P*]',, A/o. / Itl Division of Agricultural Sciences UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA MARIA VALLEY AND ADJACENT AREA VEGETABLE FARMS I. Organization, Inputs, and Costs Trimble R. Hedges UmvtKSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIG JUL t» )954 LIBRA RY CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION GIANNINI FOUNDATION OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Mimeographed Report No. 167 June 1954 i Santa Maria Valley and Adjacent Area Vegetable Farms I. Organization, Inputs, and Costs Trimble R. Hedges Contents Page Foreword j*j Summary ...... 2 The Farms Are in Two Subareas Near Santa Maria | Harvesting and Local Marketing Costs Exceeded Growing Costs 2 Production Costs Vary Widely Among Typical Farm Organizations and Individual Farmers 2 Power, Irrigation, and Equipment Are Important in Explaining Production Cost Variations 3 Production Costs Were Higher in Subarea II Than in Subarea I 3 Rising Prices After 1950 Brought Higher Production and Local Harvesting and Marketing Costs ^ Farm Organization, Inputs, and Costs in Vegetable Production k Natural Determinants . 5 Soils t cj Precipitation £ Temperature 7 Other Climatological Factors ... 7 Biological Determinants . 7 Vegetable Farm Organization .... 11 Total Acres in Farms n Crop Organization and Land Use 11 Economic Determinants , 4 1^ Annual Overhead Costs and Prices ..... . 15 2 as^c^-H .fl sL . It I »lt&M sjnse T.B9M 3K.«nstA amis'? oriT »t?o r i aniwo'iD 'b«»b950x3 atsoD anWsrfu4l IsooJ bns gni-taavtsH gftinlclqxa ni JnsJio-:fflI etk JneroqlupS bns t noijagjiiI ^tewol • I £9tf.dif?. ni nsrfT IT Sfiscfr/S ni lertejiH ©ieW 8.t3o0 noivtcu/boir? IcsoJ bnx no Woxit-oT^i iarigiH .Jrfguo'i? 03^1 xe-ftA secxi'i gniaiH , , noi-tru/Bo-T: p/dstegstf &jaob' bns ^aiwqnl t nol4ss cnsgiO mis'? , . . , ainsninnsrfpfl I^TuisH enojas^ isolgoio^sBixlD *»fMQ .' .' * ei nsn iffie^aCI IsojtacXolff ts"? ni; 89ia1 Jc.toT Bd bns ii Page Farm Machinery and Power Units , 15 Farm Irrigation Equipment 16 Prices of Farm Products and Materials and Services 16 Input Costs for Power, Machinery, Irrigation Equipment, and Labor 21 Tractor Use and Costs 21 Machinery Use and Costs 28 Irrigation Water Use and Costs 33 Labor Use and Costs . 36 Typical Production and Marketing Costs Per Acre for Six Farm Organizations Subarea I Farms ^6 220-Crop-Acre Farm; 1900-1952 Prices U6 3h0- and 500-Crop-Acre Farms; 1950-1952 Prices . kl Rotation Crops on 220- and 500-Crop-Acre Farms*, 1950-1952 Prices 50 Price Changes and Production Costs in Subarea I 50 Subarea II Farms $U 2li0-Crop-Acre Farmj 1950-1952 Prices 5U 150- and 320-Crop-Acre Farms; 1950-1952 Prices Sh Rotation Crops on 150-, 2U0-, and 320-Crop-Acre Farms at 1950-1952 Prices 60 Price Changes and Production Costs in Subarea II 60 Conclusions 61j Marketing and Harvesting Requirements Dominate the Cost Picture .... 6k Both Production and Harvesting and Marketing Costs Rose Between 19U8-1950 and 19U9-1952 66 Production Costs Per Container Were Lower in Subarea I Than in Subarea II 68 .*♦»».. .*.»'." Q&la!U iotoS bns yienxriosM rrrts 6 ! » i « » » '• ft # • » • • • • inswrrxirpK noi.j6gi:*nT ons'i • . 8?oxv-t93 bnr? aIsii9iJs»V bne Svt'iubot^ nnB"5 lo s^oii? t *n9.Tq.:yp3 noxiagi-TiI t yT9nirldBM t t*wo c tpI sJaCl irrq.il . .'•«*•««■•.«•••«• • "torts.! bns Bcfeo" fane ^aU ioii>s'iT . • < ••••••«•«■ 8^300 hflU 93l! row frt»a|p .......... aJaoO bne saU ^9-ixsW noi^Bsxnl .»...<..*....... aiacO bne ssU icdeJ xx3 ^oA le 5 ! acfaoO gruJ^JhsJi' bns noictvuboi*! Isoiq^T enne'H I BetsdwS aasirf Sc^I-G^i jairisg sioA-qoxO-OC? bns -Oii£ i '8jbtcb'5 9-i!?-\-qotO-CIC5 fans -OSS no ecoiO nolistcH I seisdx/2 ni aiaoD noitfaubo"rt bns as^nsriD 9oii*l i • . • • * • • « *•••*••* ••• • vms'i H «) • aeoiTS "s-CJS eeox-to S^I-O^I Jems'? 9i3A-qcar>-09f bna -0$I . eiiriel oioA-kjoiD-CSC fans ,-OifS t -0$I no gaoiD noxisdofi I . i . II B9isdtf8 al Bias") noxJ^trbo'rf bns eesnerfO aoiTS * 'V » « • •»'•'♦ ♦:'••••*•••*• sflelS'J . oxl JaoD ©rid 9isnirttoG ain^mg-ixttpsH gnxiBfWisK fans gnltejfrsM ssoF: BfzcO gnkteJiioM bne gniiaeVt/sK bne nolfoubo-xH rUroS nfidH I ceistfirS ni: lavou 919W isniBitioi t'eS aiao»0 noiiotib'M'il FOREWORD This report presents findings on farm organization, resources and physical inputs, and costs per acre in producing vegetables in the Santa Maria Valley and adjacent areas. The basic farm organization data relate to the three-year period, 19u7-19i*9. The analysis includes prices for both this period and the three years, 1950-1952. This information results from another in the group of Giannini Founda- tion farm management investigations. Previous reports have dealt vtith cotton- potato farm organization in northern Kern County. » An additional study, nearing completion, examines problems in Sacramento Valley rice farming. The information contained herein is intended for use by people concerned with the business of vegetable farming. Farm advisors, agricultural teachers, farm ap- praisers, and credit personnel and agencies serving farmers, as well as actual farmers, should find the data useful. This report emphasizes farm organization and costs in producing broccoli, carrots, cauliflower, and lettuce. Similar data, also, are included for more important rotation crops — potatoes, small white beans, sugar beets, and tomatoes. Two succeeding reports will deal with physical inputs and costs and returns relationships. Annual vegetable crop production is highly important in California. Large quantities of lettuce, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, and celery are produced for both the California and eastern markets. The Santa Maria Valley and adjacent areas is a locality where such commercial production is important. It was se- lected for this study because of the variety of crops produced and for the reason that individual or partnership operations predominate. The investigation was planned to deal with smaller vegetable farms and to avoid the complications in- volved when one organization both grows and ships vegetables. 1/ McCorkle, C. 0., Jr., and T. R. Hedges. Northern Kern County Cotton-Potato Farms, No. 1, Organization, Inputs, and Costs . Berkeley, 1952. (Calif. Univ. Col. of Agr., Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta., Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics. Mimeographed Report 137). Also, McCorkle, C. 0., Jr. Northern Kern County Cotton- Potato Farms, No. 2, Costs, Returns, and Scale of Operations. Berkeley, 1953. (Calif. Univ. Col. of Agr., Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta., Giannini Foundation of Agricul- tural Economics. Mimeographed Report lU3) at Usaxa^q bns stsRWtfOSsi n nol\J»sinB^n;o artal no aijrtxfeail Brfnaearr :5t9v gniroub -!: ' six at is "iaq e-fraoo :bns t asttfqrtl noo sXqoeq yd * at/ "R>1 bebna+nx ar ni^-isil banxBinoa noxiBjmalnx sdf -qe ant'fii t 2ieHoQ.«iJ XaiuiXeoli^fi t atoaxrbs nrtfi 1 ? -.gnxnris't aXdsipgav lo saenxeud aii+ XauJos as XX9«r .'8A .,«*r*»nTTBi gniviaa aai^nage feme lannoataq ^xbaio bns .,ei9exsiq noiiacxxta^io crtsl a^sxaeiloin? Jioqai airfT ..fwlaai; aifib ad»t bnxl bXuorfa . t 3tsnnsl ^S^oD -"ICLxniXO »93XT*tjOI. 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Hedge s^' Summary The Farms Are in Two Subareas Near Santa Maria The farm organization and cost information presented here is based upon in- terviews with 1x2 vegetable growers in the vicinity of Santa Maria, California. Twenty-two of these growers were located on predominantly lolo soils south of the Santa Maria river bed between Santa Maria and Guadalupe. The following discus- sion refers to these farms as in Subarea I. Subarea II includes the remaining 20 farms north of the Santa Maria river course, and in other fringe portions of the Santa Maria Valley, and in the Lompoc, Arroyo Grande, and other nearby locali- ties. Interviewers also contacted local shippers, farm suppliers, and appropri- ate officials to get supplemental data on inputs and costs. All calculations are based on price levels prevailing from 19k7-19k9 and 1950-1952 for lettuce, car- rots, broccoli, and cauliflower as well as for the principal rotation crops in the areas studied. There was considerable double cropping on farms of all sizes in both sub- areas. Vegetables occupied more than half of the cultivated land on all farm sizes but tended to be more important in Subarea I and to occupy relatively less of the crop acreage as the size of farm increased in Subarea II. 2/ This report is the first of a series based on detailed investigations of farm organization, practices, and costs in the Santa Maria Valley and adjacent areas. It includes findings on methods and costs in growing vegetables. 3/ Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics, Associate Agricultural Economist in the Experiment Station and on the Giannini Foundation, University of California, Davis. anas'? stdsd©*©? s*>iA inao&lbk bns \?ZleV sxibM sdnsS si-isV . gjq aa tsoW aas>i6dif5 o*T nx eiA ?flns r n e>rfT -nx noqu b?asd st 9isri bednsaaiq noxdsiiiioilfix daoo bns noXJss ifisgio rrrxsl 9riT .wcig easrli lo om$*dn9m©l'qqx/e d9g od aXeioxllc ©ds -i8o t ©otNJd©i 'isl Si©dT raisl lis no bxtel bsdavidli/o odd 'to llsri nsrid ©ioc. b?xqdooo' asIdsdagpV .aesir, aagi ylevxdslsi ^qi/ooo oi bns I seisdt'S ni drxdicqmx ©ion: 9d oi b^bned dxrd spare • II fi^ii*djy*3 ^ x t^93S9*xooi nrxftl "10 ^a **dd l^d sj369id£ uOio 9rid lo lo anox>t63x3e?vnx boLi&teb no baasd a&iisa s lo deixl ©rii ax dioqai axdT \S di©r)Sfbfi bne. v^f/csV ^/trV R+r»6? <*i*A nf aiaai hne. a<**>i , "tiii''a noxrfxi-sxfLSyio id^'' Y±xai9vi.nU k no iisbntio'? inxnnsxC *>di no bns noxdsd2 in9rai-Tsqx3 edd ni ct3iiuono?S .eivsQ .siniolrlsD 1c Harvesting and Local Marketing Costs Exceeded Growing Costs The following data indicate costs per crate at 1950-1952 prices for a typical 220-crop-acre vegetable farm in Subarea Ij Spring lettuce Summer or fall lettuce Carrots Broccoli Cauli- flower Producing Harvesting and marketing Total dollars per cral ie l.lU 1.22 2.36 .92 1.22 2.11* .77 1.99 2.76 1.33 1.78 3.11 .55 .85 1.1*0 Calculations include both production items and the expenses of harvesting and marketing at 1950-1952 prices. They reflect the most typical operations and methods on a 220-crop-acre vegetable farm on better soils. Harvesting and pack- ing accounted for the following percentages of the total cost according to crops: spring lettuce — 52 per cent, summer or fall lettuce and broccoli — 57 per cent, carrots — 72 per cent, and cauliflower — 61 per cent. Total production, harvesting, and packing costs per acre ranged from $397 for spring lettuce to $766 for car- rots (Table 21, page 1*8 for details). Production Costs Vary Widely Among Typical Farm Organizations and Individual Farmers The costs indicated above are termed "typical" for the 220-crop-acre vegetable farms because they are based on the most common practices and methods. Actually, individual farmers on these farms did various jobs by different methods and varied in their efficiency. They, therefore, had different costs from each other or from this "typical" figure shown here. Typical costs on 3U0- and 500-crop- acre farms in Subarea I varied from the 220-crop-acre farm cited above. So, too, did costs vary for the individual growers within each group. Growers on the 150-, 220-, and 320-crop-acre farms in Subarea I showed the same cost relationships. There is no a+aqO ani^O bgfre eaxa e isop anUe *tsM IsooJ b ns snxJee-vi BK ? e to? aeoiiq $c?9I-05?X is 9J£i:> i&q b&boo aiaoibni s,tst gnxwoXXol eriT si Bsiedag ni ms* 9lfr6ni fcntB sni^aartBH i, oV.S d£.S J XsioT i gni *&9vn;rl a.o g92fi97 bns an^J^i no i.) 'uboic rljcd sbuLcicii. 3fioxd"3Xtr.'ij fiS bns enoitsteqc Isajqy,t Jaor. edi ^39X191 \rriT «29oxiq S^f;X-05^X #s snx^ajftfem bns -tforsq ba& gnxJgnvxfiH .aXioa iSvi^ed no tie! &Xdf>i9$9V 9Ttos~qom--CSS a no aXvidJ^m taqorto oJ gnxb'tooDB : l aco Xstfoi 9riJ lo aoge^nsoiaq gflxwoIXol erii xol bgdnuooos gnx ,jii9o too Vi? — iXooooid bns gouiJoI XXsi to -X9inrnuer. t vtn9o req S? — 90U'.jJ9.l gniiqs ^gfixtaaviRii .no£J , or;b'viq tBi+oT' «0SS srfi iol ''Xfioxq^i*' barns;* 9is svods beJsoibni stfaoosri? t'^XXfiUitoA . abonJsiii bn£ fik9oiJosi.es nownioo Jr,offi orfvt no -'FSfld 916 ir 9dJ 93ufiood serif x i>9j*iBv bns 8bori.t9ffl diwral lib auoxisv bib amirl oaeric* no 3i9nx moil *ic 'lexWo riosa faotl aieoo ^ufnallib bsri t eio*1.9iari* t yeriT .ijoneioxxx? ixad* nl sOTtc*! e»7.of -qoio-00? bns — Ciif no scfaoo XboxqyT flisrf nwt?ria surai'j "'Xboxq - '^" aJbrf^ siaoo Lib x ooi t o3 .svods b9ixo utibI 9ioB-qoio-0SS 9rtJ moil bexisv I B9^fidu2 ni bns t -05ii t -05i odj no aiawmO - .quo-ig rioag nldJxw ai9nroi§. Isnbivibxti 9dJ iol yu^r on af erroriT . eqxrianoijBiai izop omRe 9d* benroda I S9isdi?2 ni anrts'i 9io«-qo*i9-CS£ "cost" of growing vegetables; the costs vary widely according to the size of farm, the kind and amounts of crops grown, and the cost of the labor, power, irrigation, and other services used in growing them. Power, Irrigation, and Equipment Are Important in Explaining Production Cost Variations The costs of power, equipment, and irrigation were important in total produc- tion costs. Tractor costs varied from $0.93-$l»08 per hour for a two-bottom gen- eral purpose unit in Subarea I; from $1.18-41.73 per hour for the same equipment in Subarea II. Costs for the four-bottom, track-laying tractor varied from $1.1*7- $1.79 per hour in Subarea I and from $2.19-$2.73 per hour in Subarea II. Cost per hour for wheel tractor power decreased in both subareas as the size of farm increased. This was not true, however, for the larger power unit. Farmers were better able to adjust unit capacities to field requirements and, hence, to mini- mize cost per hour for the wheel tractors than for track layers. Irrigation is required for summer crop production in the subareas studied} water was an important cost factor in producing vegetables. Cost for water varied from $U.21-$5.58 per acre-foot in Subarea I and from $1*.13-$1*.91 in Subarea II. There was a tendency toward decreasing cost per acre-foot as size of operations increased in Subarea I, but exactly the opposite relationship held in Subarea II. One of the reasons for classifying the farms according to the two subareas was the less favorable irrigation water supply in Subarea II. Equipment, particularly specialized items such as potato planters and harvesters, also caused cost varia- tions among individual farms and the group typical farms. Production Costs Were Higher in Subarea II Than in Subarea I It costs more to produce vegetables in Subarea II than in Subarea I. The crop with the smallest difference, summer lettuce, cost 10 cents per crate less to produce in Subarea I than in Subarea II j carrots, at the other extreme, showed a difference of 36 cents in favor of Subarea I. I 1 t an*l \o »«i8 eAt o) gniiucooe xiabhr tcibv ataoo erfct jasidB^gov gnxwig 'io "iaoo" ,noiiB3XTxl «i9Woq ,iods.C ad* xo ieoo a'di bns ,nwcig eqcno 1o einiroVis fane farii?J adJ .msrftf ^nxrotg ni bsatr aaoivwa isdio bna Jao3 noMaxibo rt ^iftiBXqx?! at iM itoq/aj ei A itenriuj fil bnz ^oi^i m t *»W>q -ouboiq Is^oJ ni tfns^-toqmi eiaw noi^eaiiii bna ,in9jaqh;ps ,iewoq lo aJeoo sriT -ns§ moiioc'-ovr,} b ipI n/ori i*»q 30il&-£ii oi esx^ioBqaD vtinxf ^si/f.be ' ai elds waited • aisxaX Mofiii toI nartd e-rcjoBTtf I^ad^r erii 10I urori i9q \*n6.*-ioqmi ns 8ST i&jBvr • IT SBtedud ni XQ.il#-6I.4$ moil bns I s?*iBdrf3 ni Joox-a-xos is»q 85»5<1i-XS.ii^ moil anoi^fiieqo lo ssxe sb iool-aioG taq «fsoo anxasafbeb biS'roJ vonabnivt s 88"* siadT .11 saifidi/3 ni Wed qlri8noiiBl9-i adiaoqqo odf yX&obx? tyd J fiaiedoa nx bgaBsiont esw 8fl9isdin3 owt arii oi snifcrcoosa anrisl ari^ sniYlisssio icl ano8as»i 9I it lo snO / • tBiijoxj'iBq t jn^nisjxi/pa »II ssiadL'S nx vlqqx/a ia^sw noi.t8BX*tii sldsi'sva'i siz&S fti.i -s^av j3oo baaxfsn oals t ai3^asviBd bns ei9^nfllq OitBdoq aa rioye ejnsJi besxieiopqa .snirtex Isoiqffi qi/o*rs gri* bnr amisx isi/bivibnx gnome znoli I B9ifldu3 ni nadT II B?igdo3 nx ledjiH aig'nf BJaoO noiioyboTt n dT .1 B9radt(3 nl nBritf II Beiadif3 ni aeldategev aojjboiq at aiom aiaon tfl aaal aisia teq e^nso 01 iaoo ^soni^I -iemiMfB «9rjn9i9liib J-ssilsflia srii nittr qois boweda ^smsTixa i«d^o sricf ,edo^.iB5 (II ae-iaduS ni neri^ I B9i'£dx/3 ni ©wboiq . I f.9iedu3 lo iovbI ni ainefo d£ lo aonsisllib a Rising Prices After 195>0 Brought Higher Production and Local Harvesting and Marketing Costs : ' 1 • J " " Both production and harvesting plus marketing costs rose between 19U7-19U9 and 1950-1952. The amount of the cost increase ranged from 6-II4. per cent de- pending upon the particular crop, the farm size, and the subarea. These figures compare with a 10-per cent rise in the U. S. Department of Agriculture index of prices paid by farmers. Labor, materials, and power -were the most important groups of production items responsible for cost rises. Increasing materials prices, especially for containers, largely explained the higher harvesting and marketing costs. Farm Organization, Inputs, and Costs in Vegetable Production Interviewers visited h2 vegetable growers near Santa Maria and in other portions of northern Santa Barbara County to collect the data which this report analyzes.—^ Farmers reported their basic organization and production methods in 19U8 and 1950. Interviewers obtained supplementary farm data in 1953 > chiefly on changes in farming methods. Additional information on soils, climatological, and biological factors came from official reports. Local dealers, shippers, and other agencies serving vegetable growers provided data on irrigation water, har- vesting and marketing practices, and prices of various input materials and serv- ices. They furnished input price data for 19ii8, 1950, and 1953. This price information indicates a general rise in costs after 1950. The analysis of input costs, therefore, uses two sets of prices. One set, based on 19U8 interviews, reflects the price situation during the pre-Korean period, 19U7-19U9- The second set, collected in 1950 and 1953, represents the post-Korean period, 1950-1952. The subsequent report on costs and returns, also, will use prices for these two periods . k/ Names of interviewees were drawn at random from the 19U8 list of members included in the marketing order for dry-pack lettuce. £-Yii?I rrsmv^ed $*3oi etfeoo gniJ92hcn! exrlq sniJeer-ujd bne noxioifboiq nloQ -9b Jfi9" ten, iil-d mt , il bc?3fi5'i 93BPionx .t30o eric!" lo ira/cra? edT .Sc?i-Oc^'i oesriT .^isdwa 5>ri^ fens < asie mriBl gdj t qplo 'islooxJisq 8*1$ noqo ^niJwisq 10 xsbni siuSluoxix^k 10 dti-?Eiii!'-c*(l «3 •u &nt nx oaxi Snao t^q—Oi. njxw f>isqinoo ^nschioqcii Jsorr orii 979V tawoq bne K zIe.it9$Bm fVOdfeJ ♦ zisrtris'i yd bjteo asoitq alsxiptfBm ^niajBSTsnl .a^ah ^soo loi sldisnoqcai arflevH noxtfoifbciq lo aqiroig bilfi §fll«J'3S£l, j soxgoioxd bne -isd t'xe^B-'"- noxchssiTxx no s>tsb bebivoiq t'xg w ro ia elds^egsv gnrvisa eaionagB lodcto —VIS'S 0H6 8X6X19 CtXTCinx 3I/OX16V "lo 390XT.J ^fl£ asoiitOSICI 3/1 ' "^1601 bClB 3fi r.tggV ©oxiq axdT bns ,0<29.X t biteX t&l scteb eoiiq tiuqctl bsdstmul yadT . 8f»oi -tx/qni 10 sxaY-uenB sdT .0$*X *is?ilB aJeeo ni salt Xfiien.