r View in Middle Park, Colorado. THE RESOURCES ROCKY MOUNTAINS, BEING A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MINERAL, GRAZING, AGRICULTURAL AND TIMBER RESOURCES OF COLORADO, UTAH, ARIZONA, NEW MEXICO, WYOMING, IDAHO, MONTANA, AND DAKOTA, E. J. FARMER, WESTWARD THE SflWfR OF EMPIRE TAKES ITS WAY. CLEVELAND, OHIO: LEADER PRINTING COMPANY, 146 SUPERIOR STREET, 1883. f Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by E. J. FARMER, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C. o /& CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION, - 5- 8 GOLD AND SILVER MINING, - - - - -9-10 GEOLOGICAL NOTES, - - n- 16 STATE OF COLORADO, - 17-40 TERRITORY OF UTAH, - - 41- 54 ARIZONA, - 55- 66 NEW MEXICO, - - 67- 80 WYOMING, - 81- 94 IDAHO, - - 95-106 MONTANA, - 107-120 DAKOTA, - - 121-134 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, 135-156 STATISTICS, - 157-170 RAILWAYS, ....... -171-196 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. VIEW IN MIDDLE PARK, COLORADO. NATIONAL MINING AND EXPOSITION BUILDING, DENVER, COL. SCENE NEAR GUNNISON CITY. DEER WESTERN COLORADO. THE JOLLY BEARS. DISTANT VIEW OF LOGAN, UTAH. GATE OF LADORE, COLORADO RIVER. GRAND CANON OF THE COLORADO (6,200 feet deep). MAUVE CANON OF THE COLORADO. CAMPINGJN THE MESA VERDE. AMID THE FORESTS OF WYOMING. DISTANT VIEW OF THE WIND RIVER MOUNTAINS. FAN^GEYSER, YELLOWSTONE PARK. PORTNEUF VALLEY, IDAHO. HUNTING THE BUFFALO. GARDINER RIVER HOT SPRINGS, YELLOWSTONE PARK. GREAT CANON AND LOWER FALLS OF THE YELLOWSTONE. NORTH SHORE OF DEVIL'S LAKE. INDIA,NS$HUNTING BUFFALO. EMIGRANTS ENCAMPED THE NIGHT ATTACK. INTRODUCTION. TT was on the 19tli day of January, 1848, that James W- -*- Marshall, at Coloma, made the first discovery of gold in California. Numerous discoveries then followed in quick succession, until the cry of gold! gold! gold! rang all along the shores of the Pacific ; arose like the clangor of bells, and was borne upon the winds over the Coast Range ; thence over the summits of the Sierras, and the still higher crests of the Rockies; it came sweeping down the long in- cline plains into the valley of the Mississippi ; thence across the broad prairies to the borders of the lakes ; turning men's faces everywhere towards the setting sun: still onward through the woodlands of Ohio and Pennsylvania; gliding over the peaks of the Alleghanies, and the Blue Ridge, and descending to the shores of the Atlantic, it was wafted to the continent of Europe. Wherever the cry was heard, men began to "see visions and to dream dreams;" and from that moment the mighty march of empire ![began. From every port sailed ships, freighted with daring and adventureous men, destined for the land of gold. From the topmost masts of these ships, on long streamers, floated upon the breeze the magic word "California"; and they departed, amid cheers from unnum- bered thousands, to sweep through tempestuous seas, around Cape Horn, for the Golden Gate. In the meantime, trains of white tented wagons were fast gathering upon the banks of the Mississippi, for their long and weary march to the new El Dorado of the world. The story of the 49'ers, whose descendents ar.e now the nabobs of the Pacific coast, is one full of a romance such as can never again be repeated upon the American continent. 6 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. In 1852, a faint cry of gold was heard from Gold Creek, in Montana; only to be increased to thunder tones by discov- eries of the precious metal at Pike's Peak, in Colorado; when, as from California, the thrice echoed sound of gold! gold ! gold! was again heard upon the shores of the Atlantic, and the broad expanse of the continent once more resounded with the tramp of marching thousands. From that hour, onward, the domain of civilization was rapidly extended, until, in 1869, on the 10th day of May, the iron arms of the Union and Central Pacific railways clasp hands at the snmmit of the Rockies, whilst a thrill of electric joy passed over the broad expanse of the continent from ocean to ocean. Under the magic influence of gold, what mighty changes have been produced in thirty-five years ! What a stream of this metal has bean .flowing from California, Montana, Nevada, and Colorado, into the world, enriching it in all that goes to bring man to his highest and best estate. Under this magic word, what thousands of courageous men have scaled every mountain side, and marched through every valley of the vast ranges of the American Cordilleras ! They have tapped the mighty veins of the mountains, and, to-day, the cry that rings from ocean to ocean, is, silver! silver! silver! It began in Nevada, and is now echoed from Colorado, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, and Da- kota. A stream of silver has been opened amid the Rockies, that will, in time, make the American Nation the richest on the globe. The brief sketches, given in the following pages, of ^the Resources of the Rocky Mountains, are intended, only as a bird's eye view of this land of wealth. To reach it, it is no longer necessary to sail the seas around Cape Horn, or to travel by tedious caravan across the plains; for a dozen lines of railway lead to this land of silver ai\d of gold. The slow tented wagons have given place to the luxurious palace cars, and a trip across the plains is now one to be re- Resources of the Rocky Mountains. membered with delight. From Chicago, in the brief space of six hours, you are at the "Father of Waters," the mighty Mis- sissippi, while in twelve more you are upon the banks of the great Missouri. Then for thirty hours you traverse the plains of the Great West in a comfortable palace car, and rise, as by a steady incline, to an altitude of 5,600 feet above the sea, when you come to the "Queen City of the Plains" Denver. Thus far you have crossed broad prairies, which ex- tend to the horizon on every side, in livid green. You have hurried on through beautiful towns and villages, set here and there upon this paradise of plenty. The plowman has slacked his hand by the waving fields of grain. The herds of fatted cattle have wandered in greedy indolence, unconscious of their fate. You have crossed wide and gently flowing rivers, freighted with their fleets of com- merce. You have traversed by day and by night those im- mense plains which seem to have no ending, but extend as though they went on ward to the setting sun. Their now silent and deserted surfaces you have in imagination peopled with the extinct and forgotten tribes of the red men. You have listened to the resounding tramp of millions of buffalo as they fled, pursued by their inveterate foes. You have seen the first white tented wagons making their tedious way to the land of gold. You have witnessed bands of crawling savages surround the caravans of the white man, and with demoniac yells spring upon their sleeping victims and end their golden dreams in dreadful death. You have seen the gathering m altitude of pale faces pressing hard upon the fast retreating In- dians and buffalo. You have seen the spirit of intelligence spread her white wings, while from her nimble fingers fell the thread of the electric telegraph the crowning triumph of all the ages. You have recalled your thoughts, and found yourself spinning across these mighty plains in a chariot har- nessed to a steed of fire. You have turned and looked to see what was coming after, and you have seen towns and cities 8 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. arise as by a magician's wand. You have again looked forward, ar.d there, stretched out in unequal grandeur, lie the vast j anges of the Eocky Mountains, cleaving the air from north to south within the range of your vision for full three hundred miles. The information contained in these pages has been obtained partly by travel, and partly while in attendance at the great National Mining and Industrial Exposition, held in Denver, Colorado, during the fall of 1882, and is, therefore, reliable. Various notes, on the Structure of Mountains and Mineral Veins; on Gold and Silver Mining; statistics in relation to the Precious Meta s, Public Lands, Emigration, Wages, Cost of Living, Elevation of the Lands above Sea Level, Relief of the Continents, Bonanza Mines, and the Denver Exposition for 1883, as well as extracts in relation to the Buffalo and Indians, have been added, under the general head of Miscel- laneous Notes and Statistics, all from the best authorities, and are duly credited. Information in regard to all the railways, leading from Chicago to the mountains, is given under the head of Railways The illustrations may serve as glimpses into this wonder land. As there is no hand-book of the kind extant, it is hoped that THE RESOURCES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, may find a welcome, and be the means of awakening a wider interest in the marvellous resources of our Western domain. E. J. FARMER. CLEVELAND, OHIO, APRIL 25th, 1883. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. GOLD AND SILVER MINING, Thomas Kornish, a Distinguished Mining- Engineer, of London, England, in his Pamphlet on Gold Mining, says: There is, probably, no subject, at the present time, more worthy of attention and consideration, or that more directly affects the general welfare of the world, than does the question of gold-mining. Gold is real ivealth, and the standard by which all other wealth is measured. Its production is the creating of a new wealth; not only so far as its intrinsic value is concerned; but it is wealth, that, when produced, is the germ or means of producing additional wealth. It is different in its results from that of other productions; as it is not eaten, drank, worn out, or destroyed; its influence and its motion is perpetual. Gold is the life-blood of all trade and commerce; of manu- factures, arts, sciences, and learning; its possession is the' chief aim and consideration, of all countries and civilized peo- ple; it is the standard stock, or working capital of the ivorld. It is magical, as well as real, in its influence. The producer, or possessor, of any given quantity of gold, can utilize it more readily, and to better advantage, than can the possessor of any other kind of property of a relatively computed value. Gold and Silver, being the precious metals, adopted for coinage; or, as a medium for regulating the value of other commodities, become the axis on which revolves the trade, commerce, and general business; as well as the pleasures and necessities of every day life; therefore, it is of the utmost importance to all, that their production, results, and require- 2 10 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. ments, should be made subjects for consideration nnd discus- sion, morte than has hitherto been done. Before the gold-mining era, the supply of gold for coinage was not in proportion to the requirements of trade, which had been so rapidly extending; therefore, the gold discoveries seem to have been a most fortunate, if not a providential circum- stance, to relieve the general depression then existing, by opening up new countries for settlement, and avenues of wealth for the benefit of a large portion of the civilized race. It is, I am aware, a generally accepted belief, that the production of gold is of no more value, or importance to the State, or general good of the community, than the production of any other article of commercial value: such as food, drink, cloth- ing, etc. I hold a different opinion, and contend that the production of any given quantity of gold, is of more direct, immediate, and permanent benefit, than that of any other speci- fied article of supposed equal value. The production of every ounce of gold is the means of putting four additional sovereigns into circulation, which are at once available for their posses- sors to utilize. Gold mining, or the production of gold and silver, is not only the means of creating a previously unknown wealth or pur- chasing power, but the nature of its operations is such, that it affords more means of employment, uses up more material and appliances, than any other labor; thereby opening new channels of industry, that would not otherwise be called into existence; and di-seminates its influence over a wider range, and amongst a greater number of people, than can possibly be done by the production of any other article of use, trade, or commerce. There is a great deal said about losses in mining; but the chief losses are in gambling, speculation, or in misdirected labor. The operations of one successful mining company, will create a greater demand for labor, and disseminate more wealth through the community, than a whole country of squatters. Gold and Silver Mining, i consider one of the most honorable, legitimate, and honest occupations that man can follow. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 11 GEOLOGICAL NOTES, Prof. Le Conte in his Geology says of mountain chains and mineral veins: Mountain Chains Their Structure and Origin. Mountains are the glory of our earth, the culminating points of scenic beauty and grandeur. They are so because they are also the culminating points, the theaters of the greatest activity of all geological agencies. The study of mountain chains, therefore, must ever be of absorbing interest, not only to the painter and the poet, but also to the geologist. A thorough knowledge of their structure, origin, and mode of formation, would undoubtedly furnish a key to the solution of many problems which now puzzle us; but their structure is as yet little known,, and their origin still less so. MOUNTAIN ORIGIN. The general cause of mountain chains (as in fact of all igneous phenomena) is the "reaction of the earth's hot in- terior upon its cooler crust." , Mountain chains seem to be produced by the secular cooling, and, therefore, contraction of the earth, greater in the interior than the exterior; in con- sequence of which the face of the old earth is become wrinkled. Or, to express it a little more fully, by the greater interior contraction, the exterior crust is subjected to enormous lateral pressure, which crushes it altogether, and swells it upward 12 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. along certain lines, the strata, by the pressure, being at the same time thrown into more or less complex foldings. These lines of upswelled and folded strata are mountain chains. The first grand forms thus produced are afterward chiseled down and sculptured to their present diversified condition by means of aqueous agency. Thus much it was necessary to say of the origin of chains, in order to make the account of their structure intelligible. GENERAL FORM AND HOW PRODUCED. A mountain chain consists of a great plateau or bulge of the earth's surface, often hundreds of miles wide and thou- sands of miles long. This plateau or bulge, which is the chain, is usually more or less distinctly divided by great lon- gitudinal valleys into parallel ranges; and these ranges are again often separated into ridges by smaller longitudinal val- leys; and these ridges again serrated along their crests, or divided into peaks by transverse valleys. Thus the Appalachian Chain is a great plateau or bulge, 100 miles wide, 1,000 miles long, and 3,000 feet high. It is divided into three ranges, the Blue, the Allegheny, and the Cumberland, separated by great valleys, such as the Valley of Virginia and the Valley of East Tennessee. These ranges are again, in some places, quite distinctly divided into parallel ridges, which are serrated into peaks. The American Cordil- leras consist of an enormous bulge rnnning continuously through the whole of South and North America, nearly 10,- 000 miles long, and from 500 to 1,000 mites wide. This great chain is divided into parallel ranges. In North America there are at least three of these very conspicuous; the Rocky Moun- tain, the Sierra Nevada, and the Coast Eange, separated by the Great Salt Lake Valley, and the Valley of Central Cali- fornia, respectively. Each of these ranges is separated more 01 less perfectly into ridges and peaks, as already explained. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 13 These terms, chain, range, and ridge, are often used inter- changeably. I have attempted to give a more definite meaning. Chains are evidently always produced solely by the bulging of the crust by lateral pressure. Ranges are usually produced in a similar manner, i. e., by greater crushing together, and, therefore, greater bulging along parallel lines, within the wid-er bulge; this is the mode of formation of the ranges of the North American Cordilleras. In such cases, they have been probably consecutively formed. The ranges of the Appa- lachian Chain, however, have been formed almost entirely -by erosion. The ridges and intervening longitudinal valleys are usually, and the peaks, with their intervening transverse val- leys, are always, produced by erosion. Such is the simplest ideal of the form of a mountain chain; but in most cases this ideal is far from realized. In many cases the chain is a great plateau, composed of an inextricable tangle of ridges and valleys of erosion, running in all direc- tions. In all cases, however, the erosion has been immense. Mountain chains are the great theaters of erosion, as they are of igneous action. As a general fact, all that we see, when we stand on a mountain chain, every peak and valley, every ridge and canon, all that constitutes scenery, is wholly due to erosion. Mineral Veins. All rocks, but especially metamorphic rocks, in mountain regions, are seamed and scarred in every direction, as if bro- ken and again mended, as if wounded arid again healed. All such seams and scars, of whatever nature and by whatever process formed, are often called by the general name of veins. It is better, however, that dikes and so-called granite veins, or all cases of fissures, filled at the moment of formation by igneous injection, should be separated from the category of veins. True veins, then, are accumulations, mostly in fissures, of certain mineral matters usually in a purer and more sparry 14 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. form than they exist in the rocks. The accumulation has, in all cases, taken place slowly. KINDS. Thus limited, veins are of three kinds: Veins of Segrega- tion, Veins of Infiltration, and Great Fissure Veins. These three, however, graduate into each other in such wise that* it is often difficult to determine to which we must refer any particular case. Veins of Segregation In these the vein matter does not differ greatly from the inclosing rock. Such are the irregular lines of granite in granite, the lines differing from the inclos- ing rock only in color or texture; also irregular veins of feld- spar in granite or in gueiss. Under the same head belong also the irregular streaks, clouds, and blotches, so common in marble. In these cases there seems to be no distinct line of separation between the vein and the inclosing rock no dis- tinct wall to the vein. The reason is, these veins are not formed by the filling of a previously existing fissure, but by the segre- gation of certain materials, in certain spots, and along certain lines, from the general mass of the rock, either when the lat- ter was in plastic condition from heat and water, or else by means of percolating water, somewhat as concretions of lime, clay, iron-ore, and flint are formed in the strata. Veins of Infiltration Metamorphic rocks have, probably in all cases, been subjected to powerful horizontal pressure. Besides the wide folds into which such rocks are thus thrown, and the great fissures thus produced, the strata are often bro- ken into small pieces by means of the squeezing and crushing. The small fissures thus produced are often filled by lateral secretion from the walls, or else by slowly percolating waters, holding in solution the more soluble matters contained in the rocks. The process is similar to the filling of cavities left by imbedded organisms, and still more to the filling of air-belbs in traps and lavas, and the formation of agates and carnelian Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 15 amygdules. In veins of this kind, therefore, a beautiful ribbon structure is often produced by the successive "deposition of different colored materials on the walls of the fissure. Veins of this kind also, since they are the filling of a pre- viously existing fissure, have distinct walls. The filling con- sists most commonly of silica or of carbonate of lime. Fissure Veins These are fillings of the great fissures, pro- duced by movements of the earth's crust. When these fissures are filled at the time of formation, by igneous injection, they are called dikes; but if subsequently with mineral matters, by a different process, they are fissure veins. Those veins, therefore, like dikes, out-crop over the surface of the country often for many miles, fifty or more. Like dikes, also, they are often many yards in width, and extend to unknown, but certaintly very great, depths. Like dikes and fissures, also, they occur in parallel systems. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 17 COLORADO. The Silver Queen of the Rockies Her Mineral Wealth, Health-Giving- Spring's, Grand Scenery, ami Agri- cultural Possibilities A Land* of Enchantment for the Miner, Tourist, Invalid, and Settler The Rocky Range, the Vast Treasure Vault of the World Colo- rado's Production of Gold, Silver, Copper, and Lead, to January 1st, 1883, $17O,OOO,OOO. During the year 1882, from August 1st to October 1st, there was held in the City of Denver, a great National Mining and Industrial Exposition; where all the States and Territories of the Rocky Mountains, made a display of their resources. The inaugural address was delivered, in the presence of assem- bled thousands, by the Honorable William D. Kelley, of Penn- sylvania, whose opening words were: "The splendors of Palmyra of the Desert pale before a recital of the brief history of Colorado. Ten years ago I spent some weeks in traversing your beautiful State, and became familiar with every thing of note in Denver, its metropolis; and as, yesterday morning, I looked abroad upon the city again, I felt that I could not safely trust my own senses. I wondered whether I was not under the dominion of Magi, and if fairies and genii were playing tricks with my vision. History may be challenged, and be challenged in vain, for a parallel to the progress made by this city in this brief period, in wealth, in arts, in all the elements of modern and advancing civiliza- tion. Standing here, on the western borders of what was 18 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. ' called, but a few years ago, the desert plain, and in the shadow of THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, with an elevation of more than 5,000 feet above the sea, we mark, in the opening of this Exhibition, the entrance upon a new era in history, more brilliant than any of its pre- decessors; more benificeut, inasmuch as it will open the blessings of civilization to portions of the people who have hitherto failed to receive them. In the new era, the benefi- cence of Providence will be illustrated more largely than ever before; and Man will assert his dominion over Nature as he has never done. The telegraph, the telephone, the various applications of electricity y is each in itself a marvel. They were concealed from human vision till within the later life of a living generation. Wondrous as they are, mar- velous as has been their influence upon our social and indus- trial life, they are not the final discoveries and achievements of man. Other scenes will come to us, and the uses of science will greatly extend our domain, by processes as yet undreamed of. And they will be applied to the development of the wealth and social life, in this region, and throughout the mountains. These mountains are magazines of mineral wealth, inexhaustible; and they are not to be handled in the future by the wasteful processes of the past." In the words of an eloquent writer: "The glorious Centennial State may be said in a general way to possess greater attractions to the miner, tourist, and health-seeker, than any other portion of the Union. Mineral springs in the midst of beautiful parks, pure air, and bright sparkling streams of clearest water; stately mountains, delightful mesas, gorgeous sunsets, marvelous geo- logical forms; deep and awe-inspiring canons, rugged gulches, romantic glens, beautiful waterfalls, inviting woodlands, and snow-capped peaks, afford an endless variety of glorious sum- mer retreats for the pleasure-seekers who delight in natural scenery; to say nothing of the opportunities for investigation Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 19 to t-he student, and the incomparable hunting grounds and trout streams for the sportsman. To the miner it is a land of enchantment, where the precious metals hide in protean forms; and where treasures, richer than any yet discovered, await only the blow of the pick and the explosion of the giant powder to roll at the Nation's feet." Gold and silver are sometimes found in a pure state, but they are commonly combined with other metals; as copper, lead, iron, zinc, bismuth, antimony, etc. The ores may be green as chlorides, black as sulphurets, red as ruby, glittering and brilliant, or dull and lustcrless. To the eye of the miner they are all beautiful, ami he delves for them with a courage that nothing can conquer, and with a reward equal to nature's inexhaustible wealth. ITS VAST AREA. Colorado lies between the 37th and 41st parallel of latitude, and the 25th and 32nd meridians of longitude, west of Wash- ington, and is equal in extent to twenty-six States like Con- necticut, fifty-two Dela wares, or one hundred Rhode Islands. It has an area nearly equal to twice that of the New England States. Gunnison county, alone, is greater in extent than the combined areas of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Colorado is bounded on the north by Wyoming and Nebraska; east, by Nebraska and Kansas; south, by the Indian Territory and New Mexico; and west, by Utah. It has an area of 104,500 square miles, and extends from east to west 380, and from north to south 275 miles, containing 66,880,000 acres of land; with a population, according to the census of 1880, of 195,234, but at the present time fully 280,000 people. The name is sup- posed to be derived from its many colored rocks and flowers, and means ruddy or florid. The eastern portion of the State contains about 45,500 square miles of plains; the central part, 32,000 square miles of mountains; and the western part, 27,000 square miles of plateaus. The total width of the mountains in the northern part of the State, is seventy-five miles; in the 20 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 2 central part, one hundred and fifty miles; and in the southern portion, one hundred and eighty miles. The mean elevation of the State above tide water is about 7,000 feet; being, according to Hayden, the highest in the entire Rocky Mountain range. The lowest portion is at the eastern border, where the elevation is only 3,000 feet. Its highest peak, Sierra Blanche, is 14,464, while over fifty peaks beside it rise to an elevation of over 14,000 feet aboye the sea. The average ele- vation of the plains is about 5,000 feet. The eastern slopes and plains are drained by the South Platte, Arkansas and Re- publican rivers; while the western slopes send their waters into the Pacific through the Grand, G-unnison, Bear, White, Eagle, Tomichi and Rio Dolores rivers, with their hundred tributaries. The foot-hills have an average elevation of, 8,000 feet; while timber grows up to between 11,000 and 12,000 feet above the sea. In the mountain region are many noble parks, which are the beds of ancient lakes. The most northerly of these is the great North Park, having an area of 2, 5QO square miles, at an eleva- tion of 9,000 feet. Just south is the still larger Middle Park, whose area is 3,000 square miles, and its elevation 8,500 feet; while southeast is the South Park, with an area of 2,200 square miles, and an elevation of 9,500 feet; and near the extreme southern border is the San Luis Park, with its 8,000 square miles, at an elevation of 7,000 feet above the sea. The great ranges of the Rocky Mountains sweep down through the very center of Colorado, in almost a due north and south course; and their spurs are thrown out to every point of the compass n bewildering grandeur. THE MINERAL BELT runs through the mountains in nearly a northeast and south- west course, and varies in width from fifty to one hundred miles. The mining camps of this rich region are found at an alevation of about 10,000 feet, and the mines are located from Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 21 10,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea; most of them being below the timber line, though some are above it. Previous to 1859, what is now Colorado was regarded as a weird waste of plains and mountains, but in the month of May of that year gold was discovered near Pike's Peak, and its magic power sent a tumultuous throng of hardy men across the plains in search of fortunes. The rush continued, gold having been discov- ered in many other places, notably on Cherry Creek, near Denver; and on Clear Creek, at the present mining towns of Central City and Black Hawk; so that, by the summer of 1860, the population of the new mining camps numbered several thousand. At that time gold alone was being searched for, and men stumbled every day over rich silver ores, count- ing them as worthless, because, perchance, tho wiseacres had said there were no silver ores in the Territory; nor was it until 1864 that some of the so called "worthless ore," named "Seaton gold," after the man who had discovered it, and which was of a white color, was first pronounced to be silver. From that date up to the important discoveries at Leadville in 1878, and thence on to the present hour, the history of silver mining in Colorado has been a series of wonderful surprises, until to- day she is the largest producer of the precious metals of any similar area on the globe. PROVINCE OF LOUISIANA. Colorado is a portion of that great territorial acquisition secured by President Jefferson, from France, during the reign of the first Napoleon, and which purchase, under "the Treaty of Paris," was known as the Province of Louisiana. The lan- guage of the treaty, on boundaries, was as follows: " The boundary line, between the two countries west of the Mississippi, shall begin on the Gulf of Mexico, e at the mouth of the river Sabine, in the sea; continuing north along the west- ern bank of that river to the 32d degree of latitude, where it strikes the Rio Roxo, or Nachitoches, or Red River; then fol- 22 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. lowing the course of the Rio Roxo westward to the degree of longitude 100 west from London, and 23 from Washington; then crossing the said Red River, and running thence by a line due north, to the river Arkansas; thence following the course of the southern bank of the Arkansas to its source, in latitude 42 north; thence by that parallel of latitude to the sea. The whole being as laid down in Melish's map of the United States, published at Philadelphia. But if the source of the Arkansas River shall be found to fall north or south of latitude 42, then the line shall run from the said source, due south or north, as the case may be, till it meets the said parallel of latitude 42; and thence along the said parallel to the South Sea." This was the southern boundary line of an immense terri- tory, whose eastern boundary was the Mississippi River from its mouth to its source; or to the British possessions on the north; and included what is now Louisiana, Arkansas, Indian Territory, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Iowa, Minne- sota, Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Wash- ington Territory, and a large portion of Colorado. This Ter- ritory contained over one million of square miles, and for which we paid $11,250,000, or about two cents per acre. By our war with Mexico, in 1848, we acquired from the territory of "New Spain," the whole of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, California, Nevada, also parts of Wyoming and the In- dian Territory, with about two-thirds of Colorado. The price paid to Mexico, for the lands we took from her, was $15,000,000; and, in addition, we assumed $3,500,000 of debts due to Ameri- can citizens from the Mexican government. The total cost, then, to the United States, of all the territory from the Mis- sissippi River to the Pacific Ocean, and from Mexico to the British possessions, was $29,250,000, which amount Colorado, alone, will produce this year in precious metals; while the pro- duction of gold end silver, for 1882, from the territory thus acquired, amounted to nearly $100,000,000. The resources of the Rockies are but just beginning to be known. They are Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 23 THE VAST TREASURE VAULTS of the world. Their veins of gold, and of .silver, rib their mountains. Their vast deposits of iron are like the frame- work of their system. Their immense beds of coal are sufficient to fire forever the hearth of the continent. Their mines of lead will pour forth their molten stream through time. Their mighty areas of copper are sufficient to band the world. Thei r mountains, and mines, of salt and sulphur, are large enough to salt the seas, or to stifle with their fumes the inhabitants of a globe. Their numerous mineral springs burst forth from their mountain sides with healing; while their vast herds of cattle, sheep, and horses roam their plains and fatten in their valleys. The resources of this vast realm, an empire in its proportions, are equal to the needs of a continent like this, which is des- tined to support five hundred millions of people. The first discoveries have been made here and there, in limited measure, of wealth, which will be equal to the demands of what shall be the greatest nation in the history of time. Colorado was organized into a Territory in 1861, being struck off from Kansas. It was created a State by an act of Congress August 1, 1876. It is divided into thirty-one counties, and its principal cities and towns are: Denver, Golden, George- town, Boulder, Black Hawk, Central City, Evans, Fort Col- lins, G-reeley, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Canon City, Buena Vista, Leadville, Fairplay, Breekenridge, Pitkin, G-unnison City, Lake City, Saguache, Silverton, Ouray, Animas City. Durango, DelNorte, Conejos, San Luis, Trinidad, and Rosita. Denver is not only the Capital of the State, but its financial and commercial center, and is appropriately styled THE QUEEN CITY OF THE PLAINS. It is beautifully located, upon a plain, near the eastern base of the great range of the Eockies, commanding a view of their snow-capped summits, from north to south, for full three hun- dred miles. It has a population of 70,000, against 35,718 in 24 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 1880, and only 4,759 in 1870. No city in the United States is making more rapid strides, in all that pertains to a great metropolis; nor has any a more brilliant future, than Denver. It is a great railway center, and will soon become one of the chief manufacturing centers of the country. Her trade, for 1882, amounted to more than $75,000,000. She has a seaport at Galveston, Texas, with which she is connected by a few hundred miles of rails. Her citizens are intelligent and ener- getic; and grand hotels, imposing opera houses, and picturesque boulevards, give evidence of both wealth and luxury. Her stately homes and business blocks, indicate her prosperity. Magnificent churches and fine school buildings, show culture and refinement. Her water, gas, telephone, and electric light systems are as complete as those of older cities. She has miles of beautiful streets, at whose sides are streams of clear water overshadowed by stately trees. Five large daily paper-, and a dozen weeklies, find substantial support from the empire, of which Denver is the center. The atmosphere is bracing and clear, as the city has an altitude of 5,600 feet above the sea. Its advantages are so numerous, and healthfulness so great, that another decade will doubtless find Denver with a popula- tion of 200,000. GUNNISON CITY is situated upon a broad plain, at the junction of the Tomichi and Gunnison rivers, forty miles west of the great Conti- nental Divide; and is, therefore, upon the Pacific slope of Colorado. All the western half of the State, by rail and natural communication, is tributary to it. In the immediate vicinity, extending in a semi-circle from northwest to south- east, at a distance of only thirty miles, are located all the rich mining camps of Gunnison County; i. e., Ruby, Rock Creek, Gothic, Aspen, Ashcroft, Tin Cup, Pitkin, White Pine, Tomichi, and the mines of Cochetopa, While within the same radius are the inexhaustible bituminous coal fields of Crested Butte, Ohio Creek, and Mt. Carbon; and the wonder- Scene Near Guimison City. