YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 A HISTORICAL SKETCH 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM JOHN McMURTRY, M. A. 
 
 YANKTON, S. D. 
 1907 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 INTRODUCTION 7 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 THE LOCALITY n 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 THE FOUNDING 14 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 24 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 THE DEATH or PRESIDENT WARD 64 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 THE INTERREGNUM 73 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT FREE 84 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN : FIRST 
 PERIOD 96 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN: SEC- 
 OND PERIOD 112 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 THE PRESENT AND FUTURE 144 
 
 M123338 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 Among all the various agencies, so manifold in origin, 
 so diverse in quality, that have been working together 
 upon the great task of fitly fashioning the structure 
 of what, we trust, is yet to be the world's noblest civili- 
 zation, few are more worthy of honor, because few have 
 been more potent for good, than is the institution known 
 as the American College. Transferred from Old to 
 New England at the time when the foundations of 
 American life were being laid, ever has it stood as the 
 foremost representative and champion of those princi- 
 ples of idealism, of that supreme regard for the things 
 of the spirit, the complete and lasting dominance of 
 which over the more material elements of life is the 
 most vital condition of America's successful accom- 
 plishment of her mission. And so, from the colleges 
 have come forth countless leaders and inspirers of the 
 nation's higher life and aspirations, whether the strug- 
 gle were against the blighting curse of slavery, against 
 ignorance, superstition, and misery, in our own and 
 foreign lands, or against the unscrupulous, grasping, 
 corrupting schemes of predatory wealth. Step by step, 
 they have accompanied the nation's mighty onward 
 march over the continent; so that their moulding, up- 
 lifting influence has been, and is being, potently exerted 
 
 7 
 
8 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the Lakes to the 
 Gulf. 
 
 While it must be conceded that the universities 
 founded in more recent times by numerous states, 
 springing as they did from the same conditions of life 
 as the colleges, and with faculties composed to a large 
 extent of men trained therein, have been largely ani- 
 mated by a like spirit and ideals, and have undoubt- 
 edly made very valuable contributions of their own to 
 the thought, the activities, and life of their respective 
 commonwealths, and of the country at large; neverthe- 
 less, it remains true that the characteristic contribu- 
 tion made by the College as an institution to the en- 
 richment and ennoblement of American life has been, 
 in a preeminent degree, the gift of the institutions estab- 
 lished under distinctively religious auspices. In this 
 great and beneficent work of planting and nurturing 
 colleges, the Congregational churches have taken the 
 lead; and in all the splendid record of the services ren- 
 dered by these churches to the intellectual, political, 
 moral and religious life of the country, of no single 
 item are they more justly proud than of the conspicuous 
 part they have played in the founding and developing 
 of institutions of higher learning. Established in weak- 
 ness and poverty, in scantiness of equipment and 
 resources, all these institutions were ; yet the mere men- 
 tion of such names as Harvard and Yale, Amherst 
 and Williams, Dartmouth and Bowdoin, Beloit and 
 Oberlin, Iowa and Colorado, is enough to show how 
 wisely the foundations were laid. It is not too much to 
 
INTRODUCTION 9 
 
 say that, in whatever section of the country a Congre- 
 gational college has been established, it has taken a 
 leading position in upholding high standards of scholar- 
 ship, and enlightened and worthy ideals of life, both 
 public and private. 
 
 The following pages have as their object to set forth 
 the short and simple annals of the establishment and 
 growth of one of the youngest in the noble sisterhood 
 of Congregational colleges. To her belongs the honor 
 of being the first institution of higher learning, in a vast, 
 newly settled region of our country, to throw open its 
 doors to students. Though only the brief span of a 
 quarter-century measures the period of her existence, 
 yet those who are familiar with her work, her spirit, 
 and her achievements, believe that she is showing herself 
 worthy of her ancestry; and that her older and more 
 famous sisters have no reason to be ashamed of the 
 relationship. In her case, no less than in theirs, a large- 
 minded and far-seeing leadership has been displayed; 
 her history, like theirs, includes pages brightened by 
 instances of unselfish devotion; her spirit, like theirs, 
 has been that of fidelity to the interests of sound learning 
 and the thorough training of youthful minds and hearts 
 for intelligent, sane, and useful living. 
 
CHAPTER I 
 THE LOCALITY 
 
 The original Territory of Dakota, consisting in part 
 of the present States of North and South Dakota, con- 
 stituted a considerable portion of that vast domain 
 known as Louisiana, which was purchased by the 
 United States from Napoleon in 1803. The Lewis and 
 Clark expedition of 1804-6 made their way through it, 
 following the course of the Missouri river. They de- 
 scribed various localities along the river, among them 
 the site of the future city of Yankton, which the journal 
 of the expedition pictures as "a handsome prairie 
 gently rising from the river on the north side, a small 
 distance above which are beautiful groves of cotton- 
 wood on both sides of the river." For many years after 
 this interesting glimpse of the location of our College 
 was given, the far-reaching Dakota prairies continued 
 to be the home of roving bands of fierce Sioux warriors 
 and vast herds of buffalo. Now and then, they were 
 penetrated by adventurous trappers and hunters. 
 Upon the maps of school geographies, the region 
 now largely covered with fertile and prosperous farms 
 and including one of the greatest wheat-producing areas 
 of the world was designated as the " Great Ameri- 
 can Desert." In 1857, a white settlement was estab- 
 lished at Sioux Falls; but owing to the hostile attitude 
 
17 
 
 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 of the Indians, which found disastrous expression in the 
 Minnesota massacres, this settlement was abandoned in 
 1862. In 1858, a trading-post was established on the site 
 of Yankton, near the confluence of the James river with 
 the Missouri, where previously an Indian village had 
 been located. During the Indian troubles of 1862, all 
 the white settlers in that region fled to Yankton for 
 refuge; and a stockade was erected for defence. Al- 
 though the savages could be seen on the hills to the west- 
 ward, no attack wa's made. 
 
 In 1 86 1, a Territorial organization was conferred by 
 the National Government ; and in that year Territorial 
 officials were appointed by President Lincoln. Yank- 
 ton was the capital of the new Territory. At first, 
 owing to the total lack of railroads and the fear of the 
 Indians, but slow progress was made in settlement and 
 development; but when the railroads came, and the 
 Indians had been pacified and removed to reservations, 
 a new era began; and settlers poured into the Terri- 
 tory in ever increasing numbers. In 1868, the popula- 
 tion was only about twelve thousand. In 1880, it had 
 increased to a little over one hundred and thirty-five 
 thousand. From this time on, there was rapid ad- 
 vancement in population, in the building of towns, and 
 in development of every sort, despite grasshoppers, hail, 
 and drought. In 1883, greatly to the disgust of the 
 more thickly settled southern portion of the Territory, 
 the capital was moved from Yankton to Bismarck, the 
 future capital of North Dakota. Very early in the 
 history of the Territory, there grew up a sentiment in 
 
THE LOCALITY 13 
 
 favor of division, and the formation of two, or even 
 three, states. As the population increased, the demand 
 for statehood grew in strength; and constitutional 
 conventions were held in 1883 and in 1885. Not until 
 1889, however, did Congress take action. In that year, 
 the Territory of Dakota was divided, and became the 
 States of North and South Dakota. South Dakota 
 comprised an area of 77,650 square miles, containing a 
 population of over 300, ooo at the time of admission to 
 the Union. At the present time, this number has prob- 
 ably increased to half a million people, who have come 
 partly from the more eastern states, partly from Europe. 
 In the latter class, the Scandinavians, Germans, and 
 Bohemians are largely represented. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE FOUNDING 
 
 In 1868, Yankton was a frontier village, known far 
 and wide as the capital of the Territory of Dakota, and 
 as an important point in the steamboat traffic of the 
 Missouri river. Though the presence of government 
 officials imparted something of dignity to the life of the 
 place, yet the characteristic vices of the "river town" 
 were fully in evidence; and deeds of murderous violence 
 were by no means unknown. Naturally, the Indians 
 were a conspicuous feature of the street-scenes. Dur- 
 ing that year, a Congregational church the first of 
 that denomination to be established in Dakota was 
 organized, with a membership of eleven persons, two 
 of whom Mr. and Mrs. Ephraim Miner are still 
 actively connected with the same church. For a brief 
 time, the church services were conducted by Rev. E. W. 
 Cook, and for a still briefer time, by Rev. J. D. Bell. 
 The American Home Missionary Society, under the 
 auspices of which the church had been organized, had 
 the great good fortune to secure, as the permanent 
 pastor, Joseph Ward, a young man who had just grad- 
 uated from the Andover Theological Seminary. Ac- 
 companied by his young bride, Mr. Ward arrived in 
 Yankton on November 6, 1868, coming by stage from 
 Sioux City. 
 
 14 
 
THE FOUNDING 15 
 
 Under Mr. Ward's pastorate, the church prospered; 
 and in less than two years, a commodious building had 
 been completed. From the very first, the people of the 
 church felt that, in Mr. and Mrs. Ward, they had se- 
 cured leaders and helpers of rare efficiency. Coming 
 from cultured and refined surroundings in New Eng- 
 land, they threw themselves, heart and soul, into the 
 unformed life of the little frontier community; and 
 started waves of influence that gradually spread far and 
 wide through the vast Territory extending so far to the 
 northward and westward. Soon, Joseph Ward was 
 one of the best known, one of the most influential men 
 in all the wide expanse of Dakota. And this was no 
 accident; for Joseph Ward was no ordinary man. 
 Large of frame, he was equally large in mind and heart. 
 Descended from excellent New England stock, with the 
 blood in his veins of that General Artemas Ward who 
 commanded the American troops in the battle of Bunker 
 Hill, he had received a thorough intellectual equipment 
 for his future career. He was fitted for college at the 
 famous Phillips Academy, at Andover, Massachusetts, 
 and graduated from Brown University. His theological 
 training he received at the Andover Seminary, at that 
 time one of the most flourishing schools of theology in 
 the country, with men on its faculty of national repu- 
 tation for scholarship and ability as teachers. But 
 after all, his own native endowments were his greatest 
 strength. Genial and helpful in disposition, to the 
 modesty of a child he added the insight and faith of a 
 prophet, and the largeness of aim of a statesman. In 
 
16 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 close association with the leaders of Territorial affairs, 
 and regarded by them as a wise and trusted counsellor, 
 he exercised a strong and helpful influence in favor of 
 everything that was good, and that tended to the better- 
 ment of the plastic life and institutions of the future 
 Dakotan commonwealths. 
 
 Next to religion, conceived of in a vital way as the 
 supreme concern of the human spirit, the interests of 
 education lay nearest to Mr. Ward's heart. Natural 
 as was this attitude in his case, his bent toward it was 
 made still stronger by the fact that Dr. Badger, the 
 secretary at that time of the Home Missionary Society, 
 in the final interview before Mr. Ward's departure for 
 his far-western field of labor, admonished him that he 
 must do what he could to promote the interests of 
 Christian education in the new region. That injunc- 
 tion was never forgotten; and faithfully, yes, with 
 uttermost fidelity, was it carried out. Early in his 
 career at Yankton, he took the lead in a movement 
 that resulted in the establishment of an academy the 
 earliest educational institution above the common 
 school grade that came into existence in Dakota. When 
 the legislature passed a law, framed by Mr. Ward, 
 establishing a satisfactory system of public schools, in- 
 cluding high schools, the academy was transformed 
 into the Yankton High School. As president of the 
 Yankton school board, he took the lead in developing 
 the school system of the City. In recognition of his 
 zealous interest in educational progress, an attempt 
 was once made, without success, to induce him to accept 
 
THE FOUNDING 17 
 
 the position of Territorial Superintendent of Education. 
 However, Mr. Ward felt that not yet had he done his 
 full duty in the field of education. From the first, he 
 had cherished in his heart the thought of establishing 
 a college, an institution devoted to the higher training 
 of the young people of the new country, under the con- 
 trolling influence of the Christian ideal of self-sacrificing 
 service. Even yet, there are a few old residents of 
 Yankton who tell of the incredulous amazement with 
 which they heard Mr. Ward broach the idea of starting 
 a college in that wild, sparsely settled region, still occu- 
 pied mainly by Indians. But the prophetic vision 
 remained undimmed; and the scheme was unceasingly 
 urged upon the attention of the representatives of the 
 Congregational churches, now gradually increasing in 
 number. At length the General Association took the 
 first step, at a session held at Canton, May 20, 1875, by 
 the appointment of a College Committee. This com- 
 mittee was continued from year to year; until, at a 
 special meeting, held again at Canton, May 25, 1881, 
 the Association ratified the recommendation of its 
 committee that a college be established, and located the 
 institution at Yankton, in consideration of the offer of 
 eleven thousand dollars and a site. Of the eleven 
 thousand dollars, nine thousand was contributed by the 
 Yankton Congregational Church. The name of the 
 College was determined by its location; the original 
 intention was that it should be called Pilgrim College. 
 That the institution is the child of the General Associa- 
 tion of Congregational Churches, has found its most 
 
i8 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 tangible indication in the fact that, from the first, the 
 Association has annually appointed a committee to 
 visit the College and report upon its condition. In his 
 efforts to secure the founding of the institution, Mr. 
 Ward found an efficient supporter in Rev. Charles 
 Seccombe, of Springfield, who had, at an earlier 
 period, taken a leading part in the establishment of 
 Carleton College, in Minnesota. 
 
 In accordance with the laws of the Territory, a body 
 known as the College Association of Dakota was 
 formed, "for the purpose of establishing a Christian 
 college in Dakota," and to form a corporation whose 
 business it should be to administer the affairs of the 
 new institution. On August 2, 1881, a meeting of this 
 association was held, with Newton Edmunds, an ex- 
 governor of the Territory, still residing in Yankton, 
 acting as President, and Joseph Ward as Secretary, at 
 which articles of incorporation were adopted. The 
 incorporators were to be a self-perpetuating body, 
 entrusted with the general management of the College, 
 but carrying on the actual administration of its affairs 
 through a Board of nine Trustees, to be elected from 
 and by the Corporate Body. At this same meeting, 
 the incorporators elected the following gentlemen as 
 provisional Trustees: Joseph Ward, of Yankton; 
 Stewart Sheldon, of Yankton; Edward P. Wilcox, of 
 Yankton; Lucius Kingsbury, of Canton; John R. 
 Jackson, of Valley Springs; Charles Seccombe, of 
 Springfield; Newton Edmunds, of Yankton; Ephraim 
 Miner, of Yankton; Josiah R. Sanborn, of Yankton. 
 Of these men, four were Congregational clergymen; 
 
THE FOUNDING 19 
 
 four were Congregational laymen; while Governor 
 Edmunds was an Episcopalian. One of them 
 Edward P. Wilcox is at the present time serving on 
 the Board of Trustees. Rev. Stewart Sheldon was the 
 brother-in-law of Mr. Ward, and father of Charles M. 
 Sheldon, noted as the author of "In His Steps." 
 
 According to the Articles of Incorporation, eleven 
 professorships were to be ultimately established in the 
 College, the holders of which were to be designated as 
 follows: (i) President and Professor of Moral and 
 Intellectual Philosophy and Natural Theology; (2) Pro- 
 fessor of the Latin Language and Literature; (3) Pro- 
 fessor of the Greek Language and Literature; (4) Pro- 
 fessor of Physics and Astronomy; (5) Professor of 
 Rhetoric, English Literature, and Elocution; (6) Pro- 
 fessor of Modern Languages; (7) Professor of Music 
 and Painting; (8) Professor of Chemistry and Miner- 
 alogy; (9) Professor of Geology and Natural History; 
 (10) Professor of Mathematics and Civil Engineering; 
 (n) Professor of History and Political Economy. At 
 the present time, there are ten regular professorships 
 covering much the same field of instruction as that 
 marked out by the list, though with a considerable 
 divergence in the division of the work. 
 
 The Charter of the College bears the date of August 
 30, 1 88 1, and reads as follows: 
 
 TERRITORY OF DAKOTA 
 
 CERTIFICATE OF CORPORATE EXISTENCE 
 
 WHEREAS, Joseph Ward, Lucius Kingsbury, 
 John R. Jackson, and others, have filed in this office a 
 
20 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 certificate or declaration in writing, as provided in 
 Section 389 of the Civil Code of this Territory, setting 
 forth all the facts required to be stated in Sections 386, 
 539, and 547 of said Civil Code, and have in all respects 
 complied with the requirements of the law governing 
 the formation of Private Corporations, as contained in 
 the Civil Code of this Territory, now, therefore, I, 
 Geo. H. Hand, Secretary of the Territory of Dakota, 
 in virtue and by authority of law, do hereby certify that 
 said parties, their associates and successors, have 
 become a body politic and corporate under the corporate 
 name of Yankton College, and by that name have a 
 right to sue and be sued, purchase, hold and convey 
 real and personal property and to have and enjoy all 
 the rights and privileges granted to a private Corpora 
 tion, under the laws of this Territory, subject to their 
 Articles of Incorporation, and all legal restrictions and 
 liabilities in relation thereto. 
 
 IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have hereunto 
 set my hand and affixed the Great Seal of the Territory 
 of Dakota. 
 
 Done at Yankton this 3oth day of August, A. D. 1881. 
 (Signed) Geo. H. Hand, 
 
 Secretary of Dakota Territory. 
 
 On Sunday, October 30, the plot of ground designed 
 for the Campus of the newly founded institution, lying 
 just north of the town upon a hill, since known as 
 College Hill, was consecrated by a public meeting to 
 the cause of Christian Education. Addresses were 
 made by Rev. Joseph Ward, of Yankton, and Rev. 
 
THE FOUNDING 21 
 
 C. W. Shelton, of Dell Rapids. Seven members of the 
 "Yale Dakota Band" were present, namely: Messrs. 
 Case, Fisk, Holp, Hubbard, Reitzel, Shelton, and Thrall. 
 
 On June 15, 1882, the corner-stone of the first build- 
 ing of the College was laid with much ceremony. The 
 citizens of the town were largely represented; the chil- 
 dren of the public schools were present in a body, and 
 representatives of the Territorial and City governments 
 took part in the exercises. This building, now known 
 as Middle Hall, is a substantial and sightly structure, 
 containing three stories and basement, and is built of 
 Sioux Falls jasper. It was not ready for occupancy 
 until the beginning of the second year's work of the 
 College. Consequently, the first sessions were held in 
 the chapel of the Congregational Church, beginning 
 October 4, 1882, wih five pupils present. These five 
 including the first young people of Dakota to enter 
 upon the pursuit of the higher education in a home 
 institution were the following: William P. Dewey, 
 Jr., of Yankton; Edward D. Disbrow of Akron, Iowa; 
 Edgar M. Hand, of Yankton; Jennie D. Ketchum, of 
 Yankton, and Lena D. McGlumphy, of Yankton, 
 now Mrs. J. E. Branch. The second name in the 
 list shows that, from the very first, the College has 
 reached out beyond the Dakotan boundaries for its 
 students a natural result of the location of Yankton. 
 
 During the first year, the actual work of instruction 
 was carried on, with great faithfulness, by Professor 
 William M. Bristoll and his wife, Mrs. Rosa O. Bristoll. 
 Professor Bristoll had been, for eight years, Superin- 
 
22 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 tendent of Schools in Yankton. He was given the 
 official designation of Professor of Latin and Principal 
 of the Preparatory Department. A small building, 
 containing three rooms, situated just south of the 
 Church, was subsequently rented to house the infant 
 College, and was occupied during the first year. This 
 structure is still in existence, though it has been removed 
 from its former location. In the course of the year, 
 additional students entered, so that the total attendance 
 for the year reached the very respectable number of 
 forty-one. Some years afterwards, one of this company 
 wrote for the College paper an article giving some 
 reminiscences of this Year i in the life of the College. 
 Speaking of the chapel services he says: 
 
 "Dr. Ward read out of a little old leather-covered 
 Bible; and Professor Bristoll played upon the little 
 wheezy old organ, now in the Congregational Chapel. 
 Right after chapel, the first class that ever studied 
 Goodwin's Greek Grammar in Yankton recited; and 
 that class worked as hard as any class in Yankton ever 
 has worked over their Greek. Virgil was read all the 
 year by the Senior Preparatory class." 
 
 It seems that, on one point, the writer of the above 
 was mistaken; because Rev. Charles M. Sheldon states 
 that he himself constituted a class of one, which began 
 the study of Greek in the Yankton High School, at a 
 period preceding the birth of the College. 
 
 At a meeting of the Board of Trustees, held on Jan- 
 uary 1 6, 1883, the following resolution was offered by 
 Rev. Charles Seccombe: 
 
THE FOUNDING 23 
 
 RESOLVED, First, that in the opinion of the Board 
 the time has come for choosing a president for Yankton 
 College. 
 
 Second, that Rev. Joseph Ward, of Yankton, is the 
 man we need and desire for that position; and that we, 
 therefore, unanimously invite and urge him to accept 
 the position, and enter at once upon the work. 
 
 On motion of Rev. L. Kingsbury, the resolution was 
 unanimously adopted. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD (1883-1889) 
 
 In May, 1883, Mr. Ward gave up his pastorate, in 
 order to devote all his time and strength to the upbuild- 
 ing and development of the College. Plans were made 
 for a substantial enlargement of the work for the coming 
 year. The Faculty was constituted as follows: Rev. 
 Joseph Ward, President and Professor of Mental and 
 Moral Philosophy; Rev. E. C. Norton, Professor of 
 Greek and Instructor in Mathematics; Rev. John T. 
 Shaw, Professor of Latin and Principal of the Prepar- 
 atory Department; Celia E. Whiteman and Ellen A. 
 Norton, Assistants in the Preparatory Department; 
 Mrs. Rosalie T. Shelton, Teacher of Freehand Draw- 
 ing; Jean H. Ward, Teacher of Painting; Kate C. 
 Wheaton, Teacher of Music. Rev. C. W. Shelton, 
 Field Agent. Professors Norton and Shaw played a 
 large part in the life and development of the CoHege 
 during those early years. Both were young men of 
 ability and good training the former, a graduate of 
 Amherst, who had taken graduate work at Johns Hop- 
 kins; the latter, a graduate of Brown University and 
 of Andover Seminary. Doubtless, President Ward 
 cherished the hope that they would remain perma- 
 nently with the College, but such was not to be the case. 
 Professor Shaw, as Principal of the Preparatory De- 
 
 24 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 25 
 
 partment, displayed in a marked degree the ability to 
 gain the respect and liking of boys and young men. 
 
 The course of study, as outlined in the first catalogue 
 for the ensuing year, embraced a Sub-Preparatory 
 course of two years, a Preparatory course of three years, 
 and the College course proper, a four-years course. 
 The fact that two years of Sub-Preparatory work were 
 offered, was doubtless due to the undeveloped condition 
 of the public schools of the Territory. Nevertheless, 
 the Sub-Preparatory course is omitted in the following 
 catalogue, and remains invisible for a number of years, 
 to reappear finally as a one-year course ; in which form 
 it has survived down to the present time. The Prepara- 
 tory and College courses each included a Classical and 
 a Scientific course, the only point of difference being 
 that, in the latter, the place of Greek was taken through- 
 out by modern studies. Latin was required of both 
 Classical and Scientific students during two years of 
 their College work. Classical students spent the same 
 time upon their Greek. That was before the day of 
 electives; and these courses of study share in both the 
 merits and the defects of the college curricula of that 
 period. The fact that, at the very start, President 
 Ward laid down courses abreast of the standards cus- 
 tomary at that time in old and well-established insti- 
 tutions, showed his determination to aim high, in spite 
 of all temptations to the contrary procedure. If any 
 are inclined to raise the objection, that it was prepos- 
 terous to think of teaching such courses, with the small 
 faculty and meager outfit at hand, they are reminded 
 
26 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 that, in this second year of the life of the College, only 
 the Freshman class was represented in the College 
 proper; and, furthermore, the President was confidently 
 hoping that the teaching force and equipment would 
 increase, as need arose. 
 
 The list of students shows eight in the College proper, 
 all classed as Freshmen, three young men and five 
 young women, all of the latter being designated as 
 11 special." Moreover, each of the three classes of the 
 Preparatory Department had a goodly number en- 
 rolled, as well as the Sub-Preparatory, or English 
 Department. Then, too, the Musical and Art Depart- 
 ments make a good showing in the number taking those 
 lines of work. 
 
 Another token of progress is the fact that the students 
 organized, in the spring of 1884, the Yankton College 
 Christian Association. A weekly students' prayer- 
 meeting had been held from the very first; and the 
 Christian Association grew out of this, the purpose in its 
 organization being to take charge of this prayer-meeting, 
 and also of the other distinctively religious activities 
 of the students, for example, Sunday School work in 
 country school-houses round about Yankton. For a 
 considerable number of years, this organization, entirely 
 local in its character, carried out with a good measure 
 of efficiency the objects for which it was established; 
 but finally, in 1894, it was decided to divide the Associa- 
 tion into two, one for young men and the other for 
 young women, each to be connected with the inter- 
 national College Christian Associations. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 27 
 
 At the close of the second college year (1883-4), it 
 was felt that much progress had been made; and that 
 everything pointed toward a prosperous year to come. 
 Robert B. Riggs, a son of Stephen Riggs, the well- 
 known missionary among the Indians, and a younger 
 brother of Alfred and Thomas Riggs, the missionary 
 brothers, who had secured his doctor's degree in Ger- 
 many, accepted a call to the chair of Chemistry, with 
 the understanding that he would come when needed. 
 Announcement was made in the catalogue that Miss 
 Causine Kern, a graduate of the New England Con- 
 servatory of Music, would have charge of Vocal Music 
 for the coming year; also that a competent teacher of 
 German (Mrs. E. C. Norton) had been secured. A 
 College boarding hall was provided, over which Miss 
 M. A. Shepard presided as Matron. 
 
 The courses of study remained much the same as 
 they were announced in the catalogue of the preceding 
 year, except that students taking the Scientific course 
 were required to study Greek as well as Latin, to the 
 end of the Freshman year. From the standpoint of a 
 Scientific student of the present day, such a course 
 would indeed be a weariness to the flesh. A new depart- 
 ure is the announcement of a Teachers' course a 
 feature of the work of the College that has persisted 
 down to the present time. The course as announced 
 covered four years, and included no foreign languages. 
 
 The library now comes into view; and the following 
 interesting statements are made in relation thereto: 
 "The library has been increased during the past year 
 
28 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 by more than a thousand volumes, and is open to stu- 
 dents of the College without charge. Great care has 
 been taken to secure valuable books of reference; and 
 the foundation of an excellent reference library is laid. 
 Among the generous friends who have donated books 
 are: The Ladies' Library Association, Yankton; Mr. 
 A. W. Barber, Yankton; Mr. Butler Ward, Leroy, 
 New York; Rev. S. Norton, Pierre; Rev. A. L. Riggs, 
 Santee Agency, Nebraska; Rev. E. C. Chittenden, 
 Sioux City, Iowa; General W. H. H. Beadle, Yankton; 
 Amos C. Barstow, Providence, Rhode Island." 
 
 Surely, those who were the first to respond to this 
 fundamental need of the new-born institution, deserve 
 to have their names gratefully recorded. 
 
