UC-NRLF ^B IID SMS NREMEY' GIFT OF Ba ha i fVAbli .sh'i n^ Soci ety !?0/?/ /i^O. v.. To .'..LLi/vvcwn^^ I Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/constructiveprinOOremerich Constructive Principles The Bahai Movement A summary of the history, object and institutions of the Bahai Religious Teachings BY CHARLES MASON REMEY , 1917 H /?v^ Copyright. 1917 By Chaxlbs Mason Rbmby Price, - - $0.40 net Postage, - $0.10 additional This book and all other publications pertaining to the Bahai Movement, can be had by applying to The Bahai Pubi^ishing Society P. O. Box 283 Chicago, - Ili^inois ;, Printed by *«J. D. MiLAirs A SoK8 . W»shin|rt04, D. C, CONTENTS I. Foreword 5 II. Religion Needed 9 III. The Bahai Movement - - - - 15 IV. Basic Spiritual Truths - - - - 25 V. Religion — the Foundation of Civilization - 31 VI. The Oneness of Humanity - - - 37 VII. The Great Divine Teacher, and the New Age 45 VIII. The Mashrak-El-Azkar - - - - 53 IX. Afterword 59 371944 NOTE IN conformity with Abdul Baha's instructions, and ac- * cording to prevailing custom among the Bahais regard- ing publications, to insure accuracy of statement and to obtain a spiritual interpretation in harmony with that of the Cause, this article was reviewed and authorized by the Bahai Publicity Committee, appointed by the Executive Board of the Bahai Temple Unity entrusted with the affairs of the Unity of the current year, in the annual convention of Bahais, held at Chicago, April 29th— May 2nd, 1916. C. M. R. October 9, 1916. ABDUL. BAHA From the portrait by Juliet Thompson I. FOREWORD FOREWORD. Special unrest and change of thought have been pecu- liar to the religious world of these latter years, and many people now look beyond the man-made barriers of sect and creed to seek along universal channels of divine knowledge for that moral and spiritual assurance and poise which every soul craves and which truth gives. This seeking and running to and fro in quest of truth, is bringing many sincere men and women to inquire into the principles and the objects of the Bahai Movement that is daily more recognized and known throughout the realm of religion and philosophy as the great spiritual teaching in which all religious faiths have a common ground, a basis upon which to unite, in those matters that are essential and needful in producing religious harmony among men, as well as in bettering their temporal condi- tion. The hope of the writer in preparing this small volume is to place a brief and concise statement within the hands of the many who wish to understand the Bahai Move- ment, and to know what it offers to humanity. II. RELIGION NEEDED RELIGION NEEDED. It is open to but little question, and now generally ad- mitted, that there is something radically wrong or lack- ing, in the religious world. The great test, "By their fruits ye shall know them," has quite demonstrated to the thinking world during the past two or three years of carnage and bloodshed, that humanity has been deceiving itself in believing that its conception of religion was the potent factor for peace and righteousness its expounders purported it to be. The truth of the matter is that from the world of con- ventional religious thought the vital spirit of the true reality of religion has departed, leaving behind but an empty form — the husk without the kernel. Such cataclysms as the world is now suffering, caused by the absence of the spirit of true religion in the souls of individuals and of nations, are at last causing people to awake to the real spiritual needs of humanity. Many souls are now recognizing that this general misery and suffering is fundamentally due to the fact that the vital constructive spiritual reality of divine religion is not sufficiently realized in the lives of peoples, and that peace and prosperity, happiness and joy can only be known when this vital spiritual reality of religion is born into the souls of men and manifesting in their daily deeds. If material and intellectual advancement could in them- selves produce ideal conditions in the world, the present 12 Constructive Principles advanced world-culture would offer different evidence than that we are now facing. There was a time, not long past, when many eloquent leaders of thought disabused innumerable minds of their time-honored superstitions and erroneous beliefs that through the imaginations of men had so encrusted true religion as to deaden and obscure its light, and prevent its penetrating those veiling forms and thoughts. Be- cause of apparent contradictions in religious teachings, discrepancies, and lack of reason and common sense, many earnest, thoughtful souls were repelled, abandoned older systems of belief and formulated newer ones more in harmony with their own views of things spiritual, while others threw aside all religious affiliations of whatever sort discarding along with the dross the good that should have been retained — as