^a. e HF-i&olbai. noi^Bartolni bws tvi'S^ni' 8''£X no bosBd sn^ •sooXici lo 8^98 0 ; 7rt 8"sy ^toxst^dj - ci'soa bnooee ©riT -9ii^I-Til91 t boit9q nB97oX-9nq srf* sninub noi*sx;ix3 eoxiq sdJ' ej-oallsi ,S$91-05^I t boii9q nB9io^-*soq od* a^nsaatqsi t t2W bns 0391 nx boioflloo ,J-98 ow^ 989rii 10 1. aao itq 9St' S.I bit /is Lb fitnuf s-i bns aje to nc ^-roqe7 i-nacp^edife 9riT .eboiisq sisdmsm lo ^atl ftx(?I srij mtn'i mobnfi*t tB m«sib 9i9-v ese^ c\'79inx lo e9,uBH \4 5. Natural Determinants Two groups of natural factors are important in regulating the farming pat- tern and production practices in the Santa Maria and adjacent truck crop areas. Soils are of major importance j one of the reasons for vegetable production con- centrating in Santa Maria Valley and adjacent valleys is that soils are fertile. Climatological factors, particularly temperature, and the timing of precipitation, also, are highly important. These factors favor good yields of quality vegetables. Soils . — Most of the farmers interviewed operated in the Santa Maria Valley either north or south of the Santa Maria River and, for the most part, in the area between Santa Maria and Guadalupe. Soils in this general area are among those more favorable for vegetable production. The Yolo series predominates, and, in addition, there are several sandy phases of Oakley soils. The Yolo se- ries, particularly silt loam, sandy loam, and fine sandy loam, is found south of the Santa Maria River. Yields are higher here and vegetable growing is more in- tensive in this district; this is henceforth designated Subarea I. The area north of the Santa Maria River includes fine sand and fine sandy loam of the Yolo series plus Oakley sand. This district, plus outlying vegetable-growing districts near Arroyo Grande, Lompoc, Oceano, and Sen Luis Obispo, constitutes Subarea II. As between the two segments of the Santa Maria Valley, potatoes and small white edible beans tend to occur more frequently north of the River. The area to the south tends to emphasize lettuce, broccoli, and cauliflower, with some carrots. Some celery is grown, particularly at certain times of the year and during cer- tain seasons on both sides of the River, usually in the heavier soils. Oceano, outside of the Santa Maria Valley, is an important celery shipping point. Precipitation . — Average annual rainfall at Santa Maria is 1U»2 inches of which more than 12$ inches falls during the period, November through April (Fig- ure I, Table 1). The results are that all summer crops depend upon irrigation, and there is little or no natural precipitation to interfere with harvesting or .5 -*Bq gnxmsl odd gnljBlixgg'j nx ina^oqmi bib eioios'i Isix/dsn io aqx/ots owT •asBTfB qoio rtsuTd insosfcb? brie bxtbM' sdnfiS. orft n' csoxioeiq noij-ovhoiq brw ni9^ -noo noidouboiq sldsJsgsv 10I anoss^-r -?ri* Io ano is^asJioqaic io^bo lo ©is b!xo3 •sli^rtgl fas elics J'ari.t ?.i BTjallfiT Jxraofitbs bus y?>IIsV sIibM s.Jas3 ni gnitaTtfrres roitsiiqioeiq lo goim.!* 9fifr bnc ,/»njdBi9qm9* yliBliroid-iBq ,.aiodosi IsoisoiodsniiiO 9idB*9sev ^iljsirp 2c ablexy boos k vsi siotost ssrn'T . JrtBiioqfax' xXrfsxd sos t o8la yells'/ 5£*i(?.Vt Bj-ne3 ad* ni: b©*Bi?qo b9W9ivi9Jnx si&nrrsl 9ri* 2o is(M — . ellog 9fW ni t *ii?.:f *som 911* io2 t .hn6 isviH bxibM fl*ns2 9d* lo ri*i/oa io rf*ion i9d*i9 3110ms sis ssib xzixsnsg airf*>nx 3xxo3 .squXebSiiQ bos a-itsM b*ab2 n99iftf^cf S9is t 86*SflXfl!ab9iq 89X198 0I0Y 9dT .;iCi&3ll2Q1Q ?ldfi*S>g9V lOl 9ldS~0Vfil ©ion 9aori* -98 oloY 9rlT .slxoa yaljUO 2o seeariq ybnG8 Lsi^yaB 9TB ^leri* t ftoi*ibbB ni «bns io ojiJoB oni/ox 3x ^/nsox yxjftsa. snxi ocis , n&ox ytnss .aisoI 71 in yjisxi/3i*i6q ^89X*r -ni Biom sx gnliRJis sidste^av baB 9i9r" ladsirf 9is sbl^xY .iBViH sii£M B*ns3:9d* B91B 9rfT .J 89iad;;3 bs^tengiasb ri^io'i93ri9ri sr axri* ;dori*8ib aid* ni aviansd oloi" art* io msol ybflsa sail bnf? brrss anil. Bsbirioni isvifl £-iis3i 8*nfit2 9rii 2o rfjion *o.bx*8ib gnxwotB-eidBiggev- gniylduo airXq «*oxi*aib axriT .bn63 ysJjifiO ax/Iq aeliaa • II 69i£di/3 ssit/ij xdano? . Q<73XdO sxt/ J nsS bnfi »ons93Q soorroJ .abrisit) ovonA isoi 9*irf* Hams bns 390*sioq .ygllsV sbxsM b*hb3 9rid io 3>tn9aig?a owj 9d^ n99Wj , ad tA eft* B9ifl sxll .-xgrxa 9ri.t 2o ri^ion yl*a»«p9il ©-lem iwaoo oi bn&t anB9d aXdibs • 3iOTISO 91TT03 • rfv XT- . TCP WO X-fXfB 0 bflB • iXc SOO'td . 90Iivtcf sX 9Sl36dCTffr? O* ' 3bfI9d cHUG^l -193 gcutxr/b biio 1B9Y eri* 2o sami* nxr»*i9o in \{XxBXtioi*'iBq t nwoig ax \ie.L&r> easoZ , ons 800 .eX/cs iBiro^rf ©ftt ni YyllBi/axf t Tf?7iJI ©ftJ 'toaabra d*od;no snosspe nisj «*n.iou sxf/'^oiiia Y19X93 •jnB*'iOQin.r xtb ^jc vpIXbV ' si'isv B-jos3 9d* 1c- sbxaJ'ifo io eariofii 5. 41 ai siiBti s*nc3 *a XiBlnisi Xaunns egsisvA-*- jflo c»ts*lqxo9'iq -gt*?) IxiqA risxjoifli i9dar9vcM ^boiieq sd* snixtfb aXiBi aarfoni I^X nsrfcf 9101a rioxdw ,nox*Esx*xii noqy bxi9q9b aqoio T9n»nifa lis tferi* -sib 8^Xi/89is 9iiT «CX oldsT ■! M§<' ■-■ ^rr.KJa^/iBd riiiw e»ie2T;9*nj' oJ nox*B*iqio£>rq XjiiLvfen on io el&dll zi <9T9riA bns Average inches month per FIGURE I Monthly Rainfall at Santa Maria, 190li-19U9 May June July Au- Sep- Oc- No- De- gust tember tober vember cember Janu- Febru- ary ary March April (Heaviest rainfall is during November through April during which period over 12.5 inches of the annual average, 2 inches, is received. In- significant amounts occur during June through September.) TABLE 1 Monthly and Seasonal Rainfall at Santa Maria, 190U-19U9 Janu- Febru- 1 Au- Sep- Oc- No- De- An- Tear- ary ary March April May June \ July gust tember tober vember cember nual Average precipitation 191*5 .61 2.87 3.27 .11 .01+ .11 0 .02 T .53 .88 3.11 11.55 19U6 .50 1.63 lull .20 .10 0 0 0 T .2U 3.71 1.98 12.1*9 19U7 .35 1.10 1.27 1.28 .30 .13 0 T .06 .58 .Oh .29 5.1*0 19U8 .06 1.29 3.21 1.89 .81 .03 T T T .11 .03 2.99 10. 1*2 19U9 1.28 l.U* 3.12 .07 .77 T T T 0 .03 .71 2.78 10.20 190U 1.0U ll*.17 to 2.58 2.70 2.89 1.09 .U2 .09 T .03 .19 .67 2.20 19U9 Source: For Figure 1 and Table 1: Data, California Section. United States Weather Bureau. Climatological ndt 'x?«cfin9Volf gniiub ax IIsl I 3I3AT i — ^dO — r -craft* 1" { a. ' so. 0 0 do. 0 ' ii ! ■ T to. 1? XI. 0 CI. e . T 4o. xi. i vs. t vp. MM 0T." 85. S . is; [0 .tfsen/a •xsridrsW aetatZ b« cultural operations. Irrigation is difficult and expensive during certain years, disregarding price changes, due to shortage of water and low pumping levels. The irrigation data are based on conditions in 19U8 when the growers were interviewed. No attempt is made in this study to analyze problems arising from varying water tables. Temperature . — This factor is remarkably stable in the Santa Maria Valley. The average annual range between the average daily maximum and the average daily minimum is only 23° j 70° is the high and h7° is the low (Figure II, Table 2). The most typical range by months is also 23°, but it narrows to 22° for August and widens to 27° for November. The absolute maximi by months range from 109° re- corded for one or more Junes to 8£° for one or more Januarys in a 29-year period of record. The absolute minimi by months ranged from 2U° in one or more Januarys and Novembers to Ul° in one or more Julys in 29 years. Six times during the 10- year period, 191*0-1 9k9> September and October temperatures exceeded 90°. Tempera- tures dropped below 30° only five times during the 10 years. January was the lowest temperature month. Other Climatological Factors . — Fog from the Pacific Ocean cools the atmos- phere in the study area. This factor maintains the temperature condition per- mitting using the vegetable-producing potential of the soils. In general, this factor is most favorable near the Ocean. Some of the fringe vegetable-growing districts more distant from the coast had less of this cooling influence. Biological Determinants The soil survey report cites salt grass and wild morning glory as weed pests in the Santa Maria area. Both are subject to control by soil management and chemical herbicides, respectively. Bean farmers have found nightshade a nuisance during recent years. Hand-weeding of this pest can be prohibitively costly. , Bifl»Y aiadi©3 anix-'b ©vxanaqxs bna dXxoxllib ai noidaaiTxI •ano.tdB'ieqo iawt Xro srfT '.aX©V©X gnxqmt/q woX bins isisw lo ©sfldioria od ex/b ,8a^nBdo ©oliq %ttityxB$ers&Jtb i:9W»ivi©dni ©TO'v ai©rroig ©rid n©ri??- 9J^I ni enoidibnoo no b9esd ©ib adsb aoli&^itxt %nt.xi&v moil ania/TB afttsXdoiq ©sYXen* od '{buds airid ni absm ex dqraaida otf 'V ' " • .B©XdBd .^©XXsY r. iidt sdnafi ©rid nit ©Xdsda •^IdBAi&iiiet- ei -todoai 6xr a^ifix/nsL ©lorn *xo ©no ni /roil bsgnei aridnom \d Iminim ©dxt loads ©ri ? . ,bioof>i lo "01 ©rid saimb eamxd xi3 . 3ib©v 99 ni a^XuL ©"roc io ©no ni °Xji od .e.'iatffllPvqM bns x-iaqnwT . c 0? beb©9ox© efvu<.ts'i©qm9d ladedo 1 " 1 bna "tsdnadqs? , ^ jl^ X—Oti^X e boit.?>q -ts©t( ©rid saw y^xB.un&\, .31S9Y OX and §nin/b eemid ©vil ^£ffo °0cL wofad beaqoib as-xod -aomda ©rid sXooo naeoO oxlioaq' ©rid woil goi — . eiodoBl XsoJ^oXod-snuXJ i©rid$ ■ -i©q noid'rbnod "©n/dBi?>'Y^©d' edd aniadniam rtodofcl* axrfT .sans jfm$B arid njfc ©i©riq. airid f Xai9n©§ ni .aXxoS' arid lo Xaidnsdoq gni3ubo:fq-©Xdat©3©v: ©rfd.«/gnistf frtiddira 3niwot3->©XdB.t©3©v ©guli'/ ©rid lo ©00S ■ .nc©oO ©tfit—ison ©XdJEfxovsji .daoir* ax toioBl .©on©x/X^nx sniXooo airid 1c- sa©X bad dasoo ©rid iroi'l dn'^dsib 9toiTi ador^tdaib ednsniflaeJ^a XBo fooXo jg sdesq b©sw sb yioXg gntxrxoiB biiw fine ■saais dXae' 8©dl5 dTCoqai vevma Xioa ©riT bna domcdgSABin Xioa' \d Xotdrioo od do©t<^B en& ridoS .as-is einsK adna2 • . > <>i ©amsaii/n b sbsrisdrisin bnuol ©veri ei©nrt8i nasS .'/ie.vidosqa©! taabxqidteri Ia©.ir«©ri3 . iXdaoo ^Xavididxrioxq ©d nao dasq aitid lo ^nib©©«f-bfinH .eiBsy dn©?©^ gnitub FIGURE II Monthly Temperatures at Santa Maria, 190U-1930 120° r — 20° January March June September December (Variations in mean temperatures are relatively slight. The average range bet-ween the mean minimum and mean maximum is 23°. Mean maximum tempera- tures vary from 6k° in January to 75° in September, while mean minimum temperatures vary from 39° in January to 53° in August.) TABLE 2 Monthly Temperatures at Santa Maria: Mean Maximum and Mean Minimum; Absolute Maximum, Absolute Minimum, and Frequency of Occurrence (1°), 190U-19U9 Item Mean Absolute Extreme temperature, 191*0-191*9 Above 90° Below 30° Daily Maximum Minimum High Low Average temperature Number of years Years 38 27 27 29 29 10 10 January 50 6h 39 85 2l* 0 5 February 51 6h 111 89 25 0 2 March 53 66 1*3 91 29 0 0 April 56 68 1*5 98 28 3 0 May 59 70 hi 101 32 3 0 June 62 73 50 109 35 1 0 July 6U 75 52 103 hi 0 0 August 6U 75 53 95 31 1 0 September 63 75 51 100 32 6 0 October 61 7h 1*8 10I* 29 6 0 November 57 70 1*3 92 2l* 1 0 December 53 65 1*0 89 26 0 h Annual 58 70 hi 109 2U 10 5 Sources: Avera g e temperature from United States Weather Bureau. Summary of Clima- tological Data for the United States. Section 17, 1930. Number of years from Climatological Data, California Section. 9. Wireworms and aphids are two lettuce pests against which specific measures are necessary. Soil fumigation is effective against wireworms, while chemical insecticides commonly are applied, usually by air, to control aphids. Combined dusts are used permitting caterpillar control in the same operation. Wireworms also attack carrots. The treatment is the same as for lettuce. Usually, these crops are grown in rotation, and the same soil fumigation is ef- fective for both crops for one to two or three years. The vegetable weevil, also, is a carrot pest. Dusting with chemical insecticides is effective as a control. The two cruciferous crops, broccoli and cauliflower, are attacked by a wide range of aphids and caterpillars. Usually, farmers dust these crops repeatedly— sometimes up to five or six times — with chemical insecticides. Insect pests of sugar beets include aphids, leaf hoppers, nematodes, and wireworms. Rotations usually are the chief reliance in minimizing nematode dam- age. Dusting is effective to control the other insects. Small white beans are attacked by two-spotted mites and bean aphids. Dust- ing is the usual control measure. Insect enemies of the potato include potato aphids, potato flea beetles, and sometimes wireworms. Dusting is standard practice in controlling the aphids and beetles. Wireworm control, where required, is by soil fumigation. Tomatoes are attacked by a wide range of insects — tomato mites, aphids, vari- ous caterpillars, and various others less commonly causing serious damage. Dust- ing with chemical insecticides is standard treatment for this crop. It is evident that insect enemies are sufficiently important to cause seri- ous losses to Santa Maria vegetable farmers if uncontrolled. The various means of control add appreciably to production costs. Dusting is the cheapest method of destroying insect pests where effective. Soil fumigation is relatively expen- sive, as is rotation practice, when the alternative crops are less profitable than the crop for which a pest is being controlled by rotation. Aoldx Janxsgs aiaaq swJiel owd sis abirfqB bna 'SnnoweixW ?x ncisregxtnui a.xatn st/oiiBV ariT .baiXoi^r bori*9i^ iseqaedo ?dl zi %nl$i -nesqxo tlsYi-fB/ea ai nolJe 9XdSw itoiQ 889 £ 9*IB 311 an. naioi'ilwB •jir aei.T^ne Josaci rfedi dn9bivs ei d"I n::3nu li 8i9!nlBl sidfiiaaav BitfiM sinsS S983o.i. atio Bt*3 »8rfaoo nolj^uboiq oj \Xd6i09"jqqfl dob xoi^'iof? 10 ul Xlo2 .9vi*39il9 et^dvr 8*B9q *oa8nx snxyoi^aab lo 9vi*Bni9^iJB sdJ (T9dw t 93x*9eiq noi^aJo'i ex 8B t 9Vxa .noiiB^ot \d bfsXX c do fXlT TABLE 3 Acres In Farms for h2 Vegetable Farms in the Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1°A8 Size Group No. of Farms Subar (South of Santa 0 - 159.9 160 - 319-9 320 - U79.9 Subare (North of Santa Maria Rive 0 - 119.9 120 - 239.9 2k0 - 359.9 360 - 1+79.9 sa I Maria River) 11 5 6 a II r plus Outlying Sections) 6 5 6 3 aiSAT •_,T sit* nx sfflis'? al mal M .oK flff oi 391DA (tovifl elisM f^nen lo rfcryc8) II d ?-C?I - 0 ns8 Hi rfchtoH) e.ees - osx c. ct4 - ode 11. Vegetable Farm Organization Sample farms are classified in two groups for the purpose of this report. The 22 located south of the Santa Maria River and, for the most part, between Santa Maria and Guadalupe, henceforth, are identified as Subarea I farms. Sub- area II includes the remaining 20 located in the Santa Maria Valley north of the River and in the outlying valleys previously mentioned. Most were in the north- ern side of the Santa Maria Valley. Total Acres in Farms . — The vegetable farms included in this study and, in general, in the area studied are family-type operations. Subarea I included 11 farms whose total acreage was within the 0-159. 9-acre range. The remainder was divided — five within the range of 160-319.9 acres and six larger farms ranging from 320-1*79.9 acres (Table 3). Farms in Subarea II were somewhat more dispersed among the various total acre size groups. They are subclassed initially in four groups rather than the three used for Subarea I. The smallest size, 0-119.9 total acres, included six or about one third. The next two groups included five and six farms, respectively, and there were three in the 360-1*79. 9- acre range (Table 3). This last group was not analyzed in the study. Crop Organization and Land Use . — Double cropping is typical on the Santa Maria vegetable farms studied. All size groups in Subarea I reported more acres in vegetables than total acres in the farm (Table 1*). Only the larger farms, with 100 acres of sugar beets, included any important amount of crops other than truck crops. The 0-159. 9-acre farms had 223 acres in vegetables, including tomatoes; the 160-319. 9 -acre farms had 31*0 acres in vegetables; and the 320-1*79.9 acre farms had £0i* acres of which 100 acres was in sugar beets (Table 1*) . The cropping pattern for the Subarea II farms reflects the wider range in soil conditions and greater difficulty in supplying adequate irrigation water as compared with Subarea I. The four size groups previously identified were further condensed into three groups for convenience in analysis (Tables 3 and 5). .J*toq»T Sift* $6' &oqtvq**tfo ; '&ft MpWEi owi? Wl bsxlxaaelo ©ia anal ©Iqmaa' n9ewt9d t 4*xa<{ tobtf ©£& *oV ; t bna IdvxT eiisto b4ob3 vdt 1o rfixros betfsooi sriT -cfaa .aunfil I 8yi£di;3 :! 3« bsiliiflafoi: ©ib t rf>tc*»99fl9j(i ,9qt'lBbct/P bns attsM B^rrsS arij rl*tGn yslIsV aiuM BlneS ©xi"J ni bwtaool OS §ninism9-t ©rid- tebuLont II syts -tiS-ibti 9>tii nx ©-x©w iaoM .feanoiinsm yl8uoxY©7q E'f^iTsv gniyl^/jo bns nwriJ! •YsXlsV rinsM 9ftt 3c ©bie tn© ni , bns -^trta 'sirf-t ni bsbxrloni annal ©IdsctegeveriT — .acty f ix 8&ioA IsdoT II b&buloni I ssTBdi/S .anoxrfsi^qc 9qYv~YXimsl eie beihvSa seta srii ni t Isi©n©g ee«ir i9faoxBm3i sriT .sgns-i 31.06-9.^5^-0 ; ^rii niriiiw aaw egpsios isdcf P8orlTr auriBl gnrgnsi efrtfil isgiel xis bne 8©io£ s 9ldsT) ©gns? '9ioe-^. 0 Y»l-Od{. ©rii ni ©©trfi 9?©*r 9i9rt\t bos ,.v,IovjLt3e-?Bei t 9SYSBnB ion esw qwoog ?8fiX eiriT t(C, sinsS ^rtt no lawq^* ax sniqqoiD- ©Idx/oC — . peW bnej-bna n otS& ss n B%'& gne aoifEsias&iO tfo-rO Ibr>tqi£T \ * \ t § I Ml.. <3iU 1*3 A AW ftOri ( 85 (saSjl) 90U**2 9 ox C'S (•mri* a */***! n 28 9ide*98?v leioT t^qcao isrfaO QAf ov OT .- £d lelqoio lo 3913B ysK I EP j 01 baBlqon:<~ 1 « DC 1U The three farms in the 360-U79.9 group had no more vegetables than reported by the smaller farms and, hence, -were not a distinct group according to this cri- terion. Total crop acreage, and particularly vegetable acreage, is smaller rela- tive to acreage in farms for the Subarea II farms than for those in Subarea I. Vegetables occupied an acreage less than total land in farms for all three sizes in Subarea II (Table 5). Other rotation crops, also, were found in each farm or- ganization. This analysis considers beans and potatoes — the most commonly found among these farms. It is more convenient and briefer in referring to these char- acteristic farm organizations to designate them as 220-, 3U0-, and 500-crop-acre farms within Subarea I and 1S>0-, 2U0-, and 320-crop-acre farms within Subarea II. Such terminology is used, therefore, in the remainder of this report. Economic Determinants The cost analysis to follow involves two types of economic data: (1) annual cost rates for using durable equipment such as tractors and machinery which are worn out over a period of years and (2) prices for materials such as fertilizer and for services such as soil fumigation. Annual overhead costs reflect farm sur- vey data and price information from implement dealers and others. Both buyers and sellers of the goods and services involved furnished price information. The analysis in this report examines farm organization and cropping plans, practices, and inputs in 19U8. Prices and costs used are those prevailing during the periods, 19kQ-h9 and 1950-1952. There are two definite advantages in calcu- lating costs for both these periods. First, the analysis is meaningful in the current price situation and, second, there is an opportunity to measure the ef- fects of price changes on the operating and production costs. This approach ig- nores changes in organization or in methods and practices between the two periods. Some important changes in the cropping pattern occurred, but this study does not examine them. Actually, farmers reduced the acreage of carrots, cauliflower, and \d ba^ioqs'i narfi 89lcfs^?38v s'xoti on b3fi qi/o'Ea ?«^'7il—0df >rii ni •eunsl patnd ra dT -bto aid! oj gnibiooos qxroTg ionitfa tb s ion snovr ,eon?d t M» annrGl Treiiama ad! -elsi lellsms ax tajjaaToB eldsjsgav \IiBjj/oi^T5q bns t e^ztnon qo-io la!oT .noi-xs! « X B9*i6dij£/ ni r^aod! **iol oBrii Btirxat II s^'iBGi/3 yd* *ioi Bins"! nl AtRot^r t -.t atrrt as.^ia oatdd lie io! epus'i ni bnal Ia!od net 1 .! a&si agfsqafl ns boiqmoo a^idBiageV -10 me'l do&a ni bnxrol 9i?w t oEis ,aqo*xo noidaivi leridO .(5 sldsT) II seiBdxrS ni bm/ol v.Inomraoo iao.t: odi — 89oJs.foq bna ansed arxebiano.i aisvisna airiT .noivfssina^ -iBtlo BBMtt o! snin»'ie^ ni teleitd bns inainsvnoo srtor %i t r .anna*, r-sed! 3noma aiOB-qono-OO? bns t -0*lf ,-OSS ea (nadd a!sjn$xa»b oi enoxissxnBgio nresi oii3ii9!r>s «II as-isduS niriJivr arnifil eioe-qoTo-OSC bns ,-0c aagnsdo elds-obisnoD .vXdKioaiqqs eJaoo Joalla bXuow -noo iiaad evsri aagnsrio 3B9riT .iotinoo *aaq erii iol ba8U aisiTadsm lo bni>J art* •boi'isq S■=':•. 'Ti afv maix airiJ {babxrXoni ai naiXade tol ag-isriD oM .aonsmanx bns, ,89XfiJ -fs^rtt bna norisxoanqatf ".baoriisvo jfitensg" ni moil 9no as aisyXana ^rW" ni *ie.tsl A ^o aliX lo ntf^anai ari? laioctofil orr^ ot vitfoaiib baJ'sJa'i ais dnaci^aavni no jta 9 -rf'sl adT .alii ei i gniaub ac/Xsv isiiob ni aaoX sir bns .tnaraqitipa lo eoaiq navia aebxiXoni aiayXena axriT .©i/Lbv agsvlsa 3aal J300 Isnigiio adi as banxlab ai ~t$i bns t ai"xnij lawoq blaxl tY^niriosfn lo aireii L&qtontt 1 otiS tol e^ao^j bactaXt/aifio .ybuta airitf ni babxrioni atrial no bnuol ^naarqiwpa nox^sgiTii bns r.oi J'Sitoqans'iJ beilup&i a«w ii noi£ai99iqex> aJsit/oiao oT — »e^if tU -lawo*! bns \^g.nirioflM nrta 1 ? abivib ■ } brif ^na/^ofoc* io ^oai-'- dos^ 'iol alii axcfsnoaa^ s da ^■'"^£•^3? £X} 0\t escX eriT .aliX It/la exr aii gniit/b s»uisv isiXob lo seoi Xs^oi ?ri.t otfni axygil ei/W asw tfl .ai/Xsv aasvXsa aaal ^eoo Xsni^rio a^na89iqai t mui at «euXsv iciiob ni JooM .aaoi'iq S^£-05?X bns ^?X-Til?C fi*ocf is noi^ioeiqeb eisXxroXao Y*fia8a39n aiolad iayf^ to- t 8ii^'X-dii?X t ans?^ 9ri^ gniinb baasrinuq naad- bsxf inamqiupa lo ema^i ^namqiopa XXa Isrii ,9*Jol9T9flJ t b9aaa^3 ai )l .bdcfoobnoo. at?^. 8Wt» f:yia*ni. axli ad J- ni aiaXsab bna eia/rrrsl 'io ^nEtflijbuf, banldaios adT .'