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 H
 
 Feathered Game 
 
 of the 
 
 Northeast 
 
 By 
 
 WALTER H. RICH 
 
 WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO. 
 
 PUBLISHERS
 
 Copyright, 1907, 
 
 By Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. 
 
 Published September, 1907.
 
 TO MY WIFE, 
 
 MOST PATIENT OF READERS 
 
 AND GENTLEST OF CRITICS 
 
 THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. 
 
 SK 
 313 
 
 ml
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The writer is aware that there are many ex- 
 cellent bird books, but while most of these are 
 of wider scope, either covering the broad field 
 of general ornithology or dealing with the en- 
 tire bird life of a large area of country, there 
 are few which treat solely of the groups of spe- 
 cial interest to sportsmen, — especially to the 
 sportsmen of New England. This work is de- 
 voted to the so-called ''game birds," and while 
 the author's intent has been to write of them 
 to the man whose nature study has been con- 
 ducted in the open and mostly over a gunbarrel, 
 it is his hope that all lovers of the birds and the 
 out-of-doors, and even the scientific ornitholo- 
 gist as well, may find his page of interest and 
 profit. 
 
 Treating the subject from the standpoint of 
 fair sportsmanship, the writer has endeavored 
 to discountenance the reckless and needless 
 slaughter by those whose ambition it is to make 
 a record killing, and he asks of the thoughtful
 
 vi PREFACE 
 
 sportsman, who beats the covert in search of 
 health and sport, and of the working naturalist, 
 that they meet on this common ground and work 
 loyally together in an effort to save our wild life 
 from the extermination which threatens. The 
 protection of our wild creatures, particularly 
 of our game birds, seems to be the most im- 
 portant question in the sportsman's outlook 
 upon the future — a question calling for much 
 foresight and no little self-denial in its proper 
 solution. The present generation is feeling the 
 results of that selfishness of the past, so well 
 summed up in its two stock arguments: "0, 
 well, if I don't kill them someone else will, and 
 the game will last my time, anyhow!" 
 
 Will it, you who listen to our old men's tales 
 of shooting days in the not-so-long-ago? Will 
 it, you who have gunned the marsh? Where 
 are the plover flocks which once swept across its 
 wide expanse? Will it, market hunter and 
 slayer of the wild pigeon? Will it, chicken hun- 
 ter, you who left your dead to rot in August's 
 sun? Will it, hide hunter of the buffalo days? 
 
 If the reader can look with indifference upon 
 the works of these, let him permit things to take 
 their ruinous course, — let him do nothing to re-
 
 PREFACE vii 
 
 strict any man in killing when, where, or how 
 he will. But if he wishes to save our weaker 
 brethren of the wilderness, that they may fur- 
 nish to those who come after us the joys they 
 afford to-day, he will lend his best effort, when 
 someone with the interests of our game supply 
 at heart tries to put off the opening day of a 
 shooting season until the birds have become full- 
 fledged, or he will strengthen the hands of those 
 who endeavor to stop spring shooting, or to 
 close our markets to the sale of game. These 
 things I say to the great brotherhood of sports- 
 men. 
 
 To the individual gunner this admonition 
 may not come amiss: do not, even though with- 
 in your legal right, continue to kill after a fair 
 bag has been made. It would be a wise plan 
 for each and all of us who carry a gun to paste 
 in our shooting hats cards bearing the motto : 
 
 '^ Don't forget to leave enough for seed." 
 
 And now, reader, this book is committed to 
 you in the hope that you may find herein some- 
 thing to remind you pleasantly of your own 
 exploits on wooded hillside, or 'mid rustling 
 reeds, or on sunlit seas, and with the wish that
 
 viii PREFACE 
 
 you may forgive its many short-comings, '*0f 
 which," as honest Izaak says, *'if thou be a 
 severe, sour-complexioned man, then I here dis- 
 allow thee to be a competent judge." 
 
 Walter H. Rich. 
 
 Falmouth, Maine, June first, 1907.
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Spruce Grouse 1 
 
 Heath Hen 9 
 
 Ruffed Grouse 16 
 
 Willow Grouse 51 
 
 Bob White 57 
 
 Beetlehead Plover 70 
 
 Golden Plover 78 
 
 KiLDEER Plover 83 
 
 Semipalmated Plover 85 
 
 Piping Plover 88 
 
 Belted Piping Plover 89 
 
 Wilson's Plover 90 
 
 American Oyster Catcher 91 
 
 Turnstone 94 
 
 AvocET 97 
 
 Stilt 99 
 
 Red Phalarope 101 
 
 Northern Phalarope 102 
 
 Wilson's Phalarope 105 
 
 American Woodcock 108 
 
 Wilson's Snipe 130 
 
 Dowitcher 145 
 
 ix
 
 X TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Stilt Sandpiper 149 
 
 Baird's Sandpiper 151 
 
 The "Peeps" 153 
 
 Grassbird 159 
 
 Purple Sandpiper 163 
 
 Red-backed Sandpiper 166 
 
 Sanderling 168 
 
 EoBiN Snipe 170 
 
 Great Marbled Godwit 172 
 
 Hudsonian Godwit 174 
 
 Willet 176 
 
 Winter Yellow-legs 177 
 
 Summer Yellow-legs 186 
 
 Solitary Sandpiper 188 
 
 Spotted Sandpiper 193 
 
 Rupp 199 
 
 Upland Plover 201 
 
 BUPP-BREASTED SaNDPIPER 214 
 
 Sickle-billed Curlew 215 
 
 Hudsonian Curlew 218 
 
 Esquimaux Curlew 220 
 
 King Rail 223 
 
 Clapper Rail 227 
 
 Virginia Rail 229 
 
 SoRA Rail 231 
 
 Yellow Rail 237 
 
 Black Rail 239
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS xi 
 
 PAGE 
 
 European Corn Crake 240 
 
 Purple Gallinule 241 
 
 Florida Gallinule 242 
 
 Coot 245 
 
 Greater Snow Goose 248 
 
 White-fronted Goose 251 
 
 Canada Goose 252 
 
 HuTCHiNs' Goose 269 
 
 Common Brant 270 
 
 Mallard Duck 274 
 
 Black Duck 279 
 
 Gadwall 291 
 
 Widgeon 295 
 
 Green-winged Teal 300 
 
 Blue-winged Teal 304 
 
 Shoveler 308 
 
 Pintail 312 
 
 Wood Duck 318 
 
 Red-head 326 
 
 Canvasback 331 
 
 Greater Bluebill 334 
 
 Lesser Bluebill 337 
 
 Ring-necked Duck 340 
 
 Whistler 341 
 
 Rocky Mountain Garrot 351 
 
 Bufflehead 354 
 
 Oldsquaw 357
 
 xii TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Harlequin 365 
 
 Labrador Duck 368 
 
 American Eider 371 
 
 King Eider 387 
 
 American Scoter 390 
 
 White- winged Coot 400 
 
 Patch-head Coot 403 
 
 American Merganser 404 
 
 Red-breasted Merganser 408 
 
 Hooded Merganser 415 
 
 Ruddy Duck 418 
 
 Index 425
 
 cJ3 
 
 
 
 
 CD 
 
 CD 
 
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 <__ 
 
 C3 
 CO
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Wood Duck Colored Frontispiece 
 
 Outline Drawing Showing Ar- 
 rangement OF Plumage . . Opposite page 
 
 Spruce Grouse " " 5 
 
 Heath Hen " ** 13 
 
 Ruffed Grouse *' " 25 
 
 * ' Trembling with suppressed 
 
 JOY AND eagerness, HE TURNS, ' ' 
 
 ETC " "35 
 
 Ruffed Grouse Shooting . . ** *' 45 
 
 Willow Grouse ** ** 53 
 
 Bob White " "63 
 
 Beetlehead Plover .... ** '* 73 
 
 Golden Plover ** ** 81 
 
 Kildeer Plover " ** 84 
 
 Sempalmated Plover — Piping 
 
 Plover " "87 
 
 Wilson's Plover ..... " "91 
 
 Oyster Catcher " " 93 
 
 Turnstone " "95 
 
 AvocET " "98 
 
 Stilt ** ** 100 
 
 Northern Phalarope — Wilson 's 
 
 Phalarope — Red Phalarope . " " 105 
 
 American Woodcock .... " " 113 
 
 xiii
 
 xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 "He Sees his Dog, one Foot 
 Raised, etc 
 
 Snipe 
 
 A Good Snipe Country . 
 
 Brownback 
 
 Stilt Sandpiper and Baird's 
 Sandpiper 
 
 Semipalmated, Least and White- 
 rumped Sandpipers .... 
 
 Grassbird 
 
 Purple Sandpiper and Red- 
 backed Sandpiper .... 
 
 Sanderling 
 
 Robin Snipe 
 
 Marbled Godwit 
 
 HuDSONiAN Godwit .... 
 
 Willet 
 
 Winter Yellow-legs 
 Summer Yellow-legs 
 Solitary Sandpiper .... 
 Spotted Sandpiper .... 
 
 Ruff 
 
 Upland Plover 
 
 Buff-breasted Sandpiper 
 Sickle-billed Curlew 
 HuDsoNiAN Curlew — Esquimaux 
 
 Curlew 
 
 King Rail 
 
 Opposite page 121 
 135 
 141 
 147 
 
 151 
 
 155 
 161 
 
 165 
 169 
 171 
 173 
 175 
 177 
 183 
 187 
 191 
 195 
 199 
 207 
 214 
 217 
 
 220 
 224
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS 
 
 XV 
 
 Clapper Rail 
 
 Opposite page 
 
 ! 227 
 
 ViRGiNLv Rail 
 
 
 
 E i 
 
 229 
 
 SoRA Rail 
 
 
 
 
 233 
 
 Yellow Rail and Black Rail . 
 
 
 
 
 237 
 
 Corn Crake 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 239 
 
 Purple Gallinule 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 241 
 
 Florida Gallinule .... 
 
 
 
 
 243 
 
 Mud Hen. Coot .... 
 
 
 
 i C 
 
 247 
 
 Snow Goose 
 
 
 
 I c 
 
 249 
 
 White-fronted Goose 
 
 
 
 i i 
 
 251 
 
 Canada Goose 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 261 
 
 Brant 
 
 
 
 [( 
 
 270 
 
 Mallard Duck 
 
 
 
 E( 
 
 274 
 
 Black Duck 
 
 
 
 
 279 
 
 Gadwall 
 
 
 
 i( 
 
 291 
 
 Widgeon 
 
 
 
 
 295 
 
 Green-winged Teal .... 
 
 
 
 
 301 
 
 Blue-winged Teal .... 
 
 
 
 
 305 
 
 Shoveler 
 
 
 
 
 309 
 
 Pintail 
 
 
 
 
 315 
 
 Redhead 
 
 
 
 
 327 
 
 Canvasback 
 
 
 
 
 331 
 
 Greater Bluebill .... 
 
 
 
 
 334 
 
 Lesser Bluebill 
 
 
 
 
 337 
 
 Ring-necked Duck .... 
 
 
 
 
 340 
 
 Whistler 
 
 
 C (< 
 
 343 
 
 A Winter Morning with the 
 
 
 
 Whistlers 
 
 Oppc 
 
 mte pa 
 
 ,Qe 
 
 347
 
 XVI 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Barrow's Golden-eye ... " 
 
 < < 
 
 351 
 
 BUFFLEHEAD ** 
 
 [ ( 
 
 354 
 
 OlDSQUAW — SPRING PLUMAGE . ** 
 
 
 357 
 
 OlDSQUAW WINTER PLUMAGE . ** * 
 
 
 361 
 
 Harlequin Duck *' 
 
 
 365 
 
 Labrador Duck *' 
 
 ( 
 
 368 
 
 American Eider *' 
 
 
 375 
 
 Sea Duck Shooting over decoys ** 
 
 
 381 
 
 King Eider ** . * 
 
 
 387 
 
 Butter-billed Coot .... ** * 
 
 
 393 
 
 White- winged Coot .... " ' 
 
 
 400 
 
 Patch-head Coot " ' 
 
 
 403 
 
 American Merganser ... ** 
 
 
 407 
 
 Red-breasted Merganser . . ** ' 
 
 
 411 
 
 Hooded Merganser .... ** ' 
 
 
 415 
 
 EuDDY Duck ** * 
 
 
 421 
 
 y
 
 FEATHERED GAME OF 
 THE NORTHEAST 
 
 THE SPRUCE GROUSE. 
 
 (Canachites canadensis.) 
 
 The Spruce Grouse, Canada Grouse, Swamp 
 Partridge, or Black Grouse, — for by all these 
 titles this bird is known, — is a dweller on our 
 North American continent from Newfoundland 
 to the Columbia river, thence northward into 
 Alaska, and from the northern portions of the 
 United States to the limits of the spruce forests 
 of the sub- Arctic lands, thus leaving only north- 
 western Montana, Oregon, Washington, and 
 northward along the coast through British Co- 
 lumbia for its cousin, Franklin's Grouse. Little 
 they care for cold or snow. They seem to be 
 resident at all points of their habitat. The 
 range of the Spruce Grouse extends much far- 
 ther into the north than that of the ruffed 
 grouse. It is somewhat smaller than this aristo- 
 cratic relative, and in its shape is nearer to the 
 
 1
 
 2 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 quails and the ptarmigans than to the other 
 grouse. 
 
 Their homes are in the boggy portions of the 
 woods — swampy ground carpeted in summer 
 with moss and trailing vines, deep-shaded with 
 spruce and hemlock — ^where quaking bogs and 
 mire over which they pass with light and nimble 
 steps make the footing of the pursuer treacher- 
 ous in the extreme — almost impassable haunts 
 at any other than the winter season. In the 
 summer months they feed upon the insects, 
 wild fruits and berries of the woods and at this 
 season their flesh can scarcely be distinguished 
 from that of the ruffed grouse in flavor. In- 
 deed, upon examination of the barrels of "birch 
 partridges" which were annually destroyed in 
 the Maine woods by illegal snaring, (now hap- 
 pily almost a thing of the past because our mar- 
 kets are closed to the sale of game), many 
 Spruce Grouse were to be found, having been 
 passed off upon the dealer as ruffed grouse, and 
 as this better bird were they sold to inexperi- 
 enced buyers. But with the coming of the snow 
 the days of plenty have passed and there is lit- 
 tle left for them but the leaves and buds of the 
 various evergreens which make the forests of
 
 SPRUCE GROUSE 3 
 
 the northern swamps. At this time their flesh 
 becomes very dark and to most palates is un- 
 pleasantly bitter. It is but justice to say, how- 
 ever, that under like conditions the flesh of the 
 ruffed grouse is little better. There are those 
 who claim to prefer this flavor — this strong re- 
 minder of the spruce tops. If, then, your 
 friends should speak ill of the table qualities of 
 either of these fowls, be sure that they have 
 been experimenting with some winter bird 
 whose unchanging and long-continued fare of 
 spruce buds has not been the "sweet savour" 
 best suiting your epicure's taste. Let us con- 
 fine ourselves, then, to the legitimate hunting 
 season and we shall have no such bitter gastro- 
 nomical disappointments. I have seen men eat 
 Spruce Grouse twice a day for a week in Octo- 
 ber with relish unabated at the end of the time, 
 nor did they think themselves much abused 
 thereby. 
 
 As is the habit of the family their nests are 
 built upon the ground ; a tiny hollow lined with 
 dry leaves and moss, protected from the 
 weather and shielded from view by the over- 
 hanging boughs of spruce or fir tree. They lay 
 from ten to eighteen eggs, — commonly nearer
 
 4 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 the lesser number, — rather pointed at the 
 smaller end, of a dull, creamy-buff color, and 
 splashed and freckled with brown or chestnut 
 spots. As a rule the nesting season in Maine 
 is about the first of April, but grows later as 
 we go farther north. 
 
 As has been before stated, the appearance 
 of this bird is like the quail rather than the 
 grouse, and in its gait and movements it is most 
 graceful and attractive. The prevailing color 
 is a dusky bluish gray, with minute barrings 
 and mottlings of black. The breast is black 
 with lines of white feathers across it low down, 
 and other white feathers in greater numbers ap- 
 pearing on the flanks and under the tail. On 
 the throat a black patch bordered by a white 
 band extending downward from each eye and 
 meeting under the throat. An area of naked 
 skin, bright vermilion, above each eye. Tail 
 black, each feather terminated by a spot of 
 deep orange yellow. Feet feathered to the 
 toes. Length sixteen to seventeen inches ; thus 
 the male. 
 
 The female is more like the ruffed grouse in 
 appearance, the general tone of coloring being 
 a rufous brown with crossbars and mottlings of
 
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 SPRUCE GROUSE 5 
 
 dusky brown and black, though there are some 
 traces of the male bird's color plan also, such 
 as the white feathering on the flanks and below, 
 but there should be no difficulty in distinguish- 
 ing one from the other at a glance, since, aside 
 from its smaller size, the Spruce Partridge 
 lacks the "Elizabethan ruff" on the neck, has 
 no crest and is feathered to the toes. 
 
 In southern New England this bird is prob- 
 ably now never taken, though in the old days it 
 was seen occasionally. In Maine the Spruce 
 Grouse is very rare in the southern parts, be- 
 ing occasionally found in the neighborhood of 
 Umbagog lake in Oxford county, growing more 
 common as we approach the northern lumber 
 regions and on the wooded slopes of the moun- 
 tains, but still nowhere in the State equally 
 numerous with the ruffed grouse. They be- 
 come more abundant as we go farther north. 
 
 This bird is vastly inferior to the ruffed 
 grouse in the qualities for which the latter is 
 so highly prized by sportsmen, being neither so 
 crafty, strong and fleet of wing, nor, in a word, 
 so "game." 
 
 The northern lumbermen speak slightingly 
 of its intellect, giving it the complimentary title
 
 6 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 of ''fool hen," because, being unacquainted 
 witli the kindly ways of man in dealing with 
 his weaker brethren, when an intruder comes 
 into its seldom-troubled domains it will only fly 
 up into the nearest tree to sit craning its neck 
 and staring while the clumsiest bungler that 
 ever pulled trigger may shoot it as it perches, 
 — even staying upon its roost to scold and strut 
 with its tail cocked over its back if the marks- 
 man's first trial should be unsuccessful. Thus 
 does it meet the usual fate of trustful inno- 
 cence. It is well known that in distant regions 
 where little hunted the ruffed grouse will some- 
 times do the same, though I think one would 
 meet with small success in an attempt to take 
 the ''birch partridge" with a slipnoose on the 
 end of a stick, as may often be done with these 
 birds. When the Spruce Partridge has become 
 better acquainted with the gunners, and later 
 generations of hunted grouse have dodged shot 
 among the tree tops until a wholesome fear of 
 man has been implanted in their breasts, they 
 will not fail to meet the demands of the most 
 exacting sportsman or they are no true grouse, 
 A friend tells me of a scene he came upon in 
 Flagstaff, ' ' in the Dead River country, ' ' where a
 
 SPRUCE GROUSE 7 
 
 little schoolliouse had been crowded up against 
 the wall of the woods. A knot of squealing 
 youngsters, wild with excitement, were danc- 
 ing around two of the older boys who, armed 
 with a Fourth of July cannon made of a .45 
 calibre shell wired upon a block of wood, were 
 trying to down a cock spruce grouse which was 
 scolding and strutting on a bough about ten 
 feet from the ground. Never did a gun crew 
 work more earnestly. Powder, turned into the 
 arm with trembling hands, was wadded with 
 long moss from the nearest tree — the projectile 
 the first pebble that would fit its muzzle. Then 
 one gunner gripped the block tightly and aimed 
 while the other scratched a match and applied it 
 to the touchhole. Bang! Wild screeches and 
 uproar! But Mr. Grouse merely gave his tail 
 another flirt and continued to strut. Now, any 
 boy present could have ''fixed him" at the first 
 attempt with a rock, but no, — they were sports- 
 men raised in a sportsman's country and they 
 were going to shoot him or lose him like gentle- 
 men and thus be true to Dead River traditions. 
 So the war went on until a lucky shot tumbled 
 the bird from his perch minus half his head. 
 Because of the distance of their haunts from
 
 8 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 civilization tliese, with the ptarmigans, will 
 probably be the last of our grouse to be exter- 
 minated. At present their only disturber is the 
 hunter of big game who may want a showy 
 ''bird piece" for his dining room. It is a very 
 pretty fowl for such a purpose, too, but the 
 sportsman rarely kills more than the pair 
 needed, for at that season their table qualities 
 are not such as to induce him to put in the last 
 day of his stay in camp in shooting the heads 
 off Spruce Grouse to supply a toothsome mor- 
 sel for friends at home, as he generally does 
 with the ruffed grouse. 
 
 During a snowstorm the Spruce Grouse usu- 
 ally flies up into the densest clump of spruce or 
 fir trees in the neighborhood, and under their 
 thick, arching branches, snow-laden and bend- 
 ing, he finds shelter from the weather and food 
 in abundance. He may not leave the tree for 
 several days if undisturbed and the storm con- 
 tinues. The question of temperature troubles 
 him little, and with his wants all provided for, 
 the Spruce Grouse is more independent in his 
 mode of life than any of his feathered neighbors, 
 for when other birds are scurrying about for 
 something to eat and perhaps going hungry,
 
 THE HEATH HEN 9 
 
 this gentleman finds plenty of food in his shel- 
 ter, and sits in comfort, *'at ease in his own 
 inn." 
 
 The Franklin's Grouse, before mentioned, is 
 very near to this typical bird, the main differ- 
 ence being the lack of the terminal spots of 
 orange in the tail of the male; in his case the 
 tail is either plain black or narrowly tipped 
 with white, and the tips of the upper tail cov- 
 erts in both male and female are white. The 
 lady also has whitish instead of orange tips to 
 the tail feathers. If otherwise different there 
 is rather less of white in the rest of the plumage 
 of this than in the common species. 
 
 In choice of food, habits and mode of life the 
 two species are in perfect accord. 
 
 THE HEATH HEN 
 
 (Tympanuchus cupido.) 
 
 It is probable that in former times the 
 Prairie Chicken flourished in many places 
 suitable for its occupancy from the Atlantic to 
 its present home, but now the broken and scat- 
 tered remnants of those once thriving communi- 
 ties are to be found only in very small num-
 
 10 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 bers and in a few widely separated localities. 
 In most of these places their value is recognized 
 and by rigid protection it is hoped to save this 
 interesting eastern race from extinction. 
 
 Unfortunately, from various causes, their in- 
 crease (if increase there be) is very slow, and 
 it will be long before their numbers will war- 
 rant anything less than complete protection. I 
 greatly fear that this eastern race is doomed. 
 
 Eastward of the present range of the Prairie 
 Chicken probably the only colony remaining is 
 that of Martha's Vineyard, though possibly a 
 few may be left on the eastern end of Long 
 Island. In both places they are rigidly pro- 
 tected by law, but there seems to be a complete 
 understanding among the natives dwelling near 
 the breeding grounds which permits any one of 
 them to gather Heath Hens in perfect security, 
 and makes the whole community a nest of spies 
 upon the stranger who may covet a specimen. 
 
 The market price of the Heath Hen's skin at 
 the dealer's shop runs from twenty-five to forty 
 dollars, though of course, no dealer dares quote 
 the same in his published lists. The remunera- 
 tion to the gunner as his portion of the spoil is
 
 THE HEATH HEN 11 
 
 usually fixed at five dollars, whicli leaves a fair 
 margin of profit for the merchant. 
 
 In some of the places where the eastern race 
 once lived birds from the prairies have been re- 
 leased, but little has been said concerning them 
 and the result of the experiment is not gener- 
 ally known. Probably they have not increased 
 to the extent of becoming a pest to the farmers 
 on whose lands they dwell ! 
 
 By no means the equal of the ruffed grouse 
 (to the writer's thinking the standard of game 
 bird excellence) in game qualities either of 
 brain or wing power, still the Chicken is a fine 
 bird and those sportsmen who are privileged to 
 shoot them are to be envied for many a pleasant 
 outing. We of New England have our compen- 
 sation, however, and should never complain 
 while wise laws and their growing respect 
 among our people combine to keep up our stock 
 of ruffed grouse. 
 
 For the most part the Prairie Hen of the 
 west is a dweller in the open rolling plains, tak- 
 ing to the timber only on rare occasions for shel- 
 ter from the weather or when much harassed. 
 The habits of the eastern species are in the
 
 12 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 main those of the western representative, with 
 such variations as may result from its differ- 
 ent surroundings, such as a greater fondness 
 for brushy covers than has its brother of the 
 prairies. For safety's sake, and no doubt see- 
 ing the advantages which such a country af- 
 fords, it has become almost as much of a woods 
 bird as the ruffed grouse. It is probable that 
 the bird of the eastern section was always more 
 of a forest dweller than a citizen of the open. 
 
 The courting habits of the Heath Hen are 
 probably the same as those of the western race, 
 the males performing the same booming sere- 
 nade at sunrise, and it is natural to suppose 
 that they dance and fight as enthusiastically in 
 the mating season as is the custom of the typ- 
 ical bird of the plains. 
 
 The western bird has been more fortunate 
 than our own. With their enormous wheat 
 fields to fatten upon the Chickens might have 
 thriven wonderfully, and had it not been for the 
 market shooter and the slaughterer for count 
 they might have outlasted any game bird of the 
 continent; but ever the army of sportsmen 
 gains new recruits, and each year sees a greater 
 drain upon a diminishing supply. Newer
 
 m 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 < 
 
 X.
 
 THE HEATH HEN 13 
 
 grounds must be sought out to make a good 
 showing, and so each year the Chickens are 
 thinned out in their old haunts or driven far- 
 ther west. Unless existing game laws are re- 
 spected and enforced even more strictly than 
 heretofore the day is not far distant when these 
 fowl will be as rare in the west as to-day in their 
 former eastern homes. A feeder on grains and 
 seeds, berries and various insects, its flesh is 
 tender and of good flavor during its happier sea- 
 son though growing a trifle strong during the 
 winter months. It is considered a prime table 
 delicacy and thousands are killed for the mar- 
 ket each year, which fact leaves a fine chance 
 for game law improvement. 
 
 At the beginning of the shooting season the 
 Chickens lie very close, often running along 
 just in front of the dogs with heads showing 
 above the short grass, clucking nervously and 
 springing into the air by twos and threes with 
 steady and only moderately speedy flight, so 
 that a quick shot may use several cartridges be- 
 fore all are gone. It often happens that some 
 old male remains to rise unexpectedly when all 
 the covey is thought to have gone, and catch- 
 ing the tyro with empty or open gun, as often
 
 14 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 as not escapes. At the season's opening they 
 are easy marks and readily killed, but when 
 later they ''pack" for the winter they are 
 strong fliers and wary enough, giving only the 
 longest of shots. The shooting at this season 
 really calls for some degree of skill. 
 
 Our bird nests in June or even in the first 
 half of July, which seems late for this latitude, 
 making its nest on the ground in a brushy shel- 
 ter, and laying from six to twelve eggs, usually 
 nearer the smaller number. The eggs are of a 
 greenish gray color. 
 
 In its markings the Heath Hen does not dif- 
 fer materially from the ordinary form of 
 Prairie Chicken though of slightly darker col- 
 oring. The description of one will pass for the 
 other and is as follows: the Pinnated Grouse, 
 as this bird is named in the books, (so called 
 from the neck-tufts, like small wings, the dis- 
 tinguishing mark of the genus) varies in length 
 from sixteen to eighteen inches. Upper parts 
 dull pale yellow or whitish, regularly barred 
 across the body and wings with dark brown and 
 dusky ; throat pale yellow with a few scattering 
 speckles of dusky color. Under parts marked 
 much like the upper, but the barrings more
 
 THE HEATH HEN 15 
 
 regular, though less distinct and on a paler 
 ground. Tail short, rounded, and carried more 
 erectly than is the usual manner with the 
 grouse, dusk}^ in color, the feathers crossed by 
 uncertain barrings of lighter shade. Crissum 
 white. On each side of the neck are the long, 
 narrow tufts of feathers, the type character, 
 (in the western bird numbering ten or more and 
 somewhat rounded at the tips, but in the Heath 
 Hen less than ten in number, shorter and more 
 pointed at the ends) and beneath these are two 
 bare patches of skin which in the mating season 
 are distended with air until they resemble small 
 oranges. There is a slight crest on the head. 
 Feet feathered to the toes with short, hair-like 
 feathers. The female is marked like the male, 
 but is somewhat smaller, of lighter and less de- 
 cided colors. Her neck-tufts also are consider- 
 ably smaller. The eastern bird is, if in any way 
 different, a little smaller, darker colored, and 
 perhaps shorter-legged than is the typical bird 
 of the west. A distinct whitish spot on the tips 
 of the scapulars is also a distinguishing char- 
 acter of the eastern race. 
 
 The Heath Hens do not gather into packs as 
 winter comes on, (perhaps because, all told,
 
 16 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 there are not enough of them to make a respect- 
 able pack) but seem to have adopted much the 
 same mode of life as the ruffed grouse — a pro- 
 ceeding which will tend to increase their chances 
 of long life, for so long as their jackets will 
 command a fair price at the collector's shop 
 someone will try to compass their destruction. 
 
 THE EUFFED GROUSE. PARTRIDGE. 
 BIRCH PARTRIDGE 
 
 (Bonasa umbellus.) 
 
 This noble fellow is a dweller in most of our 
 New England woodlands, thriving and flour- 
 ishing under conditions which would be fatal to 
 almost any other species. He is a hardy bird 
 with a range of great extent, for from Alaska 's 
 snow and ice to the sunny mountain slopes of 
 the Carolinas and Georgia this gallant grouse 
 is found, bearing equally well the breath of the 
 northern winter and the heat of the southern 
 sun. There is scarcely a portion of our coun- 
 try where, under fitting conditions, our hero (in 
 the south a pheasant, in the north a partridge, 
 and in point of fact neither the one nor the 
 other) is not found, and where found, resident.
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 17 
 
 The species is not strictly migratory, though 
 in the northern parts of its range it moves 
 southward at times with the severest weather, 
 and may change its haunts at any time from 
 natural causes, so that a locality may be very 
 sparsely populated with grouse at one season 
 only to swarm with them the next. 
 
 In the different portions of their range these 
 birds vary in their coloring, the bird of Oregon 
 and neighboring States being in the most highly 
 developed specimens a deep chestnut with warm 
 reddish shades in his plumage, and the barrings 
 on the flanks and under parts much heavier 
 than in the typical bird. This variety is Bon- 
 asa umbellus sahinii in the scientists' list. The 
 Rocky Mountains have another variety, whose 
 range is from Alaska, in the Yukon valley, 
 southward to Colorado ; a race of paler coloring 
 and somewhat smaller size. The body color is 
 made up of grayish tones and has very little of 
 chestnut or reddish shades in the markings. 
 From its color scheme this is often called the 
 Gray Ruffed Grouse, Bonasa umbellus umhel- 
 loides. In the intermediate districts they grade 
 imperceptibly one into the other. In the grouse 
 of Maine we find a wide variation in color.
 
 18 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 Some specimens might almost pass for the most 
 distant varieties — red as Sabine's or as light 
 as those of the Rockies, and that, too, from the 
 same nest. There is still more '' feather-split- 
 ting" — a division of the eastern race into the 
 variety, Bonasa umhellus togata, so named from 
 the size of the ruffs, said to be more developed 
 in this variety than in the typical bird. The body 
 color is darker and the barrings on the flanks 
 are heavier and blacker, also more and heav- 
 ier dark markings on the buff of the throat than 
 in the ordinary bird. This variety also aver- 
 ages of larger size. The birds included in this 
 classification are those of the northern and 
 northeastern portions of the continent, west- 
 ward to Manitoba. This is held to include the 
 ruffed grouse of all our northern tier of States, 
 westward as far as the Dakotas, and east and 
 north through Canada. Thus our bird of 
 Maine is a togata, but why need we care? By 
 any other name he 'd be as ' ' foxy. ' ' Our Ruffed 
 Grouse cannot be improved upon whatever he 
 is called. Long may he flourish in our woods 
 and hills ! 
 
 The typical bird is supposed to dwell
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 19 
 
 throughout the remaining eastern and south- 
 eastern portions of the United States. 
 
 The Ruffed Grouse is about eighteen inches 
 long, erect, sprightly and graceful in carriage 
 and bearing, a pretty walker and a wonder- 
 fully speedy runner, as anyone may prove to 
 his entire satisfaction when he tries to capture 
 a wounded bird, for when to the aid of its nim- 
 ble feet it brings its half-spread wings, and 
 with its toes barely touching the ground, half 
 flies, half runs, only a good dog can overtake 
 him. 
 
 In color he is a beautiful chestnut brown, 
 marked and penciled with gray and brownish 
 black spots on neck, back, and breast — the col- 
 ors to blend with the shade of dead grass and 
 brown pine needles with the sunlight sifting 
 down through the trees. There is a slight crest 
 on his head, and on each side of the neck are the 
 beautiful, glossy feather tufts from which the 
 species takes its name. The '^ ruffles" are lus- 
 trous purplish-black or bronze-brown^ — are 
 smaller, it is said sometimes even lacking, in 
 the females, and in no case of these that I have 
 noticed have the dark feathers which make them
 
 20 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 met across the forebreast as in the males. It 
 has been stated that the bronze ruff is the dis- 
 tinguishing mark of the hen, but my own obser- 
 vation would indicate that, in general, the red 
 bird often has a bronze ruff, and the black or 
 13urplish ruff is found on the gray bird without 
 regard to sex. It may be that the bird of three 
 or four years of age is more likely to sport the 
 dark ruffles, but I am not prepared to state it 
 for a fact. The beautiful fan-like tail is finelv 
 barred with black on a gray or red-brown 
 ground, with a broad subterminal band of black, 
 each feather ending with an ashy gray tip. 
 In the female the subterminal bar across the 
 tail feathers is usually broken, or at least much 
 less noticeable on the central pair, and while not 
 an invariable rule, it is, with the interruption 
 of the ruffle feathers across the breast, a pretty 
 safe mark for distinguishing the sexes. How 
 far these distinctions may hold in the typical 
 bird I know not. My experience has been al- 
 most entirely with the northern bird, togata, 
 which is surely not the least worthy member of 
 the family. 
 
 The male bird will average three or four 
 ounces heavier than the female, running from
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 21 
 
 twentv-two to twenty-seven ounces. The lieav- 
 iest bird of my own killing pulled the scales 
 down to twenty-eight ounces, and this with an 
 empty crop. The largest "partridge" that I 
 ever saw weighed made a record of twenty- 
 nine and one-half ounces. I am well aware that 
 "competent judges" will "estimate" and fur- 
 nish much more imposing figures, but I have 
 noticed that these do not always tally with the 
 scales. 
 
 During our driving New England snow- 
 storms partridges will sometimes take refuge 
 from the cutting blasts or for a night's shelter 
 from the cold by plunging from the wing into 
 the heaped-up drifts, thence to emerge when 
 the storm has passed. It is said that they are 
 at times closed in by an icy sleet following upon 
 the snow and making a crust through which 
 they cannot break. In such cases the unfortu- 
 nate prisoners are apt to furnish an unexpected 
 feast to some prowling fox whose famine-sharp- 
 ened nose has traced them out. This may cause 
 more destruction than is realized, but the dan- 
 ger is probably more theoretical than actual. 
 There is usually small need to burrow at all in 
 this latitude; furthermore, do you not think
 
 22 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 that a heavy fall of snow in worse than zero 
 weather (and nothing less would drive them to 
 cover) with a rise of temperature sufficient to 
 thaw or rain, and then a ^^ freeze," each follow- 
 ing the other and all taking place within the 
 probable space of ten hours' time is a very 
 great rarity even in a region as noted for 
 weather eccentricities as is our dear New Eng- 
 land ? From the many snug wigwams made by 
 the pendant branches of evergreens or sturdy 
 roofs of "junipers," over-arched with snow, 
 sheltering some storm-harassed partridge and 
 furnishing plenty of food of foxberry leaves 
 and berries, which I see in my own range of 
 woods I have small belief in any serious reduc- 
 tion in our grouse population from this cause. 
 In such shelters as these it is almost impossible 
 to be so closed in that Mr. Grouse cannot get 
 out when he desires. Many times when an ice- 
 storm has been blamed for the apparent scarc- 
 ity of grouse they have only departed on one of 
 their regular ' ' spring movings. ' ' Surely, when 
 the buds commence to swell and the "green 
 things growing" start up through the remain- 
 ing ice-blanket we do not expect the bird to stay
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 23 
 
 in the thick growth and tall timber which made 
 his winter home. 
 
 The burrowing habit is common to nearly all 
 northern grouse. With this species it is more 
 common in the extreme northern part of its 
 range, where the snowfall is heavier and the 
 snow itself less likely to ''crust," 
 
 Rocky, birch-clad hillsides, deep ravines 
 with tangles of brush and slender streams wind- 
 ing through their depths, — the thickest, most 
 imjjenetrable cover that the woods afford — 
 these are their favorite spots. A finer game 
 bird, a brainier dweller in the wilds it is hard 
 to find. All the more so when he has made the 
 acquaintance of Nimrod and his hammerless 
 gun. This for the bird near civilization, for 
 if we believe all we hear of him in the "big 
 woods" we shall have small respect for his 
 judgment. Still, we must make due allowance 
 in "a hunter's yarn," which, as we know, gives 
 us ''the truth, the whole truth," — and as much 
 more as we can swallow. 
 
 About April they begin to mate and the 
 woods resound with the "long roll" of the male, 
 "drumming" his serenade to the lady of his
 
 24 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 choice. Perhaps we should say ''ladies," for 
 he usually has several wives and would take 
 more if he could get them. He struts up and 
 down on some old fallen tree, with his tail 
 erect and widespread to its fullest extent, then 
 suddenly dropping it and pressing it closely to 
 the log, his short, powerful and deeply con- 
 caved wings beat a continuous roll, slowly at 
 first, but rapidly increasing in speed and vol- 
 ume, then dying away again. This noise 
 sounds like the rumble of far-off thunder and 
 may be heard a long distance on a still day. 
 The manner in which this "drumming" is pro- 
 duced was a question for a long time undecided, 
 many different theories being advanced. The 
 old idea was that he struck his wings upon a 
 hollow log, but if this were the case how does 
 he drum upon stones, sound logs, or the top 
 rail of a fence? The solution most generally 
 accepted is that this strange music is caused by 
 the vibration of the stiff quill feathers in their 
 rapid motion through the air, these never touch- 
 ing the body. The sound is very difficult to 
 locate and from its peculiarly muffled tone ac- 
 curate judgment of the performer's distance is 
 almost impossible. The bird will use the same
 
 ID 
 CO 
 
 D 
 O 
 
 O 
 Q 
 
 LU 
 U- 
 U-
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 25 
 
 spot for his drumming for a long time, coming 
 day after day to his chosen station. One old 
 *' drumming log" is still in use near where I am 
 writing, although the screen of spruces for- 
 merly protecting it has been cut down these 
 three years and it is now fifty yards to the near- 
 est cover. Mr. Grouse, if he survives the perils 
 of the fall months, will return next season; if 
 not, another will ''take the stump" in the good 
 cause and continue the business at the old stand. 
 The courtship over and happily ended, the 
 hen builds her nest in some secluded and safely 
 hidden nook and begins housekeeping. Her 
 home is a very modest affair, quite unpreten- 
 tious. On the ground, in the shelter of a fall- 
 en tree or in the shadow of a juniper bush a 
 small depression is rounded out and lined with 
 leaves, grass and dry pine needles — very little 
 of the artistic but all for convenience and util- 
 ity — simplicity itself. It contains from seven 
 to sixteen eggs, creamy white, rather pointed at 
 one end, and as may be guessed, when the 
 youngsters arrive the mother bird has no lack 
 of employment in caring for them, for at this 
 season she leaves the male entirely and sets up 
 housekeeping alone lest he destroy the nest and
 
 26 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 eggs. When the chicks are half grown the 
 family is again united, the male bird usually 
 joining during the latter part of August. 
 
 The mother bird thus left to her own devices, 
 displays great bravery in defense of her young, 
 and will often fly at an intruder in the same 
 fashion as a hen defending her brood. I re- 
 member once when accompanied on a stroll 
 through the woods by a bull terrier dog, that 
 we came suddenly into a little opening among 
 the trees and well-nigh stepped into a brood of 
 little "cheepers." The dog being in advance, 
 mother partridge made a furious dash at him, 
 and when the astonished animal refused to be 
 frightened, she made still another desperate 
 charge right into his face, when he at once 
 struck her down and stood with this new species 
 of hen under his feet, making as though he 
 would finish her at once, but, being an obedient 
 fellow, and perhaps with the remembrance of 
 former whippings for chicken killing, he reluct- 
 antly let her go with no more damage than a few 
 ruffled feathers. She lost no time in getting 
 away when set free, for her point was won and 
 not a chick was in sight. 
 
 Failing by force to repel an invasion on her
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 27 
 
 domain, she next tries cunning, and will drag 
 herself along the ground for some distance just 
 in front of her eager pursuer, and only when 
 he thinks to seize the crippled and wing-broken 
 bird does she dash from the ground and whiz 
 away to the safety of the nearest thick growth. 
 Meanwhile the young birds have crept into the 
 brush, slipped under dead leaves, flattened 
 themselves upon the ground, it may be at your 
 very feet, and lie there motionless, disappearing 
 as if by magic from a spot which one second be- 
 fore was fairly alive with chirping and peeping 
 little yellowish-brown fluffy balls running in 
 every direction. Once safely hidden they re- 
 main quiet and still until the danger is past and 
 they hear again the low, mellow call of the 
 mother bird as she gathers her brood to run and 
 feed as though nothing had happened. Few are 
 the farmers ' boys who have not ' ' 'Most caught 
 a pa'tridge, only" — and in that last word is the 
 whole matter in a nut-shell — they didn't, in just 
 this way. Yet it is no matter for wonderment 
 that Master Barefoot is deceived by these 
 tricks, for a more perfect piece of acting is not 
 to be seen. 
 
 Do you know a burnt patch in the woods, or a
 
 28 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 clearing that the lumberman has made, now 
 growing np with blackberries, raspberries, and 
 all the underbrush which so quickly covers up 
 these unsightly scars on mother Nature's face? 
 Then some bright September morning while the 
 dew still glitters on blade and leaf, take your 
 dog and gun and beat it up. A little amphi- 
 theatre overgrown with berry bushes and low 
 brush, walled in on every side by a sturdy 
 growth of pines, spruces or hemlock, dark green 
 and solid in their masses. One lone dead stub 
 towers above the smaller and younger growth 
 of the clearing. Gray and desolate it stands, 
 bristling with the ragged and broken remains 
 of its former lusty youth, and at its feet the 
 bare ledge stone shows through its garment of 
 moss, pine needles and scanty grass. Here is 
 a low stump which a dozen changing seasons 
 have almost levelled with the ground, and on 
 its sides and at its base the marks of the par- 
 tridges' scratching feet as they search for the 
 grubs and worms, tenants at will of its inner 
 chambers. On one side a shallow, round hole 
 scooped out of the dry earth shows where the 
 bird has made his dust bath and lain basking in 
 the sun during the warm afternoons. And on
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 29 
 
 this knoll — Wliir-r-r! Quick, now! Too late! 
 He dives down a ravine at the right and when 
 he comes again into view he is too far away for 
 shot to harm him. Where was the dog? I 
 don't hear his bell. Ah! There he is — creep- 
 ing cautiously up to a clump of blackberry 
 bushes. Carefully, now, for every quick-witted, 
 sharp-sighted grouse in the clearing is on the 
 alert since that first bird tore down the gully at 
 full speed. See that puppy! Isn't that a pic- 
 ture for you? He performs like a veteran! 
 He stiffens, and trembling with suppressed 
 joy and eagerness, turns a cautious glance be- 
 hind to see if vou know the critical state of 
 things, as slowly turns back again and stands a 
 marble statue against the background of green 
 waving brakes and moss-grown stumps. A sec- 
 ond later you hear the resentful scolding — 
 ''Quit-quit! Quit-quit!" — a rapid patter of 
 nimble feet on the dry leaves — Whir-r-r-r! 
 Away he goes — a mere brown streak at light- 
 ning speed! 
 
 Perchance you have stopped their headlong 
 rush many times before; in that case you may 
 stop this one — if you have luck. It may be 
 that this is your first experience, when it is
 
 30 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 probable that you will stand open-mouthed and 
 stare with all the eyes in your head, until, diving 
 into the green depths a hundred yards away, 
 goes another lost opportunity. You may even 
 do as did another of my acquaintances near the 
 beginning of his sylvan career. He had stood 
 ^*at gaze" at every rising grouse and was 
 empty-handed in a cover where by moderate 
 shooting skill he might have made a fair bag, 
 for the season was just beginning and the 
 young birds were lying well. He declared he 
 would do better at the next point (as they all 
 do) and when the next bird flushed he threw his 
 gun to his shoulder and shouted, ''Bang!" with 
 all his lungs. He had the right idea, however, 
 and can now hold his own with the most of 
 them. 
 
 That roaring, rushing flight is likely to con- 
 fuse any but a veteran. Yet no owl can fly 
 more noiselessly than he when he is so minded. 
 I know many a good duck- and snipe-shot that 
 will invariably forget to shoot when Mr. Grouse 
 dashes out — Steady, now! Another point! 
 Whir-r-r ! Away he goes and as you pull trig- 
 ger he swerves suddenly from his course and 
 you have missed him. Yes, your muttered re-
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 31 
 
 mark was apt and appropriate, but better luck 
 next time. The dog moves up and points just 
 where the last bird burst out from among the 
 junipers, and you laugh and say, ''One on you, 
 old boy!" and come carelessly up to stand by 
 his side as you reload. At the snap of your 
 gun as you close it another bird dashes out al- 
 most from beneath your feet. What a chance ! 
 Straightaway, and as steady as a standing 
 mark! The shot of a lifetime! Bang! And 
 as the gentle breeze carries off the thin blue 
 haze of the nitro you catch a glimpse of his 
 falling body. Thud! The strong wings beat 
 a rapid tattoo upon the dead leaves, scattering 
 the brown pine needles, then are still. The 
 feathers drift down wind in a cloud, and re- 
 loading as you go, you hasten to gather him in. 
 For a short time the fun is fast and furious; 
 the covey puts for the thick of the woods singly 
 and in pairs, leaving toll, let us hope, and giv- 
 ing you rare sport. When all have left the 
 open you go down into the gully where the noon- 
 day sun scarcely penetrates. At the bottom a 
 slender stream complains and gurgles as it 
 tumbles over mossy stones and twists under 
 fallen tree trunks. There he goes! Your gun
 
 32 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 is at your shoulder but you see him only dimly 
 and mark his course mostly by the shaking 
 twigs and so decide to wait until he tops yon 
 fallen tree and comes more clearly into view. 
 Thus you learn that you must take this fellow 
 when you can, for he knows better than to rise 
 into your open view like that. Such a move 
 might do for a woodcock, but this master of 
 sylvan strategy knows a trick worth two of 
 that. He dives below the log, runs into the 
 rankly growing brakes and fifty yards beyond 
 again takes wing to fly in safety into a thick 
 hemlock on the side hill. You lower your gun 
 and exclaim, ''Well, I'll be hanged!" (or words 
 to that effect), and a red squirrel, sole witness 
 of your defeat, goes scurrying up the spruce 
 tree at your side and jeers and chuckles and 
 ''sasses" you with all the wild-wood impudence 
 at his command. No opportunity should be al- 
 lowed to pass unimproved if you are to make 
 a good score. Your percentage of kills to car- 
 tridges used is bound to be small, so don't try 
 to "fatten your average" by picking shots. 
 Under ordinary conditions one cannot make a 
 bag of Ruffed Grouse and be sparing of his 
 ammunition. It is often necessary to shoot
 
 THE RUFFED GROUS 33 
 
 through the brushy screen at the sound of their 
 wings — pull trigger at the glimmer of a feather, 
 or through the leaves where the bird may be — 
 taking every chance, however slight, to bring 
 this game to bag. I think all "brush gunners" 
 will agree that this is not the easiest bird to hit 
 when once on the wing — a mere flash of quick- 
 moving, roaring wings, and a glimmer of sun- 
 light on his russet-brown back — gone! Per- 
 haps the cunning rascal marked where you 
 stood and ran swiftly to get a thick hemlock be- 
 tween himself and your gun, then a leap into 
 the air, an arrowy flight, and when you have 
 hurried to one side to get a sight at him he is 
 two gunshots away. 
 
 "Don't they ever give you a sitting shot?" 
 0, yes ! When you are tangled up on the points 
 of a wire fence, with one barb stuck into the 
 middle of your back just where it cannot be 
 reached with either hand, and another induce- 
 ment to profanity has a grip on the leg of your 
 trousers, — at such times a grouse will often 
 "flap" lazily from the ground into a tree right 
 over your back and perch where you can see 
 him only by twisting your neck almost off, but 
 shoot! 0, no! There he will sit and criticise
 
 34 FEATHEEED GAME 
 
 the language in which you voice your benevo- 
 lent wishes for the future welfare of the invent- 
 or of that style of fence (may they be fulfilled!) 
 until he sees signs of the barbs letting go their 
 hold, when he is away like a bullet, his wings a 
 mere haze as they roar through the branches. 
 
 Occasionally the farmer's cur is ''trained" 
 for a "pa'tridge dawg;" that is to say, his nat- 
 ural propensities to bark and "yap" are turned 
 to some account He runs in upon the young 
 flocks, which instantly take to the trees; the 
 dog then makes such a noise with his continua? 
 yelping and running about that the birds see 
 and hear nothing but this miserable intruder, 
 and so allow the mighty hunter to creep unob- 
 served within easy distance, maybe to take a 
 resting shot at their motionless bodies. Often 
 honest cocker spaniels are degraded by this 
 low practice. In the mind of the sportsman this 
 stands almost as high as driving a doe to water 
 and paddling a canoe alongside to blow her 
 brains out with a charge of buckshot. 
 
 There is a widespread notion that when a 
 flock is thus "treed" a pot-shooter may secure 
 several birds before they will take alarm and 
 fly if he will take care to shoot the lowest one
 
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 THE RUFFED GROUSE 35 
 
 first and thus avoid alarming the flock by the 
 dead birds' tumbling down among them. I do 
 not say this cannot be done; I only say that I 
 have never seen it done — hope I never shall — 
 and while this may take place in the northern 
 wilderness, the shooter who counts on getting 
 more than one chance at a roosting flock in the 
 covers near civilization is laying up material 
 for his own disappointment. The Ruffed 
 Grouse in my locality, at least, have passed this 
 stage in their intellectual development these 
 many years, and in the east generally, the 
 sportsman fairly earns all of these birds which 
 his skill and good fortune combine to bring into 
 his hands. 
 
 Though any lawful season is a good time to 
 hunt this game, most sportsmen prefer the 
 sport when October's frosts and winds have 
 swept some of the brown leaves from the 
 branches in the covers, when with the glorious 
 autumn weather, the brilliant colors of the flam- 
 ing maples, the softer tones of oak and birch, 
 chestnut and beech trees, the life-giving Octo- 
 ber air, together with a fair prospect of captur- 
 ing this gallant bird, there could scarcely be a 
 better season to put in a happy day in the
 
 36 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 woods. Add the fact that tlie bird itself, now 
 full-fledged and confident in the powers of its 
 wings, lies closer at this latter part of the sea- 
 son, thus giving a much better chance, and one 
 may easily see why the sportsman will prefer 
 this month. Many are the fine opportunities 
 on the rocky hillsides where the leafless 
 birches show their white shafts against the dull 
 gray ledges; where the dead leaves, frost- 
 killed and damp on the mossy rocks, give back 
 no sound to the stealthy foot-fall of the gunner. 
 Among the bare brown stems and boughs the 
 grouse goes away like a shooting star and is 
 seen much more clearly than in September's 
 profusion of green leaves. It is well for two 
 men to work together in such a place, as the 
 Grouse will commonly fly up over the ledge 
 when flushed, and there will be more chance of 
 capturing the birds if one gun be posted on the 
 lower level and its companion be on the ridge. 
 If the bird is not shot at the chances are that 
 it will alight just over the brow of the hill and 
 lie close next time. If, however, the gunner be 
 above him when he darts away he must trust to 
 luck and his own eyes to tell him the direction 
 which his intended victim takes, as commonly
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 37 
 
 the bird will fly straight down to the bottom and 
 when out of sight turn sharply to one side for 
 another hundred yards. 
 
 If I may have but one month for partridge 
 shooting give me November. Lowery skies, the 
 threat of a storm in the chill air, when the birds 
 are putting in provisions for the days of hun- 
 ger which a snowstorm makes; or the first 
 bright day after the storm has passed and the 
 birds have come out on the sunny spots to bask 
 in the warmth they now appreciate. I shall 
 ever hold one old hill in warm remembrance for 
 many days of glorious sport along its rocky 
 spurs. A high, gray ledge, pine- and hemlock- 
 covered on the crown and base, its slopes clad 
 with sumac, blackberry bushes, wild rose 
 bushes, scattered scrub pines and small birches, 
 the naked rocks half buried in the junipers, and 
 a few lordly chestnut trees towering over all. 
 My last day of the season as a sample of many : 
 two days of rain and sleet, cold and miserable, 
 and on the third day the storm breaking and 
 the afternoon sun flooding the hillsides. From 
 a sense of duty I had hunted the alder coverts 
 and the thick growths which had sheltered them 
 on other days, where a few difficult shots had
 
 38 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 made no returns. But we are on the old ledge 
 in more open cover at last. Scarcely have we 
 cleared the denser growth when the dog comes 
 to a halt. A warning glance at his master and 
 he commences trailing. Through the thickets 
 which straggle away from the main body of the 
 woods, — advanced guards creeping out among 
 the rocks, — down into the junipers below, on 
 and on, stopping here and there to point as the 
 bird halts, ever careful lest he start the game 
 too soon, waiting until his master gains a place 
 where he may shoot if the bird rises. Aha! 
 Frozen for keeps! Just the tip of his white 
 stern showing past the green wall of the juni- 
 pers. Whir-r-r-r-r ! Bang! Bang! ''Da — er 
 — Thunder«tion!" Away scales Mr. Grouse, 
 dropping down the hillside like an arrow slant- 
 ing earthward after a flight. Near the foot he 
 turns and careers out over the tops of the trees 
 to disappear among them three hundred yards 
 away. "Well, little dog, a good pointer and a 
 good gun are clean wasted on such a master. 
 But how should I know he would throw a sum- 
 mersault like that? Both loads went yards 
 over his back and I defy anyone to have pointed
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 39 
 
 a gun-muzzle below liim. Well, better luck 
 next time, let us hoi^e." 
 
 Fifty yards farther on, the same careful 
 drawing to a final ''stagey" pose. A^Tiir-r-r-r ! 
 and a big cock partridge dashes up into the shel- 
 ter of the birches above us. Bang! "Fetch 
 him, good boy! That's better. That's" — In 
 the act of holding the bird to his master's hand 
 the dog has wheeled and pointed, carefully put- 
 ting down his trophy and moving in a step or 
 two. The monologue flags, then ceases. Right 
 at the dog's side I wait, then give a low chirrup 
 for him to go on. This one I must have and 
 things look most promising. Whir-r-r-r! 
 Bang! ''What!" Bang! and at the second 
 shot the bird tumbles in a cloud of feathers, a 
 long forty yards away, close to the thick woods 
 on the hilltop. Together, dog and I, we scram- 
 ble through the briars to the summit, the 
 pointer just a bit in front. He pulls up short 
 and points. ''All right, old man. Yes, it was 
 just here he fell. Fetch! No? Well, I can 
 pick him up myself," and so I do — er — not! 
 With a thunderous roar of hurrying wings the 
 bird flushes under foot, rocketing into the tree
 
 40 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 tops, followed by two hasty shots, one from the 
 hip, the other with the gun-butt under my arm- 
 pit, and taken completely unaware, both 
 charges tear great rents through the yellow- 
 leaved chestnuts and screening pines, but for 
 the bird only causing more haste where already 
 speed was not lacking. My dog, with a comical 
 wriggle of his tail to show his appreciation of 
 the joke on his master, takes a few steps to the 
 left and brings to my astonished gaze the bird 
 we had seen fall. When shall I learn to trust 
 entirely to that keen nose and fine wit which is 
 by far the most important member of our part- 
 nership ? 
 
 With the last trophy safely stowed, we move 
 on to further conquests. Over a stone wall out 
 into a low spot between two spurs of the hill. 
 An old apple tree and a few thick pines make 
 the setting of a picture which has for a centre 
 of interest the motionless figure of the white 
 pointer dog. Forty yards away two grouse 
 rise and tear away up hill. Two hasty shots 
 sent after them just as they turn the crest of the 
 ridge never ruflBe a feather, but the reports 
 start four more close at hand, which offer the 
 easiest of shots to my empty weapon. I rush
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 41 
 
 a couple of cartridges into the chambers and 
 aim at the hindmost just as the woods are clos- 
 ing in upon it, but return to sanity, just then 
 catching sight of the fact that all this time old 
 Level-head hasn't moved a muscle. In an in- 
 stant more I stand beside him, pull my hat down 
 a bit tighter, draw a couple of long breaths, 
 test the safety catch of the gun to be sure it is 
 in the right place, and by these processes of 
 mental philosophy manage to steady my nerves 
 a trifle. A low cluck to the dog and he moves 
 in, his tail wagging ever so slightly. Again he 
 stops, and at my approach up jump two big 
 fantails, not ten feet away, bursting out from 
 the junipers with the roar of a tornado. A 
 quick snapshot (a clear case of suicide on the 
 bird's part, for I know not where I held) ac- 
 counts for one, and holding well over the other, 
 who is climbing skyward to clear the trees, he, 
 too, comes down ! Can I believe it? A double ! 
 This is not one of the shots I forget when re- 
 counting this day's doings! 
 
 Up on the hill-top where we go in pursuit we 
 find the other members of the covey. But 
 things are different here. Cover is plenty and 
 though the birds lie close enough, the ever-
 
 42 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 greens behind which they invariably flush make 
 impervious screens for certain noisily-departing 
 forms going comet-like among the trees. I note 
 that I do not kill each bird that rises ; that how- 
 ever I plan to get a shot the bird makes other 
 arrangements. I remember the newspaper 
 hero who has killed a thousand ''partridges" in 
 a day on his English estate and wonder what 
 his average would be here. Still, in no nig- 
 gardly spirit, I continue driving good ammuni- 
 tion into the tree trunks and shooting unprofit- 
 able holes into the ' ' circumambient ether ; ' ' but 
 this is a part of the fun — this, and the prying of 
 rose thorns out of mv shins, to be done later on. 
 So we press on, ever keeping up a brisk action 
 with the rear guard, hoping to drive them 
 through this cover into another rock-, birch-, 
 and scrub-pine i3aradise beyond the thick. 
 Here we have a better chance and again we find 
 our opportunity. The dog is beating up hill 
 and down across my path. He whirls and 
 stands braced as though he feared someone 
 might push him against the bird. I rush to a 
 flat, table-like rock which commands a good 
 view of the surroundings and stand facing the 
 dog, awaiting developments. Scarcely am I
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 43 
 
 placed when almost from under foot out dashes 
 a big red beauty and curls around my head in a 
 nerve-tangling curve. I try to turn with him 
 and just clear his steering gear with the first 
 cartridge, to steady down and make a good 
 clean kill with the second as he is entering the 
 tall timber. Mr. Dog retrieves him proudly, 
 glad to see his master score an average of one 
 kill to five cartridges. 
 
 It is grand sport to stop their swift career (if 
 you can, for not every bungler can do this 
 trick) and it makes the pulses leap to see them 
 come hurtling to the ground. The birds are 
 now no weaklings — ^no half-fledged youngsters 
 still running with the mother, but plump and 
 well-grown beauties and the best game which 
 the New England gunner, or for that matter 
 anv other student of the smoothbore, ever 
 brings to bag. 
 
 For success all the requisites of the true 
 sportsman and the highest quality of work by 
 the dog are needed. The bird may lead your 
 dog a long chase through the timber, over 
 rocks, through briars and brush, keeping him 
 "roading" and *' pointing" until both have dis- 
 tanced the gun, and at such times he makes a
 
 44 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 sore trial of your treasure's temper and 
 staunclmess. Next time perhaps he may flush 
 from under your very feet. In most cases his 
 flight is not longer than from three to four hun- 
 dred yards, so that, knowing your ground, you 
 may get another chance if you fail to stop him 
 the first time. It takes a good load of shot and 
 that well placed, too, if this bold ro\er is to be 
 your prize. He will fly till his last breath, — 
 yes, and set his wings and scale even after that ; 
 or if only wing-broken will run and skulk and 
 crawl into brush heaps until pursuit is useless. 
 Many a grouse carries his death with him as he 
 flies the hunter, when, if only followed, he would 
 be found perhaps a hundred yards away, still 
 and lifeless. They are the ''grittiest" birds 
 that dwell in our land. 
 
 Perhaps some brother sportsman has seen a 
 grouse when wounded and seemingly crazed, fly 
 straight upward, struggling to the last gasp, 
 then all at once collapse and come tumbling to 
 the earth like a stone. Usually such birds are 
 found to be shot through the eyes and brain. I 
 lost one once in this manner, for he fell into the 
 top of a clump of unclimbable ''old original
 
 o 
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 uu 
 c/o 
 D 
 
 O 
 
 cc 
 
 O 
 
 Q 
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 uu 
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 D 
 Qi
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 45 
 
 pines" in such a fashion that there was no dis- 
 lodging him. 
 
 One word as to the Ruffed Grouse's habit be- 
 fore the dog: I believe the dog is the most im- 
 portant element in the grouse shooter's good- 
 or ill-fortune. I know that many sportsmen 
 berate our hero because ''he won't lay to a 
 dog." There are cases where we cannot blame 
 the bird. Neither you nor I would stay in the 
 neighborhood of a dog which tears through the 
 brush like an express train, or whose master is 
 continually yelling commands and compliments 
 at his riotous brute. It is enough to shatter 
 stronger nerves than those of Mr. Grouse. 
 Alas, the language we have heard! And that, 
 too, directed at dogs that a few short hours be- 
 fore were vaunted by their masters as simply 
 matchless in their glorious perfections of nose, 
 brain and "bird-sense." 
 