the pendulum of spiritual sin- cerity swung to the other extreme. In this day it is of utmost import that those who are studying the matter have noted that the period of re- ligious iconoclasm has passed. Many of the superstitions have been eliminated from religion and more are being discarded by the people, and now the question in their minds is not, as formerly what not to believe of creed and dogma, so much as what to know in order to be spiritually and morally reinforced for all the problems of life. The religious upheaval which has continued for a gen- eration or more, has so prepared the hearts and minds of mankind, that the iconoclast and the destroyer no longer o^ THE Bahai Movement 13 find listeners, for the ears of the multitude are open to those who have constructive and demonstrable truth to give forth. Humanity is more than ever led by the con- structive principles of truth, and while thinking people have in no way returned to the old discarded ideas and religious forms, yet they are seeking religious truth, and it is evident that atheism and agnosticism are on the de- crease. Nowhere is this more noticeable than among scientists and other deep thinkers who realize the dynamic force of religion for inspiring humanity to constructive and productive spiritual idealism — acknowledged as the most necessary factor in the progress and equilibrium of the race, the inner spiritual illumination that is the basic foundation of true social and economic tranquility and happiness, and the source of advancement of real civili- zation. This illumination quickens the soul of man, freeing him from limitations of the past, displacing fear by courage, and despondency by hope and assurance. This spirit quickens and gives life to all latent possibilities and ca- pacities for good. Thus, true religion is the source of human progress, while a false religion of spiritless, dead ideals causes both moral apathy and physical degenera- tion. Thus, progressive men are foremost as sincere seek- ers of truth. They are not to be satisfied by mere dogma. They wish to know reality and to see results, and then they believe in the source of living truth that proves its power and its luminousness by the life which it gives — as a life giving sun shining upon living things. III. THE BAHAI MOVEMENT THE BAHAI MOVEMENT. Religion, which is inherent in man, dates in general essence before the dawn of written history — each re- Hgious movement in its purity of truth being a phase of the one great Universal divine religion. The particular, present, latter-day phase of religion that we are here considering — the Bahai Movement — began over seventy years ago, when its first teacher arose in the year 1844, in the Southern part oY Persia, teach- ing under the title of The Bab, which term signifies door or gate. He proclaimed the approaching advent of One — a great world teacher — whose divine mission was the uniting in one great spiritual brotherhood of the peoples of all nations, races and religions, and the estab- lishment of a new spiritual era of oneness of all humanity in spiritual knowledge, and in brotherhood and peace. The Bab's teaching dwelt upon the coming of the Great Manifestation — of whom He spoke as "He Whom God Would Manifest" — exhorting the people to prepare, and purify themselves to meet this Promised One, and to be ready to serve Him when He should appear. Many seeking souls were attracted by The Bab through His purity and illumination of spirit, for in Him the peo- ple not only saw the fore-runner of the great universal messiah, but they realized in Him "The First Point" of the great new age of God in the world. To The Bab flocked people from the great religions of 18 Constructive Principles Persia. Much enthusiasm was manifested by all, and the Mohammedan clergy watched the growth of the move- ment with jealousy, because they saw thousands of their own people going out from Islam and from the super- stitions and forms which they taught. Seeing their own religious hold over the people waning before this teach- ing, these priests of Islam sought to exterminate the new movement. They incited the fanatical Moslems to pill- age, arson and murder. Thousands of the Babis (fol- lowers of The Bab as they were then called) were massa- cred, their homes burned and possessions destroyed; but notwithstanding this persecution the cause continued to grow, the blood of the martyrs being the seed. The Bab, Himself, was among the first to suffer. Scarcely had His mission begun than He was placed under military surveillance, and after two years of teach- ing under this difficulty, was cast into prison where He remained for four years, and at the expiration of that time He was tried for heresy before a clerical court was condemned and suffered a martyr's death. Not long after the martyrdom of The Bab, the great world teacher appeared, in the person of Baha'o'llah,* "He whom God