-van ■v.ia^fim ixoiqqfc io v»n arisl id «lil ^iriB^otv^iee 1c atse^j sd) lo lismitzs arii icl eiasd ad1|60 and $667, respectively (Table 7). Arbitrary values of 5 cents and 8 cents per mile were assigned as overhead costs to pickup trucks and lj-ton trucks for 19U7-19U9 and 6 and 9 cents, respectively, for 1950-1952. These cost data are based on information obtained from farmers and dealers. Farm Irrigation Equipment . — There was a wide range in the gallons-per-minute pumping capacity of irrigation wells and in the horsepower of electric motors used. Sample data indicate that the three sizes of wells listed here were typi- cal of the area studied in 19li8. They include pumping plants rated at 720, 900, and 1,125 gallons per minute. Typical overhead costs for this equipment, as well as for concrete pipe and siphons, reflected experience in the area and the same calculating principles as used for power units and machinery (Tables 8 and 9). Prices of Farm Products and Materials and Services . — Farm products prices are not involved in the organization, practice, input, and cost analysis pre- sented here. We present them for the convenience of those who wish to examine them. They are needed for any evaluation of earnings or analysis of relative economic advantages from various enterprize combinations. Local area prices for services and materials used in production include contract services, fertilizers, bseecf 8i ai teaeft 10I ©giBrfa 9riT »(d sldsT 1 ) owi yd b©biTxb rfaoo oj be: s Ml itaiisv ?bxw .tsrii <<*anroo 'lo .siaa-rsl Isybxvxbnx snoms bnnoi Haxbtsg©*! noxJsflrcolnx bsbxveaq ao/one^s eoneiuan.t bns alBXoillo ©tfsxiqoaqqA ei©nrisl \d barfs oxbnx asvr bsbx/Ionr insmqiup© lo 80jtodo en'T .eona-msni bae. asxsrf !iw«f •toioeid' jnjbciJl-jba-td- isg isl s Jsrfrf s'ldxcaoq ai il .bswsivioJnx aielcsb bns U-T) ilau Ttswoq moiiod-uol i-tq ecu., •rfwria-*x9q-aacil 'Virfoeqaen t «rfnsc ? bnB 6 bn« iol a^oiri* noJ-^I •1 noil banxBtfdo noxtfemiylnx no bsasd ear. cisb Jeoo oaeriT iom otiissL^ lo Tawoqas i'.>rf ©rtjf nf bnB all©w noxrfBgxnx lo yJxocqso gnxqmijq e*»ir ©Tied b^cfail ell©* lo essxa ©etrii ©rf# rfstte edsoionx arfsb alqna2 .b©3u OSY rfa barfs-i ainelq snxqmuq ©bt/Ioni vsrfT «8tl?I nl bexburfa sale orii lo 3 LL9n ee tirreunqitrpo aidl icl aiaoo acma edi bns bois edrf ni ©on©ix©c • bflB o aeirfaT) yianxrfoBai bns e9r.tr ^toxrboiq arcs 3- - . aao i Tig 3^ sniraex© o3 riaxw odw ©aorit lo ©or evirfslV. io exayl ins ic s0 TO pceuc^i. S-tO* | 'TOOT 1 GfTl.'J T«-T *fr-T**\A 1 2 ! a? [" " " — ■ ■"■ -— f-- — ■ . .. - — J #ftfe«7 0A«|t«89 gcm us ^ur m m n uX mtJSm. mm xvprr p TABLE 7 Typical Overhead Costs for Farm Machinery and Power Units on 4l Vegetable Farms in the Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1950-1952 - — ' T + e» tyi Size Original costs Years service Salvage value Average invest. Annual overhead costs 1 Depr . Int . on inv.5# Repairs Taxes Insur . Total X 2 j k 5 6 7 8 9 To—I 11 12 dollars years dollars H— .TvJW 540 10 54 297 49 15 27 4 2 97 j X vJvJX. tai .I xci Dcall L, Li y Uci 2 -row 60 5 6 33 11 2 9 — — 22 I J X ltl*XXC?X 42" 150 10 15 82 14 4 8 1 1 28 1 T A c f 0 « ( JbxB ucr 3 -row 110 10 11 60 10 3 22 1 36 ; Xrxx x.er 2-row 135 10 14 74 12 4 7 1 1 25 Chisel 3 -row 155 6 16 85 23 4 12 1 1 41 1 PI nu h-lk" 950 10 95 522 86 26 10 6 4 132 ! ! TH Via w nu 10 1/2' 850 6 128 489 120 24 128 6 4 282 ; 3-6' 250 20 25 138 11 7 12 2 1 33 i rtuxxcx 10' 300 10 30 165 27 8 30 2 1 68 10' 50 5 5 28 9 1 2 — — 12 j Cultivator 4R -Attach 12 42 234 32 12 106 3 2 155 f X i. CX11 uCi 2R -Potato 1,960 15 196 1,078 118 54 196 13 8 389 1 2 bed Veg. 275 15 28 151 16 8 28 2 1 55 1 (or shaper) 289 14 103 4R -Bean, Beet 525 15 52 32 52 3 2 ! Br oadcas ter Truck bed 80 16 8 44 4 2 3 1 — 10 Fertilizer 4-row 340 15 34 187 20 9 34 2 1 66 Duster 4 -row 730 8 73 402 82 20 58 5 3 168 Sprayer kR -12 nozzle 875 8 88 481 98 24 70 6 4 202 Cauliflower marker 4o 10 4 22 4 1 2 7 Cauliflower cart 525 10 52 289 47 14 52 3 2 118 Potato digger 1-row 600 8 60 330 68 16 60 4 2 150 Rake 8' 540 10 54 297 49 15 54 4 2 124 Tractor T-4 6,4oo 10 64o 3,520 576 176 64o 42 26 1,460 1 Tractor W-2 2,550 7 382 1,466 310 73 255 18 11 667 Truck, Pickup (per mile) a/ .06 Tr,uck t 1 1/2T (per mile) a/ .09 Operating costs calculated at two cents per mile for pickup truck, three cents per mile for I 1/2 ten truck. Miles operated were: Subarea I, pickup truck 7,500 , 11,594 , and 17,050 ; 1 l/2 ton truck 3,520 , 5,440 , and 8,000 for the 220, 340, and 500 acre farms respectively; Subarea II, pickup truck 5,120 , 8,180 , and 11,59^ ; 1 l/2 ton truck 2,300, 3,648, and 5,068 for the 150, 240, and 320 acre farms respectively. ij,Crcjr v f f\oJ» 75ei. arj-jc Hi — . TO i TABLE 8 Typical Overhead Costs for Farm Irrigation Equipment on hi Vegetable Farms in the Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 19^7-19^9 Size Annual overhead costs or Original Years Salvage Average Int . on Item number cost service value invest . Depr . inv . % Repairs Taxes Insur . Total 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 dollars years dollars Well 280' -16" 3,640 20 1,820 182 91 273 Pumping plant 66 60 30 HP 720 GPM 2,1*00 20 24o 1,320 108 14 10 258 kO HP 900 GPM 3,ooo 20 300 1,650 135 82 75 17 12 321 50 HP 1125 GPM 3,500 20 350 1,925 158 96 88 20 14 376 Concrete Pipe 1000' -16" 1,290 10 645 32 32 13 7 5 89 Siphons 100 150 5 75 30 k 1 35 \ 590, -J?,. ■ • TABLE 9 Typical Overhead Costs for Farm Irrigation Equipment on Vegetable Farms in the Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1950-1952 Size Annual overhead costs Item or number Original cost Years service Salvage value Average invest . Depr . Int .on lnv.5* Repairs Taxes Insur . Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 dollars years dollars Well 280' -16" 3,640 20 1,820 182 91 22 14 309 Pumping plant 30 HP 40 HP 50 HP 720 GPM 900 GPM 1125 GPM 2,665 3,260 3,850 20 20 20 266 326 385 1,461 1,793 2,118 120 147 173 73 90 106 67 82 96 18 21 25 11 13 16 289 353 4l6 Concrete Pipe Isiphons 1 1000' -16" 100 1,290 165 4o 5 1 645 82 32 33 32 4 12 8 1 5 1 89 39 \ 1 • i i : m . ■rsdo 8S 33 ' '3s is $ F J ■ • 3 > TT9 MM *e : o5 21. fuels and lubricants, seeds, spray materials, labor, and other (Appendix Table 1). Prices for marketing services and materials include harvesting and packing, hauling, materials, and miscellaneous. Input Costs for Power, Machinery, Irrigation Equipment, and Labor . — This section includes input costs for tractors, machinery, and irrigation equipment on each of the six typical organizations — a 220-, 3h0- t and 500-crop-acre unit in Subarea I and a 150-, 21*0-, and 320-crop-acre unit in Subarea II. These data reflect the two price levels — 19h7-19h9 and 1950-1952. The six farm setups vary distinctly in how effectively they use equipment. The total acreage in vegetables and the proportion of the acreage in the various truck crops vary. Also, some farm organizations include rotation crops and some do not. Finally, there are differences among farms producing the latter crops in the crops chosen and in their respective acreages. The first step in establishing cost per hour or per acre-foot for each of the farm setups, therefore, was to determine the total amount each of the various kinds of equipment is used. It then was possible, using the prices and overhead costs data previously presented, plus physical in- puts, to determine total annual costs and costs per hour or per acre-foot. Annual overhead cost data are calculated identically for a given piece of equipment for each farm organization. Per-acre or acre-foot cost, therefore, varies inversely according to annual use of the several equipment items. The calculations for both price periods use the same physical inputs. Cost differences between them, therefore, are due solely to price variations. Tractor Use and Costs . — Total hours of use for the T-U and W-2 tractors are determined for each farm organization. Practice information supplied by farmers made it possible to calculate typical tractor inputs per acre. Next, these data multiplied by the number of acres of crop and summed indicated total tractor hours per farm.-^ The smallest number of hours of T-k use was 725 on the 150-crop-acre 5/ Detailed input data per acre are included in the second report in this series, Santa Maria Valley and Adjacent Area Vegetable Farms. II. Production Practices and Inputs, Costs, and Returns. >id£? x2btt9$$&V 3«*d.jf> fcfi-s- ;ff*-;"ii?.b»« losq far.-; 3isx.*8svicsrt dbiflofii'- aXsxnCJ'Bh -'Snft -?;>9 fa of- lodBj fens' , jnsmcrx.utff -T^x^^^'-^'ld^^"!^ ,1 «*J£». tewof- tot' ?.*?jo0 - ' .tiKJrtl ■ . •jtMWtiqitfps nsi.Jssrrti bar. - ,-- liUfeSJiK-i woloerct 10I t$B09'«hfqnx asfct'Jof /• "£iol*bfee- 4i..rm eios-qcrttt-X^ bits- ,-Oii£ t -0§S:fi-~e?f3.ttsMt-F£3'T0 isaxq\'.J xl*' oriJ- lo : riose "*#!c--' iob saa'rf? .IT Fft*x6cfif3 njf- ixtrj- - 97os>qVio*t^i : >";.' , ns .-G4K.. «-O^I £ bos I Bs^disS-'Ai?- 91B 919ir{ ^ <:x d^&9ios iB Jrv}'. s?i7 • , j-nsmq&rt '8£A .TEJIS - *! SQWa- vioiriJ : VfottBtf :as,% .ioti bb -©.ifee bne * &qbi-9"'odi ni. eqca^^P^d 4«bo "gfixjie±Ieu'."$a{* * Yidvii osl 3 9 "rod «;-^ani5t&tb ? : f rti sgsstbc 'adi lo noxtooqolrq edd' bfJfe! :o noxis^oi pbul-orti anotSastiits^o-'Eis^'' - iaiil eri$'~»aci&£9i9£ 9vf 0' yfiqaw 'xlefli : as 1 ? ,9xrri9*iefi.t..,3qi'via& BKB'V-'feri'J- -%b f.o&'«> nol" ^ox-Sias* ; ;e3tt of:" Jns.'rt^ii.-pe- abrrxa Pi/dxisv sdi xo riafii'-SnuofifB j ^I suoi "f^iq siftb e^-e.oo bssdisvo bns 399x*2q srli ^nx-a&" 10: lircafr-istj- Riat» bus a-taoa-IatmnB Ifictotf srfxiHiaiteb of -teauq :• •nev.f>s b *rol \Hsox inebS ba+aimlso ^is sirb' Jsos bBadnfttt?- ©rtarfj K teoo .tobx-etaa -to snoB-i-sT- ,noxlssrnxsglo ithb !- ft-.tr*?- " 101 enobi sHjoXbs ariT *' .eras* ir tatsfoqifipe 1b fsvsa -ferf* xo saw .faunas oi gnxbiro'ooB- " aed^ n95w,t&c t aaoui'i? liib- » a-ri'-qiix • IcoiaYrfq- emse *>ntf ssjf sbonsq 99x1a oi'cd -. .axioxiSjftBv vofrtq 0$ vl&Ice »eb 91a <9aox93*»ri;t •' brtB. it-T "6riJ- ' nol ei; 1o eiirori .ab^oT — iOtfeajJ bfl« 9 at? lo^oBrcT t" ■ • ■ . 1 «t«vi:.'. ■ ■t*b ae' -fans qcno- Jo eotoi ix/m BC- 9BXf 11 1< , !>•■ I'' 22. farm in Subarea II, and the greatest number of hours of use for this model was 2,888 hours for the 500-crop-acre farm in Subarea I (Table 10). The same two organizations represented the extremes in wheel tractor use. The range was from 90U-U,726 hours. Tractor power usually is available on a cus- tom basis — at least in emergencies. Operators interviewed in this study, however, commonly maintained on their farms enough power units substantially to meet their seasonal power requirements. Timeliness in operations when producing vegetables is vital. Lack of power to perform operations at the right stage prejudices maxi- mum yields and earnings. Tractors, of course, have maximum capacity limits es- tablished by the total hours of the year when field conditions make field work possible. This limit usually is unattainable in actual use. Operational require- ments, necessity for repairs, availability of labor, and other factors impose practicable limits. An individual operator who is approaching or has reached the practicable capacity of his power unit or units provides additional capacity by buying another tractor. His power capacity, therefore, increases in discontinu- ous increments according to the kind and number of tractors he uses. This section includes detailed data on overhead operating and total tractor costs per hour only for the 220-crop-acre Subarea I farms at 1950-1952 prices (Table 11). Comparable information for the other five farm setups at 1950-1952 prices and for all six organizations at 19U7-19U9 prices is inoluded in the ap- pendix. Total tractor cost per hour of use was $1.77 for the T-U and $1.27 for the W-2 tractor on the 220-crop-acre Subarea I farm at 1950-1952 prices (Table 11). The total for the T-U power unit, used 1,279 hours per year, includes $1.1U over- head and $0.63 operating costs. This farm organization had two W-2 tractors which were used a total of 1,78U hours per year or an average of 892 hours each. Total cost per hour of use included $0.75 per hour overhead and $0.52 operating cost. 6/ See Appendix Tables 2 and 3, pages 7U-8U. 23. TABLE 10 Tractor Hours Use, Entire Crop Organization; Vegetable Farms in Subareas I and II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 19A8 1 Q 1 ay* a a T TT q t*tti c DUUaX ca J. r al ilio ecu crop acres 3k0 crop acres 500 crop acres Hours n / uses./ Hours a/ usejy Hours usejj/ Crop Acres T-k W-2 Acres T-k W-2 Acres T-1+ W-2 1 2 3 >t 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lettuce (Spr . ) 3k 195 153 50 287 226 57 327 257 Lettuce (Sr . ) ^5 258 203 10U 597 1+69 116 666 523 Carrots Jy 31 186 375 18 108 218 1+0 21+0 1+81+ Broccoli ^ . 27 122 181+ 5h 2kk 369 61+ 289 ^37 Cauliflower!/ 1+7 266 695 Ilk 6k6 1,685 127 720 1,877 Sugar beets -- 100 508 727 Tomatoes 39 191 12 ^,305 Total crop 223 1,218 1,622 3ko 1,882 2,967 50l+ 2,750 Non-crop 61 162 — 9^ 297 138 1+31 Total 1,279 1,781+ mm 1,976 3,261+ 2,888 ^,736 Subarea II Farms 150 crop acres PkC crop acres 320 crop acres Lettuce (Spr.) 25 Ikk 113 Ik 80 63 28 161 126 Lettuce (Sr.) 25 ikk 113 10 57 ^5 69 396 311 Lettuce (fall) 186 Carrots 17 102 Broccoli 16 72 109 3~8 171 260 28 126 191 Cauliflower 16 91 215 70 397 91+0 kl 266 631 Beans 23 1+8 115 9^ 225 132 27I+ 660 Potatoes 1*7 192 157 63 258 211 Total crop 152 691 822 2k0 1,057 1,7^ 321 1,325 2,105 Won -crop 3h 82 53 126 236 Total 725 901+ 1,110 1,918 1,1+51 2,3^1 a/ Yields of 278 and 1+33 crates of saleable product, respectively, used for carrots and cauliflower in Subarea I, 200 and 320, respectively, in Subarea II. b/ Oil -weeded. c/ Transplanted. 2k . TABLE 11 Typical Overhead Costs and Operating Expenses for Tractors and Trucks; 220 Crop Acre Vegetable Farms in Subarea i; Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1950-19523' T W -2. Item Unit Price Number amount or Cost Number amount or Cost 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 Tractors Annual use No. tractors Overhead Total overhead Cost per hour ■ hour tractor dollar dollar dollar — 1,279 1 1 1 1,460 1,1+60 1.11+ 1,781+ 2 1 2 — 667 1,33** • 75 Diesel fuel Gasoline Crankcase oil Gear lubricant Grease Oil filters ga lion ga lion quart quart pound one .152 .199 .15 • 137 • 137 •95 k,860 192 40 128 13 739 29 5 18 12 l+,i+60 11+1+ li+ 89 8 888 22 2 12 8 Total operating Cost per hour dollar dollar 803 .63 932 •52 Total cost Cost per hour dollar dollar 2,263 1.77 2,266 1.27 Trucks l 2 Ton n - Ton Annual use Total annual cost Total cost per mile Total cost per crop acre mile dollar dollar dollar 7,500 600 .08 2.69 3,520 1+22.1+0 .12 1.89 a/ See Table 7 for detailed annual overhead costs. See Appendix Tables 2 and 3, pages 7^ - &k t for detailed overhead and operating costs for other farm sizes at 19I+7-I9I+9 and 1950-1952 price levels. b/ Inputs for T-1+ tractors calculated as follows: Subarea I, diesel fuel 3.8 gallons per hour, crankcase oil 15 quarts and oil filters 1 per 100 hours, transmission and gear lubricant 31 quarts and grease 100 pounds per 1,000 hours; diesel fuel 3« 5 gallons per hour, other items same as Subarea I. cj Inputs for W-2 tractors calculated as follows: gasoline 2.5 gallons per hour, crankcase oil 8 quarts and oil filters 1 per 100 hours, transmission and gear lubricant 8 quarts and grease 50 pounds per 1,000 hours. 25. Total power costs per acre and per unit of product are very much affected by overhead costs as indicated by the above data. Overhead, being fixed, is in inverse relationship to hours of power unit use, hence, to the proportion of the tractor capacity that is used. The result is that operators have serious prob- lems in minimizing power costs by adjusting operations to the equipment capacity. The various data on total costs per hour for the two different models of tractors in the six farm organizations clearly indicate this problem. Thus, in Subarea I under 1950-1952 prices, the total cost per hour for T-U power was $1*77, $2.10, and $2.lU, respectively, for the three farm sizes (Table 13). Operating costs per hour was constant, and all variation, therefore, re- sulted from differences in overhead cost per hour. The latter factor ranged from $1. Ill -$1.52 per hour. Similar relationships are evident in Subarea II between the 150- and the 2U0-crop-acre farms. The largest -si zed farm, however, does a better job of using T-U power than the 2U0-crop-acre organization and has the same per-hour cost as the 150-acre farming unit. The reason for the prevailing direct relationship between increasing farm size in crop acres and cost per hour for T-U power is evident in the data for hours of use per tractor (Table 13). The farm- ers increase power capacity more than they increase crop acres as farm size in- creases. For W-2 tractors, the opposite is true. Total costs per hour decline as farm size increases in both subareas (Table 13). The reason, again, is evident; crop acres increase faster than power capacity. There is much more need for tillage tractor power than for seedbed preparation power on vegetable farms. It is easier, therefore, to adjust capacity to requirements for the W-2 tractors. It is clear, also, that operators of the typical vegetable farms studied have not succeeded in attaining as effective balance of unit capacities for T-U as for 1-2 tractors. The Subarea I operators are more efficient than those in Subarea II as meas- ured by cost per hour of farm power use. Costs are lower in Subarea I than for bsXoeilB doom yi?v eta &>jsjbotc t lo iim ie>q bns s-iob xsq aXaco ip^raq IsXoT ni ai ,b9xi'x §nisd ^bseritsvO ' .sXsb evode adX \d bsXBoxfcfii as iteoo fcssff^/o vd eriX In noxX'ioqo'ie sriX oX t ?on9d t oat/ Xxraf louoq 1o aioori oX qxilsxioiXxsX&t 93-i9Yrcx -do*iq suoxxae 9VStf rioXfitaoo XsriX ai ?J.uar-i rdT . bsex; ax XBfiX xXi:ofta&-» foXoaid .\tiosqBT Jnsraqxupa oX anoiXsioao anxXautbs Y.d s.teoo rgwoq gn/sxr'/nisn ni ems! "id alsbora JneisYixb o*?X 9dX tol ujort isq eXsoo frJoX no soeb sxjoXtbv sriT .msldoiq exdX eXBoxbnl -n^tesIs snoi^Bsxnsgio anal xxa 9riX ol :UT 10I mod -isq craco XaXo.} sriX t asoxi'-; S;cSI-G<^I isbxu/ I Bsisdx/2 ni .auriT aidsT) essla nrtDi e^triX ?dX iol i xlevi33$qz*>T t iU.S$ bxta ,OI»S£ t TT«X^ asw iswq -9 - t fStoidtSoj t noxdBi*tX5V lis bne jXnsXanoo ssv/ 7X/ori is.; aXaoo gnxXstaqO . (£1 rnotl begnfi-i ioto&'i isXXel eriT .ii/ori -req Xsoo b«3di&vo nx ao-jnsie'iiib asctl baXX-i/e fl99"rX9d II s©"ifcdi/2 ni .tnt<^rve ?is jaxnenoiXsis'i iBliaxZ •it/od taq VcJ.X^-'il. J$ & 8soo < i9V07/ori t fflisl fc?s ia-XaggiBi &riT .amisi oioB-qo-co-OiiS sdX bras -0?I sdX erass sriX a&d bnu noxXEsinr^'io stoB-qoio-OiiS 9rlt nsdX iswoq d~? gntaa lo dof noXX?d * i . * ■ . . * XoQixi) ^nififevsiq 9fiJ xoX ifosssi 9dT Xini' yn^tiii'i st^b—i^X oH+ uroi -*t«»{t tl-T tol won teq Xaoo bna asiDB qoio ni asle ms'i jjntase'jorrl xf?.?w.tsd qxriBnox^filai -nriex 9riT .(c.I sldsT) toJoKi* inq eeu to a-xaori io\ siBb srii nx Jnebiv? -xpwoc -irf »sia urtBl fee s9ioe qcno oaBsnonx vad^ nsricJ- 9tcm Y^loBqso isnroq 9ae9*innx ■ artaS as sniXasb -it'Oii is>q a^aoo XsjoT a.i 3d-xaoqqn eriJ- , s-io^obi^ S-W to^ sgsXIxJ' io! baan &io:i Aomn ?x e'i^rif .y^f^^^B^ tew&q ciBdi toJ8£t ysept^fii 091^5 ( T:9J:es9 ax XI .anrx3i eXds-tsgev no "t-?yroq ricx^B^^qB'fq b9db??a 10I nsri^f i?woq ioJobiJ ai ii .tiotoB-xi S-f ad* toi ei t t9in9TxifP9i oX yXio»qso Jsocbs oX t eTto'i«9n* ni b9i)999oya Xon 9vcn baiht'X? ennsX ' Idi-cragsv Ibo iq\'X 9dX Xo sxoXfiisqo XBriX ,oeXB .aioXofiaX S-W 10I sb ii-T icl asiXi^qfio Xinx/ lo gonfiiso' e^i+oa'lis as arrxxdstifi -a39ns as IT BsiBdi/2 nx aeoiiX awix tii&iox'xt9 910m 91s eioXsiaqo r seiBdxrt? sdT •xol nsdX I BPisdx-'8 ni lewol ?ts aXso.