'^%^ 
 
Literary Culture in Early-^ew England. 
 
Published in Memory of 
 Thomas Goddard Wright. 
 
LITERARY CULTURE 
 
 IN 
 
 EARLY NEW ENGLAND 
 
 1620-1730 
 
 Si' Thomas Qoddard Wright^ 
 
 Late Instru(£lor in English in Yale University. 
 EDITED BY HIS WIFE 
 
 NEW HAVEN: 
 
 YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
 J^ndon : Humphrey <JVlilford: Oxford University T^ress. 
 
 MDCCCCXX. 
 
Copyright 1920 by 
 Yale University Press. 
 
,/ 
 
 Contents. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Memorial Note by William Lyon Phelps ... 7 
 
 Preface 9 
 
 Introduction 11 
 
 PART I 
 
 THE EARLY SETTLERS 
 
 Chapter 
 
 I. Education 15 
 
 II. Libraries and the Circulation of Books . . 25 
 
 III. Intercourse with England and English Literary- 
 
 Men 62 
 
 IV. Other Phases of Culture 76 
 
 V. The Production of Literature .... 82 
 
 PART II 
 
 THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 
 
 VI. Education 99 
 
 VII. Books and Libraries no 
 
 VIII. Quotations by New England Writers . . 137 
 IX. Relations with England and Other Phases of 
 
 Culture 152 
 
 X. The Production of Literature . . . • ^59 
 
 /; £? r*" *:■- '-^ 
 
6 Contents. 
 
 PART III 
 
 THE NEW CENTURY 
 
 PAGE 
 
 XL Education 171 
 
 XII. Books and Libraries 174 
 
 XIII. Other Phases of Culture 197 
 
 XIV. The Production of Literature .... 205 
 
 APPENDIX 
 
 Items Illustrating the Movement of Books to and 
 
 among New Englanders 219 
 
 Invoices 224 
 
 Book References in Increase Mather's Writings . 237 
 
 Book References in Cotton Mather's Writings . 242 
 
 Inventory of the Library of William Brewster . 254 
 Books Bequeathed to Harvard College by John 
 
 Harvard . 265 
 
 Selected Titles from the 1723 Catalogue of the 
 
 Harvard Library 272 
 
 Selected Titles from the 1725 Supplement to the 
 
 Catalogue of the Harvard Library . . . 293 
 
 Bibliography 295 
 
 Index 305 
 
Memorial Note. 
 
 THOMAS GODDARD WRIGHT, the author of this 
 book, was born at Fort Ann, New York, the seven- 
 teenth of x'\ugust, 1885. He was the son of the Rev- 
 erend William Russell Wright and Alma (Boardman) Wright. 
 He was graduated from the Hartford Public High School in 
 1903, and then entered Yale University, where he received 
 the degree of B./\. in 1907, M.A. in 1908, and Doctor of 
 Philosophy in 1917. On the seventh of June, 1913, he was 
 married to Mabel Hyde Kingsbury, daughter of Dr. and 
 Mrs. Edward N. Kingsbury, of Woonsocket, Rhode Island. 
 From the year 1908 he had served first as Assistant, and later 
 as Instructor in English in the Sheffield Scientific School of 
 Yale University. 
 
 This book is in his favourite field of study, and is in part 
 representative of his special research therein covering a 
 period of five or six years. While primarily intended for the 
 use of scholars in history and literature, it is by no means 
 without interest for the general reader. 
 
 In the death of Dr. Wright, Yale University suffers a 
 severe loss from the ranks of its scholars and teachers. He 
 was intensely beloved both by his colleagues and by his 
 pupils. His character and personality had an extraordinary 
 charm; he was modest, generous, unselfish, faithful and pure 
 in heart. I never knew a man more free from the meaner 
 vices of self-interest and self-importance. The advance- 
 ment of his rivals pleased him more than his own achieve- 
 ments. No one could know him without feeling a sense of 
 elevation. His high-minded and unassuming devotion to 
 his work was an example to us all, and his influence will be 
 permanently fruitful. 
 
 William Lyon Phelps. 
 Yale University, Tuesday, 3 June, 1919. 
 
Preface. 
 
 THE subject of the study which follows was suggested 
 to me by Professor Henry A. Beers, to whom I owe 
 more than I can express for his wise guidance and 
 sympathetic encouragement throughout the preparation of 
 this work. I wish to acknowledge also the assistance of 
 Professor William Lyon Phelps, under whose supervision 
 the work was carried on after the retirement of Professor 
 Beers from active teaching. 
 
 I owe much to Professor Keogh and Messrs. Gruener and 
 Ginter of the Yale University Library, and Mr. Sanborn, 
 formerly of the Library, all of whom I have found invariably 
 responsive to any demands which I have made upon them 
 for help in finding material for this work. I wish to acknowl- 
 edge also the kindness of Mr. Julius H. Tuttle of the Massa- 
 chusetts Historical Society, Mr. Clarence S. Brigham of the 
 American Antiquarian Society, and Messrs. William C. Lane 
 and Walter B. Briggs of the Harvard University Library, 
 who assisted me in my search for material. To Mr. Albert 
 Matthews of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts and Pro- 
 fessor Charles M. Andrews of Yale, who kindly read my 
 manuscript, I am indebted for many valuable suggestions. 
 
 Finally to those who, in connection with the various 
 historical and antiquarian societies of New England, have 
 gathered and made accessible a wealth of valuable material 
 I owe an inestimable debt; without the fruits of their labor 
 my task would have been an impossible one. 
 
 T. G. W. 
 
Introduction. 
 
 MOST students of our colonial literature devote 
 themselves primarily to the appraisal of its value 
 as literature. The pages which follow will not 
 attempt to weigh colonial literature, either to condemn or 
 defend it (although at times they may endeavor to correct 
 impressions which, to the writer, seem erroneous), but rather 
 will attempt to determine that which lies back of any litera- 
 ture, the culture ot the people themselves, and to study the 
 relation between their culture and the literature which they 
 produced. In the attempt to determine the culture of the 
 people of New England the writer has made a study of their 
 education, their libraries, their ability to obtain books, their 
 use and appreciation -of books, their relations with political 
 and literary life in England, and their literature. In the 
 course of the study certain generally accepted notions of the 
 low estate of colonial culture will be shown to be incorrect 
 or exaggerated. There were in New England as in Old 
 England many people who were without culture and even 
 illiterate; but the general state of culture in the colonies will 
 be shown to be higher than it has usually been rated. 
 
 This study has been limited approximately to the first 
 one hundred years of colonial life, and to the New England 
 colonies with Boston as their center. These colonies form a 
 distinct unit, akin to each other, and differing from any other 
 colony, or group of colonies, in both antecedents and inter- 
 ests. That much more is said of those who settled on Massa- 
 chusetts Bay than of those elsewhere in New England is due 
 partly to the greater comprehensiveness and accessibility of 
 the extant records of that region, and partly to the fact that 
 Boston was the literary and cultural center as well as the 
 chief city of these colonies. It must have a predominant 
 
1 2 Introduction. 
 
 place in this discussion, just as London would in a similar 
 study of the literary culture of England. 
 
 It is not easy to divide the first century of colonial life 
 into cultural periods which have definite limits. To attempt 
 to discuss conditions according to generations, first, second, 
 third, is impossible, because of the range of age of the first 
 settlers, and their varying longevity. Brewster, Hooker, 
 and Winthrop all died in the forties; John Norton and John 
 Wilson lived into the sixties, the latter almost outliving the 
 Reverend John Eliot, Jr., who had been born in New England. 
 For convenience the one hundred years will be discussed as 
 if divided into three periods, the first of fifty years, the 
 second of thirty, and the last of twenty. The first, ending 
 about 1670, covers the years during which those who came 
 to America as settlers, men born and educated in England, 
 were in control of the affairs of the colony, and determined 
 its culture. By 1670 practically all of these men had died, 
 and government, education, and culture were in the hands 
 of men reared and trained in the New World. The second 
 period ends with the seventeenth century, partly because 
 the century mark makes a convenient terminal, and partly 
 because there are certain differences in the life of the colonists 
 before and after the opening of the century. The third 
 period covers the rest of the one hundred years. It must be 
 remembered, however, that the limits of the periods are 
 approximate, not exact; the last period, for example, instead 
 of stopping absolutely at 1720, includes a discussion of 
 certain events in the half-dozen years immediately following 
 that date. 
 
 The writer recognizes that his study is incomplete. It 
 never can be complete because too many of the records have 
 perished. Certain records which are preserved but which 
 have been inaccessible might throw more light upon the 
 subject; but presumably these would merely add detail and 
 in no way affect the main conclusions. 
 
Part I: 
 
 The Early Settlers. 
 
 1620-1670. 
 
Chapter I: Education. 
 
 WITH the exception of the group which settled 
 Plymouth, the founders of New England included 
 in their ranks a remarkably high proportion of 
 university men. The settlers of Plymouth, mostly vil- 
 lage and country folk of no particular education,' lost 
 rather than gained educationally during the years of their 
 hardships in Holland (which was one reason for their desire 
 to leave), so that when the Mayflower crossed the seas it 
 carried but one man of university training, and even he did 
 not have a degree. William Brewster had entered St. Peter's, 
 or Peterhouse, Cambridge, December 3, 1580,^ and had there 
 spent a year or two before leaving for active life as a private 
 secretary or confidential servant to William Davison, later 
 Secretary of State, and then busy helping to carry out Queen 
 Elizabeth's designs in Scotland and Holland. Until Ralph 
 Smith, the first settled minister of Plymouth, arrived in 1629, 
 Brewster was the only university man in the colony. ^ In the 
 thirty years that followed less than a score of university men 
 came to the colony, and of these only three remained and 
 followed their calling. "Able men, like Norton, Chauncy, 
 Hooke, and Williams, tarried but a short time and went to 
 wider fields. "^ "Prior to 1650 Harvard College neither re- 
 ceived from Plymouth nor contributed to that place more 
 than one or two persons. "^ The other settlements presented 
 a striking contrast to Plymouth. Even before Winthrop 
 
 '"In the main they were plain farmers." H. M. Dexter, The England and 
 Holland of the Pilgrims, p. 379. 
 
 ' Ibid., p. 256. 
 
 3 F. B. Dexter, Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ist Series, xvii. 
 344- 
 
 ^William Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, i. 134 note. 
 
 5 Ibid., i. 134 note. 
 
1 6 Li'.erary Cultutc in Early New England. 
 
 came in 1630, university men had settled on the shores of 
 Massachusetts Bay,* and with Winthrop, or following him 
 in the next ten or fifteen years, were Oxford and Cambridge 
 men to the number of nearly one hundred^ out of a total 
 population of not more than 25,000.* Of these at least fifty 
 were the possessors of advanced degrees, and half a dozen 
 had been appointed Fellows. Nearly every college of each 
 university was represented here, and among the colonists 
 were men who had been in Cambridge when Milton was 
 studying there, although no one who was in Christ's College 
 with him. Thomas Shepard, John Norton, Abraham Pier- 
 son, John Harvard, Henry Dunster, and Roger Williams may 
 be mentioned among the contemporaries of Milton and 
 Jeremy Taylor, and of these Williams was, at a later period 
 at least, a personal friend of Milton's.' The friendship may 
 well have dated back to college days. 
 
 Such an unusual proportion of university men gave to 
 the young colony a cultural tone unique in the history of 
 colonization. And if it must be acknowledged that a 
 dozen of the men included in the figures given above left 
 the universities without qualifying for degrees, among 
 them John Winthrop, Harry Vane, Richard Saltonstall, and 
 Giles Firmin, the list may be supplemented by such 
 names as Nathaniel Eaton, who studied at Franeker, Hol- 
 
 ^ William Blackstone settled in Boston Bay in 1623 and on the site of Boston 
 in 1625. The Rev. William Morell, author of the Latin and English poem on New 
 England (Nova Anglia), with whom Blackstone may have come to these shores, 
 had lived at Weymouth a year and a half (1623 to 1625), then returning to England. 
 In 1629 Francis Higginson, Samuel Skelton, Francis Bright, and Ralph Smith were 
 among the settlers of Salem. Bright soon returned to England; Smith went to 
 Plymouth the same year. 
 
 ' F. B. Dexter, Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ist Series, xvii. 
 340. 
 
 * Dexter, ibid., p. 344, and Estimates of Population in the American Colonies. 
 
 » Williams wrote to John Winthrop, Jr., July 12, 1654, "It pleased the Lord to 
 call me for some time and with some persons to practice the Hebrew, the Greeke, 
 Latine, French and Dutch: The Secretarie of the Councell, (M*^ Milton) for my 
 Dutch I read him, read me many more Languages." (Massachusetts Historical 
 Society, Collections, 3rd Series, x. 3.) 
 
Education. 1 7 
 
 land;'" John Winthrop, Jr., who studied at DubHn, was ad- 
 mitted to the Inner Temple as lawyer in 1625," and later 
 spent fourteen months touring the Continent, spending 
 three months in Constantinople, and visiting practically all 
 the countries of Europe on the way;'' Henry Whitfield, who 
 studied "at the university, and then at the Inns of Court; "'^ 
 Thomas Parker, who, withdrawing from Oxford on the exile 
 of his father, studied at Dublin under Dr. Usher, and at 
 Leyden under Dr. Ames, and "proceeded master" before the 
 age of twenty-two with " the special esteem of Maccovius, 
 a man renowned in the Belgick universities;"''' and Dr. 
 Robert Child of Corpus Christi, Cambridge, "a gentleman 
 that hath travelled other parts before hee came to us, 
 namely Italy .... he tooke the degree of Doctor in 
 Physick at Padua. "'^ 
 
 Many of these men were recognized by their contempora- 
 ries in England and on the Continent as scholars of ability. 
 That several were elected Fellows at the universities has 
 already been noted. Charles Chauncy, later president of 
 Harvard, was elected proiessor of Hebrew, and served as 
 professor of Greek, in Trinity College, Cambridge.'^ Thomas 
 Fuller classed Thomas Shepard, Thomas Hooker, Nathaniel 
 Ward, and John Cotton among "the learned writers of 
 Emmanuel College,"'^ and of John Norton's answer to Apol- 
 lonius he wrote, " .... of all the Authors I have perused 
 concerning the opinions of these Dissenting Brethren^ none 
 to me was more informative ^ then M"" John Norton^ (One of 
 no less learning then modesty) .... in his answer to 
 
 " F. B. Dexter, Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ist Series, xvii. 
 
 344- 
 
 " R. C. Winthrop, Life and Letters of John Winthrop, i. 203. 
 
 " Ibid., i. 263. 
 
 '3 Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, i. 592. 
 
 '4 Ibid., i. 48 1 . 
 
 *s Edward Winslow, New England's Salamander Discovered, Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, ii. 117. 
 
 '^ Magnalia, i. 465. 
 
 'T Fuller, History of Cambridge University, p. I47. 
 
1 8 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Apolloniusy^^ Henry Dunster was an Oriental scholar of 
 reputation, as is shown by his correspondence with Ravius/' 
 The esteem in which many of the colonists were held is 
 further shown by the fact that three New England minis- 
 ters, John Davenport, John Cotton, and Thomas Hooker, 
 were invited to sit in the Westminster Assembly,'" and that 
 several were recalled to high positions in England, as was 
 Hugh Peter, who became Cromwell's chaplain. Of this more 
 will be said later." 
 
 It is not surprising that a colony comprising so many 
 educated men should take an active interest in the problem 
 of the training of the young men whom they brought with 
 them. Some were trained, as was Thomas Thacher, by 
 residing with and studying under some minister of scholarly 
 repute. Thacher, the son of a minister of Salisbury, Eng- 
 land, had been offered his choice of either university, but 
 had preferred the more congenial atmosphere of New Eng- 
 land, where he came in 1635. ^^ "was now cast into the 
 family and under the tuition of that reverend man, Mr. 
 Charles Chancey; .... Under the conduct of that emi- 
 nent scholar, he became such an one himself."" But such 
 methods did not satisfy the colony, and in 1636 the General 
 Court voted £400 for the establishing of a college. When 
 John Harvard, the first minister in the colony to die without 
 leaving dependents, bequeathed to the college in 1638 his 
 
 '* Magnalia, i. 290. Fuller, Church-History of Britain, xvii Century, xi Book, 
 p. 213. , 
 
 '9 Chaplin, Life of Henry Dunster, p. 86. Ravius (Christian Rau) after travel 
 and study in the Orient was professor of Oriental languages successively at 
 Gresham College and the Universities of Utrecht, Oxford, and Upsala. 
 
 ^^ Winthrop's Journal, i. 223 note; ii. 71. 
 
 ^' See Chapter in, below. 
 
 " Magnalia, i. 490. Mather mentions thirteen others who were educated in 
 this manner: Samuel Arnold of Marshfield, John Bishop of Stamford, Edward 
 Bulkly of Concord, Thomas Carter of Woburn, Francis Dean of Andover, James 
 Fitch of Norwich, Thomas Hunford of Norwalk, John Higginson of Salem, Samuel 
 Hough of Reading, Thomas James of Easthampton, Roger Newton of Milford, 
 John Sherman of VVatertown, and John Woodbridge of Newberry. (Magnalia, i. 
 237-) 
 
Education. 19 
 
 library and one half of his estate/^ the beginning of college 
 education in America was made possible. The first teacher 
 appointed, Nathaniel Eaton, had been educated in Holland, 
 at Franeker. When he proved unsatisfactory for reasons 
 other than scholastic, '^ Henry Dunster was appointed in 
 his place, and under him the first class of nine completed 
 its course in 1642. For a colony only twelve years old this 
 was no small achievement. 
 
 The course of studies was similar to that of the English 
 universities, including Logic, Physics, Ethics, Politics, Arith- 
 metic, Geometry, Astronomy, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee, and 
 Syriac, with especial emphasis on Rhetoric, it being required 
 that "every scholler .... declaime once a moneth."^s 
 Much Latin and some Greek were required for admission,^^ 
 and the college rules stipulated the use of Latin for all con- 
 versation in the college. Under such scholars as Dunster 
 and Chauncy the standards were undoubtedly as high here 
 as in England.^' On both sides of the water the chief pur- 
 pose of the universities was to train men in divinity, and 
 
 ^^The college received by this bequest £779.17.02. College Record Book III. i. 
 
 ^1 Nathaniel Eaton went from Massachusetts to Virginia and thence, after some 
 years, to Italy, where he received the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy and of 
 Medicine at Padua in 1647. The rest of his life was spent in England. (Littlefield, 
 Early Massachusetts Press, i. 70.) 
 
 ^5 New England's First Fruits, (1643), Massachusetts Historical Society, Col- 
 lections, 1st Series, i. 245. 
 
 ^^ Ibid., i. 243. "When any schollar is able to understand Tuily, or such like 
 classicall Latine author extempore, and make and speake true Latine in verse and 
 prose, .... and decline .... the paradigim's of nounes and verbes in the 
 Greek tongue: Let him then . . . .be capable of admission." 
 
 ^7 The endeavor of those interested in the college to ensure good teaching is 
 shown by the following item from the Magnalia, ii. I4; "That brave old man Jo- 
 hannes Amos Commenius, t\\Q fame of whose worth hath been triimpetted as far 
 as more than three languages (whereof every one is indebted unto his Janua) could 
 carry it, was indeed agreed withal, by our Mr. Winthrop [the younger] in his trav- 
 els through the low countries, to come over into New-England, and illuminate this 
 Colledge and country, in the quality of a President: But the solicitations of the 
 Swedish Ambassador, diverting him another way, that incomparable Moravian 
 became not an American." Cf. Albert Matthews, Comenius and Harvard Col- 
 lege, Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xxi. 146-190. 
 
20 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 liberal learning suffered common neglect.^* Harvard at least 
 attempted to give as much culture as the English universities, 
 for, in the study of Greek, for example, the requirements 
 were: Etymologie, Syntax, Prosodia and Dialects, Gram- 
 mar, Poesy, Nonnus, Duport, Style, Composition, Imita- 
 tion, Epitome, both verse and prose.'' One form of literary 
 activity practised at the English universities, the writing 
 and production of plays, was, of course, totally missing at 
 Harvard. 
 
 That the education to be gained at Harvard even in its 
 earliest days was the equivalent of that of Cambridge and 
 
 ^* Of Cambridge about 1600 J. B. MuUinger writes (History of the University 
 of Cambridge, p. 134), "Such are the chief features in the history of the university 
 in the reign of Elizabeth. It had been decided that Cambridge should be mainly 
 
 a school of divinity The main interest having centred in the discussion 
 
 of theological questions, whatever was taught of liberal learning sank to an almost 
 lifeless tradition." Of Cambridge in the first half of the 17th century he writes 
 elsewhere (Cambridge Characteristics in the Seventeenth Century, p. 55 S.), 
 "An attempt which he [Barrow] made to introduce the Greek tragedians to the 
 attention of his scanty auditory met with so little encouragement that he was 
 
 compelled to fall back on Aristotle No mention appears to be made of 
 
 Thucydides as a college subject during this period /Eschylus is rarely 
 
 quoted, and Pindar .... still less. I find no instance of the employment of 
 
 Lucretius as a class-book Of the inimitable beauties of the Latin poets 
 
 of the prffi -Augustan school there is not a glimpse of anything like adequate 
 
 recognition Indeed, if we except the names of Meric Casaubon, Milton, 
 
 Herbert, Barrow, and Duport, it is doubtful whether we could point to any scholar 
 in England during the earlier part of the century, who possessed that refined form 
 of scholarship represented in the present day by so nice a sense of the beauties 
 
 and delicacies of Greek and Latin verse Milton, indeed, stands in almost 
 
 painful contrast to his University from his superiority in this as in more important 
 traits." Of the latter Mullinger writes further {Ibid., p. 76), "In the case of Mil- 
 ton, for instance, beyond the culture of his classical taste, there is little reason for 
 supposing that Cambridge did much toward moulding his character, or, if so, it 
 would appear to be quite as much by the development of antagonistic as of sympa- 
 thetic feelings [p. 78.] However reluctantly, it would seem, therefore, that 
 
 we must forego that thrill of pride with which we should delight to trace, in the pro- 
 ductions of the genius of John Milton, the fostering and guiding influence of his 
 university career." G. C. Brodrick, in his History of Oxford, p. 94, says, "Spenser 
 and other Elizabethan poets had received an University education; but such men 
 derived their inspiration from no academical source; their literary powers were 
 matured in a very difl^erent school." 
 
 ^' New England's First Fruits, Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, ist 
 Series, i. 244. 
 
Education. . 21 
 
 Oxford is best shown by the careers of some of its earliest 
 graduates. Sir George Downing, of the first class, rose to 
 distinction under Cromwell, acting as his minister at The 
 Hague, a position which he retained under Charles II, who 
 knighted him in 1660, and made him a baronet three years 
 later.3° Benjamin Woodbridge of the same class became one 
 of the chaplains in ordinary to Charles II after the Restora- 
 tion, and was given the choice of being canon of Windsor 
 if he would conform, — which he refused to do.^' Henry 
 Saltonstall, also of the first class at Harvard, was given 
 recognition at Oxford. Among the incorporations of 1652, 
 according to the record in Wood's "Athenae Oxoniensis," ap- 
 pears, "June 24, Henr. Saltonstal, a Knight's Son, Fellow 
 of New Coll. by the favor of the Visitors, and Doct. of 
 Phys. of Padua, was then incorporated. The said degree he 
 took at Padua in Oct., 1649." Samuel Mather, the first 
 graduate to be made a Fellow of Harvard, became chaplain 
 to Thomas Andrews, Lord Mayor of London, about 1650. 
 He was admitted by Cambridge, Oxford, and Trinity, Dub- 
 lin, "ad eundem," and by the latter was offered a "baccalau- 
 reatus in theologia" which he declined, although he accepted 
 an election as Senior Fellow. He also served as chaplain in 
 Magdalen, Oxford, preaching sometimes in St. Mary's.^* 
 Increase Mather became a Master of Arts at Trinity, Dub- 
 lin, and was well received by the scholars there, being 
 offered a fellowship which he declined.-'^ Before returning 
 to Boston at the age of twenty-two,^'' he served for a time 
 as chaplain at Guernsey.^-' 
 
 With the graduates of Cambridge and Oxford who re- 
 turned to England when the Puritans came into power, 
 went a number of Harvard men other than those mentioned 
 above, all of whom seem to have been equipped to succeed 
 
 3" Winthrop Papers, i. 536 note. 
 
 3' Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, ist Series, x. 32 note. 
 
 3' Magnalia, ii. 43. 
 
 33 Wendell, Cotton Mather, p. 19. 
 
 3< Magnalia, ii. 18. 
 
2 2 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 in England. One of them, Nathaniel Mather, wrote back 
 to his relatives in New England, in 1651, "Tis incredible 
 what an advantage to preferm^ it is to have been a New 
 English man. "35 It is with natural pride that Cotton Mather 
 remarks, "From that hour [the time of the founding of 
 Harvard] Old England had more ministers from New^ than 
 our New-England had since then from 01d."-5^ 
 
 The satisfactory condition of scholarship at Harvard is 
 further shown by the fact that "in several instances youth 
 of opulent families in the parent country were sent over to 
 receive their education in New England."'^" 
 
 Colonial interest in education was not limited to the 
 higher education of the college, as is shown by the law 
 passed in Massachusetts in 1647:^^ 
 
 .... every township in this jurisdiction, after the Lord hath 
 increased them to the number of fifty householders, shall then 
 forthwith appoint one within their town to teach all such children 
 as shall resort to him to write and read, whose wages shall be paid 
 either by the parents or masters of such children, or by the inhab- 
 itants in general .... where any town shall increase to the 
 number of 100 families or householders they shall set up a grammar 
 
 35 Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 4th Series, viii. 5. He reports 
 receiving, within three hours of landing in England, two offers of churches, one 
 worth £140 per annum. 
 
 3' Magnalia, i. 237. In addition to those mentioned above, the following 
 Harvard men took advanced degrees: Benjamin Woodbridge (A.M., Oxford, 
 1648), James Ward (A.M., Oxford, 1648, M.B., 1649), William Stoughton (A.M., 
 Oxford, 1653), John Glover (M.D., Aberdeen, 1654), Leonard Hoar (M.D., Cam- 
 bridge, 1671), Isaac Chauncy (M.D.), Ichabod Chauncy (M.D.), Joshua Ambrose 
 (A.M., Oxford, 1656), and John Haynes (A.M., Cambridge, 1660). Publications 
 of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xviii. 210. 
 
 37 Palfrey, History of New England, ii. 49. Palfrey gives Johnson's Wonder- 
 Working Providence as authority. Johnson writes, " . . . . some Gentlemen 
 have sent their sons hither from England, who are to be commended for their 
 care of them, as the judicious and godly Doctor Ames, and divers others." (p. 202, 
 Jameson ed.) Among the "divers others" was Sir Henry Mildmay, who "sent his 
 Son William Mildmay, Esq; the Elder Brother oi Henry Mildmay, Esq; of Shaw- 
 ford in Hampshire, to study here [Harvard]." (Neal, History of New England, 
 i. 206, 2d ed.) Richard Lyon, who helped Dunster with the revision of the Bay 
 Psalm-Book, was the tutor of Mildmay. {Ibid., p. 207). 
 
 3' Littlefield, Early New England Schools, p. 77. 
 
Education. 23 
 
 school, the master thereof being able to instruct youth so far as 
 they may be fitted for the university. .... 
 
 Before this law was passed many towns had made pro- 
 vision for grammar schools.^' Just how zealously the law 
 was enforced it is impossible to determine, but there are 
 records of towns being fined for failure to provide schools, 
 as well as records of towns fining men for not teaching their 
 children or apprentices to read and write. ''° The grammar 
 schools were supplemented, as in England, by dame schools. 
 The established endowed grammar schools of England were 
 probably superior to the colonial schools, but not as 
 numerous in proportion to the population, for England 
 had no compulsory school law until two hundred years 
 later, and illiteracy was common.-" 
 
 Before 1645, ^^Iso, two books for school use had been 
 printed at Cambridge. One of these, of which no copy has 
 survived, ^^ is referred to as "The Spelling Books," printed 
 by Stephen Day between 1642 and 1645. The other is John 
 Cotton's catechism entitled "Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes 
 in either England Drawn out of the Breasts of both Testa- 
 ments for their soul's nourishment. "■'•' Such catechisms, 
 
 39 Small, Early New England Schools, p. 30, gives the following dates for the 
 founding of grammar schools: 
 
 Boston 
 
 1635-6 
 
 Braintree 
 
 1645-6 
 
 Charlestown 
 
 1636 
 
 Water town 
 
 1650 
 
 Salem 
 
 1637 
 
 Ipswich 
 
 1651 
 
 Dorchester 
 
 1639 
 
 Dedham 
 
 1653 
 
 New Haven 
 
 1639 
 
 Newbury 
 
 1658 
 
 Hartford 
 
 1639 
 
 Northampton 
 
 1667 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 1640-3 
 
 Hadley 
 
 1667 
 
 Roxbury 
 
 1645 
 
 Hingham 
 
 1670 
 
 *° Ibid., pp. 346 ff. Sometimes the towns escaped the fine upon the plea of in- 
 ability to obtain a schoolmaster. 
 
 4' In 1847 there were official statistics in England that one-third of the men and 
 half the women who presented themselves for marriage were unable to sign their 
 names. In 1856 it was reported that there were 700 teachers of the dame school 
 type who could not write. De Montmorency, The Progress of Education in Eng- 
 land, pp. 90, 94. 
 
 ^^ Littlefield, Early New England Schools, p. 118. 
 
 « Ibid., p. 107. Printed before 1646. ^ 
 
24 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 it must be remembered, were commonly used as primers or 
 first readers in day schools in both Old and New England 
 in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The shifting 
 of religious education to Sunday and the Sunday-school was 
 the work of the nineteenth century. 
 
 All the above evidence would seem to indicate that, as 
 far as the possibilities and benefits of a satisfactory educa- 
 tion were concerned, the early colonists and their children 
 were under no serious disadvantage in comparison with 
 those whom they had left behind in England. 
 
chapter II: Libraries and the 
 Circulation of Books. 
 
 ALTHOUGH the Pilgrims, as has been said, came 
 / \ from the lower ranks of society, and although they 
 X jL endured years of hardship from their first inter- 
 rupted attempt to leave England until they were finally 
 established in Plymouth nearly twenty years after, they 
 were not without books. William Brewster, for example, 
 left at his death in 1643 a library of nearly four hundred 
 books,' and the old soldier. Miles Standish, left about fifty.* 
 Among the latter are such interesting items as: 
 
 The History of the World 
 
 Turkish History 
 
 A Chronicle of England 
 
 The History of Queen Elizabeth 
 
 The State of Europe 
 
 BariflF's Artillery 
 
 Caesar's Commentaries 
 
 Homer's Iliad 
 
 The Swedish Intelligencer 
 
 The French Academy 
 
 The Country Farmer 
 
 Calvin's Institutions 
 
 Brewster's library is more interesting as well as larger. 
 The fact that many of the books were published after 1620 
 shows that the cares of colonial life and the distance from 
 book-stalls did not prevent the continued acquisition of 
 books, — the steady acquisition, if we may be allowed to 
 draw any conclusion from the fact that in his library every 
 
 ' Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, v. 37. 
 ^ New England Historical and Genealogical Register, v. 337. 
 
26 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 year from 1620 to that of his death, with the exceptions of 
 1639 ^^^ 164I, is represented.^ The following partial list 
 will show the more literary tone of this collection: 
 
 Camden, 
 
 Camden, 
 
 Smith, J., 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 Bacon, 
 
 Raleigh, 
 
 Machiavelli, 
 
 Richardson, 
 
 Cornwallis, 
 
 Prynne, 
 
 Prynne, 
 
 Rainolds, 
 
 Hakluyt, 
 
 Wither, G., 
 
 Dekker, T., 
 
 
 Herring, 
 Hornby, 
 Rich, R., 
 Johnson, R., 
 Brathwait, 
 Smith, 
 
 Lodge, T., 
 
 Cawdrey, 
 
 Keckerman, 
 
 Britain 
 
 Remains 
 
 Description of New England 
 
 Advancement of Learning 
 
 Declaration of Treasons of the Earl of Essex 
 
 Prerogative of Parliament 
 
 Princeps 
 
 On the State of Europe 
 
 The Swedish Intelligencer 1632 
 
 Essays of Certain Paradoxes 
 
 Anti-Arminianism 
 
 Looking-Glasse for all Lordly Prelates 
 
 The Overthrow of Stage Plays 
 
 Principal Navigations 
 
 Works 
 
 Magnificent Entertainment given to King James, 
 March, 1603, with speeches and songs delivered 
 
 Adventure of Don Sebastian 
 
 Messelina (perhaps Nathaniel Richard's The Trag- 
 edy of Messalina,) acted by the company of His 
 Majesty's Revels, 1640'' 
 
 Latin poem in honor of James I 
 
 Scourge of Drunkenness (verse) 
 
 Newes from Virginia, 1607 (verse) 
 
 Golden Garland of Princely Pleasures 
 
 The Description of a Good Wife (verse) 
 
 Commonwealth of England and Government 
 Thereof 
 
 Translation of the works of Seneca 
 
 Treasurie of Similies 
 
 Systema Geographicum 
 
 3 Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, v. 37. 
 
 4 Ibid., V. 37. If the identification of Messalina is correct, this and Dekker's 
 Magnificent Entertainment are the earliest evidences we have of the existence of 
 the drama in New England libraries. Another play, Roxana Tragedia, is men- 
 tioned in the John Harvard library. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 27 
 
 Rathbone, Surveyor 
 
 Norden, Surveyors Dialogue 
 
 Standish, New Directions .... for Increasing Timber 
 
 Governor Bradford left a library of about eighty volumes, 
 including, in part, the following. 5 It is regrettable that so 
 many were uncatalogued. 
 