Manifested." Surrounded by countless fanatical enemies who strove to destroy Him and His cause, Baha'o'llah was first known as a leader among the much persecuted Babis; then later, as His power be- came manifest to all, He was generally acknowledged to be The One Whose coming The Bab had proclaimed. From that time on the cause became known as the o^ TH^ Bahai Movement 19 Bahai Cause, and the followers, as Bahais, while the Babi Cause as a separate movement, ceased to exist, the Bab's mission and the teaching which He established being not an end in itself but preparatory to the coming of Baha'o'llah. The Mission of Baha'o'Uah lasted forty years, during which time He withstood all manner of trials and per- secutions. He was sent out from His home in Persia as an exile and a prisoner to Bagdad in Asiatic Turkey, then to Constantinople in Turkey in Europe, and later to Adrianople in Roumelia, where He remained for five years, afterward enduring with His family and about seventy followers, men, women, and children, a still more distant exile imprisonment in the fortress of Akka, in the Holy Land. In that country ever made sacred by God's prophets and Holy messengers — within view of Mount Carmel upon which Elijah and others of the Prophets had taught, and within a few miles of Nazareth where Jesus had lived — Baha'o'Uah completed the latter half of His active ministrations to humanity. During the first years of His captivity in Akka Baha'o'Uah and His followers suffered great privations. Confined in the barrack prison under conditions the most unsanitary, illness broke out and the suffering was so intense that without the faith and the assurance of soul of all incarcerated, the spirit of the community would have been quite broken, but in reality their persecution and trouble had the effect of increasing their miraculous faith and devotion. 20 Constructive Principi^es As years passed, the officials of the prison fortress city realized that Baha'o'llah manifested love, and harmony, and they became friendly, so little by little the condition of the Bahai exiled community was bettered. Baha'o'Uah was first given the liberty of the city and later He was allowed by the governor to reside beyond the walls. The followers from various countries came to receive teach- ings from Him, returning again to their own lands and peoples fired with the desire to share with others the spiritual pearls of great price which they had found, and thus the cause spread throughout various of the oriental countries. Baha'o'Uah gave His teaching and planted His cause amid humanity, thus completing His work in this world. Then for further guidance and development and for the interpretation and explanation of His teachings He desig- nated as His successor, His son Abdul Baha. With the passing from this world of Baha'o'Uah, in the late spring of 1892, began Abdul Baha's mission as the Center of The Bahai Cause. The title of servitude which he chose for himself, namely, "Abdul Baha" means "The servant of God." Abdul Baha seeks no honor nor glory for himself other than servant of those who are serving God, yet in the texts of Baha'o'Uah the spiritual station of Abdul Baha is clearly set forth as the Center of the Bahai Covenant to humanity. From his earliest childhood Abdul Baha's life has been devoted to the service of God and humanity. He was with Baha'o'Uah during the sixteen years of exile and OF THE Bahai Movement 21 travel prior to His arrival in Akka, and then began Abdul Baha's long exile of forty years in that fortress, to which the sultans of Turkey of the old regime used to send their most dreaded enemies so that its terrible conditions of filth and disease might speedily accomplish their destruction. It was in August, 1868, that Abdul Baha arrived in Akka with Baha'o'llah. In August, 1908, when the Turks revolted against former rule and established a constitu- tional form of government, Abdul Baha was officially freed. But during those years of trial Abdul Baha had accomplished his work despite the persecution of his ene- mies, while held as Baha'o'llah was held prisoner by the law of Islam because of his progress in teachings. With each added trouble came spiritual growth and strength to the cause. Throughout the years that Abdul Baha was in Akka he labored constantly with his pen and was able, from time to time to receive visits from truth seekers of Europe and America as well as of the near and far East. Now the Bahai Cause is firmly planted in both the Occi- dent and the Orient and souls are constantly arising to promote Abdul Baha's work. Some little time after the revolution in Turkey, that brought freedom from prison confinement in Akka to Abdul Baha, he went down into Egypt and from there visited Paris and London, and later, in the Spring of 1912, he came to these United States, where he spent eight months. He traveled from coast to coast and vis- ited many places where