^ .93U -i9**oq mel Xo ix/ori ic-q Xaoo ^jd bsix- 26. TABLE 12 Typical Overhead Costs and Operating Expenses per Hour and per Acre for Tractors and Trucks; Vegetable Farms in Subareas I and II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1947-1949iy teubarea. I 220 crop acres 340 crop acres 500 crop acres Unit T-4 W-2 T-4 W-2 T-4 W-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 (Tractors Hours use No. tractors Hours per tractor one one 1,279 1 1,279 1,784 2 892 1,976 2 988 3,264 3 1,088 2,888 3 963 4,736 4 1,184 Cost factors Total overhead Total operating Total cost Overhead per hour Operating per hour Total per hour I • dol. dol. dol. dol. dol. dol. 1,250 627 1,877 .98 • 49 1.47 1,144 794 1,938 .64 .44 1.08 2,500 968 3,468 1.26 .49 1.75 1,716 1,469 3,185 • 53 • 45 .98 3,750 L>14 5,164 1.30 .49 1.79 2,288 2,139 4,427 .48 .45 •93 Trucks f Ton if Ton f Ton if Ton f Ton if Ton Cost per acre dol. 2.55 1.74 2.39 1.76 2.39 1-75 Subarea II 150 crop acres 240 crop acres 320 crop acres Unit T-4 W-2 T-4 W-2 T-4 W-2 tractors Hours use No. tractors Hours per tractor one one 725 1 725 904 2 452 1,110 2 555 1,918 3 639 1,451 2 726 2,341 3 780 Cost factors Total overhead Total operating Total cost Overhead per hour Operating per hour Total per hour dol. dol. dol. dol. doL dol. 1,250 337 1,587 1.72 .46 2.19 1,154 406 1,560 1.28 .45 1.73 2,500 518 3,018 2.26 .47 2.73 1,716 862 2,578 .90 .45 1.35 2,500 677 3,177 1.72 • 47 2.19 1,716 1,059 2,775 • 73 .45 1.18 Trucks f Ton If Ton f Ton if Ton f Ton if Ton Cost per acre dol. 2.54 1.79 2.51 1.76 3.18 2.19 a/ See Appendix Table 2, page 74 for detailed overhead and operating costs. Si .3JSAT tot srroA *sq bat woH "isq aoBnr,qx3 .gnituisqO tee VlQtQ f-ssrit^vO X', 27. TABLE 13 Typical Overhead Costs and Operating Expenses per Hour and per Acre for Tractors and Trucks; Vegetable Farms in Subareas I and II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1950-1952Jy Subarea I 220 crop acres 340 crop acres 500 crop acres Unit T-4 W-2 T-4 W-2 T-4 W-2 i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Tractors 4,736 Hours use one 1,279 1,784 1,976 3,264 2,888 No. tractors one 1 2 2 3 3 4 Hours per tractor 1,279 892 988 1,088 963 1,184 Cost factors li ■a An 4,300 c. ,000 Total overhead dol. 1,460 1,334 2,920 2,001 Total operating dol. 803 932 1,239 1,720 1,813 2,497 Total cost dol. 2,263 2,266 4,159 3,721 6,193 5,165 Overhead per hour dol. 1.14 •75 1.48 .61 1.52 •56 Operating per hour dol. .63 •52 •63 •53 •63 •53 Total per hour dol. 1.77 1.27 2.10 1.14 2 .14 1.09 Trucks | Ton if Ton 1 Ton \\ Ton 1 Ton \\ Ton Cost per acre 2.69 1.89 2.73 1.92 P 73 S • 1 J Subarea II 150 crop acres 240 crop acres 320 crop acres 1 Unit T-4 W-2 T-4 W-2 T-4 W-2 Tractors 1,451 2,341 Hours use one 725 904 1,110 1,918 No. tractors one 1 2 2 3 2 3 t Hours per tractor 725 452 555 639 726 780 Cost factors Total overhead dol. 1,460 1,334 2,920 2,001 2,920 2,001 Total operating dol. 422 477 646 1,010 845 1,234 i Total cost iol. 1,882 1,811 3,566 3,oii 3,765 3,235 Overhead per hour iol. 2.01 1.48 2.63 1.04 2.01 .85 : Operating per hour dol. • 58 • 53 • 58 • 53 .58 • 53 i Total per hour dol. 2.60 2.00 3-21 1.57 2-59 1.38 Trucks | Ton \\ Ton \ Ton \\ Ton 5 Ton if Ton Cost per acre dol. 1.45 .98 2.87 1.92 3.64 2.38 a/ See Appendix Table 3, page 80, for detailed overhead and operating costs. [9V0 I £3. , ,. ; i . . ,,, -4 327 28. Subarea II for both tractor models in each of the relative farm sizes. Differences per hour range from 29 cents for the W-2 tractors on the Subarea I, 500-acre farm and the Subarea II, 3U0-acre farm to $1.11 for the T-h tractors on the Subarea I, 3ii0-acre and Subarea II, 2^0-acre farms (Table 13) • Price changes between the two periods materially increased the cost per hour for farm power but did not otherwise affect the above-discussed relationships. Total per-hour cost for the T-h tractor on the 220-crop-acre farm was $1.2i7 at 19U7-1 9h9 prices and $1.77 at 1950-1952 prices (Tables 12 and 13). Comparable figures for the W-2 tractor were $1.08 and $1.27 per hour. The range of differ- ences in cost per hour between farms in Subareas I and II was from 25-98 cents in the 19U7-19U9 period (Tables 12 and 13). Machinery Use and Costs . — Overhead costs per hour were calculated for the equipment used by Santa Maria vegetable growers. Total annual cost (Tables 6 and 7) for each item of equipment was divided by the hours of use (Appendix Table k) according to the various farm sizes. Total annual cost per farm for all farm ma- chinery, not including power units or irrigation, ranged from $l,3l6-$2,700 in Subarea I and from $1,67U-$1, 70h in Subarea II at 19U7-19U9 prices (Table lh). The range at 1950-1952 prices was from $l,53li-$3,296 in Subarea I and from $2,096- $2,^08 in Subarea II (Table 15). Two factors affected the composition and the magnitude of the annual costs for equipment — the scale of farm operations and the combination of enterprises. Total annual costs for equipment increased consistently with farm size in Subarea I where there was relatively little variation in enterprise organization associ- ated with over-all scale of operations. Farms in Subarea II, however, reflect the dominant influence of change in enterprise organization. Thus, the largest farm, 320 crop acres, had the lowest total annual equipment cost at 1950-1952 prices and the second lowest at 19U7-19U9 prices. These farms produced no potatoes, hence, saved the annual cost of the specialized equipment required for this crop. .8S« • Bf»3«&-x&'i«tW- • .aa^ix friPtl. $vi4&fe*t add lo dose, tit aleborn lodoaid fidod iol II aaiBdi/S ariel q s tos-005- «I .aa-KiduS yrid no siodosid S-W arid iol ednao VS moil 9&nsi tuoii i&q u^i tl- aai^jsi/ii nx. oOY oyo t I5 noil bfts T eaifti^ -d^O«S§ martl Bna I- a»usdv3 ftx d9.S^.|-4c.e"X6 37. TABLE 18 Typical Total Overhead Costs and Operating Expenses for all Farm Pumping Plants; Vegetable Farms in Subareas I and II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1947 -1949 'J / Item Unit 220 crop acres 3I+O crop acres 500 crop acres 1 2 3 1+ 5 ■ Subarea I Annual use Number plants ; Overhead 1 Total overhead Cost per acre ft. Pumping head I Plant efficiency Power Total operating Cost per acre ft. acre feet hours plant dollar dollar dollar foot percent h.p. dollar dollar dollar 594 3,021+ d i,2i+3 l,2i+3 2.09 115 59-2 201 225 1*3*15 1,771 2.98 981 4,709 O C 1,298 1,298 1.32 lie 59.2 1+50 2,070 2,520 2.57 1,399 6,716 3 i,9 k 7 1.39 115 59.2 675 2,981+ 3,659 2.62 Total cost Cost per acre ft. dollar dollar 3,oii+ 5.07 3,810 3-87 5,606 1+.01 Item Unit 150 crop acres 2l+0 crop acres 320 crop acres 1 2 3 1+ 5 Subarea II : Annual use : Number plants ■ Overhead Cost per acre ft . Pumping head Plant efficiency Demand ! Power Total operating Cost per acre ft . acre feet hours plant dollar dollar foot percent h.p. h.p. dollar dollar dollar 357 2,678 1 531 1.1+9 88 52 151 658 809 2.27 635 *+ , J.JLU 2 1,125 1.77 88 52 151 201 1,260 1,612 2.5 k 654 ■3.922 2 1,188 1.82 88 52 402 1,3H 1,713 2.62 Total cost Cost per acre ft . dollar dollar 1,340 3.75 2,737 1+-31 2,901 4.44 |/ See Appendix Table 5, page 91, for detailed overhead and operating costs by pimping units . 'i 38. TABLE 19 Typical Total Overhead Costs and Operating Expenses for all Farm Pumping Plants; Vegetable Farms in Subareas I and II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1950-19523' Item Unit 220 crop acres 340 crop acres 500 crop acres 1 2 3 4 5 Subarea I Annual use i Number plants Total overhead^/ Cost per acre ft. Pumping head Plant efficiency Demand 1+0 h.p. 50 h.p. Power Total operating 1 Cost per acre ft. acre feet hours plant dollar dollar foot percent dollar dollar dollar dollar dollar 594 3,024 2 1,387 2.3^ 115 59.2 256 285 1, J°l 1,928 3.25 98I 4,709 2 1,450 1.48 115 59.2 57° 2,110 2,680 2.73 1,399 6,716 3 2,175 1-55 115 59.2 u ? j 3,041 3,896 2.78 Total cost ; Cost per acre ft . dollar dollar 3,315 5.58 4,130 4.21 6,071 4.34 Item Unit 150 crop acres 240 crop acres 320 crop acres 1 2 3 4 5 Subarea II Annual use Number plants . Total overhead^/ Cost per acre ft. Pimping head Plant efficiency Demand 30 h.p. 40 h.p. Power Total operating |i Cost per acre ft. acre feet hour plant dollar dollar foot percent dollar dollar dollar dollar dollar 357 2,678 1 598 1.68 88 52.0 192 686 878 2.1+6 635 4,110 2 1,260 1.98 88 52.0 192 256 1,320 1,768 2.78 654 3,922 2 1,324 2.02 00 52.0 512 1,374 1,886 2.88 1 Total cost j Cost per acre ft . dollar dollar 1,^76 4.13 3,028 4.77 3,210 4.91 a/ See Appendix Table 6, page 94 for detailed overhead and operating costs by pumping unit s . b/ Includes overhead charges for well, pumping plant only. TABLE 20 Per Acre Inputs and Costs by Crops; 220 Crop Acre Vegetable Farm in Subarea I, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1950-1952 £/ Item Unit Price or cost Lettuce Number or amount Spring ^-S ummer or fall Cost Number] or j amount) Cost Carrots_ b / Number or amount Cost Number or amount Broccoli Cauliflower- Cost Number or amount Cost dollars Ranch labor Tractor driver Irrigator Compensation Insurance Total Contract Services Pre -harvest labor Hoe hand Harvest labor ff Harvester Lidder Loader Truck driver Foreman Soil fumigating Dusting, air Spray carrots hour hour $100 1.00 1.00 i.*3 hour hour hour hour hour hour acre acre acre .80 2U.30 2.1+0 2.50 Total production Harve s t , pack, load Hauling (local) Miscellaneous harvest container container container 10.2 20.0 23.6 (16.8) ( 2.1) ( h.2) ( 2.1) ( 2.1) 1/3 1 168 168 168 Total harvesting and marketing Total contract services dollars 10.20 20.00 .1+1+ dollars 30. 6h 18.88 10.2 20.0 23-6 8.10 2.h0 29.38 50. ho 16.80 21*. 36 91T55" 120. 9^ 21k 21k 21k 10.20 20.00 .1+1* 30.61+ 18.88 8.10 2.1+0 29.38 61+. 20 21.1+0 31-03_ 116.63 Ll+6.01 "8" 10 11 12 11 dollars dollars dollars 17.5 17.1+ 15.6 (68.9) ( *.l) ( 8.1) ( k.l) ( k.l) 1 1 17.50 17.1+0 • 51 12.3 21.7 35- kl 12.1+8 278 278 278 2.1+0 2.50 17.38 208.50 27.80 63.9^ 200. 2l+ 317.62 12.30 21.70 ■ k9 15-7 30.3 15.70 30.30 .67 28.1+ (52.7) 2.0) 3-9) 2.0) 2.0) 156 156 156 31+.1+9 22.72 2.1+0 25.12 109.20 7.80 31+.32 151.32 176.1+1+ 11.1 (21.6) 5.10 (10.8) 5-k) 5.M ^33 ^33 1+33 1+6.67 8.88 2.1+0 11.28 99.59 21.65 ^3.30- 16U.5U 175.8? (Continued on next page.) Table 20 continued. Item Unit Price or cost Lettuce Spring Igtuimer cr fall Carrots ^ Broccoli Cauliflower s/ Number or amount Cost Number or amount Cost Number or amount I Cost dumber or imount Cost Number or amount Cost 1 2 3 k 5 S" 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Materials Production Seed Fertilizer (10 -10- 5) Fertilizer (NH3) DDT5Zn3S25 DM'5Zn3 Parathion 2 DDT (5$) DDT (50^) DDT Sulfur TEPP Parathion 2$ Weed oil pound pound pound pound pound pound pound pound pound pound gallon lo liars varies • 035 .115 .125 .11+0 • 195 1.0 700 75 1+0 — dollars 3.20 21+.50 8.62 5.60 — — 1.0 700 75 1+0 dollars 3.20 2U.50 8.62 5.60 3.0 600 60 1+0 80 dollars 1+.20 21.00 6.90 5.00 15.60 2.0 Soo 100 1+0 — 1+.10 28.00 11.50 5.60 — • 25 800 6c 120 — dollars 2.81 28.00 6.90 16.80 -- Total production Marketing Containers Lids Pack material Ice Total marketing Total materials one one crate crate 168 168 168 1+1.92 92.1+0 15.10 5.90 211+ 2ll+ 211+ 1+1.92 117.70 19.26 7. 1*9 278 278 278 278 52.70 166.80 25.02 29-88 29.19 156 156 156 156 1+9.20 68.61+ 1I+.82 27.30 15.60 ^33 ^33 1*33 5^.51 181.86 23.82 113. ho 155.32 1I+1+.1+5 186.37 250.89 303.59 126.36 175.56 205.68 260.19 (Continued cn next page.) 3J7 ETJWjeft Table 20 continued. Item Unit 1 Price or cost . Lettuce Spring 3ummer or fall. Carrots _/ Broccoli c / Cauliflower-/ Number or amount ; r Cost dumber or imount Cost Number or amount Cost Number or amount Cost Number or amount Cost 1 2 3 4 j 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars Miscellaneous Real Estate tax acre 1 7.53 1 1 • \>j 1 7-53 1 7-53 1 7-53 Real Estate acre 33.88 1 33.88 1 33.88 1 33-88 1 33-88 investment 2 General overhead tL — 6.55 -- 7.C& — 8.78 -- 7.64 — 11.09 Labor overheads 6.96 6.96 6.87 O.01 O.ll Total 54.92 55. 4i 57.06 57.06 60.61 Irrigation .10 .10 Concrete pipe acre .10 1 .10 .10 .10 — — Siphons acre • 35 1 .35 •35 • 35 34 " • 35 • 35 Water acre inch. 45 20 9.00 13.95 26 11.70 15.30 20.70 Total 9.U5 14.40 12.15 15-75 21.15 Pover 7.96 T-4 Tractor hour 1.77 j .7 10.09 5-7 10.09 6.0 10.62 4.5 5-7 10.09 W-2 Tractor hour 1.27 4 • 5 5.72 4-5 5.72 11.0 13.97 6.8 8.64 14.4 18.29 Pickup truck 2.69 2.69 2.69 m — 2.69 2.69 ll/2 ton truck 1.89 1.89 1.89 m — I.89 m — 1.89 Total 20.39 20.39 29.17 21.18 32.96 Equipment • 87 .43 Tool carrier 4 -row • 49 1 .08 .53 1.08 .53 10.21 5.00 1.17 • 57 Ditcher 1+2 inch • 25 .50 .12 .50 .12 • 50 .12 .50 .12 • 50 .12 Lister 3 -row .29 .58 .17 •58 .17 • 50 .14 • 37 .11 .67 • 19 Lifter 2 -row .16 5.19 .83 Plow- 4-l4 inch. 56 l .00 .56 1.00 •56 1.00 .56 1.00 • 56 1.25 • 70 Disc harrow 101/2 foot. 58 2 .50 1.45 2.50 1.45 3-00 1.74 1.64 •95 1.92 1.11 Spike harrow foo-i i .12 1 .50 .18 1.50 .18 1.50 .18 .64 .08 .67 .08 (Continued on next page,) Table 20- continued. Lettuce c/ flower z.1 Spring 1 Summer cr fail- Carrots Broccoli Cauli Price Number dumber Number Number Number Item Unit or cost or amount Cost or amount Cost or amount Cost or amount Cost or amount Cost 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Q O 9 XU 12 13 dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars Equipment (Continued) Roller Float Cultivator Vegetable planter, 10 foot 10 foot 4 -row 2-bed • 32 .05 .36 .29 1.16 1.16 3-35 .66 • 37 .06 1.21 • 19 1.16 1.16 3-35 .00 • 37 .06 1.21 • 19 1.00 1.00 5.00 1.33 .32 .05 l.oO • 39 1.00 1.00 5 .00 1.00 • 32 • 05 X.OU •29 * • jj 1-33 U.oo 1.17 .07 1.44 • 34 shaper Fertilizer 4 -row .37 .50 .18 .50 .18 .83 •31 1.33 .49 distributor Duster Sprayer Cauliflower marker 4 -row 4 -row .98 custom .29 — -- — — — — — .58 custom 2.00 -50 0.95 1.96 .14 ei • pu Cauliflower cart • 36 — — -- iox.ax 5.02 5.02 11.13 5.02 10.14 Cost per acre Production Harvesting and mark< Total 5ting 191.72 204.96 197.16 261.08 215.00 551.13 207.82 277.68 237.32 370.22 396.68 1*58.24 766.13 485-50 607.54 Cost per yield-unit 2.36 2.14 2.76 3-11 1.40 a/ Based on following yields per acre for entries affected by yields; in crates Spring Lettuce l68, Summer and Fall lettuce 214, carrots 278, broccoli 156, cauliflower 433- b/ Weeding done with oil. cj Direct field seeded. d/ Cost of harvest labor included in per crate fee. e/ Based on usual rent $50 per acre, less real estate taxes; corrected for double cropping. f/ Calculated at 10$ on total of labor, irrigation, power, and equipment. g/ Calculated at 15$ of ranch labor plus 10 cents per hour on preharvest contract labor. U3. Labor organization per farm was determined for each of the subarea size units according to the total labor required for all crops grown. Three employment bases are used for labor used in producing the various crops; regular full-time workers hired on a year-round basis, the same on a part-year basis, and contract workers. The requirements per farm unit studied, according to these classifications, are as follows (harvesting and packing labor not included) : Subarea I farms 220 crop acres 3h0 crop acres $00 crop acres Full-time men 3 k & Part-time men ~ 6 months — Contract labor U85 days 7U0 days 1,235 days Subarea II farms 2g0 crop acre s 2h0 crop acres 320 crop acres Full-time men 1 2 3 Part-time men 6 months 9 months -- Contract labor 300 days U35 days 275 days Most of this labor represents a cash cost to the operator; it is hired. The operator can perform a part of the field operations on the smaller farms, but his full time is required to supervise and manage on the larger units. In addi- tion, the organization with 500 crop acres requires a full-time foreman (not in- cluded in the summary above). Adequate supplies of contract labor usually are available in the area so that it is unnecessary to provide regular employment for any personnel other than that indicated as required for daily operations on a year-round basis. Labor costs are presented for the individual crops studied according to the labor inputs in hours at the going rates of pay (Tables 20, 23, 2U, and 27). These rates for tractor drivers, irrigators, and contract labor are applied to the inputs according to operation, regardless of the source of the labor. Thus, operator's labor on a small farm is charged for at the same rate as the employee if he supplied a portion of the labor in production ooerations. Such procedure is necessary in arriving at comparable costs among the various farming units. 99a s as ■ L Appropriate means of recognizing the effect of this situation on final earnings of the operator will be made in the later report that deals with total farm op- erations and returns. Typical Production and Marketing Costs Per Acre for Six Farm Organizations The previous sections include data showing (1) six typical crop enterprise organizations, (2) annual costs for capital goods and prices for materials and services used in production, (3) total power, machinery, and irrigation water in- puts by crop enterprises, and (h) annual costs per hour or per acre-foot for these latter productive services. The input information is classified according to three farm organizations in each of two subareas of Santa Maria and adjacent truck crop areas. Cost and price data are shown for two periods — 19ii7-19lj9 and 1950-1952. The foregoing basic data are used in this section to determine typical costs per acre for producing the four chief vegetable crops — lettuce, carrots, broccoli, and cauliflower— and the more commonly grown rotation crops under both sets of price conditions. The word, "typical," connotes merely that the data presented represent most common practices and inputs under the prices, natural conditions, and technology specified for the farm organizations presented. Wide variation exists among vegetable growers, therefore, in the amount of labor, power, and other equipment used in producing each of the crops grown. Actually, a wide range exists among growers in the specific combination of practices used. Many factors vary among farms, and most individual farm organizations would differ in some respect from the data presented. Even if complete uniformity in practices and inputs were assumed, however, costs per acre or per unit of product necessarily must vary according to prices. Such is demonstrated clearly by determining costs under differing price condi- tions. Still different production costs would result if another price context «qo (irisl Ifijocr ftJ'iw cl£3b JsriJ itoqyi esritf lol iool-sios tso to ii/orf 'isq adaoo Isr/ruia (d) bos .s&enq-je'tfrfs qoio i/i j oj ^nXiy- C30£ r?x» xssr.iQ r,x noxjiitmo i.ix -juqnr $i1T . jjs^i.visij! svicfouboic • >c^CJ-"*v*0< J. oris iS&l-*- aboixsq osk? 70I /rworia &ub Bj£b sniiq bns d'&oO isq ajeoo laoiq^J - anrnns^sb o4 xioitoae axii xic boat/ sis a^fib ojrefid 311x03: t ilo33oid ^ottso .sox/jcfsi — aqcrco eXd6.*e>3S'7 Isirfo taol ?ri.f sruoxfocnq i lo scJqs fitorf ishni/ sqcia ncxd\£;K"vx nwo*i5 vXtc^'hos *yr f-' pafrn&astq sjeb «i.t i£rft vlei&ss seJomios ^laoier^-' 1 (bio* arlT .enoitibnc tsnoiiibnco iciacfan t aeoinq ad* isbnu ataqni bnc asoij-ogic no.raioo Jaora St npitaiitw obirW ..bsdxisEfriq anoxj^.sinaaio >ne1 srftf *xc>1 bpiij-.tv^a? \raoioxtr bos t ttr,voq t xoriJ- $a. J-o.crboiq lo *iqi/ tsq TCp sioa is . -xbiiqo 93.iiq jni'is'llxb. 'xs-bn/j 3«*8o3 %nxttitneteb %d vli^elo b^iai^enomeb Jxsxftoo 90XXO ladrfons ^x jXi.aoi blixov a Xpoi noH-irthnn +«^roTT !•^^+^ 1*5. were used. Cost data presented, therefore, are typical only of the two periods examined. The overhead cost information presented is classified according to the three organizations studied within each of the subareas. Individual cost items for production, harvesting, and marketing are classified according to kinds of inputs and are listed for the four principal vegetable crops and the more com- monly grown rotation crops. Certain costs per acre are constant for all farm or- ganizations within a given subarea due to the mechanics of the analysis. The tables have been arranged so that these data are presented in the forepart of the table for the first farm organization presented in each subarea. Detailed infor- mation is omitted where it is the same for the other two farm organizations in each subarea. Detailed tables for only one-crop-acre farm size in each subarea are included here. Summary data for remaining farms in each subarea, also, are presented. This analysis is concerned primarily with farm organization and pro- duction costs. The input and cost data are classified initially, therefore, as farm labor, contract services, materials, miscellaneous, irrigation, power, and equipment. Contract services and materials both are further subclassified as pro- duction or harvesting and marketing. The charge for use of land is calculated as rent of &65 per farm land acre, including taxes, in Subarea I and $$0 in Subarea II. This amount was prorated among crop acres according to the acres double cropped and the cost of taxes shown separately. It is recognized that this method does not reflect precisely variations among farms in the subareas. It does have the advantage, however, of being based on established practices and rates in the Santa Maria area at the time the interviews were made. Harvesting and local marketing costs are calculated according to typical yields per acre for the various crops in the two subareas. It is necessary to include this information under this grouping because harvesting is inseparable from the local marketing process for most vegetable crops. Yields used for the vegetables reflect the fact that market conditions usually limit the quantity of Bbotoaq oni sdi lo \im XaaXrpgfr a-is t fioTLs%m , .f tbsJnaaenq u^fcb itebQ .bsax; a~gs arid oi gnlbToooB baixiaasXo ai baXaaaaiq no^jemiolni Xeoo bssriavo SriT .banXftfl&ca aatsSl laoo rstrf>XvibftI .esa-isdua att* }o n/rtfXir bsxbitfa woXtffi*XflBg'ta a.oxri* io afcnXii o.t gnXbioaos bextx&aslj exfi 3fiX*©ih»fn bus iSnxisavtsri ai. ertT .aXsijI&fTfi a*W io aoxns/loain ortf ox enb a^xcdoa nevXs r, nittdiw sacltesirss-} ari* xo disqaioi aiix ni baifleestq e*xx BXsb aseriX jBricf 05 bijjuiBTXS a->ed ..i .ebrsn' ••raw ewaXvi^nX; ari^ aaiXJ ««■ ^b, jsartB jr-fx^M. BctnB2 1 Xeoxq-^J oi ufiXbioo&& bsj'flliiolso axs atfaoo -^srt^^Hc--, '-ooX fcna waX^a svtbH oi viflci8a?afl ai ^1 .RsaiBdos cvri arid ni aqcio sx/oXibv <»iJ to** *ns xso ablaiv. wiweiii ai. gttu wsriw cjU6j >a ^lxqi/oxg ^X.";^ •lanni/ fioxJBfn'ioxxix piny sbujoni aril -iol baau sbXaXY .aqo^o aids^aadv Xaoin *rox 88*09*^, ^niSfrtifi® Xsooi ?riJ-,iooii Xo v<*iJnax/p aril IxnuX Yxisx'Bff anoxxibnoo ^aTiiBffl *Bfij ^oBi arij .