 The ffrench acaddamey 
 The Guiciardin 
 The history of the Church 
 The history of the Netherlands 
 Speeds generall Description of the world 
 The method of phiscicke 
 Taylers libertie of Phrophecye 
 Gouges Domesticall Dutyes 
 three and fifty smale bookes 
 
 Calvine on the epistles in Duch with Divers other 
 Duch bookes 
 
 Very few of the Pilgrims were without books. The in- 
 ventories of estates filed among the Wills in the Plymouth 
 Colony Records give proof of this. Of over seventy inven- 
 tories examined in the first two volumes of the Wills, only 
 a dozen failed to make specific mention of books, and among 
 these were some whose entire estates, including house and 
 land, clothes and tools, amounted to only twenty-five or 
 thirty pounds. Such people, among them single men who 
 had evidently come to the new colony with almost nothing, 
 probably uneducated, would not be likely to possess books 
 in a frontier town even today. In many cases the books 
 mentioned are very few, the exact number being hidden 
 under such phrases as: "bookes," "all his bookes," "3 
 bibles and other books." Inasmuch as "all his bookes" 
 were valued at only eighteen shillings,^ and "3 bibles and 
 
 5 Mayflower Descendant, ii. 232. 
 
 ^Plymouth Colony Records, Wills, i. 31. Estate of John Bryant. In these 
 volumes the numbers refer to sheets, not pages. Up to one hundred, and in a 
 few cases beyond that, the sheets are numbered 11, 21, 31, or 651, 661, 671, when 
 
28 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 other books" at six pounds, ^ the phrases are of little value in 
 estimating the possible number. That even so small a col- 
 lection as " I bible, i book catechism, i book Practice of 
 Christianity" was itemized* would seem to show their respect 
 for the mere presence of a book. The valuation helps little 
 to estimate the number where only value is given. Brewster's 
 library of 400 volumes was appraised at £42.19.11,' which 
 would give an average of ten books to the pound; but Wil- 
 liam Gibson's "i bible and 10 other books" at £00.06.00," 
 and Thomas Pryor's " i great bible i smale bible and 50 
 other bookes" at £01.10.00," give a different ratio. 
 
 It is not possible, then, outside of a few lists in addition 
 to those given, to estimate the number of books in the 
 homes of the Pilgrims; but the following details will give 
 some indication. 
 
 Name 
 
 
 
 Year 
 
 Total Inventory 
 
 Books 
 
 Steven Deans 
 
 
 
 1634 
 
 £ 87.19.06 £ 
 
 01.00.00 
 
 Thomas Pry or 
 
 
 
 1639 
 
 22.07.06 
 
 01.10.00 
 
 Nathaniel Tilden 
 
 
 
 I64I 
 
 200.00.00 
 
 05.00.00 
 
 John Atwood 
 
 
 
 1643 
 
 186. 14.00 
 
 09.00.00 
 
 John Jenney 
 
 
 
 1644 
 
 108.03.03 
 
 01.03.06 
 
 William Brewster 
 
 
 
 1644 
 
 150.00.07 
 
 42. 19. II 
 
 Edward Foster 
 
 
 
 1644 
 
 42.03.00 
 
 06.00.00 
 
 Love Brewster 
 
 
 
 1650 
 
 97.09.01 
 
 05.12.04 
 
 Nicolas Robbins 
 
 
 
 1650 
 
 38.19.09 
 
 02.14.00 
 
 Henry Smith 
 
 
 
 I65I 
 
 149. 1 6.00 
 
 01.00.00 
 
 William Thomas 
 
 
 
 I65I 
 
 375.07.00 
 
 08.05.00 
 
 John Hazell 
 
 
 
 I65I 
 
 165.19.00 
 
 04.06.00 
 
 William Hatch 
 
 
 
 1652 
 
 95.03.04 
 
 01.10.00 
 
 Judith Smith 
 
 
 
 1650 
 
 120.06.00 
 
 01.00.00 
 
 Henry Andrews 
 
 
 
 1653 
 
 330.16.00 
 
 02.00.00 
 
 we would use i, 2, 3, 
 
 or 65, 66, 
 
 67- 
 
 I have 
 
 changed uniformly to 
 
 the modern 
 
 system. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 Ibid., i. 60. Estate 
 
 of Edward Foster. 
 
 
 
 * Ibid., i. 29. Estate 
 
 of William P 
 
 aimer. 
 
 
 
 » /^»^., i. 53-59- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " Ibid., i. 35. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 " Ibid., i. 34. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 29 
 
 Robert Waterman 
 
 1653 
 
 £ 78.00.00 
 
 £ 01.04.00 
 
 John Lothrop (Rev.) 
 
 1653 
 
 72.16.06 
 
 05.00.00 
 
 Ann Atwood 
 
 1654 
 
 24.00.03 
 
 07.00.00 
 
 William Phillips 
 
 1654 
 
 78.08.00 
 
 01.00.00 
 
 William [torn ] 
 
 1654 
 
 157.09.00 
 
 01.10.00 
 
 James Pilbeame 
 
 1655 
 
 48.05.10 
 
 01.10.00 
 
 Elizabeth Pole 
 
 1656 
 
 188. 11.07 
 
 02.00.00 
 
 Miles Standish 
 
 1656 
 
 358.07.00 
 
 1 1.13.00 
 
 John Gilbert 
 
 1657 
 
 200.00.00 
 
 02.00.00 
 
 William Bradford 
 
 1657 
 
 not given 
 
 15.00.00 
 
 Park Chittenden 
 
 1676 
 
 156.08.05 
 
 01.14.00 
 
 John Miles (Rev.) 
 
 1683 
 
 260.00.00 
 
 50.00.00 
 
 Where titles are itemized they are in most cases devo- 
 tional or theological. In the inventory of Samuel Fuller, 
 1633, of the twenty-six given by title, but three are non- 
 religious: a book on government, one on husbandry, and a 
 "dixionary;" a volume of "notable things" might belong 
 to either class." There are also "other bookes" to the value 
 of one pound. The inventory of John Atwood includes 
 "Acts and Monuments" in three volumes, a history, Prynne's 
 "Historio l^sic^ Mastix," and divers other books to the value 
 of three pounds. '■^ Ann Atwood possessed two of Prynne's 
 works, unnamed, two French books and a French Testa- 
 ment, and "four and fifty smale bookes at 6"^ the piece."''' 
 John Hazell had Josephus and two history books. '« Governor 
 Thomas Prince owned, among books to the number of 187, 
 valued at £13.18.08 in a total estate of £422.00.00, Laud's 
 "Conference with Fisher the Jesuit," Prynne's "Account of 
 Laud's Trail," Morton's "New England's Memorial," and 
 the "Essays" of Sir William Cornwallis.'*' 
 
 Books and libraries were much more common among 
 those who settled in the neighborhood of Boston and in 
 
 " Wd., i. 22. 
 
 " I/?U., i. 47. 
 
 ^* Ibid., i. 124. 
 
 ■s Ibid., i. 1 01. 
 
 '^ F. B. Dexter, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, xviii. 143. 
 
30 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Connecticut. Each minister had at least a small library, 
 and some who were not ministers had excellent collections 
 of books, as, for example, John Winthrop, Jr., who, accord- 
 ing to his father's Journal, had in New England, in the year 
 1640, a library of over 1000 volumes.'^ Two years later the 
 father, Governor Winthrop, was probably one of the magis- 
 trates who collectively gave to Harvard books to the value 
 of £200;'* and about 1660 he gave to Harvard's library 
 some forty volumes more.'' The best example of the kind 
 of library which the colonists brought with them is John 
 Harvard's, which made a substantial part of his bequest in 
 1638 to the college then being built in Cambridge. As 
 Harvard had been in the colony but a year, he could not 
 have added many books to those he had with him upon 
 arrival. Although naturally largely theological or exposi- 
 tory, this collection contained a considerable number of 
 books of a literary nature, as the following selected list will 
 demonstrate :-" 
 
 Angloru praelia 
 
 Aquinatis Opa. Conclusiones 
 
 Aynsworts [Henry Ainsworth 1 workes 
 
 Alstedij Physica Harmonia 
 
 Aschamj Epistolae 
 
 /^sopi fabulae 
 
 Academia Gallica 
 
 ''Journal, ii. i8. "Mr. Winthrop the younger, one of the magistrates, having 
 many books in a chamber where there was corn of divers sorts, had among them 
 one wherein the Greek testament, the psalms and the common prayer were bound 
 together. He found the common prayer eaten with mice, every leaf of it, and not 
 any of the two other touched, nor any other of his books, though there were above 
 a thousand." It seems probable that these represented only a part of the library 
 of John Winthrop, Jr. It does not seem likely that a man who prized books as he 
 did would have left valuable books in a storeroom in which grain was kept, 
 
 '* Chaplin, Life of Henry Dunster, p. 78. See pp. 40 and 4I, below. 
 
 " Life and Letters of John Winthrop, ii. 438. College Book III, 32. 
 
 ^^ Harvard Library, Bibliographical Contributions, No. 27, 1888, p.7. [Revised 
 by A. C. Potter, Catalogue of John Harvard's Library, Publications of the Colo- 
 nial Society of Massachusetts, xxi: 190-230. 1919. Ed.^ His library contained 
 over 300 volumes. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 3 i 
 
 ^acrtXiKov 8u)pov 
 
 Bacons advancem^ Essayes 
 
 Camdens remaines 
 
 Calliopaeia [rich store-house of . . . phrases.] 
 
 Duns Scotus in 8 Libros Arist. Phys. 
 
 Erasmj Colloquia 
 
 Epictetj Enchyridion 
 
 Elegant Phrases 
 
 Garden of Eloquence 
 
 Essayes morall & Theol. 
 
 Felthoms resolues 
 
 Homers workes in English" 
 
 Haylins Geography 
 
 Juvenalis 
 
 Isocratis Orat: Grsec & Latin 
 
 Lightfoots Miscelanes 
 
 Lucanus 
 
 Londons complaint 
 
 Nichols mirrour for Magistrates 
 
 Plautus 
 
 Plutarchj [North's Translation] Vitae Angl. 
 
 Porcensis orationes 
 
 Persij Satyrse 
 
 Poetaru flores 
 
 Quarles Poems 
 
 Roxanae Tragedia" 
 
 Salustius 
 
 Terentius 
 
 Thesaurus poeticus 
 
 Tullij, opa in 2 Tomis. de officijs 
 
 Withers [Title not given] 
 
 The colonists, then, were not unfurnished with books 
 when they arrived; and there is much evidence that their 
 libraries were constantly increased by shipments from Eng- 
 
 " This may be Chapman's translation, a copy of which was in the Harvard 
 Library in 1723. Bibliographical Contributions, No. 27, p. 10. 
 
 " By W. Alabaster. In five acts and verse. Given at Cambridge. Published 
 1632. 
 
32 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 land. Isaac Johnson was scarcely in New England before 
 John Humfrey wrote to him from England, 
 
 I have sent you those new bookes that are lately come out, 
 Dr. Ames' Cases to Mr. Governor^^ which I purpose to send you 
 by the next, & now Dr. Sibs' Bruised Reede & Mr. Dike of Scan- 
 dals to you.^-* 
 
 Henry Jacie wrote to John Winthrop, Jr., in January, 1631, 
 
 A book of the Northern Star (by Dr. Goad) was sent you to go 
 herewith. ^^ 
 
 Edward Howes wrote to John Winthrop, Jr., November 9, 
 1631, 
 
 The bookes Mr. Gurdon hath fetcht away, and the Luna is at 
 your service; soe is \sic\ both the books & Sol^ & quodcunque sub 
 sole babet, vel habebit me^ tuum.^^ 
 
 The next year he wrote: 
 
 I havinge sent some bookes to James Downinge .... beinge 
 incited thereunto by his father; .... I sent your honored 
 father a booke of bookes among those to J. D.''^ 
 
 ... & that your worthy father, with all my louinge frinds 
 may reead at large the workinge of our God in these latter dayes, 
 here I haue sent you the Swedish Intelligencer which speakes 
 wonder to the world; withall I haue sent you your Archymedes 
 and an Almenack, with a booke or two of other newes besides.^* 
 
 Here in closed you shall find a booke of the probabilities of the 
 North West passage.^' 
 
 I have sent M"" Samford the Instrument and sight ruler the 
 Germaine bespoke for him, together with a booke to teach the 
 
 *3 Mr. Governor is John Winthrop, Sr. 
 
 ^ Winthrop Papers, i. 4. December 9, 1630. 
 
 's Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, i. 241. 
 
 '^ Winthrop Papers, i. 472. 
 
 '7 Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, ix. 243. .April 3, 
 1632. 
 
 '' Winthrop Papers, i. 477. 1632. 
 
 "» Ibid., p. 480. November 23, 1632. This book was by Howes himself. The 
 copy inscribed by him is in the collection of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 33 
 
 use thereof, namely Smyths Arte of Gunnery at folio 58 there the 
 same Instrument is to be scene; 1 have likewise sent him Nortons 
 Practise of Artillerie chosen by the Germaine for him; and alsoe 
 diverse platformes of the latest invented forts and fortifications: 
 For new bookes I writt to you of D"^ Fludds works and sent you 
 a cattalogue of them by M"" Hetherley; there is a booke lately 
 come out of mathematicall conclusion and recreations, which I 
 bought purposely for you, but M"" Saltonstall hath borrowed it 
 . . . . albeit I have sent you two other bookes viz' Malthus 
 Fireworks, and the Horizontall Quadrant full of new devices; 
 which I present to your kind acceptance.^" 
 
 The same year F. Kirby wrote to the younger Winthrop 
 at various times: 
 
 For the Catalogue of bookes from Frankfort I have sent you 
 that of the Autumnal! mart 1631. the next is not to be had the 
 third not yet come by reason of Contrary wind, but I shall send 
 
 it God willinge by the next ship I have now received all 
 
 your mony of Edward Howes which maketh in all 4li. i2sh. for 
 the bookes and carriage of them.''^ 
 
 With this I enclose the Catalogue of the last vernall mart, the 
 last autumnall is not yet to be had.^^ 
 
 I have sent you heer inclosed the Catalogue of the Autumnall 
 mart 1632. all the former I have sent before. ■'•' 
 
 In the years that follov^ Edward Howes continued to send 
 books. 
 
 .... in a bundle of clothes for your cosen Mary .... 
 you shall find from him a cattalogue of the last marte bookes; 
 and from your poore frind an exact and large and the latest dis- 
 couery of the North West passage, made by a painfull and indus- 
 trious gent., Capt. James, as a remembrance of my obliged loue.^'' 
 
 I haue bin held in hand at Mr. Fetherston's shop by his men, 
 
 3° Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, ix. 255. March 18, 
 1632-3. 
 3' Ibid., p. 249. November 25, 1632. 
 ^^ Ibid., p. 252. December 3, 1632. 
 33 Ibid., p. 260. March 26, 1633. 
 3'' Winthrop Papers, i. 487. June 22, 1633. 
 
/». 
 
 J. 
 
 d. 
 
 I 
 
 lO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 6 
 
 o 
 
 lO 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 34 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 euer since 8ber,3s to be furnished with all those bookes you writt 
 for, and now am forced to buy them where I can find them.^*^ 
 The bookes I haue sent you, March, 1634. 
 
 2 Catalogues of printed bookes. 
 
 Dr. Mudds Macrocosme in 2 volumes 
 
 Isagoge Phisico Magico &c. 
 
 Petrus Galatinus de Arcanis Catholicae veritatis 
 
 Phillippi Grulingij Florilegium 
 
 These are parte of them you writt for. 
 
 I haue here alsoe sent you a few others, which if you like not, 
 I pray send them againe, or any of them. 
 
 Mercurius Rediuiuus per Norton 026 
 
 The Rarities of Cochin China 010 
 
 Wingates Logarithmes 046 
 
 An English Grammer 010 
 
 The Gunners Dialogue 020 
 
 Bedwells Messolabium 010 
 
 The rest I cast in to the bargaine, for you and your fancie to 
 make merry withall." 
 
 The bookes you writt for, I haue not mett with them as yet at 
 the shopps where I haue bin.^^ 
 
 One consignment of books to the elder Winthrop may 
 have failed to reach Boston. Robert Ryece wrote to him, 
 January 17, 1636, 
 
 I wrotte vnto you the 17 of Maye laste, accompanied with a 
 boxe of boocks, which I sente by my brother Samuell Appleton, 
 
 to be convayed to hym for you I do feare .... that 
 
 the schippe with the passengers, mooche stuffe & goods, are all 
 perished by the waye.-" 
 
 There is no further record of this. 
 
 35 October. 
 
 3' Winthrop Papers, i. 496. March 29, 1634. 
 
 3' Ibid., i. 497. 
 
 ^'^ Ibid., i. 506. April 14, 1639. 
 
 3' Ibid., i. 394. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 35 
 
 The London Port Books give other evidence of the ship- 
 ment of books to Boston. 
 
 xvj Februar 1633 [-34] In le Mary and John of London .... 
 
 j chest bookes. 
 
 Ouinto Aprilis 1634 . . . . In le Elizabeth and Dorcas .... 
 ij packes made clothes and bookes vj trunckes apparell and bookes 
 for prouision for the passengers.'*" 
 
 Others than the Winthrops were receiving books from Eng- 
 land, although unfortunately most of the records of these 
 shipments have been lost. President Dunster's father wrote 
 to him, March 20, 1640-1, "Your brother Thomas remem- 
 bers his love, and hath sent you two dozen of almanacks. "'*' 
 Henry Jacie wrote March 6, 1647-8, "I have sent to Mr. 
 Cotton or Mr. Wilson a book for the Governors, of the pres- 
 ent proceeds between the King & Parliament."'*^ The col- 
 onists seem to have been able to get books fresh from the 
 English presses. Roger Williams wrote in a letter which, 
 although undated, undoubtedly belongs to the year 1650, 
 "The Portraicture [Eikon Basilike], I guesse is Bp. Halls, 
 the stile is pious & acute, very like his, & J. H. subscribes 
 the Epitaph."'*^ And on February 15, 1654-5, he wrote of 
 two books published in 1653, "We allso here that 2 of Mr. 
 Dells bookes ^yere lately burnt at the Massachusetts, (pos- 
 sibly) containing some sharpe things against the Presbyte- 
 rians & Academians, of which I brought ouer one cald the 
 Triall of Spirits. "^4 
 
 At least one comprehensive library was brought over for 
 
 '"' Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, xlvii. 179, 183. Both ship- 
 ments were consigned to John Winthrop, Sr. 
 
 '" ChapHn, Life of Dunster, p. 22. It must be remembered in connection with 
 this item that the almanac was in better esteem then than now, being the sole 
 convenient handbook of scientific information, often containing useful tables of 
 varied information besides the usual astronomical calculations and astrological 
 prophecies, the latter often rhymed. 
 
 '^ Winthrop Papers, i. 465. 
 
 « Ilfid., i. 282 and note. 
 
 ^ Il>id., i. 291, He returned from England in the summer of 1654. 
 
36 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 sale in the early days, for Cotton Mather records with 
 pride the fact that although the learned Dr. William Ames 
 was prevented by death from coming in person to America, 
 his library did come.-'^ A later historian says. 
 
 Harvard College being built, a Foundation was laid for a Pub- 
 lick Library .... The first Furniture of this Library was the 
 Books of Dr. William Ames, the famous Professor of Divinity at 
 Franequer.''^ 
 
 The return to England of a number of ministers during 
 the Puritan regime undoubtedly deprived the colony of sev- 
 eral libraries, but in some cases the libraries were retained 
 in New England. Samuel Eaton, returning in 1640, gave 
 to New Haven his library of over 100 volumes, including 
 the following books r^^ 
 
 Plutarch (perhaps North's translation) 
 
 Virgil 
 
 Sandys' metrical translation of Ovid''* 
 
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 
 
 More's Utopia 
 
 Erasmus' Proverbs 
 
 Raleigh's History of the World 
 
 Foxe's Book of Martyrs 
 
 Heylyn's Cosmography 
 
 A few years later John Eliot wrote. 
 
 And for my self I have this request (who also am short enough 
 
 « Magnalia, i. 236. 
 
 'f' Neal, History of New England, i. 202. It is not quite clear whether the 
 historian means to imply that this purchase was made before Harvard left his 
 library to the college, or was the first addition after that. If the gratuity granted 
 to Mrs. Ames by the Colony in 1637 '^'^^ ^ partial return for the library of her 
 husband, that library preceded the books from Harvard's estate and formed the 
 foundation of the Harvard library. See Publications of the Colonial Society of 
 Massachusetts, xvii. 210, and page 40 note 62, below. The Ames library was 
 almost entirely theological or philosophical. 
 
 ■^ Proceedings of the American .Antiquarian Society, xviii. 138. 
 
 ■** It is interesting to note that this product of the Virginia colony, and the finest 
 piece of literary work which the first century of colonization produced, reached 
 the northern colony within fifteen years, if Eaton had the complete edition. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 37 
 
 in books) that I might be helped to purchase my brother Weld 
 his books, the summe of the purchase (34 H.) I am loth they 
 should come back to England when we have so much need of 
 them here.-'' 
 
 The books were purchased for him in 1651 by the Cor- 
 poration for New England. s" Herbert Pelham, who returned 
 to England in 1649, mentioned in his will (he died in 1676) 
 "all other Brass, Beding, and Linnin with all my Books 
 and other Utensills and moveables which I have in the 
 Massachusetts Bay.''^^ The Rev. Thomas Jenner, returning 
 to England about 1650 because of trouble with the churches, 
 was "compelled by poverty to sell his library, which seems 
 to have been bought for Harvard College. "^^ 
 
 Libraries were not limited to the studies of ministers, for 
 Lion Gardiner wrote to John Winthrop, Jr., in 1650, in 
 reference to the obtaining of a pastor for the small settlement 
 of which he was leader, 
 
 Att present wee ar willing to giue this man you writ of loli. 
 a year, with such diat as I myself eat, til we see what the Lord 
 will do with vs; and being he is but a yong man, hapily he 
 hath not manie books, thearfore let him know what I have. 
 First, the 3 Books of Martters, Erasmus, moste of Perkins, Wil- 
 sons Dixtionare, a large Concordiance, Mayor on the new Tste- 
 ment; Some of theas, with othar that I have, may be vcefull 
 to him. 5^ 
 
 When William Tyng, merchant, died in 1653, leaving the 
 largest estate recorded up to that time (totaling £2774.14.04), 
 part of the estate comprised, according to the inventory, 
 " Books as per schedule valued at 010 00 00. "s^ The schedule 
 
 "'Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, iv. 128. 
 5° New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xxxvi. 371. 
 5' Ibid., xviii. 175. 
 
 s^ Ibid., xix. 247, and Maine Historical Society, Collections and Proceedings, 2d 
 Series, iii. 293 fF. 
 
 5J Winthrop Papers, ii. 59. 
 
 5" Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xiii. 289. 
 
38 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 lists nearly one hundred books, mostly in quarto, including 
 the following:" 
 
 Bookes of Martyrs in 3 volumes 
 
 Books of Statutes at Large 
 
 The Survey of London 
 
 Speeds Chronicle 
 
 Camdens Britannia 
 
 Marchants Accompts 
 
 Gecords Herball^^ 
 
 Treatise of Magistracy — two 
 
 Enonimous Tresure 
 
 Apeale to Parliament 
 
 Janua Linguarum 
 
 a Duch Worke 
 
 Circkle of Comerse 
 
 abridgm* of Camden 
 
 Singin Psalemes 
 
 office of executors 
 
 Imposts & customes 
 
 logick & Rethoricke 
 
 16 Ciceroas orations 
 
 Interest States & kingdomes 
 
 The will of Nicholas Busby, September 10, 1657, be- 
 queathed 
 
 vnto my two Sonns JoJm Busby & Abraham^ my printed 
 bookes, in manner following; 
 to John 
 
 all my Phisicke bookes, as 
 
 Glendall practice, 
 
 Barrow es method, 
 
 Dutch Phisicke & garden of health 
 
 Mr Coggans treatis, and 
 
 the Dialogue of Phisicke Surgery, with 
 
 Plinnys Naturall Hystory 
 
 « New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xxx. 432. 
 5' Probably an error for Gerarde's. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 39 
 
 Vnto Abraham, 
 
 my bookes of Divinitie, vizt. 
 
 M^ Perkins 
 
 M'' Willet sinops and Comentary on the Romans, & 
 
 M"" \sic\ Hieroms two bookes; 
 
 as for the rest of my bookes of divinities, or Hystory, my desire 
 is, they may Loveingly & Brotherly devide them betweene except 
 the three Bibles." 
 
 Governor Thomas Dudley, dying the same year, left a small 
 but interesting collection of books, including in parted* 
 
 General History of Netherlands 
 
 Turkish History 
 
 Livius 
 
 Camden: Annale Regnante Eliza 
 
 Commentaries of the wars in France 
 
 Buchanan: Scot Hystory 
 
 Abstract of Penal Statutes 
 
 Vision of Pierc Plowman^^ 
 
 Apology of ye Prince of Orange 
 
 Baynes: Letters 
 
 Swedish Intelligencer 
 
 Mantuanii Bucolica [■ Virgil] 
 
 The book of Laws 
 
 8 French books 
 
 Several pamphlets 
 
 New books 
 
 Smalle writings^" 
 
 While individual libraries were slowly growing by impor- 
 tations and gifts from England and, from as early as 1647, 
 
 " New England Historical and Genealogical Register, viii. 279. 
 
 5' Ibid., xii. 355. 
 
 "This is perhaps the most curious item in all the lists of colonial books. It 
 would cast much light upon colonial culture if we could know how he came to 
 own such a volume, and whether he ever read it. The latest edition he could have 
 had is that of 1561. 
 
 '" The last three items are typical of the vagueness of many of the comparatively 
 few book records preserved. Complete lists would add much to our knowledge. 
 
40 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 by purchase in the shop of Hezekiah Usher,^' the Harvard 
 College library was also growing from its beginning in the 
 Ames library and the 320 volumes left by John Harvard,*^ 
 Roger Harlakenden, dying in 1638, willed "to the librarye 
 ten pownds & all my books w'^'' are not usefull for my wife."^^ 
 The first notable increase was the gift by the magistrates in 
 1642 of books from their own libraries to the value of £200. "^^ 
 If the appraisal of William Tyng's library of nearly 100 
 volumes at £10 were any criterion/^ this must have meant 
 a great addition; but doubtless a majority of these books 
 were large and expensive theological folios, which would 
 proportionately lessen the number of books added. There 
 was still need for many more books, for we find President 
 Dunster writing in 1645, 
 
 Seeing the public library in the College is yet defective in all 
 manner of books, specially in law, physics, philosophy, and mathe- 
 matics, the furnishing whereof would be both honorable and 
 profitable to the country in general and in special to the scholars, 
 whose various inclinations to all professions might thereby be en- 
 couraged and furthered; we therefore humbly entreat to use such 
 means as your wisdom shall think meet for supply of the same.^* 
 
 I have found no record of any results from this plea. 
 
 '' In 1647 Usher is referred to in Aspinwall's Notarial Book as "Hezekiah Usher 
 of Boston, bookseller." (Littlefield, Early Boston Booksellers, p. 67.) Samuel 
 Danforth's Almanac for 1647 bears the imprint, "Cambridge printed by Mathew 
 Daye; and to be sold by Hezekiah Usher, at Boston." (Thomas, History of 
 Printing, i. 48 note.) 
 
 '^ Mr. Julius H. Tuttle, of the Massachusetts Historical Society, thinks that it 
 may be inferred that the gratuity to Mrs. Ames from the General Court was in 
 recognition of the use of the Ames library by the students of Harvard, and that 
 a somewhat similar grant to the widow of the Rev. Jose Glover may indicate that 
 his library was also used by the college just as his printing press was established 
 in connection with it. (Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 
 xiv. 65, 66 note.) 
 
 ^i New England Historical and Genealogical Register, ii. 182. 
 
 ^* Chaplin, Life of Dunster, p. 78. 
 
 *5 See p. 37, above. 
 
 ^ Chaplin, Life of Dunster, p. 80. The letter was addressed to the Commis- 
 sioners of the United Colonies of New England. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 41 
 
 But books were being added by gifts both at home and 
 from England. Joshua Scottow, of Boston, presented 
 "Henry Stephen his Thesaurus in foure vokimes in foHo" 
 with a curious proviso.*' Sir Kenelme Digby, scientist and 
 man of letters, in spite of his leanings toward Catholicism, 
 twice sent books to the young Puritan college,** perhaps in- 
 
 *' Chaplin, Life of Dunster, p. 79. The proviso follows. "Thes p'^sents witness^, 
 that wheras Joshuah Scottow, of Bosto, march*^, hath of his owne free accord pro- 
 cured for the library of Harvard Colle[ge] Henry Stephen his Thesaurus, in foure 
 volumes in folio, and bestowe[d] the same thereon: it is on this condicon, and 
 w this p[ro]mise following that if ever the said Joshuah, during his life shall 
 have occasion to use the said booke, or any parcell thereof, he shall have free 
 liberty thereof, and accesee thereto: and if God shall blesee the said Joshuah 
 w'''' any child or childre that shal be students of the Greeke tongue, the the 
 said bookes above specifyed shalbee unto them delivered, in case that they will 
 not otherwise be satisfyed w'^^'out it." Dated October 28, 1649. Thus were 
 books esteemed! It might be assumed from this that Scottow, although there is 
 no record that he was a university man, read Greek; if not, why should he 
 reserve such a privilege? He certainly knew French, for he translated The Rise, 
 Spring and Foundation of the Anabaptists, or Re-baptized of our Time. Writ- 
 ten in French by Guy de Brez, 1565 And Translated for the use of his 
 
 Countrymen, by J. S. [Joshua Scottow] Cambridge: Printed, and to be Sold by 
 Marmaduke Johnson. 1668. (Green, Early American Imprints in Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, ix. 424.) 
 
 A later item, undated, in the College Records shows that he availed himself 
 of his reserved privilege. (College Book I, 260.) 
 
 "Recev^ of NP Vryan Oakes p'^s[ident] y*^ above Expressed Thesaurus in 
 
 foure volumes acc'^ding to Condition above: upon the demand of my sonn Thomas 
 
 Scottow I say received p"^ me this 30'*^ of August 
 
 Josh: Scottow" 
 
 Urian Oakes was president, acting or official, from 1675 ^^ 168 1. As in 1682 
 Cotton Mather includes a copy of this Thesaurus in a list of books which he had 
 purchased from the duplicates in the Harvard Library, either the Scottows soon 
 returned their set, or two others were presented to the library. (Ms. list in Ma- 
 ther's handwriting in possession of the American Antiquarian Society.) Thomas 
 Scottow graduated from Harvard in 1677. 
 
 ** Winslow, New England's Salamander Discovered. 1647. Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, ii. 117. "As for Doctor Childe hee 
 is a gentleman that hath travelled other parts before hee came to us, namely 
 
 Italy; .... he tooke the degree of Doctor in Physick at Padua Hee 
 
 comes [to New England] a second time, and not onely bestoweth some bookes on 
 
 the Colledge, as Sir Kenelme Digby and many others commendably did " 
 
 In 1654 Hugh Peter wrote from London to John Winthrop, Jr., "I haue sent 
 you 2 peeces of black stuffe . . . . all by the hand of Mr. Norton of Boston, in 
 a great chest of bookes sent agayne by Sir Kenelme Digby, who longs for you 
 here." (Winthrop Papers, i. 116.) 
 
42 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 fluenced by his acquaintance with John Winthrop, Jr/' 
 There are two references in the College Records to Sir 
 Kenelme's gifts. In College Book I there is a list of seven- 
 teen titles, mostly church fathers, given by him in 1655.'° 
 In College Book III, p. 31, under the date 1659, are men- 
 tioned several gifts to the college, the first item being "S^ 
 Kenelme Digby gave to s'^ Colledges Library, as many books 
 as were vallued at Sixty pound." It is impossible to tell 
 whether this refers to both gifts together, or to the more 
 recent. 
 
 The other gifts recorded with Sir Kenelme's are: 
 
 S"^ Thomas Temple Knight, gave two Globes a Caelestiall &: 
 Terrestrial! to s^ CoUedge. 
 
 M"' Thomas Graves gave some Mathematical! Books tow'^^ the 
 furnishing of the Library. 
 
 M"" Ralfe ffreck gave to s*^ Library Biblia Polyglotta. 
 
 M'' John ffrecks gave some Books to the vallue of ten pounds. 
 
 M'' John Winthrop gave toward y*" furnishing s"^ Library many 
 choice books to the va!!ue of twenty pounds. 
 
 S"" Richard Daniel Knight gave many books to the Library. 
 
 Two undated book-lists in College Book I record other 
 gifts.'' One is a list of twenty titles given by Richard 
 Bellingham. The other is a list of thirty-five titles given 
 by Peter Bulkeley, perhaps at his death in 1658, but probably 
 earlier, as it is not mentioned, as one might expect it would 
 be, in the 1659 list with Sir Kenelme Digby's. Two other 
 men are known to have contributed during this period, 
 
 *» See end of note 68, above. Sir Kenelme wrote to John Winthrop, Jr., from Paris, 
 January 26, 1656 n. s., "I beseech you present my most humble thankes to the 
 President and fellowes of y"^ college for the obliging Letter they haue bin pleased 
 to send me. So small a present as j presumed to make them, deserued not so large 
 a returne." (Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, x. 16.) 
 Other letters among the Winthrop Papers testify to the correspondence between 
 the two. See i. 116, ii. 588, 593; Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 
 3rd Series, i. 183. See also p. 66 fF., below. 
 
 ^° Harvard Library, Bibliographical Contributions, No. 27, p. 13. 
 