he had friends and where there 22 Constructive Principles were people who wished to hear his explanations of re- ligious questions and who were desirous of coming into closer touch with that vital illuminating spiritual force which so characterizes his presence. In America, as well as in England and in France and, subsequently upon his return to Europe, in both Germany and Austria, the pulpits of Christian churches of many de- nominations, institutions of learning, and the platforms of philosophical societies and of progressive humani- tarian movements of various kinds sought Abdul Baha, welcomed his message of peace and world oneness, and were rejoiced by the spirit which he radiated. In his many addresses, most of which have been pub- lished, Abdul Baha treats of the creative function of the religion of God, of the great world problems of this pres- ent day, and of the solution of these great human diffi- culties through the application of the true spirit of re- ligion in the lives of the people. Upon all occasions he has taught of the coming of the great world teacher and Manifestation of The Spirit, Baha'o'llah, and of the new spiritual era upon earth that Baha'o'llah inaugurated. Abdul Baha invites all people to approach the Bahai Cause and for themselves seek and partake of this divine bounty, and to become servants of God and of humanity in carrying this message of the Lord to all peoples. Those who have seen Abdul Baha, with quickened spiritual eyes of the soul, have realized in him the life giving spirit of Baha'o'llah and in Abdul Baha's life of service to humanity the manifested fruit of The Cause of Baha'o'llah. OF THE Bahai Movement 23 The Bab was the precursor and "The First Point," of this religious cause in the world of to-day. Baha'o'Uah and His teaching, formed the root of the movement, which has been compared to a tree — Abdul Baha the branch, springing from the root that is Baha'o'Uah. As the branch of the tree bears the leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, so in the life of Abdul Baha is the world witnessing the budding forth and flowering of the Bahai principles of religion and their application to the needs of humanity. IV. BASIC SPIRITUAL TRUTHS BASIC SPIRITUAL TRUTHS. The Bahai teaching is in no sense a crystalized belief or philisophy. It has within it that spiritual dynamic force or life principle that ever has been the intrinsic essence of religion eliminating those outward forms and fixed formulae of theology which characterized the ancient religions and which always caused their decay and the decline of vital power. In its beginning each relig- ious teaching in its purity was a vital spiritual force unen- cumbered by creed or dogma, yet as time rolled on the fntrmsic pure religion became encrusted with forms and ceremonies until the spiritual light became hidden or quite disappeared. Like all vital, primal religious movements. The Bahai teaching deals with divinely constructive principles — those principles moral and spiritual that govern the evolution of man, for in the realm of the soul there are working spiritual laws as unchangeable and is immutable as the laws governing the universe of inorganic matter. It is only through becoming spiritually quickened and by liv- ing in harmony with these spiritual laws of the divine realm of being, that man can arise from his natural con- dition of ignorance and savagery into a state of true knowledge and civilization. The mission of the prophets and divine teachers who have appeared in every age has been to quicken men's souls that they might perceive the truth and know God, 28 Constructive Principi^es to reveal the divine laws working in the spiritual world, and to teach humanity how to live in accordance with those laws, that man might work and progress spiritually, intellectually and materially. These vital spiritual prin- ciples the Bahai movement puts forth and upholds with all candor and fervor, because these are the foundation principles of religion, of science, and of civilization. They are living truth and have nothing to do with forms founded upon superstition and imagination. Whereas, in the formulae of some religions the people are forbidden studying for themselves or trying person- ally to understand things of the spiritual realm, in the Bahai teaching the people are exhorted not to accept merely upon blind faith, but are taught that each one should seek spiritual illumination. Through understand- ing the divine reality of religion past and present, and through living in accord with this high standard, each soul will become enlightened and strong in the truth of God, and will be enabled to lead a good and useful life in glorifying God through serving humanity. The Bahai teaching, like all true religion, is founded upon the eternal reality of the Spirit of God. True re- ligion is truth and it must all come from the inspiration of the Spirit of