^sajixtn .soXdsifsav , h6. a given crop harvested per acre to less than the potential physical yield of mar- ketable produce. No charge is made for management in calculating these costs. This factor was left for consideration when earnings are analyzed. A charge for a foreman was included for the 500-crop-acre unit in Subarea I; the size of busi- ness requires his services. Subarea I Farms 220-Crop-Acre Farm; 1950-1952 Prices .— This setup includes spring lettuce, summer or fall lettuce, carrots, broccoli, cauliflower, and fresh tomatoes. It totals 223 acres of crops and lU2 acres in physical area, of which 93 acres is double cropped (Table U). Total production, plus harvesting and marketing, costs per crop acre at 1950- 1952 prices range from $397 for spring lettuce to $766 for carrots (Table 20). Harvesting and marketing costs exceed production costs for every vegetable crop and are more than double the latter figure for carrots. Harvesting and marketing costs range from $205 for spring lettuce to $551 for carrots. Production costs vary much less from $192 for spring lettuce to $237 for cauliflower. Harvesting and marketing costs, therefore, are responsible for most of the relatively wide range in typical total costs per acre for vegetable production and local market- ing as well as for over half of these totals. Harvesting and marketing costs as used in this report include all harvesting, packing, local transportation serv- ices, and materials used to get the product into trade channels at the point near- est the producer's farm. Harvesting costs are not included under production in order to keep the data comparable. This operation is never performed by the farmer for some crops, and any given individual may not harvest any of his vege- table crops. Harvesting and local transportation combined accounted for most of the cost of contract services for all vegetables (Table 20). Materials, including containers, lids, liners, and other packing materials—ice where applicable— range in cost per acre from $99 for spring lettuce to *?2U9 for carrots. ism lo bX»iy Cftsx^vric XsiJastfoq *iui fierfj ?a&X o* otos t?q fasjaw-terl qoto fxsvivs* b .attoo aserii gnxjeXxjolso ril ■ inamesBCBiir io*i 9b6m ex^iRd? dM ' .soyfaoiq eldjtfwi iox 'e»5 r xfii'i''5 A •fra&YX&rts sis agrtxtric.* riftrfw noiXB'WJXBrQD *tol (tlri ebt' lotos 1 ^ sJMI -*ai«f 10 stfia artf {1 fiaiBduS ni d-xnu ©'las-qoto-OO? and - toi tabi/Xoni ssn' a&mtol s • 890XV1PS »XT< 8e7IJUp»-r e*35fl -sojjjisi -gui/iqa aabtf/onx quJ-oa sxrlT .aforxi S nm"> .tjxjasvTfsH »79WoX xxXtrso iol Y£S$ :.t goi/J'.jsX gnriqe 70I iQlf moii aseX tfounr Y*tsv 9bimxLevmtm stftio Jeora 7ol aXcUsnoqepx die t 9Xolwewi* t aiaoa snid^I-tam bns Jajiism XsooX bins noijoybom sIdsi«iW9v - 7.V} *»-™« ■f*** {>- {.-,;+ „>. 6 adaoo gni J95fcrsm bfl«. gni#«e>vi8H .elkdoi 'nnsrfj to xXsri tevo iol as XXsw aa ^nX -vtea nox^Jioqaflcx+ XaooX J akbbeq • ianxiaovreri ILs efouXoni taoqsif nx noxjoifi'oxq i9bm> bab^Xodx ion -yt?- eiabo artXjCPVffH ..Tfis'i a' leotfixyta z>d,t .tge" ■ erU Yd bjvnnc'xieq i?v?n at noxi-fi'iaqo axriT . eXdi^cwroo • e'dsb arid G9&H'9Jnuo;«or, banM-no') no ids izoqnm^i XaooX bns gnitaoviGH " :, :aqfi70 sXd^/ anx t axRx*X9d-sM .(OS aXdsT; a^Xda^agev XXs 7.0I BasiVxss ^oEiinoo lo rfaos s>dcf —eLcfB~>£.''.Qqn oiaritr 9oi— sfBxie^am "nnijiojsq T>xldo bri^ siitiil "ahfj p*r<*nYrinnn U7. Four classes of inputs account for 70-80 per cent of total production costs per acre for the four principal vegetable crops at 1950-1952 prices. These are, using summer and fall lettuce as an example: farm, labor — $30. 6h; contract serv- ice— $29. 38; materials— $l|1.92j and miscellaneous— 85 (Table 20). If the cost of contract services, largely labor cost, is combined with farm labor for lettuce, the total — $60.02 — represents 30 per cent of all production costs (Table 21). Power, irrigation, and equipment costs rank fifth, sixth, and seventh, re- spectively. The items combined account for 20 per cent of all production costs for summer and fall lettuce on the 220-crop-acre farm in Subarea I at 1950-1952 prices. These same relationships hold in general for the chief vegetable crops in this subarea size setup. Carrots and cauliflower a slightly smaller proportion of total production costs in the four input classes that dominate costs but a slightly greater proportion included under power. The miscellaneous class deserves comment. Included here are charges for < using land plus general and labor overhead. The general overhead, $7.0U for sum- mer lettuce, is intended to cover cost of improvements and other over-all services not specifically covered otherwise. Labor overhead is included to represent la- bor expense for the entire farm not effectively used on any one specific crop. 3U 0-and 500-Crop-Acre Farms; 1950-1952 Prices .— Production costs in this analysis are lowest on 3u0-acre farms and highest on 500-acre farms for all crops except cauliflower. There are virtually no cost differences between the 220-acre and 500-acre farms (Table 22). Variations found reflect cost differences in ir- rigation, equipment, and miscellaneous inputs primarily. Power costs are slightly higher on the middle-sized farms, while farm labor, contract services, and materi- als are the same for all farm sizes. These data indicate no consistent relation- ship between farm scale and per-acre production cost for vegetables. aJeoo. no 2* DtfLo'iq Isiod 1o jjnao t?q 08-0? 10I Jru/aooa adyqni lo ssaeaXo ibo"? ,eis 93?riT ,asoiiq S3?X-"3<^X :da aqoio aXdedegav feqii>n±*rq '■iyfb'i srfd -tol &H3« ~sq Joot-Jcroa 'itb.0f i^— "iocCp I urxB'i t <X XXsl bns i^iiua anxfttr •^rfJ II .(OS oXdgf ) ;$'rtc!ii§ — 'anoon&XXdoaxm bnE jS^«I^§ — slfiXisiB.u - (8f .?Sf. — ?r>i 'xo't. nods! siTBl ddir? fc-nidmoo 3/ jdeoo todal ■^tsj'rr.X •,a^oiv''i9B Jrvvtdnoo lo daoo dXdst) a*a9o noX^otrboxq 11b to feiso jsq r£ sdto&eaaqai— S0^$— Jb*o* srfi .swidSX t ri*n*v»a fens ,riixia «rfdlx'i jtns-i aJ^oo diiomqjbo© bras .n'^tigcnX • t t«iro c i \(XS .3*3^0 ^oxdauboiq XXe 'io inoo isq OS io'I dfti/ooOB fcenidmoD &mil erST . yXevidoaqe ,i "C^J- aJ» x t/f> Ir>C*/ .» «X l"IE I STOf-.-'^O'IO—Vi^ 9.". J /IO BOUJ-JSi 118 1 DHB 'I9fi\tim£ 101 •asoxiq nx eqosia -oxdsdeT^v S9lrio arid -io'i iBiaatag n i bXarf aqXrianol.jBX^T snma s3sriT 'if-iiF-raa yXdn^x-La £ TtawoXliXiiao bna BdoTjiaO '-qudsa asia es'i^doa 3irii ajsnxmob ds**d aaaasXo doqni -mo! arid nx adaoo noidotrboiq Xsdod lo noxdioqo-rq • "xawoq i?bnt/ b?b*;Xonx nojrdioqoTi* "ladcata vXdriaiXs a JJd adaoo t lol sog-jofio oat oiaif b?fouiyi!l .^fi^.Tinioo saviaaab aasXo eboanaXXaoaia ariT -rroa xol ;iO,Y& .bsori-isvo Xr.-iangg sAT ibsaritavo WfcX fens iBranag avlq bncX falsi? .?. r ijv*f98 XXs— i9vo larido one adnafflawiqfni lo daoo isvoo od r3bri9dnx ai sou**©! "xaci ~bX dnaeaiqa'i od bebf/toni ax bB&dTovo lodej .saXr-Tcari'do bptaTOb xXXsolxioaqs don n9TS>'lxib daoo' on \XXjsadixv 910 ei&i? .-mwoI'lxXiJBo fqeoxo -ij; as, asonciollxb *«oa jasX'i^i bnuol awoXdajhtaV .(SS 9Xxva^a dtHndrroo ^rotfeX' nnax sXtrfvr .emel besia-aXbbim edd no ladaid "■noXdsXa^t dnoda^'ino*). cn " 5 ids"tbn^ "del) s*9i}T' p<,«fp ° fr« _ a ____ ^ _ . . _ _ _ _t„ .39idAd»g9v xox daoo CK>lioitboiq ©ior,-.-iaq bnlt-aieoa tttbi noo^Jocf qbia TABLE 21 Percentage Importance Various Classes of Inputs in Relationship to Total Production Costs Per Acre; 220 Crop Acre Farm in Subarea I, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, I9U7-I949 and 1950-1952!:/ 1 Lettuce j Spring \ Summer or fall Carrots Broccoli Cauliflower 1947 1 ±y?\j ' lQh-7 1 1950 1947 1950 1947 1950 1947' 19 SO Item A-yn-y 1 195P 1 iqUq 1 j-y+y IQRO I9U9 1952 1949 1952 19491 1952 ..... x "3 i i 4 7 i c: 6 7 8 Q 1X3 ' 11 dollars Total cost 177. 48' 191.72 182.56 | 197-16 1 192.46 | 215.00 190.87 207.82 216.70 237.32 percentages Ranch labor 14.6 16.0 1U.2 ! 15.5 15.6 16.5 15.3 16.6 18.3 19.7 Contract service 16.2 15-3 15.7 14.9 7-9 8.1 12.7 12.1 4.1 4.7 (production) 24.3 24.5 Materials 21.8 21.9 21.2 21.3 23.5 23.7 25.3 23.0 (production) 28.6 26.5 26.7 Miscellaneous 30.0 28.7 29.5 28.1 29.0 27.4 25.5 Irrigation 5.0 t.k 7.3 5.9 5.6 7.7 7.6 9-1 8.9 Power 9-8 10.6 9.5 10.3 12.9 13.6 10.2 12.9 13.9 Equipment 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 4.8 5.2 2.4 2.4 3.6 4.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 a/ See Table 20 for detailed classification of per acre dollar costs. TABLE 22 Typical Per Acre Production Costs by Crops and Input Classes on Vegetable Farms in Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, Subarea I, I9U7-I9U9 and 1950-1952 Size of farm Ranch labor 11950 1952 195T 19U9 3 Contract service _ production 19^7 11950 19^9 I1952 Materials pr oduct ion '191+7 11950 19^9 , 1952 Mij^^ane^^^Ij^^aW.on. 1957 J.9^9 8 1950 1952 1947 19U9_ 10 1950 1952 11 Power 19U7I1950 1949 1952 12 l 13 Equi p ment 19^711950 19^9 1 1952 14 1 15" Total 19^7 1950 1252. l6_Tl7 dollars Lettuce (summer and fall) 220 acres 340 acres 500 acres Broccoli 220 acres 340 acres 500 acres Carrots 220 acres 340 acres 500 acres 25.93 25.93 25-93 29.20 29.20 29.20 29.98 29.98 29.98 Caulif lowei 220 acres 340 acres 500 acres 39.50 39.50 39-50 30.64 ;28. 71 30. 64 30.64 34. ^9 34.49 34.49 35. to 35. to 35- to 46.67 46.67 46.67 28.71 28.71 24.22 24.22 24.22 15.23 15.23 15.23 8.88 8.88 8.88 29.38 29.38 29.38 25.12 25.12 25.12 17.38 17.38 17.38 11.28 11.28 11.28 38.78 38.78 38.78 44.84 44.84 44.84 41.92 41.92 41.92 49.20 49.20 49.20 46.88 52.70 46.88 46.88 5U.88 54.88 54.88 52.70 52.70 54.51 54.51 54.51 53.78 51.16 60.56 55.27 52.54 61.92 54.99 52.54 61.67 57-93 54.98 64.34 55-41 52.80 62.39 57.06 54.31 63.88 57.06 54.63 63.88 60.61 57-59 65.80 !l3.44 1 10.33 110.66 14.70 11.29 11.65 11.34 8.73 9.01 19.74 15.13 15.61 14. 40 II.29 17.33 18.54 11.62 18.52 15.75 12.34 12.70 12.15 9.54 9.82 21.15 16.54 17.02 18.05 18.69 18.52 24.79 25.43 25.ll 28.02 28.24 27.73 20.39 21.75 21.75 21.18 21.85 21.69 29.17 32.96 33-04 32.55 4.59 4.28 4.52 4.59 4.00 4.11 9.25 29.79 10.63 29.48 8.48 7-75 6.58 6.77 5.02 4.77 4.94 5.02 4.32 4.4l 11.13 12.83 9.97 10.14 8.59 9.38 182.56 177.73 187.68 190.87 184.78 194.46 192.46 189.42 196.36 216.70 208.19 217.71 197.16 192.55 202.64 207.82 201.63 211.49 215.00 212.28 218.64 237.32 228.22 237.21 5o. Labor (farm and contract), miscellaneous, and materials make up approximately 80 per cent of total production costs per acre for all crops except cauliflower at 1950-1952 prices (Table 21). This same group of inputs is responsible for about 70 per cent of these costs for cauliflower. For most crops, the two labor items represent roughly 30 per cent of total production costs with materials and miscellaneous each accounting for about 25 per cent. Rotation Crops on 220- and 500-Crop-Acre Farms; 1950-1952 Prices — These two farm organizations in Subarea I include rotation crops—fresh market tomatoes on the 220 and sugar beets on the 500-acre farms. Total production, plus harvesting and marketing, costs per acre at 1950-1952 prices are $U8U for tomatoes and $238 for sugar beets (Table 23). As for the chief vegetable crops, harvesting and mar- keting costs exceed production costs for tomatoes— $273 versus $210 per acre. The reverse is true for sugar beets for which production costs total $190 and harvest- ing and marketing costs total $U8 per acre. Tomato exceeds sugar beet production costs for farm labor, materials, and irrigation. The latter crop has the greater per -acre cost for contract services, miscellaneous, power, and equipment (Table 23). Price Changes and Production Costs in Subarea I .— The rise in price level between the 19u7-19U9 and 1950-1952 periods increased typical production costs per acre in proportion ranging from about 7 per cent for cauliflower to 12 per cent for carrots (Table 22). The inputs whose costs reacted most sharply to the price rise included farm labor, power, and materials. These three classes of in- puts accounted for nearly $11 of a $15 total increase in production costs per acre for lettuce grown on the 220-crop-acre farm. The price change, also, raised the cost of producing rotation crops. Tomato production costs per acre increased from $185 in 19U7-19U9 to $210 in 1950-1952. The rise for sugar beets was from $176-$190. f\3 YleiaaiXQiqepi cyj e^aK.aX-AiiaJsra bns ( etfQan»IIaaai:a} tvdoS/'idnao Jb'Bo .30$ a^aoo $3&ri2 "io *n9o CT ixfocfs bo* BXs ! r , X9*sfn diilir. aiaoo noidpybo-tq Isdo* Ic.^n^o 2§q 0£. yXrisuoTr dneaoxqqi zq&S s • dnso. isq ?S duods tc'^ 3nxdxurooos rfoB9 ac/c9nsXX&oi|ff owl ea9f!T->.5 &pj?q S& l-Qfof laarfiB*? 9~pA-qoiD-00> bflR -OSS no sao-rD noxds*ofi no 89p*s»>d Jerfiera.rissri—aqo-io noxdsjci ebxrXanl I &S(V&a& rtt BnoJtfrstas&io m&t gqxd«9*>t«rl ax/Xq yroXdoi'boiq XsdeT »aiRt«l e-ioa-OO^ arid no adasd isgi/a fe/is 0$S 9rf* -tbe r ne &tt**vrt*a .aqoiq eXd^^jsy le^rfo eritf io*i e.A _ . v£.S..e>£ds?) sd.oad -issue ?ol 9riT .dips 'isq 0X2$ Bi.3i9tr £T-?^-rsSKxramoi' .~io'x adaoo noxdoxfboxq £§93x9 e.4aoo anxdsji -deovTB/i bw, 0^X3 Xsdod adscn nori^(rho-<-a rf'jrrfw -ml s+ ^n ->•-,. «• .• . *f»^w cwooj ^h^3DWI^ n?Xfl"? XOJ 8*9.90 ISgva , t<51 9V3* -3X 9atS.V.9T noilotfboi" *|9d Ttfigifs. abes^jca .0*8950$ .a-xos 64$ Xsd,od_ ^ao? axiXvajtyjiii .bos. got ;i9jB9/*3 er|* ecn qo7o i9J4?X off .npJUaaiTxx has t aXa**c*«s vsadaX rniB/t tox adaop eX.dsT) do^qxaps bxxe ^ewoq t a«p9«teXX993im t a*>ivi«e 4osi*«oo -xol 4aoo 9T?s--%9q .XevaX 9oiTq nx 95x7 9rfT~.I sa^s dira ai ai-^o.g noiioirbo^. bi«s eeaned^ wrxl 3*800 no^o^oiq Xsaxqv bo.es^^i- aboxiaq S^X-05?X bns ?^X-TJ?X on* n?9«*sd •xaq SX o* /i9KoXlxXtiso tcoi 4rj9o -teq.T *urocfe .moil aniBoa i. noxdiQqqiq nx 9ios 790. 9fJi 0* ^Xnisda *?ofTJ bpc!OJ?.?»"I 3*ao0 980^^ aiifCni B.ri'P fQQ ^rrfpT^ r> trt-ffp^ rn' +«<• • -flx 10 8333SX3 99*m* .8e»rfT ^.8X6i7»*Bfii bns t i$wDq t %ode>L mat tehsilaal 93,i*x aociq 97uB -xaq ,a*eop nox*otfbo-xq nx seesrtpoi X«*o* b Io XXr : : ^fissw.^di bed^ooB a^.q otfsroqT .aqoia noi*£*o;i ^oiouboiq lo ieoo arid baei^x t oaXs taBnerio eoXiq ..sriT /?-^r9^ W ^ .^.^ *3X$ mcnil fcaaBjwonx .stoe teq .3*30? noxXoiibciq r v5X$-^TX^ fi,o*rx . gG.*y a*93r- .-f&ax/s 30 1 saxt »rfT 51. TABLE 23 Typical Per Acre Inputs and Costs for Rotation Crops; 220 and 500 Crop Acre Vegetable Farms in Subarea I, Santa Maria and Adjacent Crop Truck Areas, 1950-19523 220 acres 500 acres Tomatoes Sugar beets Price Number Number or or or Item Unit cost amount Cost amount Cost 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 Ranch labor Tractor driver hour i. .UU 20.9 20.90 13.9 13.90 Irrigator hour 1 .00 12.0 12.00 12.0 12.00 Compensation Insurance $100 1.1*5 — .ho .38 Total 33.38 26.28 Contract services Pre -harvest labor: 25.60 Hoe hand hour .80 20.0 16.00 32.0 Harvest labor: (27.0) Harvester hour (50.0) -- Lidder -- -- — Loader hour (10.0) mm -- Truck driver hour ( 5-0) ( 2^7) -- Foreman — — — Soil fumigation: 2 .kO Dusting, air acre 3 times 7.20 — Total production 23.20 25.60 Miscellaneous services container 210 33.60 Harvest, pack, load container 210 88.20 18 Ton 28.80 i Hauling (local) container 210 16.80 18 Ton 18.90 Total harvesting and marketing 138.60 1+7.70 Total contract services 161.80 73.30 Materials Production: k.O 2.06 Seed lb . or unit 2,000 20.00 Fertilizer: 600 10-10-5 lb. .035 800 28.00 21.00 m 3 lb. .115 75 8.62 Sprays and dusts: 16.80 DDT5Zn3 Parathion 2 lb. .lh 120 DDT (lOfo) lb. .10 30 3.00 DDT Sulfur Nicotine 10 -F Stove oil Sulfur Semasin Total production 6k. 80 3^.68 (Continued on next page.) Table 23 continue*. 52. . i 220 acres Tomatoes 500 acres Sugar beets Item- Unit Price or cost Number or amount Cost Number * or amount Cost 1 2 3 5 0 7 Marketing Containers Lids Liners Ice Bags one one crate — 210 210 210 84.00 12.60 37-80 Total marketing Total materials Miscellaneous Heal Estate tax Ronl F.q-hatp investment]?/ Insurance Foreman General overhead C/ Labor overhead d/~ acre O ^ J. c $100 hour 1-35 1 1 134.40 199.20 7-53 33-88 C Til 7.00 1 l 5 34.68 7.60 34.19 6.75 O . (0 7.14 Irrigation Concrete pipe Siphons Water acre inch varies 30 55-15 .10 .34 13 «50 ■30 30 62.44 .11 • 35 ~\ 0 Pin Tntal Power i -i + xracuor W-2 tractor Pickup truck 1-1/2 ton truck hour hour varies varies 4.9 • 3 13.94 8.67 • 38 2-73 1.92 5-1 7.3 11 .20 10.91 7.96 2.73 1.92 Total 13.70 23.52 (Continued on next page.) fft! 'iff * fflttffi ^ ;'^ 3 • 08, ox ■ '^r> ft -t y a Table 23 continued. 53. 220 acres 500 acres Tomatoes Sugar beets Price Number Price Number or or or . or Item Unit cost amount Cost cost amount Cost 1 2 3 1+ 5 6 7 8 Equipment .42 4.25 1.78 Tool carrier 4 -row .49 1.08 •53 Ditcher 1+2 inch •25 • 50 .12 .11 • 50 .06 Lister 3 -row .29 .58 •17 .25 .58 _ 1 .14 Lifter 2 -row -- -- .08 2.50 .20 Chisel 3 -row — — — .61 •67 .41 Plow 4-14 .56 1.00 .56 M 1.00 .49 inch .85 Disc harrow 10| foot .58 1.50 .87 .85 1.00 Spike harrow 4-5 foot .12 1.50 .18 .12 1.00 .12 Roller 10 foot - - ** .26 .50 •13 Float 10 foot .05 1.33 •07 .04 1.33 • 05 Cultivator 4 -row .36 3.00 1.08 .24 3.34 .80 Vegetable planter, 2 -bed .29 • 30 .09 .27 .30 .08 shaper .80 1.03 Beet and bean 4 -row -- -- 1.29 planter . «fl •34 m Fertilizer 4 -row •37 2.00 1.33 distributor 1.96 .66 Duster 4 -row .98 2.00 mm - - Sprayer 4 -row custom Total equipment 6 .37 6.59 Cost per Acre 210.54 190.37 Production Costs Marketing Costs 273 .00 47.70 Total U83.5^ 238.07 Cost per yield unit 2.30 13.22 a/ Based on following yields per acre for entries affected by yields; in crates, — tomatoes 210, in tons, sugar beets 18. b/ Based on usual rent $50 per acre, less real estate taxes; corrected for double cropping. cJ Calculated at 10$ on total of labor, irrigation, power, and equipment. d/ Calculated at 15$ of ranch labor, plus 10 cents per hour on pre -harvest contract labor. 5k. Subarea II Farms 2iiO-Crop-Acre Farm; 1950-1952 Prices . — This subarea size organization in- cludes 2U0 acres of crops. Actual land area is only 156 acres; 100 acres, thus, is double cropped. Spring lettuce, summer or fall lettuce, broccoli, and cauli- flower are the principal vegetable crops. In addition, this setup includes U5 acres of small white beans and 63 acres of potatoes (Table 5). Total production, plus harvesting and marketing, costs range from $372 per acre for spring lettuce to $510 for cauliflower (Table 2U) . Harvesting and marketing costs exceed those for producing every crop except spring lettuce; they range from $18 2 for this crop to $27li for cauliflower. The range in production costs is from $190 for spring lettuce to $236 for cauliflower. This represents, as in Subarea I, a much narrower cost range than for harvesting and marketing services. The same four input classes that dominated production costs per acre in Sub- area I, also, are responsible for 7$ per cent of the total production costs for summer or fall lettuce on the 2ii0-acre farm in Subarea II (Table 25). This rela- tionship, also, holds for the other important vegetables. Farm labor, plus contract services (chiefly labor), accounts for a range of 23 per cent of total production costs for carrots up to 31 per cent for summer and fall lettuce. 