 For success in grouse-shooting a cautious, 
 close-working dog is the most important thing 
 in the outfit ; one that loves to pit his own brains 
 and skill against the craft of the bird ; whose eye 
 is ever alert to the slightest sign from his mas- 
 ter, realizing that the gun also has a part to
 
 46 FEATHEEED GAME 
 
 play in the day's sport; who only wants a low 
 whistle or a wave of the hand for guidance, 
 needing no spoken command. I lay great stress 
 upon silence, believing that most wild creatures 
 are less afraid of the report of a gun than of the 
 human voice. The successful grouse dog is the 
 most finished product of the dog trainer's art, 
 making glad the heart of his master. If your 
 four-footed friend excels in his work on ruffed 
 grouse be satisfied that he is a good performer 
 on any game bird, and will never cause his mas- 
 ter to blush for him in any company. ' ' A mar- 
 vel," you say? My dear sir, the only marvel 
 is that we will not take the pains to bring our 
 dogs to this pitch of perfection. 
 
 The good grouse dog is rare. Not every 
 puppy can be trained to the requirements. It 
 almost seems that the good one on ruffed 
 grouse, like a poet, '4s born, not made." Cer- 
 tainly poets are the heavier and less valuable 
 crop. Training will do much for the dog, but 
 all too often this branch of his education is con- 
 fined to his first experience, when with all a 
 puppy's life pulsing through his veins, his cup 
 of joy bubbling over, he comes suddenly upon a 
 covey of ruffed grouse. That divine scent
 
 THE BUFFED GEOUSE 47 
 
 wells up into bis nostrils, and, wild with the 
 joy of that soul-stirring moment, amazed at 
 their roaring wings, is it wonderful that he 
 does not perform like a veteran? My sports- 
 man friend, did you yourself score on your first 
 hurtling grouse? Have you always controlled 
 your startled nerves, making the most of every 
 favorable opportunity? I trow not! Then 
 shall we not have a little patience and with 
 more experience reverse our first unfavorable 
 decision? Maybe a good grouse dog is lost 
 there — who knows? But the puppy gets no 
 chance to atone for his mistake and commonly 
 is never again allowed to look at ruffed grouse 
 if his master can prevent, so that this is all the 
 schooling he gets in the ways of hunting this 
 bird. His master, instead of taking the pains 
 needful to teach his companion, becomes at 
 once a woodcock enthusiast and condemns the 
 grouse and all who admire him, finishing the 
 puppy's education on ^'timberdoodles" alone. 
 Yet it is only a matter of patience and tact, and 
 more of the same patience and tact, but great is 
 the reward thereof! 
 
 Having in mind the nature of ruffed grouse 
 haunts, the difficulty of two legs keeping pace
 
 48 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 with four, and the ease with which a hunter may 
 go wrong if his dog, for the moment out of sight 
 in the thick growth, makes a sudden change of 
 direction in the trailing, I believe that the dog 
 that is never more than forty yards from the 
 gun, — ^better yet if he keeps closer and no pot- 
 terer even if he does, my dear unbeliever — 
 that stops instantly at the first whiff of scent 
 that touches his nostrils ; trails slowly and care- 
 fully, knowing just how far he may crowd his 
 game and never overstepping that limit, — ^will 
 get for his master more and better shots than 
 the more dashing, field-trial, wider ranging dog 
 of better nose and even greater bird-finding 
 ability. We all know, however, that this latter 
 style is the more fashionable — and the more 
 common: Also that their owners are very en- 
 thusiastic over wood-cocking — (and it is a noble 
 sport; far be it from me to disparage it) — and 
 are apt to speak disrespectfully of the grouse 
 because it has so little of the accommodating 
 disposition of their favorite, who generally 
 does his best to help the sportsman score a kill, 
 even patiently waiting until the gunner can 
 hunt up his dog when he has at last ceased 
 whistling and shouting and has decided that his
 
 THE RUFFED GROUSE 49 
 
 prize beauty is ''somewhere on a point, (that is, 
 if he hasn't run away clear out of the county.") 
 The parenthesis, of course, under his breath 
 along with some other comments which do not 
 sound as well. Now Mr. Grouse does not be- 
 lieve in such tactics : as a result he will be plan- 
 ning his annual increase to the game supply 
 long after the moths have finished that dining 
 room ornament which was "The last woodcock 
 killed in this section, Sir! And it's too bad 
 they were all killed off, isn't it!" 
 
 The Ruffed Grouse is a great rover. When 
 the young become strong and able to fly well 
 the flocks roam through the woods from one 
 feeding ground to another — here to-day, to- 
 morrow gone. In the fall they haunt the hard 
 wood growths along the lake shores, and the 
 rocky, oak-grown margins of the sea, moving 
 from place to place as they tire of the spot or 
 food begins to fail, crossing to near-by islands, 
 for however much they may dislike to fly 
 across bodies of water in the ''Big Woods," 
 they do not hesitate to make long flights over 
 the small arms of the sea, and in more culti- 
 vated districts, flying on occasion a mile at a 
 stretch. As the season advances they come
 
 50 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 nearer to the farms and orchards, and old apple 
 trees in the woods or a deserted orchard hid- 
 den away from travelled roads and near the 
 forests are favorite spots and much frequented 
 by them, as are likewise in their proper season 
 the gullies where the ripe, red "thorn plums" 
 are to be had for the picking. In berry and 
 fruit time their food is almost entirely of this 
 sort. In fact, from his readiness to eat almost 
 any of Mother Nature's cookery the Ruffed 
 Grouse is in prime condition the year around. 
 
 There is scarcely a game bird so satisfactory 
 from all points of view as is our hero : a brave, 
 strong-flying bird, a brainy and worthy an- 
 tagonist from the sportsman's standpoint, and 
 in the estimation of the epicure a great deli- 
 cacy. 
 
 Although numerous attempts have been made 
 to domesticate the Ruffed Grouse nearly all 
 such have failed. The wild instincts of the free 
 forest rover have usually triumphed over the 
 easy but dull round of barnyard life even in 
 chicks raised and cared for by the domestic 
 hen, as they have almost invariably departed 
 for the woods as soon as they were able to shift 
 for themselves, or if unable to escape have
 
 THE WILLOW GROUSE 51 
 
 pined away and died for the lack of their for- 
 est freedom. 
 
 Would that someone might solve this prob- 
 lem of grouse-breeding if only to aid in restock- 
 ing our covers. But the prospect brightens 
 each year with the education of our people 
 and the consequent growing sentiment in favor 
 of rigid game protection. Give the Euffed 
 Grouse half a chance and he will take care of 
 the matter of future game supply. There is 
 nothing in our wilds so thoroughly able to take 
 care of itself as Mr. Bonasa TJmbellus. Let us 
 be duly thankful therefor. 
 
 THE WILLOW GROUSE. PTARMIGAN. 
 
 (Lagopus lagopus.) 
 
 Very rare in New England. When found it 
 is only in the northernmost sections and in the 
 coldest weather, when a few straggle away 
 from the great flocks which come down out of 
 the north at the approach of winter, for it is 
 partially migratory and changes quarters 
 southward at this season. In earlier times 
 these birds seem to have been not uncommon in 
 northern and eastern Maine in the winter
 
 52 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 months, but of late years very rarely indeed is 
 one taken. 
 
 The Willow Grouse inhabits a wide range of 
 country, including the northern parts of Eu- 
 rope and Asia and the whole of North America 
 from the northern boundary of the United 
 States far into the Arctic regions, in summer 
 spreading out over the almost treeless "barren 
 lands" which extend along the shores of the 
 Arctic ocean, and in winter retreating to the 
 shelter of the thick woods which stretch away 
 northwesterly mile after mile across Canada 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 
 
 It is a dweller on the rocky heaths and 
 swampy grounds, and not so fond of the woods 
 as are most northern grouse. As a rule, the 
 Ptarmigan takes to the forests only when 
 obliged to do so for safety or when driven by 
 stress of weather, coming out into the openings 
 as soon as ever the sun gets a bit of ground un- 
 covered in the spring. 
 
 During the summer months they live upon 
 berries and insects. Through the long Arctic 
 winter they subsist on the buds of the brush 
 and dwarfed willows which are scattered 
 through the frozen bogs. 
 
 They are somewhat nocturnal in their habits,
 
 CO 
 
 D 
 O 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 -J 
 -J
 
 THE WILLOW GROUSE 53 
 
 mostly preferring to feed about sundown or 
 during the niglit. 
 
 In their breeding habits they resemble the 
 rest of the family, building their nests upon the 
 ground, generally at the base of some great 
 rock or in a clump of stunted birches or Arctic 
 willows or at the edge of an opening in the 
 woods. They lay from eight to ten eggs, of a 
 buff color, heavily blotched with dark red- 
 brown spots. 
 
 Unlike the ruffed grouse Mr. Ptarmigan is a 
 good husband and assists in the upbringing of 
 his offspring, — rather an unusual thing among 
 the grouse family, where as a rule the male is 
 a polygamous old rascal, perhaps because he is 
 unable to choose between the fair ones and so 
 plays no favorites. Therefore when disturbed 
 with their young instead of resorting to the 
 craft and strategems of the ''partridge" in 
 similar stress, the male bird will dash about the 
 head of an intruder, in his desperate attack 
 coming near enough to be killed with a stick if 
 one be mean enough to do such a thing. All this 
 time the young are running away and hiding in 
 obedience to the mother bird's anxious warn- 
 
 ings. 
 
 Fortunately for them their enemies are
 
 54 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 nearly all in fur and feathers, the Arctic fox 
 and snowy owl, though the Indian takes a gen- 
 erous share, generally during the fall migra- 
 tions, when, as they are easily trapped, the 
 Ptarmigan becomes an important item in his 
 diet. Since they dwell in a country full of 
 larger game and because of their distance from 
 sportsmen of shot-gun propensities, they are 
 not much hunted, but those sportsmen who 
 have made shooting trips to Newfoundland 
 have enjoyed rare sport with them and are en- 
 thusiastic in their praise. They claim that the 
 Ptarmigan is equal to any of the grouse family 
 in game qualities and speak highly of its habits 
 before the dog. Its flesh, also, ranks well, that 
 of the young bird being especially delicate. 
 
 When they rise from the ground their wings 
 do not make such a clatter as do those of the 
 ruffed grouse when he starts, — probably be- 
 cause of the soft and fluffy quality of the feath- 
 ers, — but their flight is easy, strong and well 
 sustained. 
 
 Their plumage during the breeding season 
 and summer months is a mixture of white and 
 reddish brown, finely barred with black. No 
 two specimens will be found to be marked ex-
 
 THE AVILLOW GROUSE 55 
 
 actly alike. The dress of each bird is contin- 
 ually changing, — (they moult three times a 
 year) — varying the proportion of each colored 
 area and seeming to put on the new coat a 
 feather at a time before the last suit is fairly 
 donned. In winter they are snow white ex- 
 cept the tail feathers, which are black, white 
 tipped, and the wing quill shafts, also black. 
 There is a red patch above the eye as in the 
 spruce grouse. The legs and feet are covered, 
 even down to the ends of the toes, with fine, 
 hair-like feathers which make them a good pair 
 of snow shoes. It needs sharp eyes to see them 
 where they crouch in the snow when clad in 
 their winter garb, lying motionless in the drifts, 
 or when in summer their coat of reddish brown 
 matches so well the dead grass and bare rocks 
 of their chosen wilderness. 
 
 If pursued they may dash off to a safe dis- 
 tance, then coming to earth may run a little 
 way, then suddenly squat upon the ground, re- 
 maining motionless until the danger has passed 
 or they are forced to fly to prevent capture. If 
 the snow be on the ground they may dash head- 
 long into the loose drifts, making their way 
 well into them, to remain hidden; or mayhap
 
 56 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 passing some distance through them to creep 
 carefully out and fly noiselessly away when 
 safe to do so. They often dive into the snow 
 for shelter or to pass the night in winter, dash- 
 ing into it from the air and working their way 
 far under the drifts for safety's sake. They 
 are said to be very careful not to touch their 
 feet to the snow in entering it in this little piece 
 of strategy, in order not to leave a scent for 
 any prowling fox to trace them out. 
 
 In size the "Willow Grouse is a trifle smaller 
 than the spruce grouse — (length about four- 
 teen inches) — ^but its heavily feathered body 
 looks larger than it really is. 
 
 Out of the ten different races of Ptarmigans, 
 many so nearly alike that even a scientist can- 
 not always name them to a certainty without 
 the knowledge of the locality in which a speci- 
 men was taken, this is the only visitor to New 
 England, and this one but rarely. 
 
 The bird at the left in the plate is in the win- 
 ter dress; the bird at the right is in the sum- 
 mer plumage.
 
 THE ''QUAIL" 57 
 
 THE ''QUAIL." BOB WHITE. 
 PARTRIDGE. 
 
 (Colinus virginianus.) 
 
 Because of the wide extent of country over 
 which he dwells, and because of his large ac- 
 quaintance among the shooting fraternity the 
 "Quail" may make a strong claim for the 
 honor of being the prime game bird of America 
 — the bird known and with good reason appre- 
 ciated by the largest number of our sportsmen. 
 There are many good reasons for this popular- 
 ity, chief of which are his thoroughly game 
 habits, close lying before the dog, beautifully 
 direct flight, and the comparatively open na- 
 ture of the country in which he is usually found. 
 All these combine to make quail-shooting mag- 
 nificent sport. 
 
 "Bob White," as he gives us his name in his 
 merrier moods, is found on the continent of 
 North America from the Atlantic ocean to the 
 Rocky mountains, from Canada to the Gulf, 
 has crossed the border into the northern states 
 of the Mexican Republic, and is a citizen of the 
 island of Cuba. The bird has also been intro-
 
 58 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 duced into several localities west of the Rockies 
 and is said to be thriving and flourishing in 
 these new homes. 
 
 Unhappily for the sportsmen of Maine, New 
 Hampshire and Vermont, in New England the 
 Quail is resident only in the southern part, and 
 is at any season but a rare straggler northward 
 of Massachusetts. It is likely that our winter 
 weather is too severe for him, or it may be 
 that we lack grains and seeds for him to feed 
 upon when the snows have come. At all events, 
 though the sportsmen's clubs of these sections 
 have often liberated Quails in the hope that 
 they might thus make a valuable addition to 
 our list of game birds, they have rarely stayed 
 with us longer than the first season, raising 
 our hopes with their cheerful whistling through 
 one brief summer and then disappearing to 
 return no more. Whether they have moved 
 southward at the approach of cold weather (by 
 no means an unusual occurrence in the north, 
 I think) or have failed to survive the winter, 
 seems to be an open question. It is probable 
 that the former is often the true reason for 
 their disappearance, for with the small chance of 
 a grain or seed diet when New England's winter
 
 THE ''QUAIL" 59 
 
 has fairly closed in upon us, their prospect for 
 food must be slight indeed, and, knowing this, 
 Bob White takes no chances. In most cases 
 the birds for stocking our covers have been ob- 
 tained from southern localities, which fact 
 would seem to argue a less fitness to endure 
 the rigors of our winters. If the experiment 
 were to be tried with birds procured from the 
 northern part of the habitat of the Quail per- 
 haps the result would be more satisfactory; 
 surely there would be a larger percentage to 
 survive the winter among those that remained 
 with us. It is probable that such birds could 
 be successfully transplanted here, needing only 
 a chance to forage in some buckwheat field dur- 
 ing the two coldest months. (Just notice how 
 rarely a Quail is found frozen to death with 
 a full crop.) At all other seasons they would 
 surely be bountifully supplied with everything 
 necessary to Quail comfort. "Bob White" 
 has been successfully transplanted into Sweden, 
 and it certainly seems as though he ought to do 
 as well in northern New England. But where 
 we have failed Dame Nature is doing better, 
 and little by little these birds are becoming ac- 
 customed to our climate and conditions and are
 
 60 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 gradually spreading northward as well as west- 
 ward. We northerners may well be pleased to 
 gain such gallant little citizens. In these new 
 surroundings they are said to be taking more 
 and more to grouse habits, both in strategy and 
 in mode of life, evincing a disposition to hide in 
 trees when much harried, and for the night — 
 traits which are not common further south. 
 
 All through the fall and winter months the 
 birds keep together in good-sized flocks, but 
 at the approach of the breeding season the peace 
 and quiet of the covey is changed for fierce and 
 savage contests among the males in strife for 
 the favors of their charmers. The covey be- 
 gins to break up, and as each valiant little 
 knight wins his fair lady by force of arms they 
 seek together some fitting nook in the fence 
 corner or in the edge of the brush and there 
 make their home. About May they begin to 
 build their nest, making it upon the ground, of 
 leaves and dry grasses. Often it is deep and 
 cup-shaped, sometimes domed over and hav- 
 ing an entrance on the side. The number of 
 eggs varies. Probably ten youngsters to a 
 brood is a liberal estimate for the north, though 
 anywhere from twelve to twenty eggs or even
 
 THE ''QUAIL" 61 
 
 more may be foimd in a nest, in which case they 
 are arranged in tiers with the small ends inward 
 and downward. Usually the larger settings 
 are the result of "co-operative housekeeping" 
 when two females use the same nest. Good 
 husband that he is, the male bird does his 
 share of the duties of incubation as well as 
 keeping watch while the female sits. He also 
 aids in the care of the young when they have 
 made their appearance, covering them with 
 wings and body in the same fashion as does 
 the female, and in case of danger to the brood 
 boldly confronts the enemy while the mother 
 bird conducts the retreat. If the female is 
 alone at such times she acts much as does the 
 ruffed grouse in a like crisis, feigning to be 
 crippled and keeping just out of the reach of 
 her pursuer she leads him a long chase, sud- 
 denly recovering and dashing away if the pur- 
 suit is too close. The brood meantime scatters 
 in a dozen different directions, gathering again 
 when the old bird sounds the ''assembly." 
 After the young birds have gained more 
 strength all this is easily avoided by their tak- 
 ing to wing — each one heading for the nearest 
 growth and seeking concealment in the brush.
 
 62 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 In the Southern States it is likely that two 
 broods are sometimes raised in a season but 
 this is certainly not the rule in New England. 
 Where this does occur the male assumes all re- 
 sponsibility for the first brood, thus leaving 
 his mate free to care for the newcomers. 
 
 During the summer Bob White leads a merry, 
 happy-go-lucky life, with few, if any cares, but 
 the winter months for such as remain in New 
 England after the fall shooting is over must 
 be a dreary time of hardship and hunger. In 
 many cases they wander away to more favored 
 districts further south. All through the north- 
 ern range there seems to be a partial migra- 
 tion of Quail southward at the approach of win- 
 ter — not all, but a part of the Quail population 
 leaving their summer homes until the spring 
 commences. Those which remain to brave our 
 snow and cold are apt to haunt the settlements 
 and the outskirts of the villages, often inviting 
 themselves to breakfast with the farmer's hens 
 and becoming for the time quite tame. The 
 Quail has been domesticated with much success 
 and breeds quite readily in captivity. 
 
 Though not brilliantly colored ''Bob White" 
 is a beautiful bird. His back and wings are
 
 f— ' 
 
 O 
 
 □Q
 
 THE ''QUAIL" 63 
 
 of a reddish brown hue, mottled and banded 
 with yellow, black, and a bluish gray, which 
 gives his plumage a purplish bloom. His 
 breast is of the same reddish tinge, fading into 
 a grayish white, these colors irregularly barred 
 with fine jet black lines. The feathers of the 
 top of the head are a trifle elongated and may 
 be erected into a slight crest. A white band 
 beginning at the base of the bill runs over each 
 eye to the nape. On the throat is a broad 
 patch of snowy white, bordered with black, 
 as is also the line above the eye, just men- 
 tioned. 
 
 The female is similarly marked, though paler 
 in hue, and the lines over the eyes and the patch 
 on the throat are dull yellow. The male bird 
 is about ten inches long, and in extent of wings 
 fifteen inches; female a trifle smaller. Weight 
 averages between six and eight ounces. 
 
 ''Bob White" varies much in his shading 
 and depth of color in the different parts of his 
 range. In general the northern Quail is larger, 
 stronger of flight and rather more brilliantly 
 colored than the bird of the south and south- 
 west ; the Bob White of the last named section 
 is especially pale in coloring. But even in the
 
 64 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 same covey are found birds differing widely in 
 degree of coloring. 
 
 ''Bob White" starts up in the morning, 
 shakes out his feathers, and leaving the little 
 circle which with his mates he has formed for 
 the night — ^heads outward, everyone, so that 
 each member shall have plenty of space for ac- 
 tion if forced to fly — he trips away across the 
 dewy fields for his favorite feeding grounds. 
 Here he arrives about the time the sun has 
 warmed the air and the world has fairly thrown 
 off its slumber. Across the sunny meadows he 
 takes his way, pausing to pick a berry here, 
 and gathering in now a cricket, now a grass- 
 hopper, and putting away a good breakfast 
 with a hearty relish. The ripening wheat, the 
 buckwheat fields, or the corn-patch, if it is in 
 a quiet place, is likely to receive a visit from 
 him. In fact, almost any spot, whether brush 
 or open, is apt to hold him if there is a dainty 
 there which he appreciates. 
 
 The quail man's heart is glad: there is a lull 
 in the money-getting and he finds again a 
 chance to tread the fields and brushy corners 
 so dear from the memories of glorious days of 
 sport. His hour has come at last. Over the
 
 THE "QUAIL" 65 
 
 fence the sportsman goes, bis dog all a-wrig- 
 gle with joy. Toiling to keep up and envying 
 his comrade that extra pair of legs, the man 
 ploughs through the briars and pushes his way 
 through thick-growing alder clumps along the 
 springy gullies, into the birches — the same 
 haunts which charm the grouse — and strides 
 down the fence line, broad-margined with its 
 tangle of weeds, rosebriars and blackberry 
 bushes, with scrubby pines and young trees of 
 various sorts growing along its devious way. 
 A gravelly path across the fields lies athwart 
 the pointer's track and as he runs the tell-tale 
 scent suddenly reaches the quivering high-lifted 
 nostrils. He plows the sand with all four feet 
 in the effort to stop, then wheels at right angles 
 and draws on a few steps to halt with tense 
 muscles and glaring eyes. He has them ! The 
 sportsman pauses to admire the scene before 
 the spell is broken, and his heart throbs high 
 with pleasure and pride in the performance of 
 this, his chiefest jewel. Then at his close ap- 
 proach, with the rustle and roar of many striv- 
 ing pinions the air is suddenly filled with fly- 
 ing forms — little balls of brown with a haze 
 at each side where are their buzzing wings.
 
 66 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 Each m a different course they bustle away 
 and in his haste the novice mayhap ''shoots into 
 the bunch," to find to his surprise that there 
 is a whole lot of sky with no Quail flying in it. 
 The veteran usually, but not invariably, re- 
 members to choose a bird and may get one with 
 each barrel. Because of their close lying the 
 bulk of the shots are straight away and so are 
 fairly easy, but the cross shots at short range 
 — 0, my! Still, all in all, I think quail shoot- 
 ing is easier than any wood shooting in New 
 England at grouse or 'cock, partly because 
 Mr. Quail seldom, if ever, uses that favorite 
 trick of Bonasa, tangling his enemy's legs 
 into a knot as he tries to follow the bird's 
 swift circle around the shooter's head. Sev- 
 eral times I have seen shooting companions 
 thus caught with legs askew sit down suddenly 
 from the recoil of their weapons in an attempt 
 to stop a curling grouse. Kills are few in 
 such cases. Then, too, the woodcock's tower- 
 ing start and erratic course when alarmed is 
 to most sportsmen a much more difficult propo- 
 sition than the bee-line directness of Bob White. 
 As a rule when a covey is flushed they fly 
 only a few hundred yards. Perhaps next time
 
 THE ''QUAIL" 67 
 
 they scatter in every direction when started 
 from the ground and may then be picked up in 
 detail. In most cases the covey keeps to one 
 particular neighborhood, rarely going far 
 away, and may usually be found when wanted. 
 In the early part of the season they are likely 
 to be found in the brushy covers, but at the 
 close are oftener in the open. 
 
 While it lasts the Quail's flight is a terrific 
 burst of speed. It requires more than ordin- 
 ary shooting ability to make a good average of 
 birds in proportion to the number of cartridges 
 used; especially is this so in the thick covert. 
 He will carry off a good load of shot, too, will 
 Mr. Quail, for the little fellow has that high 
 order of courage, the heritage of his family, 
 which keeps him still doing his best just so long 
 as he can flutter a feather. In quail shooting 
 in the open, however, it seems as though a 
 good ''clay-bird" shot should account for a 
 fair percentage of his cartridges, since the 
 gamey "bluerock" flies much like the Quail. 
 
 Much has been said of the Quail's ability to 
 "retain his scent." May it not be that the 
 bird is only trying to conceal itself and by hug- 
 ging its feathers closely and never stirring
 
 68 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 from the spot on wliich it has alighted thus re- 
 duces its body scent to a minimum and leaves 
 no footscent to assist its enemy? The best of 
 dogs may sometimes walk straight through a 
 covey thus hidden and unless some frightened 
 bird stirs or breaks away he has little chance 
 of discovering their presence. Whether the 
 bird is voluntarily "witholding its scent" or 
 is merely making itself as small as possible in 
 order to avoid detection in this hugging the 
 feathers down is an open question. There is 
 no doubt that dogs are sometimes unaccount- 
 ably at fault in such cases. I have seen some- 
 thing similar in the woodcock covers, when a 
 woodcock, killed cleanly in the air and fallen 
 into a slight hollow in the ground, its wings 
 folded close to its sides, head and beak under- 
 neath, has made a good dog some minutes' 
 work to locate it. But when with the gunbar- 
 rels the bird was stirred ever so slightly, the 
 dog hunting fifteen yards away, puzzled and 
 totally at loss, wheeled to a point on the instant 
 and came quickly in and retrieved the bird. 
 Even the ruffed grouse gets credit for the same 
 thing in less measure, because she is very care- 
 ful in her manner of approaching and leaving
 
 THE ''QUAIL" 69 
 
 her nest, nearly always coming up on the wing 
 and alighting almost in it, and when leaving 
 making a flight as soon as she is fairly clear of 
 her eggs. Rarely, indeed, does she walk to or 
 from her treasures, so that she may leave no 
 trail for her enemies to follow to her undoing. 
 Of course in all these cases the bird's scent is 
 much less because of the thorough airing out 
 which the feathers get in their hustling flight, 
 but I much doubt any ability to withold their 
 scent in either one of them. In the case of the 
 Quails more often than not it is the fault of 
 the shooter in his carelessness in marking or 
 of the dog in his lack of nose than that the 
 birds have "retained their scent." However, 
 should this strange disappearance of the birds 
 occur it is only a matter of waiting until they 
 have begun to move about, — as they will in a 
 very short time — in order to get good shooting 
 at the scattered members of the bevy. Once 
 the flock has been well broken up the single 
 birds usually hug the ground very closely 
 when the dog has found them. I have almost 
 caught one in my hand thinking it a bird which 
 I had just seen fall and which lay within six 
 feet of it.
 
 70 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 THE BEETLEHEAD PLOVER. BLACK- 
 BREASTED PLOVER. 
 
 (Squatarola squatarola.) 
 
 Tlie Beetlehead ! What visions of blue 
 water, barren sandbars, seaweed-covered 
 ledges, and lonely, wind-swept, desolate islands 
 this name brings up to the shore gunner's 
 mind! What pictures of splendid birds flash- 
 ing over the water or scaling down in swift 
 career to the sandy margins where the sea is 
 ever breaking, and the wary visitors feeding, 
 ready at a sign of danger to take wing and 
 away. Cautious and vigilant to the last degree 
 and very keen of sight, they are the most intelli- 
 gent of their family and among those least often 
 captured by the New England gunner in spite 
 of their comparatively large numbers. 
 
 Among the best known of the shorebird fam- 
 ily is this large and strikingly appareled bird, 
 called also (for, because of its wide dispersion 
 this species is distinguished by many titles) the 
 Black-breasted Plover, Whistling Field Plover, 
 Ox-Eye, Swiss Plover, Bull Head and Chuckle- 
 head, these last two from his somewhat heavy
 
 THE BEETLEHEAD PLOVER 71 
 
 and stocky head and neck, and not in the slur- 
 ring manner in which these names are com- 
 monlv used. But whatever the name he is one 
 that commands the hearty admiration of the 
 sportsman, and well may the Beetlehead be 
 appreciated, both in the lonely places where he 
 dwells and at the table, for he is one of the 
 finest of our shorebirds in the qualities which 
 the marsh gunner prizes, as well as a sweet 
 morsel for the epicure. 
 
 They are principally seen on our shores dur- 
 ing the migrations, coming in large flocks dur- 
 ing the latter part of April and the first of 
 May, northward bound to their breeding 
 grounds, returning in smaller bunches from 
 August through September and the first half 
 of October, going as far south for winter quar- 
 ters as the West Indies and sometimes even to 
 Brazil. Their migratory flights mainly take 
 place at night, the birds resting and feeding 
 during the day. 
 
 During the spring flights they are for a short 
 time abundant on our coasts. Caring little for 
 the muddy flats and even less for the marsh- 
 lands, they feed along the rocky shores and 
 bare sea beaches, dashing in upon each re-
 
 72 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 treating wave to seize the choice bits thrown 
 up and stranded on the edges. They run 
 nimbly and gracefully about in an eager 
 scramble for their rations, searching seaweed 
 and drift stuff for the myriad wrigglers found 
 therein. Yet, let the gunner peep ever so care- 
 fully over the edge of the bank where he lies 
 hidden and each wary feeder becomes at once 
 a motionless statue. Had he not seen their 
 animation a moment before he might think he 
 had come upon a wooden congregation of de- 
 coys. "While he is still they make no move- 
 ment, but let him stir, either for nearer ap- 
 proach or to draw back from view that he may 
 get a better position, and the instant his head 
 goes out of sight behind the long salt grass 
 the flock noiselessly takes wing with easy, 
 graceful flight, alighting some hundreds of 
 yards away to feed comfortably until the dan- 
 gerous admirer, with stealthy caution and much 
 toilsome trudging through the shifting sand 
 dunes once more approaches too near for 
 safety, when the same performance again takes 
 place. It makes little difference how the ap- 
 proach is managed, the result is generally the 
 same; the gunner peers cautiously at the spot
 
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 THE BEETLEHEAD PLOVER 73 
 
 where a moment since the flock was busUy 
 feeding, and seeing them not, soon discovers 
 them two hundred yards away, apparently just 
 as ready to tease him as before. They seem 
 less suspicious of a boat, however, and will 
 sometimes permit a gunner to get within easy 
 range in this way. The smaller flocks in the 
 fall will decoy quite readily or come with eager 
 questionings to the mimicry of their whistling 
 note. 
 
 By the middle of June they are nearly all on 
 their breeding grounds, mostly in those ice- 
 bound regions of the north, where the lonely 
 wastes for a few brief months are warmed by 
 the sun into a semblance of summer. Here are 
 the homes of the myriads of birds whose pass- 
 ing hosts spend a brief season in our land to 
 feed and rest from their journey ings. Among 
 these the Beetleheads are numbered, and in 
 such solitudes their young families are reared 
 and trained up to the strength needful for their 
 long flights. 
 
 A shallow hole scooped out in the sand and 
 lined with dry grass and moss constitutes the 
 home of this, the finest of the plover family; 
 and the nest, when ready for the hatching, us-
 
 74 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 "ually contains four drab or clay-colored eggs 
 with dark brown splashes upon them. The 
 nesting season begins about the first to the mid- 
 dle of May, and by August, or even earlier, 
 straggling birds have begun their wanderings, 
 moving lazily and comfortably from place to 
 place along-shore. Often parties of them lin- 
 ger in our borders until fairly "warned out" 
 by the frosts of approaching winter. 
 
 These are more maritime than are the golden 
 plovers, which mainly make their migrations 
 overland. The Beetleheads seem to prefer the 
 sea-coasts for their travels, it may be for safety, 
 perhaps also for the certainty of abundant 
 food. They are sometimes fairly numerous in- 
 land during the fall months, making "short 
 cuts," maybe, in order to favor the younger 
 travellers. Northern and eastern New Eng- 
 land is not so well acquainted with this bird, 
 the greater part of the flights, both spring and 
 fall, passing us by in a direct course over the 
 water between the southern cape of Nova Sco- 
 tia and Cape Cod. Comparatively few of the 
 migrant waders visit the coast line between 
 these points. The few that do so are mostly 
 birds which have bred within our borders or
 
 THE BEETLEHEAD PLOVER 75 
 
 passersby driven inshore by the southeast 
 storms so eagerly looked for by the marsh- and 
 bay-gunners of these waters. Thus, while we 
 seldom get any shooting at shore-birds here be- 
 fore the middle of August or the first of Sep- 
 tember, our brother sportsmen of Massa- 
 chusetts commonly have good sport on plover 
 and curlew as early as the middle of July. 
 
 The Beetleheads, as are the other "bay 
 snipe" on Cape Cod, are mostly shot from 
 blinds and over decoys set out on the sea beaches 
 — the blind usually a pit in the sand with the 
 gunner lying quietly hidden until the game has 
 come in close. Large bags of the various kinds 
 of plover and curlew are often made in this 
 fashion, for as the compact flocks wheel over the 
 "tolers" and turn to leave when they discover 
 the cheat they give the most favorable oppor- 
 tunity for the experienced bay-man to rake their 
 ranks with deadly effect. 
 
 They make a pretty picture as the flocks 
 sweep rapidly past in close order, with clear 
 and musical call, the sharply contrasted blacks 
 and whites of their plumage alternately show- 
 ing and being hidden by the swiftly moving 
 wings as they career along, now slanting to
 
 76 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 the right, now veering to the left, now the jet 
 black breasts, now the gray backs and the white 
 spots on the rumps and tail coverts showing 
 like foamy fleckings from the breakers over 
 which they skim. To my mind this is the prince 
 of all the plover tribe — the worthiest member 
 of a noble family. 
 
 Probably the Beetlehead is the fleetest of 
 wing among the bay birds, the ''golden" being 
 the only one having the right to challenge his 
 title. 
 
 Many gunners confuse this bird with the 
 golden plover, and indeed the two are much 
 alike, jet in addition to the Beetlehead 's greater 
 size there is one marked difference on which the 
 species is founded and which makes the Beetle- 
 head unmistakable in any plumage — he has a 
 hind toe, small and rudimentary, 'tis true, but 
 plainly showing in every one of the species. 
 The "golden," as is the case of all our other 
 true plovers, lacks this. For his other mark- 
 ings, in his full dress uniform — (we all want 
 our pictures taken in our wedding clothes, and 
 so, it is likely, does our beautiful visitor) — 
 above the Beetlehead is colored with a mixture 
 of black, dusky gray and white, the darker
 
 THE BEETLEHEAD PLOVER 77 
 
 shades prevailing in the centres and the white 
 mostly on the tips and edges of the feathers. 
 The upper tail coverts white with but little 
 of the dark shading ; forehead, crown and down 
 the side of the neck snow white, as are also the 
 linings of the wings, under tail coverts, tibiae 
 and vent. The tail is barred with black and 
 white. Sides of the head as far back as the 
 eye, side of the neck, breast and remaining un- 
 der parts, primaries, axillary plumes, bill, legs 
 and feet are black. Male and female are 
 marked alike though the lady may have brown- 
 ish tones in the blacks. Comparatively few 
 gunners are acquainted with him in this plum- 
 age, knowing him better in his fall dress of 
 mottled black and white, when the breast mark- 
 ing is somewhat dingier and does not, as a 
 rule, show the solid area of black, nor are any 
 of the contrasts of color so marked, yet he may 
 be recognized at once by his large size and the 
 hind toe, the mark of the species. 
 
 The bird at the right in the plate is in the 
 plumage of the young of the year — the winter 
 dress of the adult bird also, though the mature 
 bird generally retains some trace of the black 
 breast in the dusky markings below. In this
 
 78 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 plumage, (the ''pale-belly," as the shore gun- 
 ner then calls the bird in distinction from the 
 black-breast full dress) there is often a yel- 
 lowish tinge on the feathers of the back which 
 makes the resemblance to the golden plover still 
 greater. 
 
 The length of this species varies from eleven 
 to twelve and one-half inches; the extent of 
 wings from twenty-two to twenty-four inches. 
 "Weight from seven to nine ounces. 
 
 THE AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER. 
 
 (Charadrius dominicus.) 
 
 The Golden Plover is somewhat smaller than 
 the last species, is three-toed, is of slenderer 
 tigure and has a smaller and slimmer bill. 
 His coloration is darker, and in the full breed- 
 ing dress with the jet black breast is even less 
 often seen in the United States than is his 
 cousin, the beetlehead. As a rule he prefers 
 the inland country to the seashore, and is es- 
 pecially partial to barren and burnt ground. 
 A piece of newly plowed land offers great at- 
 tractions to the migrant flocks. In one place 
 where the writer often shoots, on the borders
 
 THE AMERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER 79 
 
 of the marsh are many acres of hay fields. One 
 season some twenty acres of this was turned 
 over and the brown mold laid bare to the sun 
 and rain. During all that fall not a passing 
 flock of ''Goldens" but would stop and make 
 a call there. More were killed in that one 
 season in that place than in the five together 
 preceding it. When a flock arrived they would 
 quarter the ground, wheeling here and there 
 in erratic flight, until satisfied that all was safe, 
 then finding a suitable place would suddenly 
 alight and scatter at once to feed. 
 
 Their beautiful dark eyes are full and soft, 
 of remarkable size and brilliancy for a shore 
 bird. The head, like that of the last species, is 
 large, and the forehead is equally bulging and 
 prominent, rising at a sharp angle from the bill. 
 The call is a mellow piping note, flute-like and 
 clear, and while not so powerful as many an- 
 other bay bird produces, has great carrying 
 qualities and is heard much farther than would 
 be thought. With a little practice the gunner 
 may easily imitate it — a great assistance to- 
 ward filling his game bag, for they decoy well 
 and come readily to a skillful call. Altogether 
 the Golden Plover is a fine bird from the bay
 
 80 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 gunner's view point — easy, graceful and strong 
 in flight, nimble and swift of foot — indeed, what 
 plover is not? 
 
 They arrive in New England rather later 
 in the spring than do the beetleheads, and re- 
 turn to warm latitudes earlier. They nest in 
 the Arctic regions, as do most of the shore 
 birds, which gives us very little opportunity for 
 observing their breeding habits. The winter 
 months are passed in the Southern States and 
 beyond to the southward. Many are found at 
 this season on the grassy plains which make the 
 cattle ranges of Texas and northern Mexico, 
 and some even go to the extreme southern part 
 of South America, so that their range is a wide 
 one. The family is represented in Europe and 
 Asia, also, the Old World bird varying but lit- 
 tle from our own. Only an expert could dis- 
 tinguish one from the other, and he not always. 
 
 Most writers claim that this bird is much 
 more common in New England than is the bee- 
 tlehead. While this may be so, my own ex- 
 perience has been to the contrary, and I think 
 that most gunners on the coast of Maine will 
 take my view of it. I think I have seen in 
 one great flock during the spring flight more
 
 THE A^IERICAN GOLDEN PLOVER 81 
 
 beetleheads than I have seen of Goldens in all 
 my life. 
 
 The Golden Plover feeds in the fields and 
 highland pastures, haunting much the same 
 ground as the upland plover, living upon slugs, 
 beetles, earthworms and grasshoppers, nor 
 passing by the sweet berries of the fields. In the 
 West they tell us stories of these birds follow- 
 ing the plow when the farmer turns up the soil 
 of the prairies, and of their coming so close 
 that the ploughman knocks them over with his 
 whip as they curl and wheel about his head. 
 This sounds like a — well, a "fairy tale," to the 
 eastern gunner, at any rate most of our sports- 
 men are satisfied to hunt Golden Plovers with 
 a hard-hitting, close-shooting shotgun. 
 
 During the migration fair shooting is some- 
 times to be had at Goldens in our island fields, 
 when the gunner, putting out decoys and be- 
 ing well hidden, calls the passing flocks. They 
 rarely refuse to come to these false friends, 
 not once only but even returning for the sec- 
 ond discharge, unwilling to desert a comrade 
 in distress. Of course no such bags are made 
 here as in their western ranges. If the sports- 
 man comes suddenly upon a single bird it will
 
 82 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 sometimes seem to be confused and may only 
 run a short distance, when if it thinks itself 
 unobserved it will crouch in the grass and re- 
 main motionless until the gunner either has 
 forced it to fly or has passed on. 
 
 The bird in its spring plumage is marked as 
 follows: forehead and a stripe over the eyes 
 white; upper parts generally brownish black, 
 speckled with yellow and white, these lighter 
 spots mostly on the tips and edges of the feath- 
 ers. The tail grayish brown with black bars. 
 Below, the throat and breast a brownish black, 
 growing lighter toward the lower parts ; axillars 
 and linings of wings dusky or ashy; feet and 
 legs black. Such a bird rarely falls to the New 
 England gunner as this is his summer plumage. 
 As we see him in the fall the under parts are 
 ashy gray, faintly and irregularly splashed with 
 dark brown or black; top of the head yellow 
 with dusky lines; stripe over the eye grayish; 
 for the rest much as in the spring plumage. 
 The females are marked like the males save 
 that the black breast has taken on a brownish 
 hue. Have seen a few adult birds wearing 
 the breeding dress into the fall and winter 
 months.
 
 THE KILDEER PLOVER 83 
 
 The Golden Plover is about ten and one-half 
 inches long, and in wing spread about twenty- 
 two inches. Weight from five and one-half to 
 six ounces. It may be needless to add that the 
 bird is a delicate morsel for the table. 
 
 THE KILDEER PLOVER. ''KILDEE." 
 
 (Oxyechus vociferus.) 
 
 The chief of the small family of ''ring 
 plovers;" the largest and most beautiful of 
 these birds in our territory. He has named 
 himself and we have taken him at his word, 
 ''Kildeer! Kildeer!" A noisy, active, restless 
 little bird, and not very common in New Eng- 
 land as compared with the numbers found in 
 the West. 
 
 They are not so much given to gathering into 
 flocks nor are they so partial to the seashore 
 as are their smaller brethren. The Kildeer is 
 mostly found in the fields and high grounds, 
 ploughed lands or marshes rather than the 
 sea beaches. In the full plumage a beautiful 
 bird; above, brownish gray, with a greenish, 
 satiny gloss, and many feathers edged with 
 golden brown; rump and upper tail coverts of
 
 84 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 bright and varying shades of golden yellow or 
 light chestnut. The forehead with a band of 
 white running from eye to eye, black-bordered 
 above and joined by a narrow thread above the 
 eye with the white patch behind, this gradually 
 changing into the grayish brown of the hind 
 head. A black band from the base of the bill, 
 passing below the eye through the ear coverts 
 and fading into the brown of the nape. Throat 
 white, this color carried entirely around the 
 neck in a narrow collar. Below this two collars 
 of black; the first completely, the second par- 
 tially, encircling the body, and between these an 
 incomplete band of white. AVings the same 
 shade of brownish gray as on the back, with 
 a crossbar of white formed by the tips of the 
 greater coverts. Primaries black, with a con- 
 siderable area of white on the outer webs of 
 the inner one. For the rest below, pure white. 
 Central tail feathers dark greenish brown, 
 growing blackish toward the ends, tipped with 
 tawny or white. Side tail feathers lighter, with 
 several dark barrings, the outer pair nearly 
 white, less distinctly barred. Bright orange on 
 eyelids. Bill black; legs pale yellow. Length 
 from nine to ten and spread of wings about
 
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 SEMIPALMATED PLOVER 85 
 
 twenty inches. As a rule the Kildeer is not 
 very wary. 
 
 This species is a dweller in North America 
 from the Saskatchewan country southward. It 
 is found in the winter months in the West In- 
 dies, Central America and northern South 
 America. It breeds anywhere throughout this 
 wide range of territory, usually laying from 
 two to four eggs, dull drab or cream color, with 
 brownish blotches upon them. 
 
 SEMIPALMATED PLOVER. 
 
 (iEgialitis semipalmata.) 
 
 Common on almost every sandbar and mud- 
 bank along our coast are the ' ' ringnecks, " 
 filling the air with their soft and pleasant pip- 
 ing. Their notes, at times wild and mournful, 
 are always in accord with the swash of the 
 sea. Inhabiting the same ground and often as- 
 sociating with the smaller sandpipers, where 
 not much molested they show the same trustful 
 and confiding disposition as these little neigh- 
 bors, but where the '* summer boarder" harries 
 them daily they soon become as wild and wary 
 as any of the shorebirds.
 
 86 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 There are several species of this family 
 found in our territory, but the Semipalmated 
 Plover is the usual victim in a game bag. The 
 Belted Piping Plover is less common, and rar- 
 est of all in New England is Wilson's Plover 
 which occasionally strays here from his warmer 
 range. It is barely possible that the Snowy 
 Plover, {Aegialitis nivosa) a western bird, may 
 visit us at times. 
 
 Along our sea beaches — the outer ones which 
 are not so much frequented by human kind — 
 in August and the first half of September their 
 flocks are happily feeding, running nimbly 
 about, chasing each receding wave with tire- 
 less feet, and as rapidly retreating before each 
 incoming comber. They are apparently a 
 happy and good-natured little company, never 
 quarreling nor wrangling among themselves, 
 and, unfortunately for their own safety, are 
 only too willing to investigate if they hear a 
 neighbor's call. The gunner need not be very 
 carefully hidden if he can imitate their note, as 
 small bunches are almost certain to come in and 
 give him a chance as they are skimming past. 
 However, few sportsmen disturb their peace.
 
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 SEMIPALMATED PLOVER 87 
 
 and it is mainly the small boy, the natural en- 
 emy of all living creatures, who decimates their 
 ranks. 
 
 The two common species are often found in 
 one flock, but with us and in most localities the 
 most numerous race is the Semipalmated, 
 marked as follows: bill short and stout, black 
 with orange-yellow base; forehead prominent, 
 rising sharply from the bill as in others of the 
 tribe; above, a dark brownish gray, matching 
 well "the ribbed sea sand," their home. It 
 is astonishing how well this protective color- 
 ing hides them when by accident they are still 
 for a moment. Below pure white. Throat 
 white, the lower part of this patch passing com- 
 pletely around the neck in a narrow ring. 
 Below this a wide black collar entirely 
 around the neck. A patch of black at the 
 base of the bill, running back below the eye 
 and bordering the white forehead, which is 
 again sharply defined by the black of the crown. 
 A ring of bright orange about* the eye. Prima- 
 ries blackish. Tail same color as the back, 
 but growing darker toward the ends of the 
 feathers ; tips white, as are also the outer pairs
 
 88 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 of feathers. Legs flesh color, feet considerably 
 webbed between the middle and outer toes. 
 Length from seven to seven and one-half in- 
 ches; extent of wings about fifteen inches. 
 
 THE PALE RINGNECK, OR PIPING 
 PLOVER. 
 
 (^gialitis meloda.) 
 
 Though much less common in the east than 
 the last, this species is fairly abundant all 
 alongshore, associating with the semipalmated 
 plover and in mode of life differing in no wise 
 from him. The ''whistle" differs from that 
 of the last species. As the name indicates he 
 is lighter in coloring, of less decided tones, 
 and may be picked out at once in a flock of 
 the more common species of ringnecks among 
 which he appears to be snow white. The bird 
 is pale brownish ash above; below, like all the 
 family, pure white, as is also the forehead, 
 side of the head, throat, and a collar from the 
 throat encircling the neck. Below this collar 
 is a black band of less and variable extent, 
 sometimes completely encircling the neck but 
 oftener the circle is broken in front. The tail
 
 BELTED PIPING PLOVER 89 
 
 coverts are white. Tail dusky in the centre, 
 outer pairs of feathers growing white. Wing 
 quills dusky with whitish patches. Eyelids or- 
 a.nge. Bill as in the last species but not so 
 brightly colored. This species is also webbed 
 between the middle and outer toes, but not to 
 so great an extent as in the preceding. The 
 Pale Ringneck is a trifle smaller than the Semi- 
 palmated Plover. Both birds inhabit the in- 
 land country as well as the coast, but in New 
 England are rarely found away from the sea- 
 shore. 
 
 The bird at the right in the plate represents 
 this species. 
 
 THE BELTED PIPING PLOVER. 
 
 (^gialitis meloda circumcincta.) 
 
 This bird is so similar in his markings to the 
 Pale Ringneck that one must be a very close 
 student to detect the difference. He may per- 
 haps be a little grayer in his tones. He is not 
 so often taken on New England shores, his range 
 lying more to the westward. 
 
 The principal characteristic of this variety, 
 which is of somewhat doubtful value in or-
 
 90 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 nithology, lies in the fact that the ring of black 
 very nearly meets on the forebreast or may en- 
 tirely encircle the neck ; its ring is supposed to 
 be larger and the color darker than in the or- 
 dinary Piping Plover. There is so much varia- 
 tion in the amount of collar worn by them that 
 it is often very hard to say to which form a 
 Si^ecimen belongs. 
 
 WILSON'S PLOVER. 
 
 (Octhodromus wilsonius.) 
 
 This is a rare straggler from the south, sel- 
 dom taken north of Long Island, but in its 
 southern wanderings often going to Brazil, 
 Peru, and even farther on. He can scarcely 
 be mistaken for any other member of the fam- 
 ily, for the widely different shape and color 
 of his bill as well as its larger size will place 
 him at once. He also lacks the orange ring 
 around the eye. 
 
 The bird breeds throughout its range, 
 scarcely making a nest, but laying its three or 
 four eggs in a hollow in the warm, dry sand 
 above the reach of the tide. This plover is 
 mainly a dweller on the sea coast.
 
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 AMERICAN OYSTER CATCHER 91 
 
 Its markings and peculiarities: bill black, 
 long for this family, thick and large. Fore- 
 head white, this color carried back over the 
 eyes to the nape. Top of the head brownish 
 gray, blackening at the forehead; the nape 
 same color as the top of the head. Blackish 
 stripe from the base of the bill to the eye but 
 not beyond. Throat and entire under parts ex- 
 cept the half collar of black are pure white, the 
 white of the throat completely encircling the 
 neck. Primaries blackish, lighter at the bases, 
 inner ones with outer edges of white. Central 
 tail feathers dusky, darkening toward the ends 
 and white-tipped. Outer pair or so white. 
 
 Female much like the male except that the 
 black markings have become a rusty brown in 
 her dress. 
 
 AMERICAN OYSTER CATCHER. 
 
 (Haematopus palliatus.) 
 
 The American Oyster Catcher is but seldom 
 seen on the coast of northern New England, 
 probably being scarcer on these ranges than 
 in any other part of his habitat. It does not 
 gather into large flocks nor does it to any ex-
 
 92 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 tent frequent the inland country, scarcely ever 
 going farther from the sea than does the tide 
 water in the rivers. 
 
 All along the eastern shores of the two 
 Americas this bird is found, northward to Lab- 
 rador or farther in the summer months, and 
 wintering from the Middle Atlantic States to 
 and beyond the tropics, far down the South 
 American coast. It is also found on the Pacific 
 side of the continents, but the more common 
 species there is the Black Oyster Catcher. 
 
 The Oyster Catcher's bill is remarkably stout 
 and well fitted for its purpose, that is, for driv- 
 ing into "sea urchins," knocking '^ wrinkles" 
 off the rocks and burrowing into the sand for 
 razor fish and small crabs, for he eats any of 
 the marine shellfish which he can capture. 
 
 The bird is large and showy, and as it be- 
 hooves him for his safety's sake, wary in pro- 
 portion as he looms above his shore-bird neigh- 
 bors. Scarcely to be approached at any 
 season, few are captured and they are fairly 
 earned by good and careful work. Decoys and 
 enticing whistlings avail naught, for the bird 
 is either unsocial or aristocratic and well sat- 
 isfied with his own society.
 
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 AMERICAN OYSTER CATCHER 93 
 
 The coloring of this species is arranged in 
 solid masses and is sharply contrasted. The 
 bill is long and heavy, chisel pointed, deepest at 
 a point one-third of its length from the head, 
 and in color bright red, growing orange yellow 
 at the tip. Head, neck and fore breast black. 
 Back and wings dusky brown. The rump 
 mainly like the back, but on the edges of the 
 tail coverts growing white, this color also show- 
 ing on the bases of the tail feathers, and these 
 going through the shades of brown and dusky 
 to jet black at the tips. Wings like the back 
 in color, with a crossbar of white formed by the 
 ends of the greater coverts and some of the 
 secondaries. Linings of the wings and entire 
 under parts white. Eyes red with a circle of 
 orange about them. Feet and legs stout, of a 
 pale pinkish color. The length of this species 
 varies from seventeen to twenty inches, and its 
 spread of wings between thirty-three and thir- 
 ty-five inches. 
 
 There are several other species of oyster 
 catchers. Nearly every sea coast in the world 
 affords them sustenance and is inhabited by 
 some member of the family.
 
 94 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 THE TURNSTONE. ''CALICO BACK." 
 CHICKEN PLOVER. ROCK PLOVER. 
 
 (Arenaria morinella.) 
 
 Where the sea beaches are not too thickly 
 populated with human visitors the Turnstones 
 are quite common during the summer and early 
 fall, from the middle of July to the middle of 
 September. These ''Chicken Plovers," as the 
 shore-dweller has named them, are most inter- 
 esting little birds, scurrying along the beach, 
 putting their stout little beaks under the peb- 
 bles to turn them over so as to expose to view 
 the myriad "wrigglers" dwelling beneath 
 them; it is even said that they will drive their 
 beaks through the armor of the less thoroughly 
 protected shellfish, such as the "sea urchins," 
 and the like. They handle quite a pebble when 
 they set to work upon it, putting the bill be- 
 neath and turning it with a sudden jerk of their 
 stout little necks, or when this will not do it, 
 by settling back upon their legs and suddenly 
 straightening them at same time with the ef- 
 fort of the head and neck, or even pushing 
 against it, man-fashion, with their breasts. In
 
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 THE TURNSTONE 95 
 
 the air the Turnstones are very pretty birds, 
 bearing a strong resemblance to the beetle- 
 head when on the wing, except when they alter- 
 nate scaling and swift wing beats as is their 
 habit. When flying they have a curious chat- 
 tering conversational note, almost like that 
 of the English sparrow. They are said to swim 
 well and to make nothing of alighting upon 
 the water from their flights. Have never seen 
 them do so but do not doubt their seamanship. 
 They do not gather into large flocks save dur- 
 ing their migrations, at ordinary times being 
 found in bunches ranging in number from two 
 or three to a dozen birds. 
 
 The Turnstone is a dweller in almost every 
 corner of the world. He is found along both 
 coasts of our continent, well up into the north 
 in summer, — on the Pacific coast to Alaska, on 
 the Atlantic shores certainly to Labrador and 
 probably well beyond, all along the Arctic coast. 
 In the winter months they leave us for the 
 milder breezes and bluer waters of the Mexican 
 Gulf, and many go far down both coasts of 
 South America. 
 
 Though far more common on the ocean 
 shores they are at times taken on the Great
 
 96 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 Lakes and other large inland waters. On the 
 coast line they rarely penetrate into the tide 
 water and aestuaries, choosing rather the 
 ledges rising from the deep water and the 
 rocky shores of remote and seldom-visited 
 islands well out from the mainland, where all 
 undisturbed they may live their happy and in- 
 nocent lives. As for their coloring we might 
 almost say that no two are marked alike, the 
 depth of color and its arrangement being sub- 
 ject to wide variation in different specimens. 
 In general their upper parts are irregularly 
 splashed with black and white and dark brown, 
 with some patches of light red or chestnut. 
 Below, mostly white, but black on lower throat 
 and breast. Crown streaked with black and 
 white. Forehead, cheeks, side of head, throat 
 and nape white. On the side of the neck black 
 and white in irregular patches. Back, rump 
 and upper tail coverts white, with a dark patch 
 through central line of rump and tail coverts. 
 Tail white with dusky patch near tips of the 
 feathers, these finally tipped with white. Scap- 
 ulars, secondaries and wing coverts mottled 
 with black and chestnut. Some of the greater 
 coverts white, often making a crossbar of this
 
 THE AVOCET 97 
 
 color in the wing. Under wing coverts wliite. 
 Eyes and bill black; feet pale orange. 
 
 The female is not so brightly colored, lacking 
 much of the light red, which in her dress is 
 replaced with dark brown. The fall bird of 
 either sex is not so brilliantly attired as is the 
 spring migrant, but even then is a beautiful 
 piece of coloring. The length of this species 
 is between eight and nine inches ; the extent of 
 wing varies from sixteen to eighteen inches. 
 
 Besides the present species the Pacific coast 
 boasts another — the Black-headed Turnstone, 
 closely akin to our bird. The two are chums 
 where their ranges come together, from South- 
 ern California northward. 
 
 THE AVOCET. 
 
 (Recurvirostra americana.) 
 
 This striking and graceful bird, like many of 
 his family, is a lover of the Great West and 
 so is not often taken in New England. It is 
 far less common on the eastern half of our 
 continent than beyond the Rockies and in the 
 northeast is an exceptionally rare visitor. 
 
 In their chosen range they favor the salt
 
 98 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 pools and the muddy ponds, feeding along the 
 edges and even wading in so deep as to im- 
 merse the whole head and neck in the water as 
 they probe into the muddy bottom with their 
 bills. 
 
 In many respects this bird is one of the most 
 remarkable of the waders^ with its striking 
 markings of plumage, long, slender and up- 
 turned bill, long legs and webbed feet, and be- 
 ing also heavily and closely feathered under- 
 neath, there is no difficulty in its swimming or 
 wading. Indeed, it makes nothing of alighting 
 in deep water from its flights when it so wishes, 
 and it can swim as well as a duck. It is cer- 
 tainly well fitted for any exigency of life. "We 
 are told that it is very noisy and less wary in 
 habit than is conducive to its safety. 
 
 The Avocet is extremely long-legged, prob- 
 ably proportionately more so than any other 
 wader unless it be the ''stilt." Its plumage is 
 mainly white, changing to a rusty or cinnamon 
 brown on the head and neck, paling at the base 
 of the bill, darkest on the head and fading grad- 
 ually into the white of the breast and body. 
 The interscapulars and a part of the scapulars 
 are black. Wings for the most part black, but
 
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 THE STILT 99 
 
 some of the secondaries and the linings of the 
 wings are white. The tail short and squarely 
 cut, pearl gray or light ashy. Iris bright red. 
 Bill long, slender and generally up-curved, is 
 black in color. Its long legs are a dull, pale 
 blue, with lighter webs, these sometimes flesh- 
 colored. Length from sixteen to twenty in- 
 ches; wing spread varying from thirty-two to 
 thirty-six inches. 
 
 The wings and tail are often very short for 
 this family, thus their measurements may vary 
 widely in different specimens, but there is no 
 chance for confusing the Avocet with any other 
 of our birds, for his cinnamon head, short and 
 square-cut tail, to say nothing of the slender, 
 long and up-curved bill and the webbing of the 
 feet will identify him at once. 
 
 The range of this species is from the Sas- 
 katchewan southward through the United States 
 to Central America and the West Indies. 
 
 THE STILT. 
 
 (Himantopus mexicanus.) 
 
 Having much the same range as the avocet, 
 though perhaps more southerly in its habitat.
 
 100 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 and extremely rare in New England, is another 
 curious bird, the Stilt, also called Longshanks, 
 and the Lawyer. 
 
 The Stilt is from fourteen to fifteen inches 
 long and from twenty- four to twenty-eight 
 inches across his wings ; these are proportion- 
 ately considerably longer than the avocet's, 
 when folded, extending quite a little beyond the 
 tail. Above, mainly black if the bird is at rest, 
 as the wings are closed over the white upjDer 
 parts and the tail. The black is also carried 
 over the back of the neck and the top of the 
 head, around the eye, leaving the forehead and a 
 patch on the eyelids and behind the eye white, 
 as are also the sides of the neck, throat, head 
 below the eyes and the entire under parts. 
 The rump and tail coverts are white; the tail 
 grayish white. The bill is black, very slender, 
 usually straight, though sometimes a trifle bent 
 upward from the centre. Legs and eyes car- 
 mine. 
 
 Its range is virtually the same as the avocet's, 
 going farther south in winter, to Peru and Bra- 
 zil as well as the West Indies, and in its north- 
 erly flights rarely going beyond the United 
 States.

 
 THE RED PHALAROPE 101 
 
 THE RED PHALAROPE. 
 
 (Crymophilus fulicarius.) 
 
 The Red Phalarope is the ''odd one" of his 
 family (any one of which is odd enough), 
 heavier in his build, having a shorter and a 
 thicker bill and a longer tail than the other two. 
 About the base of the bill and on the forehead is 
 a blackish mask. A patch of white running 
 back from this through the eyes and nearly 
 meeting its fellow on the nape. Back of head, 
 hind neck and down the back tawny yellow and 
 blackish, the light color on the tips and edges 
 of the feathers. Rump whitish. Tail long and 
 rounding, dark brownish ash. The wing cov- 
 erts dark slatey gray, the tips of the greater 
 coverts making a crossbar of white. Primaries 
 dusky, with white shafts. Below, a rich pur- 
 plish red, this color also on the sides of the neck 
 and upper tail coverts, deepest on the breast 
 and paling toward the edges of the area thus 
 marked. The female, as is the peculiarity of 
 this famih^, is much brighter in her hues than 
 is her mate. Bill dull yellow, growing dusky at 
 the tip. Feet and legs yellow; toes lobed and
 
 102 FEATHEEED GAME 
 
 webbed as in the Eed-necked Phalarope, but not 
 to so great an extent. The length of this species 
 is usually about seven and one-half inches ; the 
 extent about fourteen. 
 
 The fall dress is widely different with no sign 
 of red below or the tawny on the edges of the 
 feathers of the back and wings. Most of head 
 and entire under parts are white, with circum- 
 ocular joatch and spot on the nape of dusky. 
 Sides ashy gray; above everj^iere ashy, the 
 wings considerably darker, and with decided 
 crossbar of white. Bill almost all black. This 
 is the plumage of most of the specimens taken 
 in New England. 
 
 The present species and the Northern Phala- 
 rope are found more commonly in New Eng- 
 land, the former the less common, and both pre- 
 ferring the coast line for their wanderings. 
 
 THE NOETHERN PHALAEOPE. 
 
 (Phalaropus lobatus.) 
 