 7' UiJ., pp. 13, 14. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 43 
 
 Dr. Robert Child^' and Ezekiel Rogers." In the inventory 
 of college property made December 10, 1654, at the time 
 the college was settling accounts with Dunster, who had 
 just resigned as president, the "library & Books therin" 
 were "vallued at" £400. '^ 
 
 Before the Harvard library was a quarter century old it 
 had a rival in a public library in Boston. Robert Keayne, 
 merchant, suggested in his will, dated August i, 1653, the 
 erection of a town-house (apparently a combination of a 
 town hall and a neighborhood house) which should contain 
 a market, a library and a gallery, rooms for divines and 
 scholars, for merchants, for strangers, and so on, should his 
 estate prove large enough to provide sufficient funds above 
 his bequests to his family. Of his own books, "all English 
 none Lattine or Greeke," his son and wife were to take their 
 choice "whether Divinitie, Hystory, or Milletary;" the 
 rest were to be looked over by John Wilson and John Nor- 
 ton, who were to choose out for his town-house library all 
 fit books, selling any others. The will further provided that 
 if the town-house was not built the books were to go to 
 Harvard." As the estate was not quite large enough, a sum 
 of £300 was raised by subscription and the building begun 
 in 1657.7^ Unfortunately there are no more records of this 
 library for fifteen years, either in regard to nature, size, or 
 growth; but it is an indication of the culture of the place 
 that such an institution was in existence thus early in the 
 history of the colony, and partly built by the people them- 
 selves. Of its subsequent history more will be said later." 
 
 During these years there were some losses of books by 
 
 7' See p. 41 note 68, above. 
 
 " New England Historical and Genealogical Register, v. 125, and p. 44, below. 
 
 '■» College Book III, p. 41. 
 
 " New England Historical and Genealogical Register, vi. 90. The will, the 
 abstract of which covers eleven pages of the Register, the will itself covering 158 
 pages of the original record of Suffolk County Wills, gives striking evidence of the 
 originality and individuality often found among the dissenters and Puritans. 
 
 ^^ Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xii. 120. 
 
 " See pp. 132 ff. and 179 ff., below. 
 
44 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 fire. Stephen Bachiler wrote to John Winthrop, May i8, 
 1644, "1 haue had great losse by fire, well knowne, to the 
 vallue of 200//., with my whole studdy of bookes."^* In 
 1 65 1, on the evening of his third wedding, Ezekiel Rogers 
 lost his house and entire library by fire." In 1666 the 
 Bradstreet house at Andover was burned. Simon Bradstreet 
 thus records the loss in his diary: 
 
 July 12, 1666. Whilst I was at N. London my fathers house 
 
 at Andover was burnt, where I lost my books Tho: rny 
 
 own losse of books (and papers espec.) was great and my fathers 
 far more being about 800, yet ye Lord was pleased .... to 
 make up ye same to us.^" 
 
 There may have been other losses of which record is 
 lost;*' but in general there was a steady increase in the 
 number of books in New England. Simon Bradstreet's ref- 
 erence above to the making up of the lost books, and the 
 fact that Ezekiel Rogers, having lost his entire library in 
 1 65 1, at his death in 1660 was able to bestow upon Harvard 
 College "his books wherewith he had recruited his library, 
 after the fire, which consumed the good library that he had 
 brought out of England," ^^^ including Latin books valued at 
 
 7' Winthrop Papers, ii. 107. The phrase "whole studdy of bookes" would seem 
 to imply a considerable library. 
 
 7» Winthrop Papers, ii. 205 note. New England Historical and Genealogical 
 Register, v. 124. 
 
 *" Ellis, Works of Anne Bradstreet, Ixi. 
 
 *' The house of Herbert Pelham, first treasurer of Harvard, was burned in De- 
 cember, 1640. Mr. Downing's house was burned in April, 1645, with a loss of 
 household goods to the value of £200. The same week the house of John Johnson 
 of Roxbury was totally wrecked by a fire and the explosion of gunpowder stored 
 therein. (Winthrop's Journal, passim.) At the burning of Springfield by the 
 Indians in 1674, "thirty-two houses, and amongst the rest, the minister's with 
 his well-furnished library, were consumed." (Magnalia, ii. 565.) The library of 
 William Blackstone, formerly of Boston, was destroyed during King Philip's War, 
 when his house at Lonsdale, R. I., was burned by the Indians, shortly after his 
 death. There were some 160 books in the collection. The house of Increase 
 Mather was burned on November 27, 1676. (Massachusetts Historical Society, 
 Proceedings, 2d Series, xiii. 373-374-) 
 
 *^ Magnalia, i. 412. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 45 
 
 £47 and some of his English books to the value of £26, ^^ 
 demonstrate both the possibility and the fact of considerable 
 book-buying within forty years of the founding of Boston, 
 Although John Johnson's house was wrecked by fire and 
 explosion in 1645, ^'"^ ^^47 ^^ possessed books which Richard 
 Mather was glad to borrow. ^^ The church in Hartford, in- 
 viting Jonathan Mitchel to succeed Thomas Hooker, who 
 died in 1647, as pastor, promised that they would "imme- 
 diately upon his acceptance of their invitation, advance a 
 considerable sum of money, to assist him in furnishing him- 
 self with a library. "*s The books were evidently to be pro- 
 cured in Boston before he left for Hartford. Thomas May- 
 hew, writing to John Winthrop, Jr., of his son, Thomas 
 Mayhew, missionary to the Indians of Martha's Vineyard 
 and Nantucket, who was lost at sea in 1657 while on his 
 way to England, said, "He allso hath had of the Commis- 
 sioners in all, besides his books, 160//., his bookes were 
 37//., as I take it."*^ It is not clear whether books to that 
 value had been sent from England, or whether the money 
 had been sent to buy books in Boston. In either case there 
 is evidence that the colonists found it possible to procure 
 books in considerable numbers.^'' 
 
 Books, largely gifts, continued to come from friends in 
 England. John Winthrop, Jr., wrote to Robert Child, 
 March 23, 1648-9, 
 
 I am glad to heare of those bookes coming forth, Paullin and 
 
 *J Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xii. 49. 
 
 *•• See p. 44 note 81, above, and p. 57, below. 
 
 «s Magnalia, ii. 88. 
 
 ^ Winthrop Papers, ii. 35. 
 
 *' Although Hezekiah Gay, who died in 1669, seems to have had but two books 
 to will ("give my mother, Mr. Burrowes' Book and my sister Whiting that new 
 book concerning Thomas Savage," New England Historical and Genealogical 
 Register, xlviii, 324,) one of them had been published within a year: Gods Justice 
 Against Murther, or the bloudy Apprentice executed. Being an exact .... 
 relation of a bloudy murther committed by one T. Savage .... in Ratcliffe 
 upon the maid of the house his fellow servant. London, 1668. Cf. Publications 
 of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xx. 237-239. 
 
46 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Propugnaculi Fabri, and Helmonts workes, but how to be certaine 
 to procure the I know not, except you please to doe me the favour 
 to send for the where they are to be had, and desire M"^ Peters, 
 
 or my brother in my name to lay out the price for me I 
 
 desire also y' in high Duch, Glauberus, if you approve of it, and 
 one more I desire you earnestly to procure for me; that is Vigineere 
 des Cyphres w"^"^ you know is to be had at Paris; .... I would 
 have one in this country before the impression be quite worn out.** 
 
 Stephen Winthrop wrote from England in 1649 ^° ^^^ 
 brother, John Winthrop, 
 
 . . . . y'^ rest voted the triall of the King, who is since be- 
 headed, .... but I canot inlarg to pticuler, passingers & 
 bookes will informe best. I shall send my father some."*' 
 
 Richard Saltonstall wrote to President Dunster from Eng- 
 land where he was visiting, 
 
 This enclosed booke I must entreate you to accept insteade of 
 such lines as I should have added. ^^ 
 
 Roger Williams wrote, February 21, 1656, 
 
 Sir Henry Vane being retired to his owne private in Lincolnshire 
 hath now published his observations as to religion, he hath sent me 
 one of his books. '^ 
 
 John Eliot wrote to Mr. Hord, October 8, 1657, 
 
 . . . likewise I did receive a smal packet of books from Mr. 
 Jessy according to Mr. Jessy's appointment. '^ 
 
 John Davenport wrote to the younger John Winthrop, 
 August 19, 1659, 
 
 *^ Winthrop Papers, iv. 41. "Vigineere des Cyphres" is the Traite des Chiffres 
 of Bhiise de Vigenere. 
 
 *' Ibid., p. 209. 
 
 9" Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 4th Series, ii. 194. The letter 
 is undated, but marked as received May 15, 1651. 
 
 9' Ibid., 3rd Series, x. 19. 
 
 »^ Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, xvii. 246. Mr. Hord was 
 treasurer of the Corporation for Spreading the Gospel among the Indians. Mr. 
 Jessy was a minister in Southwark, England. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 47 
 
 I have received letters & bookes, & written papers from my an- 
 cient & honored freinds Mr. Hartlib, & Mr. Durie, wherein I finde 
 sundry rarities of inventions .... which I long for an oppor- 
 tunitie to communicate to your selfe .... They are too many 
 to be transmitted unto you by passengers.'-' 
 
 The next year he wrote, July 20, 
 
 Sir, I humbly thanck you for the Intelligence I received in your 
 letters, and for the 2 weekly Intelligences, which Brother Myles 
 brought me."' 
 
 A few days later he wrote again (August 11), 
 
 M'' Hartlib .... hath sent also sundry wrightings, and 
 bookes, some to your selfe, some to me . . . . M"^ Drury also 
 hath sent some papers and bookes to the 2 Teaching Elders at 
 Boston, and to me.'^ 
 
 Samuel Hartlib wrote to John Winthrop, Jr., in 1661, 
 
 .... Mr. Davinport, to whom I cannot write for the present, 
 but have sent him by these ships a smal Packet directed to his 
 name with a Book or two of the Bohemian Ch-Government, & 
 
 some Prophetical Papers Some weekes agoe I sent you 
 
 the Systeme of Saturne with all the Cuts, being Mr. Brereton's 
 gift .... Hevelii Selenographia in fol. with excellent Cuts is 
 no more to bee had .... Mr. Morian promised to send mee for 
 you all the Glauberian Tracts with some other w*"^ are counted 
 truer Adepts. '"^ 
 
 In the same letter in which he urged John Winthrop, Jr., 
 to write a "philosophical letter" to the Royal Society," 
 Henry Oldenburg, Secretary of the Society, wrote, 
 
 The Bearer hereof will doubtlesse give you the use of y'= printed 
 
 93 Winthrop Papers, ii. 504. For Mr. Hartlib see p. 70, below. 
 
 M Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, x. 36. 
 
 95 Ibid., p. 38. 
 
 9* Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ist Series, xvi. 212. It should 
 be noted that this one letter mentions three different people as sending books 
 to New England. 
 
 97 See p. 72, below. 
 
48 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 History of y^ R. Society;'^ by w'^'^ you will find what progres they 
 have made hitherto .... I presume to transmit you some of 
 the Transactions I monthly publish. '' 
 
 He wrote again in 1669, 
 
 My letter, recommended to y* s'^ Stuyvesand [Peter] for you, 
 was accompanied w"' an Exemplar of the History of y^ R. Society, 
 
 and w^'' some of the Philosophical! Transactions I send 
 
 you herew"' a Printed paper, w'^^ contains y^ predictions of Mf 
 Bond for the variations of y^ Needle for several years to come . . . 
 you will take notice . . . how the variation varies in New Eng- 
 land. "'° 
 
 John Eliot v^^rote in 1670 to Robert Boyle of "that worthy 
 gift, which your honour is pleased to bestow upon me, viz. 
 Pool's Synopsis, or Critica Sacra.""' Presumably these 
 are but chance records saved and indicate what must have 
 been a general custom. 
 
 Books constantly came in with visitors or settlers from 
 England, sometimes against the will of the government of 
 the Colony. Upon the introduction of certain Quaker books, 
 the General Court voted, x'\ugust 22, 1654: 
 
 It is ordred, that all & euery the inhabitants of this jurisdiction 
 that haue any of the bookes in their custody that haue lately bin 
 brought out of England vnder the names of John Reeues & Lodo- 
 wick Muggleton .... & shall not bring or send in all such 
 bookes now in their custody, to the next magistr, shall forfeit the 
 sume often pounds for euery such booke that shalbe found. . . . '"^ 
 
 William Baker, brought before the Middlesex Court in 
 1657, denied the possession of any Quaker books, saying 
 that he disliked those which he had seen and had burned 
 
 '* By Bishop Sprat. 
 
 " Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ist Series, xvi. 230. Dated 
 October 13, 1667. 
 
 "" Ibid., p. 239. Received May 6, 1669. 
 
 '■" Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, ist Series, iii. 177. 
 
 "" Massachusetts Records, iii. 356. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 49 
 
 them.'"^ In 1662 action was brought against Captain Robert 
 Lord for bringing in Ann Coleman of the "cursed sect," 
 who "came furnished w"* many blasphemous & haeretticall 
 bookes, which she had spread abroad.""^ 
 
 Reference to the wills and inventories of the time (some 
 of which have already been quoted) shows not only the 
 presence of many collections of books, large and small 
 (chiefly the latter), but a keen appreciation of their value. 
 Edward Tench, of New Haven, died in 1640, leaving a 
 library of 53 volumes, appraised at £12.10.00 out of a total 
 estate of £400.'"^ John Tey, in 164I, ordered his books to be 
 kept for his son in the hands of "Mr. Eliote, Teacher of 
 Roxburye."'"^ John Oliver, the same year, mentioned among 
 his possessions books and geometrical instruments. '"^ In 
 1644 Israel Stoughton willed 
 
 to Sonne Israel one fourth part of smale Library, & vnto John 
 another fourth pt, & unto W" the other halfe, for his incouragm' 
 to apply himself to studies .... Provided also, concerning the 
 Bookes, that my wife retaine to her vse during life what she 
 pleaseth, & that my daughters chose each of them one for theire 
 owne, that all may haue something they may call theire ffathers.'*"* 
 
 George Phillips, minister of the church at Watertown, died 
 July I, 1644, leaving a "study of bookes" valued at £71. 9. 9.^9 
 William Brinsmade, in 1647, left to his son all his books."" 
 In the same year Thomas Hooker left books appraised at 
 £300.'" John Cotton's will, dated November 9, 1652, 
 states, 
 
 "3 Middlesex Court Records, i. 145. Quoted in Duniway, Freedom of the Press, 
 p. 37 note. 
 
 "* Massachusetts Records, iv. part 2, 55. Duniway, Freedom of the Press, 
 p. 37 note. 
 
 "5 Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, xviii. 137. 
 
 106 New England Historical and Genealogical Register, ii. 105. 
 
 "7 Ibid., iii. 266. 
 
 "^ Ibid., iv. 51. 
 
 '"9 Mullinger, The University of Cambridge, iii. 176 note 3. 
 
 "" New England Historical and Genealogical Register, iii. 266, 267. 
 
 "' Palfrey, History of New England, ii. 45. 
 
5© Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 My books I estimate to y*" value of 150 1. (though they cost me 
 much more) and because they are of vse only to my two sonnes, 
 Seaborne i3 John, therefore I giue them unto them both, to be 
 devided by equal portions.'" 
 
 John Ward wrote in his will, December 28, 1652, 
 
 My bookes I doe give to Thomas Andrews of Ipswich, and allso 
 
 my chirurgery chest and all that is now in it."^ 
 
 John Lothrop, of Barnstable, who died August 10, 1653, 
 left his books to his children, in order of age, as they might 
 choose, the rest to "bee sold to any honest man whoe can 
 tell how to make use of them.""4 Books were mentioned in 
 the will of Thomas Rucke, Jr., about 1653."^ Daniel Maud, 
 of Dover, N. H., wrote in his will, January 17, 1654, 
 
 what few books I have I leave [to my successor] for the use and 
 benefit of such a one as may be fit to have improvement, especially 
 of those in the Hebrew tongue; but in case such a one be not had, 
 to let them go to som of the next congregation as York or Hamp- 
 ton: except one boke titled "Dei [illegible] w*"^ I woul have left 
 for Cambridge library, and my little Hebrew bible for Mr. Brock.^^^ 
 
 In the inventory of the estate of Nathaniel Rogers, pastor 
 at Ipswich, taken August 16, 1655, books were listed at 
 £100 out of a total estate of £1497."' Peter Bulkeley be- 
 queathed the following books, April I4, 1658:"* 
 
 to Sonne John, Mr. Cartwright upon the Rhemish testament 
 
 & Willets Sinopsis 
 to Sonne Joseph, Mr. Hildersham upon the one & fiftieth psalme 
 
 History of the Councell of Trent in English 
 
 Cornelius Tacitry [!] in English 
 
 Mr. Bolton on Gen. 6 
 
 "^ New England Historical and Genealogical Register, v. 240. 
 
 "3 Ibid., xxii. 32. 
 
 "4 Ihid., V. 260. 
 
 "5 Ibid., V. 295. 
 
 "''New England Historical and Genealogical Register, v. 241. 
 
 "' Records and Files of the Quarterly Courts of Essex County, iii. 232. 
 
 "' New England Historical and Genealogical Register, x. 167. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 5 i 
 
 [to others] Dr. Twisse against the Arminians 
 
 Mr. Rutherfords treatise upon the woman of 
 
 Canaan 
 Mr. Rutherfords upon the dying of Christ 
 Rutherford upon John 12 
 
 Mr. Cooper on the 8th chapter to the Romans 
 Mr. Dike on Jeremiah 17th 
 to Sonne Edward, All Piscators Commentaries on the bible 
 
 Dr. Willett on Exod. & Levitt, on Sam. i. 2. & 
 
 on Daniell 
 Tarnovius in 2 vollums upon prophetas minores 
 Dr. Owen, against the Arminians .... 
 One part of the English anotations upon the 
 
 bible, the other part to be to my Son Gershom 
 Mr. Aynsworth notes upon the 5 books of Moses 
 
 & upon the psalmes. 
 
 Bulkeley's library was appraised at £123. "« In 1658 Ralph 
 Partridge left a collection of 420 volumes valued in his 
 inventory at £32.09.00."" The library of John Norton, ac- 
 cording to the inventory of April 24, 1663, contained 159 
 books in folio, valued at £187.19, and 570 smaller books 
 valued at £1 1 2.1, or a total value of £300."' The same year 
 Samuel Stone left books valued at £127."-' John Wilson, in 
 1667, wrote in his will, 
 
 To my son, John Wilson^ I give all my old Bookes and my new 
 Bookes lately bought of Mr. Usher or of any others in New Eng- 
 land."^ 
 
 "» Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, xviii. I40. 
 
 ^^^ Ibid., p. 141. 
 
 m New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xi. 344. 
 
 "' Palfrey, History of New England, ii. 45. 
 
 "3 New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xvii. 343. Other wills 
 might be quoted in this connection, from Edward Holyoke's, 1658, referring to 
 a considerable library, "As for my books and wrightings, I giue my sonn Holyoke 
 all the books that are at Linn .... and the bookes I haue in my study that 
 are Mr Beanghans works I giue him .... and my dixinary .... and A 
 part of the New testament in Folio, with wast paper betwin euery leafe, and the 
 greate mapps of geneolagy, " {Ibid., ix. 345), to such as John Coggan's careful 
 bestowal of his single book: "My booke of Martires I giue vnto my sonne Caleb, 
 my dau. Robinson & my dau. Rocke, the Longest Liuer of them, to enjoy the 
 
52 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 The library of John Davenport was inventoried in 1670 at 
 £233. "4 
 
 One excellent indication of the kind of library to be found 
 in the colonies toward the end of this period is given in a 
 manuscript list of his books made out by Increase Mather 
 in 1664, from which the following titles are selected:"* 
 
 Milton Defence of Smectymnuus 
 
 Milton defensio Populi Anglicani 
 
 Fuller Lives of Fathers 
 
 Fuller Lives of Englands Worthyes 
 
 Herbert Poems'^^ 
 
 Camden [No title given; probably Britannia] 
 
 Camden Remaynes 
 
 Verulamus de Augmentis scientiarum 
 
 Februn [?] Body of Chymistry 
 
 Alstedii encyclopaedia 
 
 Child History of VValdenses 
 
 Prideux Introduction to History 
 
 de Laet America descriptio 
 
 Sands his Traveles 
 
 Purchases Pilgrimage 
 
 Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores post Bedam 
 
 Bacon Natural History 
 
 Howes History of England 
 
 Mortons History of New England 
 
 Raleigh The Prerogative of Parliaments 
 
 Burtons Pryns and Bastwicks Trial 
 
 Sr. H. V[ane's] Trial 
 
 same wholly" — in the meantime they were to divide it as they best could. [Ibid., 
 ix. 36). Many wills simply mention books, from which no deductions as to size 
 can be made; but the almost general reference to books in the wills emphasizes 
 the reverence in which they were held. 
 
 "* Palfrey, History of New England, ii. 45. 
 
 "5 Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, xx. 280. 
 
 "^ In the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xxvii. 347, A. E. 
 Cutler records his ownership of the third edition of Herbert's "Priest to the Temple; 
 or, the Country Parson," London, 1675, which contains the dated Latin autograph 
 of Increase Mather: Crescentius Matherus, 1683. This cannot be the same volume 
 as the one in the 1664 list; evidently he had two volumes of Herbert's poems in 
 1683, or had given away the earlier one. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 53 
 
 Against Actors showing of stage plays 
 
 Josephus His works 
 
 \ Juvenal et cum Lvbini Commentar. 
 
 ^ Persius 
 
 Plautus 
 
 Senecae Tragaed. 
 
 Sophocles Tragaed. 
 
 Poetae Minores 
 
 Demosthenes Orat. 
 
 Horatius 
 
 Ovidii Amorum Libri 
 
 ^sopi Fabulae 
 
 Lucani dialog. 
 
 Grotius de imperio Majestatis 
 
 Verstegan English Antiquities 
 
 Another interesting list of books is that given in the 
 inventory of the estate of Thomas Grocer, "stranger," who 
 died in Roxbury February 2, 1665. Grocer was a London 
 trader who had dealt with Barbados. The books may have 
 been his private library but were more likely brought as a 
 venture, even though the lack of duplicates among the item- 
 ized books might seem to support the first theory. The 
 books mentioned by title number 202; 384 books of various 
 sizes are given as a single item, with a value of £28.16.00, 
 and similarly " 120 sticht bookes" are valued at £1. Among 
 the titles given the following are of interest:"^ 
 
 Burtons Melancholy 
 
 Journey of Fraunce 
 
 a Booke of Jests 
 
 Character of King Charles 
 
 4 uolumes of poems at 4s. 
 
 Mountignes Assayes 
 
 Purchase right ordering of the Bees 
 
 Bancrofts epigrammes 
 
 Lilly anatomye of witt 
 
 Golden remaines 
 
 "' Ford, The Boston Book Market, p. 71 fF. 
 
54 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Epicures Morals 
 
 greens farewell to Follye 
 
 Relation of a Uoyage to Guiana 
 
 9 paper Bookes of Manuscripts 
 
 Hey wood [The Hierarchie] of xA^ngells 
 
 German Dyet 
 
 Treatise of Fruit trees 
 
 It is impossible to prove that the colonists had as large 
 libraries as their contemporaries in England, or as they 
 themselves would have had if they had remained in England; 
 but the evidence given above would seem to show that the 
 early settlers did not suffer for books, either old or new, 
 since the good libraries they brought with them were con- 
 stantly increased by importations. Furthermore, the com- 
 parative nearness of the various settlements made it possible 
 for the colonists to increase their range of reading by bor- 
 rowing, or to assist their friends by lending. Such libraries 
 as that of John Winthrop, Jr., were almost circulating libra- 
 ries. The following extracts from colonial letters are 
 characteristic. 
 
 I vmblie pray you that when you haue perused the followinge 
 treatise, that you will restore it to mee againe."* 
 
 Lent to M' Williams, i8. 8, my blew manusci^., my relacon, 
 the brev' of Cambridge, Nath. Wiggins Reasons, & the printed 
 relation of the Martyrs. "' 
 
 I have therefore bene bold to send you the Medulla and the 
 Magnalia Dei.'^" 
 
 By this bearer .... I received your booke, & had by the 
 same returned it, but that I desire to reade it ouer once more, find- 
 ing it pleasant & profitable, & craue the sight of any other of that 
 subiect at your leasure, kindly thancking you for this inclosed. '•*' 
 
 '^^ John Blackleach to John Winthrop, 1637. Winthrop Papers, ii. 149. 
 
 "' Thomas Lechford, Note-Book, p. 4. 1638. Mr. Williams is probably Roger 
 Williams. The numbers give the date, October i8th. 
 
 '^o Roger Williams to John Winthrop, Jr., 1645. Massachusetts Historical So- 
 ciety, Collections, 3rd Series, ix. 268. 
 
 'i' Roger Williams to John Winthrop, Jr., 1649. Winthrop Papers, i. 267. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 55 
 
 He [Mr. Caukin] tells me of a booke lately come ouer in Mr. 
 Pynchon's name, wherein is some derogation to the blood of 
 Christ. The booke was therefore burnt in the Market place at 
 Boston, & Mr. Pynchon to be cited to the Court. If it come to 
 your hand, I may hope to see it.'^^ 
 
 Dr. Choyse hath none of the bookes mentioned in your note."^ 
 
 I pray you to read & returne this Jew. I haue allso an answere 
 to him by a good plaine man, expounding all which the Jew takes 
 literally, in a spirituall way: & I haue (in a discourse of a Knight 
 (L'Estrange) proving Americans no Jewes) another touch against 
 him .... ^^4 
 
 My deere Frend, — I had yours, and truly doe loue you hartily, 
 though I haue bin some tymes troubled at my busines having no 
 returnes, & you selling my house for 20/, & lending out my bookes 
 & things & sending home nothing to mee.'^^ 
 
 I send you, by this bearer, such books of Intelligence, as were 
 sent me.'^* 
 
 I would now (with very many thanks) have returned you youre 
 Jesuits maxims but I was loath to trust them in so wild a hand, 
 nor some tidings which I have from England. '^^ 
 
 Deare S% — I have herewith sent you two of a sort of those bookes 
 I promised you; to the intent you may reserve one by you, and 
 yet pleasure your freinds either by loane or gifte with the other. 
 I have also sent you the dementions of a furnace hearth. But I 
 can not at present find the booke it is in, it being packed away in 
 some trunke amongst other things. I shall mynd it, and send it 
 to you by the first opportunity . . . . '^* 
 
 'J^ Roger Williams to John VVinthrop, Jr., 1650. Ibid., i. 285. 
 
 '" John Davenport to John VVinthrop, Jr., evidently in reply to a request for 
 certain books. 1654. Ibid., ii. 488. v 
 
 '■51 Roger Williams to John Winthrop, Jr., 1654-5. Ibid., i. 291. 
 
 '35 From Hugh Peter, then living in England, to Charles Gott, deacon of Salem, 
 evidently his agent. This library was circulating too freely to satisfy its owner! 
 1654. Winthrop Papers, i. 116. 
 
 '36 John Davenport to John Winthrop, Jr., 1654-5. Massachusetts Historical 
 Society, Collections, 3rd Series, x. 7. 
 
 w Roger Williams to John Winthrop, Jr., 1655-6. Ibid., p. 11. The "wild 
 hand" indicates that an Indian was the bearer. 
 
 '3* Richard Leader of Piscataway to John Winthrop, Jr., 1655. Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, iii. 192. 
 
56 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Sir) I thanck you for the 2 bookes you sent me to peruse, which 
 I am reading dilligently.'^' 
 
 I am much obliged vnto your Worshipp that at last you were 
 myndfull of me, & sent the boke soe much desyred by goodman 
 Staythrop, by which I haue gott much satisfaction,'"" 
 
 More workes of the same, I would gladly see .... I pray 
 you parte not with my booke.'"' 
 
 .... many thancks for ... . the Almanack, which I 
 had not scene before, though, since my receite of yours, the presi- 
 dent of the Colledge sent me one.'"^ 
 
 The booke concerning bees, which you desired, I now send you, 
 by John Palmer, & with it 3 others, viz., i. An Office of Address, 
 2. An Invention of Engines of Motion, 3. A Discourse for divisions 
 
 & setting out of Landes I shall add unto them a 4th 
 
 booke in 8°, called Chymical, Medicinal, & Chirurgical Addresses. 
 These are a few of many more which are sent to me. I hoped for 
 an opportunity of shewing them to you here, & shall reserve them 
 for you til a good opportunity.'"^ 
 
 Sir, I humbly thanck you for the Intelligence I received in your 
 letters, and for the 2 weekly Intelligences, which Brother Myles 
 brought me.'"" 
 
 I shall send the an answer to John Nortons booke .... if 
 I cann procuer it.'"^ 
 
 I make bold w'^ you to transmitt by your hand to Colonell 
 Temple those books [illegible^ w"^ you will receive heerw'*' (want 
 of fitt artists heere must be my excuse that they appeare in that 
 dessolate forme); they were sent me before winter, from the 
 great intelligence of Europe, M"^ Samuell Hartleb, a Germa 
 
 wjohn Davenport to John Winthrop, Jr., 1655. Massachusetts Historical 
 Society, Collections, 3rd Series, x. 14. 
 
 ^"Jonathan Brewster to John Winthrop, Jr., 1656. Winthrop Papers, ii. 72. 
 The book referred to is one on alchemy. 
 
 ^'" Jonathan Brewster to John Winthrop, Jr., 1656. Ibid., ii. 78, 81. 
 
 ^ John Davenport to John Winthrop, Jr., 1659. Massachusetts Historical So- 
 ciety, Collections, 3rd Series, x. 23. 
 
 ""3 John Davenport to John Winthrop, Jr., 1659. Winthrop Papers, ii. 509. 
 
 '""John Davenport to John Winthrop, Jr., 1660. Massachusetts Historical So- 
 ciety, Collections, 3rd Series, x. 36. The Intelligence is probably the London In- 
 telligencer. 
 
 '"5 William Coddington to John Winthrop, Jr., 1660. Winthrop Papers, ii. 287. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 57 
 
 gentlema, as conteinig something of novelty. That they are yet 
 in sheets may have this convenience, that, being divers distinct 
 relations, the Govern'', Mi' Wilson, & M^ Norton (if there be 
 any thing worth their notice), or any other friends he please, may 
 have the pvsall of some pts \^illegible\ whiles the other parts are 
 reading.""^ 
 
 I humbly thank your Worship for your last present, viz' those 
 printed papers of Intelligence referring to the philosophical 
 transactions of the Royall Society of the Virtuosi: I did accord- 
 ing to your order to me acquaint M"" Danforth of Roxbury and 
 others with them; the communication thereof renders us all, but 
 especially myself greatly indebted unto your Honour. "i^ 
 
 In connection w^ith this, mention must be made of the list 
 in his own handwriting of 90 books borrowed by Richard 
 Mather from John Johnson and William Parks of ** Rocks- 
 bury," January 10, 1647-8. These are all theological 
 except "Seneca his works."'''* 
 
 Additional information in regard to books owned or read 
 by the early settlers may be gained from a study of their 
 references to or quotations from books. Ezekiel Rogers, 
 in his epitaph on Thomas Hooker, written about 1647, 
 wrote the following -.'49 
 
 America, although she do not boast 
 
 Of all the gold and silver from that coast, 
 
 Lent to her sister Europe's need or pride; 
 
 (For that repaid her, with much gain beside. 
 
 In one rich pearl, which Heaven did thence afford. 
 
 As pious Herbert gave his honest word;) .... 
 
 The reference is evidently to the passage in Herbert's 
 
 '^^ John Winthrop, Jr., to Thomas Lake, 1661. Ibid., iv. 73. 
 
 '^'Thomas Shepard to John Winthrop, Jr., 1669. Massachusetts Historical So- 
 ciety, Collections, 3rd Series, x. 71. 
 
 '^* Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 4th Series, viii. 76. Johnson 
 and Parks were both laymen, and yet had libraries of theological books, at least, 
 from which as prominent a minister as Richard Mather found it worth while to 
 borrow books in considerable numbers! See p. 45, above. 
 
 ^» Magnalia, i. 351. 
 
58 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 "Church Militant" beginning at line 235, which refers to the 
 Puritan movement toward America. '^o 
 
 Governor Bradford, in his polemical writings, quotes au- 
 thorities freely, and sometimes cites authors or volumes 
 which are not mentioned in the extant lists of his own library 
 or any contemporary Plymouth library. Such names may 
 furnish a clue to the identity of some of the uncatalogued 
 books in his library. The following are quoted, some more 
 than once. 
 
 [Whittingham?] 
 
 Baylie, R. 
 Cotton, 
 Eusebius, 
 Fulke, 
 
 Robinson, J., 
 Robinson, J., 
 Speed, 
 Taylor, 
 Anderton, L., 
 
 Bale, John, 
 Barnes, R., 
 Beza, 
 BuUinger, 
 Burton, H., 
 
 Calvin, 
 
 Fox, 
 
 Gillespie, G., 
 Grosthead, R., 
 
 A Brieff discours off the troubles begonne at 
 
 Frankford .... 1554.'^' 
 A Dissuasive from the Errors of the Time, 1645. 
 Answer to Mr. Baylie 
 Ecclesiastical History 
 On Romans the xi. 
 Apology 
 
 A Justification of Separation 
 Cloud of Witnesses 
 The Liberty of Prophesying, i6^j.^^' 
 The Triple Cord, or a Treatise proving the 
 
 Truth of the Roman Religion, 1633. 
 Acts of English Votaries 
 On the Keyes 
 Confessions 
 Not stated 
 A Vindication of Churches commonly called 
 
 Independent, 1644 
 Not stated 
 
 Centuries of Madgeburg 
 Abridgment of Acts and Monuments 
 Aaron's Rod Blossoming, 1646 
 Not stated 
 
 's" See p. 137, below. 
 
 '5' Quoted in the Introduction to the Ecclesiastical History of the Church at 
 Plymouth. 
 