150- and 320-Crop-Acre Farms; 1950-1952 Prices. — Production costs for summer and fall lettuce and broccoli are lowest on the 2U0-crop-acre farms and highest on the 320-crop-acre farms (Table 26). Cauliflower costs per acre, also, are low- est on the 2b0-crop-acre farms but are highest on the l50-crop-acre farm. This relationship reflects the relatively small acreage of this crop on the smallest farm and the associated high cost per hour for equipment use. No cost compari- sons are possible for carrots, inasmuch as only the 320-acre farm produced this crop. Among the various input classes, equipment cost for lettuce and broccoli is the only one to show clear-cut scale advantages. Here, there is an inverse &i I.L&1 1C "I9i i:* Ox-* :not" r on f5 h, ifio "to J Ofito Hill 7 *X$-3 n£k!.? 9g£ts*j J300 i©iq Xr.j'oi affct 'to Jrtso qbt? I* E^mtjirfi nl jtni itfct v««ihl — — — - - — -- — — Ditcher 42 inch .23 • 50 .12 .50 .12 • 50 .12 • 50 .12 Lister 3 -row .21 • 58 .12 .58 .12 • 37 .08 .67 .14 Lifter — — — — Plow 4-14 inch .82 1.00 .82 1.00 Do .52 1.00 .82 1.25 1.02 Disc harrow 10 1/2 foot .79 2.50 1.98 2.50 1.64 1.30 1.92 1.52 Spike harrow 4-5 foot .31 1.50 .46 1.50 .40 .64 .20 • 67 .21 i Roller 10 foot • 39 1.16 .U5 1.16 .45 1.00 ■39 1.33 • 52 Float 10 foot .07 1.16 .08 1.16 ,0O 1.00 .07 1.33 • 09 Cultivator 4-row .22 3-35 .7^ 3.35 rrt, .74 5.00 1.10 4.00 OO Potato planter 15.56 -- -- — - — — Vegetable planter, 2 -bed • 37 .66 .24 .66 .24 1.00 •37 1.17 .43 shaper 1 4.68 Beet, bean plantea — — — " ~ — Fertilizer 4-row • 50 .22 .50 .dd — *~ — 1-33 • 57 distributor Duster 4-rOW 1.20 __ — — — — 2.00 2.4o Cauliflower marker .20 — .50 .10 Cauliflower cart .60 5.60 3.36 Broadcaster 4-row .31 .83 .26 Total 6.16 6.16 5.46 12.36 Cost per acre 203.65 236.44 Production 190.22 195.06 Harvesting and marketing 181.78 234. 24 240.29 273.60 Total 372.00 429.30 443.94 510.04 Cost per yield unil 2.50 2.24 3.29 1.59 o^ (Continued on next page.) QOBf hsx. srcx* - KtCsrccsrerGt Table 2k continued. a/ Based on following yields per acre for entries affected by yields; in crates spring lettuce 149, summer or fall lettuce 192, broccoli 135, cauliflower 320. b/ Direct field seeded. c/ Based on usual rent $50 per acre, less real estate taxes; corrected for double cropping. d/ Calculated at 10$ on total of labor, irrigation, power, and equipment. e/ Calculated at 15$ of ranch labor plus 10 cents per hour on pre-harvest labor. g\ fcp-Tcnyo^tf 04: jj$> 05, i$vcy jape*, fcyis jo ©wxps tei. yam. on i>X6-ps--.A63-F jspex* f?\ poseg ^cj-jrcftjuff Xrejc^ &gx raxc $gj, SD^x^es vytfiG^eq pX Xyeyga; 70 exsr^ea 3i>x*yS jg.c TABLE 25 Percentage Importance Various Classes of Inputs in Relationship to Total Production Costs Fer Acre; 2l*0 Crop Acre Farm in Subarea II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 19i*7-19i*9 and 1950-1952^ Lettuce Snrine Summer or Fall Carrots*?/ i Broccoli Cauliflower 19U7- 19U9 1950- 1952 19U7- 19U9 1950- 1952 19U7- 191*9 1950- 1952 19U7-| 191*9 j 1950- 1952 191*7- 191*9 1950- 1952 1 2 3 1* 5 6 7 8 ! 9 10 11 dollars Total cost 177.85 190.22 . 182.21 195.06 197.65 22l*.73 188.82 203.65 j2i6.82J236.Ul*. percentages Ranch labor Contract service (production) Materials (production) Miscellaneous Irrigation Power Equipment m.58 16. ll* 21.81 25.1*5 U.36 lii.57 3.09 16.11 15. Us 22. Oli 22.82 l*.5o 15.85 3.2b Hi. 23 15.76 21.28 25.06 6.1*3 1U.22 3.02 15.71 15.06 21.1*9 22.1*8 6.61* 15.1*6 3.16 11*. 65 7.70 23-68 27.87 5.o8 15.16 5.86 15.22 7.73 23.1*5 26.80 5.07 15.55 6.18 15.U6 12.83 23.75 21*. 89 6.78 13.63 2.66 16.9U ' 12.33 21*. 16 22.25 6.95 11*. 69 2.68 18.22 1*.10 25.31 22.99 7.90 17.33 l*.l5 19.71* 1*.77 23.05 20.79 8.02 18.1*0 5.23 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 a/ See Table 2k for detailed classification of per acre dollar costs . b/ Cerrots figured at 320 crop ecre farm. p\ cx\xp$6 tTSo^og op 3§q epyafc scx.g Mitt TABLE 26 Typical Per Acre Production Costs by Crops and Input Classes on Vegetable Farms in Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, Subarea II, I9U7-19U9 and 1950-1952 Ranch labor Contract service production Materials production Miscellaneous Irrigation Power Equij >ment To1 ,al Size of farm 1947- 19U9 1950^ 1952 19U7- 19h9 1950- 1952 19U7 19U9 1950- 1952 19U7 19U9 1950- 1952 19U7- 19U9 1950- 1952 1947 19U5 1950- 1952 194? 1949 1950- 1952 1947- 1949 1950- 1952 1 2 3 h 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 l4 15 16 17 dollars Lettuce (summer and fall) I 150 acres 240 acres 320 acres Broccoli 150 acres 240 acres 320 acres Carrots 320 acres 25.93 25.93 25.93 29-20 29-20 29.20 28.95 Cauliflower 150 acres 2li0 acres 320 acres 39.50 39.50 39.50 30.64 30.64 30.6k 34.49 34.49 34.49 34.19 46.67 46.67 46.67 28.71 28.71 26.71 21;. 22 24.22 24.22 15.23 8.88 8.88 8.88 29.38 29.38 29-38 25.12 25.12 25.12 17.38 11.28 11.28 11.28 38.78 38.78 38.78 44.84 44.84 44.84 46. 80 54. 88 54.88 5^.88 41.92 bl.92 m.92 ii9.20 U9-20 49.20 52.70 54.51 54.51 54.51 45-73 45.66 53.97 46.92 47.00 55.38 55.08 47 AS U3.85 58.70 48.74 45.31 60.23 6C23 51.11 49.85 58.22 54.32 49.16 64.20 10.28 11.72 11.90 8.11 12.8o 13.01 10.05 111. 93 17.12 17.45 11.28 24.. 59 12.96 25.91 13.50 23.16 8.90 14.16 14.76 11. 4o 16.38 18.96 19.80 25.95 25.73 23.25 29.96 39.30 37.58 33.19 28.68 30.15 26.99 30.16 29.91 27.06 34.95 45.68 43.50 38.72 8.27 5.50 4.95 8.08 5.03 4.83 11.58 21.39 9.01 10.48 8.75 6.16 5.23 8.26 5.46 k.9k 13.88 27.87 12.36 Hi. 73 182.29 182.21 187. Uo 187.32 188.82 194.73 197.65 229.99 216.82 222.60 198.10 195.06 206.36 201;. 87 203.65 215.80 221;. 73 256.71 236.44 249-91 vn ■ • r • ' j * j lTf\ * OP 1 *TA ' -IQ * I <" iTTt * I "5 55$ 'QC . 3.50 rc^a- be" MK 1 2r'2 ^ 1 ji; • S3, ri * 3fi i?c * S3 IC It j *t*o sfi* i j \' ' c 2 TT'58 13*86 i I^i"^ S5f-A3 Sd'SG 3fl *Pd' i Sf* ' S5'' SI 5 * J3 ■ yrri • prt ^©"53 T3*0T - 5^0 ffcwa 5o*S0 ■^TToisrsojsrr^ r-^.p-. j iio 50 ■iy yC ! oy c 5 ) ot; J b | We? pc. * sc ! s*n roe 8'$^ TgA'3'5 SOf *8i S£*<&3. 58*10 CrtQ ■! a > • 90 " t "5ft " f AT-- 1 3fi ■ •> » ■ *fo*sg - .i. . SI — ^- . ; ...J- J — • „ — t t' 1 3![ y ; [ "'*> 1 C A ! 9 TO ' 'TT "T c * t tu t? ; T? 1 r • X> ■* ■** • ixr. c j . K<3Uji5"C3 J ■TO* 1 1 60 relationship between farm size and cost per acre. Power shows a similar relation- ship for broccoli and cauliflower but, for lettuce, only when comparing the two larger farms (Table 26). The relationship is just the opposite for irrigation for all three crops. These data reflect the difficulties in adjusting fixed ca- pacities of power and irrigation equipment to variation in scale of farm opera- tion. Rotation Crops on 150-, ?h0-, and 320-Crop-Acre Farms at 1950-1952 Prices .— Small white beans and potatoes were the two most important rotation crops in Sub- area II. Beans were grown on 23, U5, and 132 acres, respectively, for the three farm sizes and on hi and 63 acres of the 1$0- and 2U0-acre farms (Table 5). Beans require relatively little irrigation water— lit inches according to data from this study. Potatoes require more but over a period that permits considerable flexi- bility in managing farm water supplies. These reasons have much to do with the importance of these rotation crops in Subarea II. Total per-acre production, plus harvesting and marketing, costs for beans are $126 on the 2U0-crop-acre farms, $137 and $136 on the 150- and 320-crop-acre farms, respectively (Table 27). Harvesting and marketing costs at $19.50 repre- sent a small fraction of this cost. Production costs range from $107-$H7 per acre. Total per-acre costs for potatoes are $398 on the 2U0-crop-acre farms and $U0U on the 150-crop-acre farm. Harvesting and marketing costs represent $152 of this total on each farm size (Table 27). The difference between per-acre produc- tion costs of $252 and $21*6 on the 150- and 2l*0-crop-acre farms is explained largely by more efficient equipment use on the larger farm. Price Changes and Production Costs in Subarea II .— Per-acre production cost increases of 8-9 per cent, according to crops on the 2U0-acre farm, accompanied the price level increases between 19U7-19U9 and 1950-1952 (Table 26). Similar percentage increases occurred on the other two size groups except that the amount of increase was slightly greater for cauliflower. -noxJelsi iBlJt«,i| s awofls nswo^ .sios isq jaoo bna psis mal naawjeg' qxxfanolisJ'.s't oifit *ri.t an *"t p »an»oa n^ri* vfin oviikr -» 4„j ~ > i r „ . _., noriAgxiTri "to! eiieoqqo ail* Jatft si qirianoitelsn srfT .(oS side?) asrxsl -tanisl -60 bevil ^r[cd-ai?t,|>e n.( a r -i jiuoxilib ari.j ioellax sd-ab eaarf? .aqoto stnuto Ixa i&*: 110 J v* < * wis '.Ul v r iTTifiJ sj'Mj-qo'io-Ou^ no dSI;> i©q TIX|»T0I| noil ogrrei 3^aoo noxcfouboi'-! .^aoo airi* lo noxctssil Ilwaa s ifnsa bna emrr; eioa-qo^OtiS arii no ,89Ct ©*s eaoie^oq 10I aaaoo o-roa-^q Xa^oT lo Ss,.X# iae&o'iqsi a^eoo gniitd^iani bne grttiaavaaH ►ofrsS ^loc-qois-O^I arfi no tiOilft ^ *«i j wi "wawjctc son^T.txxxx^ >?n i sicfsT) s»,7 ire p"tfii ffoaa no Is^oJ sxrli 1 bQflisIqxe si aansl >Toa-qcio-OilS one -C^I wtf no oJSI bna S [ S-R) j ( -3> I -5) (T5-0) troo ■ 1 . 1 I. J jSpV'-r- - " i M| 1 jv gnosifcs' ©an Table 27 continued. Item Unit 150 acres 240 acres 320 acres Dry Beans Potatoes \ Dry Beans Potatoes Dry Beans Price Number dumber dumber Number Number or or or or or or amount Cost amount Cost amounx cLIiiUUIl U amni iri"f" Pac + j 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 dollars dollars dollars dollars dollar: dollars .14 — 105 14.70 -- — 105 14.70 — — 1.76 • 75 1.32 fir • 75 1.32 3.00 118.25 3-00 118.25 3-00 — 20 4.00 210 34.65 20 4.00 210 0)1 £e 34.55 OA 4.00 34.65 4.00 34.65 4.00 7.00 152.90 7.00 152.90 7.00 1 6.16 1 6.16 1 5.47 1 A "3k 1 26.39 1 26.39 1 23.43 1 23.43 1 35.76 — 20 cwt 20 CWX 20 cwt — 5.54 8.15 4.94 7-97 _ _ 4.42 -- 4.55 )i 7)1 4."J"5 k 7k 42.83 45.25 35.58 41.42 53.26 — — — .09 • 09 • 07 .07 r»A .00 .65 - - .65 • 49 .49 14 .40 (-34 4.76 30 10.20 14 5.60 30 12 .00 K AA 5 .00 (AO (.42 5.50 10.94 6.16 12.56 6.36 Mil Tl *=>ci V CL A ICO 2.1 5.46 4.1 10.66 2.1 6.74 4.1 13.16 2.1 5.44 varies 5.0 10.00 3.3 6.60 5-0 7.85 3.3 5.18 5-0 6.90 1.45 2.90 1.44 2.87 1.82 .98 1.96 .96 1.92 1.19 17.89 22.12 16.99 23.13 15.35 Sprays and dusts: DDT5Zn3 Parathion 2 Semasin Total production Marketing Bags Total marketing Total materials Miscellaneous Real Estate tax Real Estate investmentb/ Insurance Storage, beans (3 months) General overhead^ Labor overhead^/ Total Irrigation Concrete pipe Siphons Water Total lb. lb. cwt. acre acre $100 ton Power T-4 tractor W-2 tractor Pickup truck 1 1/2 ton truck Total power acre inch hour hour (Continued on next page.) OS? • • T0GJ7 sets I J i Table 27 continued. Item Jnit Price or cost 150 acres Dry Beans Potatoes ! 2k0 acres Dry Beans Potatoes 320 acres Dry Beans Number or amount ] Cost dumber or amount } Cost dumber or amount 1 Cost Number or amount Cost dumber or imount Cost 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Equipment Tool carrier Bean cutter Ditcher Lister Chisel Plow Disc harrow Roller Float Cultivator Potato planter Vegetable planter, shaper Beet, bean planter Fertilizer distributor Potato digger Rake, (sid del. ) Total Cost per acre Production HarvpRti' nu nnrl mar l+-row 2 - row 1+2 inch 3- row 3-row k-lk inc 10 1/2 f 10 foot 10 foot k-TOW 2 -row 2-bed l+-row l+-row 1-row 8 foot dollars 1.08 .70 .50 • 58 1.00 2.1+0 • 30 • 50 .60 dollars 2.38 •25 • 50 1.08 .80 1.00 .90 ,25 • 31 • 50 .ko .75 .70 dollars 1.08 .70 • 50 • 58 1.00 2.1+0 .30 .50 .60 dollars dollars 1.08 • 70 • 50 • 58 1.00 2.1+0 .30 • 50 .60 dollars h oot — — — •s* .55 .18 .19 1.1k .96 .22 k.29 mm — 5.32 2.07 .20 .18 • 36 .86 • 99 1.03 .16 .03 .20 8.19 .60 3.18 • 93 • 33 .12 .12 • 79 • 53 .11 2.3*+ 2.75 2.38 •25 .50 1.08 .80 1.00 .90 .25 .31 .50 .1+0 .75 .70 2.05 .12 .12 • 23 .66 .62 .71 .10 .02 .11 6.22 .32 2.39 • 77 .16 • 09 .12 .1+6 • 70 .16 • 78 ~9k 13-79 117.27 19.50 18.05 252. Ik 151.65 8.02 107.01 19.50 13.67 2^6.56 151.65 1+.18 116.1+1 19.50 Total | Cost per yield unit 136.77 6.8k 1+03-79 1.92 126.51 6.32 398.21 1.90 13?. 91 6.80 J a/ Based on following yields per acre for entries affected by yields; in hundredweight, beans 20 cwt., potat b/ Based on usual rent $50 per acre, less real estate taxes; corrected for double cropping. c/ Calculated at 10$ on total of labor, irrigation, power, and equipment. d/ Calculated at 15$ of ranch labor, plus 10 cents per hour on pre-harvest contract labor. 1 ~ " ■j — -.- i „_. T ■ 8*05 rf * TO ! c " J5 I V TO ?SS' ! I : «>0 • 'Ad '3s ■ UbQf "55 •ae i •so: *o3. 5*t»0" 'Tl rc r\s ioor ■ - J * Qfl K 'do J V •AT T'OC ' Of ' . . . r og j i 'T9- •20 1 • 61*. Conclusions This study brings together findings regarding typical farm organization, in- puts, and costs in producing vegetables for California and eastern markets. Some of the results from the study reflect the organization of production and market- ing of these crops. Other findings reflect the methods used to assemble and analyze the data. Some of the more important relationships in each category are considered below. Marketing a nd Harvesting Requirements Dominate the Cost Picture . — Cost of harvesting, plus packing, and other local services required in selling the crop exceeded total production costs, therefore, represented more than !?0 per cent of total costs per container for every vegetable crop studied. Data for the typical 220-crop-acre unit in Subarea I are used to illustrate this relation. Total costs per container range from $1.1*0 at 1950-1952 prices for cauliflower to $3.11 for broccoli (Figure III). Harvesting and marketing costs are highest actually and percentagewise for carrotsj this crop requires for these services $1.98, or 71 per cent of the total cost per container. The lowest cost for these items i s for spring lettuce— $1.22 or 52 per cent of the total. This same general relationship holds for all vegetable crops, including tomatoes, produced on each farm crop acre size unit in each of the two subareas. It does not hold for the rotation crops, although marketing costs were only slightly less than production costs for potatoes . Several important points follow from these facts: (1) Total costs are relatively high when it is considered that these rates cover only the production and marketing services necessary to put the vegetables in the hands of the local assembler. Transportation to the consumer market and all attendant costs, including those for actual selling, still are to be added before these products move into consumption. .ad ..srixxi . -al . % ttoliB8fiti6$tQ {tr&i ..LMtqix* gfrifvi^tosaa-tfcai 1 tarfdasod a&nxtcf YSwds bxi(T eaioS . .adetf^m nt»ad*89 bns ; siitir/i.ilB3» 'iol aaltfadsaov snibjjbota fli -8J3od bag .3dx»q -t**i$& bm..af£&ovbo™>lo mtUilnt^to -*snr- to$Ftei ypuia erf* m-ft adluwt ©rid lo ■ bjip. ©XdnaaaB od.X)*8ij..3boriden(;©ri'd daaXlat. a3ii.ibij.cl t&xldO • Yaqoio ©aerf* to gnx erra pto^oiea rtafiR. ni- .aqiri-anoidslat. dnadroqioi • fjTtom- -©ri^. lo &mo3 .a-tab sr!d ©svfertB »woX©cT bat ©bis no ? lo jan^- r .9ii. ?j3i c ; d.ay>:> ©rid rdaat nog sdnam9tij/p©H' 3ni daevteB bna afiidsrf'WM qot*; ©rid §niXX©e ni .b^aXtjpat asoivtaa XasoX isrldo bus • .snijtosq auiq sntidsa-rtsri • *o^fW3"l9q xiarfd; .fsptn fc^-Jnesstqet t axe i©tarid , t *daoo noiioirbotq X&dbd' babaaax© X£ / oiqYd v .©/id.'tcl .adaG . baibyj-a qoio sldsd&^av ytSv© tol tantsdnov taq 8deoo IsJoJ sdapa XadsT . ..acidfilaa .sjt/id-eJctdattfXi bazar-sta 1 £9tscfif3 ni dlrtcx atos-qotO-OiS ,-joi Xi.-f.$. od : tsv.ro L1ilp&:> io'i saoitcr S^I-O^I da Oxi.X$ 'not'i ©ansa laflxednoo -xsq B tol ©aoftd aoibirX^ni ^adeco dn^bnsdJs fia .naidqfHuanoo «'>dni ©voc; ejronbotq oaerirf at "'lad FIGURE in 65, Typical Production and Marketing Costs Per Container for Vegetable Crops; 220-Crop-Acre Farm in Subarea I, Santa Maria, and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1950-1952 Cost per crate 3.11 2.76 2.36 2.30 2.1U Harvesting and marketing Spring Summer Cauli- Fresh lettuce lettuce Carrots Broccoli flower tomatoes Crops and periods ill man O 1 , T-*"??i' KfiaiA • if-wrtT -rt*« R V'»./ Fvtp • ST.? [ 00.1 1 j — sbori^q hns eqoiD 66. (2) There is limited opportunity to reduce the costs for the harvesting and marketing group of services. Such charges are made largely on a per-unit basis— they are weighted with the costs of materials and labor— and most of these services are relatively firmly established in trade practice, custom, or law; it is diffi- cult to reduce cost by paring services. (3) The harvesting and marketing group of services is largely on a contract basis and represents cash outlay. They, therefore, have first claim upon the pro- ceeds from sales of the product. (U) While production costs are largely upon a per-acre basis and, therefore, should permit decreases per container as yields increase, actually the market situation prevents fullest use of this principle. Relevant yields are the quanti- ties that can be marketed at satisfactory prices. Such, frequently, are below the full yield potentials. Commonly, therefore, an important fraction of a given crop is not harvested because it is not profitable at the prices currently offered. As a result, it is not feasible to minimize production cost per unit by maximizing yield. Probably farmer awareness of these factors largely explains some of the cost relationships found among the power, machinery, and equipment items in pro- duction costs. Farmers know that timeliness and quality of product in marketing are more closely related to maximum earnings than is minimum operating cost for field power or other equipment services. They, therefore, tend to maintain rather heavy investment in such equipment, accepting the fact that this policy leads to relatively high cost per hour and per acre for the services in question. Both Production and Harvesting and Marketing C osts Rose Between 19U8-1950 and 19U9-1902 . Each of the vegetable crops included in this study showed appre- ciable cost increases between the two periods considered. The increases for the production costs varied from 7 per cent for cauliflower to lL per cent for fresh tomatoes. The range in money cost per container was from h cents for the former to 12 cents for the latter crop (Figure IV). Comparable cost rises were found bnt ^ni^aavtsri srft n iteoo srf3 esufxn- ot yt -*ai3cd jlou--r&r s no \Ifl§iGX 9bBai &%& ai$$$g{fc '*''' ' '*•' ■ - " •'. : 'tods! fane a/si-iots* aacxv i»a 93s?d.t : -xllib ax ti ixtoBtq sbs-xt n .eeorvxee lo 3 grtx*X£q yd JX9W ©IB \ST>X ^VXiBlS'I ©IB H/fce'i ci tlun --rfi noqx; 'ox/is?. lo quoi? »vBrt t 9ToXin9iij [te^iero fane gaxissviBrf edT .totrbcrq srit lo aelJ B noqjj xIb^ibL sis aieoo noiiouhoiq el. Silt *ol9d 9" : • ■ qcno nevxa ! • •• 8A .b&'iaTt- ; < Sdt lo gnxtetftear iJnflTtJO i 90X10 grit tB sldBixln-: S^OJO-Sl } lo ytfici/p brtfi 3f?j iwmjnxu? si nedi 32! rsntstaao leq eoass-to^b tinr ..!,. ■ • ' i-i lo 93t/ cfsal.Lj't Rtil3V9iq Biaijs-i t£ bscfsiC'ifi/n ad n^o it t *Yino(r'w>0 JalaitnMoq i q ion ai ii aeusosd fcetew: cnirrr ot aldxassl ton sr it . ' - * lo 33on9isw£ is.iriBl yldsdo-t 1 »rit jnoms fenuol aq.t -t t£rit woroj etanrxfe'l r&rst<«m oi bats!*? Y ti'UT Ot 0/I9J , frTOlt* ISil'i .VdriT 93 >' b*9l YOX-toq axdi tsrii to*-'? 9rii ^nitqsoofc K jm eeup ni Q0oivx&s srit iol axis 19c bi I ,Btsoo noxJoi/h vlaaolo 9700 9ifi fd 10 lawoq blexl 930"? a, -e-'tqqB M ■ ■ 9rit -iol 3 a Y.x>ifJ8 sxrft ni bebi/Ioni- aqoxs ale sioai 9riT .beieb^enoo afooiioq owe rfcs'll iol tflSo WBq iiX ot i9v»oXli Ij.ffi5 'icl tngo i9frrrol 9dt tol atnoo ii ftro-rl a^w idnistnoo T?q bfitroi S93i-i JBCO d>31 r,rjfTK>n , f tTT 8 T£r=; i S'l'deir- »tBfflo) 51 Ot FIGURE IV 67. Typical Production and Marketing Costs Per Container for Vegetable Cropsj Cost per crate $3.00 220-Crop-Acre Farm in Subarea I, Santa Maria, and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas 19U7-19U9 and 1950-195? 2.76 2.5U 2.36 2.15 2.1U 1.95 Harvesting and marketing costs 1.05 1.1b .85 .92 .69 .77 Production costs 19U7-19U9 1950-1952 Spring lettuce 3.11 19U7-19U9 1950-1952 Summer— fall lettuce Crops and periods 19U7-19U9 1950-1952 Carrots 2.89 2.30 2.12 | Harvesting 1.22 1.33 l.Uo marketing costs .50 .55 .85 Production costs d.OO 19U7-19U9 1950-1952 Broccoli 19U7-19U9 1950-1952 Cauliflower Crops and periods 19U7-19U9 1950-1952 Tomatoes .Yd .;eqoiO »J 0€.S dab ec XX.£ 00. £ DO«i 68. percentagewise for harvesting and marketing combined. Actual amounts of the in- creases were greater for these operations than for the production group for the reason that the harvesting and marketing costs exceeded those for production at the 19U7-19U9 price level. It is interesting to note that the percentage increases in both production and harvesting and marketing agree generally with the rise in the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture index of prices paid by farmers between the two periods. This index averaged 2U9 per cent of the 1910-191U base during 19U7-19U3 and rose to an average of 27U per cent during the period, 19$0-19$2. The difference, 2$ per- centage points, represents 10 per cent of the 1&7-U8 average. Labor, materials, and power in that order are the most important groups of production items responsible for the cost rise. These items account for $10.91 of the $1U.60 total rise in the cost of producing summer and fall lettuce on the 220-acre farm in Subarea I. Other items explain the additional $3.69, "miscella- neous" being the most important in this group. Similar relationships were found for the other vegetable crops studied. Higher prices for materials largely explain the increases in harvesting and marketing costs for all vegetable crops studied. Containers and their component parts represent the most important items among the materials used in harvesting and marketing. The heavy costs for this item, plus attendant services geared to the conventional wooden crate, are stimulating attempts to find cheaper means of packaging. Currently, the industry is developing cardboard cartons and new meth- ods in refrigerating and merchandising. Production Costs Per Container Were Lower in Subarea I Than in_Subarea_II .