central Railroad. Ms. Alt. Michigan Central Railroad Con Ms. (Kalamazoo Division.) Alt. Detroit. f 10 b. Little Traverse, \ ben. Lacustrine. 5 8 1 76 81 Jackson. Trumbull's. 927 14 c. Coal Meas. 3 Grand Trunk Jun 11. Hu. ben. Lacus. 87 Parma. 986 14 a. Parma s. s. outc'p 10 Dearborn. 614 92 Bath Mills. 13 b. Carb. limestone. 17 Wayne. 662 96 Albion. 943 30 Ypsilanti. fl3a.Mashall(?)7i4 \ Lower Ridge. 101 108 Marengo, Marshall. 13 a. Marshall. 921 " outcrops. 898 38 Ann Arbor. f 13 b. Mich, salt, 11 * \ Terminal Moraine.* 113 115 Ceresco. White's. <( 802 (( 900 f 13 b. Mich, salt, 121 Battle Creek. << << 819 43 Delhi. \ Deep Drift. 126 Bedford. u 809 47 Dexter. f 13 b. Carbon, lime s. \DeepDrift. 858 130 135 Augusta. Galesburg. " ( ? ) 789 788 65 Chelsea. 13 b. Garb, lime . 9 1 3 140 Comstock. 11. Huron. 782 62 Francisco. 1016 144 Kalamazoo. a 777 66 Grass Lake. 986 149 Ostemo. a 962 69 Leoni. 980 156 Mattawan. 860 76 Jackson. 14 c. C.Mes.Mines 92 ? 160 Lawton. (i 778 ^842 (Air Line Division.) 162 168 White Oaks. Decatur. t( > 781 76 83 90 99 103 109 117 Jackson. 9 2 7 Snyder's. Concord. Homer. Clarendon. Tekonsha. Union City. 14 c. Coal Mes. Mines. 13 b. Carb. 1. s. 971 987 13 a. Marshall 972 966 937 /ll. Huron. Kid'y \ Iron Ore. 90 172 179 185 191 197 202 205 209 Glenwood. Dowagiac. Pokagon. Niles. Buchanan. Dayton. Galien. Avery's. 10b.L.Tra.(?) 9. Cornifer.(?) ii u tt " 0751 2.760 Pftl 681 733 718 682 655 124 129 1 3fi Sherwood. Colon. Wneprn 872 838 842 211 218 Three Oaks. New Buffalo. (Continued a " Sand Dui in Indiana.) 669 aes. 602 1 OO 140 vv ascpi. Centreville. 843 (Grand Rapids Division.) 145 152 Three Rivers. Corey's. 805 871 Jackson. 10 Rives Junction. 14 c. Coal Measures. ( 904 160 Vandalia. 10b.L.Trv.(?)] es 78 17 Onondaga. 895 165 Cassopolis. 0881 ~r 24 Eaton Rapids. 876 170 Dailey. 9. Corniferous I 871 35 Charlotte" 14 a. Parma Sand. 906 174 Baron Lake. 768 40 Chester. 883 179 Niles. J p*681 46 Vermontville. 13 b. Carb. Lime. 8 1 The lake is excavated chiefly in the 6. Salina formation, Prof. James Hall estimating that two- thirds of it is from that formation. The geological strata were first laid down extending across where the lakes now are, so that eastern Wisconsin is a part ot this basin. The lakes rest in troughs which have been excavated subsequently nearly along the strike or outcropping edges of some ol the softer formations. In the lower peninsula, or the main portion of the State between Lake Michigan and Lake Erie, all the Michigan series above the Niagara and up to the Carboniferous appear on the surface, but all of them much thinner than in the States farther east. To make it still more clear we might begin at the highest formation, the 14 b. Coal Measures, which extends, in an oval form ; trom Jackson to Saginaw Bay. This is the upper layer of rocks, ana the other formations crop out in successive layers below it on all sides. The annexed Railway Guide shows their exposures on the lines of the railroads, as they have been carefully made out by Prof. Alex. Wmchell. Each rocky stratum, therefore, may be considered as dish-shaped, and taken together they form a nest of dishes 01 basins, the highest being the coal field near the centre of the lower peninsula, and passing from this in any direction we travel successively over the outcropping edges of oldei and older strata. The Lake Superior iion oie is found in the 1 b. Huronian formation, directly west of Marquette. The copper is found chiefly in a great trap-dyke, which extends foi many miles along Keweenaw Point. These iron ore and copper producing mines are the richest and most productive in America. Michigan is therefore a distinct and independent geological area. Its topmost formation is a coal basin, underlaid by the Devonian formations, very much thinned out It is erue, and below that the Silurian largely developed and extending oat to the oldest Laurentian rocks on the north, and all this within the bounds of the State, with small portions only of this separate geological world ex- tending into adjoining States on the west side. The whole of the peninsula is covered with drift, from one hundred to three hundred feet deep, and rock exposures are very rate * Drift 164 feet on Main Street and 292 in Observatory Hill contains fossil wood at aep'th of 60 feet, MICHIGAN. 191 Michigan Central Railroad. Ms. (Grand Kupids Division.) Continued. Alt. Ms. Michigan Central Railroad. Con. (Bay City Division., Alt. 50 Nashville. 65 Sheridan. 13 b. Carb. 1. s. 807 856 Detroit. lOiNorris. 11 b.L Trav/ 11. Hu Lac. > 581 | 631 62 Hastings. 73 Middleville. 791 717 14 17 Warren. Oakwood, t 3 641 ^ 650 M 79 Caledonia. it 799 ? 4 Utica. t 80 H ft HI mo ncl 754 2V Yates. i ,1 94 Grand Rapids. " Ext. exposures. 05 , 31|Rochester. 35 Goodison's. 13 a. Mars'll ' 747 o 842 (South Haven Division.) 41 Orion. 1 Kalamazoo. & \l< 692 11 Rives Junction. 135 Blissfield. 10 b. Lit. Traverse. 6 8 4 15 Leslie. < 883 139 Palmyra. 11. Huron. '' 25 Mason. i 141 Lenawee June. 714 37 Lansing. 852 145 Adrian. << 810 63 Lainesbure. 806 155 Clayton. 4 Mayfield. 378 Traverse City. 786 11. Huron. " Lacustrine. 83 91 100 !l08 Clyde. Holly. Grand Blanc. Flint. 14 a. Parma s. s. e 3 8 14 c. Coal Meas. " 715 Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee R. R. 115 Mount Morris. H OlDetroit. 1 Ob. Lit. Traverse. 581 119 Pine Run. it 3 L. S. & M. S. Jun. 11. Huron. 1123 County Line. it 4 Gd. Trunk Jun. " 586 125 Birch Run. u 13 Royal Oak. 063 '134 Bridgeport. u 18 Birmingham. 13 a. Marshall. 779 138 S. & M. C. Jun. ll 26 Pontiac. 934 142 E. Saginaw. 6 " 31 Drayton Plains. 33 Waterford. 35;Clarkston. 13 b. Mich. Salt. 9a7 13 b. Garb. 1. s. 988 1008 142 E. Saginaw. f Hc.Cl.Mres.buried \100ft.ben.Lacus.dp. 41 Davisburg. " 959 ( J., L. & S. Crossing.) 47 Holly. 14 a. Parma s. s. 9 3 8 152'Freeland. 14c.Cl.Mes/ "^ 167 Berlin. 13 b. Mich. Salt. 6 7 248 Baldwin. 1011 13 b. Carb. 1. s. |s 173 Coopers ville. 13 a. Marshall. * 6 264 Weldon Creek. M 180 Nunica. 631 272 Amber. M o 186; Spring Lake. 187 Ferrysburg. " 596 11. Huron. ' 9 278 Ludington. M J 5 ( Flint River Division.) 189 Grand Haven. {" Remarkable Sand Dunes. 59 * 4 Flint. U unction. 14 c. Coal Meas (4 715 Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad. f Q M Toledo. 25 Monroe. 34Grafton. 36 Carlton. 9. Corniferous. 579 " & 7. Low. Held'g. 9. Corniferous. H O 14 J? 124 \X CD.CSG6* Otisville. Otter Lake. 14 a. Parma sandstone 13 b. Mich. Salt. E. Saginaw. 8 14 c. Coal Meas 1441 39 Waltz. 40Belden. 10 b. Little Traverse. 11. Huron. 153 Portsmouth. 155 Bay City. 592 6. Salt wells 850 feet deep to Marshall sandstone ; supplied from overlying Michigan salt group. 194 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MICH.) Detroit, Lansing Ss Northern R. R. Ms. Alt. Chicago & West Michigan Railroad. Ms. Continued. Alt. 8 13 15 16 19 23 29 84 43 46 62 67 60 65 71 76 79 85 86 92 94 97 102 106 109 114 118 122 ~0 5 9 14 19 24 122 130 133 135 141 146 151 163 166 160 Detroit. Gd. Trunk June. Redford. Fisher's. Elmwood. Livonia. Plymouth, Salem. South Lyott. Brighton. Genoa. HowelL Fleming. Fowlerville. Le Roy. Williamston, Meridan. Okemos. Lansing. North Lansing. Delta. Ingersoll's. Grand Ledge. Eagle. Danby. Portland. Collins. Lyons. Ionia. 10 b. Lit. Traverse. 581 11. Huron. 586 u 681 44 031 44 638 13 a. Mashall. 669 44 747 44 953 13 b. Garb. 1. s. 833 14 a. Parma s. s. 93fl 14 c. Coal Meas. 978 tt 44 934 902 tt 1232 outcrops." 891 (1 850 44 874 H u 44 867 it 861 outcrops." 86 >51 < 782 u 730 U 777 u 734 ( " Quarries in \ upper sandstone. 6 5 * 39 42 47 54 58 62 75 79 90 90 95 104 110 116 90 99 109 110 116 126 Coloma. Watervliet. Hartford. Bangor. Breedsville. Grand Junction. Rennsville. Richmond. Holland. 9. Corf. (?) Sand Dunes 10 b. Lit. Traverse.(?) 11. Huron. it u It 678 " [fossils. 13 a.Marshall,outcrops Holland. Zeeland. Hudsonville. Grandville. Grand Rapids. 13 a. Marshall. 13 a. Michigan Salt. 13 b. Carb. limestone. Holland. Olive. Robinson. Nunica. Fruitport. Muskegon. 13 a. Marshall. <4 (( tt 631 (( ( 126 130 136 142 150 160 161 170 181 126 142 143 157 163 170 Muskegon. B. R. Junction. Twin Lake. Holton. Fremont Centre. Allyton. Morgan. Traverse Road. Big Rapids. " 594 (( (( (( 13 b. Carb. limestone. < u 14 c. Cl. Measure. 916 Ionia. Stan ton June. Wood's Corners. Fenwick. Sheridan. Stanton. 14 c. Coal Meas. 9 44 1 821 44 I 8B1 j.. tt 856 44 904 Muskegon. Whitehall. Montague. Shelby. Mears. Pentwater. 13 a. Marshall. 8S> * 13 b. Mich. Salt. 88 fl3b.Car.l. s., exten- \sive deta'ed tab. 808 13 b. Carb. limestone. 595 Ionia. Palmer's. Chadwick. Kiddville. Greenville. Gowen. Trufant's. Maple Valley. Coral. Howard. Beneath drift, from 100 to 200 feet deep. Q> g S ' * * 3 3 * * 5 I Grand Rapids, Newaygo & Lake Shore 7 14 19 21 25 27 30 36 39 46 67 Grand Rapids. Alpine. Sparta. Tyrone. Casinovia. County Line. Ashland. Grant. Newaygo. Croton. Morgan. Big Rapids. 13 b. Carb. L s. 08 609 ^^ n tt tt it tt tt tt 4c. Coal Measure. 916 Chicago & West Michigan Railroad. ..... 7 10 15 16 20 28 30 Chicago. New Buffalo. Chickaming. Troy. Bridgeman. Morris. Stevensville. St. Joseph. Benton Harbor. 9. Cornif. S. Dunes. 602 u it tt u 44 (( 44 Detroit, HiUsdale & S. W. Railroad. 11 17 28 36 41 YpsilantL Saline. Bridgewater. Manchester. Brooklyn. Woodstock. 13 a. Marshall 71 * tt 889 (( 907 (4 1 191 MICHIGAN. 195 Detroit, Hillsdale & Southwestern R. R. Ms. Continued. Alt Chicago & Grand Trunk Railroad. Ms. Continued. Alt. 44 Somerset. 49 Jerome. 53 North Adams. 61 Hillsdale. 66 Banker's. Reading. Camden. 13 a. Marshall. it " Outcrops foss. 1095 1067 11. Huron. 120 M 1 84 39 46 53 67 66 83 87 96 100 112 115 120 125 127 134 142 147 162 160 170 175 179 183 189 200 204 209 213 222 Imlay City Attica. Lapeer. Elba. Davison. Flint. Durand. Bancroft. Perry. Shaftsburg. Trowbridge. Lansing. Millett's. Sevastopol. Potterville. Charlotte. Olivet. Bellevue. Madison. Battle Creek. Climax. Scott's. Indian Lake. Vicksburg. Schoolcraft. Marcellus. Volinia. Jamestown. Cassopolis. Edwardsburg. (Continued 13 a. Marshall. 8 898 13 b. Mich. salt. 8 13 b. Carb. 1. s. 859 14 a. Parma s. s. ' 9l / 14 c. Coal Measures. \Notworked. 15 ( 801 14 c. Coal Meas. 85a \ Some exposures, 89a but not worked., 79 / 14 c. Coal Meas. 85 i \Slightlyworked. 8 ** 14 c. Coal Measures. ii M i IOC 14 a. Parma sand s. 13 b. Car. 1. s., quar. fos. 13 b. Michigan salt. f 13 a. Marshall, out- \ crop fossil. 8 i 13 a. Marshall. 11. Huron. it " 851 u u 10 b. Little Traverse. 9. Corniferous. 881 in Indiana.) Chicago & Canada Southern Railroad. OFayette. 7 Morenci. 13 Weston. 17 Fairfield. 20 Ogden. 25 Blissfield. 32 Deerfield. 36 Petersburg. 40 Dundee. 42 North Rainsville. 47 Maybee. 50 Exeter. 65 Carl ton. 57 Bryar Hill. 61 Flat Rock. 67 Slocum Junction. i 11. Huron. U 10 b. Lit. Traverse.' " M M 84 < 870 670 9. Corniferous. 6 8 1 " ext. quarries. M U l M M Toledo, Canada Southern * Detroit R. R. 0: Detroit, 2 M. C. Junction. 9 Ecorces. 12 Wyandotte. 16 Trenton. 17 Slocum Junction. 10 b. Lit. Traverse. 581 11. Huron. 10 b. Little Traverse. 580 9. Corniferous. B 8 4 15. Stony Creek. ( " and 7. L. Held. \ ext. expos. & quar. Saginaw Valley & St. Louis Railway. 2 6 9 11 12 16 19 22 26 28 35 East Saginaw. 8 Saginaw. Tittabawassee Jc Swan Creek. Graham's. Sand Ridge. Hemlock. Porter's. West Mill. Wheeler's. Breckenridge. St. Louis. Elm Hall. 14 c. Coal Measures. 20 Monroe. 25 La Salle. 30 Vienna. 34 Alexis. 40 ( Toledo. 6. Corn. & 7. Heldberg 9. Corniferous. P, CH :: i} - |pJ Grand Trunk Railroad. 196 Port Huron. 207 Smith's Creek. 217 Ridgeway. 223 New Haven. 237 Mount Clemens. 250 Milwaukee June. 255 Detroit Junction. 258 Detroit. 11. Huron"' ( S.-% lie in .17 JiSf -Mil 10b.L.Trav. |g| DriftoverlOO - 3 g^ feet deep. g Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Green Bay A Lake Superior Line. Chicago, 111. 264 Menomonee. 273 Little River. 279 Wallace. 285 Stephenson. 291, Gravel Pit. 295 Bagley. 302 Kloman. 305 Spaulding. (See Wisconsin.) 4 a. Trenton. < (i M a 3 a. Calciferous. Chicago A Grand Trunk Railroad. Port Huron. 4 Gd. Trunk Junct. lOThornton. 19 Emmet. 27 Capac. 11. Huron. ' 586 U 779 13 a. Marshall. i 7 196 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MICH.; Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Ms. Green Bay & Lake Superior Line. Con. Alt. Michigan & Ohio Railroad. Ms. Continued. Alt 316 321 328 331 333 337 340 845 852 357 362 369 370 882 384 889 893 401 441 Bark River. Ford River. Escanaba. Flat Rock. Bay Siding. Mason. Day's River. Beaver. Maple Ridge. Centreville. Helena. Little Lake. Smith Mine June. Cascade Junction Goose Lake. Negaunee. Ishpeming. Marquette. L'Anse. 3 a. Calciferous. 4 a. Trenton. 888 813 3 a. Calc., 3 o. Chazy. 2 b. Lake Superior s. s. 1 a. Laurentian. 1 b. Huronian. Jib. Huron, Iron \Mines. 1879 1443 it 649 2 b. L. Superior s. s. 6 8 105 114 123 127 129 145 149 151 156 Ceresco. Battle Creek, Augusta. Yorkville. Richland. Monteith. Fisk. Kellogg. Allegan. 13 a. Marshall. 89 * f " Outcrops \ fossils. 8 i 9 13 a. Marshall. >** f \ Rare exposures, f 13 a. Marshall.(?) \ No exposures. 13 a. Marshall.(?) 8a " H " (?) / 11. Huron. No con- \ venient exposurs 7 8 Port Huron & Northwestern Railroad. (East Saginaw Division.) " "ii 12 20 25 33 37 45 60 59 65 71 72 83 91 Port Huron. Gratiot Centre. Kingsley. Saginaw Junct'n. Green's Corners. Brockway Centre Yorks. Brown's City. Marlette. Clifford. Mayville. Juniata. D. & B. C. Junct. Vassar. Fraukenmuth. East Saginaw. Til. Huron, under J Lacustrine. Buried ( trees. 11. Huron. 6ia it 736 M 13 a. Marshall. n 13 b. Mich. Salt Group 13 b. Carbon. 1. s. 14 a. Parma B. s. 14 o. Coal Measures(?) m 648 f 14 c. Coal Measures. \ Lacustrine. ( 14 c. Coal Measures. 1 Lacustrine, 100 feet ( Many brine wells. Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon R. R. 3 7 8 12 15 21 25 26 35 ~3l 38 47 66 63 93 93 Marquette. Bancroft. Morgan. Eagle Mills. Negaunee. Ishpeming. Greenwood. Clarksburg. Humboldt. 1 b. Huronian. 649 < 936 1280 1379 " Iron Mines.* 443 " Exten.Min. a* 4 1544 1535 (I Republic. 1510 Champion. Michigamme. Sturgeon. Palmer. L'Anse. Houghton. Hancock. " Iron Mines. 1597 1584 1 a. Laurentian. 1643 1 b. Huronian. 868 2 b. L. Super, s. s. 608 f 2-4. Eruptive rocks, 1 with Native Copper (Mines. 6or (Sand Beach Division.) Michigan & Ohio Railroad. 15 26 32 45 62 70 Port Huron. Grant Centre. CroswelL Anderson. Downing. Palms. Sand Beach. f ^2 11. Huron. l3 i 746 '3*0 730 ill 1*1 till 23 33 34 38 61 CO 67 70 75 79 88 100 Toledo. Dundee, Britton. Ridgeway. Tecumseh. Cambridge. Addison. Jerome. Moscow. Hanover. Pulaski. Homer. Marshall. f Deep Lacustrine de- \ posits over 9. Cornif. 9. Corniferous. 11. Huron. No expos. < 8 7 13 a. Marshall. f 1 3 a. Marshall,many \ expo., fossil casts. 13 a. Mar. Quarry m* " Expos. i* 13 a. Marshall, n* 4 f " Old quarry \filled. 8 (Almont Division.) 4 11 16 20 26 34 Port Huron. G. T. Junct'n. 5 Burn's. Lamb's. Memphis. Berville. Almont. flflltM 13 a, Marshall. MICHIGAN 197 Port Huron & Northwestern R. R. Con. Ms. ( Port Austin Division.) Alt. Grand Trunk Railroad. Ms. (Michigan Air Line Branch.) Con. Alt. Port Huron. 52 Palms. 60 Tyre. 70 Bad Axe. 77 Filion. 87 Port Austin. 11. Huron. u 13 a. Marshall. " Salt wells. 69 67 106 South Lyon. Hamburg. Jackson. 13 b. Mich. Salt Gr. 14 a. Parma s. s.(?) 1 4, c. Coal Measures. Michigan Central Railroad. (South Haven Division.) 9 15 18 23 25 28 29 32 40 Kalamazoo. Alamo. 70S Kendall's. ' 92 Pine Grove. 777 Bloomingdale 7 3 1 Berlarnont. Columbia Grand June. 678 Lacota. South Haven. 5 3 Whole dist. over ^ Huron group. Only s very scant outcrops. Surface level. Some * scattered blocks of hard purple sand- stone not identified. V ( Grand Rapids & Indiana Railroad. 425|Petosky. 6B8 426 Bay View. 16 436 Alanson. 460 Mackinaw City. f 10 b. Lit. Trav. Fine \ expo., many fossils. 10 b. Little Traverse. f 9. Corniferous. Fine j exposures across the I Straits. Michigan Central Railroad. ( Mackinaw Division.) Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. (Menominee River Railroad.) 119Gaylord. 127 Vanderbilt 138 Wolverine. 160j Mullet Lake. 166|Cheboygan. 182 Mackinaw City. 13 a. Marshall.^) 1 " 9 11. Huron. (?) " (?) 10 b. Little Traverse. 9. Corniferous. " Outcrops. Chicago. 5. Niagara 1. s. 305 313 216 319 323 326 330 334 336 339 343 349 Powers. Cedar. Wauceda. Sturgeon. Vulcan. Curry. Norway. Indiana. Quinnesec. Iron fountain, M Lake Antoine Jc. River Siding. Spread Eagle, Ws. Commonwealth J. Florence, Wis. h- *0 gh the Menominee Iron f of Diorites, Quatzites, Gran- W F tes and Marbles, besides the cp now extensively worked. 5. s ^ e. r * ft * * , * fc K * f | en y> Detroit, Mackinaw & Marquette Railroad. Point St, Ignace. St. Ignace. 9 Allenville. 11 Moran. 20 Palms. 23 Johnson. 27 Trout Lake. 37 Hendrie. 55 Xewberry. 64 McMillan. 7oSeney. 84Driggs. 91 Creighton. 101 Jerome. 10'J Munising. 122 Au Train. 127 Rock River. 132 Deerton. 134 White Fish, ud River. 147 Chocolay. 151 Marquette. (9. Corniferous. Fine exposures Salina Gypsum near. 5. Niagara lime. d A .b J2 o-23 5 Hl^al il*3* a &JT*** 'o L*^r*5 *a /2'! PuG & f Brule. Stager. Armstrong. Palatka. Stambaugh, Mich Iron River. o3 -^ l s |l ;; s si's tt to g * s . P3.^ o " Toledo, Ann Arbor & Grand Truuk R. R. 18 22 32 40 46 55 61 Toledo. Monroe Junction. Dundee. Milan. Pittsfield. Ann Arbor. Worden'a. South Lyon. ( Deep Lacustrine, \ over 9. Corniferous. }. Corniferous. 9. Cornif. Quarries nr. 13 a. Marshall. 13 b. Mich. Salt Gp. C Deep (204 ft.) Drift, I over 13 b. Michigan [ Salt Group. 13 b. Michigan salt. 13 b. Carbon. 1. s. Grand Trunk Railway. (Michigan Air Line Branch.) Ridgeway. 25 D. & B. C. Cross. 35 Pontiac. 39, Orchard Lake. 11. Huron. 13 a. Marshall. it 198 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IND.) Indiana. BT PBOr. JOHN COLLETT, STATE GEOLOGIST. LIST OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN INDIANA. 6 20. Quaternary.* 14 c. Upper Coal Measures. 14 b. Middle Coal Measures. 14 a. Millstone Grit and Low- er Coal Measures. 13 b. Upper Sub-Carbonifer's, 5 c. Niagara. 13 a. Lower Sub-Carbonifer's. 5 b. Clinton. 9-12. Devonian. 4 c. Cincinnati. Michigan Central Railroad. Ms. Alt. Lake Shore & Michigan Southern B. B. Ms. (Air Line Division) Continued. Alt. 23 29 35 44 60 66 Chicago. Gibson's. Tolleston. Lake. Porter. Furnessville. New Buffalo. (Continued in (See Illinois.) 589 5 c. Niagara. 60 607 617 647 609 u 602 Michigan.) 47 50 54 62 69 Corunna. Sedan. Waterloo. Butler. Edgerton. (Continued 9-12. Devonian. 9 ^ 923 897 < 863 830 in Ohio.) Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. (Chicago Division.) (joliet Division.) 34 50 58 72 89 106 110 118 128 138 143 146 147 163 Chicago. Mich. Cen. June. L.N.A.&C.Junc. Wellsboro. Walkerton June. Bremen. Milford Junction. Syracuse. Cromwell. Albion. Avilla. Garrett. Auburn Juno. Auburn. Hicksville. (See Illinois.) 5 9 5 c. Niagara. 9-12. Devonian. " 841 870 927 969 " 892 868 372 14 7 14 45 Lake. Ross. Dyer. Joliet, El. 5 c. Niagara. 6 1 7 636 ( 635 (See Illinois.) s43 Lake Shore & Michigan Southern B. B. (Western Division.) 14 30 41 45 49 61 69 66 73 76 80 86 90 96 101 Chicago. Colehour. Miller's, Chesterton. Burdick. Otis. Holmesville. Laporte. Rolling Prairie. New Carlisle. Terre Coupee. Warren. South Bend. Mishawaka. Osceola. Elkhart. 589 5 c. Niagara, 635 589 765 800 9-12. Devonian. 811 821 772 < 760 .781 725 722 737 755 Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago B. B. o 16 20 24 31 37 44 53 69 78 84 95 99 104 109 Chicago. Sheffield. Cassello. Clarke. Liverpool. Wheeler. Valparaiso. Wanatah. Hanna. Donelson. Plymouth. Bourbon. Etna Green. Selby. Warsaw. (See Illinois.) 5 c. Niagara. u << 666 738 731 9-12. Devonian. 1781 l( It (I it 824 (Air Line Division.) 10 18 25 30 34 41 Elkhart. Goshen. Millersburg. Ligonier. Wawaka. Brimfield. Kendallville. 9-12. Devonian. 76 789 < 625 < 866 896 < 945 ( 974 * Four-fifths of the State of Indiana is covered with drift. It is 90 feet to the rock in Indianapolis. At some points north of Wabash River the drift has been bored into 4oo to GOO feet. It thins out as you BO toward Ohio River, does not reach it at some points, and is sparingly found south of that stream. (See Notes No. 62 Ohio and No. 62 West Virginia.) INDIANA. 199 Plttsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago B. K. Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis B. B. Ms Continued. Alt) (Ms. (Second Division.) Continued. Alt 115 Kosciusko. 9-12. Devonian. 162 Jonesboro. 5 c. Niagara. 8 117 Pierceton. it 169 Upland. 122 Larwill. 176 Hartford. 129 Columbia. 886 185 Dunkirk. 140 Arcola. 833 189 Red Key. 148 Fort Wayne. 3 * < 7T5 193 Power's. 158 Maples. 197 Ridgeville. 994 (Continued in Ohio.) 200 Deerneld. Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis K. K. (First Division.) 203 210 Warren. Union. (Continued 731 1108 in Ohio.) Indianapolis. 11 Cumberland. 9-12. Devonian. T09 (Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Division.) 17 Philadelphia. <> Chicago. 599 21 Greenfield. 117 Logansport.' 9-12. Devonian. 28 Cleveland. " 122 Anoka. 696 30 Charlottsville. 127 Walton. H 34 Knightstown. 130 Lincoln. U 35 Ravsville. 133 Galveston. M 38 Ogden's. 6 c. Niagara. 139 K ok onto. U 39 Dunreith. 145 Tampico. 6 c. Niagara. 44 Lewisville. M 149 Nevada. H 61 Dublin. 152 Windfall. 63 Cambridge City < 041 157 Curtisville. U 68 Germantown. 161 Elwood. (< 858 63 Centerville. 1 * 35 4 c Cincinnati. 166 Frankton. < 68 Richmond. 3 989 ! 171 Florida. u 74 New Paris. 3 i< 828 i 175 Anderson. 3 u 080 79 Wiley's " Bellefontaine Cr ossing. (Continued in Ohio.) 184 Middletown. i!87|Honey Creek. ! 190 Sulphur Springs. i 195 Junction. 197 New Castle. 5 c. Niagara. H M 1075 (Second Division.) Chicago. 20 Daiton. 589 5 c. Niagara. 27 Lansing. < 201 Ashland. M 34 Shereville. < 204 Millville. 41 Crown Point 714 208 Hagerstown. M 47 Cassville. u 684 216 Washington. u 484 61 Hebron. 714 Centreville Pike. 61 Koutt's. " 688 ii224 Richmond. 8 4 o. Cincinnati. "* 67 77 La Crosse. North Judson. 9-12. Devonian. 675 (1 702 (Indianapolis & Vincennes Division.) 91 Winamac. 36 713 Indianapolis. 9-12. Devonian. *"> 9 97 Star City. 706 4 Maywood. 695 101 Rosedale. 8 Valley Mill. 759 105 Royal Centre 735 11 West Newton. 13 a. L. Sub-Garb. 77 111 Gebhardt " 762 12 Friendswood. " 758 117 Logansport. '< 606 16 Mooresville. 685 121 Anoka. 9-12. Devonian. 96 18 Mathews'. " 691 127 Onward. 763 20 Brooklyn. M 659 132 Bunker Hill. 800 23 Centerton. 37 " 631 140 North Grove. " 817 26 Hastings. < 607 142| Amboy. 810 30 Martinsville." u 598 145 Converse. it 8 15 33 Hynds. M 600 148 Mier " 816 37 Paragan. 67T 157 Marion. "> c Niagara. 44 report. 3 * 13 b U Sub-Cftrb.^a 1 Glacial markings. 4. Pre-historic mounds. 2. Crowded with fossils of Lower Silurian age. 3. Rich in fossils, Devonian and Up. Silurian. 5. Coal fossils. 6. Devonian fossils. 200 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IND.) Pittftbnrg, Cincinnati & St. Louis B. B. M. (Indianapolis & Vincennes Div.) Con. Alt. Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific B. B. Con. Ms. (L. M. & B Division.) Alt. 53 62 65 71 78 82 87 97 108 117 Spencer. 3 7* 3 s Freedom. Farmer's. Worthing'n. 4 * 87 Switz City. 89 Lyons. Marco. Edwardsp't. 6 * 8r Bruceville. Vincennes. 87 13 b. U. Sub.Carb. 557 538 14a.MillstoneGrit. 528 /14a.Mills.Gr.&14b. \L. CoalMeas. 522 u 526 509 U 482 14 c.U. CoalMeas. 460 " 515 " 417 8 10 21 23 29 37 Lafayette June. Porter's. Montmorency. Templeton. Oxford. Boswell. Ambia. 13 a. L.Sub-Carb. 595 647 672 14 b.L. Coal Meas. 67 * 70S " 734 " 710 Cincinnati, Lafayette & Chicago B. R. ..... 7 9 13 18 23 28 35 41 46 Cincinnati. Indianapolis. Lafayette. Porter's. Montmorency. Otterbien. Templeton. Atkinson. Fowler. Earl Park. 10 Raub. Sheldon. 9-12. Devonian. 7 13 a. L. Sub-Carb. 505 647 672 13 b.L. Sub-Carb. 688 14 b.L. Coal Meas. 675 u *- Detroit & Eel Biver Railroad. 18 21 27 33 37 45 47 61 56 62 66 70 74 76 81 82 88 93 Logansport. 8 Denver. Chili. Roann. Laketon. N. Manchester. Collamer. South Whitley, Taylor's. Columbia City. Collin's. Cherubusco. Potter's. C. R. Crossing. Cedar Creek. Auburn Junction. Auburn. Mooresville. Butler. 9-12. Devonian. M 725 ft 750 762 . 775 795 808 864 " 836 < 870 < 895 881 861 868 872 " 877 863 Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western B.B. 14 18 22 27 33 44 54 65 72 85 Indiana. Brownsburg. Pittsboro. Lizton. 4 * Jamestown. 87 New Ross. Crawfordsville 1 1 Wayneto'n. 1 ** 4 * Veedersburg. Covington. 13 * 89 Danville, 111. 13 (Continued 9-12. Devonian. 18 a. Lower Sub-Carb. < i 13 b. Upper Sub-Carb. " 741 14 a. Millstone Grit 14a.Mills.Gt.&14b.L. 14 c. " Coal Meas. 14 c. in Illinois.) Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Bailroad. (Late Toledo, Wabash & Western R. R.) 88 94 109 118 131 136 150 157 166 180 186 195 203 213 225 233 242 Toledo. New Haven. Fort Wayne. Roanoke. Huntington. "j Lagro. 1 4 1 Wabash.' f Peru. 8 J Waverly. Logansport. 8 Rockfield. Delphi. 9 Buck Creek. Lafayette. West Point Attica. 41 West Lebanon. State Line. (Continued 9-12. Devonian. " 753 5 c. Niagara. 7 7 5 " 784 98 740 655 f 9-12. Devonian,10b. \ Hamilton. 6 6 13 a. L Sub-Garb. 89f M 14 a. Mills. Grit. 54 (i 720 14 c. Mid. Coal Meas. in Illinois.) Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indian- apolis Bailroad. (Indianapolis Division.) 9 14 16 21 28 35 41 43 48 54 60 67 75 84 Indianapolis. Lawrence. Oakland. McCord's. Fortville. Pendleton. 14 * 4 Anderson. 47 Chesterfield. Daleville. Yorktown. Muncie. Selma. Farmland. Winchester. Union. (Continued 9-12. Devonian. 7 9 872 84C " 854 887 847 5 c. Niagara. 8 8 907 910 924 < 948 1005 < 1037 < 1080 1108 in Ohio.) 7. Upper Silurian cephalipodes. 8. Upper Silurian and Devonian fossils. 9. Pentamerous and black slate. 10. Drift and knolls. 11. Keokuk crinoids. 12. Glacial markings. 13. Coal measures fossils. 14. Devonian fossils. INDIANA. 201 Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad. Cincinnati, Hamilton & Indianapolis R. R. Ms. Alt Ms. Continued. Alt. Indianapolis. 2 Asylum. 9-12. Devonian. 709 76 Glenwood. 84 Rushville. 5 c. Niagara. " 972 6 Sunnyside. 8 Spray 13 a. Lower Sub-Carb 91 1 Arlington. 98|Morristown. 9-12. Dev. 9c.Cor. 8 * a j up* c*jr . 12 Avon. u 103'Fountaintown. it I*-.) Easton. M 123 Indianapolis. 709 19 Danville. << 613 Indianapolis, Cincinnati & Lafayette R. R. |23lHadley. 27'Rpnn M Cincinanti. (See Ohio.) & t rx cno. 31 Malta. ?) Darwin 13 b. Upper Sub-Garb. 18 20 Valley June. 78 Elizabethtown. i. 646 o*t* jL/nr\\ iii* 38 Greencastle. 44 Fprn / 13 b.U. Sub-Garb. & \ 14 a. Mills. Grit. || 25 26 33 Lawrenceburg. Newton. 1 8 Guilford. 4 c. Cincinnati. * 79 < 508 rr^ -T C1I1. 48 Lena. 53 Carbon. 56 Perth. 14 a. Millstone Grit. 14 b. Low. Coal Meas. 34 40 42 Hansell's. Harman's. 18 Weisburg. 747 929 61 Fountain. 64 Grant. 67 Mnrlrlp 14 c. Mid. Coal Meas. u 46 48 51 Sunman's. Spades. 51 Morris. ( 1015 5 c.Niagara. 101 3 " 982 } -i .irKic. 69iGravel Pit. 72JTerre Haute. 879 498 54 60 62 Batesville. New Point Smith's Crossing. 968 1003 St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute & In- 65 McCoy's. 1027 dianapolis Railroad. 68 Greensburg. 30 9-12. Devonian. 540 16 Fort Wayne. New Era. 9-12. Devonian. 763 859 71 75 Crothersv'le. Austin ( 563 84 9 23 28 Auburn. Waterloo. 8 72 914 77 Marshfield (1 543 33 Summit. 1001 82 Vienna. 13 a. L. Sub-Carb. 566 37 Pleasant Lake. 973 89 93 100 108 Henryville. Memphis. 50 Sellersburg. Jeffersonv'le 9-12. Devonian. 4 7 9 490 478 455 42 50 54 Angola. Fremont. State Line. (Continued " 1055 in Michigan.) Ohio & Mississippi Bailroad. Grand Rapids & Indiana Bailroad. 26 94 Cincinnati. Lawrenceburg. Aurora 76 1 (See Ohio.) 4 c. Cincinnati. 479 493 275 286 Sturgis. La Grange. (See Michigan.) 9-12. Devonian. 915 26 33 37 40 Cochran. Dillsboro. Cold Springs Moore's Hill. 21 493 < << 616 290 295 297 304 Valentine. Wolcottville. Rome City. Kendallville. 952 4( 938 920 974 42 Milan 985 310 Avilla. 45 Pierceville roio 314 La Otto. U 47 Delaware 320 Huntertown. " 827 62 Osgood. 6 c.Niagara. 50 333 Fort Wayne. < 752 66 Poston. 68 Holton. M Cincinnati, Richmond & Fort Wayne 62 Nebraska. Bailroad. 66 Butlerville. 73 79 83 87 92 North Vernon. 8 * Hardenburg. Fleming's. Seymour. Shields' Mill. . 9-12. Devonian. 737 ( 605 13 a. L. Sub-Carbon. 333 338 354 360 366 Fort Wayne. Adams. Decatur. Monroe. 9-12. Devonian. 5 c.Niagara. 796 < 807 98 101 106 111 114 117 121 127 133 139 150 158 162 Brownstown. 77 Velonia. Medora. Sparksville. Ft. Ritner. 22 * 55 Tunnelton. 53 Scotville. Mitchell. Georgia. Huron. 23 *' 6 Shoals. 2 * Loogootee. Clark's. 5 7 < u 13 a. and 13 b. 13 b. Up. Sub-Carbon. 676 13 b. & 14 a. Mills. Gt. 14 a. & 14 b. L.C.Mr.* 14 b. L. Coal Mrs. 5 ' 2 370 374 381 392 400 406 409 416 418 422 424 (Co Geneva. Briant. Portland. Ridgeville. Winchester. Snow Hill. Lynn. Newport. Haley. Parry. Richmond, ntinued in Ohio, u 14 ( 904 < 993 1088 1174 < M <( 4 c. Cincinnati. 969 Cinn. Rich. & Ch. R.R.) 23. Kaolin and caves. 24. Pentremites. 25. Glass sand. 26. Good Sub-Carbonif. fossils and Oolitic stone. INDIANA. 203 Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati K. R. Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway- Ms. Alt. Ms. Continued. Alt. OlFort Wayne. 3 W abash Junc'n. 9-12. Devonian. 775 730 85 88 Deed's. Birmingham. 9-12. Devonian. 7 Ferguson's. 806 90 Lincoln. tt 11 Sheldon. 93 Wagner's. tt 14 Ossian. 831 98 Rochester. tt 19 Eagleville. 11 102 Sturgeon. tt 24 Bluffton. 5 c.Niagara. 37 103 Tiosa. tt 35 Keystone. 871 105|Walnut. tt 38 Montpelier. 867 108 Railsback's. tt 47 Hartford. 895 110 Argos. tt 64 Eaton. 118 Plymouth. tt 709 65 Muncie. tt 948 125 Tyner. 71 McGowan's. 128 Knott's. i 75 Springport. tt 1018 132 Walkerton. 78 Summit. tt 618 136 Kankakee. 623 80 N. C. Junction. 141 StillwelL tt 83|New Castle. 1075 148 La Porte. tt 811 90 New Lisbon. tt 1098 156 Webbers. 6 c. Niagara. 96 Cambridge City. tt 941 161 Michigan City. tt 60* oc Miltnn 4f\ f^i r>nir n n t i i/O: .*ll HUH. 103 Beeson'a. t AO *~* ii- L. V^IIICIIII-I** LI. 873 Louisville, Evansvllle & St. Louis B. R. lUo v^onnersviue. Princeton. 14 c. U. Coal Mrs. 483 Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan B. B. c 1 A Lyle's. ii /O-.-. Til" \ Anderson June. 13 Alexandria. 34 Marion. 8.0risk.&9c.Cor. 94 5 c. Niagara. 8 7 2 < 811 1U 11 15 Mount Cannel. C. & V. Junction. Brown's. (See Illinois.) 54 Wabash. 69 N. Manchester. 90 Warren. 742 9-12. Devonian. "* 731 19 27 29 Bellmont. Crackle's. Albion, 111. 103Milford. 115 Goshen. 850 789 Louisville, New Albany & Chicago B. B. 125 ; Elkhart. 741 New Albany. 59 f 9-12. Devonian & 13 1 T dtVi Ort^Vk 43 A Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. 6 Smith's Mills. (_ a. LI. ouo-L/arD. *' 41 Indianapolis. 19-12. Devonian. ' 9 12 Wilson's. tt 6 Malott Park. tt 18 Providence a6 * 13 a. Lower Sub-Garb. 11 Castleton, it 23 Pekin. u 15 Fisher's. 14 27 Farabee's. tt 17 Britton's. U 30 Harristo'n. 36 * 81 13 b. U. Sub-Garb." 7 ' 22 Noblesville. tt 35 Salem.' 6 *i tt 714 28 Cicero. tt 40 Hitchcock's. tt 31 Arcadia. It 45 Campbellsburg. tt 34JBuena Vista. ft 47 Saltillo. tt 40jTipton. 5 c.Niagara. 07 52 Lancaster. " 42 Jackson's. 56 Orleans. 26 * 68 it 633 46 Sharpsville. 61 Mitchell." tt 676 49Fairfield. 65 Juliet. M 64Kokomo. (i 71 Bedford. 32 * 6 * " 679 69 Cassville. i< 684 78 Salt Creek. tt 61 1 Bennett's. M 82 Guthrie. 27 tt 63 Miami. M 85 Harrodsburg. tt 506 67 Bunker Hill Cr'g. 800 89 Smithville. tt 717 75 Peru. 855 92 Clear Creek. " 81 Courter. 9-12. Devonian. ! 97 Bloomington. 16 742 83 Denver. (i L01 Wood Yard. M 27. Geodes. 29. Rich in Keokuk crinoides. 28. Cave and brook. 30. Fern3. 204 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IND.) Louisville, New Albany & Chicago R. R. Evaiisvillo & Terra Haute Railroad. Ms. Continued. Alt. Ms. Alt. 104 Ellettsville 26 * 62 13 b. U. Sub-Carb. 682 Evansville. 80 14 c. U. Coal Mrs. 3 78 109 Stinesville. 62 i< 3 Fair Ground. u 113 Gosport. ( 595 5 Erskine. it 117 Spring Cave. 88 " ! 10 Ingle's. (i 122 Quincy. 79 749 13 Stacer's. " 125 Oakland. 846 15 St. James. " 128 Cloverdale. 782 17 Haubstadt. n 134 Putnamville. u 687 20 Fort Branch. 80 u 139 Greencastle. 13b.&1.4a.U.C.M. 8 * 24 King's. 11 143 Maple Grove. 13 b. Up. Sub-Carbon. 27 Princeton. 483 148 Bainbridge. " 936 31 Patoka. < 152 Carpentersville. II 38 Hazelton. ll 156 Ashby's. M 40 Decker's. U 159 Ladoga. it 45 Purcell's. (f 163 Whitesville. " 874 51 Vincennes. " 417 170 Crawfordsville z 9 " 741 57 John Smith's. H 175 Cherry Grove. U 62 Emison's. K 180 Linden. (( 64 Busseron. " 184 Corwin. 66 Oak Town. II 187 Raub's. II 68 Griswold. 190 Taylor's. 864 70 Ehrman. U 198 Lafayette. 13 a. L. Sub-Carb. 558 73 Carlisle. tl 204 211 Battle Ground. Brook ston. u 77 Paxton's. T14 c. Middle Coal \ Measures. 215 Chalmers. " 707 83 Sullivan. 8 ) 538 221 Reynolds. f 13 a. L. Sub-Carb., t& 9-12. Devonian 692 88 93 Shelburn. 33 Ve Farmersbu'g J || 229 Bradford. 9-12. Devonian. 97 Hartford. 237;Francesville. u 101 Young's. (C 244JMeclarysville. u 109 Terre Haute. << 498 252 San Pierre. 260 La Crosse. " 089 " 675 St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad. (Louisville & Nashville.) 267 271 273 >\ anatan. Haskell's... Lake Huron Cros 5 c. Niagara. 731 u it {St. Louis. 136 Upton. 142 Mount Vernon. (See Illinois.) 14 c. U. Coal Mrs. 369 407 276 Westville. n 789 154IBelknap. 456 279 Otis. 765 161 Evansville. 378 281 288 Beatty's. Michigan City. " 601 (Continued in Kentucky.) CJliicjijro & Atljuit-ic H&ilw&v. Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad. Marion, 0. 965 ~0 Terre Haute. 14c.Mid.Cl.Meas. 492 92 Rivare, Ind. 5 c. Niagara. 847 5 Ellsworth. 488 96 Decatur. 820 11 Atherton. < 522 101 Preble. 832 15 Clinton. 30 * 66 < 494 103 Kirtland. 846 20 Summit Grove. 520 106 Tocsin. 9-12. Devonian. 849 23 Hillsdale. < 452 109 Kingsland. 872 25 Highland. 113 Union. 832 28 Opedee. i 510 118 Markle. 5 c. Niagara. 8 2 9 31 Newport. 31 494 122 Simpson. U 827 37 Eugene. 81 < 507 127 Huntington. 761 55 Danville, 111. (See Illinois.) 131 Clear Creek. 9-12. Devonian. 829 31. Coal measures fossils. 32. Caves. 33. Roof of coal frescoed with plant remains. 34. Ancient outlet of Lake Erie. 35. Lower Silurian fossils and glacial marks. 36. Beaver dams. 37. Prehistoric mounds. 38. Oolitic amistone. 39. Coal measures and L. 40. Coal K. and fossils. 41. Ancient outlet of Lake Erie. 42. Choice lime. 43. Sandrock auarries. 44. Elevated plateau. 45. Glacial marks. 46. Coal plants ; Lower Devonian fossils. INDIANA. _'05 Chicago & Atlantic Railway. Chicago & Grand Trunk Railroad. Ms. Alt. Ms. Alt t-st Point. 138 Willis. 142 New Madison. 144 Bolivar. 14C. Newton. 147 Laketon. 153 Harrisbargh. 15S Akron. :1 cover's. Chester. 174 Germany. 178 Leiters. 180 Marshland. 184 Monterey. 187 Ora. 194 Aldine. 199 N. Judson. JU5 Mallard. -Vilder's. 214 Kouts. 2'2Q Boone Grove. 268 >< 854 834 810 " 769 < 769 842 878 834 " 789 767 762 75 T 739 737 726 705 " 680 677 5 c. Niagara. 69 * " 727 8 18 19 23 25 39 45 55 64 71 75 80 84 91 99 100 104 110 Chicago. 111. Elsdon. Sherman. Blue Island. South Lawn. Thornton. Griffith's. Redesdale. A ins worth. Valparaiso. Haskell's. Wellsboro. Kingsbury. Stillwell. Fish Lake. Cram's Point. Oliver's, South Bend. Mishawaka. Granger's. 5 c. Niagara. 589 u eot it u " 813 (1 733 U 9-12. Devonian. " 74J It u 783 722 (( Hulburt's. 726 226 Palmer. 749 229 W infield. 711 Indiana, Bloomington & Western R. R. 233 Crown Point. 710 240 243 245 Griffith. Highlands. Calumet. 645 626 609 2 4 Indianapolis. Mass. Avenue. Belt Road. 9-12. Devonian. ' 9 733 249 Hammond. ; 593 9 Hunter's 261 263 Auburn, 111. Englewood. 666 604 14 18 Mount Comfort. Mohawk. " 8 70 264 51st Street. II 22 Maxwell. << 920 268 269 Archer Avenue. Chicago. u 589 26 31 Willow Branch. Wilkinson. 950 < Bedford & Bloomfleld Railroad. 36 Kennard. 1057 7 Bedford. Avoca. 13 b. L. Carbl. s. 79 41 44 Nixon. New Castle. H 1015 4 o. Cincinnati. 1075 12 20 22 24 Springville. Owensburg. Dresden. Robinson's. 14 a. L. Coal Meas. ii 49 52 56 60 Messick. Moorland. Losantville. Modoc. 4 c. Cincinnati. 109 1140 It 26 Koline. H 66 Bloomingport. < 1225 28 Rockwood. It 71 Lynn. 1174 80 Mineral City. f!4 b. Middle Coal \ Measure. 75 79 Arba. Hollandsburg. 14 14 35 Bloomfield. 84 Clark's. It 41 Switz City. " 526 87 P. C. & St. L. Cro ssing. " 47. Large perfect earthworks and mounds. 48. St. Louis fossils plants, also Keokuk. 49. Block coal. 60. Bituminous coal. 61. Niagara. 62. Goniatite bed. 64. Devonian ouarries, 65. Geodes and Geodized fossils. 66. Kaolin. 67. Good Bituminous coal. 68. Pre-historic mounds. 69. Black slate and knobstone. 60. Knobs and white glass sand. 61. St. Louis limestone; very rich in fossils. 62. Choice oolitic limestone quarries. 63. Hindooatan whetstones. 64. Sandrock quarries. 65. Good Bituminous coal. 66. Roof of coal rich in plants. 67. Black slate. 68. Keokuk fossils. 69. Wyandotte and other caves. 70. Pentemites. 71. Rock houses. 72. Coals, K. L. and M. 206 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IND.) Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis K. R. Ms. Alt. LouiBYille, KranBville * St. Louis R. R. Ms. (Rockport Branch.) Alt. 6 12 15 21 27 34 39 46 53 56 60 66 75 123 "84 91 99 105 113 114 118 124 Louisville. New Albany. 67 Edwardsville. 88 Georgetown. Crandall. Ramsey's. Milltown. Marengo. 68 English. 69 TaswelL Boston.' Birdseye. 71 Kyana. Huntingburg. 13 a. L. Carb. k. s> 38 13 b. L. Carbon. L 8. i< u (i 14 a. L. Coal Meas. II H 14 b. Middle Cl. Meas. it H 2 5 9 10 J2 18 Centryville. Junction. Bradley's. Chrisney. Miller's. Ritchie's. Rockport. 14 b. Middle Cl. Meas, ii 625 U (( Chicago & Great Southern R. R. 9 19 22 26 32 34 40 45 54 63 68 73 80 Fair Oaks. Mt. Ayr. Percy. Goodland. Wadena. Orthland. Wyndham. Oxford. Pine Village. Attica. Rob Roy. 8 * Stone Bluff. Veedersburg. Yeddo. 5 c. Niagara. 9-12. Devonian. J 13 a. Lower Carbon. \ Knob Stone. 71 14 a. L. Coal Meas. it 70S " 699 522 M 14 b. Mid. Cl. Meas. M Evansville. 14 c. Up. Cl. Meas. 878 Velpen. 70 Winslow. Oakland. 73 Francisco. Princeton. E. &T. H.Junc. Lyles. Mt. Carmel. 14 a. L. Coal Meas. 14 b. Middle Cl. Mers. 846 14 c. U. Coal Meas. 48 8 U u H (Evansville Division.) Ohio & Mississippi Railroad. (Louisville Division.) 4 6 8 10 12 14 17 26 30 32 33 34 38 42 48 52 55 Evansville. 80 Smythe. Garvin. Stevenson. King's Station. Chandler. De Forrest. Booneville. Tenneson. Pigeon. Centryville. Junction. Lincoln. Dale. Ferdinand. Huntingburg. Rose Bank. Jasper. 14 c. U. Cl. Meas. 78 879 878 M 14b.MidCl.Meas>* " 406 oi 14 b. Middle Cl. Meas. u It u u It 14 a. L. Coal Meas. 14 b. Mid. Coal Meas. 25 40 63 55 North Vernon. Lexington. Charleston. Jeffersonville. Louisville. 1-12. Devonian. u M U It New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad. (Nickel Plate Railroad.) 364 371 397 406 410 415 419 424 Buffalo. New Haven, Ind. Fort Wayne. South Whitley. Packerton. Claypool. Burkett. Mentone, Tippecanoe. 9-12. Devonian. 75S 775 << SOS (( 902 868 73. Martintville. Glacial bound'y. Glacial deposits to the north, east and west ; none to the south. 74. Edwardsport. This road runs nearly parallel with the glacial boundary from Martinsville to Edwardsport. Glacial Btrise 10 miles west of Spencer, pointing southeast. 75. Valley Junction. Tunnel between North Bend and Valley Junction is through a glacial de- posit full of finely striated stones. 76. Aurora. Split rock, on Woolper Creek in Kentucky, three miles below Aurora, belongs to a post glacial conglomerate, rising more than 200 feet above the river, and marks very nearly the south- ern boundary of the glaciated area. Gold is found in glacial deposits on Laughery's Creek, five miles southwest of Aurora. See note 62 in Ohio, and No. 62 in West Virginia. 77. Brownstown. The glacial boundary running nearly north by south from Charleetown to the northeast corner of Brown County, passes a little east of Brownstown. 78. Wheatland. The railroad re-enters the glaciated area at Wheatland. 79. Quincy. This railroad from New Albany to Gosport passes through an unglatiated area. The glacial boundary is about three miles south of Quincy. 80. Fort Branch and Evansville. From Evansville to Fort Branch the country Is unglaciated, though covered with Loess. The glacial boundary runs from here nearly parallel with this road to the neighborhood of Vincennes. The above eight glacial notes are by Rev. G. F. Wright. INDIANA. 207 New York Chicago & St. Louis R. B Ms. (Nickel Plate Railroad.) Alt. Terre Haute A Indianapoli. Railroad. Ms. (Vandalia Line.) Alt 431 Argos. n Terre Haute. 13 c. U. Cl. Meas. * 438 Hibbard. u 6 Otter Cr'k June. 440 Burr Oak. 23 Rockville. 451 Rnox. (1 31 Judson. 14 a. L. Coal Meaa. 462 Thomaston. 38 Waveland. 9-12. Devonian. 467 Wanatah. 5 c.Niagara. * 81 46 New Market. 477 Valparaiso. T38 63 Crawfordsville. H 480 Spriggsboro. It 61 Darlington. 13 a. L. Carb. Knob a. 484 Wheeler. U 666 69 Colfai. 825 488 Hobart, U 623 79 Frankfort. 9-12 Devonian. 8* 1 493 Joliet Pit u 88 Sedalia. 603 Hammond. u 98 Flora. u 610 Cummings, 111. H 102 Camden. u 512 Stony Island. u 110 Clymer. M 514 516 Grand Crossing. Englewood. " 604 116 135 Logansport. Kewanna. U 606 (4 521 22d Street 143 Marshland. U 623 Chicago. 589 160 Plymouth. ft 161 Indiana, Bloominffton & Western B. B. 173 183 Lakeville. South Bend. H << 788 Indianapolis. 2Moorfield. 5 Johnsonville. 9-12. Devonian. ' 9 705 / 13 a. L. Garb. Knob \ Stone. Lake Erie & Western Railroad. 138 149 160 Fort Recovery. Portland, Ind. Red Key. 5 c. Niagara. < 904 15 Oakley. " 898 165 Albany. U 19 Maplewood. OO Afrvni/vln 842 759 176 Muncie. 94S zo *>ioniciair. 27 North Salem. 30 Barnard. 35 Rochedale. 4<> Raccoon. 45 Russellville. 48 S. Waveland. 52 Guion. 5''. Marshall. 60 Bloomingdale. 67 Montezuma. 68 Hillsdale. 7o Dana. 78 Ilflana, 111. 81 Scotland, 111. 85 Chrisman. 888 902 13b.L.Carb.l.6. 9 745 828 " 789 14 a. L. Cl.Meas. /14 b. Middle Coal \ Measures. 70 642 " 494 452 648 176 192 201 212 225 237 246 252 260 261 270 280 282 289 296 305 312 Muncie. Alexandria. Ellwood. Tipton. Circlerville. Frankfort. Mulberry. Dayton. Lafayette June. Lafayette. Montmorency. Templeton. Oxford. Boswell. Ambia, Ind. Hoopeston, 111. East Lynn. 948 M 85T 858. 868- 9-12. Devonian, 841 13 a. L. C. Knobs."* 6*S 59* 698- 72. 14 a. L. Cl. Meas. * 708. 784 < 710 718 (1 >1. By the excellent Geological Map of Indiana, published by Professor Collett, with his report for 1*84, the following appears to be the full section of the exposed strata of the State, with the thick- >-ach: FORMATIONS. THICKNESS IV FT. FORMATIONS. THICKNESS IN FT.. 20 c. Alluvium. 0-60 9-12 Devonian. 20 b. Loess. 0-30 Genesee Black Slate. 60-120 " 20 a. Glacial Drift. 0-311 Corniferous. 6-70 ., /Permo Carboniferous or L * c - \ Upper Ck)al Measures. 14 b. Mi Idle Coal Measures. ,. . /Lower Coal Measures, and L ( Conglomerate. 50-196 600-888 60-210 Upper Silurian. 5 c. Niagara. 5 c. Clinton. 20-60 0-10 Lower Silurian. Sub- Carboniferous. 4 c. Hudson River or Cincinnati 50-320 13 b. Cheater 1. s. 0-74 13 b. St. Louis L s. 0-330 The sub-divisions of the Devo- 13 b. Keokuk 1. s. 6-106 nian are too narrow to be sepa- 13 a. Knobftone 9. 3. ' 12-532 rately noticed in the Guide. 208 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. This blank space is intended for additional geological notes in pencil by the traveler. ILLINOIS. 209 Illinois. 1 List of the Geological Formations on the Illinois Railroads. 18 and 19. Cretaceous or Tertiary. 14 c. Upper Coal Measures. 14 b. > Lower Coal Measures and Con- 14 a.t glomerate. 13 a. Low. Carboniferous Limestone.* 9-12. Devonian. 5 c. Niagara Group. 4 c. Cincinnati Group. 4 a. Trenton and Galena Limestone. 3 c. St. Peter's Sandstone. 3 a. Calciferous and Lower Magnesian Limestone. Baltimore, Pittsbnrg and Chicago Railroad. Ms. Illinois Central Railroad. Continued. Alt Ms. (15. 823 43 47 Oswego. 1 3 Bristol. 4 c. Cincinnati, 227 Wapella. u 53 Piano. a 231 240 253 Clinton. Maroa. Decatur. 727 14 c. U. 01. Mrs. < 666 57 61 67 Sandwich. Somonauk. Lelflnd 4 a. Trenton, 45 miles. 258 Wheatland. (1 74 iJcictilU.* Earl. M 263 269 Macon. Moawequa. 716 84 100 Mendota. Maiden. 749 276 285 03 .-315 Assumption. Pana. Ramsey. 12 Vandalia. 676 500 105 112 118 Princeton. Wyanet. Buda. / 14a.Congl,andl4b. \ Low. 01. Mrs. 92 ms. 768 .330 .339 544 545 353 Patoka. Sandoval. Central City. Centralia. Cairo. 322 tl 494 494 18.&19.Creta.&Ter'y 124 132 140 148 Neponsett. Kewanee. 14 Galva. 851 Altona. f 14 a. Cong, and 14 b. \ Low. Coal Measures. Middle Division. 152 Oneida. 156 Wataga. M o Kankakee. 5 c. Niagara 626 164 Galesburg. 788 5 Otto. No exposure. 179 Monmouth. x 5 " 29 Kempton Jn. H 186 Kirkwood. II 35 50 Griswold. Pontiac. 14a.&b.LowCl.M." 198 Sagetown. 16 f 13 a. Lower Carbon's \ Limestone, 15 miles. 71 Kankakee Jn. 207 Burlington. " 73 Minonk. " 164 173 Galesburg. 7 8 8 Abingdon. f 14 a. Con. and 14 b. \ L. Coal Mrs. 54 ms. 33 38 Cullom. Charlotte. No exposures. 42 46 ef\ Chatsworth. Crumpton. TJ ;!. 14a.&b.LowCl.M. 73 183 186 192 Avon. Prairie City. Bushnell. 664 ou rvlSK. Pnl fn/r 203 Macomb. 7C v^oiiax. i < 210 Colchester. 17 ' I V 85 Barnes. Bloomington. 80 14 c. U. 01. Mres. 82 212 Tennesee. (t 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Ifi. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Limestone of the Upper Coal Measures full of fossils. Minute shells in roof of coal seam, probably No. 3. Upper Coal Measure limestone with fossil shells near Ramsey. Cincinnati group, rich in fossils. Fossils in roof shales of coal seam, probably coal No. 5 or 6. Outcrop of Burlington limestone 2 miles north of Monmouth. Burlington limestone rich in fossils. Roof shales of coal rich in fossil plants, coal No. 2. Burlington limestone rich in fossils. Fossils abundant in roof shales of coal No. 5. Fossils in roof shales of coals No. 2. and 3. Fossils in roof shales of coal No. 5. ILLINOIS. 211 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad . Ms. Continued. Alt. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. Ms. Continued. Alt. Mendota and Clinton Branch. 223. Ply mouth. 227 Augusta. 242 Camp Point. 252 Fowler. 263 Quincy. 18 13 a. L. Carb. 1. 8. 5 ms. ( 14 a. Cong, and 14 b. \ L. Coal Mrs. 27 ms. 740 13 a. L. Carb. l.s. 13ms. << 488 9 19 26 32 45 62 66 Mendota. La Moille. Ohio. Walnut. Deer Grove. jProphetstown. Fulton. Clinton. 4 a. Trenton. 4 c. Cincinnati. 5. Niagara. u 749 72T Galesburg and Peoria Division. 164 Galesburg. 169 Knoxville. 180 Maquon. 188 Yates City. igOElmwood. 1 * 209 Kickapoo. 21 7 1 Peoria. 14 a. L. Coal Mrs. 788 777 < 630 673 u 631 << 458 Galva and Eeithsburg Branch. 14 37 51 54 66 71 Galva. Woodhull. Aledo. New Boston. Keithsburg. Oquawka, Gladstone. 13 a. Lower Coal Mres. u 573 543 13 a. Burlington 1. s. Galena Junction. Galena Junction. 6 East Batavia. 13 Aurora. 5. Niagara. < 649 Burlington and Quincy Branch. Aurora and Streator Branch. 0| Burlington. lOLomax. 24Adrian. 32 Carthage. 44 West Point. 58 Mendon. 62 Ursa. 72 Quincy. 18 13 a. L. Uarb. Limest. i i 686 1 488 Aurora. 6 Oswego. ls 13 Yorkville. 23 Millington. 28 Sheridan. 32 Serena. 36 Wedron. 40 Dayton. 44 Ottawa. 60| Streator. 5. Niagara, 649 4 c. Cincinnati. 4 a. Trenton, 21 miles. 13 a. Lower Coal Mres. " [3 a Calcif. in " bed of river.] 3 a. Calcif., 2 ms. * 86 13 a. Low. Cl.Mrs. 20 Bock River Division. 8 16 26 37 47 Shabbona. Paw Paw. Brooklyn. Amboy. Harmon. Rock Falls. 4 c. Cincinnati, 3 4 a. Trenton. 4 c. Cincinnati, 6 4 a. Trenton. 4 c. Cincinnati. it ms. ms. 788 Buda and Rushville Branch. OiBuda.' 20 Wyoming. 38|Brimfield. 4o Elmwood. 1 * 47 Yates City. 63 Farmington. 64 Canton 19 78 Lewiston. 20 95 Vermont. 110 Rushville. 21 14 b. Lower Coal Mrs. 621 673 656 676 Chicago and Iowa Railroad. (C. B. A Q.) 39 57 64 69 79 86 89 94 98 100 113 Chicago. 74 Aurora. Hinckley. Waterman. Shabbona. Steward. Rochelle. Flag Center. King's. Holcomb. Davis Junction. Rockford. 5 c. Niagara. 4 c. Cincinnati. u 4 a. Trenton. 389 649 746 807 Aurora and Geneva Branch. Aurora. 9 Batavia. 13 Geneva. S.Niagara. " 22. Fossil plants abundant in roof shales of coal No 2 23. Limestone of Upper Coal Measures full of fossils. 24. Fossils in roof shales and limestone over coal No. 5. 25. Fine outcrop of Devonian shale and limestone between these points full of fossils. 26. Niagara fossils occur sparingly at each of these points. 27. Fossils abundant in Cincinnati group. 28. Fossil plants in roof shales of coal No. 2. fathfs ^j 58 ? 119 abundant in roof shales of coal No. 8, and also in that of No. 5. in the shafts opened 30. Upper'Coal Measure limestone with a few fossils. 212 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ILL.) Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Rail- Ms. Continued. Alt. Ms, road. Alt. Quincy, Hannibal and Louisiana Branch. Chicago. 74 5. Niag., 48 miles. 58 Quincy 18 488 13 a. Low Carbon, l.s. 16 Blue Island. " 10 Fall Creek. 30 Mokena. 17 Hannibal. 63 40 Joliet. 2 * 7 * 541 19 36 Hulls. Rockport. 54 468 51 Minooka. f 14 a. Cong, and 14 b. \ L. Coal Mrs. 41 ms. 41 Pike. 6. U. Silu. Niag. group. 61 Morris. 23 " 43 Louisiana. 5 6 '< 71 Seneca. " St. Louis and Rock Island Division. 76 84 Marseilles. Ottawa. 3 a. Cal., 9 ms. 486 St. Louis. 13 a. Low Garb, l.s. 416 94 Utica. " East St. Louis. Alton, s s 418 ' 470 99 LaSalle. 22 f!4b. L.C1. Mrs. s 10 \ and Conglomerate. 20 Upper Alton. 14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs. 100 Peru. 28 ' 25 Brighton. 694 114 Bureau. 455 38 Medora. M Bureau. a 42 Kemper. " 13 Henry. a 55 Greenfield. " 20 Sparland. tt 67 Whitehall. 13 a. Low Carbon 1. s. 28 Chillicothe. it 82 Winchester. 56 " 46 Peoria. 24 458 87 Riggston. 14 a. &b. L. Coal Mrs. Pekin. U 475 92 Chapin. " Jacksonville. 619 111 Arenzville. Beardstown. M 114 122 Bureau. Tishilwa. 14L.C.Mrs.&Cong. 4 55 115 120 135 Frederick. Browning. Vermont. lt 126 146 152 Sheffield. Annawan. Atkinson. 20 u 154 Bushnell. 664 159 Geneseo. 170 Roseville. '* 170 Colonft a 182 Monmouth. M 179 Moline'. 25 9-12. Devonian. 203 220 Rio. Orion, " 751 188 Rock Island. 35 << 584 227 239 242 Port Byron. 57 Rock Island. Moline. 5 c. Niagara. 9-11. Devonian. 584 u Chicago and Alton Railroad. 79 26 Chicago. 74 Lemont. 26 ? 8 5. Niagara. 246 255 Port Byron Jun. Rock River Jun. 5. Niagara. 33 38 Lockport. 2 * 78 Joliet. 2 *^ 541 268 Erie. (4 63 Wilmington. 37 4 c. Cincinnati. 561 278 280 Lyndon. R. I. Junction. " 68 Braidwood. 2 8 f 14 a. & 14 b. Conglo. \ and Lower Coal Mrs. 291 Sterling. it 61 Braceville. 28 603 65 Gardner. 605 Sheridan and Paw Paw Branch. 74 Dwight.' 609 Paw Paw. No outcrop. 82 Odell. 726 20 Sheridan Jun. ' 92 Pontiac. 668 61 Streator. 13 a. Low. Coal. 30 103 Chenoa. 724 31. Outcrop of coal No. 5. 1% m. west of the station with numerous fossils in the roof shales. 32. St. Louis Limestone with numerous fossils. 33. Coal Measure fossils abundant in this vicinity. 34. Outcrop of Keokuk limestone with characteristic fossils 3 miles northeast of the town. 36. Keokuk limestone 1% miles south of town with a few characteristic fossils. 36. Outcrop of St. Louis limestone 4% miles east of the station with numerous fossils. 37. St. Louis limestone in heavy outcrops on Fountain creek 2 miles west of the station, and of Chester limestone 2% miles southwest, both formations abounding in characteristic fossils. 38. Outcrops of Chester limestone on Prairie du Long creek 2% miles north of the station with numerous fossils. 39. Fossils abundant in the limestone over the coal No. 6 ? 40. Fossil plants in roof shales and iron concretions of coal No. 2. 41. St. Louis limestone fossils scarce, 3 miles west of the town outcrops of Hamilton and Corniferous limeatone with fossils. 42. Band of ferruginous shale abounding in Upper Coal Measure fossils. ILLINOIS. 213 Ms. Chicago and Alton Railroad. Cont. Alt, Ms. Chicago and Alton Railroad. Cont. Alt. Dwight Branch. 111 119 124 126 146 167 164 185 194 206 210 214 223 238 245 257 258 261 269 27-; 28<) Lexington. Towanda. Normal. Bloomington. 80 Atlanta. Lincoln. Broad well. 811 Springfield. 29 Chatham. Virden. Girard. Nilwood. Carlin\ille. 3 \ 60 Shipman. Brighton. 3 1 Alton. 32 47 Upper Alton. Milton. Mitchell. Venice. East St. Louis. 14 L. C. Ms. (( 810 u <. 818 ii 744 ii 613 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. u 092 u 642 ii 91 687 u f 14 a. & b. Low. Coal \ Mrs. & Congl. 22 ms. 662 ii 694 13 a. L. Garb. l.s.2ms. f 14 a. & b. Lower Coal \ Mres. and Conglom. 13 a. Lower Garb. 1. s. H it 418 Chicago. 74 74 Dwight. 96Streator. 109 Wenona. 118 Varna. 128 Lacon. 6 c. Niagara. 14a. &b.L. C.Mrs. 609 i 620 tt It 14a.&b.L.CoalMres. 118 Varna. 122 La Rose. 128 Washburn. 133 Cazenovia. 137 Metamora. 144 Washington. 14 a. Lower Coal Mres. u M u 745 Chicago, St. touis and AVe stern Railroad. Chicago. 74 37 Joliet. 89Streator. 20 93 Reading. 98 Long Point. lOSMinonk. 124 Roanoke. 126 Eureka. 133 Washington. 141;Morton. 145 Groveland. 153Pekin. 161 Peoria. 5 Niagara. 589 u 541 14 a. & b. L. Cl Mres.. ii it 14 a. Lower Coal Mres. i u 745 14a.&b.L. Cl.Ms. a3 ii 70S < 463 126 149 167 171 187 215 242 266 274 Bloomington. 80 Hopedale. Delavan. Mason City. Petersburg. 33 Jacksonville. Drake. Pleasant Hill. Quincy Junction. 14 a. L. Cl. Mrs. 82S < 358 i< Sycamore Branch. 5 Cortland. Sycamore. 5. Niagara. Lake Geneva Line. 39 55 Chicago. 74 Clintonville. Crystal Lake. 5 c. Niagara. 59 " 727 || Crystal Lake Short Line. 43 50 54 60 61 70 Chicago. 74 Crystal Lake. McHenry. Ringwood. Richmond. Genoa Jn. Lake Geneva. 5 c. Niagara. M < u << K Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis Line. 22 26 38 43 61 63 71 78 91 Chicago. 74 Arlington Heigh Palatine. Gary. 84 Crystal Lake. 84 Woodstock. 84 Harvard Jn. Sharon. Clinton Jn. Janesville. 85 5 Niagara. ts. 88 u 4 c. Cincinnati. 727 11 Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific R. R. 93;Pontiac. 1 04 Fairbury. 126 Gibson. 134 Foosland. 145 ( Mansfield. 158 Monticello. 180 Lovington. 188 Sullivan. 200 Windsor. 229 Altamont. 14a.&b.L. Cl.Mr.' 6 u 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. a n ii 698 ft 616 Milwaukee, Green Bay and Marquette Line. 12 21 35 45 Chicago. 74 Evanston. 8 6 Highland Park. Waukegan. 8 State Line. 5. Niagara. 5 8 9 u u 527 K 1C 45. Fine outcrop of the Kinderhook division of the Lower Carboniferous, with characteristic fossils, and Burlington limestone capping the bluffs. ILLINOIS. 215 Ms. 11 It'. 19 Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific R. B. Continued. Alt. Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific R. R. Ms. Continued. Alt- Detroit, Toledo, Quincy and Keokuk Line. Streator. Manville. Cornell. Rowe. Chicago Jim. 14a.&b.L.Cl.Mrs.'o M n 242 250 262 269 275 280 286 303 311 Toledo, (see Indi State Line. Danville. Fairmount. Homer. Sidney. Philo. Tolono. Bement. Cerro Gordo. ana.) 14 c. U. Cl.Mrs. 14 a. Lower Coal Mres. 61S 893 918 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. ci 107 Toledo, Kansas City and St. Joseph Division. 4 13 17 Bluffs. Naples. Griggsville. Maysville. 13 a. L. Sub-Carb. 1. s. 418 14 a.L. CoalMres. 685 6 ~20 27 37 40 50 Pittsfield. 323 339 348 362 378 385 395 413 426 436 446 Decatur. Illiopolis. Buffalo. Springfield. Berlin. Alexander. Jacksonville. Bluffs. t< 694 U 14 a. Lower Coal Mrei. 13 a. Low. Carb. 1. s. New Salem. Hadley. Kinderhook. 45 Hulls. Hannibal, Mo. 778 13 a L. Garb. 1. s. 752 478 K 468 470 Cairo, Vincennes and Chicago Line. 10 16 23 30 52 81 90 97 102 103 108 112 Danville. 808 Georgetown. Ridge Farm. Chrisman. Paris. Marshall. 19 Robinson. Flat Rock. Pink staff. Lawrenceville. 68 0. X M. Jun. Beman. Vincennes. 14 a. Low. Coal Mres. 685 (( " 705 14 c. Upper Coal Mrs. 508 424 < 424 Versailles. Mount Sterling. Clayton. 13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s. u 859 446 Clayton. 453 Labuda. 462 Bo wen. 467 Denver. 476 Carthage. 481 Elvaston. 488 Hamilton.' * 859 u 13 a. Low. Carbon, l.s. it 452 Camp Point. 457 Coatsburg. 463 Fowler. 474 Quincy. 14 b. Lower Coal Mres. 13 a. Low. Carbon, l.s. 749 Chicago, Kansas City and St. Joseph. 10 22 27 41 49 69 68 83 Peoria. * Pekin. Manito. Forest City. Havana. Bath. Chandlerville. Virginia. Jacksonville. 14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs. " 475 (( < 678 472 M 608 " 619 St. Louis and Chicago Line. 3 6 22 38 62 85 105 113 133 141 146 149 154 166 St. Louis, Mo. East St. Louis. Venice. Edwardsville. Staunton. 65 Litchfield. Taylorville. Boody. Decatur. 8 7 Bement. Monticello. Lodge. Galesville. Mansfield. Osman. 13 a.L. Sub-C. l.s. 418 ( 14 b. Lower CoalMres. 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. < 656 {( 14. Coal Mres. 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. 14. Coal Mrs. 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. ft Havana and Springfield Line. 13 22 31 47 Springfield. Athens. Petersburg. 68 Oakford. Havana. 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. 14 b. Lower Coal Mres. i 472 46. Roof shale and limestone of No. 6 coal full of fossils. 47. Another outcrop of the same. 48. Fossils in the limestone over the coal. 49. Outcrop of nearly 250 feet of Chester limestone and shale abounding in the characteristic fossils of this group. 50. Fossils in limestone and shale over coal No. 6. 51. Fossils of Upper Coal Measures abundant in shale below the mill dam and two miles east of town at the bridge on the wagon road. 52. Fossils in shale and limestone over coal No. 5. 216 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ILL.) Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific R. B. M. St. Louis and Chicago Line. Continued. Alt. Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroad. Ms. Continued. Alt. 162 174 182 186 193 198 209 214 220 226 233 239 262 269 272 286 Howard. Gibson. Sibley. Strawn. Forrest. Wing. Bmington. Campus. Reddick. Essex. Ritchie. Manhattan. Alpine. Worth. Oak Lawn. Chicago. 74 14 a. & b. Low Coal. << it it 678 No exposures. 4 c. Cincinnati group.? u u Upper Silurian. 5 c. Niagara. 589 98 103 110 120 131 144 157 174 181 191 207 227 233 Bethany. Hampton. Nelson. Mattoon. Janesville. Greenup. Falmouth. Dundas. Olney. Parkersburg. Brown's. Stuartsville. 14c.U. Coal Mres. 665 " 665 657 " 733 It 351 (( 480 ( ( u New Harmony. 230 248 Poseyville. Evansville. (?) 14 a. & b. L. Cl. Mres. Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul R. R. St. Louis and Jacksonville. 52 72 75 88 106 Litchfield. Girard. Virden. Waverly. Jacksonville. 14CoalMres. 464 14 c. Up. Coal Mrs. 687 691 14 a. &. b. L. Cl. Mres. " 619 6 14 24 32 39 47 Chicago. 74 Pacific Jun. Montrose. Deerfield. Libertyville. Gurnee. Russell. 5 c. Niagara. a it it if u Jerseyville Branch. Springfield. 29 13 Bates. 25 Waverly. 36 Palmyra. 50 Chesterfield. 59 Fidelity. 68 Jerseyville. 81 Jersey Landing. 85;Grafton. 14 c. U. Coal Mres. 592 14a.&b.L.Cl.Mrs. 6 9i ii M (< 13 a. Burlington 1. s. 5 c. Niagara. 8 19 24 35 50 59 62 74 88 Chicago. 74 Galewoocl. Salt Creek. Roselle. Elgin. Hampshire. Genoa. Kingston. Monroe. Byron. S.Niagara. 58 807 700 4 c. Cincinnati. 4 a. Trenton. t( St. Louis Coal Railroad. Racine and S. W. Division. 3 11 18 23 27 Marion. Bainbridge. Fredonia. Carbondale. Glenahl. Harrison. 14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs. u 394 U 379 u 363 14 East St. Louis. 4 - is Bellville. *? 9 13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s. 14 a. & b. L. Coal Mres. 6 Bellville. O'Fallon. " 545 20 25 32 35 49 60 69 87 100 Rentchler's. Mascoutah. New Memphis. Venedy. Nashville. 50 Ashley. Woodlawn. Belle River. Shawnee Jun. n 425 " 411 412 14 c. Upper Coal Mrs. 549 li 495 " 486 1 13 22 30 36 42 Shawnee Jun. McLeansboro. Broughton. Eldorado. 78 Equality. Cyprese Jun. Shawneetown. '< 486 < 500 384 14 b. Lower Coal Mrs. 340 << 363 56. St. Louis limestone and Lower Coal Measures with characteristic fossils. 57. Niagara limestone with numerous fossils. 58. Coal shale 1^ miles northeast of station full of fossil shells. 59. Limestone over No. 9 coal with fossils. 60. Upper Coal Measure limestone full of fossils. 31. Fossils in roof shales and limestone of coals No. 5 and 6. 62. Coal Measure limestone with fossil corals and shells. ILLINOIS. 219 Louisville ft Nashville Railroad. Con. Ms. St. Louis, Evansville and Nashville Line. Alt. Lake Erie A Western Railroad. 305 Hoopstown, 111. 312 East Lynn. 317Rankin. 318 Pellsville. 327 Paxton. 341 Gibson. 351 Say brook. 357 Arrowsmith 3d Ellsworth. . 364 Padua. 367 (Holder. 377|Bloomlng. 80 14a.L.C.M.&Cgl. 7 i it u 4 c. Cincinnati. Ha.L.C.Ms.&Congl. ii < <. < 823 101 j McLeansboro. 113Enfield. 123Carmi. 131|Wabash. 14 c. Up. Coal Mrs. 500 < 458 " 401 St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute B. R. East St. Louis. 11 Collinsville. 19 Troy. 30 Highland. * 40 Pocahontas. 49 Greenville. 67 Vandalia. 81 St. Elmo. 86 Altamont. 98 Effingham. 102 Teutopolis. 122 Greenup. 130 Casey. 60 137 Martinsville. 148 Marshall.^ 151 Griffiths. 155 Dennison. 158 Farrington. 166 Terre Haute. 13 a. L. Carb. 1. s. * 18 | 14 a. Low. Cl.Mrs.* 65 539 14b. Up. Cl. Mres. 527 < 498 * 555 it 500 U 616 088 < ( 351 II 573 G19 ( t 13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s. 498 Louisville, Evansville A St. Louis R. R. 8 20 30 34 47 51 56 65 74 75 88 90 Mt. Vernon, Ind. Blueford, Wayne, 111. Fairfield. Meriam. Albion. ' Brown's Cross. Bellmont. Mt. Carmel. E. & T. H. Jun. Princeton. Francisco. Oakland. 407 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. '< 538 a ( II u It 48 & it 846 Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad. T9 95 98 101 108 114 120 132 Chicago and Iowa Railroad. State Line. 2 Sheldon. 11 Watseka. 62 25 Gilman. 29 La Hogue. 40 Chataworth. 47 Forrest. 52 Fairbury. 63 Chenoa. 67 Meadows. 78 El Paso. 92 Eureka. 99 Washington. 109 Hilton. Ill Peoria. 139 Canton. 149 Cuba. 171 Bushnell. 189 Blandinsville. 195 La Harpe. 215 Burlington. 5. Niagara. 708 627 ( 652 4 c. Cincinnati. 732 678 14a.&b. L.C.Mrs. 6 9 7 724 14 c. Up. Coal Mrs. * 742 74& 14 a. Lower Coal Mrs. 463 " 656 674 " 664 730 13 a. L.Carb.l. s. 87 u Flag Centre. Chana. Honey Creek. Oregon. Mt. Morris. Maryland. Forreston. Freeport. 4 a. Trenton. < 3 c. St. Peters s.s. 704 4 a. Trenton. 1. s. 90 941 (( Rock Island & Mercer County Railroad. 4 12 26 Rock Island. Milan. Taylor Ridge. Cable. 9-12 Devonian. 14 a. & b. L. Cl. Mres. Chicago & Evanston Railroad. 0| Chicago. 74 7 Flaxton. 10 Calvary. 5 c. Niagara. H M Kankakee & Seneca Railroad. 195 La Harpe. 200 La Crosse. 210 Ferris. 216 Elvaston. 222 Hamilton. 6 227 Warsaw.* 3 " 687 " 77 663 << Kankakee. 5 Hawkins. 11 Bonfield. 18 Essex. 24 Gardner. 31 Mazon. 36 Hill Park. 43 Seneca. 5 c. Niagara. u 4 c. Cincinnati gr. u 14a. &b. L. C.Mr.oB a u n 63. Fine outcrops of Keokuk limestone with numerous fossils, and geodes containing crystal- lized quartz, chalcedony, calcite, dolomite, arragonite, blende and pyrite. 220 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ILL.) Ms. Indianapolis & St. Louis B. K. Alt. Central Iowa Bailway. 72 84 91 100 105 118 129 141 152 168 181 190 200 207 217 226 232 237 242 245 262 265 Terre Haute, Ind. Vermillion. Paris. Dudley. Kansas. Charleston. Matoon. Windsor. Shelbyville Pana. Nokomis. Irving. Butler. Litchfield. Gillespie. Bunker Hill. Dorseys. Bethalto. Wann. Edwardsville Cro East St. Louis. St. Louis. 14. Coal Measures. ' 705 (1 1 < 733 I t( 11 787 it K 13 a. St. Louis 1. s. ssing. *' 73 a. L. Carb. 1. s. 418 " 416 13 18 24 29 38 43 49 57 61 66 73 77 84 92 Peoria. 68 Hanna. Trivoli. Farmington. Claire. London Mills. Hermon. Abingdon. Berwick. Phelps. Monmouth. Eleanor. Little York. Seaton. Keithsburg. 14a.&b.L.Cl.Mr.46s it u ti K a it it tt 13 a. Low. Carb. 1. s. u it it " 543 Champaign and Havana Line. 2 10 15 Urbana. Champaign. Seymour. White Heat. 14 a. L. Coal Mres. 732 U ft 21 34 45 Monticello. Argenta. Decatur. tl 14c. Up. CoalMrs. eee Danville, Olney & Ohio River B. B. 31 49 68 89 100 109 Danville Jn. Hume. Kansas. Casey. Willow Hill. West Liberty. Olney. 14. Coal Mres. 8 1 649 " 649 u It 18 28 40 50 52 56 62 74 80 88 93 100 Lodge. Weldon. Clinton. Midland City. Beason. Skelton. Lincoln. New Holland. Mason City. Easton. Poplar City. Havana. u tt 727 ti tl 14 b. Low. Coal Mres. u n it i t tt tt Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis R. R. 272 278 288 297 311 332 349 357 370 382 401 407 418 431 450 Humerick. Ridge Farm. Metcalf. Brocton. Bushton. Trilla. Stewardson. Fancher. Herrick. Boyle. Donnellson. Sorrento. * Alhambra. Edwardsville. East St. Louis. 14 b. Low. Cl. Mres. " 615 618 it It 14 c. Upper Cl. Mres. n n n 14 b. Lower Cl. Mres. 13 a. L. Sub. Ca. l.s.* 18 Litchfield, Carrolton & Western B. B. 1 11 22 Columbiana. 13 a. Low. Carbon, l.s. Carrollton. " Greenfield. ! 14 b. Low. Coal Mres. Fulton County Narrow Gauge Bailway. 19 30 35 40 50 61 Galesburg. 7 8 8 London Mills. Fairview. Fiatt. Cuba. Lewiston. Havana. 14a.Cg.&14b.L.C.M. Ms ; Indiana, Illinois & Southern R. B. Alt. 14 23 31 37 47 53 Effingham. Wheeler. Newton. Willow Hill. Oblong. Robinson. Palestine. 14 c. Up. Coal Mrs. 588 508 64. Cincinnati group with characteristic fossils, and near Savanna the Niagara limestone caps the hills and affords silicified corals in abundance. ILLINOIS. 221 Ms. Havana, Rantoul & Eastern R. R. Alt. Ms. Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroad. Alt 0|West Lebanon. Indiana. . Racine. Glacial and lacustrine drift. Ancient beach lines. 6. Milwaukee. Glacial and lacustrine drifts. WISCONSIN. 225 Chicago A North- Western Railroad. M>. Mil., Green Bay & Marq. Line. Con. Alt. Chicago & North-Western Railroad. M*. (Sheboygan and Western R. R.) Con. Alt. 180 185 190 192 198 208 214 218 222 228 233 237 242 252 256 263 264 382 West Menasha. Appleton. Little Chute. Kaukauna. Wrightstown. De Pere. Ft. Howard and Green Bay. Duck Creek. Big Suamico. Little Suamico. Brookside. Pensaukee. Oconto. Cavoits. Peshtigo. Marinette. Monominee. Escanaba, Mich. (Continued ( 4 a. Tren. Striae, Till \ and Red Clay. / 4 b.Galena. 715 \ Tren., Red Clay, f 4 b.Galena, red clay t drift. * 07 / 4 b. Galena, red clay \ drift. 658 r 4 b. Galena, red clay \ drift. Striee. 626 f 4 b. Galena, red clay \ drift. Striae. * 91 f 4 c. Gin. shale. 588 \ 4. b. Gal., red clay. 4 b. Galena, Striae. u 41 20. Quaternary, f 4 b. Gal. limestone. \ 4 a. Tren. limestone. 20. Quaternary. 4 a. Trenton 1. a. 4 b.Galena l.s. Striae. (See Michigan.) in Michigan.) 69 72 78 Green Lake. St. Marie. Princeton. (4 a. Trenton 1. s. 3 c. St.Peterss.s. 81 * 3 a. Low. Magn. 1. s. 3 a. Lower Magn. 1. s. 768 (Madison and Montford Division.) 165 176 182 184 188 193 197 203 212 220 223 227 228 Madison. Verona. Riley's. Pine Bluff. Mount Horeb, Blue Mounds. Barnevel'd. Ridgeway. Dodgeville. Edmund. Cobb. Montford June. Montford. f Moraines, drumlins. \ 3 a. Low. Magn. 8*8 [2 b. Pots. & Mad. s.s. Moraines. {4 a. Trenton. 3 c. St. Peter's. 3 a. Lower Magn. J 4 a. Trenton. \ 3 c. St. Peter's. 4 b. Galena. {5 c. Niagara. 4 c. Hudson River. 4 b. Galena. 4 b. Galena. {4 b. Galena. 4 a. Trenton. 3 c. St. Peter. 4 b. Galena. (Lancaster and Woodman Line.) Galena, 111. 7 Bell's. 15 Benton. 20 St. Rose. 32 Platteville. 4 b. Galena limestone. << it f 4 b. Galena 1. s. \ 4 a. Trenton 1. s. 237 239 Preston. Lancaster June. 241 248 251 257 Fennimore. Werley. Anderson Mills. Woodman. f 4 a. Trenton. \ 3 c. St. Peter, f 3 a Lower Magn. t 2 b. Potsdam. 2 b. Potsdam. esi (Sheboygan and Western Railroad.) Sheboygan. 5 Sheboygan Falls. 10 Town Line. 14 Plymouth. 20 Glenbeulah. 26 St. Cloud. 30 Calvary. 43 Fond du Lac. 44 Fond du Lac Jc. 47 Woodhull. 62 Eldorado. 55 Rosendale. 57 West Rosendale. 63 Ripon. f 5 c. Niagara. Sub- \ aqueous drift. 588 f 5 c. Niagara. Sub- \ aqueous drift. 663 20. Drift. 20. Red clay. 4o f Kettle Range. 867 \ Moraine drift, oc. Niag. l.s. 8a7 Niag. drumlins. 94 4 b. Galena 1. s. * 46 it 20. Quaternary. 875 891 882 {4 b. Galena 1. s. 4 a. Trenton 1. s. 930 3 c. St. Peter's s. s. 3 a. Lower Magn.l.s. 243 246 251 Stitzer. Liberty. Lancaster. 4 b. Galena. 234 288 245 247 249 Livingston. Rewey. Leslie. Mineral Point Jc. Platteville Jc. 936 < 253 257 260 262 268 275 Platteville. 4 a. Trenton and Ga. Elmo. St. Rose. Cuba City. Benton. Strawbridge. Buncomb. Millbrig. Galena. 4 b. Galena. < u u f Loess, Terraces. \ 4 b. Galena. 226 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WIS.) Chicago & North- Western Railroad. Con. Ms. (Milwaukee to Madison and Montford.) Alt. Chicago, St. Paul, Mln. & Omaha B. B. Ms. (St. Paul aud Lake Superior Div.) Con. Alt. 85 96 Chicago. Milwaukee. 6 North Greenfield. (As before.) f 10. Ham'n cem. rock. \5c.Niagara. 684 20. Drift. 63 71 75 7Q Clear Lake. Clayton. Turtle Lake. 20. Moraine, west. U 20. Morainic drift. 97 102 110 Calhoun. Waukesha. Wales. 5 c. Niagara. 803 20. Kettle Moraine. /y 88 95 104 Perley. Cumberland. Barronett. Shell Lake. 20. Moraine summit. 115 121 132 Dousman. Sullivan. Jefferson June. 20. Drift, Kames near. 20. D'ft, Drumlins. 7 9 9 110 118 1 OA Spooner. Veazie. Stirmpft 20. Gravel drift, 20. Glacial fl'd deposit. 139 144 164 165 Lake Mills. London. Cottage Grove. Madison. 20. Drift Kames., 20. Drift, Drumlins. 20. Drift. (20. Morainic Drift. 3 a. Low. Magn. 8 * 8 2 b. Pots. & Mad.s. s. Lov 136 153 163 177 190 194 OLilllictL. Hayward. Cable. Drummond. Mason. Ashland June. Ashland. M 20. Moraine. <( 20. Red clay drift. U (Janesville, Watertown & Fond du Lac.) 190 198 Ashland June. Washburne. It 2 b. Potsdam, Drift. 211 Bayfield. 70 Chicago. Sharon. (As before.) 20. Drift. (Eau Claire and Lake Superior Division.) 78 82 Clinton June. Shopiere. u 941 20. D'ft.4b.Gal.l.s. 9 * 4 Eau Claire. 8 Pots, and Val. d'ft. 8 91 Janesville. r 4 a. Tren. 3 c. St.P'r's \ Glacial flood plain. 10 ChippewaF'lls. 83 f 2 b. Potsdam. \ 1. Archaean granite. 99 Milton Junction. 20. Quaternary. 87? 25 Bloomer. 2 b. Potsdam, Drift. 104 110 Koshkonong. Ft. Atkinson. 20. Drift. 827 4 b. Gal., Drift. " 8 33 42 Cartwright. Chetek. 2 b. Pots., gravel hills. 116 Jefferson. 20. Drift. '" 49 Cameron. 2 b. Potsdam. \ Gravel 119 Jefferson June. 20. Drift, Drumlins. 56 Rice Lake. " / plain. 121 Johnson's Creek. 771 81 Spooner. Moraine. 129 130 Watertown Jc. Watertown. 4b.Gal.,Drumlins. 8al ( 113 Gordon. ( 20. Ancient outlet of \ Lake Superior. 138 145 Clyman. Juneau. Drumlins. 908 Drumlins. 9 1 * 139 Douglass. f 2 b. Potsdam. \ Keweenawan. 148 Minnesota June. 20. Drift. Galena. 150 Superior. 