 Another addition to the equipment is announced in 
 the following words: "At the beginning of the year, 
 the Dakota Scientific Association prese'nted to the Col- 
 lege a valuable geological and mineralogical cabinet, 
 including a full collection of the ores of the Black Hills, 
 besides collections of minerals, fossils, shells, etc. The 
 additions made to this cabinet during the year render 
 it complete enough already to be of great service in 
 different lines of scientific study." 
 
 A statement also appears regarding a matter that has 
 aroused keen interest in the student-mind, from those 
 early days down to the present. It appears under the 
 heading "Prizes." Perhaps, the first records of a 
 system so fraught with pleasant memories for many 
 successive generations of students deserve quotation: 
 "Three prizes are offered, as follows: first, a prize of 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 29 
 
 ten dollars, open to members of the Freshman class, 
 for the best debate on an assigned question; second, 
 a first prize of twelve dollars, and a second of eight 
 dollars, open to boys of the Preparatory Department, 
 for excellence in declamation; third, a first prize of 
 twelve, and a second of eight dollars, open to the girls 
 of the College, for excellence in select reading. The 
 prize for the best debate was awarded, for 1884, to 
 W. T. Flanagan and E. H. Pound, both of Yankton. 
 The first prize for excellence in declamation was 
 awarded to R. S. Cooley, of Niobrara, Nebraska; the 
 second prize to F. B. Riggs, of Santee Agency, Ne- 
 braska. The first prize for excellence in select reading 
 was awarded to Miss Lulu M. Etter, of Yankton; the 
 second to Miss May Beadle, of Yankton." 
 
 The declamation prizes were contributed by various 
 citizens; the prize for debate by Hon. Bartlett Tripp, of 
 Yankton, who has continued it through all the years 
 since. It is now known as the prize for the Flanagan 
 Prize Debate. It was fitting that W. T. Flanagan, as 
 a memorial to whom it was made permanent, should be 
 one of the first to win it. The two other contests are 
 the ancestors of the present Declamation Contest of 
 Young Men of the Academy and the Declamation Con- 
 test of Young Women of College and Academy. In 
 the following year, Professor J. W. Churchill, of An- 
 dover, gave twenty-five dollars, divided into three prizes, 
 in connection with the Boys' Declamation Contest 
 a gift which was repeated annually during the life of 
 the donor. In 1891, the Alumni Association estab- 
 
30 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 lished three prizes, amounting to twenty-five dollars, 
 for the victors in the Young Women's Declamation 
 Contest. 
 
 The opening of the college year 1884-5 was made 
 memorable by one of the most notable occasions in the 
 history of the College, namely: the dedication of the 
 new building and the new building was at that time 
 Yankton College and in connection therewith the 
 ceremony of the inauguration of President Ward. 
 Although the building, the construction of which I 
 have mentioned, had been in use throughout the pre- 
 ceding year, nevertheless, it was not fully completed 
 until the summer of 1884. Accordingly, elaborate 
 preparations were made for its dedication, and the form- 
 al induction into his office of the President. The 
 meeting of the General Association of the Congrega- 
 tional Churches of the Territory was held at Yankton 
 that year, simultaneously with these interesting Col- 
 lege events, thus giving the churches an opportunity 
 to become better acquainted, through their representa- 
 tives, with the institution recently established under 
 their auspices. Never before had a meeting of the 
 Association been so largely attended. The Inaugura- 
 tion Service was held Wednesday evening, September 
 17. Dr. Ward's address on this occasion was a notable 
 utterance, setting forth in an admirable manner the 
 high and noble ideals which he cherished on behalf of 
 the young institution of which he had been chosen the 
 leader. I offer no apology for quoting some of the 
 thoughts to which he gave expression that evening; 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 31 
 
 because such sentiments as the following seem to me 
 to embody the most satisfactory justification for the 
 establishment and continued existence of such insti- 
 tutions : 
 
 "If a college did nothing else in this Western land 
 than, by its sharp contrast with eager haste for wealth 
 and power, to show by its quiet, patient, long-continued 
 following of something that did not immediately pay, 
 that life had another and possibly a wiser interpreta- 
 tion, this result alone would justify all that is done to 
 build them up. 
 
 "Is it a small thing to turn a man or woman aside 
 from mere gain to the building up of character ? Is it 
 nothing to train up citizens that can find no temptation 
 in wealth to make them neglect duty? Is it wasted 
 time to fit men to do things thoroughly, just for the 
 sake of doing them, even though they may never be 
 paid ever so remotely for it ? 
 
 "What can be nobler than to found an institution 
 that, by the simple force of its daily life, shall go out 
 among the young and call each one to a higher life than 
 he could have found without it ! 
 
 "Least of all can Western colleges afford to lower the 
 standard and let the clamor for something practical 
 make them reject the ancient standards. Not for the 
 sake of being as good as Eastern colleges, least of all 
 to tamely copy them, but for the sake of sterling honesty, 
 to build up genuine character, to stand in the breach 
 against the trading, mercantile spirit, to develop a race 
 of men that are willing to work and wait, and having 
 
32 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 done all to stand, must we have an ideal that is hard, 
 not easy, to reach. Everything is raw and crude. Our 
 towns run wild. It was not mawkish sentiment that 
 made Matthew Arnold say that America dreadfully 
 needed some old ruins. He felt that our intense life 
 in the present needed to be balanced by looking to the 
 past." 
 
 It is not too much to say that, whatever of true suc- 
 cess the College has hitherto attained, or shall attain 
 in the coming years, is measured by the degree in which 
 it has been faithful to the spirit inspiring these utter- 
 ances. 
 
 On Friday evening, the address of dedication was 
 given by W. J. Tucker, D. D., then a professor at An- 
 dover, now the President of Dartmouth College. 
 
 Among those present on this occasion was Dr. Gil- 
 bert, at one time editor of The Advance. To show how 
 the College impressed an outsider at that early day in 
 its history, I will quote from a letter written by Dr. 
 Gilbert to The Congregationalist, of October 2, 1884: 
 
 "I have just been over to the College of which Dr. 
 Joseph Ward is President. It occupies a magnificent 
 site overlooking the City and a superb outreach of 
 country up and down the Missouri. It has now but one 
 building, but if you saw it, you would be proud of it, 
 as all the people here are. It is built of handsome 
 stone, native to the soil, the "Sioux Falls granite," or 
 rather, jasper; has three stories with basement, a dome- 
 shaped bell-tower at one corner, and a higher tower at 
 the other. It is finished within throughout in ash and 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 33 
 
 pine. The money for its construction came mainly 
 from the Yankton Congregational church, which is, in 
 fact, the "cherishing mother" of the College. 
 
 "I wish you could have been at the College Chapel 
 this morning. The room is singularly pleasant. Air 
 and sky were at their best, and they have plenty of both 
 out here. The Dakota Congregational Association 
 had adjourned from the church, and were present in 
 force with the students. I confess I was deeply moved 
 at beholding the scene and thinking of all which it sig- 
 nified and foretokened. The look and manner of the 
 students were full of promise. Dr. Ward has a remarka- 
 bly fine corps of accomplished, devoted, ambitious in- 
 structors, ladies and gentlemen, associated with him. 
 Among the students in these earlier classes will be found 
 some who will be heard from hereafter. 
 
 "Then again, on Friday evening, Professor W. J. 
 Tucker, D. D., of Andover, gave the 'Dedicatory Ad- 
 dress' for the College. Dr. Tucker's manner, by its 
 fine blending of gentleness and power, held the fascinated 
 attention of all throughout. But since there is scarcely 
 anything in the world so insatiable as a good college 
 all this was not enough. Saturday afternoon was given 
 up to the grand dedicatory services of the College build- 
 ing. It was an occasion of extraordinary interest. 
 Everything done and said was appropriate. The ad- 
 dresses of Rev. L. Kingsbury of the Trustees, of Presi- 
 dent Ward, of Chief Justice Edgerton who gave the 
 most impressive testimony to the transcendent value 
 of such an institution to the state of Professors Shaw, 
 
34 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 Riggs, and Norton, and the dozen or more others, were 
 all capitally apt, bright, wise, and racy, and were im- 
 mensely enjoyed. The conviction of all is that, seldom 
 if ever in our history, has a Christian college had a more 
 auspicious beginning. 
 
 "From these vastly picturesque bluffs and fertile 
 bottom lands of the Missouri, I turn back again across 
 the richest grain-fields of the West, toward the central 
 city of the Union, on Lake Michigan, with a burdened 
 impression as to the immenseness of the work to be 
 done the joint work of the enlightened Christian 
 people, both East and West in making sure that these 
 newer commonwealths of the West may get the right 
 start, and have effectually planted in them all the 
 varied forms of Christian institutions, which shall 
 fashion their molds of life and guide their activities 
 forever." 
 
 In truth, necessarily, a large part of the means for 
 carrying on such a work had to be sought in the East. 
 In frontier communities like those of Dakota, in those 
 early years, it could only be expected that a compara- 
 tively small portion of the people would take an active 
 and helpful interest in supporting an institution of 
 higher learning. Moreover, even these few had but 
 scanty means wherewith to give aid, engaged as they 
 were in the arduous task of opening up the resources 
 of a new and undeveloped country. Hence, from the 
 very first, a large and extremely burdensome part of 
 Dr. Ward's duties as President consisted of lengthy 
 annual sojourns in the East, especially in New England 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 35 
 
 during which he was engaged in the wearisome task of 
 soliciting means for carrying on the work of the Col- 
 lege from Christian, especially Congregational, people 
 animated by patriotic and philanthropic impulses. 
 In fact, one of the reasons for the universal feeling that 
 Dr. Ward was the pre-eminently fitting man to be the 
 President of the College, was the conviction of his un- 
 usual adaptation to this unpleasant and difficult but 
 inevitable duty, by reason of his personal character- 
 istics, and his acquaintance with men influential in the 
 Eastern churches. After his death, it was said of him : 
 "No man was known so widely, so favorably, outside 
 of the commonwealth, as Joseph Ward. In some 
 quarters, his name was synonymous with Dakota. In 
 a great assembly once, a speaker addressed him as 
 'Yankton.' No one for many years could so readily 
 secure Eastern capital for large enterprises, or so favor- 
 ably negotiate the bonds of this new country." 
 
 The oldest literary societies had now made their ap- 
 pearance upon the scene of college activity one for 
 the young men, known as the Yankton College Literary 
 Society, and the other the Aristonian for young 
 women. Both of these organizations have survived to 
 the present day, retaining their original names; though 
 the former has become one of the two societies intended 
 exclusively for young men of the Academy; while the 
 Aristonian has developed into an exclusively College 
 organization for young women. It is needless to say 
 that the friendly rivalries of these, and the kindred 
 societies that soon came into existence, added much to 
 
36 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 the pleasure, and considerable to the profit, of college 
 life. 
 
 On January 5, 1885, the Trustees voted that the 
 motto of the College should be " Christ for the World." 
 The sentiment finds expression in a hymn composed 
 by Rev. Samuel Wolcott, D. D., beginning " Christ for 
 the world, we sing." Previous to this action, this hymn 
 had come to be recognized as the College hymn, and 
 still holds that place. Furthermore, Rev. Charles M. 
 Sheldon, who was, as has before been stated, a nephew 
 of Dr. Ward, at his uncle's request, composed an inscrip- 
 tion for the College bell a gift from Mr. A. C. Dakin, 
 of Clinton, Mass. in which he introduces the same 
 thought, as follows: 
 
 "At morn, at noon, at twilight dim, 
 My voice shall sound 
 The world around, 
 'Christ for the world, 
 The world for Him!'" 
 
 As an indication of the estimation in which the 
 College was held at this time, it may be noted that Hon. 
 W. H. H. Beadle, the Territorial Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction, spoke of its work in his annual report 
 as follows: "The classes of Yankton College are the 
 most advanced of any in the Territory, and the institu- 
 tion, now in its third year, has established a high repu- 
 tation for accuracy of scholarship and thoroughness of 
 instruction." 
 
 During the following college year (1885-6), the 
 School continued to grow and prosper. At the end 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 37 
 
 of the year, a total attendance of one hundred and fifty 
 had been reached. The following new names appear 
 in the Faculty list: Alfred G. Langley, M. A., Instruct- 
 or in Psychology and History; Caroline M. Hyde, 
 B. S., Instructor in English Literature; Jessie R. 
 Holmes, Instructor in History; Alice G. Sheldon, 
 Teacher of Painting. Mrs. A. M. Dawson served as 
 Matron. Dr. Riggs resigned the Professorship of 
 Chemistry before entering upon its duties, to accept 
 an appointment to the same position in Trinity College, 
 Hartford, Connecticut. Mr. Langley was a graduate 
 of Brown University, who had specialized in philosoph- 
 ical work. He remained with the College for only a 
 portion of the year. In later years, he published a 
 translation of Leibnitz's Nouveaux Essais. 
 
 The statement in the catalogue of the requirements 
 for admission to the work of the regular Freshman 
 class indicates the high standards that were already 
 being set up and maintained. It was as follows : "For 
 admission to the Freshman class, besides the common 
 English branches, preparation in the following studies 
 is required: General History; Physical Geography; 
 Elements of Rhetoric; Algebra to Quadratic Equations; 
 Plain Geometry; Latin Grammar; Caesar, Three 
 Books; Cicero, Five Orations; Virgil, Six Books; 
 Latin Prose; Greek Grammar; Anabasis, Three 
 Books; Selections from Greek Historians; Greek Prose, 
 Twenty Sections." 
 
 Another significant token of growth was the appear- 
 ance, in September, 1885, of the first number of the 
 
38 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 student paper, entitled then and ever since "The 
 Yankton Student." It has always been the proud 
 boast of this publication, that it was the first paper 
 really published by students to appear in Dakota. 
 The opening announcement reads as follows: "This 
 is designed to be a college newspaper. It will try to 
 give some items not only about our best beloved Yank- 
 ton College, but other Dakota schools. We will try 
 and look with the proper feelings of respect upon older 
 Eastern colleges. We hope to live and grow. A 
 college paper should embody and crystallize, as it were, 
 the spirit, mind, and time of the college, and it shall be 
 our first thought and highest endeavor to make The 
 Yankton Student fulfil this prime requirement." The 
 subscription price was to be forty-five cents a year. 
 The following year, it was increased to fifty cents; some 
 years afterward, to seventy-five cents, and still later, to 
 one dollar the present price. The first editorial 
 board consisted of Edward H. Pound, Managing Editor; 
 Robert S. Cooley, Mary H. Pound, Frederick B. Riggs, 
 and Nellie D. Sharp, Associate Editors. The writer 
 of these pages thankfully acknowledges that much of 
 his material has been derived from the files of this 
 student publication. 
 
 The very first number of The Student contains indi- 
 cations of an awakening interest in a feature of college 
 life that, since those days, has undergone a remarkable 
 development, not only in Yankton College, but also 
 in American colleges in general. The following quota- 
 tion will explain: "In the matter of athletics, our 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 39 
 
 College is backward; even Gurney's "boss exercise" 
 is gone. We have a good strong lot of boys, and they 
 will not die right away, but none the less, some hearty, 
 vigorous exercise would be good for all. The butcher 
 and the baker would approve, although it might be bad 
 for the College Boarding Hall. Let us have an organi- 
 zation among the baseball players and some arrange- 
 ments for practice. Something, too, could surely be 
 done with football. We are waiting for someone to go 
 ahead and take the lead. Come on, and make your- 
 selves famous as the first football club in Yankton 
 College!" 
 
 A little later, an organization known as the Athlon 
 Club, whose function it should be to develop and foster 
 athletic interests, was started. An early result of this 
 movement was the introduction of military drill among 
 the young men, a company being organized with the 
 following officers: S. G. Gale, Captain; P. Pierce, 
 First Lieutenant; B. Woolley, Second Lieutenant; 
 H. W. Jamison, D. C. Laird, and F. B. Riggs, Ser- 
 geants. Regular drill was to be held every Friday at 
 four p. M. The military enthusiasm would seem even 
 to have affected the young women, inasmuch as they 
 too began to drill. In spite, however, of this good 
 beginning, Athletics failed to flourish. Military zeal, 
 apparently, soon waned; and the forcible editorial 
 exhortations to greater athletic activity, that appear in 
 the columns of The Student, make it manifest that the 
 day of Athletics was not yet. In The Student for 
 October, 1886, appears the following editorial para- 
 
40 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 graph: "The Athlon Club, with all its Athletics and 
 military drill, has apparently gone to sleep. The sub- 
 ject ought to have a rest. For the importance of 
 Athletics to brain-workers has ever been a much dis- 
 cussed subject, with which all of us are familiar. Yet 
 this retrograde course is to be deplored. The Athlon 
 Club did not prove worthless during the past year, and 
 had interest in that direction continued, the Club would 
 have grown in value. It may be that encouragements 
 were small; and thus the affair has taken its natural 
 course. However, it is hoped that this inactivity will 
 be short-lived, and that soon Athletics will flourish 
 more than ever." 
 
 During this year, the name of one who was to be, for 
 many years, a faithful and enthusiastic friend of the 
 College first appears in its records. I refer to Rev. 
 D. B. Nichols, D. D., commonly known as "Father 
 Nichols." He was a Congregational clergyman, a 
 member of the first graduating class of Oberlin College, 
 who, after a widely varied career, had become the 
 pastor of the Congregational church at BonHomme. 
 At a meeting of the Corporate Board, held June 4, 
 1886, he was elected a member of the Board, and also 
 a Trustee. Shortly after, he accepted the position of 
 Field Agent for the College, removing to Yankton. 
 The duties of this position he discharged for a year. 
 In 1887, he was appointed Librarian and Curator of 
 Cabinets by the Trustees. In the same year, at an age 
 when most men regard their life-work as completed, 
 he established a church a few miles east of Yankton, 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 41 
 
 about which soon grew up a thriving village, which 
 received its name Mission Hill from Father 
 Nichols. To this church he faithfully ministered for 
 nearly twenty years, as long as his strength permitted. 
 Thereupon, he removed again to Yankton, where he 
 resided for a brief period, finally removing to Oregon, 
 to live with a daughter. There, in December, 1906, 
 he died at the age of ninety years and two months. 
 Father Nichols was a man of abundant faith and 
 unquenchable optimism, retaining a childlike freshness 
 of interest in life up to the very last. During the years 
 he spent at Mission Hill, it was his custom to address, 
 at least once a year, the students of the College, assem- 
 bled for chapel services. These addresses, full as they 
 were of interesting reminiscences of his early life, 
 faithfully retained by a memory of extraordinary 
 tenacity, were always greatly enjoyed by his student 
 audiences. 
 
 In the November issue of The Student, appears the 
 following interesting statement: "Our library still 
 grows. President Porter and Professor Harris, of 
 Yale, have sent us copies of their works. Professor 
 Tucker, of Andover, has given us three hundred 
 volumes. Mr. John T. Pierce, of Nebraska, has given 
 some elegantly bound editions of the classics." 
 
 The increased number of students led to the organi- 
 zation of a new literary society for young men the 
 Philomathean which still exists as the second society 
 for young men of the Academy. The same cause made 
 felt the pressing need for more room, especially to 
 
42 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 accommodate the boarding hall, which was now 
 located in inadequate quarters in the basement of the 
 College building, and also to furnish a home for young 
 women from out of town. These were in part living in 
 private houses, of which there was only a very small 
 number of sufficiently convenient location for the pur- 
 pose; the remainder were lodged in the third story of 
 the College building. In order to meet this need, the 
 Trustees decided to make an attempt to construct a 
 ladies' dormitory, capable of accommodating seventy- 
 five young women, and containing a kitchen, dining- 
 room, and laundry. The President was directed to 
 secure plans for such a building. Nevertheless, this 
 design was not destined to be realized for some years, 
 great though the need was. 
 
 For the year 1886-7, tne following new members of 
 the Faculty were appointed: A. F. Bartlett, Professor 
 of Physics and Mathematics; General W. H. H. 
 Beadle, Lecturer in History and Civil Government; 
 Edward M. Young, Director of the Musical Depart- 
 ment, and Mrs. E. M. Young, Assistant in Music. 
 Professor Bartlett, a graduate of Oberlin, held the 
 position of Superintendent of Schools in Yankton, and 
 during that year, he combined the duties of that position 
 with what teaching he did in the College. General 
 Beadle, a graduate of the University of Michigan, had 
 recently served as Territorial Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction. Throughout the history of the College, 
 he has been one of its most faithful friends. During the 
 three years that Professor and Mrs. Young taught in 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 43 
 
 the institution, the work in Music was greatly advanced 
 and strengthened. 
 
 During this year, for the first time, a lecture course 
 was provided; and certainly a good start was made, 
 inasmuch as the course included lectures by Richard 
 Proctor, the English astronomer and writer; by Lew 
 Wallace, George R. Wendling, and Joseph Cook. 
 Another feature of college life that holds a conspicuous 
 place at the present time, was inaugurated that year; 
 for, on February 7, 1887, the first inter-collegiate debate 
 occurred at Vermillion, between two representatives of 
 the Yankton College Literary Society, and of one of the 
 literary societies of the State University. The question 
 debated was the worth of the jury system. Robert S. 
 Cooley and James F. Hall were the Yankton debaters. 
 In view of the fact that the three judges were all citizens 
 of Vermillion, the outcome two to one in favor of the 
 Vermillion debaters was, perhaps, as favorable as 
 could be expected. 
 
 Though the year as a whole shows indications of 
 progress, nevertheless, it was marked by some of the 
 most trying and discouraging experiences in the entire 
 history of the institution. Various tokens of financial 
 stress and strain appear. The growth of the institu- 
 tion, calling as it did for additions to the teaching force 
 and to equipment, made still heavier the burden laid 
 upon the strong and patient shoulders of the President 
 the wearisome task of filling up the ever-yawning gap 
 between income and expenditure by soliciting contribu- 
 tions from generous Eastern friends. Accordingly, 
 
44 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 the record shows that on September 29, 1886, the Trust- 
 ees voted to make an appeal to the citizens of Yankton 
 for financial aid to the College, especially to pay off 
 debts. Again, on December 21, it was decided to 
 borrow $1500.00 from the First National Bank, in 
 order to pay teachers' salaries and other bills. But a 
 greater misfortune than financial difficulty befell the 
 struggling institution about the middle of the year, 
 through the alienation of a considerable number of its 
 strongest friends and supporters. This was due to a 
 mistaken impression that Dr. Ward aimed to make 
 use of the College as an instrument for the propagation 
 of the doctrines of the New Theology, and especially 
 of the so-called Andover Hypothesis of " Future Pro- 
 bation." Four of the nine Trustees resigned, including 
 two of the most generous local givers. The full weight 
 of such a misfortune can be appreciated only by one 
 who realizes the extreme difficulty of finding, among 
 the hurried business and professional men in a new and 
 rapidly developing country, those who are willing to 
 give time and thought and money to the upbuilding of 
 an institution apparently so remote from practical 
 interests as is a college. It is exceedingly pleasant to 
 record that these unfortunate disagreements were grad- 
 ually softened, primarily, by the not distant death of 
 Dr. Ward, and then, by the mellowing influence of time. 
 Little by little, the old habits of generous and helpful 
 co-operation were resumed; and presently, no traces 
 of division were to be seen. A number of the members 
 of the Faculty resigned, including E. C. Norton, the 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 45 
 
 Professor of Greek, whose resignation was accepted 
 with deep regret, as he was universally regarded as a 
 thoroughly competent and effective teacher, and a 
 man of high Christian character. For many years, 
 Professor Norton has been connected with the faculty 
 of Pomona College, in California. 
 
 The May number of The Student conveys the inform- 
 ation that several hundred trees were set out that 
 spring on the Campus, and indulges in some pessimistic 
 pleasantries regarding the future of those diminutive 
 specimens of vegetation, and the probable remoteness 
 of the period when their utility as producers of shade 
 should become perceptible. It is pleasant to reflect 
 that this beginning of the systematic cultivation and 
 adornment of the College grounds has entirely failed to 
 justify such forebodings; and that those very trees play 
 their part in constituting a scene that has already be- 
 come one of great beauty and charm. 
 
 Upon Dr. Ward's resignation of the pastorate of the 
 Yankton church, Rev. C. F. Clapp had been chosen as 
 his successor. Owing to Mr. Clapp's resignation, a 
 new pastor was secured in the person of Rev. Dan 
 F. Bradley, who entered upon the duties of the position 
 on June i, 1887. Mr. Bradley was then a young man, 
 a graduate of Oberlin College and Seminary, and pos- 
 sessed of a boundless store of enthusiasm and energy. 
 From the first, he took a deep interest in the welfare of 
 the College, and became a strong factor in maintaining 
 and promoting its development, during the years of his 
 ministry in Yankton. 
 
46 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 In addition to its other notable features, this year 
 was made forever memorable in the annals of the Col- 
 lege by the fact that it dates the graduation of its first 
 class a class consisting of but one member Ed- 
 ward Hinman Pound. Mr. Pound became a student 
 of the College during the first year of its work, entering 
 the Freshman class in the fall of the following year 
 1883. The work of the Junior year he took at Brown 
 University, but loyally returned to graduate from the 
 youthful institution that had given him the greater part 
 of his training. 
 
 The exercises of this noteworthy Commencement 
 week were opened on Sunday evening, June 5, with the 
 baccalaureate sermon by President Ward, his text 
 a characteristic one being Matthew 5:48: "Be ye 
 therefore perfect even as your Father who is in Heaven 
 is perfect." On Monday evening, came the annual 
 concert of the Department of Music. The following 
 students of the department took part: Alathea Dis- 
 brow, Frank C. Smith, Maurice Blatt, Bessie Russell, 
 Alice Kingsbury, Kate Carney, Jessie Poore, Lillian 
 Fisher, Harold Roberts, Nellie Miner, Minnie Jencks, 
 Sarah Knudson, Sophia E. Schenck, Nettie Van Os- 
 trand, Alice Poulton. On Tuesday evening, came the 
 Declamation Contest for the Churchill Prizes. The 
 contestants were the following young men: Henry 
 Rufus Miner, Yankton; George Williston Nash, Can- 
 ton; Henry Winfield Jamison, Dover; Edward Dodge 
 Gray, Lake Henry; Elmer Amos Chase, Sturgis; 
 Albert Barnes, Yankton; Charles Horace Seccombe, 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 4 7 
 
 Springfield; George Durand Wilder, Huron. The 
 first prize was won by H. W. Jamison; the second, by 
 E. A. Chase; the third, by G. W. Nash. J. F. Hall 
 received the Jeffris Prize for writing the best essay. 
 
 On Wednesday afternoon, the regular Commence- 
 ment exercises were held in the Congregational Church. 
 Mr. Pound delivered an oration, of which the subject 
 was "Is the Constitution final?" The following sen- 
 tences show the point of view, and are not without per- 
 tinence to present-day problems, in national politics: 
 " Keeping fast hold of the truth to which our discussion 
 has brought us, there is but one attitude we can assume 
 toward the Constitution. We are not its servants, but 
 it is ours. So long as it serves us, well and good; but 
 whenever it comes to hinder rather than to help in the 
 problems of government, then, to change it, or if that 
 cannot be done, to lay it aside for another, is not a 
 sacrilege, but a sacred duty." President Ward, in 
 addressing Mr. Pound as the graduating class, spoke 
 of him very forcibly, and it is to be hoped truly, as 
 "the first man in a thousand years." 
 