-- Producers in Subarea I make a cost saving due to their higher yields. The better yields, in turn, reflect more favorable soil, water, and temperature conditions. Data for the chief vegetable crops for the 220-crop-acre size farm in Subarea I and the 2UO-crop-acre unit in Subarea II show this cost advantage. Actual costs -ft* m lo rtnaoM liwtbA .bonMnioo **i**»t»« bn 6 sfixdasv-xBrf 4oi s«hw*Wiiwrt«c wwwooiq Tot s>dD993X€* 9*6oo 3ftic!?:f'isra 6ns gqicfs^vxah ad} ifi.xi* deal's ...£;.•'■ « . .. •„„. .. ' ,. t . .. . .♦XevaX aoiiq^ifcx^'iiy: edit «oidoybo-*q rttod nx eessaiohi sgBrffiPo-r^ erf* *eri* 3*on .0* ^nijaaieiax. si Jl aiHT .sboxiaq owi^ri* rtss^ed aisurt^ .hi&q ttepHa lo x&btii s-xiaiu^k 1c inm m °* 9 ' irn - to*J*U>-Xm jjni-ti/b oastf iiIW-OX -Ircyio ?M4 rrr i . ' , . . - ^ • • • V> .balbxtfa aqoTo ?Xd*ieji9>r mlib ad* 10I i disnrsjnj .jmbwa crqoTp aldBv+^v XXe tol eJaoo gfrtte&isw .^ftl^sovvBd ni baarr aXsiisjBw ed* 9 nbms sasacfi ine^ioqnix Jaom gd* ctnaaaiqa-r s *-iaq oct. beiB9§ aaoiviaa ta&bn^iB avla '^,1 zldi to! a^sot> v^sc-d exiT .^ntie^Ba bi* 0 aneeffl laqRado bflxr oct aiqmaict* Sfllialff^a ei* v s*sto naboew Xs/toiinavnoo axW -ri*»rji wen bnfi a.ioctiBD iriBodb-iBo BfllqoXaveb si y.i*a.ubni ari> ,YXda.aTtx/0 .gnl^eXosq ' ■- ■ . isi'.btz&rio'ZQz hn& ■anX^aia^ '"t^.oi n 1- abo ~-«XX *OTad p8 gl flgrfT I cyifidtf3 zii iarbJ *iaW ta/tiaifnon T«»q ste^ AH^' ■f aWad V W!T_ .ablaiy iad 3 id ilsdct p& aqb gnxvea *aoo » mB* I asaadfiS nx «aouba S aV laXrio eric* 10I arf#d siaoo IWoA .asBiharb* *aoo bIHj wric tl aetBcbs fl f Mau aioB^qo-xo-OilS erid bna 69. per container ranged from 55 cents for cauliflower to $1.33 for broccoli in Sub- area I; from 73 cents for cauliflower to $1.51 for broccoli in Subarea II. The margin per container ranged from 10 cents for summer lettuce to 36 cents for car- rots (Figure V). It is recognized that the method of study used here does not permit identify- ing and evaluating all the cost variations among the various crop acre size units. Undoubtedly, there are wider differences in costs than those shown by the data presented, both among size units and among individual operators. Physical inputs of labor, power and machinery, irrigation water, and materials were standardized on a per-acre basis in determining the requirements to produce the various crops in the study area. Variations in cost for power, irrigation, and machinery re- flect differences in cost per unit of these inputs related to the proportion of full capacity utilized. There were no such differences for labor, contract serv- ices, and materials, inasmuch as these items were charged against each crop acre size unit at the same price. All the cost variation, therefore, must arise with respect to the other categories of operating costs—miscellaneous, irrigation, power, and equipment. Production cost data resulting from this study are presented as typical in- puts and costs for producing vegetable crops on family-type farms in the subareas studied. They identify some of the problems in providing the various productive services at minimum cost and show something of the relationship between natural factors and production costs. A later publication in this series will provide more detailed information on the inputs of labor, power, and machinery. Informa- tion presented here will allow those who are interested to make considerably fur- ther interpretation of the cost variations accompanying differences in technology in vegetable production. It is emphasized that such differences, as well as varia- tions in prices of input items and in yields, will cause costs per yield unit to vary widely among producers and from season to season. -dW2 itf xibostm* -tol £f\lO-od' i9TrortiXx«vo -roi jJms ^ aott bagnex" •xarixBdno? iaq oflT '.TI hi ■ -ijooocfid tco'i - t$ oct i9wo£1il r j&o roi adnac ffibil ;I Bene ~tso vol - aiazo' bt- of aox/.fctsl '-tamae iol ; zSiido 01 flioil' begrtsi -fsnisdrroo isq nxrvisa .(V a'ntex'S) sJ-o'i -Yli^rtafci- *1:«xsq Jon aeob ' aisri be'eir ybitfa lo boxi«tero sri* .tsrti' b&slina'ooeV Si ; 31 .ed-tni/ asxe woe qoio Sfirox'xfiv" 9&t $no!»e ancxtsxxxv Saoo ?W lis 3ftxisuiX>Va bos'aai feiftfj Sfif vrt mfr'rtu Qjif-^ 'icM .+»,,» . e -.^ r ( -t, . „u - ' j » , , , , ., „ JbW v u aaix -vxaa Jcsi+aoo t aodBl iol asonstellih' doaa on ei9w a^srfT .bssllhu yoxosqieo IJj/i aios qoi3 rfosa J^niega hssTnrf:> 919^ ema*i aesrii-se 'riotnnasnx ^ali^ia^ xina ' ,aoox dJ-i^ aax-cs istar t 9ioisfedi • x noh*iiw faoo efii IIA *'.eax*xq araea sett ' ia j'ittu ©sla • t noi*83XTti t ai/ o&ae /I aoaiffl^eiaoo 'grtfis'isqo lo eaxiogeiso 'iA'i*a ''/d '»%> ► JnexRqxi/pa bni' t 'i9woq -nx IsdiqigJ as bsJiaaaa't 7 pib ybrxla axrid - soi'i ani^xt/aa;. B^ab iaoo no'Jiiibf* 4 ? a^^i6diq gnorw /igbxtT \xsv FIGURE V 70. Cost per crate $i.5o Typical Production Costs Per Container for Vegetable Crops; 220-Crop-Acre Farm in Sub-area I, 2l|0-Crop-Acre Farm in Subarea II, Santa Maria, and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas 1950-1952 1.28 1. 1U 1.00 .50 1.13 1.02 .92 1.50 - 1.00 - I II Summer lettuce Crops and subareas II Carrots .73 .55 I II Broccoli Cror>s and subareas I II Cauliflower 8S, tersj • :req !2. so„i SI -I 00. 1 ■ ■ II • I 71. APPENDIX TABLE 1 Typical Prices of Farm Products, and Input Materials and Services on Vegetable Farms in Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 191*7 -191+9 and 1950-1952 Item Unit Price 19^7-19^9 Price 1950-1952 dollars Farm products Spring lettuce Summer lettuce Carrots Broccoli Cauliflower Sugar beets Tomatoes Dry beans Potatoes Contract services Dusting (airplane) Fumigate soiljy 6 gallons per acre k gallons per acre Spray carrots Cut potato seed Clean beans Thresh beans Haul beans Store beans (3 months) Insure beans Hoe sugar beets Thin sugar beets Topping sugar beets Haul sugar beets Fertilizer Ammonia gas 10-10-5 Fuels, lubricants Diesel oil Gasoline^/ Gun grease Lubricating oil Gear lubricant Oil filter crate crate crate crate crate ton lug cvt . cwt . acre acre acre acre cwt . ton cwt . ton ton $100 acre acre ton ton lb. ton gal. gal. lb. qt . qt . one 2.1+6 2.60 3.65 3.60 1.22 13.78 2.50 9.85 2.76 1.50 25.00 1.25 •35 2.00 .60 1.50 2.00 1.50 10.00 lk.00 1.25 1.25 .11 6*+.oo .ilk .167 .15 .185 .15 .90 2. hi 2.0k 3.50 3.60 1.20 13.53 2.26 8.73 3-11 2.1+0 31+.70 21+.30 2.50 .1+0 2.50 .70 1.60 2.00 1.50 12.00 18.00 1.59 1.50 • 115 71.62 .152 .199 • 137 • 15 .137 • 95 a/ Includes cost of amounts of fumigant specified, b/ Percent of gross payment to workers. Continued Appendix Table 1 - Continued 72. 1 Item Unit Price 191+7-19^9 Price 1950-1952 1 2 3 1+ dollars Seeds Lettuce ! Carrots : Broccoli Cauliflower Beans, small white 1 Potatoes Tomato plants Sugar beets l ! Spray materials ; Copper dust (5$) ! Copper, D.D.T., sulfur ! D.D.T. dust (m) . D.D.T. dust (5056) D.D.T. sulfur ! Nicotine 10F (ty) Weed oil Sulfur D.D.T. 5 Zn 3 S 25 D.D.T. 5 Zn 3 Parathion 2 D.D.T. 10$ Parathion 2 T.E.P.P. Ethyl dibromide lb. lb. lb. lb. cwt . cwt . 1,000 lb. cwt . cwt . cwt . cwt . cwt . cwt . gal. 50 lb. cwt . cwt . cwt . cwt . cwt . gal. 5.50 1.50 2.30 17.50 8.00 5.00 6.25 M 8.50 11.35 7.05 30.00 9.10 18.20 .17 k.oo 3-20 i.4o 2.05 11.25 12.00 6.00 10.00 .515 .195 12.50 lk.00 10.00 12.50 1U.50 5.20 Labor Foreman (Farm) Foreman (contract services) Tractor driver Irrigator Hoe hand Contractor's fee hour hour hour hour hour percent]?/ 1.20 1.50 .85 • 85 10$ 1.35 1.60 1.00 1.00 .80 10$ Other Area I assessed value Area II assessed value Ad valorem tax Potato bags Compensation insurance acre $100 each $100 250.00 200.00 k.10 • 25 1.50 250.00 200.00 k.ll .17 Continued - ?2.iJ 0?. 00. 41 ■ : TjTi trwr •mod iv->. ,,?.cr. S noin: fa 54. i 00 soiiBirreni 73. Appendix Table 1 - Continued Harvesting and marketing data. Lettuce Carrots Broccoli Cauliflower ITn i t c / 19^7- 1950- 1957- 1950- 1947- 1950- I9I+7- 1950- Item 19^9 1952 19^9 1952 191+9 1952 19^9 1952 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 8 9 10 dollars Contract services 70.00 23.00 23.00 Haul., pack., load. 100 cr. 30.00 30.00 75-00 75.oo 70.00 Miscellaneous 100 cr. 11+.50 1U.50 23.00 23.00 22.00 22.00 10.00 10.00 Hauling (local) 100 cr. 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 Materials 1+1+ .00 1+2.00 Containers 100 cr. 1+5.00 55.00 50.00 60.00 37.00 35.00 Lids, naxls, labels iou cr. 7-50 9.00 7.50 9.00 8.00 9.50 1+.50 5.50 Liners, packing 15.00 17.50 materials iuu cr . 3.00 3.50 9.50 10.75 Ice 100 cr. 10.00 10.50 10.00 10.00 Tomatoes Potatoes Contract services Haul., pack., load. 100 lugs 1.50 1+.20 35.00 or sacks 1.60 Miscellaneous 1UU lUgS or sacKo Hauling (local) 100 lugs 6.00 8.00 10.00 10.00 or sacks Materials 16.50 Containers 100 lugs 3I+.OO 1+0.00 25.00 or sacks 6.00 Lids, nails, labels 100 lugs 5.00 Liners, packing 100 lugs 15.00 18.00 materials Ice c/ Expressed in form of conventional containers. Lettuce standard crate of ~ k or 5 dozen, carrots standard crate of 6 dozen bunches, broccoli pony crate of 28 bunches, cauliflower pony crate, tomatoes 32 pound lug, and potatoes 100 pound sack. - 7*. APPENDIX TABLE 2 Typical Overhead Costs and Operating Expenses for Tractors and Trucks; Vegetable Farms in Subareas I and II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 19U7 -19*9.5/ Item Unit Price T-1+V W-2c/ Number or amount Cost Number or amount Cost 1 2 3 1+ 5 6 7 Subarea I 220 Crop A< ;re Farm .Ilk .Vol .185 • 15 .15 •90 t 1,279 1 1 1 1 i+,860 192 1+0 128 13 1,250 1,250 •98 36 6 19 12 i,73U 2 1 2 2 i+,i+6o 1** 11+ 89 8 572 l,ll+l+ .61+ 71+5 27 2 13 7 Tractors Annual use No. tractors Overhead Total overhead Cost per hour Diesel fuel \ja b U -L Xj.it? Crankcase oil Gear lubricant Grease Oil filters Total operating Cost per hour Total cost Cost per hour Trucks hour tractor dollar dollar dollar gallon gallon quart quart pound one dollar dollar dollar dollar miles dollar dollar dollar 627 J® 1,877 1A7 794 .1+1+ 1,938 1.08 ^ Ton l£ Ton Annual use Total annual cost Total cost per mile Total cost per crop acre 7,500 525 .07 2.55 3,520 387.20 .11 1.7!+ a/ See Table 6 for detailed annual overhead costs. Continued - b/ Inputs for T-1+ tractor calculated as follows: Subarea I, diesel fuel 3.8 ~ gallons per hour, crankcase oil 15 quarts and oil filters 1 per 100 hours, transmission and gear lubricant 31 quarts and grease 100 pounds per 1,000 hours; Subarea II, diesel fuel 3-5 gallons per hour, other items same as for Subarea I. c/ Inputs for W-2 tractor calculated as follows: gasoline 2.5 gallons per hour, ~ crankcase oil 8 quarts and oil filters 1 per 100 hours, transmission and gear lubricant 8 quarts and grease 50 pounds per 1,000 hours. Appendix Table 2 - Continued 75. T-h w- 2 NiimViPY* ht* Xi LiiUU CI Ui Number or Item Unit Price ciXuU UX1 O PrvG-i" amount Cost x. p J 5 6 7 1 V* X CJ I □ i in Tractors Annual use hours 1,976 3,264 — — 1\ U • tiatO UX^ o lidLu Ui 2 3 VJ V cl xlectu. i^nl lor uux XO X X l,d5 X xq X 0 Eg .53 U X6 5 c X I Uc X ga x xon *7 cr\ci 7 j 509 050 (la q n 1 1 T"i P era 1 1 on PhCI X. -X wxx .167 8,160 1,363 Crankcase oil quart .185 296 55 261 48 Gear lubricant quart •15 51 9 26 fly O Q G o r\ c. , dxyo 5 ! I Crankcase oil quart .185 109 20 72 13 Gear lubricant quart .15 22 3 7 1 Grease pound •15 72 11 »7 ( Oil filters one .90 7 6 9 8 Total operating dollar -- 337 Cost per hour dollar .1*6 .^5 uuiiar 1,587 1,560 OUbL ^JCX X1UUX UUi la X 2.19 1.73 Trucks \ Ton 1§ Ton Annual use mile 5,120 2,300 Total annual cost dollar 358. ho 253 Total cost per mile dollar .07 .11 Total cost per crop 2.51+ acre dollar 1.79 Continued - Appendix Table 2 - Continued 78. i ■ it w- 0 •c. Number or Number or Item Unit Price amount Cost amount Cost 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Subarea II 240 Crop i \cre Farm Tractors Annual use hour — 1,110 -- 1,918 — No. tractors tractor 2 3 Overhead dollar — 1 1,250 1 572 Total overhead dollar - — 2 2,500 3 1,710 Cost per hour dollar 2 2 .26 j .90 Diesel fuel gallon • 117 3,885 ^55 Gasoline gallon .167 k .795 oOl Crankcase oil quart .185 166 31 153 28 Gear lubricant quart .15 34 5 15 2 Grease pound .15 ill 17 96 14 Oil filters one .90 11 10 19 17 Total operating dollar 518 862 Cost per hour dollar — *i H Total cost dollar — * 3,018 2,578 Cost per hour dollar 2.73 1.35 Trucks \ Ton l£ Ton Annual use mile 8, 180 3,648 401.28 Total annual cost dollar 572.60 Total cost per mile dollar .07 .11 Total cost per 1.76 crop acre dollar 2.51 Continued - I 1 Appendix Table 2 - Continued 79. T- .1+ c- -2 IN LiiUU cl OI Number or Unit X X J- u c Cost amount Cost J. 6 6 7 1 Tractors 2,3*1 Annual use hour — 1,451 — * — no ■ x-racT/ors +■ v» O r* + v» p 3 uverneaci QOl la r i X l 572 iUudX UVCi liCCt f\ Cil Toy* 2 2,500 3 1,716 uosTi per nour /-\ "1 lor U U X Xa x 2 1.72 3 •73 Diesel fuel gallon 117 r^C* 1XU11 167 5,852 977 Crankcase oil quart .185 218 40 187 35 Gear lubricant quart .15 45 7 19 3 urease pounu 22 117 18 Oil filters one .90 15 14 23 21 Total operating dollar 677 1,059 oosii per nour A lor .47 .45 Total cost dollar 3,177 2,775 Cost per hour dollar 2.19 1.18 Trucks ^ Ton M 5- Ton Annual use mile 11,59^ 5,068 557-48 Total annual cost dollar 811.58 Total cost per mile dollar .07 .11 Total cost per 3.18 crop acre dollar 2.19 Continued - dr. j - - ,+aon .tiny h ^|aa — | [ •• aioS-oaict . nH - feflorinevo XeJoT c 81 581. a r ltd M i ' err** ■ ■ 8dO t ?' slim isIIof> •tsIJob alLii taq &abo Isfol i . ■ 80. APPENDIX TABLE 3 Typical Overhead Costs and Operating Expenses for Tractors and Trucks; Vegetable Farms in Subareas I and II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1950 -1952 a/b/ T W -2*/ Number or Number or Item Unit Price amount Cost amount Cost 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 Subarea I 3^0 crop ac re farm Tractors Annual use hour 1,916 3,26U _ _ No. tractors tractor _ — 2 _ _ 3 Overhead dollar _ m 1 1,1+60 1 667 Total overhead dollar — 2 2,920 3 2,001 Cost per hour dollar 2 1 .4o 3 .ol Diesel fuel gallon .152 7,509 tflkl uasoiine ga lion 1 QQ 8,160 1,621+ Crankcase oil quart • 15 296 261 39 Gear lubricant quart • 137 61 8 26 h Grease pound • 137 198 27 163 22 Oil filters one •95 20 19 33 31 Total operating dollar 1,239 1,720 Cost per hour dollar — .63 — • 53 Total cost dollar ^,159 3,721 Cost per hour dollar 2.10 1.11+ § Ton 1*1 ?on Trucks 5,1+1+0 Annual use mile Total annual cost dollar 927 652.80 Total cost per mile dollar .08 .12 Total cost per acre dollar 2-73 1.92 Continued - a/ See Table 7 for detailed annual overhead costs. b/ Inputs for T-1+ tractors calculated as follows: Subarea I, diesel fuel 3.8 gallons per hour, crankcase oil 15 quarts and oil filters 1 per 100 hours, transmission and gear lubricant 31 quarts and grease 100 pounds per 1,000 hours Subarea II, diesel fuel 3.5 gallons per hour, other items same as Subarea I. c_/ Data for Subarea I farms with 220 crop acres appears in text as Table 12, page 26. d/ Inputs for W-2 tractor calculated as follows: gasoline 2-5 gallons per hour, crankcase oil 8 quarts and oil filters 1 per 100 hours, transmission and gear lubricant 8 quarts and grease 50 pounds per 1,000 hours. j .; I >VO l6i ...I aJ-fpT as xt J- a: l^q J. 31', Appendix Table 3 - Continued 81. m T E -4 w -d. Number or Number or Item Unit Price amount Cost amount Lost 1 2 3 4 5 c 0 7 Subarea I 500 crop ac re farm Tractors Annual use hour — 2,888 — ^,736 No. tractors tractor — — 3 L 4 Overhead dollar 1 l,4bU 1 OO ( Total overhead dollar 3 )i q An k P £6A Cost per hour dollar 3 T CO .50 Diesel fuel gallon .152 10,974 t ££A 1 ,ODO Gasoline gallon .199 Crankcase oil quart .15 ^33 384 58 Gear lubricant quart .137 90 12 38 5 Grease pound •137 4U 23 ( •30 Oil filters one •95 29 28 48 46 Total operating dollar — 1,813 2,497 Cost per hour dollar .63 •53 Total cost dollar 6,193 5,165 Cost per hour dollar ** 2.14 1.09 f Ton 1§ Ton Trucks 8,000 Annual use mile 17,050 Total annual cost dollar 960 Total cost per mile dollar .08 .12 Total cost per acre dollar 2.73 1.92 Continued - t 3"mio&tf ..oft .trtsoiKfiJl ae^O 90. j • Appendix Table 3 - Continued 8e. T- 1 k W- 2 Item Unit Price Number or amount Cost Number or amount Cost 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 Subarea II 150 crop ac ;re farm Annual use No. tractors Overhead Total overhead Cost per hour hour tractor dollar dollar dollar 725 1 1 1 1 l,U60 2.01 90k 2 1 2 2 667 1.U8 i Diesel fuel Gasoline Crankcase oil Gear lubricant Grease Oil filters Total operating Cost per hour gallon gallon quart quart pound one dollar dollar .152 .199 • • 137 .137 •95 2,538 109 22 72 7 386 16 3 10 7 ^22 .58 2,260 72 7 ^5 9 U50 11 1 6 9 h-77 .53 Total cost Cost per hour dollar dollar — 1,882 2.60 l,8ll 2.00 § Ton if Ton Trucks Annual use Total annual cost Total cost per mile Total cost per acre (vegetables) Total cost per acre (beans) mile dollar dollar dollar dollar 5,120 k09 .60 .08 2.90 1.U5 2,300 276 .12 1.96 .98 Continued J Appendix Table 3 - Continued 83- Item Unit Subarea II 2^0 crop acre farm Tractors Annual use No. tractors Overhead Total overhead Cost per hour Diesel fuel Gasoline Crankcase oil Gear lubricant Grease Oil filters Total operating Cost per hour Total cost Cost per hour Trucks Annual use Total annual cost Total cost per mile Total cost per acre (vegetables) hour tractor dollar dollar dollar gallon gallon quart quart pound one dollar dollar dollar dollar mile dollar dollar dollar Price .152 • 199 • 15 .137 • 137 .95 Number or amount 1,110 2 1 2 2 3,885 166 3^ ill 11 Cost i,i*6o 2,920 2.63 591 25 5 15 10 6k6 • 58 3,566 3-21 ■| Ton 8,180 65^. ho .08 2.87 W-2 Number or amount 1,918 3 l 3 3 4,795 153 15 96 19 Cost 7 667 2,001 1.0k 95k 23 2 13 18 1,010 •53 3,011 1.57 1-k Ton 3,648 437.76 .12 1.92 Continued - ■ X ; Appendix Table 3 - Continued 84. T -4 w- 2 Number or Nuraber or Item Unit Price amount Cost amount Cost 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Subarea II 320 crop a ere farm Tractors Annual iisp VimiT 1.4"51 2.^4l No. tractors tractor -- 2 -- 3 — Overhead dollar — 1 1,460 1 667 Total overhead dollar — 2 2,920 3 2,001 Cost per hour dollar — 2 2.01 3 •85 Diesel fuel gallon .152 5,078 772 -- -- Gasoline gallon .199 — — 5,852 1,165 Crankcase oil quart • 15 218 33 187 28 ucal 1UU1 XL-dllu • J- 0 1 4s 6 19 j Grease pound .137 20 117 16 Oil filters one •95 15 14 23 22 Total operating dollar 845 1,234 Cost per hour dollar — • 58 • 53 Total cost dollar _ _ 3,765 3,235 Cost per hour dollar — 2.59 1.38 § Ton l| Ton Trucks Annual use mile 11,594 5,068 Total annual cost dollar 927.52 608.16 Total cost per mile dollar .08 .12 Total cost per dollar 3.64 2.38 acre (vegetables) ■ - w ■ ■ me? oio& qc-ro OS* 'II oo ; :arftfS; ■ 10:2 2YT ■y.^rr^ I fftrf^ Ten' 3?8^ nail as I entio? vA r ^Xe^ | liO S8fiO*K v* 2S • 80. ■ "ox / APPENDIX TABLE k Machinery Hours Use by Crops, Entire Farm Organization; Vegetable Farms in Subareas I and II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, I9U7 -19119a/ Subarea I Farms oon P>. ecu or op acres 1 Lettuce ■ Cauli- Sugar Dry Pota- 1 1 Items Spring Summer Fall Carrots Broccoli flower beets Tomatoes beans toes rjarxey X W UCL-L. 1 2 3 4 c 0 7 Q 0 9 10 11 1 0 xc 13 Acres 3^ )i c 45 31 27 47 — 39 — — -- 223 xOOj- carrier 30.72 |,D Cr\ 40.00 xyx . uy 54.99 )iO T O 4<; . Ld 398 Ditcher X ( .OU dd . i e en ~\ ^ en 13. pu 01 en i q sn xy . ?u 112 Lister 19.72 2t>.10 — — xp . ?u Q QQ 7 • yy 125 Lij.x uer — 160 8q 161 unisex rlOW 34 .00 45 .00 ji • uu 97 nn eA 7c on nn .uu 235 Disc harrow 85.00 112 . 50 14-U 28 C\C\ Oil eA en po. ?u 484 Harrow (spike) 51.00 67.50 h& sn *TU . ^}U 17 ?ft 31.49 cA en 50.5O 272 Koller 39.44 CO OPi ■31 no jx.uu 97 nn c 1 • UU 212 r loat 39.^4 52.20 ^i nn ?7 nn £9 en oc. . px SI 87 264 Cultivator (,4- bed; 113.90 150.75 i cc nn ipp .UU nc nn xjp .UU 188.00 — 117.00 — — — 860 Potato planter (2 row ) -- Vegetable planter 22. 