Truth, God. This is one of the basic principles of the Bahais, who speak of it as the funda- mental unity of all religions, for they recognize all the great religious revealers and teachers as having been in- spired from the one eternal Spirit of God, "The Word." The teaching of the prophets and their institutions varied OF TH^ Bahai Movement 29 in each age in order to meet the needs, moral and spirit- ual, of the changing epochs. As a child passes through elementary and primary grades of education and on through higher ones to the college and the university, so humanity has needed many teachers of spiritual truth, each manifesting God's spirit to man. When understood, the teachings of the many prophets are in perfect accord as are the various grades or schools of scientific knowledge, appropriate to childhood, youth and maturity; but a clear differentiatioii must be made between living truth as taught by the prophet, and the man-made-philosophies falsely attributed to prophetic teaching, in reality, formulated by individuals who have lived generations after the revelator. The pure teachings, as given by God's messengers to humanity, have been divinely constructive and they have formed the basis of real advancement and learning. The spiritual teachings were not only in harmony with the scientific thought of their times, but all later science has been in harmony with their principles ; and yet this cannot be said of the interpretations and the superstitions which have crept about the pure message of truth, through the mortal minds of men. As religions become characterized by superstitions they are the cause of hinderance instead of development of education and science; and formal crystalized religion has ever been found to be the most persistent enemy that progressive humanity has encount- ered. In all ages and under all religious systems the dog- matists have opposed and retarded advancement and 30 progress, although the divine teachers whom these for- malists claim to follow were themselves progressive. One of the great and important phases of the Bahai work is to establish this true and harmonious relation between religion, or spiritual science, or divine reality and material science or physical reality. These two go hand in hand and there is perfect harmony between them, but it is needed that man should recognize and acknowl- edge this divine reality of true religion. Freed from superstition he will then be established in his religion, not upon an unstable basis of imagination and dogma, but upon a firm basis of spiritual knowledge which nothing can shake. V. RELIGION THE FOUNDATION OF CIVILIZATION RELIGION THE FOUNDATION OF CIVILI- ZATION. It is with great interest that the material progress of the world can be traced by the student along and parallel with the moral and religious progress of humanity. That which benefits men's souls and adds to their moral strength, as does the true spirit of religion, perforce bene- fits men physically and elevates their standard of material living. Conversely, a philosophy full of superstitions and imaginations merely sophisticates the conscience and tends to stupefy the intellect and spirit of man, thereby so weakening him morally that physical degeneration takes place with a general lowering in the scale of his material life. As with the individual so with the mass in the long run, the material tranquility, happiness and progress of a nation, or people are directly proportionate to their grasp of spiritual truth, while the internal disintegration and fall of a people is always due to deviation from the fun- damental constructive principles of the pure truths of religion. This basic fact is clearly to be traced in the rise and fall of the civilizations of the past. Each great civiliza- tion had its birth in a vital religious movement that up- held and represented progressive moral and spiritual principles in which both the spiritual, and material prog- ress of humanity are rooted. As time has passed the fruit 34 Constructive Principles of such true religion has appeared in the civilization of a people with its literature and arts and sciences. Upon the other hand the fall of great civilizations has, in every in- stance, been due to religious superstitions and laxity of morals, which both cause and accompany an age of relig- ious degeneration — all of which manifests in the material and physical downfall of humanity. The condition of present-day humanity illustrates this principle as vividly as conditions of any past age. In countries where the most conventional religious systems exist, one finds form and ceremonial, creed and caste most in evidence, while the mass of the people are in a state of ignorance and often in general misery. Among these people one finds beautiful religious ideals recorded in their holy books, but these have become as empty shells upon the sands, beautiful shells that testify to a life and