 The Commencement address was delivered by Rev. 
 C. F. P. Bancroft, Principal of Phillips Academy, An- 
 dover, Massachusetts, the famous preparatory school, 
 at which Dr. Ward had fitted himself for college. More- 
 over, Dr. Bancroft was his fellow-student at Andover 
 Seminary. The subject of his interesting address was 
 "What a College Is; What a College Can Do; What a 
 College Needs." Such excellent satisfaction did it 
 give that, by request of the Trustees, it was published 
 
48 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 in pamphlet form. I cannot forbear making a some 
 what lengthy quotation: 
 
 " To-day Yankton College begins. I do not overlook 
 the years of work and waiting which have gone before, 
 the courage, the venture, the self-denial, the prayers, 
 that have gone into it, the good it has been doing, the 
 devoted men and women who have rallied about it, the 
 young men and women who have resorted to it, and 
 who have been at once its justification and its appeal. 
 But to-day, in academic phrase, a phrase sanctioned by 
 the almost universal usage of centuries, it celebrates its 
 first Commencement, it takes to itself its proper func- 
 tions, it avails itself of its charter privileges, it claims 
 its right to stand with the colleges of the land, and there 
 it takes its stand with Harvard, and Yale, and Prince- 
 ton, and Dartmouth, and Brown side by side with 
 the oldest, the richest, the most famous, the best. It is 
 only small things which look largest close at hand. To 
 appreciate the majesty of St. Peter's one must go far 
 out on the Campagna or climb some distant hill. So 
 this college looks larger from the banks of the Charles 
 ind the Connecticut than from the valley of the Mis- 
 souri. A college is in little danger of thinking more 
 highly of itself than it ought to think. No, this college 
 holds a true Commencement this day; it has not only 
 its charter, its organization, its faculty, its students, 
 its property, its history; it has its body of alumni, 
 too. It has a right to stand in the goodly fellowship of 
 American colleges and universities. Is it young? So 
 were they. Is it poor ? It is affluently rich compared 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 49 
 
 with their grinding early poverty. Is its faculty small 
 and the concourse of students few ? It has more teach- 
 ers and pupils than any of our great colleges began with, 
 a century or two ago. Hear Oliver Wendell Holmes 
 in a sportive strain sing of the infant Harvard, now the 
 thronged, the famous, the wealthy university : 
 
 'And who were on the catalogue 
 When college was begun ? 
 Two nephews of the President, 
 And the Professor's son . 
 Lord, how the Seniors knocked about 
 The Freshman class of one!' " 
 
 Though the life of Edward H. Pound was destined 
 to be brief, nevertheless, the College has reason to be 
 proud of her first alumnus, and to be well pleased that 
 it was her fortune to have him as the first in the line of a 
 thousand years. After taking his theological training 
 at Andover, Mr. Pound became pastor of a church in 
 Nebraska, where he did faithful, efficient work, until 
 his health compelled him to remove to California, where, 
 for some time, he continued in the work of the minis- 
 try; but, finally, on June 8, 1893, he died of consump- 
 tion, leaving behind the memory of a true and noble 
 life. 
 
 The college year 1887-8 was marked by a number of 
 changes in the Faculty. Professor A. F. Bartlett re- 
 signed his position in the City schools, in order to give 
 his full time and strength to his work in the College, 
 holding the position of Professor of Physics and Mathe- 
 matics, and Principal of the Preparatory and Normal 
 
50 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 Departments. The Professorship of Greek, resigned 
 by Professor E. C. Norton, was filled by the election of 
 W. J. McMurtry, M. A., a graduate of Olivet College 
 and of the University of Michigan, who had just com- 
 pleted a year of study in the American School at Athens, 
 Greece. Professor McMurtry, for a time, acted as In- 
 structor in Philosophy, in addition to the work in Greek. 
 He is still connected with the institution, being Dean of 
 the Faculty and Professor of Greek and Philosophy. 
 H. H. Swain, M. A., a graduate of Beloit College, was 
 appointed Instructor in History and English Literature, 
 receiving the Professorship of the same subjects in the 
 following year. Professor Swain remained with the 
 College a considerable number of years, his Professor- 
 ship later becoming that of History and Political Econ- 
 omy. He played a large and important part in the 
 life and development of the institution, especially after 
 the death of President Ward. Mrs. Frances D. Wilder, 
 a graduate of Oberlin, was given the position of Pre- 
 ceptress and Instructor in German. Miss Louise Han- 
 num, a graduate of Wellesley, became Assistant in the 
 Normal Department, and Instructor in French. The 
 Faculty was now larger and stronger than ever before. 
 
 During this year, the following innovations were 
 introduced regarding tuitions and scholarships. By 
 a change in the Territorial law, a number of institu- 
 tions, of which Yankton College was one, were author- 
 ized to give a Normal Course to students, who should 
 number not less than ten nor more than twenty-five, 
 and whose tuition should be paid by the Territory. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 51 
 
 This provision remained in force until the advent of 
 statehood. Its effect was, for the time being, to add 
 somewhat to the dignity and standing of the Normal 
 work. Moreover, the College offered free tuition, 
 throughout the regular college course, to one graduate 
 of high scholarship and character from any high school 
 in Dakota or Nebraska. The same privilege was ex- 
 tended to one additional student from each county in 
 Dakota and Nebraska. Of course, the object of this 
 system of scholarships was to increase the number of 
 students taking the regular college courses; and, 
 doubtless, it did considerable to promote this end. 
 However, after the system had been in' vogue for some 
 years, it became evident to the Trustees that the insti- 
 tion could not afford to be so generous. Accordingly, 
 in a short time, the county scholarships were restricted 
 to one year's free tuition, though it might be secured 
 in either the Preparatory Department or the College. 
 Still later, the county scholarships were entirely abol- 
 ished; and the high school scholarships were limited 
 to one year. 
 
 In November of this year, a second Congregational 
 college, located at Redfield, in the northern part of 
 what later became South Dakota, was opened for work, 
 with nine students in attendance at the beginning. 
 The original intention had been that the Redfield 
 institution should be an academy, serving as a prepara- 
 tory school for Yankton. But later, the more ambi- 
 tious plan of establishing a college prevailed an out- 
 come that was viewed with strong disfavor by those who 
 
52 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 were most interested in Yankton's growth and devel- 
 opment. They felt that the establishment of two col- 
 leges by the same denomination, in a sparsely settled, 
 undeveloped commonwealth, could only tend to the 
 enfeeblement of both, and to the discouragement of 
 that outside support and aid upon which each would, 
 necessarily, be largely dependent. The plea put for- 
 ward by the supporters of the new enterprise at Red- 
 field was the remoteness of Yankton from the more 
 northern portions of the Territory (and State), and the 
 consequent weakening of the aspirations of young 
 people living there toward a higher education. 
 
 Another event occurred, during this year, that is an 
 index at the same time of development within the va- 
 rious institutions of higher learning in the Territory, 
 and also of a growing tendency toward mutual rela- 
 tionship. At a meeting held at Brookings, on Novem- 
 ber 6, of representatives of Sioux Falls University, 
 Dakota Agricultural College, the University of Dakota, 
 at Vermillion, Dakota University, at Mitchell, and 
 Yankton College, the Dakota Collegiate Oratorical 
 Association was organized, and a constitution adopted. 
 Mr. H. W. Jamison represented Yankton, and served 
 as Secretary of the meeting. According to the con- 
 stitution, the purpose of the organization was "to 
 develop and maintain a high standard of oratorical ex- 
 cellence in the colleges composing this association, by 
 means of an annual contest as hereinafter provided." 
 The first officers elected were: A. Lawrence (Agricul- 
 tural College), President; Miss E. F. Rodgers (Dakota 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 53 
 
 University), Vice President; C. E. Weed (University of 
 Dakota), Secretary and Treasurer. It was decided 
 that the first annual contest should be held at Sioux 
 Falls, in the following May. This association later 
 became transformed into the South Dakota Inter-col- 
 legiate Oratorical Association; and its annual contests, 
 together with those of the Inter-collegiate Athletic 
 Association, formed later, have ever since constituted 
 one of the great events of the college year. In order 
 to meet the requirements of the Inter-collegiate Asso- 
 ciation, a local association, known as the Yankton 
 College Oratorical Association, was formed, with the fol- 
 lowing officers: G. D. Wilder, President; Alice Kings- 
 bury, Vice President; E. A. Chase, Secretary; C. C. 
 Gross, Treasurer. In the local contest, held April 20, 
 the following students participated: H. W. Jamison, 
 A. W. Owen, G. D. Wilder, and E. A. Chase. Mr. 
 Wilder was given first place, and, consequently, repre- 
 sented the College in the first Inter-collegiate Contest, 
 at Sioux Falls, the outcome of which was, from the 
 Yankton point of view, a sad disappointment. The 
 first place was won by Sioux Falls University. 
 
 It has already been stated that the need most press- 
 ingly felt, at this period in the history of the College, 
 was a building that should serve as a dormitory for the 
 young women, and should also furnish facilities for 
 carrying on the boarding department of the institu- 
 tion, including kitchen and dining hall. On more than 
 one occasion, the Trustees had expressed their sense 
 of this need by passing resolutions in favor of taking 
 
54 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 active steps to supply it, by the construction of a suitable 
 building. However, the financial condition confront- 
 ing them made the carrying out of their resolutions a 
 matter of extreme difficulty. But it was felt that some- 
 thing must be done, if the institution was to continue 
 to grow and prosper. Accordingly, on April 23, the 
 Board voted to proceed immediately to the construction 
 of a brick building, the cost of which should not exceed 
 ten thousand dollars. A building committee was 
 appointed, consisting of J. C. McVay, Rev. H. D. 
 Wiard, J. M. Fogerty, H. H. Smith, and President 
 Ward ex officio. Nevertheless, it is entirely probable, 
 yes, practically certain, that this resolution would have 
 suffered the fate of its predecessors, had not most effi- 
 cient allies been found in the ladies of the Congrega- 
 tional church, under the efficient leadership of Mrs. 
 J. C. McVay and Mrs. W. H. McVay. It was decided 
 to hold a bazaar in Turner Hall, in order to secure 
 means for starting the building. So vigorously did the 
 ladies prosecute this scheme, by soliciting contribu- 
 tions from friends far and near, that before the bazaar 
 itself was opened to the public, more than twelve hun- 
 dred dollars in cash had been received. The total pro- 
 ceeds of the enterprise were about five thousand 
 dollars. Another means devised for adding to the 
 building fund was the holding of a mock Republican 
 National Convention. Professor Swain was chosen as 
 leader of the plan, acting in the capacity of Chairman 
 of the National Central Committee. The convention 
 was held in Turner Hall, on the evenings of May 25 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 55 
 
 and 26. A large number of prominent citizens were 
 enlisted in the undertaking; and, owing to their assist- 
 ance, the affair was made really significant, from an 
 educational standpoint. Turner Hall was crowded 
 both evenings; and much interest and enthusiasm 
 were manifested. There were the usual badges and 
 banners; and inspiring music was contributed by the 
 Knights of Pythias Band. The nominating speeches 
 were eloquent and able; and there were earnest dis- 
 cussions of the political questions that were then 
 most debated, for example, Civil Service Reform, Pro- 
 hibition, Woman's Suffrage, the Tariff, and other sub- 
 jects. The final result was to give the nomination for 
 President to Walter Q. Gresham; for Vice President, 
 to Chauncey M. Depew an outcome which, in its 
 latter half, gives one a curious feeling of surprise. 
 
 The result of the efforts put forth by the ladies was 
 so substantial that the Trustees felt justified in going 
 ahead with their building plan; and, accordingly, the 
 ceremony of "breaking ground" was held on May 21, 
 the Trustees, Faculty, students, and friends of the insti- 
 tution joining in removing the first spadefuls of earth. 
 The account of the occasion in The Student says: "Lit- 
 tle Margaret Ward and Caroline Shaw represented the 
 students of the twentieth century in this work. Father 
 Nichols preserved for the museum the first spadeful of 
 earth, which 'was taken out by the President." The 
 work of construction was actively begun on June 2. 
 
 Another of the encouraging features of this year was 
 the large increase in the size of the library. From 
 
56 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 something over fifteen hundred volumes, the number 
 reached the respectable figure of over three thousand, 
 by the end of the year. 
 
 At the meeting of the Corporation, held June 6, it 
 was decided to increase materially the membership of 
 this body, in order, thereby, to foster a wider interest 
 in the College, on the part both of the Congrega- 
 tional churches and of individuals. Accordingly, the 
 Corporation elected nineteen new members, in addition 
 to the eleven already existent, and also voted to request 
 the General Association of Congregational Churches 
 to nominate seven additional members, to represent the 
 local associations. Of the new members selected, a 
 few were residents of Yankton ; but the great majority 
 lived in various towns throughout the southern portion 
 of the Territory. Sioux City, Iowa, had two represent- 
 atives. Among the new members were Rev. D. F. 
 Bradley, pastor of the Yankton Congregational church, 
 who was soon to take a prominent place in the admin- 
 istration of the affairs of the College; Robert J. Gam- 
 ble, of Yankton, who soon became a Trustee; and Hon. 
 Bartlett Tripp, of Yankton, for many years a Trustee, 
 a position that he still occupies. Among them, too, 
 was the late James H. Kyle, at that time a Congrega- 
 tional minister, located at Ipswich, later Financial 
 Agent of the College, and destined, like Mr. Gamble, 
 to attain the high position of United States senator. 
 
 The Commencement exercises of the year occurred 
 on Wednesday, June 6. The class the second to 
 graduate consisted of three young men Benjamin 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 57 
 
 Wade Burleigh, of Yankton; Frederick Bartlett Riggs, 
 of Santee Agency, Nebraska, and Gustav Gottlieb 
 Wenzlaff, of Yankton. The subject of Mr. Burleigh's 
 oration was "The Sphere of the Statesman;" of Mr. 
 Riggs', "The New Africa ;" of Mr. Wenzlaff's, "Philos- 
 ophy in the Practical." The Commencement address 
 was delivered by Rev. Joseph T. Duryea, D. D., pastor 
 of the Central Church, Boston, Massachusetts. His 
 subject was "The True Aim of a Christian College." 
 This year, for the first time, the Department of Music 
 was represented by graduates, three young women 
 having completed the course in Piano, and being 
 awarded diplomas, namely: Annette V. Bruce, Minnie 
 Jencks, and Jennie D. Ketchum. Each of these had a 
 musical part on the Commencement program. 
 
 This year witnessed the launching of a new enter- 
 prise, in close connection with the College, namely: 
 a Summer Theological Institute, the purpose of which 
 was to give special opportunities for instruction in 
 theological, religious, and ethical subjects to those, es- 
 pecially ministers, who desired to avail themselves of 
 such advantages. The sessions of the Institute opened 
 shortly after Commencement, and continued for about 
 two weeks. The instruction was given in the form of 
 lectures by prominent Eastern scholars and clergymen. 
 During its three years of existence, the Institute num- 
 bered among its lecturers such well known Congrega- 
 tional scholars and leaders of that period as Dr. J. T. 
 Duryea and Dr. A. H. Quint, of Boston; President 
 Fairchild, Professor G. F. 'Wright, and Dr. James 
 
58 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 Brand, of Oberlin; Professor Blaisdell, of Beloit; Dr. 
 Meredith, of Brooklyn, and others. This institute was 
 the forerunner of a similar one that has held its sessions 
 at the College during the past two summers. 
 
 The year 1888-9 opened with but slight changes in the 
 Faculty, the teaching force of the Department of Music 
 being strengthened by the addition of Mr. Franklin 
 L. Stead, as Teacher of Piano and Organ. Mr. Stead 
 was afterwards appointed Professor of Music and 
 Director of the Musical Department a position which 
 he held for a considerable time, during which he did 
 much for the upbuilding of the Department. 
 
 Work on Ladies' Hall continued through the sum- 
 mer; and a local in The Student for October conveys 
 the information that the walls were rising rapidly, the 
 foundation and interior walls of the basement having 
 been completed. Unfortunately, circumstances so 
 shaped themselves that a considerable time was des- 
 tined to elapse before this greatly needed addition to 
 the equipment of the institution became available. 
 When winter came on, work was stopped, the building 
 being enclosed and the floor of the second story serving 
 as a roof. Since lack of funds prevented the renewal 
 of the work, when spring came, the structure remained 
 for some time in this condition. On May 6, consider- 
 able damage was done by a violent storm of wind and 
 rain, after which work was resumed; .but the building 
 was not ready for use at the opening of the following 
 college year; nor was it occupied until the commence- 
 ment of the winter term. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 59 
 
 In the October issue of The Student, appears a com- 
 munication from Mr. Bradley, interesting as conveying 
 the impressions of the College received at that time by 
 one who had good opportunity for observation, and yet 
 occupied the position, largely, of an outsider. Among 
 other things he says : 
 
 " Yankton College is an actual, not a nominal college. 
 Its ten teachers are all present, and at work in the flesh, 
 and not merely in the catalogue. Its one hundred and 
 nine students are all present, and can stand up and be 
 counted; they are not dim reminiscences or future 
 possibilities. And the work done is real college and 
 academic work. The students are not here to orna- 
 ment the town, but to study and be questioned and 
 examined. Yankton College teaches what it adver- 
 tises to teach, and does it by means of teachers who are 
 neither here for their health nor for a short visit to the 
 Territory; and if the truth be told, it will appear that 
 the Faculty of the College is not here for the money 
 there is in the salaries. The marvel is that the accom- 
 plished men and women who are giving their time to 
 tHis work can be retained on such salaries. They do 
 not have to stay here. Some of them gave up lucrative 
 positions to work in the College. All of them could 
 command higher salaries elsewhere. But they stay here 
 and faithfully do their work, and put up with all sorts 
 of inconveniences, while they do it. Yankton College 
 is a standing miracle of what faith and courage and 
 devotion to a good cause can do, with very little to do 
 with," "' "'- 
 
60 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 Early in the year, the Trustees gave favorable con- 
 sideration to a plan that was strongly favored by Dr. 
 Ward, namely: the addition of a theological depart- 
 ment to the College. Besides his strong interest in the 
 preparation of young men for the work of the ministry, 
 the President was of the opinion that the existence of 
 such a department, in connection with the regular work 
 of the College, would tend to incline Christian people 
 in the East to contribute to its support. Moreover, he 
 was quite confident that Dr. Duryea, of Boston, would 
 favorably consider a call to take charge of this work. 
 However, Dr. Duryea decided to accept a call to the 
 pastorate of the First Congregational Church of 
 Omaha. This fact put a check upon the attempt to 
 carry out the plan; and Dr. Ward's loss of health and 
 subsequent death caused the scheme to be utterly 
 abandoned. 
 
 Clear tokens appear that the financial burden was 
 becoming heavier and heavier. It was finally decided 
 that, in order to pay debts and provide for immediate 
 necessities, a loan of twenty thousand dollars must be 
 secured. At length, through the negotiations of Presi- 
 dent Ward, a loan for that amount was secured from 
 Rev. Charles Ray Palmer, D. D., of Bridgeport, Con- 
 necticut, with a mortgage upon the property of the 
 College as security. In the following summer, an addi- 
 tional loan of seven thousand dollars was secured from 
 the same gentleman, and another of two thousand, 
 some months later. On the back cover of the April 
 Student, appears the following announcement of the 
 needs of the College: "Yankton College wants: 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 61 
 
 $10,000 for an observatory. 
 7,000 to complete Ladies' Hall. 
 10,000 from South Dakota for current expenses. 
 200,000 for a permanent endowment . 
 100 new students for the fall term. 
 One gift each year of sure amount from each friend 
 of the College." 
 
 On the evening of April 23, occurred the most im- 
 portant event that had yet marked the history of the 
 Department of Music, namely: the rendition of the 
 Oratorio of The Messiah a forerunner of the May 
 Festivals that have, for a considerable number of 
 years, constituted an important feature of the closing 
 weeks of the college year. The importance of the occa- 
 sion justifies the following quotation from the May 
 Student : 
 
 "The Sacred Oratorio of The Messiah, which was 
 rendered by the Yankton Choral Union on the evening 
 of April 23, was one of the most important musical 
 events that have ever happened in Dakota. This was 
 the first performance of the grand Oratorio ever given in 
 the Territory, and it was superbly rendered, especially 
 so considering the number of performers. The ladies 7 
 parts were well sustained; the gentlemen were weak 
 only in numbers. The manner in which the several 
 choruses were rendered, was very gratifying. With 
 great care was the conductor watched, and changes of 
 tempo were promptly obeyed. Among the audience 
 were some impartial listeners, who had heard the Ora- 
 torio before, and who declared this rendition superior 
 in many respects." 
 
 Early in May, came the second Inter-collegiate Con- 
 
62 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 test in Oratory, and in connection therewith the first 
 Inter-collegiate Contest in Athletics. In the latter, 
 Yankton did not participate; but in the former, 
 her representative Mr. Elmer A. Chase carried 
 off first honors. Added interest was given to this con- 
 test by the fact that the Drake Company, of Sioux Falls, 
 presented a beautiful and valuable slab of polished 
 chalcedony to the Association, with the understanding 
 that the college whose representative should win first 
 place, should retain possession of the slab during that 
 year; and that it should become the permanent posses- 
 sion of the institution winning the greatest number of 
 victories in the period of five years, afterwards extended 
 to seven. The names of the victors and their colleges 
 were to be inscribed upon it. Accordingly, the name 
 of Mr. Chase, of Yankton College, was the first to be 
 inscribed. The succeeding names are as follows: 
 F. H. Clarke, Dakota University, 1890. A. C. Shep- 
 herd, Dakota University, 1891. J. W. Barrington, 
 Redfield College, 1892. T. A. Stubbins, Yankton 
 College, 1893. A. L. Wilcox, Yankton College, 1894. 
 A. B. Rowell, Yankton College, 1895. By virtue of 
 this record, the slab came into the permanent possession 
 of Yankton College, and now hangs as a highly prized 
 trophy upon the walls of the Chapel. 
 
 The college year 1889-90 was destined to be an event- 
 ful and critical period in the history of the institution, 
 by reason of the death of the man upon whose shoulders 
 had rested the main burden of its maintenance and con- 
 tinued progress. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARD 63 
 
 A number of changes occurred in the Faculty at this 
 time. Albert T. Free, M. A., a graduate of the Uni- 
 versity of Iowa, was elected Professor of Mineralogy, 
 Geology, and Chemistry; Emma L. Parsons, M. A., 
 took the place of Mrs. Wilder as Preceptress, and also 
 served as Instructor in English; Gustav G. Wenzlaff, 
 B. A., a member of the class of 1888, was appointed 
 Instructor. Mr. Wenzlaff was the first alumnus of the 
 College to be given a position on the Faculty. In addi- 
 tion to the teaching of German, he was given the work 
 in Philosophy, ranking as Instructor in German and 
 Philosophy. The vacancies in the Musical Depart- 
 ment, caused by the resignation of Mr. and Mrs. Young, 
 were filled by the appointment of Mr. John Randolph 
 as Teacher of Voice, and of Miss Minnie Jencks, a 
 graduate of the Department, as Assistant Teacher of 
 Piano. Rev. Clinton Douglas had been elected by the 
 Trustees to serve as Field Agent, his work being directed 
 to the end of securing new students and contributions 
 to the current-expense and endowment funds. Mrs. 
 A. L. Camfield became Matron, owing to the death of 
 Mrs. Dawson. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT WARD 
 
 The health of Dr. Ward had become so seriously 
 impaired, partly owing to the germs of disease im- 
 planted in his system during military service in the Civil 
 War, partly to the anxiety and strain connected with 
 his arduous labors in securing financial support for the 
 College, that he was obliged to give up active work, 
 and could not, as heretofore, betake himself to the East 
 for the purpose of soliciting funds. Indeed, it was only 
 too clear that, though he was in the prime of life, being 
 only in his fifty-second year, he was face to face with 
 the necessity of regarding his life's work as finished. 
 And truly, it was a heart-breaking necessity for one 
 so profoundly interested in his work a work which 
 he could only feel to be well begun, with great difficul- 
 ties yet to be overcome. Then, too, there was his fam- 
 ily, consisting mainly of young children, very scantily 
 provided for. Nevertheless, this hard situation was 
 met with uncomplaining Christian fortitude. The im- 
 mediate occasion of his death was not, however, the 
 deep-seated disease, to which reference has already been 
 made; late in November, a carbuncle developed, which 
 his weakened condition made him unable to resist ; and 
 the end came on December n. His last words of fare- 
 well to members of the Faculty were full of desire and 
 
 6 4 
 
THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT WARD 65 
 
 solicitude for the future well-being of the College he 
 had loved and served so faithfully. 
 
 To those who were most intimately connected with 
 the College, and most concerned for its future, Dr. 
 Ward's death brought feelings of dismay and forebod- 
 ing. While he was still living, it seemed impossible 
 to realize that his power to work for the upbuilding of 
 the institution was already fatally impaired. But now, 
 all hope of aid from his large mind and warm heart 
 was gone. Nevertheless, there were not wanting brave 
 souls to take courage from Dr. Ward's own words, that 
 though men pass away, the work must go on. Ob- 
 viously, an unusual burden of responsibility rested upon 
 the Trustees in this crisis; and faithfully did they strive 
 to carry it. The Board, at that time, consisted of the 
 following gentlemen : V. V. Barnes, J. M. Fogerty, Rev. 
 W. B. D. Gray, E. Miner, J. C. McVay, Rev. D. B. 
 Nichols, Rev. A. L. Riggs, D. D., and Rev. H. D. Wiard. 
 Mr. R. J. Gamble, of Yankton, was elected to fill the 
 place on the Board made vacant by the death of Dr. 
 Ward. Dr. Riggs was chosen to fill the responsible 
 position of President of the Board, which Dr. Ward had 
 held from the first. He had but recently been elected 
 to the Board; and his election as President was an 
 expression of the confidence that was felt in the sound- 
 ness of his judgment, and his fidelity to the interests of 
 the institution. Nor was that confidence misplaced. 
 In the trying years that followed, he was a tower of 
 strength, always calm, clear-headed, utterly loyal to 
 his conviction of what was best for the College. To 
 
66 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 no one of the many faithful men who have served her 
 as Trustees, does she owe a greater debt of gratitude 
 than to Dr. Riggs. It is a matter of profound regret 
 that, though he is still an honored member of the Board, 
 the weight of advancing years and enfeebled health 
 have deprived the College, in large part, of his wise 
 counsels. 
 
 Immediately upon Dr. Ward's death, the Faculty, 
 by unanimous vote, requested the Trustees to appoint 
 Rev. D. F. Bradley, pastor of the Congregational 
 church, to the position of Acting President of the Col- 
 lege. To this request the Board promptly acceded. 
 This step again put the right man in the right place. 
 Mr. Bradley was a man of boundless energy and en- 
 thusiasm, and strongly interested in the success of the 
 College. To the unhesitating devotion of these quali- 
 ties to the service of the institution, is due, in large 
 measure, the fact that its progress was not seriously 
 crippled by the disaster that had befallen it. 
 