20. Red clay drift TtviTTiPti" Tnn/ 877 160 1>UJ IltJLL v ILLiv* Chester. M (Neilsville Branch.) i fift Onlrfiolrl 888 IDo 176 uaKneiQ. Fond du Lac. / 4 b. Galena 1. s. \RedClay. * 14 Neilsville. Merillan. 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 938 184 Van Dyne. Lacustrine deposit. 193 Oshkosh. f 4 b. Galena 1. s. \4 a Trenton 1. s. 68 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Ms. (Chicago, St. Paul & Minneapolis Line.) Alt Chicago, St. Paul, Mln. & Omaha K. K. Chicago. (As before.) Ms. (St. Paul and Lake Superior Division.) Alt. 43 52 Wadsworth. Kenosha June. 20. Quaternary. 079 Minneapolis. {4 a. Trenton. 3 c. St. Peter. 63 62 Truesdell. W. U. Junction. 79 732 10 Si Paul. ( Moraine, Glacial \ flood deposits. 85 Milwaukee. 6 {10. Hampton, Mil. Cement Rock. ** 30 Hudson. 3 b. Potadam. " 06 5 c. Niagara 1. s. 33 N. Wisconsin Jc. 20. Quaternary. ' a 98 Brookfield. 20. Quaternary. 8a * 41 Boardman. f 2 b. Potsdam, \ Moraine drift. 95 ' 109 Pewaukee. r 5 c. Niag., Striae, \ Drumlins eat. ' * x 46 65 New Richmond. Deer Park. 3 a. Lower Magn. 989 20. Moraine. 109 Hartland. ( 20. Moraine \ fluvial drift WISCONSIN. 227 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Ms. ( Chicaeo. St. Paul and Min. Line.) Con. Alt. Ms. (Prairie du Chien Division.) Con. Alt. 42 51 56 Palmyra. White water. * a Lima. f Inner border of Ket- \ tie Moraine. 8 8 4 b. Galena 1. s. 81 ( 20. Quat., feeble \ moraine, E. 888 Ill 116 129 Nashotah. Oconomowoc. Watertown. f 20. Moraine, 1 fluvial drift. 861 f 4 b. Galena 1. a., 130 139 144 Watertown Jc. Reeseville. Elba. \ drumlins. 821 20. Drumlins. 62 64 71 Milton, is Milton Junction. Edgerton. Quaternary. 87 * 877 / 4 a. Trenton. 8 2 o \ 3 c. StP.s.s. d'ft hills 148 Columbus. f L.. Magn. 1. s. 1 drift >84 81 Stoughton. 20.Quat.heavyd'ft. 857 152 158 163 168 176 193 202 209 Fall River. Doylestown. Rio. Wyocena. Portage City. 7 Kilbourn. 8 Lyndon. Lemonweir. I drill. 9S6 it 938 {2 b. Madison s. s 2 b. Mendota s. s. 2b. Pots. s.s. 8a7 2 b. Potsdam s. s. {2 b. Pots. s. s. finely exposed in dalles of Wisconsin. 89S 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 894 89 96 102 110 McFarland. Madison. Middleton. / Cross Plains. T20. Heavy drift. 8 7 \ 3 a. Low. Magn. 1. s. f 20. Mor. drift. 8 * 8 \ 3 a. Low. Magn. 1. s. ' 2 b. Madison s. s. 2 b. Mendota 1. s. - 2b. Pots. s. s. 925 3 a. Low. Magn. 1. s. (Kettle Moraine.) : 2 b. Mad. s.s. f bluff 2 b. Men. 1. s. \ sides 2 b. Pots. s. s. valley T\/\f f /-vm 858 212Mauston. 220 Lisbon. 893 225 Camp D'glas. 929 238Tomah. " f fine cas- " J tellated " (. outliers. < 967 115 119 125 Black Earth. Mazomanie. Arena. DOtl'OlJjL* 810 77 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 7 * 242 Greenfield. i ' 3 a. Low. Magn. 249 Lafayette. 255 Sparta.* 265 Bangor. 270 West Salem. 277 Winona June. 280 La Crosse. 410 St. Paul. 420 Minneapolis. i 786 2 b. Pots. s. s. ter. 7 2 65S /2b.Pots.s.8.,3a.Low. \ Magn.val.d'ft. 98 (See Minnesota.) it 132 139 146 151 166 176 183 186 Spring Green. Lone Rock. Avoca. Muscoda. Boscobel. Wauzeka. Wright's Ferry. Bridgeport. on bluffs. 722 2 b. Potsdam s. s. on low ground. 70 * : 2. b. Pots, in the valley. Ad- 9 jacent bluffs 687 capped with 3 667 a. Low. Magn. 8 * 8 limestone. 3 a. Lower Magn. 8a * ( Prairie du Chien Division.) 194 P'rieduChien.i* " 61 Milwaukee. 8 f 10. Ham. cement r'ck \5c.Niagaral.s. 58 * 64 Milton Junction. 29. Quaternary. 8 - 7 (4 a. Trenton. 8 1 8 6 Wauwatosa. {5 c. Niagara. Striae, Drift. i 71 Janesville, 3 c. St. Peter's, gla- cial flood plain. 10 Elm Grove. 14 Brookfield Jc. 20. Quaternary. 7 * 8 824 78 Hanover. f 4 a. Tren. 1. s. glacial \ b'k water pl'n. 78 17 Forest House. 21 Waukesha. " 818 f 5 c. Niagara. Striae, \ Drift. 03 83 80 Orford. Brodhead.i* f 4 a. Tren. 1. s. 8 r \3c.St.P. s. s., Drift, I 3t. Peter's s. s. 79 *' 28Genesee. 9 14 903 105 Monroe. 1 * i b. Galena 1. s. 87 31 North Prairie. 10 20. Quaternary. *i 113 Browntown. 1 b. Galena 1. B. 87Eagle.u f Kettle Moraine * s \ Glacial gravel plain. 127 138 Gratiot. Shulsburg. 78 H 7. Portage City. Fluvial drift, moraine between Portage and Kilbourn. 8. Kilbourn. Beautiful exhibitions of fluvial erosion in Dalles of the Wisconsin. 9. Qenesee. Drumlins east and moraine^ and kames west of Genesee. 10. North Prairie. Till, flurial drift ; moraines and kames east and west of this place. 11. Eagle. Glacial flood plains. 12. Whitewater. Drumlins ; stria. Kettle moraine south of this place. 13. Milton. Moraines north and south, glacial flood drift. 14. Prairie du Chien. Potsdam ; valley drift ; artesian wells. 15. Brodhead. Trenton (capping bluffs east). Glacial flood plain. 16. Monroe. Border of drift. Glacial gravel capped with till. 228 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WIS.) Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Ms. Madison Division. Alt Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Ms. Northern Division. Continued. Alt, 12 18 20 23 27 37 -Madison. ( Sun Prairie. Deanville. Marshall. . Waterloo. 1 ' Hubbleton. Watertown June. 3 a. Lower Magn. 848 4 a. Trenton, Drift, f 4 a. Trent. Drift. \ Drumlins. 87S {20. Quat. 4 a. Trent. Drift; Drumlins. 864 {4 a. Trenton 1. s. 8 1 9 3 a. Lower Magn. l.s. 1 a. Arch. Quartzite. Subaqueous drift. 4 b. Galena 1. s. 82 i 54 57 59 63 69 74 80 90 98 Horicon June. Minnesota June. Rolling Prairie. Beaver Dam. Fox Lake June. Randolph. Cambria. Pardeeville. Portage City. * 20. Quaternary. 884 u 926 941 f 4 b. Galena Is 9 * 8 \ Tren. l.s., drumlins. 4 a. Trenton 1. s. 8 8 3 f 4 a Trenton 1. s. 9 5 6 3 c. St. Peter's s. s. 3 a. Lower Magn.l.s. ' 3 a.Lower Magn. l.s. 2 b. Madison s.s. 862 2 b. Mendota 1. s. 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 81 Northern Division. 9 15 20 25 33 37 41 46 47 76 Milwaukee. 6 Schwartzburg. Granville. Germantown. Richfield. 18 Schleisingville. Hartford. Rubicon. Woodland. Iron Ridge. {10. Hamilton, Mil- waukee Cem.Rock 6 c. Niagara 1. s. 584 648 738 863 20. Quaternary. 9 f Kettle Moraine. \Glaol flood d'fUP" {6 c. Niag. 1. s. Sb.Clin.ironore. 986 4 c. Cin. shale. 20. Quaternary. 1018 951 {5 c. Niagara 1. s. 5 b. din. iron ore. 923 4 c. Cin. Shale. Madison and Portage Division. 1 12 16 21 25 39 Madison. East Madison. Windsor. Morrison. Arlington. Poynette. Portage. (As before.) 848 846 / 3 a. Lower Magn.l.s. \2b. Potsdam s.s. 88 2 3 a. L. Magn.l.s. 965 f 3 c. St. Peter's s. s. \3 a. L. Mag.Ls. 10 * 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 792 Racine and Southwestern Division. 2 8 10 15 18 27 31 34 41 46 50 64 59 69 Racine. 5 Junction. W. U. Juno. Windsor. Union Grove. Kansasville. Burlington. Lyons. Springfield. Elkhorn. Delavan. Darien. Allen's Grove. Clinton. Beloit. (Continued Niag. (Racine) Is. 6 J Deep drift, (Till) 683 882 760 818 5 c. Niag., Moraine 781 /Niag. Is. Moraine 8 \ Till & gravel hills. / 20. Till and gravel \ hills. 848 20. Heavy drift. 991 / 20. Till \ & gravel. 9 4 20. Moraine. 945 Heavy drift. 8 7 * a 941 ( Galena & Trenton Is. \ St. Peter's s. s. iGlac'lfloodgrav. 1 ' 40 in Illinois.) Fond du Lac. f 4 b. Galena. 1 9 \ Red drift clay. 54 59 68 76 83 Horicon June. Burnett June. Waupun. Brandon. Ripon. 20. Quaternary. 884 877 4 b. Gal., Strise. 892 20. Quaternary. 10 {4 b. Galena 1. s. 4 a. Trenton 1. s. 980 3 c. St. Peter's s. s. 3 a. Lower Magn. l.s. 96 Berlin. 19 3 a. Lower Magn. l.s. - 2 b. Potsdam s. s. * 62 1 Arch. Porphyry. 90 102 Picket's. Oshkosh. 4 a. Trenton limestone, f 4b. Galena 1. s. 768 \ 4 a. Trenton 1. s. 90 95 99 104 Rush Lake. Waukau. Omro. Winneconne. 20 3a.L.Magn.,Strie. 841 L. Magn. Red d'ft clay. f 20. Quat., Red drift \ clay. 3 a. L. Magn. 1. s. 6 Eagle. Troy Center. 2 1 Kettle Moraine. 943 Heavy drift. 8 s 17. Waterloo. Drumlins; heavy drift; boulder train. 18. Richfield. Heavy drift ; kettle moraine west. 19. Berlin. Red clay drift; boulder train. 20. Winneconne. Lower magnesian limestone domes east ; heavy drift. 21. Troy Centre. Till and glacial flood deposits. 22. Amherst. Moraine east; glacial flood plain west of this place. WISCONSIN. 229 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Ms. Racine and Southwestern Div. Con. Alt. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Ms. Chippewa Valley Division. Con. Alt. 9 Mayhew's. 11 Fayette. 17 Elkhorn. 20. Heavy drift. << x 861 < 991 19 25 26 32 43 47 48 54 66 62 Durand. Red Cedar. Red Cedar June. Meridean. Porterville. Shawtown. Eau Claire. a Lafayette Mills. Badger Mills. Chip'ewa Falls. 28 f 2 b.Pots. Bluffs cap'd \ with 3 a. L.Mag. Is. Valley d'ft, terraces, f 2 b. Pots. & 3 a. L. \ Mag.l.s.in adj. hills, f 2 b. Pots. & 3 a. L. \ Mag.l.s.in adj.hills. ( 2 b. Pots. & 3 a. L. \ Mag.l.s.in adj.hilla. f 2 b. Pots. & 3 a. L. \ Mag.l.s.in adj.hills. 20. Glac. val. d'ft. 82 f Terraces, 2 b. Pots. \ s.s. 88 Terraces, 2 b. Pots. s.s. f 1. Archaean granite. \ 2 b. Potsdam s. s. Wisconsin Valley Division. Tomah. 7 Valley Junction. 10 Norway. 18 Beaver. 29 Remington. 42 Port Edwards. 46* Centralia. 54 Rudolph. 60 Junction City. TOKnowlton. 76 Mosinee. 89 Wausau. 08 Trap City. 102 Pine River. 107 Merrill. 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 967 < 934 (( 935 i( 963 981 / 2 b. Potsdam s. s. on \l.Arc'n Gneiss. 72 1015 1. Archsean,Drift.ii46 1145 1131 12X7 Menomonee Branch. 26 28 41 Red Cedar June. Dunnville. Menomonee. {Val. d'ft. terraces; 2 b. Pots. & 3 a. L. Mag. in hills. {Val. d'ft. terraces; 2 b. Pots. & 3 a. L. Mag. in hills, f 2 b Pots., Glac. flood \ plain, terraces. 8 7 8 Mineral Point Division, Mineral Point. 10 Calamine. 20Belmont. 28 Platteville. {4 b. Gal. 1. s. 4 a. Trent. 1. s. 85 3 c. St. Peter's s. s. (4 b. Gal. 1.8. \ 4 a. Trent. 1. s. 812 1 3 c. St. Peter's s. s. 4 b. Galena limestone, f 4 b. Galena 1. s. \ 4 a. Trenton 1. s. (As before.) 935 i a 4 a. Trent. 1. s. 80a f4b. Gal. 1. s. 788 \ 4 a. Trent. 1. a. (See Illinois.) Green Bay, \Vinona & St. Paul Railroad. 10 17 23 31 39 46 60 55 61 78 82 96 111 119 Green Bay. Oneida. Seymour. Black Creek. Shiocton. New London. Royalton. Manawa. Ogdensburg. Scandinavia, Amherst. 22 Plover. Grand Rapids. Dexterville. Scranton. {5 c. Niag. 1. s. 4c. Cin. shale. 588 4 b. Galena 1. s. f 4 a. Trenton 1. s. \ 3 c. St. Peter's s. s. 3 a. Lower Magn. 1. s. 20. Quaternary. {3 a. L. Magnesian 1. s. 2 b. Potsdam s. s., Red clay drift. 20. Quaternary. 82 * 824 870 Kettle Mor. W. of 9 3 5 ( Kettle Moraine. 1 0*4 \ 2 b. Potsdam s. s. Glacial flood plain. fl. Archaean Gneiss overlaid by i 2 * 1 2b. Potsdam s.s. and [_ altering into Kaolin. 2b. Pots. s.s. i 01 962 0, Mineral Point. 10 Calamine. 16: Darlington. 26 Gratiot. 33 Warren. Prairie du Chien Division. Con. 119 Mazomanie. 127 Sauk City. 129 Prarie du Sac. 25 Pots. s.s.,Val. drift. 773 f 3 a. L. Mag. 1. s. l2b.Pots. 88 / 3 a. L. Mag. 1. s. \ 2 b. Pots. 139 Lone Rock. 145 Richland City. 149 Twin Bluffs, loo Richland Cent. 2 b. Pots, in val. 704 Adjacent bluffs cap'd with 3 a. L. Mag. 1. s. 3 a. L. Mag. 1. s. Chippewa Valley Division. Wabasha, Minn. 2 b. Potsdam s. s. 1 Reads June. Alluvial bottoms. 23. Chippewa, Falls. Glacial flood deposit ; terraces. 24. Sauk Citv. Drift Margin. Border of the driftless area. 25. Prairie Du Sac. Kettle moraine and valley overwash. 26. Wabasha. Bluffs canped with Lower Magnesian limestone. Valley drift terraees. 230 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WIS.) Green Bay, Winona & St. Paul Ms. Railroad. Continued. Alt. Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Ms. Railroad. Continued. Alt. 142 149 Hatfield. Merrillan. 2 b. Potsdam s. s. ii 943 100 Brillion. i5 c. Niag. Red drift clay. 153 Alma Center. 104 Forest June. . Quaternary. 8a8 159 Hixton. 113 Kaukauna. tt 166 Taylor. " 116 Little Chute. 722 172 Blair. 120 Appleton. 706 179 Whitehall. 122 Appleton June. 4 a. Trent., Red Clay. 193 Arcadia. " Val. d't Ter. 134 Hortonsville Jun. 3 a. L. Magn., drift. 210 Marshland. / 2 b. Pots. s. s. 59 \ 3 a. L. Magn. l.s. 140 141 New London. New London Jun. 1! 214 Winona. (See Minnesota.) * 5 150 Bear Creek. 20. Drift. Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western B. B. 164 Marion. 176 188 192 Tigerton. Eland June. Birnamwood. 1. Archaean granite. 1. Archaean, Drift. Milwaukee. (lO.Hamilton Cement Rock. 584 4 Lake Shore June. 5 c. Niagara 1. s. 20. Quaternary. 6 * 2 198 202 Aniwa. Elmhurst. ;; 6 10 White Fish Bay. Dillman'e. f 10. Hamilton, Red \ clay drift. 654 f 20. Quat., Red clay "N J /i ft ft A 208 209 217 Antigo. Wolf River June. Bryant. Archaean, Glac. gravel. (^ arm. 220 Malcom. " Moraine. 13 Mequon. a 225 Summit Lake. 20 25 31 Ulao. Port Washington. Decker's. tt 697 / 5 c. Niag., Red drift \ clay. 669 756 235 241 267 293 Pelican. Monico. Eagle River. Watersmeet. " Heavy d'ft. 33 88 Belgium. Cedar Grove. r20. Quat. Red drift \ clay. 697 310 Gogebic. fib. Potsdam. I Keweenawan. lib. Huronian. 42 46 Oostburg. Wilson. 698 14 ~0 Eland June. 1 Archaean Gran. d'ft. 48 Weeden's. 700 2 Norris. 20. Drift. 62 68 Sheboygan. Mosel. / 5 c. Niag. 1. s., Red \ clay drift, Striae. 588 f 20. Quat. Red drift. \ clay. 639 22 Wausau. 1 Archaean. Milwaukee & Northern Railroad. Milwaukee Division. f*A ft AYl 4 TVA YT1 1 1 A ti 637 69 77 84 89 91 94 TOO \j cn trt? viiiu* Newton. Manitowoc. Branch. Cato. Grimma. Reedville. Hrillinn 657 / 5 c. Niag. 1. s. Red \ drift clay. 693 20. Moraine west. 729 5 c. Niagara. 844 845 || tt 18 23 25 29 Milwaukee. 6 Schwartzburg. Thienville. Cedarburg. Grafton. Saukville. { 10. Hamilton Cement Rock Drift. 38 * 5 c. Niagara 1. s. 5 c. Niagara. 648 20. Quaternary. 5 c. Niagara 1. s. r * 3 752 (i 763 JLUU 104 108 >riiiion. Forest Junction. Dund&iS. 20. Quaternary. 83 832 36 41 Fredonia. Random. ( 788 20. Quaternary. 8 * 7 ,113 116 120 ~77 84 Kaukauna. Little Chute. Appleton. 4 b. Galena. 655 707 f 4 b. Galena 1. s. * * 6 \ 4 a. Trenton 1. s. 46 50 65 62 68 Sherman. Waldo. Plymouth. Elkhart Lake. Kiel. u 835 836 844 { 944 20. Moraine. Kettle Range. 5c. Niag., Mor. E. 915 Manitowoc. Two Rivers. 20. Quaternary. 69S " 586 78 Manitowoc. /5 c. Niag., Red drift \ clay. 593 72 Holstein. Hayton. 20. Quaternary. 822 89 Cato. 824 79 Chilton. 819 94 Reedsville. 820 86 Hilbert. M WISCONSIN. 231 Milwaukee & Northern Railroad. Con. Ms. Milwaukee Division. Alt. Ms. Wisconsin Central Line. Con. Alt 86 91 99 109 113 114 119 124 128 141 146 153 156 159 165 177 185 187 Hilbert. Forest Junction. Holland. Green leaf. Ledgeville. De Pere. Green Bay. Ft. Howard. Cormier Tremble. Gardner. Grand Trunk Jc. Maple Valley. Coleman. 27 Pound. Beaver. Ellis Juno. Porterfield. 20. Quaternary. 830 li ll 5 c. Niagara. 4b.Gal.,R. C. d'ft. 591 {5 c. Niagara 1. s. 4cCin. shale. 88 4 b. Gal. 1. s. f 4 b. Gal., 1. B., La- 's^ custrine clay. 88 * 4 b. Gal., drift. 20 Drift. 3. L. Magn., Drift. i ii 2 b. Pots. s. s., Drift. 2 b. Pots., sand plains. 1. Archaean, Drift. 107 110 124 131 138 144 160 171 175 183 192 195 200 207 211 213 219 226 236 247 267 268 278 285 288 293 307 310 313 324 333 338 346 349 363 367 372 Medina. Dale. *VVeyauwega. Waupaca. Sheridan. 1017 Amherst. Stevens' Point. Junction City. Milladore. Auburndale. Marshfield. Mannville. Spencer. Unity. Colby. Abbotsford. Curtiss. Withee. Thorpe. Boyd. Cadott. Chip' wa Falls. St. Croix June. Morris. Wiswell. Colfax. Lochiel. Barker. a Downing. Emerald. Cylon. New Richmond. Clarendon. St. Croix. Arcola. Castle. LakePhalenJc. St. Paul. 3 a. L. Mag. Is. 2b. Pots. ss. 82S 1. Archaean. Kettle Moraine. K 1089 {Pots. ss. and Arch. Gneiss. Gl. flood plain. 109 I.Archaean. 114 f 1. Arch, overl'd by \ heavy d'ft. 1217 u 1289 u 1292 ll 1307 << 1333 " 1316 Drift. II 2 b. Potsdam, Drift, u it f 1. Arch. Granite. \ 2 b. Potsdam ss. f 1. Arch. Granite. \ 2 b. Potsdam. 2 b. Potsdam ss. f Pots, ss., Glacial \ flood dep. Terraces. ( 20. Glacial fl'd dep. \ Terraces. 2 b. Potsdam, Drift. it 3 a. L. Mag., Drift 20. Drift. L. Magn. " Pots. & L. Mag. 20. Drift, it (See Minnesota.) Marinette. Menominee. 4 b. Gal., drift, Striae. 168 176 185 Noquebay. Wausaukee. Pike. 1. Archaean, Drift. Appleton Branch. 6 11 15 16 21 Hilbert. Sherwood. Lake Park. Menasha. 82 Xeenah. Appleton. 20. Quaternary. 8a8 5 c. Niagara 1. s. 835 Lacustrine drift. 4b.Gal.l.s4a.Tren.l.s. << 748 u 715 Wisconsin Central Line. 82 39 48 67 66 74 83 84 88 93 97 Milwaukee. Schleisingerville Allentown. Theresa. Hamilton. Fond du Lac. Van Dyne. South Oshkosh. Oshkosh. State Hospital. Snells. Xeenah. {10. Hamilton Cem't Rock. " 5 c. Niagara 1. s. f 20. Kettle Moraine, \ Glac. flood deposit. 5 c. Niagara Is., Drift. 4 b. Gal. 1. s. '* Lacustrine drift. f Galena & Trenton Is. \ Lacustrine d'ft. 753 Lacustrine drift. ** 8 f Galena & Trenton Is. \ Striae, Drift. Northern Division. 4 14 25 29 47 65 62 68 79 Abbotsford. Dorchester. Medford. Chelsea. Westboro. Worcester. Phillips. Wauboo. Fifield. Butternut. Chippewa. f 1. Archaean, overl'd \ by heavy d'ft. 1466 1413 1489 1605 1464 u 1458 ii 86 Hilbert. 92 Sherwood. 98 Menasha. 20. Quaternary. oc.Niag.l.s. 8 5 f 4 Gal. 1. s. 8 2 1 4 a. Trent. 1. s. 27. The formations given for this station aud the following four, occur in the vicinity. 232 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WIS.) Ms. Wisconsin Central Line. Con. Alt. Northern Division. Ms. Wisconsin Central lane. Con. Alt Southern Division. 104 126 133 Penokee. 28 White River. Ashland. f 1. Hur'n, with iron \ ore. 12 85 20. Red clay drift. f20. Red clay \ drift. 678 71 Portage. f2 b. Pots., overlaid \ by drift. 79 * 55 62 Packwaukee. Montello. 20. Drift. 20. Drift, Granite. Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic. Southern Division. 5 11 22 28 46 65 Stevens' Point. Plover. Buena Vista. Plainfield. *"* Hancock. i 102 Westfield. seo Packwaukee. (As before.) f 2 b. Pots., overlaid \ by drift. i 78 iC Moraine east. Kettle Moraine. 784 5 15 20 25 31 42 45 Turtle Lake. Scott's Siding. Barren. Cameron Juno. Canton. Hawkins. Tibbets Siding. Bruce. Morainic drift. u 20. Glac. flood drift. 20. D'ft., Q'rtzite near. u 28. Unconformability between Huronian and Laurentian finely shown at Penokee. 29. NOTE. Where several formations are given it is to be understood that they occur in the vicinity, not necessarily immediately at the station. Also, that where the drift effectually conceals the underlying formations they are not usually given, though in almost all cases definitely known. IOW.A. 233 Iowa. 1 LIST OF GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS FOUND IN IOWA. 2 b. Loess, (concealing stratified rocks. 20 a. Glacial Drift " " 18 Inoceramusi 18 Woodbury, 18 Nishnabotna. 18 Fort Dodge,' 14 c, Upper Coal. 14b, Middle Coal. 14 a. Lower Coal. 13d. St, Louis. 13 c. Keokuk. 13 b. Burlington. 13 a. Kinderhook. 10. Hamilton. 5 c, Niagara. 4 c. Maquoketa. 4 b. Galena Limestone. 4 a, Trenton. 3 b. St. Peter. 3 a. Lower Magnesian. 2 b. Potsdam. 2 a. Sioux. Brief Sketch of the Geology of Iowa. The general geologic structure of Iowa is simple: The prevailing dip of the strata is low, rarely reaching 5, and south-westerly in direction. In consequence the outcrops of the greater rock series, from the oldest to the newest, form successive zones trending N . W. S. E., each overlapped on the south-west by the attenuated margin of the next higher series. In detail this structure is modi- fied and complicated by slight diversity in strike and dip and variations in thickness of the several formations, and the regularity of the zones of outcrop is destroyed through erosion by which the north-easterly (and basal) margins of the successive formations are channelled, deeply crenulated, and sometimes cut off in insulated outliers; and some of the major as well as many of the minor features of the stratified rocks are obscured by a mantle of superficial deposits. The Potsdam is exposed by erosion only in the valley-bottoms of the extreme northeastern corner of the State, where it forms the gently-sloping bases of bluffs 300 to 500 feet high. The steeper medial portion ol tnese blutts is .Lower Magnesian limestone, which, by reason of its firm texture, ha* well resisted the degradation of the rivers and forms nearly continuous mural or castellated precipices. Both formations disappear on the Oneota (or Upper Iowa) river about the west line of Allamakee county, and on the Mississippi, a few miles south of McGregor. The gentle slopes toward the summits of the bluffs in this region represent the friable St. Peter sandstone, sometimes white as snow, again brown, red or yellow, and elsewhere curiously variegated, as at McGregor, where it forms the "pictured rocks" of Iowa. The generally abrupt escarpment of the Trenton limestone overlooks the easy slopes of the sandstone, and forms a secondary line of bluffs along the Mississippi, Oneota and Yellow rivers in the north, which merges into the immediate river bluffs toward the mouth of Turkey river. The Trenton is the first of the formations to occupy a considerable area. It extends along the Iowa-Minnesota line from a few miles west of the Mississippi to several miles west of De- corah; but by reason of rapid attenuation southward and its confinement to the precipitous Mississippi bluffs below the mouth of the Turkey, the terrane contracts greatly toward Dubuque, where it passes beneath the surface. Almost everywhere the Trenton is richly fossiliferous. The precipitous bluffs at Dubuque represent the Galena limestone, which there has a thickness of 200 or 250 feet, but which rapi-lly dwindles northwestward. It is the plumbiferous formation of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Iowa, and takes its name from the prevalent form of the ore. From its caverns are brought forth the superb stalactites and crystalline masses of various minerals adorning the lawns and verandas of Dubuque. A narrow belt of soft-contoured hills cleft by spring-born streamlets, or a single gentle slope, rises from the precipices of the Galena and Is overlooked by the bold Niagara escarpment. It represents the easily weathered shales and clays of the fossiliferous Maquoketa a fprmation Sjally exposed along the Little Maquoketa river in Dubuque county. The type section is at ttner's, on the D. & N. W. R. R., and 4 miles north of Peosta, on the I. C. R. R. The most prominent topographic feature in the State is the deeply crenulated escarpment of the western equivalent of the New Yorfe Niagara, stretching from the Minnesota line north of Cresco by West Lnion, Elkport, "sherrill's Mound" (Dubuque county), Lattner's, and Peosta to the Mississippi at Bellevue.and forming the river-bluffs thence to Lyons. To the north the formation (generallj-a poorly fossiliferous dolomite abounding in cherty nodules) is thin, and its outcrop but a few miles in width ; but toward the south it thickens to 350 feet or more, and its terrane widens greatly. It forms the ' rapid- " at Le Claire, but passes beneath the Mississippi between that town and Davenport. It is economically important by reason of its building-stone. Each of these formations (Niagara to Pots- dam) is clearly differentiated, and conjointly they constitute a topographically distinct seotion of the Stat^ a section in which the relief is the product of sculpture by ram and rivers during a vast period. Elsewhere the monotonous topography of the State is glacic in origin, with some post-glacial modifi- cation by hydric agencies: Here it is exclusively hydric. To the south westward the firm dolomites of the" Niagara pass beneath the argillaceous limestones and shales of Devonian age which are usually referred conjunctively to the epoch of the New York 1. By W. J. McGee, U. 8. Geologist. 2. The Fort Dodge is referred to the Cretaceous with doubt. 234 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IA.) Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Ms. Prairie du Chien, & la. and Minn. Div. Alt. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Ms. Mason City and Austin Division. Alt. No. McGregor. 1 6 Giard. 15 Monona. 19iLuana. 26;Postville.a "07 32 Castalia. 370ssian. 43|Calmar. 46Conover. * 63 Ridgeway. 62 Cresco. 73 Lime Springs. 78 Chester. 85 Leroy. ( See Mi (3 b. St. Peter, 3 a. L. Magnesian in hills, 2 b. Potsdam. 3 b. St. Peter. 4 a. Trenton. 1221 lisa 4 c. Maq. & 4 b. Galena. l< 1357 1281 4 a. Trenton. * 2 9 4 c. Maq. & 4. b. Gal. 5 c. Niagara. 1312 * 6 Mount Joy. 8Eldrid*e. 10b.Ham.,20.Gi.Dft i< 20 a. Glacial Drift. 78 153 LaCrosse. New Albin. ( See Wisconsin.) f 2 b. Potsdam & 3 a. \ L. Magnesian 17 Donahue. 5 c. Niagara. 141 Lansing. 9 2 b. Pots. & L. Magn. 23 Dixon. ii 126 Harper's F'ry. "> 9 499 Maurice. << 1329- 881 Eagle Grove. 1189 514 Hawarden. 120 94 Thrall. 1 AA Tfc -l 1163 ( Continued in Dakota.) 100 108 ivenwicK. Whitman. 1189 Iowa and South- Western Railway. 117 Irvington. 1176 Carroll. 1247 Drift. 14 c. Low. Coal. 121 Algona. 1228 17 Manning. 1149 131 Burt. i 1178 25 Gray. 1175 137 Bancroft. ( 1139 35 Audubon. 1122 Maple River R. R. Branch." 17 Manning. 114 29 35 Irwin. Rirkman. Loess, Drift. 1 8 ( 1054 7 Maple River Jc. Breda. 20 a. Glacial Dft. i 89 < 1193 17 Wall Lake. 33 ( 1059 Iowa, Dakota and Minnesota Division. 27 38 46 54 60 Odebolt. n 88 Ida Grove. Battle Creek. Danbury. Mapleton. " and 20 b. Loess. Dft. in valley " i*o 1023 984 ( < 9S9 270 273 281 298 806 Tama. 8 3 9 Toledo. 8 7 3 Garwin. 919 Conrad. 1029 Whitten. 1081 f Loess in plateau to 1 N.W., 13 a. Kinder- [ hook, Drift, f Loess in plateau to 1 the West, Drift, 14 o. 1 Low. Coal in vicin- Sac City Branch" OWall Lake. 88 20 a. Glacial Dft. 1 9 1 ity, 13a.Kinderh'k. 13 ; Sac City. 1104 Eldora June. 87 20 Alluvium. 21 Earlv. 1144 310 Gifford. 941 29 Schaller. i OT " and 20 b. Loess. 314 Lawn Hill. 20 a. Drift, 14 c. L. Cl. 36 Galvft. u 1099 329 Radcliffe. < u 1109 44 Holstein. ( 1254 336 Ellsworth. 20 a. Drift. "<>* 52 Gushing. 1212 339 Jewell Junction. 107* 5 7 Correction ville. - 70 Kingsley. <( 844 1047 354 Of. A Stanhope. Stratford. 14 o.L. Cl.ii*i 1109 Tipton Branch. OD4 375 Dayton. Gowrie. 1158 190 Stanwood. f 5 c. Niag. over- 863 \ lain by Dft. 380 397 Franklinville. Lake City. I26 194 Walden. 198 ! Tipton. " "& Loess. 8. Davenport. Hamilton in valleys and hillsides, and feruginoua sandstone of the Lower Coal on eminences, overlain by Glacial Drift, Forest Bed and Loess. The brown sandstone occurs alsa at Muscatine, Iowa City, Eldora, and eJsewhere. It is referred to Lower Coal with doubt. It occurs in isolated outliers and was probably deposited in independent basins, as indicated by Hall in 1858. 9. Lansing. St. Peter in hills. 10. Harper's Ferry. St. Peter in hills. 11. Yellow Jiiver. St. Peter in hills. 12. Clayton. St. Peter, with Trenton on hills. 13. Waupeton. Trenton and Galena, with Maquoketa and Niagara in hills. IOWA. 239 Is. Chicago, Rock Isl'd and Pac. R. R. Alt. Chicago, Rock lul'd and Pacific R. ~R.Cont. Ms. Indianola and Winterset Branch. Alt. (^Chicago. 183 Davenport. 8 578 195 Wolcott. 99 Fulton. 08 Wilton. 11 Moscow. 16 Atalissa. 21 West Liberty. 27 Downey. !37 Iowa City. 86 52 Oxford. 86 57 Homestead. 8 T 67,Marengo. 88 277 Victor. 80 87 Brooklyn. 89 S3 Malcolm. 302 Grinnell. 40 $13' Kellogg. 822 Newton. 834 Colfax. 340 MitchellBville. 57 Des MoineB. 28 72 Booneville. 79 De Soto. 85 Earl ham. 92 Dexter. :97 Stuart. :03 Guthrie. r08 Casey. : 15 Adair. ; 22 Anita. [36 Atlantic. t65 Avoca. 163 Shelby. 174 Neola. 190 Council Bluffs. (As before.) f20 a. Gl. Dft., 20 b. J Loess, 14 a. Low. Cl. 1 10 Hamilton. 20 a. Glacial Drift. " s ( 5 c. Niagara. r * 8 \ 20 a. Glacial Drift. 5 C.Niagara. 72 10 Hamilton. 53 666 <( 683 {< 671 n 720 866 (( 20a.Gl.Dft,20b.Loess 20 a. Gl. Drift. 88 ( 1011 14 a. Lower Coal. 889 it 958 13 d. St. Louis. " 8 14 a. Lower Coal. 800 ( 14 o. Upper Coal. 1146 20 a. Glacial Drift. 1269 1226 (( It 20 b. Loess, 20 a. Gl. Dft (t (t 989 OjDes Moines. 28 8 Avon. 10 Carlisle. 15 Somerset June. 18 Somerset. 21 Indianola. 14 a. Lower Coal. 80 14 b. Middle Coal. < it 15 Somerset June. 21 Spring Hill. 25Lathrop. SOBevington. 34 Patterson. 42 Winterset.* 8 14 e. Upper Coal Mrs. u it Oskaloosa Branch. 0| Washington. IS^eota. 20 Harper. 28Sigourney. 31 36 Delta.** 43 Rose Hill.* 5 52 Oskaloosa. 88 68 Knoxville June. 63 Olivet 68 Harvey. 78 Knoxville. 13 d. St. Louis. 738 14 a. Lower Coal. < " 13 d. St. L. < < ( 14 a. Lower Coal, t Loess. Drift Drift, 14 a. L. Cl. "13 d. St.L. t Keokuk and Des Moines Division. Des Moines. 88 24 Prairie City. 35 Monroe. 47|Pella.*7 62 Oskaloosa. 71 Eddyville.* 8 8T2 860ttumwa. 22 98 Eldon. 1 16 \ Summit. 123 Bentonsport. 126 Bonaparte. 132'Farmington. 137Croton. 147 Sand Prairie. 162 Keokuk. 14 a. Lower Coal. 79 * 14 a. Lower Coal. [StL. 13c.Keo. 13d. < < 13 c. Keokuk. 10B * " and 14 b. < i 13c.Keok.&13a.Kind.. South-Western Division. 208 22C 238 24< 242 252 258 271 280 292 304 317 333 34c 36C .Wilton. Muscatine.* 1 Onowa. Fredonia. j Columbus June. ,Ains worth. Washington. Brighton.* 3 ;Fairfield. 81 Libertyville. Eldon. Belknap. jUnionTille. Centreville. Seymour. ( Continue c 5 c. Niagara. < 544 13 a. Kinderhook. S85 13 d. St. Louis. 788 < 77 20 a. Glacial Drift. 13 c. Keokuk. 14 a. Lower Coal. 8 " i 1013 14 c. Up.orHb.M.Cl. in Missouri.) Audubon Branch. Atlantic. 1 Audubon June. 12 Brayton. 16 Exira.* 26 Audubon. f Drift, Loess in val- leysides, Subterrane \ probably 14 c. U. Cl. 1 8 Nishnabotna near to South-east. Drift, Loess. [Cl. "ov.14b.Mid. Carson and Harlan Branch. 1 Carson. 18 Avoca. (Loess and Drift over 14 c. Upper Coal. Loess and Drift. 1 Harlan Junction. 1 13 Harlan. 14. Specht'i Ferry. Trenton and Galena, with Maqnoketa and Niagara in hills. 15. Peru. Trenton and Galena, with Maquoketa and Niagara in hills. Dubuquc. Trenton in river bed, Galena in hills, Maquoketa on eminences, overlaid by Loess.. 16. 240 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IA.) Chicago, Bock Island and Pac. B. fi.Cont. Ms. Monroe Branch. Alt. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy B. B. Ms. Iowa Division Continued. Alt. 10 17 Newton. Reasnor. 49 Monroe. 14 a. Low Coal. 241 255 261 271 275 279 Red Oak. i33 Hastings. Malvern. Glenwood. Pacific June. 52 E. Plattsmouth. ( 14c.U.orl4b.M.C.i \ Nish.& 20 b. Loess. 20 b. Loess. f 14 b. ore. U. or Mid. \ \ Coal & 20 b. Loe.'s. / 14 c. Up. or Mid. 9 \ Coal & 20 b. Loess. Uc.U.orMid.Cl. River mud. 92 * Guthrie Branch. o 15 Menlo. Glendon. Guthrie Centre. D'ft over 14 c. Up. Cl.? Nish'botna. South-Western Division. 183 192 197 203 211 Davenport. 8 Buffalo. Montpelier. Fairport. Muscatine. 41 As before. ( Fossilifer's 10 Ham- ] ilton in valley, 14 c. ( Lower Coal in hills. f Loess, D'ft, 10 Ham- t ilton, 14 c. L. Coal. Des Moines, Chariton and St. Joseph Branch. 5 11 19 26 GO 30 44 50 56 69 Indianola. Ackworth. Milo. Lacona. Oakley. Indianola Junct. Chariton. 103 Derby. Humeston. Garden Grove. Leon. 54 14a.L.&14b.Mid.Cl. < ( a a (( (t a 14 a. Lower Coal Mres. [Mrs. 14b.U.orl4c.Mid.Cl. , < < (( 1025. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy B. B. Iowa Division. 9 13 19 28 35 42 60 65 62 69 75 83 88 91 100 108 114 122 130 139 146 156 166 180 190 195 211 215 225 233 Burlington. 5 Middletown. 725 Danville. 7 * 5 New London. Mt. Pleasant. Rome. Glendale. Fairfield. 51 Whitfield. Batavia. Agency. Ottumwa. 2 * Chillicothe. Dudley. Frederic. 735 Albia. Tyrone. Melrose. Russell. Chariton. Lucas. Woodbura. Osceola. Murray. Afton. Creston. Cromwell. Corning. Brooks'. Villisca. Stanton. 13 b. Burlington. 526 20a.Gl.Dft.,20b. Loess u 13c.Keok.&13d.St.L. 13b.Burl.&13c.Keok. 14 b. Lower Coal. ^45 13 d. St. Louis. ^er 677 14 a. Lower Coal. 64 " 801 13 c. Keokuk. s 645 < & 13 d. St. L. 20Gl.Dft.&14a.L.Cl. 945 < 819 < 853 < 1017 1030 14 c. U. or 14 b. Mid. C. 14 c. Up. & Mid. Coal. 1123 1183 1220 1127 1004 190 207 225 234 Creston. Lenox. Bedford. Hopkins. ( (( 241 Red Oak. 1033 254 Essex. 259 Shenandoah. 266Farragut. 271 Riverton. 280 Hamburg. 291 Nebraska City. f 14c.U.orl4 b. Mid. \ Coal. Nishnabotna. 20 b. Loess. " 6 979 963 931 912 River mud. Albia and Des Moines Branch. Oj Albia. 9;Lovilla. 14iBussey. 19Tracey.55 25Durham. 28Flaglers. 33'Knoxville. 37 Donnelly. 4:: Pleasantville. 49! Swan. 68 ; Des Moines. 23 Drift over 14 a. L. Cl. < 13 d. St. L. Loess & Dft. over " Drift over 14 a. L. Cl. f Loess, Drift, 14 a. L. t Coal, 13d. St. Louis. Drift over 14 a. L. Cl. u l( 14 a. Lower Coal. g o 17. Lyons. The Maquoketa passes beneath the Niagara a mile north of Lyons, where the con- tact is well exhibited in an artificial cutting. 18. Elkport. Treaton in valley, Galena (in first bluff, Maquoketa in terrace, and Niagara in second bluff. 19. Miles. Maquoketa in slopes, Niagara in hills. 20. Amana. Hamilton, locally overlain by Lower Coal ferruginous sandstones. 21. Sigourney. St. Louis, with Lower Coal in hills. 22. Ottumwa. Keokuk, with St. Louis and Lower Coal on hills to north and south. 23. Des Moines, The Loess of Des Moines reposes on Drift in normal relation, but is in turn overlain by a newer sheet of Drift. 3d, XXIV., 1882. 202-23. Such superposition is unknown elsewhere. Vide Am. Jour. Sd. IOWA. 241 Chicago, Burl, and Quincy B. B. Continued. Ms. Branches. Alt. ; Chicago, Burl, and Kansas City R. R. 19 25 31 33 36 44 50 55 63 69 75 85 99 108 113 118 122 128 Burlington. 50 Fort Madison. Viele. Franklin. Donaldson. Warren. Farmington. Willits. Mount Sterling. Cantril. Milton. Pulaski. Bloomfield. Moulton. Caldwell. Cincinnati. Mendota, Mo. Rowland, " 983 Union ville," 13b.Bur.l3c.Keo.5 2 51 a 1 3 c. Keokuk. 6 * 8 702 20 a. Glacial Drift. " 13 c. Keokuk. > "13d. St. L. 571 14 a. Lower Coal. * 649 776 808 840 i 884 . Oxford. Hamilton with Lower Coal sandstones in hills. 242 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IA.) Ms. Wabash, St. I,, and Pao. R. R. Con. Alt. Sioux City and Pacific Railroad. 269 Keokuk. * 8 / 13 c. Keok. overlain \ by 20 b. Loess. 9 Sioux City. 1122 Sergeant's Bluffs. 20b.Loess&18Woodb 1008 274 Alexandria, Mo. 22 Sloan. 1089 281 Wayland, 38 Onawa. Alluvium & Loess. 106 * 287 Clark City, 53 River Sioux. 1053 293 Luray, 60 Mondamin. <( 1038 306 Arbela, 66 Modale. " 1029 314 Memphis, 71 California June. 1024 325 OOK Downing, 77 Missouri Valley. 1023 Boo 338 QCO Lancaster, " Glenwood June. Q Q J Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs. 00* 359 387 oeaan. Centre ville. Corydon. 109a 14 a. Lower Coal. * a * 1013 14c.Up.orl4b.Mid.Cl. 1 6 14 Council Bluffs. Traders' Point. Pacific. 20 b. Loess. 9 20. Alluvium. 74 961 400 Humeston. 17 Pacific Junct. 52 960 414 428 Weldon. Grand River. 20 25 Haney's. 5 6 Bartlett. << 955 949 453 Goshen. 30 McPaul. (( 940 484 New Market. 34 Percival. 933 492 500 613 535 Clarinda. 1069 Yorktown. Shenandoah. Malvern. (( o> a < 3 979 40 51 E.Nebraaka City. Hamburg. ( Continued 928 913 in Missouri.) 563 Council Bluffs. <|0989 Des Moines and Fort Dodge Railroad. Omaha, Neb. 20 b. Loess. Des Moines Division (Narrow Guage). g Les Moines. za 14 a. Low. Cl. Mres. 80 ' f< 905 15 Des Moines. 38 Waukee. Adel ( As before.) 14 a. Lower Coal. 10 * 9 901 15 21 AS I1C W8i. Waukee. Dallas Centre. f 1049 < >* 1085 31 43 53 66 79 Redfield. 968 Panora. Herndon. Jefferson. Churdan. " and 18 Nish. 1074 20 a. Glacial Drift. u 27 34 42 50 59 67 Minburn. Perry. Rippey. Grand Junction. Paton. Gowrie. * a^ 106a '3l 9 " < *Q 1080 < > 1056 [ me < 1154 87 98 Eads. Rockwell City. tf 73 82 Callender. Tara. 1159 115 Fonda. " 88 Fort Dodge. 28 f 13d. St. Louis, 1018 1 18 d. Fort Dodge. Chic., St. Paul, Minneap. and Omaha K'y. St. Paul, Omaha and Kansas City. Sioux City, 11Z2 20b. Loess & 18 Woodb. 82 Tara. 20 a. Drift, 14 a. L. Cl.? 8 James. 20 b. Loess. 89 Clare. 20 a. Drift. 25 LeMars. 1221 100 Gilmore. M 30 Seney. 12ai " & 20 a. Gl.Dft. 108 Rolfe. 13a.Kind'h'k? 42 East'Orange. 20 a. Gl. Drift. 1802 114 Plover. 50 Hospers. i< 1338 119 Mallard. 58 Sheldon. 1406 130 Ayrshire. 67 St. Gilman. 1442 137 Ruthven. M 74 Sibley. 1509 92 Worthington. (See Minnesota., 37. Homestead. Hamilton with Lower Coal sandstones in hills. 38. Marengo. Hamilton with Lower Coal sandstones in hills. 39. Brooklyn. Glacial Drift with St. Louis? in artificial exposures. 40. Grinnell. About the undetermined eastern margin of the Lower Coal. 41. Muscatine. Hamilton with Lower Coal sandstones on hills, overlain by Glacial Drift and Loess. From Davenport to Muscatine the Mississippi has corraded its channel through one of the Carboniferous outliers (ferruginous sandstone, with pockets of coal) characteristic of eastern Iowa (cf. Hall, Geol. la., 1858. Pt. 1, 44, 120 et seq.) and into Hamilton strata which decline from perhaps 100 feet above the river at Davenport to its level just below Muscatine. The stratified rocks are overlain by Drift, generally capped by Loess, which is typical in Muscatine. 42. Brighton. St. Louis, with Lower Coal to southward in hills. 43. Winterset. Lower Coal in river, Upper and Middle Coal generally. 44. Delta. St. Louis, with Lower Coal m hills. IOWA. 243 Ms. Central Iowa Railway." All. Central Iowa Railway Confirmed. Ms. Story City Branch. Alt. 176 253 269 273 278 291 299 311 322 327 336 343 349 354 363 367 374 379 384 389 395 404 412 424 St. Louis. Keokuk. Ottumwa." Eddyville.* 8 Givin. Oskaloosa. New Sharon. Searsboro. Grinnell.* Gilman. Dillon. Marshalltown. 66 Albion. Liscomb. Union. i 13 Eldora. St'mboatRock. 5 * Abbott. Ackley. Franklin. Geneva. Hampton. Chapin. Rockwell. Mason City. ( See Missouri.) 13 c. Keokuk. * l U 630 13d. St.L. 73 14 a. Lower Coal. 5o 377 13d. St. Louis. 8io 20 a. Glacial Dft. ion 13 c. Keokuk. 10 35 ( 898 13c. Keo.& 13d. St.L? 20 a. Glacial Drift. 9 * 8 10T8 14a. L.Cl.jferugin's ss. 1153 { 1061 13c.Keo.,13a.Kind. 20 a. Glacial Drift. 1 1 " 1177 13 a. Kinderhook.il <> 3 20 a. Glacial Dft. H8i << 1240 1248 10 Hamilton. 121* 10 b. iiso o ^ 11 13 17 22 33 39 Marshalltown. Minerva Junct. Minerva. Bromley. St. Anthony. Zearing. 5 ^ Roland. Story City. {13c. Keok., 13d. St. Louis, partly over*- lain by D'ft & Loess. Drift and Alluvium. Drift over 14 a. L. Cl. ? < < < " 13d. St. Louis. State Center Branch. 0|Grinnell.* 6Newburg. 24 State Center Jet. 33 State Center. 20 a. Glacial Drift. 20a.D'ftov.l4a.L.C.? < < Newton Branch. 14 30 Newshafon. Lynnville. Newton. f 14 a. Low. Coal, 850 \ generally concealed I by Drift. ss Montezuma Branch. 10 17 Grinnell.* Ewart. Montezuma. 20 a. Drift. < f " Loess ov. East- \ era margin 14a. L.C. 93 100 108 119 126 132 135 142 147 151 169 176 182 189 W.Keithsburg. 67 Elrick. Morning Sun. Winfield. Olds. Wayland. Coppack. Brighton.* 2 Clay. Richland. Hedrick. Fremont. Wright. Oskaloosa. 20 Alluvium. * os SI Gl.Dft. "H'd-pan.".2 3 s-e " S " " s A {< 7 > & 13d. St. L., 14a. in hills 20 Gl. Drift. " over 14 a. L. Cl. < ? ? 14 a. Lower Coal. s Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railroad. 12 15 20 23 29 35 41 44 47 55 61 67 70 73 77 82 89 Burl'gton. 50 526 Latty. Sperry. Kossuth. Lin ton. Morning Sun. Wapello. Long Creek. Columbus June. Port Allen. Cone. Nichols. West Liberty. Centredale. West Branch. Oasis. Morse. Solon. Ely. 13b. Burl. &13c. Keo. 20 a. Glacial Drift. 747 769 761 < 836 13 a. Kinderhook. 5 20 a. Glacial Drift. ( 585 ( 608 10 Hamilton. 628 666 715 708 790 753 784 731 19 23 24 Hickory. Maxon. Albia. f Loess, Drift ov. 13 c. \Keok. & 13d. St. L. Loess, D'ftov. 14a.L.C. Belmond Branch." OIBelmond. 14 Lattimer. 22! Hampton. ("Drift over undeter- j mined Sub-Carbon- ( iferous strata. 46. Rose Hill. St. Louis, with Lower Coal in hills. 46. .Extra. About the northern margin of Upper Coal. 47. Pella. St. Louis in valleys and south of town. 48. EddyvilU. Keokuk, with St. Louis and Lower Coal in adjacent hills. 49. Reasnor. It is probable that the Chicaqua (Skunk) River, crossed between Reasnor and Monroe, cuts down to the Sub-Carboniferous. 50. Burlington. Burlington, with Keokuk in hills overlain by Glacial Drift and Loess. 51. Fairftdd. St. Loui., with Lower Coal in hills to northward. 52. Pacific Junction. Upper or Middle Coal capped by Loess in hills to eastward. 53. Des Maine*, Chariton and St. Joseph Branch of C. B. it Q. probably passes a short distance east of and parallel with the eastern limit of the Upper Coal, sometimes on the Middle and some- times on the Lower, sometimes, possibly, over salients or outliers of Upper Coal. The stratified rocks are generally deeply covered by Drift, sometimes overlain by Loesa. 54. Leon. Streams have rarely cut down to Middle Coal. 244 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IA.) Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Burl., Cedar Rapid 8 and North. R. R. Con. Ms. Railroad Continued. Alt. Ms. Pacific Division. Alt. 97 Cedar Rapids. 10 b. Hamilton. m Cedar Rapids. 10 Hamilton. 7 is 101 Linn. 10 Palo. 741 107 Palo. 741 14 Shellsburg. 764 111 Shellsburg. 764 23 Vinton. << 800 120 Vinton. (t 800 30 Garrison. 849 128 Mount Auburn. 853 39 Dysart. 958 134 La Porte. 802 47 Traer. 906 160 Waterloo. ( 862 59 Reinbeck. 916 166 Cedar Falls. 844 69 Grundy Centre. 966 160 Norris. 78 Wellsburg. 20 a. Glacial Drift. 164 Finchford. (( 85 Cleves. 171 178 Shell Rock. Clarksville. 911 914 87 97 Abbott Crossing. Iowa Falls. 13 a. Kinderhook. 4 * 189 Greene. 943 107 Carleton. 20 a. Glacial Drift. 196 Marble Rock. 992 119 Galtville. 202 Rockford. 1011 126 Clarion. u 210 Nora Junction. 1052 136 Goldfield. it 216 Rock Falls. 1094 144 Hardy. 219 Plymouth. " 1114 153 Livermore. ft 1184 260 Lyle. 1105 158 Bode. < 261 Austin. ( 169 West Bend. Decorah Division. 185 Emmetsburg. 195 201 Graetinger. Wallingford. Cedar Rapids. 10 b. Hamilton. ** 4 18 26 39 Linn. Center Point. Walker. Independence. M 809 880 1111 207 214 223 235 Estherville. Superior. Spirit Lake, Minn Lake Park. M (( 53 Oelwein. " '1039 244 Round Lake. ( 60 69 Maynard. Don ii ft ri 1096 It 253 Worthington. < 74 78 81 89 West Union. Brainard. Elgin. 6 <> Clennont. 866 5 c. Niag. & Maq'keta. 4 a. Trenton. s a 856 Belmond Division. 15 41 Dows. Belmond. Madison. 20 a. Heavy Drift, over Sub-Carbonif- erous. 98 Postville.2 1*0 4c.Maq.&4b.Gal. Clinton Division. Muscatine Division. 6 .KJmira. Plato. Drift, 10 Hamilton. Loess, Drift, 5 c. Niag. Muscatine. 41 10 b. Hamilton. s 4 * 16 Tipton. < 11 Cedar River. u 25 Bennett. (C ( 13 Adams. 608 37 Dixon. Loess, " " 16 Nichols. 628 45 Noels. ( 23 Lone Tree. 718 63 McCausland. All., Loess, Drift, Nia. 26 River Junction. M 68 Folletts. Alluvium, 6 c. Niag. 31 Riverside. 6 * " S31 f Loess in hills, Allu- 37 Ralona. Loess, D'ft, 13a. Kind.? 69 Clinton. j vium in valley, 5 o. 53 tin Kinross. IT 1 ( Niagara. bb Keswick. Drift over 14 a. L. Cl. 14 a. Low. Coal, u 65 Fort Madison and North- Western R. R. 3 6 32 41 Fort Madison. Bluff Siding. Benbon. McVeigh. Birmingham. f Drift, 13 c. Keokuk, 1 13 b. Burlington. ? Drift. " 14 a. Low. Coal. Des Moines, Osceola and Southern R. R. ODes Moines. 2 11 Norwalk. ISPoole. 20 R. I. Crossing. 29 St. Charles. 50 Jamison. 6 58 Osceola. 72 Van Wert. 83 81 Decatur. 87 Leon. 5* 100 Harding. Ill Cainsville. 14 a. Lower Coal. 00 / Drift & Loess ov.l4a. \L.C.&14b.Mid.C.? Drift, Loess over 14 a Drift, Loess. << Dft., Loess ov. 14c.U.C. Drift over " < Burlington and North- Western and Bur- lington and Western Railroads. 20 34 39 42 47 52 40 66 66 84 95 104 Burlington. 50 Roscoe. Winfield. As before. 5 * 20 a. Drift. H Wyman. Crawfords. Havre. Washington. 20 b. Loess. 20 a. Drift. Drift, 13d. St. Louis? " 13 d. St. Louis. Wayne. Brighton.* 2 Woolson. Hedrick. Cedar. Oskaloosa. M " Loess, 14 a., 13 d. " 14 a. Low. Coal. < - . 58. Belmond Branch traverses the eastern side of the Iowa loop of the Great Terminal Moraine of the Upper Mississippi Valley. 59. Zearing. The Terminal Moraine crosses the railway from north to south in this vicinity. 60. Elgin. Galena, Maquoketa and Niagara in eminences. 1. Riverside. Hamilton, with Kinderhook on south side of river. 62. Jamison. Drift concealed eastern margin of Upper Coal probably near here. 03. Van Wert. Drift along valley sides generally overlain by Loess. The phase of Drift known as " hard pan " (a dense, tenacious blue or gray clay, weathering white) occurs in vicinity of this and succeeding stations. G4. Boston to Mt. Pleasant. 8ubterrane includes eastern salients of Lower Coal, the St. Louis end Keokuk, and, possibly, the Burlington. fi5. Luray. About eastern margin of Lower Coal. 66. Marshalltown. Keokuk and St. Louis? with Lower Coal on adjacent hills. 67. West Keithabvrf to Oskaloosa. Formations only approximately located. 246 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MINN.) Minnesota.* LIST OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN MINNESOTA. 1 ' FORMATIONS PEB GEXEBAL LIST. MINNESOTA SUB-DIVISIONS. FORMATIONS PER GENERAL LIST. MINNESOTA SUB-DIVISIONS. 20. QUATERNARY. 18 CRETACEOUS. 10. HAMILTON. 9 C. CORNIFEROUS. 5 c. NIAGARA. 4 c. HUDSON RIVER. 20. Quater. or drift. 18 b. Benton. 18 a. Dakota. 10 a. Hamilton I. s. 9 c Corniferous. 5 c. Niagara!, s. 4c. Maquoketash. 4 a. TRENTON. 3 a. CALCIFEROUS. 2 b. POTSDAM. M 1. ARCH^AN. 4 b. Galena l.s. 4 a. Trenton 1. s. 3 b. St. Peter s. s. 3 a. L. Magnesian.t 3 c. St. Croix s. s. J 2 b. Potsdam s. s. I of Wisconsin. 2 a. Potsdam of Min. 1. Archaean. Potsdam sandstone of the Wisconsin geologists; 3 c. of this scheme for Minnesota (the St. Croix sandstone), and the Potsdam sandstone of New York is regarded as the equivalent of 2 a. by Prof. Winchell. Under the New York Calciferous are included the St. Peter sandstone, the Lower Magnesiau (Shakopee, Jordan and St. Lawrence), and the St. Croix sandstone. N. H. W. The course of glacial striae, and of transportation of the drift in eastern Minnesota, is southwest from Lake Superior to the Mississippi River; but in the west part of the State it is to the south and southeast, from Lake Winnipeg to Big Stone Lake, and into Iowa, excepting the southwest corner of the State, where the course iss^feflected to the southwest. A tract adjoining the Mississippi River, from Lake Pepin to the southeast corner of the State, lies in a driftless area, which has a large extent toward the east and south in Wisconsin. W. U. The four most notable features of the glacial drift in Minnesota are the following : a. Its great depth, averaging 100 feet, and sometimes exceeding 200 feet, upon the western two- thirds of the State, where it generally covers all the surface of the older bed rocks. W. U. 6. The terminal moraines of the last glacial epoch. These belts of hilly and knolly drift reach from St. Paul and Minneapolis, north and northwest, to the Leaf hills and Itasca Lake. A great loop of the same formation also extends from Lake Minnetonka, by Albert Lea, into Iowa, to Pilot Mound, Mineral Ridge, and the vicinity of Des Moines, where it curves like the letter U, thence passing north west by Storm Lake and Spirit Lake in Iowa, and along the elevated Coteaudes Prairies through southwestern Minnesota into Dakota. W. U. c. Lake Agassiz, which occupied the basin of the Red River of the North and Lake Winnipeg during the recession of the ice sheet, that being a barrier to prevent the water on this area from flowing to Hudson Bay as now. The beach of Lake Agassiz is well exhibited on the Northern Pacific Railroad close east of Muskoda. W. U. d. The channel or valley in which lakes Traverse and Big Stone and the Minnesota River lie, excavated 100 to 225 feet in depth and about a mile in width. It was eroded by the outflow from Lake Agassiz; and the river thus formed has been named the River Warren, in honor of Gen'l George K. Warren, who first described this channel and showed its origin from the glacial lake in the Red River Valley. W. U. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul K. R. Ms. (Southern Minnesota Division ) Alt. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. K. Ms. (Southern Minnesota Division.) Con. Al Milwaukee. La Crescent. 3 c. St. Croix. 5 3 4 3aL. Mag. Bluffs. 647 86 Grand Meadow. f 18. Creta. (proba-" \ bly) ' 1338 1 Grand Crossing. 101 Brownsdale. 1271 32 Rushford. 722 106 Ramsay. 1214& 37 Peterson. 756 113 Oakland. 1265 5 46 Whalan. 786 122 Hayward. 1248*< 61 Lanesboro. 1 841 128 Albert Lea. over" Dev. 1221 C 57 Isinours. 2 899 138 Alden. u 1261 t 62 Fountain. f 3 b. St. Peter. 13 2 \ 4 a. under village. 147 162 Wells. Delavan. 1 163 -^ H 1057 70 Wykoff. f 4 a. Tren. Frequent \ sink-holes. 131 171 174 Winnebago City. Winnebago. 13 1096 20. Heavy drift. 77 Spring Valley.* f 10 a. Ham. uncon. on \ 4c.Hud.River.i 266 191 216 Fairmount. Jackson. u * Prepared expressly for this work by Prof. N. H. Winchell, of Minneapolis, the State Geologist of Minnesota; with elevations and notes on glacial drift by Mr. Warren Upham, Assistant Geologist. t Sub-divided into 3 Shakopee 1. s., 2 Jordan s. s., and 1 St. Lawrence 1. s. 1. The three sub-divisions of the Lower Magnesian : 1, St. Lawrence limestone ; 2, Jordan sandstone ; and 3, Shakopee limestone are here seen. 2. In the immediate river bluffs are the Jordan and Shakopee. Further back are the St. Peter and Trenton. MINNESOTA. 247 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. B. Ms. Southern Minnesota Division. Con. Alt. Chicago and North- Western Railroad. Ms. Continued. Alt. 240 254 263 282 296 St. P & S.C. Juno. Heavy Drift. 3 574 562 665 676 693 Elkton. Marshall. Minnesota. Canby. Gary. 11 (Dakota ( 20. H'vy drift of the \ Coteau des Prairies {20. H'vy drift, prob- ably underlain by gneiss and schists. 1174 1179 1248 Line.) " i* 8 * Fulde. I on a. Edgerton. Pipestone. 1 s M 1705 Quartzite & Catlinite. Dakota Line. 174 * Chicago & North- Western Railroad. 297 803 308 316 819 825 329 334 347 356 362 368 375 382 387 396 402 413 428 428 428 437 446 467 479 490 498 606 616 626 639 645 553 661 667 Winona. Minnesota City. Stockton. Lewiston. Utica. St. Charles. Dover. Eyota. 8 Rochester. Byron. Kasson. Dodge Centre. Claremont. Havana. Owatonna. Meriden. Waseca. Janesville. Mankato June. St.Paul& Sioux ^ City Junction. J Mankato 8 St. Peter. Oshawa. New Ulm. Sleepy Eye. Springfield. Sanborn. Lamberton. Walnut Grove. Tracy. 11 !* 03 Balaton. Redwood. Tyler. Lake Benton. Verdi. f 3 c. St. Croix & 3 a. \ L. Mag. in bluffs. f 3 c. St. Croix, 3 a. \ L. Mag. "s 1211 ( 1170 {4 a. Tren. in bluffs. 3 b. St. Peter. 3 a. Low. Mag.i" 9 3 b. and 4 a. ll38 4 a. Trenton. 1 2 3 7 (SameasSt. Chas.) 99 * 4 b. Galena 1. s. 125 4 1252 18. Cret. probably 1288 ( 1280 1246 ( 4 a. Trenton. Heavy \ drift. 114 * 18. Cretaceous. l149 / 18. Cretac. Heavy \ drift. i 16 ' 1063 < f 06 3 a. Low. Magnesian. 18. Cretace's clays.* 81 812 < 982 {2 a. Potsdam (con- glomerate and red quartzite.) Granite. 8 1. Archaean. los * 18. Cretaceous. 1025 Prob. " i* 8 ' < 1144 < 1223 f 20. H'vy drift of the \ Coteau des Prairies 1628 <( 1028 < 1750 1759 1771 Minnesota Valley Railway Division. 479 481 493 499 505 Sleepy Eye. Redwood Jc. Morgan. Pax ton. Redwood Falls. Archaean. Heavy drift of the Co- teau des Prairies 1 8 Heavy drift. 10 * 3 1082 / 1. Archaean and 18. \ Cret. 102 Chatfield R. R. Branch. 334 335 346 Eyota.* Chatfield June. Chatfield. Heavy d'ft 4 a. Tren. 1237 Drift over Tren. J 3 7 5 f 4 a. Trenton. 3 b. \ St. Peter. ^r Plainview R. R. Branch. 334 335 337 340 345 350 Eyota. Plainview June. Doty. Viola Centre. Elgin. Plainview. As before. 1 2 3 7 20. Drift. 12 '* 1810 1129 f 4 a. Tren. 3 a. Shak- \ opee. i 6 Drift. n Rochester & Northern Minnesota R'y Branch. 347 348 355 360 364 368 373 Rochester. Zumbrota June. Douglass. Oronoco. Pine Island. Lena. Zumbrota. See main line. 4 a. Trenton. 99f 1091 3 a. Shakopee. 10 ** 3 a. and 4 a. Tren." Drift. !' f 3 a. Shak., 3 b. St. \ Pet., 4 a. Treii. 9 '! Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway. 6 11 19 22 28 34 St. Paul. Mendota June. Nicols. Hamilton. Bloomington. Shakopee. Merriam. f 3 b. St Peter and \4 a. Trenton. 70 * u 718 " 706 / 20. Quaternary, drift \ bluffs. 'i* 738 3 a. Low. Magnesian, Shakopee 1. 7 *i 758 3. Overlying 3 a. Lower Magnesian, i. e., its two upper members, the 2. Jordan sandstone and the 3. Shakopee limestone, seen In the bluffs. Artesian well 2,000 feet in sandstone. 4. The cascade at Minneopa Falls, 30 feet high, is caused by the Jordan sandstone. This rail- road crosses the gorge one-quarter mile below the fall. 248 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MINN.) Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Ms. Railway. Continued. Alt. Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway. Ms. Continued. Alt. 39 1 Jordan. 7 * 9 Shakopee 1. and Jordan s. s. 27 32 Merriam Jc. Jordan. 3 a. Shakopee. 3 a. Jordan s.s. 753 753 43 St. Lawrence. f 3 a Low.Magnesian \ St Lawrence. 42 50 New Prague. Montgomery. Morainic Drift. it 973 1063 47 Belle Plaine. f 18. Cretaceous over \ 3 a. Low. Mag. 725 58 65 Kilkenny. Waterville. Flat Drift. 1056 1008 51 Blakely. 728 76 Waseca. u 1151 68 E. Henderson. tf 734 88 Richland. tt 1178 ( 3 a L. Mag., Shak- 94 Hartland. vood Lake. " 135 Hanley. tf OiLu Verne. 8 Ash Creek. Drift & Potsdam. 146 ft 1405 146 Clarkfield. 162 Dawson. tt tt 16|Rock Rapids. 1464 171 Madison. (i 28 boon. 1294 189 Revillo. tt Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway. 206 Troy. IXTft *SY1*4.^ n tt Minneapolis.- { 4 p e JrTs 3 ' ^ ZZOj TT ttlClUJVTtl. St. Paul & I > ul ut. h Railroad. 21 Chaska. '2'-} (/arver. 3 a. Calciferous. 725 tf 71tt 1 St Paul !/ 4 a - Trenton - 704 h 3 b. St. Peter s. s. 26;Sioux City Jc. it 753 3 Post's. 14 a. Trenton. 847 MINNESOTA. 219 Paul & Duluth Railroad. Ms. Continued. Alt. Northern Pacific Railroad. Continued. Ms. Little Falls & Dakota R. R. Alt. ..... W. D. Junction. 12 W. Bear Lake. Stillwater June. 17 Centrevillc. 25 Forest Lake. 30 'Wyoming. 42 North Branch. 47 Harris. 64 Rush City. 61 Pine City. 77 Hinckley. 87 Miller. 95 Kettle River. 110 Moose Lake. 115 Barnum. 121 1 Black Hoof. 132 N. P. Junction. 123 Thompson. 141 Fond du Lac. 155 Duluth. 4 a. Trenton. 3 b. St. Peter s. 3 a. Calciferous. u 2. Primordial.(?) it tt Taconic. u Potsdam. Cupriferous. }. 9*4 931 909 896 894 895 916 949 1031 1136 1030 1064 1097 1081 1032 608 608 8 16 25 29 31 38 48 63 60 59 79 88 Little Falls. La Fond. Swanville. Gray Eagle. Birch Lake. Spaulding. Sauk Center. Westport. Villard. Glenwood. Starbuck. Cyrus. Morris. ( Staurolitic& garnet- \ iferous mica schists. 1 1118 Drift. ii* |WhiteBear. Trent, and St. Peter's. Drift. 35 Wabasha Division. Taylor's Falls Branch. 13 20 29 34 42 52 53 60 Wabasha. Glasgow. Theilman. Millville. Hammond. Zumbro Falls. Mazeppa. Foresl Mills. Zumbrota. / 3 a. L. Mag. 3 c. St. \ Croix in bluffs.' i> 71 743 787 3a.L.Mag.mbl'fs.^2 < 837 935 970 Shak.l.8. 8 o OlWyoming. 91 Taylor's Falls. Passenger Dep't. 2. Primordial. (?) St. Croix. s. s. 896 741 Knife Falls R. R. Branch. N. P. Junction. 6 Oloquet. Huronian Slates. < 1082 1 1 78 Northern Pacific Railroad. Fergus Falls and Black Hills R. R. ~0 9 18 22 27 31 33 Bantings A Dakota Division. OiWadena.i 2 1 Wadena June. 10 Deer Creek. 14 Park ton. 18 Henning. 24 Vining. 29 Clitheral. 33 Battle Lake. 39 Maplewood. 41 Southwick. 42 Underwood. 53 Fergus Falls, i 2 60 Ames. 68 Kverdell. 77 Breckenridge. Dakota [M = "z, ~ - o ^ a ^ T3 *S c 2 'Is b'S eS J^= JE Line. 1349 1350 1394 1394 1436 1889 1346 1354 1360 1342 1182 1063 993 960 Minneapolis. 8 Hopkins. Chanhassen. Hazeltine. Augusta. Benton Jc. Cologne. 4 a. Tren., 3 c. St. Pet. Heavy Drift. i 966 < 924 974 Heavy drift. *3 943 8 12 18 22 Hastings. Vermillion. Auburn. Farmington. Fairfield. f 3 a. Low.Mag. & St. \ Croix bluffs. '<" 3 a. Low. Mag. ! 3 b. St Peter s. s. 9 * " or4 a. Tren. *3 5. Cattle Rock. The outlier of the St. Peter sandstonp, 70 feet high, visible from the station toward the east gives the name to the place. 250 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MINN.) Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul B. B. Chicago, Milwukee & St. Paul R. R Con. Ms. (Hastings & Dakota Div.) Con. Alt. Ms. (La Crosse & St. Paul Division.) Alt. 33 Prior Lake / 3 a. St. Peter s. s. or \ 4 a. Trenton. 949 306 Winona. {3 a. Low. Mag.& 3 c. St. Croix s. s. com- 41 Shakopee. 3 a. Shakopee 1. s. 75fl pose the bluffs. * 45 Chaska. 3 a. Cal. heavy drift? 2 313 Minnesota City. 677 48 Carver. H, 815 323 Minneiska. 672 64 89 Glencoe. Bird Island. {20. Heavy drift, un- derlain by 1 . Arch- aean rocks. 326 333 340 Weaver. Kellogg. Wabasha. " 674 702 712 114 Granite Falls. 9 r f Alternating beds of \ gneiss and schists. 342 352 Reed's Landing. Lake City. < 682 705 137 Montevideo. 3 Red and gray gneiss. 359 Frontenac. 720 167 Appleton. g* 20. Drift. 369 Red Wing. 687 P5 Heavy exposures of 390 Hastings. 709 M gneiss & granitoid 396 Langdon. 81* 173 Odessa. g gneiss, with con- 401 Newport. 751 178 182 June. Switch. P? Ortonville. - spicuous glaciation parallel with the 409 St. Paul. / 4 a. Trenton. 704 \ 3 b. St. Peter. Minnesota River Fort Snelling. J , Valley. Minnehaha. H (Dakota Line.) 424 Minneapolis. " (Iowa & Minnesota Division.) Mi li N. McGregor. (See Iowa.) nneapo 8 t. Louis Railway. 85 96 111 Le Roy. Adams. Austin. 10. Hamilton. 128 1276 j 18 a. Cretaceous on \ Marcellus. 1 1 9 7 21 00 Minneapolis. 8 Chaska. f 4 a. Trenton. 828 \ 3 c. St. Peters, s. 3 a. Calciferous. 725 7 1 ft 114 117 Ramsey. Lansing. 1215 Heavy drift. 1224 fittj 26 Sioux City June. 753 126 135 Blooming Prairie Aurora. J 1286 " 1253 St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Ry.* 144 150 159 170 173 179 Owatonna. Medford. Faribault. Dundas. Northfield. Castle Rock. 5 f 4 a. Tren. on river \ banks. 1144 3 a. River Terr's. 1098 f 4 a. Trenton. 1002 \ 3 a. St. Peter. 3a.L.Mag.(Shak.) 955 f 3 a. Cal. & 4 a. Tren. 1 on high bluffs. 915 / 3 b. St. Peter s. s. & \ 4 a. Tren. near 9 3 6 10 11 25 28 33 35 43 St. Paul. E. Minneapolis. Minneapolis. Wayzata. Long Lake. Maple Plain. Armstrong. Delano. f 4 a. Trenton. >< 940 56 Becker. < j 977 St. Paul, Stillwater A Taylor's Falls R. R. 63 nz> Clear Lake. I.Archaean. "? <* 1012 ID 76 St. Cloud. Sauk Rapids. 1004 o St Paul \i 4 a " Trenton ' bt. Paul. \ 3 a. St. Peter s. s. 108 Melrose. 1198 3 Post's. 4 a. Trenton. * 7 1 ( 2-4. Low. Silur. and 12 St. Elmo. < 9S3 St. Paul. \ Cam. 1. s. and s. s. 16 Stillwater June. 3 a. Calciferous. 887 Minneapolis. " 20 Stillwater. 697 * The main line of the Northern Pacific Railroad is given in a separate chapter. 10. The standard thickness of the formations in Minnesota of the palaeozoic rock i? : downward, Gal.-na, or Upper Magnesian, 183 feet; Upper Trenton, gray limestone, 120 feet; a green shale, 15 l.-et : Lower (blue) Trenton, 17 feet; St. Peter sandstone, 115 feet; Lower Magnesian. 25O feet; Potsdam, perhaps, 1,000 feet. The upper measures are greatly corroded and show but a small part of the sev.-nil measures, except the Lower Trenton and its invariable associate the St. Peter sandstone, giving such uniformity of escarpment as will be found in no other formations. The Upper Trenton is usually corroded well back from the front of any bluff and shows light slopes. W. D. H. 11. From Tracy to Gary, on the southwest, are to be seen the foothills of the Coteau des Prairies. Going west from Tracy the railroad passes into a valley between two morainic hills, and near Canby the a-scent of the Coteau is begun, the summit of which is reached at Goodwin, Dak., at 1.996 feet above the sea. C. W. H. 12. From Wadena to Fergus Falls the railway passes through the beautiful " Lake Park Region," with the abrupt morainic mounds of the Leaf Hills and numerous glacial lakes. Near Ames and Everdill are the beaches of the glacial lake Agassiz (Upham.) C. W. H. 13. Winnebago City is on the deposits of a glacial lake ('Upham.) After crossing the Des Moines River the Coteau dee Prairies is ascended. The three highest points between the Des Moines and the James Rivers are : Four miles west of lona, 1,705 feet; four miles east of Pipestone City. 1,744 feet; west of Lake Herman, Dak., 1,825 feet. At Pipestone City occur the beds of quartz ite and Catlinite (Indian Pipestone), of either Cambrian (Winchell), or Huronian (Chamberlin and Irving). C. AV. H. 252 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MINN.) St. Paul; Minneapolis & Manitoba Alt. Railway. Ms. St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Bail- Ms, way. Continued. Alt. Brown's Valley Line. 218 225 235 241 249 254 264 275 280 285 290 297 298 304 311 319 327 337 346 357 361 370 375 382 389 391 jBreckenridge. Mansion. Atherton. Barnesville. Downer. Glyndon. Averill. Felton. Borup. Ada. Rolette. Beltrami. Russia. Kittson. Carman. Crook ston. Shirley. Euclid. Angus. Warren. Argyle. Stephen. Donaldson. Kennedy. Hallock. Northcote. Humbolt. St. Vincent. Boundary Line. (See No. Pacific.) 959 20. Drift. 9 ? 20. Drift. 9 79 Drift. 1007 tl 968 ( Flat drift in the bed -I of the ancient lake ( Agassiz. 932 92? 925 921 907 (t 895 (( 905 895 888 ( 885 868 905 895 875 858 ( 850 << 832 8S1 830 820 807 < 797 792 795 Morris. ISJChokio. 26 Graceville. Drift covered. 112S 1132 1107 St. Cloud & Hinckley Branch. 7 22 26 39 41 47 60 63 67 Hinckley. Pokegama. Mora. Ground House. Millaca. Bridgman. Oak Park. St. Francis. Foley. St. Cloud. 2 a. Potsdam s. s. 1021 Drift. iois 98 1027 (i 1054 < 108* 1118 t( 1097 (( 1122 See Main Line, i' 22 Pelican Rapids Line. 6 14 21 23 Pelican Rapids. Ehrhardt. Elizabeth. N. P. Junction. Fergus Falls. Drift. i s 1 9 < 1301 125ft 1174 See Main Line. 1 8 a Diiluth & Iron Range Railroad. 26 32 38 49 62 70 75 80 93 Duluth. Two Harbors. Sibwissa. Gakadina. Wissakode. St. Louis River. Okwanim. 15 Mesaba Heights. Embarrass R. Tower. Trap rock. '* 20. Drift. i 2 3 1784 (t 1578 River drift. 16 * Gabbro range. 149 * Granite. 16 * 20. Drift. 1*4 Slates & schists, 142 * with jasp. & hematite. Sauk Centre A Northern Branch. 10 19 26 32 37 Sauk Centre. Little Sauk. Long Prairie. Browerville. Clarissa. Eagle Bend. Sauk Centre. ^ 1240 n3 ' 1286 . S 7 ? 1269 1319 ^ ' 1371, Notes signed C. W. H. are by Prof. C. W. Hall. 14. Taylor's Falls. The primordeal is here very fossiliferous and lies unconformably on trap rock, supposed to be Cupriferous. 15. The great Mesabi range of Gabbro is crossed between St. Louis river and Okwanim. The tfesaba Heights, as here named, is on a range of granitic rocks, the apparent equivalent of the Giant's range known further northeast and in Canada Errata: Page 246, after Wisconsin geologists, read, is equivalent to 3 c., etc. Note 6. For "of Rhyaconella'' read, for Rhynchonella. Note 7. For " 700," read 1,700. Note 9. For "is a reef or bar of quartzite," read, are caused by a grey gneiss. NORTH AM> SOUTH DAKOTA. 25* North and South Dakota. 1 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Iowa and Dakota Division. Ms. (Mitchell to Chamberlin.) Alt. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. Con. Ms. Sioux City and Dakota Div. Con. Alt. 62Fairview. 68 Beloit. 71 Canton. 91 Sioux Falls. 13 8 6 f 18 b. Cretaceous, \ Drift & Loess. 12 <>* : 123 18b. Cret. Till. 12 " 1 b. R. Quartz. IstMor, 332 347 361 388 420 429 461 Mitchell. 3 Letcher. Woonsocket. Woolsey. Redfield. Ashton. Aberdeen. f 18 a. & b.Cretaceous. \2dMoraine. i'* {18 b. Cretaceous, Deep Till. 130 1308 "3d Mor. 1 353 18b. Cretaceous. 1296 1296 "Lacust'lAlluv. isoi * "&Till. 21 29 35 44 50 61 70 78 90 Elk Point. Burbank. Vennillion. Meckling. Gayville. Yankton. Utica. Lesterville. Scotland. Alluvium. i 12 * 1 13* f 18 b. Cretaceous, \ Drift and Loess. 1148 1149 Alluvium. 116 / 18b. Cretaceous, \Drift and Loess 1 ! 8 * Drift. i38 1st Moraine. 137 18b. Cret,, Till. 134 355 367 379 390 399 Plankington. Yorkton. Kimball. 1 7 8 J Puckwana. Chamberlain.* Deep Till. 152 i 1639 1st or Principal Mora, f Lacustral Alluvium, \ and Till. 1539 /18b.Cret(Berg)* 356 \ Till on Uplands. South Minnesota Division. (Canton to Mitchell.) 9 19 30 38 60 75 Woonsocket. Forestburg. Diana. Roswell. Howard. Winfred. Russell. Madison. Coleman. 18 b. Cret., Till. 130 < 1230 1311 1398 1561 2dMor. i " 1st Drift. i Drift Plain. * 6 8 1 252 Canton. 262, Worthing. 268jLennox. 381 Parker.* 287 Marion Ju. 18 b. Cret., Till. "i 1357 1347 fib. Red Quartzite, \ and2dMor. l3 * 1 < 1440 287 298 309 319 343 850 287 303 318 832 Marion Ju. Freeman. Menno. Scotland. Springfield. Running Water. 1440 Till and2d Mor. 15 4 Till. 13 '7 18b. Creta., TiU. 1340 1227 1213 20 Sioux Falls. Dell Rapids. 1 b.R.Quartz.,Dft. i3 148S 85 89 104 Egan. Flandreau Airlie. Pipestone. Drift. 152a i 1562 1641 1705 Marion Ju. Bridgewater. Alexandria. Mitchell. 1440 fib. Red Quartzite, \ Till. i*i " 1345 {1 b. Red Quartzite, 18 a. and b. Creta- ceous, 2dMor.i29* Hastings and Dakota Division. I 26 34 45 55 65 77 87 Ipswich. Mina. Aberdeen. Bath. Groton. Andover. Bristol. Webster. Waubay. 18 b. Cret., Till. iai " 3d Mor.^33 "Lac'lSilt. 13 " 1 < 1301 1304 " 3d Mor. 1 * < 2d "1775 Till. 18 42 Till and 1st Mor. m Sioux City and Dakota Division. o|Sioux City. ^ook. 13 Jefferson. : Ik Point. f 18 a. Cretaceous, \DriftandLoess. 1097 Alluvium. 1105 " 1111 " 1124 134 Wilmot. 3d " 119S L'l Elk Point. 38|Westfield. 33 Akron. 47 Calliope. 55 Eden. 65, Rock Valley. 1124 " 1124, f 18 a. andb. Cretac..! (Drift and Loess.i 148 18 b. " " ii ? 5 < . 1215 < 1246 Millbank. Big Stone City. 114S la.Gran.,Till&A11.97 rtonville. . < . 997 James River Line. 9 12 64 Aberdeen. Westport. Ellendale. Edgeley Till^Lacust'lSilt.^oi 18 b. Cretac., Till. 1 33 ' << 1456 "3d Mor. 1518 68 Austin. << 1197 254 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. & S. DAK.) Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R. Con. Ms. Fargo Southern Line. . Alt. Chicago & North Western R'y. Con. Ms. (Elkton to Redfield.) AH. 22 49 66 88 120 Ortonville, Minn. Graceville, " White Rock. Tyler. Abercrombie. Fargo. 'Till. Archaean " 7 granites extensive- - ly exposed in val- ley of Minnesota [ River. i 9 f Lacustrine de- 9 ? 1 posits of Lake Agassiz overly- 967 [ ing till. < 938 903 574 584 590 597 608 619 644 653 653 662 675 687 699 713 725 739 752 761 781 Elkton. Aurora. Brookings. Volga. Nordland. Preston. De Smet. Iroquois. Cavour. Huron. Woolsey. Wessington. St. Lawrence. Ree Heights. Highmore. Harold. Blunt. Canning. Pierre. (Missouri Drift Plain. i75i tt 1630 1636 1638 1st Moraine. 184 Till. i 69 * 2d Moraine. * Till. 14 i 2d Moraine. I3 n Till. 12 5 3d Moraine. 1 34 i 1419 Till. 158 {18 b. Cretaceous, lst& 2dMora.i' 31 2d Moraine. i 9 Till. 18 l {18 b. Cretaceous, 1st Moraine, i 621 it 1 5 6 S River.) " i 440 Hastings and Dakota Line. Con. 16 31 Ipswick. Roscoe. Bowdle.? Till. ^si 1827 lst&2d Moraine.i"6 Roscoe and Orient Branch. 6. 8 26 49 58 68 Eureka. Hillsview. Roscoe. Millard. Faulkton. 8 Orient. Till&2dMoraine.i885 < I860 f 1827 -x 1641 <2d Moraine. 15 ? 4 1600 662 675 684 703 Huron. Broadland. Hitchcock. Redfield. Till. i 285 1308 SdMoraine.i 339 18 b. Cret., " 130( > Chicago and North Western R'y. Eagle Grove and Hawarden Line. 614 622 631 641 654 663 679 690 602 612 624 631 640 658" Hawarden. Alcester. Beresford. Centreville. Hurley. Parker. Canistota. Salem. Canova. Vilas. Carthage. Esmond. Iroquois. Cavour. Huron. 1181 Till and Loess. 1346 1st Moraine. 1506 18b. Cret., Till. 1239 ft 1268 lb.RedQuartzite.i 3 4<> 18 b. Cret.2dMor.i455 Till, isi? ft 1527 < 1480 1438 ( 1433 1401 3d Moraine. ! 3 1 * Till. 1285 (Watertown Junction to Watertown.) 8 18 30 44 Watertown Ju. Bruce. Estelline. Castlewood. Watertown. 1004 Drift. 16*0 ( 165 ( 1685 1735 St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba R. R. 241 242 261 263 269 275 281 289 295 300 307 320 333 345 351 360 374 387 392 400 402 Morehead, Minn. Fargo, Dak. Harwood. Argusville. Gardner. Grandin. Kelso. Hillsboro. Cummings. Buxton. Reynolds. Thompson. Grand Forks. Manvoel. Ardock. Minto. Graf ton. St. Thomas. Hamilton. Bathgate. Neche. Gretna, Canada f Plain of Lake Agas- \siz. Lacus'lDep. 908 901 <( 886 < 884 886 891 897 901 928 930 t( 910 865 830 819 It 824 820 ft 827 ft 840 824 ft 821 it 831 Line. Minnesota and Central Dakota Line. 693 631 649 662 681 691 702 713 723 736 744 753 759 Gary. Altamont. Goodwin. Kransburg. Watertown. Henry. Clark Centre. Raymond. Doland. Frankfort. Redfield. Athol. Northville. Rudolph. Aberdeen. Ordway. Columbia. 2d Moraine. 1484 1st " 1834 Old Till. t"6 1982 1st Moraine. ivss Till. 1812 2d Moraine. i 9 Till. 1458 3d Moraine. 1 3 s 5 Alluvium &T111. 1296 18b.Cret.,3dMor.i3 " Lact'l Allu.1 296 ft 1299 &Till. 1301 ft 1300 ft < 1314 ft (( 1315 1. By Profa. T. C. Chamberlin and J. E. Todd, U. S. Geologists, with elevations by Mr. Warren Uphara, Assistant on the Geological Survey of Minnesota and the U. S. Survey. The geology of the two States is given in one chapter without reference to the division recently made. NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA. 256 Ho. St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad Con. Breckenridge Extension. Alt. St. Paul, Minn. & Manitoba R. R. Con. Ms. Aberdeen Branch. Con. Alt. 64 71 78 84 91 96 102 110 119 Havana. Kidder. Burch. Amherst. Clarmont. Huffton. Putney. Hadley. Aberdeen. f Till, Lacustrine 129 * \ plain Lake Dakota. 1295 1296 Till. 4th Mor.(?) 131 2 " Lake Dakota. 1302 1307 1306 1302 << 1300 Erec^enridge. 18 Dwight. 21 Colfax. 53Everest. 80 Greenfield. 99 Mayville. 131 Larimore. 145 Orr. 155 Conway. 167 Park River. ( Lacustrial \ Champlain. 952 958 933 Drift. *5 975 1134 1098 988 998 Northern Pacific Railroad. 5 Ms. Jamestown and Northern Railroad. Alt. Devils Lake Extension. 01 Jamestown, i* 06 6|Parkhurst. 13 Buchanan. 21 Pingree. 34| Melville. 43 Carrington. 60 New Rockford. lb.Cret.,Till&Vy Drift. 1500 < 1546 1548 1601 1582 1528 28 67 83 118 Crookston. 8 6 3 Grand Forks. Larimore. Michigan City. Devils Lake, Sta. Devils Lake, Wa Lacustrine Champlain 830 Drift & 18- Greta. 1134 1517 1464 ter. " !4S2 56 Sykeston. " 1630 Hope Branch. Fargo and Southwestern.6 Cbn.ll 88 La Moure. Glover. Oakes. f 18 b. Cretaceous \ Till. isos " 1370 f " Beach of ^ 1( > \ Lake Dakota. 18b.Cret. Till. 14 <5 1520 " 3dMor. isis 4 16 23 29 Ripon. i* 2 Ayr. 1202 Page City. Colgate. Hope. Drift, Beach near. " 18 Cretaceous.? " ? 1177 7 1179 " ? 1243 110 Berlin. Medbury. Edgeley. Aberdeen Branch. 6 25 37 55 58 Tintah Jc. Hankinson. Lidgerwood. 9 Rutland. Sprague Lake. 10 f Lake Agassiz \ deposits. Herman Beach. 10 8 Till. 1122 " 1225 " 1219 Chicago, t. f aui, jmnneap. it Omaha R. R. (Sioux Falls Branch.) ol Sioux Falls. 14Hartford. 28Montrose. 39jSalem. f 1. Red Quartzite, \DriftAlluvium. 139 * Drift. i56i 1 & 2d Moraines. 147 i Till. isiT 1' M &\S? U ' nn D Ti~ t \>' B ' *: (, 18 a ') fi _, ne| y exposed along Enemy Creek five miles east of m /rh'aifc^nAt h i Fu "^ teel ., at nd ear the crossing of the Letcher Branch. Niobrara i SS f,l Thf, g >t he ,K allr ? ad n l mile east and alon S the Firesteelamile northeast 5JJJ] 8 3 Wlth the cla y s of Probably the Ft. Benton frequently struck in deep of the bJuffs'^to'so^f ^ '" &?d F rt Pierre clay - s ( 18 b ') ex P? e d over 360 feet in the sides 5. The mam line of the Northern Pacific is given in a separate chapter. 