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 25 fnl anthracite coal fields of Slate River, and Anthracite Creek. Within the same radius are the rich iron deposits of White Earth Valley; those of the Iron Swamp, on Coal Creek, and of the broad ledges at White Pine. Limestone of supe- rior quality is found on the Cochetopa, and marble of various shades on Rock Creek. Surrounded by this world of mineral wealth, all of which is directly tributary, Gunnison City has a grand future. With four log houses, as a starting point, four years ago, the city now contains 5,000 intelligent and energetic people. They have fine water and gas works, a com- plete telephone system, comfortable hotels, enterprising news- papers, and substantial banks. The mountains, which loom up grandly, a few miles distant, are clothed with timber, where numerous saw mills make lumber cheap. Two lines of railway, with several branches, center here; and within sixty days a through line will be completed to Salt Lake City. One smelter is in operation, and English capital is now about to erect both smelters and iron mills in this metropolis of western Colorado. CLIMATE. The climate of Colorado has no superior in that of any State or Territory in the Union. The mean annual temperature is 48 F. at Denver, and the rainfall 15.72 inches. Colorado is a land of almost perpetual sunshine, while the air is so pure and exhilarating as to become an elixir of life. In the Summer season it is a land of flowers, and they blossom in its valleys and cover its mountains. They grow in profusion up to the very borders of the snow, where they may be gathered with one hand while collecting snow with the other. Colorado has a host of mineral springs, and these consist of hot sulphur and soda, cold soda, seltzer, iron and chalybeate . The most noted summer resorts are, at Idaho and Manitou Springs. The former is located in the valley of South Clear Creek, thirty-four miles from Denver, at an elevation of 7,800. There are eight Soda 26 Resources of the Rocky fountains. Springs here, having a temperature from 60 to 110 F. Com- fortable hotels and bathing houses furnish accommodations for visitors. Manitou Springs is the Saratoga of the West. This pleasure resort is located near the base of Pike's Peak, seventy- five miles from Denver, and six from Colorado Springs, and is reached by rail. The prevailing constituents, of the eight springs here, are iron and soda. There are hotels capable of ac- commodating fifteen hundred guests, and are full during the season. From this point the ascent of Pike's Peak is made on horseback, by a trail along the mountain sides for twelve miles. Near at hand is the famous Garden of the Gods, Glen Eyrie, Ute Pass, Williams Canon, etc. The altitude of Manitou is 6,500 feet, and it is situated in the midst of the wildest moun- tains and most beautiful glens. The healthfulness of Colorado is attested by the limited death rate, which, in comparison with the Atlantic Coast, is as follows: Atlantic Coast, to every 1,000 popualation> 21.60; Colorado, 5.65, which includes, of course, deaths among invalids who crowd its sanitariums. As a sani- tarium, the whole Rocky Mountain region has no equal in the world. For lung diseases, asthma, and malaria, its pure air is a sure cure. AGRICULTURE. Colorado has 5,000,000 acres of agricultural land. This lies in the valleys of its rivers, and north, south and east of Denver. It requires irrigation; and for this purpose, numerous canal companies have been organized, and water brought down from the mountain streams for distribution the rates per acre ranging from 60 cents to $2.20. The Government made an appropriation, last winter, of $20,000 for the purpose of sinking two artesian wells in the great plains east of Denver; and work on them is being prosecuted. Under the system of irrigation crops are certain; and wheat, oats, rye, barley, etc., are grown of very superior quality. At Fort Collins is located the State Agricultural College, where experiments have been made with cereals from all parts of the world, especially wheat; and the Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 27 result, as displayed at the Denver Exposition, proved that in every instance the wheat grown in Colorado was nearly 100 per cent, larger in grain, as well as improved in quality. The flour made from this wheat is the best known. Although but little more than one hundred thousand acres are under cultivation, the State already produces wheat for export. Fruits and vegetables, of superior quality, are raised, while the best California fruits and grapes are shipped here in abundance. GRAZING. Next to mining, the chief interest in the State, is the raising of stock. All the great plains lying east of the Eocky Range, and extending from north to south, and eastward to Kansas, are devoted to this purpose. The fine parks and valleys in the mountains are the homes of numerous herds, while the great mesas, of the Western portion, are fast being devoted to this important and profitable business. The. number of cattle, grazing upon the plains and valleys of Colorado, at present, is something over 500,000; while 1,250,000 sheep are thriving upon its rich grasses, and there is yet room for many times these numbers. FAUNA AND FLORA. Colorado is a paradise for the sportsman. Although but few buffalo are to be found, there are plenty of elk, bear, deer, mountain sheep and mountain lion. The great North and Middle Parks are the home of the elk, deer and antelope; while the bear, mountain sheep and lion, live among the fastnesses of the rugged ranges. Grouse, sage hens, ducks and geese, abound; and squirrels, otter, beaver, mink and muskrat are thick as leaves in Vallombrosa. All the lakes and rivers are full of splendid fish, notably trout; which come to perfection in the clear, cold, mountain streams. Colorado is well supplied with timber, chiefly coniferse, which covers its mountain sides especially on the Pacific 28 Resources of the Eocky Mountains^ slopes. In the valleys and over the foothills, grow, in pro- fusion, the aspens; which, with their light green and spirit- like leaves, form a beautiful contrast with the sombre shades of the pines. These forests are principally composed of white and yellow pine, white and red spruce, hemlock, several varieties of cedar, pinon pine, tamarack, juniper and balsam flr. The white and yellow pine, and white spruce, are exten- sively used for lumber; and a hundred saw-mills supply the demand at about $25 per 1,000 feet. Wild fruits are abundant, as the wild red raspberry, straw- berries and plumbs, service, whortle and gooseberries; cur- rants red, black and yellow; crab apples, wild pears and the Oregon grape; while pie plant is plentiful of fair quality. PRECIOUS STONES. Colorado is rich in precious stones; among which may be named: opals, amethyst, topaz in all colors, agates, jasper, chal- cedony, onyx, carnelian, garnets, blood-stone, jet, sapphires, malachite, azureite or lapis lazuli, tourmaline, beryl, rock crystal and sardonyx. Of petrified woods and spars, she has all the varieties, even to an abundance, of palm wood and other tropical petrifactions. MINERAL RESOURCES. Colorado has produced, up to January 1, 1883, not less than $170,000,000 in gold, silver, copper and lead most of which was in the precious metals; Leadville, alone, having yielded $60,000,000 up to the time named. According to Haydeu, two hundred and thirty-three different minerals have been found in Colorado; the principal of which are gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, nickel, bismuth, quicksilver, salt, sulphur, gypsum, asbestos, zinc, and graphite. Here are also found vast deposits of coal, both anthracite and bituminous; lime, building stone, granite, and marble; and free-stone in all vari- eties. There is an abundance of wood and water, and in Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 29 fact all the elements necessary to the growth of a great and mighty Commonwealth. At the National Mining Exposition, held in Denver, from August 1st, to October 1st, 1882, the minerals exhibited from the States and Territories of the Rockies were truly marvelous; and as, from year to year, its doors shall be thrown open to the world, with constantly accu- mulating evidence of still vaster resources, the Exposition will be the means of hastening a golden future in the history of this Nation. The following account of Colorado's exhibit at the Exposi- tion, which I wrote for THE CLEVELAND LEADER, will convey* a more vivid idea of the resources of this great State than any subsequent description can, and therefore I reproduce it here: NATIVE WEALTH OF THE COUNTIES. The following counties of Colorado are rich in the minerals named with each: GILPIN COUNTY. This is one of the oldest counties in the State, and repre- sents eighty mines in their exhibit, with forty tons of ore; bein j; mostly gold bearing, iron and copper pyrites, and silver galena essentially free milling ores. Their deepest mine is down 1,320 feet. Here are found beautiful specimens of cop- per and iron pyrites, zinc blend, encrusted siderite or carbonate of iron, peacock ore, and iridescent copper pyrites. This county lias produced $3,000,000 in silver, and $35,500,000 in gold, up to 1882. BOULDER COUNTY. Here two hundred mines are represented, with fifteen tons of specimens, chiefly of tellurium ores, native gold quartz, galena, gray copper, and iron and copper pyrites carrying gold. This is mainly a gold producing district, though they show silver ores running from $200 to $7,000 per ton. It was not thought that the tellurium ores would be found deep in the 30 Resources of the Eocky Mountains. earth; but specimens here exhibited have been taken from the 600 foot levels, and are as rich as any produced. The deepest mines of this county are now down 1,000 feet. Discoveries were made here as early as 1859, but the rich ores were not found until 1872, and most of the development has been done during the past five years. They exhibit one nugget of native silver weighing seven pounds. From the Golden Age mine comes the finest exhibit of gold quartz to be seen in the Expo- sition; out of fifty-one pounds of the ore $2,600 have been obtained, while this exhibit of 100 pounds is worth $7,500; it Jiterally glistens with pure gold. The vein from which it is taken is ten feet wide, but the gold is found in pockets, and is not continuous. CLEAR CREEK COUNTY displays ores from two hundred and fifty mines, and has twenty- five tons on exhibition; which contain gray copper, ruby sil- ver, and argentiferous galena. Veins in this county average from three, to fifteen feet in width, and produce some gold. The ores are of fine quality, and run from $50.00 to $5,000 per son. Most of the discoveries have been made during the pas three years. PARK COUNTY has a handsome exhibit of mineral amounting to ten tons, and representing one hundred mines. These ores are combinations of gold, silver, and copper, with some lead; and have an assay value from $100 to $3,000 per ton. The veins are from five to twenty feet wide, and are both contact and fissure. Sulphur- ets, and manganese of iron are found in some of them. Como, in this county, is a region rich in both coal and iron. LAKE COUNTY is the home of Leadville, and therefore of wonders. The ex- hibit is from twenty mines, and consists of twenty-five tons of ore, mostly sand and hard carbonates, horn silver and galena. The Robert E. Lee mine shows a silver block valued at $118,500, Resources of the Rocky ^Mountains. 31 and which was the product of the mine, on one occasion, for seventeen and a half hours; and a bet is offered of $50,000 that the mine is now in shape to fcake out $300,000 in twenty-four hours. So, Leadville is not quite exhausted yet. The produc- tion of Leadville, up to the present time, is officially given as follows: 1860 to 1879 $10.400,000 1879 10,300,000 1880 14.200 000 1881 13,200,000 1882 to July 1 7,800,000 Grand total $55,900,000 CHAFFEE COUNTY has on exhibition thirty tons of specimens, representing three hundred mines; most of which are silver ores, in all the varie- ties which this well known district produces. Here are fine specimens of hard and sand carbonates, and galena ores rich in silver. Their veins are from three to eighty feet wide, with pay streaks, ranging from six inches to six feet giving ore that assays from $50.00 to $50,000 per ton. This district is just over the main range, from the rich camps of Tomichi and White Pine; and is within the famous mineral belt described by Hayden in his report on Colorado. Discoveries were made here in 1876, and some of the mines are now exceedingly valu- ble; notably the Murphey mine, which is estimated to be worth $7,000,000. GUNNISON COUNTY is represented by fifty tons of rich mineral, from the camps of Ruby, Gothic, Rock Creek, Pitkin, Tin Cup, White Pine and Tornichi. The ore is of all varieties ruby, wire, brittle, and native silver, sulphurets, chlorides, carbonates, and argentifer- ous galena. The veins in this county are true fissures, varying in width, from three to one hundred feet, and showing ore that assays from $50.00 to $62,000 per ton; where, as in many 32 Resources q/ the Eocky Mountains. cases, gold is combined with the silver. Galena ores abound, and the mineral is therefore mostly smelting ore. The rich native silver ores from the Silvanite mine, at Gothic, and from the Sleeping Pet and Lewiston mines at Tomichi, are conspic- uous. The bonanza veins, of Granite Mountains, at Tomi- chi, are about to be opened by the great Magna Charta Tun- nel; while at White Pine, the Valhalla Tunnel will cut the rich veins of that camp. The Tomichi mines also exhibit rich chlo- rides, sulphides and arsenical iron; while the finest specimen in the Exposition, of galena ore covered with carbonates, comes from the North Star mine, at White Pine. This mine has a shaft 115 feet deep, all the way in carbonate ore. The recent rich strikes, in these two last named districts in the Carrie, of chlo- rides, yielding $19,000 to the ton; and in the Carbonate King, arid Lily mines, of large veins of exceedingly rich ores prove that Gunnison county, is not excelled, in mineral, by any similar area in the world. The Silent Friend, at Pitkin; and the For- est Queen, at Ruby; are also two royal mines. Smelters are in operation at Gunnison City, Tomichi, and Ruby, and stamp mills at Pitkin. The exhibits, from this county, of iron and coal both anthacite and bituminous copper, lirne, lead, marble, and building stone, in all varieties, excel any thing in the entire exposition. There are about five hundred mines represented in the display of this county alone. PITKIN COUNTY, named in honer of the present Governor of Colorado, is a por- tion of territory, recently struck off from the famous Gunni- son co.unty; and represents, with twenty tons of mineral, about two hundred mines. Ashcrpft, and Aspen, are the two chief mining centers of this rich region, and display fine specimens of argentiferous galena, chlorides, carbonates, native silver, copper and gold ores. The veins are from three to one hun- dred feet wide, yielding ores that run from $40.00 to $40,000 per ton. One large smelter is now being erected at Ashcroft, and capital is coming in from Chicago and New York. The Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 33 first discoveries were made here in 1880, since which time, a large number of rich veins have been found; and several pros- pects, have already been sold for from $50,000 to $100,000 each. FREMONT COUNTY exhibits specimens from forty mines, whose veins are from two and one-half to twelve feet in width. The silver ores of this county run high in both copper and lead. Limestone and granite, suituable for building purposes, abound in this district, the latter admitting of a high polish. Petroleum is also found here, and wells have been sunk, to a depth of from three hundred and fifty, to twelve hundred feet, which are producing a fine quality of oil, of heavier gravity than that of Pennsylvania. Lime kilns are here worked by the prisoners from the penitentiary, producing as much as twelve hundred barrels per day. A fine quality of bituminous coal has been discovered in this county, and is very extensively worked by the Canon City Coal Company. The vein is four feet thick, and has been located for a distance of ten miles. Iron ore of a superior quality for paint, fire clay, cement, and plaster of paris, are abundant. Graphite has been discovered at Hidden Pass, and zinc blende at Cotopaxi. Nickel is here found in connection with silver, running as high as twenty-six per cent, of pure metal, in the ore. The mineral veins in this county assay from $40.00 to $2,000 per ton, but average about $60.00 for the entire county. SUMMIT COUNTY, exhibits specimens from a hundred mines. The discoveries were made here in 1863. The ore is mostly galena, and gray copper, in veins from three to thirty-five feet wide. Deepest workings in this county, up to the present time, are 900 feet. Ore assays from $75 to $1,500 per ton, averaging seventy-five ounces silver, 60 per cent. lead. 34 Resources of the Eocky Mountains. OURAY COUNTY, has ten tons of ore, representing two hundred mines. Here are found gray copper, brittle silver, black sulphurets, and galena ores, with specimens of placer gold. These ores give assays from $25 to $3,000 per ton, and mill runs of $200 per ton. The veins are from 5 to 12 feet in width, with pay streaks from eight inches, to three feet. Their deepest mines are down 450 feet. In this county they are beginning to work mines by tunnels, being less expensive and more satisfactory. They have one concentrator at Ouray, and a Boston company is building a large smelter at Ophir. Their ores were formerly shipped to Pueblo. Ore has been packed and freighted all the way to Lake City, a distance of on-e hundred miles, ten miles on the backs of the small Mexican burros, and ninety miles in wagons. The Virginius mine is running a pack train of fifty burros. The cost of transporting their ores to mill is $40 per ton; but when shipments were made to Pueblo, it cost $100 per ton. The most prominent placer mine is the San Miguel, which is worked by the hydraulic process. They have not much for- eign capital, but are sanguine of securing all they require, when the merits of their mines are known. OUSTER COUNTY makes a fine little exhibit, from fifty-three mines, mostly sil- ver, though they show good copper and iron ores; and gold ores that are combined with silver. Their mines produce galena, gray copper, sulphurets, chlorides of silver and gold, zinc and horn silver. The veins, are from one foot to twenty feet wide, and assay from $30 to $30,000 per ton. From the Bassic mine one specimen is shown, that will assay 517 ounces of gold and 12 ounces of silver to the ton. They exhibit one piece of Tellurium ore worth $17 per pound. Their best copper ores yield 36 per cent, copper, and their iron ores 80 per cent. Discoveries were made in this district ten years ago, and their deepest workings are down 800 feet. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 35 SAGUACHE COUNTY represents one hundred and ten mines, and furnishes ten tons of ore, mostly argentiferous galena, carrying some gold. The veins are from four to three hundred feet in width, and their deepest workings are down 220 feet. The ore assays from $35 to $20,000 per ton, and is smelting ore. Discoveries were made here two years ago, and work is progressing in the mines as fast as prospectors can do it. The ore lies in large hodies; the pay streaks being from six inches, to fifty feet in width. They have not much foreign capital, though parties from Columbus, 0., are investing there. In no instance do they find pay min- eral at the surface; but consider they have good mines when depth is gained. DOLORES COUNTY represents with specimens fifty mines, and has ten tons of mineral in the exhibit. These are carbonates, sulphurets, argentiferous galena, and some gold ores, the latter worth $400 to the ton. Veins in this county are from twenty to forty feet wide, with good sized pay streaks; the ore assaying'from $50 to $5,000 per ton. They have two smelters, and three amalga- mating works, in operation. Their deepest mine is down 300 feet. Discoveries were made here in 1879, though the principal ones occurred in 1881-2. Rico is the center of their mining dis- trict, which has a radius of only about six miles. Capital is coming in from Kansas City, Chicago, and Kentucky. They also exhibit fire clay, iron, lime, coke, and copper. The iron is found in large deposits, both magnetic and bogg ore, and assays 50 to 70 per cent, iron; while the copper ores yield as high as 40 per cent, pure metal. SAN JUAN COUNTY has on exhibition twenty-five tons of specimens, representing one hundred and twenty-five mines. These consist of silver, galena, and gray copper ores containing bismuth and zinc with a few gold ores. The ore from this district mill runs 36 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. from $30 to $250 per ton, and assays up into the thousands. The veins are from four to two hundred feet wide, with pay streaks from four inches to forty feet. Their deepest workings are down 800 feet, though some of the mines are being worked by tunnels, which the precipitous mountains favor. The long- est of these is in 1,500 feet, and has cut rich veins at a depth of 1,000 feet. Capital is coming from England; some exten- sive purchases having been made during the present summer. The Denver and Rio Grande Railway is now afc their mining center, Silver top, where they have one smelter in operation. The mines of this county lie within a radius of twenty miles of Silverton. LA PLATA COUNTY shows blocks of fine bituminous coal, from a vein seventy-five feet wide, and from 400 in depth. They exhibit a large mass of gypsum, from a vein fourteen feet wide, together with fire clay and iron. Here are also specimens of rock containing quicksilver, from the only mine in the world where quicksilver is found free from cinnabar. In this county timber of superior quality grows in great abundance, namely, clear spruce, cot- tonwood, white oak, and cedar. Their chief resources, how- ever, are timber, coal, iron, and good grazing land. LAS ANIMAS COUNTY exhibits a huge block of coal, from a vein fifteen feet thick, taken from the Colorado Coal and Iron Company mines at Elmoro. They display most beautiful sandstone for building purposes; this comes from Trinidad, also iron, coke, and tim- ber, but the exhibit of this county is very light, and neither silver or gold ores are to be found in it. HINSDADLE COUNTY with twenty tons of ore, represents one hundred and five mines. This ore is argentiferous galena, carrying a large pro- portion of gray copper. They exhibit some hard and sand Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 37 carbonates, wire and native silver, and gold quartz, also cop- per, lime, marble, and sandstone. Their silver ores assay from $20 to $4,000 per ton, and are found in veins four to nine feet wide, with pay streaks, from four to twenty inches. Discover- ies were made here in 1872, and their deepest workings are down 400 feet. Lake City is the chief mining center, and the mines of the county lie within a radius of twenty miles from this point. These are smelting ores, and the sesqui-oxide of iron, which is found here in large quantities, is used to flux them. JEFFERSON COUNTY exhibits fine specimens of limestone in great varieties for build- ing purposes; also, silica suitable for the manufacture of glass; fire clay, coal, gypsum, mica, granite, and brown sandstone, similar to that used in New York City. They show some silver steel ore, copper, and iron, but silver ores proper to a very limited extent. WELD COUNTY displays good specimens of bituminous coal; and in agricultural products, as fine wheat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes and vegeta- bles as can be grown in any part of the world. SMELTING WORKS. To extract from the ores of these counties the rich metals they contain, smelters and reduction works are planted all over the State, and their glowing fires burn by night and by day, so that Colorado's yield of the precious metals for 1882 was $26,- 751,000. Of this amount, the following smelters produced gold, sil- ver, lead and copper, of the value here noted: PUEBLO SMELTING COMPANY. Lead $ 1,250,000 Copper 63, 720 Silver 1,603,125 Gold 362,500 Total $ 3, 279,405 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. GRAFT'S SMELTING WORKS. Gold $ 29,420 Silver 766,700 Lead 541 , 100 Total $1,337,220 MINER'S SMELTING WORKS. Gold $ 154,733 Silver 497,275 Copper 45,632 Total $ 697,640 BOSTON AND COLORADO WORKS "ARGO." Gold $ 687,000 Silver 2,595,000 Copper 386,000 Total $ 8,668,000 COAL AND IRON. The coal and iron deposits of Colorado are practically inex- haustible, Coal is found in Boulder, Jefferson and Weld counties; at Franceville, between Denver and Colorado Springs; at Trinidad and Elmoro, near Canon City; in Gunnison county, at Crested Butte and Ruby; at Como, in Park eounty; and in both La Plata and .Dolores counties. The coals are bitumin- ous, semi-bituminous, anthracite and lignites; and the strata vary in thickness from five to seventy-five feet. Those of Gunnison county are considered the most important in the State. The total out put, for 1882, amounted to 2,000,000 tons, besides 100,000 tons of coke; total value at the mines, $4,460,000. The iron deposits are extensive, some of the most valuable being in Gunnison county. The production of ore for 1882 from the South Arkansas Hot Springs, Placer, Silver Cliff and Grape Creek mines; alone, amounted to 53,425 tons. The iron and steel production of the Colorado Coal and Iron Company's works at Pueblo for 1882 was 88,500 tons. Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 39 The increase in the valuation of property in Colorado is interesting. The assessed total State valuation for the past six years has been as follows: 1877 . . . $ 43,453,946 36 1878 48,072,648 26 1879 59,590,761 30 1880. . . ' 73, 050, 761 89 1881... '. 96,135,305 48 1882... 104,440,683 57 RAILWAYS. Colorado has over three thousand miles of railways. These are the Denver and Rio Grande, Denver and South Park, Denver and New Orleans, Colorado Central, Kansas and Pacific, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, Burlington and Quincy, and the Union Pacific. They traverse the broad plains, roll through the valleys, wind their way through grand canons, rush through mountain tunnels, or climb from peak to peak, amid the snows at the summit of the Rockies. They are the iron arms that grapple with the mighty mountains and mark the progress of mankind. Judge Kelley, of Pennsylvania, speaks thus of Colorado: "The sources of mineral wealth in these mountains are eternal and inexhaustible. Colorado has the first element of a great and permanent State, in the masses of precious metals, that must be handled within her borders. She has the ad- vantage that she lies in a great line of commerce, and is neces- sarily an entrepot of trade. She must be not only a great smelter of gold, silver, copper, and lead, but a great manufac- turer of machinery, and of the commodities that machines handle. Her location as an iron center is not exceeded by that of Pittsburgh. Colorado has coal, iron and salt, and her saline springs are among the richest in the country. 40 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. " Coal, iron and salt are the powers of England. Coal, iron, and salt make her the empress of the seas and the workshop of the world. On this basis she has stood, the supreme nation of the world; and now is overshadowed by but one nation, and that is the one which floats the flag on which the star of Colorado marks the thirty-eighth State." The Jolly Bears. Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 41 The Iron Queen of the Rockies The Great Salt Lake Its History, Characteristics, and Salt Producing Qualities The Gold and Silver Producing- Districts and Their Yield The Iron and Other Mineral Wealth of the Territory. This Territory lies between the 37th, and the 42d parallels of latitude; and between the 1 09th and 114th meridians, west from Greenwich. It is bounded on the north, by Idaho and Wyom- ing; east, by Colorado and Wyoming; south, by Arizona; and west, by Nevada. Its length from north to south is 325 miles; and, from east to west, 300 miles. Its mean elevation above the sea is 6,100 feet. It has 87,720 square miles, of which there are 84,970 land, and 2,780 water, amounting, in all, to 54,380,800 acres. The Wasatch Mountains divide the Terri- tory from north to south into two nearly equal parts. These mountains rise in their peaks to 12,000 feet above the sea, but have a less height as they pass southward. The eastern por- tion of the Territory has a little arable and grazing land., and a very considerable amount of coal. It is drained by x the Green and Grand Rivers; which unite to form the Colorado; whose waters, pass for hundreds of miles, through one of the most colossal canons in the world; varying in depth from 1,000 to 6,000 feet below the level of the plateaus. Close to the western base of the Wasatch Mountains, is the Great Salt Lake basin; which extends from north to south for more than two hundred miles. In it are found the Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake; near the middle of the Territory; and Sevier Lake, in 42 Resources of the Eocky Mountains. the southwest part. The Cache, San Pete, and Salt Lake Valleys are noted as grain producing sections; but, having colder winters and shorter summers, on account of greater elevation, are not so well adapted to the growing of fruit as the Great Salt Lake Basin. Irrigation is extensively prac- ticed, and every stream that comes down from the mountains is used for that purpose. The supply of water, however, in this part of the Territory is, not equal to that in the eastern half. To the west and south of the Great Salt Lake lies the Great American Desert, stretching away into Nevada. THE GREAT SALT LAKE, which lies in the north central portion of the Territory; is an inland sea; eighty miles in length, by fifty wide; with an alti- tude above the ocean of 4,200 feet. This lake is full of pic- turesque beauty, containing many islands; the principal of which are Antelope, Church, Carrington, Gunnison, Hat, Kim- balls, and Stansbury. The mountains, on some of these, rise abruptly to the height of 3,000 feet, and contain both base and precious metals. On both Church and Carrington Islands; which are in the southern portion of the lake; rich copper deposits have been found. Antelope, the nearest to Salt Lake City, is sixteen miles in length, while Stansbury is twelve miles long. These were at one time accessible by a wagon road from the southern shore; but the water in the lake, having risen twelve feet since the first settlement of Utah, they are now islands. The first mention made of the Great Salt Lake was by Baron La Houtan, in 1689. Captain Bonneville sent a party to explore it in 1833, but not until 1842 did the white man set foot upon its shores; when Colonel Fremont visited, and described it. Captain Stansbury, in 1850, made a detailed survey of its shores and Islands. There have been many curious discoveries in regard to this lake; some of which, are the various water marks upon the rocks of its islands; the principal one being eight hundred feet above the present lake level. This is explained by the theory, that the area, between Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 43 the Wasatch, and the Siera Nevada ranges; was once a large inland sea; of which the present Great Salt Lake is but the remains. The water is of a beautiful aqua-marine, as clear as crystal, so that the bottom is often seen. Its mean depth does not exceed twenty feet; while the deepest part is not more than sixty feet beneath the surface. It is already a favorite watering-place, as the water becomes much warmer than that of the ocean; being so dense that it is a delightful exercise to bathe in it. There is a comfortable hotel at Lake Point, and bath-houses at Black Rock. The northern part of the Terri- tory contains numerous salt springs, which pour their waters into this lake. The brine of Salt Lake holds fourteen per cent, of solid matter; and being evaporated by the sun's rays, deposits thousands of tons of salt each year. The price of this crude article, at Salt Lake City, averages five dollars per ton. Not less than 12,000 tons are collected and manufac- tured from its waters annually; most of which is used in the smelters of Colorado, Nevada, Montana, and Utah; Colorado alone using 5,000 tons per annum. ,The waters of this lake compare with other saline waters as follows: WATER. SOLIDS. Atlantic Ocean. . . 06.5 8.5 Mediterranean 96.2 8.8 DeadSea 76. 24. Great Salt Lake 86. 14. THE KESOUBCES OF UTAH compare well with the size of her territory; for, in some respects, she is one of the richest in minerals in the Rocky Mountain range. Gold and silver mining began in Utah in 1870, since which time the bullion product has amounted to $60,000,000. Mines have been discovered in nearly all her mountains, of which the Territory is full; but many of her mining districts have been abandoned until more capi- tal can be had for reducing the ores, and better facilities are created for getting them to market. The productive dis- tricts at present are, the Park City, Alta, American Fork, 44 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Bingham, Tintic, Stockton, Frisco, Marysvale, and Silver Reel Most of these are now accessible by rail from Salt Lake City. The product of the various smelters, mills, and placers, of Utah, in gold, silver, and lead, for 1882, was nearly $10,- 000,000; giving Utah the fifth place in the list of gold and silver producers; Colorado, being first; California, second; Ne- vada, third; and Arizona, fourth. In the Park City district, the great Ontario silver mine is located; which was capitalized in San Francisco for $15,000,000; and has produced, up to January, 1883, over $11,000,000; while it is said its produc- tive period has only really begun. The average value of the ore taken out has been $100 per ton. In this district, there are many other producing properties, which may, in time, also become bonanzas. The Alta district includes the Little and Big Cottonwood mines, and has communication by rail with the smelters in the Jordan Valley. The ores are found here in chambers, in limestone, and in chimneys of what appear to be fissure veins. They were originally mainly galenas, but have changed to carbonates of lead. These ores are of low grade in silver, $30, $50, and $75 per ton, fairly representing the mines of this district. A large amount of development has been done on some of these mines, as much as 4,000 feet in drifts, tunnels, and winzes on the City Rock group alone. Among the many producers the Antelope and Prince of Wales mines have yielded over $1,000,000 in bullion to their happy owners. AMERICAN FORK DISTRICT. . In the American Fork district the chief mine is the Silver Bell. It has a strong vein of free milling ore, and promises to become a great property. The Silver Lake dis- trict, which is included in that of the American Fork, has a number of mines that show large bodies of low grade ore. The Bingham Canon district contains ores in which lead largely predominates. The Country Rock is quartzite, broken up by dykes of eruptive rock. The mineral belt is broad, and Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 45 contains many fissure veins. The ores are partly galena, and partly iron, and being decomposed near the surface, form car- bonates and brown hemetite. The silver-lead ores have been worked for years; but the gold ores of this district have as yet hardly been touched. Among the great silver-lead mines here, are the Old Telegraph, Spanish, Neptune, etc. These, are on the famous lead belt, which has been explored for two miles in length; and is found to vary in width, from 120 to 180 feet. The ore, from this belt, varies in quality from twenty, to fifty per cent, of lead; with only five to thirty ounces of silver, to the ton. The Tiewaukee mines furnish $12,000 to $15,000 worth of ore per month. Of the iron and gold ores Professor Newberry says: "The ore in the Yosemite, Jordan, Utah, Red Rover, Span- ish, Stewart, etc.; varies from twenty-five, to fifty feet in thick- ness; and as the strata are deeply cut by the ravines; the out- crops are sometimes one hundred feet above the drainage and water levels. All this part of the veins is oxidized, and the ore is free milling, yielding on an average about ten dollars to the ton in gold. The quantity of ore, of this kind, in these great and continuous veins, is enormous; and sufficient to form the basis of a successful mining industry for years. The ore is soft; is mined with great facility; and, with proper appli- ances, could be as cheaply crushed, as any ore in the country. In many localities, the mines can be worked by open cut. Here no timbering will be necessary, and the cost of mining, and milling, should not exceed two dollars per ton. A profit of more than five dollars to the ton may easily be secured, and thus the gold production of Bingham, may become as great and profitable as that of the Black Hills." It is estimated that "this district has produced 500,000 tons of ore during the past ten years; equal to 100,000 tons of bul- lion, yielding $8,800,000 in silver, $1,500,000 in gold, and $5,000,000 in lead; amounting in all to $15,300,000." 46 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The mines of the Stockton district, lie on the western slope of the Oquirrh range of mountains, about forty miles west of Salt Lake City, and can be reached by rail. The ores of this district are silver-leads; mostly carbonates; and are worth from $20 to $30 per ton in the Salt Lake market. The Great Basin is the chief producing mine in the district; though the Hidden Treasure, Mono, Queen of the Hills, etc , have produced, it is claimed, two to three millions en masse. Many of the mines here seem to have been abandoned, as the surface bonanzas have been worked out, and deeper exploration has not been begun. THE TINTIC DISTRICT. The Tintic District, which lies ninety miles from Salt Lake City, on the western slope of the Oquirrh Mountains, is also reached by the Utah Central and the Salt Lake & Western roads. Here two-thirds of the ores carry gold, silver, and copper; while the remainder are galena ores. The chief mines, are the Crimson Mammoth, Beck, Carisa, and the Northern Spy. The Crimson Mammoth has a forty foot vein, containing a chimney, about one hundred feet in diameter; of nearly pure ore, which averages ten per cent copper, and $35 in gold and silver per ion;, and has been a heavy producer for several years. The Eureka Hill mine, in this district, has yielded as much as $33,000 per month. It is generally be- lieved, that the Tintic district, has more paying mines and prospects, that a little money will develop into paying proper- ties; than any other in the Territory. It is a good place to carry on mining, as the winters are mild, the principal draw- back being a scarcity of water. The Frisco district is 243 miles south of Salt Lake City, and can be reached by the Utah Central Railway. The most prom- inent mine here is the Horn Silver, which has produced up to January 1, 1883, over $6,000,000. The ore is a decomposed argentiferous galena, averaging $50 per ton. The vein, is fifty feet in thickness, of clean ore. It is opened by levels, the low- Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 47 est being down 500 feet, and the mine is said to be free from water in its deepest workings. It is owned by the Horn Silver Mining Company, and is capitalized at $10,000,000. This company also own extensive lead refining works in Chicago, and their dividends have been $300,000 quarterly, or at the rate of $1,200,000 per annum. In this district there are also valuable deposits of copper ore; which will, without doubt, be developed into paying properties. The Marysvale district is in one of the best endowed parts of Utah, where there is plenty of water, and timber; two im- portant factors in successful mining. Here the Deer Trail is the most valuable property. The ores are gold and silver com- bined, and are worth about $30 per ton. The veins in this district are from twelve to twenty feet wide, and make promise of good mines when sufficient capital is secured for their devel- opment. THE SILVER EEEF REGION. The Silver Reef region, is named from a sandstone reef, which fronts the Wasatch Mountain for a distance of one hundred miles, and which contains silver to the extent of $30 to the ton. This district is one hundred miles south of the Frisco district in the Bio Colorado Basin. The country is dreary in the extreme; being bare of vegetation; with precipit- ous mountains, which look still hot from volcanic fires. The principal mines here are the Tecumseh, Stormy King, Califor- nia, Maggie and Silver Flat. The ore is silver sandstone, be- tween sandstone walls, and is free milling. These properties have been -incorporated in San Francisco, for $6, 000, 000 as the Christy Mining and Milling Company; and 50,000 tons of ore have been taken out; yielding $1,300,000, or about $28 per ton. The Stormont Silver Mining Company, of New York, have a number of properties here, from which they have paid $145,000 in dividends. Deposits, of rich copper ore, have re- cently been found in sandstone, near the Colorado River. It is thought, that other parts of the Buckeye and White reefs, 48 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. will be made as productive, as the Silver reef has proven; which, during the past five years, has produced not less than $4,000,000. Utah has twenty stamp mills, with 350 stamps -in all, and twenty-five lead smelting furnaces; nineteen of which are in the Jordan Valley, near Salt Lake City. Here are smelted the ores not only of Utah, but many of those from Nevada and Idaho. For this purpose they use charcoal; costing ten cents per bushel; and McConnellsville coke, brought from Pennsyl- vania, which costs delivered $23.50 per ton. They charge from $10 to $12 per ton for smelting. The cost of mining in Utah is said to average $10 per ton. The Germania lead works, seven miles from Salt Lake City, has a daily capacity of 180 tons, and produces common, refined, white, sheet, pipe, shot, litharge, and test lead, using only English coke'for fuel. As Utah, has an abundance of coal that is excellent for house use, and steam making purposes; it will be strange if she does not make her own coke supersede the imported article. THE IRON ORE DEPOSITS of Utah are extensive, and of great variety. They are found at Smithfield, about Ogden, on the Provo below Kamas, on the Weber, in the Ogden Canon, on the Wasatch above Wil- lard, and Bountiful, in the City Creek Canon, at Tintic, and in the Cottonwoods. Every variety is said to exist, save the spathic ores. Many of them carry silver, in sufficient amount, to make them valuable aside from other purposes. They are used extensively as fluxes for the silicious ores, the principal supply for the Jordan Valley smelters being taken from the Tintic district; where ores can be selected that will yield 50 to 60 per cent, of iron. The most important iron ore deposits, however, in Utah, are in Iron county, three hundred miles south of Salt Lake City. These ores are magnetic and hema- tite, and are reported to exceed in extent the famous Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob deposits of Missouri. Professor Newberry says of them : Distant View of Logan, Utah. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 49 " The deposits of iron ore, near Iron City, and Iron Springs, in Southwestern Utah, are probably not excelled in intrinsic value by any in the world. The ore is magnetic and hematite, and occurs in a belt fifteen or twenty miles long, and three or four miles wide; along which there are frequent outcrops; each of which shows a length and breadth of several hundred feet of compact, massive ore, of the richest quality. There are certainly no other such deposits of iron ore west of the Mis- sissippi, and should it be found practicable, to use Utah coal, for the manufacture of pig and bar iron, and steel, from these ore beds; it would be difficult to overestimate the influence they would have on the industries of the Pacific coast." Of the coal fields of Utah Professor Newberry also says: " Within fifteen miles of the iron ore beds, and separated from them by a nearly level plain, are deposits of coal; which, I be- lieve, can be successfully used for smelting iron, and which are certainly capable, of furnishing a fuel, that will perform all the other duties of coal, and that in inexhaustible quantities. These coal beds are connected with the coal fields of Eastern Utah, but it is only here that they push through the mount, ains into the ' railroad valleys,' which lie between the Wasatch and the Sierra Nevada. Several beds of coal here crop out on top of Cedar Mountain; beds, which vary from five, to eighteen feet in thickness. The coal is of the cretaceous age, and equal in quality to any of the Western coals. It makes a fairly good coke, apparently as good as that manufactured at Trinidad, Colorado, and so extensively used for metallurgical purposes in that State. It is fully equal to the coals of Central and Northern Utah; hence it will probably furnish a fuel adapted for smelting and manufacturing iron." It is. estimated that there are TWENTY THOUSAND SQUARE MILES OF COAL LANDS in Utah, and that the united thickness of their veins is one hundred and sixty-five feet. They lie chiefly along the eastern slope of the Wasatch, from the Uintah Keservation, in Pleas- 50 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. ant Valley, on Huntington Creek, in Castle Valley, and on the Colorado River. The Denver & Rio Grande Railway, now building from Gunnison City, Colorado, to Salt Lake City, passes directly through these coal fields; and, it is stated, thafc during the entire distance, the road is scarcely ever out of sight of marketable coal. Some of these mines have been worked for years, and are opened up to a depth of 1,000 feet. Not- withstanding these facts Utah has actually purchased 500,000 tons of Wyoming coal in the past ten years, at a cost $4,000,000. Utah has her full complement of other minerals. Extensive deposits of antimony, hare been found forty miles east of Marysvale; on the Sevier River; and the American Antimony Company own 450 acres of land, where the ore occurs in strata, between sandstone and conglomerate; and which they estimate will yield 1,000 tons to the acre. It is claimed to be purer in its native state than Cookson's imported "star metal." Utah can thus supply the world, with the finest antimony made. Sulphur, formed by the condensation of volcanic sulphur fumes, is found in several localities, notably in Millard county, where it covers an area of three hundred acres. Wherever it has been cut, in no place has it been found less than twenty feet in thickness; and is still forming from the active exhala- tions. Some of it is ninety-eight per cent, fine, sixty-five per cent, being the average, while the sulphur beds of Sicily; oui present source of supply, average only twenty per cent. ROCK SALT. Rock salt as clear as crystal, and almost perfectly pure, is mined on the Sevier River and in Salt Creek canon. The principal mines of rock salt in the world are near Cracow, the former capital of Poland, where they have a length of two miles by one in breadth, and are 1,000 feet deep. There are also mines at Hall in the Tyrol, at Vic in German Lorraine at Cheshire, England, at Holston, Virginia, and Petite Anse ? Louisiana, and in many other places. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 51 Gypsum is found in both a crystalized and oxidized state, in San Pete county, above Cove Creek on the Muddy, and near Nepi. At the latter place there is a ledge one hundred feet wide and twelve hundred feet long. Shale beds extend over an area of 1,000 square miles, and are from sixty to one hundred feet in thickness. A portion of them are rich in gas and paraffine oils, while underlying their strata is a bed of ' 'mineral wax" twelve inches in thickness. Mica is found in several localities, but not of good quality. Porcelain clays or kaolines have been discovered west of Utah Lake, in Sevier and Beaver counties. Those near Lehi are remarkable for both quality and quantity. Fire clay, in Bingham Canon, and a fire-stone which has super- seded fire brick in the Territory, are found in the Frisco min- ing district. Copper is found extensively in the Tintic, Snake River, and Big Cottonwood districts; while bismuth has been discovered in the Tintic district, and in Beaver county; in quantity and quality to be profitably worked. Building stone is abundant; both sandstone and limestone; and marbles, in all colors, from black to white. On Antelope Island, in the Great Salt Lake, exist the finest slate quarries in the world. The slates, are green and royal purple in color, and are superior to any known. The forests of Utah are confined to the mountains, and con- sist almost entirely of coniferae. The red and white pine, black balsam, scrub cedar, and pinon pine are quite com- mon. The timber supply is not good, though sufficient, probably exists, for mining purposes. Building lumber, especially that for flooring and finishing purposes, is all imported, being brought from Chicago, Minneapolis and the Pacific coast. Utah is full of LAND-LOCKED TALLEY8, in which cereals, vegetables and fruits are cultivated with suc- cess. Potatoes grown here are of a superior quality; and find a ready market throughout the entire Rocky Mountain Region. The amount of arable land may be estimated at six per 52 Resources of t'he Rocky Mountains. cent, of the whole area, or 1,500,000 acres, that being the amount of land, according to Major Powell, of the Geological Survey, that the streams of Utah will water at the rate of 100 acres for each cubic foot of water per second. Nothing grows here, in the way of cereals or vegetables, without irri- gation, so that the farms are small. There are now 250,000 acres under fence, or improved, which, with water-right at- tached, are worth from $25 to $100 an acre, according to locality. Of this, 100,000 acres are in meadow, 40,000 in mis- cellaneous crops, and 10,000 acres in fruits. Apples, pears, peaches, plums, quinces, etc., grow large and are well flavored, while in the Rio Colorado basin grapes are successfully culti- vated, and considerable wine is made. In the semi-tropical climate of Southern Utah, considerable quantities of cotton have been raised, and manufactured into the coarser fabrics. Utah has over 1,000 manufacturing es- tablishments; and the value of their products for 1880 was over $4,000,000. It has over fifty flour mills; as many saw mills; more than twenty tanneries; as many boot and shoe fac- tories; woolen mills, furniture factories, etc. Their motto is "Home manufacture," as far as possible. In 1881, there were imported, into the Territory, $12,000,000 worth of articles; and the same value exported, in gold, silver, lead, copper, wheat, flour, barley live stock, wool, hides, fruits, vegetables, etc.; all the production of their mines and other resources. Utah has 400,000 head of sheep and 150,000 cattle. While it has a great diversity of climate, it is more arid than Colorado. Observa- tions taken at Salt Lake City for nineteen years, give the mean temperature 51.54 degree F. with an annual rain fall of only 15.72 inches. BAILWAYS. Nine lines of railway already traverse the Territory, and make possible the rapid development of its resources. These are The Union Pacific, Utah Northern, Utah Central, The Salt Lake & Western, San Pete Valley, Utah Eastern, The Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 53 Echo & Park City, The Utah & Nevada, and The Denver & Rio Grande. MINERAL SPRINGS. Utah has numerous mineral springs, as salt, soda, sulphur and chalybeate, the best known of which are the Warm Springs, of Salt Lake City. These waters issue from the mountain, side, in volume, with a temperature of 95 to 104 F., and are slightly charged with carbonic acid and hydro- sulphuric acid gasses, with a strong smell of sulphureted hydrogen, and are considered efficacious in the cure of rheu- matic complaints. The Hot Springs, having a temperature of 128 P., boil up three miles north of Salt Lake City, and have formed a lake covering two square miles. The Red Springs, fifteen miles north of Ogden, have their hot waters so impregnated with iron as to color the ground and kill veg- etation. The Steamboat Springs discharge their waters with a noise like the escape of steam from an engine, and give off carbonic acid with deadly effect. The Beer Springs, how- ever, seern to be the favorite, as the waters are similar to those of the Congress Spring of Saratoga. These waters are cool, and when sugar and lemon are added, "make a beverage equal to the soda water of commerce." Utah is full of picturesque scenery, in its mountains, val- leys and canons, and the tourist may spend days amid its wonders, with profit and delight. Among the favorite resorts are Parley's Park, Big Cotton wood, and the American Fork Canon; the last named is called the Yosemite of Utah; having timbered vales and wild gorges it is one of the most picturesque canons in the Wasatch Mountains. THE CITY OF THE SAINTS. Utah has a population of 170,000, of which Salt Lake City, the metropolis, contains 30,000. This is a city of cottage homes, and yet there are many stately buildings, the principal of which are the temples of the Mormons. These homes are 54 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. surrounded by beautiful trees laden with blossoms, and fruit in their season, by gardens of flowers, and swarms of children most of which belong to those defiant scoundrels called "saints." By the road sides are rows of stately elms and mul- berry trees, beneath whose shade clear streams of rippling water make the city to bloom and blossom as the rose. The views from Fort Douglas, adjoining the city, are among the most beautiful in the Territory. To the eastward, loom up the magnificent ranges of the Wasatch Mountains, rising 8,000 feet above the valley of the Jordan, and sweeping northward into Montana, and southward through the heart of the Terri- tory, where their snow-capped summits can be seen for full two hundred miles. To the west, lie the rugged ranges of the Oquirrh Mountains, in all their grandeur; while to the north, like a solitary sentinel, stands the Mormon Mountain of Pro- phecy. Within this amphitheater lies the " City of the Saints," overlooking the bright bosom of the Great Salt Lake, whose mirror-like surface reflects the glories of the surround- ing mountains, while their summits kiss the sky. Gate of Ladore, Colorado River. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 55 ARIZONA. "The Copper Queen of the Rockies" Her Mines of Gold, Silver, Copper and Lead Extensive Coal Fields, Lagoons of Salt, and Forests of Petrified Trees- Grand Canons, Indian Tribes, and Painted Desert Mining Output for 1882, $11,7OO,OOO. The Territory of Arizona, long infested by hostile savages, is fast coming under the wand of civilization. It is a portion of territory, ceded to the United States by Mexico, by virtue of the Gaudalupe Hidalgo treaty, and the Gadsen purchase, in 1854. The origin of the name is in some obscurity; but the following definitions are given as the most authentic: First, that it is derived from the Pima Indian words, "Ari," a maiden; and "Zon," a valley. Second, from the Mohave Indian words, "Ari," beautiful, and "Urnia," a maiden; and, third, from "Ari," beautiful, and "Zona," from the Spanish, a zone, and meaning the beautiful zone. Arizona was struck off from New Mexico, by act of Con- gress, passed February 24, 1863. This portion of New Spain was visited by white men as early as 1540, when Vasquez de Coronado, with his followers, traversed it, in search of the seven cities of Cibola. In 1560, Spanish explorers made a settle- -ment, near the present City of Tucson. St. Augustine, Flor- ida, was settled in 1565, and Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1555; these being the three first settlements in America. In 1720 the Jesuit Fathers had a number of flourishing missions here, which, in despite of the raids of the savage Apaches, were 56 Resources oj the Rocky Mountains. continued until 1827, when they were finally suppressed by the Mexican Government. POSITION AND AREA. This Territory lies between the 31st and 37th parallels of latitude, and the 109th and 115th of longitude, west. It is bounded, on the north, by Utah; east, by New Mexico; south, by the Province of Sonora, in Old Mexico; and west, by Califor- nia and Nevada; the. Colorado River, however, being the boun- dary line. It contains 114.000 square miles, equal to 73,000,000 acres, and supports a population of 50,000, which does not in- clude the Indians. It has an elevation above the sea, of 100 to 7,000 feet; while a few of its mountain peaks reach up to 10,000; one, Sierra Blancho, to 11,300 feet; and one, San Francisco peak, to 12,500 feet. Its mean elevation, however, is 4,300 feet above the level of the ocean. The surface features of the Territory consist, largely, of elevated plateaus, while the mountain ranges extend from northwest to southeast, over its entire length. CHARACTER OF COUNTRY. These ranges are broken and detached, for the most part; while narrow valleys and broad plains lie between them. The northern portion of the Territory contains the most extensive table lands; amounting to two-fifths of the entire area. Many of these are cut with deep canons by the rivers that pass through them; while the plateaus are covered with nutritious grasses, and it is said that nowhere on the continent can be found a more striking panorama of mountain, valley, river, and canon. The eastern portion exhibits a long line of extinct volcanoes; while the southern part contains mountain ranges, with many fertile valleys. The southwestern portion is almost a desert, for here the streams, which flow down from the mountains, are small, and, in some cases disapper entirely, being absorbed by the thirsty soil. The northwestern portion, like the north- ern, has groups of mountains, clothed with timber; while the Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 57 central portion is the garden of Arizona. Prescott, the capital of the Territory, is located here, around which, for a space of thirty miles, the mountains are well timbered; the valleys covered with grasses, and the otherwise dreary and volcanic empire, finds here its gem of green. This mighty Territory is virtually drained by one river, and that is the Colorado, which enters its borders in the north-central region, passing through about one-fourth of the Territory, on its way south, when it suddenly turns westward, across to the Nevada line, down which it zigzags to the California border, where it has cut its way southward to the G-ulf of California. This river, rises in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, and ha s a length, with its tributaries, of 2,500 miles. It has carved its way for hundreds- of miles, amid the crevases rent by some mighty force, through solid granite, and volcanic rocks, and now rushes on through canons, the deepest in the world. GRAND CANONS. '"'- In Northern Arizona are the Black Canon, Virgin Canon, Marble Canon, and, the grandest of all, the Grand Canon, none of which are less than 4,000 to 6,000 feet deep. In 1869, Major Powell, with a party, explored this river from its source to its mouth, passing through all these grand canons in small boats or skiffs, to the Gulf of California. This river is navagable to steamers of several hundred tons burden, all the year around, for a distance of 500 miles above the Gulf ; and steam- ers have been as far as 640 miles up the river, the distance to the Grand Canon being 700 miles, from its mouth. The Colorado River absords all the other rivers of the Territory, the chief of which are the Colorado-Chiquito, Rio Verde, and the Gila. In the valleys of these rivers, and their tributaries, is found what agricultural land the territory possesses, and which is estimated at about 3,000,000 of acres, if sufficient water can be had for irrigation. Only 45,000 acres are under cultivation, at present, altogether by irrigation, at a cost 58 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. of about $2.50 an acre per annum. Grains are sown in October, November, and December, and harvested in May, June, and July; and during their growth, are flooded from three to five times. By this process, corn, wheat, barley, and alfalfa, are successfully produced. Besides these cereals, veg- etables, as potatoes, cabbage, onions, turnips, beans, etc., are grown in abundance. Sugar cane is said to be well adapted to the climate and soil; and in some of the valleys, particularly those of the Grila, peaches, pears, grapes, figs, and apricots, flourish. Only a very limited amount of land can be culti- vated, however, until artesian wells have been sunk; which are the hope of Arizona, far as agriculture is concerned. This Territory is both hot and dry, as the following statistics will show: At Tucson, the mean temperature is 67 deg., F.\ rain- fall only 0.55 of an inch per year; at Prescott, 54 deg., P., rain-fall 13.12 inches; at Fort Mohave, the mean temperature is 69.66 deg., F., and at Fort Yuma, 68.41 deg. The places last named are regarded as two of the hottest on the globe. The climate, in winter, in Southern Arizona, is said to be truly delightful; the air being balmy and pure, the skies bright, and the nights brilliant with countless stars. It will prove a safe retreat from the storms of our Northern winters. GRAZING LANDS. Arizona has considerable grazing land in her valleys, and millions of acres of waste land could be added to her grazing domain, if artesian wells were employed for irrigating pur- poses. Her central counties contain the best grazing lands, and her stock business is increasing with her other interests. There are already 88,000 cattle, and 400,000 sheep in the Ter- ritory, which thrive on the rich gramma grasses growing in the valleys and on the hills. Here they are safe from the heavy snows of the more northern climes, a fact that will doubtless make Arizona a favorite place for flocks and herds. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 59 FLOKA AND FAUNA. The flora of Arizona embraces many varieties, found in no other part of the United States. It is the home of the giant cactus, a plant that sometimes attains a diameter of two feet, and grows to a height of forty feet. It has a pale green color, is covered with thorns, and bears a fruit, tasting like a fig, which is prized by the Indians. The Marguery, or Meschel, known as the century plant, grows every where in Arizona; and is considered one of the most valuable. The Indians make ropes from its fiber, and paper is also manufactured from it. The plant sends up a slender stock, ten feet high, which produces at its top a yellow flower; and this, when cooked, is considered one of the luxuries of the red man's table. They also make an intoxicating liquor from the plant, called "Tizivin." The Bisnaga, called the "Well of the Desert," is another of Arizona's flora a bowl shaped cavity cut in the center, will soon fill with water, affording the thirsty traveler relief. The Amole, or soap weed, grows over the table-lands of Arizona, and attains a height of four teet. Its fiber is extensively used for cloth, paper and ropes; and its roots make a good substi- tute for soap. The Hedeundilla, or grease wood, grows here extensively; from which a gum is obtained of fine medicinal qualities. Cedar, pine, and juniper, are abundant, in locali- ties; while oak, ash, elder, walnut and cottonwood, are found along the creeks and rivers. The mesquite is found where the soil is good. It is a close-grained wood, valuable for manu- facturing; and makes handsome shade trees. The ironwood resembles the mesquite, admits of a high polish, and is brittle, heavy, and hard; and when dry can scarcely be cut. Among the fauna of Arizona are found bear, congar, deer, antelope, mountain sheep, foxes, wild cats, beaver, squirrels, etc.; Of birds, there are eagles, wild turkeys, ducks, quails, partridge, pigeons, and crows, in abundance. Of singers, the 60 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. mocking birds, and vireos, take first rank, while the melodi- ous ? hooting of the owls makes night hideous. The plu- mage of the birds is brilliant, and they form a happy contrast to the horned toads, lizards, scorpions, tarrantulas, and ugly beaded monsters, that crawl amid the rocks, or hide beneath the sand, of this semi-tropical Territory. The manufacturing interests of Arizona are very limited, being confined chiefly to lumber and flour. There are twelve flour mills and thirteen saw mills in the Territory, one ice fac- tory, several wagon factories, and one foundry, at Tombstone, where castings of many descriptions are made. All other ar- ticles required, are imported; while their wool, hides, gold, silver, copper, and lead, are all exported. Wages are high; so is the cost of living. Laborers get 13 per day; miners, $4; blacksmiths and carpenters, $5; masons and engineers, $0; and the supply is said to be in excess of the demand. For men who have some means, Arizona, like all the States and Territories of the Rocky Mountains, presents many advan- tages; but for those who have to depend solely upon their daily labor it is not a paradise. TOWNS AND CITIES. Arizona is divided into ten counties, named as follows: Mo- have, Yavapai, Apache, Maricopa, Final, Gila, Graham, Cachise, Pima, and Yuma. The principal towns are Tucson, Tombstone, Prescott, St. Johns, Galeyville, Globe, Florence, Juma, Mineral Park, Final, Harshaw, Silver King, Charles- town, Phoenix, and Safford. The largest of these is Tucson, which has a population of 7,500; next comes Tombstone, with her 6,000, and Prescott, with 2,000. The business of Tucson, for 1880, amounted to $7,000,000. The cities and towns of Arizona, like all those of the Rocky Mountain region, cdntain an active and energetic population. Most of them are sup- plied with one or more newspapers, which are doing much to- ward making the resources of the Territory known. Two Grand Canon of the Colorado, (62OO feet deep.) Resources of the jRoeky Mo an tains. lines of railway are in operation, and others are projected. The Southern Pacific road crosses the southern portion of the Territory, connecting, by stage lines, with all the principal mining camps. The Atlantic & Pacilie road will puss through the north-central portion of the Territory . This line extends westward into Arizona, from Albuquerque, in New Mexico, where it connects with the Atchison, Topeku & Santa Fe Rail- way . It will, probably, be completed across the Territory during the present year, and will open up a region rich in min- erals, containing, also, fine timber and grazing lands. INDIANS. Arizona has within her borders 25,000 Indians. These are but the remnants of tribes that have made a bloody record. The very name, "Apache," is the synonym for treachery and blood. Thanks to United Status muskets, these savages were conquered in 1874, by General Crook, and placed on reserva- tions. In these reservations there are 15,000 square miles, or 0,000,000 acres of land. But the day is not. far distant when these remnants of the red men will not exist. MINERAL RESOURCES. The mineral resources of Arizona, like those of the entire region of the Rockies, arc only just beginning to be known; and yet the production of the Territory, in gold, silver, copper, and lead, for 1882, was $J 1,700,000, giving Arizona the fourth place in the list. As the Territory is full of mountains, so do the mountains seem to be full of mineral; and gold, silver, copper, lead, coal, and salt, have been discovered, Gold, hero, is mostly found in veins of quartz; sometimes it is combined with iron and copper pyrites, while from placers, in the beds of some streams it is collected in a pure state. Silver is found here iu nearly all its combinations; as carbonates, sulphureis, chlor. , bromides, silver-glance and as pure metal. The proportion 62 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. of rich galena ores, as compared with those of Colorado is ex- tremely small, yet, of other silver combinations, there are an abundance. The copper deposits of Arizona are probably the finest on the continent; the Lake Superior region, not ex- cepted. Mining may be said to have recommenced, in this portion of New Spain, in 1860, for the precious metals have been known to exist here for more than two hundred years, and were mined at that time by the Spaniards. TOMBSTONE DISTRICT. In Cachise county is located the famous Tombstone district, which is five miles in extent from north to south, by eight, from east to west. Here silver occurs, mostly as a chloride, and the present output is about $500,000 per month. The Tough Nut is the leading mine, and has a twenty-foot vein of mineral. Here, also, are the Grand' Central, Contention-Consolidated, Girard, Head Center, Vizina, Empire, Tranquility, Way Up, Lucky Cuss, Gilded Age, Junietta, Silver Bell, Monitor, Mer- rirnac, True Blue, Bradshaw, etc. These are the chief pro- ducing mines of the district. They are capitalized for from two to ten millions of dollars each, and have veins varying in width from two to twenty feet, on which the deepest workings are down 600 feet. These ores pay from fifty to one hundred dollars per ton, and the output, for 1882, of the Contention- Consolidated, was $1,814,000; while that of the Grand Central was $1,358,000, and of the Tombstone Gold and Silver Min- ing Co., $1,440,000. The California, Turquoise, Dos Cabegas, Swishelm, and Hartford districts, in this county, contain many promising, as well as paying mines. Pima county, the oldest mining region in the United States, has in the Harshaw, Washington Camp, Tyndall, Aztec, Arivaca, Oro Blanco, Empire, Silver Hill, Papago, and Helvetia districts, mines of gold, silver, copper, and lead. Yavapai county is the leading gold producing section of the Territory. This metal is found in nearly every portion of Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 63 its mineral belt, and in the beds of its streams. The mining districts here are the Peck, Tiger, Tip Top, Hassayampa, Walker, Big Bug, Groom Creek, -Cherry Creek, Weaver, Mar- tinez, and Silver Mountain. In all of these are many fine mining properties. The veins are from two to five feet wide, and contain rich silver and copper ores, besides those of gold. In the Weaver district the Leviathan has an immense quartz ledge, rich in gold, and it is estimated that 2,000,000 tons of ore are in sight, the vein being 300 feet wide. In Final county the mining districts are Pioneer, the Silver King, Mineral Hill* Quarjarta, Saddle Mountain, Randolph, and Casa Grande. SILVER KING. Here the Silver King is the royal mine, whose ore body, in places, is eighty-five feet wide, carrying silver, in many combi- nations. It has one of the finest seams of native silver ever dis- covered, and the only exhibits of native silver at the Denver Exposition that 'compared with it, came from Grant county, New Mexico, and from Gunnison county, Colorado. The pro- duction of this mine, for 1882, was $741,000. Its main shaft is down nearly 700 feet. Gila county adjoins Pinal on the northeast, and has the same character of mineral. G-old, silver, copper, lead, coal and iron are found here. Its mining districts are, Globe, Raymond Basin, and McMillenville. The ores are mostly free-milling, and are rich in metal. The McMorris mine, in Raymond Basin, has yielded $400,000, to January, 1883. Mohave county has its full share of minerals, and in the districts of Hualapai, Cerbat, Stockton, Maynard, Cedar Val- ley, Hackberry, Sari Francisco, Gold Basin, Owens, and Green- wood, are found nearly all the minerals for which Arizona is famous. Over $300, 000 have been taken from the Hackberry mine, and $800,000 from the McCracken lode. In these dis- tricts, hundred of mines are being worked for the precious metals. 64 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Yuma county contains the Castle-Dome district, and those of Montezuma, Silver, Ellsworth, Plomosa, Hearcuvar, and Bill Williams Fork. Gold was found here, in placers, as early as 1862, and it is estimated that fully $1,500,000 were taken out in the space of three years. The mines of the Cas- tle-Dome district are said to have yielded $2,000,000 up to the present time, in silver. Maricopa county has its Cave Creek, Winnifred, and Myers districts, all more or less rich in minerals. The Vulture Mine, which is located in the northwestern portion of this county, is reported to have produced more money than any mine in the Territory, its yield being placed at $3,000,000. Graham and Apache counties, owing to difficulty of access, have not been much developed, but are, nevertheless, claimed to be rich in mineral resources, having not only gold, silver, lead, iron, and copper, but great coal and salt deposits. COAL AND SALT DEPOSITS. The salt deposits of Arizona are regarded as nearly equal to those of Utah. A hundred miles from Phoenix, on Salt River, there is a mountain of salt. Near Camp Verde, there are a number of salt hills. Salt lagoons are met with in Apache county. A small lake from which 1,000,000 pounds are taken annually, is in this county, near the borders of New Mexico. The salt is found at the bottom of the shallow water into which wagons are driven and the salt shoveled up. The coal measures of the Territory are extensive. They are found in the northern and eastern portions, and extend both into Utah, on the north, and New Mexico, on the east. It is estimated that these coal measures cover an area of 30,000 square miles. The coal is bituminous, and is considered to be of good quality, burns freely, makes a hot fire, and leaves but few ashes. It is found, also, near the Painted Desert, in Ya- vapai county; on Deer Creek, near the Gila; in Pinal county, Resources of the*Rocky Mountains. 65 east of the San Pedro River, and near Camp Apache. In this coal region are whole forests of petrified trees, some of which are reported to be three feet in diameter,, and fifty feet in length. These coal measures are from three to thirty feet in thickness, and are sufficient to supply, forever, not only the wants of Arizona, but those of the entire Pacific coast. COPPER DEPOSITS. The vast resources of Arizona, in copper, must make her one of the richest mining regions in America. At Bisbee, in Oachise county, are the rich deposits of the Copper Queen mine, and a host of other promising properties. The Queen's vein is one hundred and twenty feet wide, and the ore averages twenty-two percent, pure metal; being a carbonate and a red and black oxide. Two thirty-ton smelters are turning out thirteen tons of pure copper daily, and the mine has produced $2,000,000 up to January, 1883, with 74,000 tons of ore in sight. Pima county has rich copper ores, in the Santa Rita range, twenty-five miles south of Tucson. The veins vary in size; some being nearly fifty feet wide, yielding fifteen to twenty per cent of pure copper. The Silver Ball district, in this county, has immense deposits of copper. Yavapai county contains high grade cop- per ores, in various places. In the Black Hills, twenty-five miles north-east of Prescott, these ores are being mined from veins eight to sixteen feet wide. In Pinal county, on Mineral Creek, northeast of Florence, are many rich copper mines. The veins vary from seven to fourteen feet in width, and are said to average twenty-five per cent, pure metal. In both Mo- have and Yuma counties, there are also rich deposits of copper. In the Bill Williams Fork district, the Planet mine has pro- duced 6,000 tons of copper ore, which has yielded from twenty to sixty per cent, of pure copper. In Graham county, the Longfellow copper mines are already famous. A mountain of the mineral has been discovered here, and ore is encountered in whatever direction drifts and tunnels have been run, while 66 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. thousands of tons have already been taken from the mines. It is doubtful if there are any deposits of copper in the known world superior to those Arizona possesses. THE THREE QUEENS. Colorado is the Silver Queen, Utah the Iron Queen, and Arizona the Copper Queen of the Rockies. Mauve Canon of the Colorado. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 67 NEW MEXICO. The Land of Montezuma Its Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Other Minerals Its Hot Springs and Glo- rious Climate a Sanitarium for the World The Land of the Vine and the Grape Vast Grazing- Re- sources, etc. The word "Mexico," has been a name of enchantment. More than 300 years ago, it sent a thrill of excitement through the heart of every Spaniard. Its mountains of silver and of gold, had not only been a dream to them, but became a substantial reality. Under the conquering banners of Hernando Cortez, the Spanish cavaliers traversed its plains, and rode through its valleys. Here, by treachery and force, they acquired both gold and glory. From its streams and mountains, they gathered such stores of the precious metals, as to make Spain the envy of nations, and the romance of the ages. As Pizarro had despoiled the Incas, of Peru, of their treasures in gold, silver, jewels, and plate; so did Cortez rob Montezuma of the long- accumulated riches of his kingdom, and bear them across the ocean. With the most primitive appliances, the Spaniards mined the precious metals, for 300 years; and, it is estimated, that they carried away from Mexico and Peru, from the year 1500, to 1800, not less than $6,000,000,000 worth of treasure; the most of which was silver. The conquests of the Spaniards in the Americas, as detailed by Prescott, form the most fasci- nating pages in the history of the New World. 68 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. FIRST SETTLEMENTS IN AMERICA. Through tradition, we learn that Mexico was peopled by a race called the Toltecs, from the seventh to the twelfth centu- ries; when they were driven south, into Central America, by the more warlike race of the Aztecs. These people ruled the country until the time of Cortez; and the ruins of their an- cient cities are still to be seen, both in Arizona and the Mex- icos. The first Spanish settlements were made at Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1555; at Tucson, Arizona, in 1560; and at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565. The empire of Montezuma fell in 1521, but the Spaniards were too much occupied with war and plunder to make any permanent settlement until that at Santa Fe, in 1555. The Territory of New Mexico was ceded to the United States, by Mexico, in 1854, und?r the (ruadalupe Hidalgo treaty and the Gadsen purchase. It then contained the Territory of Arizona, and the southern portion of Colorado. New Mexico is situated between the 31st and 37th parallels of north lati- tude, and the 103d and 109th degrees of west longitude. It is bounded on the north by Colorado, east by Texas and the In- dian Territory, south by Texas and Mexico, and west by Ari- zona. Its length is 372 miles, and breadth 335 miles; and is in the form of a quadrangle. It contains 121,201 square miles, or 77,568,640 acres, and has a population of 130,000 souls. ORIGIN OF THE MEXICANS. The Spaniards freely mingled their blood with that of the dusky Indian maidens and the result is the Mexicans, a reckless, dare-devil set of fellows, proud and ignorant, fantastic and cruel. The majority of the people speak the Spanish language, but not in its purity. There are still several Indian tribes within the Territory, the chief of which are the Navajos num- bering 12,000. The roving bands, who were so long a terror to the inhabitants, have at last been conquered; and the other des- Resources of the Eoeky Mountains. 69 peradoes either killed or expelled from the country, so that life and property are now considered safe. With the influx of American capital and enterprise, New Mexico seems destined to a mighty future. Several lines of railway are already in operation. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe traverses the Territory from north to south; the Denver & Rio Grands cuts into its northern border; the Atlantic & Pacific opens up the the northwestern portion; while the Southern Pacific runs through the southwestern section, on its way to the Pacific Coast. By means of these highways of commerce, towns and villages are springing into existence; and the mineral, agricul- tural, and grazing resources of the country, are being appro- priated and developed. CLIMATE AND MINERAL SPRINGS. The climate of New Mexico, like that of the entire Rocky Mountain region, is arid. The mean temperature, for seven years, taken at Santa Fe, was 47 deg. P., and the average an- nual rainfall, for the same period, 13.42 inches. The air is extremely pure, and as a sanitarium the Territory has no su- perior. The number of bright, clear days in the year is said to be over 300. A few light showers come and go quickly, and drizzling days are unknown. Extreme heat is rarely experi- enced, owing to the high altitude, and the refreshing breezes from the mountains. The Territory has many fine mineral and medicinal springs, the chief of which are the Las Vegas Hot Springs; the Ojo Calients; the Jemez; and Hudson's Hot Springs; these are all accessible by rail, or stage; and comfortable hotels, and bath-houses are connected with each. The temperature of the water, at two of the Las Vegas Springs is 123 deg., F.j at the other 130 deg., F. The four Ojo Oal- iente Springs have a temperature of 114 deg., P.; while that of the Jemez spring is 1G8 deg., F. The Montuznma Hotel, at Las Vegas springs, is built in Queen Anne style, and con- tains 250 rooms. It has all the comforts and luxuries of other 70 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. first-class hostelries. These springs are justly becoming a favorite resort with the people of the States. MOUNTAINS AND PLATEAUS. . The surface of New Mexico consists of elevated plateaus, mountains, and valleys. These plateaus cover two-thirds of the face of the country, and have a mean elevation of about 5,000 feet, while the mean elevation of the entire Territory, is 5,600 feet above the level of the sea. Baron Humboldt says of the country between Santa Fe, in New Mexico, and the City of Mexico: "We are led to ask, whether, in the whole world, there exists any similar formation of equal extent and height between 5,000 and 7,000 feet above the level of the sea. Four wheeled wagons can travel from Mexico to Santa Fe." Another authority says: "Four-wheeled carriages may travel these high plateaus from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to Santa Fe, a dis- tance of over one thousand four hundred miles." The Rocky Mountain ranges sweep down into New Mexico from the north, diminishing in altitude as they pass southward, until they strike the broken ranges of a more recent formation, which extend into Texas and Mexico. On the eastern border are the high table lands, known as Llano Estacado, or Staked Plains. Immedi- ately joining these, lie the ranges of the Manzana, Jumanes, Caballo, Fra Cristobal, San Andres, Oscura, Sandia, and the Organ Mountains. To the west of the Rio Grande river, ex- tending north and south, are the broken ranges of the Cone- jos, Tierra-Armarilla, San Mateo, Madalenas, Socorras, and the now famous Miembres and Black ranges; while still fur- thur west, upon the Arizona border, are the ranges of the Continental divide; known as the Zuni, Datil, Escudilla, Mo- gollon, Tulerosa, and Peloncillo mountains. These ranges rise from 2,000 to 5,000 feet above the plateaus, at their base; some of the peaks, as Mt. Taylor, rising to 11,200 feet, and Mt. Baldy, near Santa Fe, to 12,200 feet above the ocean. Like those of the Rockies elsewhere, they have a general trend Camping in the Mesa Verde. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 71 north and south; and, like them, also contain vast stores of mineral wealth. RIVERS. The chief river of New Mexico is the Rio Grande; which rises in Southern Colorado, and passes south, through the cen- ter of the Territory; leaving it to become the boundary line between Texas and Mexico, until it pours its waters into the Gulf. The next river in importance is the Pecos, which rises m the Rocky Range, southeast of Santa Fe, runs due 'south, through the Territory, and joins the Rio Grande in Texas. Then, there are the headwaters of the Canadian, San Juan, Colorado-Chiquito, and theGila rivers, traversing respectively the northeastern and western half of the Territory. These, with their tributaries, form the drainage system of New Mexico. What agricultural land the Territory possesses, is confined to these valleys; where water for irrigation can be had, and by this processs, cereals, fruits, grapes and vegetables are grown. Oats are said to yield 40 bushels to the acre, and wheat to weigh 68 pounds to the bushel, the berry being exceedingly large and plump. Corn, barley, buckwheat, etc., do well. Apples, peaches, pears, plums, quinces, and apricots, grow in profusion; pro- ducing every year. Both trees and fruit are free from dam- aging insects. The vine flourishes here, and grapes are simply perfection. About 1,000 vines are planted to the acre, and a vineyard three years old, it is claimed, will produce 16,000 pounds of grapes, equal to 800 gallons of wine, per acre. Veg- etables grow to great size, and are of superior quality. Peas and beans produce enormously, and the latter are raised as a leading crop. Of onions, it is reported, 50,000 pounds can be produced to the acre, which are larger, better flavored, and in every way surpass the far-famed Bermudas. SHEEP AND CATTLE. The grazing area of the Territory is immense; and stock- raising is carried on extensively. There are 500,000 cattle, 72 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. and 5,000,000 sheep within its boundaries. As the grasses are nutritious, and the climate mild and equable, it is a desirable country for the grazing of herds. Here they are free from the biting blasts and the driving snows of the more northern climes; subsisting entirely upon the rich gramma grasses and alfalfa, requiring no other food, nor any shelter. The average profit from stock raising, on such fine ranges, is stated to exceed 30 per cent., on the investment. There is a ready sale for all marketable stock. The wool clip is heavy, for 5,000,000 sheep, averaging 3 pounds per head, gives 15,000,000 pounds an- nually, for the Territory. The amount of wool consumed yearly in the United States amounts to 300,000,000 pounds; of which 50,000,000 pounds are imported. Water can be had upon the plains by boring, and with windmills to pump it to the surface, the grazing area, which is only partially occupied, can be largely increased. Forest cover the higher mountains, and sufficient timber can probably be had for local purposes; yet the forests are not so extensive as those of Colorado, nor is the timber as large or valuable. It consists, mainly, of pinon pine and cedar; white oak, ash, maple, and black walnut, are found in a few places, but in very limited supply. In the way of manufacturing very little is done. There are twenty-four lumber and fifty-five flouring mills in New Mexico; yet one mill like the average Minnesota grinder, or Michigan saw mill, would produce more than all of them. FILAGREE GOLD AND SILVER JEWELRY. New Mexico, however, excels in the manufacture of filagree gold and silver jewelry. This art, the Spaniards are said to have derived from the Italians, and to have brought it with them into Mexico. The principal places where it is carried on are at Santa Fe, and at the City of Mexico, and Chihuahua, in old Mexico. The articles manufactured are combs, ear and finger-rings, scarf and shawl pins, bracelets, breast pins, card and spectacle cases, match boxes, ornaments for the hair, etc. Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 73 These are all very beautiful, the workmanship being exceed- ingly delicate, and are purchased freely by tourists, and borne away as sourvenirs. TOWNS AND COUNTIES. The Territory is divided into twelve counties, named: Taos, Rio Arriba, Colfax, Mora, San Miguel, Santa Fe, Bernalillo, Valencia, Socorro, Lincoln, Grant, and Dona Ana. The prin- cipal towns are, Santa Fe, Las Vegas, Albuquerque, George- town, Silver City, Las Cruces, Cimarron, La Mesilla, Socorro, Mora, Raton, Los Lunas, Tierra-Amarilla, Taos, White Oaks, Cerillos, Chloride and Derning. These have a population from 500 to 9,000 each, JSaiita Fe being the largest. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Education is compulsory for five months in the year, but their school system is very incomplete. There are thirty-six daily, weekly, and monthly papers and periodicals published in the Territory, most of which are de- voted to its interests. MINERAL RESOURCES. The mineral resources of New Mexico are rapidly becoming known to the world. The precious metals are found, more or less, all over the Territory, but especially in the southern and central portions. Besides gold and silver, copper, lead, iron, manganese, plumbago, fireclay, coal, mica, salt, gypsum, soda, lime, kaoline, cement, sulphur, marble, etc. ; there are found such precious stones as turquoise, opals, garnets, agates, and emeralds. COAL. Coal has been discovered at Raton, in Colfax county; on the San Juan River, at Almargo; on the Rio Galisto, near Santa Fe; in Valencia county, on the line of the Atlantic & Pacific Railway; at San Antonio and Bernalillo, on the line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway; while in both 74 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Grant and San Miguel counties there are extensive beds. These coals are bituminous, semi-bituminous, lignites, and anthra- cite; and vary in thickness from one to eight feet, most of them being thick enough to work. In the thickness of the coal measures, New Mexico is far behind Wyoming, Utah, Ari- zona, and Colorado. Of these coal measures Professor .Wilbur, of Chicago, says: "We trace the same system to the west and southward to Cimarron, New Mexico; thence to Santa Fe and beyond; where this system of coal deposits has been changed to anthracite by the same forces or causes as have produced the anthracite coal fields of Pennsylvania. The coals of this region, wiiich may be referred to as the Trinidad coals of Colorado, because, by that name they are readily known, are much superior to the Colorado coals found in the vicinity of Canon City and Denver. They are by far the best that have been discovered in the Eocky Mountains. They are equal to the best bitumin- ous coals in Illinois, Ohio, or Pennsylvania." Professor Sewell says of this Trinidad coal, found both in southeastern Colorado, and northeastern New Mexico: "It yields splendid illuminating gas. For locomotive use these coals must rank among the very best. The coke is the most firm and persistent of any I have ever seen." But the following analysis, by Professor Hayden, of coals in the Rocky Mountain region, shows that those of New Mexico are not equal in quality to those of Colorado, Wyoming, or California. The amount of fixed carbon in the coals of Gun- nison county, Colorado; "Mount Carbon, 70.98; Slate River, 74; Anthracite Creek, 80; Crested Butte, 72.60; while those of Canon City have 56.80; Trinidad, 57.60, and Boulder, 59.20. Those of Mount Diablo, California, 59.72, and of Evanston, Wyoming, 69.14." Professor Sewell gives the amount of fixed carbon in New Mexico coals, as 53.22. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 75 GOLD, SILVER, AND COPPER. Taos county has in the districts of Picuris, Arrovo Hondo, and Rio Hondo, mineral veins that abound in gold, silver, and copper; but the amount of development is small. On the Rio Hondo there are extensive placers, which are worked by the hy- draulic process. In an old church, at Taos, there is a record, which asserts that the priests collected $10,000,000 from a single mine in the Taos mountains. Colfax county has many rich placers, which were discovered in 1868, and have been worked ever since. The chief of these are the Moreno placers; also the rich gulches of Willow, Grouse, Michigan, Humbug, and Big Nigger. In the Ute district, the Aztec mine is said to have pro- duced $700,000. On the Ponil, there are silver and gold quartz leads, three feet thick, that are reported to yield fifty per cent, copper. The precious metal product of this county, since 1868,, is estimated at $3,000,000. Mora county, which is covered by the "Mora Grant," is undeveloped, but is believed to be rich in mineral, as gold, silver, copper, antimony, and petroleum, have been found. Rio Arriba county claims to have copper, lead, iron, mica, silver, and gold, and that it is the true "El- dorado." Here the remains of Spanish enterprise are found, in the shape of old mines, works, and smelters. In San Mi- guel county, though little explored, gold has been panned from the sands of its streams; and in the Tecolote Mountains, the Mining districts of Mineral Hill, Blue Canon, .Sweep- stakes, and San Carlos exist. The ores are low grade, but are abundant. A large vein of copper has recently been dis- covered in these mountains. MICA MINES. Mica, of good quality, has been found here; and as tnica is worth about six dollars per pound in the market, this may become an important industry. New Hampshire and North Carolina are the present sources of supply in the United States; and, although it has been dis- 76 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. covered in many places in the Rocky Mountains, yet the major part consumed is imported. Santa Fe County has in the Marshall Bonanza, at Bonanza City, a fine silver lead mine. Carbonateville is the center of the Los Cerrillos district, where are located the Mina Del Tierra, Chester, Cash Entry, Great Western, and Good Hope mines. Ore from some of these is said to have realized $500 per ton. There is great scarcity of water here, and wells have been sunk to a depth of 150 feet without finding it. In the center of this district is Mt. Chal- chuitl, the Mexican name for turquoise. This mountain has the white color of kolin, its crystalline structure having been completely metamorphosed. In this kaolin-like rock turquoise is found in thin veinlets and nuggets. Occasionally fine sky- blue stones are taken out, suitable for jewelry, but tons of rock may be broken without finding a gem. The color is owing to the diffusion of a little copper. WONDERFUL CAVES. There are wonderful caves in this mountain, the result of ancient Mexican and Spanish exploration. Fragments of an- cient pottery have been discovered here, and a stone hammer, weighing twenty pounds, which must have required a Mexican Hercules to handle. In one other place, in the United States, turquoise has been found, viz: in the Columbus district, Ne- vada. Hungry Gulch, contains rich ores. San Pedro is in a basin, surrounded by mountains clothed with timber. Water has been brought from the Sandia Mountains, at an expense of $500,000, for the purpose of working placers. The earth is said to yield gold from grass roots to bed rock. The Big Copper Mine, as it is called, is here worked by a tunnel. It is one of the old Spanish mines, and thousands of tons are piled up feady for the smelter. Gold is iound with the copper, in- creasing its value. The New Placers are known to be rich, but scarcity of water prevents development. The well-known Delgado mine produces both gold and copper. Bernalillo county contains some valuable old Spanish mines. Nearly all Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 77 kinds of mineral are found here, while crystalized gypsum, in quantity, has been discovered in the southern portion. There are rich deposits of iron here, as well as in other parts of the Territory, in proximity to coal. Among the mining districts in this county, is Hell Canon. Indeed, for elegant names, the West can beat the world. Here the chief mine is the Star. The ores are free milling, and are worth from twelve to twenty dollars per ton, the veins being from eight to twenty feet wide. i COPPER TREES. Wood and water can here be obtained. Tigeras Canon district has ores of copper, lead, and silver, and development has only just begun. Nacimiento, is in a range of mountains of the same name, where copper occurs as copper glance, and gray copper, in ledges of sandstone. In places, copper occurs here as copper trees, in immense lodes of conglomerate. The Eu- reka tunnel has a vein, twelve feet wide, averaging twenty-five per cent, copper. Valencia county contains the districts of Ladrones, where are immense deposits of low grade galena ores; Spiegelberg Springs with its rich copper ores; and La Joya, with its ores carrying both silver and gold. Socorro con- tains remarkably rich silver and copper ores, some of the latter having assayed from forty to seventy per cent, pure metal; while the principal silver veins assay from $60 to $300 per ton. THE BLACK RAKGE. The famous Black Range, which includes the Mimbres Moun- tains, pass through the western half of this county. The tops of these mountains are densely timbered with pine and juni- per, which gives them the dark appearance, that, no doubt, suggested the name. The mines here have an elevation of 6,000 or 7,000 feet above the sea, and were discovered in 1880. The veins occur in limestone and trachyte, and the ores are generally a silver glance or chloride, with some native silver. Gold is found in different localities; also coal, zinc, and lead, 78 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. of which there are large deposits; sulphur, nearly pure, alu- minum, kaolin^ fire clay, marble of superior quality, mica, graphite, chalk, salt, etc. ; nearly all the known minerals are here reported. Lincoln county has, for the center of her min- ing section, White Oaks. The veins are quartz, containing gold. The Homestake is the chief mine, and mills are build- ing to crush the ores, which are exceedingly rich. The mining camps of this county are Nogal, Jacarilla, Gallinas, Vera Cruz, and Rio Bonita. Here are evtenslve coal fields, while the mountains are well timbered with pinion-pine, spruce, and cedar. Grant county has several rich mining districts; that of Victoria contains decomposed sulphates and carbonates. The formation is lime, with iron croppings, and the ores are found near the surface. They are said to average $80 in silver to the ton, with thirty per cent. lead. SAND CARBONATES. Sand carbonates are found here in immense deposites. Car- rissillio, or the Stonewall district, has true fissure veins carry- ing high grade mineral, as silver glance brittle and horn silver, and copper. One vein is represented as averaging over $600 in silver to the ton. The Hermonos district contains rich chloride ores. The veins are in low hills, where wood and water can be obtained. The Eureka, ^North and South San Simon districts; abound in hard and soft carbonates, copper, gold, and silver. The veins are from ten to one hundred feet in width; timber and water can be had, while snow and ice are never seen. The Virginia, Leitendorfs, and Lona Mountain districts are rich in argentiferous galena, carbonate of copper, copper glance, gray capper, chlorides, sulphurets, silver glance, and native silver. The deepest workings are only down 125 feet. The Pinos Altos, East Pinos Altos, and Gillespie dis- tricts have true fissure veins, carrying gold and silver, the lat- ter predominating. The top of the veins are free milling gold, to a depth of sixty feet, when they run into iron and cop- per pyrites, and will require to be smelted. Cook's Eange, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 79 Florida Mountain, and Central City districts, contain enor- mous beds of galena and carbonate ores, as well as low grade gold ores, which will pay $10 to $4-0 per ton. The Santa Rita copper district contains mines that were discovered in the year 1800, and the copper was transported to the Royal Mint in the City of Mexico, for coinage. It is reported to be one of the richest deposits of red oxide of copper known. Veins of sheet copper aie met with from one-eighth of an inch, to two inches in thickness, while nuggets of copper have been found weigh- ing from twenty to one hundred and fifty pounds each. The Silver City, Georgetown, and Shakespeare districts, all have rich veins of ore, as yet scarcely touched. In the Silver City district, in the 76" mine, there is a body of silver-bearing slate. This has been cut into by a tunnel, and horn silver found all through the slate; while in the seams are sheets of native silver thin as tissue paper. In this slate are also found round balls of nearly pure silver, in size from a grain of wheat to an al- mond. In Dona Ana county are the Portrillas, Jarilla, and the now famous Percha and Lake Valley districts; the discov- eries in the two last being the mining sensation of 1882. THE SIERRA GRANDE MINE. The Sierra Grande mine, located here, is paying dividends of $100,000 per month, on a capitalization of $10,000,000. The ore is a red oxide, with chloride of silver, in dark masses. One specimen, weighing 640 pounds, and valued at $7,000, from the "Bridal Chamber," was on view at the Denver Exposition- On the 18th of August, $130,000 worth of ore was taken from this Bridal Chamber, by eight men, in eight hours. That the mine is a steady producer is the best evidence of its worth. The Sierra properties cover a space 3,000 by 6,000 feet, and the companies are the Sierra Grande, Sierra Apache, and Sierra Bella, with a total capitalization of $20,000,000. A fine stamd mill has been erected, and work has begun in good earnest- 80 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. One million dollars' worth of mineral has been taken from the Sierra Grande from August 1, 1882, to February 1, 1883. The ore reserves are estimated at $5,000,000. The Bridal Chamber is a mass of silver so rich that it can be cut with a knife, or from which globules can be melted by the flame of a candle. If this deposit proves to be extensive, it is certainly one of the most remarkable in the world. Amid the Forests of Wyoming-. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 81 WYOMING. "The Large Plains" Resources of Undeveloped Wealth Lakelets of Solidified Soda, Mountains of Iron, and Acres of Magnesia. Five Thousand Square Miles of Coal. Vast Herds of Cattle and Sheep. The Climate and Agricultural Conditions. The Yellowstone Na- tional Park. By reference to Miner's history of Wyoming, Pennsylvania, we find the following in regard to the derivation of the name: "The name, Wyoming, was long supposed to mean, "A field of blood ;" but Mr. Heckelwelder, perfectly versed in Indian language, to the inquiry of Mr. Chapman,, replied: " Wyoming is a corruption of Maughwanwama, by which it was designated by the Delaware Indians; being a compound of "Maughwan," meaning large, and "wama," signifying plains; so that it may be translated, "The Large Plains. " : Wyoming, is a portion of the once famous Territory of Louisiana, purchased by the United States from France, in 1804. It was organized a Ter- ritory, by act of Congress, July 25, 1868, from portions of Idaho, Dakota, and Utah. The first settlements were at Forts Laramie and Bridger, and the present population numbers 25,000. The Sioux Indians formerly occupied the northern half of the Territory; but having been removed by the govern- ment, the only Indians, now remaining, are the Shoshones, numbering 1,300; and the Arapahoes, 1,000. These are both friendly; and being located on the Wind River Reservation, are making some progress in the raising of cattle, but none in agriculture. 82 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. BOUNDARIES AND ELEVATION. The territory of Wyoming is included between the 41st and 45th parallels of latitude; and the 104th and lllth meridians of longitude, west from Greenwich. It is bounded, on the north, by Montana; east, by Dakota and Nebraska; south, by Colorado and Utah; and west, by Utah, Idaho, and Montana. Its length, from east to west, is 350 miles, and breadth, 275 miles; with an area of 97;8S3 square miles; equal to 62,645,120 acres. The greater part of its area lies from 4,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea; its mean elevation being 6,400 feet. Its lowest altitude is 3,500 feet; and its greatest, Cloud Peak, 14,000 feet above the ocean. This Territory is a region of vast undulating plains, some riding gradually, and others abruptly, into mountain ranges, which have a general trend from north- west to southeast. These ranges are elevated into many lofty peaks; which, snow capped, become monitors of the sky. The southwestern and western portions of the Territory are the highest, sloping to the north and east. Of the mountains, the Black Hills occupy the northeastern corner of the Territory, extending over into Dakota. Some one has called this group "An Island of Granite," being surrunded by rolling plains for hundreds of miles. Then come the Laramie and Big Horn Mountains; further west are the Snow, Elk, Seminole and Rattlesnake ranges; while the great Rocky Range is composed of the Wind River, Sweet Water, and Sierra Madre Mountains. On the western border of the Territory are the Bear River Mountains; making, in all, five parallel ranges. Between these are broad plains. The first of these plains, southwest of the Black Hills, is seventy-five to one hundred miles wide; and is watered by the Belle Fourche, Cheyenne, North Platte, and Poncha rivers. THE FAMOUS LARAMIE PLAINS. West of the Laramie and Big Horn ranges, lie the famous Laramie Plains. These plains extend ninety miles northwest and southeast; and are seventy-five miles wide; containing an Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 83 area of .7,000 square miles, and have an elevation of 7,000 feet above the sea. They are watered by Powder River, and its tributaries, and the headwaters of the Platte. There are ex- tended plains at the sources of the Sweetwater, Beaver, Platte, and Wind rivers. The plains located between the Wind River/ Sweetwater, arid Sierra Madre mountains, and the Wasatch and Bear mountains, extending from the Yellowstone National Park, to the southern boundary line of Wyoming, are trav- ersed by Green River and its tributaries; while the Big Horn River waters the valleys and plains to the east of the Shoshone range. Of these rivers, the Big Horn and Powder, flow northward, through the southern portion of Montana, and yield their waters to the Yellowstone; the North Platte flows eastward, into Nebraska, where it joins the South Platte, which comes down from Colorado; and together they pass on- ward, until lost in the Missouri, near Omaha; the Green River plunges southward into Utah, where it meets the Grand with its volume of crystal water, fresh from the snowy range, and, uniting, form the Colorado River, which dashes into deep canons, on its way south through Arizona, to the Gulf of Cal- ifornia; the Bear River makes straight across the border for the Great Salt Lake. These four rivers, with their tributaries* form the drainage system of Wyoming. THE CLIMATE OF THE TERRITORY is arid; the rainfall being from six to nineteen inches per an- num. The temperature ranges from 104 deg., F., above, to 29 degrees below zero; the mean, for five years, taken at Fort Laramie, being 49 degrees. When the days are hot, the nights are cool, and even the extreme cold of winter is not felt, as 'in the Eastern States, owing to the dryness of the atmosphere- The heal thf ulness of the climate is attested by the limited death-rate, which, to every 1,000 of population, is only 4.71 per annum; while that of the Atlantic coast is 17.83. There are many mineral springs in the Territory, both hot and cold, which, in time, will become known and appreciated. These 84 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. are found in the valley of the Upper Platte, twenty-five miles south of Fort Fred Steele; north of Rawlins, in Sweet water Valley; and in the valley of .Beaver River. Hot sulphur springs boil up in the valley of Little Wind River, near Fort Washakie, the temperature of which is 110 deg., P., while, six miles above the Fort, there is a cold sulphur spring. Like all the mountain region, Wyoming is a sanitarium. THE AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES of the Territory are limited; not to exceed one-tenth of the acerage, can be considered suitable for cultivation. The soil of its river valleys, however, is said to equal in fertility that of the great Mississippi; yet crops cannot be successfully grown without irrigation. By this process, wheat, oats, clover, timothy, potatoes, and garden vegetables are produced. In the Lander Valley, near the Indian Reservation, there are forty of these agricultural ranches; and their products find a ready market. THE VAST CATTLE RANGES of Wyoming, are found in the valleys, and plains, in the east- ern and northern half of the Territory. The northwestern portion, is a mass mountains; and the southwestern is practi- cally a desert. The plains are covered with rich grasses; which, in the valleys, owing to a greater amount of moisture, grow tall enough for hay. The climate in the northern part of the Territory is milder, on account of warm winds from the Pacific, which blow through the mountain gaps of western Montana. Although winter feeding of cattle, is, for the most part, considered unnecessary, yet, in order to succeed with sheep, provision must be made for extra feed and care. Cattle are brought here, for sale, from Texas, Montana, Oregon, and Washington Territory. Those from Texas, according to age and quality, bring from $12 to $20 per head; while those from the Territories, bring from $15 to $28 per head, and are con- sidered a better grade of stock. Durham, and other fine im- ported breeds, are being rapidly and profitably introduced. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 85 Stockmen are now sending many of their marketable cattle, east, into Nebraska, to have them fed for a.time, at so much per pound, added to their weight, before shipping to Chicago and the Eastern markets; the quality of the beef being much improved thereby. The estimated cost of caring for simply grass-fed herds of 1,000, is $2.50 per head; for herds of 5,000, $1.25 per head; and for herds of 10,000, $1 per head, per annum. Each year the stockmen hold what they call a "round up," which lasts about two months, ending July 1. This simply means, that the cattle in the various sections are collected together, and the owners have their several brands assorted out, and driven again to their own ranges. Their brands are recorded and known; and wherever any strays are found, they are returned to the stock man whose brand they bear. At such times, all the calves are branded, and the marketable cattle separated from the herds, preparatory to shipment. These shipments are made during the months of July, August, September, Oc- tober, and November; August, September, and October being the heavy shipping months. There are at present 700,000 cattle in Wyoming, and the shipments, during 1881, to the Eastern markets, amounted to 134,000 head. SHEEP AEE NEXT IN IMPORTANCE TO CATTLE, and of these there are 450,000 head; worth for the common sorts, $2 per head; selected bloods considerably more. The wool clip amounts to about 3 pounds per head, equal to 1,350,000 pounds annually. It is claimed that the flocks are heal t by, and but slight loss is sustained. Angora goats are also extensively raised, both their skins and wool are in great demand. Wyoming is still the home of numbers of buffalo, elk, antelope, and mountain sheep, all of which have been driven by the ruthless hunters into the mountain region in the northwestern portion of the Territory; and into the Yellowstone National Park, where the government is extending its protecting hand over these remnants of the countless herds, that once covered the 86 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. plains and valleys of the mighty west. Both black and white tailed deer are met with, and, occasionally, black, cinnamon, and grizzly bears. The wolf, fox, lynx, panther, and moun- tain lion, are quite numeroos in the Big Horn Mountains; while otter, mink, martin, ermine, musk rat, and beaver, abound. Of game birds, there are abundance of grouse, part- ridges, sage hens, geese, ducks, and snipe. It is a grand place for the true sportsman, for laws have already been passed pre- venting the wanton slaughter of the game. THE LUMBER RESOURCES of A^yoming are extensive. There are 15,000,000 acres of forests, covering the mountains with pine, spruce, fir, hemlock, and cedar. These forests contain some of the finest timber on the continent. The white and red pine are of superior- quality; the red is bard, and the white, being free from knots* makes excellent lumber for finishing purposes. Several saw- mills are in operation, in different parts of the Territory, and over one thousand men are already employed in the lumber business. In manufacturing, but little is being done, though the day cannot be far distant, when Wyoming will become a manufacturer of the raw material she possesses in such abun- dance. There are at Laramie City, however, large mills for the re-rolling of iron rails; and elsewhere, shingle and lath mills, and charcoal kilns are in operation. WONDERFUL CRYSTALIZATIONS. At Eawlins, red oxide iron ore is pulverized for paint; while at Cheyenne, there are carriage and wagon shops, as well as manufactories of jewelry from the precious stones which are found here in many localities. The Territory is a rich field for scientists, having wonderful petrifications, fossils, and rara crystalizations. The agates, opals, topaz, jasper, and chalced- ony, from Sweetwater county, are exceedingly beautiful. The most magnificent' crystalization at the Denver Exposition, in Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 87 1882, was a portion of a fossil tree from Uintah county. The bark seemed to have been agatized first, and after the softer parts of the wood had decayed, crystals formed on the inner surface, for a depth of two inches, leaving a hollow tube, eight inches in diameter and fifteen inches in length. These crys- tals sparkled like diamonds, and were the "admiration of all beholders. The Union Pacific Railway passes through the southern portion of the Territory, from east to west. From Cheyenne, two branches run south to Denver, and thence into the moun- tains and mining regions of Colorado. One branch also turns north to Fort Laramie, and another will start from Granger station, in the southwestern corner of Wyoming, and run northwest, crossing the Utah Northern Railway, at Pocatello, and thence, passing west through Idaho, will connect at Baker City, in Eastern Oregon, with the Oregon Navigation Com- pany's road for Portland. GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. Wyoming is divided into seven counties, named as follows: Uintah, Sweetwater, Carbon, Albany, Laramie, Crook, and Pease. The principal cities and towns are; Cheyenne, Lara- mie .City, Cummings City, Rawlins, Evanston, and the towns along the Union Pacific Railway. Cheyenne is the capital and chief point of interest, and contains 6,000 people, who have schools, churches, hotels, banks, newspapers, and all of the comforts and luxuries that wealth brings. This city being the home of most of the wealthy stockmen of the Territory, possesses many fine residences, stately public buildings, and stores. MINERAL RESOURCES. Wyoming has extensive mineral resources. Discoveries were made by the first white men who came within its borders. These were the soldiers of the United States army, the Mor- mons, on their way to Utah, and Colonel Fremont's explorers, 88 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. most of whom discovered gold and silver. The first mining camp, known as South Pass City, was located in the Wind Kiver Mountains; and had a population, prior to 1870, of 3,000; but the presence of the hostile Sioux, who have held the northern portion of the Territory until within a few years, compelled its abandonment. Another camp was located, known as Miners' Delight; but in 1878 it was also abandoned, though gold quartz had been found in considerable quantity, averaging $50 per ton, from which one million of dollars was obtained. Gold has been discovered, chiefly in the Medicine Bow, Laramie, Shoshone, Seminole, and Wind River moun- tains; while silver, has been found in the Snowy Range, at Rawhide Buttes; on the Platte, above Fort Laramie; near Cum- mings City, and at the sources of Green River. The Douglass Creek district, in the Medicine Bow Mountains, has three mines of some note: the Florence, Keystone, and Blue Jay. The mineral from all of these is low grade gold ore, yielding about $15 per ton. The veins are quartz containing gold, and are from eighteen inches to three feet wide, outcropping in many places. The deepest workings here are down only 137 feet; and are now suspended on account of water. Mills and machinery will soon be erected, which will give the dis- trict a new impetus. The Centennial district is again awaken- ing, and mills are being built to work their ores. Both -chlo- rides and carbonates are found here. The Jelm district has a dozen promising properties. The Gold Hill mine, has a vein of quartz, thirty feet wide, but of low grade gold ore. The Betsey Jane has some high grade ore, while the Lone Boy has a broad ledge of low grade gold quartz. Cummings City is the center of these mining districts; and is thirty miles from Lar- amie City, on the road to the North Park, which is one of the great parks of Colorado. Gold and silver have been discovered northwest of Cheyenne, in the Laramie Mountains, as well as at Rawhide Buttes; on the Running Water, north of Fort Lar- amie. At the latter place, an eighty foot vein has been cut by a 300-foot tunnel, sent in at the base of the mountain. The Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 89 ore contains both gold and silver; yielding from $8 to $150 per ton, and is described as similar in appearance to the ores from the Comstock mines of Nevada. Gold has also been discovered in that portion of the Black Hills lying within the Territory. From present development it is manifest that the gold and silver deposits of Wyoming, are very meager in comparison with those of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, or New Mexico. Cop- per has been discovered in the Medicine Bow, Ferris, and Se- minole mountains; at Eawlins, in the Laramie range; atHart- ville, Whalens, and Muskrat canons; "Rawhide, Running Water, and at Copperopolis. These veins have a general north- east and southwest direction, and are from two to three feet wide. Copper is found here in connection with lead and sil- ver. The ores from some. of these veins assay from 22 to 30 per cent, copper. IRON MOUNTAIN. Iron is found in several places, but chiefly in a mountain ridge known as "Iron Mountain," at the head of Chugwater Creek; this mountain is in the Laramie range, twenty-five miles northeast of Laramie City. The ore occurs similar to the Lake Superior deposits; and are very rich in metalic iron. The iron made from these ores is white, and extremely ductile, and harder than that made from the Iron Mountain ores of of Missouri. Near Rawlins are extensive beds of red oxide ores, which are mined, crushed, and shipped for use as min- eral paint. They have also been used as flux, in the reduction of silver ores by the smelters of Utah. Antimony has been discovered in the Green River basin. Graphite hasbaen found in the Laramie range, twelve miles west of the Iron Mountain. In an area of two square miles, seven mines have been located ; and the veins vary in thickness, from eighteen inches to four and one-half feet. Some of these deposits are horizontal, some inclined, and others are vertical, most of them yielding as high as eighty per cent, pure graphite. Sulphur, in nearly a pure state, occurs in immense deposits, at the head of Bear River, which is a region of extinct volcanoes. 90 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. THE SODA DEPOSITS of Wyoming are certainly the most remarkable in the world. Twelve miles southwest of Laramie City, there are a number of lakelets of solidified soda. The largest of these covers an area of fifty-six acres, and the deposits vary from ten to fifteen feet in thickness, in the deeper portions. From these lakelets, a cube of two hundred cubic feet, of solid crystalline sulphate of soda, was exhibited at the Centennial Exposition; which gave the following analysis: "Soda, 19.4 per cent.; sulphuric acid, 24.8 per cent., equal to 44.2 per cent, of sulphate of soda; water of crystallization, 55.8 per cent." Colonel Downey, of Wyoming, thus describes these lakelets: "The deposit, whence the sam- ple mentioned was taken, covers an area of more than one hundred acres; being a solid bed of crystallized sulphate of soda, nine feet thick. The deposit is supplied from the bottom, by springs whose water holds the salts in solution. The water, rising to the surface, rapidly evaporates; and the salts with which it is impregnated, readily crystalize in the form men- tioned. Upon removing any of the material; the water rising from tie bottom, fills the excavation made; and the salts, crystallizing, replace, in a few days, the material removed. Hence the deposit is practically inexhaustible; and it now contains about 50,000,000 cubic feet of chemically pure crys- tallized sulphate of soda, ready to be utilized." Near Inde- pendence Rock, seventy-five miles north of Rawlins, in the valley of the Sweetwater, are deposits of bi-carbonate of soda. Here are about one hundred lakelets, covering an area of 300 acres, making a deposit one mile in length, by half-a-mile in breadth. Part of these are solid soda, and part are filled with strong alkaline water. In t>ne of these lakelets of solidified soda, borings have been made to the depth of forty feet, with- out passing beyond the soda formation. When we consider that the consumption of soda in the United States amounts to 250,000,000 of pounds per annum, all of which is imported, at a cost of $47 per ton, with 20 per cent, advalorem duty, making the cost $56.40 per ton, it would seem as though Wyoming Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 91 furnished a wonderful opportunity for both capital and enter- prise; in the soda business. At Rich Creek, near the Union Pacific Railway, there is reported to be a deposit of sulphate of magnesia, in nearly a pure state, covering one hundred acres to the depth of several inches. Gypsum, of fine quality, is found in many localities; notably in the Wind River Valley, on Horseshoe Creek, and near Red Buttes. Kaolin, or porcelain clay, has been discovered in Albany county; and mica, at both Diamond Peak, and in the Laramie Mountains, thirty miles northwest of Fort Laramie. Sandstone, marble, limestone, and clay for brick, are abundant. 4 THE COAL MEASURES Of Wyoming are widely distributed, and of superior qual- ity. They occupy a belt fifty to one hundred miles wide across the southern portion of the Territory; and are found in the region of the Big Horn and Powder Rivers ; east of the Wind River; and both east and west of the Laramie range. At Cooper Lake, in the Laramie Plains, a vein has been dis- covered which is fifteen feet thick, and one at Carbon ten feet. The veins vary in thickness from four to forty feet; while at Carter station, on the Union Pacilic Railway, in Uintah county; these coal seams are estimated to measure four hundred feet in thickness, with sandstone strata between them. It is said 300,000 tons are annually mined; and that' the fixed carbon varies from 46 to 76 per cent. These coals are extensively used for locomotive purposes, and have been largely shipped to the smelters at Salt Lake city. Petroleum springs have been found that yield the best quality of lubricating oil. This oil as it flows, has a gravity of 20 degrees; and is intensely black. Its flash test is 294; fire-test 322 degrees; and cold test 16 degrees below zero. It has been discovered in Bear River, in the valley of the Popo-Agie Creek, and in the valley of Little Wind River, near Camp Brown. The Beaver and Shoshone oil basins are considered among the richest known. Near Green River City there is an oil bearing shale, from 94 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. feet; height, 100 feet; lasts 10 to 30 minutes. Fan height, 60 feet; lasts 60 minutes. While no tourist can expect to see these all spout in one day, he can always be certain of wit- nessing Old Faithful several times, and some of the others on any day of the week. They are all located in a small basin of two or three miles square. Besides these, there are other, possibly scores of, geysers in our National Park, which far surpass the glory of those in Iceland, which hitherto have been called the grandest in the world. Ours are grandest in the frequency of their eruptions, in the quantity of water they spout, and in the height to which it is thrown, and also in the beauty of their delicately orna- mented and often brilliantly colored chimneys and basins." The road to the Park, at present is from the west, by stage, 30 hours' ride from Dillon station, on the Utah Northern Railway. A branch line will be completed by July 4th, of the present year, from Livingstone, on the Northern Pacific road, due south sixty-five miles, into the Park. The Yellowstone Improvement Company, recently organized in New York City, with a capital of $2,000,000, propose the immediate construction of a mammoth hotel in the Park, so that tourists from all parts of the world will soon be able comfortably to see the wonders of this wonderland. Fan Geyser, Yellowstone Park. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 95 IDAHO. "The Gem of the Mountains" Lofty Peaks, and Crys- tal Streams Beautiful Lakes Picturesque Scenery- Mineral and Agricultural Resources. This portion of the great Northwest is located between the 42d and 49th parallels of latitude, and the lllth and 117th of longitude, west from Greenwich. It is bounded on the north by the British Possessions and Montana, east by Mon- tana and Wyoming, south by ITtah and Nevada, and west by Oregon and Washington Territory. It lies directly west of the great main range of the Rocky Mountains, which sweep down through Montana, and has upon its northeast border the Bitter Hoot, Rocky, and Wasatch ranges; the Bitter Root occupy the northern, the Rocky the central, and the Wasatch the southern portion of this chain, which extends well over into Idaho. In the south are the Owyhee Mountains, which clivide the waters of the Columbia, while to the west are the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington Territory. Idaho is therefore surrounded by mountains, through which there are many fine natural gateways for the great highways of travel. The interior of the Territory is full of mountains, valleys, and plateaus, with an average altitude of 4,700 feet; while the tops of its highest peaks scarcely exceed 10,000 feet above the sea. These ranges traverse the Territory in all directions, sending forth streams of crystal water from their melting snows. DISCOVERED IN 1804. This part of he United States was first traversed by white men in 1804, when an exploring party under the command of 96 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Clark and Lewis passed through it. In 1793 a Captain Gray, who had been sent out by some Boston fur traders, made the discovery of the Columbia River in company with an English captain named Vancouver, and each took possession formally of the country; the Englishman in the name of George III. ; and the American in the name of Uncle Sam. In 1818, ac- cording to the provisions of a treaty, the entire region north of the 42d parallel of latitude and west of the Rocky Moun- tains, was occupied by the United States and Great Britain jointly; and the name given to it was Oregon. In 1846 the Northwest Boundary treaty was made, and the international line drawn at the 49th parallel of latitude. In 1855 Washing- ton Territory was created, Idaho was created a Territory by act of Congress March 3, 1863, being taken from Washington, Dakota, and Nebraska Territories. It then included the present State of Nebraska and most of Wyoming, and had an area of over 300,000 square miles. The name is a corruption of the Indian word E-dah- hoe, which is said to mean " GEM OF THE MOUNTAINS." The Territories of Wyoming and Montana were cut off from Idaho in 1868, and it was then reduced to its present size.