growth of the past, but from within them the life force has gone and they now are inert or dead. Each world age has its own problems. That which conduces to the constructive development of the epoch is moral and progressive, and is truth. The Bahai Teach- ings hold that it is the duty of every soul to consider these matters, and for the universal good of humanity to sup- port these principles of true religion that are necessary for the progressing world. To-day, civilization is in a turbulent state of change. In the religious world, old conventions are being dis- carded and dynamic truths are being sought. This con- dition of truth-seeking is universally evident among peo- OF THE Bahai Movement 35 pies of all races and of all religions ; and because of this universal spiritual condition there is a merging of civili- zations from the East and the West of the present and the past, resulting in a conglomerate mass of ideals and standards all at variance. The time now is, when a new Divine Manifestation is needed establishing a universal standard of true religion that shall be the basis of the new civilization — a world civilization. The foundation of this great world-harmony, spiritual, moral and ma- terial, the Bahai founders have brought to humanity. To this end they have devoted Their lives, as the divine messengers of old sacrificing all for the truth of God and to serve the people. VI. THE ONENESS OF HUMANITY THE ONENESS OF HUMANITY. The object of true religion has ever been the oneness of the human family, and the real spirit of the teaching? of Christ and the prophets thus unites the souls of men in that spiritual state spoken of in Holy Writ as "The King- dom of the Father." Conversely, through misconception and wrong interpretation, religion has been so miscon- strued that it has often become false and a cause of in- harmony instead of peace. Some of the bitterest wars and the bloodiest crimes of history, have been due to fanaticism and other forms of false religious teachings. In defining the true object of religion Abdul Baha says : "Every religion is the greatest divine effulgence, the cause of life amongst men, the cause of the honor of hu- manity, and is productive of the life everlasting amongst humankind. Religion is not for enmity or hatred. It is not for tyranny or injustice. If religion be the cause of enmity and rancor, if it should prove the cause of alienating men, assuredly non-religion would be better. For religion and the teachings which appertain to it are as a course of treatment. What is the object of any course of treat- ment? It is cure and healing. But if the outcome of a course of treatment should be productive of mere diag- nosis and discussion of symptoms, the abolition of it is evidently preferable. In this sense, abandoning religion would be a step toward unity." The Bahai Movement teaches the abandonment of all denominational, religious, racial, national, and class preju- 40 Constructive Principles dice because hatreds have ever been destructive forces and often have been the cause of war, and bloodshed and suf- fering. People are exhorted so to conduct themselves as to conduce to the unity, harmony and general welfare of the human race. While many religious teachings condemn those per- sons holding views other than their own, Abdul Baha says: s "Baha'o'llah addresses Himself to the world of men, saying, *Ye are all leaves of one tree and the fruits of one arbor.' That is, the world of existence is no other than one tree, and nations or peoples are like unto the different branches or limbs thereof, and human individuals are similar to the fruits and blossoms thereof, while in all past religious books and epistles, the world of humanity has been divided into two parts, one called the people of the Book, or the Pure Tree, and the other, the Evil Tree. One-half of the people of the world were looked upon as belonging to the faithful, and the other as belonging to the irreligious and the infidel; one-half were consigned to the mercy of the Creator, and the other half were con- sidered as objects of the wrath of their Maker. But Baha'o'llah proclaimed the Oneness of the World of Humanity, He submerged all mankind in the Sea of Di- vine Generosity." The great spiritual teachers of the world have so modu- lated and applied their teachings as to meet the specific needs of the temporal, material and intellectual, as well as spiritual being. While the Bahai teaching is essen- tially spiritual in the abstract, it also applies its spiritual OF THE Bahai Movement 41 force to the existent age, and is emanating through the general advancement of humanity. The welfare of the individual and the welfare of the community depend upon mutual co-operation, as that which benefits the commu- nity benefits each member of the community, and that which in reality benefits the individual also benefits the community. In the Bahai teachings, this