 The Trustees furthermore voted that an attempt 
 should be made to raise a fund of $160,000 to be 
 known as the Ward Memorial Fund at least two- 
 thirds of which was to be used as a permanent endow- 
 ment. At a subsequent meeting, it was decided to 
 increase the proposed amount ,of this fund to $300,000. 
 It was hoped that the great interest in the institution 
 that had been aroused by Dr. Ward's untimely death, 
 might be the means of freeing it from debt, and putting 
 it upon a safe financial footing for the future. Although 
 vigorous efforts were put forth to realize this hope, and 
 
THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT WARD 67 
 
 different persons were sent East at various times for the 
 purpose of enlisting the aid, both direct and indirect, 
 of Dr. Ward's friends, nevertheless, the plan proved 
 an impracticable one, only a comparatively small sum 
 being secured. The largest amount four thousand 
 dollars was contributed by Mr. J. H. Towne, of 
 Salem, Massachusetts, a warm friend of Dr. Ward, 
 who had before given generously. Another of these 
 early benefactors of the institution, who deserves to be 
 held in lasting remembrance, is Mrs. Skinner, of Perry 
 Center, New York, whose son was an early friend and 
 companion of Dr. Ward. Having become interested 
 in the College through an address of Dr. Ward's, telling 
 about the newly-founded institution, she decided to 
 leave her estate, of twenty to twenty-five thousand 
 dollars, to the College at her death. Afterwards, she 
 gave two thousand acres of land in Kansas and South 
 Dakota. Unfortunately, after her death, her will was 
 contested and set aside; so that her intentions were not 
 carried out as she had designed. 
 
 The January issue of The Student was made a mem- 
 orial number in honor of Dr. Ward, and ontains 
 numerous testimonials from teachers, classmates, 
 friends, and associates, showing the very high esteem 
 and affection with which he was regarded. From 
 these, I shall quote only a few sentences, conveying 
 typical expressions of judgment. Mr. E. D. C. McKay, 
 an early teacher of Dr. Ward, to whom he was wont to 
 attribute a large measure of whatever was good in his 
 life, wrote as follows: 
 
68 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 " Considered altogether, in his intellectual makeup, 
 his tone and elevation of character, and his breadth 
 and his soundness of judgment, he was the strongest 
 and most promising young man I had ever met. In 
 the long stretch of years since then, among all the young 
 men some thousands I have observed in college 
 and elsewhere, reckoning him on the broadest and 
 clearest lines that point to high usefulness and value 
 as a man, I certainly have known very few who would 
 rank with him." 
 
 Dr. C. F. P. Bancroft, at that time Principal of Phil- 
 lips Academy at Andover, who, as has been stated, gave 
 the first Commencement address at Yankton, and who 
 was a fellow-student of Dr. Ward at Andover, wrote: 
 
 "As a theological student he showed the same traits 
 which made him subsequently the effective home mis- 
 sionary, the faithful pastor, the enterprising and saga- 
 cious college president. There was the same candor 
 of judgment, the same frankness and openness of ex- 
 pression, quickness of sympathy, the abounding good 
 humor, fertility of resources, the same turn for practical 
 business, the same integrity and solidity of character, 
 and robust and gracious piety. Those who knew what 
 Dr. Ward was in Dakota can readily understand what 
 he must have been in the Seminary." 
 
 The following is from Judge H. J. Campbell, of 
 Yankton, closely associated with Dr. Ward in the 
 struggle for Division and Statehood: 
 
 " It is a significant fact that, at any time, had he been 
 willing, the popular sentiment would have chosen him 
 
THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT WARD 69 
 
 as one of South Dakota's first United States senators. 
 But he had no selfish ambitions. His sphere of duties 
 commanded him in an opposite direction, to the sacri- 
 fice of ease, wealth, and finally life, and he peremp- 
 torily and absolutely declined to allow his name to be 
 urged in that connection." 
 
 Professor John T. Shaw, of the College Faculty, as- 
 sociated with Dr. Ward from the very beginning of his 
 work as President, wrote thus: 
 
 "The years which Joseph Ward gave to Yankton 
 College, were, without doubt, the richest and most 
 fruitful of a rich and fruitful life. They were the years 
 in which he was most widely known, the years in which 
 his influence was widest, the years in which he gathered 
 in from most various sources that strength which went 
 into the founding and upbuilding of this last achieve- 
 ment of his life. Yankton College, like so much else 
 that is good in South Dakota, is the work of Dr. Ward. 
 This is not to say that there would have been no college 
 established by the churches but for him; for that has 
 become the settled policy of the Congregational 
 churches. But his commission from the Home 
 Missionary Society, given when he came to Dakota 
 twenty-one years ago, reminded him that the work of 
 Christian education went hand in hand with the work of 
 planting churches, and he never lost sight of that part 
 of his mission. From the beginning, then, he had been 
 identified with the work of education, always looking 
 to the time when a Christian College should be the 
 crown and consummation of that work. Early, there- 
 
70 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 fore, he urged upon the churches the application to the 
 situation here of the policy mentioned above, and 
 urged it successfully." 
 
 Another clear indication of the large place that Dr. 
 Ward had come to fill at Yankton and in Dakota, is 
 furnished by a memorial meeting, held in honor of his 
 memory at Yankton, January 28, 1890. The call for 
 this meeting, which was held in Turner Hall, with the 
 Mayor of the City as presiding officer, says; "All citi- 
 zens of Yankton are respectfully invited to show by their 
 presence that respect for the memory of Dakota's great- 
 est and noblest citizen and one of Yankton' s best and 
 truest friends which they all cherish so profoundly in 
 their hearts." The meeting was opened with prayer 
 by Rev. E. E. Clough, pastor of the Methodist church 
 of Yankton. The main address of the evening was 
 delivered by Rev. J. T. Duryea, D. D., of Omaha. It 
 was a searching application of the lesson of Dr. Ward's 
 life to the life of Yankton. An original poem was read 
 by Mr. A. B. Wilcox. Afterwards, brief addresses were 
 made by Judge Campbell, Hon. Geo. H. Hand, and 
 Hon. R. J. Gamble. Judge Campbell spoke of J)r. 
 Ward as "the greatest man intellectually as well as 
 morally, whom the two Dakotas have produced." 
 Again, he says: "He was the most noble, loyal, faithful 
 and royal soul whom I have ever met, whose more than 
 kingly crown was the simple crown of service to you, 
 to me, to all of us." Still again, he says: "If South 
 Dakota ever rears in her mansion of statehood any 
 statues in memory of any of her sons, who have done 
 
THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT WARD 71 
 
 the state signal service in critical times of danger, and 
 have helped most to shape her destiny for good, fore- 
 most arid highest among them all, will stand the noble, 
 genial, powerful form of Joseph Ward." Mr. Hand, 
 in the course of his remarks, said: "I know that one of 
 the best governors Dakota ever had Governor 
 Howard frequently consulted Dr. Ward on public 
 matters; and I myself, while acting as Governor after 
 the death* of the lamented Mr. Howard, availed myself 
 of the counsel and wisdom of our departed friend. He 
 was not only a true friend, but a safe and conscientious 
 adviser." Mr. R. J. Gamble, speaking as a member 
 of the Board of Trustees, forcibly presented the claims 
 of the College upon the city of Yankton for substantial 
 financial assistance in this critical point of its history. 
 I quote a few of his statements : 
 
 "It was the location of this institution that governed 
 the selection of the largest investor in city property last 
 year. Its growth and prosperity is a certain enhance- 
 ment to the property in its neighborhood. The result 
 of the last season certainly demonstrates it. But in 
 itself it represents a property of considerable value in a 
 city of not the largest commercial claims. The real 
 estate, outside of buildings, at a moderate estimate, is 
 well worth $45,000; its buildings, $35,000; its personal 
 property, $30,000 more. This makes a total of $110, 
 ooo. As a means of bringing to and distributing an- 
 nually in the city, it is entitled to respectful considera- 
 tion. Its pay-roll to professors and teachers amounts 
 annually to $12,000; there is annually expended by the 
 
72 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 students $20,000; while fuel, lights, and incidentals 
 will aggregate $2,000, giving a total of $34,000. It is 
 largely with us to say what the future of the institution 
 will be. The seer who largely carried its responsi- 
 bilities, and made it so much, can do so no longer; 
 others must assume their part, or the work will not be 
 done. This institution, like all institutions of like age 
 and limited endowment, is in peril. No such institu- 
 tion is or can be self-supporting. The income from 
 tuition at the best is limited, and of little consequence 
 to its main support. It is a constant alms-taker, and 
 will always be needy until a sufficient endowment is 
 secured. Yankton has always been generous in its 
 support of the College from its organization. To be 
 crippled now, in the full tide of its prosperity, would be 
 a calamity, from which it would take years to recuper- 
 ate. To strengthen it now would be to send it on with 
 higher hopes for its future; and it would demonstrate 
 to its more distant friends that its benefits are appre- 
 ciated here, and its responsibilities assumed, as well." 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 THE INTERREGNUM (1889-1892) 
 
 A joint committee of the Trustees and Faculty was 
 appointed, charged with the duty of securing a succes- 
 sor to Dr. Ward. But it was a difficult task to induce 
 a man of the requisite qualifications to accept the presi- 
 dency of a new institution heavily burdened with debt. 
 Though a number of different gentlemen were tendered 
 the position, in the course of the next two years, none 
 saw his way clear to acceptance. 
 
 To the great joy of everybody directly connected with 
 the College, the long-deferred and much-desired com- 
 pletion of Ladies' Hall, made it possible to occupy the 
 building at the opening of the winter term. This event 
 marked a great improvement by providing a comforta- 
 ble and pleasant domicile for the young women, and 
 also a cheerful dining room, in place of the gloomy and 
 inconvenient basement of Middle Hall, for those who 
 patronized the College Boarding Department. The 
 deserted basement was later fitted up as a gymnasium, 
 and doubtless did something to stimulate interest in 
 Physical Training and Athletics. Nevertheless, The 
 Student continues to voice frequent complaints as to 
 the unsatisfactory condition of that line of College activ- 
 ities. The first intercollegiate game of football occurred 
 in the preceding November, the game being played 
 
 73 
 
74 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 north of the old Milwaukee depot against the State 
 University team. The writer has a very distinct recol- 
 lection of that game, which was the first that most of us 
 had seen. Dr. Ward was present, accompanied by 
 General Beadle, then of Yankton, now of Madison, and 
 Dr. McLouth, at that time President of the Agricul- 
 tural College at Brookings. The result of the contest 
 was a crushing defeat for Yankton, making it entirely 
 clear that the new-fangled game was far from being 
 mastered by the Yankton athletes. In the following 
 year, the athletic situation was considerably improved 
 by the re-organization of the Olympian Athletic Asso- 
 ciation, which had taken the place of the defunct Ath- 
 lon Club. The plan was adopted of putting all athletic 
 matters in charge of this organization an arrange- 
 ment which continued for a considerable number of 
 years. Of the re-organized Association, the officers 
 were: J. F. Hall, President; E. Burgi, Vice-President ; 
 E. F. Himes, Secretary -Treasurer; G. W. Nash, Cap- 
 tain of First Nine. 
 
 In July, 1890, Rev. J. H. Kyle, at that time pastor of 
 the Congregational church of Aberdeen, was appointed 
 by the Trustees Financial Agent of the College. His 
 work was to be especially the securing of contributions 
 to the Ward Memorial Fund. In the Fall, Mr. Kyle 
 went East for this purpose, and gave every promise of 
 proving himself an energetic and successful solicitor. 
 However, his activities in this line of work were des- 
 tined to be brief; inasmuch as the Legislature of South 
 Dakota, after an exciting contest, elected Mr. Kyle to 
 
THE INTERREGNUM 75 
 
 the high position of United States senator. In a Fourth 
 of July address, he had expressed views which won the 
 warm approval of the Populist members of the Legis- 
 lature, who controlled the situation. When brought 
 face to face with the issues that were then being debated 
 in the Senate, Mr. Kyle gradually assumed the position 
 of an Independent Republican, and slowly but surely 
 won for himself the respect both of his fellow-senators 
 and of the people of his state. After a very successful 
 term, he was re-elected, but died during his second 
 term. 
 
 One result of the real estate boom that Yankton ex- 
 perienced during that period of its history, was the 
 building of a street railway on Douglas Avenue, from 
 Third Street to the Cemetery. It was a convenience 
 for down-town students, while it continued in active 
 operation; but the movement to which its origin was 
 due, did not prove to be permanent; and after a time, 
 the two cars constituting the rolling stock ceased their 
 perambulations; and, finally, the track was removed. 
 
 One member of the Faculty Professor A. T. Free 
 -possessed considerable political influence, having 
 previously served as a member of the Territorial Board 
 of Education. During this year, the Governor of the 
 newly formed State of South Dakota, appointed him 
 a member of the Board of Trustees of the State Uni- 
 versity; and, in the following year, he became one of 
 the Board of Regents, and Chairman of the committee 
 in charge of the University. 
 
 The year 1890-91 opened with but few changes in the 
 
76 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 Faculty list. Professor Bartlett was granted leave of 
 absence for one year, his place being filled by the ap- 
 pointment of Fred F. Thwing, B. A., a recent Oberlin 
 graduate, as Instructor in Mathematics, Physics, and 
 Astronomy. Alice R. Kingsbury, B. A., who consti- 
 tuted the class of 1890, received the position of In- 
 structor in French. Miss Kingsbury was a student of 
 the institution almost at the beginning, and is still a 
 member of the Faculty, occupying the chair of French 
 and German. Her connection with the College ex- 
 ceeds in duration that of any other person. 
 
 Owing to election to the United States Senate of Mr. 
 Kyle, the Financial Agent of the College, the Trustees 
 decided to send Professor Free to the East, to continue 
 there Mr. Kyle's work in behalf of the financial inter- 
 ests of the institution. The stress of the financial sit- 
 uation was greatly relieved by reason of the fact that 
 the Congregational Education Society agreed to con- 
 tribute $8,000 per year toward the current expenses, 
 on condition that the College authorities should provide 
 the additional sum of $5333.00. In truth, this agree- 
 ment, faithfully observed until the financial condition 
 became materially improved, was of vital importance 
 to the institution; and it owes a lasting debt of grati- 
 tude to this Society. An additional condition upon 
 which the Society consented to this arrangement, was 
 that Professor Free should be given a year's leave of 
 absence, in order that he might work in New England 
 as an Assistant Secretary of the Society. 
 
 One of this year's signs of progress was the organiza- 
 
THE INTERREGNUM 77 
 
 tion of a new literary society the Thegn member- 
 ship in which was to be confined exclusively to young 
 men belonging to the College proper. This society 
 has survived down to the present time; though it now 
 has a brother-society the Adelphian for College 
 men. The annual banquet of the Thegns, held for 
 quite a number of years, on the evening of Washing- 
 ton's birthday, was, during its continuance, the most 
 notable event of the year in the social life of the College. 
 In this, the first year of its existence, the society im- 
 mortalized itself by producing an original drama, writ- 
 ten by one of its members Mr. James F. Hall and 
 played by Mr. Hall and his fellow Thegns. The play 
 was brought out not only in the College Chapel, in 
 Middle Hall, but also down town, in Turner Hall. 
 
 An amendment was made in the by-laws this year 
 whereby it was stipulated that the members of the Cor- 
 porate Board should not exceed fifty in number, a 
 majority of whom were to be members of Congrega- 
 tional churches; furthermore, that, of the total number, 
 the Alumni Association might nominate five from their 
 own membership. Another innovation was the election 
 of two ladies to the Board Mrs. Hattie Phillips, of 
 Sioux Falls, and Mrs. Sarah F. Ward, of Yankton, the 
 widow of Dr. Ward. Another new feature of the year 
 was an anticipation of the later form of Commencement 
 exercises, namely : the substitution of a Commencement 
 address by some prominent speaker from abroad for the 
 usual orations and essays of the graduating class, the 
 place of the latter being taken by Class Day exercises 
 
78 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 and theses. On this occasion, however, the theses were 
 omitted; and the energies of the class were all devoted 
 to the Class Day exercises, with the result that they were 
 of a high standard of excellence. This class, which was 
 the largest that had yet graduated, consisted of four 
 young men : James F. Hall, Henry W. Jamison, Harry 
 R. Miner, and George W. Nash, and two young women : 
 Abbie I. Phillips and Anna Marie Wenzlaff. The 
 Commencement address was given by Rev. James G. 
 Johnson, D. D., of Chicago. An important step for- 
 ward was taken by the organization of the Alumni As- 
 sociation, whose first official action was to establish a 
 prize of twenty-five dollars for the young women's 
 declamation contest, known as the Alumni Prize. 
 
 The year 1891-2 was marked by an unusual number of 
 changes in the Faculty. Acting President Bradley felt 
 obliged to resign his position, in order to meet the de- 
 mands of his pastoral work; and, in consequence, Pro- 
 fessor H. H. Swain became, for the year, the executive 
 head of the school, as Dean of the Faculty, discharging 
 the duties of the position with marked efficiency. To the 
 great regret of everybody connected with the College, 
 Professor Shaw resigned the Professorship of Latin at 
 the close of the preceding year, in order to become the 
 head of the Latin department in the Academy of Ober- 
 lin College, a position which he still occupies. As one 
 of the original Faculty, he had exercised a marked in- 
 fluence upon the life and development of the College 
 in its early days. Mr. Edward A. Bechtel, a graduat 
 of Johns Hopkins, was appointed Acting Professor of 
 
THE INTERREGNUM 79 
 
 Latin. As has already been mentioned, Professor 
 Free had been given a year's leave of absence, in order 
 that he might engage in financial work in the East. To 
 fill the gap, Dexter P. Nicholson, M. S., a graduate of 
 Lawrence University, who had taken graduate work 
 at Johns Hopkins, was appointed Instructor in Natural 
 Sciences. Mr. J. F. Hall, a member of the graduating 
 class, who had shown decided literary talent as editor 
 of The Student and in other ways, received the appoint- 
 ment of Instructor in English, a position which he filled 
 with great success for two years, at the end of which 
 time he was given the position of Professor of Rhetoric 
 and English Literature, with leave of absence for one 
 year to be spent in graduate study. His health had 
 already become impaired; and he was able to pursue 
 his studies at Stanford University for only a brief time. 
 His untimely death, occurring October 14, 1894, was 
 deeply regretted by all who knew him, because of his 
 endowments and large promise of future usefulness. 
 The work in Art had been discontinued for a number of 
 years, but was now resumed, with Miss Minnie A. 
 Baldwin, a graduate of Carleton College, as Teacher 
 of Drawing and Painting. Misses Nettie M. Danielson 
 and Bernice E. Hall appear as new instructors in the 
 Conservatory of Music. 
 
 At a meeting of the Board of Trustees held on Jan- 
 uary 13, Mr. E. L. Clarke, a resident of the State, who 
 had become interested in the College, proposed that he 
 should, at his own expense, construct an astronomical 
 observatory, to be a memorial to his father, the late 
 
8o YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 Joseph B. Clarke, of Oberlin, Ohio. Needless to say, 
 the offer was gladly and thankfully accepted. How- 
 ever, owing to later developments in the financial situa- 
 tion, the realization of the plan was deferred for a time. 
 In the meanwhile, the lack of an observatory was being 
 supplied through the kindness of Mr. J. T. M. Pierce, 
 at that time a citizen of Yankton, who had constructed 
 a small private observatory, which he freely put at the 
 service of the classes in Astronomy. 
 
 Mr. Clarke's generous proposal brought much of en- 
 couragement, which was vastly increased by the fact 
 that, about the first of March, Dr. D. K. Pearsons, a 
 wealthy Chicago capitalist, who had decided to dispose 
 of the bulk of his fortune in strengthening the financial 
 foundations of such colleges as seemed to him especially 
 worthy of such aid, submitted a proposal to the follow- 
 ing effect: "I will give to Yankton College a science 
 hall costing $50,000, provided the friends of the College 
 will pay its debts and raise an endowment of $100,000 
 before July, 1893." Dr. Pearsons' willingness to ex- 
 tend help to the College at this time was doubtless due, 
 mainly, to the fact that Dr. Ward had come in contact 
 with him previous to his death. At their last inter- 
 view, Dr. Pearsons said that " he would do something 
 for Yankton College." Through the clouds of dis- 
 couragement due to the harassing debt and uncertainty 
 as to the future of the institution, came a bright gleam 
 of hope. Nevertheless, it was evident that the hope 
 could be realized only by herculean efforts on the part 
 of those responsible for the financial interests of the 
 
THE INTERREGNUM 81 
 
 institution, and by the most generous giving on the part 
 of all its friends. The accumulated debts, of which 
 the largest item was the mortgages upon the College 
 property held by Dr. Charles R. Palmer, with their 
 unpaid interest, now amounted to a sum well on toward 
 $50,000. To meet Dr. Pearsons' offer, therefore, meant 
 the securing of about $i 50,000 a task which past 
 experience had shown to be no easy matter. 
 
 At a meeting of the Trustees, held March i, on the 
 unanimous recommendation of the Faculty, it was voted 
 to confer the presidency of the institution upon Albert 
 Tallman Free, M. A., Professor of Mineralogy and 
 Geology. Those most intimately connected with the 
 College had come to feel strongly that to continue longer 
 without a recognized and responsible head of the insti- 
 tution was extremely undesirable. Furthermore, it 
 appeared practically impossible to secure, in the imme- 
 diate future, a man for the presidency of sufficient 
 ability to justify the action. On the other hand, Pro- 
 fessor Free had given indications of possessing capaci- 
 ties that were of extreme importance for meeting the 
 conditions at that time existing. 
 
 At the same meeting, it was decided that the Pre- 
 paratory Department of the College should henceforth 
 be known as the Academy. It was intended that a 
 clear line of separation should be drawn between it 
 and the College proper, which had not hitherto been the 
 case; looking forward to the speedy coming of the time 
 when the Academy should have a separate building and 
 faculty. In accordance with this policy, a Principal 
 
82 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 of the Academy was engaged for the coming year, whose 
 work was to be specifically the organization and devel- 
 opment of that department of the institution. More- 
 over, the custom was introduced of having College 
 chapel services and recitations in the forenoon, and 
 those of the Academy in the afternoon ; whereas, form- 
 erly, the chapel services had been held in common; 
 and the recitations had gone on simultaneously. After 
 two years' trial, this policy of separation was largely 
 abandoned an outcome to which various causes con- 
 tributed. Whatever weight rightfully attached to the 
 reasons for this reversal of policy and doubtless, it 
 was considerable nevertheless, it is probable that a 
 more strenuous effort to recognize the general differ- 
 ence in age, acquirements, and aims, of the two classes 
 of students, would have been advantageous. 
 
 At the annual meeting of this year, the Corporate 
 Board appointed a committee to confer with a committee 
 of the General Association of Congregational Churches 
 of South Dakota, for the purpose of devising some plan 
 for securing and promoting a closer connection between 
 the Corporate Board, as representing the College, and 
 the Congregational churches of the State. The plan 
 that was finally adopted, provided that the Corporate 
 Board might include three members nominated by the 
 General Association, and one member nominated by 
 each of the local associations. 
 
 It was also decided that, for the present, the Ward 
 residence should be devoted to the use of the Conserva- 
 tory of Music and the Department of Art. The build- 
 
THE INTERREGNUM 83 
 
 ing was a substantial brick structure, erected by Dr. 
 Ward in 1873 as his home; but after his death it had, 
 for the time being, come into the possession of the Col- 
 lege. There, the two departments found commodious 
 quarters, though somewhat remote from the College, 
 until the completion of Ward Hall made other 
 arrangements possible. 
 
 It was decided by the Trustees to engage Rev. W. B. 
 Hubbard, pastor of the Congregational church at Cham- 
 berlain, as Secretary of the College, and Mrs. Sarah 
 F. Ward as Assistant Secretary for correspondence, 
 her main duty to be the rendering of aid in securing 
 contributions for meeting the conditions of Dr. 
 Pearsons' offer. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT FREE (1892-1895) 
 
 With the beginning of the college year 1892-3, Presi- 
 dent Free took up in person the active duties of the 
 presidency, occupying the position until the beginning 
 of the college year 1895-6. This period of three years, 
 covered by his adminstration, will be treated as a whole 
 from two points of view: first, the more external and 
 material events; second, the more internal, and, from 
 the college point of view, more vital events. 
 
 The great problem of this period, overshadowing, 
 to a large degree, everything else, was to devise ways 
 and means for meeting the conditions imposed by Dr. 
 Pearsons, thereby freeing the College from its crush- 
 ing load of debt, making a good beginning on a per- 
 manent endowment, and securing a substantial and 
 greatly needed addition to its equipment. Only so, it 
 was clear, could the institution hope for continued 
 life and growth. In view of the situation, it was de- 
 cided by the Trustees, in the fall of 1892, that Mrs. 
 Ward should go to the East, and endeavor to enlist the 
 interest and co-operation of the friends of Dr. Ward. 
 Though naturally reluctant to leave her young family, 
 she, nevertheless, faithfully endeavored to carry out the 
 wishes of the Trustees, and both at that time and later 
 did effective and fruitful service. At home, a strong 
 
 8 4 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT FREE 85 
 
 helper was found in the person of Mr. E. L. Clarke, 
 who, as has already been said, had promised the gift of 
 an observatory, but wisely postponed the carrying out of 
 this plan until Dr. Pearsons' offer should be disposed 
 of. Toward this end, Mr. Clarke not only himself con- 
 tributed a substantial sum, but also undertook, without 
 compensation, to secure as large an amount as possi- 
 ble out in the State. Everybody interested in the suc- 
 cess of the College the governing Boards, Faculty, 
 students, alumni, the Congregational churches felt 
 impelled to do their utmost in this crisis. Rev. G. W. 
 Rexford, of Plankinton, did especially effective service by 
 organizing the campaign among the Christian Endeavor 
 Societies of the State. Rev. W. B. D. Gray, long a 
 member of the Board of Trustees, proved himself to 
 be a man of unusual capacity for this sort of effort ; and 
 his work in the State and in Yankton was crowned with 
 large success. Mr. Gray had been a warm friend of 
 Dr. Ward and of the College, from the time when he 
 first came to Dakota. All of his four sons became 
 students in the institution, three of them graduating, 
 one of whom married a daughter of Dr. Ward. To Mr. 
 Gray's strong will, clear judgment, and thorough and 
 skillful planning, is the large degree of success that was 
 ultimately achieved, primarily due. So vital was this 
 success to the future welfare of the College that Mr. 
 Gray must be ranked among the foremost of its bene- 
 factors. 
 
 When it became clear that the entire amount needed 
 to pay off all debts, and to create an endowment fund 
 
86 . YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 of $100,000, could not be secured by the time specified 
 in Dr. Pearsons' offer, namely: July i, 1893, he con- 
 sented to modify his proposition, promising that if by 
 Commencement $25,000 should have been contributed 
 by Yankton, $25,000 by people in the State, and the 
 same amount by friends outside of the State, he would 
 give $25,000 for the construction of a science hall. 
 Thanks to the vigorous efforts put forth by the workers 
 already mentioned and by others, these conditions were 
 more than met; and Commencement was made glad 
 by the consciousness of so large a measure of success 
 attained, and by the breaking of ground for the new 
 building Ward Hall of Science so called at Dr. 
 Pearsons' request, that it might serve as a memorial to 
 Dr. Ward. The site of the new structure was marked 
 out by a plow drawn by the hands of enthusiastic stu- 
 dents. It was the universal feeling that a new era had 
 dawned in the history of the College. 
 