 Next in order and smallest in size is the 
 Northern, or Eed-necked Phalarope, the most 
 common of this family along our coast. Con- 
 siderably less brilliant in plumage than is either
 
 THE NORTHERN PHALAROPE 103 
 
 of his brethren, this little bird is found pretty 
 much all through the Northern Hemisphere, 
 spending the summer months far away within 
 the Arctic circle, and in winter migrating even 
 to the tropics. A great traveler for such a 
 small one. He is likely to be found in any i^art 
 of our continent but favors the sea coast. 
 Flocks of them ("Sea Geese," the sailors call 
 them) are often found resting quietly on the 
 water miles from land and feeding on the insects 
 in the drift stuff. 
 
 I remember how surprised I once was at see- 
 ing what seemed to be three sandpipers paddling 
 about in the water alongside a bridge over a 
 tide water bay. A large amount of the sub- 
 urban travel into Portland, Me., was over this 
 bridge and there was a continual rumble of 
 electrics, heavy teams and lighter vehicles, with 
 plenty of foot passengers also. I stopped to in- 
 vestigate, and as the tide was high and the birds 
 not more than fifteen feet away it was easy to 
 see that the little fellows were Northern Phala- 
 ropes. I watched them for some time as they 
 swam at ease, turning and darting as sailor-like 
 as any of the waterfowl could have done, and 
 only paddling away finally when a small boy,
 
 104 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 unable longer to repress nature, ''shied a rock" 
 at them. Such fearlessness, or heedlessness, or 
 innocence, whichever it was, I have never seen 
 in a wild bird. 
 
 In the breeding dress this bird is dark slatey 
 gray above, darkest on the head; on the back 
 having numerous mottlings of brownish yellow, 
 many of the feathers finely edged with white. 
 The dark color on the head runs back from the 
 bill below the eye, leaving a white area below 
 margined about by this color and the red-brown 
 patch on the neck, which extends from the nape 
 in a narrow belt across the upper breast, 
 nearly encircling the throat. All other under 
 parts white. The upper tail coverts like the 
 back though with broader white margins to the 
 feathers. The wings, when closed extending 
 beyond the tail, are dusky, the tips of the 
 greater coverts making a broad white bar across 
 them. Quills with shafts whitish, darkening 
 toward the tips. Bill small and slender, pro- 
 portionately shorter than in Wilson's and 
 black in color, as are likewise the feet and legs. 
 The toes have a marginal membrane, scalloped 
 on the edges, making lobes on each joint. The 
 membrane also extends between the toes out to
 
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 WILSON'S PHALAROPE 105 
 
 the second joint, thus making a very good pro- 
 pelling agent of the foot. 
 
 The bird in the fall is often a plain gray and 
 white little fellow which at first glance will pass 
 for a ''sandpeep," but its slender bill and pe- 
 culiarly formed feet will mark it at once. Like 
 the others this species is heavily feathered be- 
 low to resist the water. 
 
 The Northern Phalarope is about seven 
 inches long, with a sail-spread of about thirteen 
 inches. 
 
 WILSON'S PHALAROPE. 
 
 (Steganopus tricolor.) 
 
 This is the largest and perhaps the handsom- 
 est of the family. A striking bird which ranks 
 high in point of beauty of plumage among the 
 waders. 
 
 Wilson's Phalarope is by no means common 
 in New England, nor for that matter anywhere 
 east of the Mississippi valley, though abund- 
 ant from that region westward. Its summer 
 range takes it north to the region of the Sas- 
 katchewan, and in the winter it goes down the 
 coasts of South America even to Patagonia. 
 They breed at any point in their range, pre-
 
 106 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 ferably in the northern marshes, laying three 
 or four eggs, drab colored with brownish spots. 
 If these birds were "humans" Mrs. Phalarope 
 would probably be ' ' strong-minded ' ' and march 
 in the front rank of the army of ' ' new women, ' ' 
 'Agoing gadding," and lecturing against "that 
 tyrant, Man ! " As it is, being only a bird, she 
 is content to make Mr. Phalarope do all the 
 duty in hatching the eggs and rearing the 
 youngsters, while the lady of the family wears 
 the good clothes, puts on the style and does the 
 ornamental for the pair. She even does the 
 courting in the spring, thus again reversing the 
 general order of things in bird life. She is 
 larger as well as more gaudy in her dress than 
 is her poor, down-trodden mate. This species is 
 distinctively American, as might be guessed 
 from the independence of the lady bird in her 
 domestic affairs. 
 
 In its breeding dress the female Wilson 's Pha- 
 larope is marked thus : bill quite long and very 
 slender, tapering nearly to a needle point. The 
 nostril is almost lost in the feathers at the base 
 of the bill. Forehead and crown a beautiful 
 bluish ash, the same color running down to the 
 nape, there whitening and continuing to the
 
 WILSON'S PHALAROPE 107 
 
 back in a narrow stripe, losing itself in the asliy 
 gray of the back. A strip of black from the 
 base of the bill passing below and behind the 
 eve and down the side of the neck where it 
 changes into purplish chestnut behind and si- 
 enna brown in front, this gradually fading into 
 the white of the throat and under parts. Above, 
 ashy gray, mottled and flecked with deep red- 
 brown. Rump and upper tail coverts nearly 
 white. Wings folding quite a little beyond the 
 tail, brownish gray, with fine white tips to the 
 coverts. Primaries dusky, the shafts white, 
 darkening at the ends. Tail grayish brown 
 with tiny edging of white. Entire under parts 
 white, the feathers thick and close like those of 
 a water fowl. The legs rather long and flat- 
 tened laterally as though (''I axes the lady's 
 parding" but she will wear 'em) her trousers 
 had just been creased ; the feet black, with long, 
 slender toes having a marginal webbing. Iris 
 brown. Length from eight and one-half to nine 
 inches; extent about fifteen inches. 
 
 The male is smaller, and much duller in mark- 
 ings and color. The brightness of his lady's 
 garb is very faintly shown in his clothes. A 
 plain, sad-colored, gray and white, hen-pecked
 
 108 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 husband is he, but unmistakable among Ms 
 shorebird neighbors from the oddities of his 
 bill and feet. 
 
 AMERICAN WOODCOCK. 
 
 (Philohela minor.) 
 
 The Woodcock arrives in New England from 
 his winter quarters much earlier than is com- 
 monly supposed. The writer has seen him in 
 the vicinity of Portland, Me., as early as Feb- 
 ruary 10th, though ordinarily he does not reach 
 this latitude before the last of March, the 
 weather, of course, having much to do with his 
 coming. Things start up estvly in the sheltered 
 openings of the forest and on the sunny hill- 
 sides. Here the woodranger may be agreeably 
 surprised some fine spring morning at meet- 
 ing Mr. Woodcock near some big ant hill which 
 is undergoing repairs at the hands of its ten- 
 ants and being made ready for the year's work. 
 This will supply his wants until the alder cov- 
 ers are ready for him. 
 
 In the latter half of April if the season be 
 warm and forward, the Woodcock builds its 
 nest in a secluded nook — a slight affair of dead
 
 AMERICAN WOODCOCK 109 
 
 leaves and soft grasses woven together in a 
 shallow depression, — at the foot of a dead stub, 
 it may be, — and lays its complement of four or 
 five dull clay-colored eggs, thickly speckled with 
 brown spots. It is said, and probably truly, 
 that the cock bird assists in the incubation and 
 in the care and up-bringing of the young. The 
 Woodcock has a healthy appetite and is a great 
 feeder, so that no short watch off the nest 
 would keep the female plump and round as is 
 her wont. 
 
 Should spring rains or cold storms play havoc 
 with nests and eggs, with renewed courage they 
 try again, for this tenacity of purpose is neces- 
 sary for the continuance of the species, and the 
 birds, realizing the exacting demands of the 
 sportsmen of the country, are hard pushed to 
 meet their requirements. It may be that in 
 their southern breeding grounds two families 
 are sometimes raised in a season, but I much 
 doubt that such is the case at all in New Eng- 
 land. Would that it were ! 
 
 How many of our sportsmen have ever 
 seen the Woodcock at his spring love-making? 
 It is certainly a curious performance and well 
 vvorth a trip into the covers to see. With the
 
 110 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 coming of darkness he begins his little play; 
 first, as one observer represents it, a gutteral 
 ' ' spneak ! spneak ! ' ' several times repeated and 
 the sound not unlike the note of a nighthawk; 
 with drooping wings and spreading tail he struts 
 like a turkey cock, and finally leaping into the 
 air on whistling wings he circles in ever-widen- 
 ing, higher-mounting spirals to perhaps a height 
 of fifty yards or more, and after flying about 
 high up in the gloom he pitches down in slanting, 
 darting flight, the music still sounding, to the 
 side of the mate he has left in the brush. 
 Again and again he repeats this until he tires 
 of his amusement or her ladyship commands his 
 attendance. 
 
 Those of the young which I have had the op- 
 portunity of examining closely were killed by a 
 pointer puppy which had joined me for a Sun- 
 day stroll. These were of a light brownish 
 yellow color, with several dusky or dark brown 
 stripes — one from the bill to the eye; one on 
 top of the head down over the hind neck; a 
 spot behind the eye and another below it; the 
 back mottled with black and grayish buff; a 
 dark stripe on the rump. At this age when 
 scurrying over the leaves and through the grass
 
 AMERICAN WOODCOCK 111 
 
 in search of safe hiding places they looked not 
 nnlike ''chipmunks," as we call our ground 
 squirrels. If disturbed with her brood the 
 mother bird has been known to take up a little 
 one, holding it closely pressed between her legs 
 and body, and fly away to safer quarters, re- 
 turning and making separate trips until in this 
 manner the whole brood has been placed in a 
 less dangerous neighborhood. 
 
 This gentleman is not a hardy bird but a lover 
 of ease, comfort and plenty. So he chooses his 
 homes mainly in mild climates, and while in our 
 Middle States he is to some extent resident, 
 with us here in the north he is only a visitor 
 during our warmer seasons, our New England 
 winters leaving him small chance for a living. 
 They regularly breed from the central United 
 States (and rarely even further south — I be- 
 lieve there are records of this occurrence in the 
 State of Florida) almost if not quite to the Arc- 
 tic Circle. In their fall flights they go even to 
 South America, though it is doubtful if many 
 venture so far. Their migratory flights take 
 place at night, so that a cover which to-day is 
 barren and profitless, to-morrow may be full of 
 scurrying brown birds busily engaged in boring
 
 112 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 and honey-combing the soft mold in an eager 
 pursuit of breakfast after their journey ings. 
 In fact, these birds are decidedly nocturnal in 
 their habits. The main business of their lives 
 is transacted by the light of the moon, and dur- 
 ing the day (when out of season) they take 
 their rest from their midnight wanderings, 
 basking in the sun in the openings among the 
 birches of the side-hills, "lazying around" in 
 the brushy ledges until their healthy appetites 
 again demand attention. About sundown they 
 brighten up and begin their hunt for food, fly- 
 ing out into the open glades to push their long 
 noses into the moist soil of the brook banks. In 
 Russia the sportsman takes advantage of this 
 habit and about sunset places himself in the 
 edge of the woods bordering some likely feed- 
 ing ground, and facing the western light, shoots 
 them as they fly out to feed. This is called 
 ^ ' stand shooting, ' ' a method, I think, almost un- 
 tried in America. My nearest approach to it 
 happened one evening when with dog and gun 
 I started for a nearby cover to see what was the 
 prospect for sport with grouse in the morning. 
 It was early in November, when after a long 
 drought a fierce rainstorm had raged for sev-
 
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 AMERICAN WOODCOCK 113 
 
 eral days, and as the breeze out of the north- 
 west drove the broken rearguard of the storm 
 seaward I came into the woods. The sun was 
 setting and in the western sky the promise of 
 better weather was heralded in the red and gold 
 glowing on the cloud rims. As the daylight 
 faded and the enclosing walls of fir took on an 
 added gloom, I saw an occasional Woodcock 
 drop into an alder swamp which skirted the 
 edge of the woods. At times a pair, but oft- 
 ener a lone straggler dashed silently across the 
 sky from the wooded hills, and darted down to 
 feed in the thicket along the brook, and for a 
 short time there was good fun in the edges of 
 the cover, taking them as they came in or letting 
 my dog flush them and doing my best to ' ' snap ' ' 
 them as they came up sharply outlined against 
 the sky. It was uncertain shooting and hard 
 to tell when the barrels were properly pointed. 
 In half an hour I could not see to shoot, but 
 went home content — two partridges and five 
 'cocks. I have tramped all day many a time 
 for less, but I dare not say how many birds 
 were missed in that short time. There was 
 evidently a flight on, and I promised myself 
 great fun on the morrow, but again, as all too
 
 114 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 often happens in things of sport, the pleasures 
 of anticipation were greater than those of real- 
 ization, for when the morrow came I walked all 
 day and although there were evidences aplenty 
 of the presence of Woodcock, I found but one 
 bird and got but one shot which was beauti- 
 fully missed. (0, yes, I miss one now and 
 then!) 
 
 But I must also mention a newer and more 
 original method as developed by a friend — a 
 practice not much in vogue as yet, but perhaps 
 fraught with great possibilities. This gunner 
 was on a ledge among our outer islands shoot- 
 ing "coots" late in October, when he saw a 
 strange bird coming to his decoys. After some 
 staring at the newcomer he awoke to the situa- 
 tion in time to send a charge of number two 
 shot after him and succeeded in killing a fine 
 "Woodcock. I mention this as the only instance 
 which I have known of a Woodcock being killed 
 over decoys. 
 
 In his moonlight travels the Woodcock is apt 
 to visit the cornfields or the orchards, even com- 
 ing into the farmer's dooryard. When cross- 
 ing his lawn after dark the granger may chance 
 to hear the rolling whistle and mayhap dodges
 
 AMERICAN WOODCOCK 115 
 
 the flying form seen dimly as it dashes through 
 the bending apple boughs into the darkness 
 away. The bird may have been pulling angle- 
 worms under the apple trees, for he is as fond 
 of this kind of bait as is the Sunday trout- 
 fisher. Mr. Longbill brings up in strange 
 places when on his nightly rambles, even visit- 
 ing the city gardens alongside some main 
 thoroughfare of the town. He may be said to 
 have some liking for civilization. Apparently 
 he is more fond of a country partially under 
 cultivation than of the solitary wastes yet un- 
 reclaimed. The Woodcock is rarely seen west 
 of the Mississippi except in a very few favored 
 sections. 
 
 What becomes of these birds during the hot 
 days of July and August is an open question 
 with many sportsmen. This is the moulting 
 season, when it is probable that they leave the 
 lowland bogs for the cool air of the hills and 
 the never-failing springs which the ''dog 
 days' " heat cannot dry up. If so they show 
 their usual good sense. Some sportsmen^ — and 
 these mainly persons of veracity, that is, as 
 gunners and fishermen average (for when the 
 Wise Man says, ''All men are liars," it must
 
 116 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 be remembered that sportsmen are only hu- 
 man) — some sportsmen tell ns that they have 
 often shot woodcocks in the mountain bogs at 
 this season, when no birds could be found in 
 their usual haunts in the lowlands. Game laws 
 were then almost unheard of or at best only 
 honored in the breach by the larger body of the 
 shooting population, and men's consciences per- 
 mitted them to kill woodcocks in July and Au- 
 gust ! The birds wander back into their former 
 homes generally in time to assist in the proper 
 celebration of the opening day of the season, 
 though sometimes waiting for the first ''cold 
 snap" to stir them out. 
 
 The more I hunt them the more firmly I am 
 convinced that our long-billed friends are 
 ''mighty onsartin." They may be found at 
 any time in the most unlikely and unheard-of 
 place. I frequently find them on the top of a 
 barren ledge whose only covering is low juni- 
 per bushes. I often cross this ridge in my par- 
 tridge shooting (it lies between two of my fav- 
 orite grouse patches), and seldom fails to dis- 
 turb at least one or two 'cocks here each time. 
 Probably they are only digesting their meals. 
 
 But who is this gray-bearded, wild-looking
 
 AMERICAN WOODCOCK 117 
 
 man who comes striding through the tangle of 
 alders and brush? Why that baleful light in 
 his eye? The clouds of shifting, dancing '^no- 
 see-ums" flicker before his face — a colony of 
 the little pests has gathered on his exposed 
 neck, — the great grandfather of all the mos- 
 quitoes is at work sinking a well on the end of 
 his nose, and a swarm of smaller pirates has 
 settled on each brown hand, but all unmindful 
 of these he strides on, with tense and mighty 
 grip upon the barrels of his gun, for hushed is 
 the tinkle of his pointer's bell, and dimly show- 
 ing among the alder stems he sees his dog, one 
 foot raised, in statuesque pose, rigid and glar- 
 ing into a small boggy opening just ahead. An- 
 other step the gunner takes when up with 
 merry whistling goes the plump brown bird 
 into the sunlight. The gun flies to the sports- 
 man's shoulder; a sharp report breaks the Sab- 
 bath-like stillness of the woods and through the 
 thin mist of the nitro he sees the lifeless body 
 falling to the ground. The small brown gnome 
 of the woodland has finished his course. Now 
 we know what all this means. This is the ever- 
 glorious fifteenth of September, — '' Wood- 
 cocks are ripe," and for two months the man
 
 118 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 has had this particular bird in his mind, watch- 
 ing it almost from the egg, protecting it from 
 the ''sooner" gunner, and looking forward to 
 this blissful moment "even as vou and I" have 
 done each year, my brother of the ''scatter 
 gun. ' ' 
 
 Steady and swift as it is, his flight lacks the 
 dash and headlong rush of the ruffed grouse 
 when he bursts through all leafy obstructions 
 to his course, nor is it commonly so long ex- 
 tended when the bird is flushed unless it has 
 been much harassed. Usually he flutters 
 through the interlacing boughs, rises just above 
 the tops, dashes a few yards away and drops 
 into the brush again. His flight seldom carries 
 him out of the cover if it pleases him and con- 
 tains plenty of food. 
 
 The Woodcock commonly lies close and fur- 
 nishes great sport to the gunner who has a well- 
 trained dog. For this game a dog needs a more 
 than average good nose, therefore the puppy 
 that promises well on Woodcock is apt to stand 
 high in his master's estimation, ranking even 
 before that other treasure, his twenty-six-inch- 
 barreled "sprinkle gun," for replacing wood
 
 AMERICAN WOODCOCK 119 
 
 and iron is but a question of dollars and cents, 
 but the dog — ah! That's another matter! 
 
 It is a pretty sight to see Mr. Woodcock strut 
 along ahead of your dog, looking for all the 
 world like a small boy stepping proudly off 
 with his hands in the pockets of his first trou- 
 sers. Suddenly he crouches on the ground — a 
 leap and he has cleared the alder tops, hover- 
 ing an instant to get his bearings or make sure 
 he is clear of the brush, then away ! He makes 
 a pretty picture as he buzzes over the tops of 
 the low growth, his head half turned, with 
 watchful eye upon his enemy, and the merry 
 whistle of his pinions growing fainter as he 
 goes, but it is a more pleasing sight to most of 
 us to see him shut his wings and come turning 
 over and over to the ground after the little 
 short-barreled gun has been well handled. 
 Still, let that second's hesitating hovering pass 
 unimproved and the chances are that he will 
 escape. 
 
 The Woodcock loves the thickest, densest 
 cover of the woods, where there may be no 
 chance to raise the gun to the shoulder, the 
 tangle of crossing branches catching the bar-
 
 120 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 rels as they come up and effectually blocking 
 any further proceedings until too late. Often 
 the birds are trotting comfortably about in a 
 growth of alders where a dog can scarcely 
 penetrate, much less a sportsman do good work. 
 In such places, before the frosts have taken the 
 summer's heat from the still air of the woods, 
 woodcocking is likely to be very warm business, 
 but when the colder weather has driven them 
 from their summer homes in the bogs of Labra- 
 dor and the bracing northwest winds come down 
 with their promise of more cold to follow, there 
 are few shooting trips pleasanter than a day in 
 the woodcock covers. Many a gray-headed 
 veteran follows the sport as eagerly now as he 
 did thirty, aye, forty years agone, when he made 
 his first essay. I call to mind one poor fellow 
 who went out for just one more try at the birds 
 — he was seventy-one — and his summons came 
 to him alone in the woods where next day they 
 found him peacefully asleep. He had had good 
 luck, his game-bag was full of woodcocks, and 
 his face was as happy as a child's. 
 
 Probably woodcock shooting is the most popu- 
 lar sport with the gun which is followed in New 
 England, yet why it should rank before grouse-
 
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 AMEEICAN WOODCOCK 121 
 
 shooting is to me a puzzler, unless it is because 
 a woodcock permits a dog to take more liber- 
 ties. ''Make a sport easy and you have made 
 it popular ! ' * Shall we give the first honors of 
 the forest to the Woodcock solely because he al- 
 lows his destroyer to tread upon his tail feath- 
 ers before flying from danger? That seems to 
 be his chief claim to the distinction, for he is 
 admittedly inferior to the ruffed grouse in 
 brains, speed and power of flight, and in lead- 
 carrying grit, to say nothing of his smaller size. 
 To my mind there is no bird in America to com- 
 pare in game qualities with our ruffed grouse. 
 But perhaps I am not an unprejudiced witness 
 in this case. I know that it will take a long 
 course of treatment to cure me of the ''par- 
 tridge habit," and once cured (if such a thing 
 be possible) there will always be the danger of 
 relapse. Right well I know which would re- 
 ceive my attention if woodcock and grouse were 
 to rise together before my dog. Many a time 
 the thunder of the ruffed grouse's flight has 
 called me away from the woodcocks up into the 
 birches on the side hill, leaving a fair chance 
 of shooting "timberdoodles" for the much 
 smaller prospect of capturing Br'er Grouse,
 
 122 FEATHEEED GAME 
 
 and I have known many a woodcock enthusiast 
 to follow me in such case, despite the fact that 
 my withdrawal left him undisputed possession 
 of the cover. I am quite willing to give the 
 'cock the second place, subject, of course, to 
 the ''quail man's" protest, though for myself 
 I think woodcocking requires more skill on the 
 shooter's part than does the shooting of quail, 
 due to the Woodcock's towering and twisting 
 flight, and the generally thicker cover where 
 Mr. Longbill is found. This does not apply to 
 fire-slaughter as practiced in the south. 
 
 The American Woodcock is a trifle smaller 
 than his European relative and of much darker 
 coloration. To soothe our national vanity I 
 will add that he is much smarter and more re- 
 sourceful than the Old World product. The 
 habits of the two are very similar. In color our 
 bird is a warm reddish brown, mottled on the 
 back and wings with jet black. Many feathers, 
 mostly on the shoulders, of a pale blue-gray 
 color. Most of the feathers of the back and 
 wings are tipped with deep tawny yellow. On 
 the breast a ruddier tinge which deepens on the 
 flanks to a beautiful reddish- or golden-brown. 
 The male bird is from ten to eleven inches long.
 
 AMERICAN WOODCOCK 123 
 
 between sixteen and eighteen inches in extent, 
 and weighs from six to eight ounces. The fe- 
 male is a trifle larger and the average weight 
 may be an ounce or so heavier. Have heard 
 from sportsmen of ''Timberdoodles" weighing 
 twelve ounces, but such birds are not common 
 and I, at least, have never seen one. The larg- 
 est Woodcock of my own capturing weighed 
 nine and one-half ounces. When I brought him 
 down I would have gambled that he weighed 
 not less than a pound. I have seen one that, 
 though not in plump order, weighed ten and 
 one-quarter ounces, was twelve inches in length, 
 and had a wing-spread of twenty inches. It 
 was by all odds the largest Woodcock that I 
 have ever seen and in good condition should 
 have been a record breaker for weight. 
 
 Mr. Timberdoodle is an odd-looking bird. 
 His striking personality will command the at- 
 tention of anyone who may meet him. A plump 
 and chunky body is he, with a head several 
 sizes too large for him, set off by a long bill 
 and a pair of dark, beady eyes, soft and full, 
 placed high up and well back in his head so 
 that he commands a wide range of vision and 
 sees nearly as much behind him as ahead. It
 
 124 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 is even said that at times he watches an enemy 
 behind him so closely as to dart headlong into 
 a tree trunk and kill himself. This statement 
 probably belongs under the heading, ''Interest- 
 ing if true." Such cases are extremely rare. 
 Most of us have too firm a faith in the bird's 
 ability to take care of himself to believe much 
 in this theory. 
 
 With fear and trembling I approach the 
 statement I am about to make. Many fierce 
 arguments have been provoked and much scorn 
 and contumely have been heaped upon me be- 
 cause of it — but here goes : it is not commonly 
 known among sportsmen that the American 
 Woodcock will sometimes take to a tree when 
 disturbed. I have seen two birds do so, and 
 (dare I confess it?) I shot the first one as he 
 sat. It was my first Woodcock and I needed 
 him ; also I was but fifteen years old — let these 
 palliate the offense; moreover, the ethics of 
 sport in that section did not then forbid the 
 shooting of a roosting bird when it could be 
 done. I know of six other instances, in each 
 case the bird unshot at and unhurt, where reput- 
 able sportsmen have seen the same thing. It 
 was in one case a woodcock gunner of long ex-
 
 AMERICAN WOODCOCK 125 
 
 perience, who, when I had told him that I had 
 seen a woodcock perched in a tree, listened with 
 a politely incredulous smile, saying nothing, but 
 looking — ''Well, I may want to tell you a 'bus- 
 ter' to match that when I have the time to manu- 
 facture it." He is now convinced, for he has 
 seen with his own eyes. I have in mind an- 
 other case where a man killed one that was 
 perching in an apple tree at dusk — shot him 
 with a club, too — but there! I see that my 
 reputation for truth-telling is entirely gone ! 
 
 Yet why should not a Woodcock alight in a 
 tree? He passes his entire life in the thickest 
 tangle of the woods, and what is there strange 
 in his settling on a limb if he likes? "But," 
 said one scoffer, "the Woodcock's foot is not 
 in the least fitted for the perching habit; he 
 could never keep on a limb." Certainly he is 
 as well fitted for it as a woodduck, a hooded 
 merganser, a whistler, a goose, or an upland 
 plover, and there seems to be no difficulty for 
 the same people to believe that the snipe, his 
 first cousin and much more a bird of the open 
 country, will fly up into a tree when alarmed 
 near its nest. The habit in the case of the 
 Woodcock also seems to be more common dur-
 
 126 FEATHEEED GAME 
 
 ing the nesting season, when few gunners are 
 in the covers and so are less likely to see this 
 strange sight. Within a week I have been in- 
 formed of two well authenticated instances of 
 this fact, though probably it was the same bird 
 in each case as the two happened within a few 
 yards of each other and a nest is near by. 
 
 With us in New England these seem to be 
 two great flights of Woodcocks in the fall, the 
 opening of the season finding here only those 
 birds which have bred in our borders. These 
 we carefully gather, in order to make room for 
 later arrivals, which are due about October 
 tenth to twentieth, — the first flight. The sec- 
 ond excursion comes about the time the first 
 cold storm of the fall strikes. These later 
 birds are from the extreme northern breeding 
 range of the family and usually average larger 
 in size and of lighter color than the local birds. 
 Our russet brown beauty of September is much 
 ruddier in shade than are these November visi- 
 tors. It seems the rule among most migrant 
 birds that those breeding in the northern 
 ranges average larger in size and less brilliant 
 in color. This statement as to comparative 
 size does not apply to the ''Labrador twisters'^
 
 AMEEICAN WOODCOCK 127 
 
 of the veteran woodcock gunner, — the few 
 stragglers picked up after the flights have gone 
 by, which are mostly old males and extremely 
 small. How they can twist and fly! If the 
 average Woodcock had their ability the future 
 supply of ''Long-bills" would be assured. 
 
 My latest kill on Woodcock was on November 
 25th; but the fault is mine, for I failed to ad- 
 vance this record five days by making a beau- 
 tiful two-cartridge miss on November 30th of 
 last season and for two weeks later there was an 
 occasional bird to be found, although there had 
 been a four-inch snowfall in the meantime. I 
 have known of their staying near an open 
 spring hole even later than this. (Maine rec- 
 ords.) 
 
 One word here on game protection : May the 
 day soon come when all spring shooting shall 
 be stopped: When the sale of game in the 
 markets shall be prohibited: When the law 
 shall everywhere regulate to a reasonable fig- 
 ure the number of birds which a man may take 
 in a day's hunt: These laws to apply every- 
 where that game is hunted. These things must 
 come soon or the question of game protection 
 will be solved for good and all — and not to your
 
 128 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 wish and pleasure either, my brother sports- 
 man. I am glad to say that much of this has 
 been accomplished in my own State, and noth- 
 ing that has been done before has been of so 
 great benefit to the cause of game protection 
 and propagation. The good results of closing 
 the markets have already been proven in the 
 marked increase of the ruffed grouse in our 
 covers. Though but a few years' time has 
 elapsed the advantages have been conclusively 
 shown and the future promises even better 
 things. 
 
 But big bags of Woodcocks are growing more 
 and more uncommon. Even in covers once 
 rated as ''sure finds" and held good for fair 
 shooting under any and all conditions the 
 ''blank day" is not the uncommon thing it once 
 was. If any of our game birds should be pro- 
 tected, and of course they should, surely the 
 Woodcock's need is greatest of all. The family 
 raised each season is very small — rarely are 
 there more than four in the brood — and it is 
 no wonder that the species is growing yearly 
 less numerous when we remember how persist- 
 ently they are hunted from the British Pro- 
 vinces to the Gulf, having no peace in any part
 
 AMERICAN WOODCOCK 129 
 
 of their range except during a few months of 
 spring and early summer in the north. With 
 the exception of one State there is no protection 
 whatever for Woodcocks in the South, 
 
 They are certainly decreasing w^ith terrible 
 rapidity. For the season just passed I am un- 
 able to find in a tolerably large acquaintance of 
 brush gunners one man whose total of Wood- 
 cocks was not materially less than in any former 
 season. My own score was less than half the 
 usual number, while of ruffed grouse I cap- 
 tured a half more than in any former year, and 
 I think this was a general condition of things 
 with the shooting fraternity in this section. 
 With all the hunters' demands upon him Mr. 
 Bonasa Umbellus is more than holding his own. 
 
 Of course, in the case of the Woodcock or 
 any migratory bird, legislation by any one 
 State or section of the country can do little for 
 its preservation, so that everywhere bird lovers 
 and sportsmen alike must work together, and 
 that right soon, if they would save this noble 
 game bird from extinction in the not far distant 
 future. Brother sportsman, wherever you are, 
 will you lend a hand?
 
 130 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 WILSON'S SNIPE. AMERICAN SNIPE. 
 ' ' ENGLISH SNIPE. " " JACK SNIPE. ' ' 
 
 (Gallinago delicata.) 
 
 Through a common and widespread error 
 this American citizen is often called the ''Eng- 
 lish Snipe." This last is one of the species 
 of the Old World, an extremely rare visitor 
 from Greenland, to which place it occasionally 
 strays from Europe. The difference between 
 the two birds is slight, however, and in size, 
 form, habits and general appearance they are 
 nearly identical. The distinguishing points, 
 then, are these: the European species, poor 
 thing, has only from twelve to fourteen feath- 
 ers in his rudder, and the barrings on the flanks 
 and axillars are much fainter than is produced 
 under a republican form of government. Our 
 own fortunate fellow citizen (as you have prob- 
 ably noted a thousand times when they have 
 risen before your gun) is the possessor of from 
 sixteen to eighteen tail feathers and hea\^^ black 
 barrings on the flanks and axillars, but it is the 
 fashion with some gunners to suppose when 
 they have taken an exceptionally fine bird that
 
 WILSON'S SNIPE 131 
 
 they have captured an ''English Snipe," think- 
 ing he must be a "better" bird than our own. 
 
 Wilson's Snipe, under his many names, is 
 widely and favorably known in this country. 
 His winter range takes him to South America 
 and his spring flights carry him far into the 
 north. This last movement sometimes com- 
 mences in March and is usually over by the last 
 of April or the first of May. They remain 
 with us later in the fall than do any other of the 
 shore-birds. The writer has shot belated trav- 
 elers after Jack Frost had placed his signet 
 upon all the feeding places and "pondholes" 
 above the reach of the tide. 
 
 The Snipe has a peculiar habit called ''drum- 
 ming," not widely different from the wood- 
 cock's spring-time vagaries, and, like these, per- 
 formed when on the wing. This is said to occur 
 both during the spring and fall months, even 
 more often in the latter season. As to this I 
 cannot say, since few Snipe are seen in my sec- 
 tion during the breeding season nor is spring 
 shooting looked upon with much favor here, 
 probably more because of game scarcity at the 
 time than from any unusual virtue of our citi- 
 zens. Thus far the writer has seen this per-
 
 132 FEATHEEED GAME 
 
 formance but once, and then in the legitimate 
 shooting season. It was a bright October day 
 when a single Snipe, the sole dweller in the 
 marsh-land near by, entertained me in some- 
 thing after this manner: The bird mounted 
 upward fully one hundred yards, flying at great 
 speed in wide circles, then suddenly dropped 
 like a stone almost to the earth, his wings half 
 closed and moving rapidly. This was repeated 
 several times. The '^drumming" sound is sup- 
 posed to be due to the action of the air upon 
 the stiff wing quills in their rapid motion, and 
 the music thus produced is very like that made 
 by the small boy when "humming a nail." At 
 times a number of Snipe join together in this 
 performance. When this occurs they are apt 
 to be very wild and difficult of approach, so we 
 are told. 
 
 The Snipe nests in some dry tussock in the 
 midst of the marsh, usually laying four eggs, 
 of a grayish green color, splashed with dark 
 brown spots. The young generally appear dur- 
 ing the latter half of June. A few of these 
 birds breed in the extensive marshes about the 
 Maine lakes, wandering into the tide-waters 
 late in September, but the best snipe shooting
 
 WILSON'S SNIPE 133 
 
 on these coasts comes after one or two sharp 
 frosts have closed their free lunch in the 
 swamps of the interior, driving the birds from 
 their summer ranges and reminding them that 
 it is time to look for pleasanter quarters fur- 
 ther south. They form no large flocks, coming 
 along in ''wisps" of two or three, mostly at 
 night, but, I think, not infrequently by day. 
 Authorities are divided as to this bird's habit 
 of migration, some saying that the Snipe al- 
 ways migrates by night, but from my own ob- 
 servation I am satisfied that he travels in the 
 daylight also. I remember seeing a flock of 
 seven (the largest number that I ever saw 
 traveling together) arrive in the marsh in mid- 
 afternoon, and my companion and I had the 
 pleasure of making it our own ''personally 
 conducted excursion" before it left. What 
 seems most remarkable to us was the fact that 
 when we flushed them, after making a few cir- 
 cles in the air, they would come back to our 
 whistles just as a bunch of plover might have 
 done. This is almost the only occasion on 
 which I have seen them pay any attention to a 
 call, and presume that then the little family 
 did not want to be separated — nor did we our-
 
 134 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 selves want it split up, so, apparently every- 
 body was pleased for once. 
 
 The Snipe is a fine fellow and a worthy ac- 
 quaintance for any gunner. He usually lies 
 well to the dog and gives forth a fairly strong 
 scent which a good dog will perceive at some 
 distance. He closely resembles his highly es- 
 teemed cousin, the woodcock, in his mode of 
 life, getting his living by boring in the mud of 
 the swamps and boggy places, both sea marsh 
 and inland, feeding on the worms and larvae 
 found there just as the woodcock does in the 
 moist places in the upland and the woods. I 
 have often known of Snipe being shot in a 
 woodcock cover, and in one instance it took six 
 cartridges to bring him to grass — this, too, by 
 good woodcock shots. That they were greatly 
 surprised at seeing him there and at hearing 
 his indignant ^'Sca-a-aipe! Sca-a-aipe!" as he 
 dodged about among the branches may have 
 had something to do with their poor shooting. 
 It may also be that the thickly growing brush 
 added a few extra aerial gymnastics to a flight 
 which is under any conditions sujETiciently erratic 
 for most wing-shots. 
 
 As a rule it is in the spring that I meet Mr.
 
 
 CO
 
 WILSON'S SNIPE 135 
 
 Snipe in the woods, along the brook-banks and 
 in the drain-holes in the fields; perhaps be- 
 cause the marshes are then swept bare of cover 
 by the ice of winter. He is commonly content 
 with the salt marshes alongshore in the fall mi- 
 grations, but at any season will go into any 
 I^lace, whether marsh or upland, which can fur- 
 nish him a square meal and a soggy, moist soil 
 for his long bill to probe and bore into. You 
 may meet him in many a seemingly unlikely 
 spot: I remember how near I was to losing a 
 fine shot at a Snipe because of too little confi- 
 dence in my dog, — a youngster, — who was ap- 
 parently pointing a flock of hens in a farmer's 
 dooryard, within twenty yards of the house and 
 a mile at least from any snipe country. The 
 puppy stood firm and refused to leave his post 
 until his slow-witted master should come and 
 do his part. I am glad to say that I did not 
 disappoint my dog that time. 
 
 When in our New England marshes one of 
 October's perfect days follows a sharp frost — 
 and if the wind comes briskly out of the north- 
 west it is no harm — such a day means that it is 
 time to visit that stretch of mire and salt grass 
 which you know affords the best cover for Snipe
 
 136 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 and tliat there is a fair prospect of getting a 
 good bag of birds, provided, always, that you 
 can handle a gun with the skill needful to cut 
 down the squeaking gray streak which doubles 
 and twists away in front of you. He gets under 
 way about as soon as any bird that flies, and 
 unless he lies close you must do the very quick- 
 est and most accurate work to stop him. There 
 is, in my humble opinion, no marsh gunning to 
 be compared with snipe-shooting over a good 
 dog, with birds plenty and not too wild. As a 
 rule they do not like to leave a good feeding 
 ground and so allow the sportsman to come 
 close before flushing, thus a man who knows 
 his ground may make a fair bag of birds with- 
 out a dog; but, to make an Irishman's ^'bull," 
 the pleasure is doubled when shared with your 
 four-footed chum, for his every lithe move- 
 ment, graceful line and beautiful pose is plainly 
 seen. 
 
 Probably no bird which comes under the 
 sportsman's eye has such a reputation as a 
 dodger. He may throw summersaults sidewise 
 or endwise, or he may travel as straight as a 
 honey-laden bee, but however he may steer his 
 course he will have a full head of steam on and
 
 WILSON'S SNIPE 137 
 
 move plenty fast enough, be sure of that! 
 When he flushes close to the gun he is very apt 
 to think that a little irregularity on his part 
 may add interest to the occasion, and in such 
 lines he is very much at home. Some of his 
 curves would make a ''ball tosser's" fortune. 
 If, however, we wait until the cunning rascal 
 has twisted his little twist and finally straight- 
 ened out for some more healthy scene we may 
 cut loose with a fair chance of gathering him, 
 for he is not ''hard lived" and a few pellets 
 will stop him. But even this plan will not al- 
 ways bring about their destruction, for some 
 old veterans of the bog will corkscrew for a 
 hundred yards with their heads over their 
 shoulders and their keen eyes following your 
 every movement, dropping suddenly to earth 
 and running a short distance to flush even 
 wilder next time. Such citizens are hard to 
 deal with; still, we can work down upon them 
 with the wind and so have a larger percentage 
 of cross shots where it is only a question of 
 proper leading, or we may take some day when 
 there is a strong breeze blowing and work with 
 the air in our faces. We shall thus have a fair 
 chance, as they invariably rise against the wind
 
 138 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 and do not then twist so much, often offering 
 for a moment an almost stationary mark, 
 which, if you are a ''snap shot," makes your 
 opportunity. May you improve it ever! My 
 own system is to snap at them as quickly as 
 possible and make ready at once to miss an- 
 other. For myself, I prefer to work across 
 and against the breeze, thus giving the dog 
 more advantage. The dog's part is ever more 
 than half the pleasure for me — perhaps be- 
 cause it is so much better done. 
 
 You can see many signs of their occupancy 
 as you trudge through the mire — the borings 
 in the black, oozy mud, the ''whitewash" where 
 thev have fed — and in the stubble where the 
 farmer has cut "salt hay" for bedding for his 
 cattle you start them singly and in pairs, keep- 
 ing dog, gun and yourself well occupied in 
 downing the swift-flying "longbills" which 
 have arrived during the night. No other of the 
 "bay snipe," as the game waders are termed, 
 furnish so good sport for dog and gun as does 
 Wilson's Snipe. Probably the Grassbird ranks 
 next in game qualities, as the others are not to 
 be hunted with a dog but are shot over ' ' stools ' ' 
 or by stealthy approach. If you have hunted
 
 WILSON'S SNIPE 139 
 
 the place mucli you will know just where to 
 find the birds, and have in mind every stretch 
 of mud, pondhole and clump of grass where you 
 have found them before. Sometimes you may 
 see the Snipe arriving in the marsh. Suddenly 
 he appears to you — ^where he came from you 
 know not — but there he is! With rapid wing 
 strokes he dashes around the marsh a hundred 
 yards up, seeking a suitable place on which to 
 rest and feed. His shining wing flickers in 
 the sun as the light colored under parts are 
 brought into sight and covered again, and he 
 shows up sharp and clear against the blue Oc- 
 tober sky as he goes darting over the tall wav- 
 ing grass and stretches of blue water, circling 
 about in silence — a marked contrast to any 
 other shorebird, which would have called and 
 whistled his arrival to every dweller in the 
 marsh, both friend and foe. Small success at- 
 tends your most alluring whistle for rarely does 
 the Snipe pay attention to any enticing call. 
 Our hero is unsocial and seldom cares for so- 
 ciety, even of his own aristocratic set, rarely 
 traveling in bunches of more than three birds 
 and more often coming alone. Now he has 
 found a place to his liking and half closing his
 
 140 FEATHEKED GAME 
 
 wings he pitches headlong downward, almost 
 perpendicularly to the ground. Surely he must 
 be dashed in pieces on the earth — but no, — a 
 bending of his body, a sudden spreading of his 
 wings when only a foot from the ground and he 
 alights upon his feet as gently as ever thistle- 
 down rested upon the summer sea. A wary 
 glance about him, and satisjSed that all is well, 
 he begins feeding. 
 
 Now after him! Across the narrow creek 
 with its slippeiy, shaky edges, and the 
 brown water hurrying seaward with the fall- 
 ing tide. Carefully, now! It is deep here. 
 The pointer plunges in and with half a dozen 
 rapid strokes gains the other side. Bal- 
 ancing on grassy hummocks which quiver be- 
 neath your tread you follow him. Fifty yards 
 ahead there is a small '' pond-hole," margined 
 about with black mud and short, red-topped 
 grass, and this, you are sure, is his journey's 
 end. The dog is well in advance, going along 
 with a springy, slashing stride, but he pulls 
 up short, almost ''turning a handspring" in his 
 sudden stand. You approach and wait, with 
 nerves a-tingle, for the bird to flush, then order 
 your dog on, only to find that he will not move.
 
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 WILSON'S SNIPE 141 
 
 At this you beat up the grass in front and on 
 either side, quartering in all directions, but still 
 no Snipe, and in wonder and disgust you are 
 tempted to give it up, your faith in your favor- 
 ite sorely shaken. But the dog stands firm, and 
 just here you plunge thigh deep into a hidden 
 drain-hole. ''Scaipe! Scaipe!" Up between 
 your feet with startled squeak springs the ob- 
 ject of your search. Away like a streak the lit- 
 tle gray imp goes, darting, dodging and zig- 
 zagging, now right, now left, and all the time 
 adding to the distance between himself and the 
 threatening danger. You wrench yourself up 
 to the solid ground with a desperate effort and 
 pull yourself together, for it will never do now 
 to let him get away unscathed, and when by 
 some unaccountable accident you 
 
 ''Hustle him down wi' a slug in his wing," 
 
 (for they do sometimes blunder into a charge 
 of shot), before he is added to the collection in 
 your game bag let us look at his markings and 
 peculiarities. The pup has retrieved him beau- 
 tifully, sitting up to deliver the prize into your 
 hand with scarcely a feather rufiQed. You han- 
 dle him with much satisfaction for he is a good 
 bird and you feel that you have fairly earned
 
 142 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 him. He may weigh six ounces if appearances 
 count for anything. He is ten inches or so in 
 length, and in extent about eighteen inches. 
 His head is mainly black with a strip of pale 
 yellow ochre over the crown, and on each side 
 of the head another stripe of the same color 
 running to and above the eyes. Neck all 
 around streaked with black and pale brownish 
 yellow, the black predominating behind. The 
 wing quills and upper coverts are brownish 
 black, these last with tawny reddish and yel- 
 lowish markings. On his back the same dark 
 brown color, the scapulars, edged with golden 
 yellow and chestnut, making long stripes on 
 each side when the bird is at rest with closed 
 wings. The rump is black, the feathers tipped 
 with white; inside of wings, axillars and the 
 flanks white with regular barrings of black. 
 Tail feathers black, tipped with a rich chestnut 
 band, which is again divided by a narrow black 
 line, and the ends of the feathers lighter chest- 
 nut, fading to a whitish hue. His belly is 
 white; throat and breast yellowish, with strag- 
 gling lines of dull brown. 
 
 Let us hope that you will appreciate him at 
 the table. If you are a judge of the good things
 
 WILSON S SNIPE 143 
 
 of life there is little room for doubt that you 
 will, for at any season the Snipe is tender and 
 of good flavor. 
 
 And so the sportsman tramps cheerily across 
 his mucky pleasure-ground, his eyes alight with 
 a soul-satisfying content as his dog careers 
 about in graceful quartering, head high and 
 tail a-switching. No fear that he will pass a 
 single twister — not he! Oho! Another one! 
 Mark that sudden swerve up-wind — those quiv- 
 ering nostrils as he ''snuffs the tainted gale." 
 And now, like the work of some grand sculp- 
 tor, he stands motionless in the open sunlight, 
 beauty and life in every line and curve, his 
 muscles tense and rigid, awaiting his master's 
 coming. No less eager than his dog, and hast- 
 ening as fast as hip boots and sucking mire will 
 allow, the sportsman moves up. He gets him- 
 self into position to shoot quickly, tests the 
 safety catch to be sure his weapon is ready, and 
 then chirrups to his dog to move in. Whiz-z-z ! 
 Something streaks it from the grass and mire 
 just ahead of the dog — ''Scaipe! — Scaipe!" — 
 a rasping note emitted from a small form fast 
 turning out corkscrews of ever-growing dis- 
 tance. Bang! Bang! May the recording
 
 144 FEATHERED GAWK 
 
 angel turn a deaf ear to the all-too-energetic ex- 
 pressions of the sportsman, who is gazing earn- 
 estly into space before him with disgust in every 
 lineament and blistering eloquence hurrying 
 from his tongue ! Two empty cartridge cases 
 idly smoking in the mire represent another 
 waste of ammunition, and still the would-be 
 slayer stares, unable to believe the evidence of 
 his eyes. Yet the reason for his failure is not 
 far to seek — our friend, as someone has beauti- 
 fully said, has ''shot zig just as the Snipe 
 turned zag. " 
 
 There is no fear that the sportsman of the 
 east will deserve opprobrium because of too 
 much snipe-slaughter. That is hardly possible 
 under our game conditions. Here are no such 
 chances as the spring flights afford our west- 
 ern brothers. Somehow Snipe are rare in that 
 season, and even in the fall months a dozen 
 Snipe to a gun in a day is a good killing in most 
 New England marshes. Still, with the ''yel- 
 lowlegs" and ''grassbirds" and on occasion 
 the stray teal and black duck, our gunners 
 will make a satisfactory bagful. To many the 
 uncertainty as to what the charge may be 
 unloosed at next lends an added charm to
 
 THE BROWN-BACK 145 
 
 marsh gunning, but for myself, my shooting 
 ability furnishes all the charm of uncertainty 
 needed. 
 
 THE BROWN-BACK. DOWITCHER. 
 RED-BREASTED SNIPE. 
 
 (Macrorhamphus griseus.) 
 
 At certain seasons this is a common bird all 
 along the Atlantic coast line, choosing the long 
 stretches of sandy beach rather than the home 
 of Wilson's snipe in fresh water bog and salt 
 marsh. These birds are but little known in 
 New England save on the seashore, where dur- 
 ing the migrations they are for a few days 
 abundant, then are gone and nothing more is 
 seen of them until the next flight arrives. They 
 appear on our beaches on their northward jour- 
 ney sometimes during the latter half of April 
 though oftener late in May, and stay with us 
 but a day or so at most, returning to the south 
 more leisurely, generally in August. They 
 breed far away in the north and in their fall 
 migrations often follow the retreating sun into 
 the southern hemisphere, journeying southward 
 to Brazil.
 
 146 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 Unlike Wilson's snipe, which travels in small 
 bunches of two or three birds, or at the most 
 the members of a family making np the party, 
 the Brown-backs fly in large flocks more after 
 the habit of the sandpipers, which family they 
 resemble in many other particulars. 
 
 Less wary than the average of the shore- 
 birds, ordinarily but little difficulty is experi- 
 enced in getting within shot range. They fly in 
 solid masses and their flocks in close order offer 
 the best of chances to the shooter whose ambi- 
 tion is to make a big bag of birds, so that they 
 are killed in great numbers if the gunner hap- 
 pens upon them during their short stay on our 
 coast. All things considered it is fortunate for 
 them that they arrive unexpectedly and depart 
 without notice after no long stay. Indeed, it is 
 a matter for wonder that the shorebirds were 
 not exterminated long ago. It would almost 
 seem impossible to keep up the supply in the 
 face of the gunner's demands, especially when 
 we remember how small are the families raised. 
 
 The fall migrations do not bring so many of 
 these birds upon our shores as do the spring 
 flights. It may be that the returning tourists 
 pass to the westward of us, or perhaps out to
 
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 THE BROWN-BACK 147 
 
 sea ; but whatever the reason the fact remains. 
 Those which do visit us are less inclined to 
 hurry their departure than in the spring when 
 untrammeled by young birds of limited flight 
 powers. 
 
 If the gunner's good genius leads him to the 
 beach on the day of their arrival he may chance 
 to have some sport that will long be remem- 
 bered. Down on some long sandbar in the early 
 morning, snug in his shallow pit or grass-hid- 
 den blind with his life-like bunch of decoys set 
 twenty yards or so away, the lucky fellow is 
 almost certain to make a good bag of birds. 
 In the air their flocks are the most compact 
 of all the bay birds, and in search of food they 
 pass over the beach and waves at from ten to 
 fifteen feet above the surface. Their migra- 
 tory flights are often made at a considerable 
 height, though if a whistle can reach them they 
 are apt to come down for investigation. Hear- 
 ing the mimicry of their own notes and anxious 
 to aid those who have been cut down by the dis- 
 charge they will return to the decoys not once 
 but many times until the flock has been sadly 
 reduced. 
 
 In the west there is a variety of this bird
 
 148 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 averaging slightly larger, a little darker in color 
 and having a somewhat longer bill, Macrorham- 
 pkus griseus scolopaceus. This is as rarely 
 taken on the range of the eastern variety as is 
 the eastern bird in the country of his relation, 
 but if they chance to meet they travel together 
 in most cousinly fashion. 
 
 Our eastern bird is marked thus : above, black, 
 varied with reddish brown, tawny yellow, and 
 on the back with white ; these last colors mainly 
 on the tii^s and edges of the feathers. Top of 
 the head dusky; a whitish line running from 
 the base of the bill over the eye ; a dusky patch 
 extending from the bill to the eye. Throat, 
 breast and sides russet brown and reddish, 
 paler underneath and with dusky marks and 
 barrings. Tail and its upper coverts black, 
 with white or light reddish barrings. Rump 
 white, showing sharply as the bird flies. Bill 
 and feet greenish black; feet slightly webbed, 
 so that the bird, like most shorebirds, is a fair 
 swimmer at need. The female is similarly col- 
 ored though a trifle paler and is a bit smaller 
 than her mate. Though not so ''stocky" in 
 figure, the Brown-back is altogether snipe-like in 
 appearance.
 
 THE STILT SANDPIPER 149 
 
 The length of this species is from ten to 
 eleven and one-half inches ; its extent from sev- 
 enteen to nineteen inches ; bill from two to three 
 inches long, varying much in specimens. A 
 prime favorite with the shore gunner and a fine 
 table bird, tender and well flavored. 
 
 THE STILT SANDPIPER. 
 
 (Micropalama himantopus.) 
 
 Supposed to be found in all parts of the con- 
 tinent, this is a rare bird in any part of North 
 America and of even more uncommon occur- 
 rence westward of the Rockies. This species 
 breeds in the summer range of the family in the 
 far north and in winter goes away to the south 
 with the other shorebirds into their ranges of 
 the West Indies, Central and South America. 
 As a rule it travels in small flocks of its own 
 kind or associates with the dowitchers and lesser 
 yellow-legs, to the advantage of both these spe- 
 cies, for the Stilt Sandpiper either has less con- 
 fidence in mankind or is gifted with a more 
 critical taste in music and is not so readily de- 
 ceived by the marsh gunner's whistle as are 
 its friends. In its nesting, food and life habits
 
 150 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 very similar to the little yellow-legs. Very few 
 nests have been found, however. 
 
 The summer and winter plumages differ con- 
 siderably from each other, the breeding dress 
 being quite like that of the brownback while 
 the winter bird is mainly clad in ashy grays and 
 white. Above, the summer dress is dusky or 
 black of varying intensity, the edges and tips 
 of the feathers marked with white or reddish 
 yellow. A dusky line running from the eyes to 
 the bill, and above the eyes a streak of light 
 brownish red. Tail feathers gray, whitening 
 on the edges, and sometimes in the centres the 
 same shade. Upper tail coverts white with 
 black bars. Wing quills dusky, blackening at 
 the tips. Below, reddish with black and white 
 barrings and streakings ; bill, legs and feet dull 
 greenish black. The bird is about eight and 
 one-half inches long; in extent from sixteen to 
 seventeen inches. 
 
 An odd-looking bird whose long legs make it 
 merit well the name of Stilt Sandpiper. It can 
 hardly be mistaken by anyone having an ac- 
 quaintance with the family.
 
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 BAIRD'S SANDPIPER 151 
 
 BATED 'S SANDPIPER. 
 
 (Actodromas bairdii.) 
 
 Though probably not so rare here as com- 
 monly supposed, this sandpiper is nowhere 
 numerous along the coast of North America. 
 It is generally distributed throughout the in- 
 terior of our country, and while very rare on 
 the Pacific coast of North America south of 
 Alaska, is said to be a regular visitor to the 
 west coast of South America. 
 
 This variety differs but little in its habits and 
 mode of life from our better known "peeps" ex- 
 cept that as a rule it travels in smaller flocks 
 and is less deiDcndent on mud flats or marsh 
 for its living. It is as much at home in the 
 mountain pasture or prairie land as anywhere, 
 and like the ''upland," is content to dwell in 
 the highlands, far from ordinary shorebird 
 haunts. In such places its food is of grasshop- 
 pers, bugs and berries. In the east, Baird's 
 Sandpiper is found in the company of any of 
 our own varieties. 
 
 This bird breeds in the Arctic regions arriv- 
 ing early on the the nesting grounds, and laying
 
 152 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 four eggs for its contribution toward the con- 
 tinuance of its race. 
 
 In appearance this species is very near to 
 the white-rumped sandpiper, with the same gen- 
 eral scheme of coloring though of grayer tones 
 and with dusky instead of white on the rump 
 as in the other. The two are close together in 
 measurements ; if there is any difference Baird's 
 is a trifle the smaller, being about seven inches 
 long and about fifteen inches in sail spread. 
 The edges of the feathers are lighter — reddish 
 yellow in this bird — and the feet and legs are 
 black. The young bird in August and the old 
 bird in winter dress are even paler, and at any 
 age and in any plumage Baird's Sandpiper is 
 noticeably lighter in color than is the white- 
 rumped. But if there is any doubt as to the 
 identity of a specimen the white or dusky color 
 of the rump will place the bird at once. The 
 only other " peep " likely to be mistaken for 
 this one is the '^ grassbird," or pectoral sand- 
 piper, which is considerably larger and has 
 darker centres and ruddier edges to the feath- 
 ers of the upper parts.
 
 THE '^ PEEPS" 153 
 
 THE'' PEEPS." 
 SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. 
 
 (Ereunetes pusillus.) 
 
 LEAST SANDPIPER. 
 
 Actodromas minutilla.) 
 
 WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER. 
 
 (Actodromas fuscicollis.) 
 
 What will become of the beginners in the 
 art of wing shooting when the little ''Sand- 
 peep's" gentle "peet-weet" is no more to be 
 heard along the muddy banks of our marshes 
 and tide-waters? This is a grave question for 
 coming generations to solve, for the poor per- 
 secuted little "peep" furnishes the object les- 
 son in the very first school — the kindergarten, 
 as it were — of the shotgun crank's education. 
 
 Gentle, confiding and unsuspicious in their 
 nature, their trustful simplicity is the cause of 
 great loss of life among their close-flying flocks. 
 The small boy with his ancient musket has 
 wrought great havoc in their ranks, and even 
 the older gunner sometimes takes a post-gradu-
 
 154 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 ate course long enough to get the material for 
 a '^sandpeep pie." Poor little things! For 
 the one mouthful of goodness which makes your 
 small bodies thus must you suffer ! 
 
 Out in the marsh grass when the late sum- 
 mer has come, during the latter half of August, 
 for a short time the flocks of fleet-winged little 
 birds come scurrying in with gentle, flute-like 
 piping, flying in from outer islands and bar- 
 ren ledges where they have rested during the 
 high tide. Now the fast receding water is leav- 
 ing bare the soft black ooze of the "flats," full 
 and overcrowded with snails and tiny marine 
 creatures, a veritable storehouse of good things 
 to be had for the taking. Against the watery 
 background their white bodies gleam an in- 
 stant, and the little fellows show like a thin 
 wreath of spray borne on the wind. As they 
 dart in erratic flight another turn brings the 
 dark backs into view, and next second they 
 are lost as they skim across the patches of 
 grass just beginning to show above the tide. 
 Presently they "pitch" in a sheltered, muddy 
 cove, and in their heedless innocence may have 
 alighted almost at the feet of their enemy. At 
 once they scatter and begin to feed, running
 
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 THE ''PEEPS" 155 
 
 prettily with nimble and graceful steps over 
 the slimy surface which bears their light forms 
 easily. Mark how their pursuer flounders, well 
 nigh mired in the chase. At length a consider- 
 able number being together for a brief instant, 
 he fires. Another barrel when the frightened 
 little creatures are in the air, and for a hundred 
 yards the cripples drop out and struggle to get 
 ashore to hide in the grass. 
 
 The average gunner as he happens upon these 
 little flocks seldom troubles them. If the beach 
 be covered with their squads and companies he 
 may take aim along his gun barrels at their 
 most compact masses and figure out the prob- 
 able destruction which the pressure of his fin- 
 ger might cause, then throwing the gun into 
 the hollow of his arm, goes out of his way that 
 he may not disturb their happiness. But all 
 too often comes the deadly flash with its fatal 
 effects, and many are killed and others, less 
 fortunate, are crippled, to fall behind the flock 
 and with their last strength struggle ashore to 
 await their release. 
 
 On the high tide they collect on the ledges 
 standing out of the water and huddle in a bunch 
 on the sunny side. They love to cuddle down
 
 156 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 on the drifting "thatch" in the quietest corners 
 of the marsh. When pushing for rails the gun- 
 ner often interrupts their noon-day nap, almost 
 driving his craft over them before they take 
 wing, returning at once when the boat has 
 passed. 
 
 The spring migrations take place during 
 April and May, and they nest far into the north. 
 It is usually as late as August fifteenth before 
 they begin to arrive in any numbers in New 
 England marshes, where they stay well into 
 October. 
 
 The most common of the Sandpipers here are 
 the Least and the Semipalmated, Both these 
 little fellows range over a large part of our 
 hemisphere, the latter travelling from the West 
 Indies, Central and South America to the ex- 
 treme north, mainly on the eastern slope of the 
 continent. The Least Sandpiper is even more 
 of a wanderer, for besides covering the same 
 wide range of country as his cousin he finds time 
 to visit Europe occasionally. 
 
 The Least Sandpiper as we see him in his 
 summer dress is colored above with dusky 
 brown and black through the centres of the 
 feathers, the edges tinged with reddish brown
 
 THE "PEEPS" 157 
 
 aod white; rump blackish; tail feathers dusky, 
 growing grayer toward the outer feathers; 
 wing quills dusky ; a blackish line from the bill 
 to the eye, and above this a white line. Below, 
 mainly white. Dusky specklings on a pale red- 
 dish brown ground on lower throat, breast and 
 neck. Upper throat white. Feet dull greenish. 
 Iris brown. Length about five and one-half 
 inches ; extent nearly eleven inches. 
 
 The Semipalmated Sandpiper is much like 
 the foregoing in color, and the two are often 
 found together. This bird is a very little larger 
 — perhaps half an inch longer — and somewhat 
 grayer in coloring, but in any case may be 
 known by the partial webbing of the toes. This 
 species also nests northward to the Arctic 
 shores. 
 
 The White-rumped Piper is almost large 
 enough to be worth shooting. It is from seven 
 to eight inches long, with a wing spread of fif- 
 teen inches. This is the sandpiper most com- 
 monly found in the marshes during September 
 and October, here associating with the "grass- 
 birds." It is also a common species inland, 
 and everywhere one of the most unsuspicious 
 of the shorebirds, paying no more heed to an iu-
 
 158 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 triider than polite curiosity demands. When 
 found on the seacoast it is generally met along 
 the rocky shores, and from this fact is called 
 by many shore dwellers the "rock peep" to 
 distinguish him from the smaller species, citi- 
 zens of the "mud fiats." He is marked much 
 like the others but a trifle grayer in color and 
 has a greenish-black bill and feet. Breast, 
 front and sides of neck yellowish brown, 
 streaked with dark brown and black lines. 
 Above, dusky brown and black, with lighter 
 edges to the feathers; upper tail coverts pure 
 white. Tail feathers blackish, growing lighter 
 toward outer feathers, these white-edged. Be- 
 low, white, spotted and streaked with dusky and 
 brownish lines on the sides. This species is 
 common on the eastern half of our continent and 
 and is occasionally found in Europe. It does 
 not breed in the United States, but goes far 
 north, as is the habit of the family. This bird 
 is also called "Bonaparte's Sandpiper."
 
 THE GRASSBIRD 159 
 
 THE GRASSBIRD. PECTORAL SAND- 
 PIPER. 
 
 (Actodromas maculata.) 
 