- Idaho contains 86,294 square miles; being in comparative size the eleventh in area in the list of forty-seven States and Ter- ritories. It has 55,228,160 acres of land, of which 18,000,000 are mountains, 24,000,000 are grazing, and 12,600,000 acres are arable land when irrigated; while 600,000 are lake area. Of the vast mountain tract 9,000,000 of acres are clothed in timber. In the northern part of the Territory the valleys are narrow, and the entire region is covered with dense forests of coni- ferae; while farther south the valleys are broader and the forests retreat to the mountains. These forests consist of the white, red, and yellow pine; white, red and black spruce; fir, juniper, mountain mahogany, tamarac; and along the streams, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 97 birch, alder, cotton wood and willow. The white pine and white and red spruce attain a height of more than two hundred feet, and have a diameter at the base of five feet. The timber on the Pacific Slope of the Rockies is in all cases superior to that on the Atlantic, except it may be in Northwestern Mon- tana, where the country is subject to the same warm winds. RIVERS. The Territory has two noble rivers; the Snake and Salmon, which unite within, its borders after traversing it for more than a thousand miles, and bear their waters thence into the Columbia. They gather into their embrace the clear currents of a hundred minor streams; as the Portneuf, Raft, Goose, Bruneau, Wood, Weiser, Lemhi, Clearwater, etc., all of which are full of trout and other kinds of fish. These water courses are swift, and will furnish abundant power for manufacturing- purposes, as well as a never failing supply for irrigation. The Snake river rises near the National Yellowstone Park of Wyoming, and from its rushing torrent was known as Mad river. It passes westward across the southern portion of the Territory, then turning northward along its western border leads off to the Columbia. This river has three falls of note; the American, Shoshone and Salmon; the Shoshone being the most celebrated, as it resembles Niagara, plunging over a precipice 200 feet high. Beside the Snake, the Salmon, Couer D' Alene and St. Josephs rivers are navigable for a con- siderable distance, and are in size equal to the Ohio at Pitts- burgh. In the southern portion of the Territory are the Snake river plains, which are immense beds of basalt with an undulating surface, seamed with crevasses through which the streams flow. On these plains are three lone mountains known as the Three Buttes, which are landmarks in the waste. East of these plains rise hills and mountains, while south are narrow valleys and abrupt ranges, the former covered with sage and sparse grasses, while the latter are without timber. 98 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. In this desert region the sage bush grows to enormous size, and is used for firewood. LAKES. Idaho has a number of beautiful lakes in the northern por- tion, the largest of which, Pend d' Oreille, is one hundred and twenty miles long by from five to ten miles wide, and is navi- gable throughout. Its scenery is picturesque, being sur- rounded by grand mountains, and contains islands clothed with pine. Lake Oouer D' Alene is another gem, thirty-six miles long by three to five miles wide, and Karriiska is twenty miles long by ten wide, while in the southeastern corner is Bear Lake, thirty miles long and three wide: Each of these absorb several rivers, as darks' Fort of the Columbia, St. Josephs, etc. CLIMATE. The climate of Idaho, like that of the entire Rocky Moun- tain region, is healthful, and people with lung diseases, malaria, asthma, and general debility should flee to these mountains. The warm winds of the Pacific Ocean, which sweep over Oregon and Washington Territory, strike the Western slopes of the Rockies and are deflected -south along their sides, hence the climate of Idaho is comparatively mild, the mean annual temperature being 52 deg. F. ^The mercury seldom goes below zero, and the total fall of rain and melted snow is about 17.50 inches per annum. Owing to the dryness of the atmos- phere neither heat nor cold are felt as in the Eastern States. The death rate from diseases, amounts to 4.66, to each thou- sand, while on the Atlantic Coast it is 17.83. There is a great difference in the temperature and rain fall, between the northern and southern portions of the Territory; the rain fall in the northern portion being much heavier; while the moister climate has a more equitable temperature between day and night, and winter and summer. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 99 VALLEYS. Idaho has fair agricultural resources in the fertility of her valleys, only one-twientieth of which are occupied at present. These valleys have a length and breadth as follows: LENGTH BREADTH MILES. MILES. South Fork of Snake River, Eastern Idaho 30 2 to 4 S:ilt River Valley, Eastern Idaho 20 1 to 2 Bear River Valley, " " 40 3 to 5 Snake Valley, North Fork, Eastern Idaho 60 2 to 10 Blackfoot Valley, Eastern Idaho 20 2 to 5 Rome Valley, " " 30 8 to 12 Wood River, Central Idaho 50 1 to 2 Camas Prairie, " " 80 18 to 25 Boise Valley, Western Idaho 60 2 to 6 Payette Valley, " " 75 2 to 15 Weiser Valley, " Ouster, and North Pacific mines all furnish good ore, the first-named yielding as high as 1600 to the ton. Copper is found in the Argenta and Comet mines, and also in the Holter and Copper King, where the rich sulphurets in the latter give 50 percent, pure metal. The gulch mines in this district are said to pay handsomely. In Silver Bow county is located Butte City, the most prosperous place in the Territory, which has grown to its present size in five years. This is the best developed quartz mining district in Montana, and thirteen hundred locations have already been patented. Ten stamp mills are in operation, with a combined capacity of 233 stamps. They have also four smelters, which together reduce 250 tons of ore per day. This ore contains both silver and copper, and yields on an average $40 per ton, so that the total amount of ore treated by the stamp mills and smelters of Butte City per day will amount to 450 tons, worth $18,000. As $600,000 worth of crude copper ores are shipped from this district* the production of the Butte City region may be set down at $6,000,000 per annum. This district includes the mines of Deer Lodge county as well as those of Silver Bow. The veins are true fissures. The most extensively developed mine is the Alice, which lias a three-compartment shaft down 700 feet, with cross-cuts every 100 feet, besides drifts and levels opening up the ore bodies, which* are well defined and exten- sive. The mine for the past five years has averaged fifty tons of ore per day. The company has paid $500,000 in dividends, besides purchasing a large amount of property. The mills and furnaces of this company consume 1,000 tons of salt and 40,000 pounds of quicksilver per annum, at a cost of $120,- 000. The Lexington is another leading mine, and was pur- chased by a French company in 1881 for $1,500,000. Prior to the sale, with the most primitive appliances, this mine netted over $500,000, The ore body has a uniform width of ten feet, 116 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. and is exposed for a distance of 975 feet. A very complete forty stamp mill has been erected, and a 1,000-foot shaft started, from which 4,000 tons of ore have been taken out, that have yielded $82 to the ton in gold and silver. It is considered the highest grade big silver mice in the district, and has yielded almost every grade of ore up to native silver. The La Plata mine has a history. Its vein averages five feet in thickness, and is developed by an incline shaft 130 feet deep, with drifts east and west 100 feet long. From this development 4,000 tons of ore have been extracted, the best of which, amounting to more than half, was shipped to Germany, having been transported five hundred miles in wagons to the Union Pacific Eailway, before the Utah Northern was built. This ore was worth about $275 per ton, the net returns for the same amount- ing to $140 to the ton. The high grade ore in these mines does not convey a correct idea of the Butte mining district, the ores for the most part being low grade, not averaging over $35 per ton. The other leading silver mines of the district are the Algonquin, Acquisiton, Shonbar, Moulton, Vulcan, Clear Grit, Gagnon, Cora, Original, Trout, Hope, Comanche, and Belle of Butte. These are all producing properties, the Algonquin having yielded $300,000 in the past two years, while the Trout and Hope Mines are sending out ores that give $45 in silver to the ton. In this district is located the Atlantic Cable Gold mine, from one of whose pockets the owners are said to have taken $20,000. Discoveries of rich copper ore have been made here during the past two years, and there are dozens of properties which show veins varying in width from 10 to 50 feet. Mines like the Anaconda, Co- lusa, St. Lawrence, and Parrot have extensive bodies of cop- per glance. Many other mines, as the Modoc, Liquidator, Bell, Parrot, Cora, and Ramsdells, contain bodies of low grade copper ore. Some of these ores have been shipped to Balti- more for separation, and 20 per cent, pure metal is said to be Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 117 not an unusual yield. These two counties have not only silver, gold, and copper in abundance, but also IMMENSE DEPOSITS OF COAL, IRON AND LEAD. Missoula county has some promising mines in the Wallace district, also on Nine Mile Creek, and in the gulches of Cedar and Quartz creeks, and in the Sunrise district. Many of these gulches are worked for gold by Chinamen. Beaverhead county has produced $4,000,000 in gold from placers since 1862. They have also some rich silver mines, among which may be named the True Fissure, Cleve, and Atlantis. The Hecla Consolidated Mining Company's Works are located at Glen- dale, and have cost about $500,000. A narrow guage road is being constructed among the mines for a distance of ten miles, and a flume twelve miles in length has been built to bring wood down from the mountains. In the Elkhorn district the Storm mine has a ten-foot vein containing ore worth $50 per ton. In the Bannack district are the Excelsior and St. Paul mines, while the Medicine Lodge district shows not only placers but fine veins of both coal and copper. Madison county contains the famous Alder gulch, which has yielded $50,000,000 in gold. Many gold mines are worked at a profit in this country, and their yield for 1882 amounted to about $1,000,000. Among the silver mines here may be named the Bullion, which contains in a narrow crevice of only a few inches in width, silver glance and sulphuret ores that yield many thousands of dollars to the ton. Here are the Palmetto and Crown Point mines, with veins from one to two feet wide, that yield ore running from $100 to $500 per ton. In this county there are rich deposits of copper, zinc, coal, and iron. The zinc and copper ores give 20 to 30 per cent, pure metal. Gallatin county has some rich mineral veins in the Bear and Emigrant gulch districts. Immense deposits of magnetic iron ore have been found south and east of Bozeman, also large deposits of coal. In Meagher county are many noted gold gulches. Near Diamond City, in 1868, was located Montana 118 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Bar. This was half a mile long by 250 feet wide, and yielded $100,000 for every 100 lineal feet it measured. This county is credited with having produced $10,000,000 in the precious metals. RICH COPPER DEPOSITS. Here are also found immense deposits of copper, which assay from 20 to 50 per cent, pure metal. Of these copper ores Professor Raymond says: "The almost uniform experi- ence of working Montana copper veins has been to demon- strate that the veins improve in width and richness the deeper the shafts are sunk. At a depth of from 80 to 100 feet, sev- eral of them show ore that will average 50 per cent, copper, though near the surface the same openings yielded ore carry- ing but 25 to 33 per cent. The lodes of copper are abundant, and the veins from 4 to 100 feet in width." In Choteau county are the mines of Bear Paw mountains besides gulch mines near Fort Benton, which is its chief town and has 1,500 inhabit- ants. In the Baker district and at Maiden rich gold and sil- ver lodes have been discovered, and one smelter is in operation at Baker. Fort Benton is at the head of navigation on the Missouri, while 25 miles above are the great falls of that river, where, being 300 yards wide, it plunges over a precipice 90 feet high. Before reaching this it passes over twelve lesser falls in the space of ten miles, thus making a total descent of 400 feet. Coal and iron abound, and it is said there are 50,000 square miles of coal in the Territory. Precious stones, as agates, garnets, rubies, amethyst, and jasper are found in many localities. A ledge 'of amethyst eighteen inches wide has recently been discovered on Running Wolf Creek, and a mountain of Jasper, near Belmont Park. Ledges of fine white marble and sandstone of superior quality have been found in Madison county. POPULATION AND GROWTH. Montana has a population of 60,000, and is rapidly increas- ing in numbers from immigration. There are 20,000 Indians Resources of the. Rocky Mountains. 119 within her borders, settled upon reservations, which cover 53,370 square miles, or more than one-third of the Territory. The tribes thus located- are the Crow, Blackfeet, Flathead, Pend D'Oreille, Blood, Kootenai, Pigeon, Assiniboine, Gros Ventre, and Dakotas. Two railway lines have entered the Territory, one, the Utah Northern, starting from Ogden, in Utah, at the junction of the Union and Central Pacific roads, passes due north through Idaho and has its northern terminus at Helena. The other, the Northern Pacific, which has its eastern termini at Duluth and St. Paul, passes west through Minnesota and Dakota, crossing the border into Montana at Sentinel Butte, 640 miles from St. Paul. In a few miles it enters the valley of the Yellowstone. "The railroad follows up this grand valley from Glendive to a point twenty-five miles east of Bozeman, or 340 miles, thence crossing the belt range through Bozcman Pass, twenty-five miles to Bozeman, where it enters the Gallatin Valley. It follows westerly down f,he Gallatin and Missouri rivers a distance of 100 miles to Helena. Thence the track will climb the main range of the Rocky Mountains, passing through the summit by the Mullen tun- nel, and descending the western slope, continues clown the valleyuof the Little Blackfoot, Hellgate, Missoula, and Clark's Fork of the Columbia, in nearly a continuous valley, to Lake Pend D'Oreille, a further distance of nearly three hundred miles; thus following valleys for seven-eighths of its whole length in Montana." The eastern end of the road is already completed to Bozeman, more than 1,000 miles from St. Paul, while 600 miles are in operation from Porland, Oregon, east, leaving only 300 miles of the road in Montana to be finished. On this 13,000 men are employed, 8,000 of whom are China- men. The total distance from St. Paul to Portland, Oregon, is 1,950 miles, and the road will be entirely completed and equipped ready for business by October 1, 1883. A branch will be built from Livingstone, a few miles east of Bozeman, due south seventy-five miles into the heart of the Yellowstone 120 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. National Park, of Wyoming. This will be completed by the Fourth of July, 1883. The company has in use at present 5,000 freight cars, 60 passenger coaches, 20 baggage' and express cars, 14 sleepers, and 250 locomotives. They are also having constructed at the Pullman Palace Car Works, near Chicago, 50 first-class coaches, 37 second-class, 10 dining, cars, and 12 sleepers; while 120 locomotives are being built for them at Bhiladelphia and at Portland, Oregon. Thus are the mighty resources of the Western empire being rapidly developed. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 121 DAKOTA. Her Great Bonanza Farms. A Realm Where Wheat is King. Her Climate and Magic Cities. The Northern Pacific Railway. The Treasures of the Black Hills in Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, Coal, Salt, Oil, and Mica. Dakota, like Montana, is an empire. It contains 150,932 square miles, or 96,596,488 acres of land. It is the third in size of the political divisions of the United States, California and Texas alone, being larger; the former containing 188,981 and the latter 274,856 square miles. It is equal to the com- bined areas of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and West Virginia, or nearly as large as the Republic of France. It was organized a territory by act of Congress, in 1861; and is located between the 43d and 49th parallels of north latitude, and the 96 25 : , and the 104th meridian west of Greenwich. On the north it is bounded by the British Possessions; east, by Minnesota and Iowa; south, by Nebraska; and west, by Wyoming and Mon- tana. Its mean elevation is 1,950 feet; one-half the Territory lying between 1,000 and 2,000 feet; one-third between 2,000 and 3,000, and the remainder, which includes the Black Hills region, between 3,000 and 7,000 feet above the sea. The Mis- souri River cuts the Territory diagonally from northwest to southeast, into two nearly equal parts. The eastern portion is again about equally divided by the James River, which, running southeast, empties into the Missouri at Yankton. Between the Missouri and the James rivers the country con- 122 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. sists of elevated table lands, known as the "Plateau du Coteau du Missouri." On the northern border, just west of the Red River, are the Pembina Mountains; while a hundred miles further west, are the group known as the Turtle Mountains, from the fact that they resemble in their contour, a huge turtle one- hundred and fifty miles long, by fifty in width. These mountains are elongated in a northwest and southeast course, and* extend over into Manitoba. Just south of them are the famous Sand Hills and Poplar Groves. Of this region, a recent writer says: 'THE TURTLE MOUNTAIN REGION proper, which lies along the boundary line, covers^ an area many miles square, and is clothed with a dense growth of tim- ber, the largest area and most valuable quality that has been discovered between the Minnesota pineries and the Rocky Mountains. It consists of oak, ash, elm, cherry, birch, and other varieties, and the trees are large and of great value for manufacturing purposes. The woods are full of wild game bear, deer, elk, etc. and it has never been hunted to any ex- tent, the antelope upon the plains being so plentiful that the Indians have not gone into the forests for either sport or food. The south side of the mountains descend in gentle rolls, covered with excellent grass, and the timber line skirts along at distances of from a few rods to half a mile from the base. Frequent ravines, with gently sloping, woody sides, cut the mountains at intervals, and streams dash through the forest to the plain. These streams show the presence of spring-fed lakes somewhere in the mountains. Some of them broaden into lakes on the prairie, while others, after flowing several miles, suddenly disappear into subterranean passages. The soil in the immediate vicinity of the mountain, as well as for a hundred miles around it, is remarkably black and rich. Where the streams have cut through it appears at least four feet deep, with a clay subsoil. The half-breeds and Canadian Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 123 Frenchmen, who intermingle with the Indians, have cultivated this soil for years, and have raised large crops of grain and veg- etables." LAKES AND EIVEKS. There are numerous lakelets of alkaline water, in the north- ern part of the Territory, among which are: The Twins, Hur- ricane, Antelope, Minnie, Arrowood, Salt, etc.; besides Stump and Sweet Water Lakes, but the largest of these is, "Minnie Waukan, or Devil's Lake." This is fifty-five miles long by six wide, and has no outlet. The shores of this lake are lined with white rocks, while, in some places, its banks are covered with a heavy growth of timber. Surrounding this lake are said to be millions of acres of fine agricultural land, npon which settlers are living in sod houses, awaiting the time when they can secure titles. This region is being opened up to settlement by the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Railway Company. To the south and east these plateaus fall off into the valleys of the Missouri, James, and Red rivers; the two last being the greatest wheat producing regions in the world. West of the Missouri, stretching away to Montana, Wyoming, and Colo- rado, and through Nebraska and Kansas on the south, are spread out the great plains of the American continent. This is the grazing region of the West, where unnumbered millions of buffalo were wont to roam, and where vast herds of cattle, sheep, and horses now find subsistence. The river system of Dakota consists chiefly of the Missouri and its tributaries. This great river enters the Territory in the northwestern cor- ner, near Fort Buford, where it is formed by the union of the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers, coming down from Montana. It then receives from the north the White Earth River, and from the west the Little Missouri, Cannon Ball, Grand, Owl, Cheyenne, Bad, White, and Niobrara; while the James and the Big Sioux rivers add their tributes near the southeastern border. In the northern portion of the Territory are the Mouse and Pembina rivers, and the famous Red River 124 Eesources of the Rocky Mountains. of the North, all of which flow northward into Winnipeg Lake. These form the drainage system of Dakota. THE CLIMATE OF THE TERRITORY is varied, the southern and eastern portions being both warmer and more humid than the western, which is, colder and much more arid. The maximum temperature reaches 104 deg., F., whilst the minimum touches 40 degrees below zero. The mean annual temperature, for eleven points, gives 43 deg., F., for the entire Territory. The rainfall, taken at nine points, gives for the mean, 15.77 inches, 73 per cent, of which falls during the spring and summer. Dakota is divided into one hundred counties, and has many promising towns and cities, the chief of which are Fargo, Casselton, Jamestown, Bismarck, Mandan, and Deadwood. Fargo is the capital, and contains a popula- tion of 5,000, while Bismarck has a population of over 3,000. These two cities are located on the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad; the former at the crossing of the Red River, and the latter at that of the Missouri. The Territory contains three centers of population. First, the southern portion, where the people are mostly American farmers from the neighboring States. Then there is the Red River region, and the lands contiguous to the Northern Pacific road, where Norwegians, Swedes, and Germans, with enterprising Americans, are locat- ing by thousands. The third center is the region of the Black Hills, in the western corner, where the miners of the western mountains, those brave, strong, active, and independent spirits, grapple with nature for her gold. Dakota has a population of 175,000, of which 25,000 are Indians. These consist of the Dakotas, Arickarees, Mandans, and Gros Ventres; the Dakotas numbering 23,000. To these tribes are allotted reservations, in various parts of the Terri- tory, amounting to 54,440 square miles, or more than one- third of its entire area. It is stated that the smaller tribes are making a little progress in agriculture. In the way of manu- Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 125 facturing, there are twenty brickyards, thirty-five flouring mills, and forty saw mills in the Territory, besides various factories in the towns and cities. The Red River is navigable for many miles; and the Missouri, the entire distance through the Territory; but the chief means by which settlements are being made, is the great transcontinental line, THE NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILW&Y. From its termini, at Duluth and St, Paul, the two branches unite at Brainerd, in. Minnesota, and push forward, crossing the Dakota border at Fargo, from whence the road runs almost due west across the northern portion of the Territory, to Sen- tinel Butte, on the borders of Montana; thence up the Yellow- stone, and over the Rocky Mountain ranges, across Idaho, and down the Columbia, to Portland, Oregon; a total distance of 1,950 miles. From Fargo, at the crossing of the Red River, it throws off a branch to Grand Rapids, on the James. From Casselton, it sends a branch northward to Winnipeg, in Man- itoba. From Jamestown, a branch runs northward up the James River; while another branch has been projected from Bismarck, northwest, along the Missouri, to Fort Buford. From Wadena, Minnesota, a road has been built to Brecken- ridge, in Dakota, whence a branch has been surveyed to the Black Hills. Since the opening of the Northern Pacific Rail- way through Dakota, towns and villages have sprung up as if by magic, and the following points are now stations on that line: Fargo, Maple ton, Dalrymple, Casselton, Wheatland, New Buifalo, Tower City, Carlton, Valley City, Sanborn, Eckelson, Spittwood, Jamestown, Eldridge, Alsop, Midway, Crystal Springs, Tappin, Dawson, Steele, Clarke, Bismarck, Mandan, Marmot, Sweet Briar, Spur, Blue Grass, Bly's Mine, Curlew, Kurtz, Eagles' Nest, Knife River, Y. M. Butte, Antelope, Green River, Dickinson, South Heart, Houston, Fogarty, Sully Springs, Little Missouri, Andrews, and Sentinel Butte. These are agricultural or grazing centers, and are the shipping points for grain and stock. 126 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The forests of Minnesota furnish fuel for the eastern portion of Dakota, while the whole country, west of the Missouri River, as far as Bozeman, Montana, is underlaid with lignite coal of good quality. A mine is now being successfully worked, about forty miles west of Mandan, which is deliver- ing coal along the line at low rates. Other mines have been opened at the Little Missouri, Glendive, Miles City, and other points on the road, affording an abundant supply of coal at reasonable prices. The settler west of the Missouri, can mine his coal on his own land. The extension of the Jamestown branch, to the Mouse River coal-fields will furnish all Eastern Dakota with cheap and good coal. Water is found in the nu- merous streams, or can be had by boring wells to a depth of from twenty-five to one hundred feet. LANDS MAY BE OBTAINED in several ways: First, under the "Homestead Act," 160 acres may be secured by settlement and improvement for five years. Second, under the "Soldier Act," a man who has served over ninety days in the army or navy, can secure 160 acres by set- tlement and improvement for five years, "less the time he served in the army or navy," but such time shall not be reck- oned to exceed four years. Third, under the "Pre-emption Act," 160 acres may be obtained within the limits of any rail- way grant, at $2.50, or outside of it at $1.25 per acre, upon condition of actual residence, and cultivation. Fourth, under the "Tree Culture Act," 160 acres maybe secured by planting ten acres of timber, on a quarter section, and keeping it in a healthy, growing condition for eight years. The Northern Pacific Railway Company have millions of acres of the best farming and grazing lands, which they sell upon the following terms: "Agricultural lauds of the company, east of the Mis- souri River, in Minnesota and Dakota, are sold at $4 per acre, and the preferred stock of the company will be received at par in payment. When these lands are purchased on time, one- sixth stock, or cash, is required at time of purchase; and the Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 127 balance in five equal annual payments, in stock or cash, with interest at 7 per cent. A rebate of twenty-five per cent, of the price is made on land broken and cultivated within two years from the time of purchase. The price of agricultural lands, west of the Missouri River, is $2.60, cash, to actual settlers, or, if purchased on time, $3 per acre, one-sixth cash, and the balance in five equal annual cash payments, with in- terest at 7 per cent, per annum. The "Exemption Laws" of Dakota allow each man "$1,500 of personal property, together with his homestead, not to exceed six acres of land in a town, or a farm of one hundred and sixty acres. The tools and im- plements of a mechanic to the value of $200, and the books and instruments of professional men to the value of $600 are exempt from taxation." Dakota had, in 1880, in live stock, 200,000 cattle, 50,000 sheep, and 75,000 hogs, and has rapidly increased her num- bers since. Of wild game, deer, elk, buffalo, and antelope can be found, while ducks, geese, prairie chickens, grouse, and plover, are plentiful in different localities. THE TWO GREAT INTERESTS OF DAKOTA. however, are her wheat farms and her mines. The first are located in the eastern half of the Territory, and the last in the Black Hills, in the southwestern part. The soil of Dakota is a rich black loam from two to six feet deep, containing all the ingredients necessary for the growth of cereals, vegetables, etc. Beneath this vegetable loam is a subsoil of clay. In the val- leys of the Red and James rivers, and upon the rolling prair- ies, are some of the finest grain farms in the world. The Dal- rymple farm contains 75,000 acres. This is divided into 5,000- acre lots, with a superintendent over each. Twenty thousand acres are now under cultivation, and 5,000 acres are added each year. The wheat, oats, and barley are sown the last of April and first of May; three weeks being required to put in the crops. The two last named cereals are only raised in sufficient 128 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. quantity for farm use, the grain grown for market being wheat. Of this, one bushel and twenty quarts of the Scotch Fife vari- ety are sown to the acre, and the yield averages from twenty to twenty-five bushels per acre. The wheat is sown by ma- chines, and it requires four hundred horses to put in the crop. The harvest begins about August 1, and is finished in twelve days. One hundred and fifteen automatic self-binding har- vesters are used. The wheat is not stacked, but twenty-one threshers are set to work upon it, each of which turns out one thousand bushels per day. In this manner fifty car-loads, of four hundred bushels each, are shipped daily. To accomplish this requires a force of four hundred horses and five hundred men. During the harvesting and threshing season men get $2 per day for labor, and board; during the remainder of the year $30 a month and board are paid, and the force is cut down to a few men, sufficient to look after the stock. THE COST OF RAISING WHEAT. The cost of raising wheat on this farm is estimated at 35 cents per bushel. When shipped, the freight to New York is 28 cents per bushel, ocean freight 18 cents, commission 2 cents, marine insurance 2 cents, contingencies 12 cents, making the total cost of wheat sold off the coast at Cork 97 cents per bushel without loss. This Scotch Fife wheat is considered the best known. It was introduced into the Eed Eiver Valley of Dakota, by sturdy Scotchmen, as early as 1800, and has been cultivated continuously by their descendants, in what is known as the "Selkirk Settlements," ever since. This wheat is both hard and heavy, matures in 80 days, and commands the highest price in the market. The Cooper Brothers also have a bonanza farm of 50,000 acres. This is located in Griggs county, in the famous Cheyenne Valley; as yet only a little over 5,000 acres are under cultivation. At Minneapolis, Minnesota, from September 4th to 9th, 1882, the great Northwestern Exposition was held, where the agricultural products of Minnesota, Da- kota, Montana, Washington, and Oregon were exhibited in 130 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. but none for export. In some localities, oak, ash, elm, box- elder, white birch, willow, and cotfconwood are found; but none of these can be counted on for lumber. As yet the Black- Hills are without railway communication. The Chicago & Northwestern Railway has halted at Pierre, on the Missouri River, two hundred miles away; while the Chicago and Mil- waukee has reached Chamberlain, on the same river. Imme- diately in front of them lies the Sioux Reservation, through which, as yet, there is no permission to pass. The Sioux city & Pacific Railway is in operation from Om;iha to Niobrara, on a river of the same name, and is under contract to Pine Ridge Agency, which is only ninety miles from the Hills. To the north two hundred miles away passes the Northern Pacific; while the Union Pacific runs two hundred and fifty miles south; and the branch from Cheyenne to Fort Laramie is nearly two hundred miles distant in a southwest direction. Surrounded by railways, the Hills are yet without any. There is a stage road from Sidney, on the line of the Union Pacific Railway, one hundred miles east of Cheyenne; and over it nearly all the supplies for the Hills are transported, and the treasures brought out. THE BLACK HILLS a re the principal group of mountains in Dakota, and are situ- ated between the north and south forks of the Cheyenne River, south of the 46th parallel of latitude. They extend over into Wyoming, are elliptical in shape, being elongated from north- west to southeast, one hundred miles; with an average width of fifty miles. Their highest peaks are from 6,000 to 7,000 feet above the sea. They rise from the plain like an island, and have a "Core of granite, around which the sedimentary formations are arranged in concentric eclipses, forming long and gracefully curved 'hog-backs,' between which are beauti- ful valleys, carpeted with luxuriant grasses, gay with flow- ers." These Hills were long known to the Indians of the plains to be rich in gold, and it is reported that a party of Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 131 white men visited them as early as 1849. General Ouster made an expedition there in 1874; while upon August 10, 1875, Ouster City was laid out in the presence of one thousand men. In the same fall the rich gulches of Whitewood and Dead- wood creeks became known, which, in 1876 and 1877 yielded $4,000,000 in gold. The mineral, for the most part in the Black Hills, consist of low grade gold ore, which will average not more than $5 to $10 to the ton. In the Whitewood district are the following gold mines: Homestake, Highland, Golden Gate, Father DeSmet, Erin, Uncle Sam, Cheyenne, -Gustin, Durango, Blacktail, Wooley, and Pecacho. The Homestake produced in 1882, $1,114,568, and consumed 1,350,000 feet of square timber, 10x10 and 12x12, costing $200,000, besides 40,000 cords of wood. The Father DeSmet produced $391,269, while the Deadwood Terra yielded $551,052. "The cost of mining these ores has been reduced from $1.98 to 89 cents per ton, and of milling from $1.59 to 64 cents for 80-stamp mills, and from $1.22 to 45 cents in 120-stamp mills. The average yield previous to June, 1879, was $9.69 per ton, thence to February, 1880, it varied from $4.25 to $5.60, and now averages $7.95 per ton." In the Bald Mountain district are the following mines, producing both gold and silver: Tecumseh, Humbolt and Oregon, Bo- livia, Bluebird, Beaver, Lone Star, etc. In the New Carbon- ate camp are the War Eagle, Hannibal, Utica, and Hartshorn, which produce silver. In the Galena district are the Sitting Bull, Washington, Red Cloud, Indian Queen, Surprise, Ous- ter, etc., some of which yield silver and some gold; while in the Spruce and Two Bit gulches are the Ophir, Chipmunk, Diamond, Neptune, and Noble Grand, all producing gold. The Equator mine, in the Rochford district, produces copper glance and carbonate and oxide of copper; assaying from 35 to 65 per cent., averaging 40 per cent, pure metal. These ores are said to be free from arsenic, antimony, zinc, or other objectionable substances. The bullion product of the Black 132 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Hills, from 1876 to August 1, 1882, amounted to $22,000,000, and is equal at present to nearly $5,000,000 per annum. COAL DEPOSITS. Coal of good quality has been found in the Black Hills; the veins are from three to six feet thick, and 3,500 acres have been taken up by a Philadelphia company. Thirty-five mile 8 from Deadwood petroleum has also been discovered, in springs, and is used for lubricating machinery at the mines. Fifteen or twenty salt springs have been found forty-five miles south- west of Deadwood. The percentage of saline matter is not quite equal to that in the Springs of Saginaw, Michigan, but the salt is purer and whiter, and enough is made to supply the home demand. There are wonderful mica mines in Penning- ton and Caster counties, in the Black Hills. Great dykes of white feldspar have been forced up through the granite for- mation, and in this feldspar are the veins of mica, which is blasted out in blocks six inches thick by eighteen inches square. This mica splits into thin transparent sheets, which, for size of plates, clearness, and quantity, is not surpassed by any Russian, Scandinavian, or American mines. The entire cost of preparing it for market does not exceed 60 cents per pound, while mica of this quality brings from $6 to $8 per pound. The production of these mines for 1882 amounted to 100,000 pounds. The valleys in the foothills and along the streams furnish some good agricultural land, where by means of irrigation, wheat corn, oats, and vegetables are raised in sufficient quantity to supply the home market. Four flour- ing mills are located here, with a capacity of 340 barrels per day. Wild strawberries, raspberries, and plums grow in abun- dance. Deadwood, Lead City, Rapid City, Custer City, Crook City, Central, Grayville, and Spearfish are all active and enter- prising mining centers, and have churches, schools, banks, and public buildings; and despite the rough element, here, as elsewhere, there are many intelligent, worthy, and moral people. (Sri MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 135 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, BOS AMERICANUS, AMERICAN BISON. [Extract from Col. Richard I. Dodge's "Plains of the Great West," Published in 1876.] The general appearance of this animal is well known to all. His enormous bulk, shaggy mane, vicious eye, and sullen de- meanor give him an appearance of ferocity very foreign to his true natureA Dangerous as he looks, he is, in truth, a very mild, innoffensive beast, timid and fearful, and rarely attack- ing but in the last hopeless effort of self-defense. When travelling unmolested the buffalo is extremely careful of his choice of grades. His indisposition to travel over bad ground is by no means to be taken as inability to do so. ^ When frightened, he will, with perfect impunity, climb banks or plunge down precipices, where it would be impossible, or cer- tain death, for a horse to follow. He is rarely seriously injured by tumbles which would disable, if not kill, any other animal. In crossing- streams his instinct deserts him. He plunges in anywhere, without fear or care, and shows less sense in extri- cating himself, from the difficulties incident to such action than any other animal, wild- or tame. Late in the summer of 1867, a herd of probably 4,000 buffalo attempted to cross the South Platte near Plumb Creek. The water was rapidly subsiding, being nowhere over a foot or two in depth, and the channels in the bed were filled or filling with loose quicksands, frhe buffalo in front were soon hopelessly stuck. Those immediately behind, urged on by the horns and pressure of those yet further iu the rear, trampled over their 136 Resources of the Eocky Mountains. struggling companions, to be themselves engulfed in the de- vouring sand. This was continued until the bed of the river, nearly half a mile wide, was covered with dead or dying buf- falo. It is estimated that considerable over half the herd paid for this attempt with their lives. The habitual separation of a large herd into numerous smaller herds seems to be an instinctive act, probably for more perfect mutual protection. When pursued the herds rush together in a compact plunging mass. Buffalo hunting on horseback is full of excitement. A buffalo can run only about two- thirds as fast as a good horse, but what he lacks in speed he makes up in endurance, in tenacity of purpose, and in the most extraordinary vitality: A herd will stand staring at an approaching horseman until he is within about 300 yards. It will then mojTe off slowly, and when he is within about 250 yards, it will probably break into a gallop. This is the sportsman's moment. If a herd is not overtaken in 500 or 600 yards the chase had better be abandoned. When a hunter rushes into a large herd, the buffalo on each side of his horse push from him laterally. As he gets further into it the buffalo passed do not close in his rear, but being now able to see him more clearly, press further and further away. The consequence is that the hunter finds himself riding in a V, the point of which is only a little in advance of his horse's head. By going completely through the herd, it is not only split, but the leading buffalo on each side, now clearly seeing the position of the foe, immediately diverge from him, and consequently from each other. The herd is now in two herds, which run off in different directions. Pursuing one of these, it is split again and again, until the hunter is enabled to select his animal from the dimin- ishing numbers. All this requires an ^cellent horse, a cool and skilful rider, and, what is difficult to find on the plains, good ground and plenty of it. Among steep ravines or very Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 137 broken ground, the buffalo can travel better than the best horse. Forty years ago the buffalo ranged from the plains of Texas to beyond the British line; from the Missouri and Upper Mis- sissippi to the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains. In 1872 some enemy of the buffalo discovered that their hides could be sold in the market for a goodly sum. By wagon, on horseback, and afoot, the pelt-hunters poured in, and soon the unfortunate buffalo was without a moment's peace or rest. Though hundreds of thousands of skins were sent to market, they scarcely indicated the slaughter. From want of skill in shooting, and want of knowledge in preserv- ing the hides of those slain, on the part of these green hunters, one hide sent to market represented three, four, or even five dead buffalo. The hunter's object is not only to kill, but to avoid frightening the living. Keeping the wind, peeping over hills, crawling like a snake along the bottom of a ravine, he may approach unsuspected to~""within thirty or forty feet of the nearest. The game is so near .that but one shot is neces- sary for each life. Hiding his every movement, the heavy rifle is brought to bear, and a bullet .js sent into the heart of the nearest buffalo. The animal plunges forward, walks a few steps, and stops, with blood streaming from his nostrils. The other buffalo, startled at the report, rush together, but, neither seeing nor smelling danger, stare in uneasy wonder. Attracted by the blood, they collect about the wounded buffalo. Again and again the rifle cracks. Buffalo after buffalo bleeds, totters and falls. The survivors stare in imbecile amazement. I have myself counted 112 carcasses inside of a semi-circle of 200 yards radius, all of which were killed by one man from the same spot, and in less than three-quarters of an hour. The Buffalo melted away like snow before a summer's sun. Con- gress talked of interfering, but only talked. Winter and sum- mer, in season and out of season, the slaughter went on. In 1871-2, there was apparently no limit to the number of buffalo. 