 Appreciation of Mr. Clarke's services was mani- 
 fested by his election to the Board of Trustees; while 
 Mr. Gray was fortunately persuaded to give up his work 
 as Superintendent of the work of the Congregational 
 Sunday School and Publishing Society in South Dakota 
 and Wyoming, in order to become General Treasurer 
 of the College. Dr. Pearsons had indicated his desire 
 that he might be enabled to pay over the remaining 
 $25,000 of his original offer by the raising of another 
 $75,000 on the part of the College. This was the great 
 task entrusted to Mr. Gray, wherein he was to have the 
 aid of Mrs. Ward. Certainly, the problem of placing 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT FREE 87 
 
 the institution upon a sound financial basis was no easy 
 one. According to a report made by Mr. Gray to the 
 Trustees on January 4, 1894, the current expenses for 
 the year would amount to $25,000; whereas the total 
 income was only $15,000. However, progress was 
 made, in spite of difficulties, through Mr. Gray's ener- 
 getic efforts. In the fall of 1894, an arrangement was 
 made with the Congregational Education Society where- 
 by that organization undertook to pay $15,000 on the 
 Palmer mortgages, provided the remainder, about 
 $20,000, should be paid by the College. At Commence- 
 ment, 1895, Mr. Gray was able to report that, since 
 September i, debts of the College aggregating $67,000 
 had been paid. This included the Palmer mortgages, 
 amounting to $34,000. Thus the heavy weight that 
 had been so seriously impeding the onward progress 
 of the institution was removed. Moreover, the endow- 
 ment funds had now reached the respectable sum of 
 more than $50,0x30, though a large part of this amount 
 was subject to shrinkage. The attainment of such 
 large results was greatly aided by the fact that, because 
 of generous gifts from other sources, the College was 
 enabled to lay claim to Dr. Pearsons' second $25,000. 
 Of this sum, $12,500 became a part of the productive 
 permanent endowment. For this happy outcome, 
 especially hearty thanks are due to two generous givers 
 -Mrs. Charlotte M. Fiske and Rev. E. K. Alden, 
 D. D. Mrs. Fiske, a wealthy lady of Boston, who, 
 though an Episcopalian, had become strongly inter- 
 ested in the College through Mr. Gray, had already 
 
88 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 given the sum of $5000, subject to an annuity. To 
 this sum she now added $10,000, under like conditions. 
 Moreover, she made a gift of $5000, for the complete 
 furnishing of Ward Hall, as a memorial to her husband, 
 Joseph N. Fiske. In acknowledgment of this gift, the 
 Chapel, which is located on the second floor of this 
 building, is called " Fiske Assembly Room." The 
 gift of Dr. Alden, at one time Secretary of the American 
 Board of Foreign Missions, amounted to $10,000, and 
 came at a time when the whole effort to pay off the debt, 
 and lay a foundation for a permanent endowment, was 
 threatening to end in failure. It was, therefore, thrice 
 welcome; nor was it the only token of Dr. Alden's in- 
 terest in the institution, since the total of his gifts 
 amounted to about $16,000. 
 
 Upon the payment of the mortgages held by Dr. 
 Palmer, a substantial gift was made by him to the Col- 
 lege, in the form of a permanent fund of $2500, to be 
 known as the Alfred Barnes Palmer Library Fund, the 
 income of which was to be used in making additions to 
 the library. Dr. Palmer gave this fund as a memorial 
 to his son, who had once visited the College in company 
 with his father, and had on that occasion expressed a 
 wish that he might do something for it. This fund has, 
 indeed, been a great benefit to the institution, render- 
 ing it possible to add regularly, each year, a consider- 
 able number of the books for which the most press- 
 ing need is felt. The only other permanent resource 
 for the enlargement of the library has been an annual 
 gift of $100 or more, which, almost from the beginning 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT FREE 89 
 
 of the existence of the College, has come from the " Gov- 
 ernor Phillips Charitable Donation Fund," of Phillips 
 Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. This money, how- 
 ever, by the terms of the gift, must be expended for 
 religious books. To it is mainly due the large and val- 
 uable collection of works on religion and theology, to be 
 found in the library. 
 
 In June, 1894, Mr. Clarke began the construction 
 of the Observatory, completing it before cold weather 
 came. While not a large building, it is substantially 
 constructed of brick. A seven-inch telescope, costing 
 $1600, was given by Mr. A. C. Dakin. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Dakin had repeatedly shown such a generous interest in 
 the institution that it was decided to change the name of 
 Ladies' Hall to Dakin Hall, in their honor. 
 
 At the close of the year 1894-5, Rev. E. M. Williams, 
 D. D., at that time pastor of the Yankton Congrega- 
 tional church, became a member of the Corporate 
 Board, and also of the Board of Trustees. During 
 the remaining years of his stay in Yankton, Dr. Wil- 
 liams, who was a man of fine and generous spirit, took 
 the deepest interest in the welfare of the institution, 
 contributing to it of his means, his time, and his wise 
 counsel. Deservedly, his name stands high m the roll 
 of the College's truest friends. 
 
 We now turn to the more internal aspects and events 
 of President Free's administration. 
 
 In the first year of this period, a number of import- 
 ant changes occurred in the Faculty. Mr. Wenzlaff 
 was appointed Professor of German and Philosophy, 
 
90 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 and was given a year's leave of absence for study, which 
 he spent in the Universities of Berlin and Leipsic, taking 
 up the duties of his Professorship at the opening of the 
 following year. Mr. Thwing's place was filled by the 
 election of Wayland S. Axtell, M. A., a graduate of 
 Beloit College, as Professor of Mathematics and Physics. 
 During the two years that Professor Axtell held the 
 position, he proved himself a strong and effective 
 teacher. Resigning at the end of two years, he died 
 not long afterwards of consumption. Stephen Emery, 
 B. A., a graduate of Boston University, was chosen 
 Principal of the Academy, and entrusted with the task 
 of inaugurating the new policy of separation. Mr. 
 Emery, however, resigned at the close of the fall term. 
 The position was filled by the election of George W. 
 Nash, B. S., a member of the class of 1891. Mr. Nash 
 showed remarkable capacity for administrative work, 
 and held the position for a considerable number of 
 years, being afterwards appointed Professor of Mathe- 
 matics and Astronomy. The work in Latin was dar- 
 ned on by Mr. Bechtel for only one year. Miss Edith 
 M. Hall, a graduate of DePauw University, and sister 
 of J. F. Hall, was appointed Instructor in Latin, after- 
 wards receiving the Professorship. Misses Alice M. 
 Van Ostrand and Mary R. McVay, both graduates of 
 the Conservatory, were teachers in Music for the year 
 1892-3 and the following year. Mrs. Mary E. Minott 
 served as Preceptress, and Matron of Dakin Hall, dur- 
 ing the year 1892-3, being succeeded by Mrs. Annetta 
 T. Stacy, who was Matron for two years. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT FREE 91 
 
 In the year 1893-4, there were comparatively few 
 Faculty changes. Professor Swain spent the year in 
 graduate study in the University of Wisconsin, holding 
 a fellowship in Economics in that institution. Mr. 
 J. F. Hall had been appointed Professor of Rhetoric 
 and English Literature, and was given a year's leave 
 of absence for study. Elmer K. Eyerly, M. A., who 
 had taught a number of years in Redfield College, was 
 appointed Instructor in English and History, and at the 
 close of the year was made Professor of Rhetoric and 
 English Literature. During the next year, he was 
 Acting Principal of the Academy, in the absence of Mr. 
 Nash. Tracy H. Holmes, B. Ph., a graduate of Beloit 
 College, was appointed Instructor in Chemistry and 
 Biology a position which he held for two years. 
 Miss Mabel Riggs, a graduate of the Conservatory, was, 
 for the year, a teacher in that department. 
 
 In the following year, also, there were but few changes. 
 Mr. Nash and Miss Kingsbury were absent in Europe, 
 the latter studying in the University of Paris until Jan- 
 uary, 1896. Rev. Corliss W. Lay, a graduate of Knox 
 College, and of Chicago Theological Seminary, who 
 had previously been engaged in missionary work in 
 India, received an appointment as Secretary of the Col- 
 lege in 1893, an d this year was appointed Instructor in 
 Biblical Literature and Elocution. Mr. Lay was des- 
 tined to have a long and useful period of service with 
 the College, holding the position of Secretary until the 
 spring of 1906. During all those years, he rendered 
 effective service, by his careful management of. the 
 
92 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 business affairs of the institution and his watchful over- 
 sight of buildings and grounds. Miss Elizabeth Lear- 
 oyd served as Instructor in the Academy; and Mrs. 
 Albert C. Stauffer became Instructor in Vocal Music 
 in the Conservatory, holding the position for three 
 years. 
 
 In the fall of 1892, there was founded in Charles Mix 
 County an institution that has always been closely, 
 although unofficially, connected with Yankton College. 
 I refer to Ward Academy, which was named after Dr. 
 Ward. Its founder was Rev. Lewis E. Camfield, who 
 has continued to be the Principal and main supporter 
 of the school. Its primary purpose was to give the 
 opportunity to the young people of a new community 
 to secure a good academic education, under religious 
 influences; secondarily, it was to serve as a fitting school 
 for the few who might feel impelled to seek a college 
 education, the expectation being, as its name would 
 suggest, that it would serve mainly as a feeder to 
 Yankton. Nor has that expectation failed of realiza- 
 tion; since the Freshman class of the College usually 
 contains one or more graduates of the Academy, who, 
 as a rule, reflect honor upon their school. The large 
 measure of success and prosperity that has attended 
 the Academy, is due chiefly to the self-sacrificing devo- 
 tion and administrative ability of Mr. Camfield, who, 
 from the first, has served also as pastor of the local 
 church. For a considerable number of years, he has 
 been a member of the Corporate Board, and of the 
 Board of Trustees, of the College. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT FREE 93 
 
 In October, 1892, an organization was started known 
 as the Science and Art Association of Yankton College. 
 Its membership was composed of members of the Fac- 
 ulty, of students of the two highest classes of the Col- 
 lege, and of citizens of the town who might desire to 
 join such a body. The primary object was to stimu- 
 late literary and scientific interest and research by the 
 preparation of papers, to be read to the Association at 
 its monthly meetings, and by the making of scientific 
 collections. Copies of all papers read were to be de- 
 posited with the Secretary of the Association. The 
 December (1892) issue of The Student reports papers 
 upon the following subjects as having been already 
 presented, or being in course of preparation: The 
 American School at Athens; The Nebular Hypothesis; 
 Reports upon the Recent Study of Mars; Theories 
 Respecting Comets, Meteors and Meteorites; the Pub- 
 lic Water Supply of Yankton; The Younger Pliny; 
 Analysis of an English Masterpiece; Relation of Optics 
 to Electrics; History of the South Dakota Movement 
 for Statehood; Black Hills Geology, and others. The 
 Association prolonged its existence through the follow- 
 ing year, and then died a natural death. 
 
 At the opening of the year 1894, the Yankton College 
 Christian Association, which had fostered and controlled 
 the distinctively religious activities of the school from 
 its very beginning, ceased to exist, its place being taken 
 by the regular Young Men's and Young Women's 
 Christian Associations. The hope that chiefly led to 
 this step, namely: that the religious life of the students 
 
94 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 might be quickened and broadened by the connection 
 with the general organizations, has been abundantly 
 realized, and the change has been fully justified by its 
 results. 
 
 Upon the opening day of the college year 1894-5, the 
 newly completed Ward Hall of Science was dedicated 
 with appropriate ceremonies, the address being given 
 by Father Nichols. The completion of this building 
 added very materially to the equipment of the institu- 
 tion. A substantial brick and stone structure, built at 
 a cost of $35,000, exclusive of furnishing, it contains in 
 the basement and on the first floor laboratories, recita- 
 tion-rooms, and offices; on the second floor are addi- 
 tional recitation and society-rooms, and a commodious 
 assembly-room, seated with opera chairs; while the third 
 floor was, for a time, used by the departments of Music 
 and of Art, but is now devoted exclusively to the use of 
 the former. In the basement, moreover, is a room 
 equipped with a full printing outfit, with which The 
 Student is printed, and also a part of the general Col- 
 lege printing. This work is done by students, a num- 
 ber of whom are thus enabled to gain a practical 
 acquaintance with the printer's art. 
 
 In the fall of 1894, the institution experienced its first 
 regular football season; and the December number of 
 The Student contains some sage editorial reflections 
 upon the mingled bane and blessing of that much dis- 
 cussed college sport. 
 
 The graduating class of 1895 is noteworthy for a 
 number of reasons. In the first place, it was the largest 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT FREE 95 
 
 class up to that date, consisting of five young men and 
 two young women. Another of its distinctions is the 
 fact that it was the first class to wear the cap and gown. 
 Again, it was the first to write theses in place of the 
 traditional orations. The following is a list of the 
 thesis subjects: Edith Marian Caton, Yankton, The 
 Physiological Relations, of the Spring Phenogamous 
 Plants in the Vicinity of Yankton; Elias Fenn Lyman, 
 Armour, Conditions Favorable to the Production of 
 Literature in South Dakota; David J. Perrin, Armour, 
 Irrigation: South Dakota's Possibilities; Arthur Bart- 
 ley Rowell, Momence, Illinois, Sidney Lanier's 
 " Science of English Verse;" Olive Saunders, Aten, 
 Nebraska, Economic Aspects of the Geology of South 
 Dakota; Frank Frederick Schaeffer, Yankton, Schiller 
 as a Reformer through his Poetry; Albert Lord Wilcox, 
 Yankton, The Characters of Shakespeare's Othello. 
 On this Commencement occasion, the baccalaureate 
 sermon was preached by Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, 
 D. D., of Aurora, Illinois; and the Commencement 
 address was delivered by .Rev. S. S. Matthews, of 
 Chicago. 
 
 Toward the close of this college year, President Free 
 tendered his resignation, to take effect September i. 
 After careful consideration, the Trustees decided to 
 offer the presidency to Rev. Henry K. Warren, at that 
 time President of Salt Lake College. President War- 
 ren accepted the position, entering upon its duties at 
 the opening of the year 1895-6. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN: 
 FIRST PERIOD (1895-1900) 
 
 The College had now been at work for thirteen years. 
 At the beginning, there was not even one College build- 
 ing; the Faculty consisted of two persons; on the first 
 day, five students were present; endowment, library, 
 laboratories, equipment of every sort had existence only 
 in the prophetic vision of one man. The new President 
 assumed the leadership of an institution housed in four 
 substantial, sightly structures, with a faculty of four- 
 teen, with a total enrollment of two hundred and thirty- 
 one students, with an endowment of about fifty 
 thousand dollars, a library of about forty-six hundred 
 volumes, and roomy laboratories, in the equipment of 
 which at least a beginning had been made. Neverthe- 
 less, though such gratifying progress had been made, 
 gloomy and trying days were still to be experienced; 
 and it is due, above all else, to the tireless energy, the 
 indomitable perseverance, and the marked ability 
 to secure the interest of people able to give, exhibited by 
 President Warren, that there was no disastrous halt in 
 the development of the institution; that the superstruct- 
 ure reared upon the foundations laid so broadly and 
 wisely by Dr. Ward has continued to rise aloft steadily 
 and lastingly. 
 
 9 6 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 97 
 
 Henry Kimball Warren graduated from Olivet Col- 
 lege in 1882, receiving from the same institution the 
 degree of M. A. in 1885, and of LL.D. in 1902. For 
 seven years after his graduation, he was engaged in 
 public school work, as Principal and Superintendent. 
 In 1889, he became President of Gates College, located 
 at Neligh, Nebraska a position which he held until 
 1894. During the year 1894-5, he was President of 
 Salt Lake College, in Salt Lake City, resigning this posi- 
 tion to accept the presidency of Yankton. 
 
 President Warren's administration will be divided, 
 for convenience of treatment, into two periods, the first 
 extending from the beginning of the college year 1895-6 
 to the end of the year 1899-1900; the second, from the 
 year 1900-1 to the present time. Moreover, each pe- 
 riod will be considered first in its more external, and 
 then, in its more internal, aspects, as was done in the 
 case of President Free's administration. 
 
 As ever, the financial problem continued to furnish 
 a goodly supply of difficulties. Those were years of 
 drought in Dakota; and many of the people who had 
 given notes, in aid of the effort to meet the conditions 
 of Dr. Pearsons' offer, found themselves reduced to the 
 necessity of paying only a part, or none at all, of what 
 they had pledged. Moreover, as has been intimated 
 before, the current expenses were decidedly in excess 
 of the income. Consequently, Mr. Gray, who con- 
 tinued to hold the position of General Treasurer, aided 
 by Mrs. Ward, found it extremely difficult, indeed im- 
 possible, to secure the necessary means for meeting the 
 
98 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 deficit, to say nothing of adding to the endowment. Yet 
 one five thousand dollar gift was received the first year. 
 In the following year, through Mr. Gray's influence, 
 Mrs. Fiske, of Boston, who had so substantially mani- 
 fested her interest in the institution before, consented to 
 do still more, contributing fifteen thousand dollars to 
 complete the endowment of the Greek chair; while her 
 sister-in-law, Miss Elizabeth S. Fiske, gave twenty- 
 five thousand dollars as an endowment for a chair in 
 Science. These gifts were both subject to annuities 
 during the life of the donors. Miss Fiske also gave one 
 thousand dollars, afterwards increased to thirteen hun- 
 dred dollars, for the equipment of the Biological Lab- 
 oratory. This generous friend of the College died a 
 few years ago; while Mrs. Fiske is still living at an 
 advanced age. 
 
 Encouraging as were these forward steps, neverthe- 
 less, it was decided by the Trustees that it would be 
 necessary that all members of the Faculty should con- 
 tribute, for the coming year, one-sixth of the amount 
 of their salaries, to help in meeting expenses. Condi- 
 tions remained much the same during the next year, 
 the chief item of encouragement being a gift of one 
 thousand dollars from Dr. E. H. Williams, of Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 During the year 1898-9, an amendment was made to 
 the by-laws whereby it was provided that the maximum 
 number of members of the Corporate Board should be 
 sixty, instead of fifty; and that, instead of nine Trus- 
 tees elected for one year, there should be twenty-one, 
 seven being elected each year to serve three years. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 99 
 
 In the same year, light broke in upon the gloom of 
 the financial situation. For reasons that have been 
 already indicated, another heavy debt was rapidly 
 accumulated so rapidly, in fact, that it now 
 amounted to about $25,000. Dr. Pearsons again came 
 to the rescue, promising President Warren that he 
 would give to the College the sum of $30,000 for en- 
 dowment, provided all debts should be paid by July i, 
 1900. Furthermore, he imposed the condition that the 
 current expenses of the institution should be reduced 
 to $10,000 a year a step which necessitated a slight 
 decrease in the number of teachers and a decided de- 
 crease in the size of salaries. However, the proposal 
 was accepted; and the necessary reductions were made. 
 Thus again, after a five-years breahting-spell, those 
 who were interested in the College, directed all their 
 energies toward meeting the conditions of this second 
 generous offer of Dr. Pearsons. 
 
 During the summer, Dr. Pearsons proceeded to add a 
 still more powerful stimulus to the efforts that were 
 being made to secure his conditional offer, at one and 
 the same time increasing the amount offered from $30,- 
 ooo to $50,000 and shortening the time from July i, 
 1900, to March i, of the same year. At this time, the 
 debt amounted to nearly $26,000, while nearly $4000 
 was needed in addition to provide for the deficit that 
 would exist by March i. Thus, the sum of about $30,- 
 ooo was to be raised in less than six months, if the 
 splendid possibility was to be realized. Mr. Gray had 
 already resigned his position as General Treasurer; 
 and, accordingly, the heavy task of securing so large a 
 
ioo YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 sum in so short a time fell to President Warren. 
 So vigorously and skillfully did he conduct the cam- 
 paign; so generously did students, alumni, and friends 
 of the College, both in the East and in the West, re- 
 spond, that the victory was won, and more than won, 
 the generous sum of $55,000 being added to the per- 
 manent resources, after every debt had been paid. 
 This splendid outcome of the struggle was celebrated 
 by the students with bonfires, the blowing of horns, 
 class yells, and waving of colors. After the bonfires had 
 subsided, a great crowd of citizens and students pro- 
 ceeded to Ward Hall, where speeches were made by 
 Trustees, citizens, members of the Faculty, and stu- 
 dents. President Warren's speech aroused great en- 
 thusiasm, especially among the students, by the dec- 
 laration that the next object of attack would be not the 
 payment of debts, but the building of a gymnasium. A 
 resolution was passed by the Trustees that, thereafter, 
 it should be the fixed policy of the institution to keep 
 clear of debt; and that the utmost efforts should be put 
 forth to close each year without a single dollar of in- 
 debtedness. It is pleasant to record that, up to the 
 present time, that resolution has been strictly observed. 
 
 We turn now to the more internal interests and hap- 
 penings of the first five years of President Warren's 
 administration. 
 
 It is to be regretted that the same frequency of change 
 in the personnel of the Faculty that had marked the past 
 history of the institution, still continued a state of 
 affairs that is doubtless a common feature in the early 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 101 
 
 period of the existence of small colleges. Nevertheless, 
 a large measure of stability in the teaching force, result- 
 ing in continuity of methods, spirit, and ideals, is greatly 
 to be desired. Professor Swain was granted a year's 
 leave of absence for the purpose of further graduate 
 study, and at the close of the year received the doctor's 
 degree from the University of Wisconsin. Resigning 
 his position in the College, he afterward accepted a 
 professorship in the State Normal College of Montana, 
 of which institution he is now the President. The work 
 in Economics and History was taken by President 
 Warren. George A. Clark, M. Ph., a graduate of Hills- 
 dale College, who had taken graduate work at the Uni- 
 versity of Michigan, was elected Professor of Natural 
 Sciences. Professor Clark has continued in the service 
 of the College up to the present time, now holding the 
 position of Professor of Chemistry and Physics. The 
 other new teachers of this year were Miss Mary G. 
 Kennedy, Instructor in Drawing and Painting, and Miss 
 Alice L. Talcott, a graduate of the Conservatory, who 
 was appointed Instructor in Piano. Miss Hattie Dib- 
 ble occupied the position of Matron for the year. 
 
 In the following year, a vacancy occurred in the de- 
 partment of Latin, through the resignation of Profes- 
 sor Edith M. Hall, who gave up the position to become 
 the wife of Rev. R. M. Coate. Her place was filled by 
 the appointment, as Instructor in Latin, of Rev. Edwin" 
 B. Gushing, M.A., a graduate of Knox College, and of 
 the Chicago Theological Seminary. Mr. Gushing 
 remained with the College for a period of seven years, 
 
102 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 receiving the Professorship of Latin at the end of his 
 second year of service. Miss Jessie L. Clough suc- 
 ceeded Miss Kennedy as Instructor in Drawing and 
 Painting; Miss Cora E. Westfall took the place of Miss 
 Talcott as Instructor in Piano, and Miss Fannie L. 
 Smith that of Miss Dibble as Matron. 
 
 In the succeeding year (1897-8), changes again oc- 
 curred in the Departments of Music and Art. Miss 
 M. Lou Ormsby succeeded Mrs. Stauffer as Instructor 
 in Vocal Music; Mrs. Franklin L. Stead, who, as Miss 
 Mabel Riggs, had some years before taught one year 
 in the Conservatory, became Instructor in Piano in 
 place of Miss Talcott; while Miss Ada D. Cal dwell 
 succeeded Miss Clough as Instructor in Drawing and 
 Painting. Two new lines of work were added at the 
 beginning of this year, namely : Elocution and Physical 
 Training. Miss Rachel M. Axford became Instructor 
 in Elocution, and Miss Nina B. Lamkin, Director of 
 Physical Training for Young Women. 
 
 For the next year, the changes were confined to the 
 Conservatory. The Director, Professor F. L. Stead, 
 was granted a year's leave of absence, his place being 
 temporarily filled by the new Instructor in Vocal Music, 
 Miss Mannetta F. Marsh. Miss Talcott again returned, 
 taking the position of Instructor in Piano and Har- 
 mony; while Miss Bertha L. Felber, also a graduate of 
 the Conservatory, became Instructor in Piano, Pipe 
 Organ, and Theory of Music. 
 
 In 1899-1900, Faculty changes were again numerous. 
 Professor Wenzlaff, in the course of the year, resigned 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 103 
 
 the Professorship of German and Philosophy; Profes- 
 sor Eyerly, at the close of the preceding year, that of 
 Rhetoric and English, and Professor Stead, the Direct- 
 orship of the Conservatory and the Professorship of 
 Music. The work in Philosophy was taken by Pro- 
 fessor McMurtry; that in German, by Miss Ethel C. 
 Washburn. Mrs. Marie Wenzlaff Lawton, a member 
 of the class of 1891, was appointed Instructor in Eng- 
 lish Literature. Mr. Judson W. Mather was elected 
 Professor of Music, and Director of the Conservatory, 
 his wife, Mrs. Gertrude F. Mather, becoming Instruct- 
 or in Violin. Work in Shorthand and Typewriting 
 was provided, for the first time, this year, Mr. Richard 
 F. Marwood becoming Instructor in those subjects. 
 Another innovation introduced this year was a system 
 whereby a student who displayed distinguished excel- 
 lence in any one of a certain number of subjects, was 
 appointed Assistant in that subject, rendering more or 
 less aid to the teacher thereof. Accordingly, the follow- 
 ing Assistants appear in the Faculty list for this year: 
 Alice Anne Flanagan, in Latin; Reuben Harlan Os- 
 good, in Science; Amelia Buell Curtis, in Mathematics. 
 With the opening of the year 1896-7, some important 
 changes were made in the courses of study. To the old 
 Classical and Scientific Courses, a new one, designated 
 as the Philosophical Course, was added. In this 
 course, prominence was to be given to modern languages 
 and literatures, as in the Classical Course, it was given 
 to the Classical languages and literatures, and in the 
 Scientific Course, to the sciences. Hitherto, the courses 
 
104 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 had been of the traditional type, according to which 
 everything was prescribed and required. By the new 
 scheme, a good beginning was made in the introduction 
 of the elective system, which, by that time, had become 
 an established feature of courses of study in the more 
 progressive colleges and universities of the country. 
 All the studies of the Freshman year were still required; 
 but, beginning with the Sophomore year, a limited 
 range of choice was made possible, increasing in extent 
 with each of the remaining years. This step in advance, 
 making it possible for the student to follow, in a meas- 
 ure, his special mental aptitudes and liking, and also 
 his plans as to his future life-work, received a hearty 
 and universal welcome from the students. A further 
 improvement was the announcement of a carefully 
 considered plan prescribing the methods by which grad- 
 uates of the College might secure the Master's degree. 
 According to this plan, a graduate might obtain his 
 Master's degree by the successful completion either of 
 a three-years course in a professional school or of a 
 postgraduate course of study approved by the Faculty 
 and equivalent to the work of one collegiate year, to be 
 supplemented, in either case, by the preparation of a 
 satisfactory thesis. A considerable number of the 
 Alumni have availed themselves of the opportunity to 
 get the higher degree, especially those who have taken 
 professional courses. 
 