 '52 The references in this group are quoted in "A Dialogue, or the sum of a Con- 
 ference between some Young Men born in New England and sundry ancient men 
 that came out of Holland and Old England, Anno Domini 1648." 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 59 
 
 Gualter, R. 
 Guicciardini, 
 
 [?J 
 Jacob, H., 
 
 Jewell, J., 
 Mantuanus, 
 Peter Martyr, 
 Mornay, Philip, 
 Mornay, Philip, 
 Pareus, 
 
 [?] 
 
 Serres, J., 
 
 Socrates, 
 Symson, P., 
 Tindall, W., 
 Vives, Lud., 
 Whetenhall, 
 Whitgift, 
 Whittaker, 
 Willett, A., 
 
 On Acts 
 
 History of the Wars of Italy 
 
 An Harmony of the Confessions of Faith, 1643 
 
 Attestation 
 
 Not stated 
 
 Quotes poetry 
 
 Commonplaces 
 
 Mysterie of Iniquity 
 
 Fowre Books of the Institutions 
 
 Commentary on Revelation, 1644 
 
 The Reasons presented by the Dissenting Breth- 
 ren against certain Propositions, 1648 
 
 Generall Historic of France, 1624 [English edi- 
 tion] 
 
 Church History 
 
 Historic of the Church 
 
 Not stated 
 
 Edition of Augustine's De Civitate Dei 
 
 Discourse on the Abuses in the Church of Rome 
 
 An Answere to a certain Libell 
 
 Not stated 
 
 Commentary on Jude.'" 
 
 Richard Mather quoted the following :'54 
 
 BuUinger, Decad. 5, Serm. 9. 
 
 Ames, Cases of Conscience, i. 4, C. 28. Q. i. 
 
 Alsted, Encyclopaedia, p. 25 
 
 Alsted, de Casibus, c. 8. reg. 3, memb. 12 
 
 Calvin, Institutions, (Several) 
 
 Martin, Loci Communes, Clas. 4, c. ii. Q. 14 
 
 'S3 References in this group are quoted in "A Dialogue or 3d Conference, between 
 some yonge-men borne in New-England; and some Ancient-men, which came out 
 of Holand and Old England concerning the church." This was probably written in 
 1652. It is noticeable that many of these books, the dates of which I have added 
 in the list, were published after the Pilgrims came to America, and that some 
 were used by Bradford within a year or two of the time of publication. It is 
 evident that even in Plymouth, which had no bookseller, and was in general far 
 behind Boston in culture, books fresh from the press were not unknown. See pp. 
 25 and 26, above. 
 
 '54 Mather Papers, p. 74. 
 
6o Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Musculus, Loci Communes, de Ccena 
 
 Mead, Inst. Loc. 
 
 Pareus, On 2 Corinthians, 1 1 : 26 
 
 Zepper, de Polit. Eccles. L. 1, c. 14 
 
 Anne Bradstreet in her poems referred to various writers: 
 
 To whom the old Berosus^^^ (so much fam'd) 
 His Book of Assurs monarchs dedicates. 
 
 No Phoenix pen, nor Spencers poetry, 
 
 Nor Speed's nor Cambdens learned History's^ 
 
 If Curtius be true in his report'" 
 
 He that at large would satisfie his mind. 
 In Plutarch's Lives his history may find.'^* 
 
 Which makes me now with Sylvester confess, 
 But Sidney's Muse can sing his worthiness. '^9 
 
 References to DuBartas, author of the "Divine Week," and 
 to Sylvester, who turned DuBartas' poems into English, are 
 frequent in her poems, one of which is "In Honour of Du- 
 Bartas." According to J. H. Ellis, who edited her poems, 
 much of her historical material was taken from Raleigh's 
 "History of the World"; his evidence is satisfactory.'*" 
 
 Nathaniel Morton, in his "New England's Memorial," 
 occasionally drew upon history for illustrations, giving in 
 each case his authority and generally the page reference. 
 Authors cited include Carion, Languet, Peter Martyr, Pliny, 
 Purchas, and Socrates. 
 
 '55 The Works of Anne Bradstreet in Prose and Verse, edited by J. H. Ellis, p. 
 317. Berosus, a Babylonian historian of about 260 B. C, was probably met by 
 Mrs. Bradstreet in the pages of Raleigh's History. 
 
 '5* //^/</., p. 358. Camden's Annales Rerum Anglicarum .... Regnante Eliz- 
 abetha was published in 161 5. English versions appeared in 1625 and 1635. 
 Speed's History of Great Britain was published in 1623. 
 
 '57 Ibid., pp. 257, 265. Quintus Curtius, Roman Historian. 
 
 ^^ Ibid., p. 297. 
 
 '^'^ Ibid., p. 349. In An Elegie upon that Honourable and renowned Knight, 
 Sir Philip Sidney, she has much to say of his work as a poet. 
 
 '*" Ibid., pp. xlvii-xlix. 
 
Libraries and the Circulation of Books. 6 1 
 
 It would seem, then, from the foregoing evidence, that, 
 as the colonists brought with them many good libraries, 
 constantly added new books, and supplemented their own 
 libraries by borrowing freely from their neighbors near and 
 remote, they were not without the means of culture and had 
 access to a moderate amount of real literature. It must be 
 remembered that we possess only fragmentary records of 
 private life in the colonies; more comprehensive records 
 would almost certainly give added proof of the possession 
 of books and libraries. It seems fair to assume that, although 
 the colonists were at a disadvantage in this respect compared 
 with their English contemporaries who lived in or near Lon- 
 don or either university, they were under no greater handicap 
 than if they had been living in some remote place in the 
 north or west of England. 
 
Chapter III: Intercourse with England 
 and English Literary Men. 
 
 IT is a mistake to think of New England colonists as 
 practically cut off from the outside world, dwellers in 
 a lonely desert place. Our popular histories have cre- 
 ated this impression by their over-emphasis on the dramatic 
 elements of the hardships of the first years of settlement, 
 especially at Plymouth. The settlers of Plymouth had few 
 friends in England and were, perhaps, isolated from the 
 world until the Massachusetts Bay settlements were estab- 
 lished. The latter, however, were always in close touch with 
 England. John Josselyn, coming to Boston in 1638, pre- 
 sented his "respects to Mr. Winthorpe \^sic\ the Governour, 
 and to Mr. Cotton the Teacher of Boston Church, to whom 
 I delivered from Mr. Francis paries the poet, the Transla- 
 tion of the 16, 25, 51, 88, 113, and 137. Psalms into English 
 Meeter, for his approbation."^ Mention has already been 
 made of early graduates of Harvard who returned to Eng- 
 land to engage in public life there.^ Twenty-seven of the 
 ministers who came to the colony in the early years returned 
 to England, some of whom became colonists again at the 
 Restoration.^ Business trips to England were such ordinary 
 affairs as to call for no comment; in all of my reading I have 
 found no reference to them either as difficult or as unusual.'* 
 The colonists thought of themselves as Englishmen, further 
 
 ' Josselyn, Two Voyages to New England, p. 20. The last phrase is interesting. 
 
 ' See p. 18, above. Others not Harvard men also returned to active life in Eng- 
 land, such as Giles Firmin, who, born in England, accompanied his father to New 
 England, was educated and married here, but later returned to England to spend 
 his life. Such people were a bond between the old and the new. 
 
 sMagnalia, i. 588. 
 
 * John Wilson went to England in 1631 and again in 1635. (Winthrop's Journal, 
 i. 80, I45.) Edward Winslow went to England in 1635 as agent for Plymouth, 
 
Intercourse with England. 63 
 
 away from London, the heart of England, than if they had 
 stayed in Old England, but still living in a part of England, 
 New England. Edward Johnson, in his "Wonder-Working 
 Providence," used the phrase "our Countreymen " to refer to 
 people in England,^ and seemed eager to have his readers 
 think of himself and his colonial neighbors as interested 
 essentially in the welfare of England.^ The affection felt 
 by New England for Old England is also shown in Anne 
 Bradstreet's poem, "x'\ Dialogue between Old England, and 
 New England," and by a statement of John Dunton in one of 
 his letters. He spoke of his own love for England, adding, 
 "And 'twas thus with the first Planters of this Country, 
 who were, even to their 80th year, still pleasing themselves 
 with hopes of their Returning to England."^ 
 
 During the period of the Commonwealth they felt per- 
 haps even more strongly their ties to the mother country, 
 for their friends, and in many cases their neighbors or 
 members of their families, were taking an active part in 
 English affairs. Dr. Palfrey writes, 
 
 Hugh Peter and Thomas Welde, sent over by Massachusetts to 
 look after its affairs, both rose to influence with Cromwell, and 
 
 and in 1646 as agent for Massachusetts. (Magnalia, i. 115.) William Hibbens 
 of Boston accompanied Hugh Peter and Thomas Welde to England in 164I, 
 returning the next year alone. (Winthrop's Journal, ii. 32, 71.) In 1646 Samuel 
 Gorton and two of his followers went to England to complain of their persecutions 
 at the hands of the Massachusetts authorities. {Ibid., ii. 282.) John Wheelwright 
 visited England during the Protectorate and was well received by his old friend 
 the Protector. {Ibid., i. 197 note.) John Winthrop, Jr., made three trips to 
 England; his brother Stephen also made repeated visits to the mother country. 
 (Winthrop Papers, iv. 199 note.) Daniel Gookin went to England in 1650, 1654, 
 and 1657. (Gookin, Life of Daniel Gookin, p. 81 ff.). Henry Wolcott of Windsor, 
 Connecticut, crossed the ocean for business in 1654, 1663, and about 1671. (Wol- 
 cott, Memorial of Henry Wolcott, pp. 36-38.) 
 
 5 "the learned labours of this Souldier of Christ [John Norton] are obvious to 
 our Countreymen." (p. 103.) "Many pamphlets have come from our Countrey- 
 men of late, to this purpose." (p. 173.) 
 
 ^"for Englands sake they are going from England to pray without ceasing for 
 England. O England! thou shalt finde New England prayers prevailing with 
 their God for thee." (p. 53.) 
 
 ' Letters, p. 62. 
 
64 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 the former, as his chaplain, walked hy the Protector's Secretary, 
 John Milton, at his funeral.** 
 
 Hugh Peter married Mrs. Reade, the mother of the wife of 
 John Winthrop, Jr.;^ her first husband, Edmund Reade, 
 had been a colonel in the parliamentary army.^" Stephen 
 Winthrop, brother of John Winthrop, Jr., and Fitz-John, 
 the latter's son, both served in that army. Stephen Win- 
 throp, on a visit to England in 1646, accepted a commission 
 in the Parliamentary army. He rose rapidly to the rank of 
 colonel. Roger Williams, writing from England to John 
 Winthrop, Jr., in 1656, mentioned the fact that "Your 
 brother Stephen succeeds Major-General Harrison." In 
 this same year he represented Banff and Aberdeen in Parlia- 
 ment. He married one sister of Colonel Rainsborough of 
 the Parliamentary army, another becoming the fourth wife 
 of his father, Governor W'inthrop.^^ Fitz-John Winthrop 
 went to England in 1657, having been offered commissions 
 by two of his uncles, Stephen Winthrop and Thomas Reade. 
 He accepted a lieutenancy in Reade's regiment of foot, 
 rose to a captaincy, and at one time was governor of Car- 
 dross in Scotland.'^ Samuel Desborough, the first magis- 
 trate of Guilford, Connecticut, returned to England and 
 became, under Cromwell, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal 
 of Scotland. His brother John had married Cromwell's 
 sister Jane.^'' John Hoadley, also of Guilford, became one 
 of Cromwell's chaplains at Edinburgh, and afterwards chap- 
 lain to General Monck.^* Samuel Mather, brother of In- 
 crease, was chaplain to Thomas Andrews, Lord Mayor of 
 
 ' History of New England, i. 586. 
 
 9 Dictionary of National Biography; Massachusetts Historical Society, Pro- 
 ceedings, xlii. 169. 
 
 '" Dictionary of National Biography. 
 
 " Winthrop Papers, iv. 199 note; Dictionary of National Biography. 
 
 " Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, i. 118 fF.; Winthrop 
 Papers, ii. 203; iv. 266 note. 
 
 ■^ Dictionary of National Biography. 
 
 '♦ Steiner, History of Guilford and Madison, p. 43. 
 
Intercourse with England. 65 
 
 London, and later was chosen to accompany the English 
 Commissioners to Scotland. Still later Henry Cromwell 
 took him as one of his chaplains on his Irish expedition.''' 
 Francis Higginson, second son of the Reverend Francis Hig- 
 ginson of Salem, studied at Leyden, conformed to the Church 
 of England, and spent his life as a vicar in Westmoreland.'^ 
 The two sons of Governor John Haynes by his first wife 
 had stayed in England when he emigrated; both are said 
 to have drawn "their swords in the great Civil War, — the 
 elder for the King, the younger for the Parliament."" John 
 Haynes, Jr., son of Governor Haynes by his second wife, 
 after graduating from Harvard in 1656, went to England in 
 1657 with Fitz-John Winthrop. Instead of going into the 
 army, he went to Cambridge, where he took the Master's 
 degree in 1660. He remained in England and, having con- 
 formed, spent his life as rector of the Church of England in 
 Suffolk and Essex. '^ 
 
 Several others returned to enter the Parliamentary army. 
 Major Robert Sedgwick of Charlestown rose to the rank of 
 Major-General, and was employed by Cromwell in the ex- 
 pedition against the West Indies, succeeding General For- 
 tescue as Governor of Jamaica. ^'^ Captain George Cook, 
 who had been active in the Massachusetts militia, became 
 a colonel in Cromwell's army.^" Israel Stoughton, whose 
 son William was lieutenant-governor under William and 
 Mary, became a lieutenant-colonel among the Ironsides. ^^ 
 Captain John Mason, hero of the Mystic fight, was urged 
 by Sir Thomas Fairfax, his old comrade in arms, to join 
 the army of Parliament, but he did not return to England." 
 
 '5 Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, ist Series, x. 26 note. 
 
 '^ Dictionary of National Biography. See p. 153, below. 
 
 '7 Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, i. 118. 
 
 'Ubid.,\. 118 ff. 
 
 '9 John Hull's Public Diary, p. 174 note. 
 
 *" Winthrop's Journal, ii. I40 note. 
 
 " Ibid., i. 1 47 note. 
 
 "Ibid., i. 218 note. 
 
66 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 John Collins, Harvard 1649, ^^^ ^ chaplain in Monck's 
 army;-'' and William Hooke, of New Haven, was one of 
 Cromwell's chaplains, his wife, a sister of General Whalley, 
 being a cousin of the Protector.^^ He was also probably 
 Master of the Savoy." Edward Hopkins, of New Haven, 
 was active in public life during Cromwell's regime. ^^ Ed- 
 ward Winslow, having gone to England as agent of Massa- 
 chusetts in 1646, remained in England and later became one 
 of the Grand Commissioners of Cromwell's expedition 
 against Hispaniola." Daniel Gookin, on his third visit to 
 England, served for a time (i 658-1 659) as collector of cus- 
 toms at Dunkirk, being appointed later Deputy Treasurer 
 of War there. He was acquainted with Cromwell, and it 
 was through him that Cromwell gave his invitation to the 
 New Englanders to remove to the balmier climate of Ja- 
 maica. On his return to Boston in 1660 he was accompanied 
 by Goffe and Whalley, the regicides.^* 
 
 Mention has already been made of the friendship between 
 John Winthrop, Jr., and Sir Kenelme Digby.^'^ There are 
 several references to this in letters to Winthrop from William 
 Hooke, then in London. He wrote, April 13, 1657, "For 
 Sir Kenelme Digby is in France, and when he will return I 
 hear not.J" Again, April 16, 1658, "Sir Kenelme Digby is 
 not, as yet, returned, & therefore I can give you no account 
 of him. "3' And again, March 30, 1659, "As for Sir Kenelme 
 Digby, I have not heard of him a long time. He is not (for 
 ought I heare) in England. He is a greate schollar, but I 
 
 '3 John Hull's Diary, p. 159 note 3. 
 
 '■t Dictionary of National Biography. 
 
 ^5 CJ. Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, xli. 304. 
 
 ^* Winthrop's Journal, i. 223 note. He was successively First Warden of the 
 Fleet and a Commissioner of the army and navy. 
 
 =' Magnalia, i. 115. 
 
 ^ Gookin, Life of Daniel GooVm, passim. Tyler, History of American Literature, 
 i. 152. 
 
 *' See pp. 4 1 and 42, above. 
 
 30 Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, i. 183. 
 
 3' Winthrop Papers, ii. 588. 
 
Intercourse with England. 67 
 
 heare no good of him by any."^^ One letter from Sir Kenelme 
 himself gives further evidence of a friendship which would 
 seem to have been close, to judge both by the eagerness 
 with which Winthrop was making inquiry for Sir Kenelme 
 through his London correspondent, and by Sir Kenelme's 
 evident desire to serve Winthrop. The opening sentences 
 refer to his second gift to the Harvard Library. 
 
 Paris 16. Jan. i6<;6. new stile. 
 
 . ... I beseech you present my most humble thankes to the 
 
 President and fellowes of y'' college for the obliging Letter they 
 
 haue bin pleased to send me. So small a present as j presumed to 
 
 make them, deserued not so large a returne I haue 
 
 searched all Paris for Blaise Viginere des Chiffres. I had it in my 
 library in England: But att the plundering of my house, j lost it 
 w'^' many other good bookes. I haue layed out in all places for 
 it: and when j gett it, it shall be for you by the first conueniency 
 of sending it to you.^^ 
 
 John Winthrop, F, R. S., grandson of John Winthrop, 
 Jr., in a letter to Cotton Mather written in 17 18, referred 
 as follows to this friendship: 
 
 The famous & learned S"^ Kenelme Digby (then at Paris) ear- 
 nestly solicited my hon''^ granfather to returne back to England, 
 urging that America was too scanty for so great a philosopher to 
 stay long in. My good ancestor modestly answered, 'Res angusta 
 domi^ my duty to a numerous family, will not permitt it.'^-* 
 
 Hugh Peter would seem to have been acquainted with 
 Sir Kenelme also, for it is he who first sent word to Win- 
 throp that the knight was sending a great chest of books 
 to Harvard. ^^ 
 
 Cromwell had a college mate in the colonies, John Wheel- 
 wright, B. A. of Sidney Sussex in 1614, and M. A. in 1618. 
 Of him he later said, 
 
 ^ Ibid., ii. 593. 
 
 « Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, x. 15. 
 
 ^ Winthrop Papers, vi. 384 note. 
 
 35 Ibid..^ i. 1 16. See p. 41 note 68, above. 
 
68 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 I remember the time when I was more afraid of meeting Wheel- 
 wright at foot-ball, than I have been since of meeting an army in 
 the field, for I was infallibly sure of being tripped up by him.^* 
 
 Cromwell was also well acquainted with John Cotton, if 
 we may judge from the friendly tone of a letter which has 
 been preserved. ^^ John Oxenbridge was another colonial 
 friend of Cromwell, and of Milton and Marvell as well.-** 
 If conditions in England had differed upon one occasion, 
 Cromwell himself would have come to New England. He 
 told Lord Falkland in 1641 that if the Remonstrance had 
 not passed, "he would have sold all he had the next morn- 
 ing, and never have seen England more."^' Cotton Mather 
 mentions Cromwell, with "Mr. Hambden, and Sir Arthur 
 Haselrig," among those who were forcibly detained from 
 coming. '*'' This legend lacks satisfactory proof; in fact, at 
 the time they were supposed to have been stopped, Hamp- 
 den was in the midst of his legal contest against the ship- 
 money, and it is hardly believable that he would have de- 
 serted in the heat of the fight. But that it was beheved by 
 the next generation and has been accepted quite generally 
 ever since gives evidence of its truth in probability, if not 
 in fact. New England did not seem far away to those who 
 desired asylum from political oppression in England; nor, 
 as we have seen, did England seem far away, when political 
 conditions changed, to those on this side of the water who 
 desired a larger field for action than the colonies seemed to 
 afford. Chance, or beliefs, or both, had much more to do 
 with determining who came than ability. The men who 
 
 3^ Memoir of John Wheelwright, p. 2. 
 
 " New Hampshire Historical Society, Collections, i. 258. 
 
 ^'Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xii. 121. When Mar- 
 vell was tutoring William Button, Cromwell's ward, he went to live, upon Crom- 
 well's advice, with Oxenbridge, then a fellow at Eton. Marvell wrote the epitaph 
 upon the first wife of Oxenbridge. Marvell's poem "Bermudas" was probably sug- 
 gested by Oxenbridge, who had lived there for a time. (Dictionary of National 
 Biography, and Poems of Andrew Marvell, Muses' Library edition.) 
 
 » Clarendon, Rebellion, Book IV. §52. 
 
 40 Magnalia, i. 79. 
 
Intercourse with England. 69 
 
 settled New England, it must be remembered, were not an 
 inferior class. 
 
 The feeling of unity between New and Old England at 
 the time of the Commonwealth is well illustrated by the 
 behavior of the authorities of Massachusetts in the case of 
 the burning, in 1650, of William Pynchon's "The Meritorious 
 Price of our Redemption." When the General Court found it 
 to be "erronyous and hereticale," and ordered it to be 
 burned, it was careful to issue a " Declaration" of its detes- 
 tation of the heresy. 
 
 The "Declaration" was immediately sent to England to be 
 printed and circulated there, in order that the Court might set 
 itself right with its Christian brethren, while John Norton was 
 entreated to answer Mr. Pynchon's book with all convenient 
 speed, and his answer was also to be sent to England to be printed. "i' 
 
 At the Restoration New England once more became the 
 place of refuge for exiles from England. Cotton Mather 
 mentions fourteen ministers who came to avoid persecution 
 at this time,-^^ and refers also to "some eminent persons of 
 a New-English original, which were driven back out of 
 Europe into their own country again, by that storm. "''^ 
 Among these exiles were some who, as the highest judges 
 of England, had tried even a king. It is interesting at this 
 point to speculate upon the possibility that, had he been 
 accorded harsher treatment, Milton himself might have fol- 
 lowed the Regicides to America, in which case "Paradise 
 Lost" would have been written in New England, — or not at 
 all. Which is the more probable of these two possibilities 
 will be discussed elsewhere.'*'' At least he would have found 
 friends here; Roger Williams seems to have been on intimate 
 
 ■" Duniway, Freedom of the Press in Massachusetts, p. 32. 
 
 *^ Magnalia, i. 237. The ministers are James Allen, John Bailey, Thomas Baily, 
 Thomas Barnet, James Brown, Thomas Gilbert, James Keith, Samuel Lee, Charles 
 Morton, Charles Nicholet, John Oxenbridge, Thomas Thornton, Thomas Walley, 
 and William Woodrop. 
 
 « Ibid., i. 238. 
 
 ** See pp. 93 and 94, below. 
 
yo Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 terms with him during his visit to England from 1651 to 
 1654,45 as was also the Reverend John Clarke of Newport, 
 R. I.;''^ and Milton knew and corresponded with John Win- 
 throp, Jr. 47 Winthrop probably became acquainted with 
 Milton through their mutual friend, Samuel Hartlib, author 
 of many works on agriculture and natural history, to whom 
 Milton addressed his tract "Of Education" with every evi- 
 dence of close acquaintance, and with whom Winthrop had 
 an extensive correspondence.''* Theodore Haak, said to have 
 been the founder of the "London Club, or Invisible College 
 of Natural Philosophers," from which the Royal Society 
 developed, and Henry Oldenburg, for several years Secre- 
 tary of the Royal Society, were also friends and corre- 
 spondents of Winthrop, and friends of Milton."** 
 
 It was through these friends that Winthrop became one 
 of the early fellows of the Royal Society, being nominated 
 as fellow in 1662,^* when the Society was less than two 
 years old.-" Winthrop's interest in science was evidently 
 strong before he came to New England, as a reference to 
 
 ■•s Williams wrote to John Winthrop, Jr., July 12, 1654, having just returned 
 from England, "It pleased the Lord to call me for some time and with some per- 
 sons to practice the Hebrew, the Greeke, Latine, French and Dutch: The Secre- 
 tarie of the Councell, (M'' Milton) for my Dutch I read him, read me many more 
 Languages." It is probably in this way that Milton became acquainted with the 
 Dutch Lucifer by Vondel. Williams seems to have discussed education with 
 Milton, for he says further in this letter, "Grammar rules begin to be esteemd 
 a Tyrannie. I taught 2 young Gentlemen a Parliament mans sons (as we teach 
 our children English) by words phrazes and constant talke &c. I have begun 
 with mine owne 3 boys." (Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, 
 X.3.) See Milton's criticism of the time wasted in the study of grammar, in Of 
 Education. 
 
 ■•^ Clarke lived in England from i6<;i to 1663. He was also acquainted with 
 Sir Henry Vane and the Earl of Clarendon. It was through the latter that he 
 obtained from Charles II the remarkable Rhode Island Charter ot 1663, granting 
 religious freedom. (Early Religious Leaders of Newport, p. 16.) 
 
 ^7 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, xl. 1741. Dedi- 
 cation. 
 
 *^ Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ist Series, xvi. 207. See p. 
 47, above. 
 
 '"The Society was founded in 1660, and incorporated in 1662. Encyclopedia 
 Britannica. 
 
Intercourse with England. 71 
 
 the titles of books sent him by his friends in England shows. s" 
 That theology was not the all-exclusive factor in colonial 
 life that it is otten pictured as being is shown by the fact 
 that a busy colonial governor found the time to keep up 
 his study of science after the experimental method newly 
 discovered by Bacon, and was considered by English scien- 
 tific men worthy to become their associate in research, and 
 even to serv^e on two committees of the Royal Society in 
 1664. 5' His friendship with Sir Kenelme Digby may easily 
 have resulted from their common interest in alchemy. The 
 letter of Sir Kenelme from which quotation has already been 
 made was largely made up of explanations and discussions of 
 wondrous liquids, potent medicines, and especially Digby's 
 favorite sympathetic powder. 
 
 Winthrop's correspondence with scientific and literary men 
 in England and on the Continent was extensive. Dr. Crom- 
 well Mortimer, Secretary of the Royal Society, in dedicating 
 the fortieth volume of the Transactions of the Society to 
 John Winthrop, F. R. S., grandson of John Winthrop, Jr., 
 referred to " the great Treasure of curious Letters on various 
 learned Subjects" written to the earlier Winthrop and then 
 in the possession of the younger, and listed over eighty of 
 the writers of these letters. ^^ 
 
 s" See pp. 32-34, above. 
 
 5' Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ist Series, xvi. 206 ff. 
 
 s^ The following names are characteristic of the list: 
 
 Earl of Anglesey Robert Hooke 
 
 Earl of Arundel Ch. Howard, Duke of Norfolk 
 
 Elias Ashmole Joh. Keppler 
 
 Robert Boyle Dr. Lovell, Oxon. 
 
 Tycho Brahe Earl of Manchester 
 
 Lord Brounker John Milton 
 
 Dr. Browne [probably Sir Thomas] Sir Rob. Moray 
 
 Jo. Camden Lord Napier 
 
 Lord Clarendon Isaac Newton 
 
 Comenius Dr. Pell 
 
 Charles II Earl of Pembroke 
 
 O. Cromwell Pet. Peregrinus, Romae 
 
 Ernestus Coloniae, Episc. Alb. Peterson, Amstel. 
 
72 Literary Culture in Early New England, 
 
 His friends of the Royal Society expected from him valu- 
 able contributions to knowledge, and were not disappointed. 
 Henry Oldenburg, Secretary of the Society, wrote in 1667: 
 
 Sir, — So good an opportunity as this I could not let passe 
 w'hout putting you in mind of y"^ being a member of y*" Royall 
 Society, though you are in New-England; and that even at so 
 great a distance you may doe that Illustrious Company great 
 
 service We know y"" ingenuity, experience, and veracity, 
 
 y" best qualities of a man and a Philosopher; .... And, since 
 you have now been from us severall years, give us at last a visit 
 by a Philosophicall letter. ^^ 
 
 In a postscript he discussed the value of the experimental 
 method of searching "the works of God themselves." Early 
 in 1669 he wrote again in regard to scientific equipment in 
 America, and requested certain experiments performed: 
 
 Giue me leaue .... to inquire .... Whether you haue 
 any good Telescopes, to compare the Phgenomena from that Coast 
 w'^ the Accompts of Hevelius, Ricciolo, Cassini, etc. W'hat 
 advance of Harverd Coll. in y"" Cambridge? Whether you are 
 furnisht w"" the modern books of y*^ most Ingenious and famous 
 Philosophers and Mathematicians [of whom he gives a list] .... 
 
 I send you herew''* a Printed paper, w"^^ contains y*^ predictions 
 of M' Bond for the variations of y*" Needle for several years to 
 
 Joh. Espagnet Conrad Roves, Dominus Rosenstein,Mar- 
 
 Dr. Everard grav. in Croatia 
 
 Gal. Galileo Prince Rupert 
 
 J. R. Glauber Dr. Sackville 
 
 Dr. Goddard Earl of Sandwich 
 
 Princeps Gothar J. Slegelius 
 
 Dr. Grew Sir Rob. Southwell 
 
 J. B. van Helmont Bishop Sprat 
 
 J. F. Helvetius Princeps Sultsbergensis 
 
 Lord Herbert [of Cherbury?] Dr. Tanckmarus 
 
 Hans Albrecht, Dominus Herberstein J. Tradescant 
 
 Joh. Hevelius Dr. Wilkins 
 
 Sir Jo. Heydon Dr. Willis 
 
 Frederick Princeps Holsatiae et Dominus Dr. Witherly 
 
 Slesvic Sir Henry Wotton 
 
 Sir Christopher Wren 
 
 S3 Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ist Series, xvi. 229, 230. 
 
Intercourse with England. 73 
 
 come you will take notice .... how the variation 
 
 varies in New England . . . ^^ 
 
 The next year Oldenburg wrote to thank Winthrop for 
 a collection of curiosities sent to the Society w^ith a written 
 account of them: 
 
 Sir, — Y*^ Kinsman, Mr. Adam Winthrop, hath acquitted him- 
 self faithfully of y^ trust you had reposed in him, in delivering 
 into my hands both y' letter and y"" American Curiosities accom- 
 panying the same His Maj'y himselfe, hearing of some of 
 
 y*" rarer things, would see y'", and accordingly the Extraordinary 
 Fish, the dwarf-oaks, y*^ gummy fragrant Barke, w''' knobbs, y*" 
 silken podds, y*" baggs w"" litle shells in them, etc., were carried 
 to Whitehall, .... 55 
 
 Winthrop's account of these things was published soon 
 after in the Transactions of the Society, with drawings of 
 some of the curiosities including the "extraordinary fish," 
 which was a starfish. 
 
 In a letter to Henry Oldenburg written November 12, 
 1668, Winthrop mentioned sending seeds, roots, and such 
 things to Robert Boyle, Lord Brereton, Charles Howard, 
 Dr. Goddard, Dr. Merret, Dr. Whistler, Dr. Benjamin 
 Worsley, and Dr. Keffler.'^'^ 
 
 John Davenport also seems to have been interested in 
 science, for he too was corresponding with Hartlib, receiving 
 from him " bookes, & written papers .... wherein I 
 
 findesundry rarities of inventions you [Winthrop] 
 
 will finde some particularities among them, which may be 
 advantagious to your private proffit, in the improvement of 
 your Fishers Island."" The last clause would indicate that 
 some of these books and papers were on Hartlib's favorite 
 subject, scientific farming. In another letter to Winthrop, 
 
 ^* Ibid., xvi. 239, 242. The undated letter was received May 6, 1669. See p. 48, 
 n. 100, above. 
 
 55 Ibid., xvi. 244. Letter dated March 26, 1670. 
 
 5* Winthrop Papers, iv. 129. 
 
 57 Ibid., ii. 504. See p. 47, above. 
 
74 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 given on page 56, above, Davenport mentions four scientific 
 books as "a few of many more which are sent to me." 
 These may have been from Hartlib. 
 
 Thomas Shepard thanked Winthrop for copies of the 
 Transactions of the Royal Society, which he had passed on 
 to others to enjoy,'^^ and in the same letter reported some 
 astronomical observations. 
 
 Besides all these who had a true interest in science (and 
 the list could be extended, did more data survive), Con- 
 necticut boasted one genuine alchemist. Jonathan Brewster, 
 who was glad to borrow books on chemistry from Winthrop, 
 and willing to lend his own in return, 59 was searching to find 
 the true elixir. He reported to Winthrop that the latter's 
 books had been of great service to him, enabling him to 
 understand some operations "which before I understode 
 not, .... as the head of the Crowe, Vergines milke, 
 &c." With this help he felt sure that his elixir, already well 
 started, would be perfected in five years, provided that the 
 Indians did not burn down his house or otherwise interfere 
 with his work.^" If the statement of Secretary Mortimer is 
 accurate, it was only chance which prevented the founding 
 of a colony of experimental scientists in Connecticut, to 
 keep Winthrop and Brewster company. He writes:^' 
 
 In Concert with these [Boyle, Wilkins, Oldenburg] and other 
 learned Friends, (as he often revisited England) he was one of 
 those, who first form'd the Plan of the Royal Society; and had 
 not the Civil Wars happily ended as they did, Mr. Boyle and Dr. 
 Wilkins^ with several other learned Men, would have left Eng- 
 landy and, out of Esteem for the most excellent and valuable 
 Governor, JOHN WINTHROP, the younger, would have retir'd 
 to his new-born Colony, and there have establish'd that Society 
 for promoting Natural Knowledge, which these Gentlemen had 
 formed, as it were, in Embryo among themselves; but which after- 
 
 58 See letter on p. 57, above. 
 
 s^ See letter on p. 56, above. 
 
 ^ Winthrop Papers, ii. 79. 
 
 '' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, xl. Dedication. 
 
Intercourse with England. 75 
 
 wards receiving the Protection of King CHARLES II. obtain'd 
 the style of Royal .... 
 