44 29.70 41.23 d 1 .00 54.99 12.00 187 XW ( and shaper (2 bed) Beet and bean planter (4 row) 22 Broadcaster 22.41 Fertilizer distribu- 17.00 22.50 62.51 78.00 180 tor (1; row) Duster (k row) 94.00 78.00 172 Sprayer (4 row) 17.98 18 Cauliflower marker 23.50 24 Cauliflower cart 326.65 327 Continued a/ Calculated from practice data reported by farmers interviewed. CsrnjTtjOAex. csri.r i,ex..f TiTsei. c/ysfXjjp/T- ! ii*oo * * , pee* e»g pero *jKBfex. srng 3B9&FX. (5 peg) yCTTwX- q f ft \ 55*1*1* rr3*ao 3d'fjt 25*50 . T^'OC ] JjS'OO TTA'OO cJT yd I r>TBC irerxx,on GPTeej — — -co * o«r TOOT C£3 '*-w *"■" : ; i 3d Appendix Table h - Continued Subarea I Farms 3I+O Crop acres Lettuce 1 Cauli- Sugar Dry Pota- Items Spring Summer Fall Carrots Broccoli flower beets Tomatoes beans toes Barley Total 1 2 3 1+ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Acres 50 yoh 18 5* 111+ 31+0 Tool carrier Ditcher Lister Lifter Chisel Plow Disc harrow Harrow (spike) Roller Float 5*+. 00 25.00 29.00 50.00 125.00 75.00 58.00 58.00 112.32 52.00 60.32 101+.00 260.00 156.00 120.61+ 120.6U 111.1+2 9.00 9-00 93->+2 18.00 5I+.00 27.00 18.00 18.00 1+6.98 27.00 19.98 51+.00 88.56 34.56 51+.00 5I+.00 133.38 57.00 76.38 11+2.50 218.88 76.38 151.62 151.62 1+58 170 195 93 368 71+6 369 1+02 1+02 ! Cultivator (1+ bed) I Potato planter (2 row 1 Vegetable planter and shaper (2 bed) j Beet and bean planter (1+ row) ! Broadcaster Fertilizer distribu- tor (1+ row) Duster row) Sprayer (1+ row) Cauliflower marker Cauliflower cart 167.50 ) " 33.00 25.00 3I+8.I+O 68. 61+ 52.00 90.00 23. 9k 10.1+1+ 270.00 51+.00 1+1+.82 I+56.OO 133.38 151.62 228.00 57.00 792.30 — — — — — 1,332 313 229 228 10 57 792 Continued - r CU '.Tt'fiS! ill TOOT C$yJL&3*5;!. i-T" fc * Appendix Table 4 - Continued Subarea I Farms 500 Crop acres Lettuce Cauli- Sugar Dry Pota- Items Spring Summer Fall Carrots Broccoli flower beets Tomatoes beans toes Barley Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Acres 57 116 40 64 127 100 504 Tool carrier Ditcher Lister Lifter Chisel Plow Disc harrow Harrow (spike) Roller Float i 61.56 28.50 33.06 57-00 l42 . 50 85.50 66.12 66.12 125.28 58.00 67.28 116.00 290.00 174.00 134.56 134.56 — 247.60 20.00 20.00 207.60 40.00 120.00 60.00 40.00 40.00 55.68 32.00 23.68 64.00 104.96 40.96 64.00 64.00 148.59 63.50 85.09 158.75 243.84 85.09 168.91 168.91 425.00 50.00 58.00 100.00 67.OO 100.00 100.00 100.00 50.00 133.00 — 914 252 287 308 6 l 536 1,001 546 524 607 Cultivator (4 bed) Potato planter (2 row Vegetable planter and shaper (2 bed) I Beet and bean planter (4 row) I dt udcicas xer Fertilizer distribu- tor (4 row) Duster (4 row) Sprayer (4 row) Cauliflower marker Cauliflower cart 190.95 ) -- 37.62 28.50 388.60 76.56 58.00 200.00 53-20 23.20 320.00 64.00 53-12 508.00 148.59 168.91 254.00 63.50 882.65 334.00 30.00 80.00 133.00 — — 1,942 4io 80 53 388 254 : 23 1 64, 883 j 1 Continued - Co Appendix Table 4 - Continued Subarea II Farms 150 Crop acres Items Lettuce Cauli- Sugar Ery Pota- Spring Summer Fall Carrots Broccoli flower beets Tomatoes beans toes Barley * — Total 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 25 25 16 16 _ _ 23 47 __ 152 27.00 27.00 _ _ 13.92 18.72 m — _ _ 24.84 111.86 _ 223 — — — — 16.10 11.75 — 28 12.50 12.50 8.00 8.00 11.50 23 . 50 76 14.50 14.50 m m 5.92 10.72 13.34 50.76 110 — — — 37.60 38 cr> .UU 0 .00 — 16.00 20.00 — — — 47.00 — 133 62.50 62.50 — 2b .24 30.72 23.00 42.30 247 37-50 37.50 — 10.24 10.72 — — — 96 29.00 29.00 16.00 21.28 11.75 107 29.00 29.00 — 16.00 21.28 14.57 110 83.75 83.75 80.00 64.00 55-20 23.50 390 ) -- 18.80 19 16.50 16.50 16.00 18.72 _ _ 6.90 _ _ 75 — — »« -- 11.50 — 12 13.28 13 12.50 12.50 21.28 35.25 82 32.00 32 8.00 8 89.60 90 32.90 3,3 13.80 14 Acres Tool carrier Bean cutter Ditcher Lister Chisel Plow Disc harrow Harrow (spike) Roller Float Cultivator (4 bed) Potato planter (2 row) Vegetable planter and shaper (2 bed) Beet and bean planter (4 row) Broadcaster Fertilizer distribu- tor (4 row) Duster (4 row) Cauliflower marker Cauliflower cart Potato digger Rake (side delivery) Continued 00 00 ««*) '(jt MJA) ugrx jxpjG yt Appendix Table 4 - Continued Rubarea II Farms 2^0 Crop acres Items Lettuce Carrots Broccoli Cauli- flower Sugar beets 1 Tomatoes Dry beans Pota- toes Barley Total Spring Summer Fall 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Acres Tool carrier Bean cutter Ditcher Lister Chisel Plow Disc harrow Harrow (spike) Roller Float Cultivator (4 bed) Potato planter (2 row' Vegetable planter and shaper (2 bed) Beet and bean planter (4 row) Broadcaster tor (4 row) Duster (4 row) Cauliflower marker Cauliflower cart Potato digger Rake (side delivery) 14 15.12 7.00 8.12 14.00 35-00 21.00 16.24 16.24 46.90 > * 9.24 7.00 10 10.80 5.00 5.80 10.00 25.00 15.00 11.60 11.60 33.50 6.60 5.00 38 33.06 19.00 14. 06 38.00 62.32 24.32 38.00 38.00 190.00 38.00 31. 5^ 70 81.90 35-00 46.90 87.50 134.40 46.90 93.10 93-10 280.00 81.90 93-10 140.00 35.00 392.00 45 48.60 31.50 22.50 26.10 45.00 108.00 13.50 22.50 27.00 63 149.94 15.75 31.50 68.04 50.4o 63.00 56.70 15.75 19-53 31.50 25.20 47.25 44.10 240 339 47 120 169 50 212 358 107 175 178 690 25 149 .22 32 152 I t hn DVO 35 392 44 27 r Continued - ! -- 0 'co - 5T*00 33 'CO TV'OO j 38 '00 | §2^ S3 "TO 1 ft 1 ST "^0 5p0'00 t ' " on S^'SO 3r2o d3T0 ^3 -TO ld'u'3 Appendix Table 4 - Continued Subarea II Farms 320 Crop acres Lettuce Cauli- Sugar Dry Pota- Items Spring Summer Fall Carrots Broccoli flower beets Tomatoes beans toes Barley Total 1 2 3 1+ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Acres 28 1+1+ 25 17 28 47 132 23 344 Tool carrier Bean cutter Ditcher T.i stpr Lifter Plow | Disc harrow , Harrow (spike) i Roller | Float 30.24 ll+.OO 16.21+ 28.00 70.00 1+2.00 32.1+8 32.1+8 47.52 22.00 25.52 1+1+.00 L10.00 66.00 51.01+ 51.01+ 27.00 12.50 11+.50 25.00 62.50 37.50 29.00 29.00 85.34 8.50 8.50 68.34 17.00 51.00 25.50 17.00 17.00 24.36 l h 00 10.36 28.00 45.92 17.92 28.00 28.00 54.99 31.49 58.75 90.24 31.49 62.51 62.51 — 142.56 92.40 66.00 76.56 132.00 — 46.oo 23.00 11.50 412 92 160 183 68 201 608 243 220 232 | Cultivator (4 bed) j Potato planter (2 row | Vegetable planter ! and shaper (2 bed) | Beet and bean planter (4 row) Broadcaster Fertilizer distribu- tor (4 row) Duster (4 row) Sprayer (4 row) Cauliflower marker Cauliflower cart Rake (side delivery) 93-80 ) -- 18.1+8 ll+.OO Ll+7.i+o 29.01+ 22.00 83.75 16.50 12.50 85.00 22.61 9.86 140.00 28.00 23.24 188.00 54.99 62.51 94.00 23.50 263.20 — 316.80 39.60 66.00 79.20 11.50 1,055 209 66 35 111 94 10 24 263 79 • 1 WW 'JO tO : 'Of '->9*00 1 t. "fO : IT -2c ; IBM pWiM 30'5* j f.A' Si *00 j 59 0 — A H I g^pe^Gt!- B jsrcxre ^so teoi> states a r 7 — — " 1 I 91. APPENDIX TABLE 5 Typical Overhead Costs and Operating Expenses for Irrigation Plants; Vegetable Farms in Subareas I and II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1947-1949J*/ 220 crop acres Pumping plants 900 G.P.M. 1,125 G.P.M. Number Number All or or Specified Item Unit amount Cost amount Cost items 1 2 3 1+ 5 6 7 dollars dollars Subarea I farms Annual use acre feet Ikk — 1+50 — 59^ hours 864 2,160 3,021+ Number plants plant 1 1 2 Overhead dollar 1 591+ 1 61+9 l,2l+3 Total overhead dollar 1 59I+ 1 61+9 1,21+3 Cost per acre foot dollar ll+U 4.12 1+50 1.1+1+ 2.09 Pumping head foot 115 115 115 Plant efficiency per cent 59.2 59-2 en 0 59 .2 Horsepower HP 1+0 50 Demand HP i+o 201 201 HP 50 225 225 Power KWH 28,656 378 89,550 967 1,3^5 Total operating dollar — », — c 579 1,192 1,771 Cost per acre foot dollar Ikk 1+.02 1+50 2.65 2 ,90 Total cost dollar 1,173 1,81+1 3,014 Cost per acre foot dollar ll+U 8. 11+ 1+50 1+.09 5 .07 3I+O crop acres 1,125 G.P.M. 1,125 G.P.M. Subarea I farms 981 ; Annual use acre feet 1+91 1+90 hours 2,357 2,352 4,709 Number plants plant 1 1 2 Overhead dollar 1 61+9 1 61+9 1,298 Total overhead dollar 1 61+9 1 61+9 1,298 Cost per acre foot dollar 1+91 1.32 1+90 1.32 1.32 Pumping head foot 115 115 115 Plant efficiency percent 59.2 59.2 59.2 Horsepower HP 50 50 Demand HP HP 50 225 50 225 450 Power KWH 97,709 1,036 97,510 1,031+ 2,070 Total operating dollar 1,261 1,259 2,520 Cost per acre foot dollar 1+91 2.57 1+90 2.57 2.57 Total cost dollar 1,910 1,908 3,810 Cost per acre foot dollar 1+91 3.89 1+90 3.89 3-87 Continued a/ See Table 8 for detailed annual overhead costs. Ir id •i^EOr! f'39 J Appendix Table 5 - Continued 92. 500 crop acres Pumping plants 1,125 G.P.M. 1,125 G.P.M. ii LLIUU 1 All or or specified Item Unit amount 00s X smoun u PneH- O OS u items 1 2 •3 1 ft *+ j 6" 7 uo j._Larb U Jl 10. X 0 Rubarea I farms Annual use acre feet 1,399 hours 2,300 4, 4 lb 6,716 Number plants plant 1 0 3 Overhead dollar 1 2 o4y J. (J Ud X UVLlllcaU UUl -LC4 1 X O 1,947 Pnct't' npr pi pvp f not dollar )i "7ri I- 35 i In 1.39 x UlIl^J J.LIH, llcdU. font lie 1J-5 115 Plant ef f ic iencv T)ercent 59.2 59.2 59.2 H n T R P D OV P V HP 50 50 Demand HP HP 50 225 (2)50 450 675 Power KWH 95,321 1,016 183,080 1,968 2,984 Total operating dollar 2,418 3,659 Cost per acre foot dollar 479 2.59 920 2.63 2.62 Total cost dollar 1,890 3,716 5,606 PnQt, tipy* fiprp f nnt ouo u pel a *^ i ^ i uu u dollar 3.95 4.o4 4.01 150 crop acres 720 G.P.M. ■— ■■ 1 — Subarea II farms Annual use acre feet 357 357 hours 2,678 2,678 Number plants plant 1 1 Overhead dollar 1 531 531 Prm'h tipt a otp foot dollar 357 l.i+9 1.49 Pumnins head foot 88 88 Plant efficiency percent 52 52 TT ot* 6 pn nu p t HP 30 Demand HP 30 151 151 HP Power IvWH 61,865 658 6s8 Total operating dollar 809 809 Cost per acre foot dollar 357 2.27 2.27 Total cost dollar 1,3^0 1,340 Cost per acre foot dollar 3.75 3.75 Continued - Appendix Table 5 - Continued 93. 2kQ crop acres Pumping plants • • i 720 G.P.M. 900 G • P.M. 1 Item Unit Number or amount Cost , Number or amount Cost All specified items 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 j • dollars dollars Subarea II farms Annual use Number plants Overhead Cost per acre foot Pumping head r laiiT/ eiiicxciicy Horsepower Demand Power acre feet hours plant dollar dollar foot pel (- ell L> HP HP HP KWH 200 1,500 1 1 200 88 52 30 30 3M58 col 531 2.66 151 1+35 ^35 2,610 1 1 88 52 1+0 ho 75,381 59^ 201 635 1+,110 2 1,125 1.77 88 52 151 201 1,260 Total operating Total cost Cost per acre foot dollar dollar dollar 200 586 2.93 i,H7 5.58 J+35 1,026 2.36 1,620 3.72 1,612 2.5I+ 2,737 1+.31 ! 3I+O crop acres 900 G.P.M. 900 G.P.M. Subarea II farms Annual use Number plants Overhead Cost per acre foot Pumping head P"1qy")+ o'Pf i f "i pvi f* v i -La 11 U CI 1 lu J. C. Ill* J Horsepower Demand Power acre feet hours plant dollar dollar foot HP HP HP KWH 2Q0 1,200 1 1 200 88 52 1+0 1+0 3^,658 59I+ 2.97 201 U58 1+51+ 2,722 1 1 1+51+ 88 52 1+0 1+0 78,67^ 59^ 1.31 201 853 651+ 3,922 2 1,188 1.82 88 52 1+02 1,311 Cost per acre foot Total cost Cost per acre foot dollar dollar dollar dollar 200 659 3.30 1,253 6.26 1+51+ 1,054 2.32 1,61+8 3.63 1,713 2.62 2,901 1+.1+1+ ft APPENDIX TABLE 6 Typical Overhead Costs and Operating Expenses for Irrigation Plants; Vegetable Farms in Subareas I and II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1950-1952 220 crop acres Pumping plants 900 G.P.M. 1,125 G.P.M. lMumoer rjumuer All or or specified Item Unit amount Cost amount L OS T, items 1 2 3 5 C V 7 n 1 1 o v» c Subarea I farms Annual use acre feet 14'+ ken 591+ hours 004 d , loU 3,021+ Number of plants plant 1 . _ 1 2 Overhead^/ dollar — 662 725 Total overhead dollar 662 725 1,387 Cost per acre foot dollar lhh 1+.60 1+50 2. 31+ Pumping head foot 115 115 TIC 115 Plant efficiency percent 59.2 59-2 59.2 Horsepower HP 1+0 50 Demand 1+0 HP 1+0 256 256 50 HP 50 CO? 285 Power KWH 28,656 1+01 89,550 yoo 1,387 Total operating dollar 657 1 071 1,928 Cost per acre foot dollar lhh 1+.56 1+50 O 9,9 c. 1 Oc 3.25 Total cost dollar 1,319 i,yyo 3,315 Cost per acre foot dollar lhh 9.16 1+50 k kk 5.58 150 crop acres 720 G.P.M. Subarea II farms Annua 1 urp a — .L v — ^ u 357 357 hours 2,678 2,678 Number plants plant 1 — 1 j Overhead^/ dollar 598 Total overhpad dollar 598 598 Cost per acre foot dollar 357 1.68 1.68 Piuntiinfir bead foot 88 88 Plant efficiency percent 52 52 Horsepower HP 30 Demand 30 HP 30 192 192 ho HP Power KWH 61,865 686 686 Total operating dollar 878 878 Cost per acre foot dollar 357 2. k6 2.1+6 Total cost dollar 1,1+76 1,476 Cost per acre foot dollar 357 1+.13 1+.13 a/ Includes overhead charges for we 11, pumpin g plant only. C ont inued - ^ SLIffA-r XI IS 04 Appendix Table 6 - Continued 95- Item Subarea I farms Annual use Number of plants Overhead^/ Total overhead Cost per acre foot Pumping head Plant efficiency- Horsepower Demand Power Total operating Cost per acre foot Total cost Cost per acre foot Unit acre feet hours plant dollar dollar dollar foot percent HP 1+0 HP 50 HP KWH dollar dollar dollar dollar 3^0 crop acres Pumping plants 1,125 G.P.M. Number or amount 1+91 2,357 1 1+91 115 59.2 50 50 97,709 1+9 1 1+91 Cost dollars 725 725 1.1+8! 285 1,056 T73ST 2.73 2,066 1+ .21 1,125 G.P.M. Number or amount 5 1+90 2,352 1 115 59-2 50 50 £7,510 1+90 1+90 Cost dollars 725 725 1.1+5 285 1,051+ 1,339 2.73 2,061+ 1+.21 All specified items 7 981 *+,709 2 1,1+50 1.1+8 115 59.2 570 2,110 2,6«0 2.73 ^,130 1+.21 2l+0 crop acres 720 G.P.M. Subarea II farms Annual use Number of plants Overhead^/ Total overhead Cost per acre foot Pumping head Plant efficiency- Horsepower Demand Power Total operating Cost per acre foot Total cost Cost per acre foot acre feet hours plant dollar dollar dollar foot percent HP 30 HP 1+0 HP KWH dollar dollar dollar dollar 200 1,500 1 200 88 52 30 30 3^,658 200 200 900 G.P.M. 598 598 2.99 192 1+60 ~652 3.26 1,250 6.25 ^35 2,610 1 *+35 88 52 1+0 i+o 75,381 ^35 ^35 662 662 1.52 256 860 1,116 2.56 1,778 1+.09 635 1+,110 2 1,260 1.98 88 52 192 256 1,320 1,768 2.78 3,028 1+.77 Continued - I Appendix Table 6 - Continued 96. Item Unit 500 crop acres Pumping plants 1,125 G.P.M. Number or amount Cost 1,125 G.P.M. Number or amount Cost All specified items Subarea I farms Annual use Number of plants Overheadjy Total overhead Cost per acre foot Pumping head Plant efficiency- Horsepower Demand Power Total operating Cost per acre foot Total cost Cost per acre foot Subarea II farms Annual use Number of plants Overhead^ Total overhead Cost per acre foot Pumping head Plant efficiency Horsepower Demand Power Total operating Cost per acre foot Total cost Cost per acre foot dollars dollars acre feet hours plant dollar dollar dollar foot percent HP 1+0 HP 50 HP KWH dollar dollar dollar dollar acre feet hours plant dollar dollar dollar foot percent HP 30 HP 1+0 HP KWH dollar dollar dollar dollar ^79 !,300 1 1+79 115 59.2 50 725 725 1.51 920 i+,i+l6 2 115 59.2 50 725 1,1+50 I.58 95 50 ,321 285 (2)50 1,035 183,080 1+79 1+79 1,320 2.76 2,01+5 1+.27 570 2,006 920 920 80 2,576 2 l+,026 I+.38 320 crop acres 900 G.P.M. 900 G.P.M. 200 1,200 1 200 88 52 1+0 1+0 3^,658 200 200 662 662 3.31 256 1+85 1+51+ 2,722 1 1+51+ 88 52 1+0 1+0 ^8,67*+ 7I+T 3.70 1,^03 7.02 1+51+ 1+5I+ 662 662 1.1+6 256 889 "1^5 2.52 1,807 3-98 1,399 6,716 3 2,175 1.55 115 59-2 855 3,0^ 1 3,89"6" 2.78 6,071 1+.3I+ 65!+ 3,922 2 l,32i+ 2.02 88 52 512 1.3J> 1,886 2.88 3,210 1+.91 £ 3C»ZlZf* •' ^To3 t i : • uSlloJb EMM H APPENDIX TABLE 7 Per Acre Inputs and Costs by Crops; 340 Crop Acre Farm in Subarea I, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1950-1952 Item Jnit Lettuce -Snrine Summer ©r fall Carrotsty Broccoli Cauliflower^/ Price or cost Number ' or amount Cost Number or amount Cost Number or amount Cost Number or amount Cost Number or .amount „ ^ 1 Cost 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 m — — ■ ■■ 1 Ranch labor Contract services keting services keting acre acre acre inc hour hour dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars 30.64 29.38 91.56 30.64 29.38 116.63 35-41 17.38 300.24 34.49 25.12 151.32 46.67 j 11.28 164.54 Production j Harvesting and mar Total contract Materials Production Harvesting and mar Total materials Miscellaneous T On C\)\ 41.92 113.40 XH-O . UJ- 41.92 144.45 52.70 250.89 176 44 49.20 126.36 175 82 54.51 205-68 1 1 155.32 7.09 31-91 6.46 6.96 1 l 186.37 7.09 31.91 6.84 6.96 1 1 303.59 7.09 31.91 8.76 6.87 1 1 175.56 7.09 31.91 7.30 8.01 1 1 260.49 7.09 31.91 10.48 8.11 Real Estate tax Real Estate investment^; General overhead*/ i Labor overheads/ j Total Irrigation Concrete pipe Siphons Water Total Power TL-4 tractor W-2 tractor Pickup truck 1 1/2 ton truck Total :h .35 20 CO )±o .10 .34 7.00 31 .10 .34 10.85 26 54 63 .10 .34 9.10 3> ■54.31 .10 • 34 11.90 46 57.59 .10 .34 16.10 2.10 Ulk 5-7 4.5 7.44 11.97 5.13 2.73 1.92 5-7 4.5 11.29 n.97 5.13 2.73 1.92 6.0 11.0 9.54 12.60 12.54 2.73 1.92 4.5 6.8 12.34 9-45 7.75 2.73 1.92 5-7 14.4 16.54 11-97 16.42 2.73 1.92 21.75- 21.75 29.79 21.85 33-04 (Continued on next page.) • ■ Appendix Table 7 - Continued Items Unit Price or cost Lettuce Spring Summer or Fall Carrots^/ Broccoli :auliflower£/ Number or Number or f"n w I T 1 J 3* * T govs a^p o?j- APPENDIX TABLE 9 Per Acre Inputs and Costs by Crops ; 150 Crop Acre Farm in Subarea II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1950-19522/ Lettuce Spring Summer or Fall Broccoli Cauliflower!/ Price Number Number Number Number or or or or or Items Unit cost amount Cost amount Cost amount Cost amount Cost 1 2 3 k 5 6 7 O 0 9 10 11 dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars Ranch labor£./ 30.64 30.64 34.49 46.67 Contract services Production Harvesting and marketing — 29.38 81.20 — 29.38 IO4.64 — 25.12 130.95 — 11.28 121.60 Total contract services 1 110.58 134.02 156.07 132.88 Materials Production Harvesting and marketing — — 41. 92 100.58 — 41.92 129.60 — 49.20 109.34 — 54.51 152.00 Total materials Miscellaneous Real Estate tax acre — 1 142.50 6.16 1 171.52 6.16 1 158.54 6.16 1 206.51 6.16 Real Estate investment^/ General overhead^/ Labor overhead!/ acre — — 1 26.39 7.56 6.96 1 26.39 7-94 6.96 1 26.39 8.18 8.01 1 26.39 13.66 8.11 Total 47.07 *■+ 1 • w 1 47.U5 48.74 54.32 Irrigation Concrete pip© Siphons Water acre ii ich .3U 20 .09 .65 6.80 31 .09 .65 1 n £1, J.U.i>4 24 no .65 8.16 hi no .65 15.64 Total 7.54 11.28 8.90 16.38 Power TL-U tractor W-2 tractor Pickup truck 1 1/2 ton truck hour hour 2.60 2.00 5.7 4.5 I4.82 9.00 2.90 1.96 5.7 4.5 I4.82 9.00 2.90 1.96 4.5 6.8 11.70 13.60 2.90 1.96 5.7 13.0 lii.82 26.00 2.90 1.96 Total 28.68 28.68 30.16 45.68 Continued \ i Poor. — r 5f v J r j - - Continued Lettuce Spring Summer or Fall Broccoli Cauliflower^/ Frxce Number Number Number Unit or cost or amount Cost or amount Cost or amount Cost or amount Cost 1 2 3 K < 6 7 8 9 10 11 dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars Tool carrier li-row .8? 1.08 .9k 1.08 .9k .87 .76 1.17 1.02 Bean cutter Ditcher Lister U2-inch 3-row .79 • 37 .33 .5o .58 .18 .19 .5o .58 .18 .19 .50 .37 .18 .12 .50 .67 .18 .22 Chisel Plow Spike harrow Float Cultivator h-lh inc 10 1/2 foot U-5 foot 10 foot 10 foot U-row 1.08 b - .99 l.lU .3k .6k .11 .Uo 1.00 2.50 l.5o 1.16 1 16 3.35 .99 2.85 .51 .Ik .13 1.3U 1.00 2.50 1.50 1.16 1.16 3.35 .99 2.85 .51 .71* .13 1.3k 1.00 1.61* .6k 1.00 1.00 5.oo .99 1.87 .22 .61* .11 2.00 1.25 1.92 .67 1.33 1.33 l*.oo 1.2b 2.19 .23 .85 .15 1.60 v fci ge r,d. DXe pjjon uc i , shape r 2-bed .73 .66 .1+8 .66 .1*8 1.00 .73 1.17 .85 Fertilizer Duster li.— row lj.-row .80 5.25 .50 .Uo .50 .UO 1.33 2.00 1.06 10.50 .kk 7.3U Cauliflower marker Cauliflower cart Broadcaster bean U-row .88 1.31 .77 — — .83 ,6U .50 5.60 Total Production costs Harvesting and marketing < Total Costs AcreA^iit ;osts 8.75 193.98 I81.78 8.75 198.10 23U.21; 8.26 20li.87 21*0.29 27.87 256.71 273.60 375.76 2.52 U32.3U 2.25 1*1*5.16 3.30 530.31 1.66 a/ Based on following yields per acre for entries affected by yieldsj in crates spring lettuce ll*9, summer ~ or fall lettuce 192, broccoli 135, cauliflower 320. b/ Direct field seeded. c/ Cost of harvest labor included in per crate fee. d/ Based on usual rent $50 per acre, less real estate taxes; corrected for double cropping. "o/ Calculated at 10$ on total of labor, irrigation, power, and equipment. Tf Calculated at 1$% of ranch labor plus 10 cents per hour on preharvest labor. 1 "j j top | -« # * 1 S *00 »Ttf. • J v V *• v Li' ■ iv 0ft ... k " "'. APPENDIX TABLE 10 Per Acre Inputs and Costs by Crops j 320 Crop Acre Farm in Subarea II, Santa Maria and Adjacent Truck Crop Areas, 1950-1952£/ Items Unit Price or cost Lettuce Spring Summer or Fall Carrots}-/ Broccoli Caulifloweri/ Number or amouiiTj Number or q infill***, t Number or Cost Number or amount Cost Number or amount Cost 1 2 3 h 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ranch labor^/ Contract services Production Harvesting and mar Total contract s Materials Production Harvesting and mar Total materials Miscellaneous Real Estate tax Real Estate in- vestment®/ General overhead^/ Labor overheads/ Total Irrigation Concrete pipe Siphons Water Total Power 'I'L-k tractor W-2 tractor Pickup truck 11/2 ton truck Total