5' D I?; T S T' M wel1 M ^eoloey, on this line by Prof. J. E. Todd. f tl' R Bowdl1 Unusually fine exhibition of gravel plains and ridges, in a broad re-entrant angle of the town 8econd m rameB which are here united. They are crossed two to three miles elst 8. Farikton. The hills southwest are the eastern head of a re-entrant angle or interlobular portion ot the second moraine. 9. Lidgerwood An interlobular portion of the fourth and fifth moraines is well developed a few miles south. The latter is crossed near Geueseo 10. Sprague Lake. Near the head of Coteau des Prairies, third and fourth moraines at its base, the econd at its summit. 11. The Fargo and Southwestern is continued from the Northern Pacific chapter. 256 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. & S. DAK.) St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba. Ms. Continued. Alt. St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba. Ms. Cando and St. John Line. Con. Alt. 352 405 413 424 436 442 448 453 463 474 481 487 600 608 503 635 641 646 656 662 669 677 684 689 697 606 615 622 631 638 645 656 665 Shawnee. Devil's Lake. Grand Harbor. 1 3 Church's Ferry. Leeds. York. Knox. Pleasant Lake. Rugby June. Berwick. Towner. Denbigh. Granville. Norwich. Minot. 1 * Des Lacs. Lone Tree. Berthold. Wallace. 15 Delta. Elton. 1 5 Stanley. Ross. Manitou. White Earth. Tioga. Ray. Wheelock. Spring Brook. Avoca. Williston. Trenton. Buford, Montana Line. f Drift and 18 c. \ Ft. Pierre. 1464 1454 1458 1514 1612 it 1605 1603 1561 1482 1475 1485 1508 1528 fl8 d. Laramie 156 \ Lignite Mines. 18 d. Laramie. ** 9>J < 1995 < 2082 2182 2258 < 2195 2252 i 2287 2276 2087 ft 2278 tt 2271 2374 2113 Lignite Mines. " 18 d. Laramie. 1 54 ft 1894 1944 459 471 479 Perth. Rolla. St. John. 1 D'ft.lSc.Ft.Pierre.^a! ft 1818 tf ft 1945 Bottineau Branch. 463 484 504 Rugby June. Barton. Willow City. Bottineau. 1 e D'ft.l8c.Ft.Pierre. 1561 ft it 1505 tt ]471 << " 1638 Aberdeen, Bismark and N. Western R'y. 6 Aberdeen. 12 >5 Foster. i 3 * 1 Leola. Ashley. 1 ' 2001 Beaver Creek. Red Lake. Lowry. Napoleon. Merriam. Bismark. Till. Lacustral Silt. 18 b. Cretaceous, Till. ft 1587 Till (?) Lacustral Silt. 18c. Cret. Drift. 198T 1970 2057 tt 1955 1862 tt 1672 Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley. Elkhorn Valley Line. Om.is 444 449 461 476 485 500 516 528 540 648 555 562 568 577 684 593 597 Chadron, Neb. Dakota Jc. Wayside. Oelrich, Dak. 19 Smithwick. Buffalo Gap. 20 Fairburn. Hermosa. Brennen. Rapid City. 31 Black Hawk. Sacora. Tilford. Sturgis. 22 White wood. 25 Deadwood. Pennington. 19 b. Miocene. 336 <( 3245 18 Cretaceous. 18 a. ft tt S262 tt tt t( tt 829S tt ft tt 3T9S Jura-Trias. tt ft 3467 ft 3640 Surveyed. 4545 tt 4972 Cando and St. John Line. 424 439 452 Church's Ferry. Cando. Bisbee. D'fUSc.Ft.Pierre. 1 *^ ft I486 ft 1600 12. Geology, notes, and elevations on this line and branches from Shawnee west by Mr. Warren Upham, Assistant Geologist, U. S. Geological survey. 13. The country is all more or less drift-covered to Great Falls, Montana, but is destitute of drift thence to Helena and Butte. 14. The Laramie formation, extending from Minot to Kintyre, contains occasional beds of Lignite. 16. Terminal moraine drift hills, marking a stage of halt or re-advance of the ice-sheet, are well displayed along the distance of thirteen miles by Wallace, Delta and Elton, a S. E.-N. W. belt of these deposits being there crossed by the railway. 16. Between St. John and Bottineau, the Turtle Mountain area, elevated about 500 feet above the general level, is an extensive outlying tract of the Laramie formation, overspread with irregularly hilly deposits of glacial drift. 17. Ashley. The first and second moraines are crossed separately seven to twenty miles N. W. of Leola, where they turn sharply from a south-south-westerly direction to nearly due west. Ashley is on a level pebbless plain, covering perhaps twenty square miles. The road between Ashley and Napoleon runs mostly in a valley just outside of the first moraine, which is unusually heavily devel- 18. By Prof. G. E. Bailey of the Dakota School of Mines, Rapid City, S. Dakota. 19. Oelrich. Cretaceous, with here and there outliers of Miocene. G. E. B. 20. Buffalo Gap. Bad Lands twenty miles east, the great collecting ground of Prof. Cope and Marsh. Fossil horses, shells with pearl preserved, turtles, etc. Two miles west handsome variega- ted sandstones, whetstones, fifteen miles west hot springs, tufa. G. E. B. 21. Rapid City. Black Hills, tin mines, twenty miles S. W. Gold, silver, copper, lead, mica and graphite mines ; marble, gypsum, brick, fire and potter's clays. G.' E. B. 22. Sturgis. Homestake mines, ten miles. Galena Smelters, ten miles. G. E. B. 23. Whitewood. Carbonate and Nigger Hill mining districts. The coal, oil and salt districts of GENERAL NOTE ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE FAR WEST. 267 tfencrai got* an the (geologu 0f t\t SBfostera prt jrf ifj* fetent. It may he useful to those not familiar with the local geology of America, to insert a gen-ral account of the wcll-murked difference between the eastern and western parts of the Continent. Adopting the line of Central Texas, Indian Territory, Kansas, and Eastern Nebraska and Dakota, and -xt>-uding it in the same general course to the Arctic Circle, we will have North America divided into two great divisions, in each of which the geology of the country has the same general character and each widely different from the other. The eastern division shows a sub-division into a number of great basins, representing all the older geological formations in their regular stratified order, and each with a carboniferous coal fit-Id on its summit, and then the whole area framed on the outside by two or three irregular bands of the Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary formations, and showing also several intermediate lines of Triasic and probably Jurassic. But on crossing the line above described, we pass from the old to the new geological world, in which the Upper Silurian* and Devonian formations are unknown, and even the Carboniferous appears in so changed an aspect as to be unworthy of the name, inasmuch as it is no longer coal bearing. As our geological table is now numbered, much more than half of it has here become useless in this western district, as none of those formations are there to be seen, and we come into a new geological continent of magnificent distances, covered for thousands of miles chiefly by the Cretaceous and Tertiary, with smaller areas of Triassic and Jurassic formations, with other vast areas of mountains and plains of eruptive and metamorphic rocks, with the minerals peculiar to them, affording but little material for geological notes, and sometimes greatly disturbing and subverting the order ot stratifica- tion and rendering Metamorphic the Cretaceous and Tertiary. Some of the ranges no doubt contain a central axis of granite and crystalline formations of the older rocks, and in time some small por- tions of the metamorphic rocks, like those of New England, may prove to have been changed from Palaeozoic and other formations well known in the eastern division. A few fossils here and there may show traces of what they once were, but as yet they may be classed under the comprehensive name of Metamorphic. But the most remarkable point in this description is the vast extent and great persistence and uniformity of these formations of the Far West, so limited in number and spreading from near the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers to the Pacific Ocean, and from the North Pole to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. This statement gives a correct general impression of the geology of more than half of North America. An examination of this "Geological Railway Guide," along all the lines as yet con- structed, and of all the geological maps of the United States and of the Dominion of Canada, and the reports of all travelers, will serve to confirm what has here been stated, and to impress on the mind of the student the important transition he makes in passing west of the Mississippi Valley. One of the most unfortunate facts in connection with the geology of this western district is, that throughout a large portion of it, especially its central and southern parts, the soil is " alkaline," the rain-fall being less than the evaporation by which soluble salts are brought to the surface, rendering the land unfit for cultivation without irrigation, although portions of it afford pasturage, and there are many lakes and rivers whose waters contain a greater or less per centage of soda salts. The areas, however, are relatively small in which the soil is not able to yield crops, if only water can be sup- plied to it. Another point may be worthy of mention, namely, that the study of the formations of the Far West has only been begun, and they are so much more expanded and sub-divided that, for aught we now know, a new geological world may yet be opened, which may greatly enrich the science of geology, modifying our present series of the newer formations, giving us new views of structural and dynamic geology and discovering new forms of ancient life. It is as true now, as it was when written by Prof. James Hall, thirty years ago, that "our knowl- edge of the geological formations of the West is so rapidly progressing, and the materials are accumu- lating in such abundance, that whatever may be presented to-day as new and in advance of previous knowledge, will to-morrow be regarded only as a historical record of our progress." J. M. TABLE OF THE TERTIARY AND CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS. From Dr. Edward D. Cope's Report on the Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of tht United States Geological Surrey, 1883. > X < 19 c. Pliocene. | 19 b. Miocene. - Magalonyx Beds, Equus Beds. Procamelus Beds. Ticholeptus Beds. John Day. 18. POST i' UK TACK'S. ? Puerco. t 18 d. Laramie. Puerco. Fort Union. Bear River. I ~- 19 a. Eocene. - White River. Uinta. Amyzon Beds. Bridger. Creen River. Wasatch. 18. CRETACE'S 18 c. Fox Hills. 18 b. Colorado. 18 a. Dakota. Fox Hills. Fort Pierre, Niobrara. Fort Benton, Dakota. n is known in Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah. Nevada and Arizona, most largely in the two last named. t Professor Cope insists there is plenty of evidence, since the publication of his report that the Puerco is distinct from the Laramie. 268 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MINN. & DAK.) Northern Pacific Railroad. 1 Ms. MINNESOTA. Alt. Ms. MINNESOTA.-Con. Alt. t. Paul. ' 4 a. Trenton, 8 a. St. Peter sandstone. 701 14 20 Luce. Frazee. 1. Arch, h'vy drift 1370 tt 1384 11 Minneapolis. u 832 25 Johnson. 1393 13 15 [. Minneapolis, lorthtown June. a. St. Peter sand s. 30 37 Detroit. Audubon. " 1362 it 1308 18 Tridley. tt 848 42 Lake Park. u 1334 25 Coon Creek. tt 860 48 Hillsdale. < 1399 29 36 Anoka. ;aska. a. Calciferous. 883 891 54 58 Hawley. Y.I usk od&i tt 1150 it 1090 41 45 51k River. alley's. . Primordial. 901 it 918 67 69 Slyndon. Tenny. it 924 tt 920 50 ig Lake. tt 940 75 Moorhead. it 903 57 ecker. tt 976 64 lear Lake. . Archaean. 9 9 7 Red River Low Water. 8 6 7 71 Laven. ( 1016 76 KW E. St. Cloud. 1 T> , I 1 tt 1030 tt 1004 DAKOTA. 77 auk Rapids. Vatab. tt 1053 76 Fargo. . Arch, h'vy drift. 903 Qf] Lice's. it 1059 281 laggart. it 903 97 103 107 112 116 121 126 130 138 146 148 15 loyalton. Gregory, .it tie Falls. Jelle Prairie. ?opeka. i'ort Ripley. Albion. Crow Wing. Srainerd. Miss. River Low Gull River. Sylvan Lake. Pillager. T Al_ tt 1080 tt 1095 1115 Taconic. 113 tt 1144 tt 1158 1173 tt 1186 < 1208 Water. " l 1 5 2 it 1189 1203 " 1200 tt 1212 285 289 292 294 297 303 313 319 324 329 333 342 346 }anfield. Vlapleton. Jreene. )alrymple. Casselton. Vheatland. Buffalo. Tower City. Oriska. Alta. Valley City. Cheyenne River ftobart. Sanborn. it 903 9-12. Up. Devonian 903 913 it 920 930 (t 985 1206 it 1170 1240 u 1425 18. Cretaceous. 1218 Low Water. 120 18. Cretaceous. 1417 tt 1460 156 160 16 17 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 Bath. Motley. Staples Mill. Dower Lake. Aldrich. Verndale. Wadena. Wadena June. Bluffton. Amboy. New York Mills Richmond. Perham. I.Archaean. 1223 ' u 1250 1290 1327 "heavy drift tt 134 it 134 135 tt 131 137 it 140 tt 139 136 349 359 364 36S 38C 39C 39* 40f 4U 42( Eckelson. Spirit wood. Bloom. Jamestown. James River Low Eldridge. Windsor. Cleveland. Medina. Crystal Springs. Tappen. Dawson. ( 1444 1477 tt 1485 1395 Water. 1 3 8 18. Cretaceous. 154 tt 1838 1840 1790 < 1790 u 1760 u 1746 1 The geology here given of the Northern Pacific Railroad, east of Bismarck, is by Prof. N H. Winchell, of Minnesota, and that west of Bismarck, through Dakota and Montana, is by Prof. Raphael PumDellv whose work, however, was devoted almost wholly to coal explorations, and his journeya were made on horse trails, often off from the route of the railroad, before most of the stations in Montana and Idaho were located. His foot notes are marked R. P , those marked B T. P are by hi assistant, B. T. Putnam, and those signed G. W. D. are by Dr. George M. Dawson giving the observa- tions of a passing geological traveler well versed in the geology of the adjoining territory of Canada. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD. (DAK. AND MON.) 269 M~ Northern Pacific R. B. Con. Alt. Ms. Northern Pacific R. U. Con. Alt. 428 Steele. 18. Cretaceous. 1857 {18 d. Fort Union 435 Geneva. 1833 611 Fryburg. Laramie, Creta- 439 Driscoll. 1835 ceous. 2767 446 Sterling. u 1865 617 Sully Springs. 15 l^* " 2647 453 McKensie. 1696 (520 Scoria. 8 --SjS^ fe " 2 505 458 Menoken. " 1718 626 Medora. LSlgJl " 2265 467 Apple Creek. 1642 Little Mo. River. 7 * <2 & 2245 471 Bismarck. 2 I 1 8 d. Laramie, Creta- \ ceous. i 68 u'iii 633 Little Missouri. 9 Andrews. " Lignite Mines 2255 " 2476 Missouri River Low Water. ! 16 641 Sentinel Butte. " 2707 476 Mandan. f 18 c. Pierre & Fox \ Hill. 16" MONTANA. 484 Marmot. 3 " 1729 1 118 d. Fort Union 490 500 Sweet Briar. Sedalia. 1683 2030 650Beach. Laramie, Creta- ceous. 2754 Summit. " 2165 jSummit. 2819 504 New Salem. 2161 659jMcClellan. 2685 507 511 Blue Grass. 3 Sims.* 18 d. Ft. Union." 204Z " I960 661 Mingusville. Summit. < 2639 14 516 Almont. 1918 67? Hodges. 2535 521 Curlew. 1955 681 Allard. " 2299 528 Kurtz. a 2023 691 Glendive.i (( 2067 533 Glenullen. " 2070 701 Iron Bluff. 2097 538 Eagle's Nest. 2098 700 Milton. 2114 547 Knife River. 2160 721 Fallon. 2206 555 Antelope. 5 f 18 d. Ft. Union \ Laramie. 2412 731 0. Fallon Creek. Terry. " 2145 2240 661 Richardton. 5 2464 Powder River. 2199 666 Taylor. 2486 741 Morgan. 2245 674 Gladstone. 6 2346 751 Ainslie. u 22 7 2 Green River low water. " ^^ 761 Dixon. 2320 685 Dickinson. 2403 770 Miles City. 2353 691 697 Eland. South Heart. 2434 2470 772 Tongue River. Fort Keogh. < 2343 < 2365 606 Belfield. 7 {18 d. Fort Union Laramie, Creta- ceous. 2577 777 o Lignite. (18 d. Laramie, Cretaceous, Lignite Mines. 2375 From Bixtnarck, ut Missouri Crossing, to a few miles beyond Marmot Station, numerous expos i ores in cuttings, and banks of Knife River of Pierre shales, capped in places by Fox Hill sandstones. G. M. D. 3. Near Blue Grass, detached portions of edge of plateau formed of Fort Union Laramie appear, rocks showing in some places. At Sims, same rocks. 65 " 2108 1387 1394 1404 1410 1419 1429 1435 1442 1452 IDAHO TERRITORY. 1316 1323 1330 1338 / Lake Pend \ d'Oreielle. 35 Kootenai. Sand Point. 36 Algoma. Cocolalla. / Clay, Slate and 2059 \ Trap. 2080 f Granite & Gneissic 1 area. 2100 " 2214 " 2224 1457 1467 1473 1480 23. PowelPs peak on the south occasionally visible between Garrisons and Drummond, has a Kran- ite core, overlaid by Cambrian slates, Carboniferous limestone, and Cretaceous strata. B. F. P. . 25. Gold Creek. First discovery of gold in Montana is said to have been made near here. T> Tjt -p 20. Drummond. Lower (?) Cretaceous fossils in Colerley's hollow, 5 miles southeast'of' Drum- mond. B F P 27. .Bonita. Bitter Root Mountains seen towards the south are granite; Cambrian slates in foot hills. B F P 28. NevJfiMfwifl (Evaro), the rocks evidently " Cambrian." These continue in a series of undu- lations, but often for long distances at low angles, to Sand Point. "Cambrian" rocks, consisting of hard quartzites, shales, slate, etc. G M D 29. Evaro. Probably Pliocene or Quaternary, or 2. Cambrian. R p' 30. Revalli A ride of about 12 miles to MacDonald's Peak, one of the grandest and wildest mount- ain masses on the continent remarkable for its great amphitheatres and lakes and high cascades Here is exposed a great thickness of Cambrian overlaid by lower Carboniferous. The ascent is along the crest of a fine moraine, on a horse trail of the Northern Transcontinental Survey R P 31. Duncan to WeeksviUe Valley of Clark's Fork is between Cambrian walls, and contains Pli- R p ocene or Quaternary lake basins. 32. Thompson's Falls. I have seen no drift in Montana, Idaho and Washington Territory, east of Cascades that appeared to me to be truly glacial drift. Moraines occur along the great ranges as remnants of local glacUtion ; and erratics which may have been brought by icebergs, agreeably to of Glaciers exist on a moderate scale in the Wind River Mountains, and others were dis- covered by the writer m 1883, on the headwaters of the Flathead River in the main range of the Rocky Mountains, just south of the British boundary. Very large glaciers exist on Mount Rainier in the Cascades, and are accessible by the horse trail of the Northern Transcontinental Survey from VV llKCSOO. -p r> 34. Cabinet. The valley of Clark's Fork is chiefly between Cambrian walls, and contains old 'lake basins of Quaternary, and perhaps also of Tertiary age. R P 35. Lake Pend de Oreielle. The islands in south' end of Lake Pend de Oreielle are finely g'laci- 36. Shortly after passing Sand Point, enter a granitic or gneissic area. These rocks continue, ap- SSTol" &lumb !pliin 6 ' t0 Dear Spokan Fa " S ' Where baiialtic rocks 8et in > and characterize the 262 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IDAHO TER., &c.) Northern Pacific Railroad- Ms. Continued. Alt. OREGON, Ms. Oregon,B.W.&Navig.Co.'sB.K. Alt. 1490 1495 Granite. Athol. f Granite & Gneissic { area. 229 2210 1715 Cold Springs. {Vol. bas. rocks over the whole Colum- bia plain. 3 6 7 1499 Chilco. 2450 1726 Umatilla June. " 302 1509 Rathdrum. 2210 1733 Stokes. 308 1519 Idaho Line. 2128 1751 Castle Rock. 248 1762 Willows. <' 334 WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 1771 Alkali. U Spokane River. f Granite & Gneissic 1779 1794 Blalock. John Dfliv's " 220 " 190 1528 Trent. \ area. 1925 1989 1801 Grant's. << 180 1537 Spokane Fa's. 36 f Volcanic basaltic \ rocks. 1 9 1 1811 1824 Celilo. The Dalles. 3 * 160 << 106 Hangman Cr'k. " 1793 f" Volcanic basaltic 1833 1847 Rowena. Hood River. " 140 " 100 1545 Marshall. 39 rocks over the whole Columbia 1867 1871 Cascade L'ks. 38 Bonneville. << 108 60 [_ plain. 2134 1879 Oneonta. 47 1553 1564 Cheney. Stevens. < 2340 " 2282 1880 1884 Multnomah Fal Bridal Veil. 39 45 " 46 1577 1587 Sprague. Harriston. " 1908 1950 1887 1895 Rooster Rock. Troutdale. 45 60 1601 Ritzville. 1825 1910 E. Portland. << 35 1618 Lind " 1363 1911 Albina. 35 1628 Providence. " 1530 1912 Portland. 40 a 43 1638 Twin Wells. 1075 Rocky Mountain K. B. of Montana. 1646 Palouse June. 858 Yellowstone Park Line. 40 1656 Lake 677 Livingston. 18. Cretaceous. 4485 1665 1675 Eltopia. Glade. 600 " 500 10 Brisbin. 41 / 19. Post Tertiary, t (Lake Deposit) 4 * so 1685 Ainsworth. 351 20 Chicory. 4845 Snake River. 328 31 Dailey's. 4915 1686 S. Ainsworth. " 356 41 Sphinx. 5070 1698 Wallula Junctio n,0re. " 32fi 51 1 Cinnabar. 5179 37. At Dolls, basaltic lava in numerous supposed flows forms the hills. 38. At Cascades, tufaceous and agglomerate beds appear, and beds of rounded gravels underlie the volcanic materials. Basalts of hills in light, broad undulations. G. M. D. 39 The Volcanic Region The portion of the Northern Pacific Railroad through the vast volcanic region in Washington and Oregon, affords but little material for interesting geological notes. A recent report of Mr. J. C. Russel, in the 4th Annual Report of the U. S. Geolog'l Survey, gives some descriptions of the little known part of Southern Oregon, south of the railroad. Its rocks are almost wholly vol- canic, and spread out in great sheets of lava that once formed a broad, smooth table-land ; but in later times it has been broken by faults, so characteristic of the Great Basin region, and thus divided into tossed about like the cakes of ice in a crowded floe, their upturned edges forming bold palisades that render the region almost impassable, which, with the branching fault cracks, combine to make a re- gion of the wildest and roughest description. At present the waters have retreated from the terraces and benches that marked their former level, some, like Summer and Albert Lakes, are permanent sheets of very saline water, but the more numerous are fresh. Mr. Russel finds no evidence of either local or general glaciation in the region he examined. The volcanic history of Oregon and Washing- ton is far from being understood. The points that may be claimed as centres of eruption are rare, so far as has yet been observed, and in only a few instances can the overflows of lava be traced to their sources. Captain C. E. Button reports immense flows of lava in the Sandwich Islands, from surpris- ingly small openings. But those were down the sides of a steep mountain. Neither is there definite and satisfactory evidence obtained that these immense lava fields originated from fissure eruptions. With the exception of very recent deposits of lacustrine origin, nothing is to be seen but volcanic rocks in sections or regularly stratified layers, which from a distance resemble sedimentary beds, but on examination one finds them to be wholly of igneous origin. These black volcanic rocks are composed of rhyolite, together with large quantities of obsidian or volcanic glass. No evidence of volcanic craters were observed, and no basaltic overflows were seen to indicate centres of recent vol- canic action. Major Powell reports this region as containing the grandest and most extensive dis- play of volcanic phenomena now known in any part of the world, and the investigation of it promises to supply matter of great importance and instruction to geologic science. We do not yet know even NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD. 263 Ms. Duluth & Brainerd Line. Alt. Ms. N. P. Fergus & Black Hills R R. Alt. Duluth, Minn. 1. Cupriferous. 608 Wadena. 20. Heavy drift] m* 23 N. P. Junction. Potsdam Taconic. 108 1 Wadena June. with many 13 28 Pine Grove. ii 1235 10 Deer Creek. glacial lakes > "- 33 Norman. " 1315 14 Park ton. and moranic 1894 39 Corona. ii 1301 18 Henning. hills. j 1436 45 Cromwell. Taconic. 1304 24 Vining. ii 1889 51 Wright. " 1307 29 Clitheral. 5 Sumner. 51 ii 67 >< 80 19 28 41 Davenport. Leonard. Sheldon. u 921 u 1045 20. Till. 1078 159 Struck June. " 110 60 Buttzville. 1171 1 ">'> Alderton. u 95 56 Lisbon. 1089 175;Wilkeson. ii 855 68 Marshall. / 20. Till and 4th Mo- 177; Carbonado, Wash. " 1152 7fi \ raine. 1 3 4 1 " 1384 Wisconsin Division. u 1001 Cairo. < 2837 183 Weston. 11 1008 Dry Fork. 2984 190 Hot Springs. ( 1018 Marias. 2561 203 Eagle Gorge. (( 1023 Teton. 2626 211 Palmer. See Note 11. 1030 Benton. K 2850 220 Enumclaw. 1036 Tunis. See Note 5. 2 5 223 Buckley. H 1043 Sidney. ci 8098 227 Cascade. 1048 Flowerree. << 3203 228 South Prairie U 1056 Portage. 8413 241 Alderton. 1065 Watson. < 8470 243 Meeker. 1073 Great Falls.* K 8312 245 Puyallup. 67 254 Taooma. 1 * WASHINGTON. Spokaue and Palouse Ky. Ms. Alt. Olympia and Chehalis Valley Ms. Railroad. Alt. 9 20 35 46 62 68 79 84 103 112 Spokane Falls! Marshall Jc. Spangle. Rosalia. Oakesdale. Belmont. Palouse. Whelan. Pullman. Uniontown. Genesee. f Ter. Erup., whose V limit on the S. E. is I undetermined. 14 I < 2 6 8 10 12 15 Olympia. Turnwater. Bush Prairie. Plum. Shurlock. Gillmore. Tenino. Drift. < ~0 10 16 20 23 Puget Sound Shore Railroad. Seattle. Black River Jc. Kent. Slaughter. Stuck Jc. Drift. Central Washington. Columbia & J'uget Sound Railroad. 10 15 26 34 41 Cheney. Medical Lake. Deep Creek. Fairweather. Mondovi. Davenport. ( Tertiary Eruptives, J Great Plain of the I Columbia. 10 13 ~2l Seattle. Black River Jc. Renton. Drift. {Upper Cretaceous. Lignite. ? ? f Upper Cretaceous. \ Bituminous Coal. it Coal Creek. 19 23 31 34 Cedar Mt. Maple Valley. Black Diamond. Franklin. Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern. 5 6 11 18 21 23 "29 36 Seattle. Ross. Fremont. Yesler. Terence. Winsor. Snohomish Jc. See Note 12. M it Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. 230 241 244 248 252 258 267 271 278 284 Pendleton, Or. Eastland. Adams. Athena. Weston. Blue Mt Milton. Spofford. Walla Walla, W. Valley Groove. See Note 13. i* 142S 1520 M 1855 926 878 Earle. Snohomish. 27 33 42 49 53 York. Adelaide. Oilman. Preston. Falls City. 1. The large number of railroads constructed in the " North West" since the preparation of the chapter on the Northern Pacific, has necessitated the addition, out of the proper order, of some lines properly belonging in that chapter. Other new lines are also added. 2. By Mr. Warren Upham, Assistant Geologist U. S. Geological Survey. 3. Kintyrt. See note 14, N. A S. Dakota. 4. See note 13, N. A S. Dakota. 5. The formations are older than the Cretaceous, including probably Jurassic or Triassic and Carboniferous. 6. The remainder of the chapter is by Mr. Bailey Willis, Assistant U. S. Geologist. The elevations, so far as given, are furnished by Mr. Henry Gannett, Chief Geographer, U. S. Survey. Much of the region traversed by these railroads has not been carefully surveyed, and the assign- ments of formations and the notes are necessarily of a general character. See note 39 Northern Pacific R. R. 7. Twenty miles west of Pasco, the road leaves the volcanic flows of the Great Plain of the Columbia and enters Yakima Prairie. Thence to ten miles beyond Ellenburg the route is through Ahtanam, Wenass, and Kittittass Prairies and through the canons of the Yakima, which separate the valleys ; the Prairies are Tertiary (?) lake beds, drained through the canons which the river has cut in volcanic rocks, also Tertiary. B. W. 8. Branch from Clealum to Rosyln coal mine. Coals of Puget group, (Upper Cretaceous.) 9. The road runs across the main range of the Cascades, which consists of granite. Palaeozoic crystallines and Cretaceous strata, folded and afterwards cut through and overflowed by Tertiary eruptive*. The Cretaceous rocks are sandstone and shale, resting on a basal con- glomerate. The volcanic rocks preponderate in this section, but give way to granite north- ward beyond Snoqualmie. B. W. 10. The pass is 3,980: the tunnel 2,885 above tide. 266 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WASH.) Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. Oregon Railway and Navigation Ms. Continued. Alt. Ms. Continued. Co. Alt. 287 291 294 298 302 306 Menoken. 314 320 Relief. 325 Star-buck. 329 Grange City. 333 346 353 361 368 374 Hadley, Wash. Berry man. Highland. Prescott. Bolles Jc. Alto. Ripasia. Hay. Meeker. 358 La Crosse Jc. Sutton. Winona Jc. Endicott. 385 Diamonds. 389 Mockonema. 391 Crest. 394 Colfax. 400 Glenwood. 406 421 427 Elberton. 412 Garfield. Farmington. Seltice. 432Tekoa. 439lLatah. See Note 13. 846 1011 1181 1036 1165 1298 1907 1096 645 522 530 1100 1603 1478 1505 1492 1700 2045 2130 2278 1961 2075 2185 2470 2614 2525 2490 2442 448 Truax. 455 Rockford. 10 Long's. Dayton. Bolles Jc. 3 Waitsburg. Huntsville. Starbuck. Delaney. 14 Chard. Zumwalt. 29 Pomeroy. 48 t> 53 See Note 13. Connell. Sulphur. 18 Kahlotus. Washtuona. Hooper, ampa. La Crosse Jc. Colfax. 7 Riverside. 9 Shawnee. 12 Guy. 18 Pullman. 24 Garrison. 28Moscow. 2560 2390 1165 127.3 1356 1472 1606 645 8(5 1154 1591 1900 889 757 896 1012 1084 1350 1478 1974 2178 2194 2244 2345 2500 2569 11. Drift Plain, with occasional outcrops of Tertiary eruptives and river canons cut down into Upper Cretaceous (Puget Group) coal measures. B. W. 12. This road is probably all on drift (glacial) with occasional outcrops of sandstones of Puget group, coal measures. B. W. 13. The line lies chiefly through regions of volcanic flows, and the conditions were favor- able for the formation of lake deposits during both Tertiary and Quarternary time. It is probable, though not known to be true, that the agricultural lands of this region are very largely dried lake beds. Specific information as to localities is not at present obtainable. The same statement is also applicable to the other line of the O. R. & N. Co., east of Umatilla. B. W. 14. The following note is on the branch of the Northern Pacific to Carbonado. (See page 263). At South Prairie, Wiikeson, and Carbonado, bituminous coking coal is mined. This is the only producing field of coking coal on the coast; the Strata are Upper Cretaceous, " Puget Group." Similar trip south of Alaska. B. W. Wiikeson is the starting point for parties visiting the glaciers of Mt. Tacoma, distance 25 miles over a good horse trail ; time required for trip, including ascent over snow fields to 9,500 feet above sea, in three days ; the route is through the great forests of the region in their most typical development, and the glacial phenomena are of more striking interest and beauty than those afforded by any. Some suggestions as to geology on the Oregon and Washington Railway, in Washington, may be gathered by the traveler from the foregoing notes. Nothing more definite can be obtained. J. R. M. The' following altitudes, taken from Mr. Gannett's Dictionary of Altitudes, are of interest. Mt. Baker, 10,827 feet; Mt. Hood, 11,225; Mt. Jefferson, 15,500; Mt. Olympus, 8,138; Ranier, (Tacoma) 14,444 ; Mt. Skomegan, 8,400 ; Mt. Tchopahk, 7,200 ; Mt. St. Helena, 9,750. J. R. M. MISSOURI. 267 Missouri. 1 GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF MISSOURI, 10, Quaternary, Alluvium, Bluff or' Loess, and Drift. 19. Tertiary, in Southeast Missouri. 18. Cretaceous, 14. Coal Measures, 14 c. Upper. 14 b, Middle. 14 a, Lower. 13* L. Carboniferous or Sub-Carb., 13 e. Chestergroup. 13d. St. Louis. 13 c. Keokuk. 13 b. Burlington. 13 a. Kinderhook or Chouteau. 10. Devonian, lOc. Black Slate (Gen- esee ?) 5-7. Upper Silurian, 8 Oriskany. 5-7. Upper Silurian, 7. L. Helderberg. 5. Niagara. 2-4. Lower Silurian, 4. c. Hudson River. 4. b. Galena or Re- ceptaculite l.s. 4. a. Trenton and Black River. 1st Magnesian. Saccharoidal s.s. 2d Magnesian l.s. 2d Sandstone. 3d Magnesian I. s. Lower Magnesian I. s. and s. s. 2 b. Potsdam. 1 b. Huronian. 1 a. Laurentian. Ms. Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. Alt. Ms. Hannibal and St. Joseph R.R. Cont. Alt. 0; Hannibal. 47 6 Bear Creek. 68 lOBarkley. 161 Palmyra Jo. 64S> 19 Woodland. ' 9 30 Monroe. * 42JLakenan. 9 53 Lentner. 79 69 Clarence. * 70 M aeon. 88 ' 79'Callao. 81a 90 Lingo. 8 <> 9 104 Brookfield. T67 109Laclede. 8 ' 121Wheeling. o 130'Chillicothe. * 140 Mooresville. 921 150 Nettleton. 88 156 Hamilton. 987 163Kidder. 10 i 7 172 Cameron. 1770sborn. io* 185 StewartsVle. 988 200 Saxton. 8 206 St. Joseph. 83S 1 13 a. & b. Sub-Carb. " & 20. Quat. " Lime made.: 14 a. Coal Mres. 20. overlies 13 c. 14 b. Coal Mres. 4 ft. coal. 14 b. Mid. Coal Mres. H 14 c. Up. Coal Mres. < f ' and hills oov- \ ered with BlufiF clay. Quincy. 9 North River. 16 Palmyra. 13 a. Sub-Carb. 13 b. " ** it 664 206 St. Joseph. 211 Lake. 217Halls. 222 Rushville. 226 Winthrop. 833 829 804 708 801 14 c. Up. Coal Mres. 20. Alluvial "&14c.U.C.M. 172 Cameron. 187 Lathrop. 201 Kearney. 211 Liberty. 218 Arnold. .226 Kansas City. 14 c. Up. Cl. Mrs. loa 948 ( 689 848 II 739 & 20 7 * Wabash, St. Louis find Pacific B. R.* Oj St. Louis. 8 9 6 Bartmer. 14 Graham's. 22 St. Charles. ** 30 Dardenne. 38Perruque. 4^ Foristell. 58 Warrenton. 888 68Jonesburg. 808 77 New Florence. 13 d. St. Louis group. 14 b. Mid. Coal Mrs. [by 20. 13 d. St.Lo. group ( cov'd 20. Quaternary. 13 c. and d. 13 a. & b. rests on 10 c. "on4a.&4b. 13 a. and 4 a. Trenton. 13 a. 1. By Professor G. C. Broadhead, late State Geologist of Missouri. 2. On W., St. L. A P. R. R., in Warren and Montgomery Counties, we pass within a few miles irom Carboniferous, chiefly Lower part of Sub-Carboniferous through thin outliers of Devonian to the Receptaculite (Galena Limestone) and Trenton and Black River to the 1st Magnesian limestone and Saccharoidal sandstone; the latter well developed and very suitable for glass-making purposes- thick deposits and easy to crush. It is the equivalent of the St. Peter's sandstone. 268 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( MO.) Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific Railroad. Ms. Continued. Alt Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific R. K.Cont. Ms. Glasgow Branch. Alt. 103 108 114 122 130 140 146 153 160 167 178 185 192 195 202 209 219 228 234 239 245 254 265 273 275 Wellsville. Benton City. Mexico. Thompson. Centralia. Sturgeon. Renick. Moberly. Huntsville. Clifton. Salisbury. Dalton. Brunswick. Dewitt. Miami. Wakenda. Carrollton. 6 * 7 Norborne. Hardin. Lexington June. Camden. 724 Orrick. MissouriCity. 722 N. Missouri June. Harlem. Kansas City.* 14 a. Lower Coal Mrs 828 M 873 847 " 4 ft. coal. < 882 * T1 " 4 ft. coal. l 722 ' 731 " 637 " 631 644 " [quarry. " white s. s. 20. Quaternary. 14. b. Mid. Coal Mrs. 20. Quaternary. 14 b. Coal, middle ser. " 2 ft. coal. 20. Quaternary. 14 c. base of U. Cl. Ms. 747 20. Quaternary. 74S rl4c.Up.Cl.Mrs.74s \ Good Mollusca of ( Up. Carb. 15 Salisbury. 7 a i Glasgow. 14 a. Lower Coal Mrs. " base. St. Louis and Omaha Line. 38 64 80 107 131 143 223 St. Louis. Brunswick. 644 Chillicothe. Gallatin. Pattonsb'gh. 772 Stanbury. Marysville. Roseberry. Burlington June. Council Bluffs.Ia. 14 a. Lower Coal Mrs. 14b.Mid.Cl.Mrs. 7 4 14 c. Up. Coal Mres. 876 i 1037 " 977 " 989 Quincy, Missouri and Pacific Railroad. 2 11 22 32 47 54 70 137 West Quincy. May wood. Tolona. La Belle. Edina. Hurdland. Kirksville. Cooksville. Milan. Trenton. 20. Quaternary. 13 a. Sub-Garb. 524 697 741 13d. Overlaid by drift Deep drift. [ 73 8 14a.LowerCl.Mrs. 97 5 14 b. "5 14 b. &14c. 84 Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska Railroad. St. Louis and Des Moines. ? 15 24 32 40 51 61 64 70 Alexandria. Wayland. Kahoka. Luray. 737 Arbela. Memphis. 787 Downing. 869 Lancaster. 9 7 2 Glenwood. " Hamilton. 987 20. Alluvium. 13 d. St. Louis I.e. 681 14 a. Coal Mres. " i 2 " ^S " J^o C '^ --ai A - 1 146 153 162 169 180 189 196 203 211 218 227 234 Moberly. Cairo. Emerson. Macon. Atlanta. LaPlata. Millard. Kirksville. Sublett's. Queen City. Glenwood. Coatesville. ( Continue 14 a. Lower Cl. Ms. 882 860 866 900 906 940 970 14 a. &b. " ?5 u 14 a. " 1004 " 990 d in Iowa.) Missouri Pacific Railroad. 4 7 13 St. Louis. 8 431 Benton. 47 o Kirk wood. 28 ( 13d. St. Louis l.s. & \ 14 a. Coal Measures. 13 d. St. Louis 1. s. 13 d. & 13 c. Keok. 13 b. Sub-Carbonifer's. 4 a. Trenton. M 3 a. Calcif. & 4 a. Tren. " 1st sandstone. " 2dMagn. 1. s. u 7 \ 13 b. Burlington. 3 a. Calcif., lead mines. " on Osage River. Creve Co3iir Lake Branch. Oi Laclede. 12: Creve Cur. 13 d. St. Louis. 78 Lower Carb. Lexington Branch. Sedalia. * 4 Georgetown. 22' Sweet Spgs. * BSAullville. foe 65 i Lexington. 736 63 Wellington. 7") Buckner. 87 Independence. 97 Kansas City. 13 a. Sub-Carbonifer's. 13a.,b.&c. 13 b. Upper Sub-Carb. 14 b. Coal Mres. 2 ft. coal. " coal mines 14 b. 14 c. Up. Coal Mrs. 995 " 748 St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Division.* 10 13 21 24 26 29 35 39 43 51 57 61 St. Louis. Jefferson Bar'ks. Cliff Cave. Kimmswick. 41S Sulphur Springs. Pevely. Horine.* Hematite. Victoria. De Soto. 497 Blackwell. Cadet. Mineral Pt. 868 13 d. St. Louis 1. s. *" 13d. Warsaw I.e. * 18 13 c. Keokuk 1. s. 13 b. Burl. 1. s., lime. u 411 4 a. Trenton. 441 ( 3 a.Calc., Sandy lead \ mine 6 miles north. 3 a. Calciferous. * 75 u f " Valle lead ms. I 10 miles so., Frumet 1 lead ms. 10 miles no. [ Good building stone. 3 a. Calciferous. * 92 " lead mine. 805 "many lead me. Versailles and Boonville Branches. 19 33 44 Versailles. Tipton. Palestine. Boonville. !3a.3d. Magn.l.s. 911 lead ms. near, beau- tiful cave 12 mi. so. 13 b. Sub-Carb. on 3 a. 13 a. Sub-Carb. 13 c. " 07 Lebanon Branch. JeffersonCity.*! 8 11 Moreau. 19 Russelville. 28 Olean. 33 Eldon. 37 Aurora Sp'e. 185 ' 40 Cooper. 45 Bagnell. 3a.Calcif.2dMagn.ls. u K 760 " Lead mines near ii 8a.Calcf.3dMagn.l.s. u " Osage River. 65 Potosi 66 70 75 83 87 95 102 105 112 118 125 134 Hopewell. Irondale. Bismarck. Loughborough. De Lassus. 8 9 Knob Lick. 926 Mine La Motte. Frederickt'n. Cornwall. Marquand. Btssville. 81 Lutesville. ' 9 at ii 1024 2 b. Potsd. & 1 b. Hur. " [quarry. " & granite f " lead, nickel, I cobalt, manganese, 1 copper, iron and [ porphyry. 2 b. Potsd. & 1 b. Hur. f 2 b., 1 b. & 3 a. Calo. \ Iron and granite. 3 a. Calcif 's, iron. 57 ii Lime. 58 Lexington and Southern Branch. 10 23 29 38 50 Pleasant Hill. Harrison ville. Archie. Adrian. Butler. Rich Hill. 784 14 c. U. Cl. Mres. 8 * M / 14 c. Upper & 14 b. \Mid.CoalMres. 14 b. Mid. Coal Mres. 814 f 14 a. L. C. Mrs., coal \ mines, beds 3 to 5ft. 3. Loess is well developed at Kansas City. 270 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( MO.) Ms. Missouri Pacific Railroad. Alt. St. Louis, Iron Mount, and South. Div. Cont. Missouri Pacific Railroad Continued. Vis. Missouri, Kansas and Texas Division. Alt. 148 Allenville. 3 a. Calcif s, iron. 3 12 22 34 44 57 70 80 88 95 99 108 122 131 143 165 164 172 183 196 202 215 226 233 Hannibal. * 69 Rensalier. 733 Monroe. 7 2 8 Stoutsville. 1166 Paris. 6 5 1 Madison. 772 Moberly. 65 Higbee. 877 Burton. 6 7 2 Fayette. 6 * 7 Talbott. 6 20 Boonville. flo7 Harris. 853 Clifton. 7a2 Sedalia. 907 Green Ridge. 903 Windsor. 875 Calhoun. 774 Clinton. 807 Montrose. 82 * AppletonC'y. 868 Schell City. 4 Walker. 85 e Nevada. 87 13 a. & b. Sub-Garb's. 14 a. Lower Coal Mres. 13 b. Sub-Carbonifer's. 13 c. " 13 c. &d.&14a. M 4 ft. coal. 14 a. Coal Mres. (i &13c.U.S.-C. 13 b. Upper Sub-Garb. 13 a. Sub-Carbonifer's. 13 b. Upper Sub-Garb. 14 a. Coal Mrs. 4 ft. ol. potter " clay & iron ore {" coal mines,fos- sil ferns, &c. ii < "4ft.cl. < 164 168 162 174 178 195 Jackson. 4 a.Trenton & Black riv Sylvania. Morley. 45 Diehlstadt. Charleston. Belmont. 3 a. Calciferous. f 20. Quaternary, with 1 probably 19. Tert'ry. M 321 326 313 Arkansas Division. * 76 81 86 88 89 96 104 108 116 127 134 145 148 166 181 201 Bismarck. Iron Mountain. 8 Pilot Knob. 9 Iron ton. 10 9l9 Arcadia. Hogan. 892 Ozark. 35 Annapolis. Des Arc. 8 * 7 Piedmont. 50S Mill Spring. *4s Williamsville^oi Blums. 343 Poplar Bluff. Neelyville. oe 3 a. Calciferous. 102 * (2b.Pots.&lb.Hur. J Specular iron ore in ( vast quantities. 1077 858 2 b. Potsd. & 1 b. Hur. " fS'g'-'i u 2 ?- P 5- 2 & w< " 'll| /granite g g-g \ quarry." g g f*P 3 a. Calciferous. " &20.Quat. 20. Quat. Swamp. Kansas and Arizona Division. 8 16 22 Holden. Benton. 47 East Lynn. Harrisonville. 8 J 2 14 b. Mid. Coal Mres. M 14 b. Coal Mres. 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. Domphau. 3 a. Calciferous. 186 Moark. 2 8 7 20. Quaternary. Cairo Branch. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific R. R. South-Western Division. 10 15 28 74 Cairo. 86 Hough's. Charleston. Sikeston. Poplar Bluff. (Low lands. 20. Quat. and probably 19. Tertiary. " tH* > 326 IS 330 W&H 343 30 6 11 21 29 36 47 65 76 Atchison. Atchison June. 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. Learenworth. Beverly. 769 Platte City. Atchison June. Grayson. Plattsburg. 9 * 8 Perrin. Cameron. 1038 Gallatin. M M < < M f 14c. Up. Coal Mres. \ base of. Mollusca. St. Joseph and Desloge Railroad. 13 Summit. Bonne Terre. f 3 a. Calciferous and \ probably 2 b. Potsd. f 2 b. Pots, with mines J of lead with copper, 1 nickel, cobalt and [purple calcite. 4. On Missouri Pacific R. R., from St. Louis west, we pass St. Louis group, Lower Coal Measures, St. Louis group Warsaw limestone, Burlington and Ghouteau group to the Trenton, but no Devonian. At Hermann we have 2d Magnesian limestone capped in hills back with 1st or Saccharoidal sandstone, and at Jefferson we have 2d Magnesian limestone rising in a few miles south exposing in succession 2d sandstone and 3d Magnesian limestone. West of Tipton the same limestone (2d) is capped by Burlington limestone. The latter west of Sedalia having reposing on it the sandstone at top of Sub- Carboniferous (Millstone Grit?) and underlaid by Chouteau group. Then the Coal Measures appear. 6. At Cheltenham, four miles from St. Louis, are vast deposits of good fire clay. MISSOURI. 271 Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific R. R. Ms. South-Western Division Continued. Alt. St. Liouiti and San Francisco, formerly At- Ms. Ian tic and Pacific, Railroad." Alt. 86 Jamesport. 102 Trenton. 14 c. Upper Coal Mres. j St. Louis. 37 Pacific. 481 458 20. & 13 d. St. L. 1. s. 4 a. Tren. & 3 a. Calcif. 127 Princeton. 44 Calvey. 3 a. Calciferous. 143 Lineville. Middle 49 Moselle. 083 " Iron. 156 Allerton. " series in 66 St. Clair. 759 I so 169, Seymour. " valleys. ' 66 Stanton. 867 O A. 1 Copper. " B . to o co " Chicago and Alton Railroad. IG 91 ijouroon. Cuba. 4 1 1010 p. 5- o. PP . j* o ~ " - 2 Chicago, Kansas City and Denver Line. 1Q4 St. James. 1117 If "iron. ft, g oq ... 276 Louisiana. 46 13 a. &b. &10c. &4c. L Rolla. 1201 P ^ lr0 n. <* ^3 /n 282 Watson. 90 * " Hud. Riv. 124 Ozark. "g ^ " f < 881 138 Dixon. 1146 p S. 286 Bowling Green. 293 Curryyille. \ good building stone. 144 13 c. Sub-Carbonif's. 15 Hancock. Crocker. 1109 1132 < S"* "iron. g f || 302 Vandalia. 163 Richland. 1143 311 Laddonia. 14 a. Low. Coal Mres. 171 Stoutland. 1160 < 320 Littleby. 178 Sleeper. 1209 M 325 Mexico. 14 a. Low. Cl. Mrs. 8 185 Lebanon. 1269 II 339'Centralia. 361 Higbee. " 434 Higginaville. 448 Odessa. 14 a. Low. Cl. Mrs. 64 7 14 b. Mid. Coal Mres. ; 325 330 Dayton. Seneca. 947 Polishing " stone. 8 5 1 459 Oak Grove. (State Line. ) (See Kansas.) 8 * B 478 Independence. 14 c. Up. Cl. Mres. 995 1 A. B Arkansas Division. 489 Kansas City. - - OlPeirce City. f 13 c.Keo. group. 1178 1 good lime qrs. South Branch. 4'Plymouth. 1326 cago. 29|Washburn. 325 Mexico. 345 Callaway. 360,Fulton. 14 b. Mid.Cl. Mrs.' 98 M 14a.,13b.&10c. 35 Seligman. i< 1525 White River Branch. 357 Harrington. it Springfield. 13c.Keok.group. 135a 364 New Bloomfield. M OA /\ l_ f 13 a. Kinderhook, & 870 Hibernia. 10 c. and 3 a. 8 2U uzarK. \ 13 b. Burlington. 876 Jefferson City. '3 a. Calciferous. * 18 |i 35 Chad wick. 13 a. Kinderhook. 6. Down the St. Louis A Iron Mountain R. R. we have St. Louis limestone then Warsaw limestone. Keokuk limestone and Burlington limestone within 20 miles. Crossing the Merrimac River, we find the last for while, then the Receptaculite, Trenton and Black River limestone, 1st Magnesian limestone, and at Horine Station the Saccharoidal sandstone, very soft, used for glass-making, and is Tery white and pure. Afterwards we have 2d Magnesian limestone. Crossing Big River, the 3d Magnr-sian limestone near Iron Mountain. De Lassus, Mine la Motte, Fredericktown, Pilot Knob, Des Arc and Annapolis are porphyry hills of Huronian age, and the adjacent limestones and lower sandstones and conglomerates are probably Potsdam. At Mine la Motte and Fredericktown are certainly Potsdam fossils, but the absolute line (if any) has not been determined between the Potsdam and Calciferous beds. Near Iron Mountain, Knob Lick and Cornwall are superior granite quarries, which may be of age of Laurentian. 7. Four miles southeast is Crystal City on the Mississippi Rivr, where glass is made. The Saccharoidal or St. Peter's sandstone is here forty or fifty feet thick, and over one hundred feet thick in Warren County. It is very valuable for glass-making. 8. Iron Mountain is 223 feet high, and its base covers 500 acres. 9. Pilot Knob is a conical hill, nearly circular, 581 feet high, with a north and south diameter of about one mile at its bane, which covers 360 acres. Elevation 1,500 feet above sea. 10.' Sheppard Mountain magnetic iron ore. 272 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MO.) Ms. St. Louis & San Francisco R R. Con. Alt. Kansas City, St. Jos. & Council Blufls R. R. Ms. Nodaway Valley Branch. Alt. 0| Springfield. 21 Buckley. 24Graydon. 39 [Bolivar. 13 c. Keokuk. i 360 L.Carb. probably 13 b. o 8 23 29 Mound City. Maitland. Skidmore. Quitman. Burlington June. Quaternary. 8 1 14 c. Up. Coal. Mres. u (i f " Coal and 52ft \ highest Upper Car- ( bonif s rocks in Mo. Joplin Branch. 4 10 20 Oronogo. Webb City. Joplin. "is Galena. 13 c. Keokuk mines. " Handsome crys- tals of Blende, Calcite & Galena Zinc mines. 13c.Richinlead&zinc Tarkio Valley Branch. 28 Corning. Fairfax. Tarkio. Northborough. Quaternary. 87e " on!4c.U.C.M. u Kansas Division. OlPeirce City. 27 Carthage. 360ronogo. 44|Smithfield. ( Continued 13c.Keok.lime. 1225 " Lime kilns. " Zinc & ler,d. i in Kansas.) Chicago, Burlington & Kansas City B. R. Burlington & South-Western R. R. 7 20 32 37 45 53 181 Laclede. Linneus. Browning. Milan. Boynton. Pollock. Union ville. Burlington. ( Continue 14 b. Mid. Coal Ms. 78 7 Iron. " Clays. 425 (l 760 14 c. Upper Carb. 84 <> 14 b. Mid. Coal Ms. 8 943 14 a. Low. Cl. Ms. 1068 505 1 in Iowa.) Girard Branch. Opolis. 20 Joplin. 13 c. Keok. " Lead & zinc. 1018 Kansas City, St. Joseph, and Council Bluffs Ms. Railroad. Alt. 10 17 25 34 54 55 66 70 80 99 109 116 122 135 149 200 Kansas City. 7 * 8 Park ville. * 53 Waldron. * E. Leavenworth. Weston. Winthrop. soi Rushville. ' 8 Lake Station. St.Joseph. Amazonia. Forest City. Bigelow. Craig. 'i Corning. 6 Phelps. Hamburg. Council Bluffs. ( Continue) f 14 Upper Carbon. \ Good fossil mollusca 14 c. Upper Carbon. II 764 u 778 U II 20. Quaternary. 2 e 14 c.Upper Carbon. 824 " fusulina abounds. " " & mollusca. 20. Quaternary. 8 6 1 " over 14 c. it * Texas & St. Louis Railroad. Missouri & Arkansas Division. Kansas City and Southern. 01 Birds Point. 37 Paw Paw June. 20. Quat., Swamp dist. " I Low, " 1 swampy, " [Heavy"* " J timber.'" OOsceola. 13 Otter Creek. 16 Browning 17 Grand River. 21 Vickere. 26 Clinton. ' Urioh. i Index. 67|East Lynne. 14 a. & 13 b. 14 a. Lower Coal Mrs. 13 b. Burlington. 14 a. Lower Coal Mrs. 14 a. Good fossil plants! 14 a. & 14 b. 14 b. Mid. Coal Mres. 43 New Madrid. 68 Maiden. 70 St. Francis, Ark. st . Louis, Creve Coenr * St. Charles B. B. 6 16 St. Louis. Rinkleville. Florrisant. 13 d. St. Louis. 14 a. Lower Coal Mrea. 20 on 14 a. Rich Valley limestone resting on the 2d Magnesian limestone or Calciferous. In southern parts of Lawrence County we find a coarse ferruginous sandstone, probably equivalent to Millstone Grit, but more probably a member of the Chester group, resting on Lower Carboniferous limestone. Throughout Newton and Jasper, the Sub-Carboniferous limestone, with much chert is of great development, and ia galeniferous. The celebrated lead mines of Joplin and Granby occur in this. 274 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KAN.) Kansas. : LIST OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN KANSAS. 20, Quaternary, 20 d, Alluvium, 20 c, Loess. 20 b. Modified Drift. 20 a. Clacial Drift. 16-10Mesozoic. 18 Cretaceous. 18 c. Niobrara, In- cluding the "Colo- rado" above. 18 b. Ft. Benton. 18 a. Dakota. 16-17 Jura-Trias, or Red Beds. 19. Tertiary, 19 c. Pliocene, includ- ing deposits of Vol- canic ash-possibly of Quarter nary age. 19 c. Miocene. Carbonifer's.| Upper Carbon- iferous. 15. Permian or Per mo-Carboniferous. 14 c. Upp. CI.Meas. 14 b. Low.CI Meas Lower Carbon- iferous. 13c. Keokukjlimest. & chert, bearing of Lead and Zinc. Ms. Union Pacific Railway. Kansas Division. Alt. Ms. Union Pacific Railway. Kansas Division. Alt. Kansas City. r 14 c. Upper Coal Mencken. Uc.Upp.CoalMrcs. 902 (Union Depot.) \ Measures. 748 78 Silver Lake. 915 1 Kansas City, 748 Kingsville. 920 Kansas. 83 Rossville. 933 2 Armstrong. 755 91 St. Marys. 955 9 Muncie. 4 767 97 Bellvue. 965 13 Edwardsville. 783 104 Wamego. 1000 17 Bonner Springs. t 789 111 St. George. 1000 Loring. ( 739 119 Manhattan. 7 << 1000 23 Lenape. < 781 Eureka Lake. 15. Permo-Carbonif. 28 Linwood. 789 130 Odgensburg. 1060 32 Fall Leaf. < 809 135 Ft. Riley. 1070 39 Lawrence. t 822 139 Junction City. 8 1082 45 Buck Creek. < 846 146 Kansas Falls. 1106 48 Williamstown. 851 152 Chapman. 1114 61 53 Perryville. Medina. " 852 < 353 158 163 Detroit. Abilene. 1135 1155 55 Newman. c 861 172 Solomon. 9 & 18a.Dak.n75 61 Grantville. < 877 J180 New Cambria. 1189 67 Topeka. 3 .t 880 186 Salina. 1225 1. By Mr. Orestes St. John of Topeka, Kansas. 2. Leavenworth. In the vicinity of Leavenworth and at the State Penitentiary at Lansing, a 21- inch seam of coal is mined by means of shafts at a depth of between 700 and 800 feet. The limestones crossing the bluffs that hem the Missouri are richly stored with characteristic upper coal measure fossils. The Loess heavily covers the bluffs, and in the bed of the Missouri Valley the glacial drift occurs beneath the alluvial deposits. Deposits of modified drift or stratified gravels locally intervene between the Loess and the basis rocks of the region. 3. Topeka. The Osage coal crops in the western suburbs of the city, where it is mined to limited extent. An experimental diamond drill boring, authorized by the local government, has penetrated the coal measure series to the depth of between 1,600 and 1,700 feet at this writing, encountering several thin deposits of coal. KANSAS. 275 Ms. Union Pacific Railway. Kansas Division. Con. Alt. Union Pacific Railway. Leavenworth, Topeka & South Western Ms. Line. Alt. 194 201 Bavaria. 10 Brookville. 18 a. Dakota. 1348 Leavenworth. 8 ( 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. 765 Arcola. Terra Cotta. 141 3 1470 9 16 Bolings. ^itT*i n tr{\ A 1 P 908 < 1032 211 Carneiro.* 1570 J.U 21 opriiigu.ciic. McLouth. 1157 Mt Zion. Mclntosh. 1125 218 223 Kanopolis. Ellsworth. 1580 18 b. Benton. 1588 28 Oskaloosa. Osawkee. 989 < 876 Black Wolf. 1565 45 Meriden. 964 oqq Cow Creek. Wilann it 1884 56 Topeka. 3 > 884 AOU T iiyun. Dorrance. 1730 Blue Valley Line. 253 Bunker Hill. 1864 f 14 c. Upper Coal Homer. 1874 Manhattan. 1 I Measures, and 15. 263 Russell. 1882 1 Permo-Carbon. i Gorham. (( 1912 Stockdale. Walker. 1944 17 Garrison Cross'g. 1081 279 Victoria. 1928 WmklYsMills St. 289 Toulon. Hays. M "Up.l.s." 91 22 Randolph. Cleburne. 1088 Hogback. " Florena. 303 Ellis. 2117 39 Irving. 1127 3130gallah. 18b.Niob.&19.TT 236 1 43 Blue Rapids. 1141 321 Wakeeney. 5 Colono. << (( '2456 19. Tert'ry in uplands. 56 Schroyer. Marysville. H 1179 335 Collyer. Quinter. 2586 H (( 2755 65 Hull. Oketo. < 1200 350 Buffalo Park. 356'Grainfield. 2811 Solomon Valley Line. 365 Grinnell. 2904 {15. Permo-Carbonif- 377 Oakley. 8042 Solomon. 9 erous and 18 a. 385 Monument. . 3181 Dakota. 117a Boaz. ' Niles. " 398 Winona. . 3364 9 Verdi. 1202 406 Lisbon. 6 &18c. Colora.'i* 15 Bennington. 1228 IMcAllaster. Turkey Creek. " 21 23 Lindsay. Minneapolis. 1242 1256 420|Wallace. 8801 29 Sumnerville. 1285 429 Sharon Springs. 8450 35 Delphos. 1310 437 Monotony. 3774 42 Glasco. 1319 Montero. 47 Brittsville. 1334 Leavenworth and Lawrence Branch. 50 Asherville. 67 ; Beloit. 1 84ft 1388 o T,PavpTi worth 2 14 fi TT n Cl. Mres 7 5 5 Lansing. 11 Fail-mount. 781 < 955 Salina and Upper Solomon Line, or Lincoln and Colorado Branch. 15Hoge. 854 (18 a. Dakota, and 18 Big Strainger. 834 Salina. 15. Permo-Carbonif- 19 Moores. .< 915 erous. i l ' 2 21|Tonganoxie. 831 i Trenton. " 26 Reno. " 835 lYork. M 34 {Lawrence. << 822 12 Culver. 1265 )p, affording characteristic vertebrate and molluscan fossils. The manufacture of the chalk ?hiting is here successfully engaged in. Copious springs of delicious water issue from the 4 Carneiro. The Dakota sandstone weathered into picturesque monumental shapes. 5. Wakeeney. In the ravine cutting the upland slopes, the chaMcy limestones of the Niobrara outcroi into wf gravel deposit at the base of the Terlialy. 6. Lisbon, The Colorado shales appear in the valley sides and outlying buttes capped by Tertiary conglomerate in places, containing beautifully dendritic marked chalcedony. The Colorado shales abound in selenite crystals, septaria concretions and fossils. 7. Manhattan. The light gray limestone in the bluffs, and which form a convenient lithological demarkation between the brown limestone of the uooercoal measures and the Permo-carboniferous 276 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KAN.) Union Pacific Railway. Union Pacific Railway. Salina and Upper Solomon Line, or Ms. Lincoln and Colorado Branch. Con. Alt. Ms. Kansas Central Line. Alt. 19 Tescot. ( 18 a. Dakota and tl5Permo-Carb. 1297 Leaven worth. 2 f 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. 7 6 5 24 Beverly. 1324 7 Hund. 830 35 Lincoln. 1373 11 Pleasant Ridge. 1081 Vesper. 15 Easton. 903 Sylvan. 20 Lee. 1038 56 Lucas. 1718 25 Winchester. << 1158 66 Luray. Boyle. 1165 72 Waldo. 36 Valley Falls. 911 Ivamar. Arrington. 88 Natoma. 46 Larkin. 938 Codell. 51 Elk. 971 104 Plainville. 55 Holton. 1012 111 Zurich. 63 Circleville. 1096 Palco. 70 Soldier. 1184 Daman. 76 Havensville. 1165 130 Bogue. 79 Savannah. <' 1104 138 Hill City. 82 Onago. 1093 Redford. 96 Blaine. 15. Permo-Carb. 150a Kalula. 110 Olsburg. " 1427 Carll. 117 Garrison. 1058 Tasco. Leonardville. 171 Hoxie. 19. Tertiary. 139 Green. 1287 Gerona. ' 147 Clay Centre. (iiH Zillah. Idane. Verner. < 166 Miltonvale. 18 a. Dakota? 1372 204 225 Colby. Oakley. 3042 St. Joseph & Grand Island R. R. Salina and Southwestern Railway. o 1 6 St. Joseph, Mo. Elwood. Wathena. f 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. 8 2 5 817 * 818 Salina. Mentor. f 15. Permo-Carb. \andl8a. Dak. 1225 12 16 21 Assaria. Bridgeport. Lindsburg. Johnstown. TTiltnn ( 1282 1300 1330 18 a. Dakota. (i 9 14 19 23 25 Blairs. Troy. Norway. Ryans. Severance. < 897 109S < 1042 < 892 < 903 initon. on T A/vrt n ( 918 36 McPherson. 1490 ffQ 34 JuttOIlcl. Robinson. 950 Junction City and Ft. Kearney Branch. 38 Mannville. " 973 Junction City. 8 15. Permo-Carbo. l 8 2 43 Hiawatha. '< 1095 8 Alida. < 1109 50 Hamlin. 84 14 Milford. 1102 54 Morrill. " 1098 19 Wakefield. 1152 61 Sabetha. 1808 28 Broughton. 1183 69 Oneida. ( 1219 33 41 Clay Centre. Morganville. 1203 1238 77 Seneca. / 15. Permo-Carbon- \ iferous. n 8 2 49 Clifton. 18 a. Dakota. 127 ' 84 Baileyville. 1294 50 Vining. 1277 89 Axtel. 1863 56 Clyde. >( 1299 99 Beattie. 1293 63 Lawrenceburg. 1329 105 Home. <( 1339 71 Concordia. 1386 113 Marysville. 1155 63 Lawrenceburg. 1329 118 Herkimer. 1238 65 Christie. << 1341 128 Hanover. 18 a. Dakota? 1226 70 Talmo. << 1865 137 Hollenberg. " 1258 80 Belleville, 1551 series, are extensively quarried for building purposes. Underlying the quarry ledges is a heavy stratum of soft buff earthy limestone, possessing the properties of an hydraulic limestone, and preparations for the manufacture of cement have been made on quite an extensive scale. KANSAS. 277 St. Louis and San Francisco Railway. St. Louis and San Francisco Railway. Ms. Monett (Mo.) to Halstead and Ellsworth. Alt' Ms. Monett to Halstead and Ellsworth. Alt. t T^owcr Carbon.: 225 Burrton. 15. Permo-Carb. Carthage, Mo. \Keokuk limest. 56 234 Buhler, or ? 23 Crestline. ] 14 b. Lower Coal \ Measures. 8 8 6 238 Hamburg. Medora. ? 31 Columbus. 918 252 Wherry. ? 35 Welland, or 889 264 Lyons. 18 a. Dakota.? ii Wilson. 271 Clarence, or f( -herwin. 39 Hallowell. 875 tt 8 6 1 1 275 Pollard. Dacey. tt 47 Oswego. 1 * f 14 c. Upper and' 1 * \ 14 b. Low. Cl. Mres. 281 288 Lorraine. Phipps. 18 b. Benton. ? Stover. f 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. 295 Ellsworth. 1538 Arkansas City and Anthony Line. 58 Altamont. tt 924 Beaumont. 15. Permo-Carb. * Mound Valley. 7 Burgess. 69 ( Big Hill. * O O , 13 Latham. M 74 Cherryvale. tt 853: 19 Wingate. 83 Brooks. tt 897 23 Atlanta. H SSNeodMha." ft 816 31|Wilmot. tt Dun. 34 Floral. a 101 Fredonia. tt 975 40 Younts. tt 107 New Albany. tt 912 43 W infield. 1 8 ti 1112 113 Fall River. 940 50 Tresham. 119 Greenwood. tt 1011 57 Arkansas City. 1064 (15. Pcvmo-Carbon- Gale. tt very. \ iferous.? 1124 64 Geuda Springs. " 134 Piedmont. 1216, 69 Ashton. tt 140 Derry. tt 1470 73 Portland. 145 Beaumont. 16 1604 79 South Haven. (. 1124 152 Keighley. tt 1542 81 Hunnewell Ju. tt 1102 160 Leon. 1349 84 Drury. 165 Haverhill. it 1340 86 Falls. t. 171 Augusta. 1246 91 Caldwell. a 177 Lorena. ( 1356 101 Blackstone. it 181 Andover. < 1370 106 Bluff 1 861 Manchester. 192 Wichita. 17 1402 tt 1318 Blackburn. Anthony. 16 Triassic. 196JDavidson. Wichita and Halstead. 197 201 210 219 icnita neignts. Valley Centre. Bentley. Paterson. 1339 10 17 25 Wichita. 17 Valley Centre. Sedgwick. Halstead. 15. Permo-Carb. 1S1 1855 1385 tt 1402 8. Junction City. Extensive quarries in heavy ledges of light buff limestone, used in the con- struction of the east wing of the Capital at Topeka. 9. Solomon. Strong brine wells in gypsiferous shales of the Permo-carboniferous, from which salt has been manufactured quite extensively. 10. Bavaria. The Dakota sandstone near this place affords numerous characteristic fossils. Near Brookville Dicotyledonous leaves abundant in the sandstone. 11. Pittsburgh. Centre extensive coal mining interests and zinc smelting furnaces. The ores are brought from Galena and adjacent mining districts in Missouri, in the lower carboniferous rocks. 12. Weir City. Centre of coal mining district, zinc smelting establishments. 13. Galena. Extensive lead and zinc mines in lower carboniferous Keokuk formation. 14. Otwego. The Neosho river is excavated into the lower coal measures, the upper coal hori- zons of wnich appear at various localities in the vicinity. The plateau upon which the town is located, is formed by the basal limestones of the upper coal measures, including the horizon of the Ft. Sf-ott coal, which is here a bituminous shale and the cement rock. Interesting localities for both upper and lower coal measures fossils. 15. Neodesha. Along the Verdigris and Elk rivers a heavy ledge of sandstone occurs, which belongs well up in the upper coal series, and affords remains of large trees peculiar to the coal measures period. Although the Verdigris has cut its bed more deeply, geologically it is more than a thousand feet above the Neosho at Oswego, or on the line of greatest depression between the Ozark region of 8. W. Missouri and the first great highland belt traversing Central Kansas from near the south border to the Nebraska line on the north. 278 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KA.) St. Louis and San Francisco Railway. Ms. Girard Branch. Alt. Missouri, Kansas and Texas Ry. Ms. Neosho Valley Section. Alt. 12 18 19 22 29 Carl Junction. Opolis. Litchfield Jc. Pittsburgh. 11 Lone Oak. Girard. f 13. L. Carb. and* 11 \14b.LCoalMres. f 14 b. Lower Coal 9 " \ Measures. 925 ( 954 966 {Upper and Lower Coal Measures. 1003 5 11 17 26 35 44 50 56 59 64 67 75 82 88 95 104 111 j 120 127 132 137 144 152 157 Parsons. Ladore. Galesburg. Urbana. Chanute. Humboldt Stat'n, So. K. Piqua. Neosho Falls. Moody. LeRoy. Bristol. Burlington. Hartford. Wyckoff. Emporia. Americus. Dunlap. Council Grove. Downing Station. Parkersville. White City. Skiddy. Wreford. Junction City. f 14 c. Upper Coal 90 \ Measures. 909 979 931 ( 910 952 980 < 994 ft 1037 1087 ' 1132 1158 f 15. Permo-Car-i 2 38 \ boniferous. u 1.37 < 1476 1226 H (( 108t Weir City Branch. 10 Pittsburgh. Weir City. 12 14b.Low. Cl. Mres. 954 934 Joplin and Galena. 9 1 ( LowerCarbonif. 1018 Joplm. || lgo Keokuk Galena. 13 " 898 Missouri, Kansas and Texas Ry. In Kansas. 21 28 34 48 56 62 69 78 83 93 Nevada, Mo. Ft. Scott. Ronald. Hiattville. Walnut. Osage Mission. South Mound. Parsons. Labette. Oswego. Chetopa. f 14 b. Lower Coal \ Measures. 87 f Low. and Upper \Coal Measures. 802 f 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. ( 1003 1002 < 931 690 993 ( 902 i< 164 f 14 c. Upp. and 14 b. \Low.Cl.Mres. ' 89 f 14 b. Lower Cl. 832 \ Measures. Lawrence and Southwestern R. R. 10 13 19 27 31 32 Lawrence. Clinton. Belvoir. Richland. Ridgeway. Kinneys. Carbon Hill. Carbondale. 14 c. U.CoalMres. 822 871 (( i 1 1122 H 1072 16. Beaumont. Summit of the " Flint Hills," composed of a cherty member and the light buff limestones of the Permo-Carboniferous, forming a highland bench of the type of a monocline, pre- senting a somewhat abrupt eastern scarp and lonjg gentle westerly slope. A conspicuous topographic feature at intervals across the central portion of the State to the Nebraska line. 17. Wichita lies within the area occupied by the heavy series of shaly deposits, to which the great salines and salt beds, occurring in central Kansas, belong. These deposits underlie the "red beds " presumably of Triassic age, and are in conformable sequence with the underlying porous limestones and shales of the so-called Permo-Carboniferous. 18. Winfidd. Extensive quarries of even, thick, and thin-bedded limestone, affording fine building material and flagging in the vicinity. 19. Scott City. Basin receives considerable drainage from the west. 20. The line from La Cross follows the water-shed south of the Smoky Hill, an elevated plain steadily increasing in altitude to nearly 4,000 feet on the west boundary of the State, and blanketed by Tertiary deposits. The Niobrara appears along the more deeplv eroded drainage channels flowing to the Smoky Hill, the exposures affording characteristic fossils. 21. Louisburg. Natural gas wells, also near Somerset. 22. The highlands west of Mankato are blanketed by Tertiary deposits, the Cretaceous, Niobrara, appearing at intervals in the more deeply cut drainage channels. The latter deposits abound in characteristic fossils, vertebrates and mollusks. 23. Paola. Natural gas found in drilled wells in vicinity, in considerable volume. 24. La Cygne. Coal shaft, to workable vein in lower portion of Upper Coal measures. 25. Pleasanton. Coal shaft, same coal mined at La Cygne. On mine creek, S. E. of the town, the ores of lead and zinc occur in Upper Coal measures strata. Near the town a bituminous sand- stone affords flagging layers. 26. Ft. Scott. Gas and mineral water developed in drilled wells. Associated with a thin coal which has been extensively worked by surface stripping in the vicinity and south to Arcadia and Mulberry, occurs an hydraulic limestone, which furnishes material for the manufacture of cement, which is extensively engaged in at Ft. Scott. 27. Farlington. In the vicinity, extensive quarries have been opened in a flagging sandstone. KANSAS. 279 Missouri Pacific Railway. Ms. Omaha, St. Joseph & Kansas City Line. Alt. Missouri Pacific Railway. Ms. Denver < M 125 Palmer. < 33 Michigan. < 129 Day. 41 Quenemo. < 134 *X*JF . Clifton. u 1281 48 Rosemont. < 140 Clyde. 1310 66 Waverly. ( 155 Concordia. 1366 Amiet. M 160 Yuma. M 66 Dickey. 167 174 Norway. Scandia. " ? 18 b. Benton. 72 80 Glenlock. Garnett. ( 1056 Sherdall. M 88 Bush City. < 183 190 Republic. Warwick. (( 93 101 1 AC Selma. Blue Mound. \r-_- < n 160 166 176 183 191 199 Yuma. Jamestown. Randall. Jewell City. Mankato. Burr Oak. 18 a. Dakota.? " ? 18 b. Benton. 18 c. Niobrara.? 1UO 111 120 125 130 i oro. Mapleton. Harding. Devon. Azua. Ft. Scott. tt 14b.L&14c.U.C.M. 8 a 166 Jamestown. 18 a. Dakota. ? Denver, Memphis and Atlantic Division. 172 179 Scottsvillle. Danville. 18 b. Benton. Pittsburgh. * l Cherokee. 14 b. LowerCl.Ms. 95 * 933 184 Beloit. 1883 Folsom. 189 Solomon Rapids. Sherwood. M 195 Glen Elder. " Faulkner. M 102 Cawker City. " 371 Chetopa. 832 108 Downs. M Bartlett. 14 c. Up. Coal Mres Osborne. 18 c. Niobrara.? Elm City. Bloomington. ii 386 Edna. 232 Alton. M Valeda. < Woodston. Kings. 250 Stockton. 401 Coffeeville. u 728 208 Downs. I* 40" Deering. < and averages about 40 inches in thickness. Several thinner overlying coals occur in this region with which'ar* 1 associated fossiliferous shales and limestone. The town is supplied with water from a drilled well feet deep, which penetrates to Lower Silurian formations SL Weir Wry. Coal mines and zinc smelting furnaces. KANSAS. 281 Missouri Pacific Railway. Ms. Denver. Memphis 4 Atlantic Div. Con. Alt- Missouri Pacific Railway. M.. Winfield, Indep. & Kan. City Line. Cbn. Alt. 413 Tyro. 620 Caney. 431 Peru. 437 Sedan. Rogers. 460 Wauneta. 459 Cedarvale. 469 Hoosier. 476 Dexter. 14 c.Upper Coal Mres. 44 ii u 15. Permo-Carbon. Ill 115 121 129 142 145 148 151 158 165 174 179 187 193 198 Belle Grade. Le Roy. Moody. Vernon. Yates Centre. Rose. Buffalo. Roper. Benedict. Guilford. Altoona. Neodesha. Sycamore. Larimer. Independence. Winton. Deering. Coffeeville. 14 c. Up.Cl. Mres. 41 994 (4 44 M It 4 4 794 < 728 Arkansas City & Dexter. 501 Vinton. Cameron City. Silverdale. Arkansas City. 15. Permo-Carbon. :: 1064 476 482 495 505 616 636 648 658 570 583 587 Dexter. Eaton. Tisdale. Winfield. Kellogg. Oxford. Belle Plaine. Riverdale. Arson. Con way Springs. Milton. Norwich. Belmont. Alameda. Kingman. Penalosa. Olcott. 44 44 4' 1112 < 4 1109 4 1330 < Roper and Peru. 146 Roper. Cordley. Sexton. Dill. Fredonia. La Fontaine. Costello. Elk City. Colfax. Hale. Monett. Peru. 14 c. Up. Coal Mres. M U 44 (4 44 (4 14 M 44 luka and Olcott. 596 601 607 587 691 607 626 635 643 Preston or Silverton. Carmi. luka. .858 Ft. Scott, Wichita and Western Railway. 7 10 15 22 28 35 41 48 60 68 73 81 87 94 104 111 114 120 127 136 IAO Ft. Scott. Marmaton. Redfield. Uniontown. Bronson. Moran. La Harpe. lola. Piqua. Yates Centre. Batesville. Toronto. Neal. Tonovay. Eureka. Reece. Summit. Rosalia. Pontiac. Eldorado. Towanda. ( 14 b. Lower Coal \ Measures. 80a j 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. ? 91 * 44 i < i< 44 955 d u a a 1073 ( 15. Permo-Carbon- \ iferous. C| U 1282 (1 Olcott. Turon. Neola. Stafford. Bedford. Hudson. Seward. Ray. Larned. 1993 i Winfield, Independ'ce ft Kan. City Line. 60 69 74 84 92 100 Kansas City. Ossawatomie. Duncan. Lane. Greeley. Hecla. Garnett. Birch. Mont Ida. Westphalia. I 14 c. Upper Coal 7 ^ Measures. 44 41 44 M i 1056 u 44 282 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. ( KAN.) Missouri Pacific Railway. MB. Ft. Scott, Wichita & West'rn R'y. Con. Alt. Chicago, Kansas & Nebraska R'y. Ms.So'vvest Line: St. Joseph to Liberal. Con. Alt. 147 Greenwich. 15. Permo-Carb. 122 McFarland. 14c.Up.Cl. Mres. 103 * 152 Tolerville. 158 Wichita. 1291 126 134 Alma. Volland. 1071 1191 1640atville! 169 Bayneville. 174 Clearwater. 179 Millerton. 186! Con way Springs. 190 Ewell. u u if . 142 148 157 Alta Vista. Dwight. White City. ("15. Permo-Car-i** 2 \ boniferous. 1510 f Up. Coal Meas- -1 ures. (Permo- 1479 ( Carboniferous.) 196 203 Argonia. Freeport. It f 16. Triassic Red \ Beds. 164 171 179 Latimer. Horington. Ramona. 1421 1338 1446 214 221 Anthony. Goss. M 186 192 Tampa. Durham. ' 1438 ( 1388 224 Ruella. t( 198 Waldeck. < 1573 231 Corwin. (( 205 Canton. i 1602 236 242 Hazelton. K.iow8 211 218 Galva. McPherson. < 1564 1508 224 Grovel Enid (( 1498 Pleasanton. f 14 c. Upper. Coal \ Measures. 8 6 229 235 Aiken. Medora. 1535 (i 1494 7 Mound City. u 245 Hutchison. 1544 12 19 27 Critzer. Blue Mound. Kincaid. Lone Elm. 256 263 271 278 Partridge. Arlington. Langdon. Turon. 1625 ? 3609 *>? 1707 ? 1784 39 Colony. 1121 285 Preston. 7 1853 46 Northcott. 292 Natrona. ? 1890 54 LeRoy. Crandall. 994 298 307 Pratt. Cullison. Probably Triassic 1920 "red beds," with 2053 70 Gridley. U 314 Wellsford. remnants of Ter- 2135 78 84 Dunaway. Wilbur. Madison. (C 1068 319 324 329 Haviland. Brenham. Greensburg. tiary forming the 2 1 7 2 superficial depos- 2 2 1 4 its. 2245 Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway. 339 Mullinville. 2840 Southwest Line : St. Joseph to Liberal. 348 Bucklin. 2428 St. Joseph, Mo. f 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. 84 Dodge City Branch. 356 Ford. 2423 1 Elwood, Kansas. / 20 d. Valley Allu- 1 vium. 831 366 Wilroads. 373 Dodge City. 19. Tertiary. 2 * 9 * 5 Wathena. 833 355 Kingsdown. .i 2528 13 Troy. / 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. " 12 363 Bloom. 370 Mineola. 2600 u 2568 19 Bendena. < 1124 381! Fowler. 2495 24 Dentonville. 1088 392Meade. u 2515 29 Purcell. 1171 398 Jasper. 2713 34 Pierce Junction. < 1161 406 West Plains. C> 2776 41 Horton Junction. 1029 412 Kismet. 2789 49 Whiting. 1118 421 Arkalon. i( 2625 54 Straight Creek. 1007 1057 435 Liberal. 2853 60 iioiton. ~ ,, y . 69 Mayette. (( 1210 ooutn Jjine. 76 Hoyt. 1180 17l!Herington. 15. Permo-Carb. 1338 82 Elmont. 960 178 Lost Springs. 1487 89 North Topeka. 90 Topeka. 892 892 183 Lincoln ville. 194 Marion. ( 1442 1320 101 Valencia. 913 200|Aulne. >< 1414 105 Willard. < 927 208'Peabody. . 1376 110 Maple Hill. 118Paxico. 972 1006 216Elbing. 223 'Whitewater. 'i 1451 c, 139 KANSAS. 283 Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska K'y. Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska K'y. Ms. South Line.-Con Alt. Mg Colorado Line. In Kansas.-Con. Alt. '229 Furley. 2*. Kechi. 245|Wichita. 250Gladys. 259 Peck. 262Zyba. 267,Riverdale. 274 Wellington. 233 Perth. 287 ! Corbin. 295 Caldwell. 16. Fermo-Carb. ** < 13S3 < 1310 i 1285 1280 < 1242 < 1330 t 1126 204 Smith Center. 261 Athol. 268Kensingto , 273 Agra. 278 Dana. 284 Phillipsburg. 291 Stuttgart. 298 Prairie View. 307 Almena. 311 Calvert. 318 Norton. See Note 22. isio < 1792 < 1779 < 1862 i 1870 1945 ( 2010 << 2182 2161 < 2203 {Tertiary, overlying Niobrara extends Clay Centre Line. 1'M.McFarland. 109 Wabaunsee. 14 c. Up.Cl.Mres. 1035 < 1059 327 South Oronoque. thence into Col. 2278 2342 114 Zeandale. 100T 335 Clayton. 2424 122 Manhattan. 1027 342 Jennings. u 2498 130 Keats. 15. Penno-Carb. 1189 351 Dresden. 2737 139Riley. < 1289 360 Selden. (. 2844 146 Bala. < 1281 371 Rexford. i< 2937 152 Rose vale. 1195 380 Gem. 3099 158 Clay Centre. <( 1213 388 Colby. 3145 165 Morganville. 1348 396 Levant. 3317 173 Clifton. 18 a. Dakota. 1281 406 Brewster. ( 3421 180 Clyde. 1310 415 Edson. 3578 188 Agenda. 1434 424 Goodland. K 3693 195 Cuba. leos 433 Ruleton. 3794 204 Belleville. 1522 441 Kanorado. 