 The vastly increased part that Athletics had now 
 come to play in American college life in general and in 
 Yankton in particular, received recognition in the fact 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 105 
 
 that a lease for five years of sufficient land to form an 
 excellent athletic park, located in close vicinity to the 
 College, was generously given by two citizens of Yank- 
 ton Mr. Fred Schnauber and Hon. Bartlett Tripp. 
 The State Intercollegiate Athletic Association, which 
 was organized in 1888, existed for only three years. 
 However, in the spring of 1894, the present Intercolle- 
 giate Association was formed. In the year 1896, the 
 Intercollegiate<Contests in both Oratory and Athletics 
 were held in Yankton. Yankton's orator, William F. 
 Ewert, was given second place; but afterwards, on the 
 ground that the winner of first place had used unfair 
 means in preparation, he was awarded the first place. 
 In Athletics, also, Yankton secured first place, winning 
 as many points as her two closest competitors together. 
 
 At that time, a new interest in the work of Foreign 
 Missions manifested itself among the College Young 
 Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations, 
 through the formation of Volunteer Bands, composed 
 of students who planned, if opportunity permitted, to 
 devote themselves to that work. Such a band was or- 
 ganized at Yankton, with a membership of seven. As 
 a result of the interest thus aroused and cherished, one 
 graduate of the College Miss Agnes Fenenga, of the 
 class of 1901 went as a missionary to Turkey. 
 Moreover, delegates were sent by the Associations of 
 the College to the international conventions of the Vol- 
 unteer Movement, held at Toronto in 1902, and later 
 at Nashville. 
 
 At Commencement of that year (1896), a new feature 
 
106 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 was added, which has been maintained to the present 
 time, namely: the Collation, an informal banquet par- 
 ticipated in by the members of the Corporation and 
 Trustees, the Faculty, the Alumni, the graduating 
 classes and their friends, and whatever friends of the 
 College wish to be present. After the simple repast 
 is disposed of, according to custom a number of toasts, 
 centering about the College and its various interests, 
 are given. 
 
 The fact has already been mentioned that, at the open- 
 ing of the year 1897-8, an important step in advance 
 was taken, by the addition of Physical Training for 
 young women, and the employment of a teacher of this 
 subject. The credit for this forward movement is due 
 to the Young Women's Christian Association. Their 
 committee on Physical Training took hold of the pro- 
 ject of securing means for engaging an instructor, and 
 even became ambitious enough to plan for the building 
 of a gymnasium for young women. Though this plan 
 failed of realization, yet they accomplished much, both 
 directly and indirectly, for the promotion of an interest 
 in, and knowledge of, scientific Physical Training. By 
 means of the gifts of Eastern friends, and the aid of the 
 ladies of Yankton in carrying through entertainments, 
 funds were secured for paying the expenses of the work ; 
 and it continued under the auspices of the Association 
 for a number of years. Afterwards, the responsibility 
 was assumed by the College. 
 
 That year is especially memorable in the history of 
 the College, because of the outbreak of the Spanish 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 107 
 
 War, which involved the withdrawal of a number of 
 students for the purpose of engaging in military service. 
 To many, those days and weeks and months brought 
 a new and vivid realization of the experiences through 
 which the colleges of the country passed in the trying 
 times of the Civil War; when their halls were nearly 
 emptied of students by the stirring call to arms. In 
 April, the South Dakota regiment of militia received 
 orders to prepare for service in the field, the general 
 impression being that they would be sent to Cuba. 
 Their destination, however, finally proved to be the 
 Philippines. Company C of the regiment was from 
 Yankton; and its Captain was William S. Gray, a son 
 of Rev. W. B. D. Gray and a member of the Senior 
 class. By request of his class, he was granted his di- 
 ploma at the Commencement that so soon followed. 
 Sergeants Maurice L. Blatt and Frank B. Stevens were 
 also students, as well as Corporal Thomas O'Gara 
 and Privates Irving Melzner, Charles K. Prouty, and 
 Homer W. Stevens. Other officers and privates of the 
 company and also of other companies had been students 
 in past years. Naturally, everybody connected with 
 the College followed with keen interest the fortunes of 
 the regiment. One member of it, who had been form- 
 erly a student of the Academy Samuel E. Frazee 
 died in camp at San Francisco, on the outward journey. 
 Charles K. Prouty also died, of typhoid fever, in the 
 Philippines. These were the only deaths among those 
 who had been connected with the College. 
 
 In June of that year, there appeared a modest little 
 
io8 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 volume, entitled "A Book of Dakota Rhymes," with 
 the following dedication: "To our Alma Mater, Yank- 
 ton College, this volume is affectionately dedicated. " 
 The editors were B. W. Burleigh and G. G. Wenzlaff, 
 both members of the class of 1888, the second to grad- 
 uate. The book contained a very creditable collection 
 of short poems written by the editors and a consider- 
 able number of other persons, who were either at that 
 time residents of South Dakota, or had been previously. 
 Besides the editors, a number of other contributors had 
 more or less close connection with the College. In 
 later years, two new editions have appeared. 
 
 In the November issue of The Student is an editorial 
 summing up the football results for the season. It 
 displays a spirit of fairness and of opposition to pro- 
 fessionalism that has been almost invariably charac- 
 teristic of Yankton's attitude in Athletics. I quote a 
 few sentences from it: 
 
 "The season of 1898 in this State has marked a great 
 advance in football. Not only has there been a much 
 better game played, but there have been more teams. 
 As to the relative merits of the different teams, we are 
 satisfied that Dakota University has the best team in the 
 State. It is no more than fair to say that the Mitchell 
 team outclasses the other teams in weight and also in 
 knowledge of the game. The future of the game in this 
 State is indeed promising. Each of the leading insti- 
 tutions has become enthusiastic over the sport; and 
 we feel confident that henceforth the game will thrive. 
 The next move must be to place football on a clean 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 109 
 
 amateur basis. We must free South Dakota Athletics 
 from every taint of professionalism. We regret that 
 many of the leading colleges do not seem to regard pro- 
 fessionalism in the same light as does Yankton." 
 From the very beginning, the College has regularly 
 observed the day called "The Day of Prayer for Col- 
 leges" a custom which is common to a large number 
 of colleges and universities throughout the country. 
 On this day, the usual College exercises are omitted; 
 and the fullest opportunity and encouragement are 
 given to students to devote their undivided attention, 
 for a day, to spiritual interests and possibilities. Some 
 prominent clergyman, endowed with the power of inter- 
 esting and helpfully influencing students, is usually 
 invited to come and address the assembled school. 
 The day was unusually impressive and helpful in the 
 winter of 1899, because of the presence of Professor 
 Graham Taylor, of the Chicago Theological Seminary, 
 but far more widely known for his great work in con- 
 nection with the Chicago social settlement known as 
 "The Commons." A deep interest was aroused by 
 Professor Taylor's pleas for the laying of a greater em- 
 phasis upon the social aspects of Christianity. 
 
 It was a notable day for the State, for Yankton, and 
 the College, that witnessed the return from the far-off 
 Philippines, after more than a year's absence, of the 
 South Dakota regiment. The day was Saturday, Sep- 
 tember 14, 1899. President McKinley, accompanied by 
 various members of his cabinet, was in the State to wel- 
 come the returning soldiers. Arriving at Yankton late 
 
no YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 at night, he addressed a great crowd of people, who had 
 patiently awaited his arrival. Company C, however, 
 did not reach Yankton until 4:45, Sunday morning. 
 Yet, many waited through the long hours of the night, 
 until they came. A few of those who had been students 
 in the College, previous to their departure for the Philip- 
 pines, immediately resumed their studies. 
 
 In January, 1900, Mr. A. W. Westhorpe, a former 
 student of the College, who was strongly interested in 
 Numismatics, showed his continued interest in the 
 institution, by the gift of a fine collection of one hun- 
 dred coins, largely ancient. Mr. Westhorpe is still a 
 resident of Yankton, and continues to manifest his old- 
 time interest both in Numismatics and in the College 
 by making fresh additions to the collection. 
 
 In March, of the same year, the State Convention of 
 Young Men's Christian Associations was held at the 
 College, with fifty-nine delegates present from the other 
 colleges of the State the largest attendance yet at- 
 tained. The reports showed advancement in every 
 line of work; and, at this convention, a step forward 
 was taken by the choice of a State Secretary Mr. 
 C. C. Caldwell, of the State University. 
 
 Professor Mather, the new Director of the Conser- 
 vatory, displayed characteristic energy by introducing 
 a new element into the musical work and life of the 
 institution, namely : the May Festival of Music, which 
 has ever since continued to be one of the marked fea- 
 tures of the closing weeks of the College year. The 
 general plan that has been followed from the first, com- 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN in 
 
 prises a series of musical entertainments, occupying 
 the evenings and, to some extent, the afternoons of 
 three days. These entertainments are, in part, fur- 
 nished by outside artists; but the crowning event of the 
 Festival has been the rendition by the local Choral 
 Union, aided by soloists from outside, of some great 
 work of musical art. In the first Festival, the work 
 chosen was Gade's Crusaders. In the following year, 
 Gounod's Redemption was given. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN: 
 SECOND PERIOD (1900) 
 
 , We have now arrived at the second period of Presi- 
 dent Warren's administration, extending from the open- 
 ing of the college year 1900-1 to the present time. This 
 period, also, will be treated from the double stand- 
 point of the more external, and the more internal, hap- 
 penings. We now direct our attention to the former. 
 
 It will be remembered that, as a result of Dr. Pear- 
 sons' conditional offer of fifty thousand dollars, and the 
 strenuous and successful efforts of President Warren, 
 backed by the generosity of friends of the institution, 
 both East and West, the College entered upon this 
 final period of the first quarter-century of its existence 
 in a much more satisfactory financial condition, with 
 the permanent endowment substantially increased, 
 with freedom from debt, and a strong determination to 
 continue steadfastly in that comfortable condition. 
 The year 1900-1 was an auspicious commencement of 
 the new policy. At the close of the year, Secretary Lay 
 was able to report that the permanent resources had 
 increased over $5000. Over $4000 had been contrib- 
 uted for current expenses; so that the year closed with 
 entire freedom from debt. 
 
 The securing of additional funds for the construction 
 
 112 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 113 
 
 of a gymnasium made it possible to proceed to the reali- 
 zation of this much desired step in advance early in the 
 following year. The corner-stone was laid on Novem- 
 ber 16, 1901, the exercises including an address on the 
 Physical Side of Education by Mr. R. J. Wells, of 
 Sioux Falls. The building is a brick-veneered struct- 
 ure, seventy-six by forty-six feet, consisting of a base- 
 ment and main story. At the opening of the winter 
 term, it was sufficiently near completion to enable it to 
 be used for the work in Physical Training. Before the 
 year closed, an unknown friend of the College pre- 
 sented the entire amount nearly $12,000 required 
 to pay for the construction and complete equipment of 
 the building. By this generous gift, the amount al- 
 ready secured for construction was set free, to be used 
 in other directions. Another gift of $5000, doubtless 
 from the same unknown source as the other, made it 
 possible to purchase five acres of land, immediately 
 adjoining the Gymnasium on the north, and to trans- 
 form it into a splendid athletic park, surrounded by a 
 strong wire fence, and furnished with a substantially 
 built grandstand, with a seating capacity of five hundred. 
 During this year, including these two gifts, and $4500 
 in endowments, an addition of $23,500 was made to 
 the permanent resources. 
 
 During the year 1902-3, a Yankton enterprise was 
 inaugurated, the success of which possessed a strong, 
 even if indirect, interest for the College, namely: the 
 erection of a new Congregational church building. 
 From the first, there had, naturally, been a very close 
 
ii4 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 bond of connection between the local Congregational 
 church and the Congregational college of the State. 
 Dr. Ward came to Yankton as the minister of this 
 church, resigning its pastorate in order to accept the 
 presidency of the College. Both at the beginning and 
 throughout the later years, the people of the church had 
 given generously for the support and development of 
 the College. Always, the attitude of the institution had 
 been positively, yet broadly, Christian, but absolutely 
 unsectarian; and among its students were to be found 
 attendants upon all the leading churches, including 
 the Catholic. Nevertheless, it was inevitable that the 
 majority of the students and teachers should be affil- 
 iated with the local church of the denomination under 
 the auspices of which it was founded, and its work 
 carried on, and to the churches of which it looked 
 mainly for students. It was natural, then, that the 
 effort entered upon in that year to add largely to the 
 effectiveness and attractiveness of the work of the 
 church, should enlist the warm interest and hearty 
 co-operation of those directly connected with the Col- 
 lege, whether as teachers or students. As is usually 
 the case in connection with such movements, success 
 was attained only through strenuous effort. Thanks, 
 however, to the aggressive leadership of Rev. Bernard 
 G. Mattson, the able and cultured pastor of the church 
 at that time, a satisfactory outcome was finally secured. 
 At a time when the effort seemed to be hanging in the 
 balance, and threatening to collapse, the Trustees, 
 urged on by President Warren, expressed their sense 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 115 
 
 of how deeply the College was concerned in the inter- 
 ests at stake, by voting that a pledge of $1000 should be 
 made by the institution, in addition to the numerous 
 individual pledges that had been made by teachers and 
 students. 
 
 Toward the close of this college year, it was arranged 
 that the Ward residence should be resold to Mrs. Ward; 
 and that a large brick house, located on Douglas 
 Avenue, directly opposite the College, should be pur- 
 chased and fitted up for use as the President's resi- 
 dence. 
 
 Again, for a third time, Dr. Pearsons manifested his 
 interest in the College by making, through President 
 Warren, another conditional offer of a $50,000 gift. 
 The condition imposed was that the same amount 
 should be raised by the next Thanksgiving. More- 
 over, Dr. Pearsons was to be paid a two per cent annu- 
 ity during the remainder of his life. Everyone realized 
 that it would be a matter of extreme difficulty to make, 
 for the third time, so large a demand upon the gener- 
 osity of the friends of the institution. Nevertheless, it 
 was felt that the utmost effort must be put forth to 
 secure so substantial an addition to the permanent 
 resources. 
 
 During the following college year (1903-4), Presi- 
 dent Warren was devoting all his energies to the effort 
 to secure, within the State and in the East, the necessary 
 amount. When it became evident that there was no 
 hope of achieving success as early as Thanksgiving, 
 Dr. Pearsons extended the time until the following 
 
n6 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 spring. Although this struggle was destined to be a 
 long-continued and trying one, yet there was not a 
 total lack of encouraging incidents during its contin- 
 uance. Early in February, the cheering news came 
 from President Warren that, with the aid of Lyman 
 Abbott and Albert T. Shaw, editor of the Review of 
 Reviews, he had succeeded in persuading Mr. Carnegie 
 to donate $15,000 for the construction of a library 
 building. This amount Mr. Carnegie afterwards in- 
 creased to $17,000. 
 
 In March of that year, occurred the death of one of 
 the most useful members of the Board of Trustees 
 Mr. Hugh S. Gamble. Mr. Gamble was one of that 
 group of Yankton citizens, including Messrs. E. P. Wil- 
 cox, E. Miner, H. H. Smith, J. C. McVay, R. J. Gam- 
 ble, Bartlett Tripp, C. H. Dillon, and others, who have 
 expressed their appreciation of the worth of the Col- 
 lege to the City and the State by giving largely of their 
 means, their time, and their business and professional 
 judgment, for the promotion of its interests. To them 
 and to their associates, the institution owes a large debt 
 of gratitude, which it can only repay by fidelity to the 
 largest and most helpful ideals. 
 
 The year 1904-5 witnessed a continuation of the effort 
 to secure Dr. Pearsons' gift by meeting the conditions. 
 The time was finally extended to May i, 1906. Al- 
 though progress was being slowly made through Presi- 
 dent Warren's untiring efforts, yet, each year the gap 
 between income and current expenses, which had to be 
 filled by gifts in order to close the year without debt, 
 constituted a very serious obstacle. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 117 
 
 In May of this year, the meeting of the State Asso- 
 ciation of Congregational Churches was held in Yank- 
 ton; and in connection therewith, the new church build- 
 ing, now completed at a cost of nearly $30,000, was 
 dedicated. The occasion was one of much interest to 
 all connected with the church and College. Dr. D. F. 
 Bradley and Dr. E. M. Williams, former pastors of the 
 church, both of whom had taken a deep interest in the 
 welfare of the College, were present and delivered ad- 
 dresses. Dr. Washington Gladden also gave an ad- 
 dress. Another speaker, who was listened to with 
 much interest, was Rev. George D. Wilder, a student 
 of the College in early days, who had become a well- 
 known missionary in China. Mr. Wilder completed 
 his Sophomore year at Yankton, where his mother was 
 Preceptress and Instructor in German; whereupon, he 
 went to Oberlin and completed his course there, after- 
 wards taking his theological course at Oberlin and Yale. 
 He then received from the American Board an appoint- 
 ment as missionary in China, where he has done note- 
 worthy service. Mr. Wilder is a cousin of Professor 
 G. H. Durand, of the College, whose younger brother 
 Edward Dana Durand was a brilliant student in 
 the Preparatory Department during the year 1888-9, 
 at the close of which he accompanied Mr. Wilder to 
 Oberlin, where he graduated. Afterward, he secured 
 the doctor's degree at Cornell University, and later was 
 appointed to professorships at Stanford University and 
 at Harvard. The latter position he resigned to accept 
 an appointment with the Industrial Commission; and, 
 at present, he is Deputy Commissioner of the Bureau 
 
n8 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 of Corporations, with which he has been connected 
 since the time of its organization. 
 
 In the course of that spring, a number of improve- 
 ments were carried out. Two sightly cottages were 
 built for renting, on lots belonging to the College and 
 adjoining the Campus. One of these cottages has been 
 the home of Rev. E. W. Jenney, who has been en- 
 gaged in evangelistic work among the Congregational 
 churches of the State, and one of whose daughters is an 
 Instructor in the College. Moreover, the dilapidated 
 wooden sidewalks on the two streets approaching the 
 College from the Town, and also those on the Campus 
 were replaced by cement walks, adding much to the 
 appearance of the College grounds. 
 
 When the time last set for meeting Dr. Pearsons' 
 conditions May i, 1906 approached, it was evi- 
 dent that the full amount required could not be secured. 
 Accordingly, Dr. Pearsons consented to give $30,000 
 in addition to an equal amount that had been raised. 
 Although there was disappointment at the failure to 
 add the full hundred thousand dollars to the endow- 
 ment, yet it was realized that sixty thousand was a sum 
 by no means to be despised. In truth, President War- 
 ren's invincible perseverance had been rewarded with 
 larger returns than appeared on the surface. During 
 the three-years campaign, a total of about $i 20,000 was 
 received, including the $30,000 given by Dr. Pearsons. 
 Of this amount, a little more than $30,000 was used in 
 meeting the shortages- in- current expenses incurred dur- 
 ing the three years. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 119 
 
 Mr. C. W. Lay, who had, for a period of thirteen 
 years, discharged the duties of Secretary of the College 
 with great efficiency, resigned the position on June i, 
 1906. His large and pleasant residence, with its beau- 
 tiful tree-shaded lawn, immediately adjoining the 
 Campus on the east, was purchased by the College, to 
 serve as an additional home for young women; inas- 
 much as Dakin Hall no longer furnished sufficient room 
 to accommodate all. During the present year, accord- 
 ingly, Lay Cottage, as it is designated, has been the 
 pleasant home of a considerable number of young 
 women and some of the lady teachers. 
 
 Early in April of this year, Governor Crawford, at 
 the suggestion of President Warren, called a meeting 
 at Yankton of representatives of the various educa- 
 tional, penal, reformatory, and charitable institutions 
 of the State, to consider the interests of the criminal, 
 defective, and dependent classes and to form a perma- 
 nent organization for that purpose, if it should seem 
 desirable. The Governor was present in person, as 
 well as officials of the State institutions, and of similar 
 institutions in adjoining states. Moreover, Mr. Alex- 
 ander Johnson, of Indianapolis, the Secretary of the 
 National Association of Charities and Correction, was 
 present; and one of the most important results of the 
 meeting was the organization of a State Association, 
 in affiliation with the National organization. Dr. War- 
 ren was elected President of the body. Numerous 
 well-attended and interesting sessions were held in the 
 Congregational Church, and at the College, and the 
 
120 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 State Hospital for the Insane. In every way, the meet- 
 ing was a successful one, and is thought to mark an 
 important step forward in the history of the State. 
 
 We now turn to the internal events of the years from 
 1900-1 onward. 
 
 In the first year of this period, Miss Kingsbury was 
 again away on leave of absence, spending the time in 
 study in France and Germany, with the special aim of 
 fitting herself for the teaching of German in addition 
 to French. On her return, she assumed the position 
 of Professor of French and German, which she has held 
 up to the present time. Miss Alice Flanagan, of the 
 class of 1900, had the work in French until January 
 i, when it was taken by Miss Washburn, the Instruct- 
 or in German. Mrs. Edith Hall Coate, who, before her 
 marriage, had been Instructor and Professor of Latin, 
 served as Preceptress in charge of Dakin Hall during 
 the year. Miss Ruth L. Moody was Instructor in 
 Drawing and Painting; Miss L. Olivia Everhard, Di- 
 rector of Physical Training, and Miss Cora A. Pollock, 
 Instructor in Voice Culture and History of Music. 
 Reuben Harlan Osgood was Student Assistant in 
 Biology, and Carl Lyman Willis, in Latin. 
 
 In 1901-2, George Harrison Durand, M. A., a grad- 
 uate of Oberlin and of Harvard, wfio, in the early days, 
 was a student in the Preparatory Department, became 
 Professor of English a position which he still holds. 
 Flora Bridges, M. A., a graduate of Oberlin, who had 
 taken graduate work in the University of Zurich and 
 of Chicago, was appointed Preceptress and Instructor 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 121 
 
 in English, later in Greek and English. Miss Anna 
 B. Waterman was Instructor in Voice and History of 
 Music; Miss Cora B. Gould, in Drawing and Painting; 
 Mr. Mervin C. Sherwood, in Shorthand and Type- 
 writing, and Miss Grace H. Belknap, in Kindergarten 
 Music and Piano. The Student Assistants were Ray- 
 mond Benedict McClenon, in Mathematics; Fritz 
 Albert Brink, in Chemistry; Hugh Case Leibee, in 
 Biology; Carolyn Mae Robison, in Latin. Mrs. Hattie 
 Tanzy, who, as Miss Hattie Dibble, had before held 
 the position, succeeded Miss Smith as Matron. 
 
 During the year 1902-3, Professor W. J. McMurtry 
 was absent on leave because of ill health. At the close 
 of the preceding year, Professor G. W. Nash had re- 
 signed his position as Principal of the Academy and 
 Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, in order to 
 become a candidate for the office of State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction. He was successful in secur- 
 ing the office, and also filled it with great success, resign- 
 ing to accept the presidency of one of the State Normal 
 Schools, located at Aberdeen. His place as Professor 
 of Mathematics and Astronomy was filled by the elec- 
 tion of George Harvey Scott, M. A., a graduate of the 
 University of Illinois and of Harvard, who is the present 
 occupant of the position. An additional professor- 
 ship was created by the division and enlargement of 
 the work formerly assigned to the President. He now 
 became Professor of Economics, Social Science, and 
 Pedagogy; while the new chair of History and Political 
 Science was filled by the election of Elmer Cummings 
 
122 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 Griffith, M. A., Ph.D., a graduate of Beloit College 
 and of the University of Chicago. Dr. Griffith was also 
 appointed Principal of the Academy. Miss Carrie M. 
 Lamb succeeded Miss Everhard as Director of Physi- 
 cal Training and Instructor in Physiology; while Miss 
 Jennie W. Newman succeeded Miss Axford as Instruct- 
 or in Elocution. A new addition to Faculty positions 
 was that of Athletic Coach, which was filled by the ap- 
 pointment of John Lorenzo Griffith, B. A., a graduate 
 of Beloit. Mr. Griffith also served as Instructor in the 
 Academy. Still another position created this year was 
 that of Librarian, to which Miss Helen E. Miner was 
 appointed. The Student Assistants for this year were 
 the following: Hugh Case Leibee, in Chemistry; Hazel 
 Hope MacGregor, in Mathematics; Claude Albert 
 Bennett, in Mathematics; Ray Wallis Ellis, in Biology. 
 Rev. G. S. Pope was appointed Field Agent, his duties 
 being the securing of financial support in the State and 
 of new students. 
 
 For the year 1903-4, there were but few changes in 
 the Faculty. Professor E. B. Gushing resigned the 
 Professorship of Latin, and Henry Francis Smith, B. A., 
 a graduate of Beloit and of Yale Divinity School, re- 
 ceived the appointment of Instructor in Latin. Miss 
 Newman was obliged to give up the work in Elocution 
 at the close of the fall term, on account of her mother's 
 death; and Miss Rachel M. Axford, who was the first 
 teacher of the subject in the College, was secured to 
 carry on the work for the remainder of the year. Miss 
 Florence B. Jenney succeeded Miss Waterman as In- 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 123 
 
 structor in Voice and History of Music. Mr. Sher- 
 wood's place as Instructor in Stenography and Type- 
 writing was taken by Mr. Lewis W. Martyn; that of 
 Mrs. Tanzy as Matron, by Mrs. Lillian B. Harvey. 
 The Student Assistants were Sara Alta Hughes, in 
 English; Anna Emilia Bagstad, in German and Eng- 
 lish; Hazel Hope MacGregor, in Mathematics; Claude 
 Albert Bennett, in Mathematics; Ray Wallis Ellis, in 
 Biology, and Grace Marion Elliott, in Mathematics. 
 
 For 1904-5, the Faculty changes were the following: 
 Professor J. W. Mather, at the close of the preceding 
 year, resigned the Professorship of Music and the Direc- 
 torship of the Conservatory, to take a similar position 
 in Morningside College. Mr. Lee N. Dailey was ap- 
 pointed Director of the Conservatory, and a year later, 
 Professor of Music. The new department of Biology 
 and Geology was created; and Mr. LeRoy Harris Har- 
 vey, a graduate of the University of Maine, who had 
 been Acting Professor of Biology in Morningside Col- 
 lege the preceding year, was appointed Instructor, 
 receiving the Professorship at the end of the year. 
 Miss Bridges having resigned her position as Precep- 
 tress and Instructor in Greek and English, the vacancy 
 was filled by the appointment of Miss Mabel E. Mess- 
 ner, a graduate of Northwestern University, as Dean 
 of Women and Instructor in German. Miss Newman 
 again returned to take the work in Elocution. Ellen 
 H. Birdseye, M. A., a graduate of Oberlin, succeeded 
 Miss Lamb as Physical Director of Young Women, 
 also serving as Instructor in Greek and English. Miss 
 
i2 4 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 Gould was succeeded by Miss Daisy M. Haskell, as 
 Instructor in Drawing and Painting. Mr. Ray W. 
 Jordan became Instructor in Violin and Cornet; and 
 Miss Gertrude E. Moses, Organist and Assistant in 
 Piano. The Student Assistants for the year were Hazel 
 Hope MacGregor, in Mathematics; Grace Marion 
 Elliott, in English and Mathematics. Helen McCurdy 
 Coman was teacher of Typewriting. 
 