 One of our commonest marsh birds. Few of 
 our feathered friends are more widely known 
 than is the Grassbird. He is found at the dif- 
 ferent seasons in North, Central and South 
 America, the West Indies, Greenland, Europe 
 and Asia. With us he is but a migrant visitor 
 and is not known to nest within New England's 
 borders, or for that matter, elsewhere in the 
 United States. In fact, very little is known of 
 their breeding habits as there are very few rec- 
 ords of the finding of either nests or eggs. It 
 is supposed that they nest in the Arctic regions 
 generally. 
 
 They begin to arrive in our latitudes on their 
 southern way during August, and their flocks 
 continue to arrive and pass along until the se- 
 verer weather of the fall commences, by which 
 time they are all in the sunny south and safe 
 from any danger of frost bite. Their migra- 
 tory flights commonly take place at night, as 
 is the rule of the bay birds. They come along
 
 160 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 in flocks averaging from twenty to fifty mem- 
 bers, rarely more, and split up into small par- 
 ties upon arrival in our marshes, gathering 
 again into larger bunches when they resume 
 their travels. 
 
 The Grassbird is swift of wing and snipe-like 
 in many respects, lying well to the dog and af- 
 fording good sport when so hunted. From this 
 similarity of habits, their proper behavior in 
 dog society, their occasional darting flight — 
 sometimes dodging from side to side when much 
 alarmed — they are called "Jack-Snipe" by 
 many gunners, a term more widely applied to 
 Wilson's snipe. Where this name is given the 
 Grassbird the true snipe is usually called the 
 "English snipe." The Grassbird is known by 
 many other names in the different localities 
 which he visits, among them "Grass Snipe," 
 "Marsh Plover," and "Meadow Snipe," most 
 gunners insisting on calling him a Snipe, except 
 in New England, where he is generally known 
 as the "Grassbird." 
 
 In times past these birds were not much mo- 
 lested, being thought beneath the gunner's no- 
 tice and not worth the ammunition needed for 
 their destruction, but in the present game scar-
 
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 THE GRASSBIRD 161 
 
 city conditions are changed, and now, since the 
 Grassbirds are the most numerous species of 
 the ''bay snipe" in New England marshes, as 
 a consequence they pay the heaviest tribute to 
 the sportsman. On ordinary days of shore- 
 bird shooting there are nearly always more of 
 this species in the marsh gunner's game bag 
 than of any other. Of course there are never- 
 to-be-forgotten days when ''it rained beetle- 
 heads, ' ' or the ' ' goldens ' ' were out in force, but 
 as luck generally runs this statement will hold 
 good. Ordinarily there is small difficulty in ap- 
 proaching a flock; the younger birds are espe- 
 cially tame and even curious, often coming 
 within a few yards of a gunner to examine the 
 disturber of their peace; but again the old 
 campaigner will dash away upon sight with 
 loud, derisive whistling and a darting flight, 
 like the snipe's, which, with his smaller size 
 makes fully as difficult shooting as does Mr. 
 Longbill. 
 
 The Pectoral Sandpiper, as this bird is called 
 by the scientist, is a lover of the low-lying wet 
 meadows, either of the salt- or fresh-water 
 marshes, seldom found on the sea beaches or the 
 muddy flats, but when the salt hay has been cut
 
 162 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 in the sea marshes of New England there are 
 usually many of this family running about, 
 probing into the soft, oozy soil, and feeding on 
 the worms, snails and slugs so abundant there. 
 They are very welcome to the gunner since they 
 are good table birds, fat and well-flavored at 
 any season. Grassbirds come readily to the 
 gunner's call, single birds or flocks coming 
 equally well to the imitation of their note. 
 Their whistle is almost identical with that of 
 the smaller sandpipers and the two are often 
 found in company. 
 
 During the courtship the male bird inflates 
 the skin of his throat and breast to such an ex- 
 tent that it hangs down upon his breast like a 
 bag. From this circumstance comes the name. 
 Pectoral Sandpiper. Yet he is probably no 
 more ' ' puffed up " at his success than is the hu- 
 man bridegroom at the same important epoch 
 in his career. 
 
 The Grassbird's clothing is of sober tints ; the 
 top of his head brown with black markings, 
 these mainly in the centres of the feathers; 
 throat white ; sides of the head and around neck 
 pale yellowish brown with small black streaks 
 running through it. Superciliary stripe of white.
 
 THE PURPLE SANDPIPER 163 
 
 loral patch dark brown. Scapulars and tertia- 
 ries dark brown and black with buff or whitish 
 edges. Wing coverts light grayish brown with 
 lighter, even whitish, edges to the feathers. 
 Primaries dark brown. Rump and tail coverts 
 brownish black. Tail with dark brown central 
 feathers, growing lighter toward the sides, outer 
 pair margined with white. Feet and legs dull 
 olive. In length from eight to nine and one- 
 half inches, and ranging from fifteen to seven- 
 teen in extent. An overgrown least sandpiper 
 in appearance. 
 
 THE PURPLE SANDPIPER. ''ROCK- 
 WEED BIRD." 
 
 (Arquatella maritima.) 
 
 With the winter comes the Purple Sandpiper 
 out of the north, seeking warm weather in Jan- 
 uary and February on the New England coast ! 
 But then, he has his own ideas as to climate. 
 
 This is a dweller on the sea ledges, truly 
 named the ''Rockweed Bird," for on the brown 
 and slippery masses of seaweed on the deep- 
 water ledges he finds the snails and marine 
 creatures which furnish his table. Only on the
 
 164 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 shores of the outer islands where he has no 
 company but the swash of the waves and the 
 seething hiss of driving snow as it is swallowed 
 up in the sea is the Purple Sandpiper at home. 
 Hardy indeed is he and no stress of weather 
 seems to trouble him. He is the only resident 
 awake when the sleepy prowler, planning death 
 and destruction to the sea ducks, is headed for 
 his hiding place among the rocks, and in the 
 gray mist rising from the ocean he looks to the 
 heavy eyes of the gunner almost as large as a 
 duck himself. 
 
 Easy of approach and fearless because seldom 
 molested, since on account of timing their visits 
 to our coasts during the winter season the shore- 
 bird shooter entirely misses seeing them and 
 the winter gunner is after larger game, they 
 pay little heed to an approaching boat. A gen- 
 erous supply of suitable clothing keeps them 
 comfortable in any weather. They may be seen 
 dozing complacently in the sun on a winter af- 
 ternoon when the mercury has gone down out of 
 sight in the glass, for their homes and chosen 
 haunts are in the north, and only the closing 
 up of those waters by the winter's ice forces 
 them into our latitudes at all. 
 
 This ^' hardy Norseman" has the figure of the
 
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 THE PURPLE SANDPIPER 165 
 
 typical sailorman, thickset and heavy, more 
 compact in his build than any other of his fam- 
 ily which visits us. This may be because he 
 has not had to dodge shot and run from the 
 summer gunner all through the hot weather; 
 thus he gets a chance to put on flesh. 
 
 Having seen them only in the winter, and 
 since they are taken here at no other season, it 
 may be best to describe them in the dress of that 
 season. Above, colored on the centres of the 
 feathers a deep bluish black with a purplish 
 gloss, the edges and tips of the the feathers blu- 
 ish ash. Greater, middle and lesser wing cov- 
 erts and scapulars white-edged. Priraaries and 
 tail feathers dusky. Below, the throat and 
 breast bluish ash, this color extending along 
 the sides, paler and whitening on the edges of 
 the feathers. Remaining lower parts mainly 
 white. Legs and feet flesh-colored; bill about 
 one and one-quarter inches long, slightly down- 
 curved, dusky green with flesh-colored base. 
 The length of this bird is about nine inches ; ex- 
 tent from fifteen to sixteen inches. 
 
 This species rarely goes much south of New 
 England, perhaps to the Middle States, and 
 though chiefly found on the seacoast is an oc- 
 casional visitor to the Great Lakes.
 
 166 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 THE RED-BACKED SANDPIPER. 
 
 BLACK-BELLIED SANDPIPER. 
 
 AMERICAN DUNLIN. 
 
 (Pelidna alpina sakhalina.) 
 
 Very generally scattered over North Amer- 
 ica, but mainly dwelling on the coasts. Breeds 
 in the far north. They are more common in the 
 United States during the seasons of migration 
 than at any other time, being then fairly abun- 
 dant all along the coast line. Their journey- 
 ings are performed in large flocks and in their 
 travels of the winter months they even visit 
 South America. The family has its representa- 
 tives in the Old World, so closely resembling 
 our own species that only an expert (and he not 
 always) could distinguish between them. 
 
 In the breeding dress, the upper parts are a 
 deep reddish brown, with the central parts of 
 the feathers dusky or black. Rump and tail 
 coverts nearly black; tail feathers, wing quills, 
 (outer webs of these still darker) and coverts 
 dusky gray, the greater coverts often tipped 
 with white. Secondaries mostly white. Below,
 
 THE RED-BACKED SANDPIPER 167 
 
 white; throat and upper breast thickly speckled 
 with dusky, and an abdominal area of black, 
 varying much in size. Bill and feet black, the 
 bill somewhat down-curved at the tip. Have 
 seen birds shot in September wearing nearly 
 such a plumage as this. In the winter coat 
 much of the red has disappeared and the black 
 of the belly is also lacking. A plain, slatey- 
 gray above and pure white below, but there is 
 scarcely any bird with which to confound him. 
 Length eight or nine inches; sail spread about 
 fifteen inches. The American variety may 
 average rather larger than his Old World 
 brother. The Dunlins are very generally known 
 by the bay gunners as ''Fall Snipes," and are 
 reasonably abundant during August and Sep- 
 tember, growing more numerous as the autumn 
 advances to reach their greatest numbers near 
 the end of the shooting season. Rather late 
 visitors and among the last to go south in the 
 fall. 
 
 In New England these birds are rarely seen 
 away from the salt marshes of the coast and 
 unless in large flocks of their own kind they are 
 apt to be found in company with the "grass-
 
 168 FEATHEKED GAME 
 
 birds" or the dowitchers. They are very wel- 
 come in the game-bag of the marsh gunners 
 for, although they are not large, they are always 
 fat, of good flavor and fine table birds. 
 
 THE SANDERLING. '^ BEACH BIRD." 
 
 (Calidris arenaria.) 
 
 The Sanderling is an inhabitant of almost 
 every country and clime, passing the nesting 
 season within the Arctic Circle and migrating 
 to and beyond the tropics in the winter. 
 Though sometimes found on the shores of the 
 larger inland lakes, with us the bird is almost 
 entirely maritime. They are quite common 
 here in New England, a visitor to our sandy 
 beaches in August usually finding plenty of 
 these birds, either in small flocks of their own 
 kind or united with the smaller ''sandpeeps" 
 or the ' ^ ringnecks. " Their favorite feeding 
 places are at the edges of incoming waves, just 
 keeping out of their reach as they advance and 
 charging back as the water goes down. 
 
 Generally the Sanderling is unsuspicious and 
 will allow close approach unless in a locality 
 where much disturbed. It is large enough to be
 
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 THE SANDERLING 169 
 
 worth the ammunition necessary to its capture 
 and is a very fair bird for the table — that is, 
 enough of them are. It comes readily to call, 
 whether of ^'peep," ''ringneck," or other of 
 its acquaintances, for it is very sociable in its 
 nature, and the gunner who is seeking the in- 
 gredients for a shorebird pie can not do better 
 than use these birds for material. 
 
 He is a plump and ''chunky" little fellow, his 
 build and figure reminding us of the "beetle- 
 head." The fall adult and the young of the 
 year are not so brilliantly colored as are the 
 spring birds. For the most part the fall coat 
 is made up of modest and sober colors — gray, 
 black and white. The breeding dress is 
 brighter, the upper parts mottled with ashy, 
 black, and light reddish brown, with these col- 
 ors also on the sides of the neck and throat, 
 the black in broad areas through the centres 
 of the feathers, the light colors on the edges 
 and tips. A white area at the base of '^ach of 
 the inner primaries, together with the greater 
 part of the secondaries, also white, make a con- 
 spicuous mark of this color when the wing is 
 spread. Rump and upper tail coverts dusky 
 with fine edgings of white. Bill and feet black.
 
 170 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 The Sanderling's foot looks like a smaller model 
 of the beetlehead's with its three short, stout 
 toes; it has no hind toe — the only one of our 
 sandpijDers thus constructed. 
 
 This bird is a dweller on the sea-beaches, 
 mainlj^ those of the outer shores. Very rarely 
 is it that they come into the long stretches of 
 ''flats" or tide-water marshes so dear to the 
 other members of their family. 
 
 The length of this species is about eight in- 
 ches; extent from sixteen to sixteen and one- 
 half inches. 
 
 THE ROBIN SNIPE, GRAY BACK, OR 
 
 "KNOT." 
 
 RED-BREASTED SANDPIPER. 
 
 (Tringa canutus.) 
 
 World wide in its range, this bird is known in 
 both hemispheres; in America mostly on the 
 eastern coast, though occasional stragglers are 
 found on the beaches of the Great Lakes. This 
 is a beautiful bird, the largest of the sandpip- 
 ers. 
 
 Not very wary and coming quite readily when 
 ''whistled," they suffer considerably from the
 
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 THE ROBIN SNIPE 171 
 
 gunner when flighting. They are very fair 
 birds for the table and are well esteemed by the 
 shore gunner. Like the greater number of the 
 shore birds they make their summer homes in 
 the far north and there rear up their families. 
 In their winter travels they go well down the 
 coast of South America. 
 
 In their breeding dress the upper parts are 
 dusky brown, the feathers with lighter tips and 
 edges ; scapulars yellowish on the edges. Rump 
 dark grey with more or less distinct dusky bar- 
 rings. Upper tail coverts white with wavy bars 
 of dusky. Tail grayish, outer feathers whitish. 
 Below, brownish red, fading on flanks and tail 
 coverts to gray or white. Line of same reddish 
 hue over each eye. Bill quite stout and rather 
 longer than is the rule in this family, dusky 
 green in color, as are also the feet and legs. 
 
 The autumn plumage of the young bird is a 
 beautiful bit of feather work although made up 
 of no bright colors. Above, everywhere except 
 on rump and tail coverts, a delicate ashy grey, 
 each feather margined about by a fine edging of 
 white with a narrow subterminal line of black 
 within this last, giving to the plumage a pe- 
 culiarly rich and elegant effect. Even the black
 
 172 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 primaries are white-margined. Below every- 
 where white, on the throat and neck faintly and 
 irregularly streaked, and on the flanks marked 
 with wavv bars, of black. 
 
 THE GREAT MARBLED GODWIT. 
 
 (Limosa fedoa.) 
 
 With the exception of the '' sickle-billed cur- 
 lew" this is the largest of our shore-birds. 
 This species is mainly found in the interior 
 through the central portions of the continent 
 where usually its migratory flights are made, 
 and, except well to the southward, it is not com- 
 mon along the Atlantic coast ; especially rare on 
 New England's shores. 
 
 The bird looks like an overgrown ''brown- 
 back" with his red color and long, snipe-like bill. 
 The wings are ample, extending well beyond the 
 short, square-cut tail. He is a big fellow, meas- 
 uring from seventeen to twenty inches in length, 
 and having a spread of wings varying from 
 thirty-three to thirty-seven inches. His general 
 color is a light brownish red, everywhere on the 
 back this shade showing on the edges and tips 
 of the feathers, the central field of each being
 
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 THE GREAT MARBLED GODWIT 173 
 
 jet black. The breast and along the sides are 
 marked to a greater or less extent with dusky 
 lines across the feathers. The linings of the 
 wings are marked with the same red color of the 
 upper parts, usually brighter here and on the 
 breast. Wing quills dark brown, growing 
 dusky at the tips. No white anywhere on the 
 bird except on the shafts of the primaries. Bill 
 flesh-colored, growing dusky toward the tip. 
 Legs blackish, the toes stout and flattened un- 
 derneath, margined about by a considerable 
 membrane. Sexes marked alike. 
 
 Nests like the "upland," anj'^here in open 
 fields, or in the marshes in the more usual 
 shorebird manner. Eggs three to four, grayish 
 green, faintly splashed with brownish spots. 
 
 It is a great pity that we do not see more of 
 the Godwits in our territory for as a game bird 
 and a delicacy for the table they rank well. 
 Their flesh is equal to that of any of the smaller 
 shorebirds and superior to that of most of them.
 
 174 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 HUDSONIAN GODWIT. 
 
 (Limosa haemastica.) 
 
 The whole of North, Central and South Amer- 
 ica is the habitat of this species. In North 
 America most common on the eastern half, and 
 while nowhere abundant, this is the godwit most 
 often taken in New England. It is very rare 
 on the Pacific coast, or, in fact anywhere west 
 of the Eockies. It is considerably different 
 from the species last described, and of smaller 
 size. The black rump and white tail coverts 
 will show the distinction at once, to say nothing 
 of the barrings in black and white on the under 
 parts; also the linings of the wings are black- 
 ish. These are the most striking differences; 
 for the rest, above, blackish, with a greenish 
 gloss, the edges of the feathers scalloped with 
 red-brown, tawny yellow and grayish. Primar- 
 ies dusky with white shafts, darkening at the 
 tips. Coverts dusky, tipped with white. Rump 
 black. Upper tail coverts white. Tail feath- 
 ers black, white at base and white-tipped. Be- 
 low, reddish chestnut, crossed with irregular 
 black bars; lower breast, flanks and under tail 
 coverts more heavily barred and having con-
 
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 HUDSONIAN GODWIT 175 
 
 siderable white. Bill dull orange, blackening 
 at the tip. Legs black. Length from fourteen 
 to sixteen; extent from twenty-two to twenty- 
 five inches. 
 
 In winter the colors of its plumage are 
 much lighter. The upper parts a grayish 
 brown with very little of the showy colors of 
 the breeding dress. To the casual observer it 
 closely resembles the willet, showing the same 
 sober hues as does Si/mphemia at this season, 
 though white patch on primaries and bluish legs 
 of willet to say nothing of the differences of the 
 tails, should distinguish between the two at 
 once. 
 
 This species is said to decoy readily and to 
 be easily lured by a good imitation of its note, 
 though wary and cautious beyond most shore- 
 birds if it suspects danger. In more favored 
 localities they are said to travel in large flocks, 
 but in New England the rule is some half-a- 
 dozen in a bunch, or more commonly a single 
 lone traveler on his way to the southland. 
 Very rarely are they taken in our borders dur- 
 ing the spring migration. 
 
 Nests mostly in the far north, along the Arc- 
 tic shores. Eggs, three to four, brownish olive, 
 splashed with darker spots.
 
 176 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 THE WILLET. 
 
 (Symphemia semipalmata.) 
 
 This bird seems to be closely related to the 
 ''yellow-legs" and is somewhat like it in its 
 coloration, but is considerably heavier in figure 
 and of greater size, having also a stouter and 
 heavier bill. The Willet does not go so far 
 north as does his cousin of the yellow stockings 
 and throughout North America is more south- 
 ern in his range, few of these birds breeding 
 much beyond the northern boundaries of the 
 United States. They pass the winter months 
 in South America and along the shores of the 
 Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The Willet is colored thus : above, ashy gray, 
 mottled with black. Rump dusky; tail coverts 
 mainly white. Tail grayish white, faintly 
 black-barred, with the outer feathers nearly 
 white. Below, white with blackish arrowheads 
 as in the ''yellowshanks." Axillars, edges and 
 linings of the wings blackish. Primaries nearly 
 black with the white bases of the feathers half 
 hidden by the coverts. Some of the secondaries 
 also white, thus making a considerable area

 
 THE WINTER YELLOW-LEGS 177 
 
 of this color in the wing. Bill dusky: Legs 
 dull bluish; feet half- webbed, so that if the 
 occasion calls for it they can swim, though sel- 
 dom is this attempted unless hard pushed. In 
 length from fourteen to sixteen inches; extent 
 from twenty-four to twenty-six. 
 
 This bird is very noisy and has a piercing, 
 far-reaching note from which the name of the 
 species has been taken. It is not easy of ap- 
 proach, but is wary and restless in the extreme. 
 
 Its food is procured along the muddy edges 
 in the same manner and of the same sort as 
 makes the menu of the ' S^ellow-legs. " The 
 nesting habits also are nearly identical with 
 those of Totanus. The eggs vary in number 
 from three to four, dull greenish in color, 
 brown-spotted. 
 
 THE WINTER YELLOW-LEGS. 
 
 (Totanus meljinoleucus.) 
 
 The '' Tell-tale," ''Tattler," or ''Winter Yel- 
 low-leg Plover," as the various names are 
 given him in different localities where he is 
 known, is a common visitor in our New England 
 marshes, both on the seacoast and on the boggy
 
 178 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 edges of our inland lakes and rivers. He is a 
 shy, watchful and wary fellow, usually difficult 
 of approach, and gets his name, the "Tattler," 
 because he invariably arouses all the game 
 'within hearing of his piercing whistle as he 
 takes wing at the sight of the skulking gunner. 
 After Mr. Yellow-legs' kindly warning every 
 bird in the marsh is on the alert and watchful 
 if it does not go out with its long-legged friend. 
 If the ''Winter" is with them, silent and con- 
 tent, the game birds in his vicinity feed on and 
 enjoy themselves with a sense of perfect se- 
 curity, but let his monitory note be heard and 
 the chances are that every duck, snipe or plover 
 within hearing will be up and away with their 
 watchful picket. How many good shots at un- 
 suspecting ducks has this bird spoiled with his 
 alarming whistle! And how much vain pro- 
 fanity has been bestowed upon his unmindful 
 head ! 
 
 He is a tall and graceful bird, elegantly pro- 
 portioned, with a long neck and bill, and a leg of 
 marvelous length and slenderness. A speedy 
 and easy runner, a graceful walker, and on the 
 wing one of the bravest birds that ever glad- 
 dened the sportsman's eyes. Being partially
 
 THE WINTER YELLOW-LEGS 179 
 
 webbed on bis middle and outer toes be is a fair 
 swimmer at need. 
 
 Lonely sea-beacb, rockweed-covered ledge, or 
 wind-swept expanse of waving grass witb its 
 brigbt strips of water reflecting tbe blue above 
 — tbese are tbe baunts of tbe many birds num- 
 bered among tbe ''bay snipe," and tbougb tbe 
 woodcock entbusiast and grouse bunter is in- 
 clined to belittle tbis style of sbooting it is not 
 every bungler wbo can "make a double" on 
 tbese swift coursers of tbe marsb, and it is very 
 pleasant in tbe brigbt August days for tbe 
 sportsman to sit in bis innocent looking blind 
 at tbe edge of a promising pool or to wander 
 from one feeding ground to anotber — from 
 muddy creek to brown-margined ''pond-bole," 
 witb bis gun ever ready for tbe cbance wbich 
 fortune may send Mm. A clear, brigbt day, tbe 
 sun glinting in diamond points on tbe blue 
 waves and glistening on tbe sails far out at sea ; 
 tbe dazzling wbite of tbe sandbanks and tbe 
 bar wbicb marks tbe river's moutb sb owing 
 tbrougb tbe breaks in tbe tall grass; and tbe 
 mellow pipings of tbe birds as tbe flocks sweep 
 past in full career ; all go to make a day's outing 
 fit to offset a year of care and worriment. How
 
 180 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 many such there are in our memory ! Away on 
 the wings of the breeze goes the thought of the 
 note which falls due next week — gone from 
 mind for the first time since 'twas given — and 
 crowding in its wake go a thousand petty vexa- 
 tions of business. Unfortunate that mortal who 
 cannot count some of these happy days among 
 his experiences. It is a lasting gain — this day — 
 for the pleasure of a shooting trip is not all in 
 the moment of action ; full often by our winter's 
 blaze we live again our happy days afield, afloat ; 
 recall deep craft or sylvan lore displayed ; some 
 shorebird music deftly played ; headwork by dog 
 or shooting skill undue recalls the day and so 
 its joys renew. 
 
 In the earlier part of the season the different 
 bay birds, the beetleheads, the goldens, yellow- 
 legs, turnstones or curlews are found each in 
 its chosen grounds. In the marsh is where 
 your luck may bring you a goodly bag of Yel- 
 low-legs; in these luxuriant tangles of rank- 
 growing grass lurk the rails, whose celerity and 
 swiftness of foot more than atone for any ap- 
 parent weakness of wing. Here in the colder 
 weather when the frosts have dulled the bright 
 greens of the grass, changing them to the yel-
 
 THE WINTER YELLOW-LEGS 181 
 
 lows and reddish browns which betoken that our 
 summer is gone — here it is that the crafty snipe 
 will dart and twist with erratic and confusing 
 flight to dodge the charge with which you fain 
 would cut him down. At this season, too, it 
 may chance that in some of these reed-edged 
 pools the black duck is leading its family, now 
 full-fledged, keen eyed and already abnormally 
 sharp in the world's harsh methods. But now 
 'tis late summer, and through the sultry air 
 from a distance comes the ''Winter's" cry, far 
 away and faint, the bird itself out of sight. In 
 answer to the gunner's mimicry comes back 
 again the note from another quarter. His cir- 
 cling flight has taken him a mile away, but still, 
 mellow and musical, his far-reaching whistle, 
 softened by the distance, is heard in answer to 
 each luring call, and away in the sky the gun- 
 ner sees him — a mere speck against the clouds. 
 If the imitation is good and the bird is in social 
 mood he comes nearer, calling again and again, 
 quartering the marsh with his watchful eye 
 alert for friend or foe. Now the sportsman lies 
 close, well hidden by the stack of marsh grass — 
 a perfect match for his hunting coat of dingy, 
 yellowish brown, — or crouches in the waving
 
 182 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 reeds with liis decoys placed about the edges of 
 some convenient ''pond-hole." Soon Mr. Yel- 
 low-legs is seen wheeling about just out of gun- 
 shot, his long legs stretched out straight behind 
 him and his head turning from side to side in 
 search of his answering friend. He sights the 
 decoys, and now his call is one short, sharp, 
 questioning note. The deceiver answers just 
 as he asks, and the bird sweeps down with set 
 wings, then skimming along ten feet above the 
 grass, discovers the cheat and starts, too late, 
 away. A sudden flash from the screening 
 reeds, and all in a heap, as neck, wings and legs 
 roll into one shapeless lump, the bird comes to 
 earth; a convulsive kick, a tremulous flutter of 
 feeble wings, a gasp, and he lies still upon the 
 grass, — ''another victim of misplaced confi- 
 dence. ' ' Look at him ! One of the finest shore- 
 birds which we have on our coasts, either to 
 shoot or for the table. Perhaps the next will be 
 a flock of half a dozen, when the gunner may 
 make his "double" with much satisfaction to 
 his vanity. Marsh gunning is fair and legiti- 
 mate sport only when the gunner will do his 
 shooting at birds on the wing. It certainly de- 
 generates into "pot-shooting," or worse, when.
 
 
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 THE WINTER YELLOW-LEGS 183 
 
 as too often happens, the birds are allowed to 
 settle in among the decoys and feed while the 
 *' sportsman " waits until a number are bunched 
 along the muddy shore of the pool where a rak- 
 ing shot with the first barrel shall make sure of 
 a bagful to display to admirers at home. The 
 average marsh bird is confiding and trustful in 
 disposition and so readily induced to give the 
 shooter a chance that there is really no excuse 
 for such a custom as this. Let one of the whole 
 long-legged race come within hearing of a 
 plover call and the rest of the story lies alto- 
 gether with the gun artist. Of course now and 
 then there is a shore bird shooter with loftier 
 ambitions. Such a one may graduate into the 
 higher schools of upland gunnery, and for him 
 these furnish good practice for the making of a 
 wing shot. 
 
 The '' Winter Yellow-leg," so called in dis- 
 tinction from the smaller '' Summer," is not a 
 true plover, nor is the latter, both belonging to 
 the Tattler family, a group more nearly related 
 to the snipes. The kinship is plainly indicated 
 by the bill, long, and somewhat sensitive at the 
 tip, as in Wilson's snipe, but in the northeast 
 hardly one gunner in a hundred ever thinks of
 
 184 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 these birds as anything but plovers, or would 
 know what bird was meant if called anything 
 but a ''Winter," or a "Summer, Yellow-leg 
 Plover, ' ' so general is the use of these names in 
 New England. 
 
 The "Winters" seldom gather into large 
 flocks of their own kind save in the spring mi- 
 grations, generally preferring to associate with 
 other species, as the "Summers," smaller sand- 
 pipers, grass-birds, etc. They are found most- 
 ly on the soft, oozy edges of the "pondholes" in 
 the marshes, along the muddy "flats" of the 
 tide-waters and in the bog holes of the fresh 
 water swamps. In the far north, on the bank 
 of inland pond or marsh, they build their nests 
 and raise their broods of four or five long- 
 legged, odd-looking youngsters which run about 
 almost from birth, following their parents in a 
 scramble for daily rations, escaping danger by 
 squatting down in the long grass and keeping 
 perfectly quiet until the coast is clear. 
 
 The ' ' Winter ' ' arrives in New England about 
 the middle of April and breeds from this lati- 
 tude northward, most of them going further on. 
 The nest, though sometimes built on an old 
 stump, is oftener a slight hollow scooped out of
 
 THE WINTER YELLOW-LEGS 185 
 
 the ground in the drier parts of the marsh and 
 lined with dead grass and moss, and the male 
 bird, though he is said to take no part in the 
 incubation, stays near at hand and aids in the 
 care of the young. About the middle of Au- 
 gust they begin to leave their breeding places 
 and scatter over the surrounding country, lin- 
 gering in New England into November. 
 
 The coloring and habits of the two species are 
 nearly identical. The principal difference is 
 that of size, the ^'Winter" averaging from 
 twelve to fourteen inches long, with an extent 
 of about twenty-four inches. The ''Summer" 
 is ten or eleven inches in length, with a wing- 
 spread averaging twenty-two inches. The bill 
 of the larger species is somewhat up-curved, as 
 if slightly bent in the middle, while that of the 
 ''Summer" is proportionately shorter and 
 straight. The legs of the "Summer" are a lit- 
 tle longer in comparison with the size of the 
 bird. The weight of the larger species will run 
 from eight to nine and one-half or even ten 
 ounces; the smaller species seldom weighs over 
 seven ounces, and usually less. 
 
 The description of one bird's markings will 
 answer almost equally well for the other, and
 
 186 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 is as follows : above, grayish black, the body of 
 the feathers dark, with spots and streaks of 
 white along their margins; head and neck 
 streaked with black lines on a grayish ground. 
 Small superciliary stripe of white. Throat 
 white. Under parts white, streaked with dusky 
 spots and lines on lower throat, neck and breast. 
 Sides and flanks barred and having also numer- 
 ous arrowheads in black. Under tail coverts 
 also black-barred. Tail marked with black and 
 white in regular bars, the central feathers 
 darker and so less distinctly barred. Rump 
 and upper tail coverts white ; legs bright yellow 
 and very long. Bill black. 
 
 THE '' SUMMER YELLOW-LEGS." 
 
 (Totanus flavipes.) 
 
 The '^Summer" is a later arrival in the 
 spring and leaves earlier for the south than 
 does the "Winter," -flavipes not going so far 
 north and leaving for warm climates during Au- 
 gust and September. These, too, are more apt 
 to gather into large flocks, while their bigger 
 relatives seldom ''bunch up" with more than 
 five or six in a flock, except, as before stated,
 
 
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 THE SUMMER YELLOW-LEGS 187 
 
 during the spring migrations. This species is 
 more numerous along the Atlantic coast than 
 is the preceding, and the early fall finds many 
 "Summer Yellow-legs" on the muddy flats of 
 the tide-waters. Fine sport may be had, both 
 here and in the marshes, for, like the larger 
 species, these birds come readily to decoys or 
 to a good imitation of their whistle. If there is 
 any difference in the willingness of these two 
 birds to come to decoys I think that the ' ' Sum- 
 mer" is the more neighborly. I believe this 
 species is much less wary as well as weaker in 
 flight powers and of less shot-carrying ability. 
 I must confess that I prefer shooting "Yellow- 
 legs" of either tribe over "stools" to any other 
 kind of shore-bird gunning, always, and of 
 course, excepting the sport of knocking down 
 Wilson's snipe when there are enough of them 
 to practice on. 
 
 In August, supposing the mosquitoes do not 
 eat him alive, the marsh gunner is likely to get 
 more of the smaller ' ' Yellow-legs. ' ' In Septem- 
 ber the ' ' Winters ' ' will outnumber them two to 
 one. Both rank well as table birds and are al- 
 ways in good condition. 
 
 For plumage and markings the description of
 
 188 FEATHEEED GA^iE 
 
 the ^'Winter Yellow-legs" will answer equally- 
 well for this bird. 
 
 Beyond the Rockies this species does not 
 seem to be so numerous as the larger Yellow- 
 legs, though it is said to be fairly common in 
 Alaska. In their migrations both travel down 
 to the southernmost point of the American con- 
 tinent, so that their range, from Cape Horn to 
 Greenland and Alaska, makes a large extent of 
 territory. 
 
 THE SOLITARY SANDPIPER. 
 
 (Helodromas solitarius.) 
 
 With most gunners the ''Solitary" is an old 
 acquaintance, well known to all who hunt in the 
 marshes. Usually he is found where the brooks 
 and small streams come out from the sheltering 
 cover of the woods and less often in the open 
 stretches of waving grass or stubble and pond- 
 hole which delight the hearts of the other mem- 
 bers of his family. A quiet woodland nook, a 
 gently flowing stream with moss-grown rocks 
 and turfy banks suits well this bird's taste. 
 Caring little for society, silent and shy in dis- 
 position, hermit-like, he prefers the retirement
 
 THE SOLITARY SANDPIPER 189 
 
 and peace of the meadow brook to the changing 
 scenes of the wider world of his big cousins, 
 the "winter" and ''summer yellow-legs." 
 Around some lonely pool in pasture land or 
 meadow he gleans his fare of insects and larvse 
 scarcely ever breaking the quiet of his haunt 
 with a whistle, for he is the silent member of the 
 family, more taciturn than any of the tribe, and 
 content with the company of his own thoughts. 
 This bird is not confined to the marshes of the 
 coast ; he is fully as likely to be found in the in- 
 terior, and is a common visitor in almost any 
 suitable spot on the North American continent. 
 If you come suddenly into a narrow run-way, its 
 high protecting banks shutting out the rest of 
 the world with a thick wall of brush and trees, 
 and overgrown with long grass, with still and 
 shallow waters, stagnant and slow, — the chosen 
 haunt of bittern and heron, — on muddy edge or 
 slimy stone standing sentinel over all is the 
 ''Solitary." Sometimes his mate is near by or 
 perhaps his nearly grown family has not yet 
 left the parental care, and all make off in haste 
 the instant you have fairly shown yourself. 
 You note that his flight is much like that of the 
 spotted sandpiper, his wings down-curved in the
 
 190 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 same fashion. Onr hero is more dignified in 
 his manner, as befits his larger size. The 
 homes and life habits of the two are probably 
 very similar. 
 
 "When you flush him he goes skimming away 
 just above the water; alighting on a rock at the 
 edge, he stretches his wings aloft to their full- 
 est extent, then carefully folds them so that 
 each feather is in its proper place, and begins 
 feeding again, gathering the insects, slugs and 
 water bugs with the healthy appetite common 
 to all citizens of the great out-of-doors. 
 
 He is a beautiful bird, though modestly ap- 
 pareled; something smaller than either "win- 
 ter" or ''summer yellow-legs," but built on the 
 same graceful lines and plainly showing all the 
 characteristics of his family — long in the legs, 
 strong of wing, and equally good at the table as 
 are the other two. I think he makes a good im- 
 pression when, after being skinned, wrapped in 
 a thin piece of fat pork and enclosed in a big po- 
 tato he has been well baked. 
 
 Sometimes in the sea marshes when the tide 
 is rising a number of these birds may be cap- 
 tured by taking a stand among the pond-holes 
 near high water mark, of course being well hid-
 
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 THE SOLITARY SANDPIPER 191 
 
 den, and shooting them as they come in from 
 the flooded lower levels. As you arrive you 
 cast a glance along the mud and ooze, and see- 
 ing nothing, turn away. Just then a slight 
 motion catches your eye and what had seemed 
 a small lump of mud suddenly changes into a 
 very lively little bird, bobbing and bowing at 
 you very politely and not more than twenty 
 yards away. Now he extends his wings up- 
 ward to their full spread and jets his tail as he 
 runs nimbly along, then one downward stroke 
 of his pinions and he rises lightly from the 
 ground and skims away just above the surface 
 of the pool. Perhaps he is a young bird or has 
 been but little disturbed and so knows not the 
 danger of his situation, in which case he may go 
 ten yards and alight again to gaze with curi- 
 ous eyes. There is scarcely another bird which 
 flies with so little apparent effort. His strokes 
 are slow and regular, a short sailing between 
 each motion, but he moves very fast. Let him 
 be alarmed and he will quicken his speed until 
 he seems only a black streak in the air, and as 
 he rises to top the surrounding trees it needs 
 good and quick work with the gun to stop him. 
 Start him up suddenly and he dashes from the
 
 192 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 ground with a sharp, piercing cry and perhaps 
 darts into the brush, for if cornered in a run- 
 way margined with trees he will not hesitate to 
 dive into their protecting cover where almost 
 any other marsh bird would double back and 
 make for the open ground at any risk to itself, 
 and so give the gunner a chance to score. 
 
 Of its nesting habits little is known for cer- 
 tainty and eggs are still rarely seen in collec- 
 tions. It is supposed to breed anywhere in its 
 range, preferably throughout the northern por- 
 tions, that is, from the northernmost States of 
 the Union through the wooded country to 
 Alaska. In winter it goes far away to the 
 south, and though some remain in the Gulf 
 States most pass this season in Mexico and Cen- 
 tral America. Not a few go well down into 
 South America. 
 
 This species is about nine inches long, with 
 an extent of wings averaging from sixteen to 
 seventeen inches. Upper parts a glossy green- 
 ish brown, streaked on head, throat and neck 
 with dusky; showing considerable white here 
 also, especially on the sides of the head and 
 throat. Upper tail coverts and rump same 
 shade as the back, but showing some white,
 
 THE SPOTTED SANDPIPER 193 
 
 black-barred, on the lateral tail coverts. Sides, 
 axillars and linings of the wings white, regu- 
 larly barred with black. Tail barred with black 
 and white, the black predominant on the cen- 
 tral, where crossbars are less pronounced, and 
 the white most prominent on the outer feathers. 
 Primaries and edge of wings blackish; rest of 
 wing mainly like back. Bill nearly black; legs 
 not so long proportionately as in the ''yellow- 
 legs, ' ' in color dusky green. 
 
 THE SPOTTED SANDPIPER. 
 
 (Actitis macularia.) 
 
 Common all over North America wherever 
 there is water and about as well known a bird as 
 we have on our lists is the Spotted Sandpiper. 
 If in the early spring one should visit the rocky 
 expanses of sea beach, some unfrequented spot 
 on the shore of our islands, or the quiet glades 
 where the brooks and the tide waters meet and 
 mingle their currents, almost the first sound to 
 greet one's ears would be the sharp and pierc- 
 ing "Peet-Weet!" of this tiny but loud-voiced 
 little bird as with his mate he scurries away. 
 "With wings deeply down-curved he dashes in
 
 194 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 liis darting flight to a safe distance, alighting on 
 some large stone, flirting his tail, balancing on 
 tip-toe and bobbing his head, never for a second 
 standing still or ceasing his endless dance. 
 
 He is a brilliant conversationalist, (a trait 
 common to most of his family), and is ready 
 and willing to prove it, evidently feeling that he 
 must make amends for his small size by being 
 the noisiest member of his tribe. If suddenly 
 driven to flight he makes the air resound with 
 his sharp ' ' Peet-Weet ! "— ' ' Peet-Weet ! " and 
 when he has alighted again he quavers out a 
 long, tremulous ''W-e-e-e-e-t!" 
 
 The Spotted Sandpiper arrives in New Eng- 
 land from his winter quarters in the Southern 
 States, Mexico, or the Tropics, in May and sets 
 up housekeeping soon after. He seems more 
 accustomed to civilization than any other of 
 the shorebirds and fears less the neighborhood 
 of man. Probably the reason lies in the fact 
 that the gunner seldom troubles him because 
 of his small size and also because, since they do 
 not gather into flocks as do the other sandpip- 
 ers and smaller shorebirds, he can get but one 
 at a shot, thus he thinks it a small return for 
 his outlay of ammunition. With this freedom
 
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 THE SPOTTED SANDPIPER 195 
 
 from pursuit and the semi-protection thus af- 
 forded, they often nest near the farmhouse, in 
 the orchards, and near the highways where no 
 other of their kind would ever think of making 
 its home. Their nests are made in almost any 
 spot near water, be it sea, lake, pond or moun- 
 tain brook, and a very simple affair is this hum- 
 ble home — a mere hollow on the ground lined 
 with soft dead grass. This usually contains 
 four eggs of a dull clay color, splashed with ir- 
 regular dark spots. If the bird is flushed from 
 the nest she commonly flies off in silence, mak- 
 ing no show of annoyance, in marked contrast 
 to her usual noisy mood, and if surprised with 
 her young family plays all the tricks and wiles 
 known to other birds and used in a like situa- 
 tion. 
 
 Strolling one August day on the banks of a 
 creek much frequented by these birds I came 
 upon a Spotted Piper which seemed greatly dis- 
 tressed at my presence. The cause was not far 
 to seek. Out on a point of mud at the water's 
 edge was another piper of much lighter color 
 than usual and I proceeded to make its ac- 
 quaintance. On approaching there was no diffi- 
 culty in discovering what it was — an unfledged
 
 196 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 youngster with his wing quills still in their blue 
 sheaths and never a sign of feathers. Pres- 
 ently it scuttled away and hid in a thick clump 
 of grass. After a short search the frightened 
 little skulker was brought out from his retreat. 
 A little gray and white mass of down — as 
 ''gawky" a bunch of infantile innocence as I 
 have ever seen. Its bill, legs and feet nearly 
 as large as the old bird's, the head almost too 
 much for the feeble neck to sustain. Making as 
 yet no attempt at flight, it ran with wings out- 
 spread and carried just as the old bird carried 
 hers, down-curved and drooping, so long even 
 at this age that the little adventurer often 
 stepped on them, making him perform various 
 unexpected acrobatic feats. 
 
 During the time I kept the youngster pris- 
 oner the old bird shrieked and whistled and 
 tumbled about, dragging first one wing and then 
 the other in her attempts to draw my attention 
 to herself, coming almost within hand reach and 
 then darting into the air, screeching abuse, de- 
 fiance, appeal, — the little fellow answering all 
 the time with a feeble, chicken-like ''peeping." 
 
 When at length I let my captive go free he
 
 THE SPOTTED SANDPIPER 197 
 
 made at once for the stream, here all of thirty 
 vards wide and with a swift current. In he 
 plr.nged and struggled gamely for the other 
 side, but his feeble efforts were soon exhausted 
 in the swirl and he was swept into a brush heap 
 and dragged under. I rescued him and held 
 him in my hands until rested and warmed — for 
 there was a chill east wind coming in from the 
 sea — then finding a sheltered spot in the sun I 
 left him alone. Here he stayed contentedly un- 
 til, when I had gone to a safe distance, the 
 mother bird came back and after scolding him 
 well finally led him away through the grass. 
 
 This little chap was brownish gray above, 
 with a black stripe from the base of the bill 
 over the crown to the nape, there meeting two 
 others which came to this point from the eyes. 
 Another dark stripe, somewhat larger, came 
 down through the middle of the back to the root 
 of the tail. Everywhere below grayish white. 
 The wings quite long and pointed, drooping as 
 if there were no strength in them yet, and all 
 made up of blue feather casings. 
 
 At this time the ' ' yellow-legs ' ' of both species 
 had begun their journeyings, and even while
 
 198 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 our little drama had been taking place a bimcb 
 of eight '^summers" had come in and settled at 
 about thirty yards distance to look on. 
 
 The bird is known by a number of names, 
 most of them derived from his habit of ''bob- 
 bing" and balancing up and down. Among 
 these are ''Tip-up," "Teeter-Tail," ''Teeter- 
 Bob," and "Peet-Weet," this last from his note 
 of alarm. The "Teeter-Bob" is a merrv, rest- 
 less little fellow, never for a moment quiet. He 
 is about seven and one half inches long and 
 thirteen inches in extent of wing. Above, dull 
 olive brown with a silken sheen and lustre to 
 his plumage; fine lines of black on head and 
 neck; wavy crossbars of the same color on the 
 back and wing coverts; upjDer tail coverts and 
 central feathers of the tail of the same olive 
 brown hue; tail feathers tipped with white, the 
 outer ones having several incomplete barrings 
 of this color. Under parts all white with nu- 
 merous black polka dots plentifully sprinkled in 
 on throat, breast and flanks, the spots growing 
 fewer and paler toward the lower parts. These 
 spots are missing in the fall dress. Wing 
 quills brownish black; bill flesh-colored, black- 
 tipped.
 
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 THE RUFF 199 
 
 A wounded bird of this sort will often strike 
 out to swim for safety, and though making no 
 great progress when depending only on its little 
 feet for paddles, it can make a great rate of 
 speed below the surface where with half-spread 
 wings it flies beneath the water. 
 
 THE RUFF. (Male.) THE REEVE. (Fe- 
 male.) 
 
 (Pavoncella pugnax.) 
 
 This curious bird is a very rare straggler 
 from the Old World, where it makes its home 
 throughout the northern hemisphere. A large 
 proportion of the specimens of this species 
 which have been taken on the North American 
 continent have been found on the coast of New 
 England. As the name would indicate these 
 are fighters ; that is, they make great pretences 
 of fighting, but their quarrels seldom result in 
 any serious damage to either combatant. If 
 they had a business manager and a newspaper 
 puffer in their train we might easily find their 
 human imitator. 
 
 The male in spring plumage is marked above 
 with chestnut, brown and black ; rump blackish.
 
 200 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 but lighter and somewhat reddish at the side. 
 Below, white; breast, sides and crissum black 
 with white spottings. Tail brown with chestnut 
 and white barrings. Quills dusky, with white 
 shafts. Wing coverts dusky gray. Bill black, 
 yellowish at base. Legs dull yellow. The face 
 bare of feathers and covered with small, yel- 
 low, wart-like growths. The long neck feath- 
 ers are almost never alike in their coloring 
 on any two specimens — in fact, there is a wide 
 variation in the color arrangement all through. 
 The "ruff" is an adornment for the spring 
 love-making, only worn by the males, and may 
 be of any color or combination of colors be- 
 tween pure white and jet black. The length of 
 this species from twelve to thirteen inches; ex- 
 tent from twenty-two to twenty-three inches. 
 
 The female is quite a little smaller and not 
 such a striking bird. She lacks the "ruff," as 
 before stated, also the peculiar growths on the 
 face, and looks much like the "grassbird," 
 though considerably larger.
 
 THE UPLAND PLOVEE 201 
 
 THE UPLAND PLOVER. * 
 GRASS PLOVER. PRAIRIE PIGEON. 
 BARTRAM'S SANDPIPER. 
 
 (Bartramia longicauda.) 
 
 This beautiful bird dwells on our continent 
 in almost every part east of the Rockies, is oc- 
 casionally seen in Europe, and has been re- 
 ported from Australia. It breeds from the 
 Middle States of the Union northward to the 
 Yukon and spends the winter in the Southern 
 States, Central and South America, starting for 
 these winter quarters generally during the lat- 
 ter part of September. 
 
 As is the case with most of the migrant wad- 
 ers, we, of New England, see a very small part 
 of this vast army of winged pilgrims, the bulk 
 of the flights passing over the western coun- 
 try, where this species is especially abundant, 
 traveling in flocks of thousands during the sea- 
 sons of migration. When the law's protect- 
 ing shield is taken away the market gunners kill 
 great numbers of these birds every year, for 
 the Uplands on the western prairies become ex- 
 tremely tame, almost beyond the belief of the
 
 202 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 eastern g-uiiner. But it is only in the sparsely 
 settled portions of New England — in the com- 
 paratively few stretches of open country, — 
 large hayfields or pastures — that the Upland 
 dwells and raises his family. From the nature 
 of our section it is only to be expected that 
 fewer of this species are found here than in the 
 West, where every condition is favorable and 
 all things are as though especially planned for 
 their comfort and happiness. 
 
 Here in New England they begin to nest dur- 
 ing the latter part of May. At this season the 
 male is verv attentive to his mate, seldom leav- 
 ing her for any length of time, and even then, 
 model husband that he is, he does not stray far 
 from home. The nest is a flimsy affair of dry 
 grass lining a shallow hollow in the ground. 
 The eggs, generally four in number, are clay- 
 colored and speckled over with brownish spots. 
 
 All through the warm days of spring and 
 early summer the Upland enjoys perfect peace 
 and security. The meadow grass and daisies 
 grow tall and stout around the nest, shading 
 and sheltering the little home so snugly hidden 
 away from all disturbers. When the little ones 
 have struck out for themselves the fat and lazy
 
 THE UPLAND PLOVER 203 
 
 insects are buzzing and flying sleepily in the 
 fields, the grasshoppers and crickets are "too 
 lazy to get out of their own way," the straw- 
 berries are plenty and sweet, and until now all 
 things have been just as the bird would have 
 had them. By the time the farmer is ready to 
 cut the ripened hay the little, long-legged grass- 
 hopper killers are large enough to look out for 
 themselves and strong enough for a long flight 
 if it is necessary. So the haying time is the 
 first hint they have that all the world is not hap- 
 piness and peace, and oftentimes, until bitter 
 experience has shown them the need of caution 
 they will hardly get out of the way of the men 
 at work in the fields. I have watched a young 
 Upland for two hours at a stretch, walking it 
 up from the grass and calling it back by an imi- 
 tation of its note. Earely would it go a hun- 
 dred yards away and every whistling call was 
 quickly answered. I stood in plain sight, but 
 the bird would curl and wheel about my head, 
 at times almost within hand reach, then drop- 
 ping to the ground within twenty paces dis- 
 tance, would run through the grass to get a 
 nearer view of the visitor, peeping from behind 
 a thick growing clump, then running to another,
 
 204 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 often coming within ten feet of me and all the 
 time conversing in its own tongue with soft, 
 twittering notes. A¥hat a graceful creature it 
 was, and how daintily it stepped! This was 
 just before the haying season. In two weeks' 
 time I went again to the same place and could 
 not get within a hundred yards of any bird. 
 It takes but little to teach them caution. Soon 
 they will fly at the first sight of man; and no 
 wonder, for once the hay is gathered in, all is 
 ready to hunt and harry them from their favor- 
 ite fields. The farmers' boys have usually had 
 about two weeks of fun with the Uplands when 
 the shooting season commences here (Maine), 
 on August first, and as they are the first game 
 birds to come into season they are greatly ap- 
 preciated and eagerly hunted the instant the 
 law is off. During this month they are found 
 in the lately-mown hayfields, where hunting Up- 
 lands in the glare of August's sun with never a 
 tree for shelter is rather warm work. Early in 
 the morning, some time before daylight, they 
 may be heard as they wheel about in the black- 
 ness overhead, all the time sending down their 
 gurgling call. Long before the first streak of 
 light has shot across the sky they are busily en-
 
 THE UPLAND PLOVER 205 
 
 gaged iu breakfasting on the insects, now 
 chilled with cold, dull and stupid in the dew- 
 laden grass. Then is the time to be upon the 
 grounds and beat up the fields, for, like most 
 wild creatures, they may be more readily ap- 
 proached in the early morning and about sun- 
 down than at other times of the day. 
 
 The most popular way of hunting these birds 
 hereabout is to make up a large party in order 
 to more thoroughly cover the fields and grassy 
 flats which they inhabit, as in this way more 
 birds will be found. The larger the force the 
 better, for, as a friend who had a just appreci- 
 ation of my abilities with the scatter gun once 
 said in inviting me to attend such an excursion, 
 "You'd better come, — you know those that 
 can't shoot can scare 'em up for the others." 
 
 As a sport for a lazy man gunning Uplands 
 can hardly be considered a glittering success. 
 It means much hard work with a large element 
 of uncertainty as to results. The sportsman 
 must be willing to keep trying all the time if 
 he would make a creditable showing, and so he 
 plods across the fields under the glare of the 
 sun and wonders where the birds may be. He 
 drives clouds of insects up from beneath his
 
 206 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 feet — grasshoppers in blundering flight butt 
 their heads against him as though they thought 
 to put him to rout with their headlong charge, — 
 bumblebees cross his path with droning note, 
 and swallows career about him, making a feast 
 off the tiny myriads which his march disturbs. 
 Eight and left go scurrying brown sparrows, 
 and other small fowl rise unexpectedly from the 
 stubble. Flocks of rusty-looking bobolinks, 
 scarcely to be known as the gay birds of two 
 months ago, dash out from the oat patch with 
 chirping discontent, and over all the breath of 
 summer and perchance the air like a furnace. 
 
 Suddenly another note, a gurgling, rippling, 
 bubbling whistle, cuts short the gunner's day 
 dream, and as it sounds a second time he comes 
 out from his sleepy state with a sudden start. 
 It was that for which he has listened. Look 
 where he may — right or left, above, ahead, be- 
 hind, he sees no bird, but still the flute-like note 
 is heard, and at last, a hundred yards away, his 
 eye catches the flicker of sunlight on a pair of 
 brown wings just as they are folded from their 
 flight. That soft and mellow whistle has some 
 peculiar quality, which, when it comes dropping
 
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 THE UPLAND PLOVER 207 
 
 down from the summer sky, makes it the most 
 difficult of all sounds to accurately locate. 
 
 Now the sportsman's troubles commence, for 
 that one bird if it pleases (as it usually does) 
 can furnish him a whole day's ''sport" by 
 tantalizingly keeping just out of range. As the 
 name indicates, they dwell mostly in the open 
 hayfields, moving on rapid feet through the 
 grass in pursuit of the insects which make their 
 principal food. In such places as these any 
 near approach to them is most difficult, as the 
 Upland, after his domestic duties are done and 
 his family is brought up, is a very shy and wary 
 bird, commonly springing up and away before 
 the gunner can get within shot reach, whistling 
 merrily his rolling, liquid note as he goes. 
 
 Slender and graceful, long of limb, one of the 
 swiftest fliers of a fleet-winged family, the Up- 
 land has been unusually favored among our 
 dwellers of the wilderness, and comparatively 
 few of them fall a prey to the gunner. He can 
 run fast — faster than any man — and will give 
 a dog a good race. It is laughable to see a gun- 
 ner lose his breath and temper in trying to 
 catch a wounded bird.
 
 208 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 The Upland's call is somewhat similar to the 
 "winter's," equally clear and musical and 
 rather more mellow in tone. Not so pow- 
 erful as the whistle of the "yellow-legs," nor 
 so long extended, it is in most cases three clear, 
 quickly-sounded notes, which are heard much 
 farther than would at first be thought. They 
 have also, a low, twittering note in conversation 
 among themselves, — a sound like gurgling wa- 
 ter, but not sufficiently like it to cure your Au- 
 gust thirst contracted in pursuit of them. When 
 a flock is disturbed in their home fields, the scat- 
 tered members keep up a continual chorus of 
 this music from one bunch to another as they 
 wheel about in search of safe grounds to rest 
 upon. Seen on the wing when moving care- 
 lessly about in the mere enjojonent of flight, 
 traveling from knoll to knoll and not alarmed, 
 they will remind the observer of some of the 
 smaller hawks from their swift, sharp strokes 
 alternating with an easy, sailing flight. The 
 gunner will notice, however, this difference 
 from the sailing of the hawks — that, in shore- 
 bird fashion, they carry their wings deeply 
 down-curved. 
 
 There is little profit in trying to call them.
 
 THE UPLAND PLOVER 209 
 
 They pay scant attention to any sucli attempts 
 at scraping an acquaintance, and though they 
 may answer, will continue upon their way with- 
 out any effort at sociability. Sometimes to get 
 a fair shot advantage may be taken of the cat- 
 tle if they are grazing in the fields, as the Up- 
 lands for a long time familiar with and so hav- 
 ing no fear of these quiet neighbors, suspect no 
 danger from their close approach. The gun- 
 ner may urge the grazing cow gently toward 
 the birds, keeping himself well hidden behind 
 her until near enough. It is needless to say 
 that the same trustful animal will not consent to 
 be for a second time a movable blind for the 
 gunner, for until the shock to her nervous sys- 
 tem has passed off she is likely to be as wary as 
 the birds themselves, trotting off at once and 
 shaking her horns in a decided negative at any 
 attempt to renew the acquaintance. 
 
 A barren, rocky pasture, fit only for the sheep 
 to graze in, and whose sandy soil is overgrown 
 with a crunching carpet of dry moss and lich- 
 ens is often a very good ground for Uplands 
 and they may be seen scurrying about in squads 
 of half-a-dozen or more, running races for some 
 particularly fat cricket or grasshopper. But
 
 210 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 think not to approach them here, — if yon can 
 see them how much more do you yourself loom 
 up? At the first attempt to get within range 
 away goes every bird in sight with a loud chorus 
 of whistling derision, flying a hundred yards, 
 alighting to run as much farther and then be- 
 ginning to feed with watchful eye upon the 
 stranger, each ready to leave in an instant. 
 
 A western friend tells me of the method of 
 hunting Uplands in his country, on the prairies : 
 a comfortable way of gunning in hot weather. 
 Two or three men drive in a wagon over the 
 grass ground to approach the birds, which will 
 generally allow a team to come quite near. 
 When the birds begin to show signs of uneasi- 
 ness the sportsmen jump out and blaze away. 
 Our westerner thought that it might be a good 
 plan of campaign for New England, but one trip 
 was enough to change his mind. The rugged 
 nature of our country" and the prospect of lifting 
 the outfit over a stone wall or picking the horse 
 off a barbed wire fence every few minutes some- 
 what upset his theories before the day was over. 
 
 I wish to note a circumstance which to me 
 seems quite unusual: on one plover excursion 
 my companion and I saw an Upland rise from
 
 THE UPLAND PLOVER 211 
 
 the grass and witliout being shot at or in any 
 way disturbed, alight in the top of a tall maple 
 tree, fully fifty feet from the ground, and stand 
 balancing and swaying on the topmost branch 
 as easily as any robin might have done, staying 
 there until at our getting within gunshot it flew 
 away, — and continued flying despite our best 
 efforts at stopping it. We have not found any 
 of our shooting acquaintances who have seen 
 the like, although the Upland makes a regular 
 practice of perching upon fences and low 
 stumps, and one bird, after leading me a long, 
 hot chase through field and pasture, finally ag- 
 gravated his offense by alighting on a woodpile 
 in a farmer 's dooryard, well out of reach of my 
 gun, but not fifty feet from where the propri- 
 etor was ''hitching up" his team. That bird is 
 still enjoying good health for all that I know to 
 the contrary. About the last of August the 
 scattered families unite in one large flock and 
 depart for the nearest marsh, remaining in its 
 drier levels until near the middle of Septem- 
 ber, when they leave for the south, where they 
 pass the winter in our Southern States, par- 
 ticularly on the grassy plains of Texas and New 
 Mexico. Here during the cold weather there
 
 212 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 are countless numbers of them. Many go far^ 
 ther on to the cattle ranges of Mexico, and some 
 go far down into South America, even to the 
 pampas of Argentina, leaving for their north- 
 ern summer homes about the end of March. 
 
 There may be two minds as to the palate- 
 pleasing qualities of many a duck, quail, or 
 even grouse, for all these have some peculi- 
 arities which do not appeal to the uneducated 
 palate, but the man who can not appreciate the 
 tender flesh and delicate flavor of the Upland 
 Plover must be hard indeed to suit. To my 
 mind the Upland ranks equal to any game bird 
 of America as a table delicacy. They get sur- 
 prisingly fat in the fall, sometimes even to 
 splitting their skins upon striking the ground 
 when brought down by the gunner. 
 
 Above, the Upland is mostly of dusky hue, 
 with a greenish, satiny sheen to the feathers, 
 mottled with tawny and whitish yellow, the 
 light colors mostly on the edges and tips of 
 the feathers ; the top of the head and back dark- 
 est and the yellow tones predominant on neck, 
 breast and wings. The rump dull blackish, this 
 color carried down over the central feathers of 
 the tail, with these barred as are the other
 
 THE UPLi\.ND PLOVER 213 
 
 feathers; but the outer ones are much lighter, 
 shading from the dark central feathers through 
 ever-lightening tones of orange-brown to 
 creamy white on the outer pair, all showing 
 subterminal black bars and white tips. Scap- 
 ulars and inner secondaries are regularly 
 barred with black on a dusky ground. Chin 
 white, shading into the yellowish brown of the 
 forebreast and neck, and these parts streaked 
 with fine dusky lines on the sides, growing 
 larger and heavier on the throat and taking the 
 shape of arrowheads on the breast. Axillars 
 and linings of the wings pure white, very even- 
 ly barred with black ; for the rest of the under 
 parts yellowish white. Primaries brownish 
 black, the first white-shafted and brokenly 
 barred with white on inner webs. Barrings 
 often show on other primaries, though generally 
 obscured. Bill yellow, black-tipped. Feet dull 
 yellow; iris dark brown. Length from eleven 
 to thirteen inches; extent from twenty-two to 
 twenty-four inches. Sexes marked alike.
 
 214 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 BUFF-BREASTED SANDPIPER. 
 
 (Tryngites subruficoUis.) 
 
 Not a common bird in New England, but of 
 more common occurrence in the interior of the 
 continent. The whole of North America is the 
 habitat of this species. It breeds throughout 
 the Arctic regions and migrates for the winter 
 months even as far as South America. Has 
 been taken frequently in Europe. 
 
 The Buffbreast bears a close resemblance to 
 the upland plover in coloring, and to some ex- 
 tent in form, though the tones of its plumage 
 are lighter and the bird is considerably smaller. 
 On two occasions I have had gunners bring me 
 what they thought to be young or small uplands 
 which turned out to be Buff-Breasted Pipers. 
 
 The habits and food of this and the last spe- 
 cies are nearly the same and their choice of 
 homes is much alike, with the difference that 
 this bird is fonder of the muddy edges of ' ' pond- 
 holes" and a snail diet than is the upland 
 plover. 
 
 For its markings, as follows: above dark 
 brown or blackish, with broad brownish yellow
 
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 THE SICKLE-BILLED CURLEW 215 
 
 edges to the feathers. Prmiaries and second- 
 aries dusky brown, darkening at the ends and 
 white-tipped. Webs of secondaries and inner 
 webs of primaries grayish white, speckled and 
 blotched with black — a marking which locates 
 this bird at once. Axillars and linings of wings 
 whitish or pale reddish. Iris brown ; bill black ; 
 legs greenish. Tail feathers shading like the 
 upland's from dark brown, almost greenish, on 
 the central to light brownish yellow on the outer 
 ones, these tipped with white and with a sub- 
 terminal bar of black. Central tail feathers 
 slightly longer than the others. Male and fe- 
 male marked alike. Length from seven and 
 one-half to eight inches; extent varying from 
 fifteen to sixteen inches. 
 