3912 Salina Line. 171 Herington. f 15.Permo-Car- i 338 . \ boniferous. rvaiistti* v/uy > niuitiiit ami j>oriu\vesierii Railway. 180 Woodbrnp 1265 O\J ' UxKlUIIlC. 193 Enterprise. 198, Abilene. 1194 << 1160 Kansas City. ( 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. 748 207 Solomon. f 18 a. Dakota 1181 \ & 15. Perrao-Car. 2 Wyandotte. 4 Quindaro. 766 ( 880 215 New Cambria. 1211 6 Welborn. << 930 220 Salina. t< 1234 8 Calorific. f\ ' 17 < 1002 Colorado Line. (In Kansas.) 9 \ ance. 11 Bethel. 1007 < 1004 41,Horton Junction. f 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. " 12 White Church. 13 Horanif. 1008 (f 1004 SllPowhattan. 1220 15 May wood. u 1015 59Fairview. < 1229 17 Roper. 969 65 Sabetha. 1315 19 Menager Jc. 909 68 Berwick. u 1373 22 Baschor. < 942 76 Birn, Neb. 1295 28 Edminster. 830 170 Mahasha, Kan. 18 a. Dakota. 16IS 31 Tonganozie. 846 - irka. i< 1593 36 Neely. 932 Munden. '< 1636 41 McLouth. 1166 Belleville. 1522 47 Oskaloosa. < 995 Scandia. 18 b. Benton. i* 38 53 Dunavant. ' 1159 205 Courtland. 1506 61 Valley Falls. < 921 210 Formosa. 1521 71 Denison. ' i* 215 Montrose. Mankato. 1664 1794 75 Birmingham. 81 Holton. < 1089 ' 1004 230'Otego. See Note 22. i79 89 Circleville. 1097 2:^5 Ezbon. 1835 04 Karmour. .1 1156 242 Lebanon. 1822 101 Goffs. >< 1200 248 Bellaire. 1872 108 Kelly. < 1174 284 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KAN.) Kansas City, Wyandotte and Northwestern Ms. Railway. Con. Alt. Burlington and Missouri River R. R. In Kansas. Ms. Lincoln, Wymore and Concordia. Con. Alt. 117 128 134 139 Seneca. Axtel. Mina. Summerfield. 15. Permo-Carb. 112i 1309 1430 1490 26 33 40 50 58 64 72 Washington. Morrow. Haddam. Cuba. Wayne. Hollis. Concordia. 18 a. Dakota. a c 1603 1366 ~20 21 26 28 30 31 34 Leavenworth Branch. Usher. Wallula. Lansing. Soldier's Home. So. Leavenworth. Leavenworth. 2 Ft. Leavenworth. 14 c. Up.Cl. Mres. 966 964 788 ( 844 768 786 838 Kansas City, Ft. Scott and Memphis Railroad. A 8 14 21 26 29 30 36 43 48 54 62 68 74 79 82 86 92 99 103 106 110 116 Kansas City. Rosedale. Merriam. Lenexa. Olathe. Bonita. Ocheltree. Spring Hill. Hillsdale. Paola. 23 Pendleton. Fontana. LaCygne. 24 Barnard. Pleasanton. 25 Miami. Prescott. Fulton. Hammond. Ft. Scott. 26 Southeastern Jc. Clarksburg. Garland. Arcadia. f 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. ? * 5 825 920 1040 1060 1105 " 1080 1020 < 900 860 " 855 920 << 820 800 < 850 < 910 880 i 805 < 880 Low. & Up. Cl. M. 802 14c.Upp. Cl. Mres. 930 " & Low. " s 9 14 b. LOW. Cl. " 863 850 Burlington and Missouri River R. R. (In Kansas.) Atchison and Nebraska R. R. 7 12 16 22 24 30 35 Atchison. ? 93 Doniphan. Brenner. Troy. Fanning. Highland. Iowa Point. White Cloud. 14 c. Upp. Coal Mres. 1112 Nebraska Railway. Hasting, Republican and Oberlin. 10 17 27 81 38 47 57 68 78 Republican Neb. Woodruff. Long Island. Almena. Seth. Norton. Oronoque. Norcatur. Kanona. Oberlin. 1944 f" 18 c. Niobrara in 1 the deeper valleys ; 19. Tertiary in 2 16 * [ the uplands. 2 2 3 2278 19. Tertiary. 2342 (i Baxter and Joplin Line. ~~0 62 69 76 86 91 95 102 110 118 128 134 Orleans and St. Francis. 99 103 105 111 117 125 130 136 142 148 154 160 163 167 175 Ft. Scott. 26 Southeastern Jc. Godfry. Pawnee. Farlington. 27 Girard. Bculah. Cherokee. 28 Stilson. Columbus. Neutral. Baxter. Lowell Station. Galena. 29 Joplin, Mo f Lower and Upper \ Coal Measures. 8 2 f 14 c. Upper Coal 930 \ Measures. 962 988 988 990 977 ( 14 b. Lower Coal 938 \ Measures. 909 905 c< 863 / L.Carboniferous. 8 3 1 \ 13 c. Keokuk. 823 (( 893 Orleans, Neb. Cedar Bluffs. Traer. Herndon. Ludell. Atwood. Blakeman. Beardsley. McDonald. Bird City. Wheeler. St Francis. 19. Tertiary. < ( i < < Lincoln, Wymore and Concordia. 7 14 23 Odell, Neb. Lanham. Hanover. Emmons. 1281 18 a. Dakota. KANSAS. 285 Kansa* City, Ft. Scott and Memphis Railroad. Con. Ms. CherryvaleLine, viaPittsb'gh & Parsons. Alt. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe K. It. Ms. Emporia Branch. Alt. 8 68 72 80 86 94 102 112 113 Kansas City. Holliday. Ottawa North. Pomona. Quenemo. Melvern. Olivet. Lebo. Neosho Rapids. Emporia Jc. Emporia. f 14 c. Upper Coal 748 \ Measures. 758 < ( < (l it 116 118 123 130 132 137 143 146 153 157 161 164 171 180 184 190 Arcadia. Coalvale. Mulberry. Minden. Midway. Pittsburg. 30 Weir City. 31 Cherokee. 28 Monmouth. McCune. 32 Mathewson. Laneville. Parsons. Dennis. Mortimer. Cherryvale. f 14 b. Lower Coal \ Measures. 85 883 930 967 < 925 932 923 933 u 900 M4 c. Upper Coal 9 1 \ Measures base of. 853 n 870 902 925 895 < 836 Howard Branch. 11 20 24 35 40 47 56 63 69 76 84 Emporia. Olpe. Madison. Madison Jc. Hamilton. Utopia. Eureka. Climax. Severy. Fiat. Howard. Moline. ( 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. i^ 32 < 1068 ( 1073 1018 i 1098 100C < 1050 Atchison. Tnpeka and Santa Fe Railr d.35 Atchison Branch. 6 9 11 % 26 35 8 a 50 Atchison. Parnell. Hawthorne. Cummings. Nortonville. Nichols. Valley Falls. Rock Creek. Meriden. Meriden Juct. Kilmer. North Topeka. Topeka. f 14 c. Upper Coal? 9 3 \ Measures. 1030 981 1158 ( 1001 < 907 1057 964 << 945 " 872 < 884 Manhattan, Alma and Burlingame R'y. 8 18 25 34 37 42 45 49 56 Burlingame. Harveyville. Esk ridge. Halifax. Alma. Fairfield. Pavillion. Wabaunsee. Zeandale. Manhattan. / 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. 104S f 15. Permo-Car-i 403 \ boniferous. f 14 c. Upper Coal \ Measures. 1051 1060 1096 1011 M 1000 Leavenworth Extension. 17 18 29 34 36 39 44 50 56 62 71 Kansas City. Wilder. Bonner. Jaggard. Fairmount. Lansing. Home. Leaven worth. Miocene. Lowement. Potter. Hawthorne. Atchison. Hc.Up. Cl. Mres. '* " 770 M (i 55 765 M " 793 Strong City and Ellinor Extensions. 1 2 Bazar. Gladstone. CottonwoodFalls. Strong City. Evans. f 16. Permo-Carbon- \ iferous. M 1172 < 32. McCune. Coal shaft, sunk to one of the upper workable coals, overlying the main coal of the Lower coal measures of the region. 33. Fine flagging and building sandstone along the Neosho to the northeast 34. Almost every locality within the Upper coal measures area afford deposits charged with fossils peculiar to the epoch. 36. The Kansas chapter properly ends at the Colorado line on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, but for convenience, the branches of that road are given first, the main line following and con- tinued through Colorado into New Mexico. 286 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KAN.) A ti- hi son, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe K. U. Ms. Strong City & Ellinor Extensions. Con. Alt. Ms. Little River Extension. Alt. 7 Rockland. 15. Permo-Carbon. Little River. 15. Permo-Carb.? 1 5 72 11 Hilton. u 6 Gait. ti 17 23 DiamondSprings. Burdick. a n 10 ( Geneseo. 14 Thomas. 18 a. Dakota. 29 Lost Springs. 21 Lorraine. 41 Hope. " 26 Holyrood. i 48 Navarre. 29 West line of Ells- < 56 Enterprise. W. worth County. < 62 Abilene. 1155 Great Bend Extension. 71 Talmage. 14 75 Manchester. f 15. Permo-Carb. \ or 18 a. Dakota. 8 Great Bend. Heizer. 18 a. Dakota. 1841 82 87 Longford. Oak Hill. lt 15 24 Albert. Timken. M 97 Miltonville. tt 32 Rush Centre. ? or Benton. 106 Aurora. 39 Nekoma. f 18 a. Dakota ? or \ Benton. 117 Concordia. W. 45 Alexander. u 131 Hackley. f 18 a. Dakota, or 18 \ b. Benton. 52 64 Bazine. Ness City. 11 138 Courtland. a 72 Laird. " 145 Lovewell. u 80 Beeler. " 151 Webber. 87 Alamota. " ? 155 State Line. it 95 Dighton. 19 Tertiary. 157 Superior, Neb. 103 109 120 Ellen. Grigsby. Scott City. u Abileno. f 15. Permo-Carbon- iferous. * 1 5 5 8 17 Solomon. New Cambria. f 15. Permo-Carbonif. \& 18 a. Dakota. 1175 1189 129 133 141 Modoc. Halcyon. Coronado. <( (( 22 Salina. (( 1225 144 154 159 Leoti. Crosby. West Line tt Manchester. 18 a. Dakota. 7 1 fi Vine Creek. Walla " Wichita County. u ID 26 w ens. Minneapolis. 1257 Lamed Extension. 30 36 Brewer. Ada. Larned. ( 18 a. Dakota, i" \ Tertiary ? 40 Milo. 6 Sage. < 45 Barnard. 17 Rozel. McPherson Branch. 24|Burdett. qn'n " ? or Benton. 4 Florence. Owesler. f 15. Permo-Car-i 2 \ boniferous dU 35 46 urray. Hanston. Jetmore. u 10 Marion. < 1369 1368 it 1386 Pan Handle Extension. 261 262 270 277 282 284 289 297 303 308 301 3H 32 Wellington. Wellington June. Mayfield. Milan. jArgonia. [Albion. Danville. 1 Harper. Crystal. Attica. f 15.;Permo-Car- 1219 \ boniferous. << < 16. Triassio. < << Sedgwick. Valley Center. North Wichita. Wichita. Green. Derby. Mulvane. Udall. Seeley. S. Winfield. Hackney Sta. Arkansas City. < 1366 1339 1194 1291 < 1271 K 1085 1273 1162 K 1112 u 1064 Attica. Sharon.- j Medicine Lodge. KANSAS. 289 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe R. R. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Southern Kansas Division. Ms. Railroad. Alt. Ms. Caldwell Branch. Alt. 148 152 Strong City. Evans. ( 14 c. 15. Per- 1 ! 72 \ mo-Carbonifer. Mulvane. f 15. Permo-Car-i 85 \ boniferous. 6 Belle Plaine 1209 154 Elmdale. < 1199 11 Cicero < 1306 162 Clements. < 17jWellington. 1219 166 Cedar Grove. 1237 27iPerth. 1201 173 Florence. 1264 31 Corbin. M 180 Homer's. < 1314 39 Caldwell. 1102 184 Peabody. 1349 188 Braddock. < \V o 1 f rvn 1527 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. 3 5 201 f kllOH. Newton. < 1488 Main Line. 211 Halstead. 1386 Kansas City. f 14 c. Upper Coal 748 \ Measures. 220 227 Burrton. Kent. 1491 5 Argentine. 748 234 Hutchison. 1524 7 Turner. < 762 239 Bath. 10 Morris. ii 245 Nickerson. < 1591 13 Holliday. 15 Choteau. 758 II 764 253 259 Sterling. Alden. << 163S < 1675 17 j Wilder. 23 Cedar Junct. 770 << 778 265 269 Raymond. Clarendon. 18 a. Dakota. 1721 25 De Soto. it 790 275 Ellinwood. 178* 33 Endora. 811 280 Dartmouth. 40 Lawrence. 849 286 Great Bend. 1841 40 Lake View. II 828 293 Dundee. (4 1895 51 Le Compton. it 844! 299 Pawnee Rock. 19S9 54 Glendale. 849 308 Lamed. I99J 56 Drover. il 313 Hamburg. " 59 Spencer. 62Tecumseh. tl 859 860 319 325 Garfield. Nettleton. tl 2066 2112 66Topeka. 73 Pauline. 884 1027 332 341 Kinsley. Offerle. 21C2 19. Tertiarv. 2281 79 Wakarusa. 946 346 Bellefonte. <> 269 84 Carbondale. 1072 352 Spearville. 2449 87 Scranton. < 1099 361 Wright. " 93|Burlingame. 1043 368 Dodge City. t< 247S 98Peterton. 1065 377 Howell. 253S 101 Osage City. 106. Barclay. 112 Reading. 120 Lang. 1075 II 1169 1073 M 387 393 400 406 Cimarron. Ingalls. Charle.town. Pierceville. t< 2618 ( 275fr 127 Emporia Junct. 1132 412 Mansfield. * 128 Emporia. 1132 418 Garden City. 2827 134 Phillips. 1123 425 Sherlock. 2925 137 Plymouth. . 1135 433 Deerfield. 293* 139 Staffordville. 1140 440 Lakin. 2989 143 Ellinor. i 1154 449 Hartland. .. 3047 36. The portion of the line in Colorado is by Mr. S. F. Emmons, (see Colorado chapter), and that from Trinidad to the end of the chapter, with the notes, was prepared by James Macfarlane, but from what authority compiled, his notes do not in all cases indicate. J. R. M 37. The road follows the valley bottom of the Arkansas river, underlying rocks are Cretaceous. 38. Pueblo. Niobrara limestone in R. B. cut north of town. Casts of Inoceramus. 8. F. E. 39. Trinidad. Coal mines in Laramie. Sandstones capped by basalt. 8. F. E. 40. Santa Fe. New Mexico is a very mountainous country with a large valley in the middle, in which is located the At. Top. and Santa Fe Railroad. The valley is formed by the Rio del Norte, which follows a generally southern direction, at least 2,OK) miles from the region of eternal snow to the almost tropical climate of the gulf; and only the lower end of it, about 700 miles from Laredo to the mouth, is navigable. The valley is generally about twpnty miles wid^>, and bordered on the east and west by mountain chains six or eight thousand feet high, and north of Santa Fe t-ii <>r twelve 290 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (A. T. & S. F.I Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Ms. Railroad. Alt. Ms. Railroad. Alt. 458 465 470 477 Kendall. May line. Syracuse. Medway. 18 b.Ft. Benton. 1C it 3218 < 3284 692 716 736 Maxwell. Dorsey. Springer. Lew 18. Cretaceous. 606 i u 5883 5766 6238 486 487 Cooledge. State Line. ' s 7 3339 758 tv i j , Shoemaker. f 18 Cretace- 625 * \ ous No. 1. Colorado. 36 766 Watrous. >< 6396 491 Holley's. 3 * f 20. Quat. River \ bottom. 775 780 Onava. Azul. f 18. Cretace- 8728 \ ous. 6670 601 Granada. < 3436 786 Las Vegas. 6381 615 526 537 Blackwell. Prowers. Caddoa. (( 3573 3756 792 805 Hot Springs. Bernal. 6709 f!4. Carbonifer- 60 ss 1 ous 546 552 Hilton. Las Animas. 3877 << 3854 816 837 San Miguel. Pecos. 6019 II 562 Robinson. 3977 841 Glorieta. 7415 671 La Junta. 4044 4234 846 Canoncito. f IS. Cretace- 68 s \ ous No. 1. 590 Catlin. 606 615 Nepesta. Boone. 4354 4458 849 Manzanares. f!4. Carbonifer- 6569 \ ous. 628 634 Baxter. Pueblo. 38 U 18 b. Colorado. 4639 851 Lamy. f 18. Cretaceous 6458 \ No. 1. 579 Benton. 869 Santa Fe.* '< 6937 588 599 607 Tempas. [ron Springs. Delhi. 4407 4674 a 863 868 Ortez. Los Cerrillos. f Lignitic 5819 \ Group. 616 Thatcher. 5399 870 Waldo. 5604 625 Tyrone. < 5518 881 Wallace. 5246 643 Holhne's. 5704 893 Algodones. 5087 652 Trinidad. 39 18 d. Laramie. 5965 902 Bernalillo. ( 5031 658 Stark ville. 38 f 18. Lignitic 6331 Group. 910 Alameda. (( 4919 f Base 18. Cret. 4933 663 Morley. V VHiVU.^/. 6746 918 Albuquerque. 41 J Summits of 16. &! 7. (^ Jura Triass. alter'g. New Mexico. 928 Isleta. (( 4881 662 675 Lansing. Raton. 7053 18. Cretaceous. 662 931 938 A. & P. Junct. 42 Los Lunas. 4874 4831 679 Dillon. 6454 948 Belen. 43 4784 681 Otero. 6377 958 Sabinal. 44 4741 thousand> composed of igneous rocks, granite, sienite, diorite, basalt, etc. On the higher mountains excellent pine timber grows; on the lower, cedars and sometimes oak ; in the valleys of the Rio Grande, mezquite. The general dryness of the climate and the aridity of the soil will always confine agriculture to the valleys, by well-managed systems of irrigation ; but water courses which contain running water throughout the year are very rare. There are, however, large tracts of land, too distant from water or too mountainous to be cultivated, which afford excellent pasture for millions of stock during the whole year, as horses, mules, cattle, sheep and goats, and no feeding in stables in the winter is necessary. 41. Albuquerque. On the east are rugged granite mountains. The country about the place is well cultivated by means of irrigation. It is astonishing how soon this apparently sterile soil is changed into the more fertile by affluence of water. 42. Atlantic and Pacific Junction. For the sake of continuity, the railroad from this point by the Needles to Mojave, is given in the chapter on California. 43. Belen. Mountain bluffs reach the Rio del Norte, and consist of black amygdaloidal basalt. 44. Sabinal. This book is strictly a geological work and not botanical, but it is well to note the beginning here in going south of two of the prevailing plants. The so-called mezquite, now first makes its appearance. It is thorny like a locust, bears yellow flowers and long pods, with a pleasant sour taste, and the wood is compact and heavy. The mezquite is the most common tree on the high plains of Mexico, and the pest of the country for travelers and forms the endless chaparral. Here it is but five or ten feet high, but in Mexico it is some times forty or fifty feet. The other new plant is the yucca, resembling the palm tree with very fibrous, straight, pointed leaves. It is often the only tree growth visible in the desert, with its awkward branches terminated by tufts of its rigid lance-shaped leaves imparting a weird aspect to the landscape. It bears a cluster 01 white, bell-shaped, numerous flowers hanging down from their weight, one to two feet in length. ATCHISON, TOPEKA AND SANTA FE. 291 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Ms. Railroad. Alt. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Ms. Railroad. Alt. 981 994 1004 1011 Alamillo. * 634 Socorro.-" 4565 4517 San Antonio. Amy. * 512 The plains are chief- ly 18. Cretaceous. The Mountains in partPaleozoic prob- ably Carboniferous limestones and in part eruptive. 1128 1140 1148 1152 1161 1172 Las Cruces. 3871 Mesquite. Lyndon. Anthony. Montoya. 47 El Paso, Tex. 48 C The plains are chief- \ lylS.Cret. The Mts. ( in partPaleozoic, etc. 3813 7512 3772 3713 1021 San Marcial. 4437 1096 Rincon, N. M. 4014 1028 Pope. tt 4557 1101 Hatch, N. M. 4433 1037 Lava. 4708 1110 Sellers. 44ffB 1047 Crocker. 4707 1134 Florida. < 4484 1059 Engle. tt 1142 Coleman. 4358 1067 Cutler. 4683 1149 Deming. 35 4827 1079 Upham. 4537 1166 Crawford. 1090 Grama. 4825 1173 Hudson. 1096 Rincon, N.M.* 6 4014 1180 White Water. Tonuco. tt 1197 SilverCity.N.M. 5771 1123 Dona Ana. 3899 Near Santa Fe it is from two to three feet high, but the larger species in Northern Mexico grow as trees of several feet in diameter and forty or fifty feet in height. W. Meaquit or Prosopis glandulosa of Gray and Torrey, is a shrub or tree with thorny branches and desiduous foliage, which is composed of thin and scattered leaflets, affording no protection from the heat. Its flowers are greenish Thite at first, and later yellow. The ripe pods are yellowish white, mottled with red, and the ripe beans are used for food by the Mexicans, and are eaten by animals. As fuel, the wood, both root and stem, is unsurpassed. The roots often afford much fuel when there is hardly any stalk, branches, or foliage. Of roots there are two kinds, some of them spreading laterally, while others are very long top roots. Large mesquite trees indicate the pres- ence of water beneath. The mesquit flourishes in Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico, its northern limit being the 37th parallel or the southern boundary of Colorado and Utah. DR. V. HARVARD. U. 8. A. in AM. NAT. 46. Socorro. The mountains consist principally of porphyritic rocks, with green trachyte. At Lopez, six miles beyond Socorro, the mountains which have generally been ten to twenty miles distant now approach, and the bluffs consist of brown, nodular sandstone ; south of this the hills are black basalt. 46. Rincon. The Jornada del Muerto, literally the day's journey of the dead man, which refers to an old tradition that the first traveler who attempted to cross it in one day perished on the way, was a part of the old Santa Fe road, 90 miles in length without any water in the dry season. The circuitous course of the river, with rough mountains along side of it, rendered it necessary to resort to this awful Jornada. As to the Colorado Desert, see in the California chapter notes Nos. 24, 25, 29, 80 and 31. 47. Montoya, Organ Mountain. The eastern mountain chain has a very broken pointed basaltic appearance, and is called the Organ Mountain, from the resemblance of the basaltic columns of its terminus to the pipes of that instrument. 48. El Pato. Note 13 on Texas. TH DESIRT FORMATION. To the traveler from the East, the desert country of the West and Southwest is surprising. The valley of the Mississippi, so called, lying between the Appalachian chain and the desert oorder of the Rocky Mountains, consists of each an expanse of fertile country, as can be found in one body, nowhere else on the face of the globe, producing all the fruits of the earth, including those found in every zone from the boreal regions to the tropics. The region west of the Mississippi Valley, and extending to the Coast Range of California on the contrary, is widely different, owing to the dryness of the climate and the presence of "alkalies" injurious to vegetation in extensive districts, and the physical structure of the surface formations often consisting of stratified pebbles and coarse sandy layers of great thickness. In these deep porus layers, rapidly absorbing the rain-fall, which is very small, leaving the surface an arid waste under a burning sun we see one important cause, in many places, of the desert character of this region, covering a vast extent of the great Southwest. Except on the borders of streams scarcely anything exists deserving the name of vegetation, in the absence of irrigation. But there seems to be hope for most of these deserts, as in other arid localities population and the cultivation of the soil increases the amount of rain-fall, while irrigation from the streams and artesian wells develop wonderful fertility from the soils of deserts. 292 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. This blank soace is intended for additional geological notes in pencil by the traveler^ NEBRASKA. 293 Nebraska.* GENERAL NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF NEBRASKA. 1. A large number of the localities have been personally visited. For lines not traversed, careful consideration of published statements by Hayden, Meek, Aughey, and others, has been employed. 2. The quaternary deposits may be grouped, in the order of formation, as follows: (a) Till or typical Boulder Clay, with numerous striated pebbles and boulders from the north. It is usually yellow or blue and "jointed." (b) Red Clay, showing commonly a red color and always more or less ptratified but otherwise resembling till, into which it passes below. It sometimes shows few, if any aebbles in its upper portion, (c) Loess, a homogeneous straticulatc silt usually dull yellow or drab siid commonly containing calcareous concretions, always cracked within, (d) A Red Loam, contain ing sometimes white, water-worn quartz pebbles. This deposit is found beyond the western limits of the till and red clay, underneath the Loess. It is frequently capped, as is also the Red Clay at some points, with a dark chocolate-colored earth, two to four feet thick, commonly called " the old soil." Beds of gravel and sand occur irregularly in all quaternary deposits, except, perhaps, the Loess. In Knox county it is the prevailing drift deposit. The term drift is here used to indicate any deposit containing northern erratics referable to glacial origin. A volcanic ash stratum, evidently deposited in Quaternary times, is widely deposited in Knox, Cum ing, Lancaster, Seward, and Furnas counties, and along the Republican further west. 3. The Tertiary Deposits are not satisfactorily determined, especially in portions of the State most traversed by railroads. Hayden, Aughey, and others agree that the later Miocene.White River Group, and the Pliocene, Loup Fork Group, are both represented. But as they are conformable, quite variable in composition, imperfectly exposed, and fossils are rare, they are easily confounded. Hence the formations given in the table are largely provisional. 4. Another question in several cases is whether certain beds are Quaternary or Tertiary. Certain beds of sUt or " silicious marl " do not clearly show whether they were deposited in Lake Cheyenne of the Pliocene age or in Lake Missouri, as we may call its successor or continuation in Quaternary times. Ms. Burlington & Missouri River B. R. Alt. Ms. Atchison and Nebraska Division. Alt. Plattsmouth. Loess, 14 c. Up. Carb. Lincoln. n 55 Loess, 18 a. Dakota Gr. 4 Oreapolis. 974 9 Saltillo. n 1 1178 9 Concord. 11 Roca.9 12 i " 14 c. Up. Garb. 19 Louisville. 1040 15 Hickman. 1247 31 Ashland. 5 18 a. Dak., " 1101 22 Firth. 1319 43 Waverly. 1136 36 Sterling. 1185 55 Lincoln. n* 18 a. Cret. Dakota Gr. 49 Tecumseh. 1113 65 Denton. 1247 63 Table Rock. 1028 71 Berks. f Deep till over i* 28 \ 19 c. Pliocene ? sand. 72 86 Humboldt. Salem. < 985 915 75 Crete. 18 b. Niobrara. 188 92 Falls City. . " 14 b. Cl. Mres. 90 * 83 Dorchester. 111 White Cloud. 858 92 Friendville. 1573 (Continued in Kansas.) 108 ', Fairmont. M< m ib.a Nebraska Railway Division HSGraflon. 123 Sutton. 136 Harvard. 151 Hastings. 166 Kenesaw. 176 Lowell. 182 Fort Kearney. 191 Kearney June. J t- 1899 ^ P t: 1689 I 2 215 11 22 34 41 47 57 75 Nebraska City. Dunbar. 10 Syracuse. 10 Palmyra. Bennet. 11 Cheney's. Lincoln. "< Germant'n. 1584 Till,Loess,14Cl.M. 9 4i < 1051 ( 1056 <( 1151 < < 1435 Loess, 18a. Dak. Group Till, Loess, 18 Cret. 82 Seward. < 1445 5. Ashland. Fine exposure of Dakota sandstone a little east along the Platte. 6. Dorchester. Six miles northwest, in bank of West Blue, a stratum of volcanic ashes 1 to 5 feet thick with drift above and below. (See Note 2.) 7. Sutton. ( See General Note 3.) 8. Lincoln. Loess and Till found overlying all, the latter not conspicuous throughout this line. 9. Boca. Fine quarries near station. * Bv Prof. J. E. Todd, of Tabor College, Tabor, Iowa, Assistant Geologist, Glacial Division, U. S. Geological Survey. 294 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEB.) Ms. Nebraska Railway Div. Cont. Alt. Nebraska Ka] Ms. Northern D Iway Division. 89 95 102 109 117 124 131 Tamora. Utica. Waco. York. Bradshaw. Hampton. Aurora. ^ ' ^ 1559 g 2 1589 J g 1627 ^ a 1642 ^ P, | 1725 05 o ^ 1770 rH ^ 1803 L v c5o 443 Bennett. 19 b. White Riv. Tert'y 40 Hastings. 1947 461 Antelope. 4712 48Glenville. ? 463 Bushnell. 58 Fair-field. ? 1780 473 Pine Bluffs. 5047 66 Edgar. 479 Tracy. ( 75 Davenport. 18b.Niobrara. ? '<> 484 Egbert. " 83 Carleton. 7 1554 496 Hillsdale. " 90 Belvidere. 9 1501 503 Atkins. " 99 Alexandria. 1308 508 Archer. 114 Fairbury. 18 a. Dakota. 1316 516J Cheyenne. (See Wyoming.) o* 9 124 Steele City. 1269 Omaha and Republican Valley Branch. V^K*.rt^K T^ i T' ; cicfcv ^v I'nioii Pacific Railroad. l^eorasKft JJivisi'Dn. Valley. n* 9 Alluv., 18 a. Dak. ss. Omaha. 14 c. Upper Garb. 1039 7 Clear Creek. Loess, " ? n 85 10 Gilmore. 998 19 Wahoo. 14 (( ? 1 1 83 21 Millard. 1078 27 Weston. 7 1261 31 47 Waterloo. Fremont. 12 18a.Cret.Dak.Gr. 1203 38 Valparaiso. f Drift, Loess, i 316 \18b.Niob.Chalkst. 54 69 Timberly. Rogers. 18 1359 18b.Ft.BentonNiob. 47 Raymond. f Loess, 19c.Plio- 1156 \ cene sand and clay. Schuyler. " 58 Lincoln. Dft., Loess, 18a. Dak. ss 84 Richland. 1350 66 Jamaica. < ? Columbus. 19 c. White River. 69 Hanlon. < 7 99 Jackson. 80 Cortland. 9 109 Silver Creek. 1555 90 Pickrell. u ? 121 132 Clark's. Central City. 19b.W.Riv.Tert'yi62 98 Beatrice. /Dft.,Loess,18a. 1261 \Dak.ov.l4c.U.Carb. 142 Chapman's. 1775 112 Blue Springs. M 154 Grand Island. 1871 119 Otoe Agency. 162 Alda. 1922 126 Oketo. " ? 170 Wood River. 1996 136 Marysville, Kan. 183 195 Gibbon. Kearney June. 2067 2167 38 Valparaiso. J Drift, Loess, 1 3 1 \ 18b. Niob. ChTcstone 204 Stevenson. 61 Brain ard. Drift, ? Loess. J 6 8 7 212 Elm Creek. " 227 61 David City. 1619 221|0verton. 2326 71 Risings. 1 5 9 7 Loess, 19 c. Plioe. sand. 231 Plum Creek. ( 2394 78 Shelby. < 239 Cayote. 85 Osceola. 1642 250 Willow Island. t>. . , - -IT*- 2529 90 Stromsburg. < 1636 ^bU Warren. 268 Brady Island. 277 McPherson. 291 1 North Platte. 2657 2695 2808 Omaha, Niobrara and Black Hills Branch. Norfolk. 6 Munson. 1 Till,Loess,19Tert. 15a2 Loess, 19 c. Plioc. 1595 1585 299 Nichols. 31 5 Dexter. 332 Roscoe. 342 Ogalalla. - ** ' 2920 SOOO M ( 3216 24 36 41 60 Humphreys. Platte Center. Lost Creek. Columbus. u < 1650 < 1537 Alluvium,' 15( > " < 1453 35 / is rule. 361 Bie Sprine. 3371 ~9 Lost Creek. < 1500 387Chappel. 396 Lode-e Pole. It 38S3 20 31 Genoa. St. Edwards. < 71584 "Loess" ? i6<5 406 Colton. 43 Albion. Loess, igb.W.R.? 1 '56 414 Sidney. 4095 Genoa. " 19c. Plioc.? ^ 58 * 423 Brownson. i 4200 IBFullerton. 7 < 433 Potter. i " 4 386 SOiCedar Rapids. " 12. Fremont. Very fine exposures of Till, Red Clay, Old Soil and Loess in bluff south of tl*e Platte, 2 to 5 miles southwest. A high terrace extends along north of the Platte from Kearney to Fremont. 13. Rogers. Fort Benton exposed 5 to 8 miles south near Linwood and Skull Creek. 14. Wahoo. On west bank of an old valley of the Platte. 296 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEB.) Union Pacific Railroad Continued. Ms. Grand Island and North Loup Br. Alt. Ms. Missouri Pacific Railroad. Alt. 379 384 394 401 408 414 418 423 427 432 337 444 449 455 465 471 481 I486 496 Reserve, Kan. Falls City, Neb. Verdon, Stella. Howe. Auburn. Glen Rock. Brock. Talmadge. Delta. Dunbar. Berlin. Avoca. Weeping Water. Louisville. Springfield. Papillon. Gilmore. Omaha. { c 6 xJ & ^ 904 I T O fi S d <.T /Drift, Loess, 1052 \ 14 c. Upper Carb. (( ( t ( 1051 1040 a u 1005 u 998 a 1039 47 49 Grand Island. Scotia. North Loup. 20 Alluvium. 18 7i f Loess, 19 c. Pliocene \overl9b.WhiteRiv. Sioux City and Pacific Railroad. Ms. Elkhorn Valley Line, Nebraska Div. Alt. 12 13 20 29 38 46 53 61 73 89 96 106 117 m 119 124 132 140 149 159 128 140 147 152 171 192 200 210 219 229 240 250 259 269 280 287 299 306 Mo. Valley, la. S.C.& P. Bridge 15 Blair. Kennard. Arlington Fremont. Nickerson. Hooper. Scribner. West Point. 16 Wisner. Pilger. Stanton. Norfolk June. 20 Alluvium. 20 Dft. and Loess. 1 1 < 1157 [20 Drift and 1175 Loess, 1203 18 a. Dakota. 121 i f 20 Alluv. and * 2 3 * \ Loess, 18a. Dak. 1 266 |'20 Till and is 26 Loess, 13 93 ) 18 b. Niob- 14a3 [ rara. 1486 ( Till, Loess, 19 153a .\ Tertiary. ? ? 1532 9 1532 f Drift and Loess, 19 c. -1 Pliocene (Loup) over ( 19 b. White River. Chic., St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha R. R. Nebraska Division. 2 7 12 16 29 51 58 65 81 98 102 104 107 122 128 Sioux City. * 1 2 2 Covington. Dakota City. Coburn June. Hubbard. Emerson. Bancroft. Lyons. Oakland. Tekamah. Blair. De Soto. Mills. Calhoun. Florence. Omaha. Till, Loess, 18 a. Dak. Alluvium, " 112 * (( (i 1121 " Loess, " 112 * Loess, 18 b. Niob. 1161 (( 1450 " ? 13 1 9 1306 9 1300 Till, 18a.Dakota.i75 f Drift, Loess, 110 \ 14 Carb. Coal Mres. < < 9 1 100 Q (Continued fro Big Springs. 27 m Nebraska.) 20. Quaternary. ooy 871 386 Barton. Denver Jc. (form- erly Julesberg.) Sedge wick. tt 8184 U 40 43 46 Clifton. Vochmont. Boulder. 18 c. Fox Hills. 18 c. Ridge of Solerite. 18 c. Fox Hills. 400 Crook. Boulder and Carbon Branch. 417 IlifF. " Boulder. 118 c. Fox Hills. 5808 429 Sterling. " 6 Marshall. 30 18. Laramie. 5529 441 Merino. " 458 471 Snyder. Morrison Branch. *t < 1 480 606 622 533 641 Orchard. Hardm. La Salle.27 Platteville 28 Lupton. ft 4812 ft 4896 1 7 g Denver. West Denver. Moore ville. BGRI* Creek {20. Quaternary 51 " over Denver Tertiary. 649 654 656 669 Brighton. Henderson. Jersey. Denver.* 8 4979 M 5175 10 13 16 Gilman. Mt. Carbon. Morrison. 3 * 18 d. Laramie. 18 a. Dak. 17. Jurass. 1. Denver,- to Wheatland. The road follows Platte Valley bottom, and edges of benches formed of Denver Tertiary underlain by Laramie Cretaceous. 2. Platte Canon. 16. 17, 18 a., 18 b. Hog back ridges of Cretacequs sandstones and Jurassic lime- stones. Sections from Ft. Benton to Trias, inclusive, from a point one mile east to a point one half mile west of station. 3. Deansbury. Granite gneiss and amphibolites. 4. South Platte to erosion's. Massive red granite throughout this distance. In part disintegrating COLORADO. 303 Tnion Pacific Railway. Ms. Greeley, Salt Lake and Pacific Branch. Alt. Union Pacific Railway. Ms. Kansas Division. Alt. Denver. {20. Quaternary over Denver Continued fro m Kansas. Tertiary. 420 Wallace, Kansas. 2 Jersey. " 429 Eagle Tail, " 18 d. Laramie. 34 * 7 Hatchery. " 440 Monotony, " 3774 14 Henderson. 452 Arapahoe. 3 4 400 19 Brighton. 18 d. Laramie. 402 Cheyenne Wells. 4277 26 Lupton. " 472 First View. 35 Platteville. 487 Kit Carson. 42S9 41 Hautes. 499 Wild Horse. 4438 46 La Salle. 510 Aroya. 464S 48 Evans. f 20. Quaternary* 6 * 2 \ River Bottom. 523 534 Mirage. Hugo. < 48 41 5050 62 Greelev. 546 Lake. 64 Windsor. 562 Cedar Point. " 5718 76 Fort Collins. 18 c. Fox Hills. *i 5 566 Godfrey. (20. Quaternary 120 Pueblo.* 7 18 b. Colorado. * 66 b -O Denver. over Denver Tertiary. 124 Goodnight. f 18 b. Colorado *f \ Cretaceous. Argo. 86 20. Quaternary. 130 Meadow.* 8 ' 4796 ^ Argo Junction. 135 Swallow. < PQ Semper. 140 Carlisle. ll d C. C. Junction. H 143 Beaver.* 9 Louisville. f 18 d. Laramie. 144 Thompson. Boulder. 18 c. Fox Hills. 5308 153 Florence. 50 < Ni Wot. 18 b. Colorado. 157 Reno. 51 18 c. Fox Hills. S ^s Longmont. 119 Highland. 161 Canon City. 52 f 18 b. Colorado 5S 22 \ Limestone. .2 Berthoud. i 162 Canon Junction. 1. Archaean. ssis 'O S PM Loveland. Fort Collins. 18 c. Fox Hills. 165 Gorge. 5 * < {17. and 18 a. Jura Denver and Bio Grande Railway. Denver and Leadville Line. 171 Parkdale. 5 * and Dakota s?i5 Cretaceous. Denver. (20. Quaternary, over Denver 5 1 7 5 176 186 Spike Buck. 55 Texas Creek. 56 1. Archaean. 1. Gneiss. * Tertiary 193 Cotopaxie. 57 1. Red Granite. 63 * 2 Burnham. 120. Quaternary and 4 N. 0. Crossing. 199 Vallio. Tertiary beds 6 5 1 8 8 Petersburg. U over Archaean. 11 Littleton. 5350 205 Howards. 58 ("20. Quaternary 6 6 * (19. Monument 55 8 \ over Archaean. 17 Acequia. 3 7 Creek Tertiary. 207 Badger. 59 f 14 a. Upper Carbon- \ iferous. 67 ** 25 Sedalia.38 j u 215 Cleora. f20. Quaternary 699 * 29 Plateau. \ over Archaean. 33 Castle Rock. 3 6198 217 Salida. 60 702S 35 Douglas. 224 Brown's Canon. <( 39 Glade.* < 6515 225 Harp. 1. Archaean. 43 Larkspur. 6649 226 Hecla Junction. u 47 62 Greenland. 41 Palmer Lake.* 3 < 6899 234 Nathrop. 61 (20. Qaternary 7673 \ over Archaean. 66 Monument. < 6953 239 Midway. 1. Archaean. 7380 68 62 Borst's. Husted's.* 3 6811 242 Buena Vista. 6 2 /20. Quaternary 9 * 8 \ over Archaean. 67 Edgerton. 243 Dornick. 71 Pike View.* 4 U 246 Americus. 811* 76 Colorado Springs.* 5 f 18 d. Laramie { 5970 250 Riverside. f 1. Archfean 835 t Granite. {20. Valley Quater- 255 Pine Creek. 8738 84 Widefield. nary over 5e97 Colorado 259 261 Granite. 83 Twin Lakes. 8923 9005 89 Fountain. Cretaceous. " 5508 265 Hayden. T20. Arkansas 9136 \ Valley Quaternary. 94|Butte.* 7846 270 Crystal Lake. 9389 96! Wigwam. < 273 Malta. a 9568 106Pinon. 5016 274 Eilers. 6 * |20. Quaternary. 988 112 Cactus. u 277 Leadville. 6 * 10178 26. Graymont. Ascent of Gray's Peak easily made in a few hours. 27. Big Springs La Salle. The railroad follows the bottom of the South Platte River. The country adjoining is formed of Upper Cretaceous beds overlaid on the north by Miocene Tertiary. 28. Platteville Denver. The pfein country traversed is underlaid by Laramie Cretaceous powered by quaternary gravels and loess, and in some parts by remnants of Denver Tertiary. 29. Platteville. Directly west is Long's Peak (14, 271 ft.), at the southern end of the beautiful vailey of Estes Park ; it is the highest and finest mountain in this portion of Colorado. 30. Coal mines. COLORADO. 305 Denver and Rio Grande Railway. Ma. Denver and Ogden Line. Alt. Denver and Rio Grande Railway. Ms. Denver and Ogden Line Con. Alt. 217 Salida. f 20. Quaternary 7028 364Colorow. 79 20. Quaternary. I over Archaean. 374 Delta. M 4947 221 Poncha Junct 65 f 19. Tertiary 7 * \ Lake beds. 376 Escalante. 392 Dominguez. U u 4814 4771 220 Otto. 1. Archaean. 399 Bridgeport. tt 4727 228 Mears Junction. Andesite. 409 Kahnab. u 4649 230'Shirley. 8664 412 White Water. tt 4635 235 Gray's. 67 1. Archaean Granite. 425 Grand Junct. u 4561 24-2 Marshall's/ 8 Andesite. 4 33 Roan. so (t 4509 245 Hillden. 1. Gneiss. 439 Fruitvale. tt 246 Shamans. 8 9 446 Crevasse. tt 250, Chester. 254 ; Buxton. Eruptive Rocks. 452 Shale. 457 Excelsior. u t( 4575 4895 If 59 Sargent. 1. Archaean. 8 < 56 463 Acheron. 79 it 264 Elks. M 474 West Water.izi 267.Crookton. Eruptive Rocks. 479 Cottonwood. M 271 Doyle. 8085 Continued in Utah. 272 Bonita. 70 278Parlin.*i 1. Archaean. 7 2 Denver and Silverton Line. 284 Mounds. 121 Bessemer." 18 b. Colorado. 4761 290Gunnison. 7a 20. Quaternary. 765 129 San Carlos. tt 4912 296 Ridgeway. I. Archaean. 134 Greenhorn. tt 5076 302Kezar. 740 141 Salt Creek. tt 5442 309Cebolla. 7 7880 147 Granero's. u 316 Sapinero. 74 7223 151 Huerfano. 565T 322 Curecante. tt 7052 164 Apache. u 8917 329 Crystal Creek. 7 0109 176Walsen's.3o 18 d. Laramie. 6167 331 Cimarron. 76 336 Cerro Summit. 77 f Fox Hills 687 * \ Sandstone. 181 Wahatoya. 191 La Veta. 18 a. Dakota, f 14. Carbonifer- \ ous Beds. 6483 7002 343 Cedar Creek. f 18b. Colorado \ Clays. 199 Ojo. 202 Mule Shoe. 8 a M 167 782 353Montrose. 7 5771 206! Veta Pass. 88 M 31. Morrison. Remains of Atlanosaurus found in Jura Trias (red beds) just above town resting on Archaean Gypsum deposits. 32. Stout. Gypsum deposits found in Triassic rocks. 33. Numerous dikes of porphyry and diorite traversing the granite and schists. Mines of gold and silver. In the former a most interesting series of telluride minerals. 34. Arapahoe Magnolia. The outlines of the formations on this plain area are still somewhat uncertain; they are undoubtedly Cretaceous, however, with a varying cover of Quaternary. 35. Underlaid by Denver Tertiary. 36. Argo. Large smelting works using the Augustine Ziervogel process for the separation of silver from copper. 37. Acequia. High line canal crosses Plum Creek. 38. Sedalia. Wild Cat Buttes to the west show folding of Monument Creek beds. Plateau capped by Monument Creek Tertiary. 39. C-utle Rock. Table topped hills to the east, capped by pink rhyolitic tufa, extensively used as building stone in Denver. 40. Gl'i'ie. bawson's Butte to west. 41. Greenland. White knolt of Tertiary to west, known as Casa Blanca. 42. Palmer Lake. - Tertiary covers upturned edges of Mesozoic and Palaeozoic strata and abuts against Archaean foot-hills. 43. Huttedt. In the distance to the west are some tall monuments, characteristic of the formation. 44. Pike View. On the line between Monument Creek and Laramie formations. 4V Colorado Springs. Fine view of Pike's Peak. Manitou, a summer resort where the actual springs are situated, lies four miles west, in a recess at the foot of the mountains. 4;. Butte. Road follows the bottom of the Fontaine-qui-bouille, or Fountain Creek, named by the Canadian trappers from the effervescent springs at its source. 47. Pueblo. Niobrara limestone carrying casts of Inoceramus in railroad cut north of town. 48. Meadow. Bluffs capped by limestone. 49. Beaver. Prominent outcrops of Niohrara limestone along Bluffs on either side of railroad. 60. Florence. Oil Wells. Branch to Tafion City coal fields to south. 61. Reno. Laramie beds capping cliffs to north. .62. Canon City. Road crosses upturned edges of Dakota sandstone, Jura and Trias latter capped by later horizontal beds. Effervescent spring in Dakota hog back north of road, and Hot Spring on south near contact of Archaean. AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (COL.) Denver and Rio Grande Railway. Ms. Denver and Silverton Line. Con. Alt. Deliver and Rio Grande Railway. Ms. Denver and Silverton Line. Con. Alt. 208 Blanca. 84 (14. Carboniferous \ Beds. 394 Carracas. 94 j 18 c. Fox 6i*i \ Hills. 213 Placer. 8 s 20. Quaternary. 8 3 8 8 {19. Tertiary 5 991 219 Trinchera. 86 {20. Quaternary 8082 over Archaean. 402 Arboles. 95 Sandstones and Shales. 226 Garland. ( 7914 405 Siding No. 22. 9 6 ( {20. Alluvial * 592 409 V allege. 6200 238 Baldy. deposits in the 412 Solidad. (I 6355 San Luis Valley. 415 Scrape. 6210 247 Hayes. 417 La Boca. 97 20. Quaternary. 250JAlamosa. 7524 {19. Tertiary 6415 265, La Jara. 7587 424 Ignacio. Sandstones 279|Artonito. 87 /20. Quaternary* 866 \ Gravels. 430 Billa. and Shales. 6650 289 Lava. 8446 433 Colina. 6712 298 Big Horn. / Basaltic 900 \ Tufa. 436 444 Florida. Bocea. 18 d. Laramie. 6695 Fox Hills. 303 309 Sublette. Toltec. 88 ( Andesitic 9215 \ Creceia. 9443 447 450 Carbon. 30 Durango. 98 / 18 b. Colorado 6 * 98 \ Clays. 817 321 Osier. Los Pinos. 9615 U 9615 452 Animas." f 18 d. Dakota 532 \ Sandstones. 329 331 Cumbres. Coxo. 9993 9731 457 Home Ranch. ( 14 c. Upper Car- 's^ boniferous. 334 Cresco. II 459 Trimble. 100 ( 338 Lobato. l< 461 Hermosa. 09 14 b. Weber Grits. 6638 343 348 Chama. Willow Creek. 7841 7720 468 Rockwood. i i f 1. Archaean Red \ Granite. 352 362 Azotea. Monero. 89 i 7701 18 c. Fox Hills. " 477 Cascade. f 1. Granite Gneiss \ and Schists. 7768 365 Amargo. 90 6987 481 Needleton. 8118 872 Dulce. 91 6757 489 Elk Park.* 02 ( 8761 376 385 Navajo. 92 Juanita. 93 < 6566 6319 495 Silverton. f20. Quaternary 9202 \ Valley. 53. Oorg. The Archaean in the Royal Gorge consists of gneiss and schists with intrusive masses of red granite and small dikes of diabase. 54. Parkdale. This valley was one of the ancient bays in the original Archaean mnd mass. fi5. Gneiss and amphibolite traversed by red granite. 66. Texas Creek. At head of valley to north are horizontal beds of eruptive rocks (andesite?). 67. Cotopaxi. Eruptive rock on high hill to north. Carboniferous to the south of Vallio. 68. Howards. High peaks of the Sangre de Christo range to the south. 59. Badger. A continuous descending series of upturned Palaeozoic beds, somewhat faulted, and resting on Archaean is crossed from here to Cleora. 60. Salida. Tertiary beds on west side of valley. Andesite hills east of town. 61. Northrop. Kidges of Bhyolite just above station. Rock carries Crystals of garnet and topaz. 62. Buena Viata. Fine view of the high peaks of the Sawatch Range. Mt. Harvard (14,375 ft.) the' northermost, then Mt. Yale (14,187); to south of west, Mts. Princeton (14,190), Mt. Antero (14,246), and Mt. Shavano (14,239). 63. Granite. On the west Bide of the valley are many important gold placers. Twin Lakes, beautiful sheets of water held by terminal moraines, at the north of Lake Creek, a few miles west of railroad. (Good mountain hotel, trout fishing, etc.) Remarkably well defined moraines on either side of lakes. 64. EilersLeadviUe. Road rises from Arkansas valley over mesa of lake beds covered by re-arranged moraine material. Above Leadville are argentiferous lead deposits in Carboniferous limestone. 65. Poncho. Junction. Line of Archaean opposite Spring hotel. G6. Otto. Some Andesite on the east side. 67. Gray's. Andesite at mile post 237. 68. Marshall's. Hills around are largely Archeean. 60. Shaman's. Eruptive on the south and at sign of station. 70. Bonita. At Bonita are Cretaceous rocks resting on Archaean eroded. At 273.5 to 274.5 an eroded anticlinal gives a wider outcrop to the Archaean. 71. Parlin. Cretaceous on hills to north. Probably eruptives to south capped by Cretaceous beds and eruptives. * 72. Gunniaon. Eruptive cliffs (Andesite) on west and northwest. COLORADO. 307 Denver and Rio Grande Railway. Ms. Manitou Branch. Alt. Denver and Rio Grande Railway. Ms. Monarch Branch. Alt 75 78 81 Colorado Spr'gs. Colorado City. Manitou. 103 18 d. Laramie. 597 18. Colorado. 6092 fli. Carbonifer- 6302 \ ous Limestones. 217 221 228 235 238 Salida. 80 Poncha. Maysville. Garfield.m Monarch. 20. Quaternary. 702 n 7458 / 19. Tertiary 829 \ Lake Beds. 1. Archcean Silver Cliff Branch. 161 163 172 177 194 Canon City. Canon Junct. Marsh. 1-* Soda Springs. West Cliff. " CIS a. &b. Col- 5322 -1 orado Limestone & ( Dakota Sandstone. 1. Archaean. \ Quartzite. San Luis Branch. 217 228 231 247 255 Salida. Mears Junct. Poncha Pass. Villa Grove. Hot Springs. 106 20. Quaternary. 28 Andesite. * 1. Archsean. <45 f 20. Quaternary 7 7 2 5 \ of San Luis Valley. f 14. Carboniferous(?) \ Limestone. Blue River Branch. 277 282 290 294 296 302 309 313 Leadville. Birds Eye. Fremont Pass. 1 1 5 Robinson. Kokomo. Wheelers. Frisco. Dillon. (20. Quaternary* 01 7 8 \ Lake Beds. 14b.&Porphyry. 10 i 6 * 14 b. Weber Grits. 14 c.& Porphyry. 10849 14 c. &Porphyry. 10 f20. Quaternary 975 ' \ over Archaean. 9064 8852 Crested Butte Branch. 217 Salida. 290Gunnison. ?8 301 Almont.i 07 312 Jack's Cabin. 318 Crested Butte. 108 f20. Quaternary 7028 \ over Archaean. 7658 1. Archaean. 18 c. Fox Hills. 8284 18 c. Laramie. 8858 Del Norte Branch.109 El Moro Branch. 250 268 281 297 811 Alamosa. Henry. |Del Norte. South Park.no Wagon Wheel Gap. 20. Quaternary 752 * 7858 8166 /Eruptive 8 * 37 \ Cliffs. 120 170 180 190 199 206 Pueblo. Cuchara. Santa Clara. Apishapa. Chicosa. El Moro.ii* 18 b. Colorado. 4669 u 5921 H If 6137 6095 18 d. Laramie. 6857 73. Cebolla. Large deposits of magnetite occur in the valley of Cebollo Creek. Capping of Cretaceous sandstone and andesite to north. 74. Sapinero. Archaean capped by Cretaceous and eruptive rocks. Cliffs of granite and gneiss. 75. Crystal Creek. Archaean capped by Dakota sandstone. 76. Cimarron. At contact of Archaean fault line. 77. Cerro Summit. Archaean traversed by eruptive dike to north. 78. Afontroie. Stage line from here south to Ouray (35 ms.), which is beautifully situated in an amphitheatre at the head of the Uncompaghre, almost entirely surrounded by high peaks of the San Juan Mountains. Panoramic view or these mountains seen from higher points on the railroad. 79. Colerow Acheron. Road follows in general valley bottom, ridges around formed of Creta- ceous beds, sometimes capped by lavas. 80. Roan. Roan or Book Cliffs to the north. 81. Bessemer. Steel works of Colorado Coal and Iron Company. 82. Mule Shoe. Spanish Peaks to south, porphyry breaking through Carboniferous strata. 83. Veta Pau. Red sandstone shales. 84. Blanca. Gray sands to; . 85. Quaternary rsts on Carboniferous strata. Archaean exposed on railroad cut below. Mag- netite mines five miles north of station. 86. Trinchera. Blanca Peak to the south i. the highest peak in Colorado, (14,464 ft.) 87. Mainly the debris of eruptive rocks, basalt and andesite. 88. Toltec. Toiler- gorge is cut through Archaean rocks which underlie the eruptives. 89. Monero. Coal mines in sandstones. 90. Amargo. Stage to Pagosa Springs (Hot Sulphur), beautiful natural pools in a bend of the San Juan river, formerly held in hieh repute among the Indians for their curative powers. 91. Dulce. Narrow vertical dikes of basalt, crossing sandstone strata and standing out like tone walls on the surface. 308 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (COL.) Burlington and Missouri River Ms. Railroad. Alt. Denver, Texas and Gulf Railroad. Ms. Formerly Denver & New Orleans. Alt. 400 Eckley. 20. Quaternary. 8 8 7 ' {20. Quaternary 439 Akron. 4656 Denver. over Denver 452 Pinneo. M Tertiary. 463 472 Brush.*" Fort Morgan. 4235 M 4500 A Melvin. f 19. Monument \ Creek Tertiary. 487 Corona. 4547 23 Parkers. 604 Roggen. 30 Bellevue. 621 Hudsen. 4993 39 Elizabeth. {20. Quaternary 5159 47 Cameron. 644 Derby. over Denver 52 Elbert. Tertiary. 58 Sidney. 651 Denver. it 5175 64 Easton. Denver, Utah and Pacific Railroad, us Narrow Gauge. 72 78 Granger. Bierstadt. 81 Manitou June. o s o a 18 d. 5970 Denver. f 20. Quaternary over \ Denver Tertiary. 90 Colorado Sp'gs. M 87 Franceville Juc. 18 d. Laramie. 1 Argo. 94 Fountain. AsonD. &R. G. "oa 17 Baker. 18 d. Laramie. 99 Little Buttes. tt 5340 21 Erie. 105 Wigwam. 5211 23 Mitchell. 112 Pinon. 5018 34 Longmont. 11 * 18 b. Colorado. 118 Cactus. (1 4859 45 Lyons.* 20 16. Trias. 112 Pueblo. (1 4669 92. Navajo. Quarry of building stone used in new capitol at Denver. 93. Juanita. Junction of San Juan River. 94. Carraeat. Cretaceous rocks dip down to west and are succeeded horizontal. 95. Arboles. Tertiary beds. 96. Siding No. 22. Junction of Piedra River. 97. La Boca. Valley of Los Pinos River. 98. Durango. Coal mines and smelting works. Colorado Cretaceous clays, capped by Fox Hill sandstones. 99. From Animas to Hermosa the cliffs on either side of the valley show an excellent section from the Cretaceous down to the Middle Carboniferous. 100. Trimble. Thermal bath establishment. 101. Rockwood. In the gorge of the Animas river is some of the boldest Alpine scenery in the Rocky Mountains. Especially fine are the Needle peaks to the east. 102. Elk Park. At entrance to gorge below are Cambrian quartzites and Silurian limestones resting on Archaean. Mountains around capped by great thickness of andesitic Breccia, often highly altered and mineralyzed. 103. Manitou. Good section of Carboniferous and Silurian limestones and Cambrian quartzites resting on Archsean seen in Williams Canon. Cave is in Silurian limestone. Ute Falls are in the Archaean just below the Palaeozoic beds. In Glen Eyrie the red sandstone (Trias), by faulting or non-conformity, comes in contact with the Cambrian quartzite .which rests directly on the Archaean. Garden of the Gods Trias. 104. Marsh. Some dark eru] 105. Flat hills of R-hyolite at Silver Cliff. 106. Brown hematite mines of the Colorado Coal and Iron Co. 107. Almont. Archaean capped by Sandstones of Jura and Dakota Cretaceous. 108. Crested Butte. Mines of bituminous coal in hills southwest of town. Anthracite on either side State Creek valley. 109. Road follows alluvial deposits of Rio Grande river. Wagon Wheel Gap. Andesitic breccia. Oarfteld. Archaean on west, Carboniferous and Silurian on east. Crane's Park. Cambrian quartzite resting on Archaean. 110. 111. 112. 113. Eagle Park. Valley cut partly in Archaean, partly in overlying Palaeozoic rocks. 114. Red Cliff. Archaean cut Just below town. On either side cliffs of Cambrian, Silurian and Carboniferous beds. 115. Fremont Pass. Archaean forms mountains east of Mosquito fault. 116. El Moro. Coal mines and coke ovens. 117. Plains country underlain by Cretaceous beds, either Laramie or Fox Hills. 118. Distances and stations on this line given approximately. 119. Lonqmont. Red sandstone quarries. Flagging and building stone. 120. Lyons. Stage starts from here for Estes Park, twenty-two miles. 121. Sierra La Sal. High isolated peak to south. WYOMING, UTAH, NEVADA AND IDAHO. 309 Wyoming, Utah, Nevada and Idaho.* LIST OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN THESE TERRITORIES, In the region of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad*. GENERAL TABLE. WYOMING. UTAH. NEVADA. 20. QUATERNARY. 20. Quaternary. 20. up. Quatern'y. 20. Lower Quat'y. 20. Up. Quatern'y. 19 c. PLIOCENE. 19 b. MIOCENE. 19 a. EOCEN*. H 19c. Niobrara. 19 b. White River. 19 a. Bridger. 19 a. Green River. 19a, Vermill'n Ck. 19 c. Humboldt. 19 a. Bridger. 19 a. Green River. 19 a. Vermill'n Ck. 19 c. Humboldt. 19 b. Truckte. 19 a. Green Rivtr. 18. CRETACEOUS. 18 d. Laramie. I8c. Fox Hill. 18 b. Colorado. 18 a. Dakota. 18 d. Laramie. 18* Fox Hill. 18 b. Colorado. 18 a. Dakota. f-.s z S = |o p 5 17. JURASSIC. 17. Jurassic. 17, Jurassic. 17. Jurassic. 16. TRIASSIC. M 16. Red Beds. 16. Red Beds. 16. Star Peak. 16. Koipato. 14. CARBONIFEROUS. 1 Q v Pfilcv rVot 6571 UTbO 657 iviecucin6 uow. Carbon, s esao 10 D. v^oio. , v^reii. 18 d. Laramie, Cret. Nevada. 668 Percy. 6 6971 682 Edson. ( 690 Walcott's. ' fl800 18 c. Fox Hill, Cret. Central Pacific Railroad. Continued. 696 Fort Steele. 167 Montello. 20. Quaternary. 501 711 Rawlins. 7 758 14 b. Coal Measures. 183 Toano. 19c.Humb't. 5973 724 Separation. 18 d. Laramie, Cret. 193 Pequo. 6184 739 Creston. 7048 195 Otego. 19 a. Green R. E'cene. 754 Wash-a-kie. 19 a. Ver'n Ck. 205 Independence. 20. Quaternary. 6007 764 Red Desert. 6722 210 Moors. 14 c. Upper C'l Ms. 779 Table Rock. 7551 220 Wells. 19 20. Quaternary. 5629 787 Bitter Creek. 6705 227 Tulasco. < ' 5418 791 Black Buttes. 18 d. Laramie, Cret. 252 Halleck. 5230 801 Hallville. 6590 257 Peko. ( 5204 807 Pt. of Rocks. 8 6517 266 Osino. 2 o ( 5100 818 Salt Wells. 20. Quaternary. 3 8 1 275 Elko. 21 5063 826 Baxter. 680 18 d. Laramie, Cret. 287 Moleen. 22 4982 832 Rock Springs. 10 6270 299 Carlin. << 4897 8*7 Green River. 11 19 a. Green R. 6088 308 Palisade. 23 Rhyolite. 48al 860 Bryan. 6196 19 a. Bridger, Eocene. 326 Be-o-wa-we. 20. Quaternary. 46 878 Granger. < 6289 336 Shoshone. 4630 888 Ch'rch Buttes. 12 " 6368 347 Argenta. 4511 905 Carter. 360 Battle Mount'n. 915 Bridger. 637 19 a. Ver'n Ck. E'ne. 379 Stone House. 4422 [of stat'n. 930 Piedmont. 7082 19 a. Green Riv. E'ne. 394 Iron Point. 4375 16. Trias., to the wes'd 939 Aspen. 740 18 c. Fox Hill, Cret. 403 Golconda. Rhyolite. 43 5 1. At Chalk Bluffs, 15 miles southeast from Cheyenne, the Niobrara Pliocene and White River Miocene are both exposed, the latter resting unconformably upon the beds of the Laramie Cretaceous. 2. Both to the north and south of Granite Canon the Palaeozoic beds may be seen resting against the Archaean rocks. 3. Sherman, the highest station along the line of the Union Pacific Railroad, lies 8,256 feet above sea-level, and is on the summit of the Colorado range. 4. The railroad passes through the axis of an anticlinal fold, exposing an excellent section of Jurassic strata. WYOMING, UTAH, NEVADA AND IDAHO. 311 Central Pacific Railroad. Utah. Ms. Continued. Alt. Union Pacific Railroad. Continued. Ms. Utah and Northern Division. 3i Alt. 414 419 Tu.c. Winnemucca. 19 c. Humb't, Pliocene. 4332 Ogden.^s 20. Quaternary. * 3 3 430 Rose Creek. < 4322 9 Hot Springs. 4277 410 448 459 Raspberry. Mill City.'* Humboldt. 25 4327 * 2 a " [side. 16. Triassic, on the east 14 22 32 Willard. Brigham. Honeyville. 4840 4315 4276 471 Rye Patch. 4257 34 Dewy. 4320 481 483 Oreana. 4 1 8 1 Humbolt Bridere. 1 9 c. Humb't, Pliocene. u 41 61 Collinston. Mendon. ** 50 4691 19 c. Humb't Pliocene. 403 Lovelocks. 3977 58 Logan. 4499 502 609 621 Granite Point. Brown's. 2 " 8929 White Plains. 20. Quatern'y. [stat'n. Rhyolite west of the 3894 63 65 71 Hyde Park. Smithfield. Richmond. <( 4555 << 4527 628 Mirage. 19b. Truckee, Mi'c'ne. 78 Franklin. < 4505 635 Hot Springs. 27 Basalt on E. side. 4072 Idaho. 648 Desert. Basalt on west side. 655 6C9 Wadsworth. 28 Clark's. 4a63 20. Quaternary, * ? 7 Rhyolite, Andesite. Union Pacific Railroad. Continued. Utah and Northern Division. 3 i 681 689 Vista. Reno. 20. Quaternary. 4 400 < 4497 i 90 Battle Creek. 20. Quaternary and 19. Pliocene. 449a 600 Verdi. 4895 '101 Oxford. 4768 616 Boca, Cal. 5531 115 Calvin. (Continued in California.) 125 Arimo. 4654 5. Carbon offers an excellent opportunity for studying the Cretaceous coals of Wyoming. 6. To the south of Percy Station, Elk Mountain, which rises conspicuously above the plain, consists of Archcean crystalline schists, with Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata upon the slopes. 7. Rawling's Peak consists of an Archcean mass, surrounded by Palaeozoic and Mesozoic beds. In the coal measures is an interesting body of iron ore. 8. Northeast from Point of Rocks is a remarkable outburst of leucite rocks. 9. There is exposed here an interesting section of Laramie coal rocks. 10. Near Rock Springs the coal formations are well shown. 11. Along the bluffs of Green River are seen the best exposures of the Green River Eocene. These beds are celebrated for the fine specimens of fossil fishes preserved in the shales. 12. On the south of the railroad, between Church Buttes and Carter, may be seen distant but good views of the Uinta Range. 13. About three miles north of Evanston are situated the Rocky Mountain and Wyoming coal Company's mines, where there is a good section of the Laramie beds. These mines have supplied immense quantities of coal used by the Union and Central Pacific roads. 14. From Wahsatch to Echo the railroad passes through Echo Caflon, where are exposed both the VermilHon Creek and Laramie formations, the former lying unconformably upon the latter. 15. Passing through Weber Caflon, from Lost Creek to Weber Station, there is exposed a series of beds from the top of the Jurassic, through the Triassic, Upper Coal measures, Weber Quartzite to the base of the Lower Coal measures. 16. At the Devil's Gate the Archsean rocks of the Wahsatch Range are characteristically shown. 17. The terraces of Lake Bonneville, which stand over 950 feet above the present level of Salt Lake, may be seen from Uinta station. They may be easily traced all the way from Ogden to Lucin. 18. On the north side of the railroad at Matlin the old lake terraces are distinctly cut in basalt. 19. From Wells there is a fine view of the East Humboldt range. Mount Bonpiand attains an elevation of 11,321 feet above sea-level. 20. Just oast of Osino the railroad passes through Osino Canon, exposing a good section in the Weber Quartzite. 21. In the neighborhood of Elko may be seen the Green River Eocene, Humboldt Pliocene, characteristic outbursts of rhyolite and "Chicken Soup" hot springs. 22. In Moleen Canon the Carboniferous formations are well shown. The limestones of Moleen Peak, just south of the railroad, carry large numbers of coal measure fossils. 23. Palisade Cation cuts through rhyolites. Andesites are also exposed. 24. Mill City is the most convenient place to leave the railroad in order to study the character- istic Triassic formations of the West Humholdt Range. 25. From Humboldt there is a fine view of the West Humboldt Range. In the neighborhood are some interesting outbursts of basalt and a deposit of sulphur. 26. In the Montezuma Range, west of Brown's station, the volcanic rocks are well shown. It id an interesting place to study rhyolites and basalts. 27. The Hot Springs, a short distance east of the station, reach the surface near the base of basaltic hills. 28. The Truckee Canon, just east of Wadsworth, offers remarkable outbursts of a great variety of volcanic rocks. There may be seen here basalts, rhyolites and andesites. Tourists leave the railroad here for Pyramid Lake. 29. Propylite is the characteristic volcanic rock, which carries the Comstock Lode. A. H. 30. The last rail completing the Pacific railroads, from Omaha to San Francisco, was laid May 10,1869. 312 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WY., UTAH, ETC.] Idaho. Idaho. Union Pacific Railroad. Continued. Union Pacific Railroad. Continued. Ms. Utah and Northern Division. 3 1 Alt. Ms. Oregon Short Line, s 2 Alt. 132 McCammon. 4755 968 Border. 16-17 Jura. Trias. 6082 142 Inkone. 974 Nupher. 20.o ver " 60 *i 148 Port Neuf. Cambrian in hills. 984 Dingle. i Michaud; it is given on the authority of an atlas of the U. S. Survey, which was made be- fore the road was located, and the assignments must, therefore, be taken with allowance. Geology from American Falls to the Oregon line and on the Wood River Branch is by Mr. John B. Hastings, M. E., F. G. 8. A., of Ketchum, Idaho. Altitudes on all this line by Mr. Gannett. 33. These late Tertiary and Quaternary basalts form part of the great Northwestern lava-flood, of Northern California, Northwestern Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Montana and British Columbia. J. B. H. 34. Shothone. Shoshone Falls of Snake River, 210 feet vertical altitude in baalt. J. B. H. 35. Mountain Home, Nampa. Gold and silver mines in Archaean granite in vicinity. J. B. H. 36. Tikura. From Tikura to Lava Creek may be seen a ropy lava field of seventy-five square miles, almost untouched by the elements, a congealed, black, stormy sea. J. B. H. 37. Bellevue, Hailey, Ketehum.In vicinity, hot springs and argentiferous galena mines in Silurian limestone and slates and various free milling silver ores iu Archaean granites. Tertiary trachytes. J. B. H. 314 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WY., UTAH, ETC.) Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. Ms. Continued from Colorado. Alt. Utah Central Railroad. 4 0-4 6 Ms. Continued. Alt. 718 724 728 735 743 750 754 764 771 Draper. Bingham Jc. Germania. Salt Lake. 44 Wood's Crossing. Farmington. Kaysville. Hooper. Ogden. 4 s Bonnev'le Beds. Quat. M 4296 < 4237 (( 46 49- 50 54 68 71 74 85 90 95 103 108 120 128 142 151 167 185 194 213 241 263 280 Lovendahl's. Junction. Sandy. Draper. Lehi Junction. American Fork. Pleasant Grove. Provo. Springville. Spanish Fork. Pay son. 4648 Santaquin. Mona. Nephi. Juab. Mills. Lemmington. Riverside. Deseret. Neels. Black Rock. Milford. Frisco. 20. Quaternary. 42 ^ a tt 4399 It 4443 < 4517 4554 4495 4458 4451 4493 20. Bonneville Beds. 20 Quaternary. 4f i3 U 4859 < 5056 ( 5019 4852 20. BonVleBeds. 46 '* < 4588 4541 ( 4356 4799 ft 4908 Volcanic. 6315 Coal Branch. 14 19 Pleasant Val.Jc. Schofield. Mud Creek. 18. Upper Cretaceous. n Bingham and Alta Branch. 11 ~27 Salt Lake. 4 s Bingham Jc. Bonnev'le Beds. Quat. 14. Carboniferous. Bonnev'le Beds. Quat. Granite. Devonian. (?) Bingham. 13 21 29 Sandy. Wasatch. Alta. Utah Central Railroad. 4 o_4 6 16 22 26 26 37 43 44 Ogden. 45 Kaysville. Farmington. Centreville. 47 Wood's Crossing. Salt Lake City. 4 Francklyn. Germania. 20. Quaternary. **<> 4298 << 4261 4253 (< 4299 4261 4242 Utah and Nevada Railway.40 12 18 20 32 37 Salt Lake. 48 Chambers. 42 Garfield. Lake Point. 42 Tooele. Terminus. 20. Bonneville Beds. 14. Carboniferous. << 20. Bonneville Beds. 4991 38. Ketchum. Near station at Wood River bridge hornblende-andesite. At head of Wood -I Kiver valley and vicinity many gulches contain deposits of extinct glaciers, including glacial lakes with Chinoak salmon and smaller salmon (oncorhynchus norka) locally called redfish from the color. , Tertiary trachyte underlies stratified drift. J. B. H. 39. Cheyenne and Northern, and Tremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley are by Prof. G. E. I Bailey, of the Dakota School of Mines, Rapid City, South Dakota. A portion of the latter road should be in the Nebraska chapter, but was overlooked when that chapter was printed, 40. By Mr. G. K. Gilbert, Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey. 41. From Acheron to Price the road follows a great monoclinal valley overlooked on the north \ by the Book Cliffs (Cretaceous.) G. K. G. 42. The north end of the Oquirrh Range from Chambers to Lake Point is finely carved by old j shore lines of Lake Bonneville. These extend up to 1,000 feet above Great Salt Lake. G. K. G. 1 43. From Spanish Fork to Lehi the road is in Utah valley and commands a view of the old \ shore lines of Lake Bonneville. A large delta of the old lake forms the terrace near Provo. /~1 T7" /" G. K.. IT. 44. There is a profound fault along the western base of the Wasatch range. The hot springs \ close to the track between Salt Lake City and Wood's Crossing rise on the fault line. G. K. G. 45. Oc/den. View of Wahsatch Mountains to east, a very fine range, as seen in afternoon light, j when eastern train arrives ; southeast, Archcean, with Weber Canon cut in it, through which the railroad has come out into valley; east, " Fault Canon," faulted Cambrian lying on Archsean, recog- ; nized by color: Ogden Canon; northeast, Eden Pass, another fault; north and north-northeast. Palaeozoic rocks on Archaean. Lake terraces show all along base of mountains, by gray horizontal line, very distinct. W. M. DAVIS, Jr., of Harvard College, j 40. Ufah Central Railroad. Leaving Ogden and rounding long Quaternary slope south of I Weber River, a long stretch of Wahsatch range comes into view. From Fault Canon, north ; Archsean, at base; Palaeozoic, above; between Fault Canon and Centreville station, including i Weber Canon, all Archeean. Then begins the great synclinal, as seen from along here. The north j end, a little south of east from Centreville (Cambrian to Carboniferous) shows on top of mountains; and the south end. Twin Peaks (Cambrian), and Lone Peak (granite intruded through Archsean), , in farthest distance, showing over lower Tertiary hills south of Centreville. The axis of the synclinal (of solt, Mesozoic rocks) being low and hidden. The old lake terrace is very clearly j seen. W. M. D. 47. Centreville to Salt Lake City. Around west base of hills, formed of Palaeozoic rock, south (part of synclinal), overlaid by uncomformable Tertiary rocks. W. M.' WYOMING, UTAH, NEVADA AND IDAHO. 315 San Pete Valley Railroad.40 Ms. Alt. Nevada. Xephi. Fountain Green. Moroni 20. Quaternary. 5056 19. Tertiary. Eureka and Palisade Railroad. 4 9 Ms. Continued. Alt. Union Pacific Railroad. 4 Continued. Echo and Park City Branch. 37 60 60 03 78 90 Mineral. 51 Alpha. Garden Pass. Summit. 52 Diamond. Eureka. 53 20. Quaternary. 5443 < 5911 M 5941 Pumice and Tufa.esTi OE^ho. 5*8<> 8 Grass Creek Jc. .alville. 13 Wanship. 20 Atkinson. 27 Park City. Wasatch; Tertiary. IS.Upp. Greta. 552 5596 << 6864 14. Carbonifer's. "2 6851 Virginia and Truckee Railroad. 4 9 Nevada. 11 21 30 39 52 Reno. Steamboat. 5 * Franktown. Carson 55 Eureka. Virginia. 56 20. Quaternary. Hot Springs deposits. Metamorphic rocks. 19c.Humb'tPlio.* 20. Quaternary. Andesite. 620S Eureka and Palisade Railroad. 4 9 Palisade. 50 12 Evans. 28 Box Springs. Rhyolite. *** 20. Quaternary. immediate neighborhood. 54. Steamboat. Well-known steamboat springs depositing Silica. 48. Salt Lake City. Walk north, one hour, to Ensign Peak, (or better, an hour further north. east, to point whence northeast can be seen also giving fine view in all directions.) The Wah- satoh range fills the east, from north to south. Other mountains are: Northwest, Antelope Island, in lake. Archaean ; north-northwest, beyond Antelope Promontory Mountains and Island ; west. Lakeside, Sfansburv and Cedar Mountains; southwest, Oquirrh Mountain; west-southwest, Aqui Mountain; south, Pelican Mountain, (beyond Traverse) Carboniferous, all running north and south- south, Traverse Mountains, east and west Trachyte cut through in middle of River Jordan, coming from Utah Lake (fresh of course), north to Great Salt Lake. From Ensign Peak can be seen the city; the fertile valley of the Jordan (fertile from irrigation); the lake; Camp Douglas (U. S. troops) on terrace east of and commanding city; Emigration Canon, through which the Jlormons first came to the valley. Salt Lake is better than Colorado Springs for excursions. 49. By Mr. Hague. 60. Palisade. Andesite and basalt near by. A. H. 51. Mineral. Devonian limestones in the hills of the Pinon Range. A. H. 52. Summit. The railway crosses a low pass of the Pinon Range. A. H. 63. Eureka. All the characteristic types of the volcanic rocks of the Great Basin occur in the A. H. Andesite near the railway. A. H. 55. Carson. Fossil remains in the sandstones near the Prison. A. H. 66. Virginia. The famous Comstock Lode is here, an excellent place to study the volcanic rocks of the Great Basin. A. H. Lake BonneviUe is the name given to the great Quaternary lake, whose boundary has been traced by its shore lines and deposits to and into Nevada on the west, Idaho on the north, as far east as Salt Lake City and in bays of which Utah and Sevier Lakes are the remnants, to the south as far as Frisco. The Great Salt Lake is the reduced remnant of this great sheet of water. The highest, or BonneviUe, shore line is 1,000 feet above the level of Great Salt Lake, and is one of the most conspicuous water lines. Of the numerous lower lines, marking the heights at which the water lingered, one lying 400 feet below the highest is called the Provo shore line. Between the BonneviUe ana Provo lines are four or five prominent lines. The following, from Mr. G. K. Gilbert's report on Lake BonneviUe, gives, in a general way. Its origin. * The lowlands of the 'Great Basin' are valleys without drainage to the ocean, and vhen the climate of the Glacial Epoch gave them a more generous supply of moisture, the surplus vxs accumulated in their lower parts in quantities which bore a definite relation to the climate. When for centuries the climate became more humid, the lake rose and encroached upon the land, and wh/-n the reverse was true and aridity prevailed, they dried away and the land was laid bare.'* The origin and history of the great lakes of former periods is a subject of absorbing interest to the student of geologic science, and none offers a better field than Lake BonneviUe. [Ed.] Sit) AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (OREGON.} Oregon. 1 Oregon & California Railroad. Ms. (Up the Willamette Valley.) Alt. Oregon & California Railroad. Ms. Continued. Alt. " Hills on west. Basalt An extended bed of 7 Portland. Milwaukee. alluvial gravel - plain east. 19 b. Miocene fossils in the river bed. 43 Basalt hills. * * 7 87 98 106 110 Tangent. 2 6 9 Halsey. 3 7 Harrisburg. 3 3 2 Junction. 345 an ancient inland sea, named by Prof, -j Condon "The Willa- mette Sound," with abundance of 19. 11 Clackamas. 134 Tertiary fossils. f Bed of riverand hills f The hills again with 16 Oregon City. j on both sides col- 124 Eugene. J abundant 19 b. ( umnar basalt. 9 9 I Miocene fossils. 461 ' A transverse dike of 135 Creswell. 6 5 ( Volcanic tufas and 20 Rock Island. trap, with amygda- loid. Hills of basalt. 145 148 Latham. 1 Divide. \ porphyries, f Carbonaceous shale, The bed of the river 156 Comstock. \ with coal 18. Cret. and the now widen- 161 Rice Hill. H 25 Canby. * 7 5 ing valley of 20 Post Pliocene con- 181 200 Oakland. Roseburg. Metamorphic. 4 6 " 485 tain abundant fos- sil remains of bos, 213 Dillard. ( 20. Quaternary of \ L. Umpqua Valley. 29 Aurora. 2 1 8 latifrous, elephas, mastodon and 231 267 Riddle's. Glendale. Metamorphic & Slate. Metamorphic. horse. {18. Cre. in foothills. The streams here to 296 Grant's Pass. Slate and 1. s. 17. 33 Hubbard. 206 right and left ex- Jur. 16. Tri. age. 40 Gervais. 2 1 pose the 20. Post Pliocene mud. 320 Gold Hill. 2 {18. Cretaceous along foothill; older in : The river bed is 20. the mountains. 63 Salem. * 8 1 Post Pliocene. The {20. Quaternary and 61 Turner. i o hills are rich with 335 Medford. 19. Pliocene of 67 Marion. 3 2 2 19 b. Miocene ma- Rogue River Val'y. rine fossils. f 72 Jefferson. 264 (Exposure a mile above the town A ridge of dark col- ored 19. Tertiary crosses the line of 340 Pho3nix. 1 and distant hills [ Greta, to J. Trias, f End of Rogue River 1 TT 11 A on the Santiana River.) travel here rich in fossils. 349 Ashland. 8 ** Valley, mountains ) .n sight. 18. Creta. j to 17. Jur. 16 Tri., 81 Albany. J The above rock seen \ across the river. 2 3 8 slates, 1. s. & gran- [_ ite. Liskiyon Mts 1. Furnished for this work by Prof. Thomas Condon, of the Oregon State University, Eugene City, Oregon, the State Geologist. 2. Gold Hill to Ashland. Gold mining Auriferous slates. 3. Notes on this stage line are by J. S. Diller, of U. S. Geological Survey Corps. 4. Ashland. Liskyon Mountains and hills, west of road, chiefly of granite and Metamorphic rocks ; those on east chiefly Cretaceous strata and lavas (basalt and andesite). 5. Yreka. Cretaceous fossils (chico group) eight miles northeast of Yreka. Scott's Mountains, chiefly Metamorphic rocks, serpentines and granites. Six miles northwest of Gazelle, at Cave rock, coarse conglomerate of Cretaceous shore line against Scott Mountains. Three miles west of Gazelle Carboniferous limestone with fossils. Shasta Valley. Remarkable for great number of volcanic cones. Grand view of Mount Shasta. 6. Ascent of Mt. Shasta from Sissons, by good trail to camp at timber line, three hours; toj summit from camp about six hours, partly on horseback. Glaciers and canons on north and east sides of mountain. One of the finest volcanic cones in the world. Shasta chiefly Hypersthene andesite. Sugar Loaf is of Hornblende andesite. Mt. Shasta, 14,442 feet above tide, or nearly 11,000 above Berryvale. Dr. G. W. Dawson says, in its grand isolation, and the remarkable symmetry of its conical form, it is very impressive. OREGON. 317 Southen- Pacific Railroad. Oregon Railway nd Navigation Co. MB. San Francisco and Portland Line. 10 Alt. Ms. Continued. Alt Ashland 4 See Notes. 