 For the year 1905-6, George A. Clark, Professor of 
 Chemistry and Physics, was given a year's leave of ab- 
 sence for study, which he spent in the Stanford Uni- 
 versity. Dr. Elmer C. Griffith having resigned his 
 position as Principal of the Academy and Professor of 
 History and Political Science, the duties of the Princi- 
 palship were entrusted, for the year, to Professor 
 George H. Scott, while Ulysses Simpson Parker, M. A., 
 a graduate of the University of Nebraska and of Har- 
 vard, was appointed Acting Professor of History and 
 Political Science. In the course of the year, however, 
 Carl E. Wallace, M. A., a graduate of the University 
 of Kansas, was appointed Principal of the Academy 
 and Professor of History and Political Science, taking 
 up the work at the beginning of the following year. 
 Adeline M. Jenney, B. A., a graduate of the University 
 of Wisconsin, became Instructor in English and Greek. 
 Warren B. Hyney, B. A., a graduate of Albion College, 
 succeeded Mr. John L. Griffith as Director of Physical 
 Training for Young Men, serving also as Academy In- 
 structor in History and Science. Miss Birdseye was 
 succeeded as Director of Physical Training for Young 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 125 
 
 Women by Miss Ida B. Davis, who was also Academy 
 Instructor in History and English. Miss Corinne 
 Musgrove succeeded Miss Florence B. Jenney as In- 
 structor in Voice and History of Music. Miss Mac- 
 Gregor continued to serve as Student Assistant in 
 Mathematics, and Miss Elliott, in English. Miss 
 Coman also continued as teacher of Typewriting. 
 
 For 1906-7, the following changes occurred: Profes- 
 sor Henry F. Smith resigned the Professorship of Latin, 
 to accept a position in Colorado College; and the va- 
 cancy was filled by the appointment of Marvin V. Ben- 
 nett, M. A., a graduate of Wofford College (S. C.), who 
 had taken graduate work at Vanderbilt and Columbia 
 Universities. Miss Newman was succeeded as In- 
 structor in Elocution by Miss Davis, the latter being 
 succeeded as Physical Director for Young Women by 
 Miss Mary Coman. Mr. Hyney's place as Physical 
 Director for Young Men was filled by the appointment 
 of Louis U. Todd, B. A., a graduate of Oberlin. Miss 
 Edna Hecker succeeded Mr. Jordan as Instructor in 
 Violin, also serving as Assistant in Piano. Alta Blood, 
 B. A., a graduate of Oberlin, became Academy In- 
 structor in English and History; and Miss Hazel H. 
 MacGregor, a member of the class of 1906, was ap- 
 pointed Instructor in Mathematics. 
 
 At the beginning of the year 1900-1, a new custom 
 was introduced that of "Opening Day." The 
 thought was to make the commencement of the new 
 college year more significant, by giving greater prom- 
 inence to the chapel services of the first day. This end 
 
126 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 is accomplished by having one or more addresses given 
 by. speakers from Yankton or the State; sometimes 
 from outside the State. The custom has usually been 
 observed during the intervening years. On the first 
 occasion, addresses were given by Rev. T. J. Wood- 
 cock, pastor of the Congregational church of Elk Point 
 and a member of the Board of Trustees; by Rev. H. W. 
 Jamison, of the class of 1891, pastor of the Congrega- 
 tional church of Beresford and also a Trustee, and by 
 Rev. R. H. Cantwell, pastor of the Baptist church at 
 Dell Rapids. In subsequent years, addresses have 
 been given by President George N. Ellis, of Tabor Col- 
 lege, Hon. Bartlett Tripp, Senator R. J. Gamble, and 
 others. 
 
 During this same year, the library was reclassified 
 and catalogued according to the Dewey system. This 
 work was carried through by Mrs. Julia Concannon. 
 Subsequently, the increased importance attached to 
 the library, in connection with the work of the College, 
 was indicated by the appointment of Miss Helen E. 
 Miner as Librarian. 
 
 Good progress was being made in the equipment of 
 the scientific laboratories. That year, the work in 
 Physics was made much more efficient by the expendi- 
 ture of $1000 for new apparatus. Already, Miss Fiske's 
 generous gift of $1300 had done much toward the equip- 
 ment of the Biological Laboratory, the apparatus pur- 
 chased therewith including twenty-one compound 
 microscopes. Extensive and valuable cabinets of 
 minerals and geological specimens had gradually been 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 127 
 
 accumulated, large additions being made to the 
 scientific material through the presentation of a col- 
 lection by Mr. H. W. White, of Yankton. 
 
 The catalogue of this year (1900-1) announces a new 
 addition to the list of prizes, namely: the Drake Prizes 
 one of fifteen dollars, the other of ten dollars of- 
 fered annually by Mr. J. M'E. Drake, of the Youth's 
 Companion, Boston, Massachusetts, to the two members 
 of the Freshman class who secure the best record in the 
 regular work of that class during the first semester. 
 The first winners of these prizes were Mabelle Huntley, 
 of Highmore, and Henry Tammen, of Yankton. This 
 year, also, the Valentine Prizes, amounting to twenty- 
 five dollars, were established by Dr. E. M. Valentine, 
 of Yankton, to be given for excellence in Declamation, 
 thus taking the place of the old Churchill Prizes. The 
 "Alexandria" Prizes, amounting to twenty dollars, 
 were given for the last time this year. For ten years 
 they had been presented by Mr. I. J. Gray, formerly 
 of Alexandria, to the two young women of the College 
 and Academy who should write the best essays on as- 
 signed topics. 
 
 At the Christmas holidays, a very successful meeting 
 of the State Teachers' Association was held at the Col- 
 lege. 
 
 In the spring, a new departure was made in Athletics, 
 by the employment of a coach, who was engaged ex- 
 clusively for this work by the Athletic Association. 
 Soon after, as has been already stated, this work became 
 a part of the duties of an Academy Instructor an 
 
128 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 arrangement which has continued to the present time. 
 Whether it was due to the new system, or to other 
 reasons, the final score at the Intercollegiate Contest 
 stood as follows: Brookings, 65; Yankton, 65 J; 
 Mitchell, 5 if ; Redfield, 8. In the Oratorical Contest, 
 the outcome was not equally satisfactory; though Mr. 
 E. D. Schoenberger, the Yankton orator, secured first 
 place from all the judges in thought and composition. 
 Miss Edith Noble, the Mitchell representative, did the 
 same in delivery, and thereby secured first place, Mr. 
 Schoenberger getting second. The record in Athletics 
 was maintained in a dual meet with Morningside Col- 
 lege early in June, Yankton securing seventy-six 
 points; Morningside, twenty-eight. 
 
 The graduating class of this year enjoys the distinc- 
 tion of being the largest in the history of the institution, 
 containing nine young men and two young women. 
 The young men were the following: George Benson 
 Ames, Raymond Bridgman, Eugene Forester Judson, 
 Richard Frank Marwood, Francis Fordham Nash, 
 Reuben Harlan Osgood, Emmanuel Deogratias Schoen- 
 berger, Ralph Waldo Thwing, and Claude Cornelius 
 VanNuys. The young women were Daisy E. Eyerly 
 and Agnes Fenenga. 
 
 In November, 1901, the State Convention of the 
 Young Women's Christian Associations was held at 
 the College, the occasion passing off very successfully, 
 with the largest record of attendance up to that time. 
 
 In January, a course in Domestic Economy was in- 
 troduced, with Mrs. Tanzy, the Matron, as Instructor. 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 129 
 
 However, the course was maintained for only two 
 years. 
 
 Of the year 1902-3, one of the most notable events 
 was the introduction of the Annual High School Con- 
 tests in Declamation and Athletics, which have been 
 a prominent feature of the latter part of the college year 
 ever since. The initiation of the plan was due to Mr. 
 J. L. Griffith, Physical Director for Young Men at 
 that time, who had been familiar with a similar plan 
 as a student at Beloit. Invitations were sent to the 
 leading high schools of the State asking them to send 
 their champions in Declamation and their athletes, for 
 the purpose of utilizing the fine facilities available at 
 Yankton, in the way of competitive contests in the two 
 lines of activity. Representatives of six schools entered 
 the Declamation Contest, namely: Centerville, Dell 
 Rapids, Hurley, Milbank, Pierre, and Scotland. The 
 result was that Robert P. Gleckler, of Pierre, won first 
 place, and Frances Irene Shreve, of Dell Rapids, second 
 place. Mr. Gleckler was presented with a gold medal, 
 and Miss Shreve with a silver one. In the Athletic 
 Contests, five schools took part, namely: Dell Rapids, 
 Pierre, Tyndall, Vermillion, and Yankton. Tyndall 
 won the greatest number of points. Gold and silver 
 medals were presented to the athletic victors also; and 
 a banner was given to the school winning first place in 
 Declamation, and also to the one doing the same in 
 Athletics. The occasion proved to be a great success, 
 which has been repeated every year since. Other im- 
 portant high schools, including those of Aberdeen, 
 
i 3 o YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 Huron, Mitchell, and Sioux Falls, have taken part in 
 these contests in more recent years. 
 
 At the Intercollegiate Oratorical Contest of that year, 
 Yankton won first place an experience that had 
 become a somewhat remote memory. For this pleasure 
 she was indebted to Miss Anna E. Bagstad, of the class 
 of 1905, whose oration had as its subject "Goethe." 
 In Athletics, however, Yankton was out-classed by 
 Brookings and Mitchell. 
 
 Toward the close of the year, the old Oratorical 
 Association, which had been in charge of the local ora- 
 torical contest, the result of which decided who should 
 be the representative of the College in the State Con- 
 test, was disbanded, and a new organization formed, 
 to be known as the Students' League of Oratory and 
 Debating. The name indicates what the functions of 
 the organization were to be; it also marks the advent 
 of a new and important line of student-activity. It was 
 arranged that the Flanagan Prize Debate should be 
 under the control of the League, and should serve as a 
 preliminary contest for determining who should be 
 intercollegiate contestants in Debate. 
 
 A new feature in the events of Commencement Week 
 was added that year, namely: a contest in Extempore 
 Speaking. Rev. Thomas L. Riggs, of Oahe, instituted 
 the contest by offering a prize of ten dollars, which was 
 divided between Mr. J. A. Fitch and Mr. J. W. F. 
 Davies. 
 
 The Class Day exercises of that year were of unusual 
 form and interest. They were held on the forenoon 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 131 
 
 of Commencement Day, the regular Commencement 
 exercises being held in the evening, instead of in the 
 forenoon, as usual. The Class Day ceremonies cen- 
 tered about the dedication of a substantial rock, with 
 the year of the class cut into it, which reposes, as a last- 
 ing memorial of the class, in front of Ward Hall. 
 Howard Guy McVay presided; Cornelius Robert 
 Buller and Fred Albert Munneke delivered orations; 
 Julia Dudley gave the class poem; Hugh Case Leibee, 
 the class history; while James William Frederick 
 Davies and Grace Esther Felber dedicated and 
 christened the stone. The Commencement address 
 was given by Rev. William Barton, D. D., of Oak Park, 
 Illinois. 
 
 A new line of work was inaugurated in the summer 
 of that year by the organization of a Summer School, 
 which aimed to give teachers an opportunity to review 
 branches already studied, or to take up new work, and, 
 furthermore, to enable College and Academy students 
 to make additional credits. As at first planned, the 
 term was five weeks in length, recitations being held 
 six days in the week. Afterwards, it was decided to 
 lengthen the term to six weeks, with recitations five days 
 in the week. For the future, the term will be eight 
 weeks in length, enabling a student to secure a semes- 
 ter's credit for a double course, that is, one in which 
 recitations are held twice a day. During the first two 
 weeks of the Summer School, the sessions of the Yank- 
 ton County Teachers' Institute are held in connection 
 with it. The faculty is composed mainly of members 
 
i 3 2 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 of the College Faculty; though a number of outsiders 
 are added for pedagogical and other special work. The 
 average attendance, thus far, has been a little above 
 one hundred. 
 
 In the following year (1903-4), Debating was one of 
 the chief interests. A series of contests was arranged 
 with Huron College. The question selected for the 
 first debate was " Resolved, that the Fifteenth Amend- 
 ment of the Constitution of the United States has justi- 
 fied itself." The work was new, and experience was 
 needed to show the best methods of preparation. The 
 result of the preliminary contest, which, in accordance 
 with the constitution of the Oratorical and Debating 
 League, was the Flanagan Prize Debate, was that 
 Howard H. Warren and Royal C. Frisbie were selected 
 as Yankton's representatives; while Messrs. Dobson 
 and Grossman were Huron's champions. Huron sup- 
 ported the affirmative, and gained the votes of two 
 judges. The defeat caused Yankton to feel that more 
 thorough and systematic preparation must be made for 
 future contests. 
 
 This year also witnessed the birth of a new organi- 
 zation the "Y Club" composed of those young 
 men who, as a token of their success in Athletics, had 
 been decorated with gold Y's. The Club aims primar- 
 ily to encourage an interest in Athletics; but it is also 
 not unmindful of the social side of student-life. Its 
 annual banquet is one of the prominent social events 
 of the year. 
 
 Another new feature introduced this year was the 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 133 
 
 inauguration of the custom of observing "Founder's 
 Day", in memory of Dr. Ward. It seemed to the 
 Faculty eminently fitting that some means should be 
 devised for keeping fresh in the memory of those con- 
 nected with the College, whether as teachers or stu- 
 dents, the vitally important part played by Dr. Ward 
 in the establishment of the institution, and in the set- 
 ting up of its ideals. Accordingly, it was decided that 
 May 5 Dr. Ward's birthday should be designated 
 in the College calendar as " Founder's Day;" and that 
 annually, on that day, addresses should be made com- 
 memorative of his life and work. These exercises 
 are usually held in connection with the regular chapel 
 services. 
 
 On the first occasion, Hon. Bartlett Tripp, who had 
 been intimately acquainted with Dr. Ward, told some- 
 thing of his memories and impressions of him mem- 
 ories and impressions some of which long antedated 
 the founding of the College. Professor McMurtry, also, 
 whose connection with the College preceded by over 
 two years the death of Dr. Ward, told somewhat of his 
 memories and impressions regarding "the Founder" 
 and the early history of the College. At the second 
 celebration of the day, Mr. Ephraim Miner, who had 
 been long and closely associated with Dr. Ward, in con- 
 nection with the church and the College as well as in 
 business relations, was one of the speakers; while Pro- 
 fessor Durand spoke from the standpoint of one who 
 had been a student during his presidency. For the 
 following year, the speakers were Hon. L. B. French, 
 
134 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 a prominent lawyer and long-time resident of Yankton, 
 who had been well acquainted with Dr. Ward, and Mrs. 
 Malcolm Walker, a Yankton lady who was closely 
 connected with him by marriage, and had known him 
 intimately from his boyhood. Mrs. Walker's address 
 was one of great interest and charm, and was after- 
 wards printed in pamphlet form. Inasmuch as the day 
 came on Sunday in the present year, and since, further- 
 more, Dr. Ward was the founder of the Yankton church 
 almost as truly as he was of the College, it seemed highly 
 fitting that the observance of the occasion should take 
 place in the Church. Accordingly, Rev. F. V. Stevens, 
 the pastor, devoted his sermon to a strong and impress- 
 ive discussion of the spirit and ideals manifested in Dr. 
 Ward's life. 
 
 During the year 1904-5, the courses of study were 
 remodeled, a number of important changes being intro- 
 duced. The semester system was adopted in place of 
 the former three-term division of the college year. 
 The requirements for admission to the Freshman class 
 were stated in a more satisfactory way. Instead of the 
 old plan of three separate College courses, leading to 
 three distinct degrees, one flexible scheme was adopted, 
 permitting a wide range of variation, but in every case 
 leading to the degree of B. A. 
 
 The possibilities of election were increased; but, at 
 the same time, they were controlled by a carefully con- 
 structed outline, aiming to embody the best results 
 hitherto attained in the evolution of college courses. 
 In brief, the plan provides that the course of study 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 135 
 
 followed by each student taking a regular course 
 should embrace three constituents, entitled "Required 
 Courses," "Free Electives," and "Majors and Minors." 
 The Required Courses, amounting to seven year-cred- 
 its, include the courses which, in the judgment of the 
 Faculty, it is well for every liberally educated person to 
 pursue. The Free Electives, amounting to five year- 
 credits, represent the student's unfettered liking and 
 choice; while the Majors and Minors, equivalent to 
 four year-credits, are composed of two lines of work, 
 of which the Majors require three times as much work 
 as the Minors. The three constituents accordingly, 
 represent the judgment of the Faculty, the individual 
 likings and aptitudes of the student, and, finally, a com- 
 bination of the two; inasmuch as the student decides 
 what his Major and Minor shall be, but the choice is 
 made from a number of combinations proposed by the 
 Faculty, and the time is prescribed, for which the sub- 
 jects chosen shall be studied. The special object of the 
 Majors and Minors is to provide that every student 
 who completes a course, shall have the opportunity to 
 learn what scholarly work really means, by prosecut- 
 ing, for a considerable length of tune, work in a com- 
 paratively limited field. In the Academy courses, no 
 important changes were made, except the addition of 
 another year of work, mainly of collegiate grade, to the 
 Normal Course. 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Association had con- 
 ducted a lecture course for a considerable number of 
 years; but finding that the normal tendency was toward 
 
136 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 a deficit as the outcome, they decided to cease making 
 the attempt to carry on a course, for a time at least. 
 At President Warren's suggestion, and with his co- 
 operation, the following plan was devised for paying 
 off the debt incurred by the Association in its efforts to 
 maintain a lecture course. Some prominent lecturer 
 would be asked to contribute a lecture, as an aid toward 
 the end sought, for his expenses or other nominal sum. 
 On December i, Dr. Gunsaulus, the famous Chicago 
 preacher and orator, gave a much-enjoyed lecture under 
 such an arrangement. In the following year, Dr. 
 Lyman B. Sperry, who, in former years, had delivered 
 a series of lectures to the students, kindly consented to 
 repeat the favor conferred by Dr. Gunsaulus; while 
 early in the present year, Rev. Charles M. Sheldon con- 
 sented to revisit his boyhood home on a similar errand. 
 With such helpers, the debt was gradually lessened; 
 and, at the same time, much of pleasure and inspiration 
 came to the students in the course of the process. 
 
 The increased number of students in the College 
 proper had caused the young men to feel that the one 
 literary society that had hitherto sufficed for them 
 the Thegn was inadequate to meet the need. Hence, 
 from the membership of the Thegn and new students, 
 two College young men's societies were formed at the 
 beginning of the year 1905, one of which retained the 
 old name; while the other designated itself as the 
 Adelphian. The division introduced an element of 
 friendly competition that has added somewhat to the 
 interest taken in society activities an element of 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 137 
 
 rivalry that has been utilized especially in connection 
 with preparation for Intercollegiate Debates. 
 
 In the course of this same year (1904-5), a step for- 
 ward, of minor importance, and yet of interest, was 
 taken by the creation of an official seal. Dr. Ward had 
 drawn a sketch embodying his ideas as to the proper 
 design; but, unfortunately, this drawing had been lost. 
 However, the recollections of those who had seeen it 
 especially of Mrs. Ward were utilized, and to some 
 extent were embodied in the new device. Previous to 
 the Commencement of 1904, four designs had been 
 worked out, and submitted for suggestions to the Fac- 
 ulty, students, and other persons interested. At the 
 Commencement Collation, a vote was taken to deter- 
 mine the first choice among the four designs. The one 
 favored by the majority served as a model. About the 
 outer margin runs the legend, "Yankton College 
 Founded 1881." Within a triple inner circle is a cross 
 shedding light upon a book, beneath which is the Col- 
 lege motto "Christ for the World." 
 
 On March 22, the corner-stone of the new library 
 building was laid, with simple, but appropriate, cere- 
 monies, Hon. C. H. Dillon, of Yankton, Vice President 
 of the Board of Trustees, speaking for that body, and 
 Professor Durand for the Faculty. The construction 
 proceeded with so little delay that the formal ceremonies 
 celebrating the opening of the building were held on 
 the evening of October n. The main address was 
 delivered by Rev. W. J. Turner, of Norfolk, Nebraska, 
 in the Chapel; after which the large audience present 
 
138 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 adjourned to the brilliantly lighted new structure, 
 where briefer speeches were made by President War- 
 ren regarding the donor; by Mr. Harry Deiman, on the 
 subject, "The Library from the Student's Standpoint"; 
 by Professor McMurtry, on "The Library from the 
 Faculty Standpoint"; by Senator R. J. Gamble, on 
 "The Library as Viewed by the Citizens"; finally, by 
 Secretary Lay, on "Cost, Construction, and Future 
 Improvements of the Building." The structure 
 the fifth of the larger buildings upon the Campus is 
 of brick, fifty by sixty-nine feet in extent, containing 
 two stories. On the lower floor are the office of the 
 College Secretary, a recitation-room, a work-room for 
 cataloguing, and the furnace-room. On the second 
 floor, are the large and beautiful reading-room and the 
 finely equipped stack-room. The complete plan pro- 
 vides for the ultimate addition of two wings, when need 
 for them shall arise. The universal feeling was that the 
 construction of this building marked a very important 
 step forward. 
 
 On April 28, the second debate with Huron College 
 occurred, the question being "Resolved, that the Im- 
 migration Laws of the United States should be made 
 Uniform with respect to All Nationalities." Messrs. 
 R. C. Frisbie and S. D. Thornton represented Yankton; 
 while Huron was represented by Messrs. Starring and 
 Appel. The decision of the judges was unanimously 
 in favor of Yankton, the defeat of the previous year 
 being thus more than atoned for. 
 
 On April 10, for the first time in the history of the 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 139 
 
 College, occurred the presentation of a Classical play. 
 The "Phormio" of Terence, one of the Latin comedies, 
 had been carefully translated by advanced students in 
 Latin; and, on the evening of the above-mentioned 
 day, it was very successfully and pleasingly put upon 
 the stage under the direction of Professor Smith. 
 
 This year, for the first time since 1897, the Intercol- 
 legiate Contests in Oratory and Athletics were held at 
 Yankton. In the former, Mr. Clarence L. Holmes 
 represented Yankton, receiving fourth place, Mr. Tan- 
 ner, of Mitchell, ranking first. In the latter, the Agri- 
 cultural College secured the greatest number of points, 
 Yankton coming next. Because of the small attend- 
 ance, both local and from other institutions, it seemed 
 advisable to hold the contests nearer the center of the 
 State. Hence, in the succeeding years, they have been 
 held at Huron or Mitchell. 
 
 The May Musical Festival was held this year under 
 the direction of the new head of the Conservatory 
 Professor Dailey. Three evenings were occupied by 
 the various entertainments. On the first evening, a 
 concert was given by the College Orchestra, which 
 included sixteen persons, playing eight different instru- 
 ments. On the second evening, a vocal program 
 was rendered by Mr. Gustav Holmquist, of Chicago; 
 while, on the last evening, Gounod's Redemption was 
 given very successfully by the Choral Union, with 
 Misses Jenney and Messner and Mr. Holmquist as 
 soloists. 
 
 During the summer vacation of this year (1904-5), 
 
i 4 o YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 the first session was held at the College of a Summer 
 Theological Institute a revival by President Warren 
 of a plan inaugurated by President Ward, shortly 
 before his death. The object was, primarily, to give 
 clergymen, whether Congregational or of other denom- 
 inations, the opportunity to spend two weeks in coming 
 into touch with the freshest, most inspiring, views of 
 theological, particularly biblical, subjects, as pre- 
 sented by eminent scholars and specialists. Anybody, 
 however, who was sufficiently interested in such matters 
 to give the requisite time, and to pay the modest fees 
 for tuition and board and lodging, if needed, was hearti- 
 ly welcomed. For the first session, the lecturers were 
 Dr. Bewer, Professor of Hebrew in Union Theological 
 Seminary in New York City; Dr. E. I. Bosworth, Dean 
 of the Oberlin Theological Seminary; Dr. Henry C. 
 King, President of Oberlin College, and Professor G. H. 
 Durand, of Yankton. The following summer, Dr. 
 W. G. Ballantine, formerly Professor of Hebrew, and 
 later President, of Oberlin, and Dr. Frank K. Sanders, 
 formerly Dean of the Yale Divinity School, were the 
 instructors. The attendance was not as large as was 
 desirable; but all who attended, were heartily agreed 
 that they had derived much of help and inspiration 
 from the Institute. 
 
 In the college year 1905-6, an important step forward 
 was taken by adding one year to the Academy courses 
 of study, the regular College Preparatory Courses 
 becoming four years in length; the Normal Course, 
 five years. In the case of the former, the change was 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 141 
 
 made in order to give a more thorough preparation for 
 college work, and also in recognition of the develop- 
 ment taking place in the courses of the public high 
 schools. The increased amount of work provided in 
 the Normal Course was called for by the law prescrib- 
 ing the requirements to be met by those who should be 
 able to secure five-year teachers' certificates. 
 
 It has been stated that, in the year 1902-3, the local 
 Oratorical Association was reorganized. The new 
 organization, however, proved to be a short-lived one, 
 mainly owing to the fact that, as in the past, but few 
 students took any active interest in its affairs. A new 
 plan was now proposed, aiming to introduce a more 
 satisfactory condition by making the home Oratorical 
 Contest an inter-society affair, the contestants repre- 
 senting the three College literary societies, and all 
 arrangements being placed in the hands of a committee 
 composed of a representative from each Society and a 
 member of the Faculty. A similar arrangement had 
 been adopted in matters pertaining to Intercollegiate 
 Debating. It was decided that the representatives of 
 the College in Intercollegiate Debates should be selected 
 by a lengthy series of society and inter-society debates, 
 on the same question as was to serve in the approaching 
 Intercollegiate Debate, thus ensuring the choice of the 
 most effective debaters on the question, and also their 
 thorough preparation. 
 
 A reorganization was effected, this year, in the ath- 
 letic organizations also. It was decided that, instead 
 of having separate Associations for the young men and 
 
I 4 a YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 the young women, the two should be combined into one 
 general Association, embracing the entire student-body 
 and the Faculty, which should have a general control 
 over all athletic interests. The immediate executive 
 control, however, was put under the charge of a Board 
 of Control, including three members of the Faculty, 
 one citizen of the Town, one alumnus, one representa- 
 tive of each class in the College and the Academy, one 
 of the Conservatory, one of the Y Club, and the mana- 
 gers and captains of the various athletic teams. This 
 Board was to elect its own officers, who were to serve 
 also as the officers of the Association. This scheme 
 has worked very successfully thus far, both from a 
 financial standpoint and also by securing a more widely 
 diffused interest in athletic matters. 
 