 THE SICKLE-BILLED CURLEW. 
 
 (Numenius longirostris.) 
 
 The Sickle-billed Curlew is of great size ; the 
 largest of the game waders. It is a long time 
 since one has been taken in northern New Eng- 
 land, and while more are captured in the south- 
 ern portions, even there it is not numerous. The 
 few that have been procured have nearly all
 
 216 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 been killed on Cape Cod during the fall flights 
 where, when the birds are moving, decoys and 
 skillful use of a plover whistle are more pro- 
 ductive of good results than elsewhere in our 
 section. All the curlews decoy readily and are 
 loth to leave a wounded friend, so that a gun- 
 ner may get several shots into a flock if he has 
 downed a bird or two with his first barrel. 
 
 This species is a lover of warm weather, sel- 
 dom going north beyond the temperate zone, 
 and breeding in almost any part of its habitat. 
 During the winter months they are quite abund- 
 ant on the plains of Mexico and Texas and all 
 along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico to Cen- 
 tral America. They are quite common through- 
 out our southwestern States and on the sand- 
 bars along the coasts of our South Atlantic 
 States during the breeding season. The clutch 
 of eggs numbers three or four, dingy gray, and 
 nearly, if not quite, as large as hens' eggs. 
 
 The bill is often of great length, though vary- 
 ing much in specimens according to the age and 
 development of the bird, running from four to 
 eight inches. This is mainly black, though 
 much of the under mandible is yellowish. In 
 adult birds the bill is considerably down-curved 
 at the tip.
 
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 THE SICKLE-BILLED CURLEW 217 
 
 The male and female are marked alike. Top 
 of the head indistinctly streaked with black, 
 reddish and whitish; same colors on hind neck 
 and here more distinct. Above, brownish black, 
 spotted with tawny yellow and reddish brown 
 scalloped on the edges of the feathers ; wing co- 
 verts with reddish tones predominant. Pri- 
 maries dusky, mottled with red-brown. Sec- 
 ondaries and tail feathers reddish brown with 
 regular barrings of black. Below, light reddish 
 brown, darkest on breast and under wing cov- 
 erts, paler on the throat, in fact, here nearly 
 white. Lower throat and breast streaked with 
 blackish, the markings growing larger and 
 darker on the sides of breast and body, in these 
 places becoming well defined arrow heads and 
 bars of black. Lining of wings and crissum un- 
 spotted. Legs grayish brown; the toes short 
 and stout, flattened beneath, and widely mar- 
 gined on the edges. Length very variable; 
 from twenty-four inches upward, according to 
 the age of the bird and consequent development 
 of the bill. Extent from thirty-eight to forty 
 inches. 
 
 The Sickle-bill is a fine bird, in quality ot flesh 
 equal to any of the smaller waders and superior 
 to most, ranking high as a table delicacy.
 
 218 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 When dwelling on the coast its food is mostly of 
 crabs of the smaller sorts, sea snails and '* wrig- 
 glers ' ' of various kinds, but in the inland coun- 
 try its table is furnished with grass-hoppers 
 and berries and the same menu which is set be- 
 fore the *' upland plover" in the same places. 
 They often make long trips for delicacies of this 
 sort when dwelling on the coast, and the low, 
 berry-covered heaths lining the shores furnish 
 great attractions to migrant flocks. 
 
 HUDSONIAN CURLEW. ''JACK CUR- 
 LEW." 
 
 (Numenius hudsonicus.) 
 
 Of the two species which we may call common 
 to New England this is the one more rarely 
 taken within our borders. In the main it is 
 found here during the season of the fall migra- 
 tions, when it inhabits either the outer sea 
 islands, the sandv ocean beaches or the sea 
 marshes, but most of all the uninhabited grassy 
 islands well offshore. It is one of the wariest 
 of the waders, shy and difficult of approach, 
 though sometimes giving good sport over de-
 
 HUDSONIAN CURLEW 219 
 
 coj's if the sportsman is well concealed. Like 
 the last species, on the marshes and inland it 
 is fond of berries and small fruits, l3ut on the 
 seacoast subsists mostly on snails and marine 
 creatures. 
 
 This bird is considerably smaller than the 
 ' ' sickle-bill ' ' and is not so brightly colored. He 
 is from fifteen to seventeen inches long and has 
 a sail spread of about thirty-three inches. The 
 top of the head is dusky brown with a white 
 stripe through the centre and along each side. 
 A dark strip from the bill through the eye to 
 the ear coverts. Above, dusla^ browns and 
 blacks, mottled with whitish and dull yellow, the 
 dark shades making the body color. Tail gray- 
 ish brown with indistinct black bars. Primaries 
 dusky brown with lighter mottlings. Linings 
 of the wings pale red-brown with dusky bar- 
 rings, — markings which will serve to distinguish 
 this from young and undeveloped specimens of 
 the Sickle-bill. Under parts grayish white. 
 Lower throat and upper breast with dusky 
 streaks, these becoming arrowheads or broken 
 barrings on breast and flanks. Legs and feet 
 blackish; bill blackish, flesh-colored at base,
 
 220 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 stont, curving, from three to four inches long;' 
 The length of the bill varies greatly in different 
 specimens. 
 
 This species is not so nmnerous as either of 
 the other two, but it is an occasional visitor in 
 every part of our continent, dwelling in the 
 north during the summer months and in winter 
 migrating with other travelers of the air far into 
 the south, to Central and South America. 
 
 ESQUIMAUX CURLEW. ''DOUGH 
 BIRD." 
 
 (Numenius borealis.) 
 
 The smallest and most numerous of our cur- 
 lews. This species is marked very nearly like 
 the Hudsonian, but in ruddier tones. The bill 
 is considerably shorter than in the last species 
 — from two and one-half to three inches long. 
 In length this bird is from twelve to fourteen 
 inches, in extent from twenty-seven to twenty- 
 nine. The colors, both light and dark, are more 
 decided than in liudsonicus. Probably none of 
 these birds breed in our borders, but go to the 
 Arctic portions of the continent, wandering in 
 the fall all through the United States. In all
 
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 ESQUIMAUX CURLEW 221 
 
 this territory, surely in the uorthern half, this 
 is the most numerous species of curlew. In the 
 cold weather it joins the rest of its family in 
 the warm climates, sometimes going down into 
 the pampas of Argentina for winter quarters. 
 
 It nests on the plains of the interior, the 
 number of eggs commonly four, greenish gray 
 in color, with mottlings of varying hue, though 
 in most cases brown. 
 
 Inland it lives much like and is often found 
 with the upland plover and the golden plover in 
 their prairie ranges, but to the New England 
 gunner it is only a chance acquaintance met on 
 the sea ledges, the marshes alongshore and on 
 the outer islands. They are fairly regulai 
 summer visitors, both this species and the Hud- 
 sonian curlew, to those grassy solitudes, de- 
 serted islands far off shore, where sea fowl and 
 shore birds are seldom disturbed by any crea- 
 ture more dangerous than the sheep which are 
 pastured there. 
 
 Though quite wary they will decoy well if the 
 sportsman is hidden and can imitate their call 
 passably. The flesh of this and all other mem- 
 bers of the family is of good flavor and is in 
 good condition at all seasons of the year. The
 
 222 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 curlews, when able to procure such food, are 
 very fond of berries and will travel long dis- 
 tances to obtain them. In the fall months they 
 are surprisingly fat after this diet. 
 
 They arrive in New England, northward 
 bound, in April or the first of May, but do not 
 tarry on their journey, rarely stopping more 
 than a day or two for food and rest. Their 
 southern migration is performed more leisure- 
 ly, the birds arriving during the first half of 
 August, even the middle of July at times, and 
 lingering on through their '' vacation time" well 
 into September. 
 
 The curlews are very popular with the shore 
 gunner and always welcome in his game bag. 
 The sportsmen of this section still speak im- 
 pressively of the great flight of these birds 
 which landed upon our coast some twenty years 
 ago. They haunted the high lands, the hay 
 fields, and the "upland" country generally, — 
 a matter of great surprise to the most of our 
 baymen, who had been accustomed to find them 
 mainly in the marshes and thought these places 
 their only legitimate grounds. They were mov- 
 ing southward leisurely, only going a few miles 
 each day, so that they stayed nearly a week
 
 THE KING RAIL 223 
 
 with us and the slayer of plover and baybirds 
 had a treat of which they still speak longingly. 
 There were literally thousands of them. Every 
 field of ordinary size had its flock or its gunner 
 lurking in the shadow of a rock or hidden in a 
 clump of weeds with a bunch of decoys before 
 him, intent on breaking all former records of 
 slaughter. The thoughts of the juicy ''feeds" 
 of those days make my mouth water yet. 
 
 THE KING RAIL. 
 
 (Rallus elegans.) 
 
 Just what percentage of the population of 
 our marshes is made up of the rail family it is 
 difficult to say, but it is surely a large propor- 
 tion. They are constantly changing residence 
 and there is a large "floating population" hav- 
 ing no fixed abode. Often rails are numerous 
 in localities where their human neighbors never 
 suspect their presence. I once showed the con- 
 tents of my game bag to a man who lived on 
 the edge of my favorite marsh; in it were a 
 number of rails and he was curious to know 
 what they were, saying that he had lived there 
 all his life (where I had shot hundreds of them)
 
 224 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 "without ever having seen one before. He 
 readily named the different shorebirds which 
 were taken in the same place. 
 
 The rails are a numerous family and one of 
 wide dispersion, there being at the proper sea- 
 son some representative in every habitable 
 quarter of the globe. The characteristics of the 
 different members of the family are everywhere 
 the same ; the bodies, thin and compressed, mak- 
 ing up for a lack of "beam" by a much greater 
 depth than usual; the legs long and very mus- 
 cular, with large feet and long toes to assist in 
 their traveling easily over the floating grasses 
 and drift stuff so plentiful in their favorite 
 haunts. Their wings are short and rounded, 
 and have nothing like the sail area of the 
 ''bay snipe." From this fact their flight is 
 widely different from the free, bold and power- 
 ful action of the plover-snipe group. Indeed it 
 is such an effort for the Eail to lift his heavy 
 body, long legs and plebeian feet clear of the 
 ground that every member of the tribe has an 
 inborn dislike of flying, and so, if pursued, he 
 runs, skulks among the grass stems, crawls into 
 the drain holes and the half-subterranean pas- 
 sages made by the muskrat and mink, and only
 
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 THE KING RAIL 225 
 
 when at the last resort does he rise with 
 clumsy haste, his big feet dangling gracefully 
 below him, and flap heavily away, coming to the 
 ground again as soon as ever he can with safety 
 to seek a surer refuge in the grass. Yet in 
 spite of all this they must be capable of a long- 
 sustained flight, for they often cross large 
 bodies of water in their migrations. 
 
 But whatever the case with their wings there 
 is never a suspicion of feebleness in their long, 
 muscular legs, and it is to these members that 
 they trust mostly for escape from danger. 
 They swim well at need, when their long-toed 
 feet are very serviceable as paddles. Under 
 water their wings are called to the aid of their 
 feet and they make rapid progress, only coming 
 up where they may put their heads out through 
 the drift stuff in safety. 
 
 The King Rail, the largest and handsomest 
 of the family in North America, is a near rela- 
 tion of the clapper rail which is perhaps bet- 
 ter known, but the King Rail is dressed more 
 stylishly and in brighter colors. This bird 
 seems to prefer the fresh water, only rarely be- 
 ing taken on the marshes of the seacoast. He 
 is said to be even more of a stranger to New
 
 226 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 England than is the clapper rail. There are 
 perhaps half a dozen authentic records of its 
 capture in the State of Maine during a period of 
 eighteen years, one of these falling to the 
 writer's credit on the 19th of September, 1895. 
 So far as is known but three other specimens 
 have been taken, two of these from the Dyke 
 Marsh in Falmouth, (from which place came 
 my own specimen) since the record of the first 
 specimen, taken on Scarborough Marsh, Octo- 
 ber 8, 1881, by Mr. A. G. Rogers. I have never 
 known of the capture of a clapper rail in the 
 same neighborhood or anywhere near, although 
 our marshes are all of the sea and the clapper 
 rail is supposed to prefer such places to the 
 swamps of the fresh water ; moreover, the clap- 
 per is said to be a more common species than 
 the King Rail in all parts of the Atlantic coast 
 line. In the southern part of New England the 
 King Rail is more common than with us. 
 
 This bird is almost an exact counterpart of 
 the Virginia Rail, so familiar to all marsh gun- 
 ners, but made up into a larger package. His 
 length varies from seventeen to nineteen inches ; 
 extent from twenty-three to twenty-five inches. 
 As may be seen this is the largest of our rails
 
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 THE CLAPPER EAIL 227 
 
 as well as the most beautifully colored. Upper 
 parts varying from olive-brown to black — the 
 edges of the feathers the lighter and the blacks 
 on their centres. The scapulars and many of 
 the back feathers widely margined with grayish 
 green. Wings and tail greenish brown. Wing 
 coverts quite pronounced reddish-brown. Neck 
 and breast reddish-brown, paling on throat and 
 chin nearly to white. Flanks barred in black 
 and white sharply defined. 
 
 Like the rest of his race he passes the winter 
 in the south — (some few may remain in south- 
 ern New England) — and his habits and mode of 
 life are the same as those of the rest of his big- 
 footed family. He prefers the unapproachable 
 and impenetrable stretches of the marsh, and 
 among the flags and cat-tails where he dwells 
 he may laugh at pursuit except on the highest 
 water. He is a feeder on both vegetable and 
 animal matter and his flesh is only fair for the 
 table. 
 
 THE CLAPPER RAIL. 
 
 (Rallus crepitans.) 
 
 A bird of uncommon occurrence, seldom cap- 
 tured by the New England gunner. In its
 
 228 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 form and habits much like the familiar Virginia 
 rail, and similarly marked, though its general 
 coloration is grayish or yellowish-brown. Its 
 plumage with its blending colors lacks the 
 bright tones of reds and browns sharply con- 
 trasted with the blacks as they appear in the 
 Virginia. 
 
 In the breeding season these birds are very 
 noisy and keep up a continual clatter, whence 
 their name. A dweller in the marshes, mainly 
 those of the seacoast, he is found all along the 
 Atlantic seaboard of the United States, as far 
 north as New England during the breeding sea- 
 son, and spending the winter months in the 
 Southern States and even farther toward the 
 tropics. This species is far more abundant in 
 its southern range than elsewhere. 
 
 Their nesting habits are much as in the other 
 species ; a little above the high tide level a sort 
 of platform of reeds and dry grasses matted to- 
 gether just out of the water constitutes the nest. 
 This contains anywhere from six to ten eggs, 
 in color creamy white, freckled with red-brown 
 spots. 
 
 The adult bird is of brownish-olive hue above, 
 with dusky streaks through the centres of the
 
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 THE VIRGINIA RAIL 229 
 
 feathers, these colors fading to a grayish tinge 
 on the edges. Everywhere the colors are dull 
 and uncertain, shading and blending gradually 
 one into the other. Below, a pale yellowish 
 brown, growing grayish on the throat. Flanks, 
 axillars and linings of the wings dusky gray 
 with small narrow bars of white. The whole 
 tone of the bird is ashy gray. Wing quills and 
 tail dark brown; eyelid and a small line over 
 the eye white. Legs and feet dull greenish. 
 Length from fourteen to sixteen inches; extent 
 about twenty inches ; female a little less. Being 
 more of an animal feeder than is the sora its 
 flavor is hardly as good as that of the more 
 common bird, though by no means to be de- 
 spised. 
 
 THE VIRGINIA RAIL. 
 
 (Rallus virginianus.) 
 
 Inhabiting the same territory as the sora, or 
 Carolina rail, — though preferring those spots 
 where the fresh water springs bubble up 
 through the mucky ooze of the marsh, — is the 
 next most numerous species, the Virginia Rail. 
 This is a very showy bird, somewhat larger and 
 more brilliantly colored than the sora, and fur-
 
 230 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 nislied with a long, stout, curved bill with which 
 to procure his food, — insects, snails, and the 
 like — for he is principally an animal feeder. 
 On this account his flesh is scarcely as good as 
 that of the sora. 
 
 The Virginia Rail's nesting habits are the 
 same as the other members of the family, with 
 a larger complement of eggs, there being from 
 seven to ten in a setting, dirty white in color, 
 and splashed with purplish spots. The Vir- 
 ginia may sometimes raise two broods in a sea- 
 son, but probably not often in New England. 
 
 This bird is marked as follows: above, 
 streaked with dark brown and brownish olive, 
 the wing coverts a deep red brown ; top of head 
 and back of neck dark brown; below a rich 
 red brown, brightest on the breast and fading 
 out toward throat and belly ; flanks and insides 
 of wings blackish, barred with white. The 
 length of this species ten inches, extent four- 
 teen. Bill about one and three-quarters inches 
 long. Female smaller than the male and lighter 
 colored. 
 
 A past master in the art of skulking, no water 
 rat can pass through tangled grass and cat-tails 
 as rapidly as he, when running with his head
 
 THE SORA EAIL 231 
 
 low and wings pressed to his sides, lie forces 
 his thin body in its rapid course, doubling back 
 and forth in devious ways to the despair of all 
 dogs. A few trips after rails would spoil the 
 best bird dog that ever lived. Such a thing as 
 ''laying to a dog" does not appear in any of 
 their codes. 
 
 THE SORA RAIL. CAROLINA RAIL. 
 
 (Porzana Carolina.) 
 
 This is the most common species in New Eng- 
 land as elsewhere on the eastern half of our 
 continent. Almost entirely a vegetable feeder, 
 in our sea marshes its "staff of life" is the long 
 white seeds of the marsh grass, or "thatch," as 
 it is called, which lines the edges of the tide 
 waters and marshy shores, and this, with the 
 snails and "wigglers" so abundant there, forms 
 its entire menu. It is said that in a marsh 
 where much shooting is done they will some- 
 times fill themselves up with shot, which, it is 
 claimed, they mistake for some kind of seed. 
 Though we have seen many a rail filled with shot 
 it was never willingly on the bird's part, and I 
 think it is our privilege to doubt this statement
 
 232 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 until proven. Let us not trust entirely to the 
 rails' crops for our lead while we may buy else- 
 where. The average rail is very well content 
 with the ' ' thatch ' ' seed, which is plainly a very 
 nutritious food, for the rails on such diet are 
 always fat and in good order. 
 
 Rail-like, the Sora flushes only as a last re- 
 sort, preferring, if in danger, to run and skulk 
 through the grass, and will worm and twist its 
 way among the closest-growing stalks with con- 
 siderable speed — a proceeding for which the 
 shape of its body peculiarly fits it. On the wing 
 they are slow and clumsy, flying heavily with 
 their long legs hanging, and unless obliged to 
 continue their course they will generally drop 
 at once into the grass and run a little further 
 before hiding, hugging the cover even closer 
 at the next attempt to put them up. Yet these 
 same birds somehow travel from the mainland 
 to Cuba in their migratory flights, which take 
 place at night and mostly on the full of the 
 moon. 
 
 In New England the rail is almost wholly a 
 migrant. It is rarely that any of them brave 
 the rigors of our winters, and the few that at- 
 tempt it do so only in the southern parts. In
 
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 THE SORA RAIL 233 
 
 the spring they arrive here about May and 
 leave for their winter quarters soon after the 
 first sharp frosts, though I have known of their 
 staying here (Maine) until December twentieth 
 in a mild season. 
 
 The Sora makes its nest of soft dry grasses 
 on a little hummock just above the high water 
 limit, and lays from four to six eggs, in color 
 a dull gray, splashed with brownish spots. The 
 young are covered with black down and are very 
 active almost from their arrival, running about 
 among the reeds like mice. From their retir- 
 ing habits and unobstrusive natures the rails 
 probably suffer less from hawks or other marsh 
 birds' enemies than do any of their neighbors. 
 
 My best sport at rail-shooting has been dur- 
 ing the high tides on the full of the moon in 
 September, when the sea had filled all the nooks 
 and corners of the marsh and driven the birds 
 in from their resting places on the long grass 
 and hummocks scattered through it. When the 
 tide was up they took refuge along the edges — 
 up in the fields — in the brush-grown coves, 
 where, when they flushed among the alders it 
 was almost woodcocking — in fact, anywhere to 
 find cover. A good spaniel is the best four-
 
 234 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 footed assistant in tliis sport, both for finding 
 the game, retrieving the dead and capturing 
 skulking wounded birds. When beating up the 
 edges, suddenly the dog would stand, then creep- 
 ing cautiously up would stop again, with his 
 head cocked on one side, listening to the rail's 
 mouse-like, squeaking cries. At the word he 
 would send them fluttering heavily into the air, 
 the proper moment to shoot. You need no 
 heavy charge in this shooting. Your shots will 
 all be at close range and you will have plenty 
 of time. But to miss! That is simply dis- 
 graceful ! 
 
 Perhaps the best way to hunt rails is for two 
 men to take a light, flat-bottomed skiff and pole 
 through the grass, shooting in turn. While 
 rails are not shot here in any such numbers as 
 in the Jersey marshes, any reasonable sports- 
 man should be satisfied with his day's fun, for 
 by pushing through the ''thatch" in most New 
 England sea marshes a fair bag of these birds 
 may generally be made. On the high tides — 
 the full moon tides which are the best times to 
 try this — the rails may be seen running on the 
 edges, splashing about on the long grass-stems, 
 which, matted together, will permit them to
 
 THE SORA RAIL 235 
 
 pass along as well as if on dry ground, or swim- 
 ming as buoyantly as ducks in tlie stretches of 
 clear water, bobbing their heads much as does 
 a hen when walking. Whether walking or run- 
 ning (and they are seldom still for an instant) 
 they are continually flirting their tails about, 
 usually carrying them jauntily erect. In the 
 spring these high tides are often very destruc- 
 tive to rail's nests and eggs. 
 
 If the Sora is wounded, but uninjured in the 
 legs, you may as well give up all idea of captur- 
 ing it without a dog ; for it runs rapidly through 
 tangled and matted grass, where you would 
 scarcely expect it to make any headway, and it 
 can swim as well under water as on the surface. 
 It is not uncommon to see them dive and cling 
 to the bottom as long as possible, only letting 
 go when half-drowned, and then making their 
 way to some hiding place in the grass where 
 they may put their heads out in safety. 
 
 The rail is an easy mark for the shooter be- 
 cause of its slow and steady flight, except when 
 traveling before a brisk breeze, when, of course, 
 it moves fast enough. However, rail shooting 
 requires a bit more skill than ''potting" swal- 
 lows on a telegraph wire, even though it may
 
 236 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 have less of the nerve-racking intensity which 
 makes the chief charm of a rough and tumble 
 with a " grizzly. '- 
 
 The Sora, the rail to the great number of 
 gunners, is about nine inches long and in wing- 
 spread about fourteen inches. The adult birds, 
 both male and female, are marked as follows: 
 upper parts a greenish brown, mottled with 
 black; many of the feathers having a fine edg- 
 ing of white. The bill, short, thick and stout, 
 of greenish yellow color; a black mask on the 
 face; cheeks, throat, breast and under parts a 
 dull ashy blue, lightening towards the lower 
 parts. Flanks barred with black and white, the 
 colors becoming more pronounced toward the 
 crissum. The young birds in the fall are simi- 
 larly marked, but in less decided colors, having 
 a reddish or buffy shade on the neck and breast, 
 and a gray or whitish patch on the throat. 
 These have no trace of the black mask on the 
 face. 
 
 The Sora Rail is usuall}^ introduced to the 
 epicure in the form of a pie, and it is in this 
 stage that it makes the best showing, for its 
 flesh is tender and of delicate flavor. A rail
 
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 THE YELLOW RAIL 237 
 
 pie which is constructed of rails is a most suc- 
 culent morsel, a very different creation from a 
 pie built from street-scavenging English spar- 
 rows, which is not uncommonly the material 
 used when the flight of soras has been small. 
 
 THE YELLOW RAIL. 
 
 (Porzana noveboracensis.) 
 
 This pretty little fellow is a visitor along the 
 eastern coast and in some of the inland marshes 
 of eastern North America. The range of its 
 migration is extensive, reaching from Hudson 
 bay to the Gulf of Mexico or even further south. 
 Nowhere in all this stretch of country is it 
 abundant, yet while most naturalists seem to 
 think it a rare visitor in New England, espe- 
 cially so in the northern parts, there is some 
 reason to believe that it is more numerous here 
 than is generally supposed. Indeed, from my 
 own experience I should say that it is more 
 common here than the Virginia rail, for within 
 the last three years I have known of the cap- 
 ture of possibly fifty specimens of the Yellow 
 Rail near Portland, Me., and have myself taken
 
 238 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 at least half that number, while of the Virginia 
 rails scarcely twenty have been killed in the 
 same time. 
 
 The Yellow Rail seems to be quite hardy, 
 staying here after the other species have de- 
 serted us and the ice has made in the pond- 
 holes of the marsh. The writer has shot them 
 when there had been severe cold for Novem- 
 ber and after a snowfall of three or four inches. 
 
 He is a beautiful little bird, — his body color 
 a golden yellow, the feathers of his back and 
 wing coverts jet black with yellow edges, and 
 here and there speckled with tiny white spots. 
 His breast is a deep golden yellow, growing 
 paler below. Flanks and inside of wings 
 barred with black and white. Crissum golden 
 yellow. Length about six inches, extent ten or 
 thereabout. This is the smallest of the rails 
 ordinarily found in New England, though that 
 extremely rare straggler here, the black rail, is 
 even smaller. 
 
 The Yellow Rail is a more inveterate skulker 
 and, if possible, harder to flush than any other 
 of the family. Out of the first six specimens 
 which the writer obtained five were captured 
 by the dog and the sixth only escaped the same
 
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 THE BLACK EAIL 239 
 
 fate by being shot almost off the dog's nose as 
 he drove it up from the ground. 
 
 In form and habits the Yellow Rail is very 
 similar to the sora, but he dwells in the drier 
 levels of the marsh and in the meadow lands, 
 where the shorter grasses offer less impediment 
 to his feebler powers. His food is principally 
 of seeds, and his flesh (what there is of it) is 
 equally as good as that of the sora. 
 
 THE BLACK RAIL. 
 
 (Porzana jamaicensis.) 
 
 Of all the feathered dwellers in or visitors to 
 New England this is the rarest. There are 
 very few records of its capture in our borders. 
 In fact, few are taken anywhere in the United 
 States, though it may be more common than is 
 generally supposed, since, because of its small 
 size and retiring disposition it might easily be 
 overlooked. Its range lies mostly to the south- 
 ward of the United States. The bird is more 
 common in the West Indies, Central and South 
 America, where it visits as far south as Chile. 
 
 In length this little fellow is from five and 
 one-half to six inches ; in extent about nine and
 
 240 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 one-lialf inches. Above, its body color is a blu- 
 ish black with minute specklings and barrings 
 of white. Below, dark slate color, a little 
 lighter on under side of wings, belly and flanks ; 
 under wing and tail coverts barred with white. 
 
 EUROPEAN CORN CRAKE. 
 
 (Crex crex.) 
 
 Seldom found in this section, nor, in fact, in 
 America anywhere, but in this vicinity (Port- 
 land, Me.) one, and possibly two specimens 
 have been taken. The one saved was shot on 
 the 14th of October, 1889, in the ''Dyke Marsh" 
 in Falmouth, Me., and is now occupying a place 
 of high honor in the collection of my friend, 
 Dr. Henry H. Brock, of Portland. The speci- 
 men was in fine condition and in almost perfect 
 plumage. Above, dark brown and black, mot- 
 tled with lighter browns and yellows ; the wing 
 coverts a deep reddish brown, — burnt sienna is 
 about the shade. Below, yellowish and ashy 
 gray, paler on throat and belly ; flanks and cris- 
 sum with dusky brown bars; a brownish stripe 
 from the bill through the eye. Bill and eyes 
 brown; legs and feet pale yellow. In length
 
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 THE PURPLE GALLINULE 241 
 
 some ten and one-half inches ; extent about thir- 
 teen inches. 
 
 There are perhaps half a dozen records of 
 the capture of this species on the North Amer- 
 ican continent. 
 
 THE PURPLE GALLINULE. 
 
 (lonornis martinica.) 
 
 Another distinguished southerner of rare oc- 
 currence here. His habits, shape and general 
 appearance are much the same as those of the 
 more common Florida Gallinule, but his mark- 
 ings are more brilliant. His head, neck and un- 
 der parts are a deep, purplish blue, shading on 
 the belly into black; sides and linings of the 
 wings bluish green. Crissum white. Above, 
 an olive green with a bluish cast on wing coverts 
 and neck. Frontal shield blue; bill bright red 
 with yellow tip. Legs yellow. Length from ten 
 to twelve, extent about twenty-two inches. A 
 most beautiful bird and sure to command atten- 
 tion when captured. 
 
 Nesting habits as in the more common spe- 
 cies, the Florida gallinule. From ten to a 
 dozen eggs form the complement for a nest.
 
 242 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 The two species are found over much the 
 same territory though the present one is of 
 somewhat more southern habitat. 
 
 FLORIDA GALLINULE. 
 
 (Gallinula galeata.) 
 
 This species, quite common in the South At- 
 lantic and Gulf States, is only occasionally met 
 in New England and corresponding latitudes, 
 though specimens are rarely taken in the Mar- 
 itime Provinces of Canada. In northern New 
 England it is one of the least common of the 
 marsh dwellers. It is seldom that more than 
 two are taken in a season in this section, most 
 years passing without the capture of a specimen 
 being recorded in Maine. 
 
 The Florida Gallinule loves the tranquil 
 waters — the still lagoons overgrown with sedge 
 and grass, — for there the floating vegetation of- 
 fers the best chance for obtaining food. Much 
 preferring the fresh water ponds and streams, 
 this bird is rarely seen in the salt marshes and 
 then usually he is some stray traveler on his 
 way toward warm weather. In gait these birds 
 are much like the domestic fowl, bobbing their
 
 
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 FLORIDA GALLINULE 243 
 
 heads in the same manner when walking. 
 They are good runners and in case of danger 
 have a great talent at disappearing; like their 
 cousins, the rails, they are more prone to run 
 and skulk than to fly. They are fairly good 
 swimmers, as well, sitting lightly and easily on 
 the water, keeping up the motion of their heads 
 and flirting their tails up and down in rail 
 fashion as they go. They are feeders upon 
 both animal and vegetable matter, the grass 
 seeds and the worms and snails of the bogs be- 
 ing equally acceptable to them. 
 
 Most of their traveling is done at night. It 
 is even said that their migrations (must we be- 
 lieve this?) are performed on foot — a sort of 
 feathered ''tramp." Their legs are stout, and 
 except that the toes are long, slender and with- 
 out lobes, as in the rails, and that the bird is 
 somewhat smaller, it closely resembles the 
 ''coot," or "mud hen," so well known to duck 
 hunters. The long toes spreading out over a 
 comparatively wide surface so distribute the 
 weight of the bird that it can run with the 
 greatest ease over the broad-leaved water 
 plants and matted floating grasses. 
 
 In its breeding dress the Florida Gallinule
 
 244 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 is colored as follows: back brownish green, be- 
 coming a dusky color on the wings and tail. 
 Edge of wing white, crissum white with a 
 broad central patch of black running through 
 it to the end of the tail. Frontal plate red. 
 Bill red with yellow tip. Iris red-brown. 
 Legs and feet willowy green, nails black. The 
 bird is from twelve to fourteen inches long, and 
 from twenty to twenty-two inches in extent. 
 
 The bill and frontal plate in all specimens 
 before mentioned as having been taken near 
 Portland lacked the bright colors of the full 
 plumaged bird, these being replaced by dusky 
 green; all fall specimens. 
 
 The nests of this species are loosely made of 
 grass stems placed at the water's edge on tus- 
 socks of earth or even in some half-floating 
 drift-stuff. A nest often contains as many as 
 a dozen eggs. The Gallinule breeds anywhere 
 in its range.
 
 THE COOT 245 
 
 THE COOT. WHITE-BILLED MUD-HEN. 
 ''CROW DUCK." 
 
 (Fulica americana.) 
 
 A common' bird in our marshes, well known 
 to the duck hunter, and remarkable principally 
 for its long, lobed toes. This bird is a sort of 
 connecting link, — an intermediate family be- 
 tween the gallinules and the waterfowl proper. 
 It closely resembles the gallinules save that its 
 feet are furnished with wide lobes on the toes, 
 much like the feet of a grebe, while the gallinule 
 has the long, slender toes of the rail family. 
 
 The Coot is most common in the fresh water 
 ponds and lakes, avoiding the rivers and ap- 
 pearing only casually in the sea marshes, 
 plainly preferring the still waters and stagnant 
 fens where there is an abundance of water in- 
 sects and vegetable matter. They swim well 
 and dive as deftly as any duck. The writer has 
 met them several times swimming in a broad 
 arm of the sea, almost the open ocean. 
 
 The Coot arrives in our latitude about the 
 middle of April and goes about its nesting at 
 once, sometimes raising two broods in a sea-
 
 246 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 son. From eight to twelve eggs are laid in a 
 nest fashioned after the same classic architec- 
 ture as the rail's, — often, as in the gallinules, 
 on the anchored floating stuff of the ponds. 
 The period of incubation is about three weeks. 
 The young birds are very active, taking to the 
 water about as soon as they are hatched and are 
 at once able to take care of themselves. At 
 this time they are covered with a thick, black 
 down, and present a striking likeness to the do- 
 mestic chicken at the same stage of develop- 
 ment. The bill, white and showing the spot on 
 each mandible as in the adult, is even more con- 
 spicuous than in the older birds. 
 
 These birds as a rule have less success than 
 the rails in raising their families, as they are 
 oftener in the open water in plain view of the 
 hawks and other persecutors in fur and feath- 
 ers. 
 
 The Mud-hen looks like an overgrown rail 
 and has many of the rail's peculiarities; also 
 its dislike of flying, though not in so marked 
 a degree. It has, too, the same labored, lum- 
 bering flight, rising as heavily and flying as 
 slowly. If forced to rise from the water it 
 splashes and spatters along for some distance,
 
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 THE COOT 247 
 
 half flying, half running, as do some of the 
 heavier and clumsier sea-fowl. 
 
 This bird gets much of its food by diving and 
 swims well under water, using its wings in con- 
 junction with its long, lobed feet, which are a 
 most serviceable pair of paddles. 
 
 In summer the separate families keep by 
 themselves, but when in the fall the young are 
 fully fledged and ready for business flocks of 
 considerable size are formed preparatory to 
 migrating. Our sportsmen seldom trouble the 
 Coots in ponds where much duck shooting is 
 done from blinds, since their flocks often 
 serve to decoy passing birds, which, seeing 
 the Coots swimming unconcernedly about, alight 
 near them, taking it for granted that all is safe 
 because of their presence. Perhaps, too, the 
 quality of their flesh may account in part for 
 their immunity from pursuit and the semi-pro- 
 tection afforded them, though the bird is a 
 cleanly feeder and lives for the most part on 
 vegetable food. 
 
 The general tone of the Coot's plumage is a 
 dark slate color, growing lighter and grayer 
 below, darkening on the head and neck. Dusky 
 greenish on the back; tail blackish; crissum
 
 248 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 white, also the edge of the wing. The under 
 parts are covered with a thick coat of black 
 down beneath the feathers as in the ducks. 
 The bill is whitish, marked at the end by a 
 dull, reddish patch. Frontal shield chestnut. 
 Legs and feet greenish. Iris bright red. 
 Length from fourteen to sixteen inches; extent 
 from twenty-three to twenty-six inches. 
 
 THE GREATER SNOW GOOSE. 
 
 (Chen hjrperborea nivalis.) 
 
 This species is one of general distribution in 
 North America, though in comparison with the 
 numbers found in the West the Snow Goose is 
 of rare occurrence in New England, and here, 
 as in the rest of the Atlantic States, it is entirely 
 maritime. These birds breed in the far north, 
 mostly on the Arctic shores of the continent and 
 on the almost unknown islands beyond, and their 
 only visits to New England are made during 
 the migrations. Even then they stay scarcely 
 longer than is necessary to rest and lay in a 
 stock of provisions for another flight. They ar- 
 rive on their journeying to the north a few days 
 later than does the Canada goose and commence
 
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 THE GREATER SNOW GOOSE 249 
 
 their southern movements before the larger spe- 
 cies. 
 
 Few New England gunners have any per- 
 sonal acquaintance with this bird, but in the 
 West, on the plains, in the marshes and along 
 the Pacific coast they are very abundant during 
 the flight seasons. Their large flocks seen at 
 a distance on the brown grass look like the re- 
 mains of some great snow drift not yet con- 
 quered by the sun. In its eastern habitat it 
 passes the winter months in the South Atlantic 
 and Gulf States, and on its western range it 
 winters in Texas and on the coast of Southern 
 California in great numbers. On the Atlantic 
 coast line they become much more abundant 
 southward, where practically all the Snow 
 Goose population of the eastern half of the con- 
 tinent congregates for the cold weather. 
 
 Its plumage is very striking — for the most 
 part of snowy whiteness, with a speckling of 
 rusty brown on the head, darkest at the base of 
 the bill and gradually fading into the white of 
 the neck. Primaries blackish ; eyes brown ; feet 
 dull purplish red with black nails. The bill 
 very stout, deep and rather narrow, pale pur- 
 plish with white nail. In weight the Snow
 
 250 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 Goose varies from six to eight pounds, thus not 
 so large as the Canada. The length of this spe- 
 cies is between twenty-eight and thirty inches, 
 with a wingspread of from fifty-eight to sixty- 
 two inches. 
 
 There are two other species of Snow Geese 
 in North America, both inhabiting the western 
 half of the continent, — the Lesser Snow Goose 
 {Chen hyperhorea), a race which probably in- 
 tergrades with the present species, breeding 
 in Arctic America and Alaska and in winter 
 coming south to the central plains, or on the 
 coast to southern California, — and Ross' Snow 
 Goose {Chen rossii), the smallest of North 
 American geese, mainly a maritime race, breed- 
 ing far away in the north, and often associat- 
 ing with the Lesser Snow Goose, from which it 
 may be distinguished by the wart-like growth 
 at the base of the upper mandible. This spe- 
 cies has much the same range as its relative just 
 named, though, as mentioned, Ross' Goose is 
 more often taken on the coast. Neither of 
 these small geese are taken on the Atlantic 
 coast. None of these birds are much given to 
 coming to decoys.
 
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 THE WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE 251 
 
 THE WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. 
 
 (Anser albifrons gambeli.) 
 
 A rare bird all along the coast line of New 
 England, and in fact, on the entire Atlantic 
 coast, of more frequent occurrence in the West, 
 especially on the Pacific coast in winter. This 
 species breeds only in the far north, all across 
 the American continent, perhaps more abund- 
 antly on the northwestern ranges. 
 
 The sexes are identical in markings, which 
 are as follows: head and neck brownish; a 
 white patch around the base of upper mandible, 
 with a blackish margin behind it. Above dusky 
 gray; below whitish, smirched on the breast 
 with black of varying extent and depth of color, 
 from which marking they are sometimes called 
 ''Speckle-bellies," a most classical appellation. 
 The crissum, upper tail coverts and sides of 
 the rump are white. Bill pale pink with white 
 nail. The young of this species is somewhat 
 different: a darker bird, lacking the white on 
 the head and having no black below. The 
 length of this species is from twenty-three to 
 twenty-five inches, extent from fifty-eight to
 
 252 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 sixty inches. Its habits are very nearly iden- 
 tical with those of the better known Canada 
 goose, flying in the characteristic V-shaped 
 flocks and ranking about equal with that species 
 in table qualities. 
 
 This goose is represented in the Old World 
 by a species so close to our own race that it is 
 doubtful if even an expert could with certainty 
 distinguish between them. Apparently the dif- 
 ference is entirely one of size, our own species 
 having a trifling advantage in this. 
 
 THE CANADA GOOSE. 
 
 (Branta canadensis.) 
 
 What is the first harbinger of spring? 
 Surely the long files of the geese threading their 
 airy pathway are the surest signs that grim old 
 winter has begun to relax his grip upon the 
 earth. The boldest mayflower — the pluckiest 
 grassblades are not yet reckless enough to push 
 their tiny heads above the mud and ice which 
 make up the desolation called early spring in 
 New England. These merely listen to their 
 herald's trumpet note — then wisely turn over 
 for another nap. But never a whit cares the
 
 THE CANADA GOOSE 253 
 
 good gray Goose, for, high up, safe from all 
 harm from human foe, their swift-moving 
 wedges keep steadily northward over city and 
 farmland, forest, lake, plain and open sea. 
 Anon comes down the distant clamor of the 
 flock — the wily old leader as he calls to the lag- 
 gards, perhaps encouraging them with the 
 praises of the region whither they are bound, 
 that the weary followers may keep up good 
 heart, for there are some who fain would rest 
 their wings and make a brief halt on the water 
 below. But not so the old gander. He remem- 
 bers vividly the dangers of that treacherous 
 place, for not yet has the calamity of last fall's 
 flight passed from his memory, — when the tired 
 youngsters were allowed to settle upon its 
 waters for rest. He knows full well what was 
 their rest! 
 
 Far below in city street or muddy country 
 road the sportsman stands up-gazing and fol- 
 lowing them with longing eyes until the last 
 faint ''honk" has died away and the flock has 
 become but a speck against the dark mass of 
 the northern cloud-bank. For the rest of the 
 day that man's mind is scarcely to be kept on 
 the ledger or the farm's business, and ten to
 
 254 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 one, when he goes home the tried companion of 
 a hundred pleasant shooting trips comes out 
 from its dusty case, is tenderly balanced in his 
 hands, thrown to his shoulder and aimed at an 
 imaginary goose, then carefully inspected and 
 thoroughly cleaned, though there is no need of 
 it, and at last reluctantly put away again. Per- 
 haps the poor fellow cannot break away from 
 his toil, but he will think and plan for the fu- 
 ture and in his dreams live over again his 
 merry days by field and marsh or on blue wa- 
 ters. Mayhap he hears the ripples chuckling 
 under the bows of his float with a merry spring- 
 time melody as he forces his small craft over the 
 gentle swells in pursuit of some unsuspecting 
 flock. Will he score one of them ? Of course ! 
 For there are no ^' blank days" in the ''happy 
 hunting grounds" of our dreams, and so he is 
 happier for the mere sight of that flying phalanx 
 of ' ' honkers, ' ' and the memories which they re- 
 call of deeds performed at crack o' day with 
 sculling oar and goose gun. 
 
 Far away in the lagoons of the south the win- 
 ter months have been spent, and now a few 
 days, genial and bright with the promise of 
 spring, have filled the old gander's whole being
 
 THE CANADA GOOSE 255 
 
 with a vague unrest. He mopes and is silent; 
 anon he stirs the whole flock with his noisy clat- 
 ter, and soon with a cry like a trumpet call he 
 spreads his brown wings for the north and the 
 safety of its frozen marshes. Every goose 
 within hearing joins him and away they go ; by 
 day and by night in a well nigh unending flight 
 he leads his followers to those Arctic shores. 
 
 When the wearied column comes down to rest 
 on the water, tired enough and loth to fly, the 
 gunner may ** scull" them if he has skill in the 
 handling of a ''gunning float" and is blessed 
 with a strong wrist. It is less tiresome to do 
 your ''sculling" by proxy, however; therefore, 
 if you have some good-natured gunner friend, 
 the possessor of a double "float," it is good 
 judgment to cultivate his acquaintance at this 
 season of the year. The deep ones among our 
 duck and goose shooters are very polite to all 
 the steamboat skippers during the migratory 
 flights of the geese, and a mysterious wink from 
 one of these brass-buttoned people will catch 
 the bay gunners' attention quicker than a kick 
 from another man. "We passed a big flock of 
 geese down off the no'theast p'int of Clabbo'rd 
 Island on the way up. Tom says to come down
 
 256 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 just as soon as you can get there," says one of 
 these in a confidential tone, and off you go to 
 get gun and shells ready for a trip down the 
 bay. As fast as your horse can take you you 
 go to your friend's home by the sea. It is a 
 long six miles through the deep and clinging 
 mud — a longer six miles to-day than ever, you 
 think — but you arrive at last, your poor nag 
 steaming from his jog. Your friend is impa- 
 tiently waiting, pacing his porch, spyglass in 
 hand, his attention divided between yourself 
 and that long black line a mile-and-a-half away 
 upon the water. He evidently expected you. 
 '^Huh! Here, are you! How long does it take 
 that plug of yours to travel six miles of good 
 roads? I thought you were never coming!" 
 Even as he speaks and, grinning welcome, 
 grasps your hand, with his other paw, glass and 
 all, he points away to where the unsuspecting 
 birds are riding at ease. You seize the 'scope 
 the while he complains at such delay, to feast 
 your eyes upon that ravishing sight. A dozen 
 at least! Yes, twenty big ''honkers" resting 
 and pruning their feathers in a security which 
 you intend shall be brief. Your horse is soon 
 cared for, then, — ' ' Come, now, how long are you
 
 THE CANADA GOOSE 257 
 
 going to stare? Everything is ready. Let's 
 move!" A hurried gathering of war material 
 and you make for the shore where waits the 
 float. With a piece of ice on her long, low bow 
 and a rim of snow along her gunwales your 
 craft, showing not more than six or eight inches 
 above water, is hardly to be told from an ice- 
 cake at fifty yards distance. You take the oars 
 and drive the boat over the waves, perhaps with 
 a touch of selfish joy that there is no other craft 
 in sight. A mile away from the geese your 
 friend says, ''Now, pull in your oars and let me 
 scull. I don't dare risk rowing any further." 
 So you settle yourself down contentedly to let 
 this willing worker toil for you. Down you 
 go, laying your lazy length in the bottom of the 
 float, with not even the tip of your nose to show 
 above the gunwale, your head upon your com- 
 rade's knees, and as the spring sunshine plays 
 upon your face you think goose-shooting is not 
 such hard work after all. Your spirit is lulled 
 into a deep content and restfulness by the mo- 
 notonous, muffled ''bump-hum^ — fewmp-bump" 
 of the sculling oar, and even the muttered curse 
 of your companion, whose wrist begins to tire, 
 is not altogether able to dispel your happiness.
 
 258 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 Steadily and cautiously the dangerous little 
 craft has pushed its careful way among the 
 drifting ice cakes and has nearly gained a dis- 
 tance whence the shot may be sent into the 
 flock as yet unnoting our approach, when sud- 
 denly the old gander stretches up his neck and 
 nervously calling to his command sets them all 
 in motion and they paddle swiftly away. If 
 they are not pursued too closely as a rule they 
 think they can outrun their enemy, if enemy it 
 is, and becoming less cautious, do not so easily 
 take alarm next time. Therefore the man at 
 the scull oar slows up — only giving a few turns 
 of his wrist to keep the float's steerage way. 
 Bye and bye, after a half hour of laborious 
 manoeuvring you are almost near enough to 
 shoot. Stealthily the double float slips along — 
 just the top of the sculler's white cap and one 
 eye showing above the low gunwale, the only 
 signs of the pirate crew within. Look out, old 
 gander! Here's trouble for you! 
 
 Perhaps our amateur goose-hunter is not be- 
 ginning to be a little nervous. The only sounds 
 you hear are the low murmur of the ripples be- 
 neath the bows, the gride of small ice cakes 
 alongside, and the muflled monotone of the scull-
 
 THE CANADA GOOSE 259 
 
 ing oar, fainter than ever from our pilot's 
 greater care as he moves it to and fro. Flat 
 on your back you lie with your face turned sky- 
 ward and wonder if the geese can't hear your 
 heart, throbbing, as it seems to you, like an 
 engine. You can bear it no longer. ^'How 
 far?" you ask. ''Keep still! About a hun- 
 dred yards," the answer comes back in a sub- 
 dued whisper, and again your pulses renew 
 their dance. ''They're swimming again. 
 Confound that gander!" (Let us change a 
 word here for good reasons; the remark need 
 not be rendered literally, but the toiler is 
 scarcely to blame for a trifle of impatience.) 
 "He's been over the route before." A mo- 
 ment later — "We're gaining a bit again. If 
 my wrist holds out and we can get twenty yards 
 nearer we can chance it. When I touch you sit 
 up and take the three together on the left — 
 the left, mind you. I will take care of those on 
 the right." Again only the gentle motion of 
 the boat and you could never tell that you were 
 moving, for every landmark is hidden, — only a 
 white gull far-wheeling in the blue and change- 
 less expanse above to look at. The warm sun 
 shines down into your face ; you close your eyes
 
 260 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 as if for a quiet nap, but come out of your 
 trance very suddenly — the result of a vigorous 
 kick. "Quick, now! Wake up here!" ex- 
 claims the man at the scull-oar. ''The left!" 
 and up you get and bring your gun to bear on 
 a big gray bird rising out of the water seventy 
 yards away, the first one that catches your eye, 
 then see another about forty yards distant and 
 change to him. Meanwhile your companion, 
 who has been watching them and has had his 
 birds all selected, gets in his two barrels — so 
 near your head that the concussion of his eight- 
 bore well nigh splits your ear drum — before 
 you are fairly ready to shoot. But you add 
 your contribution to the general uproar and see 
 your second barrel double up a big goose, which 
 falls into the water like a ton of coal. **Dead, 
 for a ducat ! " (If it was not the one you meant 
 there is no one to know it except yourself and 
 you think that you can keep a secret.) Your 
 first charge was not properly placed, a lurch of 
 the float as your companion swung having 
 thrown you off, but Tom's former experience 
 and longer training have shown their fruits in 
 his gathering two with his first, where three 
 necks stood in line, and one with the second bar-
 
 en 
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 THE CANADA GOOSE 261 
 
 rel. Away goes the flock with noisy honkings, 
 long necks outstretched and every nerve strain- 
 ing to get out of range. Away, weary as they 
 are, spurred to yet greater endeavors by two 
 more hasty shots from your comrade, and hur- 
 rying on until only the sharpest of eyes can 
 mark them down in the shadow of a distant 
 island. Your companion resumes his sculling 
 oar and pushes the float up to a crippled goose 
 which is getting into shape for another trial at 
 escape. Another shot collapses him. You 
 drag your trophies into the boat — only a feeble 
 shiver of wings by way of remonstrance. Are 
 you proud of your prize? You are no true man 
 if not. How large does he look to your de- 
 lighted eyes as he lies in the bottom of the float? 
 Though your companion's birds are all larger 
 than your own you will never admit it and have 
 no eyes for any but the goose you have killed 
 "all by yourself." 
 
 The birds are weary and will not go out of 
 the bay, but there goes another float after them 
 and as it is nearer to the flock than is your own 
 craft you decide to wait here a while. They 
 may come this way next time they fly, when you 
 can try it again. If they don't come back you
 
 262 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 have reason to be satisfied still and have had 
 your share. Though you have not killed your 
 forty or fifty geese, as they tell it in the West, 
 you are satisfied. I have noticed that the New 
 England gunner generally has to be satisfied 
 with smaller game returns than his western 
 brother receives for his efforts. 
 
 I remember once coming upon a small flock 
 in their northward flight. They had just ar- 
 rived from the south and were sorely tired. 
 In the marsh where they had settled, the win- 
 ter's ice had swept away every vestige of cover 
 and not a stalk of the last season's rank-grow- 
 ing grass remained, save in a few spots well 
 above high water mark, where some scanty 
 brush and a thin fringe of salt hay was left 
 standing after winter's work. At my approach 
 thus unprotected the flock at once took wing 
 and scaled away long before I could get within 
 gun-shot. An hour passed, and chancing to 
 look in the direction in which they had gone I 
 saw the whole flock returning and about a mile 
 away. Nearer and nearer they came and I at 
 once hunted cover where there was none in the 
 flat stretch of mud and water. Five hundred 
 yards — four hundred — three hundred — and in
 
 THE CANADA GOOSE 263 
 
 the mire I crouched in a motionless heap with 
 my hat full of shells loaded with BB and buck- 
 shot lying beside me, and in my mind already 
 I owned the whole flock. One hundred and 
 fifty yards away, and at a single warning note 
 from the leader they turned aside and swung 
 slowly past just out of reach. With necks out- 
 stretched and wings set, they drifted down to 
 the water and alighted just at a safe distance. 
 Here and there tussocks of black mud rose from 
 the slimy shallows, and taking his station on 
 one of these the old file leader stood sentinel 
 while the others, scattered over the surrounding 
 surface, were soon contentedly feeding. Pre- 
 sently the gander's appetite began to urge its 
 claims upon him, and giving an impatient call 
 he was speedily relieved, the nearest goose 
 clambering upon his point of observation even 
 while he was leaving. No quarreling, but with 
 ready obedience the guard duty was done, each 
 knowing that his neighbor would cheerfully 
 perform his part. While the gander was get- 
 ting his bite, and during the hour's time which 
 I spent hoping they might feed in shore and so 
 give me my chance, fully half a dozen birds took 
 their turn at watching while all the rest were
 
 264 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 filling up as though they thought that the next 
 station was to be Labrador, and no "five min- 
 utes for refreshments" by the way. The ease 
 and grace of their movements were a matter of 
 great surprise to me, and it can never be truth- 
 fully said that the Goose is either clumsy or 
 stupid. But luck was against me ; the tide was 
 falling, food was abundant where they had" set- 
 tled and they came no nearer. At last an 
 alarming cry from the watchful bird on duty 
 and again the flock took wing and flew away. I 
 looked about for the cause of their departure 
 and saw coming down the marsh half-a-mile 
 off two gunners, whose movements had caused 
 my feathered friends to leave thus uncere- 
 moniously. So I had wasted a full hour in try- 
 ing to get within distance — and yet perhaps not 
 wasted, for to my mind no time should be con- 
 sidered wasted when spent in the good company 
 of the brave gray Goose. 
 
 The general impression outside the circle of 
 the shooting fraternity seems to be that the 
 Goose is a big, clumsy bungler — a most thick- 
 skulled, slow-witted bird, but no sportsman who 
 is at all acquainted with him will ever pass such 
 a judgment. Seen moving on the water in their
 
 THE CANADA GOOSE 265 
 
 times of peace they are nearly as graceful as 
 the swan. As to their intellect — let their de- 
 tractors try to get within killing distance and 
 see for themselves who is the smarter. 
 
 Many are shot from blinds in the fresh water 
 ponds with live decoys anchored along the 
 shores, — some old wing-tipped veterans whose 
 wounds have been cured and the birds more 
 than half domesticated for this purpose. They 
 take very kindly to civilised ways and tame in 
 a wonderfully short time. After a week of cap- 
 tivity the wildest goose will become so tame 
 that it will almost have to be kicked from under 
 foot in the yards. When left to their own de- 
 vices and not too much assisted in their house- 
 keeping affairs they breed readily in their new 
 surroundings. Most of the decoys for the 
 shooting are thus obtained. Very rarely a bird 
 tamed to the semi-domestic state is influenced 
 by the migratory instinct to depart with its 
 wild kindred. But perhaps more would be lost 
 from this cause if they were not in most cases 
 ''pinioned." 
 
 Not a goose can fly over the horizon that 
 these decoys do not see, and the gander will try 
 his most alluring arts and most enticing music
 
 266 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 for their undoing. Few are the hungry trav- 
 elers that do not come in for rest and food at 
 his invitation. Many shooting clubs have large 
 flocks of decoys and elaborate methods of hand- 
 ling them, letting bird after bird free from their 
 hidden pens to rush to the water when a flock 
 of visitors are wavering in their minds as to 
 coming in. The decoys rarely fail to bring 
 their wild brethren into trouble at last, and, like 
 humanity, the geese thus trained seem to enjoy 
 their mean trade. 
 
 The full grown Canada Goose is a most 
 worthy bird: the largest return for his powder 
 and shot that comes to the average sportsman. 
 A Goose of ordinary size will weigh eight 
 pounds, and occasionally old ''honkers" are 
 brought to bag which will tip the scales at 
 twelve or fourteen pounds. Nor is the bold fel- 
 low to be despised at the table, for his flesh is 
 of good flavor, and unless the subject is too 
 long experienced in the ways of the world, the 
 meat is nice and tender. Surely they are as 
 good for all ordinary purposes as any of the 
 breeds now found in the farmer's barnyard, 
 and the wonder is that more have not been do- 
 mesticated.
 
 THE CANADA GOOSE 267 
 
 The whole continent of North America is the 
 home of the Canada Goose. It breeds in any 
 suitable place from the Middle States north- 
 ward to the islands of the Arctic seas, but the 
 greater number build their nests in the Sas- 
 katchewan country and thence north to the limit 
 of the Canadian forests. The interior of Lab- 
 rador, too, has its breeding myriads, where one 
 friend tells me, ''I have seen all the Geese in 
 the world in one flock!" Among New Eng- 
 land's more remote and unfrequented lakes, 
 particularly those among the Maine woods, this 
 Goose occasionally raises its family. Nests are 
 usually upon the ground, though there have 
 been instances where they have built in trees, 
 taking possession of deserted nests of hawks 
 or other large birds, and presumably have 
 transported their clumsy babies to the water in 
 their beaks, after the manner of the wood duck. 
 The complement of eggs varies from five to 
 eight, usually the smaller number, grayish 
 green in color, and about three and one-half 
 inches long. 
 
 This species is the most common and widely 
 dispersed of our geese, and a fine looking fellow 
 is the gander in his spring suit, despite the
 
 268 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 fact that there is no gaudy color in his raiment. 
 His head and neck are jet black, with a broad 
 half-encircling band of white from beneath the 
 throat and chin running up on each cheek just 
 behind the eye, and usually a touch of white on 
 his eyelids. The upper parts are grayish 
 brown shading off from the black of the lower 
 neck with each feather a trifle lighter on its 
 edges. The rump black; the upper tail coverts 
 snowy white, standing out in beautiful contrast 
 between the rump and the tail feathers, which 
 are also jet black. Below, the same color as 
 above, but of lighter shade, the gray breast 
 growing lighter still toward the lower parts, the 
 crissum being pure white. The iris is brown; 
 bill and feet black. His length is from thirty- 
 six to thirty-nine inches, and the spread of his 
 wings may exceed five feet. The female is 
 marked like the male, and save for a somewhat 
 brownish tone in the blacks she is exactly simi- 
 lar to her mate.
 
 HUTCHINS' GOOyE 269 
 
 HUTCHINS' GOOSE. 
 
 (Branta canadensis hutchinsii,) 
 
 This is a smaller variety of the common spe- 
 cies, more numerous to the westward than in 
 our section, though I believe by no means un- 
 common in our own territory. The habits and 
 mode of life of this bird are in every respect 
 identical with the typical bird and all that may 
 be said of one will apply with equal correctness 
 to the other. The main distinction between the 
 two lies in the smaller size and usually darker 
 color of this variety, and in the fact that it has 
 but from fourteen to sixteen feathers in the 
 tail, while the common goose is supplied with 
 eighteen or twenty. Length, wingspread and 
 all measurements average considerably smaller 
 than in the common Canada Goose. 
 
 The scientific standing of this variety was for 
 some time considered doubtful, though it is now 
 conceded to rank as a subspecies. 
 
 The bay gunners of eastern New England 
 waters distinguish between two races of Can- 
 adas, the "long-necked geese" and the "short- 
 necked geese," the latter coming north, as a
 
 270 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 rule, somewhat later and returning ahead 
 of the first named. Not that the two do not 
 travel together, but the later arrivals in the 
 spring and the first comers in the fall are said 
 to average a larger percentage of ''short- 
 necked geese." This spring I have had four 
 of these so-called '''short-necked geese," of 
 which one was doubtful and three undoubtedly 
 of the present sub-species. If this average will 
 hold it will show Hutchins' Goose to be far 
 from uncommon here. 
 
 THE COMMON BRANT. 
 
 (Branta bemicla glaucogastra.) 
 
 These birds breed all through the northern 
 part of the continent and the islands north of 
 it, as well as all along the west coast of Green- 
 land, and are reasonably abundant on our 
 coasts during the migrations. Perhaps we 
 should say unreasonably abundant considering 
 the numbers annually slaughtered from sink 
 boxes and over decoys a little farther south of 
 us, and mostly in the spring flights at that. 
 
 The Brant is mainly maritime, though occa- 
 sionally found in the larger inland waters, and
 
 
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 THE COMMON BRANT 271 
 
 while a common bird in tlie Old World is found 
 in North America only on the eastern half. 
 The bird is well known and highly esteemed by 
 the gunner. It comes well to decoys and fur- 
 nishes good sport. Its flesh, too, is of good 
 flavor despite its somewhat rank food of raol- 
 lusks and the like. When possible to do so the 
 Brant chooses a vegetable diet. 
 
 It is marked as follows: head and neck jet 
 black, as is also the forebreast. A small patch 
 of white on each side of the neck. Breast ashv 
 gray, this color sharply contrasted with the 
 black above, and fading below into the white 
 of the belly and crissum. Above, a dusky 
 brown, with paler margins to the feathers, the 
 rump growing darker and the upper tail coverts 
 showing snowy white between this dark area 
 and the black tail feathers. Wing quills also 
 blackish. Iris brown; bill, feet and claws 
 black. Length about twenty-four, extent of 
 wings some forty-eight inches. Weight about 
 four pounds. 
 
 In northern New England the Brant is rarely 
 shot over decoys, our method being that toil- 
 some fashion of pushing a gunning float around 
 the bay in steady pursuit until the birds get
 
 272 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 sick of running away and so allow the gunner 
 to get within range and end it all. They are 
 not very difficult of approach as compared with 
 the average of our ducks and their big cousins, 
 the Canadas. The smaller flocks are ordin- 
 arily more readily approached than the large 
 ones — a general rule in all such bay gunning. 
 
 We in the north of the Gulf of Maine see 
 few of these migrants at either season, but the 
 brant slayer of Cape Cod is more favored of 
 the gods. Not only has he a hundred birds 
 where we have one, but no weary toil at the 
 ''scull oar" is his, for the Cape is about the last 
 stopping place of their migration and here they 
 plan to rest and ''take in ballast," as the gun- 
 ners name their habit of filling their crops with 
 sand. 
 