1463 Encina. See Note 9. 36 Hornbrook. 1457 Norton. 3680 54 76 Montague. (Yreka.*) Sission. 8 1463 1474 1483 Baker City. Haines. North Powder. 3440 3 3 3 ft 3260 98 Dunsmuir. 1493 Telocaset. < 844 125 (U.LodaSp's.') Gibson. 1503 1515 Union. La Grande. 2720 2789 134 Delta, Cal. 1622 1 K.VA Hilgard. Wia 8004 4204 Oregon Central Railroad. 1 OO-i ixuiii^ic*. 1540 Meac ham. 8681 Portland. 8 ( Hills of basalt, over- \ lying 19 b. Mio. * 3 1548 1557 Laka. North Fork. 2909 2308 6 Summit. salt. 1558 Wilbur. 8252 9 Roes Landing. 1568 Mikecha. 1781 To Forest Grove over 1578 Cayuse. 1414 the bed of the 20. 1586 Mission. 1182 11 16 24 29 Beaverton. 2 1 2 Readsville. 253 Hillebaro. ! Cornelius. 20 For'stGr've.i Post Miocene in- land sea, connected with the main one of Willamette Val- ley, through the Twalatin and Che- 1589 1590 1597 1605 1608 1615 Pendleton Jo. Pendleton. Barnhart. Yoakum. Nolin. Echo. 1130 1070 91 835 136 639 halem Valley. 1618 Foster's 691 {Hills of fossil rock 1627 Maxwell. 45* 32 Gaston. right and left, 19 1634 Umatilla Jc. 800 48 St. Josephs. b. Miocene. 206 166 Heppner Branch. Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. 10 Arlington. Willows Jc. See JNote 8. < 241 1416|Huntington, Or. 1428 Weatherby. See Note 9. 2110 2395 25 30 Cecils. Douglass. 62S U 796 1436 Durkee. 2650 39 lone. 08 5 1448 Unity. 81 2 8 46 (Lexington. 1425 1451 Pleasant Val. M 8760 56 Heppner. 1905 7. Upper Loda Springs. Near Upper Loda Springs, an ancient Lava stream from Mt. Shasta enters the Canon of the Sacramento River, which it follows tor nearly 50 miles. Lava seen at many places clinging to sides of old Cafion, especially near Delta, 8. Dr. Dawson discovered in Oregon, west of the Cascade Mountains, no traces of general glaciation or deposits like northern drift. There is a remarkable absence of any well marked ter- races or benches, although the bottoms of the valleys suggest that the sea may have at one time flowed into them. The almost complete absence of lakes or ponds is very remarkable, and con- trasts -trongly with the innumerable lake basins of British Columbia. The drift appears at Tacoma and other places in Washington. 9. This line of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. traverses a region covered by the great lava sheet, but just what formations are exposed at given stations can not be determined from any sources at the command of the editor. Prof. Condon's notes, the general note 39 on the Northern Pacific, and Mr. Willis' notes on pages 265 and 266 will throw some Tight on the geology of this sec- tion. Other lines of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. will be found in the chapter on the Northern Pacific. J. R. M. 10. The notes on this line were prepared before the road was built (see Note 3.) and as they are all that I can obtain for this line I have inserted the old stage stations in parentheses. J. R. M. 316 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (C.AJ California.* LISTOFTHE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN CALIFORNIA. TERTIARY. | 20. Quaternary. 19 c. Pliocene. M 19 b. Miocene. 1 19 a. Eocene. 18. Cretaceous. 17. Jurassic. 16. Triassic. 14. Carboniferous. 13. Sub-Carbon iferous. 9-11. Devonian. ? 5-7. Silurian. ? 2-4. Cambrian. ? 1. Archaean. 3 W. of Sierra Nevada. W. and E. of Sierra Nevada. U ii ii E. of " W.andE. E. of " " ii U it ii ii K W.andE, " " *Explanatory Note. This chapter was prepared by my father just before his death, princi- pally from notes Burnished by Dr. J. G. Cooper, whose name is given at note 1 as the authority for most of the chapter. Through some misunderstanding the plates were made before Dr. Cooper had finally corrected the proofs, and in the haste to release the type an unusual number of errors, most of them in orthography, were overlooked. Many of these are apparent and need no further explan- ation ; others are explained in the errata at the end of the chapter. While it is thought best to publish the chapter as it stands, it is only just to Dr. Cooper to say that he is in no way responsible for the insertion of, or the statements in, any of the notes or tables, except his own, also that he would make some alterations, based upon recent investigations, if the whole chapter were revised. J. R. M. General Note on the Topography of California. The two prominent features, extending through nearly the entire length of the State of Califor- nia are the snow-capped range of the Sierra Nevada on the eastern border, and the low Coast Range, or rather belt of ranges, bordering the sea coast on the west. Between the two lies the great valley of California, drained from the northward by the Sacramento, and from the southward by the San Joaquin rivers, and these uniting near the middle of the length of the valley, pass westward through the narrow Strait of Carquines into San Francisco Bay, and thence through the Golden Gate into the Pacific Ocean. These two rivers receive nearly all their waters from the Sierra Nevada, the streams flowing landward from the Coast Range being insignificant. The main drainage of the Coast Range is to seaward, through many small rivers bordered by fertile valleys. The immediate coast is mostly abrupt and rocky and frequently mountainous. The Great Valley, from the Tejon Mountains on the south to Red Bluff on the north where the valley proper terminates, is about tour hundred miles in length, and its width varies from over sixty to somewhat less than forty miles. The northern part, or Sacramento Valley, is about 160 miles long, from Red Bluff to the Calaveraa River, and is seven miles wide at the head, widening in three miles to fifteen, and then expanding suddenly to about forty miles. The southern or San Joaquin valley is two hundred and forty miles long, and its prominent topographical feature is theTulare Lake and the basin surrounding it. E. W. tiilgard, in Cotton Report of U. S. Census. General Note on the Geology of California. Broadly speaking the Coatt Range of Cali- fornia consists of Tertiary and Cretaceous, mostly sandstones and calcareous clay slates, almost everywhere greatly disturbed, folded, and frequently highly metamorphosed, and traversed by dikes of eruptive rocks and upheaval axes. In the portion north of San Francisco these ore fre- quently by tufaceous and scoriaceous, or crystalline lava flows, emanating from distinct volcanic vents now extinct. In contrast to the Coast Range the Sierra Nevada has in general a central axis of granite or . other rocks, occasionally traversed by volcanic vents, on the flanks of which lie more or less crys- talline and metarnorphic slates or schists of Palaeozoic, Triassic, and Jurassic age, with edges up- turned at a high angle or sometimes vertical. Abutting against this, the proverbial "bed rock" of the California miners, there lies on the border of the great valley strata of marine deposits, mostly of the Tertiary, but northward also of the Cretaceous age, which are but slightly disturbed, and into which the rivers flowing from the Canons of the Sierra have cut their immediate valleys, flanked by bluffs from forty to seventy feet high. From opposite San Francisco northward, on the lower foot hills, appear immense gravel beds, mostly gold bearing, and these are partly over-laid by eruptive or volcanic out-flows and tufaceous rocks, also accounted as belonging to the Tertiary age. In the northern portion of the Sierra region the eruptive rocks become more and more prominent, cover- ing an enormous area called the "lava bed" in the northeastern part of the State, and, as in the Cascade Range, in Oregon, forming the body of the comparatively low range, upon which the vol- canic cone of Mount Shasta is superimposed. (See Note 39 on Northern Pacific Railroad.) CALIFORNIA. 319 Central Pacific Railroad. Ms. Alt. Central Pacific Railroad- Ms. Continued. Alt. State Line. 20. Quaternary. 731 Arcade. 20. Quater. Alluvial. 55 Boca.* < 5531 744 Sacramento. " so Truckee. i( 5819 Sacramento. 30 638 Summit. 6983 Elk Grove. " 652 Ci 5934 525 Gait. < <',; and clays, with volcanic and other detritus overlying metamorphic shales, etc., that may be 18. Cretaceous or 19. Eocene. 20. Keene. Broken terraces of 19 c. Pliocene, Tertiary age, chiefly of volcanic materials for flvei or six miles. CALIFORNIA. 321 Ms. Central Pacific R. R. Con. Alt Ms. Central Pacific K. R. Con. Alt " The Loop." * 439 Lang. 17. Jurassic. 355 Girard." 13. Sub Garb. 1. s. 3S01 452 Newhall. 20. Quaternary. I 3 Tyler. 3805 Andrews. 1338 362 Tehachapi. 33 1. Arch. Granite. 3 64 456 S. F. Tunnel. 27 19 c.Plio. Tertiary 1 4* Summit Siding. (4 4025 461 San Fernando. 20. Quaternary. * 6 371 Cameron. 38 13. Sub Garb. l.s. * 787 'Lulmuga. 950 Nadean. 3357 474 Sepulveda. << 461 382 Mojave. 3 * 20. Quaternary. 3761 482 Los Angeles. 38 4 29S Gloster. " Desert Region. 2555 484 Shorb. 460 396 Rosamond. 35 2315 491 San Ga oriel. 409 407 Lancaster. < 2380 494 Savanna. 296 417 Alpine. 1 3. Sub Garb. 1. s. 3822 496 Monte. 386 Vincent 8211 502'Puente. 323 427 Acton. 38 17. Jurassic. 3 78 512 Spadra. it 70S 431 Ravena. 2350 515 Pomona. " 856 21. Girard. Beds of IS. Lower Carboniferous limestone on granite hills near by, one crossing the road; good marble, common, some vesicular basalt also. 22. Tehachapi. Gold mines in gravel, and quartz veins near by. 23. Cameron. The pass through Sierra Nevada here resembles other sections northward ; some auriferous slates, 17. Jurassic (?), are worked in vicinity also. 24. Mojave. The desert region known as the Mojave Desert, and east of the Sierra Nevada the Colorado Desert or basin, reaches far eastward into Arizona, and affords, by this route, one of the strangest railroad rides in the world. It is a sandy barren waste, interspersed with salt lakes and alkali' tracts, destitute of all timber growth, except occasional tracts of yucca, small nut pines and juniper In the south it is subject to very frequent and severe sand storms. Enough of it to satisfy the traveler is seen along the line of this railroad for hundreds of miles. A boiling Mud Lake is only a few hundred yards southwest of the road (See notes 25, 29, 30 and 31.) But probably the culmi- nating point of this fearful desert is found in " Death's Valley," far from any railway station, near the eastern line of California. It is four hundred feet below the level of the sea, while but seventy miles west of it are clustered a number of the highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada, many of which are from 12,000 to 15,000 feet in height. For 45 miles in length and 15 in width along its centre it is a salt mar.-h with a thin layer of soil, and a large portion of the basin is covered with an incrustation of salt and soda several inches thick, destitute of the slightest vegetation. The heat of the valley is fearful during the summer. Whatever may be the rock formation underlying the desert is of no importance, as its existence is not due to that, but to the aridity of the climate and to the excessive deposits of alkali on the surface and mingled with the superficial formations. For a description of the alkali, see note No. 25. 25. Rosamond. The Alkali, so injurious to extensive regions of the southwest, has been carefully studied in California by Prof. E. W. Hilgard. His analyses show the presence of from one to four per cent of these injurious salts in 100 of soil. Of these salts, from 20 to 50, and in some cases 75 per cent., the proportions varying very much in different places, is sulphate of sodium or glauber salt ; from 10 to 20, and sometimes 30 per cent, chloride of sodium or common' salt, from 15 to 60 per cent. of carbonate of soda or sal-soda, sometimes from five to 20 per cent, of sulphate of potassium, a less quantity of carbonate of potassium or saleratus, and other salts injurious to vegetation in various quantities, phosphates, nitrates, etc. The remedy for the reclamation of alkali lands is, of course/the leaching out of the injurious salts, by flooding with pure water and underdraining. Unfortunately, in many cases, the alkali returns and again increases on irrigated lands, rising from below through the agency of the water evaporated on the surface, which causes a greater depth of sub-soil to be drawn upon for its alkali, where, too, the soil is more highly charged with it than at the surface. The origin of the alkali is not fully deter- mined. Professor Hilgard thinks much of this salty matter pre-existed in the geological strata, as it is seen to " bloom out" from the rocks, and that from these it was .continually washed out in Quat- ernary times by percolating water, when great lakes covered the valleys of California, for a time held in suspense and then precipitated, or in some cases by the drying-up of the lakes the salts were deposited, which are now found accumulated in the soil. But the very great quantities of the alkali may be said not to be satisfactorily accounted for. The alkali has a corrosive action upon the root frowns and upper roots of plants. It seems that the cotton plants, having long tap roots, it is less injurious to them than to others. Another injurious effect it has in hardening clay soils, producing a tamped condition, instead of the flocculent state which we see in a well tilled and productive soil. 26. Acton. Iron and copper mines occur near here. 27. San Fernando Tunnel. On west side of pass the sandstones reappear with marine fossils. Tunnel through 18. Cretaceous and 19. Tertiary hills. i Angeles. The hills northward are metamorphic (18.Cretaceous?),with a great 19.Tertiary (19 b. i e and 19 c. Pliocene) basin between them and the range north of San Fernando. To the east more metamorphic and granitic, with auriferous quartz,copper,etc. The 19.Tertiary contains much petroleum. Los Angeles. The traveler from the eastward who has begun to despair of ever seeing anything greener than giant cacti and adamantine vegetation which dispenses with water, is agreeably sur- pris.-d as he approaches Los Angeles. A drive through the place will enable you to appreciate the reasons which induced the Spanish founders to give the city its name. W. H. R. Los Angdet to Aanaheim. Alabaster and gypsum occur in low 19. Tertiary hills near here. Los Ann? 1 m to El Carco. About half way the metamorphic and granitic hills approach the road. Much 19 h. Miocene Tertiary, with poor lignite, caps these on the west. Los AngeU to St. Monica. See note 89. 322 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAL. & ARIZ.) Central Pacific Railroad Ms. Continued. Alt. Central Pacific Railroad- Ms. Continued. Alt. 521 525 Ontario. Cucamonga. Sansevain. Cotton. Mound City. Brookside. El Casco. San Gorgonio. 29 Banning. Cabazon. White Water. Seven Palms. Dry Camp. Indio. 30 Walters. Salton. Dos Palmas. 31 Frinks. L. Point 1 mi. E. Volcano. Volcano S'gs. Flowing Well. 30 Tortuga. Mammoth Tank. Mesquite. Cactus. 3gilby. Pilot Knob. El Rio. 29 Col. River Edge. 20. Quaternary. H u (t Col.DesertRegio u u it. ,_! o> 1 CJ H " OQ of Frinks. " ^ " r2 u l.Arch.Gran.&V M H 981 952 1074 965 1055 1310 1874 2560 2317 n !779 1126 584 163 20 195 263 253 260 263 225 220 5 183 257 294 396 355 ol. 285 164 139 Rattlesnake. Abonde. Tacna. Mohawk Sum't. Texas Hill. Aztec. Stanwix. Sentinel. Painted Rock. Gila Bend. Bosque. Estrella. Montezuma. Maricopa. Sweet Water. Casa Grande. Toltec. Picacho. Red Rock. Rillito. Jaynes. Tucson. Wilmot. Papago. Pantano. Mescal. Benson. Ochoa. Dragoon Sum't. Cachise. Willcox. Railroad Pass. Bowie. San Simon. Desert Region. 1 9 8 212 << 325 541 u 353 n 495 << 515 (( 688 726 " 737 1080 1621 u 1330 u 1186 ( 1296 < 1396 <( 1507 1616 ( 1865 2058 u 2241 2390 u 2667 3009 8536 u 4034 3578 4102 << 4614 4222 < 4164 4394 3759 3609 761 771 540 543 547 554 563 569 575 583 591 793 80G 821 834 850 860 869 878 887 902 913 923 932 946 961 612 625 637 642 653 661 671 676 694 708 716 722 978 993 1007 1016 1024 1034 1044 1064 1073 1088 1104 ARIZONA. 731 *745 Yuma. Araby. Gila City. 20. Quaternary. i* 144 " Desert Region. 1?1 29. San Gorgonio. Metamorphic auriferous rocks (secondary) overlying granite, chiefly on the west side. San Barnardino Mountain is 11,GOO feet high. San Gorgonio to El Rio. The railroad plunges into the most remorseless, cruel waste of sand and rock I every beheld. It spreads out up to the foot of the rugged hills of the Barnardino range, an abomination of desolation, compared with which the Lybrian Desert is the Garden of Hesperides. I cannot describe, nor could I at any time hope to give an adequate conception of this dreadful wilderness. For 107 miles there is not a drop of water to be found, but Nature, as if to take away the reproach of permitting such a vast blotch on her fair face, kindly threw in Fata Morgana. We saw with delight wide spread lakes, with fairy islands in the midst ; placid seas washing the base of the distant hills. This baked and dreary expanse extends from near San Gorgonio nearly to El Rio. WM. HOWABD RUSSEL. 30. Indio to Flowing Wells. For 61 miles the road is below sea level, going down to 263 feet on the border of 19. Pliocene Tertiary lake bed which contains fresh water fossil shells, and below them beds of salt, from being once the head of the Gulf of California ; on its west side are 19 b. Miocene Tertiary sandstone strata, with marine fossils, lying against east slope of Coast Mountains. Hot springs and mud volcanoes also occur in the lake bed near its centre ; some of our rarest minerals are found in the neighboring mountains. 31. Dos Palmas. A few miles southwest of this place is a broad valley in which is the dry bed of a lake forty miles in circumference. Nearly in the centre ot this plain, there is a lake of boiling mud about half a mile in length by five hundred yards in width. In this curious caldron the thick, grayish mud is constantly in motion, hissing and bubbling, with jets of boiling water and clouds of sulphurous vapor and steam bursting through the tenaceous mud and rising high in the air with reports often heard at a considerable distance. The whole district around the lake trembles under foot, and subterranean noises are heard in all directions. 32. Deming. The San Luis Mountains, on the Mexican side of the river, rise abruptly from the g'ain, as they run south, and assume by far the most formidable appearance of any range west of the io Grande. Tombstone mining region is in this mountain. This stupendous range of Mexican mountains drops abruptly a few miles north of the boundary, as if to make room for a railroad to connect the Pacific ana Atlantic states. In fact the original boundary line was changed by a second treaty, for the express purpose of securing to the United States this great roadway, for at El Paso NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA. 323 NEW MEXICO, NEW MEXICO. Central Pacific Railroad Con. Atlantic & Pacific Railroad Con. Ms. Southern Pacific Branch. Alt. Ms. (Western Division.) Alt Ill 8 Stein Pass. Pyramid. 8 Lordsburcr. Desert Region. 4351 4301 ii 4245 158 166 174 Gallup. Defiance. Manuelito. 84 18. Cretaceous. 647r ii 6352 Base of 18. Creta. 6232 113 1149 Lisbon. 1158 Separ. < 4278 11 4508 ARIZONA. 1169 Wilma. 1178 Gage. it 4557 ii 4488 187 200 Allantown. Sanders. 16-17. Jura.-Tria. 602 il 5807 L.unis. 8 Deming. 82 9jZuni. liCambray. 7 Aden. 9 Afton. 9 Lanark. 1 Strauss. 1 Rogers. Bridge over Rio it 4334 it 4187 ii 4224 il 4391 il 4207 ii 4165 il 4083 < 3728 Grande. " 3748 213 226 238 253 263 275 286 298 312 323 Navajo Springs. Billings. Carrizo. Holbrook. St. Joseph. Hardy. Winslow. Dennison. Canon Diablo. Angell. II 5605 ii 5372 il 6199 t< 5047 ii 4979 ii 4910 14. Carboniferous 4828 ii 4979 ii 4765 ii 5879 119 120 122 123 124 125 127 128 TEXAS. 1286 El Paso. 3 Desert Region. 3 1 * 3 Low Water in Rio Grande River about 3 * 12 333 344 356 Cosnino. Flagstaff. Bellemont. ( 14 Car., overlaid in \placeswithlava 6434 ll 6862 7099 NEW MEXICO. 368 Chalender. ii 6837 Atlantic & Pacific R. R.* (Western Div.) Albuquerque by The Needles to Mojave. 378 381 Williams. Supai. ii 6727 ii 6917 391 Fairview. II 5909 fBase 18. Cre., Sum- 401 Ash Fork. ii 5105 Albuquerque. J mits of 16. and 17. 1 Jurassic & Triassic 409 419 Pineveta. Crook ton. ii 5084 ii 5657 [alternating. 4983 431 Chino. II 5224 10 Isleta. ii 4881 439 Aubrey. II 5128 13 A. & P. Junction. ii 4933 452 Yampai. il 5552 23 34 Luna Rio Puerco. ii ii 5026 466 478 Peach Spring. 36 Truxton. ii 4759 ii 4172 47 60 San Jose. El Rito. il 5428 il 5638 489 501 Hackberry. Hualapai. ii 3522 ii 3277 66 Laguna. ii 5767 514 Beal. il 3472 72 Cubero. 18. Lower Creta. 6905 516 Kingman. ii 3303 83 McCarty's. ii 6141 527 Drake. ii 88 Baca. 1 540 Yucca. ii 1774 96 Grant's. 16. Triass c. 644 553 Franconia. ii 107 Blue Water. < 6609 566 Powell. ii 418 Chaves. Continental Divi i 6969 de. 572 575 East Bridge. The Needles. ii 477 136 Coolidge.. 1 Colorado River B ridge. " 4 <> 140 Wiugate. i 6714 " " Low Water. " 44 * By Capt. C. E. Putton, U. 8. Geologist. the great Rocky Mountain Range of the United States also terminates, thus forming what is truly the pato-way of the continent. Between the San Luis Mountains and El Paso are wide plains, bounded by detached mountains of metamorphic and other limestones, associated with igneous rocks. 33. El Paso. See notes in Texas chapter on El Paso. J> 20. Quaternary. 42 48 Dugan's. Shingle Springs. i " 60 t( 1459 46 er\ Reed s. V V>0 (( San Jose Branch. OU 62 70 83 i uoa. Marysville. 55 Gridley. Nelson. tt U 4 7 San Francisco. Oakland. Brooklyn. 61 18. Metam. Cretaceous 20. Quaternary. 20. Qua., 19c. Ter. Plio. 90 Durham. u 12 Melrose. u 96 Chico. u 16 San Leandro. 105 Anita. u 18 Lorenzo. " 110 Soto. 56 u 27 Decoto. tt 122 Sesma. it 30 Niles. 62 it 123 Tehama. 34 Irvington. 63 Tertiary, Pliocene. 135 170 Red Bluff. Redding.* 57 19. Tertiary hills. 1 9 b. Pliocene 37 39 Warm Springs. Haward's. 20. Quaternary. 173 180 Middle Creek.t 58 Copley. 18 c. Cretaceous. 17. Jurassic slates. 42 48 Milpetas. San Jose. 64 H 187 ECennett. 19. Tertiary volcanic. Stockton & Visalia and Stockton & Cop- 192 Morley. ( 17. Jurassic or 16. peroplis Railroads. 86 196 Elmore. 1 Triassic slates (?) Stockton. 20. Quaternary. 203 smithson. 1 (auriferous), with 6 Charleston. 208 Delta. [ 19. Ter. Volcanic. 11 Holden IS Peter's H Central Pacific Railroad. At/ 15 Peter's. H (Northern Division.) 22 Waverly. 65 19. c. Tertiary Plio. 108 Marysville. 55 20. Quaternary. 30 Milton. 1. Arch. Granite. 120 Honent. 15 Peter's. 20. Quaternary. (19 c. Pliocene Ter- 20 Farmington. 144 Orville. 59 I tiary, 18 c. Greta., 28 Clyde. (14. Sub-Carbon. 34 Oakdale. " * The gravelly hills, with clay, slates and sandstone of fresh water formation, are here 200 feet thick or more, and may include the whole Tertiary age. t This formation crosses the river near here full of marine fossils, and lies flat on edges of the slates below. J Very much changed by 19. Volcanic. 57. Redding. Mt. Shaska, 14,440 feet high, is in view and easily ascended in summer from the end of the railroad. Fine Cretaceous fossils are found near here and also beds of fossil wood, and an abundance of excellent iron ore is found on Spring Creek, 12 miles to the northwest. The rocks from here north are much covered with 19. Tertiary volcanic fragments and ashes, but exposed by the deep cuts. The Lava Beds. A large portion of the northeastern part of California, to the northern state line and spreading over Idaho, Oregon and Washington Territories, is covered to a depth of several hundred feet with great beds of lava and other volcanic material. The country has generally a broken surface, and is interspersed with hills and high volcanic cones, frequently cut into deep chasms by the few streams that occur in this region, and extensive caves have been found under the lava beds. This lava section has no arable lands, and it is fit only for grazing purposes. (See Note 39 on Northern Pacific Railroad.) E. W. H. 58. Middle Creek. Much placer mining is done, and quartz veins exist. 59. Oroville. Tertiary leaves and Lignite, 18. Cretaceous, 14. Sub-Carboniferous fossils found near by toward the northeast. 60. Shingle Spring. Iron, lead and zinc occur near. 61. Brooklyn. Redwood Peak, 1,635 feet hi^h, is the highest in the range opposite San Fancisco. Mission Peak, 34 miles southeast, is 2,566 feet high. 62. Niles to Haywards. Follows the 20. Quaternary (alluvial), nearly after passing through Alameda Canon 10 miles, traversing 19. Tertiary, 19 c. Pliocene and 19 b. Miocene, then lignitic, with little coal. 63. Irvington. Mountains on the east side rise to 4,443 feet, and on the west side to 3,780 feet in ^ height. 64. San Jose. Alum Rock Caflon, about seven miles easterly from San Jose, is a pretty place, with Miocene fossils and a good hotel. H. M. T. CALIFORNIA. 327 South Pacific Coast (N. G.) R. R. Ms. Alt. Southern Pacific R. R. Con. Ms. Alt. ..... 14 24 31 37 46 56 68 62 66 73 76 81 San Francisco. A lamed a. W. Sanleandro. Alverado. 66 Moury's. Alviso. San Jose. 64 Los Gatros. Alma. Wright's. 6 Glenwood. Felton. 68 Rincon. 69 Santa Cruz. 18. Meta. Cretaceous. 20. Quaternary. M it tt 19. Tertiary Gravels. 18 c. Lign. & Met. Cre. H 19 b. Miocene Tertiary 19 c. Pliocene Tertiary 20. Quaternary. 128 134 143 Chualar. Gonzales. Soledad. 20. Quaternary. los 127 i 182 80 94 100 Gilroy. 75 Hollister. Tres Pinos. 78 i< 193 284 it 514 99 101 106 112 116 120 Pajaro. Watsonville. St. Andrew's. Aptos. Soguel. Santa Cruz. 23 i< 23 19 c. Pliocene, Tert. 3 ii 102 i< 63 n 18 Ooshen DiYision 8. P. R. B. Southern Pacific Railroad. 6 12 17 21 25 28 33 38 44 50 63 73 80 83 86 96 99 110 lie San Francisco. San MigueL Baden. < Millbrae, San Mateo. Belmont. Redwood City. 72 Menlo Park. Mountain View. Lawrence's. San Jose. 64 Coyote. Tennant. 7 * Gilroy. 75 Carnadero. Sargent's. Vega. 78 Pajaro. i':i>rroville.* 7 -viiinas. f 18 c. Metamorphic \ Cretaceous. 20. Quaternary. 8 9 < 22 ii 31 < 9 < 64 73 " 73 " 64 < 86 " 251 327 < 193 << 168 135 67 23 17 44 "40 Huron. Heinlen. Lemoore. Hanford. Goshen. Visalia. 20. Quaternary. ii 211 il 220 1 b. Huronian ? Montalban. 49 54 Frederickjc, 418 Rocky Ridge. 16. Triassic. " Diabase. 90 81 67 92 95 Sandy Hook. Harper's F'yiT Duffield's, Va. Kearneysville. Vanclievesv'le. Potsdam and Slate. 3a.to4c.Sil.-Cam. l.s. - fit ^ A 9 1 59 Emmitsburg. 16. Tri. Diab. dyke. Mech'csfn. " 2 b. Potsd. (Marble.) 69 Blue Ridge. 1 " 3 i< 100 Martinsb'g. 4 " .. Jl. 82 Waynesboro. Slate 107 Nor. Mount. " 5-12 Sil. & Devonian. 7? 86 93 100 Smithsburg. T8 Hagersto'n. " W'msport. ; 4 a. Trent, limestone. 4 c. Hudson River. 117 122 128 138 153 Sleepy Cr'k.* 10 Hancock, ti 8 Sir John's Run. Orleans Road. Paw Paw. 10 Ham. & 7 L. Held. 8-12 Devon. 4 " [ .>jiU'M|.n;.) 14 c. Upper Coal Measures 275-374 14 b. Barren Measures 585-800 14 b. Lower Coal Measures 250-1,100 14 a. Pottsville Conglomerate and New River Coal Series I50-i,:joo XV. XIV. XIII. XII. Upper Silurian. 8. Oriskany 75-150 7. Lower Helderberg 4oo-soo 6. Salina 800-900 5 b. and c. Niagara (?) and Clinton 400-500 5 e. Medina and Oneida 1,400-2,000 VII. VI. V. V. IV. ill. >. ( .n:.) is 13 c. Mauch Chunk Shales 300-2,000 13 b. Mt. or Green Brier L. S. 100-800 13 a. Pocono S. S. 500-1,200 XL XL X. Lower Silurian. 4 c. Hudson River 2,000-3,000 4 a. Shenandoah L. S. 4,000-5,000 2 b. Potsdam 2,000-3,000 IIL III. and II. I. 1 12. Catskill 800-1,500 11-12 Chemung-Catskill soo-i.ooo 11 b. Chemung and { 9V)n 11 a. Portage } 2 ' 600 IX. VIII. VIII. Archaean. 1 b. Huronian DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. As the descriptions of the formations given in the introductory part of this volume do not give a detailed account of the carboniferous rocks, and as West Virginia can lav claim to greater develop- ment of these beds than any other State, Professor I. C. White has kindly furnished the following resume of their structure and characteristics, and has extended it briefly to the other formations of that State, besides the Carboniferous. As these are the results of Professor White's very recent explorations as United States Geologist, they will be especially valuable to those who have not the time or opportunity to look through the official geological reports, and they may serve to correct many erroneous statements as to the geology of West Virginia which have obtained currency. J. M. 2O. QUATERNARY. Cincinnati Ice Dam and flooded River epochs. The only Quaternary deposits found in West Virginia are those made along the Ohio River and its tributaries during the existence of the Glacial dam at Cincinnati, and those made along all the streams which drain the Allegheny Mountains plateau. (See Note 62.) The rounded boulders at high levels along the Potomac, Cheat and other rivers resemble glacial deposits, but no glacier ever existed in West Virginia,the deposits in question having been made during the "Flooded River" epoch which closed the glacial period, when the snows that had doubtless accumulated to a considerable thickness on the Allegheny plateau melting away filled the draining streams with water to a depth probably exceeding 100 feet. The entire area of West Virginia was elevated above sea level during the Appala- chian revolution, and has remained above the same ever since, hence none of the formations between the (15) Permian and (20) Quaternary are found in this State. 15. Permian or Permo-Carbonlferous, Upper Barrens. 3 [XVI. Serai.]* The Permian beds, according to Fontaine and White, include all the stratified rocks in West Virginia above the horizon of the Waynesburg coal. The series has a maximum thickness of 1,600 feet, and consists of red shales, sandstones and limestones, there being three or four thin coal beds in the lower half of the group, but none whatever in the upper. The beds are all apparently of fresh water origin, since the limestones contain no fossils except Spirorbis, Cypris, Estheria, and other bivalve crustaceans. The plant remains are principally Ferns of Permian type, including Callipteris ronferta, though Taeniopteris, Baiera and others recall Mesozoic forms. The formation enters the :r.m the southwest corner of Pennsylvania and stretches across it to the Great Kanawha River in a belt 30-50 miles wide. 1. By Professor I. C. White, United States Geologist, and lately on the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 2. Permian. The evidence of the existence of the Permian or Permo-Carboniferous formation in West Virginia is contained in Vol. P.P. of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, by Wm. M. Fontaine and I. C. White, 1880. J. "M. * The names and numbers enclosed in square brackets are those given to the formations by.Wm. B. Kogprs, late State Geologist of Virginia. 538 , AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (W. VA.) 14c. Upper Coal Measures, Monongahela Series. [XV. Serai.] In the northern portions of the State contains four coal beds in descending order, as follows : Waynesburg bed, merchantable coal , , 4-6 ft. Interval limestones, shales and sandstones 250 ft. Sewickley bed, merchantable 4-5 ft. Interval limestones and shales 65 ft. Redstone bed, worthless 3-4 ft. Interval limestones, shales and sandstones 40ft. Pittsburg bed, merchantable coal 6 ft. Total thickness 374ft. In Southern West Virginia, on Great Kanawha River, the group has undergone the following- changes: The Sewickley and Redstone coals are absent; the Waynesburg i.s thin and worthless: the group has lost all its limestones except one thin stratum ; it has also lost 100 feet of rock, inter- vals being reduced to 275 feet; red shales are abundant on the Kanawha River; there are none in these measures on the Monongahela; the Pittsburg coal maintains 5 ft.-6 ft. of merchantable coal,, but it is often absent entirely from wide areas, or only 1 ft.-2 ft. thick on others. 14b. Barren Measures. [XIV. Serai.] Northern West Virginia shows the following structure : Shales, sandstones and limestones, sometimes including a thin coal 200 ft. Morgantown sandstone 25 ft. Elk Lick coal 0-4 ft. Shales 75ft. Green crinoidal limestone, very fossiliferous 2 ft. Coal 0-1 ft. Red and variegated marley shales 100 ft. Bakerstown coal 0-4 ft. Shales and sandstones 40 ft. Upper Mahoning sandstone, pebbly 50 ft. Brush Creek coal 0-3 ft. Lower Mahoning sandstone 75 ft. Shales 12 ft. Total On the Great Kanawha this group thickens up to 800 feet ; the green crinoidal limestone disap.- pears, but is exactly replaced strati-graphically by one of fresh water origin. The Brush Creek coaE attains important dimensions, and two new ones are introduced below it, while the series is termi- nated by the " Black Flint," a marine deposit of dark gray, or blackish flint peculiar to the Kanawha Valley, and exhibiting every gradation between sandy shale and compact silex. The coals of the barrens are everywhere variable and uncertain. A bed may be present in good thickness on one farm, while on the adjoining land it may be absent entirely, or so impure as to- prove worthless. The Brush Creek seam is the persistent and important one. 14b. L.ower Coal Measures. Allegheny River Series. [XIII. Seral.l These measures are 250 feet thick at the northern line of the State, and usually contain five coal, beds, in the following order : Upper Freeport Coal Interval. 50 ft Lower Freeport Coal Interval 75 ft. Middle Kittaning Coal- Interval 35ft. Lower Kittaning Coal- Interval 60 ft Clarion Coal Interval to top of XII 20 ft. The Upper Kittaning Coal, which is often present in Pennsylvania, seems to be absent in Northern ejmia, though it comes into the section on the Kanawha River. The Upper Freeport and. West Virgi Lower Kittaning are tne oniy ones 01 tnese nve tnat are valuable, since tfte owiers are usually too thin and slaty. The first is generally 4 ft-6 ft. thick and the latter 3 ft.-5 ft. This series gradually expands southwestward, and on the Kanawha River attains a maximum thickness of 1,100 ft, in which. its six productive coal beds are disposed somewhat as follows: Upper Freeport (" Cannelton Lower") bed- Interval 100 ft. Lower Freeport (" Coalburg ") bed- Interval 75 ft Upper Kittaning (" Winnifrede ") bed- Interval 350ft Middle Kittaning (" Cedar Grove ") bed- Interval 115ft Lower Kittaning ("Campbell Creek") bed- Interval 120 ft Clarion (Eagle) bed Interval to top of No. XII. in whioh two or three thin coal streaks occur 340 ft '" The six coal beds given above are never all workable in the same section ; in fact it is rare that more than two of them furnish valuable coal on the same property. The Lower Kittaning is probably the most persistent of the Kanawha coals. WEST VIRGINIA. 339 14a. Pottsville conglomerate. New River Coal Series. [XII. Serai.] The N<>. XII. series has the following structure in Northern West Virginia, on Cheat R:ver: Massive pebbly sandstone, sometimes in two or more beds with intervening shales, the whole representing the Homewood and Cannoquenessing sand- stones of Pennsylvania ................................................................................. 160ft. oa j ............................................................................................ 1-2 ft. Black'81ate7r.71VII^I!I!Zl,**J.. .................................................................... 10ft. Gray Sandstone to base of XII ........................................................................... 25 ft. South westward across the State this series thickens, even to a greater extent than XIII., and in the INew River (southward continuation of the Kanawha) region, attains a maximum of 1,300 ft., in which are three important coal beds in the following order, descending from top of XII. : Massive sandstones and conglomerate with a thin coal, 175 ft. below top ......... 400 ft. Nuttall Coal ................................................ - .................................................. Shales and massive sandstones ........................................................................ 250 ft. Shales and sandstones ...................................................................................... 100 ft. C Oa l _ ................................................................................................... Shales and massive sandstones to base of No. XII .................... .". ..................... 550 ft. Total ........................................................................................................... 1,300ft. These three beds are coking coals of the finest quality, and one of the two lower appears to be identical with the great ten-foot seam of the; Flat Top country. These coals are found of workable thickness only around the southern margin of the coal area, in a belt of country 20-30 miles wide, north from which they thin away to insignificant streaks. The Nuttall bed would correspond to the Quaker-town coal of Pennsylvania, and the other two would represent the Sharon and its " rider." 13. Sub-Carboniferous. 13c. Mauch Chunk Shales. [XI. Umbral Shales.] On Cheat River consists of shales, green sandstones, and thin limestones, with iron ore next the top ; total thickness 300 ft., in which are only 10 ft.-15 ft. of red shale. On New River this series is not less than 2,000 ft. thick, consisting of red shales, green and gray sandstones, with an impure limestone at the top of the group. 13b. Mountain or Greenbrier Limestone. [XL Umbral Limestone.] 100 ft. -150 ft. thick in Monongalia Co., but increases to over 800 ft. in Greenbrier Co. Is absent entirely over a large portion of the Northern region of the State west from Chestnut Ridge. 13a. Pocono Sandstone. [X. Vespertine Sandstone.] Hard gray current bedded sandstone and conglomerate, 500 ft.-600 ft. thick on Cheat River, and 1,000 ft.-l,200 ft. in the Allegheny Mountains along B. & O. R. R. No measurements have been made in southwestern portion of the State. 9-12. Devonian. 12. Catskill. [IX. Ponent.] Red shales, green and red sandstones, and an occasional conglomerate, 800 ft. thick at Rowles- burg, B. & O. R. R., and 1,200 ft-1,500 ft. in Allegheny Mountains ; thins away to almost nothing west from Chestnut Ridge. 11-12. Chemung-Catskill. [VIII. and IX. Ponent and Vergent in part.] Green and gray flaggy sandstones, fossiliferous, also containing occasional red beds, and a con- glomerate with flat pebbles, (1st Venango oil sand and gas rock at Washington and Murraysville), thick- ness near Keyser down to lowest red bed 800 to 1,000 ft. These rocks have sometimes been classed with the Catskill and again with the Chemung. In Penna. Geol. Report G 7 , p. 63, the desirability of the present classification is fully set forth. lib. Chemung) and HVIII. Vergent.] lla. Portage. J A series of hard, flaggy sandstones and shales, with a massive conglomerate (3d Venango oil sand) 100 to 2! 444 Charleston. 60 Base XIV. (Bar.) 602 14 b. L. Coal Meas., 449 Spring Hill.ei Mahoning sands. 60 413 Mt. Carbon. Clar. and Lower 455 St. Albans. Middleof Barrens 594 coals mined. 639 459 Scary. 62 590 and the two are very probably identical, though the intervening rocks have increased 30 fold in thickness on New River. 46. Quinnimont. The No. XII., or New River coal series, comes into the tops of the adjoining mo'untains here, and one of its coal beds, which comes 600 ft. above the base of XII., has been mined and coked for use in the iron furnace situated at Quinnimont. It makes a splendid coke, as does each of the three workable beds in No. XII. The elevation of the Quinnimont bed is 1,050 ft. above railroad. 47. McKendree. About half way between this station and Prince, the-upper or Chester limestone mentioned in Note 45 comes down to track level, and presents a fine opportunity for collecting sub- carbo liferous (Chester) fossils. 48. Stone Cliff. Mines in Fire Creek and Nuttall coals, the former at 650 ft. above river, the lat- ter at 950 ft. 49. Fire Creek. The Fire Creek coal here mined at 700 ft. above railroad, steepest incline on river. 50. Sewell. All of the three New River coals may be seen here. The Nuttall bed in the tops of the mountains, and the Quinnimont and Fire Creek below. These coals are of excellent coking varieties and very pure. 51. Nuttall. Nuttall coal, 400 ft. under top of XII. and 600 ft. above railroad, mined here. Uppermost great cliff rock of XII. seen capping the mountain here, from which the scenery is very grand. 52. Hawk's Nest. The Hawk's Nest cliff is on right bank of river, one mile below station, and here the upper members of XII. rise almost vertically from the bed of the river to 500 ft. above the same. The view from it is well worth a visit. The Anstead coal mines are in Gauley Mountain, four miles distant, and 855 ft. above C. & O. R. R. A narrow-gauge railroad leads out to them. The Lower Kittanning coal is the one mined. Nuttall coal is only 75 ft. above track at Hawk's Nest, and 2 ft. 8 in. thick. 53. Kanawha Falls. The falls are a series of cascades aggregating about 20 ft. in height over the hard current-bedded upper portion of the Homewood sandstone. 54. Cannelton. A good locality to study the lower coal measure series. The Clarion (Eagle) is just below track level. The Lower Kittanning bed is 105 ft. above, and extensively mined for gas coal, while on the north side here the U. Freeport coal may be seen at 750 ft. above river changed to a splendid cannel. From Mt. Carbon to near Charleston the track runs in No. XIII. beds, and coal openings are numerous on both sides of river. A general section of these measures is given in another connection. 55. Paint Creek. Paint Creek axis crosses here, and a railroad extends up Paint Creek for 10 miles to coal mines. 56. Blacksburg. Splendid example of erosion during coal measure times in cuts just above Blacksburg. 57. Coalburg. Splendid geological headquarters for seeing Coalburg, Cedar Grove and Brush Creek coals, and collecting fossil plants in roof of Lower Kittanning and Cedar Grove beds in Wat- son's Hollow, North Coalburg. 58. Winnifrede Junction. A railroad leads up Field's Creek seven miles to Winnifrede coal mines, the typical locality of Winnifrede bed (Upper Kittanning). On the other side of the river directly opposite, and in plain sight from the cars, is the mine of the Macfarlane Coal Company, in the Win* mfrede bed, one of the best mines along the Kanawha, furnishing a very pure coal of splint and bituminous mixed, and in quality unsurpassed for domestic and steam purposes. 59. Maiden. Cross to opposite side and examine extensive mines on Campbell's Creek (Lower Kittanning) coal, also salt works, the water being derived from base of XII. 60. Charleston. Good headquarters for studying barrens (XIV.). Three miniature faults in WEST VIRGINIA. 345 Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad- Ms. Continued. Alt. Ohio River Railroad- Ms. Continued. Alt. 463 Scott 63 . Barrens XIV., (upper half.) 683 38 41 Now Martinsv'le. Sardis. Permian (XVL) 62 622 469 Hurricane. Barrens (XIV.) 6 3 43 Paden's Valley. 622 476 Milton. 586 47 Sisterville. << 642 479 Thorndyke. 640 51 Friendly. 6i r 480 Ona. 6 * 622 f Permian (XVI.) and 4^'J B. Sulphur Spgs. 485 Barboursville. 598 580 54 Long Reach. 1 14c.U.Cl.M.(XV.) 1 Waynes Coal 20" 491 Guyandotte. 493 Huntingdon. 65 501 Ceredo. 560 566 501 59 Raven's Rock. [ above river. 6 1 T f Waynes Coal 20 7 \ above river. 6 1 9 502 Big Sandy, Ky. u 502 61 Grape Island. 14c.U.Cl.M.(XV.) 61 * 63 St. Mary's. 4< 615 Ohio River Railroad. 65 Vaucluse. f Barrens (XIV.)" Oil j Break " crosses (^ river here. 6 1 7 Wheeling. 2 s Barrens. (XIV.) 4 Benwood. Pitts. Cl. nr. track. 639 68 Eureka. Barrens (XIV.) 62 11 Moundsville. 2 7 f 14 c. Upper Coal \ Meas.(XV.) 635 71 74 Willow Island. Bull Creek. ' 6or 610> 19 Powhatan. {14 c. Up. Coal Meas. 300 7 of XVI. in 81 83 Williamstown. Henderson. 14c.U.Cl.M.(XV.) 60 * u 23 Woodland. hills. 638 14c.U.Cl.M.(XV.) 633 87 88 Briscoe. Vienna. Permian (XVI.) 26 Clarington. f 4 Waynes Coal 75' 94 Parkersburg. 35 59S ( above river. 6 3 1 Ohio Central Railroad 31 Proctor. f TO' under Waynes \Cl.atriverlevel. 629 f Permian (XVI.) Kanawha Division. Charleston. 60 r 14 b. Base of (XIV.) \ Barrens. 60<> 36 Baresville. -1 Waynes Coal nr. 4 Lock No. 6. 14 b. Barrens. 592 ( water level. 626 7 Smith's. 588 cuts of railroad, one Jmile above station, where U. Freeport coal and overlying "Black Flint" may also be examined. Great deposit of rounded pebbles and stones at junction of Elk and Kanawha here, finely exposed along cemetery road and extending to 385 ft. above river, the upper limit of the glacial dam-lake in which the deposit was made. From Charleston to Huntingdon the railroad run* in No. XIV., or the Barren Coal Measures. 61. SpringhUl. Great terrace of rounded boulders extend up over 200 ft. above river, just below mouth of Davis Creek, up which a railroad extends 15 miles to coal and Black Band iron ore mines. 62. -Scary. Here the railroad leaves the Kanawha River following up Scary Creek, which lead* out into an old valley (Teazes), at Scott, four miles distant. This singular valley, one mile wide and 200 ft. above the Kanawha River, bounded on either side by hills 200 feet higher, and extending through to the Guyandot River, which finally debouches into the Ohio, was once occupied by an arm of the Kanawha River, when the great ice dam at Cincinnati during glacial times backed the waters of the Ohio and its tributaries to a height of 500 to 600 ft. above present low water at Cincinnati. This hypothetical dam of Prof. G. F. Wright is demonstrated beyond any doubt by the great beds of clay, gravel, boulders and other trash which cover Teazes Valley to a great depth all along its course, except where subsequent erosion has removed them. When the ice dam melted away at Cincinnati, the water that had previously filled this valley was withdrawn, passing down to the Ohio by its for- mt-r and present route, the Kanawha, thus leaving the ancient valley high and dry, though littered up with " Black Flint," pieces of cannel coal, quartzite, sandstone and other rocks that testify to- their Kanawha and New River origin. The traveler should also notice the remarkably level character of the Kanawha Valley flat?, on which the railroads are built, as shown by the altitudes given from Point Pleasant to Charleston, on the Ohio Central Railroad, and above Charleston, on the Chesapeake A Ohio Railroad. Another important fact is that the deposit which fills this valley is true loess, a lacustrine deposit similar to that on the Mississippi and Missouri River and elsewhere.- J. M. 63. Scott. An excellent locality to study the ice dam lake deposits in a deep cut through them just east from station. The rounded boulders extend up to 750 ft. above tide here. 64. Ona. Lake deposits abundant. G5. Huntingdon. Mahoning sandstone makes cliffs along the hills from here to the State line- al Big Sandy River. 66. Sattes. An interesting group of mounds, the work of the Mound-builders, occurs in the wide bottoms toward the river, half way between this station and Charleston. 67. Poea. The Pittsburg coal is extensively mined in this vicinity by the Marmet Mining Co. The coal is absent in the immediate river hills, but comes in about one mile back. The horizon of this coal emerges from the bed of the Kanawha, between Buffalo and Red House, being mined at 346 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (W. VA.) Ohio Central Railroad- Ms. Kanawha Division. Alt. Orafton & Greenbrier Railroad. 72 Ms. Alt. 10 12 15 18 19 20 21 26 31 35 38 40 42 45 48 50 51 56 57 Ryans. Sattes. 66 Bowling. Poca. 67 Raymond City. Queen City. Energetic. Red House. 6 8 Martin's. Buffalo. 18-Mile Creek. Grimm's. 69 Maupin's. Leon or 13 m. Ck. Beech Hill. Bright's. Rock Castle. River Switch. Ohio Riv. Edge at Pt. Pleasant. 70 14 b. Barrens. 588 it 586 584 tt 579 tt 586 u 579 tt 576 14 c. Up. Coal Me. 577 it 572 a. 570 564 563 it 570 567 562 " 564 tt 563 14 b. Barrens. 5 5 7 597 it 3 6 8 11 14 17 19 21 22 24 Grafton. Fresh Ford. Foreman's. Sandy Creek. Cove Run, Moatsville. Arden. Bryan's Mill. Newman's Trest. Kelley's. Philippi. Barrens(No.XIV.) 985 988 995 L. CoalMeas. 1021 1072 Cong. No. XII. H55 L. CoalMeas. i 260 tt 1286 1289 tt 1287 tt 1288 Clarksburg & Weston R. R. 2 6 8 11 13 14 18 21 25 Clarksburg, (B. & 0. Depot.) West End. Mouth of Brown's Creek. 7 3 Mt. Clare. Bond's Summit. Lost Creek. Curry's Summit. Jane Lew. 74 Fisher's Summit. Weston. 75 W under Pitts. Coal. 1030 13Q/ 945 100" " 946 Barrens (XIV.) i 1 1175 1013 tt 1196 tt 1006 1223 " 1009 Pittsburg, Cincinnati & St. Louis R. R. Pittsburg, Wheeling & Kentucky Div. 1 3 4 6 9 12 16 21 25 Steubenville. Wheeling June. Middle Ferry. Lower Ferry. Cross Creek. Wellsburg. 7 ! Beech Bottom. Short Creek. Glenns. Wheeling. Barrens (No. XIV.) 728 it u K 11 U 645 Weston & Buckhannon R. R. 5 6 11 11 15 Weston. 76 Gaston. Seymour. Stone CoalSum. 77 Lorenz. Buckhannon. 78 Barrens(No.XIV) 1009 1040 103S Up. Cl. Me. (XV.) 1 4*4 1435 Barrens (XIV.) ^os Oak Ridge, four miles below Red House, where it is 20 ft. above river level. Its height is 175 ft. at Poca, and on up the river is carried into the air along the valley. 68. Red House. The great cliff near the hill top is the Waynesburg sandstone. 69. Grimm's. Here the Waynesburg coal has been opened 190 ft. above river level, where it is -slaty, worthless, and only 3 ft. thick. A well, bored in search of the Pittsburg coal, found only a trace of that bed at 80 ft. under river. 70. Point Pleasant. The Pittsburg coal is here about 75 ft. above the Ohio River, but only \% ft. -2 ft. thick. The Waynesburg sandstone at the base of the Permian, or No. XVI. of Rodgers, makes cliffs near the summit of the hills. 71. Wellsburg. In this town, and the immediate vicinity, many strong gas wells have been .struck at a depth of 1,300 ft. below the Ohio river. The gas is utilized for bothTieat and light in the town, and also supplies the glass and other manufactories. The geological position of the gas sand is about 1,650 ft. under the Pittsburg coal, and is possibly identical with the Murraysville sand. A shaft has also been sunk to the same coal that is mined at Steubenville, which Prof. Orton identifies with the Lower Freeport, and which is here about 210 ft. under the railroad. 72. The Grafton & Greenbrier is a narrow-eauee railroad, which follows the Tvgart's Valley River irrens, No. XIV., southward from Grafton to Philippi, its track running for about six miles in the then passing down through the Lower Coal Measures and into No. XII. three or four miles in the vicinity of Moatsville, and emerging at the horizon of the Upper Freeport coal at Philippi. 73. Pittsburg coal is mined and shipped from this point. 74. Pittsburg coal in tops of the hills about 300 ft. above track. 75. The Mahoning sandstone crops out along west fork of Monongahela River here, according to Prof. Stevenson. The State Insane Asylum, built of Barren Measures sandstone, is located at Weston. 76. This is a continuation of the Clarksburg & Weston Narrow Gauge Railroad. 77. The Pittsburg coal is 40 to 50 ft. under the track here. 78. The Pittsburg coal is mined in the hills around Buckhannon, probably 100 ft. to 150 ft. above the depot. It is 4 ft. to 4% ft. thick. 79. By Mr. James Parsons, C. and M. E., Piedmont, W. Va. 80. From Piedmont to within one mile of Gorman the road runs at the base of the Piedmont sandstone, the north branch of the Potomac having cut its circuitous course through that stone and bedded itself upon the upper series of the conglomerate. The cliffs and bluffs formed by that stone tower high above the road on both sides, and the scenery becomes grand, beautiful and interesting. WEST VIRGINIA. 347 TTest Virginia Central & Pittsburg B. R. 79 Ms. Alt. West Virginia Central & Pittsburg B. R. Ms. Continued. Alt. 1 4 6 7 9 11 14 18 25 30 33 85 37 39 41 44 Piedmont. 80 Junction. Empire. Warnicks. Barnum. Windom. Chaffee. Blaine. Schell. Gorman. 8 1 Elkins. Bayard. Camden. 82 Dobbins. Hambleton. Kearns. 14 a. Homewood s.s. 9 2 6 949 1045 1084 1130 1214 1267 1468 1605 14 a. Potts. Cong." 80 Base of (XIII.) 2295 14 b. L. CoalM. 2313 Top Of XIII. 2340 1 4 b. Barren Me. 2496 ( 2579 2672 2837 47 50 53 56 Fairfax. 83 Thomas. 84 Porter. Davis. 85 Top 14 b. Bar. Me. 3051 14 b. Freeport. 2953 ( Between 14 b. Free- \ port and Kit. 3101 Ha.Homew'ds.s 31 ^ Branch to Mineville. 4 5 Shaw.se Mineville. 86 Plane. Elk Garden. Mine No. 1. f 14 a. Homewood \ sandstone. 1 2 8 * 14 b. Kittanning. 1703 L. Barren Meas. 2233 f Bottom of 14 c. Up. \ Coal Meas. 2308 f 14 c. Pittsburg seam. "^ 2308 81. At Gorman the road begins, geologically, to rise up through the Lower Coal Measures in a red thole, as observed also by Prof. I. C. White, a thing unheard of or unreported in the Lower Coal Measures, and at Bayard it has passed through the Kittanning and Freeport coals to the base of the Lower Barren Measures. 82. From Camden to Fairfax it still continues to rise, until by the time it reaches the summit at the latter place it rests upon the top of the Lower Barren Measures and at the base of the Upper Coal Measures. 83. From Fairfax to Thomas it gradually descends through the same barren measures and down until it reaches the bottom of the Freeport. 84. From Thomas to Davis it still continues to descend through the Lower Coal Measures until it reaches the Piedmont or Homewood sandstone at the latter place. 85. Davis is situated in the renowned valley of Canaan on the Black Water, at its junction with Beaver. Here the bottoms are broad, and stand on an elevation of 3,072 feet above tide water, while the plateaus running back both ways rise still higher to an elevation of 3,170 feet. Davis, standing upon this bottom and plateau, is destined to become the frequent resort, not only of the seeker after pleasure, but of the scientific traveler, for from this point a great and grand panorama presents itself. The Plane rises about 600 feet, passing up through the Lower Coal Measures and the Lower Barren Measures to the base of the Upper Coal Measures. Here the Pittsburg seam is opened and worked in several places at and near Elk Garden. This seam is 14 feet thick and of the finest quality. 86. The branch road from Shaw to Mineville passes up through the Piedmont or Homewood sandstone to the Kittanning coal, which crops out of the mountains at the foot of the plane. The notes signed " F." are by Prof. Wm. M. Fontaine, and those signed " 8." .by Prof. J. J. Steven- eon, taken from the first edition. The altitudes for West Virginia have been all carefully collected, from .original sources, by Prof- L C. White; many of them are nere published for the first time. 348 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (W. VA.) Fairmount, Morgantown & I'itt sburg U.K.* Ms. Alt. West Virginia and Pittsburgh Railroad; Ms. Braxton Extension. Alt. 1 I 3 ' 4 7 7 11 17 20 22 26 Fairmount. 88 Junction Bridge. Low water, \ Monong. Riv. / Houltown. Rievesville. 89 Monong. R. here. Pricket's C'k B'g. River here. Catawba. Opekiska. 874 River here. Little Falls. 90 M'th Tom's Run. J. Kigers. Offington. 9 * River here. Morgantown. 9 2 Up. p't'noiYXIV.) 88 * B'r'nsorNo.(XIV) 894 850 Base of (XV.) or Up. CoalMeas. 889 No. (XV.) 888 848 Top of (XIV.) 882 843 Top of (XIV.) s so Up. portion (XIV.) 839 Top Of (XIII.) 855 822 U. Freeport Coal. 83? Base (XIV.) 82 s 791 See note. sie 12 14 25 32 35 38 39 44 Wesson. Roanoke. Arnolds. Burnsville. L. Kanawha Riv. Salt Lick B'dges. Hecter's. Flat Woods. Summit. Sutton. 8 2 8 Pittabargh Gobi. I01g 14 c. in hills. 1058 14 c. Up. Coal M. i 9 * f Barrens, (XIV.) 75 a 1 250' under P. Cl.*" Barrens, (XIV.) Barrens. 8 5 a "(XIV.) 10B 1168 Barrens, Mah. s. s. Buckhannon River Extension. 7 13 17 25 Buckhannon. Sago. Ten Mile. 9 * Alton. Newlon. Barrens, (XIV.) i 408 1425 14 b. L. C'IM. " I 813 1917 Ohio River Railroad. Continued. 94 107 111 117 120 123 125 128 132 135 138 Parkersburg. Harris' Ferry. Belleville. Murray sville. 95 Muse's Bottom. Portland. Sherman. Ravenswood. 58 5 Pleasant View. Willow Grove. Ripley Landing. Perm. C'b.,(XVI.) z * 596 591 Waynesburg s. s. 5 9 a Perm. C'b., (XVI.)58 << 592 587 Waynesburg "A" C'l. Perm. C'b., (XVI.) 5 g i 584 ( 579 Monongahela River Railroad. Fairmount. " 6 Camdensburg. 93 11 Worthington. 13 Enterprise. 16 Shimston. 23 Simpsons Creek. 27Bartlett. 32, Clark sburg. 75' under P'gh Coal. Pittsburgh Coal. 889 P'gh Coal in riv. 898 Pittsburgh Coal. 9 i 911 923 931 1031 * Since the stereotypes were made of the foregoing pages'of this chapter, (which had been edited by my father), Prof. White has furnished these additional lines and surveys. J. R. M. 87. Errata in Note 45. The statement in Note 45 with reference to the thinning away of No. XII. red beds in vicinity of Alderson, etc., was made upon information which I considered reliable at the time, but a subsequent personal examination shows that what was taken for the Pottsville conglomerate is simply a massive, white pebbly sandstone in the No. XI. shales and that instead oi having thinned away, these shales are here thicker than anywhere else in the state, approaching 2,500 feet and holding two immense white conglomerates, along with the red beds and impure lime- stones. I. C. W. The casting of the plate in which Note 45 occurs prevented the making of this correction in it$ proper place. J. R. M. ' 88. Fairmount. The levels are brought from Fairmount on main line of B. & O. by Major Whiting of the B. & O. engineer corps. The elevation here gives 779 feet for low water at Morgan- town, but the river survey from Pittsburgh makes it 786 feet. See Note 21. 89. Rievesville. Sewickley coal crops out along railroad cuts. 90. Little Falls. Upper Freeport coal in cuts. Rapids in river made by Upper Freeport sand- stone. 91. Offington. Mahoning s. s. makes great cliffs here known as "Raven Rocks." 92. Morgantown. Upper Freeport coal 75 feet under river. Pittsburgh coal 440 feet above same level. Fine show of terrace deposits extending to 275 feet above river. Good locality for fossils in crinoidal limestone. Cheat river gorge nine miles distant. Grand view from crest of Chestnut Ridge. Subcarboniferous fossils under great arch below. 93. Camdensburg. The Pittsburgh coal dips under the river about two and a half miles above Fairmount to about 50 feet below the same, but comes up just below Camdensburg and is soon 25 to 30 feet above water. Extensive coking works of ex-Senator Camden and others, 250 ovens. Coal 9 to 10 feet thick. This bed is never less than 8 feet thick between Fairmount and Clarksburg, and is of excellent quality for fuel, gas and coke. This road passes through one of the finest coal fields in the world, which must in the near future replace the Counellsville field. 94. Ten Mile. Upper Freeport coal in hills here and at the level of the track four miles belowy near mouth of Grassy Run, where it is only 3 to 4 feet thick, but roofed with 12 feet of cannel slate. 95. Murraysville. The Waynesburg sandstone is frequently seen between Parkersburg and Letout Falls, sometimes a great cliff as at Murraysville; again its top is just seen in the bed of the Ohio. At Letout it rises from the river to the northwest and makes the rapids in the river. Below here it forms long lines of cliffs near the summits nearly to Guyandotte. 96. Graham. Pittsburgh coal mined on the other side of the river by shaft 170 feet deep. Coal about 5 feet thick and dips rapidly southeast toward the center of the Appalachian basin. 97. Hartford. Hartford, Mason City, Clifton and the town of Pomeroy on the Ohio side are celebrated for the manufacture of salt and bromine. Salt bearing stratum reached by borings at about 1,150 feet under the Pittsburgh coal. It appears to be the top portion of the Pocono, (No. X.) sandstone and the same as the Mt. Morris oil rock ("Big Injun.") WEST VIRGINIA. 349 Ohio River Railroad. Continued. W8t Virginia Central K. K. Continued. Ms. Alt. Ms. Extension from Thomas to Elkins. Alt. 140 School House. 149 Letout 150 Graham. 153 New Haven. 154 Hartford. 9 7 Perm. CPb., (XVI.)" 576 14 c. Up. C'l Meas. 5 ** P'gh Coal in riv. 5 7 6 Pittsburgh Coal. 57S 74 78 79 80 81 Fairfax. Thomas. 295 Davis. 2868 Globe Falls. Pt. Lookout. 102 Barrens, (XIV.) sosi Top L Coal M.,(XIII.) Low Eittanning Coal. No. (XII.) Congl. 272 * 2640 157 Mason City. 574 82 2480 Top Mauch C'k Reds. 159 Clifton. 5*4 84 Bie Run. No. (XI.) beds. 215 161 W. Columbia. 506 87iHendrick's. 12. Catskill. i 2 162Camden. 172 Pt, Pleasant. 567 570 191 Black Fork. Shaver's Fork. 11 b. Chemung. 165 1643 173 K. & 0. June. 93 Haddix Rim. 1680 178 Gallipolis Ferry. 184 Ben Lomond. Barrens,FghCoal.5T' Barrens, (XIV.) ' 98 101 Haddix Summit. Montrose. 2179 10 b. Hamilton. 1983 187 Apple Grove. 106 Kerens. 1933 188 Mercer's Bottom. 11201dLeadsville. 1912 192 Glen wood. 99 *i 113 Elkins. 1 08 U 1924 198 Crown City F'y. 548 579 Survey, Elkins to Gauley River. ^v/U ijfrccn bottom. 20i;Williamsp'rtF'y. 202 Lesage. 205 Coxe's. 567 549 548 Elkins. 6 Beverly. 8 Burnt Bridge. 10 b. Hamilton. 19a * 1953 (water.) 1939 1974 211 Guyandotte Jc. 546 16 AH11 fWpV 2002 Proposed Branch. 17 Huttonsville. 2062 Ravenswood. 3 Silverton. f 15. Permo. Carb. \Wash'gton Coal. 584 15. Permo. Garb. 88 26 Elk Water. 32 Brady's Summit. 34Riggles. 11 b. Chemung. 2 ' 58 No. (XI.) 1. s. 2992 No. (XI.) Shales. 271 * 8 Sandyville. " * 82 35 Red Lick Run. Top (XI.) l.s. 2 * 2 16 Leroy. 18 Sand Cr. Summit. 660 890 36 Elk River. 38 Whitacre's Falls. No. (XI) Shales. 23 i 2171 22 Three Forks 671 39 Big Run. 2136 Reedy. 100 29 Reedy Summit. 14c.Up.CoalMeas.9 5 46 Burgoo. 48 Leatherwood. 1904 tt 1841 32 Spencer. 101 Barrens, (XIV.) 72 56 Elk River. 4 Top (XI.) l.s. 146S Piedmont and Cumberland. 63 Payn's Summit. Base of No.(XII.) 24 5 Cumberland. 12 Rawlins. T.Low'rHelderb'g. 630 6 b. Clinton. 9 71 Gauley Kiv.i 5 78iWilliams Riv. No. (XII.) Congl. 2308 n 2215 16 Black Oak. 734 Stony River Survey. 20i21st Bridge. * 86 10 b. Ham. (Marc'lus.) Mouth of River. No. (XII.) Congl. 207 22 Keyset. 7 9 5 7. Low'r Helderb'g. 6 Pike Cross'g. 108 Barrens, (XIV.) 25 ** 27 Westernport. f Ha.Pottsv'leCong., \Topof (XII.) i5 10 13 Falls. 10 ' Low. CoalMeas. 279 Clarion Coal. 297y , 29. W. Va. Cent. Jc. 15 No. (XII.) Congl. 3 1<} 2 98. Camden. Pittsburgh coal, 4 to 5 feet thick, mined here. It thins away down the river to 18 20 inches at Point Pleasant. Occasionally, as at Mercer's Bottom, it thickens to 4 or five feet. that it thins again to a few inches and not mined until near Huntington, where it is 3 to 4 feet. 99. Qlenwood. Here recently an attempt was made to sell lands as containing tin ore. The reputed tin i* a brecciated lime.-tone 40 to 60 feet below the Pittsburgh coal and on analysis proved not to contain a trace of tin. Another "tin syndicate" explored this same stratum for that metal ou the Little Kanawha, nine miles above Grantsville. ' 100. Three Forks Reedy. The "Ridge Limestone" near the summits of the hills over a large portion of Jackson county is often 10 to 20 feet thick, and is probably the Ninevah Limestone of Pennsylvania, the X. of Stevenson's Green county series. I 101. Spencer. The Burning Springs or Volcano anticlinal passes along the valley of Spring |eek, bringing the Barren Measures to the surface. Pittsburgh coal is absent or but feebly repre- d in this portion of the state and especially along the line of the Volcano anticlinal everywhere. 102. Point Look Out. Grandest scenery in the Appalachian Mountains. The Black Fork of the cuts a canon 1,500 feet deep through the Back Bone Mountain range, which is capped by the sville Conglomerate. The railroad grade down this gorge is 160 feet to the mile and it "runs a rock shelf 300 to 400 feet above the river, which has a fall of 100 feet to the mile. The New coals are exposed along the railroad grade, both the Nuttall (2% feet thick) and Quinnemont being recognizable. The Quinnemont and Five Creek beds are split into a half dozen thin srs. The whole Pottsville Conglomerate series is here over 700 feet thick. 360 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (W. VA.) West Virginia Central R. R. Continued. Ms. Survey, Elkina to Buckhannon. Con. Alt. Gauley River. C. & O. Survey. Continued. Ms. Alt. 7 10 11 12 17 18 21 27 32 itoarmg ens.*"* Roaring. King's Ridge. Toll Gate. Burnt Bridge. White Oak S'm't. Buck. R. Divide. Buckhannon. 14 C.liOW. Uoai M. i 8 e 2121 Barrens, (XIV.) 2368 2450 1851 Top Low. Coal M.i s 40 Barrens, (XIV.) 2031 < 1743 1413 15 21 25 29 51 40 43 46 55 75 80 85 Peters.** 1 Carnifax Ferry. Hughes Ferry. Brock's. Beaver Creek. Cherry River. Cranberry. Stroud's Creek. Williams River. Laurel Fork. Stony Creek. Marlin's Bottom. Top of (No. XII.) 8? No.(XII.)N't'l C'l. 120 * No.(XII.)Congl. * 1589 1694 14 a.Nutall Coal. "* 1915 No. (XII.) Congl.2oo 2 1 e r 8011 t 3229 /No.(XI.)orGreenb'r tl.s.to Cherry R. 2 i 2 Elk River. 21 24 60 70 80 93 100 Charleston. Big Sandy. Queen's Sh'ls. 109 Big Otter. 72 e Grove's Creek. Birch River. Little Otter. Beall'a Mills. Sutton.no I3ase of Barrens. 556 ol 611 Top of Low. C'l Meas. Barrens, (XIV.) " 770 794 M 798 806 Little Kanawha River. 2 14 22 32 43 Parkersburg.i* 3 Lock One. Lock Two. Lock Three." Lock Four."* Spring Creek. Buffalo Rock. L'r Leading C'k. No.(XVI.)Pm-C'b. 6 * it 664 574 684 No^XrVYJBar'ens. 5 ** 612 No.(XVI.)Fm-C'b.68i Gauley River. C. & O. Survey. J Mouth. M'th of 20-Mile. Little Elk. Top of No. (XII.) so Base of No. (XII.) 667 691 103. Elkins. The Tygarts valley in which the town is situated, is? geologically a great arch, or rather two anticlinal axis which have come nearly together. These are the anticlmals which cross the B. & O. R. R. at Terra Alta and Mountain Lake Park respectively, having there a trough between them deep enough to catch the Lower Coal Measures.but here at Elkins the axes are less than a mile apart and the trough holds only the basal beds of the Chemung. On one side (west) of this double arch at Elkins. the Rich Big Laurel Mt. rises to 3,500 feet above the sea, and on the other (east) Cheat Mt. attains a greater height, while both are crowned with the Pottsville Conglom- erate, thus rendering the wide valley between, one of the most beautiful and picturesque in the country. 104. Additon. County seat of Webster county. On the summit of an anticlinal axis, which, brings the top of the Greenbriar Limestone 40 feet above water level and exposes 800 feet of the Mauch Chunk Red Shales between the top of the limestone and the base of the Pottsville Conglomerate in. the summit of the Mountain above. Near the crest of this arch at Addisona hole was once bored for oil many years ago, but at about 100 feet a strong stream of salt and sulphur water was struck^ which still continues to flow and has attained much celebrity as a mineral water for medicinal pur- poses, especially for kidney troubles Where the Gauley Turnpike crosses McGuires Gap, opposite Addison, a coal bed 2% to 3 feet thick has been mined only 20 feet above the Mauch Chunk red beds. 105. Near here on Land Run ia the out crop of a coal bed 7 feet thick, of poor quality and ifc would seem to come at the same horizon as the PocahonUs or No III. bed of the Flat Top region. 106. Capt. Joseph Parsons, chief engineer of the W. Va. C. R. R. who has kindly furnished all the elevations on that railroad and its surveys, states that the Lower Kittanning coal passes under Stony river about three and a half miles above its mouth and reappears at nine miles up. The center of the trough is near where the northwestern pike crosses Stony river, and here the Pitts- burgh coal is'in the summits of the hills just north from the river. This is the northern end of the Elk Garden Pittsburgh coal basin, since northward from here that coal misses the hills by only 60 to 100 fee* for twenty miles, till it is caught in the Fairfax summit on the Cheat-Potomac Divide. 107. There is a large area of the lower Kittanning coal from here on down the river for four miles and it has a thickness.of eight feet with its customary partings. It is forty feet above water 108. Half way between Roaring creek and Elkins the Tygarts Valley river cuts squarely through the great Rich-Laurel Mt. uplift; and exposes a splendid section from the Hamilton up to the Lower Coal Measures. Along and in the vicinity of Roaring creek is a large field of the Upper Freeport coal where the bed has a thickness of 8 to 10 feet. The Freport sandstone is very massive and pebbly along the lower part of Roaring creek and makes the numerous falls. 109. Queen's Shoals. A few miles above here the river bends southward and the Upper Freeport coal comes above water level, and keeps above the same till the stream turns northwestward above Clay C. H. There is a fine area of this coal on Big and Little Sycamore creeks. With this excep- tion only the Barren Measures crop out along Elk between Sutton and its mouth, a distance of 100 miles, and as these beds have a greater thickness (800') here than anywhere else in the country, I have termed them the Elk River series. 110. Sutton. The Mahoning coal (about 100 feet above the base of the Barrens) crops 30 to 40 feet above river level and has been mined to a small extent, while at Frametown 16 miles below, the Pittsburgh coal is in the summits of the hills, 500 feet above the river and 6 to 7 feet thick. 111. From the mouth of the Little Elk up to the Cherry River the Gauley flows in a narrow canon 300-400 feet deep, excavated out of the top members |of No. XII., while the softer Lower Coal Measures occur back in the summits of the hills on the broad plateau at the top of No. XII. The Nutall coal comes up at the mouth of Meadow River, but it thins there. It has a thickness of 5 to 6 feet on the waters of Hommony, Cherry and other streams, which put in from the south, and is a splendid coking coal. WEST VIRGINIA. 351 31-. Little Kana\\ ha River. Continued. Alt.j Kentucky. 120 61 Down's Hippie. No.tXVWm-C'b. 636 na Maria C'k. 68 Big Root. (i 641 < 644 Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. Ms. Cincinnati Division. Continued. Alt. 76 Pine Creek. 78 Grantsville. 115 Upp. Coal Meas. 554 556 522 Riverton Jc. 529 14 a. Pottsv., (XII .) -teer Creek. 116 < 566 ireenup. 13. Sub-Carboniferous. re Island. 571 528 Gray's Branch. Musch Shoals. 577 535 Siloam. i: 92 Tanner Fork. 117 582 541 S. Portsmouth. ' 96 Ce lar Creek. 983d Run Sh'ls. 118 101 LeaJing Creek. 103 Glenville. 