 Robert Boyle, member of the Royal Society and at 
 one time its president, and, with the possible exception of 
 Sir Isaac Newton, the most representative English scientist 
 of his day, also had considerable correspondence with the 
 leading men ot New England. This was not primarily sci- 
 entific, however, but rather missionary in character, Boyle 
 being for years Governor of the Corporation for the Spread 
 of the Gospel in New England.'^' 
 
 There were other links between the colonists and the men 
 in active life in England. Sir Thomas Temple, proprietor 
 of Nova Scotia (together with Colonel William Crowne), re- 
 sided here for several years during the Interregnum, acquir- 
 ing property and business interests, part of which he sold in 
 1653 for £55oo.'''! At about this time John Crowne, "Starch 
 Johnny" Crowne (son of Colonel William), poet and drama- 
 tist of the Restoration period, was living in Boston. He 
 resided for a time, at least, (about 1660) with the Reverend 
 John Norton, and studied at Harvard. ^^ 
 
 It would seem certain, then, that the inhabitants of New 
 England, during the first half century of their colonization, 
 were able, as tar as they desired, to keep in touch with 
 political, scientific, and literary men and activities in Eng- 
 land; and that, beyond any other of England's colonies, at 
 any time in her history, during the period of colonization, 
 they felt a desire for these things. Their life may have been 
 simple, or even rough; luxuries or comforts may have been 
 lacking; but there is no evidence of any lack of intellectual 
 eagerness or of the means to satisfy such eagerness. 
 
 '^ Dictionary of National Biography. 
 
 ^i Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, ist Series, vii. 229, and manu- 
 script copy of the deed in the Ewer MSS., in the library of the New England His- 
 torical and Genealogical Society. It is Sir Thomas who is said to have told Charles 
 II that the tree on the pine-tree shilling was the royal oak which had preserved 
 His Majesty's life at Worcester, thereby turning away the King's anger at the 
 colonists for daring to coin money without the King's consent. 
 
 '"t Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and West Indies. 1661- 
 1668. No. 161, p. 54. 
 
chapter IV: Other Phases of Culture. 
 
 THE early settlers of New England were not only 
 well educated and furnished with libraries, but in 
 many cases came from families of distinction and 
 even of title, and brought with them considerable wealth. 
 Among those who came with John Winthrop in 1630 were 
 Isaac Johnson and his wife, the Lady Arbella, sister to the 
 Earl of Lincoln. These two did not live long enough to in- 
 fluence the life of the colony, but that they desired to come 
 is significant. Three years later the Lady Arbella's sister, 
 Lady Susan, and her husband, John Humfrey, joined the 
 colonists.' Lady Alice Apsley Boteler, widow of Lord John 
 Boteler and daughter of Sir Edward Apsley of Sussex, mar- 
 ried Mr. George Fenwick just before he embarked for 
 America, and accompanied him to Connecticut.' Sir 
 Richard Saltonstall also boasted a title, and was the son 
 of a Lord Mayor of London.^ John Winthrop had been a 
 magistrate and man of affairs in England, and his father, 
 Adam Winthrop, was also a magistrate and, for a number 
 of years, auditor of Trinity College, Cambridge. ^ Edward 
 Johnson, town clerk of Woburn and author of "The Wonder- 
 working Providence," was the son of the parish clerk of 
 St. George's, Canterbury, and possessed a considerable estate 
 in Canterbury and elsewhere in Kent.s Thomas Dudley had 
 been steward for the Earl of Lincoln and managed the 
 large estate successfully.'' Simon Bradstreet, Dudley's 
 son-in-law, had succeeded him in the management of the 
 
 ' Winthrop's Journal, i. 127. 
 
 ' Steiner, History of Guilford and Madison, p. 22. 
 
 3 Winthrop's Journal, i. 25 note. 
 
 * Diary of Adam Winthrop, in the Life and Letters of John Winthrop, i. 405 ff. 
 
 5 Jameson, Johnson's Wonder- Working Providence, p. 5. 
 
 ' Magnalia, i. 133. 
 
Other Phases of Culture. 77 
 
 affairs of the Earl of Lincoln, and later had been steward 
 for the Countess of Warwick. ^ Governor William Leet of 
 Connecticut was by education a lawyer, and by employ- 
 ment a register in the Bishop's court.* John Wilson was a 
 grandnephew of Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury.' Mrs. Anne Hutchinson was second cousin to the 
 poet Dryden.'" President Chauncy's wife was granddaugh- 
 ter of Bishop Still." President Hoar married a daughter of 
 Lord Lisle, one of the Judges of Charles L'" Theophilus 
 Eaton had been employed by the King of England as envoy 
 to the King of Denmark, and had been successful in business 
 as a member of the East Land Company.'^ The list might 
 be extended to considerable length, but one quotation will 
 perhaps be sufficient to show the type of people who helped 
 to settle New England. Speaking of one town, and that not 
 one of the largest, Scituate, Deane writes: 
 
 Many of the fathers were men of good education and easy for- 
 tune, who had left homes altogether enviable, save in the single 
 circumstance of the abridgment of their religious liberty. In 
 1639, this town contained more men of distinguished talents and 
 fair fortune than it has at any period since. They were "the 
 men of Kent," celebrated in English history as men of gallantry, 
 loyalty and courtly manners. Gilson, Vassall, Hatherly, Cud- 
 worth, Tilden, Hoar, Foster, Stedman, Saffin, Hinckley, and 
 others had been accustomed to the elegancies of life of England.''' 
 
 There are numerous evidences of wealth among the pio- 
 neers. John Winthrop had sufficient property so that the 
 mismanagement and defalcation of his steward to the 
 amount of over £2000 did not ruin him, although it was a 
 
 ^ Ellis edition, The Works of Anne Bradstreet, p. xxii. 
 
 * Magnalia, i. 156. 
 
 ' Winthrop's Journal, i. 51 note 3. 
 
 " New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xx. 366. 
 
 " Ibid., X. 253. 
 
 " Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, ist Series, vi. 100 note. 
 
 '3 Magnalia, i. 151; Winthrop's Journal, i. 223 note. 
 
 '^Quoted by Chaplin, Life of Henry Dunster, p. 205. 
 
78 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 great loss.'^ John Harvard left an estate of £1600, besides 
 his books. '^ Thomas Flint brought with him an estate of 
 £2000.'' Peter Bulkeley brought £6000. ■* William Tyng, 
 dying in 1653, left a property inventoried at £2774. 14.04.^9 
 The estate of Henry Webb, inventoried September 25, 1660, 
 amounted to £7819.^" Edward Breck "died in the year 
 1662, leaving an estate, the value of which ran into hun- 
 dreds of pounds sterling, a large sum for his day."" The 
 
 '5 Life and Letters, ii. 253; also Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 
 4th Series, vii. 224 ff. In considering the question of wealth in the colonies, the 
 difference in the value or purchasing power of money must be kept in mind. 
 The highest salary paid to any minister around Boston in 1657, according to a re- 
 port made by a special committee to the General Court, was £100, and the average 
 of the twelve listed in the report was £65, only three out of the twelve receiving over 
 £60. The families to be supported on these salaries averaged seven in number. 
 Some had farms in addition to the salary, but they could hope for no other income, 
 as marriages they considered a civil function, to be performed only by the magis- 
 trates. The cost of labor also illustrates the high value of money at that time. 
 A report to the General Court of Connecticut in 1680, signed by William Leet, 
 Governor, and John Allen, Secretary of the Colony, complains that "labour is 
 dear, being from 2S to isG a day for a labourer." (Massachusetts Historical So- 
 ciety, Collections, ist Series, iv. 222.) Evidently labor had been cheaper in the 
 early days of the colony; but accepting this figure, and comparing it with present 
 (1916 pre-war) prices of from $1.^0 to $2.50 for unskilled labor, we get a ratio of 
 about four to one. An estate of £1000 then would thus be equivalent to one of 
 j20,ooo today, and John Eliot's £60 salary as pastor of the church at Roxbury 
 would amount to $1200. As the Connecticut report also quotes pork at 3d a 
 pound, beef at i}/id, and butter at 6d, the ratio of four to one does not seem too 
 high. F. B. Dexter (Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, xviii. 137) 
 calls £300 equivalent to perhaps six or seven thousand dollars with us. 
 
 '* Thomas Shepard's Autobiography, p. 63. 
 
 '' Peter Bulkeley wrote (to whom is not known, as the name is missing from the 
 letter), "1 . . . .do further entreat you would please, both of you, to take 
 into consideration the condition of Mrs. Flint, the widow of worthy Mr. Flint 
 deceased, who served in the same office of magistrate many years, and never 
 
 received of the country any recompense And some things there are 
 
 which may persuade on this side more effectually, both in regard of a great family 
 of children, and the great decay of his estate which he brought into this country, 
 (being about £2000,). ..." (Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd 
 Series, i. 47.) 
 
 18 New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xxxi. 155. 
 
 " Ibid., XXX. 432. 
 
 '"Ibid., X. 180. 
 
 " Dr. Edward Breck in Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 
 xiv. 49 ff. He adds, "It is significant of the degree of refinement obtaining among 
 
Other Phases of Culture. 79 
 
 Reverend John Norton's estate was appraised, April 24, 1663, 
 at £2095." The Reverend John Wilson left £419 in addition 
 to a farm valued at £1300.'^ John Endicott's estate, 1665, 
 totalled £2269.''' John Bracket was worth £1021, accord- 
 ing to inventory of February 22, i666;^5 and the same year 
 Henry Shrimpton, brasier, left assets of £11,979, and debts 
 to the amount of £5743.^'' The estate of Hezekiah Usher, 
 who died in 1676, was appraised at £15,358.^7 These are 
 just some of the larger estates, and the Suffolk and Essex 
 Probate Records contain many inventories of estates ap- 
 praised between £500 and £1000. 
 
 There is further interesting testimony in regard to the 
 existence of men of wealth in New England in the sar- 
 castic reference to them made by John Josselyn, an Eng- 
 lish merchant, in his account of his two voyages to New 
 England: 
 
 The grose Goddons, or great masters, as also some of their 
 Merchants are damnable rich; generally all of their judgement, 
 inexplicably covetous and proud. ^* 
 
 Elsewhere he wrote of Boston as it was in 1663: 
 
 The buildings are handsome, joyning one to the other as in 
 London; with many large streets, most of them paved with 
 pebble stone. In the high street towards the Common, there are 
 fair buildings, some of stone; and, at the east end of the town, 
 one amongst the rest, built by the shore by Mr. Gibs, a merchant, 
 
 even the earliest pioneers of New England [Breck came in 1635], ^^^^ '" ^^^ '"- 
 ventory of Edward Breck's estate occurs the mention of a bath-tub." 
 
 " New England Historical and Genealogical Register, xi. 344. 
 
 ^3 Ibid., xvii. 344. 
 
 ^^Ibid., XV. 128. This inventory, as perhaps some of the others, includes farm 
 lands; but as one farm of 550 acres is appraised at just £550, I do not think the 
 inventories are "padded" with undeveloped land. 
 
 "5 Ibid., XV. 250. 
 
 '^ Ibid., XV. 78. The expenditure for his funeral amounted to£i34.o5.o6 ($2500.00 
 in modern equivalent). It must have been an elaborate ceremonial to have cost 
 that much! 
 
 ^7 Littlefield, Early Boston Booksellers, p. 68. 
 
 '' Josselyn, Two Voyages to New England, p. 1 80. 
 
8o Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 being a stately edifice, which it is thought will stand him in little 
 less than £3,000 before it be fully finished.^' 
 
 In the matter of wealth, as in other things already noted, 
 Plymouth was far behind the rest of New England. Estates 
 above £500 were rare, and £2oo-£300 was the usual figure, 
 as will be seen by reference to pages 28 and 29, above. 
 
 The settlers of New England, then, were not without 
 some wealth, just as they were not without either libraries 
 or means of education. And they possessed one other ele- 
 ment of culture at a surprisingly early period in their his- 
 tory: a printing-press was brought over and set up at 
 Cambridge in 1638, before Boston was ten years old.^" 
 This may not seem at all remarkable until we compare 
 Cambridge with other cities both in England and in other 
 colonies. Printing was begun in Glasgow one year later 
 than in Cambridge. It was first practiced in Rochester in 
 1648, or ten years later, and at Exeter in 1668, thirty years 
 later. There was no printing in Manchester until 1732, 
 and none in Liverpool until after 1750.^' The first press in 
 Pennsylvania^*^ was William Bradford's, established about 
 1686. Bradford moved to New York in 1693 to establish 
 the first press there. ^-^ A press was running in Virginia in 
 1682, but was quickly suppressed, there being no further 
 printing in that colony until 1729.^^ There was no press 
 in Canada until 1751, when Bartholomew Green, Jr., 
 brought one from Boston to Halifax.^s Another was es- 
 
 ''Josselyn, New England's Rarities Discovered, p. i. $60,000 (in modern 
 equivalent) for a house! 
 
 ^" Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 4th Series, vi. 99. 
 
 3' Truebner, Bibliographical Guide to American Literature, p. ix. 
 
 3^ Thomas, History of Printing, i. 208. The Quakers, like the Puritans, 
 showed their interest in books by the early establishment of a press, within five 
 years of the granting of the charter. 
 
 ^^ Ibid., i. 291. 
 
 ^'^ Ibid., i. 331. In 1671 Governor Berkeley remarked, "I thank God we have 
 not free schools nor printing." {Ibid., i. 330.) 
 
 35 Ibid., i. 357. 
 
Other Phases of Culture. 8 i 
 
 tablished in Quebec in 1764, and one in Montreal in 1775.^* 
 One press did not satisfy New England long, for a second 
 press was established in 1674, '" Boston, followed by several 
 others before 1700, and one was set up at New London in 
 1709." Some of the productions of the New England 
 presses will be discussed in the following and later chapters. 
 
 ^^ Ibid., i. 362; Truebner, Bibliographical Guide, p. viii. 
 "Thomas, History of Printing, i. 184. 
 
chapter V: The Production of Literature. 
 
 AS the preceding chapters have shown that the culture 
 of New England in its earlier years did not differ 
 greatly from that of England during the same 
 period, it is necessary to discuss and explain the seeming 
 inferiority of New England's literature to contemporary 
 English literature. To do this it will be necessary not only 
 to consider the literary production of the colonists, — its 
 kind, its extent, and its quality, — but also to compare it 
 with that of the English Puritans and account for such 
 actual differences as are found. 
 
 An indication of the nature of the literary activity during 
 this period may be obtained from the following tabulation 
 of the output of the press at Cambridge from its establish- 
 ment through the year 1670.^ 
 
 Total number of publications 157 
 
 Almanacs (many contained verse) 26 
 
 Books in the Indian language 19 
 
 Religious books (prose) 58 
 
 Religious books (verse) 5 
 
 Lists of Harvard theses 12 
 
 Laws and official publications 22 
 
 School books 3 
 
 Poetry 4 
 
 History, Biography, etc. 8 
 
 This list, however, fails to give an accurate impression of 
 the extent of their production of books. It must be remem- 
 bered that the colonists thought of themselves as English- 
 men primarily,- and in any important book would wish to 
 
 ' These figures are based upon the list of publications given in Evans' American 
 Bibliography. 
 
 ' See pp. 62, 63, above. 
 
The Production of Literature. 83 
 
 address their countrymen who still lived in England as much 
 as, if not more than, their New England neighbors. All 
 books before the press was established at Cambridge in 
 1638, and the more important books after that time, were 
 sent to London for publication. Roger Williams' "The 
 Bloody Tenet of Persecution for Cause of Conscience," writ- 
 ten by Williams while visiting in London, was published there 
 in 1644. A copy soon reached the library of John Cotton 
 in Boston, who saw fit to reply to it. The reply, "The Bloody 
 Tenet washed and made white in the Blood of the Lamb," 
 was sent to London, where it appeared in 1647. When this 
 reached Williams in Rhode Island he wrote a second book 
 to reply to Cotton's argument, "The Bloody Tenet yet more 
 Bloody, by Mr. Cotton's Endeavor to wash it white in the 
 Blood of the Lamb." This also crossed the ocean for publica- 
 tion in 1652. Thus did men living within fifty miles of each 
 other argue over a range of six thousand miles because they 
 were writing for all Englishmen to read. Similarly, elegies 
 and books of religious verse for local use, such as "The Bay 
 Psalm Book," were printed at Cambridge; but the first vol- 
 ume of poetry written with literary intent, Anne Brad- 
 street's "The Tenth Muse, lately sprung up in America," was 
 sent to London for publication in 1650. 
 
 To the productions of the press at Cambridge, then, must 
 be added the many books published abroad. These were 
 fewer in number, but really amounted to more, since many 
 of the Cambridge volumes were merely sermons, or thin 
 pamphlets, whereas the books sent to England were generally 
 full-fledged books. 
 
 Religious books were numerous among those printed in 
 England, but were perhaps exceeded by a class of books 
 almost unknown to the Cambridge press, descriptions of 
 America or of life in America. These range from such dis- 
 cussions of the natural history of the region as Wood's "New 
 England's Prospect" and Josselyn's "New England's Rarities 
 Discovered," to such defenses against those who published un- 
 
84 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 favorable reports of conditions, either physical, political, or re- 
 ligious, in New England as Winslow's "Good News from New 
 England" and Johnson's "Wonder-Working Providence." 
 
 To the products of the presses on both sides of the ocean 
 certain other writings must be added if we are to get a fair 
 estimate of the activity of New England pens during these 
 years. Several books, among them some which rank highest 
 in modern estimates of the period, were not printed until 
 years or even centuries had passed. Such are Bradford's 
 "History of Plymouth Plantations," Winthrop's "Journal,"^ 
 and Mason's account of his fight with the Pequots at Mystic. 
 Considerable verse also escaped publication, some until 
 Cotton Mather wrote his "Magnalia Christi," and more until 
 antiquarian interest set people to hunting through ancestral 
 records. 
 
 In quantity, it is evident, the literary output of the early 
 colonists was considerable. Its quality is less marked, how 
 much less depending upon the standards by which it is 
 tested. Tested in comparison with the best which England 
 produced in the seventeenth century, it is certainly defi- 
 cient. Tested in comparison with the bulk of the writings 
 of English Puritans during the same period, its deficiency 
 is not very marked. Surely the latter test is the fairer one, 
 and William Prynne a more typical author with whom to 
 compare the New Englander than John Milton. 
 
 If we eliminate poetry from the discussion, the best that 
 New England produced is not greatly inferior to Milton's 
 work. In Governor Winthrop's "Journal" there are many 
 eloquent passages, in spite of the fact that much of it was 
 evidentlv written in great haste at odd moments. Governor 
 Bradford's style in his "History" is remarkably simple and 
 direct, and the same may be said of Winslow's in his narra- 
 tives.* Roger Williams and John Winthrop, Jr., also wrote 
 
 ^ Sometimes called Winthrop's History of New England. This was first printed 
 
 in part in 1790, and as a whole in 1825. Bradford's History was printed in 1856. 
 
 * It must be remembered that Dryden was the first to write a prose which can 
 
The Production of Literature. 85 
 
 effective prose. As for religious literature, it is impossible 
 to distinguish between that produced in the colony and in 
 the mother country, partly because so many of the leading 
 divines preached and published their sermons with equal 
 satisfaction to hearers and readers in either country. That 
 so many books written in New England were published in 
 London is further evidence that a voyage to America did 
 not affect either the ability or the popularity of a writer. If 
 no great literature was produced by the Puritans in New 
 England, it may be not because they were in New England, 
 but because little great literature was produced by the Pur- 
 itans anywhere. 
 
 It is only when we turn to conscious literature, to belles- 
 lettres and especially to poetry, that we find any decided 
 inferiority in New England. Milton, Marvell, and Wither 
 have no rivals there, although the worst of Wither has per- 
 haps nothing to distinguish it from the better colonial poems. 
 But we must not forget that to compare Anne Bradstreet 
 with Milton may be unfair; it would seem more just to 
 compare her with Mrs. Katharine Philips (Orinda), her 
 English contemporary. If it is true that Mrs. Bradstreet is 
 remembered only as a curiosity of American literature, it 
 seems just as true that Mrs. Philips is not remembered at 
 all. This IS not to imply that the poetry of Mrs. Bradstreet 
 or of her neighbors is good poetry, but to warn the reader 
 against the common tendency to rate it lower than it de- 
 serves in comparison with the general output of Puritan 
 poetry in England at the same time. 
 
 Funeral elegies were a custom of the time, a custom faith- 
 fully observed in both New and Old England.^ Of English 
 
 be called modern, that is, which does not seem somewhat strange to a modern ear, 
 and that his first separate prose publication, the Essay of Dramatic Poesy, did not 
 appear until 1668, practically at the end of the period under discussion. 
 
 5 Samuel Stone of Hartford wrote to Thomas Shepard of Cambridge, July 19, 
 1647, "If I have the whole winter, you may think whether it may not be comely 
 for you & myselfe & some other Elders to make a few verses for Mr. Hooker 
 & inscribe them in the begin*^ of his book, as if they had been his funerall verses." 
 (Mather Papers, p. 546.) 
 
86 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 elegies of the period most of us know only "Lycidas" and per- 
 haps Marvell's "Poem upon the Death of his Late Highness 
 the Lord Protector," and when we read the colonial elegies we 
 compare them with these, forgetting that these are quite 
 exceptional. And the fact that the colonial elegies (because 
 so many of them were preserved for us by Morton in his 
 "New England's Memorial" and by Cotton Mather in his 
 "Magnalia Christi," whereas much fugitive poetry undoubt- 
 edly perished) form an abnormally large part of the whole 
 body of colonial poetry gives us a false impression of the 
 whole. It might be fairer to disregard them entirely in our 
 estimates of colonial poetry, as we practically do disregard 
 the English elegies of the same period when we consider Eng- 
 lish poetry of the seventeenth century.'^ But if we must con- 
 sider them, let us compare them with similar elegies pro- 
 duced in England. The colonial ministers wrote elegies 
 not because they felt themselves to be poets, but because 
 it was the fitting way to pay tribute. English ministers did 
 the same for the same reason. Did they succeed any bet- 
 ter? To get some answer to this question, I examined the 
 works of an English Puritan divine, well known and popular 
 both as a preacher and as a writer and perhaps typical, to 
 see whether he ever attempted verse or not. I discovered 
 that Richard Baxter had not only written but published a 
 volume of verse which went through three editions in the 
 seventeenth century, and was reprinted in 1821. One of 
 the first poems I read was an elegy, part of which I venture 
 to copy here for comparison with one of the colonial elegies 
 which Professor Tyler^ used as an example of the "elaborate 
 
 * Who ever reads the other elegies to Edward King published with Lycidas? 
 No criticism of colonial verse is more severe than Professor Masson's remark 
 (Globe ed. Milton, p. 432), "All the more striking must it have been for a reader 
 who had toiled through the trash of the preceding twelve pieces (I have read them 
 one and all, and will vouch that they are trash) to come at length upon this opening 
 of a true poem: — 
 
 'Yet once more, O ye laurels . . . . ' " 
 
 7 A History of American Literature, i. 269. 
 
The Production of Literature. 87 
 
 and painful jests" and the "ingenuities of allusion" which 
 characterized them. 
 
 Upon the Sight of Mr. VINES his Posthumous Treatise on the 
 Sacrament, Octob. 18, 1656. who dyed a little before. 
 
 While thou grew'st here, thy fruit made glad 
 
 The hearts that sin and death made sad: 
 
 Lest we would surfeit of thy fruit, 
 
 Thy Life retired to the root. 
 
 Desiring with us first to keep, 
 
 A Passover before thy sleep:* 
 
 Weary of Earth, thou took'st thine Ease, 
 
 Passing into the land of Peace: 
 
 The threatned Evil we foresee, 
 
 But hope to hide our selves with Thee. 
 
 Though thou art gone, while we must fight, 
 
 We'll call it Victory, not Fight. 
 
 When God hath taken up this VINE, 
 
 We thought no more to taste its Wine, 
 
 Till in the Land of Salem s King, 
 
 We drink it new, even from the Spring: 
 
 But unexpectedly we find, 
 
 Some Clusters which are left behind: 
 
 This Mantle from thy Chariot fell; 
 
 We know it by the pleasant smell: 
 
 Who knows but from this little seed 
 
 Some more such fruitful Vines may breed? 
 
 The Tree of Death bears precious Fruit, 
 
 Though in the Earth it have no Root. 
 
 The Soul imboided [imbodied] in those Lines, 
 
 Doth make us say, that. This is VINES: 
 
 And if our Hearts with you could be; 
 
 Our Lord would say, that there are we. 
 
 But as according to desert. 
 
 The Heavens have got thy better part; 
 
 * He dyed suddenly on the Lords Day at night, after he had Preacht and Ad- 
 ministred the Sacrament. [Author's note.] 
 
88 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 And left us but some of the Wine, 
 
 Whilst they have taken up the Vine: 
 
 So we look up, and wait, and pray, 
 
 And yet still feel, we live in Clay. 
 
 Here we are keeping sin's account, 
 
 While some small sparks do upward mount, 
 
 Crying "How long. Holy and True." 
 
 Till we are taken up to you. 
 
 Thus also we must follow LOVE*, 
 
 To find our HEAD and LIFE above. 
 
 He that is made by the New-Birth, 
 
 A Buj-ges of the Church on Earth, 
 
 And then by Faith can rise so high, 
 
 In Divine LOVE to live and die. 
 
 Shall be translated to your soil, 
 
 Remov'd from sin, and fear, and toil; 
 
 And from this House of Worms & Moles 
 
 Unto that Element of Souls. 
 
 Where every Branch becomes a VINE; 
 
 And where these clods like stars will shine 
 
 God is not there known by the Book! 
 
 You need not there the pruning-hook: 
 
 There you have Wine without the Press; 
 
 And God his praise without distress. 
 
 A Threnodia upon our churches second dark eclipse, happening 
 July 20, 1663, by death's interposition between us and that great 
 light and divine plant, Mr. Samuel Stone, late of Hartford, in 
 New England.* 
 
 Last spring this summer may be autumn styl'd, 
 Sad withering fall our beauties which despoil'd; 
 Two choicest plants, our Norton and our Stone, 
 
 * Mr. A. Burgesse was Minister at Lawrence Church: Mr. Love succeeded him, 
 and was beheaded by the Remnant of the Long Parliament, which cut off the K. 
 for sending Money to some about the present King. Mr. Fines succeeded him. 
 [Author's note.] 
 
 * Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers, p. 197. 
 
The Production of Literature. 89 
 
 Your justs threw down; remov'd, away are gone. 
 
 One year brought Stone and Norton to their mother, 
 
 In one year, April, July, them did smother. 
 
 Dame Cambridge, mother to this darling son; 
 
 Emanuel, Northampt' that heard this one, 
 
 Essex, our bay, Hartford, in sable clad. 
 
 Come bear your parts in this Threnodia sad. 
 
 In losing one, church many lost: O then 
 
 Many for one come be sad singing men. 
 
 May nature, grace and art be found in one 
 
 So high, as to be found in few or none. 
 
 In him these three with full fraught hand contested, 
 
 With which by each he should be most invested. 
 
 The largest of the three, it was so great 
 
 On him, the stone was held a light compleat, 
 
 A stone more than the Ebenezer fam'd; 
 
 Stone splendent diamond, right orient nam'd; 
 
 A cordial stone, that often cheered hearts 
 
 With pleasant wit, with Gospel rich imparts; 
 
 Whetstone, that edgify'd th' obtusest mind; 
 
 Loadstone, that drew the iron heart unkind; 
 
 A pond'rous stone, that would the bottom sound 
 
 Of Scripture depths, and bring out Arcan's found; 
 
 A stone for kingly David's use so fit, 
 
 As would not fail Goliah's front to hit; 
 
 A stone, an antidote, that brake the course 
 
 Of gangrene error, by convincing force; 
 
 A stone acute, fit to divide and square; 
 
 A squared stone became Christ's building rare. 
 
 A Peter's living, lively stone (so reared) 
 
 As 'live was Hartford's life; dead, death is fear'd. 
 
 In Hartford old. Stone first drew infant breath, 
 
 In New, effused his last; O there beneath 
 
 His corps are laid, near to his darling brother,' 
 
 Of whom dead oft he sighed, Not such another. 
 
 Heaven is the more desirable, said he. 
 
 For Hooker, Shepard, and Hayne's company. 
 
 E. B.* 
 
 'Thomas Hooker, Stone's colleague, had died in 1647. 
 * Supposed to be Edward Bulkley. 
 
90 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Both poems are unquestionably bad, and for the same 
 chief cause, the tendency to overdo the fantastic. Of the 
 two, I do not feel that the colonial poem is the worse, for it 
 seems to me that it has more form and that the playing upon 
 the word stone is better managed and more effective than 
 that upon the word vine. 
 
 In another and even humbler form of verse, that which 
 appeared in the almanacs of the day, a form generally, and 
 perhaps deservedly, neglected by students of literature, the 
 colonial writers were also not inferior to those of the mother 
 country. A comparison of the incomplete file of seventeenth 
 century British almanacs in the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society library with the almanacs published in Massachu- 
 setts during the period under discussion, shows that more 
 colonial almanacs in proportion contain verse, that they 
 average more lines of verse per almanac, and that in general 
 this verse exhibits more originality. No New England al- 
 manac maker found it necessary to repeat, with slight 
 changes, the verses which he had used the year before, as 
 Edward Pond did in his almanac for 1611, nor to reprint 
 verse which he had used over twenty years before, as Ralph 
 Partridge in 1705 drew upon his own "Merlinus Redivivus" 
 of 1684. Most of the verse on both sides of the water is 
 mechanical rhyming upon the trite topics of the changing 
 seasons, the influence of signs of the zodiac, astrological 
 advice, or the possibilities of the coming year. Three of the 
 American almanacs, however, show some originality. Sam- 
 uel Danforth's "An Almanack for the Year of our Lord 1649" 
 contains an eighty-eight line poem followed by an eight line 
 prognostication, the whole planned to fit the almanac with 
 eight lines at the head of each month. The poem is an 
 elaborate and not ineffective (though not very poetical) 
 allegorical account of the settlement of New England and 
 the trials of the colonists. Hurricanes, Indian uprisings, 
 the "antinomian" errors of Mrs. Hutchinson, plagues of 
 pigeons and army worms, and even echoes of the troubles 
 
The Production ol Literature. 9 i 
 
 in England, are brought into this account of the "Orphan" 
 driven from "England's armes" into the wilderness. Josiah 
 Flint's "Almanack" for 1666 contains a history of the Jews in 
 rhyme. John Richardson's "Almanack" for 1670 furnishes an 
 example of a quality generally lacking in colonial literature 
 — humor. "The Countryman's Apocrypha," as the main 
 poem is called, is a satire upon the vulgar belief in and love 
 of marvels. The satire is exaggerated and the humor is 
 blunt;^" but there is nothing trite or conventional about 
 the poem. Neither English nor colonial almanacs printed 
 selections from real poetry at this time; that custom was 
 not established until the second quarter of the eighteenth 
 century. Those who depended upon the annual almanac 
 for their literature had meager fare; but they were at no 
 disadvantage if they lived in New England. 
 
 In attempting to determine the quality of the literature 
 produced by the people of New England it must not be for- 
 gotten that in so far as they were consciously writing, they 
 were writing for their contemporaries, and that, in conse- 
 quence, it should be judged by their standards. To us 
 
 "The following lines are characteristic: 
 
 'The Moon is habitable, some averre; 
 And that some Creatures have their Dwelling there; 
 Judge what you please; but yet 'tis very true, 
 This year the Moon a Pair of Horns will shew. 
 
 The satire at the expense of the ignorant aroused the ire of Samuel Bailey of 
 Little Compton, who wrote in reply The College Ferula, the almanac, printed at 
 Cambridge, being considered a college product. Bailey's poem, sent to John 
 Whipple, town clerk of Providence, lay hidden in manuscript among the town 
 records until 1840. It is a better poem than the other. It concludes: 
 
 These are grave sophisters, that are in schools 
 
 So wise they think their aged fathers, fools 
 
 That plough and cart; and such they are indeed 
 
 Or else they would not work so hard, to breed 
 
 Their boys to flout them; but I cannot stay 
 
 Fodderirig of asses thus; I must away 
 
 And give my sheep their breakfast, who, I fear. 
 
 Wait at the stack, while I write verses here. 
 
 The entire poem is printed in the New England Historical and Genealogical 
 Register, ix. 356. 
 
92 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 much that they wrote seems absurd, and such effusions as 
 "The Bay Psalm Book" and Wigglesworth's "The Day of 
 Doom" are held up for ridicule in almost every history or col- 
 lection of American literature. Yet contemporary England 
 found nothing absurd in them. "The Day of Doom" was twice 
 reprinted in England," and "The Bay Psalm Book" passed 
 through eighteen editions in England, the last in 1754, and 
 twenty-two editions in Scotland, the last in 1759.*^ The 
 latter was popular in the mother country long after Tate 
 and Brady's version had supplanted it in some of the New 
 England churches. ^^ Perhaps New England taste was not 
 abnormal or even peculiar; perhaps it is only the popular 
 taste of seventeenth century England on either side of the 
 water which seems so strange, and which, met almost solely 
 in the poetry of New England (since few read the equivalent 
 poetry written in England, there being so much that is 
 better), gives us a false impression of colonial taste and 
 literary culture. 
 
 We expect too much of early New England literature, 
 then, if we attempt to compare it solely with the best of 
 contemporary literature; and we are also unfair to New 
 England when we compare its production with that of all 
 England — the colony in its earliest years with the mother 
 country. It would be fairer to compare the colonies with 
 some district of England, — to compare Boston in New Eng- 
 
 " At London in 1673, ^""^ ^^ Newcastle in 171 1. 
 
 " Truebner, Bibliographical Guide to American Literature, p. viii. Thomas 
 Prince wrote in the preface to the version of 1758, "I found in England it was by 
 some eminent Congregations prefer'd to all Others in their Publick Worship, even 
 down to 1717, when I last left that Part of the British Kingdom." (Sewall's 
 Diary, iii. 16 note.) 
 