 When the flights strike there, usually the lat- 
 ter part of April or the first of May, the wise 
 gunner has his small "shanty" erected near 
 the beach, a sink box set in the sands on a con- 
 venient point near high water mark, and if no 
 natural bar is there he proceeds to build one a 
 fair gunshot away from the sink and just high 
 enough to be above the lift of the tide. Here 
 his live decoys may disport and enjoy them-
 
 THE COMMON BRANT 273 
 
 selves as much as their anchors and road lines 
 will permit. When, as the rising tide drifts 
 them in, the flocks of Brants see these captives 
 upon their little islands, they paddle in to clam- 
 ber up and take part in their joys. The gun- 
 ners, for there are usually several in a box, 
 may make a heavy killing, each taking a sep- 
 arate portion of the flock and raking it with 
 deadly effect at a given signal. After a few 
 such experiences the birds usually "tower" 
 into the air to a great height and bear away 
 for the north. A wounded Brant is commonly 
 captured, for it seldom dives nor is it a fast 
 swimmer. 
 
 The name. Brant Goose, is a corruption of 
 Brent, or Burnt, Goose, referring to its char- 
 coal coloring. 
 
 The Pacific coast and western country has a 
 representative of the race which is closely re- 
 lated to this species — the Black Brant. This 
 also winters on the Asiatic coast as well as on 
 our own.
 
 274 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 THE MALLARD. 
 
 (Anas boschas.) 
 
 From the records of our older gunners the 
 number of Mallards now visiting our section 
 shows a material decrease in the last few years. 
 Even up to fifteen years ago they were not un- 
 common, but now this world-wide favorite with 
 the wildfowler is seldom seen here (Maine) ex- 
 cept in the favored waters of Merrymeeting 
 Bay, which place, as regards the number and 
 variety of wildfowl found, is probably the best 
 duck-shooting point anywhere along the north- 
 east coast of the United States. In Casco Bay 
 we may take fifty Mallards in a season, though 
 I think this is a very liberal estimate. 
 Throughout the central portion of the continent 
 this is the most numerous species of wildfowl. 
 But with all this scarcity of Mallards in our 
 waters there is still a crumb of comfort for us 
 in the thought that we have the black duck, a 
 near relation, and as a game bird fully the equal 
 of, and in some respects superior to, Mr. Mal- 
 lard himself. Were it not for the black duck 
 the New England wildfowler who is not con-
 
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 THE MALLARD 275 
 
 tent with shooting ''trash ducks" might as well 
 sell his ten-bore for old metal for all the 
 pleasure he would get from it; but the crop of 
 duskies seems to be pretty much the same each 
 year, for which blessing we should be truly 
 thankful. 
 
 After their arrival on the breeding grounds 
 the Mallards choose their mates, the drakes 
 often fighting fierce battles for the possession 
 of the belles of the flock. As each pair agrees 
 to join forces for the season they leave the main 
 body to seek out a suitable nesting place. 
 They usually make their nest upon the ground, 
 but will not refuse to occupy the deserted nest 
 of hawk or crow if in a spot where they have 
 reason to think that the ground floor is unsafe. 
 Their nests are lined with dry grass and down 
 from their own bodies. The complement of 
 eggs varies from eight to ten, dingy yellowish 
 gray in color, and not to be distinguished from 
 those of the domestic bird. The period of in- 
 cubation is about four weeks. 
 
 In the Old World the Mallard is one of the 
 commonest ducks, nesting in the northern por- 
 tions of Europe and Asia, and wintering in 
 southern Asia and northern Africa. With us
 
 276 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 it occasionally breeds in the United States, but 
 mostly to the northward, though the rice-grown 
 lakes and swamps of some of our north-western 
 States are fairly well populated with them in 
 the nesting season. The principal breeding 
 ground lies in Canada in the Saskatchewan 
 country. The absence of breeding Mallards 
 on our continent eastward of Hudson Bay and 
 their common occurrence in Greenland opens 
 up a field for investigation. The bird life of 
 Greenland includes many Old World species. 
 Aside from the stray representatives of the 
 European form there is in Greenland a distinct 
 resident race of Mallards. It is hardly credible 
 that the American race would cross hundreds 
 of miles of equally good breeding territory on 
 the mainland to nest in Greenland. Again, is 
 it not possible that the comparatively few Mal- 
 lards which find their way to northern New 
 England, especially in the winter months, may 
 be from the shores of Greenland, and so, per- 
 haps, of the Greenland race rather than our 
 own western form? The cold weather as a rule 
 finds them comfortably settled in the lagoons 
 and bayous of the South Atlantic and Gulf 
 States, where they may laugh at winter's
 
 THE MALLARD 277 
 
 storms and revel in food in abundance; but the 
 writer has known of several fine specimens in 
 full breeding plumage being taken on our coast 
 (in Casco Bay) during the very severest of the 
 winter's weather, all male birds and nearly al- 
 ways alone. On the Pacific coast they winter 
 from the Aleutian Islands to southern Califor- 
 nia. 
 
 The farmer is indebted to this species for the 
 common domestic duck, which is a lineal de- 
 scendant of this gallant gentleman, yet few 
 would guess from the clumsy waddle of the 
 bird of the barnyard that he had any blood in 
 common with this free courser of lake and 
 marsh. What a degenerate scion of a noble 
 race ! In his habits the domestic bird has kept 
 as closely as may be to the ways of his ances- 
 tors, but his lazy life and uneventful existence 
 have taken away well nigh all the wild bird's 
 fire and graceful action, so that he falls far 
 short of his model. 
 
 Our hero is brilliantly appareled in showy 
 garb, and is a handsome bird, especially in his 
 spring plumage. The female, as is usually 
 the case with the duck family, is attired 
 in much more sober dress. The drake, then,
 
 278 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 is colored on the head and upper neck a 
 rich, metallic green, lustrous and glossy. A 
 sharply defined ring of white runs around 
 the neck at the base of this area, and be- 
 ginning under this the lower neck and up- 
 per breast are a rich, deep chestnut with a 
 purplish sheen, fading into the silver gray of 
 the lower breast and under parts of the body, 
 this gray color finely waved with faint darker 
 lines. Lower part of the back, rump, tail cov- 
 erts and crissum black. Tail feathers whitish, 
 central ones growing more dusky, and with two 
 black, up-curling feathers at the base of the 
 tail. Speculum (the bright patch in the wing 
 formed by the ends of some of the secondaries) 
 purplish, changing color with each different 
 view point, now purplish, now violet, now 
 green, and bordered about by a margin of black 
 feathers, these in turn being defined by a bar 
 of white showing at the ends of the coverts and 
 at the outer edge of the speculum. Iris brown ; 
 bill greenish yellow; feet and legs orange red 
 with webs a trifle darker and duller in tone. 
 The female is clad in a mixed and mottled dress 
 of black, dusky brown and tawny yellow, this' 
 last the body color, lighter in shade on the head.
 
 u 
 
 Q 
 
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 -J 
 
 OQ
 
 THE BLACK DUCK 279 
 
 neck and under parts and the dark markings 
 finer and fainter here. Wings and feet as in 
 the male bird, save that the scapulars are of 
 the same tawny hue as the rest of the body. 
 Bill orange with a dusky patch on each side. 
 
 In length the Mallard is from twenty-two to 
 twenty-four inches; in extent from thirty-two 
 to thirty-six inches, and of weight varying from 
 two and one-half to three and one-quarter 
 pounds. 
 
 THE BLACK DUCK. DUSKY DUCK. 
 
 (Anas obscura.) 
 
 This is the duck of New England. To the 
 wildfowler of this section the Black Duck is all 
 that the mallard is to his western brother ; aye, 
 more than all, because he must be mallard, red- 
 head, canvasback, pintail and many another 
 western favorite rolled into one acute and re- 
 sourceful waterfowl. Mallard and Black Duck 
 are closely related, but inhabit an area of our 
 land apart from each other. They have ap- 
 parently divided the continent between them, 
 the Black Duck taking the northern and east- 
 ern range, leaving to the other the southern
 
 280 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 and western country. Rarely do they encroacli 
 upon each other's territory except in the south 
 during the winter months. This species ranges 
 to northern Labrador in summer, both coast 
 and interior, in winter going south to Florida 
 and rarely beyond. 
 
 Because of its abundance and the excellence 
 of its flesh the Black Duck has long been the 
 commonest of the wildfowl in our markets, but 
 happily the laws now prevent the sale of this 
 fine bird in much of the northern range of its 
 family in the United States. He stays with us 
 the year around. When in winter the inland 
 lakes and streams are closed to him and he is 
 left to the cold mercy of snow and ice, nothing 
 daunted, he betakes himself to the coast, and in 
 the never-frozen waters of the sea finds food 
 in abundance and, for the most part, safety. 
 At such times the Black Duck lives in the larger 
 bays and the open ocean, during the day time 
 sleeping contentedly on the water if the weather 
 is fair, and seeking shelter from the storms on 
 the lonely isles and in cozy nooks on the deep- 
 sea ledges, flying into the tide-waters and visit- 
 ing the ''mussel-beds" each night to feed, per- 
 haps coming ashore for fresh water so needful
 
 THE BLACK DUCK 281 
 
 to him. When untroubled he will stay for days 
 in a quarter where food is plenty. 
 
 Many are killed during the winter nights by 
 gunners who approach them in their deadly 
 *' floats" and shoot them as they huddle on the 
 edges of the ice or feed along the muddy banks 
 of the channels. Some gunners go to the air- 
 holes in the ice with a number of half-tamed 
 birds, the wounded and crippled survivors of 
 former gunning trips cured and half domesti- 
 cated to serve as decoys. Securely fastening 
 these to a long line and anchoring them at a 
 proper distance, the gunner sits silent and mo- 
 tionless in his float until the whizzing and rush- 
 ing of wings and the splashing of the water tell 
 of the arrival of expected visitors, and he points 
 his barrels by the light of the moon if there hap- 
 pens to be a moon on duty that night. It is a 
 cold kind of business — this sitting still in your 
 boat on a winter's night with not even the priv- 
 ilege of walking about to keep alive. 
 
 The Black Duck is wary and cautious in the 
 extreme, few of his tribe being so difficult of 
 approach, scenting danger while it is yet afar 
 off and waiting not a second warning, but ris- 
 ing into the air with a mighty leap as though
 
 282 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 thrown up by a powerful steel spring, then off 
 like a streak. It is next to impossible to get 
 within shot reach of him in a gunning float in 
 the open water, and it is not the easiest matter 
 to get at him in the marshes where there is 
 plenty of cover, for his hearing is of the quick- 
 est, his sight of the keenest, and every sense is 
 constantly on the alert. It seems as though his 
 sense of smell would detect an enemy more 
 surely than would another duck's eyesight. In 
 a mixed gathering of waterfowl society, to the 
 Black Duck seems given the full responsibility 
 of sentry duty — no mean compliment to his 
 ability. 
 
 Probably the most of these birds which fall 
 a prey to the gunner's wiles are shot from 
 ''sink-boxes" and ''blinds" in the reed-grown 
 corners of fresh water ponds, using live decoys 
 to lure the birds on to their destruction. The 
 successful duck-shooter must be up betimes and 
 be ready to endure much discomfort, for he 
 must be at his position before daylight in order 
 to get the cream of the shooting, and, where 
 gunners are as numerous as in my section, a 
 late comer is apt to find every stand occupied. 
 
 The decoys are placed before the blind, an-
 
 THE BLACK DUCK 283 
 
 chored, as a rule, so that one old drake is some- 
 what separated from the rest, and being dis- 
 satisfied and lonesome, he keeps up a continual 
 remonstrant conversation with the rest of his 
 flock. If a bunch of birds is passing never fear 
 but he will see them and find means to let the 
 strangers know of his presence and where- 
 abouts, and they, with a sudden turn from their 
 course, with necks outstretched and wings 
 stiffly set, come in at full speed. Now they turn 
 away, careering around the pond two or three 
 times because the foxy old fellow who leads 
 them is not just suited with the appearance Of 
 things, — some small matter of suspicion in his 
 mind, — ^but next time around a bird or two in 
 the tail of the flock, more hungry than wise, 
 drop out with slanting flight, — then another, 
 and yet more, — until finally the main body 
 comes in like a flight of arrows. Splash! 
 Splash ! They have settled just outside the line 
 of decoys and begin to swim in toward them. 
 Now the gunner waits until they are bunched 
 at a little distance from his ''tolers," which if 
 old hands at the business at once swim away 
 from their visitors, and when his feathered as- 
 sistants are surely safe the gunner pulls trig-
 
 284 FEATHEEED GAME 
 
 ger where there is the greatest number of 
 heads. The encore when the survivors rise like 
 the scattered fragments of a bursting shell will 
 hardly account for more than a pair, but usually 
 the "pot-shot" with the first barrel has done 
 grand service toward thinning the game sup- 
 ply, and it is no uncommon occurrence for one 
 gun in experienced hands to gather in nearly 
 all of the flock. I have known a man to wait 
 twenty minutes with his destroyer resting on 
 the edge of the ''sink" in order to clean up the 
 whole bunch with one cartridge. Commend- 
 able economy! These methods are mainly em- 
 ployed by market gunners whose favorite 
 weapon is, in most cases, an eight- or four-bore 
 ''shoulder cannon." To the majority of 
 shooters I believe that one duck killed cleanly 
 on the wing will bring more real satisfaction 
 than half a dozen thus murdered. 
 
 Very rarel}^ is the Black Duck fooled by any 
 wooden imitation of his kind. His keen eyes 
 mark the difference long before he is within the 
 reach of the gun, and swerving on rapid wings 
 he climbs skyward and makes off at great speed 
 — going clean out of sight, returning not at all 
 to such a dangerous neighborhood.
 
 THE BLACK DUCK 285 
 
 As soon as the ice of the inland lakes breaks 
 up in the spring the Black Duck finds it out in 
 some mysterious way, and no devotee of rod 
 and reel — trout fisher or salmon killer — is ear- 
 lier upon the scene than is he. Forsaking the 
 sea, unmindful of its kindly shelter and gener- 
 ous living when all the fresh water ponds and 
 lakes refused him sustenance, he hurries away, 
 like the fickle fellow he is, to the swamps and 
 bog-holes of the interior as soon as ever he can. 
 Here, during the merry days of spring and sum- 
 mer, he lives like a lord in the fullness and 
 plenty of the good things of life, and the sea 
 knows him no more until the fall migration com- 
 mences. 
 
 This species nests in May or June, according 
 to locality and seasons, raising a brood vary- 
 ing in number from six to ten. The nests are 
 commonly made upon the ground, though oc- 
 casionally upon the top of some decayed stump. 
 The youngsters appear during June, or July at 
 latest, and are as lively a family of infants as 
 any proud parent could wish. Any person who 
 doubts their abilities should try to catch some 
 unfledged duckling. If there is cover enough 
 anywhere near in which to hide, rest assured
 
 286 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 that the little "flapper" will find it, for the 
 Black Duck at any age is a most skillful 
 skulker. 
 
 Though by far the greater number have gone 
 on for summer quarters to Labrador and the 
 Hudson Bay country, the more remote lakes and 
 ponds of Maine are alive with these fine birds 
 during the breeding season. Scarcely a se- 
 cluded cove or hidden nook in their margins 
 but has its brood of *' waddling" youngsters, 
 happy in the plenty that leaves no want un- 
 filled. When the summer wanes and the young 
 birds have become strong enough to journey, 
 straggling ducks begin to make their appear- 
 ance in the salt marshes, then in small bunches, 
 a few at a time, as cold weather approaches 
 they gather at the sea into flocks ranging from 
 twenty to two hundred birds. Near my home 
 they gather winter after winter at the mouth of 
 a fresh water river in a body of, at times, as 
 many as five thousand birds, coming in at night 
 and spending their days on the salt water, ex- 
 cept in bad weather, when they huddle on the 
 ice at a safe distance from shore. From the 
 first of September such of their number as are 
 not inclined to brave the rigors of a New Eng-
 
 THE BLACK DUCK 287 
 
 land winter begin their longer journey to south- 
 ern waters, and up to the middle of December 
 the migrant birds continue to pass. 
 
 There is a vast difference between the flavor 
 of the winter bird, fed on the mussels and an- 
 imal food of the salt water, and that of the 
 lazy dweller in the summer lakes ; at the table 
 one would scarcely know them for members of 
 the same family. If their plumage and habits 
 differed as much as the taste of their flesh there 
 would be strong ground for the opinion which 
 has been advanced that the birds of our win- 
 ter months are of a race distinct from the birds 
 which we gather during the fall flights. This 
 belief is based upon the larger size, darker 
 color, much heavier streaking on head and neck, 
 brighter yellow of the bill, and redder tinge of 
 the feet and legs of the cold weather visitor — 
 naming it the ' ' Hudson Bay Duck, ' ' and claim- 
 ing that it is a more northern race than the 
 other. This is the one occasion which has come 
 to my notice where the sportsman has gotten in 
 ahead of the scientist in the separation of a 
 sub-species : by our duck shooters these differ- 
 ences have long been noted and this theory of 
 a separate race been held. One experienced
 
 288 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 wildfowler of my acquaintance claims that this 
 duck never goes near the inland waters, but 
 is entirely a maritime race. This seems hardly 
 probable, but there is certainly more reason for 
 this bit of ''feather-splitting" than for many 
 other cases already admitted to good standing 
 in the ornithologist's list. Mr. William Brew- 
 ster, of Cambridge, Mass., has given this north- 
 ern form official sanction and the scientific 
 name of Anas ohscura ruhripes. 
 
 It may be well to state that in the southern 
 part of its range there are two varieties of 
 this duck known to the scientist, although the 
 average gunner would not be likely to note a 
 difference; these are the Texan and the Flor- 
 idan Black Duck. The Floridan race is of 
 lighter color than the typical bird; cheeks and 
 throat very pale buff, almost, if not quite, with- 
 out streaking; bill yellowish olive with a black 
 nail and a patch of black at the base of upper 
 mandible, resembling somewhat more the fe- 
 male mallard than the type of the Black Duck. 
 Speculum sometimes greenish, sometimes pur- 
 plish, and often the feathers making it are 
 white-tipped. 
 
 The Texan race has a dirty gray color on
 
 THE BLACK DUCK 289 
 
 the throat, cheeks and neck, these last slightly- 
 streaked with brown lines. Speculum purple, 
 feathers tipped with white. Under parts 
 lighter than in northern races, each feather 
 spotted near the tip with dusky brown. Both 
 these races show markings which might indi- 
 cate a mallard cross. Hybrids between mallard 
 and black duck are not uncommon. Probably 
 ''Brewer's Duck," described and figured by 
 Audubon, was such a bird. 
 
 There is yet another species (Diaz' Black 
 Duck) resident in Central America and Mexico, 
 closely resembling the two southern forms. 
 
 The Black Duck is a strong flyer, swift of 
 wing and capable of putting in many miles with- 
 out a halt, in its migratory flights passing over 
 at a height which makes it secure from all harm. 
 The spring and fall months, of course, see more 
 Black Ducks in our waters than do any other 
 seasons, these excursions to and from the breed- 
 ing grounds bringing many travelers of this 
 sort to our shores and lakes. 
 
 In the West our Black Duck is sometimes 
 called the Black Mallard. He resembles some- 
 what the female of that species but is consider- 
 ably darker in his coloration. In size the two
 
 290 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 are about equal though in the few comparisons 
 which the writer has had the opportunity of 
 making the Black Duck has had a shade the 
 better of the weights. The male and female of 
 this species are marked alike, and the male 
 bird may usually be distinguished by the fine 
 line of white on the outer edge of the speculum, 
 but this rule is not invariable. The general 
 color of these birds is a dull, dusky brown, with 
 a lighter yellowish brown on the edges of the 
 feathers. Head and neck are lighter in tone 
 and of a yellowish buff shade, darker on the top 
 of the head and back of the neck, lighter on the 
 throat and streaked with dark brown lines 
 which are more numerous on the hind neck and 
 crown than on cheeks, chin and throat. The 
 speculum is of deep violet hue, set in a black 
 frame; usually in the male with a fine edging 
 of white showing on the tips of the feathers 
 which make it. Iris brown; bill yellowish 
 green with a black nail ; feet are dull orange 
 with dusky webs and black nails. 
 
 The weight of this species ranges from two 
 and one-half to three and one-half pounds. The 
 length averages from twenty-two to twenty- 
 four inches; in extent the measurements vary
 
 < 
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 o
 
 THE GADWALL 291 
 
 from thirty-two to thirty-four inches. I think 
 the *' Hudson Bay Duck" may average from 
 one-half to three-quarters of a pound heavier 
 than our summer and fall resident, with a cor- 
 responding increase in its sail-plan. Have 
 been informed by reliable parties of a Northern 
 Black Duck weighing four and one-half pounds. 
 The Black Duck is one of the largest of the 
 ''river ducks," and in proper condition is un- 
 surpassed for the table. Its food is clean and 
 its flesh is usually tender and of good fiavor. 
 This duck is easily domesticated. It might be 
 a profitable investment for someone to raise 
 them for the market. They are hardy, would 
 need little care, and would probably thrive with 
 a fair chance. It is likely that they would sell 
 well in the markets, judging from the way the 
 wild birds have always been snapped up in this 
 neighborhood in the days when sale was per- 
 mitted. 
 
 THE GADWALL. GRAY DUCK. 
 
 (Chaulelasmus streperus.) 
 
 Though found more or less abundantly in 
 all parts of North America, and in fact all
 
 292 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 over the Northern Hemisphere, and breeding 
 throughout its range, this duck is an uncommon 
 visitant in the eastern and coast waters of our 
 continent north of South Carolina. Here is 
 another case of discrimination against the New 
 England gunner, for in our section it is even 
 more rarely found. In a twenty years' ac- 
 quaintance with one of the best duck-shooting 
 ponds of the New England States I have heard 
 of only three Gadwalls being taken there, have 
 seen but five birds which had been killed in this 
 locality, and have never seen the bird in life 
 in these waters. Its home is through the cen- 
 tral and western portions of our country, from 
 our prairies north to the Saskatchewan. 
 
 It is a fine table bird, ranking well up at the 
 head of the list. Not far removed from the 
 mallard in kin, and of about the same size, the 
 female somewhat resembles the female of that 
 species in markings and dress. They come well 
 to mallard decoys and often mix with mallards 
 in flight and on the feeding grounds. The notes 
 of the two are nearly identical. Both are shoal 
 water feeders, seldom diving but getting their 
 living along the banks and edges of the lakes 
 or by "tipping" in the shallows.
 
 THE GADWALL 293 
 
 The Gadwall builds its nest upon the ground 
 or in low, dead stubs. The complement of eggs 
 varies from six to ten in number, usually nearer 
 the smaller figure. The color of these is a deli- 
 cate creamy white. The male is a very prettily 
 marked bird with some brilliant touches of 
 color in his plumage. His head and neck are 
 a pale yellowish white, streaked with dusky or 
 black; darker and brownish in tone, as well as 
 more heavily streaked on the crown. Lower 
 neck all around, breast and upper parts of the 
 back bluish black, the feathers with fine edgings 
 of white, many of them having spots of the 
 same color on their centres, thus giving the ef- 
 fect of a delicate collar of lace. These colors 
 are more sharply defined on the breast, and on 
 the baok gradually blend with the body colors. 
 Lower back dusky, growing black on the rump 
 and tail coverts. The scapulars are a dull red- 
 dish brown; lesser upper coverts gray, chang- 
 ing and shading into a bright chestnut on the 
 middle coverts and again to black on the great- 
 er coverts. Speculum white. Linings of the 
 wings white; axillars white, with white shafts. 
 Under parts grayish or white, with faint dusky 
 pencillings, the vermiculations heavier and
 
 294 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 wider upon the sides and flanks ; under tail cov- 
 erts black. Bill dull bluish; feet dull orange 
 with dusky webs and nails. Iris reddish 
 brown. 
 
 The female is a little smaller than the male; 
 bill orange yellow with splashes of dusky color 
 upon it. Feet as in the male, perhaps a little 
 more dingy in shade. Above, the bird is col- 
 ored with a mixture of tawny yellow, brown 
 and black. Little or no chestnut on wing cov- 
 erts; speculum white. The young male dur- 
 ing the first year resembles the female, as is 
 the rule with most ducks of the year. 
 
 In length this species is from twenty-one to 
 twenty-three inches ; in extent it averages from 
 thirty-three to thirty-five inches. Weight about 
 two and one-half pounds. 
 
 The title, ''blarting duck," is given it in some 
 localities from its noisy habits. The scientist 
 has used a more euphonious word, but freely 
 translated, streperus conveys the same idea. 
 
 This species is almost entirely a citizen of 
 the fresh water. In some portions of the coun- 
 try it is known as the "Creek Duck" because 
 of its marked fondness for small streams. In 
 common with the other "river ducks" the Gad-
 
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 THE WIDGEON 295 
 
 wall is a vegetable feeder, but it can put up with 
 a fish diet if the other sort of provender is hard 
 to come by. 
 
 THE WIDGEON. 
 
 (Mareca americana.) 
 
 While not so numerous in our corner of the 
 continent as is the black duck, the Widgeon is 
 fairly abundant; perhaps more so than is gen- 
 erally supposed. Shy, wary and difficult of ap- 
 proach it is not always recognized at the safe 
 distance at which it usually takes flight. It is 
 by no means an unusual bird in our ponds and 
 lakes during the spring and fall flights, and 
 more common in the fresh waters than on the 
 coast. But it is in the sloughs and lakes of the 
 western States and the interior of Canada west- 
 ward and northwestward from Hudson Bay, 
 where they breed in great numbers, or in the 
 winter months among the rice swamps of the 
 south, that the Widgeon is in his glory. 
 
 With us in New England most of them are 
 killed during the fall flights, for very little 
 spring shooting is done in this section. The 
 birds themselves move along more leisurely and 
 make longer stops on their fall travels than
 
 296 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 when on their spring migrations, perhaps in 
 consideration of tlie weaker powers of the 
 young birds, or, having reared up their families, 
 they feel that they have earned a vacation and 
 so loiter by the way. 
 
 Rarely this bird is taken in our coast waters 
 during the winter months. It is mostly as a 
 migrant that we see it, as but few birds of this 
 species are believed to breed within our borders. 
 Still a careful search in the marshes and 
 swamps of our Maine lakes might perhaps 
 prove it a prominent citizen of those parts. 
 Its nest is made upon the ground and contains 
 from eight to ten dingy buff-colored eggs. 
 
 It is said that in the Delaware and Chesa- 
 peake waters the Widgeon is something of a 
 pirate — an unfailing and steady attendant on 
 the canvasback, preying upon its hard-work- 
 ing neighbor and depending upon it for the lux- 
 uries and delicacies of the feeding ground, for 
 the Widgeon not being an expert diver, and the 
 canvasback feeding mostly on the roots and 
 plants growing on the bottom, — especially the 
 wild celery, of which all the duck family are 
 very fond, — the Widgeon uses his neighbor's
 
 THE WIDGEON 297 
 
 superior ability for his own benefit, snatching 
 the plunder the instant his victim's head ap- 
 pears above the water. Of course there is much 
 wrangling between the two upon the feeding 
 grounds, for no self-respecting duck can tamely 
 endure such high-handed treatment. 
 
 The Widgeon ranks close to the canvasback 
 in table qualities. Perhaps this, with some oth- 
 ers of the ''river ducks," would rank equally 
 high but for the judicious advertising of the 
 canvasback 's good qualities by shrewd dealers. 
 In fact, many redheads are palmed off upon 
 the unsuspecting epicure as the ''aristocratic 
 canvasback. ' ' 
 
 The Widgeon likes to doze in the sun on the 
 sandbars and in the quiet corners of the marsh 
 during the day, going to the feeding grounds 
 at night, usually traveling in small flocks with 
 rapid and well sustained flight, often moving 
 in "company front," the central birds leading 
 slightly. 
 
 Very few are killed in the open water, most 
 meeting their fate in the early hours of the 
 morning at the blinds in the marshes, lured 
 on to their undoing by the seductive quack of
 
 298 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 the lonesome and talkative decoy duck anchored 
 in an attractive ''pondhole." It is not the 
 readiest of the ducks to decoy, however. 
 
 The Widgeon is a beautiful and graceful duck, 
 and by his peculiar markings will command the 
 admiring attention of any gunner who may cap- 
 ture him. In his full plumage the male bird 
 is marked on the top of his head with a large 
 area of snowy white; on the sides of the head 
 and neck a yellowish white, spotted and 
 streaked with dusky; a black patch, — in some 
 lights metallic green, — runs from the eye back 
 to the nape; the lower neck and upper breast 
 are light reddish brown with a purplish gloss 
 and sheen to the feathers, their edges a trifle 
 lighter than the centers ; on the sides and flanks 
 the same shade finely waved with indistinct 
 dusky crossbars. 
 
 The lower breast and under parts are pure 
 white; the crissum jet black against this color. 
 The purplish brown of the lower neck and 
 breast spreads over the hind neck and down the 
 back, waved with fine dusky lines set closely 
 together. The lesser wing coverts are gray, 
 growing lighter toward the middle and greater
 
 THE WIDGEON 299 
 
 coverts, the last becoming pure white. The 
 speculum is bright metallic green set in a frame 
 of black. Bill narrow, pale slatey blue, with a 
 dusky tip and black nail; feet and legs of the 
 same dull blue color but somewhat darker than 
 bill, the webs and claws blackish. Iris brown. 
 
 The female is not so brilliantly dressed, for, 
 as usual among the feathered tribes, the male 
 bird wears the good clothes and "puts on the 
 style" for the family. Still, the female Wid- 
 geon is rather better dressed than the average 
 of her lady acquaintances. She lacks the white 
 area on the crown, the dusky streaks being car- 
 ried all over her head, and the reddish brown of 
 her neck and breast is broken up with heavier 
 black bars. The back is mottled with reddish 
 and dark brown, the red mainly on the tips and 
 edges of the feathers. The wing is much as in 
 the male though the coverts are darker and 
 grayer in tone. The speculum as in the male 
 bird. At different seasons and ages this bird 
 varies in its plumage but will probably be known 
 at once in any stage of its development by its 
 wing characters or the slightly lengthened tail 
 feathers.
 
 300 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 The Widgeon is from eighteen to twenty-two 
 inches long and in extent varies from thirty to 
 thirty-two inches. 
 
 On rare occasions the European widgeon 
 visits us. The male of this species varies con- 
 siderably from the male of the American bird. 
 The principal differences in coloring of the two 
 species are found in the markings of the head 
 and neck; the Old World's representative has 
 the forehead and crown creamy or buffy white 
 and on the sides of the head and neck is marked 
 with rufous. There is no decided stripe of 
 green behind the eye, though a few spottings 
 of metallic color show here. 
 
 The females of the two are hardly distin- 
 guished from each other. 
 
 THE GREEN-WINGED TEAL. 
 
 (Nettion carolinensis.) 
 
 The Teals are among the smallest of their 
 tribe, and among the finest in point of food qual- 
 ities and in beauty of plumage. Of the three 
 species native to the North American continent, 
 two, the Green-winged and the Blue-winged, are 
 well known and highly esteemed by the New,
 
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 THE GREEN-WINGED TEAL 301 
 
 England gunner, and in addition to these the 
 family is worthily represented westward of the 
 backbone of our continent by the Cinnamon, or 
 Red-breasted Teal, formerly considered a strag- 
 gler from South America, but now well estab- 
 lished among our own birds. Rarely the Euro- 
 pean Teal is taken in our eastern waters. All 
 have the same traits in common, decoying well, 
 flying at great speed in compact flocks, close to 
 the water. Surface feeders, fastidious in their 
 choice of food, living on the wild grains and 
 seeds of the marshes and the menu of the fresh 
 water ponds, their flesh is second to none of 
 the family in tenderness and good flavor. 
 
 The Teals are said to breed readily and thrive 
 well in captivity. If this is so, surely their 
 beauty should at once find them a place with 
 the breeders of fancy fowl. The Green-winged 
 Teal is the hardier of the two eastern species, 
 staying in this latitude considerably later than 
 does the Blue-winged, being found here as late 
 as November, while the other rarely stays with 
 us later than the first of October unless the sea- 
 son is unusually warm. As a rule the cream 
 of the shooting on Blue-winged Teal is over by 
 the middle of September.
 
 302 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 The rice swamps and lagoons of the southern 
 States are most populous with this species dur- 
 ing the winter months, though many go on to 
 the West Indies and even farther. 
 
 The breeding dress of the Green-winged drake 
 is a beautiful piece of coloring. The head and 
 upper neck a rich, bright chestnut, darkening 
 on the chin; a glossy patch of dark metallic 
 green running back from each eye and growing 
 deeper on the nape where the two stripes come 
 together among the drooping feathers of the 
 crest. This crest, quite pronounced at this 
 time, is hardly noticeable in the fall plumage. 
 Above, silvery gray, finely and regularly waved 
 with countless jet black lines. A small '^half- 
 moon," or crescent of white, in front of each 
 wing — almost the only difference of plumage 
 between this and the European variety, which 
 lacks this marking. Have seen the American 
 Green-wing lacking the white bar mentioned, 
 but this is rarely so in the full plumage. If 
 this mark is missing and the inner tertials are 
 creamy white it is probable that the specimen 
 is a stray from the Old World. Primaries and 
 wing coverts brownish gray. Speculum a rich 
 dark green, changeable and lustrous. Neck and
 
 THE GREEN-WINGED TEAL 303 
 
 upper breast a beautiful buff tint with numer- 
 ous black ''polka dots" scattered through it, 
 these growing fewer and fainter below, and the 
 buff fading gradually into a grayish white, on 
 the flanks finely pencilled with regular lines of 
 black. Crissum black with buff both before and 
 behind it. Bill black; iris brown; feet dull 
 bluish. 
 
 The females of our own species and of the 
 European race are not to be distinguished 
 apart. Our bird may average a trifle larger. 
 The female is not crested and is much less show- 
 ily dressed. Head and neck light yellowish 
 brown, finely streaked with black. Above, mot- 
 tled with yellow, brown and black. Below gray- 
 ish, with buff shadings and dusky specklings on 
 the breast. In her other coloring she is nearly 
 like the male. 
 
 With these, as is generally the case with the 
 duck tribe, the greater number breed beyond 
 the boundaries of the United States, through 
 the lake country of Canada, an3^where east of 
 the Rockies, though where conditions are suit- 
 able they are fairly numerous during the nest- 
 ing season in the northernmost States. The 
 nest is made upon the ground; a slight affair
 
 304 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 of weeds and dry grass lined with feathers. 
 This generally contains in the neighborhood of 
 eight eggs, of a dull, grayish green color. 
 
 The Green-winged Teal is common all over 
 eastern North America, perhaps less numerous 
 beyond the Rockies and on the Pacific Coast, 
 and is of casual occurrence in Europe. 
 
 THE BLUE-WINGED TEAL. 
 
 (Querquedula discors.) 
 
 In habits and mode of life this species is al- 
 most identical with the green-winged teal. It 
 is a trifle larger and a little more southerly in 
 its range. The '' Blue-wing" is seldom seen 
 west of the Rockies except as it straggles to the 
 extreme northern part of its habitat. 
 
 The drake is a showy bird. His wedding 
 clothes are a credit to himself and to his tailor. 
 His head is dark slatey brown with a sheen of 
 purple to the feathers; the crown darkening 
 with fine dusky markings. A large crescent of 
 white with its points extending backward in 
 front of each eye. (This is lacking in the fall 
 plumage.) Lower hind neck and upper part of 
 the back blackish, the back mottled with black,
 
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 THE BLUE-WINGED TEAL 305 
 
 brownish and dull yellow, this last color on the 
 edges of the feathers. Lower part of the back 
 and rump dusky, as are also the tail feathers. 
 Wing coverts a very light and beautiful shade 
 of blue, some of the scapulars also showing the 
 same shade as well as jet black and golden yel- 
 low in stripes lengthwise upon the feathers. 
 Speculum a dark, glossy green, set off by the 
 white of the greater coverts. Wing quills dark 
 brownish. Under parts brownish yellow with 
 countless jet black spots on the throat and 
 breast, these growing less numerous, larger in 
 size and of less decided color below. Crissum 
 black ; patch of white on each side of the rump. 
 Bill leaden black. Feet a dull, pale yellow with 
 dusky webs and nails. Iris brown. The sea- 
 sonal changes in its plumage are not very 
 marked, the lack of the white crescent in the 
 drake's face in the fall being the most radical. 
 For the female, above she is marked much 
 like her mate, having the same bright blue on 
 the wing coverts, the striping of the scapulars 
 and the green speculum. She is perhaps less 
 decidedly colored and spotted below, though the 
 main differences lie in the markings of the head 
 and neck, — these being dull brownish yellow
 
 306 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 with blackish and brownish streaks. She is 
 readily distinguished from any other duck which 
 is likely to fall into the hands of the eastern 
 gunner, though where the cinnamon teal is 
 found it might pass for the female of that spe- 
 cies if not closely examined, since they are much 
 alike except for the ruddier color of Mrs. Cin- 
 namon on the breast and below, and the dusky 
 patch on her chin. 
 
 The length of this bird averages between fif- 
 teen and sixteen inches, and the extent from 
 twenty-five to twenty-seven; as may be seen, a 
 trifle larger than the '^ green-wing, " 
 
 These are mostly dwellers in the fresh water, 
 rarely venturing upon the sea except during the 
 migrations. Their flesh ranks high among the 
 waterfowl, being one of the best ducks which 
 find their way to the table. Their breeding 
 habits are as the "green-wing's," nesting near- 
 ly throughout the range of that species, and in 
 addition to that they breed among the West 
 Indies and in Central America and Mexico. 
 They winter from the central United States to 
 central South America. 
 
 Their flight is surprisingly swift and power- 
 ful considering their small size. Not all their
 
 THE BLUE-WINGED TEAL 307 
 
 larger brethren can equal tliem in speed, and if 
 they chance to join a flock of larger ducks the 
 big fellows must keep moving or the Teal will 
 show them the road. Estimates of the speed 
 of ducks set the record for the teals at one hun- 
 dred miles an hour, — probably as liberal as 
 most estimates. 
 
 About the time of the first frost or about the 
 full of the moon in September, the Blue-winged 
 Teal begins to migrate to the southland for the 
 winter. At this time the movement is general 
 and by October first scarcely a Blue-wing is 
 cleaving New England's skies. For a week or 
 ten days at most the flight is on and during the 
 early morning hours or just about sundown 
 those spots which present attractions to the 
 black duck are apt to receive a call from his 
 small cousins, the teals. They will mix with 
 any duck company they chance to meet, are less 
 suspicious than almost any others of the family, 
 come readily to wooden decoys, and a ''talking" 
 black duck toler is a sure enough winner with 
 them. They thus afford great sport to the wild- 
 fowler and are very popular with all that 
 brotherhood whose favorite regalia are hip- 
 boots and old clothes, and whose chief joys in
 
 308 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 life are ''sink-boxes," "gun-punts," "ten- 
 bores," and duck-calls. 
 
 These kill much easier than do most ducks, — 
 No. 8 shot is plenty large enough for them — 
 and they are worthy of a place on any man's 
 table when well cooked, or in his cabinet when 
 properly stuffed — the two principal reasons 
 for their rapid decrease in our streams and 
 marshes. 
 
 These, too, are said to thrive well under do- 
 mestication, though rather less hardy than the 
 ' ' green-wings. ' ' 
 
 THE SHOVELER, OR SPOONBILL DUCK. 
 
 (Spatula clypeata.) 
 
 The Spoonbill Duck is less hardy than the 
 average of our waterfowl, preferring more 
 southern latitudes. It is a species of wide dis- 
 persion, having its representatives in nearly 
 every quarter of the world. 
 
 This duck is mainly a dweller in the fresh 
 water, only rare stragglers visiting the ocean 
 and then mostly in the migrations. One of the 
 most graceful among the waterfowl and a very 
 beautiful bird is the Shoveler. Its flight is
 
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 THE SHOVELER 309 
 
 powerful, swift and well sustained. As to its 
 qualities as a table bird it is among tbe best. 
 
 With us it is a very uncommon visitor, par- 
 ticularly in the northern New England States, 
 like many another of the duck tribe, thinking 
 but little of our territory. The most of them 
 choose the western and southern parts of our 
 country for their homes. Have known of a 
 small flock being killed in the limits of the city 
 of Portland, Me., in the salt water, another on 
 one of the outer chain of islands on our coast, 
 and to these must be added the specimens from 
 which our drawing was made, shot on the Fal- 
 mouth shore near Portland, in the waters of 
 Casco Bay, and which are now in my collection ; 
 apparently this is the total for a period of ten 
 years. In the beauty of their plumage, bril- 
 liancy and perfection of their coloring these 
 last two are the equals of any specimens which 
 I have seen in any collection. I do not think 
 it will average one Shoveler a year that is 
 taken in this locality, otherwise a good duck 
 country. 
 
 The Shovelers breed throughout their range, 
 — in the New World from the central United 
 States over the prairies to the Saskatchewan,
 
 310 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 making their nests on the ground, of grass and 
 dry moss, and ordinarily lay from six to eight 
 eggs ; these usually are of a pale grayish green 
 color. They winter along the southeast and 
 Gulf coasts of the United States, the West In- 
 dies and northern South America. 
 
 The drake in his spring suit is a brilliant and 
 showy bird, his shapely form set off by bright 
 and sharply contrasted colors. His head and 
 neck are dark green, glossy and beautiful with 
 the sheen of purple and violet. Lower neck, up- 
 per part of the back and breast pure white, in 
 front just rusted with the faintest tinge of cin- 
 namon from below. The wing coverts sky blue, 
 darkening toward the greater, those margining 
 the speculum pure white. Scapulars blue on 
 the outer webs, striped with black and white on 
 the inner half. Some of the shorter scapulars 
 are white. Speculum green. Rump and tail 
 coverts both above and below are black, or a 
 rich dark green as the light happens to strike 
 them. There is a white spot on each side at 
 the root of the tail. Below, lower breast and 
 abdomen deep chestnut with a purplish bloom 
 to the feathers. On the flanks a few fine dusky 
 lines across the tips of the feathers. Wing
 
 THE SHOVELER 311 
 
 quills and central feathers of the tail dusky; 
 outer tail feathers silvery gray or white. Bill 
 blackish, about two and three-quarters inches 
 long and one and one-quarter inches wide at the 
 broadest part which is near the tip. Feet light 
 orange and small in proportion to the size of the 
 bird, as becomes an aristocrat among water- 
 fowl. Iris bright orange, almost red, in the 
 male ; in the female yellow. 
 
 The female is not widely different from the 
 female mallard in her coloring except for the 
 bluish cast of the wing coverts, but, of course, 
 may be at once distinguished by the remarkable 
 bill. Her wing markings are much like the 
 drake's though not quite so brilliant. Head and 
 neck browni,sh yellow with dusky specklings. 
 Throat pale buff. Faint traces of the chestnut 
 below. Feet and legs paler than male's. 
 
 These birds in their breeding dress are not 
 common here ; as they are usually taken in the 
 fall, the only legitimate shooting season, they 
 are not nearly so brilliant as when in the spring 
 plumage, the fall dress being a much soberer 
 suit than the wedding garments. Perhaps 
 the bird's own mood has taken on a different 
 hue.
 
 312 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 The length of this species is from seventeen 
 to twenty inches; the extent from thirty-two to 
 thirty-five inches. 
 
 THE PINTAIL. THE SPEIGTAIL. 
 
 (Dafila acuta.) 
 
 It is a great pity that we so seldom capture 
 the Pintail, for he is one of the most beautiful 
 of the ducks as well as a fine bird at the table. 
 He is a great favorite with the sportsman wher- 
 ever he is found, for the high order of shooting 
 skill necessary to stop him in his flight is justly 
 appreciated. 
 
 There is no member of the duck tribe so 
 gracefully made or built upon such clipper lines 
 as is this bird and he is one of the fleetest of 
 wing of all his family. When under way he is 
 indeed a flyer, going at a remarkable rate of 
 speed. The Pintail's flight will at once remind 
 the bay gunner of that of the "old squaw," so 
 well known along the Atlantic coast. The same 
 chain lightning speed and darting and wheeling 
 evolutions are common to both species. The 
 speed of either of these is far greater than the
 
 THE PINTAIL 313 
 
 average duck can liope to attain, for estimates 
 give both birds credit for ability to make ninety 
 miles an hour! 
 
 Shy and cautious in the extreme, the Pintails 
 are seldom caught napping, and seem to have 
 but one failing in their tactics: They are apt 
 to become confused if suddenly alarmed, when 
 the flock bunches closely as they jump straight 
 up into the air, leaping from earth or water as 
 though thrown up by a powder blast, just as the 
 black duck does when it starts up from the 
 marsh in a hurry. This is the one time when 
 the Pintail is ungraceful, with his long neck 
 cork-screwing and almost tying itself into knots 
 in his excitement. If wounded it is a very s"kill- 
 ful skulker, and while not a great submarine 
 navigator, can, by partially immersing its body 
 and laying its long neck down on the water, the 
 tactics of a wounded goose, disclaim any inten- 
 tion of attracting unnecessary notice to its 
 movements. It is wary about coming to decoys 
 and usually makes several circuits of the neigh- 
 borhood in search of the reason for the tolers' 
 presence before trusting them implicitly. In 
 fact, since good company always benefits, the
 
 314 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 Pintail learns caution and is otherwise mentally 
 improved by his intimate acquaintance with the 
 black duck. 
 
 The bird is a delicate and cleanly feeder. It 
 gets its food in the shallows, in its endeavors 
 to bring hidden good things to the surface, put- 
 ting its long neck down to the bottom and wrig- 
 gling its sternpost in the air as the rules of 
 '^ river duck" table etiquette compel. Its own 
 choice of food is small frogs, vegetable matter 
 and the delicacies of the marsh dweller's bill 
 of fare. 
 
 The Pintail is much more common on the 
 fresh water of the interior and throughout the 
 western country generally than on the coast line 
 of New England. Save during the migrations 
 it is rarely seen on the salt water, yet the speci- 
 mens from which the accompanying drawing 
 was made were killed in some of the severest 
 winter weather in the swell of the broad Atlan- 
 tic. They were shot at night from a flock of 
 seven as they flew past a rocky islet where two 
 gunners were creeping upon some black ducks 
 which were feeding by moonlight. During the 
 same week a few mallard drakes were killed in 
 the same neighborhood, these, too, in full breed-
 
 <
 
 THE PINTAIL 315 
 
 ing plumage. The Pintails were great mys- 
 teries to the fishermen-gunners who shot them. 
 They were the first of that species that they had 
 seen in nearlj^ forty years of gunning on the 
 coast, where deep water ducks had been their 
 principal game. 
 
 The Pintail breeds from the northern States 
 of the Union as far to the north, probably, as 
 does any duck of the fresh water. It is a citi- 
 zen of almost any part of the northern hemi- 
 sphere and wherever found is much prized by 
 duck shooters. Though not considered numer- 
 ous anywhere in the east, certainly their most 
 natural dwelling place would be in the lakes 
 and ponds of the Maine woods where they may 
 be more abundant in the breeding season than 
 generally supposed. It winters on the coast 
 line of the South Atlantic States, and on the 
 Gulf coast to Central America. 
 
 In the acquaintance of most gunners, aside 
 from the seaf owl, which from their greater num- 
 bers are better known, there are very few kinds 
 of ducks ; and in this somewhat uncertain knowl- 
 edge any webfoot of doubtful pedigree, which 
 is not plainly wood duck, black duck, mallard 
 or teal, is lumped into the general family of
 
 316 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 ''gray duck." This may mean the gadwall, 
 (when they get him, which is all too seldom 
 here) pintail, widgeon, even the ''ruddy," and, 
 were it not that nature has named him so plainly 
 in giving him his chestnut braincase, the red- 
 head, too, would have been placed in the same 
 category. It is not uncommon to have a gunner 
 mention "so many (or perhaps it should be 'so 
 few') gray ducks" in enumerating the results 
 of his day's shooting, and in most cases when 
 the bird is produced it proves to be a female 
 or a young male Pintail. 
 
 In the favored regions of the West where the 
 spring and fall flights of ducks are made in 
 flocks of thousands, and where the shallow pools 
 and prairie lakes are often nearly hidden by 
 the companies of winged tourists, the Pintail 
 is one of the most common birds. It is dis- 
 tributed all over the North American continent 
 and is also found in corresponding latitudes of 
 Europe and Asia, — a universal favorite. 
 
 To the average man, whose acquaintance with 
 the duck family is confined to the noisy wad- 
 dlers seen in the horse-ponds and barnyards 
 through the rural districts, the agile grace and 
 lithe movements of their wild relatives would
 
 THE PINTAIL 317 
 
 be a revelation. The beautiful plumage and 
 trim lines of tlie wildfowl would surprise him 
 greatly. Among these the Pintail drake is in 
 the front rank. He is a beautiful fellow with a 
 brilliant though not gaudy dress. His head and 
 upper neck are a deep brown, showing in differ- 
 ent lights a bronze-like sheen with glossy green 
 and purple tints. A line of snowy white run- 
 ning up on the back of the neck on each side 
 of the central strip of black which extends 
 downward into the gray of the back and wing 
 coverts. Lower neck in front, breast and under 
 parts of snowy whiteness, save on the flanks 
 where there are fine dusky pencillings as on the 
 back, and the crissum which is jet black, sharply 
 and cleanly defined against the surrounding 
 white. Back silvery gray or whitish, finely and 
 evenly barred with irregular wavy black lines. 
 The scapulars and tertiaries striped lengthwise 
 with black, whitish and silver gray. Speculum 
 a greenish- or coppery-violet, framed about in 
 black, tawny and white borders. Tail feathers 
 yellowish gray, long central feathers black. In 
 length the bird varies from twenty-five to thirty 
 inches, according to the development of the tail 
 feathers. In extent he is from thirty-four to
 
 318 FEATHEEED GAME 
 
 thirty-six inches. Iris brown. Feet bluish 
 gray with dusky webs. Bill blackish. During 
 the moulting season he puts on a dress like the 
 female's but darker and still showing the cop' 
 pery speculum. 
 
 The female is smaller and less showily 
 dressed ; principally dull yellowish brown for a 
 body color, this mottled with dark brown and 
 dusky, the dark colors on the centres of the 
 feathers. Speculum of duller tones, and but 
 little different from other feathering of the 
 wing, perhaps from its less attractive setting. 
 She lacks the lengthened feathers of the tail but 
 may be known at once by her slender neck and 
 race-horse lines. In his first season the young 
 drake, as the country people say, ''takes after 
 his mother," and aside from his lustrous specu- 
 lum is hard to distinguish from her. 
 
 THE WOOD DUCK. BRIDAL DUCK. 
 SUMMER DUCK. 
 
 (Aix sponsa.) 
 
 Among the waterfowl of all America the lit- 
 tle Wood Duck may claim the precedence of 
 grace and beauty. Few birds indeed may equal
 
 THE WOOD DUCK 319 
 
 him in elegance of form and motion, and none 
 of our other ducks can compare with him in 
 beautiful coloring and plumage. Except the 
 mandarin duck of the far east no member of the 
 family approaches him in the rainbow bright- 
 ness of his hues. They nest anywhere through- 
 out the United States and a little beyond to the 
 north. 
 
 They bred in abundance in the lake region 
 of Maine, and were surely second in point of 
 numbers in these waters as elsewhere on the 
 fresh water in New England, only the black duck 
 being more numerous. I say were, for they 
 have become greatly reduced in numbers within 
 the last few years. This is, no doubt, in great 
 measure due to their ''fatal gift of beauty," 
 though their flesh, also, has a flavor that is deli- 
 cate beyond that of most wild fowl. They have 
 become so scarce that it seems that shooting 
 them should be prohibited for a term of years 
 if we would prevent their total extinction. Let 
 us act before it is too late, and so prevent this 
 irreparable loss. 
 
 These little creatures still brighten with their 
 presence some of our inland streams, flitting 
 with graceful ease among the interlacing
 
 320 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 branches of spruce and alder where you scarce 
 would think a bird could pass, or walking among 
 the boughs as lightly and as blithely as any of 
 the small warblers. Beneath flows the sluggish 
 current along whose shady edges, in waving cat- 
 tails or rankly growing grass is an abundance 
 of the food they love best. 
 
 The traveler on our summer lakes, paddling 
 his noiseless way over still waters and along 
 forest-margined shores, when he comes sudden- 
 ly into their bends and coves may chance upon 
 the family comfortably snuggling down on a 
 fallen tree reaching out into the water. The 
 congregation is apt to disperse without cere- 
 mony — those ashore running into the woods, 
 those on the log or water rising into the air with 
 clatter and startled cries, shooting over the tree- 
 tops like stray fragments of a rainbow, — and 
 in two seconds he is alone with only a few idly 
 drifting feathers in the ripples on the water to 
 tell of his departed friends. Soon they will 
 drop back over the encircling woods in twos 
 and threes to revisit their favorite resting place. 
 
 Perhaps if you have lived in ' ' the back coun- 
 try" of New England, in the months of April 
 and May you have had the good fortune to see
 
 THE WOOD DUCK 321 
 
 tlie Wood Ducks come and search the forest for 
 suitable places for their homes. It may be that, 
 closely hidden, silent, motionless, and scarcely 
 breathing lest you disturb the beautiful visitors, 
 you have watched the birds flit from tree to tree 
 along the watercourse; have seen them peep 
 into the hollows of the dead stubs to see if the 
 interiors were dry, cosy and suitable to hold 
 the treasures which their fond hopes promise 
 them. Anxious and eager, they squeeze their 
 lithe bodies through each narrow opening and 
 inspect the inner chambers with all the care of 
 a newly-made bride on her first "house-hunt- 
 ing" expedition, and when at last one finds a 
 spot which seems fitting how quickly it is com- 
 municated to the other! At once the two set 
 to work to furnish the snug little home, enlarg- 
 ing the entrance and smoothing down interior 
 angles and corners. Soon all is prepared to re- 
 ceive the eggs, and anon the full number is 
 ready for the hatching. This plucky little 
 knight, ordinarily the gentlest of creatures, is 
 now brimful of fight if he is disturbed in his 
 home by any other of his kind, and there is a 
 good prospect for trouble if the intruder does 
 not leave at once.
 
 322 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 When the ducklings have arrived and gained 
 a little strength the parent bird takes them in 
 her beak and carries them to the nearest pond, 
 unless, as is often the case, the nest overhangs 
 the water, when she saves herself this trouble 
 by simply pushing them overboard. Then she 
 shows them how to get a living. There are 
 often a dozen in a family, so that it is fortunate 
 that they have only to reach out and take what 
 they want to eat, otherwise the mother might 
 have a hard time of it in providing for her nu- 
 merous progeny, for the male bird usually de- 
 serts his mate at this time, leaving to her all the 
 family cares. The drake spends the summer 
 moulting season away from home with other 
 recreant husbands, and is hardly to be recog- 
 nized as the same gaudy bird of the spring. 
 
 About the first of September, the young birds 
 having by this time become well grown and 
 strong and the males again joining the flocks, 
 the Wood Ducks begin to scatter about from 
 their breeding grounds, a few at a time, the 
 main body waiting until colder weather forces 
 them from their summer homes, when they start 
 for their winter quarters in the southern tiers 
 of States, occasionally going beyond. They
 
 THE WOOD DUCK 323 
 
 seldom unite in any large flocks, the number 
 generally ranging from ten to twelve in a bunch, 
 the little party commonly consisting of one fam- 
 ily. Our little bird is rather exclusive; know- 
 ing his high position in waterfowl society he 
 will seldom travel with any other species and 
 rarely notices decoys. 
 
 They are not so hardy and '^ hard-lived" 
 as most of the ducks, but when ''wing-tipped" 
 are most difficult to capture, especially in the 
 brushy streams, diving and making their way 
 under water to the shore, then running stealth- 
 ily away, — like the black duck, often hiding in 
 holes in the ground or crawling into brush- 
 heaps, — so that unless a dog is on their track 
 they will commonly escape. 
 
 The flesh of this bird is the tenderest and 
 sweetest of any of the duck family, and they are 
 usually extremely fat in the fall after their sum- 
 mer's diet of frogs, snails, grains and the ten- 
 der shoots of the water plants. 
 
 It is rarely that a Wood Duck is taken on the 
 salt water, though often visiting the fresh ponds 
 on the seashore. In one place which has more 
 Wood Ducks to its credit than any other in our 
 neighborhood the pond in which they are shot is
 
 324 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 not more than four liundred yards from the 
 open ocean, placed at the end of a rocky cape 
 that projects far out into the sea, and because 
 of this situation it is a noted stopping place for 
 wildfowl of all kinds. 
 
 The drake in his breeding dress is attired 
 thus: head and crest dark green, irridescent 
 with changeable purple hues; a fine line of 
 white from bill above the eye to the back of the 
 head; another from the eye to the nape; an 
 area of white on the chin and throat, spreading 
 on each side of the head and dividing, one 
 branch going upward behind the eye, the other 
 almost meeting its fellow on the other side, thus 
 nearly encircling the neck. The dark colors of 
 the head and crest running down the back of 
 the neck into the dark brownish green and pur- 
 plish tinges of the back. Speculum green. 
 Scapulars glossy black, purplish and green with 
 the change of view point; primaries purplish, 
 whitening on the outer webs near the tips. 
 Eump and tail coverts glossy black. Some long 
 plumes of deep crimson shade at the sides of the 
 base of the tail. The lower throat and breast 
 deep purplish chestnut, growing paler as it 
 merges into the white of the under parts, and
 
 THE WOOD DUCK 325 
 
 dotted witli innumerable broad arrowheads of 
 white, arranged in regular order, growing 
 larger and more numerous as the chestnut shade 
 grows paler until thus the entire area has be- 
 come white. A large crescent of white in front 
 of the wing, this edged with jet black. Below 
 pure white, the sides growing pale yellow, finely 
 waved with black, these lines becoming broader 
 and darker toward the flanks, where the ends 
 of the flank feathers are finished with broad 
 zones of black and white. Bill pale pinkish, 
 bright red at the base, black at the nail and 
 along the ridge. Feet orange ; iris red. Many 
 specimens taken in October are as brightly col- 
 ored as in the spring months. Have seen many 
 adult males in the fall as brilliant as when in 
 their wedding dress. 
 
 The female is not so beautiful as her mate, 
 having little or no crest, although the feathers 
 on the nape are somewhat elongated. No such 
 brilliancy of marking on the back or wings, the 
 purple being much duller in hue. Head and 
 neck grayish brown, darkening on the crown; 
 chin, near base of bill and around the eyes, 
 whitish. Below yellowish brown mottled with 
 dusky ; belly growing white. Bill dusky. Feet
 
 326 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 a dull dusky yellow, webs even darker. Even 
 though plainer in dress than her mate she is 
 withal a beautiful duck. 
 
 The length of this species averages from 
 eighteen to twenty inches; extent from twenty- 
 six to twenty-eight inches. 
 
 The Wood Duck is said to breed readily in 
 captivity and to be easily domesticated. It 
 should surely become very popular among 
 breeders of fancy fowl because of its beautiful 
 plumage if for no other reason. 
 
 THE RED-HEAD. 
 
 (Aythya americana.) 
 
 Not often is the Red-head taken in northern 
 New England waters; a little more common 
 along the southern coast, and gradually in- 
 creasing in numbers southward until in the 
 Chesapeake and Delaware bays it is one of the 
 commonest of the ducks. It is found during 
 some season of the year more or less abun- 
 dantly all over North America and is every- 
 where held in highest esteem. 
 
 The breeding birds are generally at home in 
 the far north, mainly to the west and northwest
 
 Q 
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 Q 
 
 a:
 
 THE RED-HEAD 327 
 
 of Hudson Bay, the great duck nursery of the 
 New World, though a comparatively small 
 number breed in the northern States of the 
 Union, and in the Rocky Mountain region much 
 farther south. There is small doubt that many 
 birds, especially of the duck tribe, which are 
 credited with breeding only in the far-off north, 
 occasionally nest in the cool heights of the 
 mountains in much lower latitudes. 
 
 Closely resembling the canvasback in appear- 
 ance and fully equal to this much-lauded bird 
 in table qualities when the same opportunities 
 are given, the Red-head is often sold in the mar- 
 kets as his highly esteemed relative. The like- 
 ness between the two birds might, indeed, de- 
 ceive the casual observer, but no one at all fa- 
 miliar with them should ever mistake one for 
 the other. The short bill, rounded and high- 
 arched skull of americana, together with the 
 somewhat puffy appearance of the feathers of 
 its head, are widely different from the long, 
 sloping profile of the canvasback, where the 
 lines of the bill and head are nearly one. The 
 Red-head is also considerably darker in his gen- 
 eral coloration and has an orange-yellow iris. 
 The canvasback 's iris is red. Still the pur-
 
 328 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 chaser has no cause for comi^laint at the Red- 
 head's food qualities. In the waters where the 
 Red-head and canvasback are most eagerly 
 sought and where the latter has won its high 
 reputation as a dainty bit for the table their 
 diet of wild celery is in the main responsible 
 for their excellence of flesh. Let us notice that 
 the Red-head is equally as good as the canvas- 
 back in these places and on the same food, and 
 that neither one is to be preferred before some 
 of the "river ducks" in other localities where 
 the wild celery has been omitted from Mother 
 Nature's menu. Why should not the widgeon 
 also rank as high? From his predatory habits 
 he lives as well as either one of them in celery 
 time. 
 
 The Red-head is eagerly hunted in all the 
 waters where it is found. It comes readily to 
 decoys and it is over these that most of them 
 are shot. They kill hard and will carry off a 
 heavy dose of lead. A wounded bird should be 
 finished at once, for a cripple is nearly always 
 lost to the gunner who permits it to get under 
 water, as the Red-head is a good swimmer and 
 expert as a diver, though falling far short of 
 the submarine performances of various ducks
 
 THE RED-HEAD 329 
 
 more strictly to be termed *'sea ducks," and 
 somewhat contemptuously called 'Hrash ducks" 
 or even '' flying fishes," by the more aristo- 
 cratic among wildfowlers. 
 
 This is one of the commonest of the ducks 
 in the wild rice sloughs of the West, and it is 
 often shot in the immense corn- and grain- 
 fields of those sections, which they visit to feed 
 upon the ripened seeds. They will fly long dis- 
 tances to get a corn dinner. Though, when it 
 may choose, the Red-head is a vegetable feeder, 
 if a breakfast of this sort is not to be had the 
 bird will content itself with a meal of young 
 frogs or tadpoles if it can find them. He is 
 mainly a diving fowl and a bottom feeder, espe- 
 cially so in the waters of the northeast, where 
 as a rule we know him as a salt water dweller, 
 or at least a bird of the river mouths. 
 