119 10.") Stewart's Creek. 1( Mu.l Lick Run. IK) Sand Fork. IK. Stout's Mill. 118 Hver's Run. 121 oil Creek. 1-L' r>urnsville.( Lnmbe r port.) No.(XIV.)Barrens. 58 'S 589 690 702 702 710 Upp. Coal Meas. 711 723 No. (XIV.) Barrens. 735 741 < 741 551 Quincy. 553 Kinney. 558 Buena Vista. 560>airview. 563 Vanceburg. 568|Rome. 575 Concord. 577 Pence. 586 Springdale. 592 M. & B. S. June. 593 Maysville. 601 S. Ripley. M ' Huron Shal> 9 c. Cornif. 1. s. in 5 c. Niagara. 4c. Cincinnati M riv. 502 Bennett's Run. 752 603 Dover. 131 Bulltown. H 780 610 Augusta. Kentucky. 120 614 Wellsburg. 617 Bradford. <( fi91 P'natAr A fT " 4-* Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. Confirmed. > O-- 1 I: OStcF. 628 Belmont. 'x. c. Cincinnati. n Ms. Cincinnati Division. Alt* 630 California. 4 a. Trenton. 604 Catlettsburg. |Low. Coal. (XIII.) 5 * 4 , 632 New Richmond. < 494 60> Williams. 634 Oneonta. u 609 Norton. 638 Ross. 4 c. Cincinnati. 610 Ashland. 544: 649 Dayton. 541 61 1 A. C. & I. Cr's'g. H 661 Newport. <( 612Bellefonte. 14 a. Pottsv., (XII.) 653 K. C. Jc. tt 51& 61 o Russell. 654 Covington. u 619 Wurtland. " 655 Cincinnati. 112. Parkersburg. Low water here as given by Col. Roberts is 562.804. See Note 35. 113. The elevations given for these locks is the top of the mitre sill below the dams. From* Parkersburg for 25 miles up the river the rocks are nearly horizontal and the Upper Meretta sand- stone of the Permian Series, which is quarried at Parkersburg, (Jackson quarry,) makes clitfs in the- river hills for a long distance. It is extensively quarried at Elizabeth. 114. Lock Four. Near here is Burning Springs, the famous oil district, from which oil was col- lected and marketed as far back as 1841. The Eureka Volcano Anticlinal (called the "Oil Break") passes through this region, and brings up 400 feet of the Barren Measures. The Pittsburgh coal is absent, or only a few inches thick, while the Crinoidal coal is *0 inches thick and mined below the village for local supply. Oil is obtained here in the Mahoning, Conglomerate, "Big Injun" (Pacors) and Maxburg (Gantz) sands. 115. OranUvilU. Here the Waynesburg is in the summit of the hills. 116. Steer Creek, At the mouth of this stream the massive sandstone above the Pittsburgh coal comes above water level, and the base of the great Waynesburg sandstone cliff is 275 feet above the- same. 117. Tanner Fork. Along this stream the Waynesburg coal is mined for local use. It is only IS to 24 inches thick and at Tannersville 6 miles up the stream is 135 feet above the latter. 118. Third Run Shoals. The Waynesburg Coal shows in summit of hill here 36O feet above the river or 1050 A. T. The horizon of the Pittsburgh coal is about 50 feet above the river, but the coal is absent. 119. Glenyillc. A broad anticlinal, which is probably identical with the Chestnut Ridge axis.. crosses the river above Glenville and hoists the Pittsburgh coal 225 feet above the same. This coal makes its first appearance here it being absent or but feebly developed everywhere below until its horizon dips unaer water near the mouth of Steer Creek; at one ana a half miles above Glenville it is 4 to 5 feet thick and 200 feet above the river. It runs along the hills at near this level for a mile or two further and then dips rapidly down below water level, passing under the river \y 4 miles- below Land Fork or \Qti% miles from Parkersburg. The sandstone above the coal has an immense development in this region, beinp 130 feet thick. The horizon of the Pittsburgh coal keeps 50 to 75- feet below river level till we come to Stout's Mil's, when the basin is crossed and it begins to rise rapidly appearing lo feet above river level, one mile above Stout's Mills, and one-half mile further up- stream is 75 feet above the same. It is here 7 feet thick and there is a great coal field in this basin between Burnsville and Glenville. 120. This Division of the C. & O, (formations by Prof. I. C. White) belongs in the Kentucky- chapter, but for lack of space is inserted here, just before publication. J. R. M. 352 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (VA.) Virginia. 2 a BY PROF. WILLIAM B. ROGERS. List of the Geological Formations Found in Virginia and West Virginia, GENERAL GROUPS. SUB-DIVISIONS IN VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA. ! r S i^ WnS .2 QUATERNARY. 20. Quaternary. 2s2& H.D.andW.B.R.for | TERTIARY. 19 c. Pliocene. 19 b. Miocene. 19 a. Eocene. |gg* gfi^S *?* the Paleozoic Fonna- tions of Pennsylvania and Virginia and used .2 & UPPER AND LOWER MESOZOIC. (18 fc 17.) Jurasso-Cretac's. 1 Upper Secondary s.s. (17, 16.) Jurasso-Triassic. 2 Mid. Secondary Sandstones and Coal Measures. Numbers ma Fonnations as used in tl of W. B. anc in H. D. Rogers' Final Report of the Geology of Pennsylvania. UPPER CARBONIFEROUS. 14 c. Upper Barren Croup. 14 c. Upper Coal Croup. 14 b. Lower Barren Croup. 14 b. Lower Coal Group. 14 a. Great Conglomerate and Conglo. Coal Group. XVI. XV. XIV. XIII. XII. Serai. Serai. Serai. Serai. Serai. MID. CARBONIFEROUS. (UPPER SUB-CARB.) 13 b. Greenbriar Shales. 13 b. Creenbriar Limestone. (Carb. Limestone.) XI. XI. Umbral Shales. Umbra) Limesto. LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. (LOWER SUB-CARB. ) 13 a. Montgomery Grits and Coal Measures. (Tuedian ?) X. Vespertine Sand- stone and Coal. Paleozoic. DEVONIAN. Names of N. Y. Survey chiefly : 12. Catskill. 11 b. Chemung. 1 1 a. Portage. 10 c. Genesee. 10 b. Hamilton. 10 a. Marcellus. IX. VIII. VIII. VIII. VIII. VIII. Ponent. Vergent. Vergent. Cadent. Cadent. Cadent. SILURIAN. 8. Oriskany. 7. Lower Helderberg. 6. Salina. 5 c. Niagara. 5 b. Clinton. 5 a. Medina. VII. VI. V. V. V. IV. Meridian. Pre-Meridian. Scalent. Scalent. Surgent. Levant. SlLURO-CAMBRIAN 8 OR UPPER CAMBRIAN. 4 c. Hudson River. 4 b. Utica. 4 a. Trenton. III. III. III. Matinal. Matinal. Matinal. MIDDLE* AND LOWER CAMBRIAN. 3 c. Chazy. 3 b. Levis. 3 a. Calciferous. 2 b. Potsdam Group. 6 II. II. II. I. Auroral. 4 Auroral. Auroral. Primal. 5 ARCH^AN. Archaean. A, B, C, D. VIRGINIA. 353 gr Ms. Chesapeake A Ohio Railroad. Alt. Virginia. Richmond. * 4 {W. outcrop of Tert'y andUpper Mesozoic, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. all resti'g onArch.C. Ms. Harper's Ferry and Valley Branch. Alt. 9 Atlee's. 202 TT r\ TT ft 4 19. Tertiary. 1 277 larper's Ferry. Shenandoah. a77 f Altered Cambri'n(b) I or Archaean B, fol- j lowed west by Cam- 1 brian, 2 b., 3 a. 18 & 33 Hanover C. H. 8Z Hanover Junct. Noel's. 257 f Upper Mesozoic, \ Jurasso-Cretaceoue. 1. Archaean, C. 6 10 14 Halltown. 89 Charlestown. 613 Cameron. 547 Cambrian 3 a., b. 3 b., c. << < 40 Beaver Dam. 38S> 45Bampass > 341 f Gneiss &MicaSlates r \ with veins of Gran. L. Archaean, A. 23 27 Wadesville. 495 Stepheason's. 4 " Siluro-Cam. 4 a. & 4 b. f Siluro-Cam. & Cam. I 4 a. and 3 c. 50 56 Frederick's Hall. TolersTille. 10 * i S51 f Mic.Hornb.& Hydro. \ Mic.Slat.withAurif. 32 86 39 Winchester. 7l7 Kernstown. 744 Newtown. 77 The road runs close to boundary of Cam- brian 3 c., and Sil.- 62 76 Lousia C. H. 4 2 Gordonsville. 50 ( q'rtz. The gold belt 1. Archaean, C. B. 42 44 46 50 Vaucluse. 7 Middletown. 70 Cedar Creek. 9* Capon Road. 74 - Cambrian, 4 a,, 01 the belt lying east, composed largely of 4 c. 81 83 Lindsay's. 487 Cobham. 395 ' Argil. Mic. & Hydro, Mic.Sla.,with patch- es of Slaty Limestone & Steatite Epidotic, 51 55 57 Strasburg Jc. 703 Tom's Brook. Maurerstown. Siluro-Cam ori'n, 4 a. and 4 b., on switch track. Cambrian, 3 b., c. 745 788 90 97 104 Keswick. 439 Charlottesville. Ivy. 544 ' Chlor. and Sil. Grits & Slates of S. W. Mt. followed west by [ Gneissoid Sandst'ne. 1. Archaean, D. 61 Woodstock. * 820 u 107 Mechum's River Horn.& Chi Gnei.Syen. 66 74 Edinburg. 845 Mount Jackson. < {Cam. & Siluro-Cam 3 c. and 4 a. 115 Greenwood. fl.Arch.,B.Bl. Ridge I Epid. Chlor. Argil. 1 Slates,&c..flank'dW. 81 New Market. << 971 [ byCamb. 1,2 b. Pots. 88 94 Broadway. Linviile. ft 1038 1242 124 Waynesboro. 1801 f Cambrian, 3 a., ad- \ joining slates of 2 b. 00 105 Harrisonburg. 8 Pleasant Valley. 1340 Cambrian, 3 b., c. 124 129 Fishersville. 1321 f Sil-Camb.,4a. &4b. \ Edge of slate belt. 117 Fort Defiance. 9 K t( 1275 136 Staunton. 1 3 8 7 f Camb. & Sil-Camb., 126 Staunton. 136 f Cam. & Siluro-Cam \ 3 c. and 4 a. 144 Swoope's. 1645 \ 3 c. and 4 a. 1. The term Jurasso-Cretaceous is chosen to designate the Upper Secondary Sandstones of the Virginia reports and the associated sands and clays which in their prolongation, northeast through Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey, are found to underlie the Cretaceous green-sand formation of those State-, because the fossils found in the vicinity of Fredericksburg, etc., in Virginia, as well aw near Baltimore, suggest the upper stage of the Jurassic period; while it is stated that the sands and clays of this belt in New Jersey are referable to the base of the Cretaceous. The whole group would seem in the main to be one of transition, and it is probably best comparable to the European Wealden. 2 The name Jurasso-Triassic is preferred for the Mid-Secondary rocks of the Virginia reports, as it is thought to correspond best with the fossil indications thus far furnished by the several belts included in it. Of these, the most western area is in part continuous with the so-called Triassio belt of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and in part with the coal bearing rocks of Dan River, North Carolina. The middle belt is in the line of prolongation of the Deep River coal rocks of North Carolina, and the eastern belt, including the Grits and Coal Measures of Chesterfield, Henrico, etc., is topograph- ically without a counterpart. The middle and eastern belts in Virginia, and the western tract in North Carolina, show a close agreement in their fossil flora, which in many particulars has a decid- edly Jurassic character, and all three belts are connected by certain species of Estheria, Candona, etc., held in common. Collectively these beds represent most probably a group of deposits ranging through Upper Triassic, and Lower Jurassic time, and are in large measure of a transitional character. 3. In jrrouping the Lower Paleozoic formations, Sedgewick's classification is used, including as Cambrian and Siluro- Cambrian, all the formations from the base of the Paleozoic to the top of the Trenton period (4 c.), and as Silurian the succeeding formations to the top of the Oriskany (8.); these corresponding in limits to the Upper and Lower Silurian periods of the table. 4. The Middle Cambrian, or Auroral group, occupying much of the surface of the great valley west of the Blue Ridge, and exposed in numerous anticlinals and faults in the mountain belt farth- er we^t, is marked by a great preponderance of magnesian limestones in the lower two-thirds of its mass, passing below in many cases into Arenaceous and Argillaceous limestones, and followed above by oolitic and by cherty and sandy bed* theae Utter ivin# oUn atill higher to th S54 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (VA.; Ms. Chesapeake & Ohio R. R. Con. Alt.! Ms. Chesapeake & Ohio R. R. Con. Alt. f Devonian, 10 a., ad-| 'Devonian, 10 a., west 160 2074 North Mountain. I joining Silurian of j the Gap, 5 a., 5 b. 195 Jackson's River. 1133 side of Rich Patch Anticlinal Silurian, [ to 8 , inverted. 5 a. to 8. C Silurian, 7.,Encrinal : Devonian, 10 a. & 10 159 Craigsville. 1516 -j Marble. 8. Oris- b., between south- ( kany. C Devonian, 10 a. and 205 1425 Covington. 14 west end of Warm Spring Anticlinal, 1 /Q r i o 1 10 b., between ridg- & northeast end of lOo vrosnen. 1 es of Silurian, 5 a. Peter's Mountain. [ to 8. 'Devonian, 10. to 12., 175 Millboro. 12 1679 f Devonian 10 a., near \ 8. of Sideling Hill. 221 Alleghany. 2068 enclosing, near tun- nel, belt of Sub-Car. 13 a. Vespertine. more purely Calcareous and Argillo-Calcareous strata appertaining to the base of the Siiuro-Cam- brian, Trenton, or Matinal group. The frequent faults, inversions and repetitions of the beds in the great valley, and the rarity of fossils in the Auroral rocks, have interfered with a precise demarcation of formations, but there can be little dOubt, from fossil and other evidence, that they cover the period of the formations 3 a., 3 b., 3 c., assigned &to them in the Table. Hence, and as indicating the formations near as well as at the localities, the designation 3 a. b. will be used for these rocks up to the top of the magnesian, without distinguishing between Calciferous and Quebec (or Levis), and 3 b. c., for the remaining strata up to the well defined base of the Siluro- Cambrian, Trenton or Matinal group, 4 a. b. and c. 5. The Potsdam, or Primal group, includes in Virginia, where complete, besides the Potsdam proper, the ferriferous shales next above, and the slates, shaly grits and conglomerates, below this formation. It is exposed in varying mass and completeness on the western slope and in the west flanking hills of the Blue Ridge throughout much of its length, often, by inversion, dipping to the southeast, in seeming conformity beneath the older rocks of the Blue Ridge, but often, also resting uncomformably upon or against them. These older rocks, comprising masses referable probably to Huronian and Laurentian age, include also a group of highly altered beds, corresponding apparently to the copper-bearing or Keweenian series of Northern Michigan, and perhaps to the lately described Dimetian rocks of Wales. 6. The letters A, B, C, D mark four rather distinct groups of Archaean rocks found in Virginia, of which the first three may probably be referred to the Laurentian, Huronian and Montalban. periods respectively, and the fourth to an intermediate stage the Norian or Upper Laurentian. 7. This belt of Siluro-Cambrian slates extends continuously from the Potomac River to a point about ten miles south of Staunton, a distance' of 140 miles, beyond which it becomes narrow and discontinuous. In the tract corresponding to the interval, from Strasburg to Harrisonburg, it encloses the complex synclinal of the Massanutten Mountains, consisting of massive ranges of Silurian rocks 5 a. 5 b.. with some bands of 7 and a few traces of Devonian 10 a., all resting in the wide undulated trough of the slates. From Strasburg southwest, the railroad keeps generally a distance of from one-half to one mile west of the edge of the slates, but sometimes impinges upon it, affording ready access to fossiliferous beds of 4 a., b. and c. 8. About 13 miles west-by-north from this are the Rawley Springs, and a few miles farther the remarkable fissured rocks known as Moravian Town, both in Ponent 12. West-by-south, about 20 miles are the Dora coal mines, in Vespertine 13 a., of Narrowback mountain anthracite, faulted and crushed. The irregular fault, which, with many interruptions, extends from near the Potomac River along the northwest edge of the Great Valley in the line of the Little North Mountain for about 120 miles, is seen near these localities to, bring the Siluro-Cambrian 4. of the valley into juxtaposition with the Devonian 10. to 12. 9. About eight miles east of this are Weyer's and Madison's caves, situated in a ridge of steep dipping limestone, 3 a. b., near the South River. 10. In this part of the gold belt are situated the old workings, known as Tinder's, Boxley's, Baker's, Triple Fork and Walton's Mines. 11. This is a good point of departure for examining the rock structure of Panther Gap, 5 a. b., mostly inverted, and the wild passage of the North River through the same formations at Streck- ler's Gap, " The Goshen Pass." About 10 miles southwest are the Rockbridge Alum Springs, in 10. a. b. 12. About three miles north of this, on the Cow Pasture River, is the Blowing Cave of Bath County, in an anticlinal of 8. Oriskany ; and twelve miles farther north-by-west, near the same river, is the noted intermitting stream called the Ebbing Spring, in a ridge of 7 and 8, on east side of Tower Hill, east of Warm Spring Axis. Twelve miles southwest to Bath Alum Springs, in 10 a., and thence 5 miles to Warm Springs, 3 c-4 a. 13. Where traversed by the Jackson's River, this anticlinal shows itself as a great arch built up of the successive concentric beds of 6 a. b. c., and flanked by 7. and 8., followed by 10 a., and having a span, as measured by the highest sandstone bed, of about 3,300 feet. The main arch, 5 a. Levant, or Medina, white sandstone, is regular and unbroken, but the outer concentric belts, made up of the hard members of 5 b. c., are distorted and in part inverted on the west side of the axis, where by a slight fault the beds of 7, pass suddenly from a nearly vertical to a horizontal position. Towards the southwest, this axis opens to form the Rich Patch Valley, bringing to view the Siluro-Cambrian 4 a, b, c, and still farther southwest becomes the closed anticlinal known as the Pott's Creek Mountain. Heavy beds of iron ore (Hematite} have been opened on both sides of this axis, as at Roaring Run, Call ie's, Low Moor, and Kaysers near Clifton Forge, associated with formation 8. Oriskany. The fossil ore of 5 b. is also mined at several points. VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA. 355 West Virginia. 23 Virginia. Ma. Chesapeake & Ohio R.R. Con. Alt. Washington City, Virginia Midland and 227 White Sulphur Springs. 192 f Devon., 10 a. & 10 b. \ Spring issues from8. ( treat Southern Railroad, now Ms. Virginia Midland. Alt. 238 Ronceverte. 166 ? Lower Sub-Carb., 13 \ a. Vespertine. 5 Alexandria. Alex. & Fred'b'g 20.Quat. drift on denu. f Upper Mesozoic, Ju- 244 Fort Spring.* 625 f Upper Sub-Carb.,13 \ b. Umbral lim'tone. 9 Crossing. Springfield. \ rasso-Cretaceous. 1. Archaean, C. 2 4tt 251 Alderson. i 550 f Upper Sub-Carb.,13 \ b. Umbral shale. 14 18 Burke's. Fairfax. n A. 258 A. 382 263 Talcott. 1510 21 Clifton. A. i Upp. Sub-Car., over- 27 Manassas Junct. Mes.,17-16Jur.-Tri. 3 i7 272 Hinton 15 13 * 7 - laid west by Congl. 31 Bristoe. l 190 Coal group 14 a. 34 Nokesville. 270 ' Upper Sub-Carbon. 39 Catlett's. K 250 shales, overlaid by 41 Warrenton June. 265 294 Quinnimont. l l 9 6 Conglo. Coal group 14 a. The shales 44 47 Midland. Bealton. 321 290 disappear west near 61 Rappahannock. 275 Buffalo Creek. 56 Brandy. ( 359 324 Hawk's Nest. 828 Congl. Coal gr'p 14 a. 62 Culpeper. 403 " W. margin. 326 Cotton Hill. 796 69 Mitchell's. << 350 C Great Conglo. over- 74 Rapidanne. 308 " S. margin. 333 Kanawha Falls. 672 J laid by Lower or j main Coal group, 79 Orange. 1 . Archaean, B. ' Argil. Mic. & Hydro. I 14 a. and 14 b. 83 Madison. 3 9 5 Mic Slates, with pat- 352 Coaiburg. 625 Main Coal group, 14 b. 89 Gordonsville. 495 ches of Limestone & 359 Brownstown. 608 93 Lindslay's. 47r SteaschistE.ofS.W. 368 Charleston. 602 96 Cobham. 4 1 - Mt.,followedby Epi- 381 St. Albans. 594 Low. barren gr'p, 14 b. 102 Keswick. 436 dotic and Chloritic 395 Hurricane. 683 105 Shad well. 303 Quartzites & Slates 401 Milton. '< 586 110 Charlottesville. of S.W.Mt. & thence 409 Barboursville. < 580 450 W.byGneissoidGr'ts. 416 Guyandotte. 560 111 Lynchburg June. 1 Archaean, D. 421 Huntington. 566 H9 Red Hill. u 14. The Anticlinal Valley, which includes the group of thermals known as the Warm, Hot, Healing, etc., Springs, closes up about ten miles northeast of this, and its axis subsides towards the southwest in broad spurs which reach the river a few miles below Covington, in low arches of 7. and 8., overlaid by 10. The heated waters issue at numerous points throughout a distance of thirty miles; from Cambrian and Siluro-Cambrian rocks, 3. c., 4 a., usually inverted and often faulted along the west side of the valley, the eastern boundary of which it formed by the massive Warm Spring Mountain, 5 a. 5 b., dipping east, while its western limit consists of a narrow, broken ridee of the same formations in a vertical or inverted position. Stages to Healing, Hqt and Warm Springs, severally 15, 19. and 22 miles. Near the first is the Cascade (200 feet) of Falling Spring which, cutting through the west wall of the anticlinal, flows over a mass of calcareous tufa, deposited from the waters. The anticlinal of Peter's Mountain, rising a few miles northwest of Covington and exposing at :mel 7. and 8., expands towards the southwest, until it opens out into the valley of the Sweet Springs, containing another group of thermals of lower temperature than the preceding. This anticlinal, extending southwest, does not close up, but passes into the great Peter's Mountain and ; iver Mountain fault, which for a distance of fifty miles brings the Cambrian in contact with the Vespertine and Umbral formation, Sub-Carb., 13 a., 13 b. l~>. The Upper Subcarboniferous, or Umbral Shales, here include a considerable thickness of brown and gray flaggy sandstone, the same which forms the hard rock of Swope's Knobs. 16. About 20 miles northwest of this point (by canal or road) we enter the gorge by which the James River traverses the Blue Ridge, where are exposed fine sections of Archaean rocks, A and B. and of the Cambrian, Primal 2 a., resting unconformably on the westorn slope of the former, ana occupying the flanking ridges, which adjoin the valley. The Natural Bridge, the remnant of a former tunnel or cave in 3 a. D., is about 8 miles northwest from the upper end of the gap. 17. A few miles east of this, between Bannister and Dan Rivers, is a small patch of Jurasso- :o rocks, 18-17., corresponding to the Farmville or Middle belt, (see note 2), and containing Estheria, etc. 18. Thi* deposit, made up largely of Diatoms, lies near the base, but within the limits, of the Miocene Tertiary. It contains occasional casts of Miocene shells, and is generally overlaid by beds of this formation, and rests either upon or but little above the top of the Eocene. Having formerly traced this deposit from the Patuxent River in Maryland to the Meherrin in Virginia,! have lately found by an examination of the artesian borings at Fortress Monroe, that a similar 356 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (VA.) Washington City, Virginia Midland and Ms. Great Southern B. B. Con. Alt. Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Ms. Railroad. Alt. 121 North Garden. From one and a half Washington. 127 Covesville. miles west of Char- (Steamboat.) 131 133 Fabers. Rockfish. lottesville to near Lynchb'g the prev'l- Quantico. ( Upper Mesozoic, 1$ \ 17-18. Jurasso-Creta 137 Elmington. ing rocks are Syen- 5 Richland. 10 140 Lovingston. - ite, Granite, Protog- {" Patches of 145 Arlington. ine,Mic.Chlo. Gneiss. 12 Brooke's. 19. Tertiary on de- 149 Tye River. Near base of S.W.Mt nuded surface. 6 * 152 New Glasgow. are belts of Gneiss'id 14 Potomac Run. 85 157 163 Amherst. Mclvor's. sand and steaschist. Mic.&Hor.,Sl.&Tr'p. 21 Fredericksburg. ( " Resting on \ gneiss at Falls. 4 * 166 Burford's. 1. Archaean, C. 33 Guiney's. 19. Tertiary. 171 Lynchburg. 16 B. &29 42 Milford. < 100 177 Lucado. 8 3 3 'Micaceous & Argil. 47 Penola. 94 Slates, includ'g pat- 53 Rutherglen. 203 Jurasso-Cretac., 17-18 182 Lawyer's Road. - ches of Limestone & 58 Junction. <( 739 Steatite, Epidotic & 60 Taylorsville. 119 188 Evington. 72 * Chloritic Quartzites. {20. Quater'y, gneiss 192 Otter River. 1. Archaean, C. 665 65 Ashland. 22 * coming to surface. 195 Lynch's. << 730 Archaean C. 199 Staunton River. 82 Richmond. (Same as before.) 8 * 205 209 Sycamore. Ward's Springs. 233 797 812 84 Manchester Crossing. {20. Quaternary, on decomposing gneiss, Archaean C. 215 Whittle's. f Mesozoic, 17-16.Jur. 87 Temple's. c 88 220 Chatham. 624 \ asso-Trias'c,W. mar. 90 Drewry's Bluff. < 119 226 Dry Fork. 624 93 Halfway. 114 230 Fall Creek. 535 {W. limit of Upper 236 Dundee. 1. Archaean, C. 413 95 Chester. ** 3 Mesozoic and 19. 237 Danville. Tertiary. Manassas Division. 98 i nn Port Walthall J. 8 7 Alexandria. (As before.) WO Petersburg. 7 E.outc.ofGne. Arch. C. 27 36 Manassas Ju.31? Gainesville. Mes.,17-16.Juras-Tria. 357 115 127 Ream's. 71 Stony Creek. 74 162 Gne.higher up, on cr'k. 38 40 44 Haymarket. Thoro'ghfare. 8 " Broad Run. 39 g 337 f 1. Archsean.B, Slaty | Quartzite, Epid. Chi. -{ Argil.&Mic.Slates 01 Bull Run and Pond [_ Mountains. 135 147 154 164 168 Jarratt's. 154 Bellefield. lor Greensville Jun. Pleasant Hill. Weldon. is ( Gne. short distance t W. Tertiary ditto E. 19. Terti. short dist. E. 119 E.outc.ofGn.inRiv.,C. 49 Plains. 1. Archaean, C. 565 Piedmont Air Line Bailroad. 54 Salem. ( 633 Richmond. 3 (Same as before.) 60 Rectortown. B. 4* 4 2 R. F. & P. Junct. 63 Delaplane. 455 22Powhatan. 32 W.edge of Mes.cl.field. 67 Markham. 552 36 Amelia C. H. 1, Archaean, A. 3eo 72 Linden. 916 58 Burkeville. < 522 76 Happy Creek. 790 73Keysville. 625 79 Front Royal. 6 * Cambrian, 3 a. Calcif. 90 Roanoke. ( 81 River. * 9 Sil.-Camb.4a.&b. Tr. & 101 Scottsburg. < 342 85 Buckton. 50 Ut. 4 c. Hudson Riv'r. 109 Boston. 17 1. Archaean, C. 325 86 Water Lick. 55 | Fort Mt. Synclinal \ (5 a. & b.)ends near. 127 135 Barksdale. Ringgold. < 820 283 298 Central 65 Pulaski. 66 66 74 Edinburg. 67 Mount Jackson. u 845 / 3 c., 4 a. Camb., and Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Harper's Ferr)' an< Valley Branch. * 81 New Market. bil.-Canibrian." A " u 971 2 b 3 a Altered oo Broadway. 68 o 1 Harper's Ferry. Shenandoah Cambrian (b) or Archaean B, fol- lowed west by Cambrian 2 7 " 94 100 105 106 Linville. Harrisonburg. 8 Pleasant Valley. Mt. Crawford 4 a. Trenton. 1242 4 a. and 3 c. 134 3 b.c. 1245 3 b.c. 1172 6 10 Halltown. Charlestown. 3 a. b. Cambrian. 3 3 9 3 b.c. " 513 112 115 Weyers Cave. 5 * Mt. Sidney. 3 b. c. nr. 4 a. S. E. 1155 4 a. near 3 c. 1257 14 23 Cameron. Wadesville. " 547 4 a. b. Sil.-Camb. * 95 117 Fort Defiance.- f 4 a. nr. 3 c. Grapto- \ litesinTr.sha. 1273 * From -ss Broadway, South, by Profs. J. L. and II. D. Campbell ; north of that by Prof. \V. B. Rogers. 63. Houston. Near Houston Station are the Houston Mines of the Crozer Steel and Iron Co., extensively worked to supply their furnace at Roanoke. Rich Manganese ore is also mined here and shipped to Johnstown and Plttsburg. (M.) 64. Between Cloverdale and Tinker Creek the road skirts the northwest base of a Trenton ridge, capped with 5 a. b. sandstones. It is known locally as Mill's mountain ; really an outlier of Tinker Mt. 65. The New River Division of the Norfolk & Western starts from Central, and has its present terminus at Pocahontas, where it strikes the great Flat Top coal field. It passes through a very inter- esting geological field. At 'Ripplemead Station there is a promising deposit of Magnetic Iron ore, in the No. 3 Lower Silurian Limestone opened up on the bank of New River. Some 5,000 tones of 63 per cent, ore have been taken out. (M.) 66. The " Cripple Creek " extension of the Norfolk & Western Railroad (now being built) starts from Pulaski, and will open up the Cripple Creek region (see note 21 on Virginia), with its vast stores of brown hematite ores in 3 b. and c. (and 2 b.), perhaps the finest and richest, and most uniform quality of (3 b. c., Lower Silurian) brown hematite ores in the United States. It will also bring within railroad communication (for the railroad will pass close to it) the loo year old lead mine at Austinville, and the Bertha Zinc mine near New River, showing rich Zinc ore (Silicate and Carbonate of Zinc) almost free from lead, and now used at the Bertha Zinc Works), at Pulaski (Martins). N< ar Blue Ridge, and also near Roanoke (about two and a half miles south of it), important and seemingly very large deposits of Potsdam ores are now being mined at the former point, by the Crozer Iron and Steel Company, of Roanoke, and at the latter by Roser Iron Company. From eight to ten miles south southeast of Bristol there are interesting deposits of hematite ore in the No. 11 limestones. These were opened, many years ago, to supply stock for the local char- coal furnaces, but the ores were found too refractory for economical use in such furnaces, and the workings were abandoned. The ore is a dense and fine grained hematite, and shows 64 to 66 per cent, iron and .020 and .030 of phosphorus. (M.) 67. Edinburg is the depot for the Liberty and Columbia furnaces, a few miles northwest, in the North Mountain range good geological field. 68. Broadway is a good starting point for studying geology, etc., of Brock's Gap, an interesting region in North Mountain ran 69. Staunton, a flourishing little city at the junction of the valley railroad with the Chesapeake 8. Ohio, is situated on a number of somewhat distinct hills, and surrounded by others of still greater height. These are composed chiefly of Quebec (3 b.) masrnesian limestones at their --ially on the northwest flanks, and Chazy limestones of lighter color above, with interbedded cherty masses, the fragments of which are seen strewn over the surfaces in great profusion. Several species of gas- teropod and cephalopod shells have been found fossil in these chert beds. The northeastern margin of the city rests on Trenton, 4 a., adjoining 4c.; but the line of contact of these formations sweeps around the southeast and south flanks of two very conspicuous hills, known as "Betsy Bell'' and " Mary Gray," and appears again on the valley road 'near Folly Mills Station, and continues near the line of road for several miles. (See Note 75 as to the Quebec group.) AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (VA.) Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Con. Ms. Harper's Ferry and Valley Branch. Alt. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Con. Ms. Harper's Ferry and Valley Branch. Alt. 119 Verona. 4a.Tr.-Cal.shales 1310 144 Raphine. 71 f 3 b. c. Iron Ore in \ 3 C. 1855 {4 a. at N. E. corner, 126 Staunton. 69 3 c. Chief Rocks, 3 b. west margin 149 Fairfield. 72 f 3 b. c. Iron Ore in 3 \ c., Houston's. 1780 of city. 13 66 154 Timber Ridge. 7 3 3 c. 143 * 131 Folly Mills. J 4 a. near June, with \ 3 c. 149 1fiO f R. A. June., f 4 a. Trenton lime- stone forms high 138 Mint Spring. 1568 \ E. Lexington. river cliffs. {3 b. c. Iron Ores in [ Drift on hills. 9 1 138 Greenville. 70 Cambrian of Blue Ridge, S. E. ioo 162 Lexington. 74 f 4 a. b. on south, 3 c. \ west of town. 100 Near Greenville the Quebec (3 b.) limestones, producing ferruginous clay soils, crop out in i for a mile northeast of the town, and along the banks of the adjacent stream both above and 70. the cuts below the crossing ; but the Chazy beds form the country rock of the town and region between it and Raphine Station. The Primordial (Cambrian) ridges of the Blue Ridge range extend much farther into the Great Valley opposite Greenville, than they do at any other point seen from the line of this road, and carry some productive beds of limonite ore. 71. About 2% miles northwest of Raphine Station are very extensive beds of limonite ores on the lands of Samuel Carson, Esq., and Messrs. Gibbs & Rawlings. The beds of ore have been partially opened, and, where seen in place, appear to occupy about the same relative position among the Chazy to c.) limestones as the chert beds found in such abundance in other parts of the same forma- tion. The Vesuvius Iron Mines are in 2 b., about four or five miles southeast of this station. The tin mines, now in process of development, are in the Archaean core of the Blue Ridge, about 12 miles southeast by turnpike. 72. At Fairfield the road crosses to the west side of Timber Ridge, and on the northwest margin of the valley, the elevated outliers of the North Mountain range the Jump, the Hogback and House Mountains become conspicuous features of a striking landscape. 73. From Timber Ridge Station a line of conveyances extends to Rockbridge Baths, a pleasant summer resort. The thermal water of these baths issues from the Quebec (3 b.) limestones near a fissure or fault where the beds of 4 a. Trenton have dropped down to the level of 3 b., and apparently dip beneath the latter, as may be seen at points northeast and southwest beyond the accumulations of river drift, which is found on hills here more than 100 feet above the bed of the river. About two miles northwest of the baths is the entrance to the famous " Goshen Pass," the deep canon through which North River finds its way to the Great Valley This canon gives a complete section of the whole North Mountain range from 4 a. Trenton up to Devonian shales, 10 a. b. Fossils are abun- dant here. For sketch and geological section, see Am. Jour, of Sci., Vol. XVIII., 1879, p. 119. 74. About one mile southwest of Timber Ridge Station the railway passes abruptly from the Chazy (3 c.) to the Trenton (4 a.), entering the irregular synclinal trough in which Lexington is situ- ated. In the town, along the cliffs of the adjacent north branch of James River, and over about six miles of area towards the northeast and four miles southeast, the Trenton limestones (4 a.) are the country rocks; but in the Poplar Hills toward the southwest and south, the Utica shales, with very fossiliferous thin beds of limestone, become conspicuous. The Brushy Hills, west of the town, are composed of Chazy limestones and cherts (3 c.), as regards their southeastern slopes, while the north- western slopes present exposures of 3 b. dipping beneath the hills. As far as measurements can be . is about 300 feet, made here 3 c. and 3 b. about 450 feet thick. Along the eastern base of Brushy Hills the outcrop of the lower Trenton limestone, 4 a., is apparently an ancient coral-reef, now a very compact, pure coral limestone, quite largely quarried for local building purposes, and for the manufacture of lime. This coralline bed contains shells as well as coral. It varies from 100 to 150 feet in thickness. The House Mountain (or rather pair of mountains), about six miles west northwest from Lexing- ton, is one of the most striking features of the grand scenery in this portion of the Great Valley. This isolated mountain group rests upon Trenton limestone which crops out around the base. Then in nearly horizontal strata other formations, 4 b., as shales and shaly limestones, 4 c., as purplish, ferruginous shales and shaly sandstones, and above all a cap of Medina sandstones, 5 a.; the whole ris- ing 2,000 feet above the limestone valley below. Lexington is a good point of departure for the geologi- cal study of either the Blue Ridge range on the S. E. or the North Mountain range on the N. W. Washington and Lee Unirersity and the V. M. Institute, both located here, have good mineral and geological cabinets. For fuller details, and geological section across the Great Valley near Lex- ington, see Am. Jour, of Sci., Vol. XVIII., 1879, p. 16. 75. Quebec Group. Dr. A. R. C. Selwyn, the successor of Sir Wm. Logan, as Director of the Geologi- cal Survey of Canada, does not recognize the Quebec as a geological formation, and in Professor J. D. Dana's table, as given in this guide, it is omitted, being considered as merged in the Calciferous. Professor Campbell, of Virginia, is not prepared to adopt this view as suitable for that State. He reports that throughout the Great Valley of Virginia, 350 miles in length, with continuous ledges of limestone, there exists what is known as the Canadian group, consisting of three tolerably well defined sub-groups of limestones, with extensive beds of interstratified shales and calcareous sandstones in the lowest 3 a. Calciferous; very regular stratified beds of dolomitic limestones more or less ferrugi- nous and producing rich soils in the next higher 3 b. Levis ; and, in the last, some beds of pure limestone, with a stratum of brown sandstone in the lower portion, abounding in molluscean fossils, not well preserved, but doubtless 3 c. Chazy; and still higher, near the Trenton, beds of chert abounding in cephalopoda and gastropods of undoubted 3 c. Chazy age. He, therefore, prefers to retain the three divisions, at least until additional palseontological evidence settles the question at issue. J. M. NORTH CAROLINA. 355 North Carolina. 1 LIST OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA. 20. Quaternary. 19. Tertiary. 18. Cretaceous. 16. Triassic. 1. Archaean. Igneous. 1 b. Huronian. 1 a. Laurentian. 1. Revised and the notes added for the first edition by W. C. Kerr, State Geologist of North Carolina. Enlarged and revised for the second edition by Dr. H. M. Chance, of Philadelphia, geologist in charge of explorations of North Carolina coal fields. Sketch of the Geology and Topography of North Carolina. Derived from the State Geological Reports of Prof. W. C. Kerr. North Carolina is the Mountain State of the Atlantic slope. As a general description, it may be said that the surface of this State is covered by but two of tne great formations. The (1) Archaean, sub-divided into the (1 a.) Laurentian and (1 b.) Huronian, the lowest occupies the western and the (20) Quaternary the upper system covers the eastern portion, the oldest and the youngest, with a vast geological blank between them. Some of the railways run for long distances on a single forma- tion. An irregular line drawn on the map of the State, in a northeast and southwest direction, through the City of Raleigh, will show the relative portions of the State covered by each. The (16) Triassic, the only one of the intermediate groups which appears, covers but a comparatively insignifi- cant area in the middle region. It contains the coal beds of Deep River and of Dan River. The (18) Cretaceous and (19) Tertiary, underlie the (20) Quaternary, but they only appear on the surface in a few localities, of small area, on the river bluffs, and in water courses and ravines in the eastern division. The complete geological series of the State is as follows : (20) Quaternary, (19) Tertiary, (18) Cretaceous, (16) Triassic, (1) Huronian, (1 a.) Laurentian and Igneous. Most of the metamorphic rocks of North Carolina belong to the (1 a.) Laurentian system, which prevails so extensively in Canada, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, etc. The prevalent species are Granite, Gneiss, Syenite and other Hornblendic rocks, Diorite and Crystalline limestone, and these contain graphite and much magnetic and specular iron ore, frequently in very large beds. This for- mation, besides iron, produces gold, silver, lead, copper, and other minerals. The (1 b.) Huronian, the Taconic of Emmon^s report on this State, occupies several disconnected areas on the Great Smoky Mountain, at the Tennessee line and on the Blue Ridge, and another considerable area west of Raleigh, extending across the State with two smaller exposures. The rocks are quartzyte and clay slates, light colored, drab, and greenish. With these exceptions, and the small area of (16) Triassic, all the remainder of the western part of the State is ^1 a.) Laurentian. The North Carolina Mountains. The great continental system of the Appalachian Mountains, which extends a thousand miles, from near the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the State of Georgia, reaches its greatest elevations and develope.s its grandest features in the western part of this State. The system is here represented by two great parallel chains, the Smoky Mountains and the Blue Ridge, with a net-work of heavy cross chains connecting them and numerous spurs thrown off to the east and south, some of them as high as the parent chain and some more than fifty miles long. There are also several other disconnected minor chains to the eastward, with the same general trend. These mountains extend across the State, and their entire length from their southwestern termination, the Blue Mountains in Georgia, to their northern, which is prolonged 50 miles into Virginia, is 275 miles, of which two-thirds, or about 5,000 square miles, he within North Carolina. The main or western chain, which more to the north borders the great valley in Virginia and is there called the Blue Ridge, gradually deviates towards the southwest. A new chain, detached on the east and curving a little more to the south, takes now the name of the Blue Ridge, and in this State attains gradually to 5,000 and 5,900 feet, composed of many fragments, scarcely connected into a continuous and regular chain. These groups are separated by long intervals of depression, in which are gaps but little above the interior valleys. West of this, and separated from it by a valley, is the great western chain of mountains, named locally the Iron Mountain in the northern portion, and Unaka in the southern, the whole being known as the Smoky Mountains, and forming the line between Tennessee and North Carolina. This is much more continuous, more elevated and regular in its direction and height, and increases very uniformly from 5,000 to nearly 6,700 feet. The valley comprised between these two main chains, the Smoky Mountain and the Blue Ridge, is divided by transverse chains into many basins of great miles wide, with a mean height of more than 2,000 feet, and portions of them 3,500 to 4,000 feet, this being the highest plateau of the same extent east of the Rocky Mountains. These are all valleys of erosion, and they, as well as the mountains and plateaus have, in Prof. Kerr's opinion, no anticlinal or synclinal origin, being in fact wholly independent of geological structure. The mountains which reach 6,000 feet are more than fifty in number, and the loftiest peaks rise to 6.700 feet. Here, then, in all respects, is the culminating region of the vast Appalachian system. This mountain region, where the most striking natural objects in the State are to be seen, has not yet been penetrated by the railroads, except that the Western North Carolina R. R. crosses th mountains, connecting with the East Tennessee, Virginia A Georgia R. R. 366 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. C.} Richmond & Danville Railroad. Western North Carolina Railroad. Ms. Alt. Ms. Alt. Richmond, Va. Salisbury. 1 a. Lauren. 106m.76o 141 Danville, Va. la. U.Lauren. 42m 4 20 25 Statesville. 4 tt 955 156 Ruffin, N. C. tt 707 48 Newton. 1070 165 Reidsville. 828 58 Hickory. 4 tt 1140 181 Moorehead. 78 Morganton. H 189 Greensboro. 1 a. L. Lauren. 6 m 8 4 3 99 Marion. tt 1425 204 211 High Point. Thomasville. tt 943 H 114 126 Henry. Black Mountain. 1 b. Huronian. 8 m. 222 238 261 Lexington. Salisbury. Concord. it 776 760 tt 139 142 143 Ashville June. Ashville. Ducktown June. 1 a. Laurentian. M 282 Charlotte. 725 165 Marshall. tt 1647 312 State Line. u 182 Warm Springs. 2 a. Oc.,Cg. &Sh.i 325 Wolf Ck Tenn E T V & Ga R R Goldsboro Branch. 190 Paint Rock. Greensboro. 1 a. Lauren. 30 m. 843 Oi Ashville. 1 a. Laurentian. 21 32 Company Shops. Mebanesville. 1 b. Huronian. 20 m 6 8 7 30 Waynesville. 41 Hillsboro.2 539 Raleigh & Gaston Railroad. 46 University. " Portsmouth, Va. 1 a. Laurentian. 55 Durham. 16. Triassic. 22 m. 400 Weldon. 72 69 Morrisville. 3 n 308 12 Gaston. n 152 73 Carey. 1 b. Huronian. 6 m. 4 95 53 Henderson. 505 81 Raleigh. 317 61 Kittrells. tt 417 96 Clayton. u 347 97 Raleigh. t( 303 106 109 Neuse River. Selma. 20. Quatern. 24m. 112 (i Raleigh & Augusta Railroad. 118 Princeton. " 160 Weldon. 130 Goldsboro. 102 97 Raleigh. 1 a. Lauren. 3 m. 3 3 107 Gary. 1 b. Huron. 10 m. Salem Branch. 114 140 152 174 194 Appex. Sanford. Cameron. Kyser. Hamlet. 16. Triassic. 20m. 502 f 16. Triassic, and 20 \ Quater. 11 m. 353 16.Tr.,Huron.l3m 309 20. Quat., princi'ly 2 8 6 331 17 28 Greensboro. Kernesville. Salem or Winston 1 a. Laurentian. 843 1016 884 2. At Hillsboro depot a good exposure of typical North Carolina Huronian slate, hydromicaceous. 3. At Morrisville depot a dike of dolerite visible. One and a half miles east of station beds of very coarse incompacted conglomerate, the bottom beds of the Triassic, and probably glacial. 4. From Statesville west in the numerous deep cuts are seen fine examples of the frost drift, characteristic of sub-glacial regions. Also from Hickory to Morgantown many sections of the purple paragonite schists, which are peculiar to this region. There is very little exposure of solid rock, and that only on the tops of a few high mountains or an occasional cliff. The mountains are covered to their very summits with dense forests, but with a deep and strong soil which is, however, according to Dr. T. Sterry Hunt's description, very unlike the layers of clay and loam with which we in the North are familiar. The rocks themselves, he says, although of gneiss and mica slate, like that which prevails over so great a part of New England, have undergone a process of decay which has rendered them so soft that they may be readily cut by a spade, although retaining all the veins and layers which mark their original stratification. Without having been broken or ground up, these hard rocks have moldered into a soft clayey mass, forming a soil fifty feet and often much more in depth, which from its peculiar structure has a natural drainage, and possesses great fertility. North Carolina, evidently, never was subjected to the action of glaciers like the Northern States. Only the valleys of the streams are covered with alluvium, consisting of sand, gravel and clay, the debris of the rocks of the higher ridges and mountains. The middle and eastern part of the State is a long slope, extending from the rugjged mountain plateau to the Atlantic. Next, however, to the plateau is a, piedmont or middle region of hill country, with an average elevation of about 1,000 feet. This is divided by its rivers into three regions, drained by the Broad, Catawaba and Yadkin rivers, the slope of the first being toward the south, and that of the others a little east of north. These drainage surfaces are separated by two, nearly parallel, east- erly chains of mountains, the South and Bushy Mountains, ana are from 2,000 to 4,000 feet high. There are other easterly spurs of the Blue Ridge of similar elevation. This middle division or hill NORTH CAROLINA. 367 Cape Fear & Yadkin Valley Railroad. Ms. Alt. Wilmington & Weldon, and Wilmington, Ms. Columbia & Augusta Railroad. Alt 37 44 47 64 68 63 70 76 82 90 98 Fayetteville. Sandford. Egypt- 5 Gulf. 6 Richmond. Ore Hill. Siler. Staley. Liberty. Julian. Pleasant Garden. Greensboro. / 20. Quaternary, 1 b. \ Huron. 33 m. 32 /16. Triassic, 20. \ Quaternary. 3 5 3 262 it 279 1 b. Huronian. 496 M ( {( M 1 a. Laurentian. 843 8 37 78 92 114 148 102 162 191 208 227 Weldon. s Halifax. Rocky Mount. Goldsboro. Mount Olive. Magnolia. Rocky Point. Wilmington. 8 20. Quaternary. 72 M 102 10 Wilmington. 8 Maxwell's. Whiteville. Fair Bluff. S. C. Line. 8 u 10 K Tarboro Branch. Carolina Central Railroad. 17 "45 Rocky Mount. Tarboro. Bethel. Williamston. 20. Quaternary. 873 68 111 117 123 128 135 163 187 199 229 Wilmington Lumberton. Hamlet. RockinghAm. Pee Dee River. 7 Lysleville. Wadesboro. Monroe. Charlotte. Catawba River. Lincolnton. Shelby. 20. Quater. 117m. 1 135 331 {20. Quaternary, and 1 b. Huronian. 210 1 b. Huronian. 6 miles. 1 a. Laurentian. 5 m. 16. Triassic. 19 miles. 1 b. Huron. 25 m. 586 1 a. L. Laurentian. 725 866 875 Halifax & Scotland Neck Railroad. 20 Halifax. Scotland Neck. 20. Quaternary. Ashville & Spartansbury Railroad. *49 Spartansb'g, S. C. Flat Rock. Hendersonville. 1 a. U. Laurentian. n 505 5. Egypt. Old coal shaft, 460 feet deep. 6. Gulf. Bituminous coal beds 2 ft. and 3} ft.-4 ft. thick, worked on a small scale during the war. Not now worked. Much troubled by trap dykes. T. On both sides of the Pedee River are high dikes of dolerite for more than a mile, and 2 miles east a very coarse porphyritic granite, as well as between Lilesville and Wadesboro. 8. \\ilminaton & \Vddon Railroad, 162 miles ; north and south. This road runs throughout its whole length from Wilmington to Weldon on the (20) Quaternary formation, with occasional small exposures of the Tertiary (19 a.) Eocene and (19 b.) Miocene and of the (18) Cretaceous in the banks of the streams. 9. Dismal Swamp. This road skirts around the Great Dismal Swamp. country extends 200 miles from east to west, and 150 miles northeast and southwest, and comprises nearly one-half of the territory of the State. It rises in going west about four feet to the mile, and attains an elevation of 1,000 to 1,500 feet at the foot of the Blue Ridge. The channels' of the large rivers, however, are cut 100 to 300 feet below the intervening divides. Between the swamp country, along the coast, and the hilly region of the interior, is a belt of level, sandy, barren territory, extending from near the line of Virginia across the entire state, and from :5'i to so miles wide, covered by the long leaved pine. Spirits of turpentine produced in this pine region is the most important branch of manufacturing in the State. Th- <-ast>rn division of the State extends from the coast, about 100 miles, to the lower falls of the rivers, and constitutes nearly two-fifths of the State. This region is for the most part nearly level or very gently undulating, except along the rivers on the upper reaches of which are bluffs and small hills. Its slope seaward is between one and two feet to a mile and it is covered by the horizontal strata of the quaternary underlaid by the tertiary. They consist of the noncompacted sands, clays, marls and grav*-! materials predominating westward, and becoming successively finer towards the . The Coast of North Carolina is remarkable for the shallow sounds and bays that extend along the entire sea front nearly WO miles, the largest of which are Pamlico and Albermarle Sounds, the former 75 miles long by 15 to 20 miles wide, and the latter .50 by 5 to 15 miles, with a depth of water from a few feet to 20 feet. There are also along the coast 3,000 to 4,ooo square miles of swamp lands, of which the Great Dismal Swamp on the line between this State and Virginia, is well known. The foregoing description of North Carolina will serve to give a general idea of the geology of South Carolina, also where the same formations are found. J. M. 368 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. C.) Atlantic, Tennessee & Ohio Railroad. Ms. Alt. Norfolk Southern Railroad. 9 Ms. Alt. 47 Charlotte. Slatesville. 1 a. L. Laurentian. 725 955 9 42 46 62 74 Norfolk. Prince Anne. Camden C. II. Elizabeth City. Hertford. Edenton. 20. Quaternary. Cheraw & Wadesboro Railroad. 7 10 15 Wadesboro, N. C. Bennett's. Morven. Cheraw, S. C. 16. Triassic. 20. Quaternary. Jamesville & Washington Railroad. 29 Jamesville. Washington. 20. Quaternary. Charlotte, Columbia & Augusta R. R. 10 14 44 Charlotte. Pineville. S. C. State Line. Chester, S. C. 1 a. L. Laurentian. 7 4 7 575 u 543 Midland North Carolina Railway. 22 Goldsboro. Smithfield. 20. Quaternary. 1 * Chester & Lenoir Railroad. Milton & Sutherlin Railroad. 23 45 49 63 79 89 109 Chester, S. C. Yorkville. Gastonia, N. C. Dallas. Lincolnton. Newton. Hickory. Lenoir. 543 1 a. U. Laurentian. 8 3 2 944 1 b. Huronian. 8 6 6 la.U. andL. Lau. 1070 1222 1 a. U. Laurentian 1 J 8 6 Sutherlin, Va. Milton, N. C. 1 a. U. Laurentian. Oxford & Henderson Railroad. 13 Henderson. Oxford. 1 a. Laui-entian. 505> {16. Triassic. 1 b. Huronian. 1 a. L. Laurentian. Atlantic & North Carolina Railroad. Petersburg Railroad. 14 50 85 95 Goldsboro. La Grange. Newbern. Newport. Moorhead. f 20. Quaternary with 18. Cretaceous and 19. Ter. in banks of L the streams. l 2 U 11 10 53 64 Petersburg, Va. Reams. Pleasant Hill. Weldon. 20. Quaternary. < rz. Danville, Mocksville & Southwestern R. R. Seaboard & Roanoke Railroad. 8 Danville, Va. Leaksville, N. C. 16. Triassic. 1 a. U. Laurentian. 70 78 80 Portsmouth, Va. Seaboard. Garys. Weldon. 20. Quaternary. 7 * E. Tennessee & W. North Carolina R. R. 26 33 34 Johnson City, T. Roan Mt., N. C. Cranberry. Mine. 1 b. Huronian. " Iron Mines. University Railroad. 11 University. Chapel Hill. 1 b. Huronian. it SOUTH CAROLINA. South Carolina. 1 Ms. Ashley River Railroad. Alt Augusta & Knoxville Railroad. Ms. Alt. o Charleston. 9 {Post Plioc. at depth of 90 ft, Eocene 900 10 Augusta, Ga. Woodlawn. Gneiss. (L.) ft. Cretaceous. (H.) 20 Merriwether. U 4 Northeastern R.R 24 Clark's Hill. " i 29 Modoc. Clay Slate. ^L.) Asheville A Spartanburg Railroad. 32 Parksville. OjSpartanburg. J 1 a. U. Laurentian \ (K.) Gneiss. ' 38 43 Plum Branch. McConnick. 3 Talc Slate. (L.) U 2' Air Tjinc .Tnn Acton. u 13? Augusta, Ga. 31 Camden Crossing SOUTH CAROLINA. 373 Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta Ms. Railroad Continued. Alt. Barnwell Railway. Ms. Alt. 33 37 43 52 57 61 65 71 77 82 88 95 99 103 112 118 127 Wedgefield. Cane Savannah. Sumter. Maysville. Atkins. Lynchburg. Carters ville. Timmersville. Ebenezer. Florence. Mars Bluff. Pee Dee. Laughlins. Marion. Mullins. Nichols. Fair Bluff, N. C. 19a.EoBuhretone.(T.) t 19 c. Plioc. Marl. (T.) <( (IS. Cret. Marls of \ secondary. (T.) ii u 19 c. Plioc. Marls. (T.) 19 a. Eo.Buhrstone.(T.) M 4 6 9 Blackville. Ashleigh. Woodward's Jun. Barnwell C. H. 19 a. Buhrstone of Eo. ( 19 a. Santee, or Cor- \ alline Marls of Eo. Cape Fear & Yadkin Valley Railroad. 6 9 13 15 Bennetsville. Tatum. McCall. Hasty. Johns, N. C. 19 a. Eocene. Green-wood, Laurens & Spartanburg R. R. 7 15 20 24 28 Greenwood. Coronaco. Waterloo. High Point. Maddens. Lauren's. Gneiss. Granite. Gneiss. Trap Rock. Gneiss. 374 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (GA.) Georgia. : GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF GEORGIA, The Metamorphic area of the State extends from a line crossing the State from Augusta to Columbus, extending by Milledgeville and Macon, and extending beyond the line of the State on the northeast. The lithological characteristics of the Metamorphic is that of the Archeean in general. The paleozoic includes the counties of Dade, Walker, Chattooga, Catoosa, Whitfield, Floyd, Murray, Gordon, Barton and Polk, all in the northwest corner of the State. The Silurian groups represented, beginning with the lowest, are the Potsdam sandstone, Knox Shale and Dolomite, Chazy, Trenton, Cincinnati, Medina, Clinton and Oriskany. The Devonian is represented by a black shale of from 10 to 50 feet in thickness. The Sub-Carboniferous by limestones and shales of 800 feet. The Coal Measures, confined mostly to the counties of Dade, Walker and Chattooga, cover an area of nearly 200 square miles, and contain several beds of coal. Charleston & Savannah Railroad. MB. Alt. East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia R. R. Ms. Macon & Brunswick Division. Alt. 24 39 53 57 86 122 130 139 157 174 188 200 214 226 236 Savannah. Fleming. Walthourville Doctortown. Jesup. Blackshear. Homersville. Dupont. Stockton. Valdosta. Quitman. Boston. Thomasville. Cairo. Climax. Bainbridge. 19 c. Tertiary. 3 2 a 100 u it 19 a Tertiary. u 40 70 93 100 140 148 161 171 186 Brunswick. Jesup. Baxley. Lumber City. Town's. Dubois. Cochran. Buzzard Roost, Bullard's. Macon. 19 c. Tertiary. 14 u 100 u 210 19 a. Tertiary. 1*0 135 394 341 it 240 265 Met. and Tertiary. 33* 148 159 Cochran. Hawkinsville. 3 19 a. Tertiary. 341 U 285 ~0 50 62 79 Central Railroad of Georgia. Savannah. Haley ondale. 2 Ogeechee. Millen. 3 19 c. Tertiary. 19 a. " 110 < 612 L'pson Countj r Railroad. o 43 51 59 Macon. 4 Barnesville. The Rock, Thomaston. Met. and Tertiary. 334 Metamorphic. M Piedmont Air Line Railroad. Metamorphic. 787 .' 97 U t< 1587 / Met, N. E. R. R. to \ Athens, 39 ms. 133 * Limestone & Tremolite f 3 b. Metamorphic, | flexible s. s. 1227 312 337 357 387 464 481 192 494 N. C. State Line. Gaffney's, S. C. Spartanburg. Greenville. TuccoaCity, Ga. 9 Mt. Airy. 10 BellUra. Lula City. New Holl. Spr'gs. Gainesville. 1 1 Georgia Railroad. Augusta. 38 Thomson. 47C ; imak. S7 Burnett. ',:, (' raw ford ville. 76, Union Point. 84 Greensboro. 134 Metamorphic. 5 l 7 " 592 647 603 tt 658 it 612 6. View of old Prison stockade and U. S. Cemetery east of railroad. 7. Fine falls, Lover's Leap and rapids, on Chattahoochee River. 8. Stone Mountain a mass of granite height, 1,686 feet. 9. Toceoa Falls, 2 miles, 185 feet. Tallulah Falls, 15 miles distant, nearly 400 feet high. 10. From this point a fine view of Yonah Mountain and the Blue Ridge chain. Clarkesville, 8 miles ; Nacoochee Valley, 15 miles; Nacoochee gold mines, 20 miles. U. Point of departure for Dahlonega gold mines and Porter's Springs. 37(> AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (GA.) Piedmont Air Line Railroad Ms. Continued. Alt. Western & Atlantic Railroad- Ms. Continued. Alt. 527 540 647 Flowery Branch. Buford. Suwanee. Duluth. Norcross. 7-Mile Track. Atlanta. 5 3 b. Metamorphic. 120; 1027 ( Metamorphic. Pine \ tree visible 4 ms. in ( center R.R.tk. 1107 ! Metamorphic. l 7 8 j Met. Granite quarry. 1050 115 120 125 130 137 Ringgold. 15 Graysville. Chickamauga. Boyce, Tenn. Chattanoog.,Tenn Trenton. 7 8 5 ( K. Shale and Lime \ quarry. 706 685 694 {5 b. Clin. iron ores & 3 b. Calhoun, K. Sh. &K. Dol., Que. 684 Rome Railroad. Northeastern Railroad of Georgia. 20 Rome. Kingston. Knox Shale. 627 710 12 18 26 39 Athens. Nicholson. Harmony Grove. Maysville. Lula City. Metamorphic. 69 * 893 954 it 1001 1334 Cherokee Railroad. 48 Cartersville. 12 Rock mart. Knox Shales. 76 Cal. and Potsdam. Savannah, Griffin & North Alabama R. R. Selnia, Rome & Daltou Railroad. 60 70 78 86 96 123 Macon. Griffin. Brooksville. Senoia. Sharpsburg. Newnan. Whitesburg. Carrollton. Metamorphic. u 975 l f Meta. Snake Creek. \ Factory, m. 9 5 9 Metamorphic. 6 "is 21 39 45 56 63 76 Dalton. Stark's. Barnett's. Sugar Valley. Skelley's. Rome. Six Miles. Cave Springs. Pryor's. Anderson's, Ala. Tren.fcK. Dolomite 757 647 Knox Shale. 6 2 7 ( 684 672 Potsdam. 8 x 9 4b.QuebecorKnox' 02 4 Tennille. Sandersville. 19 a. Tertiary. Western & Atlantic Railroad. East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia R. R. 23 34 40 48 68 78 84 90 99 107 Atlanta. Marietta. Acworth. Allatoona. Cartersville. Kingston. Adairsville. Resaca. Tilton. Dalton. 13 Tunnel HilU 4 Metamorphic. 105 1133 " Gold mines. 926 878 ( Knox Shale, Pota- \ dam s.s.,lm. east 760 Knox Shale. 71 710 Cal. & K. Shale. 654 Tren.&K. Dolomite 66 5 " Red Marble. 757 K. Sh. and K Dol. * 351 349 349 339 337 335 329 323 317 312 306 301 Rome. Atlanta June. Silver Creek. Brice. Seney. Hamlet. Rockmart. Braswell. McPherson. Dallas. Hiram. Powder Springs. 2-4. Lower Silurian. Primordial &Canadian Primordial. 1. Archaean. it a 12. Ladd's lime kiln, 3 miles; Rockmart slate quarries, 20 miles; Ward's ferro manganese fur- nace, 11 miles; Bear Mountain, fine view, 18 miles; Etowah rolling mill site at Falls, 5 miles. Ocoee Conglomerate here and at Rowland Springs, also 5 miles from Cartersville. Flexible sandstone 13, and manganese 3 and 10, and iron ore beds 3, 5, 7 and 10 miles. 13. Dalton is situated upon a synclinal, the ridges on each side being Knox Dolomite, and the intervening valley in which most of the town is built is made up of Chazy and Trenton Strata. The fossils of the last named group may be seen in the limestone exposed on Hamilton Hill, immediately north of the town. The Chattoogata Mountain, four miles west, is Upper Silurian. 14. Tunnel Hill. The tunnel here is cut through a ridge of Knox Dolomite. The Calciferoua and Potsdam is in close proximity to the town on the western side. 15. Ringgold. The Upper Silurian occurs in a high sandstone ridge immediately east of the town. The groups here well represented are Medina and Clinton with red fossiliferous iron ore. Ori.skany fossils are found abundantly in a single bed of about one foot in thickness. These beds are followed on the east by Dfvonian and Sub-Carboniferous strata. NOTE. The Knox Shale and Knox Dolomite of Prof. Safford extends from Tennessee into Georgia, with all the Tennessee characteristics of the groups. GEORGIA. 177 Ea*t Tennessee.Virginia A Georgia R. R.* Ms. Continued. Alt. Northeastern Railroad of Georgia. Ms. Alt. 296 Austcll. 1. Archaean. " Athens. 1. Archaean. 280 Mableton. Chattahoochee. N .. 8 12 Center. Nicholson. i ( 285 Peyton. .. 19 Harmony Grove. 279 Atlanta. U 26 Maysville. * Dstitution. It 32 Gillsville. < re's Mill. .. 39 Lula. " Stacolumite. 265 Ellenwood. u Bellton. 259 250 Stockbridge. McDonough. U H "51 Longview. Rabun Gap. i 243 Locust Grove. < 59 Clarksville. " 232 Jackson. * 63 Anandale. '< 227 Indian Springs. t 68 Turnersville. u 218 Frankville. < 72 Tallulah Falls. U 206 Dflmt' FATTV i 199iHolton. 190 Macon. 19. Tertiary. Georgia Pacific Railroad. The portion of this road in Georgia will be found Elberton Air Line Railroad. in the chapter on Alabama. Toccoa. 1. Archaean. 12 Martin's. u 24 Bowersville. u .26 W. Bowersville. n 39 Bowman. U 51 Elberton. " This and the following railroads by Prof. A. R. McCutchen. 378 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ALA.) Alabama. DANA'S TABLE OF ALABAMA DIVISIONS BY DANA'S TABLE OF ALABAMA DIVISIONS BY FOBMATIO N8. PROF. GESNER. FORMATIONS. PROF. GESNEB. 20. QUATERNARY. 20 c. Alluvium. 10 c. GENESEE. 10 c. Black Shale. 19. TERTIARY. 20 b. Bluff Loam. 20 a. Oranges. or dt. 19 c. Pliocene. 19 b. Miocene. 7. L. HELDERBERG. 5. NIAGARA. 5. CLINTON. 5. MEDINA. 7. Lo. Helderberg. 5d. Niagara 1. s. So. Dyestone Croup 5b. Wh.OakMt.s.s. 19 a. Eocene. u 5 a. Clinch Mt. s.s. 18. CRETACEOUS. 18 c. Upper Creta's. 4. TRENTON. 4 b. Cincinnati. u 18 b. Middle Creta's. M 4 a. Trenton. " 18 a. Lower Creta's. 3. CANADIAN. Sc.Chazy. 17. JURASSIC. 17 b. Marlstone. " 3 b. Quebec Knox " 17 a. Lower Lias. 14 dolomite. 14. CARBONIFEROUS. 14 c. Upp. Coal Mrs. 2. PRIMORDIAL OR 3 a. Calciferous. " 14 b. Low. Coal Mrs. CAMBRIA*, 2 b. Potsdam s. s. " 14 a. Millstone Crit. u 13. SUB-CARBONIF'S. 13 b. Mountain 1. s. 1. ARCH.EAN. 2 a. Acadian. " 13 b. Coral or St. L. Is " 1 b. Huronian. 13 a. Barren Croup. 1 a. Laurentian. South and North Alabama, or Louisville South and North Alabama, or Louisville Ms. and Great Southern Railroad. Alt Ms. and Great South. Railroad. Con. Alt. Decatur. 13 b.L.Ca.,St. Louis 577 90 Grace's Gap. 5 (See foot note.) 7 Flint. < 569 93 Oxmoor.* 14. Cahawba c. fid 662 13 Hartsell's. < 673 95 Shade Creek. M 18 Falkville. < 603 99 Brock's. 564 23 Wilhite's. < 608 102 Cahaba Mines. 6 400 28 31 Summit. 2 Milner's. 14 b. War'r coal a field. 84 1 104 Helena. 7 / 3 a. Calcifer's fault. \14b.CoalMeas. 40 33 Cullman's. < 802 3 109 Siluria. f 3 c. Chazy and 464 35 Phelan's < 692 ' _ 112 Whiting's. \Tren. LimeWks. 565 42 49 Hanceville. Bangor. ' 468 ^1 119 Calera Hills. f 13. Sub-Carbon., 3 c. \Chazy&4a.TrenS02 f 13 b. Up. Sub. Carb. 125 Clear Creek. 1 b. Metamorphic. 54 52 Blount Springs. 3 1 13 a. Low. Sub. Carb. 130 Jemison. 706 (10c. Blk. Shale. 434 135 Strasburg. " 57 Reid's. 20 14 b. War'r cl. fields 9 2 139 Lorn ax. u 625 63 Warrior. 4 549 141 Clan ton. u 596 68 Morris. 408 " Jeffe.Cl.Co. 148 Cooper's. 458 74 Cunningham. [Co. 151 Verbena. 450 76 New Castle. 21 440 "N.C.C1.&I. 155 Mountain Creek. 20. Quaternary. 542 79 Black Creek. Coalburg Go's colliery. 164 Deatsville. 300 81 Boyle's Gap. 22 14 b. War'r cl. field 524 170 Elmore. 199 {4 a. Trenton. ] $ ^ 174 Coosada. << 175 86 Birmingh'm. 5 * 23 3c.Chazy 602 1 Jj 3 b. Quebec. I "*. ** 179 Alabama River. Commerce St. Ju. 18. Cretaceous. " rotten 1. s. 3 a. Calcifer. J > 182 Montgomery. 162 1. Prepared expressly for this work by Prof. William Gesner, of Birmingham, Ala., Geologist and Analytical Chemist, and by Prof. Eugene A. Smith, the State Geologist. 2. Ascending the mountain from Wilhite's to Summit, Flint Creek shows looming above it cliffs of millstone grit, sandstone and shales, as Been from the car windows. W. G. 3. White and red sulphur and Chalybeate waters of great sanitary value at Blount Springs are much resorted to, particularly in the summer season, from all the States; and the Jackson House, by S. D. Holt, is a well kept hotel. The 10 c. Black Shale gives rise to the sulphur springs. The mount- ain on west side is 14 a. Carboniferous. W. G. 4. The Pierce Coal Mine Company and Alabama M. & M. Company's mines here. W. G. * Eureka furnaces and coke ovens. ALABAMA. 379 Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad, Alabama Great Southern Railroad- Ms. or Blue Mountain Route. Alt. Ms. Continued. Alt. Ima. 18. Cretaceous. 147 28 oloverdale. 4 c. Cin. & 4 a. Trenton '.i Burnsville. ii 207 32 Sulphur Sp'gs. 24 13a.b.L.Sub-Carb. 888 22 Planters ville. 20. Quaternary. 266 34 Eureka. ii 960 :)_' Maplesville. ii 40 Valley Head. K 1012 40: Randolph. ii 381 46 tollman's. 25 i 918 49 Ashby. 471 51 Fort Payne. 864 51 Briarfield. 8 3 b. Knox Dolomite 413 56 Brandon's. ii 877 oo Monte vallo. 9 ", a. r.-ilcifer's,lm. 494 61 Porterville. 3 b. Quebec, 5 miles. 65 Collinsville. i( 710 62Calera. f 3c.Cha.,Tren & ridge \ofl3a.Sub-Car. 522 74 82 Greenwood. Reases. ii 672 ii 580 Gardner's. 14. Coosa coal field. 567 87 Attalla. 2 e ii 583 67 Shelby Spr'gs. 10 ii 554 95 Steele's. 27 ii 691 72 Columbiana. 11 3 b. Quebec or Knox 560 102 Whitney or Ash ville. " 594 82 Wilsonville. ii 452 115 Springville. 28 3b.QuebecorKnox 708 Coosa River. 12 u 445 131 Trussville. 13 a. b. Sub-Carb. 683 sa Station. 472 137 Irondale. 5 b. Clinton. 90|Childersburg. Vlpine. 13 ii 441 495 143 Birmingham. f 4a.Tren.&3c.b.&a. \ofCan. anti.axis 577 100 Talledega. u 586 155 Jonesboro. 3 c. and 3 b. Cana. 50 (Alabama Fur.) 167 Tannehill. 18 3 b.or 3 a.Canadian 4 9 6 126 Munford. 646 170 Woodstock. 30 3b.QuebecorKnox 600 ! Silver Run. 1 * u 655 174 Red Gap. 29 3 b. Knox Dolomite. 130 Oxford. 15 ii 678 178 Vances. ii 410 131 Anniston. " Woodstock 183 Clement's. 14b.War'r coal field 269 139 Weaver's. " Iron Wks. 191 Cottondale. < 14"> Jacksonville. ii 653 198 Tuscaloosa. 20.Quat.overL.Cre 162 156 Patona. it 714 204 Maxwell's. 31 ii 157 Cross Plains. ii 722 213 Carthage. it . ... Ladiga. 696 " Tecumseh Stewart's or Hav anna. " 100 Araberson. 727 i ron Co. 22*3 Akron. 18 b. Rotten 1. s. 17 164 State Line. 16 930 " Stonewall Ir. 233 Eutaw. u yor's, Ga. 5 b. Clinton. 8 44 [ Works 239 Haysville. u 17' Cave Springs. 4 a. Trenton. 6 9 7 243 Boligee. II 17- Home, Ga. ii 652 250 Epps. Alabama Great Southern Railroad. 18 259 Livingston. u Chattanooga, T 1 9 4 a. Trenton 263 Hooks. 19 a. Tertiary, 36 miles t, Wauhatchie, " 4 b. Cincinnati. 671 261 York. ii 159 '.' Wild wood, Ga. 4 a. Trenton. 274 Cuba. 219 12 Morganville, Ga. " 279 Kewanee. U 1 1< Trenton, Ga. i< 720 283 Toomsuba. ii 27 J:5 Dademon, Ala. i 813 290 Russell's. ii 393 2') Rising Fawn. 4c.Cin.&4a.Tren. 778 295 Meridian, Miss. u 319 5. The prosperous city of Birmingham is in Jones' Valley. The railroad then passes through Red Mountain by Grace's Gap. The rocks of the anticlinal axis show, at the junction of the Lower Carboniferous with the 5 c. Clinton, an exposure of Fossiliferous Hematite Iron Ore, 28 feet thick, which is being used in the production of an excellent quality of Iron by the Eureka Company, at Oxmoor, at the next station. This bed of iron ore extends from a few miles below Pratt's Perry on the Cahaba River, in Bibb County, through St. Clair, Cherokee and De Kalb counties, into Tennessee, a distance of 120 miles. 6. S. D. Holt and Davis and Carr's collieries. W. G. 7. Eureka Company's colliery and Central Iron Works Company, at Helena. W. (',. 8. Branch railroad to Briarfield Rolling Mills and Furnaces. W. G. .ihaba coal field on the west, with branch railroad to the Montevallo coal mines of Dr. T. H. Aldrich. W. G. 10. Shelby Springs, Chalybeate and sulphuretted Hydrogen water of great renown, and much frequented. W. G. 11. Columbiana branch to Shelby Iron Works. W. G. 12. From Co.>s;i Kivr to Childereburgh, mountains of 2 b. Potsdam sandstone are seen to the southeast from car windows. E. A. S. 13. From Alpine to Talladega, 2 b. Potsdam sandstone mountains on the west, and 2 a. Acadia* slate hills toward the east. 14. At Silver River, 2 a. Acadian on the east, and 2 b. Potsdam on the west. E. A. 8. 380 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL EAILWAY GUIDE. (ALA.) Ms. Memphis & Charleston Railroad. Alt. Ms. Nashville & Chattanooga K. K. Alt. Memphis. 20. Qua., bluff loam 245 Stevenson June. 3 b. Quebec or Knox. c Buntyn. u 303 Bass Station. 9 White's. u "49 Anderson. 13 a. Sub-Carbon. 15 Germantown. 378 39 Stevenson. 3 b. Quebec or Kn. 60 2 19 Bailey's. {19. Tertiary, Orange Sand, LaGrange 29 22 Bridgeport. Shellmound. 3 c. Canadian. 20. Quat., Alluvium. group. 14 Whiteside. 14 b. Coal Mrs.& 13 c. 23 Collierville. 378 (Etna Coal Mines.) 31 La Fayette. 315 6 Wauhatchie. 4 b. Cincinnati. 671 39 Moscow. " 352 Chattanooga. 19 4a.Tren.&3c.Can.66s ~52 Somerville. " Nashville & Decatur Railroad. "49 52 58 64 74 La Grange. Grand Junction. Saulsbury. Mile Siding. Pocahontas. 531 575 535 19. Ter., Porters Ck. 394 3 13 22 Decatur Harris .Station. Athens. Elkmont. 13 b. L. Sub-Carb. 5 7 7 564 709 13 a. Sub-Carb. 778 79 84 Big Hill. Chewalla. 18. Cre., green sand. 409 "27 Pittensville. State Line. u 1 3 a.L. Sub-Car, or bar. 93 Corinth, Miss. 18 c. Ripley group. 4 3 4 Western Railroad of Alabama. 107 115 Burnsville. " * s a tuka. 13 b. a. Sub-Carbon 5 & s West Point. 1. Archaean. 124 127 Margerum, Ala. " Dickson. " i88 11 13 Cusseta. Mt. Jefferson. u 129 Cherokee. " 18 Rough & Ready. u 133 Barton " 493 22 Opelika. 139 Pride's " 28 Auburn. " & 20. Quat. 145 156 Tuscumbia. Leighton. 13 b. L. Carbonif. * n 563 35 42 Loachapoka. Notasulga. 20. Quaternary. M 163 Town Creek. 560 Fisher Branch (Narrow Gauge to Tuskeg_e.) 169 176 182 188 Courtland. Hillsboro. Trinity. Decatur. 560 599 534 573 48 56 65 Chehaw. (To Tallahassee F Cowles' Station. Shorter's. 20. Quaternary. 252 actory.) 1 b. Huronian. 20. Quaternary, b. Cre., rotten 1. s. 195 Mooresville. 601 75 Mt. Meigs. 203 Madison. 573 88 Montgomer u 162 ( 14 a. b. Coal Meas. 101 Manack. u 212 Huntsville. 32 \ 13 c. Sub-Carb. 612 107 Lowndesboro. a ( 13 b. St. Louis 1. s. 113 Whitehall. < 223 Brownsboro. 631 119 Benton. 229 Gurley's. 127 Alabama River M 233 907 Paint Rock. Wr>rrJi7illo 13 b. Sub-Carbon. 596 601 138 Selma. 121 Zo / 248 w oouvine. Larkinsville. n 620 Columbus Branch. 254 Scottsboro. 652 Columbus. 1 b. Huronian. 2 6 2 259 Bellefonte. it 639 4 Smith's or Dover. 265 Fackler's. 6 Mott's Mill. 20. Quaternar {3 b. Quebec or Knox 8 Salem, << 271 Stevenson. Dolomite, with hills of Sub-Carbon 19 25 Hollis. Yonges. 1. Arcluean. and Coal Meas. 603 29 Opelika. < 811 15. At Oxford, the railroad crosses through a gap of 2 b. Potsdam, and thence to Cross Plains the iivmntains of 2 b. Potsdam are on the east side. Beyond Cross Plains, to the State line, these mount- ains can be seen from the cars. E. A. S. 16. The railroad is built on 3 b. Quebec or Knox dolomite almost all the way from Montevallo to the State line, crossing 3 c. Chazy and 4 a. Trenton near Calera and the Coosa coal field above Calera. E. A. 8. 