 '^ "A sing lecture att y^ north Brick. Mr. Coleman preached from those words 
 "They sung a new song" . . . Sung Tate & Brady 4 psalms ..." (Diary 
 of Jeremiah Bumstead, September 21, 1722, in the New England Historical and 
 Genealogical Register, xv. 196.) An edition of Tate and Brady's Psalms, "for the 
 use of her Majesty's Chapel in America," was published at Boston in 1713. 
 (Thomas, History of Printing, ii. 367.) Copies of the English version were on sale 
 in Boston as early as 1700, five copies being listed in the inventory of the estate 
 of Michael Perry, Bookseller. (Ford, The Boston Book Market, p. 176.) 
 
The Production of Literature. 93 
 
 land and the district around it with Boston in Old England 
 and the surrounding county of Lincolnshire. Thomas Fuller 
 in his Lincolnshire section of "The Worthies of England" 
 mentions the following as writers since the Reformation: Ed- 
 mund ShefFeild, Peter Morwing, Anthony Gilby, John Fox, 
 Dr. Thomas Sparks, Dr. Tighe, and Fines Morison. The 
 editor of the 1840 edition of the "Worthies" adds a list of 
 writers since Fuller's time. The only names in that list 
 which come within the period of the entire first century of 
 colonial life are Susannah Centlivre and Sir Charles Cot- 
 terell, the translator of "Cassandra." Such limited literary 
 activity as these names represent would not indicate that 
 New England was, by comparison, sterile soil for liter- 
 ature. 
 
 The preceding attempt to determine a fair standard by 
 which to judge of the quality of colonial writings partly 
 explains why the early colonists did not produce a finer 
 literature than they did; they were producing the literature 
 which, in general, their class in England produced. The 
 earlier chapters have shown that their education and literary 
 culture were not greatly affected by their removal to a new 
 land. For just that reason their literary activity was little 
 affected by their change. If no fine poetry was produced, 
 it was because the Puritans had few poets of ability and of 
 them none chose to come to New England. Poets of little 
 ability seem to have been uninfluenced by emigration. 
 John Wilson wrote much poor poetry in New England; but 
 there seems to be no evidence that the volume which he 
 published in England in 1626 before he came contained any 
 better poetry. If a poet of real ability had come to Boston, 
 he would not have ceased to be a poet. If John Milton, for 
 instance, had been driven over by the Restoration, I see no 
 reason why he could not have developed "Paradise Lost" as 
 well as in England. There is a possibility that the busy life 
 of a young colony might in some cases have militated some- 
 what against the production of poetry, but that would not 
 
94 I>iterary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 have affected Milton, whose blindness would have ensured 
 to him the leisure necessary for his work. 
 
 The really remarkable thing about the literature of New 
 England in its earliest days is that there is as much of it as 
 there is, and that it is as good as it is. There were certainly 
 many things which might have hampered and probably did 
 hamper literary work. The lack of leisure time, already men- 
 tioned, might have hindered some, although the ministers 
 and some of the wealthier men would have been free from 
 this handicap. The necessity of sending all material, at 
 first, to England for publication, and of sending much even 
 after a press was established at Cambridge, may have been 
 a restraining influence. Still another was the rigid censor- 
 ship of the colonial press, little used during this period, as 
 far as the records show, but nevertheless always in existence, 
 as shown by the fining of Marmaduke Johnson for printing 
 without authority in 1668,^'* and by the stopping of a par- 
 tially printed edition of Thomas a Kempis in 1669.^^ The 
 narrowness of some of the leaders may have had a repressing 
 influence upon freedom of expression. ^^ There was no lit- 
 erary circle for the mutual encouragement of those who 
 might be interested in the production of literature, and no 
 
 '4 Johnson, associated with Bartholomew Green at the Cambridge Press, printed 
 without authority The Isle of Pines, a pamphlet of the Baron Munchausen order, 
 already popular in England. For this offence he was fined £5. (Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, xi. 247-249.) 
 
 '5 "The Court, being informed that there is now in the presse, reprinting, a 
 booke, tit Imitacons of Christ, or to y' purpose, written by Thomas a Kempis, a 
 Popish minister, wherein is conteyned some things that are less safe to be infused 
 among the people of this place, doe comend it to the licensers of the press, the 
 more full revisall thereof, & that in the meane tjme there be no further progresse 
 in that worke." (Massachusetts Colony Records, iv. Part 11, p. 424.) As no copy 
 of an Imitatio Christi printed in New England at this time has ever been discov- 
 ered, the licensers evidently decided that suppression was preferable to revision. 
 (Diary of Cotton Mather, ii. 582 note.) 
 
 »' Thomas Shepard found it necessary to write to Governor Winthrop, "Your 
 apprehensions agaynst reading & learning heathen authors, I perswade myselfe 
 were suddenly suggested, & will easily be answered by B: Dunstar, if yow should 
 impart them to him." (Winthrop Papers, ii. 272.) 
 
The Production of Literature. 95 
 
 sufficient home market for any work of a purely artistic 
 nature. In spite of all this, a great deal was written, and 
 a large part of what was written was in the form of verse. 
 Professor Tyler remarks, ^^ with perhaps unnecessary sar- 
 casm, upon the almost universal tendency to attempt to 
 write verse. If they did not succeed in writing much good 
 verse, it was not for lack of effort. That they wrote some 
 real poetry must be acknowledged.^** 
 
 It seems safe to conclude that the early New England 
 colonists wrote more than they would have written had they 
 remained in England, and that the quality of their work was 
 not lowered by their removal, or by any lack of opportunities 
 for culture in the new home. 
 
 '' History of American Literature, i. 267. 
 
 •' Anne Bradstreet's Contemplations and some of her shorter pieces, Wiggles- 
 worth's Vanity of Vanities and certain stanzas of The Day of Doom, Edward 
 Johnson's From Silent Night, True Register of Moans, are instances of poems 
 which have poetic merit. 
 
Part II: 
 The End of the Seventeenth Century. 
 
 1670-1 700. 
 
chapter VI: Education. 
 
 WHEN President Charles Chauncy of Harvard died 
 in 1672, the college ceased to be in the control of 
 those who had been educated in England, and 
 was managed thereafter by its own graduates. Leonard 
 Hoar, his successor, had taken his first degree at Harvard 
 in i6';o, and his three successors, Urian Oakes, John Rogers, 
 and Increase Mather, had graduated there, the first two in 
 1649, ^^d ^he third in 1656.^ The change seems to have had 
 little effect upon the quality of the work done in the college, 
 partly, perhaps, because even before this Harvard gradu- 
 ates, as tutors, had done much of the teaching.^ Another 
 reason for the slight effect of the change may have been 
 that three of the four successors of President Chauncy had 
 either studied or lived in England after finishing their 
 courses at Harvard. Leonard Hoar went to England in 
 1653 and preached for some time at Wanstead. He later 
 studied medicine at Cambridge, taking the degree of Doctor 
 of Medicine in 1671.^ While living in England he married 
 the daughter of Lord Lisle.'* Urian Oakes went to England 
 soon after graduating, and there became pastor of a church 
 at Titchfield. Being silenced at the Restoration, he ac- 
 cepted the call of the church at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
 and was soon after chosen President. s Increase Mather 
 studied at Trinity College, Dublin, gaining the Master's 
 
 ' Magnalia, ii. 30. 
 
 ^ Ibid., passim. George Downing and John Bulkly, Harvard 1642, had been 
 the first tutors. 
 
 3 Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, ist ieries, vi. 100 note; Mag- 
 nalia, ii. 14. 
 
 * Ibid. Mrs. Hoar's mother was the unfortunate Lady Alice Lisle, cruelly 
 beheaded at Winchester in 1685 for giving refuge to fugitives from Monmouth's 
 defeated forces. 
 
 s Ibid., ii. 115, 116. 
 
I oo Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 degree, and being offered a fellowship which he declined. 
 He also preached in the island of Guernsey before returning 
 to New England.^ 
 
 The arrival of Charles Morton in 1686 and his appoint- 
 ment in 1692 as fellow and in 1697 as vice president of 
 Harvard brought to the colony and the college a valuable 
 cultural influence, for Morton had been a fellow of Wadham 
 College,. Oxford, and for years a successful teacher in Lon- 
 don. When he was appointed vice president it was planned 
 that in time he should succeed to the presidency,^ but he 
 died in 1698 while Increase Mather was still president. 
 Upon his arrival he read lectures on philosophy at his own 
 home; but the lectures attracted so many from the college 
 that he was requested to abandon them.^ 
 
 Such contact with England and English scholastic life 
 must have had considerable effect in keeping, the college 
 from becoming too provincial. Its standing was still suffi- 
 ciently good to attract at least one student from England. 
 Nathaniel Mather of Dublin wrote to his brother Increase, 
 then newly chosen president, December 31, 1684: 
 
 . . . one Mr. Rich. Lob, merchant in London, who marryed my 
 sister Thompson, desyres me to write in behalf of this gentleman, 
 the bearer, his kinsman Mr. Penhallow of Falmouth in Cornwall, 
 who designs to spend a year or two in New England, in the Col- 
 ledg, for the perfecting of his learning, hee having lived 3 or 4 
 years under the instructions of one Mr. Morton . . . who is 
 constreyned to withdraw by reason of Capias's upon an Excom- 
 municacon.9 
 
 One unfavorable picture of Harvard during this period 
 
 * See p. 21, above. 
 
 'Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 2d Series, i. 158 fF; Eggleston, 
 Transit of Civilization, p. 45; Dictionary of National Biography. One of his 
 pupils in England had bee 1 Daniel Defoe. He brought two students with him. 
 At his death Morton left a sum of £50 to Harvard, and his funeral was attended 
 by the officers and students of Harvard in a body. 
 
 * See Mather Papers, pp. iii, 112, for the letter requesting him not to compete 
 with the college. 
 
 » Mather Papers, p. 59. 
 
Education. loi 
 
 exists in the account of the visit to it of Jasper Danckaerts, 
 a Dutch scholar, in 1680. In reading this it must be re- 
 membered that when the visit occurred Harvard had been 
 four years without a president, and had not recovered from 
 the disturbances and quarrels which led to the resignation 
 and death of President Hoar. Urian Oakes, referred to at 
 the end of the account, had been chosen president, but was 
 not yet installed. The graduates of 1680 were but five, and 
 in 1682 none took degrees.'" 
 
 We reached Cambridge about eight o'clock. It is not a large 
 village, and the houses stand very much apart. The college 
 building is the most conspicuous among them. We went to it, 
 expecting to see something unusual, as it is the only college, or 
 would-be academy of the Protestants in all America, but we 
 found ourselves mistaken. In approaching the house we neither 
 heard nor saw anything mentionable; but, going to the other 
 side of the building, we heard noise enough in an upper room to 
 lead niy comrade to say, "I believe they are engaged in disputa- 
 tion." We entered and went upstairs, when a person met us, and 
 requested us to walk in, which we did. We found there eight or 
 ten young fellows, sitting around, smoking tobacco, with the 
 smoke of which the room was so full, that you could hardly see; 
 and the whole house smelt so strong of it that when I was going 
 upstairs I said, "It certainly must be also a tavern." We excused 
 ourselves, that we could speak English only a little, but under- 
 stood Dutch or French well, which they did not. However, we 
 spoke as well as we could. We inquired how many professors 
 there were, and they replied not one, that there was not enough 
 money to support one. We asked how many students there were. 
 They said at first, thirty, and then came down to twenty; I 
 afterwards understood there are probably not ten." They knew 
 hardly a word of Latin, not one of them, so that my comrade could 
 not converse with them. They took us to the library where there 
 was nothing particular. We looked over it a little. They pre- 
 
 " Magnalia, ii. 31. 
 
 " The number was exactly thirty, seventeen undergraduates and thirteen 
 graduates, according to Cotton Mather's lists of the graduates of the classes then 
 in Harvard, Urian Oakes of the class of 1678 having died in 1679. (Magnalia, ii. 31). 
 
I02 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 sented us with a glass of" wine. This is all we ascertained there. 
 The minister of the place goes over there morning and evening to 
 make prayer, and has charge over them; besides him, the students 
 are under tutors or masters." 
 
 As for the inadequacy of the Harvard Latin so severely 
 criticized by Danckaerts, the fault may have been in Dutch 
 ears, in different methods of pronunciation, or in youthful 
 shyness in the presence of strangers. Cotton Mather, v^^ho 
 had taken his first degree at sixteen just two years before 
 this, and at this time was pursuing advanced studies, states 
 that pupils were required to speak true Latin, and to write 
 it in verse as well as prose, before they could enter Har- 
 vard; and he boasts that commencement orations were de- 
 livered in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and even in verse of 
 all three. '^ No one familiar with his writings can doubt 
 Mather's fluency — at least in quoting Latin. 
 
 It is worth mention here that two members of the class 
 which was to have degrees conferred upon it in a few days 
 after this visit, William Brattle and John Leverett, later 
 became tutors of Harvard and, during Increase Mather's 
 three and one-half years' absence in England, had complete 
 charge of the teaching. Among the men whom they taught 
 in those years were Paul Dudley, later Attorney General 
 of the Colony, Samuel Mather, who became pastor of a 
 church in England, Benjamin Wadsworth, later president 
 of the college, and Benjamin Colman, leader in the religious 
 and literary activities of Boston during the next two genera- 
 tions. The students whom Danckaerts pictured so unfavora- 
 bly were capable of training men of ability, and Leverett 
 himself was later chosen president of Harvard; both Lever- 
 
 " Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, p. 266, under date of July 9. Danckaerts' 
 whole account of conditions in and around Boston is marked by an evident lack 
 of sympathy and a willingness, if not an eagerness, to find faults. 
 
 '3 Magnalia, ii. 12. More than half of the students who were in Harvard at 
 this time became clergymen, and as such they would have to have some fluency 
 in speaking Latin. 
 
Education. 103 
 
 ett and Brattle were honored by election as Fellows of the 
 Royal Society.''' 
 
 The following criticism of Cambridge University, England, 
 in 1 7 10 — forty years later — also by a foreigner, one Offen- 
 bach, a German savant, as given by Mullinger, should be 
 taken into consideration when attempting to judge of con- 
 ditions at Harvard. 
 
 [This] keen-eyed traveller, in visiting the other colleges [be- 
 sides Trinity, whose hall he found dirty and "smelly"], could 
 not but be struck by the indifference evinced for the higher 
 interests of learning. At Caius College he found the manuscripts 
 placed in "a miserable garret under the roof," and lying "thick 
 with dust" on the floor. At Magdalene all the books were "en- 
 tirely overgrown with mould." ... At Trinity Hall, the library 
 appeared to him "very mean, consisting only of a few law books." 
 At Emmanuel, the books, though "respectable in number," stood 
 "in entire confusion." At Peterhouse, the manuscripts were 
 "buried in dust" and in the greatest disorder. At the University 
 Library, a rare codex of Josephus being "torn at the end," the 
 library-keeper obligingly presented him with a leaf!'^ 
 
 Nathaniel Mather, of Dublin, writing in 1686, seems well 
 satisfied with the scholarship of Harvard, although he 
 criticizes some details: 
 
 The method of these, & the last years Theses is in my judgmt 
 better than an[y] I have seen formerly. But the grammar of 
 some of [them] might bee mended, e. g., in Thes. 2, ... it 
 should have been fj'oducarit, not producerent; . . . But I per- 
 ceive the Cartesian philosophy begins to obteyn in New England, 
 & if I conjecture aright the Copernican System too. There should 
 also in a thing coming out from scholars in an university, have 
 been more care taken of orthography, e. g. Thes. Phys. 28, nitrolis 
 for nitrosis; and Pbillipsius should not bee with a double p.^* 
 
 There is little evidence in this period of the attitude of 
 
 '4 Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xiv. 291; Sibley, Har- 
 vard Graduates, iii. 183. 
 
 's Mullinger, History of Cambridge, p. 168. 
 '^ Mather Papers, p. 63. 
 
I04 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 the English universities toward Harvard; for after the 
 Restoration few Harvard men were tempted to England 
 either for study or to seek for churches. Cotton Mather 
 and Thomas Brattle, like William Brattle and John Lever- 
 ett, were honored by being chosen Fellows of the Royal So- 
 ciety;'' the former was given the degree of Doctor of Di- 
 vinity by the University of Glasgow in 1710;'* and Jeremiah 
 Dummer, Harvard 1699, was given the degree of Doctor of 
 Philosophy at Utrecht in 1703.'' Benjamin Colman, Har- 
 vard 1692, was also given the degree of Doctor of Divinity 
 by the University of Glasgow in 1731.'° Samuel Myles, 
 Harvard 1684, and William Vesey, Harvard 1693, received 
 the degree of Master of Arts from Oxford in 1693 and 1697.^^ 
 One other possible evidence of Harvard's standing in the 
 world of scholarship is found in a statement of Increase 
 Mather writing of the college in 1689: 
 
 . . . the Learned Men there have a corresponding communi- 
 cation with other Learned Men in divers parts of the World, 
 where the Reformed Religion is professed, and by them [are] 
 highly reverenced for their Learning and Sobriety." 
 
 In this period, then, Harvard had come to hold a much less 
 important place in the English speaking world than it had 
 held in the first period, and to that extent had become pro- 
 vincial; but this change had not greatly affected the quality 
 of scholarship, and had, if anything, increased the influence 
 of the college in the colonies. There were few Oxford or 
 
 " Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xiv. 8i ff; Narratives 
 of the Witchcraft Cases, p. 167. 
 
 '* Sibley, Harvard Graduates, iii. 39. 
 
 '9 Sewall, Letter-Book, i. 302. 
 
 "Turell, Life of Benjamin Colman, p. 157. 
 
 " Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xviii. 210, n. i. The last 
 two degrees were awards to men who had adopted Episcopalianism, and that to 
 Colman was given at the request of Governor Belcher. If they were not always 
 rewards for scholastic ability solely, at least they showed that the British universi- 
 ties were willing to recognize Harvard officially through such honors to her gradu- 
 ates. 
 
 " A Brief Relation of the State of New England, Andros Tracts, ii. i6a. 
 
Education. 105 
 
 Cambridge men to compete with the Harvard men. Cotton 
 Mather, speaking of the influence of Harvard in 1696, states 
 that of 87 ministers in Massachusetts, 76 were Harvard 
 graduates, and of 35 in Connecticut, 31 were from Harvard. ^^ 
 As to the quahty of the scholarship, one or two more illus- 
 trations may be given. Nathaniel Mather, brother of Cotton 
 Mather, graduating from Harvard in 1685 at the age of six- 
 teen, was sufficiently skilled in mathematics and astronomy 
 to figure out the statistics and calculations of almanacs for 
 the years 1685 and 1686, which he published.''' Samuel 
 Sewall, Harvard 1671, seems to have had a sound classical 
 training. Dr. William Everett, in referring to Sewall's 
 original English and Latin poems, says, 
 
 ... in the latter, at least, the metre is irreproachable, ac- 
 cording to the rules of quantity as recognized by the scholars of 
 his time. An exhaustive examination of the verses in the Diary 
 leaves no doubt on this subject.^^ 
 
 Sewall also shows his scholarship elsewhere. In a letter he 
 
 writes: 
 
 There is mention made of a new Translation of the Bible: 
 If it go forward, I would propound One Word of amendment: 
 John, 10. 16. The Word (Fold) in the latter part of the verse 
 ought to be changed for the word( Flock) .^^ The new French 
 Translation has it {Un seul tropeau) I have a Latin Testament 
 printed Parisijs ex officina Rob. Stephani typographi Regij M. D. 
 XLV. He seems to be scrupulous in departing from the Vulgar 
 Latin; yet has this Marginal Reading {ut fiat iinus grex) Beza 
 in his latter edition, has {grex^ Tremellius his Translation of the 
 Syriack, runs thus {fietq\u\e totus grex unus) In reading Austin 
 
 « Magnalia, i. 86. 
 
 '"t The Boston Ephemeris, an Almanack for the year 1685 [and the same for 
 1686]. Many of the Boston almanacs of the seventeenth century were compiled 
 by the graduates of Harvard who were continuing their studies in residence after 
 graduation. Such resident bachelors specialized in astronomy and mathematics. 
 
 *5 Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, iv. 80. 
 
 ^ This change was made in the revised version of 1881, as the editors of the 
 Letter-Book pointed out. 
 
io6 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 upon the Psalms, I have often met with, {Unus grex, unus pastor) 
 Psal. 71. Col. 780. Psal. 77. Col. 852. Psal. 78. Col. 878. ter 
 legitnr. I do not see that the word is any where else translated 
 (Fold). In Act. 20. 28, 29, and i Pet. 5. 2, 3, the word is of the 
 same Origination, though of the Neuter Gender, and is still 
 rendred (Flock). ^^ 
 
 On one occasion he reports that he and a friend spent the 
 evening reading Latin verse to each other.'* In another 
 letter he discusses the "enetymology" of the word "Lor- 
 dane, by Corruption, Lurdane; .... Though your Eng- 
 lish Dictionary carrys it another way,"'' The following 
 memorandum in his "Letter-Book" also indicates his interest 
 in study: 
 
 To Mr. Stretton, to buy Bellarmine, two volumes, polemical 
 works, fair print. Some Spanish Books; Barthol. de las Casas in 
 Spanish, and in English too; Gramar and Dictionary, if to be 
 had; and what else you shall see convenient for my purpose of 
 getting a Smattering of the Spanish tongue. 3° 
 
 Somewhat later Cotton Mather also became interested in 
 Spanish, as is shown by his own account: 
 
 About this Time, understanding that the way for our Com- 
 munication with the Spanish Indies, opens more and more, I 
 sett myself to learn the Spanish Language. The Lord wonderfully 
 prospered mee in this Undertaking; a few liesure Minutes in the 
 Evening of every Day, in about a Fortnight, or three weeks 
 Time, so accomplished mee, I could write very good Spanish. 
 Accordingly, I composed a little Body of the Protestant Religion, 
 in certain Articles . . . This I turn'd into the Spanish Tongue.^' 
 
 ^^ Letter-Book, i. 297. 
 
 ^8 "Mr. Bradstreet read to me Chrysostom's going out of Constantinople into 
 Banishment; and I read his Return; both in Latin, very entertaining. 'Twas 
 occasion'd by my mentioning the two foHos I had given him. I offered to give 
 Dr. Mather's Church History for them and put them into the Library. It seems 
 Mr. Bradstreet has all the Eton Edition." (Diary, iii. 163.) 
 
 29 Letter-Book, i. 18. 
 
 i" Ii>id., i. 123. In the year 1691. 
 
 3' Diary, i. 284. January, 1698-9. He confessed in the Diary that the task 
 gave him a terrible headache! 
 
Education. 107 
 
 In the "Magnalia" he quoted one proverb in Spanish.^-' He 
 also wrote at least one tract in French.^' In a day in which 
 the education of woman was neglected, he taught his daughter 
 Katherine both Latin and Hebrew. ^^ Evidently the schol- 
 arly spirit was not lacking in this period of the colonial 
 life. 
 
 Nor was the period without scientific spirit. Nathaniel 
 Mather's letter, given on page 103, refers to the growing 
 influence of the Cartesian philosophy in the Colonies. 
 Thomas Brattle also refers to this in a letter which he wrote 
 at the time of the witchcraft troubles. 
 
 The Salem justices . . . are so well instructed in the Carte- 
 sian philosophy, and in the doctrine oi effluvia, that they undertake 
 to give a demonstration how this touch does cure the afHicted 
 persons.^5 
 
 It had become established at Cambridge not long before 
 this.^* The Reverend Deodat Lawson, whose lecture at 
 Salem Village, March 24, 1692, was largely responsible for 
 the beginning of the witchcraft persecutions, had been edu- 
 cated in England, where he had spent six years at the English 
 universities, whence he had brought the current beliefs of 
 English scholars." The Copernican theory was accepted 
 with some hesitation, but slowly gained way. It was stated 
 and explained as early as 1659 in Zechariah Brigden's "Alma- 
 nack" for that year. Alexander Nowell in his "Almanack" 
 for 1665 defended it. In 1665 Samuel Danforth published 
 "An Astronomical Description of the late Comet, or Blaz- 
 
 J' Magnalia, ii. 581. 
 
 " Diary, ii. 651. It was entitled Grande Voix du del a la France sous La Verge 
 de Dieu. 
 
 " Wendell, Cotton Mather, p. 257. 
 
 " Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, ist Series, v. 63. 
 
 3^ MuUinger in his History of Cambridge, ca. p. 158, speaks of it as attracting 
 great attention and interest around 1660. 
 
 " Littlefield, Early Boston Booksellers, p. 164. It must be remembered that the 
 colonists in their beliefs in witchcraft were not behind the times, but rather accept- 
 ing the latest ideas as expressed by Joseph Glanvil and Henry More of Cambridge. 
 See p. 142 and p. 160, below. 
 
io8 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 ing Star," in which he maintained that the orbit of the comet 
 was elliptical, and that its center was not the earth. 3» In 
 1675 .Tohfi Foster's "Almanack" advanced strong arguments 
 for the theory. In Nathaniel Mather's "Almanack" for 
 1686, already referred to, Robert Hook's discovery of a sens- 
 ible parallax of the earth's orbit among the fixed stars was 
 cited as proof of the truth of the new system. ^^ 
 
 The influence of Harvard in this period, then, may have 
 been more provincial; but there seems to be no proof that 
 this change was attended by any appreciable decline in 
 scholarship. Harvard was still training men satisfactorily 
 for the ministry; its graduates were achieving distinction in 
 political life, Samuel Sewall, Paul Dudley, Benjamin Lynde, 
 and Gurdon Saltonstall, for example; and two other gradu- 
 ates of this period, Cotton Mather and Thomas Brattle, 
 received recognition for their scientific writings by the pub- 
 lication of their articles in the Transactions of the Royal 
 Society as well as by election to that Society. 4° 
 
 Of common school education during this period there is 
 no detailed information. School books were imported in 
 large numbers,'"' and some were printed in the colony. 
 Marmaduke Johnson testified in 1668 that he had printed a 
 primer;4^ and before or by 1690 Benjamin Harris had pub- 
 
 3* Eggleston, Transit of Civilization, p. 35. This was reprinted in England. 
 
 3' Sewall, for all of his classical learning, was somewhat skeptical of the new 
 science. As late as 1714 he wrote in his Diary (iii. 31), "Dr. C. Mather preaches 
 excellently from Ps. 37. Trust in the Lord &c. only spake of the Sun being in the 
 centre of our System. I think it inconvenient to assert such Problems." Sewall's 
 earlier credulity in accepting the spectral evidence in the witchcraft cases reacted 
 upon him to make him cautious of things not too evident. 
 
 ■*" Thomas Brattle was recognised for his ability as a mathematician and astron- 
 omer, Mather for his writings reporting natural (and sometimes, in the eyes of the 
 modern reader, unnatural and absurd) phenomena. The seeming absurdity of 
 some of these articles must not blind us to the fact that they did not seem absurd 
 at the time and were not at all out of place in the most learned periodical of the 
 time. "The Relation," commented the astronomer Halley, as editor, writing of 
 one of the most absurd, "seems to be well attested." (Publications of the Colonial 
 Society of Massachusetts, xiv. 82.) 
 
 ^' See book lists in the following chapter. 
 
 ^ Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, xi. 247. 
 
Education. 1 09 
 
 lished the famous "New England Primer."« That primers 
 such as these and catechisms like Cotton's "Spiritual Milk 
 for Boston Babes"-'^ sufficed for a primary education equiva- 
 lent to that obtainable in old England is shown by the state- 
 ment of John Locke in his "Thoughts Concerning Educa- 
 tion," written in 1690, that the method of teaching children 
 at that time in England "was the ordinary road of Horn- 
 book, Primer, Psalter, Testament, and Bible. "''^ Mr. Little- 
 field's statement seems to sum up the situation accurately: 
 "The writer is very strongly of the opinion that the facilities 
 for instruction in the colonial and provincial periods were 
 greater than is generally supposed. "^^ 
 
 « Litdefield, Early New England Schools, p. 148; Ford, Boston Book Market, 
 p. 29. 
 
 ^ See p. 23, above. 
 
 ^5 Littlefield, Early New England Schools, p. 92. 
 
 ^ Ibid., p. 328. That Massachusetts was interested in the enforcement of her 
 public school law is shown by the fact that when she assumed authority over the 
 province of Maine she applied to that territory the school law, and in 1675 
 the towns of Kittery, Cape Porpus, Scarboro, and Falmouth were all presented 
 because they did not as towns take care to have their youth taught their catechism 
 and educated according to the law. Maine Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d 
 Series, iv. 192. 
 
Chapter VII: Books and Libraries. 
 
 THE flow of books to the New England colonies in- 
 creased rather than diminished during the second 
 period. Gifts and shipments to individuals con- 
 tinued to come from England; booksellers became numer- 
 ous; and both the Public Library and the Harvard Library- 
 grew in size. 
 
 As in the earlier period, John Winthrop, Jr., was one of 
 the chief recipients of books. In 1670 Henry Oldenburg, 
 returning to Winthrop the thanks of the Royal Society for 
 curiosities which he had sent, wrote,' 
 
 And y* this returne may not be altogether verbal, you are to 
 receiue w'*" it some few books lately printed here by several Fellows 
 of y^ Society, viz.: 
 
 1. Mr. Boyles Continuation of y*" Experimts concerning the 
 Spring and weight of the Aire. 
 
 2. Dr. Holders Philosophy of Speech. 
 
 3. Dr. Thurston de Respirationis usu primario. 
 
 4. The Transactions of the last year. 
 
 In 1 67 1 he wrote, 
 
 I herewith send you a few philosophical Books, lately printed 
 here; viz.: — 
 
 1. M"^- Boyl's New Tracts about y^ wonderful rarefaction and 
 Condensation of the Air, etc. 
 
 2. Mons' Charas's New Experiments vpon Vipers. 
 
 3. The Transactions of 1670. 
 
 To these I adde a small discourse .... against y^ great 
 Sorbonist, Mons"^ Arnaud, touching y^ Perpetuity of y*" Romish 
 Faith about the Eucharist.^ 
 
 • Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ist Series, xvi. 244. 
 'Ibid., xvi. 251. 
 
Books and Libraries. i i i 
 
 A year later he wrote, 
 
 I cannot but thank you for the particulars contained in y' letter; 
 for w^'' I have nothing to return .... but the Transactions of 
 
 y*" last year The Discourse of Mr. Boyle concerning the 
 
 Origine and Vertue of Gems is not yet printed off: when it is, you 
 shall not faile, God permitting, of hauing a Copy of it sent you by 
 y* first ship y* shall goe for y' parts after its publication.^ 
 
 Similarly Samuel Petto of Suffolk, England, wrote to 
 Increase Mather in 1677, 
 
 I also intend to send with it [his letter], D' Owen of the reason 
 of faith.'' 
 
 and again in 1678, 
 
 I have herewith sent you three books Christianismus Christi- 
 anandus, and M' Ny's paper, of a question which is much de- 
 bated here, . . . also M' Troughton of Divine Providence, 
 . . . . If I knew what other such bookes would be acceptable 
 to you, I would send them.s 
 
 Four years later he wrote, 
 
 I did also direct a few lines to you, with Ml" Stockton's book 
 
 entituled Consolation in Life & Death I intend to send 
 
 you another of M' Stockton, entituled The best Interest when it 
 is finished.* 
 
 Others were sending books, too. T. JoUie of England 
 wrote in 1679, 
 
 I have sent you herewith 2 treatises, which severall yeares agoe 
 I drew up when I was a prisoner.' 
 
 Abraham Kick of Amsterdam wrote in 1683 ^o Increase 
 
 Mather, 
 
 I hope the bookes sent by Mr. John Pecke came safe to your 
 
 hand . . . .* 
 
 3 Ibid., xvi. 248. 
 
 ^ Mather Papers, p. 34I. 
 
 5 Ibid., p. 343. 
 
 « Ibid.y p. 348. 
 
 ' Ibid., p. 325. 
 
 « Ibid., p. 598. 
 
1 1 2 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Samuel Baker of England wrote, September 2, 1684, 
 I have given Mr. Epps order to send you, 
 
 1. An Acc° of the present state of the Prot. Religion, supposed 
 by Dr. O [wen] , thovigh I guess you have it, for which rea- 
 son I do not send you his Meditations of Glory. 
 
 2. A defence of his 12 arguments in answer to Baxter. 
 
 3. The Dr's Escot reprinted, with a Catalogue at the end, of 
 all the Dr's books. 
 
 4. A little book against Health-drinking. 
 
 5. The life of one Mr, Henry Dorney . . . .' 
 
 He wrote again later, 
 
 I . . . return my acknowledgm* for the books I haue rec"^. . . . 
 I know not what return to make in this kind more acceptable than 
 of Dr. Burnett's L''%" herewith sent." 
 
 Jonathan Tuckney of Hackney, England, sent books to 
 Increase Mather from time to time, as the following letters 
 indicate. 
 
 I wrote to you about two months since & therewith sent you 
 two bookes of my father's labors, one English sermons, the other 
 Latin Prelections & Determinations (as also two for my Cous. 
 Whiting and two for my Cous. your Br. John Cotton), which I 
 hope may be come to hand." 
 
 .... your kind letter of May 8, together with your new peece 
 of Illustrious Providences .... whereas you desire to see Dr. 
 Spencer of Prodigies, I have procured it you, & herewith send 
 
 it '' 
 
 I have thought (since my writing that letter of Au- 
 gust 29, (wherein I inclose this) myself, to read over Spencer 
 of Prodigies before I part with it from me x'\nd I de- 
 sire you to accept from me in Exchange (which (you know 
 the old saying is) that it is no robbery) another Latin piece 
 
 9 Il>id., p. 513. 
 
 "" Rev. Gilbert Burnet's Travels through Switzerland, Italy, and some parts of 
 Germany. 
 
 " Mather Papers, p. 513. 
 
 " Ii>id., p. 352. September 9, 1679. 
 