10 138 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. As the game became scarcer, more attention was paid to all details, and, in 1874, one hundred skins, delivered in the market, represented 125 dead buffalo. To avoid overestimating, I have, in every case, taken the lowest figures, and the result is as follows: Killed by the Indians in the years 1872-73 and 74. 1,215,000 " Whites " " " " " 3,158,730 Total 4,373,730 Making the enormous, almost incredible number, of nearly four and a half millions of buffalo killed in the short space of three years. Nor is this all. No account has been taken of the immense number of buffalo killed by hunters who come into the range from New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, and the Indian Territory; of the numbers killed by thelltes, Bannocks and other mountain tribes, in their fall hunt on the plains. Nothing has been said of the numbers sent from the Indian Territory, by other railroads than the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, to St. Louis, Memphis and elsewhere; of the im- mense numbers of robes which go to California, Montana, Idaho, and the Great West; nor of the still greater numbers taken each year from the territory of the United States by the Hudson Bay Company. All of these will add another million to the already almost incredible mortuary list of the nearly extinct buffalo. IN twenty years the yield of the Comstock Mines has been $365,000,000 worth of bullion. The length of shafts and tunnels is 250 miles. Three hundred and sixty million tons of- waste rock have been hoisted, and 1,750,000,000 tons of water pumped to the .surface. Resources of the. Rocky Mountains. 139 THE INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA. [Extract from Col. Richard I. Dodge's "Plains of the Great West," Published in 1876.] The number of Indians, of all descriptions, at present in- habiting the United States, is estimated at about 300,000. Two centuries ago they numbered upwards of two millions. Everywhere, and amongst all tribes, with the exception, per- haps, of the Dakotahs or Sioux, they are rapidly decreasing in numbers. This decrease arises from various cause; amongst the principal of which may be mentioned contagious diseases, intemperance, and wars, both amongst themselves and with the whites. The steady and resistless emigration of white men into the Territories of the West, restricts the Indians, yearly, to still narrower limits, and destroying the game, which, in their normal state, constituted their principal means of subsis- tence, reduces them to a state of semi-starvation and despera- tion. The records of every tribe tell the same story of their gradual decrease and probable extinction. The Indians of the United States are placed under the man- agement of the Indian Bureau, a branch of the Interior De- partment of the Government, and are governed by means of superintendents and agents especially appointed for the pur- pose, the department being divided into superintendences and agencies. There are fourteen superintendencies, viz: Washington, Cal- ifornia, Arizona, Oregon, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Colo- rado, Idaho, Dakota, Montana, Northern, Central, and South- ern; whilst there are several independent agencies. In California, Washington and Oregon, there about 50,000 Indians. Arizona and New Mexico contain a like number, consisting principally of Navajoes. Apaches, and Pueblo Indians. 140 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Nevada, Utah, and Colorado contain about 35,000, consist- ing of the different tribes of Utes, Shostiones, or Snake Indi- ans, and Bannocks. Dakota, Montana, Wyoming and Idaho, the homes of the Dakota, or Sioux, Blackfeet and Blood Indians, contain about 70,000 of the most warlike and uncivilized Indians of the Plains; whilst the Indian Territory, which is situated to the west of the State of Arkansas, and between Texas and Kansas, contains 70,000, consisting principally of the semi-civilized tribes, including the Greeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, CMckasaws, Osages, Seminoles, Winnebagoes, Pawnees, Pottawatomies, and the Sacs and Foxes. The wild Kiowas and Comanches, and the Arrapahoes and Cheyennes, who, with some of the bands of the Dakotas, in- habit the country lying between the west of the Indiana Terri- tory and the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, number 10,000. In addition to the tribes previously enumerated, there are also the Chippewas, or Ojiblewas, numbering some 20,000, who roam about the shores of Lake Superior and the banks of the Upper Mississippi; whilst the New York Indians, consist- ing of the remnants of the celebrated Six Nations, together with other miscellaneous wandering tribes, number less than 10,000. [Extract from Leadville Democrat.] Colorado made a ten strike when, in adopting her Constitu- tion, she exempted mines from taxation. It has helped to make this State a favorite of Capital. The Treasury is in a better condition than it would have been, and the other prop- erty, upon which the tax falls, is worth more than it would be had the mines been hampered with wild assessments and ruinous taxes. The truth is that the mines really pay the taxes anyway, but it is done indirectly, and not in a manner calculated to frighten capital. Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 141 UNDERGROUND TREASURES. Professor Orton, in his "Underground Treasures," says: Whether an ore is profitable, depends not so much upon the relative value of the metal, as upon the ease of sepamting it from the rock, or gangue, as it is called. Thus, the minimum per centage of metal, below which the working of ore ceases' to be profitable, is: Of Iron 25 per cent. " Zinc 20 " Lead T20 " Antimony 20 " ' Copper 2 " Tin li " " Quicksilver 1 " Platinum 1-2000 per cent. " Gold 1-100,000 per ct. That is, an ore of iron which contains less than 25 per cent, of metal will not pay for working; for the reduction of iron in comparison with copper ore is very difficult. Gold is very easily extracted, and hence some quartz rocks which do not apparently contain a particle of gold, pay well, a bushel of rock often yielding half an ounce. Iron occurs in large masses or beds; but the other metals are scattered in fragments through sand and soil, or exist in veins running through rocks. SEARCHING FOR GOLD. In the United States the paying localities of gold deposits are the slopes of the Rocky and Alleghany Mountains. Gold need not be looked for in the anthracite and bituminous coal fields, nor in limestone rock. It is seldom found in the beds of rivers. The thing itself is the surest indication of its exist- ence. If soil or sand is washed, and the particles of gold are 142 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. not heavy enough to remain at the bottom, but float away, the bed will not pay. Along streams rather high up among the mountains, and in the gravelly drift, covering the slopes of the valleys below, are the best prospects. Where the stream meets an obstacle in its path, or makes a bend, or has deep holes, there we may look for pockets of gold. Black or red sands are usually richest. Gold bearing rock is a slate or granite abounding in rusty look- ing quartz veins, the latter containing iron pyrites, or cavities. Almost all iron pyrites and silver ores may bo worked for gold. When the quartz veins are thin and numerous rather than massive, and lie near the surface, they are considered most profitable. Few veins can be worked with profit very far down. As traces of gold may be found almost everywhere, no one should indulge in speculation before calculating the percentage and the cost of extraction. The substances most frequently mistaken for gold are iron pyrites, copper pyrites, and mica. The precious metal is easily distinguished from these, by its malleability flattening under the hammer and its great weight, sinking rapidly in water. SEARCHING FOR SILVER. This metal is usually found with lead ore and native copper. Slates, and sandstones intersected by igneous rocks, as trap and porphyry are good localities. Pure silver is often found in or near iron ores, and the dark brown zinc blende. The Colorado silver lodes are porous at the surface, and colored more or less red or green. Any rock suspected of containing silver should be powdered, and dissolved in nitric acid. Pour off the liquid, and add to it a solution of salt. If a white powder falls to the bottom, which, upon exposure, turns black, there is silver in it. Silver mines increase in value as in depth, whereas gold diminishes as we descend. Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 143 SEARCHING FOR COPPER. The copper ores, after exposure, or after being dipped in vinegar, are almost invariably green on the surface. They are most abundent near trap dykes. The pyrites is generally found in lead mines, and in granite and clay-slate. Copper very rarely occurs in the new formations, as along the Atlantic and Gulf borders, and in the Mississippi Valley, south of Cairo. SEARCHING FOR LEAD. Lead is seldom discovered in the surface soil. It is also in vain to look for it in the coal region and along the coast. It must be sought in steep hills, in limestone and slate rucks. A sur- face cut by frequent ravines, or covered by vegetation in lines, indicates mineral crevices. The galena from the slate is said to contain more silver than that from the limestone. The purest specimens of galena are poorest in silver; the small veins are richest in the more precious metal. A lead vein is thickest in limestone and thinest in slate. SEARCHING FOR IRON. Any heavy mineral, of a black, brown, red, or yellow color may be suspected to be iron. To prove it, dissolve some in oil of vitriol, and pour in an infusion of nut-gall or oak bark; if it turns black iron is present. If a ton of rich magnetic ore costs more than $4 at the furnace; good hernetite more than $3, and poor ores more than $1.50 or $2.00, they are too expen- sive to pay, unless iron is unusually high. Deep mining for iron is not profitable. Generally speaking, a bed of good iron ore, a foot thick, will repay the cost of stripping it of soil, etc., twelve feet thick. Red and yellow earths, called ochres, con- tain iron. Magnetic ore is easily found by a compass. 144 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. BELIEF OF THE CONTINENTS. [Extract from Professor Guyot's " Earth and Man."] The examination of the general reliefs of the great masses of dry land on the surface of the globe, leads us, in fact to a recognition of certain great analogies, certain laws of relief, which apply, whether to certain groups of continents, or to all the continents taken together, or to the whole earth. All the continents rise gradually from the shores of the seas towards the interior, to a line of highest elevation of the masses, and of the peaks surmounting them to a maximum of swell. In all of the continents, the line of greatest elevation in the summit of ascent is placed out of the centre, on one of the sides, at an unequal distance from the shores of the seas. From this fact result two slopes, unequal in length and inclination. This is analogous to what, in. mountains, is called the slope and the counter slope. SLOPES OF THE CONTINENTS. LENGTH IN MILES. Northern Slope. Southern Slope. Eastern Asia 2,600 400 Western Asia 900 100 Asia Minor 300 50 Central Europe 450 100 Africa 3,300 600 Eastern Slope. Western Slope. North America 2,200 800 Central America 2,000 300 South America 1,850 70 South America 1,600 200 In the Old World the long slopes are turned towards the north, and the short slopes towards the south. In the New World, the gentle slopes descend towards the east and the short Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 145 and rapid slopes towards the west. Thus, in this respect, each of the two worlds has a law peculiar to itself. The Old World, as we have learned from the study of its reliefs, is that of table lands and mountains. No continent exhibits plateaus so elevated, so numerous, so extensive, as Asia and Africa. Instead of one or two chains of mountains like the Andes, Central Asia is traversed by four immense chains, supporting vast table lands of from 5,000 to 14,000 feet in elevation, and the loftiest mountains on the globe. The extent of this elevated region is more that 2,400 miles long, by 1,500 miles broad. The principal mass of Western Asia is nothing but a plateau, from 3,000 to 6,000 feet in height. Africa, south of the Sahara, seems to be only an en- ormous pile of uplifted lands. It has been calculated that the mountains and plateaus of Asia cover five-sevenths of its sur- face, while the plains occupy only two-sevenths. In Africa, the high regions form two-thirds of the continent, the plains only one-third. If I cairthe Old World the world of plateaus, it is not be- cause great plains are wanting there. The whole north of Europe and of Asia is merely a boundless plain, and from the shores of Holland, through Germany, Russia, the Steppes of of the Caspian and Siberia, the traveler may cross the Ancient World from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, for a distance of more than six thousand miles without encountering an em- inence of more than a few hundred feet in height. In Africa, also, the plains of Sahara extend 2,500 miles in length, by 1,000 in breadth. But the situation of these plains of the Old World, under the frozen sky of the north, and under the fires of the tropics, together with the nature of their soil, takes from them all their importance. The one is a frozen waste, a Siberia; the other a burning desert; and neither the one nor the other is called to play an essential part, nor do they im- press upon their respective continents essential character. 146 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The New World, on the other hand, is the world of plains.. They form two-thirds of its surface; the plateaus and the mountains only one-third. The high lands form only a nar- row band, crowded upon the western coast of the two conti- nents. Almost the whole east runs into immense plains covering it, one might say, from pole to pole. From the Frozen Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, over an extent of nearly 2,400 miles, we cross only insignificant heights. From the llanos of the Orinoco to the banks of the La Plata, we trav- erse more than 3,000 miles of low plains, slightly interrupted by the somewhat more elevated regions of Western Brazil, they are prolonged even to the Pampas of Patagonia, 600 miles further south, to the southern extremity of America. The length of the rich plains watered by the Amazon, in the direction of the current, is nearly 1,600 miles, and what are the plains of the Amazon and the Mississippi, compared with those of Siberia and Sahara? A happy climate, a rich and fertile soil, a wonderful vegetation, prodigious resources they have all that makes the prosperity of a country; who does not see that here is the character of America; here lies the future New World? ELEVATIONS OF THE CONTINENTAL LANDS, Baron Humbolt, by his researches, established as the most probable result, the following numbers, as the mean elevation above the ocean, for the -different continents: Europe 671 feet. Asia.... 1151 " North America 748 South America 1132 " Or, places the mean elevation of the entire land of the globe at 1008 feet above the level of the ocean. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 147 GROWTH OF THE NATION. [Extract from the address of Hon. W. D. Kelley, at a Birthday Banquet, given in his honor, at the Union League Club, Philadelphia, April 12th, 1883.] A GLANCE AT THE PAST. Let me hastily refer to a few unquestioned facts to show how great our progress should have been, and how small it was during the census decade of 1850-1860. Under wise rev- enue laws this decade would have been characterized by phe- nominal national growth, and such unparalleled prosperity as, banishing discontent, would have rendered civil war impossible. In 1849 the gold fields of California were discovered. During each year of the decade to which I refer they yielded more than $100,000,000. Had we been a manufacturing nation this enorrnous addition to the money metals would have remained with us, and by vivifying and expanding all our industries would have given steady work, increasing wages, and unexam- pled prosperity to the whole people. We were, however, not manufacturers, but were little more than producers of raw material for export, and the gold which should have enriched us went abroad to purchase consumable commodities which we could have produced, and the materials of which lay in rich profusion around us. Thus swelling our exports, it augmented our foreign commerce, but did it at the cost of all other inter- ests. Though we had, since 1849, mined $1,100,000,000 of gold, 1860 found us steeped in bankruptcy and dependent for a medium of exchange upon the irredeemable notes of insolvent banks. Cheap foreign imports had closed our furnaces, forges and factories, and thus destroyed the farmer's home market for his productions; labor was without employment, enterprise without capital, and the Government without revenue or credit. In view of the fact that the National administration had, in default of the receipt of adequate revenue, been compelled to 148 Resources of the Eocky Mountains. apply for a loan with which to meet the current expenses, Southern enthusiasts might well believe that a "cambric hand- kerchief" would suffice "to staunch the wounds" incident to the war that could be made in defence of the Union by a gov- ernment so destitute of all the means of warfare. Such was the condition of the country when, on the 4th of July, 1861, Congress convened, in obedience to the proclamation of Pres- ident Lincoln, "for the purpose of taking such measures as the 'public interest and safety might demand." In its judgment the safety and interest of the country demanded the sending into the so-called Confederate States of adequate armies for their conquest. It approved the President's call for 75,000 troops, and made provision for an indefinite increase of the number, including artillery and cavalry. It reorganized and enlarged the naval establishment and recognizing our mer- chant marine as the militia of the sea, appealed to it for vol- unteer officers and men for temporary service during the war. It built, bought and chartered ships, and established a block- ade of our long Southern coast, so effective that no govern- ment dared dispute its validity or attempt to break its lines. GROWTH OF AMERICAN MANUFACTURE. Having by the requisitions it made for the supply and main- tenance of the army and navy provided work for the idle people, it coined the public credit into legal tender and thus furnished the government with ample means of paying the enormous expenditures it had ordered. The retirement of Southern members and Senators left Congress in the control of those who knew the talismanic power of labor to produce wealth, and believed in the constitutionality and propriety of protective duties. To increase the revenues of the government and to quicken the enterprise and industry of the people, it imposed on foreign imports unprecedented rates of duty, and thus stimulated the manufacture of every fabric and ware that might be produced in a non-tropical country. Suddenly mines were opened, factories erected and the tide of immigration, Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 149 which had shrunk 'to less than one hundred thousand per annum, revived, and people skilled in every branch of indus- trial art poured into the country. Railroads, weaving together remote sections of the country, were planned and constructed as if by magic. We ceased to be exclusively producers of raw material for export, and entered into competition with the manufacturing countries of the world for the American market. Of the measure of success that has attended this change of policy the world has taken note. It is part of universal history that the United States, under the system of cosmopolitan free- dom of trade, taught by English economists and their Ameri- can disciples, had been able to make littie more than nominal progress in wealth and diversified industries; and that in twenty years of life under the protective system, more than four of which were passed in terrible warfare, they had assumed indisputable possession of the position of the first industrial and commercial nation of the world. It has with truth been said that had the war bestowed no other blessing than the abo- lition of slavery, it would have been worth all the life and treasure it cost; and I affirm that if it had but illustrated the wisdom of each nation securing to its own people the right to employ their time profitably in supylying their own wants, by the conversion of the raw materials found within the limits of their own country, it would have been worth all the life and treasure it cost. STEADY INCREASE OF PRODUCTION. Between 1850 and 1860, notwithstanding our unparalleled production of gold and the consequent increase of immigra- tion, our development of manufacturing power was scarcely appreciable. When, in 1861, Congress advanced the rates of duty upon manufactured articles, we had not in any year pro- duced 1,000,000 tons of pig iron. Since then our increase has been steady, and last year our production was nearly five mil- lion tons. In 1860 the manufacture of steel in commercial 150 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. competition with England was an experiment of doubtful issue. Now we produce one-third of the steel of the world, and export much of our product in the highest forms of varied manufacture, including saws and surgical instruments. The truest test of a nation's civilization is said to be the average consumption per capita by its people of iron. Let us apply this test to the civilization of the American people under free trade and protection. Between 1850 and 1860 the pro- duction of pig iron, forged and rolled iron and steel was prac- tically stationary, and in 1860 employed but 39,000 hands. After twenty years of protective duties they gave living wages to more than one hundred and forty thousand hands. The capital invested in these branches of manufacture in 1860 was less than $50,000,000, but twenty years of protective duties served to expand it to $230,000,000. The wages they paid in 1860 were but $12,000,000, as against $55,000,000 in 1880. The materials they consumed in 1860 were valued at $34,000,000, and in 1880 at more than $190,000,000. At no time prior to the war had our annual production of these essential commod- ities reached the value of $60,000,000; but having emanci- pated ourselves from England's free trade dogmas twenty years have sufficed to expand these less than $60,000,000 into more than $296,000,000. But some of you may ask whether these figures are not ex- ceptional, and whether the iron interest has not been specially favored. No, my friends, tnese figures are not exceptional; the iron interest has not been favored beyond all others. The results I have indicated are paralleled by those of every other branch of business and exceeded by those of many other depart- ments of industry. IMPORTANT INDUSTRIES. The chemical industry as found by the takers of the last census did not exist in 1860. With the wonderful progress of analytical science chemistry is the recognized handmaid of Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 151 every productive pursuit. Its progress may therefore be ac- cepted as an indication of general growth and prosperity. Making no figure in any previous census, it appears in that of 1880 as employing more than $85,000,000 or capital, paying $12,000,000 of wages and consuming nearly $80,000,000 of material. Like unto the statement is that of carriage building. We could not, in 1860, make a thoroughly American pleasure car- riage; we must import the springs and other steel work, and most of the textile trimmings; but as we now make as good steel as we import, and produce our own silks, fringes and tassels, we build our own carriages. Yes, after twenty years of highly protective duties, we build in the single State of Ohio more pleasure carriages annually than are produced in Great Britain and France combined, and the returns of the census show the existence in 1880 of more than 43,000 estab- lishments for the manufacture of carriages and smithing, which employed in that year 105,000 hands, to whom were paid as wages more than $38,000,000. Anomalous as it may seem it is nevertheless true that the work of railroad construction strikingly illustrates the value to the American people of the maintenance of adequate pro- tective duties. In 1860 we had built less than 30,000 miles, in 1880 we worked about 95,000 miles, and are now working 120,000 miles, or more miles than are owned by the whole of Europe. In this connection there is one truth that American legislators should never forget. It is the supreme value of a home market. Though England's foreign trade greatly ex- ceeds ours, our domestic commerce exceeds her foreign and home trade combined. Speaking on this point Mr. Alexander McEwen, in an open letter to the Earl of Beaconsfield in 1879, said: "The United States have grown from 20,000,000 of population in 1845 to 50,000,000 at the present day, their ex- ports from 20,000,000 to 155,000,000 per annum. Their home trade, carefully protected, estimated now at more than 1,000,000,000, exceeds our whole home and foreign trade 152 Resources o/ the Rocky Mountains. put together. As far as their relations to us are concerned they are sending us this year 100,000,000 of commodities and taking from us about 20,000,000." OUR POSITION TOWARD ENGLAND. Great Britain is unquestionably the commercial mistress of the seas; nor need we envy her foreign carrying trade, while we remain masters of the granary and the greatest workshop of the world. We export less than ten per cent, of our cereal productions. Our mining and manufacturing population fur- nish a home market for ninety per cent. Small, however, as is the percentage of our export, it has sufficed to destroy the agricultural value of the farms of the British Islands. France, as a producer of wheat, is next to the United States, having produced, in 1880, 230,000,000 bushels aga'nst our 450,000,000 bushels. Our production of grain in that year represented $2,698,000,000, and exceeded that of Eussia, in value, by more than $1,100,000,000; and the total value of our manufactures, in 1880, was found to have been $5,369,519,191. Until we accepted the protective principle, and established it in 1861, England was confessedly the world's workshop. The annual income of Great Britain, as shown by her census of 1880, was $5,780,000,000; the annual income of the United States, in the same year, was $7,030,000,000; and so able to bear taxa- tion have the protected people of the United States been, that, though at the close of our war our debt was comparable to that of Great Britain or France, our too rapidly diminishing interest-bearing debt to-day is less than that of Turkey, about one-half that of Spain or Italy, and scarcely one-third that of France or Great Britain. The figures I have presented, though taken almost at random, show how our industries have prospered and been diversified, how our wealth has in- creased, and how the social life of our own people has im- proved under " the coddling care of old Dame Protection," whom you honor to-night in the person of one of her most devoted adherents. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 153 THE GREAT MINING EXPOSITION AT DENVER. "The Programme for the Second Annual Exhibition of the National Mining and Industrial Exposition at Denver. Will open July 17th, and close September 30th, 1883. Opening address Tuesday, July 17th, 1883, will be delivered by Hon. Warner Miller, United States Senator, New York." These are the words of the title page of the pamphlet just issued by the Exposition Company. The officers for the present year are, H. A. W. Tabor, Pres- ident; Joseph T. Cornforth, Treasurer; Thomas M. Nichol, Secretary; Frank H. Wilson, Assistant Secretary,, and W. A. H. Loveland, General Manager. The following is the main portion of their address: "The unparalleled success of the first Exposition of this Asso- ciation, held in Denver, and the bright prospects for the pres- ent year, will certainly attract a larger number of exhibitors and visitors than during the season of 1882. The Board of Directors have perfected arrangements with nearly all lines of Railroad and Express Companies, and favorable inducements are offered in reduced freight and passenger rates. By reference to the list of Honorary Vice Presidents, it will be observed that every State and Territory in the Union has recognized the importance of our enterprise, and letters of encouragement and promises of representation have been re- ceived in nearly every instance from the gentlemen named. The Governments of the Republic of Mexico and Dominion of Canada have also been invited to name representatives, and it is almost a certainty that these governments will be rep- resented. The great object of the Denver Exposition is to establish a mineral museum containing specimens from every mine and mining camp in the contiguous States and Territories. 11 154 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The opportunity afforded inventors of mining appliances and manufacturers of improved mining machinery, to come in direct contact with practical workers of mines in the great mineral belt, cannot be excelled, as every mineral-producing State and Territory will be represented. The Exposition of 1883 will present the most favorable opening during this generation for demonstrating to capital- ists the advantages for the investment of money in both the developed and undeveloped country of the Rocky Mountain region. The eighty thousand Eastern visitors of last year will have large accessions to their ranks in the persons of many who, after listening to a description of the wonderful develop- ment of our country, and the richness and magnificence of the display made in every department at our First Exhibition, will throng to witness the grandeur that we are promised in in the display of 1883. The friends of the Exposition will attend in increased force; and the members and friends attend- ing the Re-union of the Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic of the United States, which occurs on the 24th of July; the Convocation of the General Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons, following on the 14th of August, and the attendant Sir Knights of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar, on their way to and from their meeting, which takes place in San Francisco, on the 21st of August, will call to- gether the wealth and intelligence of every portion of our countrv, and their attention will be centered on the Denver Exposition. Mr. Clinton Rice, of El Paso, Texas, a gentleman distin- guished as a stuent and writer, and having many years experi- ence as a mining solicitor and broker, having tendered his services to the management, has been appointed General Agent of the Exposition, and will spend three months in Europe or- ganizing exhibits. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 155 The illustration will serve to convey an idea of the MAIN BUILDING, which is a substantial, permanent structure, of brick, of a cruciform shape, 500 feet in length, north and south, by 310 feet 6 inches in width, ease and west. The north and south naves are each 192 feet long by 111 in width, and the tran- septs, east and west, each 112 feet long by 111 feet in width. The rotunda is 70 by 70 feet. From the dome a grand view may be had of the Rockies, stretching away and visible for nearly 300 miles. In addition to the view from the dome there are eight observatories, 70 feet from the ground, surmounting the eight towers, flanking the entrances to the Exposition. The floor space of the main building, with its towers an an- gles, contains nearly 100,000 square feet of space, while the galleries contain nearly 50,000 square feet more." The building cost over two hundred thousand dollars ; was visited, in 1882, by more than two hundred thousand people. The mineral exhibit amounted to 600 tons of the finest mineral ever brought together, but, grand as the display was, it will doubtless be excelled by that of 1883. BANKS AND PAPKB MONEY. [Extract from The Mines, Miner's and Mining Interests of the United States.] The Chinese invented bank-notes in the ninth century, and called them "flying money," but the currency became so in- flated that two centuries later a 20 note would only purchase a pound of rice. When Sir John Mandeville visited China in the fourteenth century, the Emperor issued leather money "which his majesty spends outrageously" and some years later the currency was transferred to a joint-stock bank of Chinese merchants, who ultimately failed, and paid only two shillings on the pound. 156 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. In Europe the first bank was founded by two Jews at Venice, in the thirteenth century, but no regular bank of emission seems to have been established till that of Mr. Palm- struck, in Sweden, a few years before Patterson founded the Bank of England. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, paper money was in bad repute, because people remembered in Paris when a pair of boots cost 350 in the currency of the French Repub- lic. Russian paper money dates from the time of Catherine II. In the United States paper money was first used by Gen. Washington to pay his troops. The United States have the next largest issue after Russia, one- half emitted by the Gov- ernment, the other half by the banks. In France the mo- nopoly of emission is held by the Bank of France. Austrian currency consists partly of Government notes, and partly of the issue of the Imperial Bank. Great Britain and her colonies stand for one-third of the banking power of the world. TEMPERATURE ABOVE THE OCEAN. Professor Hitchcock, in his geology, gives the following: The temperature of the air diminishes one deg., F., for 300 feet of altitude; two degrees for 595 feet; three degrees for 872 feet; four degrees for 1124 feet; five degrees for 1,347 feet and six degrees for 1,539 feet. Hence, at the equa- tor perpetual frost exists at the height of 15,000 feet, dimin- ishing to 13,000 feet at either tropic. Between the latitudes 40 and 59, it varies from 10,000 to 4,000 feet. In almost every part of the frigid zone this line descends to the surface. These results, however, are generally modified by several cir- cumstances; so that, in fact, the line of perpetual congelation is not in a regular curve, but rather an irregular line, descend- ing and ascending. 1-3* STATISTICS Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 159 Estimate of Gold and Silver Produced in the United States, from 1845 to 1881, inclusive. From Official Reports by the Director of the M,int of the United States. VEAR. GOLD. SILVER. TOTAL. 1845 $ 1,008,327 From 1849 to $ 1,008,327 1846 1,239,357 1,239,357 1847 .. 889,085 889,085 1848 IO,OOO,OOO Estimated pro- IO,OOO,OOO ! |49 40,000,000 $j!V 40,000,000 1850 50,000,000 annum. 5O,OOO,OOO 1851 55,000,000 55,000,000 1852... 60,000,000 60,000,000 1853 65,000,000 jaSrfth. 65,000,000 1854 6o,OOO,OOO U. S. were dis- 6o,OOO,OOO 1855 55,000,000 covered in 55,OOO.OOO 1856 55,000,000 55,000,000 1857 ....... 55,000,000 55,000,000 1858 50,000,000 $ 500,000 50,500,000 1859 50,000,000 IOO,OOO 5O,IOO,OOO i860 46,000,000 150,000 46,150,000 i86i.___ 43,000,000 2,000,000 45,000,000 1862 39,200,000 4,500,000 43,700,000 1863 40,000,000 8,500,000 48,500,000 1864 _ 46,100,000 11,000,000 57,100,000 1865 .. 53,225,000 11,250,000 64,475,000 1866 53,500,000 10,000,000 63,500,000 1867 51,725,000 13,500,000 65,225,000 1868. 48,000,000 12,000,000 60,000,000 1869 49,500,000 12,000,000 61,500,000 1870. .. 50,000,000 16,000,000 66,000,000 1871 .. 43,500,000 23,000,000 66,500,000' 1872 36,000,000 28,750,000 64,750,000 1873 36,000,000 35,750,000 71,750,000 1874 33,490,902 37,324,594 70,815,496 1875 33>467,856 31,727,560 65,195,416 1876 39,929,166 38,783,016 78,712,182 1877 46,897,390 39,793-573 86,690,963 1878 51,206,360 45,281,385 96,487,745 1879 38,899,858 40,812,132 79,711,990 1880 36,000,000 38,450,000 74,450,000 1881 34,700,000 43,000,000 77,700,000 Total 37 years $1,558,378,301 $504,172,260 $2,062,550,561 The gross yield of gold, silver, copper and lead for the States and Terri- tories west of the Missouri for 1882, is approximately as follows: Gold 32.67 p. c $3, I 93>355 Silver 54.27 p. c 50,155,288 Copper 4.39 p. c.. 4,055,037 Lead 8.67 p. c 8,008,155 Total $92,411,835 160 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Gold and Silver. WORLD'S PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY. GOLD. SILVER. Stock in 1492 :..'. $500,000,000 $400,000,000 Production 1492 to 1848 3,200,000,000 7,000,000,000 Stock in 1848 $3,700.000,000 $7,400,000,000 YEARLY PRODUCTION SINCE 1848. GOLD. SILVER. 1849 $6l,5OO,OOO $39,OOO,OOO 1850 70,500,000 39,000,000 1851 81,500,000 40,000,000 1852 132,750,000 40,600,000 1853 155,450000 40,600,000 1854 127,450,000 40,600,000 1855 135,070,000 40,600,000 1856 147,600,000 40,650,000 1857 133,275,000 40,650,000 1858 124.650,000 40,650,000 1859. 124,850,000 40,750,000 1860 119.250,000 40,800,000 1861 113,800,000 42,700,000 1862 107,750,000 45,200,000 1863 106,950,000 49,200,000 1864 113,000,000 51,700,000 1865 120,200,000 51,950,000 l866 121,100,000 50,725,000 1867 114,025,000 54,225,000 1868 109,725,000 50,225,000 1869 106,225,000 47,500,000 1870 106,850,000 51,575,000 1871 107,000,000 61,050,000 1872 99,550,000 65,250,000 1873 96,200,000 89,250,000 1874 90,750,000 71,500,000 1875 97,500,000 80,500,000 1876 95,000,000 74,000,000 1877 97,000,000 81,060,000 1878 86,500,000 73,500,000 1879 105,400,000 81,037,500 1880 94,800,000 72,125,000 1881 110,000,000 94,000,000 Total $3.613,175,000 $1,833,112,000 SUMMARY. GOLD. SILVER. Stock in 1492 $500,000,000 $400,000,000 Production 1492 to 1848. 