17. Yongesborough narrow gauge railroad, 2% miles to Chewackla Lime Company's kilns, south- east. The limestone of this company's quarries is a highly crystalline dolomite. W. G. 18. The hills on the west of the railroad consist principally of limonite, and their detritus con- stitutes the bright red banks of the cuts and fills for many mile*. The Thomas ore bank is on east ALABAMA. 381 Mobile & Girard Railroad. Ms. Mobile & Alabama Grand Trunk R. R. Ms. Alt. 9 20 25 35 39 64 63 72 77 84 Columbus, Ga. Fort Mitchell. Seale. Hatchechubbee. Hurtville. Guerryton. Union Springs. Thomas Station. Lin wood. Jonesville. Troy. 1. Archaean. 262 18. Cretaceous. o*. " Ripley Gp. 10. Tertiary. 9 20 29 39 50 59 Mobile. Cleveland. Cold Creek. Mount Vernon. Leona. Sunflower. Jackson. 19. Tertiary. 6 < 15 " 34 49 " 54 28 42 Mobile & Ohio Railroad. Part in Alabama. 5 18 33 44 61 63 Mobile. Whistler. Chunchula Citronelle. Deer Park. Escatawpa. State Line. 19. Tertiary. 41 78 317 141 (I 25C Mobile & Montgomery Railroad. 10 16 21 28 83 44 53 60 67 *76 81 86 91 106 114 119 134 155 163 178 Montgomery. McGehee's. Morgansville. Letohatchie. Calhoun. Fort Deposit. Greenville. Boiling. Georgiana. Garland. Madge's Mills. Gravella. Evergreen. Sparta. Castleberry. Brewton. Pollard. Whiting or Pensa Williams. Bay Minette. Tensas River. Mobile. 18. Cretaceous. " rotten 1. s. < M u s 20 " Ripley Gp. 19. Tertiary. {< M U (( II M (( colaJun. 19. Tertiary. M Alabama Central Railroad. "28 30 35 42 50 66 ::':': 108 Selma. Marion Junction. Brown's. Union town. Fawnsdale. Macon. Van Buren. Demopolis. Coatopa. York. Cuba. Toomsuba. Meridian. 18. Cretaceous. 1 2 * 253 " rotten 1. s. gp. 282 M ( " Ripley Gp. 19. Tertiary. i 219 M u ~0 10 13 16 21 25 28 33 Montgomery & ] Montgomery. Oak Grove. Perry's Mill. Pike Road. Matthews'. Mitchell's. Fitzpatricks. Thompson's. Crossing of Mobile Sufaula Railroad. 1 8. Cretaceous. 1"" 2a6 " rotten 1. s. " 295 " 262 252 262 2 8 & Girard Railroad. Selma & Golf Railroad. "35 - Selma. Pleasant Hill. Snow Hill. Allenton. Pine Apple. Cokerville. 18. Cretaceous. 147 " rotten 1. s. " Ripley Gp. 19. Tertiary. M side, close to the main track, nearly opposite the station house. The hilla seen beyond these belong to the Warrior coal field. W. G. 19. In addition to the 4 a. Trenton, there are, within the limits of the city of Chattanooga the S a. Calciferous, 4 b. Cincinnati, 5. Clinton, 10 a. Black shale, and 14. Carboniferous formations. [J. SAFFORD. 20. Reids. Branch rail way, 3 miles, of the Warrior Coal and Coke Company to mines working the Warrior bed. (W. G.) The Pierce Warrior Coal Co. working the Warrior Coal bed. The Watts Coal and Coke Co., working the Watts bed. (W. G.) 21. Newcastle. Branch railway of Milner Coal and Railway Company, working the Black Creek beds. Also in the Warrior coal field. (W. GO 22. At Boyle's Gap the railroad passes from the Coal Measures, between almost perpendicular walls of 14 a. Millstone grit, into Jones Valley. E. A. S. 23. Birmingham. Branch railway, 12 miles. The Birmingham Mineral Railway Station, between the Alice Furnace and Rolling Mills, following the foot of Red Mountain down Jones Valley, princi- pally on the KDOX, with the upper Silurian and Clinton Hematite Ore beds to be seen all the way, as presented on the western brow of the Red Mountains nine miles south of Birmingham. (W. G.) Pratt Coal and Coke Company's railway nine miles westerly to Coketon mines on the Warrior coal field Pratt coal mines on the Pratt bed, capacity 500 tons per day. (W. G.) 24. From Sulphur Springs down to Attajla,the railroad follows the valley lying between Lookout Mountain, 14 a. b. on the east, and the Red Mountain Ridge (5 c., 10 c. 13 a.) on the west, and all the stations are upon the Lower Sub-Carboniferous, 13 a. and b. E. A. S. 382 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ALA.) Montgomery & Eufaula Railroad- Ms. Continued. Alt. Vicksburg & Brunswick Railroad. Ms. Alt. 40 50 54 62 66 74 81 Union Springs. Three-Notch R'd. Midway. Spring Hill. Batesrille. Cochran. Eufaula. 18.Cre.,RipleyGp> 94 492 506 312 280 ri8.Cre.,marlbluffof \ the ChattahoochieR. ( Ripley Group. 20 5 25 Eufaula. White Oak. Clayton. 18. Cre., Ripley Gp. 2 oo u " or Tertiary Anniston & Atlantic R. R. (Narrow Gauge.) "23 Anniston. Jenifer. Munfroid. Iron a. Talladega. Sycamore. Quebec and Knox. (i (i (i " 561 U Selma, Marion & Memphis Railroad. ""6 14 21 29 37 45 Selma. Marion Junction. Marion. Grove Cottage. Newbern. Greensboro. Sawyersville. 18. Cre., rotten 1. s. 1 * 7 253 (I II The Birmingham Mineral Railroad. Branch of the N. & S. Alabama R. R. 3 6 9 10 12 Birmingham. Magella. Newton. Alice. Woodward. Sloss Mines. / 4 a. Tren., 3 c. Chazy, \3a.Cal.,3b.Que.6is 3 c. Chazy. M ( Hematite ore bk.in 5. \Clin.ofAliceFur.Co. f Hematite ore bk.in 5. \ Clin. Wood. Iron Co. ( Hematite ore bk.in 5. \ Clin. Sloss Fur. Co. Savannah & Memphis Railroad. 10 15 22 30 35 40 42 47 53 60 Opelika. Gold Hill. Waverly. Camp Hill. ( Dudley ville Dadeville. Jackson's Gap. Sturdevant. Salisbury. Alexander City. Kelly ton. Goodwater. 1. Archaean. " 770 805 738 gold mines). 1. Archaean. * 695 502 II 747 800 Steatite (soap s.)qr. 8 7 2 Montgomery Southern Railroad. (Narrow Gauge.) 6 10 13 17 20 Montgomery. Catoma. Snowden. Pleasant Grove. Reamer. Ada. Cretaceous. * 6 2 u M Kast Alabama & Cincinnati Railroad. Wetumpka Branch S. & N. Alabama Railroad. 10 23 Opelika. Oak Bowery. Buffalo Wallow. 1 b. Huronian. 8 1 9 (4 OjDecatur. 170Elmore. 184 Wetumpka, 575 20.Qu.overlb.Hu. 19 * 1 b. Huronian. * * 8 25. Hillman Station. Branch railway, southeast, 1% miles long, leaving Quebec or Knox and entering 5 c. Clinton of Red Mountain terminus at the Alice Furnace Co.'s Hematite Mines. 10% miles south of Birmingham, Wheeling, station No. 1, branch railway leaving Quebec or Knox and entering Coal Measures of the Warrior Coal field terminus, 5% miles northwest Woodward Iron Co.'s mine on the Pratt coal bed. Also, branch railway, southeasterly, 2% miles to terminus in 5 c. Clinton Hematite ore mines of The Woodward Iron Company. (W. G.) 26. At Attalla Lookout Mountain ends abruptly, and the Red Ore Ridge rises to a considerable height on west. Just south of Attalla, through a gap in Red Mountain, the escarpment of Blount Mountain, 14 a. b., is seen to westward. E. A. 8. 27. From Steele's to near Whitney, Chandlers Mountain, 14 a. and b., is seen on the west, and below Steele's to Springville the ridge on the west is Red Mountain (5 c., 10 c., 13 a.) All the stations from Attalla to Springville are on Knox Dolomite or Knox shale, 3 a., 3 b. E. A. S. 28. A short distance below Springville the road enters the valley between a Red Ore Ridge on the west and the Cahaba coal field on the east, and continues thus to Irondale. E. A. S. passes Eutaw the surface material is Quaternary, but it overlies the Lower Cretaceous beds, and perhaps beds still older than Cretaceous. Just below Eutaw the rotten limestone begins and is left at Living- stone, where the road enters Tertiary formation, continuing in it to Meridian. E. A. S. 30. Woodstock. Here is Edward's Furnace and a branch railway, almost due south, nine miles, leaving Quebec or Knox and passing over Sub-Carboniferous into Coal Measures of the Cahaba coal field, having passed over the southwesterly extremity of the Clinton ore bed of Red Mountain in Alabama terminus, at two coal mines about two miles apart, Blocton being the first one said to be on the Montevalle coal bed. All the property of the Cahaba Coal Mining Co. (W. G.) 31. Maxwells, Carthage and Stewart are on Quaternary, overlying a formation older than Creta- ceous, but whether Jurassic, Triassic or Permian, not yet determined, probably the former. E. A. 8. 32. The Mountains about Huntsville are outliers of the Cumberland Mountains capped with 14 a. and b. Coal Measures, and showing on their flanks Mountain limestone 13 c. and underlying beds down to 13 b. Saint Louis limestones. E. A. S. GEORGIA AND ALABAMA. 383 Georgia and Alabama, Georgia Pacific Railway.* 8 * Ms. Alt. Georgia Pacific Railway- Ms. Continued. Alt. Atlanta, Ga. 33 fib. Huronian, Mica. \ Slates & Schists 1050 IS Austell. {1 a. Lauren, and 1 b. Huronian. 9 * 3 Howell. {1 b. Huro. Gneiss in Mica Slates. 962 '21 Salt Springs. J7 Douglasville. " 1055 1217 " Granite. 7 Peyton. 869 Winston. 34 1132 8 Chattahoochee. Ib.Hu. Mica Slates 822 38 Villa Rica. 3 * 1160 < Gold Mine. {1 a. Lauren. 1 b. Hu. !1 b. Huronian, Horn- 9 " River. Granite in bed of River. 8 <>9 45 Temple. 36 blende, Slates and Schists. 118 12 Concord. f 1 a. Lauren, and 1 b. \ Huronian. 8 6 7 52 54 Summit. Bremen. < 1424 " 1413 15 Mableton. 995 56 Waco. << 1343 17 Sweet water. " 9 14 68 Tallapoosa River. 962 * The geology of this road is furnished by Professors J. L. & H. D. Campbell, of Washington and Lee Universitv, Lexington, Va., and where not otherwise credited the notes are by them also. Those signed W. G. are by Dr. Wm. Gesner, of Birmingham, Ala. 33. Atlanta. The broad belt of METAMORPHIC ROCKS, extending from Maryland to central Ala- bama, belongs to the Archaean age. It has the Blue Ridge of Virginia, the Unica of Tennessee, and the Blue Mountain of Georgia for its northwestern border. Its southwestern margin is approxi- mately defined by the falls and shoals of the rivers at Washington, D. C., at Richmond and Peters- burg, Va., at Raleigh, N. C., at Columbia, S. C., at Augusta, Milledgeville and Columbus, Ga., and at Opelika and Wetumka, Ala. An air line from Milledgeville, passing near Atlanta to the limit of the Blue Ridge rocks, would measure the width of the Archaean belt in Georgia, showing it to be about one hundred miles wide. The Archaean rocks are recognized in Georgia under only two divisions, 1 a. Laurentian and 1 b. Huronian. They constitute the country rocks from Atlanta westward to the margin of Choccolocco Valley at Davisville Tunnel, Alabama, 88 miles. The 1 a. Laurentian group consists chiefly of gran- ite, gneiss and hard schists ; while the 1 b. Huronian group consists of less metamorphosed beds of chlorite micaceous and talcosa schists and slates, and some beds of argillites. Both groups are exposed along the railway cuts, but 1 b. Huronian constitutes by far the greater portion of the sur- face rock. The hard rocks of the 1 a. Laurentian, however, are exposed to view in the bed of the Chattahoochee River, eight miles west of Atlanta, and are quarried a short distance west of the river. The Laurentian also occurs, as shown by the Guide, in the excellent granite quarried at Douglas- yille, also at Villa Rica. Concord to Douglasville, mica and Hornblende slates and schists with beds of granite and gneiss exposed in cuts along railroad. From this point westward to the limit of the Archaean rocks in Alabama the beds of the 1 a. Laurentian are but little exposed. 34. Winston. Corundum has been found in considerable quantities near Powder Springs, in Cobb County; also near Villa Rica, Ga., and in Tallapoosa County, Ala. 35. Villa Rica. The granite beds make their appearance near Villa Rica, where they seem to underlie the hornblende schists and slates that carry the copper ores (chalcopy rites) of that region, as well a.s the mica schists in which the gold-bearing veins of quartz in the same vicinity are found. A belt of copper ore (chalcopyrite) crosses the Georgia Pacific Railway, west of Villa Rica, in Carroll County. This ore has been mined to some extent at several points in Douglas, Carroll and Haralson Counties. It is transported to Atlanta where the copper is extracted and the sulphur utilized in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. The same belt of copper ore continues its southeasterly course into Cleburne County, Ala., where the Wood Copper Mines were worked for some years. The gold belt of the Atlantic Slope extending from the Potomac in Virginia, and across North County, Alabama, and at other points in both States. 36. Temple. Mica, talc and asbestos are found in Cobb, Douglas and Carroll Counties, Georgia, and in Cleburne County, Alabama. Roofing slates and flagging stones have been quarried in Polk and Haralson Counties, Georgia, and are found in Cleburne County, Alabama. J. L. A H. D. C. 37. [From Muscadine to Heflin, metamorphic slates and schists, chloritic and micaceous with some gneiss. Southwest of Heflin Station, 14 miles in Cleburne County, are the celebrated Arbacoochee gold mines, and 26 miles the Goo, Smith's and Wood's copper mines; and in Randolph County, near High Snoals, the tin ores lately discovered by Wm. Gesner, Analytical Chemist, Birmingham, Alabama.] W. G. 38. Davisville. Scon after passing the tunnel near Davisville, the road leaves the Archaean rocks and passes abruptly upon the Lower Silurian sandstones, limestones and slates of the beautiful Choc- colocco Valley. These sandstones, slates and limestones, of Cambrian and Lower Silurian age, along the southeast margin of the valley, apparently dip under the older Archaean beds,which seems to be due to a fault by which the Cambrian rocks have slipped downward, while by an inversion the Archaean b eda have been thrown upon them, so as to give a reversed order of superposition. From Davisville AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (GA. & ALA.) ALABAMA. Georgia Pacific Railway- Ms. Alt. Georgia Pacific Railway- Ms. Continued. Alt. 70 72 Muscadine. 8 7 Main's Gap. 1 b. Huronian. " 1118 134 Eden. 42 f 14. Coosa Coal Field, \18. Sub-Carbon. 38 78 Edwardsville. 923 139 Cane Creek Tun. 14 b. Coosa Cl.Fd. 638 84 Heflin. 37 986 140 Cook's Springs. 610 87 Davisville Tun. ( 1 a. Lauren., 1 b. \ Huron., nr. fault. 948 143 Bald Rock Mt. / 14 b. Coosa Coal Fd. \& Millstone Grit. 734 90 93 Davisville. 38 Choccolocco. f 3 b. Silurian and 1. s. \IronOres. 776 " 682 144 146 Kerr's Gap. 43 Brompton. " 754 f 3b.c.Queb. & Chazy \SilurianValley. 74 97 De Armanville. 693 " Linamite Ores. 147 Summit. 101 Oxford. 39 / 2 b. Potsdam, Sand- \stoneand Shale. 650 150 Leeds. f 14 b. Cahaba Coal \ Fields. 6 *e 103 Junction. 3 b. Alluvium. 6 8 2 151 O'Barr's Gap. 44 712 104 Anniston. 40 ess or e & drift. 153 Cahaba River. 590 112 Berclair. /3 b. c. Quebec and \ Chazy. 648 158 161 Weems' Gap. Irondale. 823 "&13.Sub-Carb. 13 a. Sub-Carbon. 76 <> 116 122 Estaboga. Lincoln. 532 ' lime, ore. < 505 162 Red Gap. 45 J 5 b. c. Clinton and ( 10 c. Gcnesee. 78 * 1? 7 Coosa River. ' 488 167 Birmingham. 46 3b.Queb.&3c.Chy. 615 127 129 Rivei c ide. Seddon." < 489 < 500 177 Coalburg. 47 f 14 b. Warrior Coal \ Field, Pratt seam. Tunnel the road runs southwest for 12 miles, along the beautiful Choccolocco Valley, passing fre- quent cuts through Lower Silurian rocks, the lower portion of which are considerably metamor- phosed some of the beds being partially changed to Hydromica slates. Limonite ores are very abundant in this valley, are easily mined, and await only capital and labor to make them profitable. 39. Near Oxford, Calhoun County, the road changes its course northward through a gap of Ladiga Mountain, cut by Snow Creek. Here the sandstones and shales of the Potsdam group (2 b.) are ex- posed in well defined arches. These rocks constitute the main mass of the Ladiga and Cold Water Mountains the ridges which flank the narrow valley in which Oxford and Anniston are situated. These ridges are two great stone-waves, between which we find a synclinal trough which holds the rich beds of Limonite ores, mined to supply the furnaces at Anniston. Oxford is a good starting point for the geological study of this region. 40. Anniston. From Anniston the railway turns westward and crosses the wide Silurian lime- etone valley of the Coosa River, the country rocks of which belong mostly to the Quebec, Chazy, and Treriton epochs. J. L. & H. D. C. 41. Sheddon station is on the western border of the Coosa Valley, upwards of 25 miles wide, diagonally as the railway crosses it ; and a little east of Eden Station it passes abruptly into the Sub-Carbonifero'us formation of the Coosa, or third or most easterly Alabama coal field. ( W. G.) The Coosa Valley is a prolongation of the great Silurian Valley of Virginia and Tennessee, while the Chocco- locco and Anniston Valleys on the one side, and the Cahaba and Birmingham Valleys on the other, may be regarded as its branches or outliers. The width of the Coosa Valley by the line of the Georgia Pacific Railway is 25 miles. Many promising beds of iron ore are found near this line. The Coosa Valley is the southern terminus of one of the most interesting and important valleys in the World, in a geological view. Tracing the 4 a. Trenton limestone, and the 4 c. Hudson River Slate formations from their classical localities, from which they derive their names, Trenton Falls, N. Y. (see note 62 of that State), and the Hudson River, we find them in the Mohawk Valley of New York, with branches extending far into New England and Canada. Following it southwestward it crosses New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania by Easton, Lebanon, Harrisburg, Carlisle and Chambersburg, as the Cumberland or Kittatinny Valley, into Maryland, past Hagerstown and through Virginia as the Shenandoah or Great Valley, by Winchester and Stanton; and, being divided by the Massanutten Mountain, on the east side by Sheperdstown, Luray ? to Roanoke, and into Tennessee, where it is the valley of East Tennessee, and finally in Alabama its two divided branches sink and disappear beneath the cretaceous plains of the South. In Alabama the Trenton is much less con- spicuous than the Canadian group. (3 a. b. c.) J. M. 42. Eden. [North of this station are the Broken Arrow and Front Creek coal mines, in the Coosa coal field. (W. G.) ] A few miles west of Coosa River we find an abrupt transition to the Sub- Carboniferous of the Coosa coal field. Near Eden station the road passes through a ridge of Sub- Carboniferous limestone, directly upon the highest coal-bearing beds of this region, which dip beneath the older Sub-Carboniferous strata. This can be best accounted for on the hypothesis of a fault. Sub-Carboniferous fossils are found in this neighborhood in abundance. Promising seams of coal are found in this field and have been mined to some extent. The Broken Arrow Wells, valued for their mineral waters, are situated in this region. GEORGIA AND ALABAMA. 386 43. Kerr's Gap. At Kerr's Gap, where the road passes from the Coosa field into Cahaba Valley, the Millstone Grit (here a coarse conglomerate, 80 to 100 feet thick) has a high outcrop on the Coosa or Bald Rock Mountain: Dipping beneath this are the Sub-Carboniferous formations, followed by the Silurian limestones, all dipping to the southeast. Valuable iron ores and limestones, with one good vein of Baryte are found here. Along the western margin of this valley the Silurian limestones nave been abruptly cut off' by a fissure, and the coal-bearing beds fl4^ of the Cahaba field have dropped down so as to abut against them. The geotogieal structure of this field is very analogus to that of the Coosa field both apparently monoclines, limited by faults along their eastern margins. Valuable coal mines have been opened here. 44. [O'JSorr'8 Gap is in the western boundary of the Seconder Cahaba coal field of Alabama; and as this railway crosses the Big or West Cahaba River, at Sycamore Ford, and keeps the face of its rn bluff a considerable distance, a good view of the strata of shales, sandstone, and some of the Cahaba coal beds can be seen from the cars.] (W. G.) 45. Red Gap. The road passes from Sub-Carboniferous of Cahaba field into the Birmingham {or Jones) Valley through Bed Gap, which presents a section of the Clinton group that carries the great bed, 30 feet thick, of fossil ore so extensively worked in this part of Alabama. Here the road cuts beds that are probably Genesee (10 c.) 40. Birmingham is a rapidly growing city, in and around which are several large iron furnaces and other manufacturing enterprises. Here ores, limestones, coal, and building material are found in unusual contiguity and abundance. 47. Structure of the Alabama Coal Fields. There is good reason to believe that the Cooea, Cahaba and Warrior coal fields were originally one common field, which, previous to the Appalachian Revo- lution, stretched across the areas that are now ^the Cahaba and Birmingham Valleys. But these yjiHeys and their margins are now only the relics of a monoclinal uplift, in the one case, and of an irregular anticlinal stone- wrinkle in the other, which were thrust up so high and bent so sharply as to fracture, not only the coal-bearing strata on top, but also the underlying Sub-Carboniferous and Clinton beds and many of the Silurian limestones that now form the bottoms of the valleys. 4-J. When this railway has been extended westward from Coal burg until it meets its western ision, now under construction east of Aitesia on the Mississippi & Ohio Railway, it will traverse the Great Warrior coal field over its most productive portions. Between this coal field and the Mis- sissippi it will cross a wide belt of timber, cotton and corn lands. The line will intersect every geo- logical formation found in the Southern States, from the Archaean, at Atlanta, up to the Quaternary, and must always be an interesting route for scientific travellers. J. L. & H. D. C. 386 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MISS.) Mississippi. LIST OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN MISSISSIPPI. 20. QUATERNARY. 20 e. Alluvial, 20 d. Yellow Loam. 20 c. Loess. 20 b. Port Hudson. 20 a. Orange Sand or Stratified Drift. 19. TERTIARY EOCENE. 19 e. Vicksburg. 19 d. Jackson. 19 c. Claiborne. 19 c. Burstone. 19 a. LaGrange. 18. CRETACEOUS. 18 d. Ripley Group. 18 c. Rotten Lime s 18 b. Tombigbee S'd 13 a. Eutaw. 19. LATER TERTIARY. 19 f. Grand Gulf. 13. SUB-CARBON'S. 13 a. Keokuk or St. Louis Lime s. 1 By Prof. E. W. Hilgard, Berkeley, Cal., late State Geologist of Mississippi, but, owing to the dis- tance, he was unable to correct the proof sheets. Notes on the Geological Formations of Mississippi. Brief descriptions of some formations peculiar to the Southern States seem to be required. Mississippi is a Tertiary and Cretaceous State, by far the greater portion of it being occupied by the former, if we leave out of consideration the strata of the Orange Sand, which undoubtedly forms the greater portion of the actual surface. These formations have been well studied and described by Professor Eug. W. Hilgard, from whose reports the following brief descriptions of the several sub- divisions have been taken. 2O Quaternary. 20 e. Alluvial Deposits. These include all the soils, first bottom deposits, and sand bars now in process of formation, or attributable to causes now in action. The lower bottoms of the Mis- sissippi River, now frequently overflowed, are bordered by level tracts of land sometimes several miles in width, evidently formed in flowing water, but of too high a level to have been formed by the present river and being probably due to ancient glacial rivers. 20 d. Yellow Loam. The yellow, brown, or reddish loam forms the surface and furnishes the soils of the greater portion of the State of Mississippi, and is the source of its wealth as a great cotton-growing State. Professor Hilgard thinks it was an independent acqueous deposit pos- terior to the Bluff and Orange Sand, and anterior to the alluvial formations of the present epoch. Its prevalent character is that of a yellow clay or loam, without any definite structure or cleavage, vari- ously tinged with iron, and it forms the best upland soils and sub-soils of the State, averaging about three feet in thickness, and sometimes twenty feet. 20 c. The Bluff, or Loess, of Mississippi, or cane-hills belt, presents the same remarkably uni- form features as in other States and in all parts of the world, as described in the introduction to this volume. It consists of a fine silt, almost too silicious to be called a loam, of a grayish or yel- lowish buff tint. A certain degree of firmness is imparted to the mass, caused as Professor Hilgard thinks, by rough, irregular concretions, varying in size from fine sand grains to the weight of several pounds, (Loess puppets), into which the fine material has been cemented by earthy carbonates. Hence, it is little subject to erosion, maintains itself readily in even vertical cuts, and valleys cut in- to it have steep slopes, at times almost vertical walls.* Its thickness is sometimes as much as sev- enty feet, but it shows only obscure marks of stratification. Its fossils are terrestrial snails and quadrupeds. 20 b. Port Hudson. This is a formation consisting, in its landward portion chiefly of paludal, mostly- dark-tinted and well stratified calcareous clays, often overlaid by brownish ill stratified loams, which intervene between it and the Loess proper. Its chief fossils are a fresh water and land fauna, among^ many vegetable remains, including cypress stumps. To seaward the beds become more brackish and finally of purely marine character. It underlies the Mississippi alluvium at least as far as Mem- E'lis, rises into " Crowley's Ridge," in Arkansas and Southeast Missouri, and also underlies the Red iver alluvium to Shreveport. It is most widely developed in Louisiana. 20 a. The Orange Sand, or stratified drift, is an important formation. It covers nearly the whole State of Mississippi, except the alluvial bottoms of the river, being, however, itself often covered by the later formations above described. It forms the main body of most of the ridges of the State, and to a great extent their surface. It gives character to the surface conformation, which, contrary to the popu- lar impression, is generally hilly back from the river, though nowhere mountainous. All the sandy hills seen from the railroad, from 30 to 120 feet high, few of them as high as 400 feet, which are con- spicuous features in the landscape, are due to the Orange Sand formation, out of which the hills have been formed by denudation of the valleys and lower ground. The sand of which it is chiefly com- * In Science, for August, 1884, I maintained that the steep slopes of the Loess were owing to ita laminated structure, like the Genesee, and other shales. . J.I. MISSISSIPPI. 387 Chicago, St. Lnnis & New Orleans Railroad. Ms. Illinois Central Line. Alt. Mississippi & Tennessee Railroad. Ms. Alt. New Orleans, La. 48 Ponchatouln. 16 Grenada. f 20 c. Alluvial, 213 X 19 a. LaGrange. 78 88 Tangiphoa. Osyka. f 20 a. Orange Sand. \ 19 f. Grand Gulf. 22 41 Oakland. Bateville. f 20 b. Yellow Loam, \ 19 a. LaGrange. 98 Magnolia. 108 Summit. 93 n 50 Sardis. f 20 b. Yellow Loam, \ 19 a. LaGrange. 118 Bogue Chitto. M 63 Senatobia. 128 139 Brook ha ven. Beauregavd. n 88 Hernando. f 20 c. Loess, \ 19 a. LaGrange. 149|Hazlehiir.r this Railroad.) New Orleans & Northeastern Railroad. 17 30 47 64 85 101 131 147 160 167 191 196 Meridian. Enterprise. Barnet. Sandersville. Ellisville. Hattiesburg. Purvis. Derby. Mitchell. Pearl River Slidel, La. Lake Shore. New Orleans 19 b. Burstone. 336 19 c. Claiborne. 248 19 f. Grand Gulf. 306 A . " c3 Tjj 239 00^ 144 >> " 360 ^^ & 168 Hi *~0 u f 20 c. Loess, 8 \20b. Port Hudson. u 18 Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific Railroad. Vicksburg & Meridian Division. 10 18 27 35- 45 Vicksburg. Bovinia. Edwards. Bolton. Clinton. Jackson. / 20 c. Loess, 119 e. Vicksburg. 30 s ft u f 20 d. Yellow Loam, \ 19 d. Jackson. * Booneville, highest railroad point in the State. traces of that period behind in some of the States on its borders. There is no doubt the deposition of the orange sand took place in flowing water, whose current had a general direction from north to south. This formation is 40 to 60 feet thick ; 100 feet ]is not unusual, and even 200 feet. It contains the fossils of the underlying formations, but none of its own. Th materials are non-calcareous and peroxidized throughout; highly ferruginous, and in part silicious sandstones form limited deposits, very frequently capping hills and ridges which have thus been preserved from erosion, profoundly influencing the surface conformation. 19. Later Tertiary. 19 f. The Grand Gulf. The highest Tertiary formation apppearing on the surface of the State is the Grand Gulf group of blue, green and white, compact clays, and mostly soft whitish sandstones overlying the same. No fossils save a few leaves and small lignite beds have been found in it, although it occupies, in the southern part of the state, the large area covered by the long leaved pine. It is supposed to be of Miocene age. 19. Tertiary. 19 e. Vicksburg Miocene, the highest of the marine tertiary formations, occupies a narrow belt of nearly uniform width, extending across the State to the Tombigbee River in Alabama, and it con- tains a valuable crystalline limestone, associated, however, with blue and white marls and important beds of lignite, but the chief material is a soft white limestone. 19 d. Jackson. The territory of this group is characterized by the occurrence of the black prairie soil en its surface, and also of bald prairies, both very similar to those of the Rotten Limestone region. The material is either a soft yellowish limestone or indurated marl or a soft gray or yellowish calcareous clay, in which the large bones of the Zeuglodon are found. 19 c. Claiborne. This group of blue and white calcareous marls occupies but a small area in the state, its fossils are poorly preserved, and it imparts no obvious features to the surface of the country underlaid by it. 19 b. Burstone. (" Silicious Claiborne," of Hilgard's Mississippi report). This group forms a wide and to northward ill-defined belt, northward of the Claiborne and Jackson area. Its materials are mostly soft yellowish or whitish sandstones and claystones, alternating with dark-tinted lignito-gypse- ous clays and sands ; sometimes unconsolidated fossiliferous sands and silicious sandstone of the " burstone " character ; also, highly ferruginous clays. Northward it passes insensibly -into MISSISSIPPI. 389 Louisville A Nashville Railroad. Louisville, New Orleans & Texas R. R. Ms. New Orleans & Mobile Division. All. Ms. Continued. Alt. CO New Orleans. Bay St. Louis, 16 f 20 c. Alluviai, 24 245 Redwood. ( 20 d. Alluvium over \ 20 b. Port Hudson. o2 Miss. 1 20 b. Post Hudson. 257 Halpin. 59 Pass Christian. 10 271 Gary. 71 Mississippi City. 10 278 Rolling Fork. 82 Ocean Springs. 28 284 Anguilla. 101 Scranton. (( 288 Nitta Yama. 141 Mobile. " 6 306 Arcola. i 316 Leland. Louisville, New Orleans & Texas R. R. 331 Nicholson. Baton Rouge to Memphis. 342 Coleman. 363 Duncan. 89 Baton Rouge. f 20 c. Loess over 20 b. \ Port Huron. 370 378 Bobo. Clarksdale. 87 108 Slaughter. " 398 Lula. 113 Ethel. 415 Tunica. 122 Wilson. f 20 a.Orange Ld. over \ 19 b. Port Hudson. 420 440 Robinsonville. Walls. 135 144 152 Centreville. Gloster City. Day's. 442 Lakeview. {20 c. Loess over 20 a. Orange Sand and 19 a. Eocene. 160 Knoxville. 175 1 Hamburg. 186, Harris ton. < < 455 Memphis. 227 Grand Gulf & Port Gibson Railroad. 193 Hays. 20 c. Loess. 206 218 Port Gibson. Aliens. it Grand Gult. / 20 c. Loess, \ 19 f. Grand Gulf. 222 Yokena. Port Gibson. 997 1XT i n 1? - _ . 235 w u.rrcntOli. Vicksburg. over iy .tiocene. .. 308 19 a. La Grange or Lignite (" Northern Lignitic " of Hilgard), which underlies all of the northern part of the state outside of the Cretaceous area, itself mostly covered by the Orange Sand. It consists of mostly dark-tinted shaly clays, interstratified with gray sands and lignite beds of some economic im- portance ; shows a few marine outliers showing near relation to the Burstone, or more probably to the * Woods Bluff" beds of Alabama, the base of the Eocene Tertiary. 18. Cretaceous. 18 d. Ripley Group is composed of hard crystalline limestone, the highest strata and bluish micaceous marls more or less sandy below. The country suddenly becomes hilly and broken as you enter this formation. It is a hard, sandy limestone, with strata of blue shale marl'between, and one of heavy gray calcareous clay on top. 18 c. The Rotten Limestone is an important formation 700 to 1,000 feet thick in the southwest, and thinning down in the northeast to 70 to 100 feet at the Tennessee line. The material is of great uni- formity, a soft, chalky rock of a white or pale bluish tint, with a very little sand. When the rotten limestone appears on the surface it appears white or yellowish white, and preserves the same tint from 2 to 18 feet deep. Below that it is often bluish gray, which, when wet, looks quite dark. These white clay marls or soft limestone form a level or gently undulating surface with a heavy calcareous soil in the Prairie Region proper, and comprises some of the best land in the State. 18 b. Tombigbee sand has as its prevalent material a fine grained micaceous sand, usually of a greenish tint, but not unfrequently gray, bluish, black, yellow, and sometimes even orange red. The region is hilly and sandy and the soil generally inferior. 18 a. Eutaic. The territory occupied by this formation offers no striking characteristics in Mis- sissippi, by far the larger portion of it being covered thickly by the Orange Sand. It consists of un- consolidated sands and dark-tinted clays. 14. The Sub-Carboniferous occupies a very small territory in the northeastern section of the State adjoining Alabama, and its geological relations can hardly be satisfactorily studied in Missis- sippi. The Cretaceous and Tertiarv formations of Mississippi are rich in fossils and afford favorite local- ities for thf paleontologist. The geology of Mississippi may become important in the study of the vast, almost unknown region U-twen the Mississippi River and the Sierra Nevada, where the same formations seem to prevail. In this connection see Mr. Loughridge's notes on the Indian Territory The foregoing descriptions of the sub-divisions of the Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary apply to these formations in the adjoinina States of Tennessee, Alabama and Louisiana, J. M. 390 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (LA.) Louisiana. l LIST OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN LOUISIANA. GENEBAL TABLE. LOUISIANA FORMATIONS. GENERAL TABLB. LOUISIANA FORMATIONS. 20. QUATERNARY. 20 d. Alluvium. 20 c. Bluff or Loess, 20 b. Port Hudson. 20 a. Orange Sand or Stratified Drift. 19. TERTIARY. 19 f. Grand Gulf Miocene. 19 a. Eocene. 18. CRETACEOUS. 18. Cretaceous. General Geological Note on Louisiana. Louisiana is not wholly alluvial, as is the general impression ; only about one-half of the State, in fact, belonging to the alluvium of the Mississippi and Red Kivers and to the marsh region of the coast. A considerable portion of this, too, is older than the present river channels. Such is the case with the greater part of the " buck-shot " soils, where certain strata of dark colored clay come to the surface. These qlays underlie the entire plain from the Gulf coast as high as Memphis and Shreveport at depths of from one to forty feet, and are the older portions of the Champlain formation, most definitely exhibited at Port Hudson Bluff, 20 b. Next above and north of these prairies occur the beds of sand and gravel belonging to the " Stratified Drift," capping the higher ridges all over the upland portion of the State. It is the 20 a. Orange Sand. The next formation is the 19 f. "Grand Gulf ".group of the Tertiary formation, blue, green and white clays, clay stones and clay sandstones, rising into high ridges as we advance northward, and forming a prominent hilly belt across the State. Northward, again, of this transverse ridge we find a narrow belt of the calcareous marls and lime- stones of the Marine Tertiary, 19 e. Vicksburg and 19 d. Jackson groups approaching the surface. In northwestern Louisiana fossiliferous rocks, mostly ferruginous and red, or sometimes calca- reous of Upper 19 c. Claiborne or Lower 19 d. Jackson of Tertiary age, are found and known as the Red Lands. The upper portion of the ridges is composed of or capped by the irregularly bedded sands of the 20 b. Stratified Drift. See the descriptions of the formations in the Mississippi chapter. From E. W. Hilgard's Cotton Report. JLouisville & Nashville Railroad. Ms. New Orleans & Mobile Division. Alt. Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific Ms. Railroad Continued. Alt. 5 9 13 '20 26 31 36 40 45 48 52 New Orleans. Pontchartrain Ju Lee. Micheaud. Chef Menteur. Lake Catherine. Rigolets. Lookout. Claiborne. Toulme. Waveland. Bay St. Louis. (Continued ii 20 c. Alluvium. nc. " u ( 20 c. Alluvium. \ 20 b. Port Hudson. u d u i Mississippi.) 36 43 49 53 64 Pearl River. Nicholson. Mitchell. Highland. Derby. f 20 d. Alluvium over \ 20 b. Port Hudson. f 20 a.Orange S'd over \ 19f.G'dGulfMioc. H U Illinois Central Railroad. (Chicago, St. Louis & New Orleans Division.) 10 37 48 53 68 78 88 New Orleans. Kenner. Manchac. Ponchatoula. Hammond. Amite. Tangipahoa. Osyka. (Continued i f 20 c. Alluvium over | 20 b. Port Hudson. u u 11 20 b. Port Hudson, f 20 a. Orange S'd over \ 19f.G'dGulfMioc. u n Mississippi.) Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific Railroad. 5 18 28 New Orleans. Lake Shore. Pt. Aux Herbra. Slidell. ( 20 d. Alluvium over \ 20 b. Port Hudson. u 1 By Prof. E. W. Hilgard, Berkeley, Gal., late State Geologist of Louisiana ; but, owing to the dis- tance, he was unable to correct the proof sheets. LOUISIANA. 391 Louisville, New Orleans & Texas R. K. Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio Ms. Alt. Ms. Railroad- Continued. Alt. New Orleans. 20 d. Alluvium. 246 Sabine. 20 d. Alluvium. 5|Sauve. tt 256 Orange. " H i Kenner. ti Missouri Pacific Railroad. '23 Sarpy's. n (New Orleans* to Marshall.) . Peters. n New Orleans. 20 d. Alluvium. 4ii Mount Airy. n '} Harvey's Canal. u 56 Whitehall. ti 19 Davis. " 71 Southwood. 39 Johnson. " 76 St. Gabriel. " 54 Forstall. " 89 Baton Rouge. ( 20 c. Loess over 20 b. \ Port Hudson. 64 Donaldsonville. 85 Plaquemine. u ti 90 Baker. H 89 Baton Rouge Jun. " uighter. It 97 W. Baton Rouge. tt 113 Kilbourne. " 127 Ravenwood. it Morgan's Louisiana & Texas R. R. 140Goshen. it ti New Orleans, etna. 20 d. Alluvium. 172 Chenev ville. 188 Moreland. ti it 12 Jefferson. " 210 Boyce. 19 f. Grand Gulf Mio. *J I Boutte. " 224 Chopin. u 40 Raceland. H 237 Prudehomme. u V2 Lafourche. " 247 Provencal. ti 00 Thibodaux. u 260 Martha ville. 19 a. Eocene. 55 Terrebonne. U 270 Sodus. 70 Houma. It 288 Mansfield. tt itrerville. " 303 Gloster. n 73 Boeuf. (( 318 Reisor. u rgan Citv. SI Berwick. u 328 Shreveport. 343 Greenwood, 20 d. Alluvium. 19 a. Eocene. 100 Franklin. " 352 Jones ville. u 113 Jeannerette. 20 b. Port Hudson. 360 Scottsville. n 1 20 New Iberia. H 368 Marshall. it 144 Lafayette. 157 Grand Coteau. 166 Opelousas. 172 Washington. 179 Garland. 186 White ville. 1 Q Y Fnl n. .. 20 d. Alluvium. u ti Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pac. K. K, (Vicksburg to Shreveport.) 7 11 Vicksburg. Delta. Mounds. California. 19 a. Eocene. 20 d. Alluvium. u i .jo Juoia. 204 Cheneyville. 210 Lamourie. 228 Alexandria. u ( 20 d. Alluvium over \ 20b.Pt.Hud's&19f. ( G ? d Gulf Miocene. 18 25 32 36 41 48 Tallulah. Quebec. Waverly. Delhi. Carpenter's. Bee Bayou. it ti it 20 b. Port Hudson, 20 d. Alluvium. Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio R. R. 52 Rayville. " (New Orleans to Orange.) 65 Gordon. " New Orleans. 20 d. Alluvium. 73 Monroe. Algiers. tt 82 Cheniere. H 55 Terrebonne. " 87 Forksville. 19 a. Eocene. 80 Morgan Citv. " 89 Calhoun. " Hil Franklin. tt 93 Averitt. u 12o New Iberia. 20 b. Port Hudson. 97 Choudrant. It 144 LaFayette. " 105 Ruston. tl 1 72 K-therwood. " 110 Allengreene. tl 1 v J Jennings. tt 114 Simsboro. ft 2U-) Pine Grove. < 122 New Arcadia. u 228 Sulphur Mine. ( 20 b. Pt.Hudson over \ 19 a. & 18 Creta. 144 Minden Junction. 1")7 I laugh ton. tl ft 235Edzerlr. 1 70 Shreveport. 20 d. Alluvium. 892 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (FLORIDA.) Florida 1 General No.e on the Geology of Florida. The first intimation given to the scientific world of the true geology Of Florida was by Dr. Eugene A. Smith in his report upon the "Soils of the Cotton Region" in Vol. VI. of the U. 8. Census of 1880. The western, northern and middle highland regions mostly occupied his attention. To him is due the discovery that the oldest rocks of the Peninsula are of the division of the- Eocene, known in Alabama and Mississippi as the Vicksburg Formation. In 1885, the U. S. Geo- logical Survey prosecuted some work in Florida, principally for the collection of Tertiary fossils, and the observations there made, so far as published, (see Article in "The American Journal of Science," October, 1888, by L. C. Johnson,) show that the Eocene Axis is quite narrow, and not manifest by outcrops further south than Sumter County ; by some of its effects it is traceable to- Polk County. It is the basis of the " Interior Basin." The next and the most extensive develop- ment was called the " Waldo," from the place where the most abundant and decisive fossils wer& found. This has proved to be Miocene. Most of the phosphatic rocks belong to it. It is also the basis of the Lake region and of the " High Hummocks." It reaches the " Trail Ridge " and high- lands of the eastern slope, and occupies the western slope to the Gulf as far south as Tampa. The greater part of the St. John's River country is Pliocene, with much that is even later., The Jacksonville Formation, exposed at the water works, has been assigned to the Pliocene ; while the "eoc&ina" of St. Augustine and the marls of Indian River belong, probably all of them, to Post Pliocene times. The phosphatic rocks of Black Creek and of Enterprise perhaps on insufficient grounds are supposed to belong to the Jacksonville Formation. In 1887 ? Prof. Angelo Heilpnn, in a "Report of a Visit to the Southwest of Florida" decided the formations at Tampa to be Miocene, south of that, as far as explored and definitely settled by- fossils, Pliocene. The actual coast and coral reefs and islands must be later. The underlying limestones in many sections of the state have been dissolved in an irregular and often fantastic manner, producing sink holes, underground channels and numerous ponds and The soils on the immediate surface of the country consist mainly of such sands as would be- left by a receding ocean. In some places these are drifted into dunes, such as the high "Trail Ridge "and its continuations east, and the lower sand dune hills westward, which overlook the Hummock region, and separate it from the "Interior Basin." Probably the clays and "red lands'* generally are derived, by disintegration and leaching from Miocene rocks. The interior " High Hummocks" are Miocene, or a few to the north Eocene, and the "Low Hummock" of the coast Pliocene or later. The elevations of the highest ridges seldom exceed two hundred feet, whilst the Interior Basin and highest of the hills of the western region are not often much over one hundred feet, while the lower part of the state, south of Polk County, has an average elevation of only about thirty to forty feet above low tide. Ms. Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Pensacola Railroad. Alt. Ms. Florida Central and Peninsular. Florida Central and Western. Alt. 5 12 20 28 "88 Flomaton. Bluff Springs. McDavid. Molino. Cantonment. 19 a. Eocene. (?) 20.Quat.&19 a.Eoc. (?) n 2 3 20 32 44 Ch.attahooch.ee R. River June. Chattahooch.ee. Quincy. Midway. Tallahassee. 19 a. Eocene. (?) 19 b. Miocene. (?) K (e 19 a. Eocene. 19 b. Miocene. u u tt u 19 a. Eocene. 19 b. Miocene. (?) 19 a. Eo. (Vicksburg.) it 19 b. Miocene. 25 if M Muscogee. 31 44 Gonzalez. Pensacola. 65 Ferrello. St. Marks. Pensacola and Atlantic. 66 62 71 75 78 85 99 106 114 127 133 138 142 150 162 Chaires. Lloyd's. Drifton. 9 20 60 67 80 91 98 100 127 136 147 156 161 Pensacola. Escambia. Milton. Deer Land. Mossy Head. De Funiak Sp'gs. Ponce de Leon. Westville. Caryville. Cottondale. Marianna. Cypress. Sneads. River June. Coast Qu.& 19a. Eo. (?) ii 19 b. Miocene. (?) u 19 a. Eocene. (?) 19 a. Eo. (Vicksburg.) u 19 b. Miocene. Monticello. Ancillo. Greenville. Madison. Lees. Ellaville. Live Oak. Houstown. Welborn. Dowlings. Lake City. Olustee. 1. By Mr. Lawrence C. Johnson of Meridian, Miss., Assistant Geologist U. S. Geological Survey. The survey of the state was not completed by Mr. Johnson when he ceased work in that field, for which reason, or because the superficial deposits render the boundaries of the formations uncer- tain, he assigns many of the stations with a ?, denoting the probable formation. FLORIDA. 395 Florida Central and Western Railway. Ms. Continued. Alt. Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Halifax R Ms. Continued. Alt. 172 Sanderson. 181 Darby ville. 190 Baldwin. 192 Clark's June. 208 Waycross June. 208 Jacksonville. 19 b. Miocene. (?) (? 19 c. Pliocene. (?) t U 10 H 10 4 67 72 78 84 92 94 108 113 119 125 4 11 24 40 6 18 29 Jacksonville. Edgewood. Black Point. Orange Park. Black Creek. Magnolia. Green Cove Sp's. Walk ill. W. Tocoi. Bostwick. Palatka. Buffalo Bluff. Satsuma. Sisco. Como. Denver. Seville. Eldridge. Barbersville. Deland Jc. Orange City Jc. Enterprise Jc. Sanford. 19 c. Pliocene. :: < ? > M 19 b. Miocene. (?) <( 19 c. Pliocene. (?) u K it tt H ( II 19 b. Miocene. (?) 19 c. Pliocene. (?) 19 b. Miocene. Sanford and Indian River Railroad. 18 Sanford. Lake Charm. 19 b. Miocene. u 19 22 Lake City. Lake City Jc. Ft. White. Jacksonville Division. 211 246 251 257 267 280 Waycross, Ga. Folkston, Ga. Borlogne. Billiard. Callahan. Jacksonville. 19 b. Miocene. (?) 19 c. Pliocene. (?) tt ti Jacksonville and Atlantic. 17 Jacksonville. Pablo Beach. 19 c. Pliocene. 20. Quaternary. Atlantic and Western. ? 3 25 28 Blue Spring. Orange City Jc. Orange City. Glencoe. New Smyrna. 19 b. Miocene. (?) 19. c. Pliocene (?) 19 c Plio. or 20. Quat. Enterprise Jc. Enterprise. Osteen. Maytown. Titus ville. Western Railway of Florida. o 10 15 Green Cove Sps. Sharon. Belmore City. 19 c. Pliocene. (?) 19 b. Miocene. Sanford. Paola. Sorrento. Tavares. Silver Springs, Ocala aud Gulf. 25 48 Ocala. Dumeelton. Homosassa. 19 b. Miocene. " (?) South Florida Railroad. ( Sanford. 10 Longwood. 22 Orlando. 34 McKinnow. 40 Kissimmee. 57 j Davenport. -8;Bartow Jc. 72 Auburn Dale. 83 Lakeland. 115 Tampa. 124 Port Tampa. 19 b. Miocene. it it 19 c Pliocene. (?) 19 b. Miocene. (?) it tt < ( ( Tax-arcs, Apopka and Gulf. 23 29 Tavares. Waits Jc. Clermont. 19 b. Miocene. tt Jacksonville, Mayport and Pablo. Jacksonville. 8 Coh assent. 16]Burnside Beach 20i May port. 19 c. Pliocene. 20. Quaternary. KENTUCKY. 395 Kentucky. 1 GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN KENTUCKY.* 20 d. Alluvium. 20 c. Bluff or Loess. 20 b, Port Hudson. 20 a. Gravel (equivalent of Qrange Sr.nd of Tennessee). 10 c, Black Shale. 9 c. Corniferous. 5 c. Niagara. 5 b. Clinton. 19. Tertiary, Lower Eocene. r4c. 3 4 c. Hudson River, -j 4 c. 2 Uc.i 4 a. Trenton. Upper. Middle Lower. 18. Cretaceous, Ripley. 14. c. Upper Coal Measures. 14 b. Lower Coal Measures. 14 a. Millstone grit. 3 a. Chazy. 13 c. Chester. 13 b. Upper Sub-Carboniferous. 13 a. Lower Sub-Carboniferous. 1. By John R. Proctor, Director of the Kentucky Geological Survey. 2. The geological survey is in progress, and the formations of the State not fully determined. 3. Louitville, the metropolis of Kentucky, very interesting to the geologist At this point the Ohio River falls 23 feet over ledge of Corniferous and Niagara limestone. Allow water the limestone is exposed over a wide area, and discloses the finest collecting ground for corals in this country. Several large collections of Devonian and Upper Silurian corals are owned in Louisville. 5. Cincinnati. As to ancient glacial dam at Cincinnati, see Note 62 Ohio, 76 Indiana, 62 West Virginia. G. F. WEIGHT. 6. Bagdad. About six miles to the south of this place can be seen an isolated hill capped with Niagara limestone. This hill is about 1,250 feet above the level of the sea, and the Niagara is found here at a greater elevation than elsewhere in the State. 7. Benson. In descending the hill to Benson the road passes through the Middle Hudson. 8. Frankfort. Hills around Trenton, the Birdseye limestone reaches up the bank of the Ken- tucky River as high as the tunnel. Good collecting ground for Trenton fossils. 9. Springs Station. Near here are some of the most celebrated stock farms. They are on the (4 c.) Lower Hudson River formations. 10. Payne 1 *. Stage from here to Georgetown passes through some of the most beautiful lands of the Blue Grass region. 11. Colest-urg. This place is at the base of Muldrow's Hill, the road ascends this hill between this point and filizabethtown. This hill extends around central Kentucky, from the mouth of Salt Biver on the west to Lewis County on the east, retaining for its entire length the same geological formations, viz.: Black shales (10 c.) at base, and Waverly sandstones and shales (13 a.), and Upper Sub-Carboniferous limestone (13 b.) In Madison County the hill attains its greatest height (1,650 feet -above sea), where it is capped with the Carboniferous conglomerate, having a workable bed of sub- conglomerate coal. The Chester (13 c.) is also present in this portion of the hill. It is there known as Big Hill. Muldrow's hill represents the retreating escarpment of the rocks formerly extending over central Kentucky. Siliceous remains of these Palaeozoic rocks have been found scattered over the uplands of central Kentucky, and have been by some erroneously classed as glacial drift. \2. Elizabethtvum. County town of Hardin County. St. Louis Group of sub-Carboniferous limestone. 13. Mumfardsville. County town of Hart County. The road crosses Green River at this point. The high hill on south side of river is capped with Chester sandstone, as are also the hills to the left of road between Cave City and Glasgow Junction. 14. Glasgow Junction. Branch road to Glasgow. This is the nearest station to Mammoth Cave. Several beautiful caverns in this neighborhood. All of these caverns are in the St. Louis limestone, and some of them reach up to the Chester sandstone which caps the hills seen to the north of the road from this point to Bowling Green, 41 miles, all the drainage being subterranean. 15. B'jwling Green. County seat of Warren County. Road crosses the Big Barren River at this point. Boats run from here to Evansville, on the Ohio River. 16. Franklin. County seat of Simpson County. The division between 13 a. and 13 b. is not far from this pKce. Geology of county not yet studied in detail. 17. Hopkintville. County Seat of Christian County. Surrounded with very fertile lands. This county produces more wheat and tobacco than any county in the State. The best lands in this and adjoining counties are not excelled by any in America. The superior body of land bf ginning near Smith's Grove, in Warren County, and comprising a portion of Warren,' Simpson, Logan, Todd, Cnristian, Trigg, Caldwell and Lyon, is the largest body of all good land with which the writer has any acquaintance. The Western State Asylum for the Insane is located near Hopkinsville. 396 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. .(KY.) Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Ms. (Louisville, Cincinnati & Lexington Div.) Alt. Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Ms. (Main Line.) Aifl ( 10 c. Black Slate, 9 ( 20 b. Loess, Louisville. 3 | c. Corniferous, 5 c. Louisville. 3 1 9 c. Corniferous. ?| ( Niagara, 4. Trenton. [ 5 a. Niagara. 43 10 Ormsby's. u 3 S. Louisville. 10 c. Black Shale. 12 16 27 Anchorage. Pewee Valley. La Grange. 9 c. Corniferous. 5 c. Niagara. 5 b. Clinton. 86 18 22 Shepherdsville. Bardstown June. f 9 c. Corniferous. 42 ^ \ 5 c. Niagara, 5 c. Niagara. 415 33 36 41 54 Pendleton. Sulphur. Campbellsburg. English. 4c. 3 Up. Hudson. 838 691 904 M 30 34 42 50 Lebanon June. Colesburg. 11 Elizabethtown. * 2 Glennale. 10 c. Black Shale. 4 H 13a.L. Sub-Garb. 42 J 13 b. Up. Sub-Car. 6 8 " 638- 56 Worthville. 486 55 Sonora. 697" 65 Sparta. 505 73 Munfordsville. 13 56* 70 Glencoe. 550 81 Horse Cave. < 601 75 Elliston. 593 85 Cave City. < 611 84 Verona. (t 870 91 Glasgow June. 14 < 621" 89 Walton. u 927 96 Rocky Hill. < 594 98 106 Independence. Wilder's. 100 114 Smith's Grove. Bowling Green. 15 t 60S- 466 109 109 110 S. Covington. Newport. Cincinnati. 5 tt 537 523 118 125 134 Memphis June. Woodburn. Franklin. 16 U 531 608 689- 141 Mitchellville. u 748- (Lexington Division.) 146 1 rn Fountainhead. it 778 27 32 35 La Grange. Jericho. Smithfield. 5 b. Clinton. 86 4 c. 3 Upper Hudson. u loy 185 Gallatin. Edgefield June. Nashville. 4 c. Hudson River. 49 * 414 4a.Tren.,20b.Loess 430 ? 40 Eminence. ft (Memphis Division.) j 44 Pleasantville. u 118 Memphis June. 13b.Up.Sub-Carb. 53 V 49 Christianburg. 11 123 Rockfield. 566 52 Bagdad. 6 u 132 Auburn. H 6 1 59 Benson. 7 4 c. 1 Lower Hudson. 143 Russelville. 532 65 Frankfort. 8 4 a. Trenton. 148 Cave Spring. tt 5 8 5 76 79 Spring Station. 9 Midway. 4 c. 1 Hudson River. 157 164 Allensville. Guthrie. 525 83 Payne's. 10 u (Nashville & St. Louis Division.) 87 Yamallton. u Nashville. 13 b. Up. Sub-Carbons 94 Lexington. 946 47 Guthrie. " 52 * (Shelbyville Division.) Trenton. Pembrok e. u 12 Anchorage. 9 c. Corniferous. "fi Hopkinsville. 1 7 550 17 Eastwood. 5 c. Niagara. . 84 Crofton. U 23 Simpsonville. 4 c. 3 Upper Hudson. 95 Nortonsville. 18 14 c. Coal Meas. 41 <> 30 Shelbyville. " 102 Earlington. 19 370 38 Finchville. " 107 Madisonville. 435 42 Normandy. " 118 Slaughter's. 47 57 Taylorsville. Bloomfield. 145 Henderson. 20 f 20 b. Loess. 4oa \ 14 c. Coal Measure^ 18. Nortonville. Junction Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern Railway fault here. Coal No. west, and coals No. 11 and 12 east of station. 19. Earlington. St. Bernard Coal Co., one of the largest mines in the State. 20. Henderson. Bottom lands Loess (20 b.) resting on Carboniferous. 21. New Hope. Prosperous city, large tobacco market, fine bridge over Ohio River; about IjB miles from New Hope. At Coal Hollow distillery, is a fine collecting ground of the fossils Beatrich& Columnaria Alveolata. 22. Lebanon. County town of Marion County. Junction of Cumberland & Ohio Railroad, southJ ern division. The streams around Lebanon cut down to Upper Hudson rocks. Hills seen to south, continuation of Muldrow's Hill (see Note 11). Fine localities for collecting Sub-Carboniferous fossil* in the hills a few miles south from Lebanon. 23. Riley's. Fine collecting grounds near Riley's Station of Corniferous fossils. KENTUCKY. 397 Louisville & Nashville Railroad Con. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Con. Ms. (Knoxville Division.) Alt. Ms. (Knoxville Division.) Alt. OJ Louisville. 3 30 Lebanon June. (As before). 10 c. Black Shale. 433 140 152 Livingston. 16 EastBernstadt. 27 14 a. Millstone Grit 85 ' 14 b. Low. Coal Meas. 3o Boston. u 431 155 Pittsburgh 8 C 10 e. Black Shale, 157 London. u 45 50 New Haven. New Hope. 21 1 9 c. Corniferous, ( 5c. Niagara. 441 ( 5 c. Niagara, 444 \ 4 c. Upper Hudson. 165 Lily. 174 Woodbine. 181 Rockhold. 189Williamsburg. 29 tt 67 Loretto. 10 c. Black Shale. 201 Jellico. 30 " St. Mary's. 5 c. Niagara. / 9 c. Corniferous 7 5 4 Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. 67 Lebanon. 22 \ 10 c. Black Shale. (Lexington Division.) 76 Riley's. 23 {9 c. Corniferous, 10 c. Black Shale, 5 c. Niagara. 11 Lexington. Pine Grove. 4 a. Trenton. 946 960 85 Mitchellsburg. 10 c. Black Shale. C 10 c. Black Shale, 18 Winchester. {4 c. 1 Lower Hudson River. 964 80 Parksville. 24 J 9 c. Corniferous, Hedges Station. 4 c. 2 Middle Hud. 976 { 5 c.Niagara. 1052 "33 Mt. Sterling. 'i 4c. 3 Upper Hud. 934 I*.", Junction City. 10 c. Black Shale. * f 997 49 57 Olympia. 32 Farmer. 38 5 c. Niagara. 751 10 c. Black Shale. 8 96;Shelby City. \ 9 c. Corniferous. 65 Morehead. 13 a. Waverly. ? 12 104; Stanford. 105 1 Rowland. 4c. Upper Hudson. 844 u 83 99 Olive Hill. 34 E. K. Junction. 35 752 14 b. Coal Meas. 613 {10 c. Black Shale, 102 Denton. 601 11 5 j Crab Orchard. 35 9 c. Corniferous, 109 Rush. 647 5 c.Niagara. 929 116 Mean's. < 622 12'.< Mt. Vernon. 13b.U.Sub-Carb.i 113 { 964 122 Ashland. 36 f 20 b. Loess, 54 * \ 14 b. Coal Measure. i i 135,Pine Hill. Hills capped with 128 Catlettsburg. 87 544 1 14 a. Millstone Grit. 138 Huntington. 566 24. Parkville. Hills to the south capped with St. Louis limestone ; fine collecting ground for lAthrostotion Canadensis. A section may be obtained in a distance of four miles on a north and south line from the Trenton limestone to the top of the Sub-Carboniferous. The hills have waste of the Carboniferous conglomerate on top. 25. Crab Orchard. Springs of same name located near here. Caudi Galli found beneath the Corniferous near springs. 26. Livingston. Crossing of Rock Castle River. Coal mines in Lower or Sub-Conglomerate here. Fine section of St. Louis and Chester rocks on south side of river. Quarries of fine building stone. Hills on south capped with massive conglomerate sandstone. 27. East Bernstadt. Mines in the coal above the conglomerate, probably No. 1. The ceal from these'mines and from Pittsburg Station, a few miles south, takes high rank in the market, and the output is increasing rapidly. It is known as " Laurel Coal." 28. Pitteburg. Several extensive coal mines here. 2f*. Williamsburg. County town of Whitley County. Crossing'of Cumberland River. 30. Jellico. State line. Extensive coal mines in lower measures near here. Coal of excellent quality. The great Pino Mountain fault can be seen a short distance southeast from this station. 31. Mt. Sterling. County town of Montgomery County. Junction of the Kentucky & South Atlantic Railway. The hills seen to the east are a continuation of Muldrow's Hill. (See Note 11.) 32. Olympia. Near here extensive deposit of iron ore now being mined. Ore supposed to be in .Corniferous. Clinton iron ore is also found in Bath County. 33. Farmer. Crossing of Licking River. 34. Olive HiU. Very thick deposit of superior fire clay near this station ; fine clay also near Enterprise. An excellent building stone is obtained from the Waverly sandstone along the line of the road in Rowan County. 35. Eattern Kentucky Junction. Crossing of the Eastern Kentucky Railway. The Mt. Savage furnace is one mile east from here, and fine veins of coals No. 3 and 7. 36. Ashland. Extensive iron manufactory. Junction of the Chatteroi Railway. Bottom lands Loess (20 b.) resting on Carboniferous. 37. CatUtteburg. County town of Boyd County. Confluence of the Big Sandy RfVer with the Ohio River. 38. West Point. Crossing of Salt River. Road ascends Muldrow's Hill (see Note 11) after cross- ing river. Fine sections of Sub-Carboniferous rocks exposed. 39. Qrauson Springs. Celebrated summer resort; good collecting ground for Chester fossils. 40. Litchfield. County town of Grayson County. Sandstone seen here; base of Chester Group; same as massive sandstone above St. Louis limestone at Mammoth Cave and elsewhere. A mile south here thick deposit of marly shale, containing potash. 398 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KY.) Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern K. K. Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific Ms. Alt. Ms. Railroad. JH !20 b. Loess, 4 3 8 Cincinnati. 5 4 c. Hudson River. * Louisville. 3 10 c. Black Shale, 5 Kenton Heights. " 845 9 c. Corniferous. 7 Erlanger. 47 " 915 9 Pleasant Ridge. (We. Black Shale, \13a.L.Sub-Car. 445 14 18 Richwood. Walton. ' 939 < 927 21 West Point. 38 f 20 b. Loess, 4 *o 21 Bracht, ' 934 \ 10 c. Black Shale. 25 Crittenden. 923. 27 Muldraugh. 13b.Up.Sub-Carb. 738 28 Sherman. 939 37 Vine Grove. " 719 32 Dry Ridge. < 964 47 Cecelia. 13 c. Chester. 688 35 Williarnstown. < 95$ 52 Stephensburg. 13b.Up.Sub-Carb. 662 44 Blanchet. f 968. 62 Big Clifty. 13 c. Chester. ' 33 46 Corinth. 968 67 Gray son Sp'gs. 39 709 49 Hinton. U 958 72 "Litchfield. 40 " 710 54 Sadieville. 8 72 78 Milwood. 14b.L.Coal Meas. 654 60 Roger's Gap. 928 84 Caneyville. 450 63 Kinkaid. 877 97 Horse Branch. 527 67 Georgetown. ( 88$ 100 Rosine. 597 71 Donerail. 897 109 Beaver Dam. 14 c. U. Coal Meas. 49 2 76 Sandersville. 961 118 Rockport. 41 " 485 79 Lexington. 4 a. Trenton. 975 - 127 Central City. 42 85 Windom. 1034 134 Greenville. 43 " 557 87 Catnip Hill. 990 147 White Plains. ti 477 91 Nicholasville. 960- 151 N"ortonville. 492 96 Wilmore. 887 157 165 St. Charles. Dawson. " 509 14 b. Low. Coal Meas. 100 106 High Bridge. 48 Burgin. 777 it 90S 180 Princeton. 44 1 3 b. Up. Sub-Garb. 624 107 Harrodsburg Jun C. " 915- ' 192 Eddyville. " 487 114 Danville. 970 194 Kuttawa. 45 13 a. L. Sub-Garb. 48 ' 118 Junction City lOc. Black Shale. " r 209 Calvert City. f 20 c. Alluvium, 494 \13a.Low.Sub-Carb. 124 129 Moreland. McKinney. 49 " &5 c. Niag. 1101 5 5 c. Niagara. 102 | 226 240 Paducah. 46 Boaz. f 20 c. Alluvium, bluff, 1 gravel and loam. 4 8 4 136 139 King's Mount. 50 Waynesburg. f 13 a. Waverly, 118 * \ 10 c. Black Shale. 13 b. St. Louis. 123 244 Hickory. ii 143 Eubanks. 1187 250 Mayfield. a 148 Pulaski. 113* 255 Pryor's. n 151 Science Hill. 1130 259 Wingo. it 152 Norwood. 1137 266 Water Valley. 158 Somerset. < 882 271 Fulton. " Bluff loam. 163 Cedar Grove. 851 7^ >. ~~" r , /*, ' '"o ' -. v/^iii IUILIOU iieio, auu HL iuuneiiiy ouitioii i^oai INO. y/^ 42. Central City. Extensive coal mines. Coals 11 and 12 near level of railway. 43. Greenville. County town of Muhlenburg County. Deposits of limonite iron ore in county, In Lower Coal Measures. 44 Princeton. County town of Caldwell County. Fine'"quarries in the oolite bed of St. LouiJ limestone near here. 45. Kuttawa Near the base of St. Louis Group. Road crosses Cumberland river west of this station. Large deposits of limonite ore near here. County town of McCracken County. At this point extensive deposit known as aducah Gravel Beds, affording one of the best and cheapest road materials to be found in this itry inis gravel (20 a.) is composed of waste from the degraded beds to the eastward, and is principally <]uart/. pebbles from the Corniferous conglomerate, and angular fragments of chert from' th.- Lower Sub-Carboniferous rocks, with coarse, angular sand all quite ferruginous. When properly put on streets or roads it soon cements, needs little after repairs, affording a smooth, hard road. It also affords a superior material for concrete. . Erlanger. Glacial deposits are found on the highlands, 550 feet above the river, both soutW Greenwood (Erlanger). A noteworthy collection of Jasper conglomerate boulders from! lake Superior occurs on the road to Burlington, three miles west of Florence. G F. W. f T gk B ?rl e ' ^r 088in of Kentucky River. Bridge, 275 feet above water. Cliffs composed of Blrdaeye and Chazy limestones. 49. McKvnney. The Upper Hudson is crossed between Moreland and McKinney's Station. i t "-' 7 f Mountain, ihe tunnel south of King's Mountain 4,000 feet long, is in the Waverly Mountain is a continuation of Muldrow's Hill. (See Note No. 11.) The hills here are- pped with the St. Louis limestone. .K i ca KENTUCKY. 399 Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific Ms. Kailroad Con. Alt, Kentucky Central Railroad Con. Ms. (Knoxville Division.) Alt. 165|Burnside. 51 167 Tatesville. 170 Sloan's Valley. 176 Greenwood. 179 Cumberland Fall 182 Flat Rock. 187 Whitley. 194 Pine Knot. 198 State Line. 13 b. St. Louis. " " 8 74 914 14b.L.Cl. Meas. "* S 52 1245 1296 1340 1415 1345 9 16 25 38 48 51 58 65 72 75 Paris. Austerlitz. Winchester. Riverside. Richmond. White's. Berea. Conway. Langford. Link's. Livingston. 4 c. Hudson River. 4 c. 1 Lower Hudson. u 4 c. 3 Upper Hudson^ u 10 c. Black Shale. 13 a. Waverly. u 13 b. St. Louis. Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. (Kentucky Central Division.) Kentucky Union Railway. 6 9 12 14 K. U. Junction. Kidvills. Abbott's. Wattersville. Clay City. 4 c. 2 Middle Hud. 98 5 c. Niagara. 95(> ( 10 c. Black Shale, \ 5 c. Niagara. 66 * 10 c. Black Shale. 5 6 2 " 56-t 14 21 24 28 39 50 53 65 72 79 Covington. Visalia. Morning View. Demossville. Butler. Falmouth. Boyd. Berry. Cynthiana. Shawhan. Paris. 4 c. Hudson River. u n K 540 ll 700 U 840 Eastern Kentucky Railroad. 83 3 5 6 9 10 12 15 16 18 21 23 26 28 29 34 Riverton. 5 * Three Miles. Worthington. 55 Argillite. 66 Laurel. McAllister. Hunnewell. 57 Denning's. Hopewell. 58 Anglin's. Pactolus. 59 Gray son. 60 Vincent's, Mt. Savage. 61 Reedville. Willard. 62 14 b. Low. Coal Meas. < < i < < << 9 86 89 99 "79 95 106 118 122 133 144 151 Hutchinson. Mmir. Lexington. U ft 4 a. Trenton. 86? Paris. Winchester. Boone. Richmond. Argenta. Paint Lick. Lancaster. Rowland. 4 c. 1 L. Hudson R. 84 " 964 4 c. 3 Up. Hudson River 4 c. 2 Mid. Hud. R. 9 24 4 c. 3 Up. Hudson R. 2 997 842 Kentucky Central Railroad. (Northern Division.) Chattoroi Railway. 6 14 19 26 31 36 40 46 50 Ashland. 3 " Catlettsburg. 3 ? Lockwood's. Rockville. Fuller's. Louisa. Walbridge. Northrup. Peach Orchard. 63 Richardson. 14 b. Low. Coal Meas. ii < Lexington. Muir. 79 Paris. 88 Millersburg. 95 Carlisle. 109 Ewing. 113 j Johnson. 128 Maysville. 4 a. Trenton. 8 6 7 4 c. Hudson River. " 840 a ii 51. Bumside. Crossing of Cumberland River. 52. Cumberland Falls. A few miles from railway, perpendicular fall of Cumberland River of 63 feet, over the Carboniferous conglomerate. Beautiful scenery and excellent fishing. 53. This railroad runs through the heart of the Kentucky division of the Hanging Rock Iron Region. On the line of the road all of the coals are to be found, from No. 1 to No. 11, and most of the iron ores. 54. River ton. No. 1 Coal near water level. 55. Worthington. No. 3 Coal in the hills, about 150 feet above grade of road. 400 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KV. 7 Illinois Central Railroad. Kentucky & South Atlantic R. R. !Ms. (New Orleans Division.) Alt. M&. A 6 10 Mount Sterling. 3 i Spencer. 4 c. 3 Upper Hudson. u ft 2 Cairo. East Cairo. f 20 Alluv. over 2 2 \ Port Hudson. 6 16 22 30 Wickliffe. 6 * Bardwell. Arlington. Clinton. u f20.Quater. loam. 8 so and gravel over 3 8 Eocene Terti- 850 12 14 15 19 Pollard's. Heges. Chamber's. Cornwall. tt 11 5 c. Niagara. 44 Fulton. [ ary. 50 Rothwell. Mobile & Ohio Railroad. 23 Frenchburg Jc. 10 c. Black Shale. Oj Cairo. /20. Alluv. over 322 Evausville, Owensboro & Nashville R. R. 2 East Cairo. \ Port Hudson, a 22 OjOweasboro. 14.Carboniferous. 6 Wickliffe.e* 322 7 .Sutherland. 18 Berkeley. {20. Quater. loam 350 16:Riley's. < 23 Columbus. and gravel over 8 9 21 Livermore. 34 Moscow. Eocene Terti- 313 27Stroud's. 42jJordon. ary. *<>* 35! Owensboro June. H 56. Argillite. Near site of Old Argillite Furnace, probably the oldest furnace in tne Hanging Hock Iron Region, erected in 1822. About three miles east of station is the Pennsylvania Furnace, and three miles west the Buffalo Furnace. 57. Hunnewell. Hunnewell Furnace located here ; also the machine and repair shops of the railroad. Mines of No. 3 and No. 4 Coal, the latter known as the Hunnewell Cannel Coal. 58. Hopewtll. The former site of an old furnace of that name. 5i>. Pactolus. Tho former site of an old furnace of that name. 00. Grayson. The county seat of Carter County. Coals No. 2 and No. 3 are found here. Iron Hills Furnace, the largest charcoal furnace in this section, is situated about eight miles northwest irorn Grayson, where also is the celebrated Lambert Ore Bank, a local deposit 14 feet 10 inches thick, of great value. Thirteen miles west of Grayson are the celebrated Carter Caves, situated in the St. Louis group of the Sub-Carboniferous limestone. These caves and the wild scenery of Tigart Val- ley, surrounding them, are well worth visiting. 61. ML Savage. Near here is Mt. Savage Furnace, and fine veins of coals No. 3 and No. 7, the latter known as the Coalton Coal. 62. Willard. At Willard are the ores and coal mines of the Bellefonte & Etna Company of Iron- ton, Chio. Most of the coals are represented in this vicinity. 63. Peach Orchard, Extensive mines, Coal No. 3. 64. Wiekliffe. County *eatof Ballard County. The railroad just south of this passes at the foot -of an exposure of lignite three feet thick. 65. Columbus. The town lies at the foot of river bluffs, 120 feet high, showing Quaternary and Tertiary strata. Port Hudson clays exposed beneath Alluvium in river bank at low water. The Quaternary gravel an,d brown loam beds, that cover almost the entire region lying between the Tennessee and Mississippi Rivers, are very generally underlaid by black and blue clays of the lignitic group of Eocene Tertiary. These clays have, in and near Paducah, been penetrated to a depth of 100 feet. Cretaceous sands and clays underlie the Quaternary thirty-five miles southeast of Mayfield. Errata for Kentucky. In note 20 and 21. The first line of 21 belongs to 20, Henderson. In note 4(5, Paducah. Cprniferous conglomerate should be Carboniferous conglomerate. In the Chesapeake, Ohio fe Southwestern R. R. the geological formation of Calvert City Paducah should be "20. Quaternary, Port Hudson." That of Boaz, et al., to Fulton, should be "20. Quaternary gravel and loam over Eocene Tertiary." The elevation of Princeton should be 524 ; Calvert city, 361 ; and Paducah, 341 feet. The same error effects the elevations of all stations south of Paducah and east to Elizabethtown. and TENNESSEE. 401 Tennessee. 1 LIST OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN TENNESSEE: DANA'S TABLB OF TENNESSEE DIVISIONS. DANA'S TABLE OF TENXF..*SKE M VISIONS. FORMATIONS. BT PBOF. SAFFOBD. FORMATIONS. BY PROF. SAFFORD. 20. QUATERNARY. 20 c. Alluvium. 7. HELDERBERG. 7. Held. orLinden. < 20 b. Bluff Loam. 5. NIAGARA. 5 d. Niagara lime s. " 20 a. Orange sand, or drift ( " CLINTON. " MEDINA. 5 c. Dyesione Group 5 b. White Oak Mt. 19. TERTIARY EOCENE 19 b. La Grange s. sandstone. H 19 a. Fiatw'ds s. &c. 5 a. Clinch Mt. s. s. 18. CRETACEOUS. 18 c. Ripley Group. 4 b. CINCINNATI. 4 b. Nashville. 18 b. Rotten limes. 4 a. TRENTON. 4 a. Lebanon. 18 a. Coffee sand. 3 d. Lenoir or Chazj 14. CARBONIFEROUS. 14. Coal Measures 3. CANADIAN. QUEBEC 3 c. Knox dolomite. 13. SUB-CARBONIFE'S. 13 c. Mountain I. s. < 3 b. Knox shale. < 13 b. Coral or St. " CALCIFEROUS. 