 Frequently, in the course of this narrative, has the 
 closeness of the bond uniting the College with the 
 Congregational church of Yankton become apparent. 
 It was, accordingly, a matter of much interest and regret 
 to those connected with the College, when, on March 
 8, Rev. B. G. Mattson, after holding the pastorate for 
 seven years, resigned to accept a call to Mansfield, Ohio. 
 Mr. Mattson' s ability as a preacher made it seem a 
 matter of difficulty to discover a suitable, and at the 
 same time attainable, successor. However, in securing 
 Rev. F. V. Stevens, of Whitewater, Wisconsin, both 
 church and College feel that the pulpit continues to be 
 filled by a strong and clear-headed leader and helper in 
 the spiritual life. 
 
 The third and final debate with Huron College oc- 
 curred on the evening of April 20, at Yankton. As has 
 
ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT WARREN 143 
 
 already been mentioned, in the two former debates 
 each college had been victorious once. Consequently, 
 the approach of the third was viewed with much inter- 
 est. The question selected was that of the desirability 
 of the general use of the plan of the Primary Election, 
 Yankton supporting the affirmative. The system of 
 repeated society and inter-society debates on the ques- 
 tion had resulted in the choice of a strong and well- 
 trained team, consisting of Messrs. Deiman, Amund- 
 sen, and Roberts; while Huron was represented by 
 Messrs. Appel, Weir, and Starring. They, too, were 
 excellently prepared for the hand-to-hand struggle. 
 Both sides had carried on an extensive correspondence 
 with prominent public men and authorities on the ques- 
 tion. After an exciting and strongly contested debate, 
 the judges, by a two-to-one verdict, awarded first place 
 to Yankton, thus giving the victory in the series as a 
 whole to the same institution. 
 
 At the beginning of the present year (1906-7), an 
 arrangement was made with the State Agricultural Col- 
 lege, at Brookings, to hold a series of debates. The 
 first of these, occurring early in the spring, was upon 
 the question of Compulsory Arbitration in Labor Dis- 
 putes, Yankton again maintaining the affirmative. 
 Her representatives again included Messrs. Deiman 
 and Amundsen and also Mr. Howard H. Warren, a 
 participant in the first debate with Huron. Brookings 
 sent Messrs. Dillman, Sperb, and Salmon, as her repre- 
 sentatives, and worthily did they play their part. 
 Nevertheless, the decision of the judges was in favor of 
 Yankton by two to one. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 THE PRESENT AND FUTURE 
 
 We have now followed the history of the College 
 from its founding down to the present time a period 
 including the first twenty-five years of its work. It has 
 been a record of strenuous effort in the face of lack of 
 resources and almost insurmountable difficulties; a 
 record of steadfast endurance, unfaltering courage, 
 and arduous endeavor in the midst of discouragement 
 and threatening disaster; finally, a record of fidelity 
 to unselfish aims and high and worthy ideals. It is 
 this record and its intangible, but enduring and potent, 
 impress upon the minds and hearts and lives of a mul- 
 titude of young men and women, that constitute the 
 institution's chief title to honor. These young men 
 and women the graduates and students for a longer 
 or shorter period, in the past years have, we doubt 
 not, been living more intelligently, more largely, more 
 unselfishly and usefully, because of their connection with 
 Yankton College. An institution that attains, in any 
 considerable degree, such results, has justified its right 
 to existence. While, then, with greatest pride, would 
 the College point to the lives of her sons and daughters 
 as the most satisfactory outcome of her work, yet it 
 may be well, in concluding this outline of the events in 
 
 144 
 
THE PRESENT AND FUTURE 145 
 
 her brief life, to summarize the more important facts 
 that are the outward embodiment of her inner life and 
 spirit. 
 
 The resources of the institution, including Campus, 
 buildings, endowment, and all other items, have a total 
 value of about $360,000.00. About one-half of this 
 amount consists of the endowment funds. The Cam- 
 pus contains about twenty-five acres, including the 
 Athletic Park. It is finely situated on a hill, known 
 as College Hill, immediately adjoining the main portion 
 of the City on the north. Covered with an abundant 
 growth of thrifty trees, and furnished with gracefully 
 curving cement walks, it is justly considered one of the 
 most beautiful scenes in the entire State. In the cen- 
 tral portion of the Campus are located the five main 
 buildings, namely: Ward Hall of Science, Middle Hall, 
 Dakin Hall, the Library, and the Gymnasium. On 
 the west is the residence of the President; on the east, 
 the white walls of Lay Cottage peer through the trees; 
 on the south, crowning Observatory Hill, is the Observ- 
 atory; while on the north, in the Athletic Park, is 
 the substantially constructed grandstand. 
 
 The Corporate Board, in which is vested the cor- 
 porate existence of the institution, at present contains 
 fifty-four members, namely: Pres. G. W. Nash, Aber- 
 deen; Rev. L. E. Camfield, Academy; A. S. Disbrow, 
 Alcester; Rev. D. J. Perrin, Belle Fourche; Rev. H. W. 
 Jamison and Hon. J. E. Sinclair, Beresford; Hon. 
 C. H. Cassill and Rev. G. S. Evans, Canton; Rev. 
 J. W. Todd, Centerville; Rev. D. M. Brown, Cham- 
 
146 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 berlain; Rev. E. M. Williams, D. D., Chicago, Illinois; 
 Rev. T. J. Woodcock, Elk Point; E. M. Lyman, Gettys- 
 burg; G. W. Fitch, Hurley; Rev. C. M. Daley and 
 Rev. W. H. Thrall, D. D., Huron; Hon. W. H. H. 
 Beadle, Madison; G. A. Wood, Milbank; Fred Greene, 
 Miller; Rev. A. C. Bowdish, A. E. Hitchcock, and D. 
 B. Miller, Mitchell; Rev. G. S. Pope, Oacoma; Rev. 
 T. L. Riggs, Oahe; C. L. Hyde, Pierre; H. W. Som- 
 ers, Rapid City; Charles Shade, Rock Rapids, Iowa; 
 Rev. A. L. Riggs, D. D., and F. B. Riggs, Santee, 
 Nebraska; F. A. McCornack, Sioux City, Iowa; 
 Rev. Frank Fox, D. D., Sioux Falls; Dr. J. O. 
 Duguid, Springfield; Rev. T. J. Brown, Vermillion; 
 Hon. M. J. Chaney, Wakonda; A. J. Abbott, Rev. J. 
 F. Cross, Hon. C. H. Dillon, E. C. Dudley, Hon. L. B. 
 French, Hon. R. J. Gamble, G. L. Gilman, Dr. C. C. 
 Gross, Alice R. Kingsbury, Hon. E. Miner, W. H. Mc- 
 Vay, H. H. Smith, Hon. Bartlett Tripp, L. L. Tyler, 
 Dr. E. M. Valentine, Mrs. Sarah F. Ward, Rev. H. K. 
 Warren, LL.D., G. G. Wenzlaff, E. P. Wilcox, and 
 George Wilson, Yankton. Hon. Bartlett Tripp is Chair- 
 man of the Board, and Hon. E. Miner, Secretary. 
 
 The Board of Trustees, elected from, and by, the 
 Corporate Board, has immediate charge of the general 
 administration of the affairs of the institution. It con- 
 sists of twenty-one members, each elected for three years. 
 The Board is at present constituted as follows: L. E. 
 Camfield, C. M. Daley, G. S. Evans, F. A. McCornack, 
 D. J. Perrin, Bartlett Tripp, and L. L. Tyler, with 
 term expiring in June, 1907; A. J. Abbott, C. H. Dil- 
 
THE PRESENT AND FUTURE 147 
 
 Ion, A. L. Riggs, J. E. Sinclair, W. H. Thrall, H. K. 
 Warren, and E. P. Wilcox, with term expiring in June, 
 1908; A. C. Bowdish, A. S. Disbrow, Frank Fox, H. W. 
 Jamison, H. H. Smith, George Wilson, and T. J. 
 Woodcock, with term expiring in June, 1909. The 
 officers of the Board are the following: Rev. H. K. 
 Warren, President; Hon. C. H. Dillon, Vice President; 
 Prof. G. A. Clark, Secretary; W. H. Edmunds, Treas- 
 urer. 
 
 The Faculty includes twenty-two persons ten 
 men and twelve women whose names and positions 
 are as follows: 
 
 Rev. Henry Kimball Warren, M. A., LL.D. (Olivet 
 College), President; Professor of Economics, Social 
 Science, and Pedagogy. 
 
 William John McMurtry, B. A. (Olivet College), 
 M. A. (University of Michigan), Dean of the Faculty; 
 Charlotte M. Fiske Professor of-Greek and Philosophy. 
 
 George Albert Clark, M. Ph. (Hillsdale College), 
 Elizabeth S. Fiske Professor of Chemistry and Physics. 
 
 Alice Reynolds Kingsbury, M. A. (Yankton College), 
 Professor of French and German. 
 
 George Harrison Durand, B. Ph. (Oberlin College), 
 B. A. (Harvard), M. A. (Harvard), Professor of Eng- 
 lish. 
 
 George Harvey Scott, B. A. (University of Illinois), 
 M. A. (Harvard), Professor of Mathematics and As- 
 tronomy. 
 
 Lee Nimrod Dailey, Professor of Music and Director 
 of the Conservatory. 
 
148 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 LeRoy Harris Harvey, M. S. (University of Maine), 
 Professor of Biology and Geology. 
 
 Carl E. Wallace, M. A. (University of Kansas), 
 Principal of the Academy; Professor of History and 
 Political Science. 
 
 Marvin Valette Bennett, M. A. (Wofford College), 
 Professor of Latin. 
 
 Mabel Estelle Messner, B. Ph. (Northwestern Uni- 
 versity), Dean of Women, Instructor in German. 
 
 Gertrude Elizabeth Moses, Organist and Assistant 
 in Piano. 
 
 Adeline Miriam Jenney, B. A. (University of Wis- 
 consin), Instructor in English and Greek. 
 
 Corinne Musgrove, Instructor in Voice and History 
 of Music. 
 
 Ida Belle Davis, Instructor in Elocution. 
 
 Louis Uwercks Todd, B. A. (Oberlin College), Di- 
 rector of Physical Training for Young Men, Instructor 
 in History. 
 
 Caroline Mary Coman, Director of Physical Train- 
 ing for Young Women. 
 
 Hazel Hope MacGregor, B. S. (Yankton College), 
 Instructor in Mathematics. 
 
 Alta Blood, B. A. (Oberlin College), Instructor in 
 English and History. 
 
 Anna Iverson, Instructor in Art. 
 
 Edna Hecker, Instructor in Violin and Assistant in 
 Piano. 
 
 Helen Elizabeth Miner, Librarian. 
 
 Twenty classes have been graduated from the full 
 
THE PRESENT AND FUTURE 149 
 
 College courses, including a total of ninety-nine per- 
 sons, of whom sixty-six are men, and thirty-three are 
 women. The class about to graduate at the approach- 
 ing Commencement will add nine to the number of 
 Alumni, carrying it well over into the second hundred. 
 Of the ninety-nine, two have died. The remainder 
 are engaged, so far as is known, in the following occu- 
 pations: three are physicians; six are lawyers; thir- 
 teen, clergymen; four, missionaries; six, business men; 
 two, stenographers; three, bookkeepers; one is an 
 editor; eight are farmers or ranchmen; fourteen, home- 
 keepers; one is a college president; two are college 
 professors; three, instructors in universities or colleges; 
 one is Principal of a state normal school ; one, County 
 Superintendent of Schools; six are Principals of schools; 
 nine are teachers in high schools or academies; three 
 are grade-teachers; seven are graduate students in 
 various universities and professional schools. 
 
 The total attendance for the college year 1905-6, in 
 all departments, including the Summer School, was 358. 
 
 Needy students of high character and good scholar- 
 ship receive aid from a considerable number of scholar- 
 ships. 
 
 The following endowed scholarships are available: 
 
 The John and Lydia Hawes Wood Scholarship of one 
 thousand dollars, given by Rev. John Wood and wife 
 of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, to the Congregational 
 Education Society, in trust for Yankton College, to 
 assist evangelical students in the College courses study- 
 ing for the ministry. 
 
150 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 Six hundred dollars of the Tabernacle Church 
 Scholarship, given by the Tabernacle Church, of Salem, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 The John R. Warriner Memorial Scholarship of five 
 hundred dollars, given by Miss Maria R. Warriner, of 
 Pittsfield, Massachusetts, in memory of her father. 
 
 The James H. Kyle Scholarship, of five hundred 
 dollars, given by the late Rev. James H. Kyle, of Aber- 
 deen, South Dakota. 
 
 The Albert Shurtleff Endowment Fund of five hun- 
 dred dollars, given by Albert Shurtleff, of Richland, 
 South Dakota. 
 
 The Armour Church Scholarship of two hundred 
 and fifty dollars, given by citizens of Armour, South 
 Dakota. 
 
 The Mary A. Livermore Vocal Musical Scholarship 
 of four hundred dollars, given by Rev. D. P. Liver- 
 more, of Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 The Disbrow Scholarship of five hundred dollars, 
 given by A. S. Disbrow, of Alcester, South Dakota. 
 
 The Hoard Scholarship of five hundred dollars, given 
 by J. G. Hoard, of Alcester, South Dakota. 
 
 The Lucinda Smith Scholarship of one thousand 
 dollars, given by Lucinda Smith, of South Boston, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Interest is available on the following scholarship: 
 
 A scholarship of three hundred dollars, given by Rev. 
 C. M. Daley, of Huron, South Dakota. 
 
 The following endowed scholarships are not avail- 
 able: 
 
THE PRESENT AND FUTURE 151 
 
 The Julia A. W. Ford Memorial Scholarship of two 
 thousand dollars, from the estate of Mrs. Julia A. W. 
 Ford, of Lynn, Massachusetts. 
 
 The Edward Taylor Scholarship of one thousand 
 dollars, given by Edward Taylor, of Andover, Massa- 
 chusetts, to assist young men studying for the ministry. 
 
 The Mrs. Lucy W. Swan Memorial Scholarship of 
 one thousand dollars, given by C. L. Swan, of Clinton, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 The Edmund Kimball Scholarship of one thousand 
 dollars, in memory of Captain Edmund Kimball, of 
 Wenham, Massachusetts, "a noble Christian sea- 
 captain." 
 
 A scholarship of one thousand dollars, given by Miss 
 Elizabeth S. Fiske, of Boston, Massachusetts. 
 
 The Edmund Tuttle Memorial Scholarship of five 
 hundred dollars, given by Mrs. W. B. Hubbard, of 
 Sherburne, Minnesota, in memory of her father. 
 
 A scholarship of five hundred dollars, given by the 
 Union Congregational Church, of Boston, Massachu- 
 setts. 
 
 Four hundred dollars of the Tabernacle Church 
 Scholarship, given by the Tabernacle Church, of Salem, 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 The immediately preceding pages have aimed to 
 give a brief outline of the more tangible facts that may 
 convey some idea of the results that have been attained 
 in the upbuilding of the institution, in the first quarter- 
 century of its existence. It seemed fitting to the Trustees 
 and Faculty that the completion of this period should 
 
152 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 receive special recognition. It appeared to them that 
 the occasion should be regarded as one of not merely 
 local or denominational significance; inasmuch as this 
 college was the first institution of higher learning to 
 begin work in the Dakotas. Accordingly, throughout 
 the year, preparations have been going on to celebrate 
 the quarter-centennial in a large and worthy way. 
 These commemorative exercises will take place during 
 Commencement week. The Commencement address 
 will be given by Dr. Graham Taylor, of Chicago. The 
 special features of the week will consist of brief ad- 
 dresses, relating to the past history of the College, by 
 present and former members of the Faculty and repre- 
 sentatives of the Alumni; addresses by some of the 
 most prominent Congregationalists of the country; an 
 address of welcome by the President of the College, 
 to which responses will be given by representatives of 
 the Nation, State, and City, of colleges and universities 
 within and without the State, and of the Alumni; mu- 
 sical and other entertainments; all to conclude with 
 a "Town and College" Banquet, to be given by the 
 Trustees, Faculty, Alumni, and the Commercial Asso- 
 ciation of Yankton. It is expected that a large num- 
 ber of the Alumni, former students, and friends of the 
 College will be present; and that the whole occasion 
 will be one of unique significance in the history of the 
 institution. It is earnestly hoped, also, that there may 
 spring from it a renewed interest in, and enthusiasm 
 for, the College, on the part of all its friends and sup- 
 porters an interest and enthusiasm that shall result 
 
THE PRESENT AND FUTURE 153 
 
 in a strong and lasting impetus to future growth and 
 development. 
 
 To emphasize still further the importance of the 
 Anniversary Celebration, a number of special publica- 
 tions are being prepared, including a beautiful and 
 artistic book of views of the College and of the Town; 
 a special illustrated Anniversary number of The Stu- 
 dent that shall constitute a record worthy of the occasion, 
 and, finally, this historical sketch of the first twenty-five 
 years in the life of the institution. 
 
 So much for the past and present. What of the 
 future ? What record of inspiring successes, or of dis- 
 heartening failures will the coming quarter-century 
 unfold? That a large measure of success has already 
 been attained, and that, too, in the face of great diffi- 
 culties, no one can deny; and it would seem that the 
 substantial achievements of the past furnish a strong 
 pledge of continued progress in the future. Never- 
 theless, the difficulties are far from having taken a 
 final departure. Doubtless, it is largely true that the 
 more a college gets, the more it needs; and the day 
 is far remote when Yankton College will cease to be, 
 in part, dependent upon the generous gifts of those who 
 appreciate the service rendered by such institutions. 
 More and more, however, must such gifts come from 
 home friends, rather than from generous Eastern 
 givers. Our State is rapidly developing in wealth; 
 and, naturally, it is felt by those in the East who have 
 the ability and the willingness to give, that their bene- 
 factions should be turned in : directions where gr'eater 
 
154 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 need exists. Yet, money is not the only requisite for the 
 building up of a strong and influential college. Stu- 
 dents, also, must be attracted and held. With the 
 development, however, of the public high schools, 
 which has already begun in the State, and which will 
 proceed with greater rapidity in the future, less and less 
 may our Academy be looked to for supplying College 
 students; and more and more must the College mani- 
 fest an ability to draw to itself a due proportion of the 
 graduates of high schools, to the end that it may lead 
 them on into larger, richer, more fruitful lives. Only 
 so can the institution carry out the high purposes for 
 which it was established; for which Dr. Ward pleaded 
 so eloquently in his inaugural address. Nevertheless, 
 here, at the point of highest duty and privilege, is located 
 also Yankton's special difficulty. For a number of 
 reasons, chief among which are, perhaps, proximity 
 to the State University; location on the very border of 
 the State; the existence of a second Congregational 
 college in the State; a certain lack of denominational 
 loyalty more characteristic of Congregationalists than 
 of denominations under the control of strong eccle- 
 siastical organizations; finally, the fidelity with which 
 Yankton has, on the whole,, adhered to the college ideal, 
 to the neglect of appeals to the so-called practical in- 
 terests of possible students for all these reasons and, 
 possibly, others, the increase in attendance, especially 
 in the regular collegiate classes, is not fully commen- 
 surate with the fine record which the institution, has 
 made, nor with its equipment, which, for regular col- 
 
THE PRESENT AND FUTURE 155 
 
 lege work, is probably unequaled elsewhere in the 
 State, nor with the ability and training of its Faculty. 
 The question arises, then, as to the method by which 
 the College may realize the surely not unworthy ambi- 
 tion of utilizing, for the good of the Commonwealth 
 as well as its own continued development and increase 
 in influence and helpfulness, all the resources and 
 capacities for the enlargement and enrichment of young 
 lives that it possesses. Shall this high end be sought 
 by a lowering of ideals; by, at least, ceasing to make 
 the development of a college, in the best and truest 
 sense of the word, the one dominant purpose, to which 
 everything that is opposed must give way? To this 
 question, I would reply that such a solution of our 
 problem would be a mistaken solution; that it would 
 involve an abandonment of the basis upon which the 
 institution was founded; that it would mean the re- 
 nouncement of that which has been the most worthy 
 element in the past success of the institution, namely: 
 its fidelity to the college idea and ideals to those 
 conceptions of the meaning and function of the col- 
 lege as an institution that were so admirably expressed 
 by Dr. Ward at the beginning. In his inaugural ad- 
 dress, he gives utterance to the most frank and un- 
 sparing criticism of certain tendencies that were mani- 
 festing themselves in the life of that period, and with 
 special rankness of growth in Western communities 
 the mad rush for wealth and power, the impatience to 
 realize speedy and tangible results, the inability to 
 appreciate .the importance of a quiet, patient> long- 
 
156 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 continued effort to reap the fruits of the spirit, as con- 
 stituting the only satisfying and lasting outcome of 
 human life. Speaking approvingly of Matthew Ar- 
 nold's criticism of American life as lacking in sanity 
 and poise, he raises the following question in sub- 
 stance : If the English critic, as the result of his observ- 
 ation of American life as manifested in the East, with 
 its stores of inherited culture and refinement, felt im- 
 pelled to give expression to his sense of serious defects, 
 what would he have said, had he come into contact 
 with Western life? In like manner, we may say: 
 If Dr. Ward thus judged of American and Western life 
 nearly a quarter of a century ago, what words could he 
 find suitable for expressing what he would now feel, 
 had he the opportunity of observing how, during that 
 time, the tendencies toward practical materialism and 
 atheism as manifested in a mad struggle for wealth, 
 for power, for social position and display, even at the 
 sacrifice of peace and happiness and honor, have be- 
 come still stronger, still more widely prevalent ? 
 
 Pleasant it is to admit that recent years have wit- 
 nessed a formidable revolt against this triumph of ma- 
 terialistic principles and practices, especially in defense 
 of the great ideal of Social Righteousness. Yet, who 
 can deny that, for many a year to come, there will be 
 need that all the forces and institutions pledged to the 
 upholding of an idealistic, a truly Christian, interpre- 
 tation of life, should unceasingly offer the most stren- 
 uous opposition to . the smug Philistinism involved in 
 the unquestioning .beliei that outward success the 
 
THE PRESENT AND FUTURE 157 
 
 attainment of a respectable position and social recogni- 
 tion is the one sole, all-inclusive end of life, by which 
 the worth of everything else must be measured? In 
 truth, the wide-spread prevalence of this totally inade- 
 quate, this fundamentally unchristian conception of the 
 meaning and end of life, opposed as it is to Christ's 
 doctrine of seeking first the Kingdom of God and His 
 righteousness, in the peaceful confidence that the other 
 things, so far as they are needed, will be added, is the 
 main source of the chief evils the vulgar, sordid 
 ambitions, the restless strivings, the inability to enjoy 
 the simple pleasures of life, the lack of reverence for 
 what is high and noble, the betrayal of private and 
 public trusts which infest American life to-day, and 
 cause the world to wonder whether its boasted democ- 
 racy is not a hollow pretense and mockery; for, surely, 
 it is the fundamental principle of democracy that in the 
 human personality itself, rather than in the outward 
 and artificial trappings whether of hereditary rank 
 or of material wealth, lies the true seat and measure of 
 worth and dignity. 
 
 Is it not just this point of weakness, of peril to the 
 lasting success of democratic principles and ideals, that 
 the American college is called upon to strengthen and 
 defend called upon by past traditions and ideals; 
 by the deepest needs, the most threatening dangers of 
 the present; finally, by the most momentous issues of 
 the future? Certainly, no more fitting, no more im- 
 portant task can the college as an institution find than 
 to lead the minds and hearts of young men and women 
 
158 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 of exceptional endowments and ambitions into a large 
 and true view of what life really means, or may mean ; 
 of what is the best use to which their endowments can 
 be put; of what are the highest and noblest ends to 
 which their ambitions can be directed. These su- 
 premely important lessons can be conveyed only by the 
 adequate teaching of the best in the realms of thought, 
 of feeling, and of action, yet attained by the race, in an 
 atmosphere pervaded by the spirit of these supreme 
 results of human endeavor, with the aid of such student- 
 organizations and activities as shall tgive opportunity 
 for the practical application of the lessons of idealism, 
 and for the development of the spirit of fellowship and 
 of social service and unselfish leadership. An insti- 
 tution pursuing such aims, with such a spirit animating 
 its teachers and students, has a rightful claim to the hon- 
 orable designation of American College. The grad- 
 uates of such an institution will go forth with a clear 
 insight into the defects of popular standards and ideals 
 an insight that will lead them to assume an attitude, 
 not of critical Pharisaism, but of earnest desire to con- 
 tribute what in them lies of help and guidance; assur- 
 edly, they will not go forth with the attainment of out- 
 ward personal success as their chief aim in life an 
 aim that would make it easy and natural for them to 
 adopt the tricks of trade, the politician's wiles, the sac - 
 rifice of principle to cheap popularity. 
 
 In a new, and, as yet, largely undeveloped common- 
 wealth, from necessity much engrossed with material 
 interests, the development of such an institution will, 
 
THE PRESENT AND FUTURE 159 
 
 necessarily, be slow. Fine, highly organized fruit 
 must not be expected to equal the pumpkin in rapidity of 
 growth. Unavoidably, such an institution must be 
 itself one of the main agencies in begetting in the public 
 mind a perception and appreciation of the need and 
 worth of it. But if an institution remains true to such 
 a high and truly democratic conception of its mission, 
 that perception and appreciation are sure to come. It 
 will be clearly seen that no institution, of whatever 
 sort, deserves more highly of the State, than one which 
 instills into the minds and hearts of young men and 
 women such a spirit of loyal, unselfish devotion to the 
 highest and best interests of the Commonwealth. Cer- 
 tainly, an indispensable condition of the development 
 of such a spirit of appreciation in the minds of the 
 people of the State is an attitude of manifest loyalty to 
 all the interests and institutions of the State, on the part 
 of everyone connected with the College. An admir- 
 able illustration of the right attitude is furnished 
 by the part played by President Warren in the move- 
 ment that resulted in the organization of the State Asso- 
 ciation of Charities and Correction. On the other 
 hand, in connection with the passage of a bill, during 
 the recent session of the Legislature, authorizing the 
 construction of a new building for the State University, 
 it was insinuated in the papers that the Yankton 
 County members voted against the bill because of their 
 interest in the local institution. I know nothing what- 
 ever as to the truthfulness of the insinuation; but, with 
 the fullest appreciation of the desire to be loyal to the 
 
160 YANKTON COLLEGE 
 
 College, I am very sure that any such partisan mani- 
 festation of that desire, whenever and wherever it 
 occurs, works ultimately for the injury, not the benefit, 
 of the institution. 
 
 I close with a reiteration of my unquestioning accept- 
 ance of two beliefs: first, that the most important 
 factor in the success of our College, during the first 
 quarter-century of her existence, has been a large meas- 
 ure of fidelity to the historic ideals and aims of the 
 American College; second, that the strongest pledge of 
 the continuance of her success during the second quar- 
 ter-century will be an increasingly earnest and thorough 
 devotion of herself and all her powers and resources to 
 the embodiment of those same great ideals in the minds 
 and hearts and lives of her students, and, through them, 
 in the life and institutions of our State; amid whatever 
 changes in means and methods changing times and 
 circumstances may render advisable. 
 
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