co-operation is carried fur- ther from the individual to the nation, and from the nation to all humanity. The constructiveness of the c6^ operation of nations, is advocated for the establishment and maintenance of those international institutions which would make for the peace and prosperity of the whole world; for in this universal age, now in its dawn, and for the first time in history, the problem of the inter- dependence of nations is paramount. In this developing ag^e the welfare of the nations and the welfare of human- i ity, are inseparable. One of the greatest responsibilities of the age is the adjustment of its economic difficulties. In speaking of this, Abdul Baha says : "No religious books of the past prophets speak of the economic question, while the economic problem has been thoroughly solved in the teachings of Baha'o'Uah. Cer- tain regulations are revealed which insure the welfare and well being of all humanity. Just as the rich man enjoys his rest and his pleasure surrounded by luxuries, the poor man must likewise have a home, be provided with sus- tenance, and not be in want. Until this is effected hap- piness is impossible. All are equal in the estimation of 42 Constructive Principi.es God ; there is no distinction for any soul ; all are protected beneath the justice of God." The Bahai Movement advocates a liberal education for children of both sexes, of all countries, races and re- ligions, under a universal standard of instruction and a common curriculum, thus abolishing the limitations and prejudices of local environment providing that each child be educated toward sympathy with a universal hu- manity, in this way laying the foundations and instilling ideals of a universal world citizenship, achieving the downfall of the confining and binding prejudices of past generations. Another great issue of the present day is ''Feminism." The Bahais, in all countries east and west, stand for the advancement of women and for unhampered opportuni- ties for both sexes. In countries of the Occident the emancipation of woman now seems to be progressing without much opposition, but not in the Orient, where the conventions of existing religious systems still keep woman in ignorance and bondage. In these countries a change of religion is needed to uplift women, for the old forms of their religion keep the women in ignorance. Abdul Baha, in writing to the Bahais in Persia, tells them that it is more necessary that they educate their girls than their boys, because the girls become mothers and first teachers of the following generation therefore their edu- cation is of the greatest importance. Many years ago, Baha'o'llah advocated a universal language, for the furtherance of intercommunication and OF the: Bahai Movement 43 world unity. In speaking of this, Abdul Baha says : ''The oneness of language, namely, that a universal language shall be adopted which shall be taught by all the schools and academies of the world. A committee ap- pointed by national bodies shall select a suitable language to be used as a means of international communication, and that language shall be taught in all the schools of the world in order that every one shall need but two lan- guages, his national tongue and the universal language. All will acquire the international language." In treating of world peace, which is the greatest in- sistent of to-day Abdul Baha said : "That all men and nations shall make peace ; that there shall be Universal Peace amongst governments, Universal Peace amongst religions, Universal Peace amongst races, Universal Peace amongst the denizens of all regions. To- day in the world of humanity the most important matter is the question of Universal Peace. The realization of this principle is the crying need of the time." This need of universal peace is essentially one for which true religion is the only remedy. The present war of nations has quite demonstrated to the thinking world, that the generally accepted philosophy of Christendom has been applied in theory rather than in deed, for had the nations been alive with the true spirit of Christianity, such a condition could never have arisen. Baha'o'llah laid the foundation for world peace through bringing into the world the soul-quickening spirit 44 of the reality of religion, and in the many diverse human elements which His Cause is fusing into spiritual unity can be seen the growing nucleus of this new religious life in the world. The Cause of Baha'o'llah includes also, the necessity for the establishment and the enforcement of international justice as well as of civil justice. In speaking of this Abdul Baha said: "A universal tribunal which will be under the power of God under the protection of all men. Each one must obey the decisions of this tribunal, in order to arrange the difficulties of every nation." ''About fifty years ago in the Book of Akdas, Baha'- o'llah commanded the people to