3 a. Knox sandstone Louis I. s. 2. PRIMORD'L. POTS'M. 2 b. Chilhowee s. s. 13 a. Barren Group, " ACADIAN. 2 a. Ocoee Group. 10. HAMILTON. 10 c. Black Shale. 1. ARCHAEAN. 1. Metamorphic. Chesapeake. Ohio & Southwestern R. K. Ms. Alt. Chesapeake, Ohio & Southwestern R. R.- Ms. Continued. Alt Paducah, Ky. 20. Quaternary. 484 68'Polk's. 20 b. Bluff loam. w 5 Bond's. 740bion. ev - Q Florence. 78 Trimble. ^'2 - 14 Boaz. 85 Newbern. 3 $ CX? 16 Viola. 94 Dyersburg. Sfig 20 Hickory. 98 Foulkes. B> * 3 P P 2G May field. 107 Gates. B = tO a. ^ <-*> 32 Pryor's. 119 Ripley. M- p^t ***> 37|Wingo. 125 Hennings. er. 89 9 44 Water Valley. u 133 Covington. ~0 50 Fulton. u 145 Atoka. i 3 63 Pierce, Tenn. 20 b. Bluff loam. 151 Kerrville. s -'ra 66 Harris. " Resting on 20 a., 154 Millington. - rr* 69 Paducah Junct'n. " and t hat on 1 9 b. 158 Lucy. P 63 Troy. " La ( Ira nge sand. 170 Memphis. 2 rLJ 1. Revised, and the notes added by Prof. James M. SafFord, the State Geologist of Tennessee, and the portion in Kentucky by Prof. N. S. Shaler, the State Geologist of Kentucky. 2. Memvhis. The Bluff loam is well displayed in the bluffs at Memphis, Memphis, no other formations appearing, excepting in very low water. Vicksburg. The peculiar property of the Loess, or Bluff formation is shown in the following pas- sage from General Grant's article on the Siege of Vicksburg, in the Century magazine, for September, 1885: " The ridges upon which Vicksburg is built, and those back to the Big Black, are composed of a deep, yellow clay, 01 great tenacity. When roads and streets are cut through, perpendicular banks are left, and stand as well as if composed of stone. The magazines of the enemy were made by mining passageways into this clay, at places where there were deep cuts. Many citizens secured places of safety for their families by carving out rooms in these embankments. A door-way, in these cases would be cut in a high bank, starting from the level of the road, or street, and after mining it in a few feet a room of the size required would be carved out of the clay, the dirt being removed by the door-way. In some instances I saw where two rooms were cut out for a single family, with a door-way in the clay wall separating them; some of these were carpeted, and furnished with consider- able elaboration. In these the occupants were fully secure from the shells of the enemy, which were dropped into the citv night and day, without intermission." A lady who was in the city during the siejre, reported the hills as honey-combed with caves, the digging of which became a regular busi- iney were well propped with thick posts, as in a coal mine. 402 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE (TENN.) Mobile & Ohio Railroad. Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Ms Alt. Ms. Continued. Alt. Columbus, Ky. ( 20. Quat., 20 b. Bluff \ loam 10 miles. 309 184 Steele's. f!3 b. Sub.-Carbon., \ St. Louis l.s. 3 6 5 7 Clinton. 321 189 Palmyra. 367 13 Moscow. 313 190 Carbondale. ti 363 16 Cayce's. 400 198 Cumberland. 8 13 a. Sub.-Carbon. 35 20 Jordan, Ky. 404 205 Erin. 404 26 Union City, Tenn. 846 210 Tenn. Ridge. 13b. Sub.-Carbon. 720 31 Troy. ( 214 Stewart's. 464 45 Crockett. ( 296 220 Tenn. River. 13 a. Sub.-Carbon. {2 a. Orange sand, 230 Big Sandy. 7. Helderberg. 34 ' 43 Kenton. resting on La Grange sand. 309 235 Springville. f 20 a. Orange sand, t 18 o. Ripley. *4o 48 Rutherford. if 321 241 Porter's. 19 a. Flatwoods. S5Z 62 69 Dyer Trenton. ( 365 321 246 Paris. 4 f 20 a. Orange sand, \19 a. Flatwoods. 44 1 70 Humboldt. << 329 256 Henry. ' _j 20 a. Orange s. 5 1 8 79 Carroll. 75 264 McKenzie. 470 87 Jackson. 425 274 Trezevant. 443 89 Pinson. 19 a. Flatwoods. 384 284 Milan. go " 408 103 Henderson. " 427 296 Humboldt. fl 329 114 McNairy. 1 8 c. Ripley. 454 301 Gadsden. 8 406 120 Bethel. 463 308 Bell's. . 320 132 Ramer, Tenn. 18 b. Rotten 1. s. 416 312 Jones's. ^ << 314 143 Corinth, Miss. 434 321 Brownsville. d 333 O Illinois Central Railroad. 329 333 Shephard. Stanton. .2 303 (N. O., Louisville & Chicago Division.) 341 Mason. to 296 New Orleans. 349 Galloway. P3 277 382 Lamar, Tenn. 352 Withe. 20 b. Bluff loam. i {20 a. Orange sand, 358 Shelby. << 249 394 Grand Junction. resting on La 366 Bartlett. 263 Grange sand. 5 7 5 377 Memphis. 2 227 413 441 Bolivar. 430 425 (Division to Nashville and Montgomery.) ^rr 1 4Kc jacKSon. Louisville, Ky. 438 TtOt) 464 Milan. ' 408 114 Bowling Green. 1 3 b. Sub.-Carbon. 26 475 Bradford. 118 Memphis Junct. u 481 487 Greenfield. Sharon U 122 125 Rich Pond. Woodburn. u 495 Frost. U 134 Franklin. << 617 650 McConnellville. 11 141 Mitchellville, Tn. 13 a. Sub.-Carbon. * 606 Fulton, Ky. 20 b. Bluff loam. 144 146 Richland. Fountain Head. 7 74 778 Louisville & Nashville Railroad. 149 Buck Lodge. 711 (Memphis Division.) 153 159 (Tunnel.) 5 Gallatin. 10 c. Bl. Sh. " 5 d. 4 b. Gin. or Nash. * 8 * Louisville, Ky. 438 164 Pilot Knob. 447 164 Guthrie. f!3 b. Sub-Carbon., \ St. Louis l.s. 5 2 5 166 170 Saundersville. Hendersonville. S45 " 446 168 171 Hampton's, Tenn. Dudley's. 813 494 175 Edgefield Junct. f 4 b. Gin. or Nash., \ and 4 a. Tren. 177iClarksville. 392 178 Madison. 4b. Cin. and Nash.* 6 3. Very soon after leaving Cumberland, the road traverses one end of the Wells Creek Basin and crosses the 10 c. Black Shale, also 7. Helderberg, 5 d. Niagara, 4 a. Lebanon, 4 b. Nashville, and 3 c. Knox Dolomite strata, which have been brought to the surface by an uplift. The only exposure of Knox Dolomite in Tennessee west of the Cumberland Mountains. In the bluff on the river just below Cum- berland are good presentations of the lOc. Black Shale, as well as the 5 Niagara, and 7. Helderberg rockfl. . Paris. At the Paris depot the Orange Sand is well seen in the railroad cuts, and in the washes t the town. In the cuts of the railroad just east of the depot, and also on roads leading to the oatheut from the town, the Flatwoods clay can be observed to advantage. 5. At this Tunnel is a good section of the (10 c.) Black Bhale, with the strata above and belei TENNESSEE. 403 Louisville & Nashville Railroad. Ms. Continued. East Tennessee & Western North Carolina Ms. Railroad. Alt. 184 185 189 197 206 Edgefield. Nashville. N. and C. June. Brentwood. Franklin. 4b. Cin. or Nash. 414 (( 409 698 617 9 15 24 33 Johnson. Elizabethtown. Hampton. Crab Orchard. Cranberry. 3 c. Knox. it H 1 b. Huronian. 215 01 Q Thompson's. Ewell s. 477 747 34 Mine. Louisville & Nashville Railroad. dfilV 000 r^QT^t*a r^TppV 4 a. Lebanon. 602 (St. Louis Division.) AuO 233 v^arit;! o v/rccik. I"*rv1 nmHi ft 644 St. Louis. 243 Pleasant Grove. 246| Campbell's. 251 Lynnville. 254 TVufrnvTa 719 686 734 702 261 Trenton, Ky. 269 Guthrie. 274 Forts, Tenn. -dar Hill. 13. Sub-Carbon. 825 H (( 266 261 Reynold's. Wales. 724 668 Springfield. ( {5 a. Niagara, \vith 266 Pulftski. 641 299 Baker's. bl'k shale above. A 272 Harwell 61 T good section here. 273 275 278 280 Aspen Hill. Lester's. Prospect. State Line. 648 723 588 4 b. Cincinnati. 303 306 309 Goodlett's. Edgefield June. Madison. 4 b. Nashville, f 4 b. Nashville and \ 4 a. Lebanon. 4 i 4 4 b. Nashville. * 66 286 Elkmont. Ala. 13. Sub-Carbon. 6 315 Edgefield. u (Continued in Alabama.) 316 Nashville. 409 East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia R. R. Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis R. R. 0| Memphis, Tenn. 2 f -20 b. Bluff I'm. 244 f 4 a. Lebanon, and 3 SjBuntyn. "3 5 Chattanooga. 6 -] c. Knox dolomite or 9 White's. s * (Quebec. 684 15 Germantown. 378 6 Wauhatchie. 4 b. Nashville. 69 19 23 Bailey. Colliersville. 664 | " 13 14 /Etna Cl. Mines. Whitesides. {13 c. Upper Sub- Carb., 14. Cl. Meas- 31 39 f Rossville, or \ La Fayettte. Moscow. ' J 20 a. Oranges. 316 g 352 22 Shellmound. ures near by. f Alluvium (Tenn. \ river bottom.) 52 Somerville. 49 La Granee. bO " .2 531 28 Bridgeport. f 3 c. Knox dolomite \ or Quebec. 52 Grand June. g " 575 39 Stevenson. 7 3 b. Knox shale. 68 Saulsbury. j^rt 536 49 Anderson. 13. Sub-Carboniferous. 64 04 Miles Siding. 19 a. Flatwoods. 62 (Tunnel.) 8 13 c. Mountain 1. s. 69 Middleton. 18. Cretaceous. 408 64 Cowen. 13 b. Sub-Carbon. 74 Pocahontas. (( S94 69 Decherd. < 79 Big Hill. f 20 a. Orange sand, \ 19 a. La Grange. 82 89 Tullahoma. Normandy. 13 a. Sub-Carbon. 4 b. Nash, or Cin. 84 93 Chewalla. Corinth, Miss. 18 c. Rotten 1. s. * 09 / 20 d. Yellow loam, \18c. Rotten 1. s. 434 96 101 Wartrace. Belle Buckle. {4 b. Nashville and 4 a. Lebanon. 4 a. Lebanon. 107 Burnsvllle, " J 20 a. Orange sand, \18a.Eutaw. ** 3 109 119 Christiana. Murfreesboro. a 115 luka, Ala. /20a. Oranges., 45 \ 13a.KeokukorSt.L. 131 Florence. Smyrna. (4 U 124 Marguren, Ala. 13. Sub-Carboniferous. 136 Lavergne. U 127 Dickson. 488 142 Antioch. U 129 Cherokee. 150 Nash. & Dec. Jc. 4 b. Nashville. (Continued in Alabama.) 151 Nashville. " 6. Upper Silurian beds, the Black Shale and the lowest carboniferous strata, may also be seen in the high mil on the west side of the city. 7. Stevenson. A fault here bringing Knox Shale and Sub-Carboniferous together. 8. Tunnel. Coal measures on the tops of the mountains each side of the tunnel. 404 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (TENN.) Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis K. B. Ms. Continued. Alt. Nash., Chattanooga & St. Louis B. B. Con. Ms. (McMinnville and Sparta Branch.) Alt. 158 164 168 176 189 193 208 218 229 238 258 270 278 285 303 307 314 321 333 499 f Bellemeade, or \ Harding's. Bellevue. Newsom's. 9 Kingston Spring. Burns. Dickson. McEwen. Waverly. Johnsonville. Camden. 10 Huntingdon. McKenzie. *' Gleason. Dresden. Paducah June. Union City. 846 State Line, Tenn. (Continu'd in Ky) Hickman, Ky. Columbus, " St. Louis, Mo. 4 b. Nashville. 5 a. Niagara. 13. Sub-Carboniferous. H / 10 c. Bl'k shale, and \ 13. L. Sub-Carbon. 13. Helderberg. 19 a. Flatwoods Terti. ' ^ 20 a. Orange s. o-d og 03 20 b. Bluff loam ' g | - - ff| " 301 .1 " 3 9 o 12 35 46 61 Tallahoma. Manchester. McMinnville. Rock Island. Sparta. f 13 a. Sub-Carbon., \ barren ground, f 13 b. Sub-Carbon. \ St. Louis 1. s. (Jasper Branch.) o 6 12 A 9 24 25 Bridgeport. S. Pittsburgh. Jasper. Victoria. Sequatchee. Inman. 3 c. Knox dolomite. 13 b. Sub-Carbon. Silurian. Iron ore mines. (Centerville Branch.) 11 17 24 34 Dickson. Bon Aqua. Warner. Graham. Centerville. 13 b. Sub-Carb. li 5 d. Niagara. Tennessee Coal and Iron Co.'s B. B. 9 15 21 Cowan. Sewanee. Monteagle. Tracy City. 11 f 13 b. Sub-Carbon., \ St. Louis 1. s. 14. Coal Measures. it (Lebanon Branch.) 2 8 12 18 24 26 31 Nashville. Mt. Olivet. Donelson. Hermitage. Mt. Juliet. Leeville. Tucker's Gap. Lebanon. 4 b. Nashville. 43 4 b. Nash., 4 a. Tren. u 11 M 4 b. Nashville. 4 a. Lebanon. Bast Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Bailroad. 11 20 25 32 43 47 56 65 74 82 88 97 101 105 114 f Bristol, at Va. \ Line. Union, i 3 Carter's. 12 Johnson's. 12 Jonesboro. Limestone. Fuller's. Greeneville. 13 Midway. Rogersville Jc. Russellville. Morristown. Talbot's. Mossy Creek. 14 Newmarket. Strawberry Pis. f 3 c. Knox dolomite, \ or Quebec. " 1457 1643 1734 1581 K 4 b. Nashville, f 3 c. Knox dolomite, \ or Quebec. 1283 u 1057 (Shelbyville Branch.) 96 104 Chattanooga. Wartrace. Shelbyville. 684 4 b. Nash., 4 a. Leban. 4 a. Lebanon. ( Fayetteville Branch.) 3 10 16 26 28 32 37 Decherd. Winchester. Belvidere. Hunt's. Cunningham. Brighton. Kelso. Fayetteville. f 13 b. Sub-Carbon., 1 St. Louis 1. s. { 13 a. Sub-Carbon. ii 4 b. Gin. or Nashville. (i u 9. At Newsom's a section may be conveniently seen extending from the upper part of the 4 b. Nashville to the 13. sub-carboniferous. 10. Camden. Half a mile west of Camden depot the railroad crosses "the old shore line and passes from the ancient Paleozoic strata on to the Tertiary and Quaternary ones, the limestones, cherts, etc., disappearing, and the softer sands and clays takng their place. 11. At Tracy City is a good bed of coal, extensively mined. In this vicinity a good section of the coal measures of this part of Tennessee can be obtained. (See " The Coal Regions of America," pages 351 to 37:5. 12. Within a few miles of these Stations are ridges and knobs made up of dark shales of Cincin- nati or Nashville age. At Johnson's a point of one of these ridges is very near the Station. 13. The high mountains so conspicuous from the depot at Greeneville are made up of 2 b. Chil- howee (Potsdarn) sandstone, and of a 2 a. Ocoee slates and conglomerates. 14. Veins of zinc ore are found at this point in the 3 c. Knox dolomite. TENNESSEE. 405 E 120J 130 135 145 154 159 165 175 180 186 193 201 213 240 2l3 227 232 242 ust Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia Railroad. Con. Alt. East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia B. B. Ms. ( Marysville Branch.) Con. Alt McMillan's. Knoxville. 15 Erin. Concord. Lenoirs. 16 Loudon. Philadelphia. Sweetwater. Reagan's. Athens. Riceville. Charleston. Cleveland. State Line. (Continued f 3 c. Knox dolomite, \ or Quebec. 3 c. Knox dolomite \ and Trenton. 90 4 a. Tren. ANash."* 3 c. Knox dolomite. 816 3 b. Knox shale. 3 c. Knox dolomite 933 3 b. Knox shale. 3 c. Knox dolomite, f 3 c. Knox dolomite in Georgia.) "ia Little River. Marysville. Unknown. 3 c. Knox dolomite. (Ohio Division.) 9 14 21 27 31 38 47 55 62 66 Knoxville. 18 Powell's. Heiskell's. Clinton. Cane Creek. 18 Offutt's. Careyville. Buckeye. Elk Valley. 19 Xewcomb. Jellico. 2-4. Lower Silurian. M ( 4 a. Trenton and \ 3 c. Upper Knox. 2-4. L. Silurian. 14. Coal Measures. u " (fault.) n Cincinnati. X. O. & Texas Pacific B. B. ( Late Cincinnati Southern Railroad.) 198 201 206 211 216 219 221 223 229 234 238 243 251 257 265 270 273 277 280 285 291 297 304 307 309 314 318 326 331 335 Cincinnati. State Line of Tn. Winfield. Oneida. Helenwood. New River. Robbins. Rugby Road. Glen Mary. Sunbright. Annadel. Lancing. Nemo. Oakdale June. Elmore Gap. Rockwood. 20 Glen Alice. Roddy. Lorraine. Spring City. Sheffield. Darwin. Dayton. Coulterville. Rock Creek. Retro. Rathbun. Melville. Hixon's. Boyce. Chattanooga. 20 (See Ohio.) 11 b. L. Cl. Measures. u u 1454 1400 1215 u 1332 u 1289 253 232 14 a. Mills. Grit 22 < 246 < 222 < 211 < 250 < 258 < 287 14. Carboniferous. 26S < 288 H 277 /June, of 14. Garb., 18. \ Greta. & 19. Ter. 191 19. Ter. over 18. Creta. 357 272 ( 20. Quaternary over \ 19. Tertiary. 303 Little Rock & Fort Smith Railroad. 10 30 44 63 83 95 101 125 150 159 168 Argenta. Warren. Conway. Plummerville. Atkins. Georgetown. Cabin Creek. Clarksville. Ozark. Alma. Van Buren. Cherokee. 14. Carboniferous. 3 1 < 331 14 b. Lower Coal 3 6 : Mrs. " 333 899 ( 449 < 409 < 424 < 477 < 449 Memphis & Little Rock Railroad. i? 33 41 63 70 87 103 112 125 135 Memphis. Edmondson's. Black Fish Sidi Madison. Palestine. Brinkley. De Vall's Bluff. Carlisle. Lonoke. Galloway. Little Rock. 1 20. Quat. over 19. Ter. ng. < 207 200 f 19. Tertiary over 1 Mills. Grit. 1 1 14. Carboniferous. 26a Hot Springs Railroad. 388 406 413 Malvern. Rockport. Hot Springs. 3 {14 b. Lower Coal Measures. 3 7 * f!4 a. Millstone \ Grit. *This page is by Richard Owen, M. D.. LL. D., of New Harmony, Indiana, the rest of the roads were prepared by Professor R. H. Loughridge, now of the Kentucky Geological Survey. 1. Little Rock. In Pulaski county, west of Little Rock, excellent granite is quarried. R. O. 2. Arkadelphia. In the ridges pervading Montgomery county, which adjoins Clark county on He northwest, there are gorges which furnish the "crystal hunter" vast quantities of rock crystal, M>nt extensively to mincralogical cabinets. R. o. ARKANSAS. 407 Missouri Pacific Railroad. St. Louis, Iron Mountain & South'n Div. Con. Ms. (Helena Branch.) Alt. Arkansas Valley Route. M.s (Little Rock Division.) Alt. o 13 21 34 45 58 69 76 98 114 127 140 Knobel. Gainesville. Parmly. Brookland. Ridge. Harrisburg. Cherry Valley. Vanndale. Forrest City. Marianna. Lexa. Helena. f 20. Quaternary over \ 19. Tertiary. 271 u SOO u M (( II < 281 (l < 5 12 22 27 42 55 69 81 94 106 113 Little Rock* Sweet Home. Wrightsville. Redfield. J e fferson Springs . Pine Bluff. Linwood. Varner. Dumas. Tillar. Trippe June. Arkansas City. 14. Carboniferous. 26S 20. Quat. over 19. Ter. M M (I (1 It U U 20. Alluvium. (Ouachita Division,) (White River Branch.) 3 9 14 24 29 Newport. Diaz. Paroquet. Newark. Moorefield. Batesville. f 20. Quaternary over \ 5-7. Silurian. 5-7. Silurian. 13. Sub-Carb. i 7 17 25 40 56 Arkansas City. Trippe. Dermott, Collins. Monticello. Warren. 20. Alluvium. 20. Quat. over 19. Ter. Kansas City, Fort Scott & Gulf R. R. (Thayer to Memphis.) (Camden Branch. Gurdon. 7 Whelan. 18 Chidester. 24 Bowling. 34 Camden. / 20. Quaternary over \ 19. Tertiary. 218 u u It 340 343 369 381 390 399 412 424 431 459 474 484 487 Thayer. Mammoth Spring Williford. Imboden. Black Rock. Hoxie. Bonnerville. Nettleton. Big Bay. Gilmore. Marion. West Memphis. Memphis. 5-7 Silurian. t < 20. Quat. over Sil. (?) f 20. Quaternary over \ 19. Tertiary. 29 M 20. Alluvium. u l M 20 c. Quaternary, bluff. Texas * St. Louis Railway. (Missouri and Arkansas Division.) 58 70 79 86 104 116 125 155 179 199 214 238 251 260 267 284 300 337 348 368 389 397 418 Birds Point, Mo. Maiden, Mo. St. Francis. Greenway. Rector. Paragould. Brookland. Jonesboro. Fisher. Bemis. Brinkley. Clarendon. Goldman. W abbaseca. Rob Roy. Pine Bluff. Big Creek. Kingsland. Camden. Senter. McNeil iLewisville. Garland City. Texarkana. 20. Alluvium. 321 297 u 333 20. Quat. over 19. Ter. it it M 200 < 20. Alluvium. < 20. Quat. over 19. Ter. 123 M 20. Alluvium, f 20. Quaternary over \ 19. Tertiary. a St. Louis & San Francisco R. R. (Arkansas Division.) 7 27 47 65 85 98 104 Fort Smith. Van Buren, Mountainburg. Brentwood. Fayetteville. Rogers. Garfield. Seligman, Mo. 14. Carboniferous. 467 449 (i < M 13 c. Low. Carbon. Eureka Springs Railway. ireka Springs. '. Walden. ^eligman, Mo. 14. Carboniferous. M 13c. Low. Carbon. In the southwestern part of this county is the 3. Hot Springs. Celebrated alkaline hot springs. In tne soutnwestern pan 01 ims county is pne noted Magnet Cave, in and around which are found many beautiful minerals, especially magnetite, or magnetic iron ore, garnets, actinolite. epidote and crystallized hornblende, also the celebrated novaculite or Ouachita, sometimes spelled " Washita," honestone, also called Arkansas whetstone. 408 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IND. TER.) Indian Territory. The list of Formations is at the head of the Texas Chapter. Geology of Indian Territory. The eastern part of the^Indian Territory ia made up almost entirely of the representative sandstones, limestones, etc., of the Coal Measures, the former rock capping "the mountains of the east, and becoming the prevailing feature in the lower hills and country westward, while the limestone which appears prominently in the mountain sides and valleys of the east, disappears almost entirely in the west, or is exposed only in the beds of the largest streams. Carboniferous coal mines are extensively worked on the south of the Canadian river, by companies who have leased them from the Nation. The Permian is said to cover an area south of the Wichita Mountains on the southwest, while the remainder of the western part of the Territory is thought to belong to the Triassic and Jurassic, except the regions of the mountains which are of granitic struct- ure, their granites flesh colored, and associated with greenstone, quartz, porphyry, etc. Dr. R. H. Loughridge't Cotton Report, Census of 1880. Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. Ms. Alt. Ms. Continued. Alt. 355 379 Vinita. Pry or Creek. 14 b. Coal Meas. 698 556jDurant. 568 Colbert. 18. Cretaceous. 39 < 658 388 Chouteau. " 624 576jDenison, Texas. " 733 410 Gibson. 419 Muskogee. 599 Atlantic & Pacific Railroad. 449 Eufaula. " 617 470 479 491 606 Reams. McAllister Savanna. Limestone Gap. 609 684 645 337 342 348 Shawnee. Prairie City. Oseuma. 14 b. Coal Measures. 526 Atoka. ii 556 353 A ft on. 636 644 Caney. Caddo. 1 a 18. Cretaceous. 530 705 358 364 Albia. Vinita. it 698 1. The white " Rotten limestone," with an abundance of fossils, is the prevailing rock in this black prairie region, extending southward into Texas, and westward to within a few miles of Tisho- mingo, Chicasaw Nation. R. H. L. TEXAS, 409 Texas. 1 -LIST OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN TEXAS AND INDIAN TERRITORY. 20. Quaternary. 19, Tertiary, (i 20 c. Alluvium 20 b. Port Hudson. 20 a. Stratified Drift. J19 b, Miocene or ) Grand Gulf. 19 a. Eocene. 18. Cretaceous. (i 16 Triassic. 14. Carboniferous.* 2. Lower Silurian.* 18 b. UpperCreta- 18 a. Lower Creta. 16. Triassic.? 14. Coal Measures. 2. Cambrian. International & Gr^at Northern R. 11. Ms. Gulf Division. Alt. International & Great Northern R. B. Ms. San Antonio Division Con. Alt. . .JGalveston. Houston. 23 Spring. 47 Willis. 66 Phelps. 78 Riverside. 3 85 Trinity. 99 Lovelady. 114 Crockett. 127 Grapeland. 139 Elkhart. 152 Palestine. 164 Neches. 180 Jacksonville.' 198 Throupe. 211 Overton. 223 Kilgore. 235 Longview. 259 Marshall. 275 Jefferson. 334 Texarkana. 20. Quat. Pt. Hudson. 3 ii 53 {19. Tertiary, b. Miocene. 126 (Grand Gulf.) 381 377 169 << 234 19. Ter., a. Eoce. 30 t 350 480 390 495 411 t< 525 t 467 507 ( 371 ( 336 371 221 (( 303 119 145 162 181 212 230 261 274 315 331 376 394 415 Rockdale. Taylor Round Rock. Austin. San Marcos. New Braunfels. San Antonio. 9 Medina. Pearsall. Frio. Encinal. Webb. Laredo. 4 19. Ter., a. Eoce. * 69 18. Cretaceous. 720 " 477 M tt t 683 19. Ter., a Eocene. < 19 44 Troupe. Tyler. Mineola. t 467 < 531 t 402 18 30 Columbia Division. Columbia. China Grove. Houston. < 20. Quaternary, \ c. Alluvium. 3 * " b. Pt. Hudson. 50 37 Georgetown Railroad. San Antonio Division. Round Rock. 10 Georgetown. 18. Cretaceous. 72 . 753 Palestine. 18!0akwood. 44 Jewett. 65 Marguez. 75 Englewood. 90 Heame. 19. Ter., a. Eoce. M (( 495 280 496 410 420 805 Henderson A Overton Branch. Overton. 16 Henderson. f 19. Tertiary, \ a. Eocene. * * The sub-division of the Carboniferous and Silurian represented here have not been fully ascer- tained. The Devonian and Upper Silurian seem to be entirely absent. 1. By Professor R. H. Loughridge, now of the Kentucky Geological Survey, the information being derived largely from his personal observations. 2. Riverside. Fine exposures of Grand Gulf sandstones. 3. Jacksonville. Tertiary iron ore hills a few miles south. 4. Laredo. Lignite in heavy beds near here. 410 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (TEXAS.) Texas & Pacific Railroad. Texas & Pacific Railroad. Ms. Trans-Continental Division. Alt. Ms. Southern & Rio Grande Division Con. Alt. Texarkana. 19. Ter , a. Eoce. 803 190 Terrell. 18. Cretaceous. 51 * 17 Whaley's. 209 Mesquite. < 494 34 DeKalb. 222 Dallas. 466 61 Clarkesville. 18. Cretaceous. 464 241 Arlington. 6 20. Quater , a. drift. 68 Bagwells. 1 254 Fort Worth. 1 o 18. Cretaceous. 62S 91 Paris. < 592 284 Weatherford. 7 20. Quater., a. drift. 86 * 112 Honey Grove. < 682 308 Brazos. 14. Carboniferous. (?) 128 Bonham. < 582 358 Eastland. 1299 139 Savoy. l 368 Cisco. 1611 142 Bells. < 675 414 Abilene. 18. Probably Creta. 165 Sherman. < 747 455 Sweet Water. " 173 Whitesboro. 5 < 473 Loraine. 209 Denton. ft 492 Westbrook. 244 Fort Worth. 1 623 512 Signal Mount. a 522 Big Springs. 8 u 543 Mariefield. Southern & Rio Grande Division. 562 Midland. 572 Warfield. 18. Cretaceous. Texarkana. f!9. Tertiary, \ a. Eocene. 8 3 592 602 Douro. Metz. u 16 Sulphur. 612 Sand Hills. it 44 Kildare. 623 Aroya. 68 Jefferson. 221 641 Quito. u 74 Marshall. 371 654 Pecos River. 11 " 98 Long View. 336 664 Hermosa. r The plains are chief- 120 Big Sandy. t< 336 684 Gomez. ly Cret. ; the mount- 143 Minneola. << 402 705 Kent. -| ains are part Pal- 157 Grand Saline. " 400 736 Wild Horse. 1 seozoic (Carbon.) in 174 Will's Point. " 530 754 Carrizo. L part eruptive. 5. Whitesboro. The belt of Lower Cross Timbers is crossed between this and Denton. 6. Arlington. Lower Cross Timbers a belt of sandy land, 10 to 15 miles wide, timbered with post oak, and reaching from within the Indian Territory southward to the Brazos near Waco. 7. Weatherford. Upper Cross Timbers similar in many respects to the lower belt with which it is united on the north of Red River, but is wider, more irregular in outline, and interspersed with high Cretaceous prairie outliers. It reaches southward from Red River along the western border of the Cretaceous, and crosses the Brazos nearly to the Colorado River. 8. Big Springs. Llano Estacado, or the Staked Plain, lying north of this road, is a district of 75,000 square miles in Northwestern Texas, besides the portion in New Mexico, and is a vast and level mit in every direction, not a sign of vegetation upon them, nothing but sand piled upon sand. 9. -San Antonio. About 80 miles northwest or this place and 18 north of Fredericksburg, in Gil- lespie County, is a granite hill called Enchanted Rock, a huge granite and iron formation about eight hundred feet high, covering at its base several acres of space, its top being about four hundred yards square. Its name is derived from its magnificent appearance, for when the sun shines upon it in the morning and at evening, it resembles a huge mass of burnished gold. The Azoic rocks found in this central part of the State are mostly of the pink feldspathic variety, resist disintegration, and form high andprominent points or hills throughout the region. 10. Fort Worth and Cleburne. The Lower Cross Timber Belt passes east of town. Professor E. P. Whitfield says, Fort Worth is an excellent locality for Cretaceous fossils. 11. Pecos. Dr. R. H. Loughridge, in his U. S. Census Cotton Report, describes the several chains of almost treeless mountains m Western Texas, west of the Pecos River, as largely granite, with ac- companying sandstones and limestones. In some of the mountains characteristic eruptive rocks are reported as penetrating the later formations, and rising above them in huge masses or forming ver- tical columns, as in the Organ Mountains near El Paso. 12. Sierra Blanca. The great mountain ranges consist, first, next the Pacific coast, and lying from ten to two hundred miles distant from it, the Cordelleras or Coast range, and second the Sierra Ne- vada, for which see the California chapter. The third is an irregular ill-defined chain, the Sierra Madre, and at El Paso we encounter the western flank of the fourth great mountain chain, the Rocky Mountains, which terminate in what is called the Organ Mountain. Going east from El Paso, TEXAS. 411 Texas & Pacific Railroad. Ms. Southern & Rio Grande Division Con. Alt. Houston & Texas Central R. R. Con. Ms. Waco Branch. Alt 777 Sierra Blanco. 12 S'J: 1 , Porter. $:\'2 Rio Grande. 857 Ysleta. 869 El Paso. 18 18. Cretaceous, * 512 Plains, Mts., 3541 Palae. and erup. 3564 3664 3713 9 43 98 128 150 197 229 Bremond. Marlin. 14 Waco. Morgan. Hico. Dublin. Cisco. Albany. 19. Ter., a. Eoce. * 67 18. Cretaceous. 394 734 1007 1449 14. Carboniferous. 1611 u /9\ 1401 Gulf, Western Texas & Pacific Railroad. ludianola. 25Placedo. 38 Victoria. 65 Thomaston. 70Cuero. f 20. Quaternary, \ b. Port Hudson. 2 6 a " 87 H 177 New York, Texas & Mexican Railroad. 26 92 Rosenberg. Wharton. Victoria. f 20. Quaternary, \b. Port Hudson. 109 f 20. Quaternary, \ c. Alluvium, f 20. Quaternary, \ b. Port Hudson. f Houston & Texas Central Railroad. 6 61 71 100 121 130 143 162 170 181 211 239 265 296 329 338 Houston. Hockley. Hemstead. Navasota. Bryan. Hearne. Calvert. Bremond. Thornton. Groesbuck. Mexia. Corsicana. Palmer. Dallas. McKinney. Sherman. Denison. {20. Quaternary, b. Port Hudson. 3 7 ft 225 245 19. Ter., a. Eoce. 219 371 ( 305 337 467 496 481 537 427 18. Cretaceous. 471 " 4b6 u 615 747 723 Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio R. R. Texas A New Orleans Division. 41 63 83 105 ~0 10 34 53 70 86 102 111 148 158 180 185 216 241 266 287 308 343 350 Houston. Liberty. Sour Lake. Beaumont. Orange. ( 20. Quaternary, t b. Port Hudson. * 48 47 u < 10 Houston. Pierce Junction. Richmond. East Bernard 1 . Eagle Lake. Columbus. Weimar. Schulenburg. Harwood. Luling. Seguin. Marion. San Antonio.' Lacoste. Hondo. Sabinal. Uvalde. Anacacho. Spofford June. u 37 ' 63 i 73 u 123 212 {19. Tertiary, b. Miocene, Grand Gulf. 2ii. < 42 19. Ter., b. Mioc. 34 i " a. Eocene.* 63 '< 41 > 550 566 18. Cretaceous. 68a 891 < Western Division. o 11 21 34 47 56 78 115 Hempstead. Chapel Hill. Brenham. Burton. Ledbetter. Giddings. McDade. Austin. f 20. Quaternary, \ b. Port Hudson. 2 * s / 19. Ter. b. Miocene, \GrandGulf. 33 ? 350 436 " a. Eocene. * 64 536 ( 589 18. Cretaceous. 513 following the river, we encounter two other ranges of mountains at intervals of about eighty miles, called the Eagle Springs or Sacramento Mountains, and the Limpia or Gaudalupe Mountains, in pasts- ing through which the river forms a series of caflons (see Note 16). On the Mexican side of the river all these mountains arise again, and expand in width and height and attain a great elevation. 13. El Paso is justly considered one of the garden spots of the interior of the continent. The climate is dry, but the settlements are irrigated by water from the river by means of a dam and canal and are not dependent on rains for their fertility. The place is more than two hundred years old, the settlement having t>een commenced about 1680, when the Spaniards were driven from New Mexico by the Indians. It is situated in a charming valley, the Rio del Norte having escaped the mountain passes, here runs in an open fertile plain, stretching out along the river to the length ot many miles, all the houses surrounded by gardens, orchards and vineyards, and rich settlements, the result of judicious irrigation, with cornfields as far as the eye can trace the stream lining its gretc banks. Such a scene will always be attractive, but to a traveler who has passed over the lonesome plains it appears '.ike an oasis in the desert. The mountains southwest of the town consist almost entirely 01 412 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (TEX.) Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio R. R. M.S. Texas & New Orleans Div. Continued. Alt. Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio R. R. Ms. Texas & New Orleans Div. Continued. Alt. 387 Del Rio. Pecos River. 15 18. Cretaceous. Harwood. ( 19. Tertiary, a. Eoc. \ (Grand Gulf.) 463 450 Shumla. 1413 Gonzales. 276 462 Langtry. 1304 Pierce June. 20. Quat., b.Pt.Hud. 63 491 Lozier. u 1535 8 Harrisburg. ( 38 534 ceq Thurston. Sanderson. 16 " 2774 3665 8 33 Spafford June. Eagle Pass. 18. Cretaceous. 19.Ter., a. Eoc. (?) 80 566 573 Maxon Springs. Taber 1 ' " 3538 < 3808 Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railroad. 579 Haymond. Galveston. 20. Quat., b. PtHud. 3 Warwick. 4071 43 Arcola. 66 695 Marathon. 4043 64 Richmond. u 73 626 653 663 689 Murphy sville. Maria. Aragon. Valentine. 4485 " 4692 4899 ',!> a) 4424 94 107 126 Sealy. Belleville. Brcnham. " 189 f 19.Tertiary, b. Mfoc. \ (Grand Gulf.) 262 " 301 720 Haskell. 3 O PM '.IS 4013 141 Somerville. u 757 Sierra Blanca. 12 80 * M 3* 4512 158 Caldwell. " a.Eoc. 411 780 Finlay. 2 |.a s 3668 174 Milano. a 500 795 Camp Rice. ^f^ 3519 188 Cameron. 407 811 Porter. Rio Grande. PM > 3541 Oj "~* g U 3564 218 242 Temple. McGregor. 18. Cretaceous. 95 836 Ysleta. ^oo O 3664 270 Clifton. 670 848 El Paso. 13 aJ 1 3713 280 Meridian. 79 r Columbus. f 19. Tertiary, b. Mioc. \ (Grand Gulf.) 213 287 317 Morgan. Cleburne. 10 a 734 < 933 31 La Grange. 18 " 345 Fort Worth. 623 limestone, below which at the foot of the mountain are horizontal layers of compact quartzore sand- stone, such as underlie the basaltic and granitic rock for several hundred miles in the prairie toward i Santa Fe, and granitic and porphyritic rock seem to a small extent to have burst through the lime- stone and over-Town it. A. W. The Carboniferous limestone is supposed to underlie the whole extent of the country of the southwest, where the Cretaceous and Tertiary appear on the surface. Although of Carboniferous age it is not coal-bearing, being a marine deposit. An ocean existed in the Far West during the Carbon- iferous period, and the conditions were never such as to admit of the deposit of such materials as form coal beds. All the coal west of Kansas and Indian Territory is Cretaceous. 14. Martin. Cretaceous rotten limestone forms the Brazos Falls, five miles south. 15. Pecos River. On the Mexican side, five miles south of the river, is a singular peak called the Picotena, rising abruptly from amid the surrounding limestone ranges, shooting up a sharp conical peak of basaltic structure. This peak, by its height and external features, presents a most striking landmark. It is the most northern outlier of an extensive igneous development of the mountain range, rising in jagged peaks to Alpine heights, and presenting in the forest growth which clothes its sides agreeable features of verdure, contrasting strangely with the river valley and its bare out- line of desert hills. 16. Sanderson. The river canons. Although the railroad, to shorten distance and for a better route, diverges from the river far to the northward, cutting off the great bend, yet the traveler may wish to know something of the general character of the river valley forming the Mexican boundary. The Rio Grande, from El Paso to the mouth of the Pecos River, south of Langtry station, is charac- terized by extensive canons. The river presents a series of basins, more or less extensive, with descending steps and then a canon. The scenery is unsurpassed for singularity and grandeur. Seventy miles below El Paso, south of Sierra Blanca, the Eagle Springs Mountains converge, and the river makes its way through them in deeply cut chasms, exposing the geological structure in sec- tional faces presented by its precipitous walls. At the gigantic canon of San Carlos twenty miles long, the river presents unbroken walls of limestone, from 200 to a perpendicular height of 1,500 feet. A faint conception only can be formed of the truly awful character of the chasm, which in ascending begins 85 miles and ends 105 miles above the mouth of the Pecos River, and is far from the railroads. Another, the San Vincente canon, is below the great bend to the northward of the Rio Grande, and equals the San Carlos in many places in ruggedness and grandeur. These canons were reported by Lieut. Emory to be among the most remarkable features on the face of the globe, namely, a river traversing at an oblique angle a chain of lofty mountains and making through these on a gigantic scale, what in Spanish-America is called a eaflon, that is, a river hemmed in by vertical walls. The river is from 80 to 300 feet wide, and at a few points narrows down to 25 or 30 feet, where of course it H very deep and rapid. Rep. Mex. Boundary Com. 17. Taber The igneous rocks. From the commencement of the table land in going westward on this road, broad belts of the Cretaceous formation occur, interrupted here and there ny isolated dykes or mounds of trap or other igneous rocks, of modern age, producing a greater or less degree of TEXAS. 413 Gulf, Colorado & Sante Fe Railroad Con. (Dallas Division.) Alt. Missouri Pacific R. R. (Texas Extens'n) Con. Ms. (Jefferson Branch.) Alt. 13 40 53 Cleburne. 10 Alvarado. Duncan. Dallas. 18. Cretaceous. 938 1460 >< 466 34 50 70 93 123 139 155 Jefferson. Dangerfield. Pittsburg. Winnsboro. Sulphur Spring. Greenville. Farmersville. McKinney. 19. Ter., a. Eoc. 221 403 402 " 532 t< 462 18. Cretaceous. " 615 (Lampasas Division.) 66 Temple. Bel ton. Lampasas. 19 18. Cretaceous. 95 tt 620 M Texas & St. Louis Railroad. (Texas Division.) (Montgomery Division.) Somerville. 28 Navasota. 65 Montgomery. 19.Tertiary, b. Miocene .< 219 (G'dGulf.) 61 72 98 106 128 165 202 258 278 305 Tezarkana. Mt. Pleasant. Pittsburg. Gilmer. Big Sandy. Tyler. Athens. Corsicana. Waco. McGregor. Gatesville. 19. Ter., a. Eoc. 303 ( 402 u 336 Trinidad. 5964 {The geology, as far as known, is given in the notes. in the notes. 258 Leon. 5859 Hidalgo. 268 Francisco. 03 5790 76 Marquez. 7961 Jalisco. 9 81 Nopala. ft 7681 278 Pedrito. 5989 86 Danu. g 7833 287 Lorn a. i 6202 Mexico. c3 cj 295 Lagos. jg 6138 94 Polotitlan. 14 ^~ < 7520 306 Serrano. 6613 Hidalgo. 3 308 Los Salas. J2 ; 6676 100 Cazadero. 7380 323 Santa Maria. O " 6051 Queretaro. g 1 334 Encarnacion. ^2, " 6075 ' -T! si 107 Palmillas. 7093 Aguascalientes. O C2 118 San Juan del Rio. 3 6251 350 Penuelas. ,N " 6164 127 134 Chintepec. Ahorcado. 0> 6217 6259 364 382 Aguascalientes 28 Pabellon. g* " 6181 6261 00 149 Hercules. 6049 388 Rincon de Romois g 6821 153 Queretaro. 5949 400 Soledad. 6492 fl 164 Guanajuato. Mariscala. 1 g< " 5867 423 Zacatecas, Summit. g 7659 173 Apaseo. 5798 432 GuadalupeJ 4 << 7645 181 Celaya. 5765 439 Zacatecas. 15 Por'y Hu. Schists. 8011 192 _ y auaje. '* " 5708 447 Pimienta. 7566 207 Salamanca. 5648 457 Calera. 7062 213 Chico. J 6645 474 Fresnillo. 2 * o 6862 219 [rapuato. 5655 484 Mendoza. 19 6900 12. Very interesting human remains were found in January, 1884, some two and a half miles east of the city of Mexico, imbedded in a rock composed of silicified calcareous tufa. They are described and illustrated in the American Naturalist, for August, 1885. 12. Mexico. The valley of Mexico is eighteen and one-third leagues or fifty-five miles long, and twelve and a half leagues or thirty-seven miles in breadth. The crest of the mountains which sur- round it like a circular wall, is most elevated on the southeast, where the great volcanoes La Puebla, Popocatepetl, and Iztaccihuatl bound the valley. . The city is no longer built in the midst of a lake, connected with the continent merely by three dikes, owing to the diminution of water of the lake Tezcuco. Humboldt pronounced Mexico, undoubtedly one of the finest cities ever built by Europeans in either hemisphere, but much less from the grandeur and beauty of its structures, than from its uniform regularity, its extent and position, leaving a recollection of grandeur which he attributes to the majestic character of its situation and the surrounding scenery. The beautifully cultivated valley forms a singular contrast with the wild appearance of the naked mountains which enclose it, among which the three famous volcanoes above named, with their enormous cones covered with perpetual snow, are the most distinguished. 14. Guadalupe. Dr. H. M. Chance, mining engineer, and lately an assistant on the second Geolog- ical Survey of Pennsylvania, who has been over this road, describes the plateau on which it is built as resembling to the traveler a fiat valley, for mountains are seen on both sides of the railroad. But the chains, upon close examination, are seen to be simply a series of ranges, broken at many points. The flat plateau seems to have been formed by Tertiary (?) deposits, filling in what were formerly deep valleys between these mountain ranges, thus forming a network of level connected valleys, the Ter- tiary deposits filling them up above the lower connecting ridges, leaving them in the condition of half buried mountains. This description by Dr. Chance is probably as true as it is picturesque. Between Zacatecas and the City of Mexico, Dr. Chance had less opportunity of examining the geology than at at Zacatecas, but he thought the mountains on this part of the route are Laurentian or Huronian, consisting of granites, porphyry, etc., and that the plateau or apparent valleys are Ter- tiary or Quaternary. The mountains nearer Mexico are partly volcanic, and at some points north also volcanic deposits are seen. These lava beds generally lie west of the railroad and form "buttes" or flat top mountains, the lava beds protecting the soft Tertiary deposits from erosion. (See Note 15.) 15. Zacatecas. In the Zacatecas mining region an entirely different series of rocks from those to the northward is seen, apparently Huronian schists, with porphyry and Laurentian granites. This same series also occurs all along the range extending northwest, and lying, as at Chihuahua, twenty to one hundred miles west of the railroad. It probably also comes up in some of the ranges east of the railroad. H. M. C. 16. Jimulco. The coal at Jimulco occurs in the plateau Tertiary deposits, and is apparently a lignitic bed of fluvio-marine origin. The bed opened in 1885 was too largely mixed with clay, etc. to be of any commercial value. See Note 1. Dr. Chance examined the mountains only at Jimulco, and found them to consist of an enormously thick series of limestone, partly metamorphosed, and prob- ably of Upper Carboniferous age. MEXICO. 419 Ferrocaril Central Mexicano, or Mexican Frrocaril Central Mexicano, or Mexican Ms. Central Knilroad. Con. Alt. Ms. Central Railroad Con. Alt. 493 ( Gutierrez. Huronian Schists. 68 * 7 844 Dolores. Valley 20ms wide*' " 507 Canitas. 6683 853 Jimenez. Mt. 1. s. to south. 45 i 515 Cedro. 6439 865 La Reforma. < 4429 528 La Colorada. 6421 877 Diaz. 4261 544 Pacheco. 6197 889 Bustamante. 4127 556 Guzman. 568 Gonzalez. Vs ;;;i 898 Santa Rosalia. ( Hills of Amigdaloid \ Basalt. *2a 581 Camancho. ~ S 6461 f Same wide val. run- Coahuila, "w -5 . 908 La Cruz. \ningN.E.&S.W3i92 595 San Isidore. { S c 6991 921 Concho. 4003 609Symon. 111 5147 ( Limestone instead of 624 La Mancha. 5110 931 Saucillo. < the prevailing por- 637 Calvo. J; -^ ;- 6003 ( phyry. 3971 652 Peralta. [_** 4439 941 Las Delicias. '< 3839 662 671 Jimulco. 16 * 151 Jalisco. * 042 ( Mountains of enor- \ mously thick beds ( of Up. Carbon. 945 960 Ortiz.i 9 Bachimba. < 3797 <( 4147 {Narrow pass 6 miles Durango. 971 Horcasitas. long and 1 mile , J_ A A fi 680 Picardias ti 8953 wicre. 695 Coahuila. Matamoros. u 3758 985 999 1014 Mapula. Chihuahua. 20 Sacramento * 4968 See Note. * 6 3* rafcTp^ 4986 Durango 1023 Torreon. *W ">> 2 5221 709 Lerdo. 3715 1030 Sauz. "3 * 5133 720 Noe. 3664 1043 Encinillas. 2 J 'c 5032 732MapimU 7 747 Peronal. 18 " 3694 Noteon the valleys 3 6 5 5 1051 1060 Agua Nueva. Laguna. |l| 5038 761 Conejos.* 8 j-V- c& 9761 1072 Puerto. j'~o 5311 775 Yermo. t y 3802 1085 Gallego. el S 5321 787 Saez. "S .5 ^' 3S " 1103 Chivatito. '5 >->J2 4857 Chihuahua. "2 d 1112 Montezuma. "5 "5. - 4536 798 Zavalza. ' .S o 3942 1120'Las Minas. 5 C o 4324 807 Escalon. = = ~. 4144 1129 Ojocaliente. 21 ^ 4046 819 Rellano. o 2 a 4363 1136 Carmen. Porphyritic rocks 3989 832 Corralitos. p 1 ^^ 4734 1150 San Jose. u 3919 17. Mapimi, lies in an eastern corner of the valley, surrounded by high mountains, in which sil- ver mines are worked. Five miles south of it the ;Bolson de Mapini* begins, beyond a canon, a very . large open level valley, like a pouch or pocket, whence the name. A steeo high limestone mountain on the east, and another chain to the left. W. 18. Peronal and Conejo*. This whole country is one large network of encasea valleys, connected with each other by good mountain passes and defiles. Some of the mountains are compact lime- stone. W. 19. Mendoza. From the topographical appearance of the mountains and the natural escarpments peen all along the rnail for three hundred miles from above Chihuahua, to within fifty miles of Zaca- tcoa~, Dr. Chance thinks the mountain rocks to be of similar character throughout this distance to those at Jimulco, namely, a very heavy formation of metamorphic Upper Carboniferous limestone. 20. Chihuah'i i in Mwi, and ha> a beautiful site amidst a circle of mountains opening south, with its churches and steeples, flat-roofed and commodious houses, its acqueducts and everpirenn alameda. The ro-ks about Chihuahua, and at a point twenty miles northward, are porphyritic and t'rrt hytic, r.-d, blue, whit" and gray. W. The Mountain* West of Chihuahua. Dr. Wislizenus was, during the Mexican war, detained six months a i.r. . in the Sierra Mad re Mountains, about ninety miles west of Chi- liuahu*. The p; . feet above the sea, and the highest peak of the chain of mountains, directly above thf ]>la'--, c:illfi the Bufa, a prominent landmark, is 7,918 feet. This is in tn- h^art of the Sierra Madre, and there were- some renowned silver mines there, all found in the por- I Myritio rocks, the prevailing formation in this part of the country. He reports the geology of the TV as quite uniform, and although he roamed in hunting for months in that vicinity over the - the whole western portion of the State of Chihuahua, the connecting n the Ror-ky Mountains of the north and the Andes of the south, he observed no other formations than porphyritic, except stratified limestone. These mountains contain old mines of sil- ver, gold, lead, iron and tin, which were celebrated in their day. 21. Fresnillo. General Aspect of the Country. From a short distance south of El Paso nearly to Zaoate^as, some seven hundred miles, the plateau on which the railroad is built ia (in 188. r >) little better than a desert. The grass is generally scattered and bunched, and there is very little gi- be seen at all, the principal vegetation being cactus and scrubby mesquite, and there is an almost 420 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MEXICO.) Ferrocaril Central Mexicano, or Mexican Mexican National Railway. Ms. Central Railroad. Con. Alt. Ms. (Northern General Division.)! Alt. 1165 1176 Rancheria. 22 Candelaria. f Amygdaloid basalt, \ Mt. withl. s. 4aos f Granite and por- \ phyritic Mts. 4397 1 23 Nuevo Leon. Laredo.:}: Nuevo Laredo. Jarita. 19 a. Eocene. 8 8 i< 1183 Los Mendanos. 1194 Samalayuca. 23 1204lTierra Blancha. 1213iMesa. Chiefly limestone. 4259 J Some granite & 41 8 1 \ porphy ritic. 4 x 4 5 f Limestone, 50 3 9 6 49 76 109 111 Rodriguez. 25 Lampazos. Bustamante. 26 Villaldame. f 19 c. Pliocene, or \ 20. Quaternary. " Mt. granite. u 1224 Paso del Norte. \ miles. 3 7i7 128 Palo Blanco. El Paso. 24 151 Salinas. 163 Topo. Mexican National Railway 172 Monterey. 2 ^ 174 Gnno7..litns Up. Carb. 1. s. i* 526 it (Southern General Division.) 176 San Geronimo. 173 Leona. o \ T . 7847 u 4 9 l>i.vA.iCU. Tacuba. Rio Hondo. Geology unknown 7 8 9 7 7550 180 193 Santa Catarin. Garcia. u 24 32 Cima.* Jajalpa. (Summit.) "7* 209 Cohahuila. Rinconada. 3381 37 Lerma. 8456 215 Los Muertos. a 45 Toluca. 8653 222 Ojo Caliente. 69 Ixtlahuaca. 8423 226 Santa Maria. U 98 El Oro. 8344 240 Santillo. 5242 139 Maravatio. 6612 246 Buena Vista. 178 Acambaro. 6084 279 Encarnacion. M 235 Moretia. 6202 323 El Salado. " 6104 * The highest railroad point in Mexico. t The altitudes of the places on this division are barometrical, taken by Dr. Wislizenus before the railroad was built. I See Note 4 in Texas chapter. entire absence of trees. But wherever the road approaches one of the principal water courses the scene changes. Irrigating ditches are seen on both sides of the stream, which is fringed as are the ditches by trees. These spots are as oases in a desert, arid the land is apparently very fertile. C. 22. Rancheria. A porous, black-looking basaltic rock known as amygdaloidal basalt is very com- mon throughout the whole of Mexico. Below it, in New Mexico and at El Paso, is a compact quartoze furruginous sandstone, appearing as if changed by volcanic action. W. 23. Samalayuca. After leaving El Paso, Texas, or Paso del Norte, Mexico, to the west is a mountain chain, and to the east the receding valley of the Bio del Norte, from which, in going south, a high chain of mountains soon separate you, the road passing over a wide sandy plain covered with mesquite and similar shrubbery, and then runs for many miles through sand hills or "dunes," that are apparently of recent age. These sand hills similar to those in Texas, are an immense field of steep sandy ridges, without shrubs or vegetation of any kind, looking like a piece of Arabian desert transplanted into. this plain, or like the bottom of the sea uplifted from the deep. 24. Paso del Norte and El Paso. See Notes 12, 13, 16, 'and 17 in Texas chapter. 25. Dr. Persifor Frazer, who passed over this road says, the valley traversed by it is a calcareous formation, much crushed and altered, which is clearly newer than the Upper Carboniferous mountains between which it lies. It may be 19 c. Pliocene or that and Quaternary, but no fossils have yet been found, and it may be 19 b. Loup Fork Miocene. 26. The Caudola Mountain is granite, also the Panuco, and a spur of the former reaching towards and near Bustamante. They protrude from the Upper Carboniferous. There is a large trap mesa about seven miles northeast of Caldera. P. F. 27. The limestone mountains on this road are reported, by those 1 who have seen them both, to be similar to those on the Mexican Central (See Notes 16 and 19.) It forms steep, often rugged, moun- tains, rising on an average 2,000 feet above the plain. It is metalliferous, containing silver and lead mines, and has all the appearance of the limestone found at El Paso and Chihuahua, but as yet we have no report of the discovery here of any fossils. 28. Aguasc.alientes. Here are famous hot springs, as indicated by the name. The place is a celebrated resort for invalids, and one of the cleanest provincial towns in Mexico. Population reported 20,000. H. M. C. There are several other railroads in Mexico, but as yet I have learned nothing in regard to their geology.- J.M. INDEX OF RAILROADS. N. B. Branches, or minor roads, will generally be found under the name of the main or controlling line. The latest names, owing to the constant changes, can not always be given, but in some instances roads, given in the body of the book under an old name, will be found indexed under the new, as well as the old. The Guide is in itself an Index, and thin Index is only an additional help to the traveler. Aberdeen, Bismark and N. W., 256. Addison and Northern Penna., 171. Adirondack, 118. Alabama Central, j}81. Alabama great Southern, 379. Albert, 57. Allegheny Valley, 168. Annapolis and Elk Ridge, 332. Anniston and Atlantic, 382. Arkansas Midland, 406. Arkansas Valley, 407. Ashley River, 369. Ashtabula and Pittsburgh: Pa., 169; O.,178. Ashuelot, 91. Ashville and Spartansburg : N. C., 367; S. C., 369. Atchinson, Topeka and Sante Fe: Kan., 285; Col.. 290; N. M., 290. Atlanta and Charlotte, 369. Atlanta and West Point, 375. Atlantic and North Carolina, 368. Atlantic and Pacific : Mo., 271 ; N. M, 323 ; Ariz , 323; Indian Ter., 408. Atlantic and Western, 394. Atlantic, Tenn., and Ohio, 368. Augusta and Knoxville, 369. Baltimore and Delaware Bay, 331. Baltimore and Ohio: Pa., 109; 0., 178, 183, 185; Ind., 198; 111., 209; Del.,329; Md., 332 ; W. Va., 340 ; Va., 353, 863. Baltimore and Potomac: Md., 832, Va , 359. Bangor and Katahdin, I. W., 97. Bangor and Piscataquia, 88. Bangor and Portland, 171. Bath and Hammondsport, 128. Barclay, 162. Barnwell, 373. Bay of Quinte, 61. Bedford and Bloomfield, 205. Beech Creek, Clearfield and S. W., 171. Bellaire, Zanesville and Cincinnati, 178. Bells Gap, 172. Bennington and Rutland, 93. Blue Ridge, 371. Boston and Albany : Mass., 104 ; N.Y., 1 34 Boston and Lowell : N. H., 89 ; Vt., 93 ; Mass., 101. Boston and Maine : Can. ,62; Me., 89 ; N.H., 89; Vt., 93; Mass., 99. Boston and N. Y. Air Line, 97. Boston and Providence, 103. Boston, Barre and Gardner, 105. Boston Revere, Beach and Lynn, 101. Bound Brook : N. J., 144; Pa., 165. Bradford, Bordell and Kinzua, 172. Bradford, Eldred and Cuba, 172. Brighthope, 359. Brunswick and Albany, 374. Buffalo, N. Y. and Phila., (see Western N. Y. and Pa.): N. Y., 129; Pa., 166. Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh: N. Y., 128; Pa., 173. Burlington and Mo. River : Kan., 284 ; Neb., 293; Col.,.308. Burlington and Northwestern, 245. Burlington and Western, 245. Burlington, Cedar Rapids and N., 243. Cairo, Vicennes and Chicago, 213. California Pacific, 325. California, Pacific and Northern, 325. California Southern, 328. Cambridge and Seaford, 331. Camden and Atlantic, 148. Canada Atlantic, 68. Canadian Pacific, 62, 70, 80. Canada Southern, 65. Cape Fear and Yadkin: N.C., 367; S.C., 373. Cape Girardeau South Western, 273. Carolina Central, 367. Catasauqua and Fogelsville, 172. Catskill and Mt. Cairo, 136 Central Iowa: 111., 220 ; la., 243. Central Ontario, 63. Central of N. J., 143, 144, 148, 149. Central Ohio, 178. Central Pacific, (see Southern Pacific): Nev., 310; Cal., 319, 326; Ariz., 322. Central R. R. of Georgia: S. C., 369 ; Ga., 374 , Ala., 382 Central R R. of S. Carolina, 369. Central Vermont, Can., 60; Vt., 92. Conn., 96 ; Mass., 106 ; N. Y., 136. Central Washington, 265. Charleston and Savannah: S. C., 369, Ga.. 374. Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta: N. C.. 368; S. C., 370. Chateaugay, 118. Chatham Branch, 57. Chattoroi, 399. Cheraw and Chester, 370. Cheraw and Darlington, 370. Cheraw and Salisbury, 370. Cheraw and Wadesboro, 368. Cherokee R. R., 376. 422 INDEX OF RAILROADS. Chesapeake and Ohio: W. Va., 343, 355; Va., 353, 359; Ky., 397, 351. Chesapeake, Ohio and S. W.: Ky., 398; Term., 401. Chesire, 91. Chester and Lenoir: N. C., 368; S. C., 370. Chicago and Alton: 111., 212; Mo., 271. Chicago and Atlantic: 0., 179; Ind., 204. Chicago and Canada Southern, 195. Chicago and Eastern 111.: Ind., 204; 111., 214. Chicago and Evanston, 219. Chicago and Grand Trunk : Mich., 195 ; Ind., 205. Chicago and Great Southern, 206. Chicago and Iowa: 111., 211, 219. Chicago and Northwestern: Mich., 195, 197; 111., 214; Wis., 223; la., 237; Minn., 247; Dak., 254. Chicago and West Michigan, 194. Chicago, Burlington and Kansas City: la., 241; Mo., 272. Chicago, Burlington and Quincy : 111., 210 ; la., 240; Mo., 273. Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska, 282. Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul: 111., 216; Wis., 226; la., 234; Minn., 246, 249 ; Dak., 253. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific: 111., 212; la., 239, 242; Mo., 270; Kan., 282. "Chicago, St. Louis and New Orleans, 387. Chicago, St. Louis and Pittsburgh: 0., 179; Ind., 199. Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha : Wis., 226; la., 242; Minn., 247; Dak., 255; Neb., 296. Cincinnati and Eastern, 179. Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley, 179. Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, 179. Cincinnati, Hamilton and Indianapolis: 0., 179; Ind., 201. Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis and Chi- cago, 217. Cincinnati, LaFayette and Chicago, 200. Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Miss., 388; La., 390; Ky., 398; Tenn., 405. Cincinnati, Richmond and Chicago, 179. Cincinnati, Richmond arid Fort Wayne, 202. Cincinnati, Van Wert and Michigan, 179. Cincinnati, Wabash and Michigan, 203. Clarksburg and Weston, 346. Cleveland and Pittsburgh, 180. Cleveland, Akron and Columbus, 180. Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and In- dianapolis: 0., 179; Ind., 200. Cleveland, Loraine and Wheeling, 180. Cleveland, Youngstown and Pittsburgh, 181. Coburg, Peterborough and Mamora, 66. Columbia and Greenville, 370. Columbia and Puget Sound, 265. Columbus and Cincinnati Midland, 181. Columbus and Eastern, 181. Columbus and Xenia, 181. Columbus, Hocking Valley and Toledo, 181. Concord and Portsmouth, 91. Connecticut River: N. H., 91 ; Mass., 107. Connoton Valley, 182. Corning, Cowanesque and Antrim, 170. Crown Point, 118. Cumberland and Pennsylvania, 334. Cumberland and Maurice River, 149. Cumberland Valley, 170. Danbury and Norwalk, 95. Danville, Mocksville and S. W., 368. Danville, Olney and Ohio River, 220. Dayton and Michigan, 182. Dayton and Union, 182. Delaware and Bound Brook, 144. Delaware and Chesapeake, 331. Delaware and Hudson Canal Co.: N. Y., 116; Pa., 171. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western : N. Y., 120; N. J., 142; Pa., 160. Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, 330. Delaware River, 149. Delaware Railway, 330. Denver and Rio Grande : Col., 304- U., 313. Denver, Texas and Gulf, 308. Denver, Utah and Pacific, 308. Des Moines and Fort Dodge, 242. Des Moines, Osceola and Southern, 245. Detroit and Eel River, 200. Detroit, Grand Haven and Milw., 193. Detroit, Hillsdale and Southwestern, 194. Detroit, Lansing and Northern, 194. Detroit, Mackinaw and Marquette, 197. Dubuque and Dakota, 245. Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic, 196, 197. Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley and Pittsburgh : N. Y., 127; Pa., 167. East Alabama and Cincinnati, 382. East Broad Top, 170. Eastern, 99. Eastern Extension, 58. Easton and Amboy, 144. Eastern Kentucky, 399. East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia: Ga., 374, 376; Ala., 381; Miss., 388; Tenn., 403. East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia S. W., 404. East Tennessee and Western North Caro- lina: N. C., 368; Tenn., 403. Elberton Air Line, 377. Elk River, (W. Va.,) 350. Eimira, Cortland and Northern, 123. Erie and Pittsburgh, 1G8. Eureka and Palisade, 315. Eureka Springs.407. Evansville and Terra Haute, 204. Evansville, Owensboro and Nashville, 400. INDEX OF RAILROADS. 423 Fairmount, Morgantown and Pittsburgh, 348. Fitchburg: Mass., 105; N. Y., 135. Flint and Pere Marquette, 193, 196. Florida Central and Peninsular, 392. Florida Southern, 393. Florida, Johnstown and Gloversville, 130. Fort Madison and Northwestern, 245. Fort Wayne and Jackson, 202. Fort Wayne, Muncie and Cincinnati, 203. Fort Worth and Denver City, 413. Freehold and New York, 147. Freemont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley: S. Dak, 25C; Neb., 29G, 313; Wy., 313. Fulton Co., 220. Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio: La., 391; Tex., 411. Gauley River, (W. Va.) Geneva, Ithaca and Sayre, 122. Georgetown, 409. Georgetown and Lanes, 371. Georgia Pacific, 383. Georgia R. R., 375. Gettysburg and Harrisburg, 166. Grafton and Greenbrier, 346. Grand Gulf and Fort Gibson, 389. Grand Rapids and Indiana: Mich., 192; Ind., 202. Grand Rapids, Newaygo and L. S., 194. Grand Southern, 57. Grand 'Tower and Carbondale, 217. Grand Trunk: Can., 58, 62, 65; N. H., 89; Mich., 195, 197. Green Bay, Winona and St. Paul, 229. Green Pond Mine, 141. Greenwich and Johnsonville, 135. Greenwood, Laurens and Spartansburg, 373. Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe, 412. Gulf, Western Texas and Pacific, 411. Halifax and Scotland Neck, 367. Hannibal and St. Joseph, 207. Hanover Jc., Hanover and Gettysburg, 170. Harrisburg and Potomac, 173. Hartford and Connecticut Western : Conn., 95; N. Y., 134. Havana Rantoul and Eastern, 221. Hot Springs, 406. Housatonic: Conn., 95 j Mass., 107. Houston and Texas Central, 411. Houston, East and West Texas, 413. Huntingdon and Broad Top, 170. Illinois and St. Louis, 217. Illinois Central: 111., 209, 221; la., 236; Miss., 387; La., 390- Ky., 400; Tenn., 402. ^ Illinois Midland, 217. Indiana, Bloomington and! Western : 0., 182; Ind., 200, 205,207; 111., 217. Indiana, Illinois and Southern, 220. Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, 221. Indianapolis and St. Louis: Ind., 201; 111., 220. Indianapolis, Cincinnati and LaFayette, 201. Indianapolis, Decatur and Springfield, 217. Intercolonial, 62. International, 66. International and Great Northern, 409. Iowa Central, see Central Iowa. Jacksonville and Atlantic, 394. Jacksonville, St. Augustine and Halifax River, 393. Jacksonville Southeastern, 217, 220. Jacksonville, Tampa and Key West, 394. Jamesville and Washington, 368. Jefferson, Madison and Indianapolis, 201. Kaaterskill, 136. Kankakee and Seneca, 219. Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis : Mo., 273; Kan., 284; Ark., 407. Kansas City, Wyandotte and N. W., 283. Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs : la., 242; Mo., 272. Kentucky and South Atlantic, 400. Kentucky Central, 399. Kentucky Union, 399. Kingston and Pembroke, 66. Knox and Lincoln, 88. Lackawanna and Pittsburgh, 130. Lake Erie and Western: 0., 182; Ind., 207; 111., 219. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern : N. Y., 128; Pa., 167; 0., 182; Mich., 191, 194; Ind., 198,202; 111., 217. Laurens, 371. Lawrence and S. W., 278. Lehigh and Hudson River: N. Y., 130; N. J., 145. Lehigh and Lackawanna, 173. Lehigh Valley: N. Y., 122; N. J., 144; Pa., 161. Ligonier Valley, 172. Litchfield, Carrolton and Western, 220. Little Kanawha River, 350. Little Miami, 183. Little Rock and Fort Smith, 406. Long Island, 136. Los Angeles and San Diego, 328. Louisiana and Texas, 391. Louisville and Great Southern, 378. Louisville and Nashville: Ind., 204; 111., 218; Ala., 378, 381; Miss., 389; La., 390; Fla., 392; Ky., 396, 400; Tenn , 402. Louisville. Evansville and St. Louis : Ind., 203,206; 111., 219. Louisville, New Albany and Chicago, 203, 205. 424 INDEX OF RAILROADS. Louisville, New Orleans and Texas: Miss., 389; La., 391. Maine Central: Me., 87, 89; N. H., 89. Manchester and Laurence, 91. Manchester and North Weare, 91. Manitoba and N. W. of Canada, 77. Manitoba Southwestern, 78. Marietta and Cincinnati, 183. Marietta, Pittsburgh and Cleveland, 183. Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon, 196. Maryland Central, 335. Meadville and Linesville, 172. Memphis and Charleston, 380. Memphis and Little Rock, 406. Mexican, 416. Mexican Central, 417. Mexican National: Tex., 413; Mex., 420. Michigan and Ohio, 196. Michigan Central : N. Y., 129 ; Mich., 190, 195,197; Ind., 198; 111., 217. Midland North Carolina, 368. Milton and Sutherlin, 368. Milwaukee and Northern, 230. Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western, 230. Minneapolis and St. Louis : la., 245 ; Minn., 248. Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie and Atlantic, 232. Mississippi and Tennessee, 387. Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska, 268. Missouri, Kansas and Texas now Missouri Pacific: Mo., 268; Kan., 278, 279; Neb., 296; La., 391 j Ark., 406; I. T., 408; Tex., 413. Mobile and Alabama Grand Trunk, 381. Mobile and Girard, 381. Mobile and Montgomery, 381. Mobile and Ohio: Ala., 381; Miss., 387; Ky., 400; Tenn., 4u2. Monadnock, 91. Monongahela River, 348. Montana Central, 264. Montgomery and Eufaula, 381. Montgomery and Southern, 382. Montour, 174. Montpelier and Wells, 91. Montrose, 162. Morgan's Louisiana and Texas, 391. Mount Alto, 173. -.-hville and Chattanooga, 380. liville and Decatur, 380. iiville, Chattanooga and St. Louis, 403. iichez, Jackson and Columbus, 387. [Vrigatuck, 95. Nebraska: Kan., 284; Neb., 293. Nevadah County, 324. Newark and Delaware City, 329. Newark and Patterson, 141. Newark and New York, 143. New Brunswick, 55. Newburg, Dutchess and Columbus, 134. New Canaan, 95. New Haven and North Hampton: Conn., 97; Mass., 106. New Jersey and New York: N. Y.. 127: N. J., 141, New Jersey Southern, 148. New London Northern, 106. New Orleans and Northeastern, 388. New York and Greenwood Lake, 142. New York and Long Branch, 147. New York and Massachusetts, 134. New York and New England: Conn., 96, Mass., 103; N. Y., 135. New York and Northern, 132. New York Central and Hudson River, 110, 132. New York, Chicago and St. Louis: N. Y., 128; 0., 183; Ind., 206. New York, Lake Erie and Western : N. Y. 124; N. J., 141; Pa., 159. New York, New Haven and Hartford: Conn., 94,95,97; N. Y., 133. New York, Ontario and Western, 123. New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio : N. Y., 125; Pa., 160; 0., 183. New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk, 331. New York, Pittsburgh and Chicago, 174. New York, Rutland and Montreal, 133. New York, Susquehanna and Western: N. Y., 130; N. J., 140; Pa., 173. New York, Texas and Mexican, 411. Norfolk and Western, 357. Norfolk Southern, 368. Northeastern, 371. Northeastern of Georgia, 376. Northern and Northwestern, 61. Northern of Canada, 66. Northern Central: N. Y., 121; Pa., 158: Md., 332. Northern of New Jtersey, 140. Northern Pacific: Minn., 249, 258; Dak., 255,258; Mon., 259; Id, 261; Wash., 262. Northern Pacific Coast, 325. Northshore, 60. Northwestern Ohio, 184. Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain, 136. Ohio and Mississippi: 0., 184; Ind., 202, 206; 111., 218. Ohio Central: 0., 184; W. Va., 345. Ohio River, 345, 348. Ohio Southern, 184. Old Colony, 102. Olympia and Chehalis Valley, 265. Orange Belt, 393. Oregon and California, 316. Oregon Central, 317. Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. : Or., 262, 317; Wash., 265. Oxford and Henderson, 368. INDEX OF RAILROADS. 425 Pacific Coast, 328. sville and Youngstown, 185. Pasaumpsic: Can., 62; Vt., 93. Peachbottom, 166. Ivania: N. J., 144; Pa., 152. Pennsylvania and Delaware, 329. ,-lvania and N. Y. Canal Co., 122. ola and Atlantic, 392. Peoria, Decatur and Evanaville, 216. nen, 166. urg, 368. 'Iphia and Atlantic City, 149. .Iphia and Baltimore Central, 332. Iphia and Reading: N. J., 144; Pa., . elphia, Newtown and New York, 173. k'lphia, Wilmington and Baltimore: Pa., 166; Del., 329; Md., 332. Piedmont Air Line. See Richmond and Dan- ville. Pittsburgh and Castle Shannon, 174. Pittsburgh and Lake Erie, 174. Pittsburgh and Western: Pa., 175; 0., 185. Pittsburgh, Chartiers and Youghiogheny, 174. Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis : Pa., 169; 0., 181, 183, 185; Ind., 199; W. Va., 346. Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne and Chicago: Pa., 168; 0., 185; Ind., 198; 111., 218. Pittsburgh, McKeesport and Yough., 174. Pomeroy and Newark, 155. Port Huron and Northwestern, 196. Portland and Ogdensburg, 89. Portland and Rochester, 88. Port Royal and Augusta, 371. Prince Edward Island, 56. Profile and Franconia Notch, 90. Providence and Worcester: Conn., 96; Mass., 104. Puget Sound, 265. Quebec and Lake St. John, 60. Quebec Central, 61. Queen Anne's, Kent and Townsend, 331. Quincy, Missouri and Pacific, 268. Raleigh and Augusta, 366. Raleigh and Gaston, 366. Richmond and Allegheny, 359. Richmond and Danville (Piedmont Air Line): Va., 355, 356, 358; N. C., 366; S. C., 369; Ga., 375, 377. Richmond. Fredericksburg and Potomac, 356. Richmond, York River and Chesapeake, 357. Rio Grande, 413. Rochester and Lake Ontario, 129. Rock Island and Mercer Co., 219. Rock Island and Peoria, 218, 219. Rocky Mt. of Montana, 262. Rome R. R., 376. Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg, 118, 119. St. Croix and Penobscot, 97. St. Joseph and Western, 295. St. Louis, Alton and Terre Haute, 218. St. Louis and Cairo, 213. St. Louis and San Francisco: Mo., 271; Kan., 277; Ark., 407. St. Louis and Southeastern, 204. St. Louis Coal, 216. St. Louis, Creve Coeur and St. Charles, 273. St. Louis, Des Moines and Northern, 245. St. Louis, Hannibal and Keokuk, 273. St. Louis, Iron Mt. and Southern: Mo., 269, Ark., 407. St. Louis, Keokuk and Northwestern : la., 245; Mo., 272. St. Louis, Salem and Little Rock, 272. St. Louis, Vandalia, Terra Haute and Indianapolis: Ind., 201; 111., 219. St. Paul and Duluth, 248. St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba: Minn., 250; Dak., 254, 256 ; Mon., 264. St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls, 251. Sacramento and Placerville, 326. Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark, 185. Saginaw Valley and St. Louis, 195. Sandy River, 97. Sanford and Indian River, 394. San Francisco and Northern Pacific, 324. San Pete Valley, 315. Saratoga and Champlain, 91. Savannah and Memphis, 382. Savannah, Florida and Western, 394. Savannah, Griffin and N. Alabama, 376. Scioto Valley, 185. Seabord and Roanoke: Va., 357; N. O, 368. Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern, 265. Selma and Gulf, 381. Selma, Marion and Memphis, 382. Selma, Rome and Dalton: Ga., 376; Ala, 379. Sharpsville, 174. Shenandoah Valley, 361. Shenango and Allegheny, 168. Shepang, 95. Silver Springs, Ocala and Gulf, 394. Sioux City and Pacific: la., 242; Neb., 296; Wy., 313. Skaneateles, 115. Somerset, 88. South and North Alabama, 378. South Carolina, 372. Southeastern, 62. Southern Pacific (see also Central Pacific) : Or., 316, 317; Cal., 320, 325, 32r ; Ariz., 322; N. M., 323; La., 391; Tex., 411. South Florida, 394. 426 INDEX OF RAILROADS. South Pacific Coast, 327. Spartansburg, Union and Columbia, 372. Spokane and Palonse, 2G5. State Line and Sullivan, 162. Staten Island, 137. Stockton, Visalia and Copperopilis, 326. Stonington and Providence, 90. Straitsville, Somerset and Newark, 178. Stony Clove and Catskill, 136. Syracuse, Geneva and Corning, 122. Syracuse, Ontario and N. Y., 127. Tavares, Apopka and Gulf, 394. Tennessee Coal and Iron, 404. Terra Haute and Indianapolis, 207. Texas and Pacific, 410. Texas and St. Louis: Mo., 273: Ark.. 407; Tex., 413. Tionesta Valley, 174. Toledo, Ann Arbor and Grand Trunk, 197. Toledo, Canada Southern and Detroit, 195. Toledo, Cincinnati and St. Louis: 0., 186; 111., 220. Toledo, Peoria and Western, 219. Tom's River and Waretown, 148. Tonawanda Valley and Cuba, 129. Tuckertown, 148. Troy and Boston, 135. Troy and Schenectady, 115. Ulster and Delaware, 130. Union Pacific: Kan., 274; Neb., 295; Col., 301; Wy.,'310; Ut., 310; Id., 311; Mon., 312. - University, 368. Utah and Nevada, 314. Utah Central, 314. Utica and Black River, 118. Valley, 186. Vicksburg and Brunswick, 382. Virginia and Truckee, 315. Virginia Midland, 355 Wabash, Chester and Western, 217. Wabash (Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific): 0., 186; Ind.,200, 203; 111., 214; la., 241; Mo., 267. Washington City, Va. Midland and Great Southern, 355. Washington, Ohio and Western, 358. Waterloo and Magog, 56. Waynesburg and Washington, 175. Western and Atlantic, 376. Western Counties, 57. ' Western Maryland: Pa., 170; Md., 333. Western N. Y. and Pennsylvania: N. Y., 129; Pa., 166. Western North Carolina, 366. AVestern of Alabama, 380. Western of Florida, 394. West Jersey, 149 Weston and Buckhannon, 346. West Shore : N. Y., 130; N. J., 140. West Virginia Central, 347, 349. West Virginia and Pittsburgh, 348. Wheeling and Lake Erie, 187. Whitfield and Jefferson, 91. Wicomico and Pocomoke, 331. Williamsport and North Branch, 172. Wilmington and Northern : Pa., 166; Del., 331. Wilmington and Weldon, 367, 368. Wilmington and Western, 331. Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta : JX. C., 367; S. C., 373. Windsor and Annapolis, 54. Wisconsin Central, 231. Wisconsin, Iowa and Nebraska, 245. Woodstock, 93. Worcester, Nashua and Rochester : N. H., 91 ; Mass., 105. York and Peachbottom, 173. Youghiogheny, 175. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED SCIENCES LIBRARY This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. APR 1 2 2003 General Library