3,200,000,000 7,000,000,000 " 1849101881 3,613,175,000 1,833,112,000 Total $7.3I3 175. $9,233,112,000 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 161 Estimating loss from abrasion and total destruction at one-tenth of one per cent, per annum, there would be a loss of $730,000,000 gold and $1,000,000,000 silver, leaving the world's supply, on January ist, 1882, as follows: GOLD. SILVER. Production.,, $7,313,175,000 $9,233,112,000 Destroyed 730,000,000 1,000,000,000 Stock, January i, 1882 $6,583,1715,000 $8,233,112,000 The following table gives a comparative statement of the yield of precious metals, since the earliest time, in different countries, and their use : Production before Christian Era $5,000,000,000 since, and down to discovery of America 4,000,000,000 between years 1492 and 1852 10,000,000,000 bet ween years 1848 and 1882 '6,500,000,000 " of gold in Russia 1.000,000,000 Total world's production $26,500,000,000 Annual production before Christian era $10, ooo, ooo since, to discovery of America 5,000,000 " " the succeeding 350 years 25,000,000 from 1842 to 1852 100,000,000 from 1852 to 1882 200,000,000 Estimated Amount of Gold and Silver in the World. Estimated amount now in existence $15.000,000,000 " " lost, destroyed, and used in arts 11,500,000,000 Amount of gold in the world... 7,000,000,000 of silver in the world 8,000,000,000 of both in coin and bullion 8,000,000,000 of both in watches 4,000,000,000 of plated jewels and ornaments 3,000,000,000 produced in North and South America 10,500,000,000 " in Asia, Australia and New Zealand 5,000,000,000 " in Europe 6,000,000,000 " in Africa 5,000,000,000 The exports of silver during the year 1882 to Japan, China, India, the Straits, etc., were as follows: From Southampton $27,390,000 Venice 9,695,000 Marseilles 806,000 San Francisco 5375- oo Total $43,266,000 As against $27,000,000 from the same places in 1881. 162 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Bonanza Mines. It is upon True Fissure veins that the great mines of the world have been located. Name and production as follows: Bissenna Silver Mine $ 16,311,000 Santa Anna 21,347,000 Valaneta 31,813,000 Parmillian 70,000,000 Veta Madre 335,935 530,969 Other silver 27,135,244 Gold certificates 25, 107, 300 Silver certificates 4,306,650 U. S. notes 33,592,236 National bank notes 10,486,291 Fractional currency . . 7, 101 IN BANKS AND ACTIVE CIRCULATION. 405,510,541 53.428,257 47,669,640 68,438,820 313,088,780 350,972,860 7,OIO,992 TOTAL. $ 5l> 3,761,958 5 2 7,378 5 992 135,405,080 72,776,940 72,745,470 346,68l,0l6 361,459,151 7,018,093 $ 375,245,582 $1,283,994,001 $1,650,239,583 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 163 Leadville's Mining- Output. The following table gives the approximate weekly output of the leading mines of the camp at the present time: MINES. TONS. Adlaide , . . . . 60 Amie 720 Argentine 300 A. Y 240 Belgian 90 Catalpa 120 Chrysolite 300 Crescent 120 Cyclops 30 Carbonate Hill 18 Dunkin 240 Dolphin 90 Evening Star 600 Gilt Edge 60 Henrietta 300 Highland Chief 90 Imes 30 MINES. TOES' Iron Silver. 1800 Little Pittsburg 100 Little Ella 180 Leadville 72 La Plata 240 Long & Derry . 36 Matchless 240 Morning Star 600 Robert E. Lee 420 Ruby 36 Silver Cord 720 Small Hopes . . .* 30 Smuggler 1 50 Tenderfoot 60 Venture 36 Vining 20 Wolftone 36 Miscellaneous Ore Output. The following is the weekly output of the principal mines throughout the country: TONS. Alta Montana, Montana 140 Bodie Con in Contention, Arizona 540 Father de Smet, Dakota 3.000 Grand Central, Arizona 600 Horn Silver. Utah I,ooo Moulton, Montana . ... 240 Northern Belle, Nevada 400 Robinson, Colorado . 180 Silver King, Arizona . 360 Standard Con., California.... 1,494 Estimate of Aggregate Production of thePreciousMetals in all Countries, from 1491-5 to 1881, inclusive. NATION. GOLD. SILVER. TOTAL. Germany ----$ $ 403,000,000 $ 403,000,000 Austria-Hungary . . .. 339,000,000 398,000,000 734,000,000 Africa 750,000,000 750,000,000 Chili 195,000,000 134,000,000 329,000,000 Brazil .... 765,000,000 765,000,000 New Granada . . .. 894,000,000 894,000,000 Australia .... 1,500,000,000 1,500,000,000 Peru . . . .. 100,000,000 1,565,000,000 1,665,000,000 Potosi, (Bolivia) .... 216,000,000 1,869,000 ooo 2,085,000,000 Russia 875,000,000 125,000,000 1,000,000,000 Mexico 195,000,000 3,300,000,000 3,495,000,000 United States . . .. 1,630,000,000 5 70, ooo, ocx) 2,200,000,000 Other countries 100,000,000 350,000,000 450,000,000 Grand total $16,263,000,000 164 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. From the Engineering and Mining Journal. Copper Production in 1882. Michigan 57, 500,000 Arizona , 15,560,000 Montana 10,000,000 California 1,000,000 Colorado and Utah , 1,000,000 Vermont 1,265,000 New Mexico 870,000 Imported Pyrites 1,000,000 Nevada 400,000 Missouri 295,000 Eastern and Southern States 750,000 Miscellaneous, desilverizers, etc 500,000 Total 90, 140,000 Highest and Lowest Price for Each Six Months. JAN. TO JUNE. JULY TO DEC. H. L. H. L. Copper, Baltimore . , 20.25 1 7-S I 7-7S l 7- 2 5 Copper, Lake 20.50 18.00 18.25 1787 Tin, Straits 25.25 20.25 25.75 21.00 Pig Lead, Common Domestic 5.20 4.55 S-^% 4.50 Spelter 5.87 5.33 5.40 4.62 Antimony, Co.okson's I 5- 2 5 1 3-S I 3-5 11.62 The average price of common Domestic Lead, for a series of years: 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882- January 4^ 4 # 6 5 $% February ' 3^ 4% 6 4% 5X March 3% 4 5^ 4% 5 X April , 3#- 3 5# 47/8 5 May 3^ 3 4^ 4% 4% June 3> 3^ 4% ^ 4% July 3/^4 4^ 5 S August 3^g 4% 4% 5 5 September 3^ 4 4^ 5^ 5^ October 3^ 5^ 4^ 5^ 5 November 3^ 5^ 5^ 5 4 1 A December 4 5^ 5^ 5^ 4^ The magnitude of the consumption of the leading metals in this country, and of the interests involved, may be approximately presented by the follow- ing figures: METAL. CONSUMPTION. AV. PRICK. TOTAL VALUE. Copper 45,000 tons 18 c. $16,200,000 Lead 140,000" 4^ c. 12,600,000 Tin , 11,000 " 22 c. 4,800,000 Spelter 42,000 " 5 c. 4,200,000 Quicksilver 50,000 bottles 36. 5c. 1,300,000 $39,100,000 Antimony and nickel will swell this to a minimum of forty millions of dollars. Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 165 Mountain Peaks of Colorado. WITH THEIR ELEVATION ABOVE SEA LEVEL. FEET. Blanca 14,464 Harvard !4,383 Massive 14, 368 Gray's I 434 I Rosalie 14,340 Torrey H,33 6 Elbert .... 14, 326 La Plata 14,302 Lincoln r 4, 2 97 Buckskin 14,296 Wilson i4.28o Long's 14,271 Quandary 14,269 Antero 14, 245 James' 14,242 Shavano 14,238 Uncompahgre I 4 2 35 Crestones 14,233 Princeton 14, 199* Mount Bross 14, 185 Holy Cross 14,176 Baldy.. , .. 14,176 Sneffles 14,158 Pike's 14,147 Castle 14, 106 Yale 14, 101 San Louis 14, 100 Red Cloud 14,092 Wetterhorn 14,069 Simpson !4,55 Aeolos 14,054 Ouray 14,043 Stewart 14,032 Maroon 14,000 Cameron 14,000 Handle r 3,997 Capitol ! 3,992 Horseshoe 13,988 Snowmass 13,961 Grizzly 13,956 Pigeon 13,928 Blane 13,905 Frustrum 13,893 Pyramid 13,885 White Rock 13,847 Hague 13,832 R. G. Pyramid r 3,773 Silver Heels 13,766 Hunchcack I 3,755 Rowter 1 3,75 Homestake 13,687 Ojo..' 13,640 Spanish 13,620-12,720 Guyot 13,565 Trinchara 13,546 Kendall !3,542 Buffalo * 3>54i Arapahoe 13,520 Dunn 13, 502 Bellevue 11,000 72 peaks between 13,500 and 14,300 feet in height are unnamed and not in this list. United States Mint Officers. SALARIES. Horatio C. Burchard, Director of the Mint, Washington, D. C $ 4,500 A. L. Snowden, Superintendent, Philadelphia, Pa 4,500 Edward F. Burton, Superintendent, San Francisco, Cal 4, 500 Andrew W. Smythe, Superintendent, New Orleans, La 3, 500 Calvin J. Cowles, Assayer, Charlotte, N. C. ' 1,500 Pierre C. Van Wyck, Superintendent, New York, N. Y 4,500 Herman Silver, Assayer, Denver, Col 2,500 James Crawford, Superintendent, Carson City, Nevada 3,ooo Albert Wolters, Assayer, Boise City, Idaho 2,000 Russell B. Harrison, Assayer, Helena, Montana 2,500 Eliot C. Jewett, Assayer, St. Louis, Mo 2,500 166 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The Census by States. TABLE SHOWING THE POPULATION OF STATES AND TERRITORIES IN l88o AND 1870, AND THE PER CENT. OF INCREASE. 1880. 1870. INCREASE. PER CENT. Alabama . . 1,262,344 996,992 265,352 26.5 Arkansas 802,564 484,471 318,093 75-6 California 864,686 560,247 304,439 54-3 Colorado 195,234 39,864 155,370 388.9 Connecticut 622,683 537,454 85,229 15-8 Delaware 146,654 125,015 ' 23,639 14.4 Florida 266,566 187,748 78,8l8 42.0 Georgia -. 1,538,983 1,184,109 354,874 29.0 Illinois . . 3,078,636 2,539,891 538,745 21.2 Indiana -. 1,978,358 1,680,637 297,721 17.7 Iowa ........ . . 1,624,493 1,194,020 430,443 36.O Kansas Kentucky 995335 . . 1,648,599 369,319 1,321,011 625,936 327,588 169.4 24.8 Louisiana 940,263 726,915 213,348 29.3 Maine 648,945 626,915 22,O3O 3-5 Maryland 935,139 784,894 150,245 19.1 Massachusetts .. 1,783,086 1,457,35! 325,735 22.3 Michigan . . 1,634,096 1,184,059 450,037 38.0 Minnesota 780,807 * 439,706 341,101 77-5 Mississippi . . 1,131,899 827,922 303,977 36.7 Missouri . . 2,169,091 1,721,295 447,796 26.0 Nebraska 452,432 122,993 329,439 268.0 Nevada 62,265 42,491 19,774 46.1 New Hampshire 347,784 318,300 29,484 9-2 New Jersey . . 1,130,892 906,096 224,796 24.8 New York 5,083,173 4,382,759 700,414 16.0 North Carolina . . 1,400,000 1,071,361 328,639 30.6 Ohio 3,197,794 2,665,290 532,534 19.9 Oregon ... 174,767 90,922 92.2 Pennsylvania .. 4,282,738 3,52i,95 r 760, 787 21.3 Rhode Island 276,528 217,353 59,175 27.2 South Carolina . . 995,706 705,607 290,100 41.1 Tennessee . . 1,542,463 1,258,943 283,943 22.5 Texas 1,597,509 818,579 778,930 Vermont 332,286 330,551 i,735 0.5 Virginia . . 1,512,203 1,225,163 347,040 28.3 West Virginia 618,193 442,014 176,179 39-8 Wisconsin .. 1,315,386 1,054,670 260,716 24.7 Arizona 40,441 9,658 30,883 317.5 Dakota 134,502 14,181 120,322 84.8 Idaho 32,6ll 14,999 17,611 117.4 Montana 39,157 20,599 18,672 90.1 New Mexico 118,430 9i,874 26,536 28.9 Utah 143,907 86,786 57,121 265.8 Washington 75,i2o 23,955 51,165 214.0 Wyoming 20,788 9,118 11,670 128.2 District of Columbia . . . .. 177,638 131,700 45,938 34-3 Total 50,152,559 38,558,371 11,594,188 30.8 Resources of the Rooky Mountains. 167 United States Public Lands Where They Lie. STATEMENT SHOWING THE NUMBER OF ACRES OF PUBLIC LANDS SURVEYED IN THE LAND STATES AND TERRITORIES UP TO JUNE 30, 1882 ; ALSO, THE TOTAL AREA OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN REMAINING UNSURVEYED. From the Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for i88g. LAND STATES AND TERRITO- RIES. Area of Public Lands in States and Terri- tories. Number of Acres of Public Lands Surveyed. Total Area of Public and Indian Lands Re- maining Unsurv'yd, inclusive of the area of Private Land Claims Sur veyed up to June 30, 1882. In Acres In square miles. Up to June 30, 1881. Prior to June 30, 1881, not heretofore reported. Within the Fiscal Year end- ing June 30, 1882. Total up to June 30, 1882. Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas.. . . . . California. Colorado Dakota Florida 32,462,115 369,629,600 72,906,240 33,410,063 100,992,640 66,880,000 96,596,480 37.93 I >520 55,228,160 35,465,093 21,637.76 44,154,240 35,228,800 51.770,240 26,461,440 36,i?8,64o 53.459. 8 4 30,179,840 41,836,931 92,016,640 48,636,800 71,737,600 77,568,640 25.581,976 60,975,360 54,064,640 44,796,160 34,511,360 62,645,120 50,722 577.39 113,916 52,203 157,801 104,500 150,932 59,268 86,294 55,4*4 33.8o 9 68,991 55.045 80,891 41,346 56,541 83.531 47,^6 65,370 M3.776 75.995 112,090 121,201 39.972 95.274 84,476 69,994 53>924 97,883 32,462,115 32,462,115 869,529,600 66,454,450 40,495,097 19,627,440 66,185,119 7,659-507 47,111,652 5,812,970 33,410063 57,560,118 35,026,683 27,081,815 30,175,027 7-853,375 35,465,093 21,637,760 27,003,990 35,228,80 51,770,240 25.547.631 36,128,640 40,213,003 30,179,840 41,836,931 11,759,082 42.945,036 17,825,600 14,639,083 25,576,960 26,444,066 10,076,369 16,368,489 34,511,360 10,366,940 335,784 1,987,747 6,407,692 1,761,290 96,986 262,891 293,036 949,778 5,818,185 1,568,256 6,441,790 33,410,063 60,497,543 47,252,560 30,411,361 30,272,013 8,116,508 35.465.093 21,637,760 27,003,990 35,228,800 Idaho Illinois Indiana Indian Ter'y- 242 17, ^0,250 Kansas 68,054 H9,954 150,173 392,280 4,142,715 7,584,319 5,016 3.393,336 208,044 934,010 4,684,032 330,426 222,826 69,367 645,802 631,374 1,287,308 1,318,618 202,540 454,534 412,271 51,770,240 25,946,11 1 36,128,64^ 40,635,782 30,179,840 41,836,931 11,978,622 43,983.119 22,599,688 23,510,710 25,581,976 31,156,019 10,486,953 17.757.033 34,5n,36o 15,463,243 5!5-3 2 9 12,824,058 80,038,018 4,653,681 49.I37.9 12 54,057,930 29,819,341 43,577,687 2 7, osg, 12 ? 47,181,877 Louisiana Michigan Minnesota. . . . Mississippi.. . . Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada N. Mexico. .. . Ohio Oregon Utah Washington. . . Wisconsin Wyoming .... Total 1.814,793,938 2.835.615 784.906,979 32,614,323 14,204,562 831,725,863 983,068,075 Statistics of Homestead Settlement on Public Lands. STATEMENT OF NUMBER OF ACRES ENTERED ANNUALLY, UNDER THE HOMESTEAD AND TIMBER-CULTURE ACTS, FROM JULY I, 1869, TO JUNE 30, 1882, INCLUSIVE. Years ending June 30. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875- Homestead Entries Timber-culture Acres. 3 698,910 Acres. 4,600,326 Acres. 4,671.332 Acres. 3,793.613 Acres. 3,516,862 Acres. 2,353,058 464.870 lotal Years ending June 30. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 2,820.928 1882. Homestead Timber-culture. . . Acres. 2,875,910 607 985 Acres. 2,178,098 520,672 Acres. 4,418,345 1,870,434 Acres. 5,260,111 2.766,574 Acres. 6,045,571 2,193,184 Acres. 5,028,101 T 763. 799 Acres. 6,348,045 2,566.686 Total 3,483,895 i 2,698.770 6,288,779 8,026,685 8,238,755 6,791,900 8,914,73! 168 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. Business of the General Land Office for the Fiscal Year 1882. The disposals of the Public Lands, during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1882, embraced an aggregate of 14.309,166.50 acres, which aggregate is made up of the following particulars : Cash entries 3,611,530.94 Acres Homestead entries 6,348,045.05 Timber-culture entries 2,566,686.09 " Agricultural College scrip locations 1,040.00 Locations with military bounty land warrants 43,865.69 " Total scrip locations 12,901 .38 Donation claims 18,303. 14 Lands patented to States as swamp 648,032.36 State, school and internal improvement selections 276,111.74 Lands selected under railroad grants 472,263.88 1,427,612.50 Acres Indian lands, sales of 310,886. 13 " Total number of acres disposed of for the fiscal year. . Moneys received during the fiscal year 14,309,166.50 $ 8,394,516.04 From the American Almanac of 1883. Immigration Into the United States 1820-1882. Prior to the year 1820, no statistics of immigration were officially kept. By the Act of Congress, of March 2d, 1819, Collectors of Customs were required to keep a record and make a quarterly return, to the Treasury, of all passengers arriving in their respective dis- tricts from foreign ports ; and these reports, published, from time to time, by the Treasury Department, constitute the sources of information as to the progress of immigration. The total number of foreign-born passengers arriving at the ports of the United States, from 1820* to 1882 inclusive, is given below. Prior to 1856, the figures show the whole number of aliens arriving, but, from 1856 to 1882 inclusive, the number of immigrants only, i. e., of foreign passengers settling in the United States. It has been estimated that the whole number of aliens coming to the United States, from 1789 to 1820, was about 250,000. YEAR. TOTAL. IMMIGRANTS. 8 -iSs YEAR. 1837. 18^8 TOTAL. IMMIGRANTS. 79-340 38 QI4 YEAR. 1854. TOTAL. IMMIGRANTS. 427,833 YEAR. 1870... \&:.\ 1873... i8 74 ... 1875... i8 7 6... i8 77 ... i8 7 8... 1879. . . TOTAL. MMIGRANTS. .... 32^350 ... 404,806 .... 459,803 313.339 227,498 169,986 .... 141,857 .... 138,469 .... 177 826 1821 . 1822 .. 1823 . . 1824 . . 6,911 6,354 7,912 l8 39 . 1840 . I8 4 I. 1842 . 68,069 84,066 80,298 104,565 1856.. 1857.- 1858.. 1859.. 1860. . 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864.. 1865.. 1866.. Fiscal y 1867. . 1868 195.857 119,501 Il8,6l6 1826 . . 1827 . . 1828.. 1820 . . 10,837 18,875 27,382 22.520 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. l8 5 . . I8 5 I. 1852 . . 1853- 78,615 "4,371 i54,4 l6 234,968 226,527 297,024 369,980 379,466 371,603 368,645 89,724 89,007 174.524 247,453 167,757 ear ending Jun. 30 298,967 282 189 1830 . . 1831 .. 1832.. 1833 i8 34 .. 1835 1836 . . 23,322 22 633 60,482 58,640 65,365 45,374 76,242 1880... 1881... 1882... Total 457,257 669,431 .... 788,992 ... 11,598,181 1869.. 352,768 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 169 Immigration to the United States, by Countries, Dur- ing 6O Calendar Years 182O-188O. GREAT BRITAIN England 894,444 Ireland 3,065,761 Scotland 159.547 Wales 17,893 Great Britain, not specified 560,453 Total from British Isles 4,698,098 Austria-Hungary 65,588 Belgium 23,267 Denmark 48,620 France 313,716 Germany 3,002,027 Greece 385 Italy 70,181 Netherland 44,319 Poland 14,831 Portugal Russia Spain Sweden and Norway Switzerland Turkey 9,062 38,316 28,091 306,092 83,709 619 Total from Europe 8,746,921 SUMMARY. Europe 8,746,921 Asia 228,047 Africa. 1,631 British America 568,941 All other American countries 97,007 Pacific 10,474 All other 255,778 Grand aggregate , Chinese Immigration Into the United States for Each Calendar Yrar, from 1855 to 1882 Inclusive. Year. No. C 2 6 Year. 1863 No. Year. 1871 . . No. Year. 1879 1880 1881 No. 9,189 7,on 1856 1857 1858 l8 59 1860 1861 1862 4,733 5,944 ..5,128 3,457 5,467 7,518 3,633 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 ... 2,795 . . . 2,942 ... 2,385 ... 3-863 10 684 1872 . . 1873 . 1874 . 1875- 1876 . 1877. 1878. u,ujy 10,642 l8,I5 4 16,651 19,033 16,679 10,379 8,468 1882 Jan tojune27,765 Total.. 266,071 1869 1870 ...14,902 ...11,943 NOTE. The statement is made that nearly one-half of all the Chinese who have arrived in the United States have returned to their native country. The Precious Metals. The following tables have been carefully selected from the best authorities, and will be found useful for reference : Gold Pure 100% Silver Miargyrite.. .. Polybasite Acanthi te Stromeyrite . . Freisleberite. . Silver Galena. Pure (Silver . 100% , 7 y GoldTelluride... Silver Silver Glance Horn Silver Ruby Silver (Gold 28% ^ Silver.... ( Tellurium Pure... . (Silver.. . ( Sulphur . (Silver.. .. | Chlorine . . (Silver 16% ..56% 100 100% 87% i3% 10 75% ..25% loo ..60% .... < Antimony (Sulphur.. (Silver. . . . :^i . 2X%-XOO ....< Antimony ( Sulphur. . ( Silver.... " ( Sulphur. . ( Silver . . ...10% ...15% loo ...87% 13% -loo 5V . . . -j Copper . . (Sulphur. . /Silver.... J Lead 3i% . . .16% loo :::*of \ Sulphur. . . ( Antimony. (Silver J Sulphur... ( Antimony . ( Silver (Antimony. ..18% ..22% 100 -.68% ..16% ..16% loo ..78% ..22% 100 Stephanite Antimonial Silver j Antimony. . .27% (. Sulphur 19% 100 (Silver 10% ' ' ( Lead. ..90 to 20% 100 170 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. From the American Almanac, of 1883. Comparative Bates of .Weekly Wages Paid in Europe and in the United States, in 1878. [Condensed from the Report of the Secretary of State on the State of Labor in Europe, Derived from Facts Reported by the United States Consuls, Washington, 1879.] * -t^ 5 i i. ^ 4ft \ BELGIUM. ' 5-oo 1 DENMARK. w > 2 H to z. UNITED STATES. K 8 FRAN S o < h M K O tt Z S <_> Bakers. . $ 4-25 3-9 3-72 $ 55 $ .00 .00 5-42 3.15 4.90 5-50 4.70 4-75 5.10 4.40 $ 3-50 3-55 3.82 3-60 3-97 4.00 2.87 2.92 3-92 3-80 3-60 4.80 3.12 3.58 3-65 $ 3-90 3-94 3-90 3-45 4-95 4.18 3-50 2.60 4.60 4-35 3-90 3-9 4-32 4-30 3.60 $ 6.50- 6.60 7.04- 8.12 6.50- 7.83 7.58- 9.03 7.70- 8.48 7.33- 8.25 3.40- 4.25 4.50- 5.00 7.25- 8.16 7.68-10.13 7.13- 8.46 7.52- 7.75 7.35 5.00- 7.30 6.00- 7.30 $ 5- 8 10- 14 12- 18 12- 15 9- J 3 9-12 "6-'p 10- 16 io- 15 12- l8 8-18. 12- l8 io- 18 io- 14 $ 8- 12 9- 12 9- 20 6- 10% 7~ J 5 7^-12 "5%- 9" 6- 12 9~ 15 12- 20 12- l8 9- 18 6- 18 9- 12- Blacksmitns Cabinet Makers Carpenters and Joiners 4.80 5-40 3.00 4.20 5-40 4-25 <: 15 Farm Laborers Laborers, Porters, etc Plasterers Plumbers Printers 4.62 3-3 4.10 3-9 Shoemakers Tinsmiths : 4.80 Comparative Retail Prices of the Necessaries of Life in Europe and the Unite* States, in 1878. [Condensed from the Report of the Secretary of State on the State of Labor in Europe, Derived from Facts Reported by the United States Consuls, Washington, 1879-! Q 2 UNITED STATES. 2 < < H . S D M u > z < i J as M 5 H K O s | pa 2 < K u. 1 o j <; H SWIT2 OS O H 2 u 5 u Cents. Cts. Cents. Cents. Cts. Cents. Cents. Cents. Beef Roast, per Ib. 20 22 22 20 3 22 1 2-1 6 8-12% Corned per Ib. 16 16 13 12 18 1 8-20 8-12 4- 7 Beans per quart. 10 13 9 7-10 5- 9 Bread per Ib . 4~ 5 3 3-7 6 4 3^-4% 4-4% 4 ' 4^ Butter perlb. 20-50 25 22 28 36 29-38 25-32 16-40 Coal per ton. $4.25 -'ii. TO ^2.65-4. io '3~$5' 2 5 5 "5 S6 7^ Codfish per Ib Q 6- 8 6- 7 5 9 Coffee perlb. 30-40 3 o 35 32 3 28-50 "^ / 20-30 16-40 Eggs per doz . Flour per Ib. 20-25 4 20 18 IO 20 7 14-30 25-30 3 4 10-24 2%- 4% Lard . per Ib . 20 20 21 22 I2-l8 IO-I2 6 io Milk per quart A j ' ' 5* 5~ 9 8-1 o 3- 6 Mutton, fore quarter .. per Ib . Oatmeal per Ib . 16 16 4 8 15 18 16-17 3^-4% 9-10 4~ 5 4- 5 Pork, fresh i-t-r Ib . "ID" 14 J 7 X 3 "i8 10-16 8-10 4- 5 " salted .per Ib. 16 17 18 20 10-16 8-10 6-12 4i Bacon per Ib 18 20 2O 22 72-l6 8-10 7-12 " Sausage .. .. per Ib. 20 56 16 5 19 5 20 $1-15 60 18 68-$2.oo 8-10 $1.40-1.60 6-io 60-80 Potatoes bushel . Rice per Ib. 9 6 8-10 5-io Soap i per Ib . IO 4 5 1 A- 9 6- 7 Sugar per Ib . Tea per Ib. 15-20 .... ii 75* ... 8 * 5 5 43-88 8-10 50-60 3 -o 25-$ i. oo RAIL\VAYS. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 173 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. General Offices, .... NO. 102 Michigan Avenue, Chicago, III. Road owned, including branches, 3,136 miles, the principal lines being from Chicago to Council Bluffs; Nebraska City to Denver; Omaha to Hast-, ings; Rock Island to East St. Louis. Leased, 96 miles; controlled by stock ownership, Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs, 288 miles; total, 3,520 miles. Of the road owned 308 miles have been built this year, including part of the Denver line. Locomotives, 484; passenger cars, 291; freight cars, 16,903; service cars, 1,655. Stock, $69,814,191. General Officers and Heads of Departments. C. E. PERKINS, President ........................................... Burlington. Iowa A. E. TOUZALIN, ist Vice-President .................................... Boston, Mass J. C. PEASLEY, 2 d, Vice-President ......................................... Chicago, 111 T. J. POTTER, 3 d Vice-President .......................................... Chicago, 111 H. W. WEISS, Secretary ................................................... Chicago 111 WIRT DEXTER, General Solicitor ........................................ Chicago, 111 W. W. BALDWIN, Land Commissioner ............................... Burlington, Iowa TREASURY DEPARTMENT. J. C. PEASLEY, Treasurer ............................................... Chicago, 111 E. E. PRATT, Assistant Treasurer ........................................ Boston, Mass F. C. SMITH, Cashier ..................................................... Chicago, 111 C. S. BARTLETT, Paymaster ........................................ . ..... Chicago, 111 ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT. WILLIAM J. LADD. Acting Comptroller, ................................ Boston, Mass J. L. LATHROP, General Auditor .......................................... Chicago, 111 N. B. HINCKLEY, Assistant General Auditor ............................... Chicago, 111 W. McCREDIE, Freight Auditor ..................... . ..................... Chicago, 111 W. A. AMORY, Auditor of Expenditure ........................... . ........ Chicago, 111 C. M. Higginson. Assistant Auditor ......................................... Chicago, 111 JOHN D'WYER, Auditor of Ticket and Passenger Accounts ................. Chicago, 111 M. B. WALKER, Tax Auditor ............................................. Chicago, 111 OPERATING DEPARTMENT. T. J. POTTER, General Manager ...................................................... J. S. CAMERON, Assistant to the General Manager .................................... H B. STONE, General Superintendent, ....................... '. ............ Chicago, 111 PERCIVAL LOWELL, General Passenger Agent ...................................... E. L. LOM AX, Chief Clerk Foreign Passenger and Ticket Service ....................... J. A. SHEPPARD, Chief Clerk Local Passenger and Ticket Service ..................... W. H. FIRTH, Chief of Traveling Passenger Agent Service ............................ MASON B. STARRING, Assistant General Baggage Agent ............................. GEORGE B. HARRIS, Purchasing Agent ............................ ................. E. P. RIPLEY, General Freight Agent ................................................. PAUL MORTON, ist Assistant General Freight Agent ................................. G. H. ROSS, sd Assistant General Freight Agent ...................................... R. J. McCLURE, Chief Engineer JOHN Q. A. BEAN, General EasternAgent ............... T. D. McKAY, General Agent ........................................ San Francisco, Cal J. F. MORGAN, Superintendent Telegraph E. G. SQUIRE, Car Accountaut 174 Resources of the Eocky Mountains. THE GREAT "BURLINGTON Is the People's Favorite Line between all points East, West, North and South, because of their Great Through Car System. Their Track is Steel Their Trains are Rolling Palaces They Wait for Their Connections, and Always Arrive OD Time. No. ii. Galesburg, Ottawa, Stieator, Rockford and Freeport Express. Leave Chicago 8:25 A.M. Daily except Sunday THROUGH PAS- SENGER COACHES, Chicago to Galesburg, Ottawa, Streator and Rockford. No. 9. Dubuque and Sioux City Express. Leave Chicago 10:00 A.M. Daily except Sunday. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Sioux City via C. B. & Q. and I. C. R. R. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEP- ING CARS, Chicago to Sioux City via Dubuque, C. B. & Q. and I. C. R. Rs. No. u. Iowa Express, Leave Chicago 8:25 A.M. Daily, except Sun- day. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Council Bluffs. No. i. Denver Fast Express. Leave Chicago 12:15 NOON Daily. PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Pacific Junction. PULLMAN SLEEPING CARS, Chicago to Pacific Junction, and Pacific Junction to Denver. DINING CAR, Chicago to Burlington, and Red Oak to Pacific Junction. No. i. Montana and Pacific Fast Express. Leave Chicago Daily, except Sunday, at 12:15 MOON for St. Joseph, Atchison, Topeka, Council Bluffs and Omaha. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Council Bluffs; Chicago to Atchison via Hopkins and K. C., St. J., C. B. R. R.; Indianapolis to Burlington via I. B. & W. R. R. and C. B. & Q. R. R. Peoria to Council Bluffs. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEPING CARS, Chicago to Council Bluffs; Chicago to Topeka via Hopkins and K. C., St. J. & C. B. and A., T. & S. F. R. R. DINING CARS, Chicago to Burlington and Red Oak to Council Bluffs; Hopkins to Atchison. No. 5. Kansas City and Denver Express. Leave Chicago 12:30 P.M. Daily. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Kansas City via Quincy and H. & St. J. R. R.; Indianapolis to Quincy via I. B. & W. R. R. and C. B. & Q. R. R. THROUGH RECLINING CHAIR CARS, Chicago to Kansas City (Seats Free) via Quincy and H. & St. J. R. R. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEPING CARS, Chicago to Kansas City, via Quincy, including St. J. R. R. ; connecting at Kansas City with Through Pullman Sleeping Cars to Denver, via Kansas Pacific R. R., and with Through Pullman Sleep- ing Cars to Pueblo, via A., T. & S. F. R. R. DINING CAR, Aurora to Galesburg. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 175 No. 3. Omaha, Lincoln and Denver Night Express. Leave Chi- cago 9:25 P.M. Daily, except Saturday. '.THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Council B'uffs. Indianapolis to Council Bluffs via Peoria and I., B. & W. R. R. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEPING CARS, Chicago to Council Bluffs; Chicago to Keokuk. No. 3. Arizona and California Express. Leave Chicago 9:25 P.M. Daily. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Quincy; Chicago to Kansas City via Quincy and H. & St. J. R. R. THROUGH RECLINING CHAIR CARS, Chicago to Kansas City via Quincy (Seats Free); connecting at Kansas City with A., T. & S. F. R. R. Through Pullman Sleeping Cars and Day Coaches for Santa Fe and Deming; connecting at Deming with Through Coaches and Pullman Sleeping Cars via Southern Pacific R. R. for San Francisco. THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEPING CARS, Chicago to Quincy. No. 3 Texas Express. Leave Chicago 9:25 P.M. Daily, except Sat- urday. THROUGH PASSENGER COACHES, Chicago to Hannibal. Through Pullman Cars, Chicago to Quincy, connecting at Hannibal with Texas Ex- press on Missouri Pacific R. R. Through Coaches, Hannibal to Sedalia, and Through Pullman Sleeping Cars, Sedalia to Dennison, Dallas and Houston. No. 21. Dubuque Express. Leave Chicago 9:30 P.M. Daily, except Sunday. THROUGH PASSENGER COACH, Chicago to Ft. Dodge. Pullman Sleeping Cars, Chicago to Dubuque and Cedar Falls. LAND BUYERS. And all persons looking for homes in the Great West will remember that the BURLINGTON ROUTE leads direct to the heart of all the fertile and desirable lands, borh Government arid Railroad, in NEBRASKA, KANSAS and TEXAS. TICKETS. FIRST-CLASS ROUND-TRIP EXPLORING TICKETS and ONE-WAY EMI- GRANT TICKETS at very low rates. For Land Circulars and Rates of Fare, apply to any agent of the Company whose name appears herein. SECOND-CLASS. Passengers holding second-class tickets over this road are carried on the same trains as first-class passengers, in comfortable, clean, warm cars, with upholstered seats and backs; in fact, in nearly as good as first-class cars. Neither second-class passengers nor emigrants can have Pullman S leeping Car accommodations, and in this lies about all the restric- tions that are placed on them. EMIGRANTS! The Burlington Route runs no emigrant trains or cars. Emi- grants via this road are carried on regular Express Trains, in clean, light coaches, with cushioned seats and backs, and which are as good as the coaches furnished by many roads to first-class passengers. 176 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. THE EMIGRANT TRAINS TO THE FAR WEST. These trains are made up of comfortable coaches, and are supplied w i tn cushioned seats, etc. The passengers are not crowded in the cars, but plenty of room is given. Emi- grants can get meals at the regular "Eating Stations" along the line, or they can carry cooked provisions with them, and buy coffee or tea at the eating houses at reasonable rates, and eat on the train. No CARS can be chartered over any road for carrying colonists or Emigrants to points on Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Southern Pacific Railways; nor can any reduction be made in the Emi- grant rates for parties of ANY number. Parties of thirty or more can have exclusive use of a car for themselves. EMIGRANTS' MOVABLES go on the same train with the passengers from Missouri River, through freight cars being attached for this purpose. House- hold goods, released, from Chicago to San Francisco, by freight trains, $5.00 per loo Ibs. EXTRA BAGGAGE between Chicago and Missouri River, about $2.00 per 100 Ibs; between Missouri River and San Francisco, $10.00 to $15.00 per 100 Ibs., according to class of passage. EMIGRANT SLEEPING CARS are run between Missouri River and San Fran- cisco on Emigrant trains. These cars are divided off into sections and berths, affording comfortable quarters for sleeping purposes. The berths are FREE, but passengers should provide themselves with blankets, etc. It is positively the only Western Line that runs Parlor Cars with Reclining- Chairs. Seats free, between Chicago and Kansas City, through without change, on both day and night trains, and makes direct connection in the Grand Union Depot at Kansas City with through trains for all points in the GREAT SOUTH- WEST. Through Passenger Coaches from and to Chicago and Pacific Junction, and Pacific Junction and points on B. & M. R. R. Pullman Sleeping Cars from and to Chicago and Pacific Junction on Trains i and 2, connecting with Throngh Pullman Sleeping Cars between Pacific Junction and Denver; also Through Pullman Sleeping Cars from and to Chicago and Council Bluffs on Trains I, 2, 3 and 4. The famous C., B. & Q. Dining Cars attached to Trains I and 2. Passengers going to points West by the Burlington Route, arriving at Chi- cago over lines whose trains do not run into the C., B. & Q. Depot, experience no inconvenience or delay, as they are transferred to our Depot in Parmelee's Omnibuses without extra charge. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 177 The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway. Road owned, Chicago to Council Bluffs, 500 miles; Davenport, Iowa, to Leavenworth, Kansas, 345; branches, 273; leased, 263; total, 1,381 miles. Locomotives, 296; passenger cars, 187; freight cars, 7,499; Stock (authorized, $50,000,000), $41,960,000. GENERAL, OFFICERS. HUGH RIDDLE, President ...Chicago, 111. DAVID DOWS, Vice- President New York City. R. R. CABLE, Vice-President and General Manager Chicago, 111. F. S. TOWS, Secretary and Treasurer New York City. THOS. F. WITHROW, General Solicitor Chicago, 111. A. KIM BALL, General Superintendent Davenport, Iowa. W. G. PURDY, Local Treasurer Chicago, 111. C. F. JILSON, Auditor and Assistant Secretary. . Chicago. 111. E. ST. JOHN, General Ticket and Passenger Agent Chicago, 111. W. A STRONG, Assistant General Passenger Agent Chicago, 111. A. TEMPLE, Ticket Auditor , Chicago, 111. JOHN T. SANFORD, Freight Traffic Manager Chic2go, 111. W. M. SAGE. General Freight Agent Chicago, 111. T. P. WOLFE, Assistant General Freight Agent Chicago, 111. G. H. CROSBY, Freight Auditor Chicago, 111. R. H. CHAMBERLAIN, Superintendent Illinois Divi.iuu Chicago, 111. H. F. ROYCE, Superintendent Iowa Division Des Moines, Iowa. GEO. F. WALKER, Superintnndent S. W. Division Trenton, Mo. JOHN GIVIN, Superintendent K. & D. M. Division Keokuk, Iowa. J. F. PHILLIPS, Paymaster Chicago, 111. F. B. MESICK, General Eastern Freight Agent New York City. S. S. STEVENS, General Agent Council Bluffs, la. A. B. FARNSWORTH, General Eastern Passenger Agent New York City. J. H. MILLS, New England Freight Agent Boston. Mass. F. A. MARSH, Purchasing Agent Chicago, 111. A. R. SW1 FT, Superintendent Telegraphy Chicago, 111. J.D. MARSTON, General Baggage Agent Chicago, 111. C. S. THOMPSON, Superintendent Dining Car Line Chicago, 111. PASSENGER DEPARTMENT. E. ST. JOHN, General Ticket and Passenger Agent Chicago, 111 W. A. STRONG, Assistant General Passenger Agent Chicago, 111 G. L. RHODES, City Passenger Agent Chicago, 111 S. S. STEVENS, General Agent Council Bluffs, Iowa A. B FARNSWORTH, General Eastern Passenger Agent New York City W. H. JENNEY. New England Passenger Agent Boston, Mass GEO. M. LOOSLEY, Passenger Agent Middle District Philadelphia, Pa PERRY GRIFFIN, South-Eastern Passenger Agent Columbus, Ohio J. FRANCIS LEE, General Agent I C. E. McPHERSON, Assistant General Agent f A tlt ' Unt ' CHAS. KENNEDY, South-Western Passenger Agent Kansas City, Mo. WM. D. MANN, Colorado Passenger Agent Denver, Col R. McC. SMITH, North-Easlern Passenger Agent Detroit, Mich. GEORGE F. LEE, Passenger Agent for the Northwest Milwaukee, Wis. CLINTON JONES, General Agent .' San Francisco, Cal. JAS. F. McFARLANE. Manitoba Agent Winnipeg, Manitoba. JOHN SEBASTIAN, General Southwestern Passenger Agent Kansas City, Mo. C. C. STOWELL, Traveling Agent Chicago, 111. I. L. LOOMIS, Trrveling Agent, New York State New York City 178 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The Great Rock Island Railway, is the connecting link of the great system of railroads between the Atlantic and Pacific, and every coupon office in the United States and Canada can furnish passengers desirous of visiting this great State through tickets, via this route. Travelers are assured fewer changes and greater comforts than by any other line. At Chicago round trip tickets are on sale, at rates quoted on next page to San Francisco and return. Any ad- ditional information will be cheerfully furnished upon application to the General Ticket and Passenger Agent, at Chicago. The Rock Island route has attached to their express trains the famous dining cars, for which the line is noted, as well as the celebrated Pullman palace cars and day coaches, which have no superior on any road in the world. THROUGH PASSENGERS, Holding First or Second Class Tickets, take Fast Express Train leaving Chicago at 12:05 noon and arrive as follows: LEAVE LEAVE ARRIVE ARRIVE ARRIVE ARRIVE CHICAGO, COUNCIL BLUFFS, CHEYENNE, OGDEN, SALT LAKE CITY, SAN FRANCISCO, 12:05 P.M. Ii:20 A M 2:iO f.M. 6:00 P.M. 7:55 P.M 11:40 A.M. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. 1 Thursday. Thursday. Saturday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Friday. Sunday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. Friday. Saturday. Sunday. Satuiday. Sunday. Monday. Saturday. Sunday. Monday. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Saturday. Sunday. Sunday. Monday. Monday. Tuesday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Passengers holding Emigrant Tickets to all points west of Omaha, take Express Train Chicago to Council Bluffs, and Emigrant Train from there, arriving as follows: LEAVE LEAVE 1 ARRIVE ARRIVE ARRIVE' ARRIVE CHICAGO, COUNCIL BLUFFS J CHEYENNE, OGDEN, SALT LAKE CITY, SAN FRANCISCO, 12:05 NOON. 5:20 P.M. 2:50 P.M. 2:iO P.M. 7:55 P-M. 6:10 A.M. Monday. Tuesdav. Thursday. Saturday. 'Saturday. Wednesday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. ; Fr,day. ; Saturday. Sunday. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. Friday. Saturday. i Monday. (Wednesday. Wednesday. Sunday. Saturday. iSunday. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. Thursday. Wednesday. Friday, Thursday. Friday. Monday. Tuesday. The Great Overland Mail and Express Train From Chicago to Council Bluffs, runs the overC., R. I. & P. Railroad, twice daily, except Sunday, and on Sundays, as follows: Leaves Chicago Oct I and 22, Nov. 12, Dec. 3 and 24, 1882. From Council Bluffs to Chicago, runs twice daily, except Saturday, and on Saturdays, as follows: Leaves Council Bluffs Oct. 21, Nov. n, Dec. 2 and 23, 1882. Sunday Train for Kansas City, Leavenworth and Atchison leaves Chicago at 11:00 a.m., and returning arrives at Chicago at 3 p.m., (Sundays only.) Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 179 San Francisco Excursions. ' Until further notice the following rates and arrangements for Excursion 8 between Atchison, Kansas City, Leavenworth or Omaha and San Francisco and return will be in force, via the GREAT ROCK ISLAND ROUTE. In parties of 5 each. $180.00 In parties of 30 each, $1=55.00 In parties of 60 each, $125.00 " 10 175.00 35 ** 65 ' 120.00 " 15 170.00 40 145.00 '* 70 " II5.OO " 20 165.00 45 75 ' 110.00 " 2 5 160.00 So i35-oo 100 " IOO.OO 55 130.00 These rates are available for such Organizations as Free Masons, Odd Fel- lows, Religious, Medical, Scientific, Theatrical, and other Associations, Hunting and Fishing Parties, Tourists, Pleasure and Health Seekers, who may organize parties in the same neighborhood. For parties of thirty or more going via Union Pacific Railway from Kansas City, Leavenworth or Omaha, and returning via Southern Pacific and Atchi- son, Topeka & Santa Fee Railways to Kansas City or Atchison, or visa versa, the rate will be $25.00 more than above named figures. If Special Sleepihg or Hotel Cars are desired for the exclusive use of the party through to California, they may be obtained of the Pullman Palace Car Co.; the charge for same being, Sleeping Cars, each, $60 per day; Hotel Cars, $75 per day, during absence of car. A rebate allowed of $40 and $35 a day, respectively, for the time cars may lay over and not used en route. For transportation of a special car and party of twelve persons, or less, twelve tickets will be required; for more than twelve, one ticket each. All arrangements for excursions to California must be made in advance with the General Ticket and Passenger Agent, Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, at Chicago. CONNECTIONS. The Principal Railroad Connections of this Great through Line are as follows At CHICAGO, with all diverging lines for the East and South. At ENGLEWOOD, with the L. S. & M. S. and P., Ft. W. & C. R. Rds. At BLUE ISLAND, with Chicago and Grand Trunk R'y. At WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, with P., C. & St. L. R. R. At SENECA, with Kankakee and Seneca Railroad. At LA SALLE, with 111. Cent. R. R. At PEORIA, with P., D. & E.; R. I. & P.; L, B. & W.; 111. Mid., and W., St. L. & P. At ROCK ISLAND, with "Milwaukee and Rock Island Short Line," and Rock Island and Peoria Railroads. At DAVENPORT, with the Davenport Division C., M. & St. P. R'y- At WEST LIBERTY, with B., C. R. & N. R. R. for St. Paul and Minne- apolis. At GRIN NELL, with Central Iowa Railroad. At DES MOINES, with D. M. & F. D. R. R. 180 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. At COUNCIL BLUFFS, with Union Pacific Railway. At OMAHA, with B. & M. R. R. (in Nebraska.) At COLUMBUS JUNCTION, with B., C. R. & N. R. R. At OTTUMWA, with Central Iowa Railroad and W., St. L. & Pac. R'y. At KEOKUK, with Wab., St. L. & Pac. and St. L., Keo. & N. W. R. Rds. At CAMERON, with H. & St. J. R. R. At ATCHISON, with A. T. & S. F.; Atch. & Neb., and Central Br. M. P. R. Rds. At LEAVENWORTH, with Kan. Pac. and Kan Cent. R. Rds. At KANSAS CITY, with all Lines for the West and Southwest. STAGE LINES CONNECTING WITH CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD. FROM TO MILES. EARE. Kelton 235 Baker City " 35 80 oo it 5 2 4 Walla- Walla W T. 515 Toana Silver City Idaho 200 4O.OO Truckee Lake Tahoe Cal 2 Dutch Flat Colfax Nevada, " Grass Valley " ... J 7 2.50 THE BLACK HILLS. Holders of Emigrant Tickets to Deadwood, via the CHICAGO, ROCK IS- LAND and PACIFIC and UNION PACIFIC RAILWAYS, and Stage connections from Sidney, are carried through to Sidney on First-Class Express Trains, with 1 50 pounds of baggage free. Concord Coaches connect at Sidney with Union Pacific Trains daily, de- parting at 9 a.m. and arriving at 2 p.m. " See that your tickets read via the above route. JB^For additional information, address the General Ticket and Passenger Agent of "THE GREAT ROCK ISLAND ROUTE," Chicago. LAND BUYERS and persons looking for homes in the West will remember that the " ROCK ISLAND ROUTE" connects in Union Depots with all the Great Land Grant Railroads running West and Southwest of the Missouri River. At COUNCIL BLUFFS, with Union Pacific Railroad. At KANSAS CITY, with Kansas Pacific Railroad, Atchison, Topekaand Santa Fe Railroad, Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad, and Kansas City, Lawrence and Southern Kansas Railroad. At LEAVENWORTH, with Kansas Pacific and Kansas Central Railroad. At ATCHISON, with Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, Atchison and Ne- braska and Central Branch Missouri Pacific Railroads. First-Class Round Trip Land Explorer's Ticket and One Way Emigrant Tickets at very low rates. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 181 THE UNION PACIFIG RAILWAY, THE FAVORITE ROUTE TO THE ROCKIES AND BEYOND, KANSAS, NEBRASKA, COLORADO, WYOMING, UTAH, IDAHO, MONTANA, OREGON, WASHING- TON, NEVADA, CALIFORNIA. fMHroc J Railroad Building, Omaha, Neb. Offices j No 44 Equitable Building, Boston, Mass. By the last report, December 31 st, 1 88 1, the mileage worked by this com- pany was as follows: Main line, Council Bluffs to Ogden, 1,037 miles; branches, Ogden to junction Central Pacific, 5 miles; Kansas City to Denver, 638 miles; Denver to Cheyenne, 106 miles; Leavenworth to Lawrence, 34 miles; total owned, 1,820 miles; controlled, Omaha & Repub. Valley R. R., 132 miles; Omaha N. & Black Hills R. R., 84 miles; Colorado Central R. R., 328 miles; Echo & Park City R. R., 32 miles; Utah & Northern R. R., 416 miles; Marysville & Blue Valley R. R.. 38 miles; Carbondale Branch, 32 miles; Junction City & Fort Kearney, 71 miles; Solomon R. R., 57 miles; Salina & Southwestern, 36 miles; St. Joseph & Western, 252 miles; Central Branch Union Pacific and leased roads, 388 miles; Kansas Central, 150 miles; Denver & Boulder Valley, 27 miles; Golden Boulder & Car., 6 miles; Oregon Short Line, 64 miles; Greeley, Salt Lake & Pacific, 18 miles; Den- ver, South Park & Pacific, 197 miles; Man., Alma & Bur., 28 miles; Nevada Central, 94 miles; total controlled, 2,449 miles; total operated and controlled December 3ist, 1881, 4,269 miles. This has since been increased by about 50 miles on the Utah & Northern and 200 miles on the Oregon Short Line. Locomotives, 438; passenger cars, 383; freight cars, 9,011. The company is a consolidation, January 24th, 1880, of the Union and the Kansas Pacific. There is a land grant of 12,083,227 acres in all. In 1881 the net proceeds from land sales were $791,598. The company holds stocks amounting to $25,835,700 and bonds to $20,- 920,430 of controlled lines, besides $2,875,800 stocks and $2,143,000 bonds held by trustees of consolidated mortgage. Stock, $65,372,155. 182 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. General Officers. SIDNEY DILLON, President New York ELISHA ATKINS, Vice-President Boston H. McFARLAND, Secretary and Treasurer Boston S. H. H. CLARK, General Manager, Omaha THOS. L. KIMBALL, Assistant General Manager Omaha S. T. SMITH, General Superintendent Kansas Division Kansas City, Mo P. J. NICHOLS, General Superintendent, Nebraska Division Omaha, Neb E. DICKINSON, General Superintendent Wyoming Division Laramie, Wyo A. A. EGBERT, General Superintendent Colorado Division Denver Col W. B. DODDRIDGE, General Superintendent, Idaho Division Ogden, Utah J. W. MORSE, General Passenger Agent Omaha C. S. STEBBINS, General Ticket Agent Omaha A. TRAYNOR, General Baggage Agent, Omaha E. P. VINING, Freight Traffic Manager Omaha P. P. SHELBY, General Freight Agent Omaha J. W. GANNETT, Auditor Omaha L. BURNHAM, Land Commissioner Omaha BENJ. McALLASTER, Land Commissioner, Kansas Division Kansas, City SPECIAL INFORMATION ALL SHOULD BEAD. Tickets and Rates. Through tickets to principal points reached via the Union Pacific are on sale at all important railway stations in the United States and Canada. Each passenger must be provided with a ticket. Cars cannot be chartered for carrying passengers. The exclusive use of a first-class coach, however, will be allowed an organized party holding thirty full first-class tickets of same form, bought at same time and place. The exclusive use of an emigrant sleeping car will be allowed an organized party holding thirty-six full emigrant tickets. . Tickets should be bought only at regular ticket offices, as there are numer- ous expired, counterfeit and stolen tickets in the hands of "scalpers" and bogus agents. Guard against imposition on this point. Children under 5 years of age require no tickets; under twelve years require half tickets; twelve and over, full tickets. On second and third (Emigrant) class tickets, sleeping car and stop-over privileges are not alowed. Stop-over checks are issued on regular (unlimited) first-class tickets and on land tickets. Holders of second-class tickets are carried in front car of express trains, in- an apartment separated from the smoking room. Holders of emigrant tickets are carried on emigrant trains, except those en route to land points in Kansas and Nebraska, who are carried on express trains. The rates quoted herein are for passage only. They do not include cost of meals, or of seats or berths in sleeping cars. All trains stop at regular eating stations, where first-class meals are furnished at prices ranging from 750 to $1.00 for express trains, and from 500 to 7$c for emigrant trains. Resources of the Eocky Mountains. 183 Baggage and Freight Bates. Baggage can be checked only to destination of second-class and emigrant tickets. Free baggage allowance on each full ticket, 100 Ibs., and on each half ticket 50 Ibs. on all classes to railroad points, except as otherwise noted herein. Between Missouri River and Denver, 150 pounds baggage is allowed each person holding one full ticket to Cheyenne or any point in Colorado, Kansas or Nebraska. A half ticket entitles holder to 75 Ibs. All baggage for points west of Cheyenne must be rechecked at Missouri River. Extra baggage per 100 pounds is 10 to 15 per cent, of first-class fare. Free baggage allowance on stages is usually 40 or 50 pounds, and the charge for extra weight higher than for same distance by rail. The baggage allowance on steamers between San Francisco and Oregon points is 150 pounds. Extra weight $2 per hundred pounds. Passengers holding first-class tickets to San Francisco with prepaid orders for steamer passage to Trans- Pacific ports will be allowed 250 pounds baggage free on presentation of such orders to the Baggage Agent at Council Bluffs, Omaha, Kansas City or St. Joseph; on second-class tickets, 150 pounds free. Freight rates on household goods, Omaha to San Francisco, $370 per car, or $4. 50 per hundred pounds, well boxed. Double this rate if carried in trunks. Freight rate on household goods (well boxed) from Omaha or Council Bluffs to Dillon, Melrose, or Butte City, Montana, is $5.05 per 100 pounds; from Kansas City, St. Joseph or Leavenworth, $5.15 per hundred pounds; Omaha or Council Bluffs to Deer Lodge, $5.30 per hundred pounds; Kansas City, St. Joseph or Leavenworth to Deer Lodge, $5.40 per hundred pounds; double this rate if carried in trunks. One of the finest stock countries in the world is that penetrated by the Kansas Division of the Union Pacific Railway and its branches. The central portion of Kansas, by reason of its abundant supply of water and the great variety and excellence of its grasses, offers unusual inducements to dairy far- mers. The cattle range is unlimimited in extent and unequaled in quality anywhere in the West. Complete and reliable information concerning Kansas lands is furnished by S. J. Gilmore, Land Commissioner Kansas Division U. P. R'y, Kansas City, Mo. 184 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. The Union Pacific Land Grant Contains about 3,000,000 acres of the choicest lands in Nebraska, lying in nearly a compact body adjoining the railway, in the justly-renowned Platte Valley. For further valuable information concerning the lands, address Lea- vitt Burnham, Land Commissioner U. P. R'y> Omaha, Neb. Stop-over checks, good ten days only, are issued on first-class unlimited tickets; also on Colorado tourist tickets, and land tickets to points in Nebraska and Kansas. All trains on Central Pacific Railroad run on San Francisco time, I hour and 46 minutes slower than Omaha time. CONNECTIONS. Trains connect at Palisade, Nevada, with Eureka and Palisade R. R. for Eureka; at Battle Mountain, Nevada, with Nevada Central R. R. for Austin, at Reno, Nevada, with Virginia and Truckee R. R. for Virginia City and Gold Hill; at Junction, Cal., with Oregon Division C. P. R. R. for Marys- ville, Redding, etc. Trains of this line connect with rail and stage lines for all parts of Utah. Salt Lake & Western Division U. P. R. R. joins Utah Central at Lehi Junction. Lehi Junction to Tintic, 53 miles. Trains connect with the Utah Central each way. Stage lines in connection with Union Pacific Railroad, with distances and rates, from Sidney and Black Hills daily: Sidney to Camp Robinson 120 Miles. Fare, Sidney to Rapid City 120 ' " $40.00 Sidney to Deadwood * 265 " " 25.00 Leave Sidney at 9 A. M. Time to Deadwood 48 to 55 hours. TIME. Trains between Omaha and Laramie run on Omaha time. Between Laramie and Ogden, on Laramie time; 32 minutes slower than Omaha time. Park City Branch leaves main line at Echo. Echo to Park City 27 miles. No. I leaves Echo at 8:20 P.M.; arrives at Park City 9:55- P.M. No. 2 leaves Park City at 7:15 A.M.; arrives at Echo at 8:50 A. M. Both trains daily. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 185 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad. Road owned: Atchison to Kansas State line, 471 miles; leased and stock owned, Kansas line to Pueblo, Col., 149 miles; La Junta, Col., to Deming, N. M., 578; Rincon, N. M., to El Paso, Tex., 78 miles; also, 459 miles of branches in Kansas, 37 miles in Colorado, and 32 miles in New Mexico; also, from Benson, Arizona, to Las Nogales, (Mexican line), 95 miles. Total, perated directly, 1899 miles. Locomatives, 251; passenger cars, 194; freight cars, 9,096. The company also owns the stock of, but does not operate directly, the Kan- sas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas, 384 miles, and the Sonora Railway, Las Nogales to Guaymas, Mexico, 270 miles, with branch under construction from Hermosillo to El Paso. Also, owns one-half share in Manhattan, Alma & Burlingame, 54 miles, and Leavenworth, Topeka & Southwestern, 45 miles. Also, one-half the stock of the Atlantic & Pacific. It leases use of Southern Pacific track from Deming to Benson, 174 miles. Stock, $55,931,700. GENERAL OFFICERS. W. B. STRONG, President Boston, Mass C. C. WHEELER, General Manager Topeka, Kan W. S. MELLEN, Assistant General Superintendent ." Topeka, Kan D. J. Chase, Superintendent Topeka, Kan E. WILDER, Secretary and Treasurer Topeka, Kan GEORGE L. GOODWIN, Assistant Secretary and Treasurer Boston, Mass JOHN P. WHITEHEAD, General Auditor Boston, Mass H. C. CLEMENTS, Acting Auditor Topeka, Kan FRANK M. SMITH, Purchasing Agent Topeka, Kan J. F. GODDARD, General Freight Agent Topeka, Kan JOS. LEEDS, Assistant General Freight Agent Topeka, Kan A. S. JOHNSON, Land Commissioner Topeka, Kan W. F. WHITE, General Passenger and Ticket Agent Topeka, Kan W. R. PEABODY, General Agent Atchison. Kan J. D. CRUISE, Commercial Agent Kansas City, Mo W. L. MALCOLM, General Eastern Agent 419 Broadway, New York S. W. MANNING, New England Agent, 197 Washington street, Boston J. O. PHILLIPPI, General Agent 54 Clark street. Chicago N. T. SPOOR, General Agent 320 Chestnut street, St. Louis JOHN L. TRUSLOW, General Traveling Agent Topeka, Kan The Road and Its Equipment. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad is as well built as any line in the West. The location of the line was good to begin with. Fills or embankments have invaribly been protected from washout or other encroachments, in the most perfect manner possible. The bridges are modern and thoroughly substantial. The rails are in good part steel, and for the rest, a first class iron. The ties are kept new, and the road is ballasted with rock. All switches, frogs, signals, etc., are of the latest and most improved sort. The rolling stock of the road is not surpassed by that of 13 186 Resources of the Eocky Mountains. any road in the United States. From the locomotives to the hand-cars every- thing is of the newest and best make. The Pullman Palace Sleeping Cars are universally acknowledged to be the finest in the world. The car " Grenada," which was exhibited at the Centennial by Mr. Pullman, as his most elegant specimen of workmanship, was built for, and is now running on the A,, T. & S. F. The trains of the A., T. & S. F. are confessedly the finest run out of Kansas City Depot, and this distinction at a centre of a dozen roads or more, is no mean compliment. Bating Houses and Hotels. The eating houses of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, between terminal points, are located at the following named stations: Topeka, Emporia, Florence, Larned, Garden City, Coolidge, La Junta, Raton, Las Vegas, Lamy, Rincon, and Deming. These eating houses are under the supervision of a caterer of long experience, and nothing is left undone, in this respect, to render life worth living to the traveler. Care- fully kept lunch-counters are also located at every point where trains make any considerable stop. The hotels along the line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad are, as a rule, very good indeed. Being for the most part new, they are naturally clean and comfortable; while ready access to the best of Western markets renders it comparatively easy to supply meals of a high char- acter. At Atchison, Kansas City, Pueblo, Denver, Leadville, Santa Fe, and other terminal points, the best of hotel accommodations are afforded at union depots and elsewhere. Colorado. WESTBOUND. The Denver and Pueblo Express, leaving Kan- sas City in the morning, daily, for Pueblo, and the Pacific Express, leaving Kansas City in the evening, daily, for Deming, both carry through sleepers for Pueblo. A sleeper is also run between Atchison and Topeka, connecting at the latter point with the Denver and Pueblo Express from Kansas City. Passengers en route, via Atchison, can secure through accom- modations by advising the sleeping car conductor, who will make all arrange- ments without further trouble 1 to the passenger. EASTBOUND. The Kansas City and Atchison Express, leaving Pueblo in the afternoon, daily, and the Atlantic Express, leaving in the evening, daily, carry through sleepers for Kansas City, the latter train taking on the night sleeper from Pueblo at La Junta. A sleeper is also run from Topeka to Atchison, in connection with the Kansas City and Atchison Express, in which accommodations can be secured through conductor of sleeper from Pueblo. Pullman Palace Sleeping Cars are run on all the principal night trains of the Denver & Rio Grande Railway. New Mexico. WESTBOUND. The Pacific Express, leaving Kansas City n the evening, daily, carries the through sleepers to Deming, arriving there in the morning of the third day. EASTBOUND. The Atlantic Express, leaving Deming in the morning, daily, carries through sleepers for Kansas City, arriving there in the morning of the third day. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 187 BATES, Etc. It is an invariable rule that only those passengers holding first-class trans- portation will be allowed to occupy sleeping cars. California. From Deming to all points beyond, as far as San Francisco, the Silver Palace Sleeping Cars of the Southern Pacific Railroad furnish first- class sleeping accommodations at about Pullman rates. The rates from Deming to San Francisco are: For berth, $7.00; for section, $14.00; for drawing room. $28.00. Old Mexico. The assured early completion of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad into Old Mexico, gives the magnificent mineral resources of that country new importance, and there are many eyes on future possibilities in that direction. General Grant, in a recent communication to General Ma- thias Romero, of the Mexican Cabinet, on the subject of bringing the City of Mexico and other Mexican cities, into close rail connection with New York and other Northern cities said: "No one can calculate the immense advantage from this, which will result to both countries. Mexico could send to the United Spates each year $200,000,000 of her products, tropical and semi- tropical, and could produce besides the same quantity for other markets. The income of the republic would augment from $16,000,000 or $18,000,000 to $80,000,000 at least, without in any way adding to the burdens of taxation." The only direct route from the Missouri River to Old Mexico is via Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to El Paso del Norte, where connection is made with the Mexican Central, in course of rapid construction to the City of Mexico. Stages from the terminus of the railroad to Chihuahua and other points in the interior. CONNECTIONS. The railway and principal stage connections of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, and the Southern Pacific Railroad, beginning at the Mis- souri River and enumerating westward to San Francisco, are as follows: KANSAS CITY Missouri Pacific Railway; Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad; Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad; Wabash, St. Louis & Pa- cific Railway; Chicago & Alton Railroad; Kansas City, P'ort Scott & Gulj Railroad; Kansas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas Railroad, and Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. Also, Missouri River steamboats. ATCHISON Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad; Atchison & Nebraska Rail- road; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad; Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs Railroad; Burlington Route; Central Branch Union Pacific, and Missouri Pacific Railway. CEDAR JUNCTION Pleasant Hill Branch. 188 .Resources of the Rocky Mountains. LAWRENCE Kansas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas Railroad; Union Pacific Railway. VALLEY FALLS Kansas Central Railway. NORTH TOPEKA Union Pacific Railway. TOPEKA Kansas City Branch. CARBONDALE Union Pacific Railway, Carbondale Branch. BURLINGAME Manhattan, Alma & Burlingame Railroad. OSAGE CITY Lyndon stages. EMPORIA Howard Branch; Missouri Pacific Railroad, Kansas & Texa s Division. SEVERY St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad. FLORENCE Eldorado Branch; McPherson Branch. McPHERSON Union Pacific Railway, McPherson Branch. NEWTON Arkansas City Branch; Caldwell Branch. WICHITA St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad. WINFIELD Kansas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas Railroad. WELLINGTON Kansas City, Lawrence & Southern Kansas Railroad. CALDWELL Fort Reno and Fort Sill stages. HALSTEAD St. Louis & San Francisco Railroad. HUTCHINSON Kingman, Sun City, luka, Medicine Lodge and Kiowa stages. GREAT BEND Rush Center, Ness, Sidney, Ashland, Russell, Stafford* Buena Vista, Putnam, Clarence, Bellfield, Olney, Brookdale, West Point, Al- exander, Bazine, Acura, Alamata, California, Cimarron, Deighton, Seward, Kennelworth, St. John, Leesburg, Mahenville, Millard, Pride, Bartondale, Dorrence, Gere, Verbeck, Forrest Hill. Greendale, luka, Anderson, Saratoga, Elm Mills, Medicine Lodge, and Bloomingdale stages. LARNED luka, Saratoga, La Crosse, Hayes City, Brown's Cove, Hodg- man, Ash Valley, Antone, Harmony and Walnut City stages. SPEARVILLE Hodgman Center stages. DODGE CITY Fort Dodge, Fort Supply and Fort Elliot stages. LA JUNTA Junction of Colorado and California lines. PUEBLO Denver & Rio Grande Railway, north, west and south; stages to Bijou Basin. DENVER Union Pacific Railway; Kansas, Colorado, and Denver and South Park Divisions. CANON CITY Rosita, Silver Cliff and Wet Mountain Valley. SALIDA Gunnison Branch, D. & R. G. Railway. G.UNNISON CITY Barnum, Uncompaghre Agency, Lake City, Ouray, Placerville and Salina stages. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 189 MAYSVILLE Arbourville, Monarch Pass, Crooksville, and Saguache stages. ALPINE Tin Cup, Hillerton, and Virginia City stages. PARLINS Pitkin stages. VILLA GROVE Sedge-wick, Rito Alto, San Luis, Bonanza City, Saguache, Wagon Wheel Gap, Mosco and Del Norte stages. DEL NORTE Wagon Wheel Gap, Antelope Springs, Lake City, Summit, Saguache and Pagosa Springs stages. DURANGO Fort Lewis, Parrott City, Farmington, Silverton and Rico stages. CRESTED BUTTE Ruby, Gothic and Irwin stages. COLORADO SPRINGS D. & R. G. Railway, Manitou branch. TRINIDAD El Moro and Boonville stages. RATON Chico Springs and Madison stages. SPRINGER Virmigo Park, Black Lake, Pascos, Elizabethtown, Ute Creek, Elkins, Cimarron, Taos and La Cinto stages. LAS VEGAS Hot Springs Railroad; Tascosa stages. SAN JOSE Stages to Anton Chico, via Chico Springs and Sweet Water. LAMY Santa Fe branch. WALLACE San Pedro stages. ALBURQUERQUE Atlantic & Pacific Railroad for Winslow. WINSLOW Stages to Prescott, A. T. SocORRO White Oaks, Socorro and Magdalena'Mines, Fort Stanton, Fort Davis, Texas, via San Patricio, Good Bend, Reed's Ranch and Pope's Wells stages. LAS LUNAS Penalta stages. ENGLE Black Range stages. RINCON El Paso branch. EL PASO Mexican Central Railroad, and stages to Chihuahua. LAS CRUCES Hillsborough via Dona Ana, Leesburg, Fort Seldon, San Diego, Town of Colorado, Santa Barbara, and Cinega Ranch stages. NUTT Lake Valley stages. DEMING Junction A. T. & S. F. Railroad, and Southern Pacific Railroad; stages to Silver City. BENSON Tombstone, Turquois, Harshaw, Bisbee, Hartford, Contention, San Pedro, Charleston, Mule Pass and Hereford stages, and with Sonora Railroad Extension to Gulf of California. PANTANO Harshaw and Patagonia stages. TUCSON Arivaca, Oro Blanco, Tubac, Magdalena, Hermosillo, Altar and Guaymas stages. CASA GRANDE Florence and Globe stages. MARICOPA Phoenix and Wickenberg stages. .190 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. YUMA Colorado Steam Navigation Company. Steamers for Castle Dome- Ehrenberg, Aubrey, Camp Mohave, Hardyville and Eldorado Canon, COLTON San Bernadino and Riverside stages. Los ANGELES Southern Pacific Railroad branch lines to Santa Monica Wilmington and Santa Ana. NEWHALL SanJBuenaventura 'and Santa s Barbara stages. SANTA ANA San Diego stages. CALIENTE Kernville, Havilah,i Darwin, Lone Pine, ^Independence and Panamint stages. GOSHEN Visalia Railroad. MADERA Mariposa, Fresno, Groves of Big Trees and Yosemite Valley stages. LATHROP Central Pacific Railroad. STOCKTON Stockton & Copperopolis Railroad. MILTON San Andreas, Sonora and Calaveras Big Tree stages. SACRAMENTO Sacramento & Placerville Railroad; California Pacific Rail- road. IONE Jackson, 'Mokelumne Hill, Sutler i.Creek, Amador, Drytown, Ply- mouth, 'and Fiddletown stages. TRUCKEE Donner Lake and Tahoe Lake stages. SAN FRANCISCO Southern Pacific Railroad, northern division, for Menlo Park, Redwood City, Santa. Clara, San Jose, : Trespinas, Castro- ville, Monterey, Salinas and Soledad; Southern Pacific Coast Railroad and Ferry,'for Alameda, San Lorenzo, Los Gates, Big Trees and Santa Cruz; North Pacific Coast Railroad and Ferry, for Sancelito, Tamal- pais, San Quentin, San Rafael, Tocaloma Grove, Tomales, Russian River and Duncan's Mills; San Francisco & North Pacific Railroad and Ferry for San Rafael, Petaluma, Santa Rosa, Geyser ville, Cloverdale and Guerneville; Sonoma Valley Railroad and Ferry for Sonoma; Cali- fornia Pacific Railroad and {Ferry for Vallejo, Napa, Calistoga, White Sulphur Springs, The Geysers, Clear Lake Points, Benicia, Fairfield, Vaccaville, Madison, Sacramento and'all points north; Ferry lines for all points on San Francisco aud San Pablo Bays; Ocean Steamship lines. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 191 Denver ana Rio Grande Railway. General Offices Denver and Colorado Springs, Col. Road owned (3 ft. gauge), 1,066 miles, the chief lines being from Denver, Col., to Leadville; Pueblo to Alamosa and San Juan; Cuchara to El Moro. Work iu progress on line to Utah border, 238 miles, which will be extended to Salt Lake by a controlled company. Locomotives, 170; passenger cars, 134; freight cars, 4,509. Stock, $33,000, ooo. GENERAL OFFICERS. W. J. PALMER, President t Colorado Springs, Col W. A. BELL, Vice-President Colorado Springs, Col D. C. DODGE, General Manager Denver, Col GEORGE W. RTSTINE, Assistant General Manager Denver, Col J. A. McMURl'RIE, Chief Engineer Denver, Col WILLIAM WAGNER, Secretary 47 William St., New York W. M. SPACKMAN, Treasurer 47 William St., New York JOHN DOUGHERTY, Comptroller and Asst. Treas 47 William St., New York W. HINCHMAN, Eastern Agent 47 William St., New York J. W. GILLULY, Cashier Colorado Springs, Col E. R. MURPHY, Auditor Colorado Springs, Col A. B. GARNER, Purchasing Ageut Denver, Col A. S. HUGHES, Acting General Freight Agent /. . Denver, Col F. C. NIMS, General Passenger and Ticket Agent Denver. Col N. W. SAMPLE, Superintendent Motive Power and Machinery Denver, Col W. H. BANCROFT, Superintendent First Division , South Pueblo, Col R. M. RIDGEWAY, Superintendent Second Division Alamosa, Col J. A. MYERS, Superintendent Fourth Division Salida, Col COLE LYDON, Superintendent Third Division Branches , Leadville, Col B. F. WOODWARD, Superintendent Telegraph Denver, Col G. W. Kramer, Superintendent Express Denver, Col W. B. COBB, Traveling Passenger Agent 135 Randolph St., Chicago G. A. SANDERSON, General Agent 135 Randolph St., Chicago HARRY WHITE, General Agent 102 N. Fourth St., St. Louis, Mo E. E. JOHNSON, General Agent Freight Traffic Denver, Col MATT JOHNSON, General Agent 1068 Union Ave., Kansas City, Mo THREE FAST EXPRESS TRAINS DAILY To LEADVILLE and all adjacent territory. Is the only all-rail route to GUNNISON, Crested Butte, Marysville and Villa Grove, with short line stage connections for Barnum, Lake City, Ouray, Bonanza, Pitkin, Irwin, Ruby, Gothic, Hillerton, Virginia, Aspen, Ashcroft, and all points in the Gunnison, Kerber Creek, Cochetopa, Elk Mountain, Tin Cup, White Pine and Tomichi Mining Districts. Branches are being rapidly extended into all sections of COLORADO, UTAH AND NEW MEXICO, Which renders all of the mining camps easily accessible to the prospector, capitalist and business man. It is the only rail route to Silver Cliff, Robinson, Kokomo, Red Cliff, and the Holy Cross and Eagle River Regions, and the nearest route to Taos, Picuris, and the 192 Resources of the jRocky Mountains. Wool and Mineral Districts of Northern New Mexico. Is the only all-rail route to DURANGO, the Metropolis of Southwestern Colorado, and to SILVERTON, the heart of the Famous San Juan Mining: Country, From which points short stage lines diverge to Rico, Fort Lewis, Parrot City, Howardsville, Mineral Point, Eureka, Ophir, Animas Forks, and the San Miguel and Needles Districts. The Branch from Alamosa to Del Norte Connects with Concord Coaches for Wagon Wheel Gap, Antelope Springs, the Summit Mines, Saguache, Lake City, Ouray, and all sections of the fertile and well watered San Luis Valley. To Santa Fe, the Ancient Capital of New Mexico, It is the shortest, and by 12 hours the quickest, route from Denver, Pueblo, and all points in Colorado; the trip thither carrying the traveler over Veta Pass, an unsurpassed scenic and engineering marvel, across San Luis Valley, through Commanche Canon, and down the Rio Grande River to Espanola; thence an interesting stage ride of twenty-three miles through or in the vicinity of the Pueblos of San Juan, Pojuaque, Cuyamanque, San Ildefonso, Nambe and Santa Clkra, whose foundations antedate the discovery of America. THE FINEST FISHING AND HUNTING REGIONS In the Rocky Mountains are traversed by this road. Is the popular route for tourists to the LEADING PLEASURE AND HEALTH RESORTS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. All travelers in Colorado should include in their itineraries Manitou and Colorado Springs, on this line only, with their environs of world- wide celebrity, together with Wagon Wheel Gap, Poncho Springs, Cotton wood Springs, Twin Lakes, Pagoso Springs, Trimble Springs, Ojo Caliente, and the Indian Pueblos. Among the Most Notable Scenic Attractions Are Garden of the Gods, Williams' Canon, Pike's Peak, Monument Park, Cheyenne Canon, Grape Creek Canon, Spanish Peaks, Veta Pass, Sierra Blanca, Comanche Canon, Royal George, Brown's Canon, Marshall Pass, Black Canon, Mt. of the Holy Cross, Tennessee Pass, Phantom Curve, Los Pinos Valley, Toltec Gorge, Animas Canon, Cliff Dwellings, Fremont Pass. The road surmounts six distinct and lofty mountain passes, at altitudes varying from 8,931 to 11,540 feet above sea level. CONNECTIONS BY RAIL. AT DENVER with connecting railway lines, in the Grand Union Depot. No omnibus transfers. AT COLORADO SPRINGS with Branch Line for Manitou, Pike's Peak, Garden of the Gods, William's Canon, etc. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 193 AT SOUTH PUEBLO, in Union Depot, with Pueblo and San Juan Divi- sion, via Veta Pass, and Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. AT CANON CITY with Silver Cliff Branch for the Wet Mountain Valley. AT SALIDA with Gunnison and Utah Division, via Marshall Pass. AT PONCHO with Marysville Branch. AT MEARS with San Luis Branch, via Poncho Pass. AT GUNNISON with Crested Butte Branch. AT NATHROP with Alpine Branch for Hortense, Cascade and Alpine. AT BUENA VISTA with South Park Division of the Union Pacific Rail- way. AT PARLINS, for Pitkin. AT MALTA with Eagle River Branch for Red Cliff, via Tennessee Pass. AT LEADVILLE with Blue River Branch for Robinson, Kokomo and Wheeler's, via Fremont Pass. AT CUCHARA with the El Moro Branch. AT ALAMOSA with Del Norte Branch. AT ANTON ITO with the Antonito and New Mexico Division for Espanola and Santa Fe. AT DURANGO with the Silverton Branch. BY STAGE. AT LARKSPUR with carriages for Perry Park, distant seven miles. AT WESTCLIFFE with transfer for Silver Cliff and Rosita. AT MARYSVILLE for Garfield and the Monarch Mining District. AT VILLA GROVE for Bonanza City, Sedgwick, Saguache, and all points in the San Luis Valley. AT GUNNISON with J. L. Sanderson & Co.'s Concord coaches for Barnum, Lake City, Ouray, and all interior points. AT CRESTED BUTTE with J. L. Sanderson & Co.'s stages for Gothic, Ruby, Irwin, and all points in the Elk Mountains. AT ALPINE for Virginia City and Hillerton. AT BUENA VISTA with stage lines for Cottonwood Hot Springs, and for the Tin Cup and Aspen Districts, via Cottonwood Pass. AT TWIN LAKES with hack lines for Twin Lakes, five miles distant. AT RED CLIFF for Mount of the Holy Cross, Gold Park, and the Eagle and Grand River Valleys. AT LEADVILLE for the Soda Springs, Evergreen Lakes, Independence, Aspen and Ashcroft. AT WHEELER'S with stage lines for Breckenridge, Georgetown, Frisco, Chihuahua, Montezuma and Decatur. AT EL MORO with hack line for Trinidad, five miles distant. AT DEL NORTE with J. L. Sanderson & Co.'s coaches for Wagon Wheel Gap, Antelope Springs, Lake City, Ouray, Saguache, the Summit Mines, and all sections of the San Juan and Gunnison countries. AT AMARGO for Pagosa Hot Springs, twenty-five miles. AT DURANGO with connecting lines for Fort Lewis, Parrott City, Farm- ington, and all sections of the San Juan Region. AT ROCKWOOD with J. L. Sanderson & Co.'s line for Rico. AT SILVERTON with stages for Ophir, San Minguel, Howardville, Eureka, Animas Forks, Mineral Point and Tellurium. AT BARRANCA with hack line for the famous Hot Springs at Ojo Caliente, twelve miles away. AT EMBUDO with private conveyances for Taos, twenty miles. AT ESPANOLA with J. L. Sanderson & Co.'s elegant stages for Santa Fe, distant twenty-three miles. 14 194 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. Road owned, December 1882, Superior City, Wis., to end of track in Montana, 1,031 miles; Wallula Junction, Wash. Ter., to Noxan, Idaho, 415 miles; branches Eastern Division, 85 miles; Pacific Division, 135 miles; leased, Sauk Rapids, Minn., to St. Paul, 75 miles; branches, 350 miles; total worked, 2.091 miles. Work is in progress on gap in main line between end of track in Montana and Noxan, about 274 miles; also on several branches in Minnesota and Dakota. The leased branches are chiefly owned by the Oregon and Transcontinental Company, which also owns a controlling interest in the Northern Pacific Company. Locomotives, July I, 1882, 158; passenger cars, 99; freight cars, 5,112. Large additions to equipment have been made and are under contract. Stock Preferred, $41,909,132; Common, 49,000,000; total, $90,909,132. GENERAL, OFFICERS. H. VILLARD, President, Mills' Building, Broad Street, N. Y T F OAKES, Vice-President Mills' Building, Broad Street, N. Y A. J. THOMAS, Second Vice-President Mills' Building, Broad Street, N. Y SAMUEL WILKESON, Secretary Mills' Building, Broad Street, N. Y R. L. BELKN AP, Treasurer Mills' Building, Broad Street, N. Y J. A. BARKER, General Auditor Mills' Building, Broad Street. N. Y GEO. GRAY, General Counsel i Nassau Street, N. Y A. ANDERSON, Chief Engineer Brainerd, Minn HER vlAN HAUPT, General Manager : St. Paul, Minn GEO. W. CROSS, Superintendent Transportation St. Paul, Minn J. M. HANNAFORD, General Freight Agent St. Paul, Minn GEORGE K. BARNES, General Passenger and Ticket Agent St. Paul, Minn C. B. LAMBORN, Land Commissioner St Paul, Minn HERMAM TROTT, Acting General Land Agent St. Paul, Minn P. B. GROAT, General Emigration Agent St. Paul, Minn G G. SANBORN, LocalTreasurer St. Paul, Minn M. P. MARTIN, Auditor .....St. Paul, Minn J. H. AMES, General Purchasing Agent St. Paul, Minn W. J. FOOTNER, Superintendent Express St. Paul, Minn O. C. GREENE, Superintendent Telegraph St. Paul, Minn S. G. FULTON, Division Freight Agent Fargo, D. T B. McHUGH, Superintendent St. Paul and Minnesota Division Brainerd Minn C. T. HOBART, Superintendent Dakota Division Fargo, Dak D. R. TAYLOR, Superintendent Missouri Division Bismarck, Dak S. R. AINSLIE, Superintendent Yellow Stone Division Glendive, M. T G. W. CUSHING, Superintendent Rolling Stock Brainerd, Minn H. J. S. SMALL. Acting Master Mechanic Brainerd, Minn T J. DELMERE, Car Accountant St. Paul, Minn W. H. LOWE, General Baggage Agent Brainerd, Minn The Northern Pacific Railroad leads to an immense new country, where almost anyone can make money either in prolific and sure wheat crops, in cattle and sheep raising on the largest area of grazing country, growing the finest bunch grass in the world, and is the best gold and silver regions in the United States. Resources of the Rocky Mountains. 195 THE NORTHEKN PACIFIC RAILKOAD Begins at St. Paul and Minneapolis, passes through the Park Region of Min- nesota, across the Fertile Valley of the famous Red River of the North, out to the Broad, Fertile Prairies of Dakota; thence over the expansive upland plains to the rapidly opening, rich Missouri River Slope, and onward through the many pretty valleys of Western Dakota, passing through the wonderful Pyra* mid Paik to the fruitful Yellowstone Valley. This road leads directly through Dakota's "GREAT WHEAT BELT," The grain from which has proven to be so superior to the highest grade ever before known, and bringing prices than any other, it required some standard name to designate it, as a grade above all others in the markets and boards of trade, and is, therefore now generally known as "No. I Hard." Millions of Acres of these Fertile Wheat Lands are for sale by this Company at from $2.6O to $4.OO per Acre. MONTANA AND IDAHO Are producing largely from exceeedingly rich GOLD AND SILVER MINES in numerous large mining camps. There are immense districts where gold and silver is known to exist in abundance, but which having never been fully pros- pected, invite new discoveries by all persons who desire to prospect and develop them. Clark's Fork and Maginnis Mining Camps are offering extraordinary fine prospects. Clark's Fork Mining Camp has just been thrown open by act of Congress to be prospected and developed. The only practi- cable route to these mines is by the Rorthern Pacific Railroad. There are two trains over this road each way daily, (except Sunday,) carrying Parlor and Dining Cars and Pullman Sleepers. The road is now completed to Bozeman in Montana, and will be finished to the Pacific Coast in 1883. TIME TABLE. FROM ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS AND DULUTH. WESTWARD. PACIFIC EX. DAY EX. Leave Chicage 9:00 P.M. n 130 A.M. Arrive at St. Paul 12:45 " 6:15 " " Minneapolis 1:30 "' 7:00 " Leave St. Paul ;,... 7:30 " 7:25 " " Minneapolis 8:00 " 8:00 " CONNECTIONS. AT ST. PAUL, with Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul; the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha; the St. Paul and Duluth Railroads, and with Mississippi River Packets to and from the East and South to the Far West via Northern Pacific Railroad. 196 Resources of the Rocky Mountains. AT MINNEAPOLIS, with the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad, and Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway, to and from the East and South to the Far West via Northern Pacific Railroad. AT DULUTH, with the Lake Superior lines of Elegant Lake Steamers to and from Lake points and Eastern points, to the Far West via Northern Pacific Railroad, and with the St. Paul and Duluth Railroad to and from St: Paul. AT CLYNDON, with the St Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railroad, to and from points North. AT BISMARCK, with the "Benton," "Coulson" and "Peck" lines of elegant Missouri River Steambots, leaving Bismarck tri-weekly to Ft. Stevenson, Ft. Berthold, Ft. Buford, Ft. Benton, Carroll, Helena, Maginnis Mines and Upper Missouri River points. FROM MILES CITY, Gilmor, Salsbury & Co. run daily stages in connection with Northern Pacific Railroad, to Junction, Huntly, Bensons, Stillwater, Billings and Bozeman, connecting at Billings and Bensons for Clark's Fork Mines, and at Bozeman for Helena, Butte City, Deer Lodge, and other points in Montana. Towns and Villages are growing- up rapidly along- the Northern Pacific Road. For full information, maps, pamphlet and other publications, FOR EASTERN MONTANA, APPLY TO ,. M. NEWPORT, General Land Agent, St. Paul, Minn., AND FOR CENTRAL AND WESTERN MONTANA AND IDAHO, TO EDWIN STONE, General Land Agent, Helena, Montana. The Northern Pacific Railroad has millions of acres of Land in Washington and Oregon, which are offered at the low price of $2.60 per acre, and for information relating to these lands, apply to J. H. HOUGHTON, General Land Agent, New Tacoma, Washington Territory, or PAUL SHULTZE, General Emigration Agent, Portland, Oregon. For general information relating to the Pacific Northwest, apply to, or address A. L. STOKES, General Eastern Passenger Agent, 52 Clark Street, Chicago, 111. NOTICE. Coupon Tickets to all points East are on sale at the principal stations of the Oregon Railway and Navigation Co. TOURISTS. Tourists, Pleasure Seekers, Invalids and Sportsmen, in search of scenic attractions, health and sport, find in the Northern Pacific Country a climate unsurpassed in health giving qualties, and an abundance of game and fish of gaeat variety and unequal ed for size and quality. As they traverse the Northern Pacific Railroad, they will pass through the most remarkable and sublime scenery in the world. There is nowhere else any scenery equal in grandeur and wonderful new varieties to that found in the YELLOWSTONE VALLEY, the Mountains along the Northern Pacific Railroad, and especially to that found in the GREAT NATIONAL PARK with its numberless and majestic Geysers, varied in size, shape, temperature, and other most astonishing feaiu.es, together with its beautiful vallsys, streams and mountains. . :