 They arrive in these latitudes during late 
 September or October, staying until the increas- 
 ing cold has effectually closed all fresh water 
 for the winter, when they come into the coast 
 waters, working their way southward to remain 
 until the spring sunshine opens again their 
 feeding grounds in the north. This species is 
 more numerous on the eastern half of our con-
 
 330 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 tinent, though fairly abundant on the Pacific 
 coast during the winter months. 
 
 The Eed-head breeds far north in the Fur 
 Countries making its nest upon the ground 
 and lining it with down and soft grass. The 
 number of eggs is usually eight, in color pale 
 buff. 
 
 In plumage the drake is the finer of the pair. 
 His head and neck are a bright chestnut red 
 with a sheen as of burnished copper. Lower 
 neck, breast, upper back, rump, and tail coverts 
 above and below are blackish. Back bluish 
 gray, finely waved all over with blackish lines. 
 Flanks and sides much like the back but more 
 faintly marked. For the rest below, grayish 
 white. "Wing coverts bluish gray. Speculum 
 ashy gray. Inside of the wings mostly white. 
 Wing quills and tail feathers dull bluish gray 
 or duskJ^ Bill rather short, broad and flat- 
 tened at the end as compared with the canvas- 
 back's, in color dull bluish with a black band 
 across the tip. Iris of male orange ; of the fe- 
 male yellow. Feet dull bluish with dusky webs 
 and black nails. 
 
 The female is marked much like the male, but 
 the head and neck are of dull brownish hue,
 
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 THE CANVASBACK 331 
 
 grayer on the cheeks and behind the eyes. The 
 back, also is more brownish in tone. 
 
 The length of this species is from nineteen 
 to twenty-one inches ; the extent from thirty to 
 thirty-two inches. 
 
 THE CANVASBACK. 
 
 (Aythya veillisneria.) 
 
 The duck slayer of New England will have 
 little acquaintance with this bird unless he is 
 lucky enough to travel west or south for his 
 shooting, for this fowl of savory reputation is 
 a very unusual sight in our home waters. 
 Widely dispersed, dwelling in nearly every part 
 of North America, they avoid New England and 
 the northeastern corner of our continent very 
 carefully, as do so many other feathered mi- 
 grants, so that we of these sections must con- 
 tent ourselves with other game, for there is 
 small likelihood of our getting a chance at the 
 ' ' aristocratic Canvasback. ' ' 
 
 Of its life and habits, aside from its shot- 
 dodging during the fall and winter, we know 
 very little save that it occasionally nests in the 
 northern States of the Union, in California, and
 
 332 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 at various points among the Rocky mountains. 
 The greater number nest far away in the north, 
 perhaps even to the shores of the Arctic seas. 
 It is a very fine bird from the sportsman's 
 standpoint, usually decoying well, always fly- 
 ing fast and carrying lead off bravely. 
 
 About the month of October the Canvasbacks 
 begin to arrive in the waters of the Atlantic 
 seaboard and scatter all along the coast line 
 from Long Island Sound to Texas. Some few 
 even go to Central America. These birds keep 
 together in large flocks both in the migrations 
 and on the feeding grounds. They are said to 
 be very wary and difficult of approach, placing 
 sentinels during their resting and their feeding 
 hours. They are expert swimmers and in their 
 feeding they dive constantly, getting nearly all 
 their food from the bottom. They can swim 
 long distances beneath the surface, and, like 
 the ''surf-" and ''sea-ducks," dive instantly 
 when wounded, in an attempt to escape under 
 water. 
 
 These are probably the most highly valued 
 by the sportsman of any of the duck family. 
 When after a season of feeding on the "wild 
 celery" their flesh. is in prime condition they
 
 THE CANVASBACK 333 
 
 may deserve the praise accorded them, but many 
 epicures will tell us that there are several of 
 the "river ducks" of far greater merit when 
 all are confined to the usual duck diet. In such 
 case the Canvasback is said to be a very ordi- 
 nary table bird. 
 
 This species is marked much like the redhead ; 
 the shape of the bill and head differing, and the 
 general tone of the bird's plumage is lighter. 
 The bill of the Canvasback is blackish, as long 
 or longer than the head, high at the base and 
 rather narrow throughout its entire length. 
 The line of the profile of bill and head are al- 
 most one, in contrast to the bulging forehead 
 and arching crest of the redhead. For his col- 
 oring, the male has a red head, — lacking the 
 loose-feathered and puffy appearance of his 
 cousin's topnot, — the color brownish in tone, 
 with none of the coppery lustre shown by the 
 redhead ; the same color extends down over the 
 upper neck; on the crown and about the base 
 of the bill darkening to dusky brown. Above, 
 a light silver gray or whitish, with fine black 
 lines across the feathers, here closely resem- 
 bling the redhead, as also on the lower neck, 
 breast and upper back, the colors of wing and
 
 334 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 body both above and below lighter than in the 
 redhead. Iris red; feet grayish blue. 
 
 The female's head is colored a dingy brown. 
 She is everywhere duller in tone and plainer in 
 dress than is her lord. She resembles in a 
 marked degree the female redhead, but may at 
 once be distinguished, if there is any doubt as 
 to identity, by the shape and color of her bill 
 and her red-brown iris, which is not so decid- 
 edly red as in the male. 
 
 The length of this species is about twenty-one 
 inches; the extent varies from thirty-one to 
 thirty-three inches. 
 
 GREATER BLUEBILL. BROADBILL. 
 
 (Aythya marila.) 
 
 The dark, close-flying flocks of the Scaup 
 Ducks are among the first arrivals on our coast 
 with the approach of winter. Common enough 
 in the months of cold weather and less suspi- 
 cious of the gunner than the average waterfowl, 
 this guilelessness often works to their disadvan- 
 tage, so that our markets are usually well sup- 
 plied with them. Their flesh is held in fair es- 
 teem. When they have fed on a vegetable diet
 
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 GREATER BLUEBILL 335 
 
 they are equal to most ducks as a table delicacy, 
 and even when forced to live upon the coarser 
 food from the salt water their flesh does not be- 
 come so rank as that of many other species 
 under like conditions. A report showing the 
 number of these birds which are served as can- 
 vasbacks would probably furnish some surpris- 
 ing statistics. 
 
 Inhabiting the whole northern hemisphere, 
 and mostly breeding in the remote wastes of the 
 Arctic regions, the Greater Scaup Ducks, or 
 Greater Bluebills, pass the winter season in 
 warmer latitudes, wandering alongshore as far 
 as the Middle States and in the interior going 
 even farther toward warm weather. In the Old 
 World they winter in southern Europe and cen- 
 tral Asia. 
 
 Their nests are made upon the ground in the 
 fashion common to the ducks, of moss and soft 
 grasses, and ordinarily contain eight grayish- 
 green or drab-colored eggs. They seldom 
 breed within the borders of the United States 
 and are not often found here earlier than the 
 latter half of October. 
 
 Their table during the winter season is sup-
 
 336 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 plied with the mussels and animal food to be 
 had in deep water, therefore of necessity they 
 are expert swimmers and divers, and though 
 apparently slow and heavy in getting under 
 way, are strong and swift in flight. 
 
 During the migrations many are killed 
 throughout the west, though the Greater Blue- 
 bill is as a rule less numerous in the interior 
 of the country than is the smaller species. 
 When these inland haunts are frozen up they 
 betake themselves to the coast waters where 
 the work of destruction goes on until the spring 
 opens up their only safe abode under the Arctic 
 skies. 
 
 With us of the northeast most of the Blue- 
 bills are killed from the ''gunning float," the 
 gunner clad in a white suit and the little craft 
 itself "dressed down" to the water's edge with 
 snow and ice to represent a floating ice cake. 
 It is no wonder that the poor victims are "de- 
 ludered," for it needs sharp eyes and close at- 
 tention to make out anything dangerous in an 
 object so harmless in appearance. There is 
 commonly little trouble in approaching within 
 easy range of a flock if the gunner is skilled in 
 handling his craft, but to get within shot reach
 
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 LESSER BLUEBILL 337 
 
 is not all, for any duck which can last out the 
 New England winter will carry off a good load 
 of shot, as the bird must have an abundance of 
 vitality and an extra heavy suit of underwear 
 to endure the climate. Both these our hero has. 
 The Bluebill comes readily to decoys of almost 
 any species of ducks, and fair shooting may 
 often be had from a blind. 
 
 LESSER BLUEBILL. 
 
 (Aythya affinis.) 
 
 There are two species of this family, the 
 Greater and the Lesser Scaup. The little fel- 
 low is a counterpart of his big brother, and for 
 some time the naturalists of our country were 
 in doubt as to the propriety of considering more 
 than one species, but the final decision has been 
 that the Small Bluebill is properly distinct. 
 
 The Lesser Scaup is southern in its range, 
 breeding quite commonly in suitable localities 
 in the west, and is known in many districts as 
 the "Black Jack." It is possible that some 
 nest in New England's remote corners. They 
 are not uncommon here during the breeding 
 season. In its winter travels this species goes 
 a long way farther into the south than does
 
 338 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 marila, for while many sojourn along tlie coasts 
 of the Middle Atlantic States others spend this 
 season among the West India islands or in Cen- 
 tral America. It is my impression that the 
 Lesser Scaup is more often a dweller in the in- 
 terior than on the salt water; certainly there 
 are ten Greater Scaups taken in Casco and 
 Merrymeeting bays to one of the smaller spe- 
 cies. In nesting habits, mode of life and plum- 
 age markings the two are almost identical. 
 The Lesser Scaup is entirely American, while 
 the Greater Bluebill is a dweller in the Old 
 World as well. 
 
 For their markings one description will ap- 
 ply to both birds, the only difference in their 
 coloring being in the shade of the head — in the 
 Greater Bluebill the gloss is greenish; in the 
 Lesser the irridescence gleaming through the 
 black is purplish. The head, neck, breast and 
 upper parts of the back are black. Back, scap- 
 ulars, sides and flanks waved with zig-zag pat- 
 terns in fine black lines on a silvery gray 
 ground. Wing coverts of darker hue and less 
 clearly marked, otherwise like the back. Spec- 
 ulum white in a black frame. Bill rather
 
 LESSEE BLUEBILL 339 
 
 broad, dull blue in color, and with a black nail. 
 I think the bill of the Lesser Scaup averages 
 proportionately wider than that of the larger 
 species. Feet leaden blue with dusky or nearly 
 black webs. Iris yellow. 
 
 The female not greatly different from her 
 mate, the jet black areas of the head and fore 
 parts of the body of the male bird fading to a 
 dusky brown in her plumage. A whitish patch 
 at the base of the bill. Black and white wavy 
 lines of back less distinctly shown. Flanks 
 brown, the feathers edged with whitish. 
 
 The length of the Greater Scaup ranges from 
 eighteen to twenty inches; the extent from 
 thirty-two to thirty-four inches. In the Lesser 
 Scaup the length varies from fifteen to seven- 
 teen and the extent from twenty-seven to thirty 
 inches. 
 
 In New England the Greater Bluebill is the 
 more common bird; further south the small 
 variety is about equally numerous. 
 
 These birds are also known as Black-Heads, 
 Eaf t Ducks, and Shufflers. The name, ' ' Scaup 
 Duck," comes from their feeding on ''scaup," 
 broken shells and mussels.
 
 340 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 THE RING-NECKED DUCK. 
 
 (Aythya coUaris.) 
 
 Closely allied to the two last is the Ring- 
 necked Duck. About a medium between them 
 in size and inhabiting the same range of coun- 
 try; breeding from the northern part of the 
 United States into the Arctic regions, and in 
 their winter migrations often traveling to the 
 West Indies. 
 
 They build their nests on the ground, lining 
 a shallow hollow with moss and dry grass, and 
 in this lay their complement of eggs, usually 
 eight in number, in color a light greenish. This 
 species is not at all common in New England 
 and is less numerous throughout the whole of 
 its range than are the Scaups. I doubt if an 
 average of one Ring-necked Duck a year is 
 killed in the State of Maine. 
 
 Its markings are as follows : Head and neck 
 of brilliant bluish- or purplish-black, with a 
 slight crest. Around the neck a collar of deep 
 orange brown or chestnut; lower neck and up- 
 per breast blackish. Above blackish, scapulars 
 faintly waved with gray. Wings dusky brown ;
 
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 THE WHISTLER 341 
 
 speculum ashy bluish or grayish. Below mostly 
 white; belly and flanks waved with black; cris- 
 sum black. Bill black, edges, base and a belt 
 across near the tip bluish gray. Feet bluish 
 gray with black webs. Iris yellow. 
 
 The female has no collar. Where the male is 
 black she is brownish. Wing and speculum the 
 same as in the male. The bluish gray color of 
 the speculum is the main point of difference be- 
 tween the female of this species and the females 
 of the Scaups, whose speculum is white, al- 
 though females of the present species may be 
 slightly browner above and on the flanks. 
 
 Length of the Eing-necked Duck from sixteen 
 to eighteen inches; extent from twenty-eight to 
 thirty inches. 
 
 THE WHISTLER. GOLDEN-EYED DUCK. 
 
 (Clangula americana.) 
 
 This duck is from fifteen to eighteen inches 
 in length and weighs from two to two and one- 
 half pounds. The head and upper part of the 
 neck are rich, dark green^ — in some lights al- 
 most black, in others glossy and metallic in its 
 lustre. A spot of white on each side at the base
 
 342 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 of the bill, nearly circular in form. The crest 
 feathers are long and fluffy, erected at will. 
 The whole feathering of the head is somewhat 
 puffy. Back and much of the wings are black, 
 though some of the secondaries and coverts are 
 white and seem to make quite a band of this 
 color in the wing. Under parts white. Long 
 flank feathers white with a broad edging of 
 black. Rump and tail black. Bill greenish 
 black. Feet and legs orange with dusky webs 
 and black nails. Iris bright golden yellow, 
 whence the name, ''Golden-eyed Duck." 
 
 The female is a trim little lady with neat and 
 becoming attire. Her head dark chestnut or 
 brown. A white ring about the neck, and below 
 this a second circle of blue-gray coming up 
 from the color of the back. Below white, grow- 
 ing dusky on the flanks. Wings and upper 
 works generally, covered with grayish blue, the 
 edges of the feathers whitish. Speculum white. 
 Bill dusky brown, yellow-tipped. Iris as in the 
 male. The female averages much smaller than 
 the male. 
 
 They are abundant throughout North Amer- 
 ica, and while ranging in winter to the West In- 
 dies and Mexico are rather more common in the
 
 f-
 
 THE WHISTLER 343 
 
 higher latitudes, and in New England are most 
 numerous during the cold weather when they 
 are driven from the north country, and on our 
 bays and inner coast line they are the most 
 common ducks of the winter months. The spe- 
 cies is widely distributed, ranging all through 
 the northern hemisphere — a citizen of Europe, 
 Asia and America. "While the Old World va- 
 riety may average a trifle smaller it is proba- 
 bly the same bird. 
 
 The Whistler nests all the way from New 
 England's latitude into the Arctic Circle, or at 
 least, as far north as the forests extend. Many 
 rear their families in the wild country in the in- 
 terior of Maine. Their nests are sometimes 
 built upon the ground, though more frequently 
 in the hollow '^stubs'' of dead trees, the cavity 
 lined with down from the breasts of the expect- 
 ant parents. They lay from six to ten eggs, of 
 a bluish green color, and larger than is the rule 
 with birds of their size. 
 
 The Whistlers seem to be holding their own 
 in the struggle for existence — a thing which can 
 be said of few of the duck family. There is 
 good reason why they should, for there are few 
 ducks so cautious and wary, placing sentinels
 
 344 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 over the flocks while feeding, flying instantly 
 at an alarm, and only alighting a long distance 
 away. They seem to know at just what dis- 
 tance a modern shotgun is effective, so that, 
 when the gunner is "sculling" them in winter 
 they keep a watchful eye upon that seeming ice- 
 cake which the coots and bluebills allow to ap- 
 proach so readily, and as the old drake Whistler 
 looks over his shoulder at his pursuer he says 
 to himself, says he, ''Three hundred yards 
 away, — all right!" and down he goes for an- 
 other mouthful, bobs up, sit up on his tail, gives 
 his feathers a shake and takes another critical 
 survey of the diminishing distance, — ' ' Two hun- 
 dred yards? — Well it grieves me greatly thus 
 to leave you, but I must be going," and off he 
 streaks it with his swiftly-moving wings mak- 
 ing a loud whistling, of course very cheering to 
 the toiler in the float, who sits up and listens as 
 it grows fainter and fainter until he marks his 
 intended victim down a mile away, where he 
 waits for the gunner to follow him to be teased 
 some more. Their whistling may be heard a 
 long distance — certainly half a mile on a still 
 day. The bird is strong-winged and swift of 
 flight. Audubon claims that a Whistler can
 
 THE WHISTLER 345 
 
 travel ninety miles an hour. For my part I 
 have a very high regard for Mr. Whistler's 
 abilities, both of wing and wit. I have seen 
 him outrun many a charge of shot, and I know 
 of no waterfowl so crafty except a black duck. 
 
 The New England gunner kills most of his 
 Whistlers during the coldest weather of the 
 year when not only the fresh waters are closed 
 but the ice has formed solidly in the bays and 
 arms of the sea, leaving only a breathing hole 
 here and there where the swift currents will not 
 be held in the grip of winter. The gunner, 
 dressed in a white suit, — even his gun barrels 
 chalked, — lies flat upon the snow-covered ice at 
 the edge of some such an opening, behind a 
 slight blind of ice cakes, or in his float dragged 
 over the floe and launched upon the water 
 within. He places decoys at the proper dis- 
 tances, arranging them in the water and along 
 the edge of the ice, and takes what his fortune 
 may send him in the way of sport. 
 
 The Whistler is said not to decoy well, but 
 that has not been my experience, I do not 
 know a more certain method of bringing a flock 
 of these ducks to the decoys on a whistlerless 
 morning than for the sportsman to lay down his
 
 346 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 gun, and, stepping out of his blind, to run 
 briskly away for a hundred yards just to shake 
 loose the icicles in his blood. About the time 
 he turns at the end of his breath he will see a 
 nice bunch of Whistlers just leaving his decoys. 
 This rule is invariable. Moral: Don't do it. 
 You may freeze to death, but stick by the blind. 
 I think that, given a good flock of decoys and a 
 good position, the rest lies more in the ability of 
 the sportsman to keep quiet and hidden than in 
 any unwillingness of the birds to decoy. The 
 Whistler is very quick to see a movement or 
 perceive any little matter out of the common. 
 When he does not like the appearance of things 
 he can not be induced to come anywhere near. 
 The gunner, too, must pay the strictest atten- 
 tion and shoot the instant his game is in the 
 right place, for once he is seen or treachery 
 suspected they go climbing into the sky like 
 rockets. 
 
 A fair amount of sport may be had in this 
 way if the gunner can endure the cold, for it is 
 a pretty rugged kind of amusement. To get 
 some shooting on a winter's morning it is only 
 necessary to set a string of decoys off some 
 ledge of rocks where an open space of water
 
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 THE WHISTLER 347 
 
 gives a chance for a duck to get his breakfast. 
 Be sure you are completely hidden and keep 
 quiet, — the golden rule of all duck shooting. 
 
 Just before sun-up the first of ocean's toilers 
 begin to appear, — the gulls going lazily across 
 the water to some inshore feeding ground for 
 their morning meal. Seaward the sombre 
 cloudbank reddens with the coming light and the 
 islands become more than the shadowy masses 
 which they have been ever since our arrival. A 
 faint noise like a high-pitched whistle sounded 
 rapidly and continuously, calls your attention 
 skyward where a single duck is speeding his 
 way past, bound up the bay. Suddenly he 
 sights the decoys, black specks upon a mirror of 
 polished steel, swings in a wide circle to lee- 
 ward and with set wings drops out of the air 
 with swift, slanting flight. Right in among the 
 "tolers" he comes with a splash, then, discov- 
 ering the cheat leaps into the air to escape. 
 Even as he spreads his wings a gun roars forth 
 its summons to surrender, and in the obedience 
 he may not deny the poor bird topples into the 
 sea. The float is launched and the prize 
 brought ashore. The gunner crouches again in 
 his ice- and sea-weed-covered blind just as a
 
 348 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 bimcli of a dozen birds come hurrying in from 
 outside. They mean to pass by two hundred 
 yards away, but one duck sees the decoys, darts 
 from the main body, sets its wings and comes 
 with a rush. Another sees the first one and fol- 
 lows suit; then another, and another, until the 
 whole flock turns and comes in also. Just as 
 they are about to settle in the water some old 
 drake catches the glimmer of a gun-barrel, or 
 sees the gunner's eyelids move, or hears his 
 heart beat, or merely takes alarm on general 
 principles and forthwith begins to back water 
 with his engines and then to climb for a higher 
 altitude. The rest hesitate, then as the gun- 
 ner rises, away in every direction like the burst- 
 ing of a bombshell, goes the flock of thoroughly 
 startled ducks, no two together. Choose your 
 birds quickly and aim well ! Put plenty of shot 
 into him or he will surely escape, for he is a 
 rugged little rustler. The air is full of whiz- 
 zing wings and merry whistlings, yet before one 
 can think twice they are only a memory and half 
 a mile away the stragglers are uniting again. 
 
 Another collection of black specks out toward 
 the open sea begins to be heard making its mu- 
 sic, coming ever nearer and the noise growing
 
 THE "WHISTLER 349 
 
 louder and louder. Down! Down! Just one 
 eye over the top of the rock blind and mind you 
 don 't wink that eye ! There ! They have seen 
 the "tolers" and here they come! Now they 
 set their wings and drop like — like — well, like 
 Whistlers that mean business. Just as the 
 leaders hover over the decoys with wings out- 
 spread let go at them, and as they rise the other 
 barrel speaks. Well done! A few more 
 chances like that and we shall make a bag of 
 birds. 
 
 These ducks are most uncertain fellows and 
 cannot be judged by any set rule or precedent. 
 You may have the finest flock of decoys ever 
 seen and yet the Whistlers may choose to pass 
 them by to decoy to one lone bird sitting in a 
 small opening in the ice a hundred yards away. 
 Why? I don't know. Perhaps experience has 
 taught them that a place where a gunner may 
 hide is a pretty good place to look for him. Be 
 sure that every duck that flies in will drop into 
 that same spot until there is a raft of birds there 
 large enough to satisfy all your wife's relations. 
 What to do then? Well, have you a sail 
 aboard? Then let us push through or over the 
 ice into that opening and set our decoys in the
 
 350 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 water close to the edge and on the ice nearby, 
 ourselves in the boat twenty yards back into 
 the ice-field and to leeward of the decoys. 
 Throw the sail over us and over the boat. Grip 
 a corner of our covering in your left hand and 
 carry it across you, then your gun in the right 
 hand, lean back in the stern of the boat with 
 just your eye uncovered, keeping a sharp look- 
 out always, and the "old iron" where it can be 
 thrown quickly into action. Such an arrange- 
 ment makes a blind hardly to be suspected by 
 the wisest campaigner and the ducks will often 
 come in quite near. A gunner so placed will at 
 times get good shooting when a competitor on 
 shore cannot get a shot. Try it some time when 
 you see them passing every point and ledge out 
 of gun-shot. Another point; make sure your 
 decoys are good ones. Our friend is very dis- 
 criminating in his tastes and prefers to be 
 fooled artistically. 
 
 Got enough, have you? Well, after the sun 
 is up the flight flags. The main body is on some 
 inshore feeding ground, and unless some mis- 
 guided mortal will try to ^ ' scull ' ' them we may 
 as well quit. I am nearly frozen! How are 
 you? And we are both ready to pull the boat
 
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 ROCKY MOUNTAIN GAEROT 351 
 
 home — one of the few times that men are will- 
 ing to quarrel for the chance to toil for the com- 
 mon good. 
 
 The Whistler's flesh is held in slight esteem 
 during the winter months when its diet is made 
 up of mussels and shellfish from the unfailing 
 larder of the sea, the last refuge of our ducks in 
 cold weather, but on the inland waters where 
 they are among the earliest visitors in the 
 spring, and during the brighter times of sum- 
 mer and early fall when a vegetable diet is af- 
 forded, they are more than passable for the ta- 
 ble. Indeed, at any time they are not so strong 
 in their flavor as their seafowl neighbors. 
 
 How dull and monotonous these summer days 
 must be after their winter-long struggle to keep 
 their bodies from the soup-kettle and their skins 
 from the taxidermists' shelves! 
 
 ROCKY MOUNTAIN GARROT. BAR- 
 ROW'S GOLDEN-EYE. 
 
 (Clangula islandica.) 
 
 A western relative of our typical bird, of 
 somewhat rare occurrence in the east. It dif- 
 fers a little from the common variety in its
 
 352 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 markings, but its habits are probably identical 
 with the Whistler ways familiar to all eastern 
 gunners. 
 
 Its range lies more to the west and south of 
 the habitat of the common variety, more numer- 
 erous throughout the interior than on the coast 
 line. 
 
 Its size is if anything a bit larger than the 
 common species. Its markings are as follows: 
 the color on the head is of purplish shade — the 
 white patch at the base of the bill longer and 
 narrower and of somewhat crescentic shape — 
 the crest feathers a trifle longer than in the type 
 known to most of the shooting fraternity of the 
 northeast, thus making the outline of the crown 
 more rounded than in the common species. 
 Three or four white feathers appearing among 
 the scapulars will assist in showing the species 
 if a male, as will also the broad edgings on the 
 flank feathers, much heavier in this than in the 
 typical bird of the east. Iris as in the common 
 Whistler. Feet dull orange. 
 
 The females of the two species can scarcely be 
 distinguished one from the other. The lady of 
 this species may average a very little larger. 
 A probable distinction may lie in the higher and
 
 EOCKY MOUNTAIN GARROT 353 
 
 narrower bill which she wears, but I think it 
 will need a more than commonly close ob- 
 server to pick her ont among a number of speci- 
 mens of the ordinary species. 
 
 This is a bird of wide range, breeding any- 
 where along our northern border, thence any 
 distance toward cold weather. It may be that 
 the greater number nest in the Rockies. It 
 seems to be very uncommon in New England, 
 but is said to breed in the interior of Maine in 
 the lake region. A few are taken each year in 
 Penobscot Bay. 
 
 This duck has the same music box arrange- 
 ment in its wings as has our own species, and 
 decoys readily to ''tolers" of the ordinary 
 Whistler, though it is said that in localities and 
 on streams where both birds frequent they are 
 apt to keep apart, each to his own kind. It 
 must be a hard matter in the mating time, with 
 the madness of that happy season in his blood, 
 for young Mr. Whistler to know when he has 
 chosen wisely and well — ^whether he has chosen 
 Miss Clangula Americana, or her cousin. Miss 
 Islandica. But even wise men have sometimes 
 shown little wisdom at such crises, and he has 
 this for consolation — that if he has blundered
 
 354 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 he will never find it out, since there are few 
 prying scientists among his acquaintances to 
 inform him of his mistake and so destroy his 
 happiness. 
 
 THE BUFFLEHEAD. DIPPER. BUT- 
 TERBALL. 
 
 (Charitonetta albeola.) 
 
 At different seasons of the year this pretty 
 little duck is found in all parts of North 
 America, breeding from the northern States of 
 the Union into the Arctic regions, and winter- 
 ing in the West Indies, Mexico and Central 
 America, It is also a chance visitor to Europe. 
 
 A fat and chunky little fellow he is, well 
 meriting his name, the ''Butter-ball," as also 
 his other title, earned by his undoubted talent 
 for disappearing beneath the water when dan- 
 ger threatens, — because of which he is called 
 the ''Spirit Duck" and "Dipper." In appear- 
 ance he is a miniature "whistler," the black and 
 white plumage being arranged much as in the 
 dress of that bird, and the little fellow's head 
 has the same puffy, hair-on-end innocence of
 
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 THE BUFFLEHEAD 355 
 
 brush and comb, with the same changeable vio- 
 let and green sheen to the feathers. 
 
 Formerly a most abundant species here and 
 on account of its small size seldom molested by 
 the gunners, of late it is very rarely seen, and 
 would, in the present scarcity of game, hardly 
 receive the consideration which it once enjoyed, 
 although its flesh is not so good as it might be. 
 
 It is a wary little bird with much of its larger 
 relative's good sense and caution, like the 
 ''whistler," setting a sentinel over the flock as 
 it feeds, diving at once if alarmed, putting a 
 safe distance between itself and pursuit before 
 coming again to the surface, then instantly tak- 
 ing wing and off like a flash. On the seacoast 
 they feed contentedly among the breakers and 
 near the rocks, seeming to like such places bet- 
 ter than the smooth waters, probably because 
 the waves are tossing plenty of food about. 
 
 The breeding and nesting season finds the 
 most of them in the north, where by quiet 
 stream or sedgy pond they make their nest, in- 
 differently on the ground or in a dead stub, 
 with its hollow lined with feathers and grass, 
 and all is ready for the eggs. The broods range
 
 356 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 in number from six to twelve ducklings, gen- 
 erally nearer the smaller figure. 
 
 The Dipper is a hardy little bird, staying 
 in its northern home late into the fall and com- 
 ing into our latitude only during the coldest 
 weather, to leave again early in the spring. 
 
 The male bird's plumage is made up of 
 sharply contrasted blacks and whites, with a 
 brilliant sheen to the long, fluffy feathers of 
 the head. The upper parts are mainly black, 
 growing lighter toward the tail. Lower neck 
 all around and under parts throughout are 
 white, with faint dusky shadings on the flanks 
 and sides. Except for a large triangular patch 
 of white behind the eye the entire head is dark 
 green, almost black, with a purplish irrides- 
 cence. Most of the wing coverts are white, but 
 a broad black line runs through them from the 
 lower back to the shoulder. Tail dusky, feath- 
 ers lighter on the edges. The bill is dull bluish 
 with a black nail. Feet pale flesh color, webs 
 dusky, nails black. Iris brown. 
 
 The female is even smaller than the male and 
 is of less decided tones ; a dull grayish brown in 
 color on the back with less of the contrasts 
 shown in the plumage of the male bird. Whit-
 
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 THE OLD SQUAW 357 
 
 ish below and white speculum. Head less puffy 
 in the lay of its feathers, snuffy brown, with a 
 small gray patch behind the eye. In her mark- 
 ings she resembles very closely the female of 
 the American golden-eye made up a vest pocket 
 edition. 
 
 The Bufflehead averages from twelve to fif- 
 teen inches in length and in extent from twenty- 
 two to twenty-four inches. As may be seen, 
 the smallest of our ducks. 
 
 THE OLD SQUAW. 
 
 (Harelda hyemalis.) 
 
 The wind sweeps along the gray water in 
 heavy gusts, driving dead leaves seaward and 
 piling foam and drift on the island shores. The 
 long rollers break on the ledges in heavy mono- 
 tone, thundering across seaweed-covered reefs 
 in foam and feathery spray. The oak trees 
 creak and gride against each other where they 
 margin the shore and the smaller branches rat- 
 tle and clash together. Withered leaves and 
 dead grass stems rustle drearily in the breeze. 
 Not a song-bird cheers the woods with melody. 
 Not a shore-bird's whistle gladdens beach or
 
 358 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 marsh. Landward the only indication of bird 
 life is the scream of the jay or the distant caw- 
 ing of the crows, southward bound. Winter is 
 close at hand. There is a sting in the wind, a 
 nip in the air, and the fingers are numb and blue 
 as they hold the gun barrels. But out on the 
 water, careless of wind or wave, rides a flock of 
 ''Squaws" making always a merry clatter. 
 Ever and anon some of their number rise 
 against the breeze to dart off at lightning speed, 
 apparently in the mere enjoyment of flight, for, 
 circling a half a mile about, they plump down 
 again among their comrades, all the time noisily 
 calling to each other. We might almost say 
 they are the only song birds among the ducks, 
 for really their notes are very pleasant to hear 
 and quite musical in comparison with the usual 
 vocal production of the family. 
 
 Undisturbed they have made holiday and 
 raised their broods during the short Arctic 
 summer, but now, driven by snow and ice from 
 these pleasant quarters, they bring their young- 
 sters southward along the coasts of New Eng- 
 land and the Middle Atlantic States for the 
 winter, dwelling offshore from the St. Lawrence 
 to the Potomac.
 
 THE OLD SQUAW 359 
 
 They seem to favor the sandy shores, leaving 
 to their neighbors, the ''coots," almost undis- 
 turbed possession of those rocky, weed- and 
 kelp-grown grounds which they love the best. 
 The writer knows one stretch of shore divided 
 into two parts by a high and narrow promon- 
 tory; on the one hand shifting sandbars at the 
 mouth of a swift-running river and mile after 
 mile of shallows over a sandy bottom. Here 
 are the Squaws, making a continual music most 
 pleasant to the gunner's ear. They are a very 
 restless lot, dashing about from place to place, 
 the swiftest of the seafowl. On the other side 
 of the headland are waters deep and bold, crash- 
 ing and tumbling in on a rugged, rocky shore, 
 with the full sweep of the open ocean. Here 
 dwell the ' ' coots, ' ' winging their heavy flight in 
 sluggish contrast to the lightning rush of the 
 ' ' Squaw. ' ' Scarce a ' ' Long-tail ' ' puts his nose 
 around the point which marks the frontier be- 
 tween the two communities, or if he does so, 
 dashes back with the half-scared air of an in- 
 truder. 
 
 The Oldsquaw is mainly maritime, though oc- 
 casional vagrants are seen on the Great Inland 
 Seas. Their only visits to New England shores
 
 360 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 are made during the winter months, the breed- 
 ing and summer seasons being spent in the 
 far north. 
 
 Their nests are made upon the ground and 
 on the shore of some fresh water pond near the 
 sea. These contain from four to seven grayish 
 eggs. As soon as the youngsters are fairly well 
 grown and able to take care of themselves they 
 are taken out into the wide world of the ocean. 
 For their food the sea furnishes an unfailing 
 supply of marine animals and mollusks, which, 
 however, makes their flesh very dark and to 
 most palates very unpleasant. They are very 
 fond of the "sand fleas" and marine creatures 
 of the seaweed and beaches. 
 
 They leave our coasts for the breeding 
 grounds, on the shores of the Arctic seas and 
 among its islands, during the latter half of 
 April or the first of May, to return again, 
 southward bound, in October or November, ac- 
 cording to the season, remaining in our waters 
 all winter. 
 
 Because their flight is very swift and they 
 decoy well great numbers of Squaws are killed 
 each year by the gunners who shoot them mere-
 
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 THE OLD SQUAW 361 
 
 ly for the practice and sport which they af- 
 ford, oftentimes leaving dead and wounded 
 birds to float at the mercy of wind and tide. 
 It is at the hands of such butchers as these that 
 the myriads of seafowl that once lined our 
 coasts have been reduced to the hundredth part 
 of their former numbers, for no species, how- 
 ever numerous, could stand the drain upon their 
 forces resulting from such shooting, and to 
 make the matter worse, most are killed in the 
 spring flight to the north. I have seen twenty 
 boats at a time, each containing from two to 
 four shooters, all killing and wounding Squaws, 
 and the half of them never troubling to pick up 
 a bird. 
 
 Most of the Squaw killing is done over de- 
 coys; a string of ''tolers" anchored to wind- 
 ward of a boat and the gunner only using the 
 caution to keep below the gunwale until the 
 flock is hovering over the decoys. Another way 
 much in favor is to put a line of boats across a 
 sound or channel through which the birds are 
 accustomed to pass in going to and from their 
 feeding grounds, and by anchoring a little more 
 than a gunshot apart the birds have no choice
 
 362 FEATHEEED GAME 
 
 but to run the gauntlet if they would have their 
 breakfast. Of course they are shot from 
 ''floats" also. 
 
 A number of names are given this bird by the 
 gunners of the coast, among them, ''Long-tailed 
 Duck;" "Old Injun," (male); "Old Squaw," 
 (female); "Sou-southerly," from some fancied 
 resemblance of their cry to these words; 
 "Hound," from the sound of the flock's "gab- 
 ble," which is somewhat like the distant yelp- 
 ing of a pack of hounds ; ' ' Old Wife, ' ' from its 
 talents as a conversationalist, perhaps. 
 
 The Old Squaw, by which name it is most gen- 
 erally known to us of the northeast, is also 
 found on the Great Lakes in winter, dwells on 
 the Pacific coast and in the waters of northern 
 Europe along the coast. 
 
 What a streak of lightning it is when under 
 way! When a gunner thinks he is "holding 
 just right" on a passing "Squaw" it is a good 
 plan for him to double his forelaying or the 
 bird will continue to pass. Certainly, with the 
 possible exception of the "whistler," no duck 
 of the salt water can hope to stay in his com- 
 pany when he is crowded for time. A heavy 
 charge of powder and about number 4 shot is
 
 THE OLD SQUAW 363 
 
 necessary as a convincing argument for stop- 
 ping him. Where much hunted they learn cau- 
 tion quickly and offer only the longest of shots. 
 At any time a wounded bird means a heap of 
 trouble in the gathering thereof. They have 
 all the talents of the most skillful seafowl at 
 submarine navigation. 
 
 The seasonal changes of plumage in the male 
 bird are quite radical. In the breeding dress 
 the head and neck are a brownish black with a 
 patch of gray about the eyes. Neck and breast 
 a very dark brown, nearly black; the under 
 parts white or silver gray, well defined and 
 sharply contrasted against this dark ground. 
 Upper parts everywhere, as are also the long 
 feathers of the tail, nearly black ; the scapulars 
 varied with tawny yellow and reddish brown on 
 the edges of the feathers. The short tail 
 feathers silvery gray, darkening toward the 
 central feathers. Bill black with an area of 
 orange at the tip. Iris of the male carmine, 
 his feet dull bluish with dusky webs and black 
 claws. Iris of the female yellow, feet dusky 
 greenish with blackish webs. 
 
 The fall and winter plumage is widely differ- 
 ent from the spring suit ; on the head, neck and
 
 364 FEATHERED GA^IE 
 
 forepart of the back almost white, with a gray- 
 ish patch on the cheeks and a dark brown spot 
 under the ears. Upper breast dark brown be- 
 tween the white of the neck and the under parts. 
 Bill mostly orange, with nail and central line 
 of the mandible black. When a flock of winter 
 Squaws goes past it looks like a snow squall 
 driving over the waves. Occasional males are 
 taken in a curiously pied and mixed dress, a 
 stage between the regular plumages. Some 
 birds are found carrying the winter dress 
 through the summer or vice versa. 
 
 The female is a modestly attired duck. She 
 has not the elongated central tail feathers. 
 Her head, neck and upper parts in general are 
 like the male's but paler and of less decided 
 colors; grayish brown with a whitish patch on 
 neck and about the eye. Under parts white ex- 
 cept the upper part of the breast which is light 
 brown. 
 
 The length of the male bird varies according 
 to the development of his tail feathers from 
 twenty to twenty-three inches; extent about 
 thirty inches. The length of the female about 
 eighteen inches ; extent, a trifle less than that of
 
 a 
 
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 THE HARLEQUIN DUCK 365 
 
 the male bird. Weight of this species from one 
 and three-quarters to two pounds. The Squaw 
 is found on the coast of Alaska but is rarely 
 seen on the western coast of the United States. 
 It is common all along the coasts of northern 
 Europe and Asia. 
 
 THE HARLEQUIN DUCK. ^'LORD AND 
 
 LADY." 
 
 (Histrionicus histrionicus.) 
 
 This bird inhabits nearly the whole of the 
 northern hemisphere, Europe, Asia, Green- 
 land, Iceland and North America. In our own 
 country it breeds rarely in our northern States, 
 more commonly in the Arctic regions. It also 
 nests in the interior in the mountains, the 
 Rockies and the Sierra Nevadas, which fact 
 seems strange to our sportsmen of the north- 
 east, for to them the Harlequin is a bird of the 
 deep water, only found in any number far out 
 to sea with the king eiders. It is reported to 
 have bred along the eastern coast line of New 
 England and in the Bay of Fundy, but probably 
 is nowhere numerous in the nesting season south
 
 366 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is seldom 
 found in this latitude except during the cold 
 weather. 
 
 From the time of their visits and the dis- 
 tance of their haunts from the mainland few 
 of their numbers fall a prey to the gunners, 
 and the "Lords and Ladies," as they are named 
 by seafowl shooters, are very rarely occupants 
 of our game bags. But this is small cause for 
 grief, since aside from their bright plumage 
 and their beauty as '^ specimens" they are of 
 little value. 
 
 If a shot is fired at a flock on the wing they 
 will sometimes plunge from the air into the 
 water and after swimming below the surface 
 again take wing, coming up a hundred yards 
 away — seeming the instant they reappear to 
 dash from the depths into the air at full speed, 
 leaving the gunner inexperienced in their ways 
 and who perhaps had thought that by some mi- 
 raculous chance he had killed the entire flock, to 
 find that he doesn't care for that kind of duck 
 after all. I passed through just such an ex- 
 perience once, and remember yet how disgusted 
 and surprised I was when after steaming up 
 to where the whole flock should have been dead
 
 THE HARLEQUIN DUCK 367 
 
 — no duck! and what may liave been tlieir 
 ghosts rising from their watery graves sixty 
 yards away. 
 
 They make their nests on the ground or in 
 the hollow of a tree, lining the cavity with 
 grass, leaves, moss or down. The number of 
 eggs is from six to ten — usually eight — of a 
 grayish green color. 
 
 This is a very curiously marked duck, beau- 
 tifully plumaged in its full dress, which, it is 
 probable, is not put on before the third spring. 
 The general color of the species is a dull bluish, 
 almost purplish, darker and nearly black on the 
 top of the head, lower back, rump and tail. 
 The body color is darker on the head and neck 
 than on the breast and back, here growing more 
 brownish in tone. The flanks bright chestnut. 
 A white patch on each side at the root of the 
 tail. Speculum purplish with a metallic lus- 
 tre. A patch of white at the base of the bill; 
 stripe of chestnut above each eye, and a small 
 circular patch of white behind the eye, with a 
 long, narrow stripe of the same color running 
 down each side of the hind neck. A collar of 
 white running around the lower neck, this 
 black-edged, and another lower down on the
 
 368 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 forebreast, the ends almost meeting on the 
 back, this stripe also black-bordered. Some lit- 
 tle white on the scapulars ; iris red-brown ; feet 
 dull blue with dusky webs; bill greenish. 
 
 The female is considerably smaller than her 
 mate and somewhat different in her markings; 
 more brownish in her tones and lighter and 
 grayer below. Bill, feet and iris as in the male 
 bird. Length of male from fifteen to seventeen 
 inches; extent from twenty-four to twenty- 
 seven; female somewhat less than these meas- 
 urements. 
 
 THE LABEADOR DUCK. 
 
 (Camptolaimus labradorius,) 
 
 There is small likelihood of the gunner's 
 meeting this bird, either in New England's 
 waters or elsewhere outside a few great mu- 
 seums, but on the slight chance that it still sur- 
 vives and may happen to be taken, and in order 
 that our list of seafowl may be complete it is 
 here described. 
 
 There is much reason to believe that the spe- 
 cies is extinct, at least there is no record of its 
 capture in many years. If a specimen should
 
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 THE LABRADOR DUCK 369 
 
 be taken tlie lucky gunner would find it the 
 most profitable bit of seafowl shooting of his 
 career, for he might command his own price 
 for the prize. I think the last recorded speci- 
 men, as published by the '*Auk," the official 
 journal of the American Ornithologist's Union, 
 was one taken at Grand Menan Island in 1871. 
 There are very few specimens in collections 
 (some forty in this country and perhaps twenty 
 across the water) and it is probable that these 
 will always be highly prized, the value of each 
 bird increasing every year. Very few can be 
 had at any price. The figure paid at the last 
 sale of which I knew was $1,000 per duck. 
 
 Cast in the heavy ponderous mould of the 
 seaduck, short of wing, slow and heavy in flight, 
 and comparatively clumsy in model, the bird 
 bears some resemblance to the eiders both in 
 shape and markings. As it was fitted out with 
 all the advantages possessed by the coots and 
 eiders, it is hard to see why the race should 
 have died out. Audubon tells of its breeding 
 habits. It was a strictly maritime species and 
 nested from the coast of Labrador into the 
 north, in winter coming southward to the waters 
 of the Chesapeake. This is about all we know
 
 370 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 of its life and habits, and our chance of learn- 
 ing more about them is very slight. It was 
 fully fifty years ago that they were found on 
 our coasts, never in any abundance, for few 
 have been taken at all. 
 
 Audubon's drawings were made from a pair 
 shot by Daniel Webster and by him presented 
 to the naturalist. 
 
 The male bird's head and neck are white, with 
 a broad black line running down over the crown 
 and nape. The lower neck with a black ring 
 encircling it and that connected with the black 
 of the back and upper parts. Below this black 
 collar a broader band of white which nearly 
 meets at the back. Above, entirely black ex- 
 cept the wing coverts, secondaries and scapu- 
 lars, these last pearl gray ; below, wholly black, 
 save the linings of the wings and the axillars, 
 which are white. Primaries and their coverts 
 and the tail feathers brownish black. Bill black, 
 base and edges orange, the ridge blue-gray. 
 Eyes reddish brown ; feet gray with dusky webs 
 and nails. 
 
 The female is a mottled gray and brown duck 
 not much unlike the females of the king eiders, 
 but may be distinguished by her white speculum.
 
 THE AMERICAN EIDER 371 
 
 Bill, eyes and feet as in the male. Length from 
 eighteen to twenty inches; extent about thirty 
 inches. 
 
 THE AMERICAN EIDER. 
 
 (Somateria dresseri.) 
 
 This dweller of the cold north visits our 
 coasts only during the severest winter weather. 
 Even then it keeps to its feeding grounds 
 among the outer islands and in the open sea, 
 hence it is called the ''Sea Duck," and by this 
 title is best known to our gunners. 
 
 Beneath the feathers the bird is covered with 
 a thick coat of down, (the eider-down of com- 
 merce, or some of it), which in the regions 
 where they breed is gathered from the nests as 
 it is supplied by the birds themselves. They 
 will even submit to being robbed twice, it is said, 
 but decline to furnish more if the spoiler makes 
 a third descent, then deserting the nest. The 
 birds use this down as a lining for the nests and 
 as a covering for the eggs, pulling the thick, 
 blanket-like mass over their treasures when 
 they leave them for a time to feed. In Ice- 
 land the people cut shallow holes in the turfy 
 edges near the sea, all around their homes, even
 
 372 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 on the low, sod-covered roofs of their huts, in 
 which the Eiders may make their nests, for 
 peace and perfect protection have made them 
 fearless and half domesticated. Here they are 
 protected by law and the destruction of nests or 
 eggs is punished by a heavy fine, for the down 
 is a source of considerable profit to the people. 
 Some few birds bred for years on the Maine 
 coast in Penobscot Bay, and near Grand Menan 
 Island, further east, but in both places the 
 collector's persistency (always for the advance- 
 ment of science, of course) has discouraged all 
 attempts there of late years. Within a short 
 time, however, the State has decided that they 
 are worthy of some consideration and an island, 
 where each year a few have succeeded in nest- 
 ing in spite of all obstacles, has been set apart 
 and efficiently guarded from intrusion in the 
 hope of their colony's increasing in numbers, 
 which it bids fair to do. Its main nesting, how- 
 ever, takes place in the northeastern corner of 
 our continent, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence 
 northward along the shores of Hudson Bay and 
 the Labrador coast. Beyond these limits it is 
 replaced by the Greenland Eider which differs 
 very slightly from this species.
 
 THE AMERICAN EIDER 373 
 
 No kindness such as Iceland affords is of- 
 fered to the flocks which turn their course south- 
 ward along the American coast, for as soon as 
 they reach the lines of civilization they run 
 a continual gauntlet of shot from fishermen and 
 gunners, and enjo}^ peace and quietness only 
 during the severest weather when the sea is so 
 rough or the day is so cold as to make a shoot- 
 ing trip "extra hazardous." Fortunately no 
 weather is too cold or sea too fierce for this 
 bird's comfort; such conditions mean safety, 
 and he can be happy at a temperature low 
 enough to freeze a polar bear. A pleasant day 
 with a smooth sea in midwinter means death to 
 many a seafowl. 
 
 I know one ledge, a favorite shooting stand, 
 to which the gunners from the neighboring 
 islands will pull out four or five miles in the 
 afternoon to set their decoys, custom admitting 
 these to hold the position against later comers, 
 then they go home again to make another start 
 at one or two o'clock the following morning to 
 be on hand at the first light. Some even roll 
 up in their blankets around a fire of driftwood 
 in the lee of some great cliff in order to be first 
 at a point of vantage — this with a chance of the
 
 374 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 thermometer being down out of sight in the 
 glass. Truly, ''They have their reward." It 
 may be game or it may take the form of pneu- 
 monia. 
 
 A common way in this neighborhood is for 
 the gunner to go to the home of some dweller 
 among the outer islands and start out with him. 
 At midnight or a little later the warning hail is 
 heard and out from the blankets you stumble 
 to blink sleepily over a cup of strong coffee and 
 the fuel to keep the inner man in order, then 
 down to the shore to make ready. Cold and 
 still the night, scarce a breath of air moving 
 over the quiet water, but with regular rise and 
 fall the gently seething swell breaks over the 
 rocks at the mouth of the narrow cove. In- 
 side the rocky barrier small fishing crafts ride 
 at anchor, the water rippling alongside and their 
 masts reflected in the waves show like long, un- 
 dulating serpents. Overhead the moon shows 
 pale and cold, and the stars in the sky are wink- 
 ing down at their reflections in the sea. Anon 
 comes the gentle rustle of the breeze among 
 the pines, so still the night you hear their 
 needles shivering with the cold, and next the 
 rumble and clatter of the decoys, oars and other
 
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 THE AMERICAN EIDER 375 
 
 trappings jar discordantly on the silence as 
 they are tumbled into the boat. At last we are 
 off and are soon right willing to stand our trick 
 at the oars, pulling away with a good will, for 
 the air is pitilessly cold, and the black-looking 
 mass where we hope for our morning's sport 
 rises out of the sea a good four miles away. 
 After a long pull with oar blades made heavy 
 with their coating of ice, we find ourselves on the 
 barren, wave-washed ledge. The decoys are 
 quickly set and are soon floating in a life-like 
 bunch before a natural blind in the rocks. You 
 have come a long distance in the chill air of the 
 night and though half frozen with the winter's 
 breath are yet ready to brave rheumatism or 
 risk pneumonia in the pursuit of your game. 
 If so you are made of the stuff that succeeds 
 and deserve success. 
 
 On every hand strange and fantastic shapes 
 loom up like ghosts, — the work of dashing spray 
 and the north wind. The rocks are clad in icy 
 armor and every salt stream trickling down 
 from the pools above marks its course with sil- 
 ver tracery. Long icicles hang pendant from 
 the beetling cliffs which overtop the waves, and 
 over all the moon throws a weird and fairy
 
 376 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 light — here into a cavern of inky blackness, 
 there upon a wall glittering as with pearls and 
 diamonds set in Parian marble. The never- 
 quiet swell of the Atlantic heaves and falls with 
 regular pulse below, and for a time all conver- 
 sation is hushed in the grandeur of the scene, 
 the silence only broken by the booming of the 
 surf on some neighboring reef. Ere long the 
 path of the moon grows paler on the water, and 
 as the first faint shaft of light goes shivering 
 across the wakening world the rustling wings 
 of the dwellers on the waves are heard out in 
 the misty, uncertain stretch of water before 
 you. With straining eyes you peer over the 
 gray, tumbling seas. A splash! Something 
 has settled among the decoys and swimming up 
 in social mood begins a chat with one of them. 
 Its wooden dignity and silence discourages any 
 long conversation, and before you have made 
 up your mind as to which white floating object 
 is the most appropriate mark for your charge 
 he takes wing and disappears in the gloom, per- 
 haps followed by the haphazard discharge of 
 every gun in the battery. 
 
 The east is brighter now. Rays of light are 
 piercing the blackness overhead with arrowy
 
 THE AMERICAN EIDER 377 
 
 shafts. The few remaining stars are fast put- 
 ting out their lamps. The clamor of passing 
 flocks and the rush of hurrying wings begin to 
 make sweet music. You cease drumming on 
 your knees and thrashing your arms about in 
 windmill fashion to keep your fingers warm — 
 halt in your endless sentry march up and down 
 the narrow rock-shelf where you have tramped 
 and stamped about that the blood might not 
 freeze in your very heart, and grasp the gun 
 tightly (though you think you will be compelled 
 to use it as a club, since your fingers are so 
 numb and stiff that you can scarcely hope to 
 pull trigger) for a flock of Sea Ducks, their 
 broad front like a line of battle, are headed 
 right for your decoys! Wait a bit! Don't fire 
 yet! They are big birds and seem to be much 
 nearer than they really are, especially when 
 head on, but you may easily discover that your 
 eyes are deceiving you if you shoot now. They 
 are scarcely in gunshot yet. Now! As they 
 swing! Bang! — Bang! Bang! — Bang! A 
 mighty commotion and away goes the remnant 
 of the flock in a hurry. See, there are three big 
 fellows lying on their backs in the water with 
 feebly kicking feet in the air, another turning
 
 378 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 slowly 'round and 'round in a vain effort to get 
 under, and a couple more with better success 
 diving to the depths and swimming below the 
 surface for dear life. There is small hope of 
 their capture, yet if they come up within shot 
 let them have it, for a stray pellet might stop 
 them and we want to leave no poor cripples 
 here to suffer and starve. 
 
 Perhaps when you have shot your wounded 
 Sea Duck three or four times over you dis- 
 cover that he will stand a whole lot of killing, 
 and that he will carry off ballast enough to sink 
 most birds. He is one of those hard-headed, 
 gritty fellows who never admit the fact even 
 when they have been killed, and the thick coat 
 of down and feathers, backed up by the sturdy 
 muscles beneath, makes a very good suit of ar- 
 mor over his vitals. Head on, unless a shot 
 enters the neck or brain, you may as well snap 
 your fingers at him as waste ammunition, — 
 that, too, when you are using number one or 
 two for shot. Many use as heavy as BB. 
 
 Away in the distance, wherever you look 
 there is some scurrying flock of seafowl: 
 swift-flying '' old-squaws" with a continual 
 "gabbling," — shelldrakes driving past in rush-
 
 THE AMERICAN EIDER 379 
 
 ing flight, but silent all, and looking like a flock 
 of animated tenpins, — the heavy, lumbering 
 flight of ''coots," or "surf ducks," winging 
 their way to some less troubled stretch of water. 
 To-day this is a favorite feeding ground, but 
 to-morrow there may not be a Sea Duck here, 
 for they often change their range without ap- 
 parent cause, leaving a place where for weeks 
 they have been plenty and moving a few miles 
 away to return as suddenly as they went. 
 Sometimes this is the work of the wind which 
 may carry them miles away as they rest upon 
 the sea at night, but as often as not it is the 
 bird's own caprice. 
 
 Right overhead, coming up behind you and 
 unnoting your presence where you were hidden 
 by the rocks, comes a big loon with out-stretched 
 neck and flying bravely with rapid wingbeats. 
 A shot only serves to hasten his flight, and 
 without a sound he keeps on, swinging in a 
 wide circuit to alight a mile away, perhaps 
 sorely hurt. The sun is up, the birds come in 
 thick and fast for an hour or so, then the flight 
 suddenly ceases. If you have held well and 
 truly, loaded the proper charges and placed 
 them where you ought, by this time, being a
 
 380 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 reasonable man, you have game enough. You 
 had better go home now, for the flight is clone 
 and only an occasional straggler will reward 
 your longer stay. So thinks our worthy pilot. 
 The man in the "dory," too, who has lain down 
 to leeward all this time, has had work enough 
 in picking up the dead and wounded. Add to 
 this that with the growing day a stiff breeze is 
 coming out of the northeast. Black heavy 
 clouds are gathering seaward and the veteran's 
 eyes are beginning to watch their threatening 
 masses closely. At last, — ''Come, boys, we 
 must be gittin' out o' this! There's nasty 
 weather comin' yonder," and with a lusty hail 
 he tells Sam to take him aboard and they will 
 take up the ''tolers." It is no child's play for 
 the green hand to pick up and stow the decoys, 
 but these two, one at the oars and the other at 
 the lines, make short work of it though the 
 ''dory" jumps and pounds in the "chop" peril- 
 ously near to the jagged points of half sub- 
 merged rocks. And now with the game aboard 
 and the passengers safely stowed we square 
 away for home, the "landlubbers" of the 
 party keeping anxious eyes to windward where 
 sea and sky are fast becoming one in a dull
 
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 THE AMERICAN EIDER 381 
 
 gray curtain. A raile from home the first flakes 
 of the storm begin to seethe in the water along- 
 side and in another minute every landmark is 
 hidden — nothing to look upon but nearby waves 
 and level lines of driving snow. If our guard- 
 ians are disturbed at the prospect they give no 
 sign, but pull steadily, keeping their course by 
 the heavy wind which they know will hold from 
 this quarter for some time. But the passen- 
 gers, covering up no little anxiety under an air 
 of indifference, are mightily pleased when 
 finally they hear the thunder of the sea upon the 
 rocks ahead. A short pull along the coast 
 brings into view the dead oak which marks the 
 harbor's entrance, and soon the voyage is 
 ended and we are at home with another shoot- 
 ing experience to remember, and that, too, one 
 which only New England's winter season can 
 give us. 
 
 The Eiders gather into large flocks and fly 
 out into the open sea for the night, coming in 
 about daybreak to feed among the sunken reefs 
 on the mollusks and shellfish which make their 
 chief diet and abound in such places. This 
 food, the staff of life to the seafowl, makes their 
 flesh dark and to most people unpleasant in
 
 382 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 jflavor. But opinions differ as to their food 
 qualities, the islanders praising them highly, 
 even preferring them to the more generally es- 
 teemed fowl of the fresh water. In its feed- 
 ing the Eider dives deeper than most ducks; 
 just how deep we can hardly know, but I think 
 I put it moderately when I claim that they can, 
 as the boys say, ** bring up bottom" in sixty 
 feet of water ; and many say much deeper. 
 
 Many Eiders are killed by gunners who take 
 position under cover on the deep water ledges 
 where the birds feed, waiting while the flocks 
 work in shore, as they dive and come up nearer 
 each time until the whole party is well in. 
 Then the first arrivals gather together in a 
 compact bunch to await the rest of the flock. 
 When all are accounted for they fly out again 
 to repeat the process. Often a considerable 
 number are killed at a discharge as they 
 ''bunch up" to go out. 
 
 From the nature of their haunts few Sea 
 Ducks are killed from "floats" as the water is 
 usually too rough to permit their use, for the 
 ducks, climbing up one hill of green water, may 
 easily look into the craft as it slides down an- 
 other long swell. The game, too, is much more
 
 THE AMERICAN EIDER 383 
 
 wary than the average gunner would suppose 
 to see them come to decoys, for this they do 
 readily, a single bird or a small flock being al- 
 most sure to come in if they see the ''tolers." 
 The larger flocks are less likely to notice de- 
 coys — a general rule with all ducks. 
 
 These birds arrive in New England waters 
 about December first, and have nearly always 
 gone north again by the middle of March or the 
 first of April at latest, varying their movements 
 as the season is mild or severe. 
 
 The Sea Duck is a powerfully made fowl, 
 about twenty-four inches long and in extent 
 some forty inches. The males will average to 
 weigh between five and six pounds ; the females 
 a pound less. The male in full plumage is a 
 remarkably showy bird, the contrasting effects 
 of his snowy white and jet black plumage in 
 broad areas being very striking. His head is 
 black on the crown and sides down through the 
 eyes and back to the base of the skull, with a 
 thin strip of white running over the centre of 
 the hind head and narrowing to a point on the 
 crown. The cheeks, throat, neck, back, upper 
 coverts and drooping plumes of the wings, the 
 upper breast, also a spot on each side of the
 
 384 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 rump are white, shot on the sides and back of 
 the head with pale green, — a beautiful, satiny 
 shade, — and tinged on the breast with pale 
 russet brown. These delicate colors fade very 
 much in stuffed specimens. The entire under 
 parts, rump, tail and wing quills are jet 
 black. Iris brown. Feet and legs dark green. 
 The feet are a very generously constructed pair 
 of paddles, set well back on the body as an ad- 
 vantage in diving, of much larger proportions 
 than seem the fashion with the ducks of the 
 fresh water, and though perhaps less refined 
 in appearance than the water motors of the 
 aristocrats of the shallow ponds, will do more 
 work in one stroke than will theirs in three. 
 Frontal processes a rich yellowish green or 
 orange. 
 
 The female is widely different in her mark- 
 ings from her mate, and would scarcely be 
 thought one of the same species. She is a deep 
 reddish brown hue all over, somewhat dusky on 
 the lower parts, and everywhere mottled and 
 barred with rich dark brown and black; the 
 dark colors on the centres of the feathers above, 
 and the cross-barrings mainly on the flanks and 
 under parts.
 
 THE AMERICAN EIDER 385 
 
 During tlie first fall the young birds resemble 
 the females though the markings are less clearly 
 defined. In the next spring the young males 
 put on a motley dress of brown, gray and black 
 irregularly splashed over the whole body, but 
 foreshadowing faintly the plumage of the adult 
 bird. It is probable that they do not get their 
 showy suit of black and white, clean cut and 
 delicately shaded, until the third year of their 
 life. 
 
 For a time after the breeding season the male 
 Eider is said to put on a dress such as his wife 
 wears. I have never seen one in this plumage, 
 the latest killed male which I have seen in New 
 England waters was in the perfection of his 
 wedding clothes on May 30. 
 
 During the latter part of their stay with us 
 there are comparatively few males in full plum- 
 age among the shotgun's victims, the most be- 
 ing what the islanders call ''mongrels" from 
 their curiously mixed plumage, — the young 
 males just mentioned. It would seem that the 
 elders of the flock go on to the north ahead of 
 the main body, since the flocks found in our 
 waters seem to be all young males or all fe- 
 males. Certainly during the last month of
 
 386 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 their stay a fuU-plumaged male is a rarity. 
 The male goes on ahead to prepare the smmner 
 residence for his lady? Not exactly! When 
 the house-keeping cares show on the family 
 horizon, a cloud no larger than a man's hand, 
 Mr. Eider joins with other worthless good-for- 
 naughts to spend his days and nights away from 
 home, living almost entirely at sea until the 
 nesting and moulting seasons are over and his 
 offspring have become self-supporting. 
 