establish the Universal Peace and summoned all the nations to the Divine Ban- quet of International Arbitration so that the questions of boundaries, of national honor and property and of vital interests between nations might be decided by an arbitral court of justice." ''Remember these precepts were given more than half a century ago. Baha'o'llah proclaimed them to all the sovereigns of the world. They are the spirit of this age; the light of this age; they are the well-being of this age." A new note has been sounded in the world, for in this day one's interests can no longer be restricted, but patriot- ism must become universal. Baha'o'llah struck that new note when He said : "Let not a man glory that he loves his country, but rather, let him glory that he loves his kind." VII. THE GREAT DIVINE TEACHER AND THE NEW AGE THE GREAT DIVINE TEACHER AND THE NEW AGE. The Bahai Cause teaches that the finite mind of man cannot grasp, nor form any conception of the Infinite Spirit of God for the finite mind is Hmited to the finite sphere of humanity. The desire for knowledge of the working of divine laws that govern the growth and development of the soul, is inherent in man, and in all ages he has sought religion in some form. This desire or capacity for spiritual knowledge in man has been ministered to through God's sending, from age to age, spiritually quickened human beings who revealed to the world those truths that are food and sustenance for the souls of men. Thus, divine messengers have manifested to man The Word, or living spirit of the Divine. These messengers have been men and, as other men, have lived and suffered, yet apart from this they have been differentiated from the rest of humanity by the inspirational Divine Word, which in them was manifest. These Divine Manifestations have been the sources of spiritual knowledge and the centers of true religion in humanity. They have all manifested the one same and single Divine Light. In alluding to the spirit of these divine teachers and centers of wisdom, Baha'o'llah, in one of His works, the ''Words of Wisdom" writes : 48 Constructive Principi.es "The Sun of Truth is the Word of God, upon which depends the training of the people of the country of thought. It is the Spirit of Reality and the Water of Life. All things owe their existence to it. Its mani- festation is ever according to the capacity and coloring of the mirror through which it may reflect . For example : 'Its Light, when cast on the mirrors of the wise, gives expression to wisdom ; when reflected from the minds of artists it produces manifestations of new and beautiful arts; when it shines through the minds of students it reveals knowledge and unfolds mysteries. "All things of the world arise through man and are manifest in him, through whom they find life and develop- ment; and man is dependent for his (spiritual) existence upon the Sun of The Word of God. All the good names and lofty qualities are of The Word. The Word is the Fire of God, which, glowing in the hearts of people, burns away all things that are not of God. The minds of the lovers (of God) are ever aflame with this fire.' " From the teachings and lives of the great divine teach- ers have come the great religious movements of the world, which in turn, have produced each its own evolution, advancement and civilization. It can easily be traced and seen, that "The root of all knowledge is the knowledge of God," and that the "Divine Manifestations of The Word of God" are the sources of divine knowledge and spiritual wisdom that stimulate humanity to moral and intellectual advancement, and thus they are the qualified educators of humanity. Mankind exists approximately upon a dead level for generations until a divine messenger appears. His pres- OF THE Bahai Movement 49 ence ushers in a new day or age of religious enlighten- ment. Through him and his teachings man arises to the higher spiritual and moral level of the new age. Then, after centuries, religious decay occurs, until another di- vine teacher appears to establish again the true spirit of religion which has been lost by humanity. All religions teach of the coming of a great divine, universal world-teacher, and of the new age of spiritual harmony and peace that He will inaugurate among man- kind. The Christians look for another appearance of the Christ, ''The Word"; the Jews, for their Messiah; the Moslems, for the Mahdi and The Christ ; the Zoroas- trians, for their promised one whom they call Shah Bah- ram; the Buddhists, for their great Fifth Buddha; the Hindus, for the reincarnation of Krishna, or the great Avatar; while other forms of religious thought hold the hope that a great divine master-teacher will appear, and establish Truth universal, in the world. As one studies, and delves into the reality of these various teachings with their prophetic writings of the "Promised One," he becomes assured that all these many prophe