 " Itid., p. 354. August 29, 1684. 
 
Books and Libraries. i i 3 
 
 of the same author's concerning Urim & Tbummim: what they 
 were.'* 
 
 The following letter to Increase Mather from John Leus- 
 den, Professor of Hebrew and Jewish Antiquities at Utrecht, 
 January 1688-9, ^^ ^" example of the correspondence with 
 learned men abroad to which Mather referred in the passage 
 quoted on page 104. 
 
 Most Reverend, Much to bee Respected SI, — I sought you in 
 America,'^ and thither on the 30'*^ of March I sent some books, 
 viz^ a New Lexicon, a Compendium of the Greek New Testament, 
 two Psalters in Hebrew and English, and one in Hebrew & Latine. 
 The Psalmes in Hebrew & English, I dedicated to M: Eliot, 
 & those four and twenty Preachers, lately heathens, now chris- 
 tians.'^ The Psalmes in Hebrew & Latine I have inscribed to 
 your Rev^ name. ... I lately received moreover two Amer- 
 ican'' Bibles, two American Grammars, & other American books, 
 as also the Indian's A. B.C. and some others, . . . You now 
 desyre fifty Hebrew Psalters for the use of the students in Harvard 
 CoUedge; which I would now have sent, but because you doe not 
 express what kind of Psalters it is which you desyre, whether 
 Hebrew & Latine, or Hebrew & English ....'* 
 
 Increase Mather sent home books from London during 
 his residence there. His nephew, Warham Mather, wrote to 
 him in 1688, 
 
 I delivered the Books I received from yourself according to 
 order. ... I am yet made a greater debter, by those for me.'' 
 
 Cotton Mather recorded in his diary, January 7, 1698, 
 "Arrives to mee, a Book in Folio, this year published in 
 London .... 2i QoW^zixon q>{ Remarkable Providences ^'"^^ 
 and again, " . . . . some such Thing as to read a little 
 
 '■» Ibid., p. 355. September 3, 1684. 
 
 '5 At this time Increase Mather was in London. 
 
 '* Indian converts. 
 
 " American seems to be used here as equivalent to Indian. 
 
 '8 Mather Papers, p. 678. 
 
 ^•^ Ibid., p. 671. 
 
 " Diary, i. 246. 
 
1 14 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Book, De Satana Colaphizante^ which I received from Hol- 
 land^ the day after I was taken sick."'^ 
 
 Such items give some indication of the way in which books 
 constantly came to America through private gifts. Even 
 more striking is the increased importation of books through 
 the regular channel of the booksellers' shops. Before this 
 period opened there was at least one well-established book- 
 seller in Boston, Hezekiah Usher, who died in 1676, "leaving 
 a goodly fortune and two sons to quarrel over it and evoke 
 the aid of the law."-^ His son, John Usher, carried on the 
 business, but not without considerable competition. When 
 John Dunton, a London bookseller, arrived in Boston in 
 1686 for the double purpose of collecting bad debts^^ from 
 New Englanders who had bought books of him and of dis- 
 posing of surplus stock, he found several booksellers estab- 
 lished here, and three others soon followed him. He speaks 
 of some of them thus: 
 
 This Trader [Mr. Usher] makes the best Figure in Boston, 
 he's very Rich, adventures much to Sea; but has got his Estate 
 by BOOKSELLING; he proposed to me the buying my whole 
 Venture, but wou'd not agree to my Terms. . . . Mr. Philips, 
 my old Correspondent . . .I'll say that for SAM (after dealing 
 with him for some Hundred Pounds) he's very just, and (as an 
 Effect of that) very Thriving. ... I rambled next to visit 
 Minheer Brunning,^^ he's a Dutch Bookseller from Holland. . . . 
 Brunning is vers'd in the Knowledge of all sorts of Books, and 
 may well be stil'd a Compleat Bookseller. . . . From the 
 DUTCH, I went to the SCOTCH Bookseller, one Duncan Cam- 
 bel. . . . The next I'll mention shall be Andrew Thorncomb, 
 Bookseller from London . . . ,^s 
 
 . . . tho' I have first broke the Ice, in bringing hither a Cargo of 
 Books; yet by some Letters I receiv'd by the Rose Frigot \sic\ 
 ... I perceive I shall not be the last. [He proceeds to report 
 
 " Ibid., i. 365. 
 
 " Days and Ways in Old Boston, p. 95. See pp. 40 and 79, above. 
 
 '5 To the amount of £500. Dunton, Life and Errors, p. loi. 
 
 ^ Otherwise known as Joseph Browning. 
 
 ^ Dunton, Life and Errors, p. 127 ff. 
 
Books and Libraries. i i 5 
 
 the coming of Benjamin Harris and the How brothers, Job and 
 John.]^'^ 
 
 The following list will give an idea of the number of men 
 who engaged in the book business in Boston up to the year 
 1700, besides the Ushers and Dunton, who have already 
 been mentioned." 
 
 1672. John Tappin published at least one book. Books 
 were incidental to his business in general merchandise as is 
 shown by the inventory of his estate in 1678: Books, 
 £16.00,00, other stock, £4777.07.07, 
 
 1673. Edmund Ranger established himself as bookseller, 
 bookbinder, and stationer. He did little bookselling, his 
 name appearing in three books, but was called bookseller 
 in a legal document. 
 
 1675. ]^^^ Foster took over Marmaduke Johnson's press 
 when the latter died. He combined bookselling with print- 
 ing until his death in 1681, when Samuel Sewall succeeded 
 him. 
 
 1677. Henry Phillips, after seven years' apprenticeship 
 with Usher, opened a bookshop in the Town House. Upon 
 his death in 
 
 1680, Samuel Phillips, his brother, succeeded to the 
 business. Although his shop was burned down in the great 
 fire of 171 1 and he did not resume business, he died wealthy 
 in 1720, 
 
 . Duncan Campbell. Date of arrival unknown; 
 
 probably before 1679. 
 
 1679. William Avery married the widow of John Tappin 
 and took over the bookshop which she and her son, Joseph, 
 had carried on after her husband's death. When Avery 
 died in 1687, the widow continued the business. She died 
 in 1707. 
 
 ^ Dunton, Letters, p. 144. 
 
 '7 The list is summarized from Littlefield, Early Boston Booksellers. 
 
1 16 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 1679. John Griffin's name first appeared as publisher of 
 a book. He died in 1686. Benjamin Harris may have taken 
 over his shop when he arrived that same year. 
 
 1 68 1. Samuel Sewall succeeded John Foster. He gave 
 up the press and shop in 1684. 
 
 168 1-2. John Ratcliff, who came over to work on the 
 Indian Bible, published some books. 
 
 1682. Joseph Browning arrived from Amsterdam. He 
 died in 1691. 
 
 1684. Richard Wilkins arrived from Limerick, where he 
 had sold books. He opened a shop opposite the west end 
 of the Town House. Dunton used his shop as headquarters 
 and upon leaving put in his hands his collections amounting 
 to £300. Wilkins retired in 1704. 
 
 1684-5. James Cowes opened a shop. He returned to 
 England three years later. 
 
 1685. Andrew Thorncomb arrived. After the reference 
 to him by Dunton, quoted above, there are no records. He 
 may have returned to London. 
 
 1686. Job How arrived. Further detail is lacking except 
 his name in one book as publisher. 
 
 1686. Benjamin Harris, a London bookseller, driven out 
 of London because of anti-Catholic publications, set up a 
 shop in Boston. He visited London in 1687 and again in 
 1688. In 1695 he closed his business in Boston and returned 
 to London. 
 
 1690. Nicholas Buttolph opened a bookshop. His shop 
 was burned down in 17 u, but he continued the business. 
 
 1694. Michael Perry began business in Samuel Phillip's 
 old shop when the latter moved to a new location. Upon 
 Perry's death in 1700 his widow continued the business. 
 
 1698-9. Benjamin Eliot began a business which was very 
 successful. He died in 1741. 
 
 Two others who carried books with other merchandise were 
 
Books and Libraries. 1 1 7 
 
 Elkanah Pembroke, who opened a shop in 1689 at the Head 
 of the Dock, and Joseph Wheeler, who had a shop in Dock 
 Square, and published one book in 1697. 
 
 Samuel Sewall, even after he disposed of the printing and 
 book shop, continued to do business in books. During his 
 visit to England, 1688-1689, he recorded at different times 
 payments for books which total over £30; and an invoice 
 records that, among other freight: 
 
 Samuel Sewall hath aboard the America, Wm. Clark, Com- 
 mander: 
 
 Punchin Books 
 
 Barrel of Books 
 
 A Map of England and London.''* 
 
 His "Letter-Book" under date of April 25, 1698, contains a 
 memorandum of an order per Capt. Thos. Carter to Amster- 
 dam which includes a "Ream of Marbled paper, Spanish 
 Bible of Cypriano Valero, Deodats Italian Bible. "^^ In his 
 diary, in 1700, he recorded: 
 
 The President^" desires me to send for the above mentioned 
 Books [which are here written below] : 
 
 1. A Narrative of the Portsmouth Disputation between 
 Presbyterians and Baptists at Mr. Williams's Meeting- 
 house. 
 
 2. B[isho]p of Norwich's Sermon of Religious Melancholy. 
 
 3. Amintor, a defence of Milton with Reasons for abolishing 
 the 30'^ Jan^; [Two of them.] 
 
 4. An Account of the first Voyages into America by Barthol 
 de las Casas 4^ [Two of them]. 
 
 5. Account of a Jew lately converted ... at the Meeting 
 near Ave Mary-Lane [Four of them].^^ 
 
 '* Sewall, Diary, i. 288. At about the same time he recorded in his diary (i. 
 284), "Mr. Matthew Wotton, Bookseller, sends me by his Servant a parcell of 
 Englands Duty, which are 25, the Sale of which in N[ew]. E[ngland]. I am to 
 warrant [They] Are sent to Mr. Joseph Braning [Browning], at Boston." 
 
 ^'Sewall, Letter-Book, i. 199. 
 
 5° Presumably the president of Harvard. 
 
 3' Sewall, Diary, ii. 13; Letter-Book, i. 239. 
 
I 1 8 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 At the same time he copied into his letter-book the following: 
 The books I would have bought are 
 
 Ars Cogitandi. 2. 
 
 Le (irands Philosophy, Latin. 
 
 Heerboordi Meletomata. 3. 
 
 Dr. Charletons Physiologia. 
 
 Dr Moors Imortality of the Soul. 
 
 Metaphysicks, Ethicks 
 
 Glanvils Sceptis Scientifica 
 
 Dr. Wilkins's nattural Principles, and Duties. His World in 
 the Moon. 
 
 Stallius his Regulae Phylosophicae 
 
 Stierij Questiones Physicae cum Praeceptis Philosophise. 
 
 Burgerdicius, Logick with Heerebords Notes. 
 
 The great Hist. Geographical, and Poetical Dictionary being 
 a curious Misscellany of Sacred and Prophane History 
 printed at London for Henry Rhodes. If there be an 
 Edition since 1694, Send the best Two of them. 
 
 Francis Turretini Institutio Theologiae Elencticae . . . 
 
 Turretini Disputationes de satisfactione Christi. 
 
 Poles Synopsis criticorum ... if [you] light on them a 
 peniwoth. 
 
 A K[ing] Edward 6^*^, his Common Prayer Book 
 
 Queen Eliz[abeth] [her Common Prayer Book] 
 
 Queens Bible, If . . . reasonable.^^ 
 
 He added to this order: 
 
 If the Money doe more than hold out, send in School Books; 
 Esops Eng[lish] and Lat[in], 
 Corderius Eng[lish] and Lat[in], 
 Terrence Eng[lish] and Lat[in], 
 Ovid de Tristibus, 
 Metamorphosis, 
 Virgil, 
 
 Tullies de Officijs, 
 Grammars, 
 constr[u]ing Books." 
 
 3" Sewall, Letter-Book, i. 237. June 10, 1700. 
 M Ibid., i. 238. 
 
Books and Libraries. 119 
 
 Later in the year he ordered:^'' 
 
 Pole's Synopsis Criticorum if to be had under five pounds: 
 
 as much cheaper as you can, 
 A Ream of good Marble Paper. 
 A gross of Horn-books. 
 Two Cambridge Concordances. 
 Octavo Bibles. 
 
 and a few days later :^^ 
 
 Duz. of Dr. Bates's Harmony of the divine Attributes, 
 6. Flavels mental errors, 
 1 Mordeus Geographie rectified, 
 12. Colsons Seamans Kalendar. 
 6. Wakely's Compass rectifier. 
 6. Norwoods Epitome of Navigation. 
 
 One great Histor. Geograph. and Poetical Dictionary of the 
 newest Edition . . . ?^ 
 
 There were, evidently, plenty of channels through which 
 the people of Boston and vicinity could obtain the latest 
 books; ahd they made good use of their opportunities. 
 With all the competition from the established bookshops 
 Dun ton seems to have found a good market; he wrote with 
 satisfaction, 
 
 . . . having stock'd the Town of Boston with my Books; 
 (some having bought more, I'm afraid, than they intend to pay 
 for)" and having still a Considerable Quantity left. Several Gen- 
 tlemen have given me great Encouragement ... to send a 
 Venture to Salem ....•'* 
 
 and there also he had success. 
 
 It is a mistake to think of these booksellers as carrying 
 only theological or devotional works. No doubt such books 
 
 " Ibid., i. 248. 
 js Ibid., i. 247, 248. 
 ^^ See list on page ii8, above. 
 
 ^' His sale of books on credit alone amounted to £300. See p. 116, above, under 
 Richard Wilkins. 
 J* Dunton, Letters, p. 248. 
 
I 20 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 were an important part of their stock in trade, perhaps even 
 the larger part; but this would have been just as much so 
 in England. We do not know, unfortunately, just what 
 books Dunton brought with him from England, or what he 
 took back with him unsold; but one item in his "Letters" may 
 throw some light on the matter. He wrote of one customer, 
 The chief Books she bought were Plays^' and Romances; which 
 to set off the better, she wou'd ask for Books of Gallantry .'^'^ 
 
 Plays and romances are hardly in keeping with the com- 
 mon notion of Puritan life in 1686, and it might seem neces- 
 sary to reject this statement as one of the many untruths 
 in Dunton's very unreliable "Letters"^' were it not for the 
 fact that recently discovered invoices of book shipments to 
 New England show that such books were on sale in Boston 
 even before Dunton came. In 1682 Robert Boulter, a Lon- 
 don bookseller, sent to John Usher as a venture, "without 
 ordre," a shipment of nearly 800 volumes under about 125 
 titles. As Mr. Usher in October, 1680, was owing Mr. 
 Boulter £370, he evidently had traded with him for some 
 time, and therefore Boulter's consignment was not a blind 
 venture but a shipment of books to a market with which he 
 was familiar. ^2 Por that reason the items included in the list 
 are of value as an indication of the probable taste of Boston 
 readers. Some of the more interesting titles follow.** 
 
 3 faramond \Pharamond^ Or The History of France. A Fam'd 
 
 Romance . . . ] 
 1 last part of the english rogue 
 
 1 parismus [The most Famous . . . History of Parismus, the 
 most renowned Prince of Bohemia^^ 
 
 39 A dancing master had set up in Boston in 1681, and a fencing master in 1686. 
 See p. 155, below. 
 
 *" Dunton, Letters, p. 116. 
 
 ^' See C. N. Greenough's account of the plagiarisms in the Letters and his evidence 
 of their untrustworthiness as historical material: Publications of the Colonial 
 Society of Massachusetts, xiv. 213 ff. 
 
 ■«* Ford, The Boston Book Market, p. 9 ff. 
 
 « Ibid., p. 88 ff. Fuller lists of the items in these invoices are given in the 
 Appendix. 
 
Books and Libraries. i 2 1 
 
 I destruction of troy 
 
 I Valentyn and orson [The Famous History of Valentine and 
 
 Orson, the two sons of the Emperour of Greece^ 
 4 esops in english 
 1 felthams resolves 
 16 Cap of gray haires [A Cap of Gray hairs for a Green head, 
 
 or The Father's Counsel to his Son, an Apprentice in 
 
 London^ 
 1 Clelias [A four volume translation from Scudery] 
 9 argalus and parthenia [The pleasant and delightful History 
 
 of Argalus and Parthenia^ 
 
 1 pembrooks arcadia [Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia^ 
 
 2 reynolds on Murther [The Triumphs of God's Revenge against 
 
 the . . . Sin of Murther, Expressed in Thirty several 
 Tragical Histories.] 
 
 1 perfect politician [or A . . . Life . . . of 0. Cromwell^ 
 
 1 temples miscellanea [By Sir William Temple] 
 
 I Bacons works 
 
 I Cambdens Elizabeth 
 
 I Miltons history [The History of Britain^ 
 
 6 Guy of Warwick 
 
 6 Reynard fox 
 
 12 dr Faustus [The History of . . . Dr. John Faustus^ 
 12 Joviall Garland [■ . . containing a Collection of all the new- 
 est Songs and Sonnets used in Court and Country] 
 12 Crown Garland 
 
 6 Garland of delight 
 
 6 fortunatus [The right pleasant, and variable Tragical, History 
 of Fortunatus^ 
 
 6 royall arbours [A Royall x^rbor of Loyall Poesie, consisting 
 of Poems and Songes, digested into Triumph, Elegie, Satyr, 
 Love, and Drollerie] 
 
 8 Soggins jests [Scoggings Jests] 
 
 4 Mandevills travells 
 
 4 pack cards 
 
 The four other invoices, all of ordered books, show no 
 such proportion of the light reading of that day, but do 
 show that some real literature was imported into Boston. In 
 
I 2 2 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 connection with these items it must be remembered that 
 these invoices report only the purchases of one Boston book- 
 seller through a single ship captain (excepting those listed 
 above sent by Boulter without order) in a period of less than 
 two years. 
 
 Invoice of September 5, /68j.^* 
 
 I Hacklutes Uoyages 
 
 I Mori Utopia 
 
 I Felthams Resolues 
 
 7 Accademy Compliments [ . . . with many new Additions 
 
 of Songs and Catches a la mode] 
 I Shaftsburys Life 
 I Poeticall History [a mythology] 
 7 Accademy Compliments, another sorte. 
 30 History of Dr. Faustus 
 
 Invoice of March j, i68j-^J^ 
 
 1 Erie of Rochesters Poems 
 
 4 Miltons Paradise Lost 
 
 6 Lestranges Erasmus in English 
 
 I Baker's Chronicle [of the Kings of England] 
 
 1 Pembrooks Arcadia 
 
 3 Accademy of Compliments 
 
 6 Nuga Uenales [ . . . being new Jests . . . ] 
 
 3 Present State of England 
 18 Dr. Faustus 
 
 6 Wilds Poems 
 
 6 Argulus and Parthenia 
 
 5 Oxford Jests 
 
 Invoice of May 29, 1684^^ 
 
 4 State of England 
 
 3 Markhams way to get wealth 
 
 2 History of Parismus 
 
 *< Ibid.., p. 108 ff. In this and in the next list it is reported that certain volumes 
 ordered could not be supplied. Some of the items are designated for individuals 
 not booksellers. 
 
 *^ Ibid., p. 121 ff. 
 
 4' Ibid., p. 133 ff. 
 
Books and Libraries. i 23 
 
 20 Gentle Craft [. . . with Pictures, and Variety of Wit and 
 Mirth] 
 2 Wonders of the Femall world [ . . . or A general History 
 of Women] 
 
 1 Her and His [Haec et Hie, or The Feminine Gender more 
 
 worthy than the Masculine. | 
 10 Second Part of the Pilgrims Progress. 
 
 2 Two Journeys to Jerusalem 
 
 1 London Bully [or The Prodigal Son; displaying the principal 
 
 Cheats of our Modern Debauchees] 
 1 Informers Doome [ . . . with the Discovery of the Knavery 
 
 and Cheats of most Trades in London\ 
 
 3 Uenus in the Cloyster 
 
 Invoice of April /j, 1685^^ 
 
 1 Glissons Common Law Epitomized 
 8 Jure Maritimo 
 
 2 Terms of the Law 
 
 3 Daltons Justice [The Country Justice] 
 2 Keebles Statutes 
 
 2 Cooks Reports Engl. [By Sir Edward Coke] 
 
 3 Blounts Law Dictionary 
 
 I Sheppards Grand Abridgement [of the Common and Statute 
 Law of England] 
 
 1 Hobbarts Reports [law] 
 3 Miltons Logick 
 
 6 History of Dr. Faustus 
 
 2 Rochesters Life [Burnet's Life of the Earl of Rochester] 
 2 Pulton of the Common Pleas Engls. 
 
 5 Sheppards Sure Guide [for his Majesties Justices of Peace] 
 10 Wonderful Prodogies 
 
 From these invoices and certain references to bills and 
 indebtedness Mr. Ford estimates that in the years 1679- 
 1685, inclusive, John Usher imported books to a value of 
 £567. Such a figure is a minimum rather than a maximum; 
 he bought that much and he may have bought more through 
 
 ^T Ibid., p. 140 fF. 
 
I 24 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 other captains and of other London booksellers, record of 
 the transactions having disappeared, even as these invoices 
 vanished for centuries. One other invoice of the period has 
 survived, together with a letter from the shipper to Increase 
 Mather. The shipper was Richard Chiswell of London, 
 whom Dunton calls "the Metropolitan Bookseller of Eng- 
 land." He seems to have had a large trade in New England; 
 the last four invoices above were of consignments from him. 
 The letter and invoice follow; unfortunately the latter is 
 not complete, including only the books sent to Dr. Mather, 
 and not those to Usher which accompanied them. 
 
 S", — I rec''* yours of July 19*, & have in My Vsher's Cask pf 
 Anderson, in the Ship Blessing, sent you all the books you 
 wrote for, & have returned 8 of your Principles, which I cannot 
 sell . . . 
 
 I have added a few new things of good note which I hope you will 
 be pleased with, the first of them is an answer to a Pamphlet I 
 sent you in the last pcell, & which makes no small stir here at 
 present. Hales of Eaton, & Stillingfleet are very famous. Walker 
 of Baptism is said to be very learned & exceedingly well done. 
 The two books of Contemplations were writ by the Lord Cheif 
 Justice Hales, a person who for all kind of learning, Philosophy, 
 Physick, Mathematicks, &:c., as well as Law, (his proper profes- 
 sion,) and for most exemplary piety . . . has not le[tt] his 
 fellow, . . . the whole nation mournes for the loss of him. 
 That Great audit or Good Steward's account, in the first vollume, 
 is a most lively & exact character of his life. ... I know not 
 any two books have come forth these 20 yeares, that have sold 
 so great a number in so short a time, as these two voUumes of 
 his,''^ ... I have sent a few books to Mr Vsher without order, 
 which I put in to fill up the Cask. You may see them at his shop, 
 & I hope may help some of them off his hands, by recomending 
 them to your publick Library, especially the new ones, which 
 cannot be there already, pticularly D^. Caves Lives of the Fathers, 
 
 *^ This letter has been given so fully because of its interesting testimony to the 
 fact that the colonists were not entirely dependent upon their own tastes, or their 
 knowledge of contemporary books. Their London correspondents tried to keep 
 them abreast of current works. 
 
Books and Libraries. 
 
 125 
 
 & Dl" Gary's Chronologicall account of ancient time, which are 
 both exceeding well esteemed by the most learned & ingenious 
 men here."' 
 
 A Coppy. 
 
 Postage . . . Letters . . . 
 
 D"" Tuckneys Sermons, 4° 
 
 Straight gate to heaven, 11° bound, 
 
 Hotchkis reformation or ruine, 8" 
 
 Discovery of Pigmies, 8° 
 
 Horologicall Dialogues, 8° 
 
 Homes Cause of Infants maintained, 4? 
 
 Whiston on Baptism, all 3 parts, 8° 
 
 State of Northampton, 4° 
 
 Tozer's Directions to a godly life, 12°. 
 
 Barbets Chirurgery, 8° 
 
 Leybournes Dialling, 4° 
 
 Hook's Motion of the Earth, 4° 
 
 Stephenson's mathemat. compendium, 12° 
 
 8 First principles of New England, 4° returnds". 
 
 ADDED. 
 
 Pacquet of advices to the men of Shaftsbury, 4° 
 
 King & L^ Chancellor's Speeches. 
 
 D:" Stillingfleet's Letter to a Deist, 8? 
 
 M-" Hales (of Eaton) his Tracts, 8? 
 
 Hornecks Law of Consideration, 8? 
 
 Walker of Baptism, 12° 
 
 Rules of Health, 12° 
 
 Family Physitian, 12° 
 
 Judge Hale's Contemplations, 2 Vol. 8° 
 
 24 Warrs of New England, 4° '"^ 
 
 Catalogue No, 7. 8. 9. 10, fol. 
 
 49 Mather Papers, p. 575. The letter was written in February, 1677. 
 
 5" This was a book by Increase Mather which proved to be a poor seller, and so 
 the left over copies are returned. 
 
 5' Chiswell had reprinted this book by Increase Mather, and is sending these 
 copies as a gift to the author, although he has been disappointed at not selling 
 more than 500. 
 
 £ 
 
 s. 
 
 d. 
 
 0. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 8. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 0. 
 
 8 
 
 0. 
 
 2. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 5- 
 
 6 
 
 0. 
 
 0. 
 
 3 
 
 0. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 6. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 3- 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 2. 
 
 6 
 
 0. 
 
 8. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 I. 
 
 6 
 
 0. 
 
 0, 
 
 6 
 
 0. 
 
 2. 
 
 6 
 
 0. 
 
 2. 
 
 6 
 
 0. 
 
 3- 
 
 6 
 
 0. 
 
 3- 
 
 6 
 
 0. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 I. 
 
 
 
 0. 
 
 10. 
 
 
 
 
I 26 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Besides the regular booksellers, there were hawkers of 
 books whose influence cannot be estimated for lack of in- 
 formation. Ballads, broadsides, popular books such as 
 "Pilgrim's Progress" and Wigglesworth's "Day of Doom," 
 and almanacs doubtless made up much of the hawker's 
 stock in trade. Cotton Mather's busy brain saw opportu- 
 nity for good here, for he recorded in his diary in 1683, 
 "There is an old Hawker who will fill this Countrey with 
 devout and useful Books, if I will direct him."^- 
 
 There were, evidently, sufficient opportunities for the 
 growth of private libraries. A letter from Increase Mather 
 to Joseph Dudley, November 10, 1684, gives additional tes- 
 timony of this fact. Writing of a letter containing defama- 
 tory matter to which his name had been forged to discredit 
 him (probably by Edward Randolph) ,^^ he says: 
 
 He pretends as if I sent to Amsterdam for the New Covenant 
 of Scotland, Carill upon Job, and Mr. Owen's last works. Now here- 
 in he has so grossly played the fool, soe as to discover the letter to 
 be a meer peece of forgery. As for the new Covenant of Scotland, 
 I never heard of such a thing, . . . Carill have been in my 
 study this fiveteen years, & if I had him not, it is likely that I 
 should send to Amsterdam, for Mr. Carill & Doct. Owen's works, 
 which are here sould in Boston. s-i 
 
 The best of the private libraries of New England were 
 undoubtedly those owned by the Mathers, father and son. 
 Of the latter's Dunton wrote in 1686, when Cotton Mather 
 was but eight years out of college: 
 
 ... he shew'd me his Study: And I do think he has one of 
 the best (for a Private Library) that I ever saw: Nay, I may go 
 farther, and affirm. That as the Famous Bodleian Library at Ox- 
 ford, is the Glory of that University, if not of all Europe, . . . 
 so I may say. That Mr. Mather's Library is the Glory of New- 
 
 5* Diary, i. 65. For later importance of hawkers of books see pp. 191-193, below. 
 53 This is a part of the long quarrel between the Mathers and Randolph. 
 M Mather Papers, p. loi. 
 
Books and Libraries. i 27 
 
 England, if not of all America. I am sure it was the best sight 
 that I had in Boston. ss 
 
 Of this library Cotton Mather wrote in his diary, October 
 16, 1700: 
 
 [A widow] had a Parcel of Books, which once belong'd unto 
 the Library of our famous old Mr. Chancey; and if I would 
 please to take them, she should count herself highly gratified, in 
 their being so well bestowed. I singled out, about forty Books, 
 and some of them large Ones, which were now added unto my 
 Library, that has already between two and three thousand in it.^* 
 
 An extensive private library was brought to New England 
 in 1686 by Samuel Lee, pastor of the church at Bristol from 
 that year to 1691. Returning to England in 1691 he was 
 taken prisoner by the French and died in France. The 
 books which he left in Bristol were put on sale in Boston in 
 1693 at the shop of Duncan Campbell. The catalogue of these 
 books, printed by Campbell, contains, besides pages of the- 
 ological titles, the following titles:" 
 
 Subject Number 
 
 Physics 124 
 
 Philosophy 83 
 
 Mathematics and Astronomy 48 (in Latin) 
 
 13 (in English) 
 History 112 (in Latin) 
 
 45 (in English) 
 School authors 60 
 
 Law books 8 
 
 Unclassified 327 
 
 The following partial list will give an idea of the range of 
 this library: 
 
 Paracelsi Opera 
 
 Paracelsi de Vita Longa 
 
 55 Dunton, Letters, p. 75. 
 
 5^ Diary, i. 368. 
 
 5' Titles, not volumes. 
 
I 28 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Reolani 
 
 Anatomia 
 
 Willis 
 
 Anatomia cerebri 
 
 Helmontii 
 
 Opera 
 
 HelmontI ii ] 
 
 dies Aurora rubra 
 
 Roger Bacon 
 
 perspect. per Combas. 
 
 
 Theatrum Chemicum vols. 1-4 
 Opera 
 
 Platonis 
 
 Seneca 
 
 Opera 
 
 Luciani Phylosoph: 
 
 Opera 
 
 Xenophon 
 
 Philosoph. 
 
 Aristot[ilis] 
 
 [several] 
 
 Bacon 
 
 de augment [atione] Scientiarum 
 
 Cartesii 
 
 Metaphisica 
 
 Petri Rami 
 
 praelectiones 
 
 Archemedis 
 
 omnia opera 
 
 Tychobrachy 
 
 opera omnia 
 
 Joan: Stadii 
 
 Ephimeridis 
 
 Evevautii 
 
 Ephimerid. 
 
 Newtons 
 
 Trigonometry 
 
 Newtons 
 
 Astronomy 
 
 Dugdal. 
 
 Monast. angl. 
 
 Duckdales 
 
 Antiquities of Warwickshire 
 
 Stout's 
 
 Survey of London 
 
 Hollinshead's 
 
 Chronicles of Scotland 
 
 
 England & Ireland in 3 vols. 
 
 
 Fox's 
 
 Acts and Monuments 
 
 Rawleigh's 
 
 History of the World 
 
 Eabran's 
 
 Cronicles 
 
 Crackinthorp's 
 
 Councils 
 
 Everard's 
 
 Collections 
 
 Philpot's 
 
 Survey of Kent 
 
 Sayndy's 
 
 History of China 
 
 Wilson's 
 
 History of Great Britain 
 
 Crossel's 
 
 History of England 
 
 
 The Union of the Houses of York and Lan- 
 caster 
 
 
 Jones's 
 
 Antiquity of Great Britain 
 
 Burlons 
 
 description of Leichester 
 
 Delaval's 
 
 Travels 
 
Books and Libraries. 
 
 I 29 
 
 Howel's 
 
 Isaacson's 
 
 Brughton's 
 
 Evebins [Evelin] 
 
 Morison's 
 
 Summer's 
 
 Isaac's 
 
 Langhorn's 
 
 Allan's 
 
 Pitit's 
 
 Prin's [Prynne] 
 
 Bacon's 
 
 Bacon 
 
 Baconi 
 
 Demosthen[es] 
 
 Homeri 
 
 Homeri 
 
 Lucan 
 
 Ashylii 
 
 Terentii 
 
 Hesiodi 
 
 Pindari 
 
 Persii 
 
 Sophaclis 
 
 Sophaclis 
 
 Horatius 
 
 Aristophanis 
 
 Euripidis 
 
 Salust 
 
 Martialae 
 
 Tascitus 
 
 Macrobius 
 
 Boetius 
 
 Plutarchi 
 
 Caesaris 
 
 History of London 
 
 Chronology 
 
 Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain 
 
 Discourse of Trees 
 
 Travels 
 
 Antiquity of Canterbury 
 
 Rarities of Exeter 
 
 Introduction to the History of England 
 
 History of King Henry VII 
 
 ancient Right of the Commons of England 
 
 The History of Mary Queen of Scotland 
 
 The History of the Navy of Great Britain 
 
 The Life of Merlin 
 
 The History of Scanderberg 
 
 new Discovery of the Prelates Tyranny 
 
 Natural History 
 
 Hist[oria] Naturalis 
 
 Hist[ory of] Hen[ry] 7th 
 
 Oration [es] &c. 
 
 Iliad (3 copies) 
 
 Odysse[y] (5 copies) 
 
 cum notis 
 
 Tragediae 
 
 Tragediae 
 
 opera cum Scholiis 
 
 Odes 
 
 Satyr[3e] 
 
 Antigone 
 
 traged[iae] cum Scholiis 
 
 (3 copies) 
 
 (3 copies) 
 
 Hecuba Graeca 
 
 Epigr 
 
 de Gemmis 
 vitae 
 Comment. (2) 
 
I 30 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Ceneca [sic] Tragicus 
 
 Erasmi Colloqui 
 
 Beda venerab. de natura rerum (2) 
 
 Marmora Arundeliana 
 
 As another example of the variety to be found in colonial 
 libraries, the following list of titles from a library of only 
 thirty volumes in all is of interest.^* 
 
 London Despencettory 
 
 Dixonarey 
 
 Norwood's Trigonometry 
 
 Gervase Markham's Gentleman Jocky 
 
 Lambarde's Perambulation of Kent 
 
 Morton's New England's Memorial 
 
 Sir Matthew Hale's Contemplations 
 
 The Effect of VVarr 
 
 1 1 books on law 
 
 Some idea of Increase Mather's library may be gained 
 from the statements as to his reading which are found in 
 his fragmentary diary for the years 1675 ^"^ 1676.*^ The 
 authors read, with the titles of the books when given, are 
 listed here. It should be noted that this list contains almost 
 no duplicates of the titles found in the lists given on pages 
 52 and ^2 ^^^ ^^ pages 237-242.^" 
 
 Albaspinus De Ritibus Ecclesiae 
 
 Alsted [not stated] 
 
 [Alwaerden?] History of Severitus [Servetus?] 
 