 These are the largest of our ducks, eminently 
 fitted to take care of themselves, and one of the 
 few species which seem to be holding their own 
 in the struggle against the destroyer. 
 
 The difference between the American and the 
 Old World type, represented by the Greenland 
 Eider, which is occasionally taken on our coast, 
 and is perhaps a more northern race than our 
 own, lies principally in the shape of the frontal 
 process and bill; these, in the American bird, 
 are heavier and the tips of the nose ornaments 
 are rounder and fuller than in the European 
 species. One must be a close observer, how- 
 ever, to note the difference and distinguish the 
 visitor among a number of our own birds.
 
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 THE KING EIDER 387 
 
 THE KING EIDER. 
 
 (Somateria spectabilis.) 
 
 The Eiders of North America include five 
 species. Of these the American, Greenland 
 and King Eiders are visitors or residents on 
 the northeastern coast. The present species is 
 another ''Sea Duck." It lives mostly in the 
 open ocean and spends comparatively little time 
 ashore even for one of his seafaring race. His 
 is a life of perfect independence. He is at 
 home wherever he alights on "blue water" and 
 never a worriment is his — never a fear of pur- 
 suing gunner comes into his mind to ruffle his 
 placid days. Often large flocks of the King 
 Eiders are found in mid-ocean, hundreds of 
 miles from any land, feeding upon the drifting 
 seaweed which furnishes abundantly every- 
 thing needful. 
 
 Their maritime existence and the rarity of 
 their visits ashore, together with their heavy 
 bodies and short legs combine to make their gait 
 nearly as graceful as that of their human rep- 
 resentative, the ' ' old salt. ' ' In fact, it is a most 
 clumsy "waddle" when compared with the easy
 
 388 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 and nimble movements of the mallard, wood 
 duck or pintail. 
 
 These are the children of the frozen seas, 
 abundant only in Arctic waters and only com- 
 ing into the warmer latitudes when the north 
 is given over to the dreary reign of night and 
 winter. Their migrations extend as far south 
 as the Middle Atlantic States, but they are rare 
 birds on all the coast line. An occasional 
 straggler is seen in the Great Lakes, and there 
 is one record of a male bird being taken on the 
 Mississippi, probably having been blown out of 
 his course, his reckoning lost, and he very will- 
 ing to go back to sea, for his cargo was nothing 
 but Mississippi mud. They are more common 
 on the Pacific coast than on the eastern edge of 
 our continent, but in the western waters do not 
 come so far south; probably because the same 
 latitudes are much warmer than with us. 
 
 In form and habits they are much like the 
 common Eiders. In his markings the male dif- 
 fers from the male of the common variety in 
 that he has a remarkable frontal process, most 
 pronounced during the breeding months and 
 nearly disappearing after this season, — a large 
 and curious bulge upon the bridge of his nose,
 
 THE KING EIDER 389 
 
 of bright orange color, bounded by a jet black 
 edge. There is also a black mark like an in- 
 verted V beneath the chin, the ends running 
 down on each side of the throat. The plumes 
 of the wings (the drooping tertials) are purplish 
 black, wherein again he differs from the male 
 of the common species, and also in the peculiar 
 development of the outer two of these feathers, 
 whose outer edges are deeply notched and the 
 protruding point of the web stiffened to form a 
 feathery horn standing out from each wing. In 
 color he is mostly black ; the neck, upper breast 
 and linings of the wings with a spot on each 
 side of the rump are white. The white of the 
 breast is faintly tinged with cinnamon brown. 
 The top of the head and nape are grayish blue 
 or pearl gray, a very beautiful shade ; the sides 
 of the head tinged with pale sea green and the 
 feathers bristly and hairlike, giving the effect of 
 a piece of velvet. Iris brown. Bill and feet 
 of reddish hue. Length about twenty-two 
 inches; extent some twenty-eight inches. 
 Weight from four to five pounds. 
 
 The female would scarcely be distinguished 
 from that of the common species, except that 
 her head and bill are proportionately shorter
 
 390 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 and deeper, also the frontal process is not so 
 prominent as in the common species. She is 
 smaller and of less ruddy coloring than Mrs. 
 Dresseri, otherwise an exact replica of her 
 larger cousin. 
 
 The male in the first year resembles the fe- 
 male; in the second he puts on a motley guise 
 like that of the common eider, and is supposed 
 to reach his third year before donning his per- 
 fect plumage, beautiful and striking, even more 
 so than that of the common eider. 
 
 The nesting habits and mode of life are nearly 
 identical with those of the typical eider, and 
 there is little to be said of one species which 
 may not with equal truth be applied to the other. 
 This bird, however, nests much further north; 
 perhaps the most northern summer dweller 
 among the wildfowl. 
 
 THE AMERICAN SCOTER. BUTTER- 
 BILLED COOT. 
 
 (Oidemia americana.) 
 
 Few of the many species of seafowl which 
 abound in New England's waters are so well 
 known, and probably none are so numerous
 
 THE AMERICAN SCOTER 391 
 
 among our sea-islands as are the ''Coots," as 
 they are named by the gunners alongshore. 
 During the latter half of September straggling 
 bunches of these birds begin to appear, and with 
 increasing numbers they gather into larger 
 flocks. The greater part has arrived by the 
 middle of October and their advanced guards 
 begin to spread out down the coast as far as 
 the Middle Atlantic States. We are told that 
 they are sometimes shot in Florida. 
 
 Probably the least wary of the duck family, 
 they may be approached quite readily as com- 
 pared with other members of the tribe. Gun- 
 ners use many methods for capturing the Coots, 
 but the greater number are killed over decoys. 
 A string of ' ' tolers ' ' is set in a promising place 
 just off some rocky point or ledge in the deep 
 water, the gunner is well hidden, and if the birds 
 are flying there is every prospect of good shoot- 
 ing, for the Coot is one of the best of birds to 
 decoy. Often in the early part of the season, 
 before the birds have become shy from con- 
 stant peppering, the gunner may set his decoys 
 on a line from his boat, only keeping below the 
 gunwale when the flocks are coming in. And 
 they will come in. I have often seen them fly
 
 392 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 close enough to be struck with an oar, — I may 
 say that they make it an invariable rule to do 
 this when the gunner has taken the shells out 
 of his gun or laid it aside to pick up his decoys 
 after a morning's cootless waiting in the cold. 
 One oddity in the gentle art of duck-shooting 
 is the practice of ''hollerin' coots," that is, of 
 making a great noise when a flock is passing 
 by out of shot, when they will often turn and 
 come to the decoys. The report of a gun some- 
 times has the same effect, but we New England- 
 ers are too thrifty to waste powder and lead 
 where our vocal organs will serve as well. 
 
 Next to decoying the use of the ''gunning 
 float" is the most effective method of killing 
 Coots. The ''gunning float" is a long, low 
 craft, drawing but little water and showing 
 only a foot or so above the surface when prop- 
 erly trimmed down with ballast. In the fall, 
 for use in the open water they are "trimmed" 
 with "rockweed;" in the marshes with 
 "thatch." In the spring and winter months 
 the proper thing is snow and ice to represent 
 a drifting ice-cake. It takes sharp eyes to de- 
 tect the dangerous one among the many harm- 
 less pieces of ice when the gunner, clad in his 
 
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 THE AMERICAN SCOTER 393 
 
 white suit, is working his cautious way along 
 toward the feeding flocks. The deception is so 
 complete that I have known that crafty old pi- 
 rate, the crow, to almost alight on the nose of 
 a float when it was being pushed after a flock 
 of seafowl. This float gunning is the method 
 most used for all duck and goose shooting on 
 the eastern New England coast line. 
 
 The Coots are often approached by sail-boats 
 when there is a good sailing breeze, the craft 
 getting to windward and then coming down 
 ujDon them. As these birds always rise against 
 the breeze and are heavy in flight and slow in 
 getting under way there is often an opportunity 
 to get in several shots before they are out of 
 range. 
 
 I remember discovering on one of my shoot- 
 ing trips a new and well-wooded island in 
 waters where I knew no island had stood be- 
 fore, and was surprised and alarmed to see my 
 find move bravely along ''with a bone in its 
 teeth, ' ' against wind and tide. I sat up in my 
 float and rubbed my eyes for another look. 
 Suddenly a cloud of smoke poured out through 
 the trees and the deep-throated roar of heavy 
 ten bores rolled over the water. The mystery
 
 394 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 is solved: a tugboat with a row of trees along 
 each gunwale chasing a flock of Coots. This 
 method of killing seafowl is wisely forbidden 
 by the laws of most of our maritime States. 
 "Sailing ducks," as the method mentioned be- 
 fore is termed, is also forbidden in many States, 
 and properly, too, since it only serves to make 
 the birds wild and finally to drive them "out- 
 side" entirely because they can get neither 
 rest nor food. Slaughter enough can be made 
 among them legitimately and a man should be 
 satisfied with what can be done over decoys and 
 by "sculling." 
 
 A few Coots remain on our coast during the 
 warm weather, but there is not much evidence 
 of their breeding in these latitudes. They are 
 probably the crippled and unmated survivors 
 of the spring flight, not able or not caring to 
 journey farther north. Some may breed here; 
 there seems to be no reason why they should 
 not, but if they do so at all the number is prob- 
 ably very small. The most of them go far away 
 toward the land of snow and ice, there to bring 
 up in security their six or eight youngsters, 
 hardening them by a liberal diet of shell-fish
 
 THE AMERICAN SCOTER 395 
 
 and sea-food, until shot will flatten on their 
 flesh if it strikes them. 
 
 They are unusually tough customers either in 
 life or at the table. Most of our cooks believe 
 it impossible to so prepare this bird as to make 
 it decent food for any but a starving man. 
 The best recipe that I have seen is something 
 as follows : First, skin your fowl and let it par- 
 boil in saleratus water at least one day, or until 
 it can be dented with a fairly sharp axe. If 
 your courage holds out the game is now ready 
 to stuff and bake as you would any other duck, 
 except that you must put enough onions into 
 its inside to take away all Coot flavor. Arriv- 
 ing at this stage of proceedings there are two 
 lines of retreat yet open to you: either throw 
 your delicate morsel away or give it to someone 
 against whom you hold an ancient grudge, — on 
 no account should you try to eat it. Some of 
 my island friends claim to be able to cook a 
 Coot so that I could not tell it from a black duck. 
 Well, perhaps, — but thus far I have always been 
 careful to decline to referee any such match, 
 for I much doubt if I could distinguish in a dark 
 room between the flavor of a Coot and the pal-
 
 396 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 ate-tickling relish of a well tried Gloucester 
 fishing boot. The only way I can manage to 
 eat Coot is to use the breast meat alone, parboil 
 as before, score deeply and broil like a l^eef- 
 steak and season well. A bit of lemon juice 
 squeezed on it will help some, but it is doubtful 
 if one would care to regale one's self with it 
 more than twice a day for any length of time. 
 If the reader must experiment let me recom- 
 mend that he use a young bird in the early fall. 
 This duck is very hard to kill. He can carry 
 off a full charge of shot with no apparent diffi- 
 culty in his working parts, and unless the pel- 
 lets are placed in a vital spot there are few 
 chances of capturing him. If wounded severely 
 or wing-broken he dives at once and continues 
 diving and coming up to fill his air tank, often 
 just putting his nose above water to get his 
 breath and again going under to stay until he 
 has reached a safe distance. Despite his Dutch 
 model and somewhat clumsy appearance he 
 swims fast and well either upon or below the 
 surface, but his worst enemy cannot truthfully 
 accuse him of being a graceful bird ashore, for 
 he is heavy and chunky and at best his walk is 
 an awkward ** waddle." How do I know?
 
 THE AMERICAN SCOTER 397 
 
 Well, just now there is under the window where 
 I write a male *' White-wing" whose broken 
 bones I have repaired and whose wounds I have 
 cured. Since his arrival he has been swagger- 
 ing about the yard snapping and hissing at cats, 
 dogs and fowls with all the independence of one 
 whose title to board and lodging is assured. I 
 have never seen a wild bird tame so easily. 
 
 There are three species of ''Coots" in Amer- 
 ican waters, the "White-winged," the ''Patch- 
 head," and the "Butter-billed." To this list 
 the fishermen will add two more, the "Gray 
 Coot" and the "Brown Coot." These are the 
 young of the other species. In the books these 
 ducks are "Scoters," but thus designated 
 the chances are that the birds will not be recog- 
 nized among our deep water gunners. This 
 name is seldom heard and when used is usually 
 distorted into "Scooters," — perhaps just as 
 appropriate. Tell these people that these birds 
 are not "Coots" and they will give you a look 
 full of pity for your ignorance, and perhaps 
 hint that there was a whole lot left out of your 
 mental outfit; yet these birds are about as far 
 removed from the true Coot as they well could 
 be.
 
 398 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 Poor Coots! They are of little value from 
 any point of view, but it is sad to think of the 
 rapidity with which they are each year decreas- 
 ing in numbers. Ten years ago they might be 
 shot almost anywhere alongshore, but now a 
 fair day's shooting is quite hard to get. It is 
 safe to say that in the last ten years they have 
 diminished in numbers fully fifty per cent. At 
 present they are unprotected by any law and 
 are harassed and slaughtered from Labrador to 
 Florida. Spring and fall, it is all alike, the 
 seafowl of every kind know not a moment of 
 peace from the time the flocks leave the north 
 until their return thither next season. 
 
 Something should be done for them in the line 
 of protection. At the very least it is not right 
 to shoot them in the spring. Nothing more fa- 
 vorable to the increase of bird life of all kinds 
 could be accomplished than the enactment of a 
 law preventing all spring shooting, for by the 
 destruction of a pair of birds in the spring we 
 reduce the fall crop by at least four, not includ- 
 ing the original pair. 
 
 About the only species of seafowl which are 
 not decreasing with terrible rapidity are the 
 eiders. These are hardly holding their own in
 
 THE AMERICAN SCOTER 399 
 
 the struggle for existence, though they have a 
 much better chance in that they make us their 
 visits at a time when only the ''crankiest" of 
 gun cranks would think of braving the cold and 
 hardships of a shooting trip among the outer 
 islands. When a party goes out after *'sea 
 ducks ' ' they never know when they will be per- 
 mitted to return. The exposed position of the 
 haunts of their game sometimes makes a return 
 to the mainland impossible for days if a storm 
 comes up; therefore winter shooting is not so 
 much followed. 
 
 The Coots are found in both the New and the 
 Old World. 
 
 The Butter-billed Coot, or American Scoter, 
 will probably average the smallest of our Coots, 
 though but little smaller than the ' ' Patch-head. ' ' 
 In most localities the present species is the 
 least common of the three; a lover of "blue 
 water," seldom coming into the narrow arms 
 of the sea or tide-water, and only rarely taken 
 on the Great Lakes where his cousins, the 
 ''Patch-head" and "White-winged" are not un- 
 common. In habits, breeding haunts and range 
 of migration the three do not differ materially, 
 on the eastern half of the continent the larger
 
 400 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 number of this species nesting in northern Lab- 
 rador. The Butter-billed Coot is entirely 
 black save the nugget of gold which it so care- 
 fully balances upon its nose. The base of the 
 bill* is bright orange yellow, the rest plain black 
 to conform to the sad hue of its raiment. Iris 
 brown; feet blackish in male; olivaceous with 
 black webs in young male and female. 
 
 The female is a trifle smaller than the male 
 and of dusky brown color; bill lacking the gib- 
 bosity of the male and entirely black. Length 
 of this species from seventeen to twenty inches ; 
 extent from thirty to thirty-four inches. 
 
 Young or female birds in any stage of de- 
 velopment may be recognised (aside from color 
 of iris) by the fact that the feathering stops 
 short on the bill, not coming down nearly to the 
 nostrils on top as in the other species. 
 
 THE WHITE-WINGED COOT. '^ WHITE- 
 WING." 
 
 Oidemia deglandi.) 
 
 Best known and most numerous of the three 
 is the ''White-winged Coot," known also as 
 the ''White-winged Scoter," "Velvet Duck,-
 
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 THE WHITE-WINGED COOT 401 
 
 ''White-winged Surf Duck," or more commonly 
 and more simply as the "White-wing." This 
 species is more common in the bays and en- 
 closed arms of the sea than are the others, which 
 prefer the open water. The ' ' White- wing" also 
 is much larger in size. The habits of the three 
 are almost identical. 
 
 In breeding dress and full plumage the male 
 is glossy black all over except the white specu- 
 lum, (wing-mark), and a tiny spot below and 
 behind the eye. The bill with a large lump at 
 the base and feathered to the nostrils, black at 
 the base and on the edge to the nail, on the sides 
 the black merging into a purplish tinge, then 
 grading into deep red, whitening toward the 
 tip, the nail orange. Iris white or pale yellow ; 
 feet and legs deep orange or bright red 
 with black webs; these colors are duller in the 
 females. 
 
 The coloring of the female is of a brownish 
 cast, the edges of the feathers lighter. She has 
 the white speculum as in the male, also the knob 
 at the base of the bill, though this is not so 
 prominent as in the male. The bill is plain 
 black. 
 
 The White-winged Coot in any plumage may
 
 402 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 be known by the white speculum. Young birds 
 are of a dull grayish cast. 
 
 The White-wing inhabits both coasts of North 
 America, the larger inland lakes, and is also 
 represented in the Old World by a species very 
 close to our own bird. 
 
 They breed through the interior from the 
 northern States of the Union northward into 
 the Arctic regions, and along both coasts of 
 North America north from the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence in the east and from British Columbia in 
 the west, by far the greater number going well 
 beyond civilization. They make a large nest, 
 usually placed at the edge of some body of 
 fresh water, line it with down from their own 
 bodies, and in it lay from six to eight eggs. 
 They often breed far inland and a long way 
 from salt water. Though every season a good 
 sized flock summers among the outer islands of 
 Casco Bay there is no evidence of their breeding 
 there, and they are probably the crippled birds 
 left behind by the spring flight, unable to con- 
 tinue their journey at the time and so unmated. 
 
 Apparently slow and heavy, when once on the 
 wing their flight is powerful and often long 
 protracted, usually traveling low over the water
 
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 THE PATCH-HEAD COOT 403 
 
 save when migrating, at which time they often 
 rise to a considerable height. 
 
 Their food consists of shell-fish, sea-weeds, 
 and small fish. Their meat is dark, and except 
 when it is from a young bird can scarcely be 
 considered eatable. 
 
 This is perhaps the most common duck of the 
 Atlantic coast. 
 
 THE PATCH-HEAD COOT. 
 
 (Oidemia perspicillata.) 
 
 Next of the Scoters in point of numbers is the 
 ''Patch-head Coot," also called ''Horse-head," 
 "Goggle-nose," "Skunk-head," and other 
 equally romantic and euphonious titles. This 
 species is fairly abundant on the eastern coast 
 of North America, going farther south dur- 
 ing the winter months than does either of 
 the other two. They are not uncommon in 
 Florida, are found in the Great Lakes, and are 
 also abundant on the Pacific coast. 
 
 This bird breeds throughout the interior in 
 high latitudes and all along the northern coast 
 of the continent. 
 
 The male in breeding plumage is glossy black,
 
 404 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 no white on wing or body, but a small patch on 
 the forehead and another on the back of the 
 head extending downward over the nape. It 
 is not uncommon to find one or the other of 
 these white spots missing in specimens. The 
 bill is peculiarly marked; orange and white, at 
 the base a squarish black patch edged with 
 carmine. Iris pale yellow ; feet and legs orange 
 with dusky webs. Propellers of the female are 
 duller in color, her bill black. 
 
 The female is a dull-colored, brownish-black 
 bird with no white on forehead or nape, but 
 some small splashes of grayish color on the 
 sides of the head, on the cheeks and ears. 
 
 Young males much like the females. 
 
 Length from eighteen to twenty inches; ex- 
 tent from thirty to thirty-three inches. Weight 
 from two to two and one-half pounds. 
 
 AMERICAN MERGANSER. POND 
 SHELLDRAKE. GOOSANDER. 
 
 (Merganser americanus.) 
 
 The Shelldrake has its representatives all 
 over the world, dwelling alike on the ocean or 
 on inland pond and stream. Three species of
 
 AMERICAN MERGANSER 405 
 
 tlie family are regular residents of North Amer- 
 ica, and one Old World member of the race, the 
 ''Smew" or ''Nun," is an exceptionally rare 
 visitor on the northeastern coast line. All have 
 long, narrow, cylindrical bills with notched and 
 toothed edges — even the tongues are serrated 
 to hold more firmly when they close upon their 
 slippery prey, for this is a family of "fishing 
 ducks," and are sometimes called "Saw-bills" 
 from these saw-like teeth along the edges of 
 the bill. These barb-like lamellae are indispen- 
 sible to the owner, making the bill perfection 
 for its purpose and enabling the bird to hold 
 fast to all on which it closes, as tightly as a pol- 
 itician with a "pulh" 
 
 Any one of the Shelldrakes is more than half 
 fish. Seen under the water in pursuit of a 
 breakfast or dodging about to escape capture 
 when wounded the resemblance to some finny 
 dweller of the sea is very marked; head and 
 neck outstretched, every feather hugged closely 
 to the body, the half-opened wings like large fins 
 aiding the feet in their work, he goes shooting 
 through the water like a flash. 
 
 The Shelldrake's body is more compressed 
 and somewhat longer in proportion to its size
 
 406 FEATHERED Gx\ME 
 
 than are the bodies of most ducks. This model 
 must be necessary, for none of the family need 
 such speed in the water as these which feed 
 upon an active prey which must often be pur- 
 sued some distance before it is captured. It 
 is a form easily driven through the air, too, if 
 we may argue anything from the forelaying 
 necessary to stop a crossing bird in shooting. 
 
 Shelldrakes are generally found in flocks 
 ranging from half-a-dozen to twenty, rarely 
 more except in migration. Commonly, unless 
 there is no danger, they place a watcher over 
 the flock while feeding. Usually all but the 
 bird on ''sentry go" dive together while fish- 
 ing so as to leave less opportunity for their 
 prey to escape. Often they drive a school of 
 small fry into shoal water and pursuing them 
 into a narrow place may even force their vic- 
 tims high and dry ashore by their furious 
 rushes. In such a case they will almost finish 
 a school, for they are very voracious feeders. 
 
 The Goosander is the largest of the Amer- 
 ican Shelldrakes and somewhat rare in the sea 
 except in the winter months when the few that 
 do not go south are compelled to dwell upon 
 the salt water or in the cabinet of some collec-
 
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 AMERICAN MERGANSER 407 
 
 tor. The male bird is a handsome fellow, with 
 a brilliant dark green head and neck. The un- 
 der parts of the body are of a delicate salmon 
 tint, growing fainter and changing to white on 
 the flanks and hinder parts; there are also 
 some fine dusky pencillings here. In stuffed 
 specimens the salmon tint below fades very 
 quickly, leaving scarcely a trace of itself. 
 Back and upper parts glossy black, fading to 
 ashy gray on the rump and tail. The wings 
 are mostly white above, crossed by a black 
 bar at the tips of the greater coverts and 
 forming a part of the frame for the white 
 speculum. The wing quills are dusky, nearly 
 black. The bill and feet are bright vermilion; 
 bill black on the ridge and having a black hook 
 on the end. Iris carmine. The male is but 
 slightly crested, this adornment being consider- 
 ably more prominent in the female, though even 
 here rather thin and loose-feathered. 
 
 The female's head and neck are reddish brown 
 in color, with a whitish throat. On the back a 
 dull, bluish gray. There is less of the salmon 
 tint below than appears in the dress of the male. 
 Speculum white. Bill and feet same color as 
 the male's, but iris yellowish.
 
 408 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 These birds average about four and one-quar- 
 ter pounds weight for the males, the females 
 running from one-half pound to one pound less. 
 In length they vary from twenty-four to twenty- 
 seven inches ; in extent about thirty-five. 
 
 They nest upon the ground or in the hollow of 
 a tree, laying from six to eight eggs. They 
 usually choose the edge of some secluded fresh 
 water pond for their home, but often make their 
 nest a long distance from water if unable to 
 find a suitable place near it. Safety is the 
 prime requisite — convenience comes after. 
 They breed anywhere from our northern States 
 into the Arctic regions and are one of the com- 
 monest of the breeding waterfowl on our Maine 
 lakes. They winter in moderate numbers in 
 our coast waters, though the greater bulk of 
 these birds have gone south at this season. 
 
 THE RED-BREASTED MERGANSER. 
 
 (Merganser serrator.) 
 
 Most common of all in New England coast 
 waters is the Red-breasted Merganser, the 
 Shelldrake alongshore, where many gunners 
 know no other species than this bird. He winters
 
 EED-BREASTED MERGANSER 409 
 
 in our bays and rivers when lie can, preferring 
 tide-waters and the arms of the sea, but if this 
 is not permitted he can do very well "of£ shore" 
 and is one of the most numerous of the winter 
 dwellers on our coast. Still, the greater num- 
 ber have gone on to warmer climates, and Shell- 
 drakes are here in larger numbers during the 
 flight seasons than at any other time. 
 
 If in the latter half of April or the first of 
 May the gunner turns out before daylight and 
 takes his stand upon a lonely ledge or the point 
 of some uninhabited island of the sea and puts 
 out his wooden decoys in a life-like group within 
 good shot reach of the grim-fronted . rock be- 
 hind which he lies hidden, he is likely to find 
 good sport for two or three hours while the 
 Shelldrakes are flying in from *' outside" where 
 they have been asleep on the breast of the At- 
 lantic. 
 
 The moon is paling and the stars are losing 
 their lustre. The day is coming and across the 
 eastern sky a pink light is creeping. The sleepy 
 world is rubbing its eyes and making ready for 
 its round of toil. The water is yet gray and 
 uncertain and the masses of the woods on the 
 islands round about are solid and sombre. But
 
 410 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 a tiny little songsparrow, perched near by and 
 quivering with the joy of springtime, sends 
 forth his brave little song in merry greeting; 
 the awakened crow gives out an occasional caw- 
 ing as he starts forth from the pines for his 
 breakfast on the shore, and just out of range 
 of the watcher's gun a bunch of big blue herons 
 playing ''follow my leader" passes by in slow 
 and dignified flight, northward bound. The de- 
 coys anchored across the, gentle breeze are rid- 
 ing motionless in a calm streak under the shelter 
 of the ledge, but in plain sight and sure to be 
 noticed by any passing flock coming in from 
 sea, and all is ready. 
 
 While still too dark for him to shoot, the gun- 
 ner has seen shadowy forms flitting past in the 
 uncertain foreground, and now with the in- 
 creasing light comes the hurry and rustle of 
 wings carrying hungry birds to their feeding 
 grounds inshore. 
 
 Here they are! Where they came from no 
 one knows, for two seconds ago not a feather 
 was in sight, but out of the water they appear 
 as if by magic and are almost upon the gunner 
 before he sees them. They have sighted the 
 decoys and swing in toward their new-found
 
 (A) 
 
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 RED-BREASTED MERGANSER 411 
 
 friends with wings stififly set and necks out- 
 stretched. In this strange light they look as 
 large as geese. Now is the time! As they 
 bunch and wheel, convinced of the cheat, let go 
 at them with both barrels, and in answer to the 
 sudden roar of your discharge down go the 
 splashing forms of dead and wounded birds 
 among the motionless decoys. While the boom 
 of your gun goes echoing about from cape 
 to promontory in circuit of the bay as if 
 a battery was stationed on every headland, you 
 are hurrying down to the boat to gather up the 
 spoil. You pat yourself on the back — (mentally, 
 of course,) — and think, ''What a streak of 
 shooting I have developed!" when, hello! 
 Only one bird! Ah, there is one more swim- 
 ming away and here another, and popping sud- 
 denly out of the depths still another, but most of 
 them active and doing their best to put a safe 
 distance between your dangerous company and 
 themselves, swimming with their bodies half 
 submerged and a watchful eye behind them. 
 You have reloaded and are now tugging as for 
 your life at the oars to gather in those that seem 
 to be the most active, and so pass by the dead as 
 they will keep until your return. But you don't
 
 412 FEATHERED GAIvIE 
 
 seem to gain much on the cripple and you think 
 you will try him with a charge of 4's. Bang! 
 and when the smoke has drifted aside — no 
 Shelldrake. He is under and won't come up 
 again inside of two hundred yards. After star- 
 ing in vain for this bird, which has come up very 
 cautiously and just poking his head above water 
 for a breath has as silently gone under again 
 for another stretch seaward, you turn your at- 
 tention to a second invalid which mayhap leads 
 you a similar chase. Perhaps you capture him 
 — perhaps not. Your chances are about even 
 on either bet. Just here you see a large flock 
 making off from your decoys, scared away by 
 your antics in the boat, so you decide to pick up 
 the dead and get back into the blind. As you 
 pull up to the two or three birds left limp and 
 lifeless in the water when you went out you find 
 them right side up again and not more than half 
 as dead as you had thought, and these, too, com- 
 mence making frantic efforts to get under water, 
 with what success their condition permits. One 
 gets almost under and is now politely '^ shak- 
 ing a day-day" with one red foot in the air, dis- 
 appearing entirely just as you pull trigger. If
 
 RED-BREASTED MERGANSER 413 
 
 you have good luck you may get one bird, and 
 then back into the blind to try for more. 
 
 For two or three hours in the morning fair 
 sport may be had over decoys, but when the sun 
 is fairly on his daily round the birds are mostly 
 on their feeding grounds and not moving much, 
 so that few come near the 'Holers." Now is 
 the time to ''scull" them in the float. It is no 
 easy matter to get within killing distance of a 
 Shelldrake even in the innocent looking "gun- 
 ning punt," for he is by no means careless or 
 stupid. For my own part I think the labor is 
 too severe and the reward too uncertain, and 
 seldom take the trouble to pursue them in a 
 float, no matter how sharp an attack of "gun 
 fever" is upon me. "The game is hardly 
 worth the candle." 
 
 The flesh of this or any other of the family 
 save the Hooded Merganser is not noted for any 
 especial excellence as food, most people pre- 
 ferring to eat fish in its ordinary form. 
 
 The Red-breasted Merganser is smaller than 
 the Goosander and has a pronounced crest, 
 which, though thin and flimsy in the female, is 
 present in both sexes. The male bird's head is
 
 414 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 rich, dark green, this color running down the 
 neck, stopping abruptly on the lower neck and 
 breast. In front the white becomes a very light 
 reddish brown, streaked with black. Under- 
 neath a very light salmon color. Wing for the 
 most part black, but with a few feathers in the 
 front of it pure white with black edges. Upper 
 back black, also interscapulars and inner scap- 
 ulars. Lower back grey, waved with darker 
 gray and dusky. Bill vermilion red, dusky on 
 top and black hooked. Iris bright red ; feet ver- 
 milion. 
 
 The female is clad in a modest suit of gray 
 and white. The head and upper neck is a 
 brownish red with a patch of white on the throat 
 and chin, this shading gradually into the red- 
 dish color of the head. The upper parts ashy 
 or bluish gray ; below white. A white patch in 
 the wing. Feet, iris and bill as in the male bird. 
 The females of this and the preceding species 
 are very similar in their dress but may usually 
 be distinguished by their size, the female of 
 this bird being much smaller and lacking much 
 of the delicate salmon tinge on the under parts, 
 but if there is any doubt the position of the 
 nostril will show to which species a specimen
 
 UJ 
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 HOODED MERGANSER 415 
 
 belongs, the Goosander's being placed near the 
 middle of the bill and that of the present species 
 being placed near the base. 
 
 The length of this species is from twenty- 
 two to twenty-four inches; its extent from 
 thirty-three to thirty-five inches. Weight from 
 two to two and one-half pounds. 
 
 Most of the Shelldrakes nest well beyond our 
 borders, but breeding birds of this species are 
 not uncommon in Maine. It is found also in 
 northern Europe and Asia. 
 
 HOODED MERGANSER. 
 
 (Lophodytes cucullatus.) 
 
 The smallest and most strikingly marked 
 species of the family which we have in North 
 America is our beautiful little Hooded Mergan- 
 ser. In New England this is the least common 
 of our Shelldrakes, and this species is found 
 only in North America. 
 
 In many localities of the south and west this 
 bird is called the ''Wood Duck." Indeed it 
 deserves the title nearly as well as does the 
 bird which we have so named in New England, 
 having the same habit of nesting in the hollows
 
 416 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 of dead stubs, and in traveling about among 
 the branches it is equally expert with our Sum- 
 mer Duck. 
 
 This Merganser breeds all through the United 
 States and northward, wintering from the Mid- 
 dle States south to the Gulf of Mexico. The 
 nest ready for the hatching contains from six 
 to eight buff-colored eggs. When the infants 
 are old enough, if the nest is distant from pond 
 or stream, the mother bird carries them in her 
 beak and puts them down on the edges of the 
 water one after another, until her brood is at 
 the new home where she plans to put the fin- 
 ishing touches to their education. 
 
 Their life, like that of most ducklings, is a 
 most uncertain affair, likely to be terminated 
 at any minute by the sudden snap of hungry 
 mink or predatory hawk — even the finny 
 dweller of the pond showing an appreciative 
 taste in the direction of tender young ducks. 
 But the baby Shelldrake of either species is far 
 and away more lively and better able to take 
 care of himself than is any other young duck of 
 his age, and when he gets his growth will avenge 
 his family's wrongs upon the enemy, whether
 
 HOODED MERGANSER 417 
 
 bass or pickerel, by eating thousands of small 
 fry. 
 
 The male bird has his crest evenly and clean- 
 ly cut; from forehead to nape a large white 
 area of hair-like feathers, bordered and sharply 
 defined with jet black, this color also on head, 
 neck and upper parts; lower part of neck and 
 under parts white; the sides and flanks brown- 
 ish red, finely and evenly pencilled with black 
 lines. White speculum in wing, with two black 
 bars crossing it. Bill black; eyes yellow, feet 
 light brown with black nails. 
 
 The head and neck of the female is a grayish 
 brown, darker on the crown. Upper parts and 
 sides a dull dark brown. Feet, eyes and bill 
 as in the male. 
 
 The length of this species is about eighteen 
 inches; the extent from twenty-four to twenty- 
 six inches. 
 
 This species is much more of a vegetarian 
 than any other of the family, and in conse- 
 quence its flesh ranks higher as food. As a 
 table bird it is nearly as good as any of the 
 shoal water ducks.
 
 418 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 THE RUDDY DUCK. 
 
 (Erismatura jamaicensis.) 
 
 This is strictly an American species. Its 
 range is the whole North American continent, 
 except possibly the northwest coast, passing 
 southward through the West Indies and Cen- 
 tral America to the northern shores of South 
 America. In any part of this vast extent of 
 country it is likely to be found during the 
 breeding season, making for so small a fowl a 
 large nest, near either salt or fresh water, and 
 as often as not, building on some floating mass 
 of rubbish, making a sort of houseboat for the 
 family during the hot weather. The clutch of 
 eggs is larger than is common in a duck's nest 
 — sometimes a dozen or more to a setting, gen- 
 erally of pale buff color and quite large in pro- 
 portion to the size of the bird. As to its choice 
 of breeding country and the range of its travels, 
 any place where there is water enough to float 
 a duck and food enough either of vegetable 
 matter or of shellfish to keep its little body 
 plump upon is apt to receive a call from this 
 small rover.
 
 THE RUDDY DUCK 419 
 
 I must confess to a certain fondness for this 
 small citizen. He is a most interesting little 
 chap and a mighty sweet morsel to put before 
 your company at the table. His flesh is really 
 very good and of delicate flavor. He is a vege- 
 table feeder when he may have his choice in the 
 matter. 
 
 The ''Ruddy" is much less suspicious of his 
 enemies than most waterfowl, and the de- 
 stroyer, if he chooses, may sit up without any 
 precaution and paddle close up to their flocks 
 on the water, delivering his fire at what range 
 he may prefer. If there are any survivors 
 from the first discharge it will not commonly 
 be a matter of difficulty to get another shot, for 
 they will probably spatter along the water for 
 a hundred yards or so, making a great fuss 
 about getting under way, and as soon as they 
 are fairly into the air dropping into the water 
 again without checking their speed, sliding 
 along the surface and scattering spray like a 
 ''whistler," but allowing the second approach 
 to be made with hardly more trouble than be- 
 fore. The wings are small in proportion to 
 their chunky little bodies and their flight at the 
 outset is heavy and labored, but once fairly
 
 420 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 going they fly fast, their wings making consid- 
 erable noise from their rapid motion. With all 
 these drawbacks the Ruddy is wonderfully 
 quick either in the air or on the water. He is 
 quite capable of taking care of himself once he 
 gets it into his head that harm is intended. He 
 can get under water with a celerity that falls 
 little short of the marvelous. One of his tricks 
 has always been a mystery to me : he will sink 
 himself completely beneath the surface without 
 diving — simply settles down like a sinking 
 craft and beats a retreat under water where 
 he is as much at home as any duck of them all. 
 I have seen black ducks when they thought 
 themselves undiscovered and their wit said it 
 was dangerous to fly, sink themselves so that 
 only the head showed above water, and have 
 seen shelldrakes settle down in the same style 
 until only their heads were visible and so go 
 darting and zig-zagging away when they had 
 flown in and settled among a bunch of decoys 
 before discovering the cheat, but I have never 
 seen any of these go completely below the sur- 
 face without an attempt at diving as does the 
 Ruddy. 
 
 On the water he rides so much deeper than
 
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 THE RUDDY DUCK 421 
 
 his neighbors that he looks like a craft danger- 
 ously overloaded. In swimming he often erects 
 his spiny tail straight over his back and jets it 
 in fan fashion, presenting a curious appearance 
 as if using it for a sail. 
 
 His feet are proportionately large, but Mr. 
 Ruddy is amply able to manage them and swims 
 easily and at good speed. 
 
 The Ruddy will decoy to anything in the 
 shape of ducks and be glad of the chance. The 
 bird is called by a dozen or more titles — any 
 name from teal to coot will do — but most of 
 them meanly twit him of the scrubbing brush 
 which he wears in the place of a tail, such as, 
 ''Stiff Tail," ''Spine Tail," "Broad-billed 
 Coot," "Bumblebee Coot," "Salt Water Teal," 
 and "Gray Teal." The last two are the names 
 to give him when you wish to sell him. The 
 average man will praise any duck's flesh if he 
 thinks it is a "teal." 
 
 For a short time in the spring, about the sea- 
 son of the Easter bonnet and the relapse into 
 the church-going habit by the young man of 
 fashion, the Ruddy Duck blossoms out in a suit 
 which is the equal in style of any donned by 
 his broad-footed neighbors. Brightly colored
 
 422 FEATHERED GAME 
 
 but neither flashy nor gaudy, it is a beautiful 
 garb and the pity is that it does not last longer. 
 The upper part of the head and nape glossy 
 black. Sides of head, cheeks and chin white. 
 Throat, neck all around, scapulars, flanks and 
 upper back chestnut red. Wing coverts, rump 
 and lower back grayish brown. Wing quills 
 dusky brown, spotted on the edges with gray. 
 Tail dusky brown, the feathers stitf and harsh 
 and the coverts growing to no great length over 
 the quills. Under parts silvery white, slightly 
 rusted on the breast. Under tail coverts 
 grayish or white. Bill, legs and feet grayish 
 blue; webs darker, nearly black. Iris reddish 
 brown. Length from fifteen to sixteen and one- 
 half inches; extent from twenty to twenty-four 
 inches. 
 
 The female is of duller hues than her mate — 
 the rule in duck coloring. On the top of the 
 head dark brown instead of the jet black of the 
 male. Cheeks only a little lighter than the rest 
 of the face, with a narrow stripe of white run- 
 ning from the base of the bill beneath the eye 
 to the nape. Chin white. Neck and throat 
 brownish ; upper breast yellowish brown ; lower 
 parts silvery white; flanks barred with brown;
 
 THE EUDDY DUCK 423 
 
 tail same color as the back; under tail coverts 
 white. She is a bit smaller than the male. 
 
 This species can hardly be mistaken for any 
 other duck of the northeast if notice is given to 
 the peculiarities of the tail feathers and the 
 shortness of their coverts.
 
 INDEX 
 
 « 
 
 A. 
 
 Actitis macularia 193 
 
 Actodromas bairdii 151 
 
 " fuscicollis . . . 153 
 
 mac'ulata .. . .159 
 minutilla . . . 153 
 
 jEgialitis meloda 88 
 
 " " circum- 
 
 cincta 89 
 
 ^gialitis nivosa 86 
 
 " semipalmata ... 85 
 
 Aix sponsa 318 
 
 americana 327 
 
 American Avocet 97 
 
 Dunlin 166 
 
 " Eider 371 
 
 " " neat of.. 
 
 371-372 
 " Golden-eye, 341-357 
 
 " nest,343 
 " Plover.. 78 
 Merganser ....404 
 Oyster Catcher. 91 
 
 Scoter 390 
 
 Snipe 130 
 
 " Widgeon 295 
 
 " Woodcock 108 
 
 Anas boschas 274 
 
 " obscura 279 
 
 " " rubripes 288 
 
 Anser albifrons gambeli..251 
 
 Arenaria morinella 94 
 
 Arquatella maritima 163 
 
 Avocet 97 
 
 Aythya afEnis 337 
 
 " americana 326 
 
 " collaris 340 
 
 " marila 334 
 
 " vallisneria 331 
 
 u 
 
 (( 
 « 
 « 
 « 
 
 B. 
 
 Baird's Sandpiper 151 
 
 Barrow's Golden-eye 351 
 
 Bartram's Sandpiper ....201 
 
 nest 
 
 and eggs 202 
 
 Bartramia longicauda 201 
 
 Beach Bird 168 
 
 Beetlehead Plover 70-169 
 
 nest 
 
 " -breasted Plover 70 
 
 Belted Piping Plover 86 
 
 Birch Partridge 6, 16 
 
 Black-bellied Sandpiper. . .166 
 
 " Brant 273 
 
 " -breasted Plover 70 
 
 " Duck, 181, 274, 279, 
 
 295, 307, 313, 314, 420 
 " " nest and eggs 
 
 of 285 
 
 Black Gfouse 1 
 
 " Head 339 
 
 " -headed Turnstone.. 97 
 
 " Mallard 289 
 
 Oyster-Catcher .... 92 
 
 Rail 238, 239 
 
 Blarting Duck 294 
 
 Bluebill, Greater 334 
 
 nest of, 335 
 
 Lesser 337 
 
 Blue-winged Teal, 300, 
 
 301, 304 
 
 Bob Wliite 57 
 
 Bonaparte's Sandpiper 158 
 
 Bonasa 66 
 
 " umbellus 16 
 
 sabini... 17 
 togata.. 18 
 umbel- 
 loides 17 
 
 425
 
 426 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Brant Goose 270 
 
 " Black 273 
 
 Branta bernicla glaucogas- 
 
 tra 270 
 
 Branta canadensis 252 
 
 " hutch- 
 
 insii 209 
 
 Brent Goose 273 
 
 Brewer's Duck 289 
 
 Bridal Duck 318 
 
 Broadbill 334 
 
 Coot 421 
 
 Brownback 145, 172 
 
 Brown Coot 397 
 
 BuflF-breasted Sandpiper. . .214 
 
 Bufflehead 354 
 
 nest of 355 
 
 Bull-head 70 
 
 Bumblebee Coot 421 
 
 Burrowing of Grouse, 21, 
 
 22, 23 
 " Ptarmigan, 56 
 
 Butterball 354 
 
 Butter-billed Coot... 390, 397 
 
 C. 
 
 Calico Back 94 
 
 Calidris arenaria 168 
 
 Camptolaimus labradorius,368 
 Canachites canadensis ... . 1 
 Canada Goose ..248, 252, 269 
 
 " nest of 267 
 
 Canada Grouse 1 
 
 Canvasback;, 279, 296, 297, 
 
 327, 331 
 
 " nesting of 331 
 
 Carolina Rail 231 
 
 Cbaradrius dominicus 78 
 
 Chaulelasmus streperus. . .291 
 
 Chen hyperborea 250 
 
 nivalis.. 248 
 
 " rossii 250 
 
 Chicken Plover 94 
 
 Chicken, Prairie, 4, 10, 11, 
 
 12, 13 
 
 Chucklehead 70 
 
 Cinnamon Teal 301, 306 
 
 Clangula americana 341 
 
 " islandica 351 
 
 Clapper Rail 227 
 
 'Cocks 113-116 
 
 Cocker Spaniel 34 
 
 Colinus viiginianus 57 
 
 Common Brant 2?0 
 
 Coot 243, 245, 359, 379 
 
 " Butter-billed 390 
 
 " Broad-billed 421 
 
 " Brown 397 
 
 " Bumblebee 421 
 
 " Gray 397 
 
 " Goggle-nose 404 
 
 " Horse-head 404 
 
 " Patch-head 404 
 
 " Skunk-head 404 
 
 " White-winged 400 
 
 Corn Crake 240 
 
 Creek Duck 294 
 
 Crex crex 240 
 
 Crow Duck 245 
 
 Crymophilus fulicarius. . . 101 
 
 Curlew 75 
 
 " Esquimaux 220 
 
 " Hudsonian 218 
 
 " Jack 218 
 
 Sickle-billed 215 
 
 D. 
 
 Dafila acuta 312 
 
 Diaz' Duck 289 
 
 Dipper 354 
 
 Dough Bird 220 
 
 Dowitcher 145, 149, 108 
 
 Drumming of Grouse . . 23, 24 
 
 " Snipe 131 
 
 " Woodcock, 
 
 109, 110 
 Duck, American Eider. . . .371 
 " Barrow's Golden- 
 eye 351 
 
 Duck, Black 279 
 
 " Mallard 289 
 
 " Bridal 318 
 
 " Canvasback 331 
 
 " Cinnamon Teal, 301, 
 
 306 
 
 " Crow 245 
 
 " Diaz' 289 
 
 " Dusky 279
 
 INDEX 
 
 427 
 
 Duck, Eider, 371 
 
 " Florida Black 288 
 
 " Gadwall 291 
 
 " Gray 291 
 
 " Golden-eyed 341 
 
 " Greater Scaup 326 
 
 " Harlequin 365 
 
 " Hudson Bay... 288, 291 
 
 " King Eider 387 
 
 " Labrador 368 
 
 " Lesser Scaup 337 
 
 " Long- tailed 357 
 
 " Mallard 274 
 
 " Mandarin 319 
 
 " Pintail 312 
 
 " Raft 339 
 
 " Red-head 326 
 
 " Ring-necked 340 
 
 " River 294, 297 
 
 " Ruddy 418 
 
 " Sea 332, 371 
 
 " Scaup 334 
 
 " Scoter 
 
 " " American ... 390 
 Patch-head.. 404 
 White- 
 winged 400 
 
 Duck,"Shoveller 308 
 
 Spirit 354 
 
 Spoonbill 308 
 
 " Sprigtail 312 
 
 " Summer 318 
 
 " Surf 332, 379 
 
 " Texan 288 
 
 " Widgeon 295 
 
 " " European,300 
 
 " Wood 318 
 
 " Velvet 400 
 
 Dusky Duck 279 
 
 E. 
 
 Eider, American 371, 388 
 
 " -down 371 
 
 " Greenland 386 
 
 " King 387 
 
 English Snipe... 130, 131, 160 
 Sparrow 95, 237 
 
 Ereunetes pusillus 153 
 
 Erismatiira jamaicensis. . .418 
 
 Esquimaux Curlew 220 
 
 European Corn Crake 240 
 
 Eider 386 
 
 Teal.. 301, 302, 303 
 
 " Widgeon 300 
 
 " Woodcock 122 
 
 F. 
 
 Fall Snipe 167 
 
 Flapper 286 
 
 Float, Gunning, 255, 257, 
 
 330, 392 
 
 Floridan Black Duck 288 
 
 Florida Gallinule 241, 242 
 
 Fool Hen 6 
 
 Franklin's Grouse 1, 9 
 
 Fulica americana 245 
 
 G. 
 
 Gadwall 291 
 
 Gallinago delicata 130 
 
 Gallinules 245 
 
 Gallinule, Florida. .241, 242 
 
 Gallinula galeata 242 
 
 Gallinule, Purple 241 
 
 nest 241 
 
 Game protection 127 
 
 Godwit, Great Marbled. . .172 
 
 " Hudsonian 174 
 
 Goggle-nose 404 
 
 Golden-eyed Duck 341 
 
 " Barrow's 
 
 351 
 
 Golden Plover 74, 76, 78 
 
 Geese, long-necked 269 
 
 " short-necked 269 
 
 Goosander 404, 414 
 
 Goose 125, 313 
 
 " Brant 273 
 
 " Brent 273 
 
 " Burnt 273 
 
 " Canada 252 
 
 " Greater Snow 248 
 
 " Hutchins' 269 
 
 " Lesser Snow 250 
 
 " Ross' Snow 250 
 
 White-fronted 251 
 
 Grassbird. . .138, 144, 152, 
 
 159, 168. 183. 200
 
 428 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Grass Plover 201 
 
 " Snipe 160 
 
 Gray Back 170 
 
 " Coot 397 
 
 " Duck 291, 315 
 
 " Ruffed Grouse 17 
 
 " Teal 421 
 
 Greater Bluebill 334 
 
 Scaup 334 
 
 " Snow Goose 248 
 
 " Yellow-legs . . . 144, 
 
 176, 177, 197 
 
 Great Marbled Godwit 172 
 
 " nest,173 
 
 Grebe 245 
 
 Greenland Eider, 372, 386, 387 
 
 Green-winged Teal 300, 
 
 306, 308 
 
 Grouse dog 47, 48, 49 
 
 Pinnated 14 
 
 Ruffed 16 
 
 " Spruce 1 
 
 Willow 51 
 
 Gunning float... 255, 257, 
 
 336, 392 
 
 H. 
 
 Hffimatopus palliatus 91 
 
 Harelda hyemalis 357 
 
 Harlequin Duck 365 
 
 " nest of... 367 
 
 Heath Hen 9 
 
 " " nest and eggs. . 14 
 
 Helodronias solitarius 188 
 
 Hen, Prairie 11 
 
 Himantopus mexicanus ... 99 
 Histrionicus histrionicus. . 365 
 Hooded Merganser . . . 125, 
 
 414, 415 
 nest of 
 
 415, 416 
 
 Honker 266 
 
 Horse-head Coot 403 
 
 Hound 362 
 
 Hudson Bay Duck... 287, 291 
 Hudsonian Curlew. . .218, 221 
 
 Godwit 174 
 
 nest... 175 
 Hutchin's Goose 269 
 
 I. 
 
 lonornis martinica 241 
 
 J. 
 
 Jack Curlew 218 
 
 " Snipe 130, 160 
 
 K. 
 
 Kildee 83 
 
 Kildeer Plover 83 
 
 King Eider 370, 387 
 
 " nesting of 390 
 
 " Rail 223 
 
 Knot 170 
 
 L. 
 
 Labrador Duck 368 
 
 Twisters 126 
 
 Lagopus lagopus 51 
 
 Lawyer 100 
 
 Least Sandpiper 153 
 
 Lesser Bluebill 337 
 
 Snow Goose 250 
 
 Yellow-legs. ..150, 186 
 
 Limosa fedoa 172 
 
 " haemastica 174 
 
 Longbill...ll5, 122, 127, 161 
 Long-billed Dowitcher. . . . 148 
 
 " -necked Geese 269 
 
 Longshanks 100 
 
 Long-tail 359 
 
 Long-tailed Duck 357 
 
 Lophodytes cucuUatus. . . .415 
 Lord and Lady 365 
 
 M. 
 Macrorhamphus griseus. . .145 
 Macrorhamphus griseus 
 
 scolopaceus 148 
 
 Mallard Duck.. 274, 279, 
 
 292, 314, 388 
 " " nest and 
 
 eggs 275 
 
 Mallard Duck, Black 289 
 
 Greenland. 276 
 
 Mandarin Duck 319 
 
 Mareca americana 295 
 
 Marsh Plover 160 
 
 Meadow Snipe 160
 
 INDEX 
 
 429 
 
 Merganser aniericanus .... 404 
 " redbreasted . . .408 
 
 " serrator 408 
 
 Micropalama hiniantopus. 149 
 
 Mongrels 385 
 
 Mud Hen 243, 245 
 
 " " nest and eggs . . . 24G 
 
 N. 
 
 Nettion carolinensis 300 
 
 Numenius borealis 220 
 
 " hudsonicus . . . 
 
 218, 220 
 
 " longirostris .. .215 
 
 Nun 405 
 
 0. 
 
 Octhodromus wilsonius ... 90 
 
 Oidemia americana 390 
 
 " deglandi 400 
 
 " perspicillata ....404 
 
 Old Injun 362 
 
 " Squaw, 312, 357, 362, 378 
 
 " Wife 362 
 
 Oregon grouse 17 
 
 Ox-eye 70 
 
 Oxyechus vociferus 83 
 
 P. 
 
 Pale-belly 78 
 
 Pale Ring-neck 88 
 
 Partridge 16 
 
 Birch 16 
 
 Spruce 1 
 
 Patch-head Coot, 397, 399, 403 
 
 Pavoncella pugnax 199 
 
 Pectoral Sandpiper 152 
 
 Pelidna alpina sakhalina. .166 
 
 Peeps 151, 152, 153 
 
 Peet-Weet 193 
 
 Phalaropus lobatus 102 
 
 Phalarope, Nortliern 102 
 
 Red 101 
 
 " " -necked .. .102 
 
 " Wilson's 105 
 
 Pheasant 16 
 
 Philohela minor 108 
 
 Pinnated grouse 14 
 
 Pintail Duck... 279, 312, 388 
 
 Piping Plover 88 
 
 Plover 223 
 
 Beetlehead 70 
 
 Belted Piping 89 
 
 Black-breasted .... 70 
 
 " Bull-head 70 
 
 " Chuckle-head 70 
 
 " Golden 74, 76, 78 
 
 " Grass 201 
 
 " Greater yellow legs 177 
 
 " Kildeer 83 
 
 " Lesser yellow-legs.. 186 
 
 Marsh 160 
 
 " Ox-eye 70 
 
 " Pale ring-necked . . 88 
 Piping 88 
 
 Rins 
 
 83 
 
 " Rinf,r-necked 85 
 
 " Rock 94 
 
 " Semipalmated .... 85 
 
 " Snowy 86 
 
 " Swiss 70 
 
 " Upland 125, 201 
 
 " Wilson's 90 
 
 Yellow-leg 177 
 
 Pond Shelldrake 404 
 
 Porzana Carolina 231 
 
 " jamaicensis 239 
 
 " noveboracensis ..237 
 
 Prairie Chicken 9, 10, 14 
 
 Hen 11 
 
 " Pigeon 201 
 
 Ptarmigan 51 
 
 Purple Gallinule 241 
 
 " Sandpiper 163 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quail 
 
 4, 57 
 
 flight of.... 57, 66, 67 
 
 " forage for 59 
 
 " liberation of 58 
 
 " nest of 60 
 
 " retention of scent 
 
 by 67 
 
 Querquedula discors 304
 
 430 
 
 INDEX 
 
 K. 
 
 Raft Duck 339 
 
 Rails 180 
 
 Rail, Black 239 
 
 Carolina 231 
 
 Clapper 227 
 
 King 223 
 
 Sora 231 
 
 Virginia 229 
 
 Yellow 237 
 
 Rallus crepitans 227 
 
 elegans 223 
 
 " virginianus 229 
 
 Recurv'i rostra americana. . 97 
 
 Red-backed Sandpiper . . . 166 
 
 " -breasted Merganser . .408 
 
 Sandpiper .170 
 
 Snipe 145 
 
 Teal 301 
 
 Red-head Duck, 279, 326, 333 
 
 Red Phalarope 101 
 
 " -necked Phalarope. . . . 102 
 
 Reeve 199 
 
 Ring-necked Duck 340 
 
 Ring-necks. .85, 88, 168, 169 
 
 " Pale 88 
 
 River ducks 294, 297, 314 
 
 Robin Snipe 170 
 
 Rock Plover 94 
 
 Rockweed Bird 163 
 
 Rocky Mountain Garret.. 351 
 
 Ruddy Duck 315, 418 
 
 " nest of 418 
 
 Ruff 199 
 
 Ruffed Grouse 1, 
 
 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 
 16, 53, 68, 121, 128, 129 
 Ruffed Grouse, burrowing 
 
 21, 22, 23 
 " " defense of 
 
 young 26, 27 
 
 Ruffed Grouse, drumming 
 
 23, 24, 25 
 " " flight of 
 
 30-33 
 " " nest of . . 25 
 
 " " towering. 44 
 
 " " treeing . . 
 
 33, 34, 35 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabine's Grouse 17, 18 
 
 Sale of game 127 
 
 Salt Water Teal 421 
 
 Sanderling 168 
 
 Sandpipers 170 
 
 Baird's 151 
 
 Bartram's 201 
 
 Black-bellied ..166 
 
 " Bonaparte's . . .158 
 
 Buff-breasted ..214 
 
 Least 153 
 
 Pectoral 159 
 
 Purple 163 
 
 " Red-backed .... 166 
 
 " -breasted ..170 
 
 " Semipalmated. . 153 
 
 Solitary 188 
 
 Spotted 193 
 
 Stilt 149 
 
 " White-rumped . . 153 
 
 Sawbills 405 
 
 Scaup 339 
 
 " Duck 334, 340 
 
 Scooters 397 
 
 Scoter, American 390 
 
 Patch-head 404 
 
 " White-winged 400 
 
 Sea Duck 369, 371, 387 
 
 " King 387 
 
 " Geese 103 
 
 Semipalmated Plover .... 
 
 85, 88, 89 
 " Sandpiper. .153 
 
 Shelldrakes 378, 404, 420 
 
 Shelldrake, Hooded 415 
 
 Pond 404 
 
 Red-breasted., 408 
 
 Short-necked Geese 269 
 
 Shoveller Duck 308 
 
 ShufBers 339 
 
 Sickle-billed Curlew, 215, 219 
 
 Skunk-head Coot 403 
 
 Smew 405 
 
 Snipe 125, 130, 181, 183 
 
 " American 130 
 
 " drununing of 132 
 
 " English 130 
 
 " Fall 167
 
 INDEX 
 
 431 
 
 Snipe, flight of 136, 137 
 
 " Grass 1«0 
 
 " Jack 160 
 
 " Meadow 160 
 
 " nest of 132 
 
 " Robin 170 
 
 " Wilson's 130 
 
 Snow Goose, Greater ....248 
 
 " " Lesser 250 
 
 " " Ross' 250 
 
 Snowy Plover 86 
 
 Solitary Sandpiper 188 
 
 " " nesting. 192 
 
 Somateria dresseri 371 
 
 " mollissima ....386 
 
 " spectabilis ....387 
 
 Sora Rail 230, 231 
 
 Spaniel 233, 234 
 
 Spatula clypeata 308 
 
 Speckle-bellies 251 
 
 Spine-tail 421 
 
 Spirit Duck 354 
 
 Spoonbill Duck 308 
 
 Spotted Sandpiper... 189, 193 
 " " nest . ..195 
 
 " " young. . 
 
 195, 196 
 
 Sprigtail 312 
 
 Spring shooting, stopping. 
 
 127, 398 
 
 Spruce Grouse 1, 56 
 
 " nest of... 3, 4 
 " " strutting... 7 
 
 " Partridge 1 
 
 Squatarola squatarola ... 70 
 
 Squaw, Old 357 
 
 Steganopus tricolor 105 
 
 Stiff-tail 421 
 
 Stilt 99, 100 
 
 « Sandpiper 149 
 
 Summer 183, 198 
 
 Duck 318 
 
 Yellow-legs.. 184, 185 
 186, 190 
 
 Surf Duck 380 
 
 Swamp Partridge 1 
 
 Swiss Plover 70 
 
 Symphemia semipalmata.. 
 
 172, 175, 176 
 
 T. 
 
 Tattler 177, 183 
 
 Teal 144, 315 
 
 " Blue-winged 304 
 
 " Cinnamon 301, 306 
 
 " European ..301, 302, 303 
 
 " Gray 421 
 
 " Green-winged 300 
 
 " Red-breasted 301 
 
 " Salt Water 421 
 
 Teeter-Bob 198 
 
 " -Tail 198 
 
 Tell-Tale 177 
 
 Te.xan Black Duck 288 
 
 Tiniberdoodle....47, 121, 123 
 
 Tip-up 198 
 
 Togata 20 
 
 Totanus 177 
 
 " flavipes 180 
 
 " melanoleucus ....17/ 
 
 Tringa eanutus 170 
 
 Tryngites subruticollis. . . .214 
 
 Turnstone 94, 95 
 
 Tympanuchus cupido .... 9 
 
 U. 
 
 Upland Plover 121, 
 
 151, 173, 201, 214, 218, 222 
 
 V. 
 
 Velvet Duck 400 
 
 Virginia Rail 
 
 226, 228, 229, 237 
 
 W. 
 
 Whistler, 125, 341, 352, 
 
 354, 355, 419 
 
 nest of 343 
 
 Rockv Mountain. 351 
 Whistling Field Plover.. 70 
 
 White-billed Mud Hen 245 
 
 " -fronted Goose 251 
 
 " -rumped Sandpiper. 
 
 152, 153 
 
 " -wing 400 
 
 White-winged Coot 
 
 397, 399, 400 
 Widgeon 295, 315
 
 432 
 
 INDEX 
 
 iWidgeon nest 296 
 
 European 300 
 
 Wild celery 296, 332 
 
 Willet 175, 176 
 
 Willow Grouse 51 
 
 dwarf 52 
 
 Wilson's Phalarope..l04, 105 
 
 Wilson's Plover 86, 90 
 
 " nest of ... 90 
 
 Wilson's Snipe 
 
 130, 145, 146, 160, 183, 187 
 Wilson's Snipe, drumming 
 
 of 131 
 
 Winter 189, 208 
 
 " Yellow-leg ...117, 190 
 Woodcock, 32, 49, 66, 68, 
 
 108, 134 
 
 Woodcock, love-making of . . 
 
 109, 110 
 
 nest of 108, 109 
 
 " song of 110 
 
 " perching habit . . 
 
 124, 125 
 
 Woodcocking 48 
 
 Wood Duck, 125, 314, 318, 
 
 388, 415 
 " " nesting of . . . . 
 
 321, 322 
 
 Yellow-legs, Greater . . 144, 
 
 171,177,197 
 " Lesser ..186, 197 
 
 " -shanks 176 
 
 Yellow Rail 237
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 Los Angeles 
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