 Autores De Sinceritate 
 
 Bates Vocatio 
 
 Bell [not stated] 
 
 Boreman "de swearing" 
 
 Bownd " of Sabbath " 
 
 5' Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, xviii. 136. 
 
 59 Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, xiii. 339 fF. 
 
 *° The lack of duplication in these three different lists is typical in that the 
 writer has found it almost invariably true that every new source of information in 
 regard to colonial libraries has added details entirely new. Our knowledge of 
 most of the colonial libraries is at best fragmentary. 
 
Books and Libraries. 
 
 ^31 
 
 Bridges 
 
 Buxtorf 
 
 Camel 
 
 Carter 
 
 Caryl 
 
 Chamberlain 
 
 Cicero 
 
 Clark 
 
 Clark 
 
 Elias Levita 
 
 Fenner 
 
 Firmin 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Franzius 
 
 Aul. Gallius 
 
 Goclenii 
 
 Goodwin 
 
 Hall 
 
 Herbert 
 
 Hubbard 
 
 Jerome, St. 
 
 Johnson 
 
 Leigh 
 
 May 
 
 Morton 
 
 Moxon 
 
 Owen 
 
 Paget 
 
 Pareus 
 
 Powell 
 
 Purchase [sic^ 
 
 Revius 
 
 Reynolds 
 
 Rivet 
 
 Rutherford 
 
 Schindler 
 
 Sibs 
 
 Smith, C. 
 
 Stoughton 
 
 On Luke 17: 37 
 Lex. Thalmud 
 
 not stated 
 On Hebrews i : i 
 [not stated] 
 State of E[urope] 
 Orations 
 
 Vanity of Earthly Things 
 Examples 
 [not stated] 
 Alarm 
 
 Real Christian 
 Of Antichrist 
 History of Brutes 
 [not stated] 
 Logicae 
 Sermons 
 
 On Timothy 3: 2 
 Country Parson 
 History of Pequot War 
 Of Pliny 
 [not stated] 
 Of Colledges 
 
 History of War in E[ngland] 
 History of New England 
 Of Globes 
 [various] 
 Chronography 
 Orationes 
 [not stated] 
 "of America" 
 de Capillitio 
 [not stated] 
 [not stated] 
 
 "de drawing to Ct [Christ] " 
 de Moseroth 
 On Hosea 14 
 Experiences 
 Of Covetousness 
 
I 32 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Twisse 
 
 [various] 
 
 Voetius 
 
 1 not stated] 
 
 Ward, R. 
 
 Politick Strategy 
 
 Willisius 
 
 de Memoria 
 
 Other books are mentioned without sufficient detail for 
 identification. A few of these items follow. 
 
 Discourse of Witchcraft 
 Help to discourse 
 Cabinet of Mirth 
 Autores de Conviction 
 Tollis" of ye Jews 
 de doctoribus Misnicis 
 Coma Berenices 
 Capell Hall 
 Life of Richard 3 
 History of Formosa. 
 
 The Public Libraries as well as private ones continued to 
 grow. There are unfortunately few references to the Boston 
 Public Library in the town-house during this period. Sir 
 Thomas Temple, in a will drawn up and filed October 14, 
 1 67 1, before he sailed for England, inserted the following 
 clause: 
 
 .... as also all my Bookes which I estimate at £150 &c in 
 case of sd Nelsons death before he receive them then I doe 
 give & bequeath .... the Bookes above sd. at the select men 
 of Bostons dispose viz: such as are fit for the Towne Lybrary 
 unto that; and the rest to be sold & given to the poor of this 
 Towne. 
 
 Before he died he drew up another will in London, in 
 which there was no mention of the Library.®^ In a will 
 dated March 12, 1673-4, John Oxenbridge made the follow- 
 ing bequest: 
 
 To the Public Library in Boston or elsewhere, as my executors 
 
 *' Suffolk Probate Files No. 697, quoted in Publications of the Colonial Society 
 of Massachusetts, xii. 122. 
 
Books and Libraries. 
 
 133 
 
 and overseers shall judge best, Augustine's Works in six volumes, 
 the Century's in three volumes; the catalogue of Oxford Library. ^^ 
 
 The Boston Athenaeum owns a copy of Samuel Mather's 
 "Testimony against Idolatry and Superstition," inscribed 
 "ffor the Publike Library at Boston, 1674."^^ On August 2, 
 1683, the Selectmen gave an order to David Edwards 
 
 to receaue of Elder John Wiswall & Docf Elisha Cooke £34. 4s. 
 in mony for severall things he brought from England for y"" vse 
 of the Library, by order of Captain Brattle. ...*■* 
 
 In 1686 the Town Records mentioned "the library room 
 at the east end of the town house; "^^ and the same year 
 Andros met the ministers "in the Library" at the town- 
 house. *5 At a town meeting March 11, 1694-5, it was voted 
 
 .... that all Bookes or Other things belonging to the Li- 
 brary .... be demanded and Taken care of by the Select- 
 
 66 
 
 At a meeting of the Selectmen January i, 1701-2, it was 
 
 Ordered that whereas Samuell Clough did formerly borrow the 
 Towns Globes that he do now return them unto the Town Treas- 
 urer. ^^ 
 
 In Chiswell's letter already given on pages 124 and 125 
 there is also a reference to this Library which would seem 
 to indicate that Chiswell was accustomed to having many 
 books of his sending bought by or for it: 
 
 I hope may help some of them off his hands by recommending 
 
 ** Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, i. 501. 
 
 '3 Ibid., iv. 279. 
 
 "^ Boston Record Commissioners' Reports, vii. 162, quoted in Publications of 
 the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xii. 124. 
 
 's Sewall, Diary, i. 162. 
 
 ** Boston Record Commissioners' Reports, vii. 220, quoted in the Publications 
 of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xii. 125. 
 
 '' Boston Record Commissioners' Reports, xi. 13, quoted in the Publications 
 of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xii. 126. 
 
I 34 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 them to your publick Library, especially the new ones, which can- 
 not be there already J'^ 
 
 The last phrase sounds as though any books but the new- 
 est might be expected to be found there. 
 
 The Harvard Library during this period received many 
 important accessions. Under date of May i, 1675, John 
 Knowles wrote to John Leverett, 
 
 Alderman Ashurst hath about 50 books of history for the Col- 
 lege from Mr. Baxter.^^ 
 
 The same year John Lightfoot bequeathed his library, con- 
 taining "the Targums, Talmuds, Rabbins, Polyglot, and 
 other valuable tracts relative to Oriental literature. "^"^ In 
 1677 the Reverend Theophilus Gale left to it all his books, 
 consisting chiefly of patristic and controversial theology.^^ 
 In 1682 Sir John Maynard, sergeant-at-law, gave to the Li- 
 brary eight chests of books, valued at £400.^2 Xhe last two 
 gifts brought in so many duplicates that the Fellows of the 
 College ordered "that the double Books in the Colledge Li- 
 brary be prized & sold & j" money improved for the 
 buying other books y' are wanting."" 
 
 There exists in the collections of the Massachusetts His- 
 torical Society a manuscript "Catalogue of such books as 
 are double in ye Colledge Library," and with it what pur- 
 ports to be a record of volumes sold, with the amounts paid. 
 The second list, containing 396 items, is more extensive than 
 
 *' The italics are mine. 
 
 *9 North American Review, cvii. 572. Richard Baxter, fearing that his library- 
 would be seized to pay a fine, planned to give most of it to Harvard, but learned 
 that Sir Kenelme Digby had given them "the Fathers, Councils, and Schoolmen, 
 and that it was history and commentators which they wanted. Whereupon I 
 sent them some of my commentators, and some historians, among which were 
 Freherus', Reuberus', and Pistorius' collections." 
 
 7° Ibid., cvii. 572. 
 
 7' Ibid., cvii. 573. Neal, History of New England, i. 202, called Gale's "a large 
 and Valuable Collection of Books." 
 
 7' North American Review, cvii. 573. 
 
 73 Harvard Library, Bibliographical Contributions, Hi. 10. 
 
Books and Libraries. i 35 
 
 the "catalogue," which lists 99 in folio, 36 in quarto, and 
 37 in octavo and smaller. There are no dates on either. 
 The record of sales is partly in Increase Mather's hand. 
 It may be that the second list covers a longer period of time, 
 including later additions of duplicates. At any rate, about 
 400 titles of duplicates were sold, adding to the Library's 
 funds about £98.10.00. Among the duplicates sold were: 
 
 Bacon's Essays (2 copies sold, one at 2s, one at is.) 
 
 Bacon's Advancement of Learning 
 
 Feltham's Resolves 
 
 Hackluit's Voyages 
 
 Herodotus 
 
 Aristophanes 
 
 Gassendi 
 
 Keckermann 
 
 Plutarch in English^'' 
 
 John Dunton's visit also added books to the Harvard 
 Library, and gives us a glimpse of it through London eyes. 
 He wrote home, 
 
 I was invited hither [to Harvard] by Mr. Cotton^^ _ _ _ 
 by his means I sold many of my Books to the Colledge.'''* 
 
 Elsewhere he wrote. 
 
 The Library of this CoUedge is very considerable, being well 
 furnish'd both with Books, and Mathematical Instruments?'^ 
 
 With the increased importation of books and with the 
 growth of libraries there seems to have been an increase 
 rather than a decrease in the borrowing and lending of 
 
 '4 Cotton Mather took advantage of this sale of duplicates to the extent of 96 
 titles, for which he paid £43.19.00 in installments. (Ms. list in possession of the 
 American Antiquarian Society. See Publications of the Colonial Society of Massa- 
 chusetts, xviii. 407 ff., for a photographic reproduction of this list and a catalogue 
 of the books included.) 
 
 '5 John Cotton was Library-keeper at Harvard 1 681-1690. 
 
 ^ Dunton, Letters, p. 156. 
 
 77 Dunton, Life and Errors, p. 157. Neal, History of New England, i. 202, 
 estimated it at between three and four thousand volumes before 1700. 
 
136 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 books. Of this the following extracts from letters written 
 during this time are indicative. More letters illustrating 
 this tendency are given in the Appendix. 
 
 G. F.'^ hath sent the a booke of his by Jere: Bull, & two more 
 now, which thou mayest communecatte to thy Counsell & officers. 
 
 Allso I remember before thy last being in England, I sent the 
 a booke, written by Francis Howgall againest persecution, .... 
 which booke thou loueingly accepted. ..." 
 
 My last to thee was of the 29 D. 4. 72,*° which Richard &: Ester 
 Smyth informed me they sent it to thee, so that they made noe 
 doubt of thee safe convaience of it, with George Ffox bookes to 
 thee, to which I shall refere thee. I haue other writings of G. F. 
 not yet copied, which, if thou desireth, when I heare from thee, 
 I may convaie them vnto thee; . . .*^ 
 
 May these few hasty lines salute you acceptably though only to 
 certify the receiving of yours of the 18 of the former, & to thank 
 you for that kindnesse, & that little volume of poetry therewith.*^ 
 
 Thinking it might be acceptable, I have sent you a verse-book; 
 and desire you would send the other to Mr. Walley.*^ 
 
 It is evident from the details given in this chapter that 
 the colonists did not lack for books, and that those which 
 deserve the term literature were on their shelves in a fair 
 proportion for the time. Evidence of the possession of still 
 other books, and of their familiarity with and use of them, 
 is to be found in the quotations with which they embellished 
 their own writings. 
 
 7* George Fox, then visiting New England. 
 
 "William Coddington to John Winthrop, Jr., 1672. VVinthrop Papers, ii. 289. 
 
 *•> June 29, 1672. "My last" refers to the letter just quoted. 
 
 *' William Coddington to John Winthrop, Jr. Winthrop Papers, ii. 291. The 
 reference to copying books by hand demonstrates another method of supple- 
 menting libraries. Edward Taylor of Westfield had a considerable library of books 
 which he had himself copied and bound. 
 
 *' John Winthrop, Jr., to Roger Williams, January 6, 1675. Winthrop Papers, 
 i. 306. If only he had mentioned the title! 
 
 ^i Samuel Angier to Governor Hinckley of Plymouth, January 29, 1677. Mr. 
 Walley was preacher at Barnstable. Massachusetts Historical Society, Collec- 
 tions, 4th Series, v. 13. Governor Hinckley was a writer of verse. 
 
Chapter VIII: Qiiotations by 
 New England Writers. 
 
 AS a large part of the published writings of the New 
 Englanders consisted of sermons, and as it seems 
 ^ to have been against their custom to use in their 
 sermons any quotations except from Scripture or rarely 
 from some of the Fathers, the field for quotations is some- 
 what limited. It is still further limited by the fact that 
 few of the writers of narrative embellish their narratives 
 with borrowed ornaments, either of prose or of poetry. 
 From such books as do not belong to these two classes, from 
 letters, and from a few narratives, the quotations to be 
 included are taken. 
 
 Daniel Gookin, in his "Historical Collections of the In- 
 dians," Chapter IV, referred to " that seraphick prediction of 
 holy Herbert, that excellent poet, .... which he ele- 
 gantly declared in that poem: Herbert, Church Militant, 
 190, 191 page." He proceeds to quote twenty-four lines, 
 from 
 
 Religion stands on tiptoe in our land 
 Ready to pass to the American strand 
 to 
 
 But lends to us, shall be our desolation. 
 
 From his reference to the paging, which is the same in the 
 fifth edition as in the first, it is evident that he had a copy 
 of Herbert's "The Temple" before him. There are two or 
 three errors in the quotation which he may have made in 
 copying, but which are more likely typesetters' mistakes. 
 In a letter to Increase Mather, Nathaniel Morton wrote, 
 
 .... and in some sort comply with our Englis Poett, George 
 Withers; (saith hee) Alas that I was borne soe late, or else soe 
 
138 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 soone; to see soe cleare. soe bright a morne, soe darke an after- 
 noone.' 
 
 Thomas Shepard, writing to his son, then entering Har- 
 vard, in regard to his studies, echoed Bacon's essay, "Of 
 Studies": 
 
 Lett your studies be so ordered as to have variety of Studies 
 before you, that when you are weary of one book, you may take 
 pleasure (through this variety) in another: and for this End read 
 some Histories often, which (they Say) make men wise, as Poets 
 make witty; both which are pleasant things in the midst of more 
 difficult studies.^ 
 
 The witchcraft controversies naturally called forth much 
 citing of authorities. John Hale, in his "Modest Enquiry," 
 referred to or quoted the following: 
 
 Bernard^ 
 
 Baxter and R. Burton, their Histories about witches/ 
 
 Finch: Common Law^ 
 
 Keeble of the Common Law* 
 
 St. Germans: Abridgment of Common Law 
 
 Wierus: De Praestigiis Demonum' 
 
 He also quoted a story by "my Lord Cook," evidently 
 
 I Written August 8, 1679. Mather Papers, p. 594. 
 
 'Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xiv. 194. Probably- 
 written in 1672, as Thomas Shepard, third of that name, was of the class of 1676. 
 Bacon's phrase is ''Histories make Men Wise; Poets Witty." Shepard may have 
 acquired this phrase at second hand; but, as several copies of the "Essays" have 
 already been noted in the comparatively hyf libraries of which record remains, 
 presumably he took it from its source. 
 
 3 Bernard, "Guide to Grand-Jury men • . . in cases of Witchcraft," 1627. 
 
 •t Baxter, "The Certainty of the Worlds of Spirits fully evinced by unquestion- 
 able Histories of Apparitions and Witchcrafts," 1691. R. Burton, or R. B., was the 
 pseudonym of Nathaniel Crouch, publisher of London, who wrote many chap- 
 books. The reference may be to "The Kingdom of Darkness," 1688. 
 
 s Sir Henry Finch, "Treatise of Common Law," 1627, 1638, 1678; or "Sum- 
 mary of Common Law," 1673. 
 
 ^Joseph Keeble wrote "Statutes," 1676, and "An Assistance to Justices of the 
 Peace," 1683, 1689. 
 
 7 Johann Weyer, a Rhenish physician, 1515-1588; quoted by the Mathers, and 
 also by Burton in "The Anatomy of Melancholy." 
 
Quotations by New England Writers. i 39 
 
 Sir Edward Coke. A phrase which he used, "A dwarf upon 
 a giants shoulders can see farther than a giant," may have 
 been taken from Burton's "Anatomy of Melancholy," where 
 it is found;*^ it may, however, have been a current phrase. 
 
 Robert Calef, merchant of Boston, in his attack on the 
 Mathers which he called "More Wonders of the Invisible 
 World" in mockery of Cotton Mather's "Wonders of the In- 
 visible World," also showed familiarity with the literature of 
 demonology, from which he freely quoted: 
 
 And in the Mercury for the month of February, 1695, there 
 is this account' [from which he quotes] 
 
 .... the indians' adorations, which agrees well with what 
 A. Ross sets forth, in his Mistag. Poetic, p. ii6,'° that .... 
 
 Bernard's work on witches" 
 
 Mr. Gaule's book on witches" 
 
 Perkins' work on witches'^ 
 
 Bodin'^ 
 
 .... the fancies of Trithemius'5 
 
 Calef was not content, however, with recent authors on 
 the subject, but went back to the lives of Justin Martyr, 
 Apollonius Tyaneus, and Julian the Apostate, and to the 
 works of Josephus; he even quoted Ovid and Virgil. He 
 has two quotations from Sandys' metrical translation of the 
 "Metamorphoses": eighteen lines from Liber 7, and nine 
 from Liber 14; and two passages from a metrical translation 
 of Virgil's "Bucolics" which I have been unable to identify: 
 
 * Democritus to the Reader, p. 8, Chatto & Windus edition, 1907. 
 
 'P. XV. Calef's book was written in 1697. 
 
 '» P. 129. Alexander Ross, "Mystagogus Poeticus, or the Muses Interpreter," 
 London, 1647. 
 
 " See p. 138 note 3, above. 
 
 " John Gaule, "Select Cases of Conscience touching Witches and Witchcrafts," 
 London, 1646. 
 
 '3 "Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchcraft," 1608. 
 
 '* Jean Bodin, "Demonology." 
 
 '5 Johann Trithemius, I462-1516. 
 
140 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 two lines from Eclogue 13, and eleven lines from Eclogue 8. 
 Although Calef complained that he was not an educated man, 
 in contrast to the Mathers whom he was opposing, he knew 
 both his Virgil and his Ovid, in English at least, sufficiently 
 well to recall passages which very effectively illustrated his 
 point that the current notions of witchcraft came from 
 paganism and had no authority from the Bible. 
 
 The Mathers, especially Cotton, with his vast learning 
 and a willingness to exhibit it, are very helpful to this study 
 because they did quote so freely as to give some idea of the 
 books with which they were familiar. Increase Mather 
 quoted or cited (giving page or chapter reference) at least 
 one hundred and thirty different authors, not including anon- 
 ymous works quoted or cited, such as "The History of 
 Sham Plots" or the "German Ephemerides." Besides these 
 there are over thirty authors to whom he referred familiarly, 
 but did not directly use. Cotton Mather quoted or cited over 
 three hundred authors, and referred without direct use to 
 nearly two hundred others. As it would be tedious to com- 
 ment on all of these, only a few will be discussed, the rest 
 being merely listed. 
 
 The most interesting quotation by Increase Mather is 
 one from Burton's "Anatomy of Melancholy." Mather 
 wrote :^'' 
 
 .... There is in special, a sort of melancholy madness, 
 which is called lycanthropia or Inpina insania, h. e., when men 
 imagine themselves to be turned into wolves or other beasts. 
 Hippocrates relates concerning the daughters of king Prsetus, that 
 they thought themselves kine. Wierus {de Prastigiis Dcemonum,i. 
 iii. c. 21) speaketh of one in Padua, that would not believe to the 
 contrary but that he was a wolf; and of a Spaniard, who thought 
 himself a bear. Euwichius (and from him Horstius) writeth of a 
 man that was found in a barn under the hay, howling and saying 
 he was a wolf. The foolish rusticks, who surprized him, began to 
 flay him, that so they might see if he had not hair growing on the 
 
 '* Remarkable Providences, p. 122. 
 
Quotations by New England Writers. 1 4 1 
 
 inside of his skin. Forestus has many instances to this purpose. 
 Heurnius saith, that it is a disease frequent in Bohemia and Hun- 
 garia. No doubt but this disease gave occasion to Pliny's asser- 
 tion, that some men in his time were turned into wolves, and from 
 wolves into men again. Hence was Ovid's fable of Lycaon, and 
 the tale of Pausanius being ten years a wolf, and then a man 
 again. He that would see more instances, may read Austin, de 
 Civ. Dei. i-. xviii, c. 5; Burton of Melancholly, page 9. They that 
 are subject unto this malady, for the most part lye hid all the 
 day, and go abroad in the night, barking and howling at graves 
 and in desarts. We may suppose that Nebuchadnezzar was 
 troubled with this disease. 
 
 From Mather's brief reference to Burton in the above 
 no one v^ould imagine his real indebtedness to him for 
 almost every detail in the passage. An idea of his wholesale 
 borroM^ing in this instance will be obtained by a comparison 
 of this with the parallel passage in Burton v^hich follows: 
 
 Lycanthropia, which Avicenna calls Cucubuth, others Lupinam 
 insaniam, or Wolf-madness, when men run howling about graves 
 and fields in the night, and will not be persuaded but that they 
 are wolves, or some such beasts. /Fltius and Paulus call it a 
 kind of melancholy; but I should rather refer it to madness, as 
 most do. Some make a doubt of it whether there be any such 
 disease. Donat ab Altomari saith, that he saw two of them in 
 his time: Wierus tells a story of such a one at Padua 1541, that 
 would not believe to the contrary, but that he was a wolf. He 
 hath another instance of a Spaniard, who thought himself a bear; 
 Forrestus confirms as much by many examples; one amongst the 
 rest of which he was an eye-witness, at Alcmaer in Holland, a 
 poor husbandman that still hunted about graves, and kept in 
 churchyards, of a pale, black, ugly, and fearful look. Such be- 
 like, or little better, were King Praetus' daughters, that thought 
 themselves kine. And Nebuchadnezzar in Daniel, as some inter- 
 preters hold, was only troubled with this kind of madness. This 
 disease perhaps gave occasion to that bold assertion of Pliny, 
 "some men were turned into wolves in his time, and from wolves 
 to men again:" and to that fable of Pausanias, of a man that was 
 ten years a wolf, and afterwards turned to his former shape: to 
 
142 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Ovid's tale of Lycaon, &c. He that is desirous to hear of this 
 disease, or more examples, let him read Austin in his i8th book 
 de Civitate Dei, cap. 5. Mizaldus, cent. 5. 77. Sckenkius, lib. i. 
 Hildesheiniy .... [names several others]. This malady, saith 
 Avicenna, troubleth men most in February, and is now-a-days 
 frequent in Bohemia and Hungary, according to Heurnius. 
 Schernitzius will have it common in Livonia. They lie hid most 
 part all day, and go abroad in the night, barking, howling, at 
 graves and deserts; . . . .'^ 
 
 There are one or two original items in Mather's, but 
 nearly everything is borrowed, even to the phraseology, 
 except the order. Was Mather the first of the many who 
 have borrowed from the "Anatomy" without giving due 
 credit? 
 
 Increase Mather knew Sir Thomas Browne as well as 
 Burton, and quoted three times from his "Pseudodoxia Epi- 
 demica,"'* citing the page once. He also cited Sir Kenelme 
 Digby's "Discourse of Bodies," pp. 409, 410.^^ Thomas Fuller 
 he cited and quoted;^" and of course Joseph Glanvil, whose 
 writings were the chief stronghold of those who believed in 
 the necessity of witch-hunting.^^ His acceptance of the ab- 
 surdities of the witchcraft delusions was not, however, due 
 to any lack of access to or familiarity with the best scientific 
 writings of his time. He took illustrations from five num- 
 bers of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal So- 
 
 "Pp. 88, 89, Chatto & Windus edition, 1907. 
 
 '* "Johnston (and from him Dr. Browne in his Vulgar Errors) hath truly asserted 
 the contrary." (Remarkable Providences, p. 73.) "Dr. Browne, in his Pj^z/^o- 
 ^o;if/a ^^iW^OT/Va, p. 63, does rationally suppose ..." (/^/<i., p. 74.) There is 
 also a reference on p. 76. 
 
 '» Ibid^ p. 72. 
 
 " "Such persons do (as Fuller speaks) fence themselves ..." {Ibid., p. 180.) 
 "The like is reported by Dr. Fuller, in his Church History," {Ibid., p. 261.) "Ful- 
 ler's History of the Church p. 424." (Prayer, Early History of New England, p. 
 269.) 
 
 " He quotes or cites from the "Sadducismus Triumphatus or the Collection of 
 Modern Relations," on pages 112, 127, 133, I49, 156, 158, 166, 170, 171, of Re- 
 markable Providences. 
 
Quotations by New England Writers. 143 
 
 ciety,^- from two volumes of the Philosophical Conferences 
 of the Virtuosi of France,^' and from half a dozen volumes of 
 the "German Ephemerides;"^'* he also quoted Robert Hooke" 
 and Robert Boyle.-*' Of the latter he remarked in the Preface 
 to "Remarkable Providences," "I have often wished that 
 the Natural History of New-England might be written and 
 published to the world; the rules and method described by 
 that learned and excellent person Robert Boyle, Esq., being 
 duely observed therein." 
 
 The list of the other books or writers made use of by 
 Increase Mather, given in the Appendix, will show the va- 
 riety of his reading, and, with the lists already given on 
 pages 130 and 131, will throw light upon the content of 
 his library. 
 
 The quotations by Cotton Mather are not only more in 
 number than his father's, but have a more literary tone at 
 times, partly because they include more poetry. He was 
 familiar with "Paradise Lost," as is shown by three well 
 chosen passages from that poem which he used in the 
 "Magnalia." Charles Francis Adams, although he quotes 
 these passages, makes the inference that we have no posi- 
 tive record of any copy of Milton's poems in New England 
 before 1720;" a study of Mather's treatment of the passages 
 he quotes will, however, I think, convince the reader that 
 there must have been at least one copy of "Paradise Lost" 
 in New England before 1698, lying open on Cotton Mather's 
 table as he wrote his greatest book. Speaking of the diffi- 
 
 " Numbers cited are for 1665, 1666, 1670, 1672, and 1676. Remarkable Provi- 
 dences, pp. 83, 226, 213, 216, and 219, respectively. 
 
 '^ Vols, i and ii. Remarkable Providences, pp. 212, 82. 
 
 '* Also called the "Observations of the Imperial Academy." The years quoted 
 are 1670, 1671, 1675, i679> '687, 1689. 
 
 's "the late Philosophical Collections, published by Mr. Robert Hook, page 9." 
 
 ** "The truly noble and honourable Robert Boyle, Esq., ... in his book of 
 the Usefulness of Natural Philosophy, p. 15." 
 
 ''Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, xlii. 154 ff. See, however, 
 p. 12^ above, and p. 181, below. 
 
1 44 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 culties met by the colonists in their wars with the Indians, 
 he wrote :-^ 
 
 .... they found that they were like to make no weapons 
 reach their enswamped adversaries, except Mr. Milton could have 
 shown them how 
 
 To have pluckt up the hills with all their load — 
 Rocks, waters, woods — and by their shaggy tops, 
 Up-lifting, bore them in their hands, therewith 
 The rebel host to 've over-whelm'd. — 
 
 A comparison of this with the original, "Paradise Lost," VI, 
 643-647, 650-651, shows that Mather's changes are not 
 misquotations from memory, but careful changes, evidently 
 with the original before him, to preserve the rhythm and 
 at the same time fit the new context. 
 
 From their foundations, loosening to and fro. 
 They plucked the seated hills, with all their load. 
 Rocks, waters, woods, and, by the shaggy tops 
 Uplifting, bore them in their hands. Amaze, 
 Be sure, and terror, seized the rebel host. 
 
 Till on those cursed engines' triple row 
 They saw them whelmed, .... 
 
 The great impression made upon Mather by the details 
 of the contest between the rebel host and the forces of the 
 Almighty is shown by his own statement and by the two 
 other paraphrases on the poem: 
 
 .... but we who felt ourselves assaulted by unknown 
 numbers of devils in flesh on every side of us, and knew that our 
 minute numbers employ'd in the service against them, were pro- 
 portionably more to us than mighty legions are to nations that 
 have existed as many centuries as our colonies have years in the 
 world, can scarce forbear taking the colours in the Sixth Book of 
 Milton to describe our story :^« 
 
 »* Magnalia, i. 183. 
 ^ Ibid. ii. 566. 
 
Quotations by New England Writers. i 45 
 
 For after this, the Auri sacra Fames ^ that "cursed hunger of 
 lucre," in the diverse nations of Europeans here, in diverse colonies 
 bordering upon one another, soon furnished the salvages with 
 tools to destroy those that furnish'd them: 
 
 — Tools, pregnant with infernal flame. 
 Which into hollow engines, long and round. 
 Thick ramm'd at the other bore, with touch of fire 
 Dilated and infuriate, doth send forth 
 From far with thund'ring noise among their foes 
 Such implements of mischief, as to dash 
 To pieces and o'erwhelm whatever stands 
 Adverse. — ■^° 
 
 Milton, "Paradise Lost," VI, 482-491, wrote: 
 
 These in their dark nativity the Deep 
 Shall yield us, pregnant with infernal flame; 
 Which, into hollow engines long and round 
 Thick-rammed, at the other bore with touch of fire 
 Dilated and infuriate, shall send forth 
 From far, with thundering noise, among our foes 
 Such implements of mischief as shall dash 
 To pieces and o'erwhelm whatever stands 
 Adverse, that they shall fear we have disarmed 
 The Thunderer of his only dreaded bolt. 
 
 Mather, "Magnalia," ii. 568. 
 
 And now, sic magyiis componere parva! Reader, 
 
 And now their mightiest quell'd, the battel swerved. 
 
 With many an inrode gor'd; deformed rout 
 
 Enter'd, and foul disorder; all the ground 
 
 With shiver'd armour strown, and on a heap. 
 
 Salvage and Sagamore lay overturn'd. 
 
 And fiery, foaming blacks: what stood, recoil'd, 
 
 O'er wearied, and with panick fear surpris'd. 
 
 "Paradise Lost," VI, 386-393. 
 
 And now, their mightiest quelled, the battle swerved, 
 With many an inroad gored; deformed rout 
 
 5° Ibid., ii. 557. 
 
146 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Entered, and foul disorder; all the ground 
 With shivered armour strown, and on a heap 
 Chariot and charioter lay overturned, 
 And fiery foaming steeds; what stood recoiled, 
 O'er-wearied, through the faint Satanic host, 
 Defensive scarce, or with pale fear surprised — 
 
 Chaucer, too, Mather evidently knew, for he hoped "that 
 saying of old Chaucer [might] be remembred, 'To do the 
 genteel deeds, that makes the gentleman.' "^^ Presumably 
 this is a recollection of a passage in the "Wife of Bath's 
 Tale." 
 
 Loke who that is most vertuous alway, 
 Privee and apert, and most entendeth ay 
 To do the gentil dedes that he can, 
 And tak him for the grettest gentil man.-'^ 
 
 If the phrase had come to Mather as a current saying it 
 would hardly have had Chaucer's name attached; at least 
 it is hardly to be expected that people in general in New 
 England would be so careful to preserve the name of a poet 
 of whom Pope could write so slightingly, within ten years, 
 
 Now length of fame (our second life) is lost. 
 And bare threescore is all e'en that can boast; 
 Our sons their fathers' failing language see. 
 And such as Chaucer is, shall Dryden be. 
 
 Presumably Mather had a copy of Chaucer, or had used 
 the Harvard Library copy.^^ He made one other reference to 
 Chaucer, speaking of "the famous old Chaucer's motto: 
 
 3' Ibid. i. 107. 
 
 3» Chaucer, D. 1113-1116 (Skeat's Oxford edition). 
 
 33 As the copy of Chaucer listed in the 1723 catalogue of the Harvard Library- 
 is reported as having no title page (see p. 273, below), it is probably not the Urry 
 edition of 1721, which would hardly be so mutilated in a little more than a year, 
 the catalogue being compiled largely in 1722; it is then either one of the Speght 
 editions of 1598, 1602, or 1687, or some earlier edition. In any case it might 
 easily have been in the college library for several years before the "Magnalia" was 
 written. 
 
Quotations by New England Writers. 147 
 
 Mors mihi cerumnarum requies.''^'^ On Chaucer's tomb in 
 Westminster Abbey this is given as Mrumnarum requies 
 mors. 
 
 Other quotations by Cotton Mather are from Cowley's 
 Latin poems,^^ Fuller's "Church History" and other writings,^^ 
 James Howel's "Familiar Letters,"" Dr. Burnet's "History of 
 the Reformation,"^*^ Wood's "Athenae Oxoniensis,"^^ and so 
 on. From Sir Richard Blackmore's "Prince Arthur," pub- 
 lished in 1695, while the "Magnalia" was being written, he 
 quoted two passages, one of 26 lines. ^^ Besides these quota- 
 tions he has references to "Hudibras,"'*^ to Tom Tusser's lines 
 on the harshness of Nicholas Udall, master of Eton,''^ to Ron- 
 sard's comment on DuBartas,"*^ to Rabelais' "Pantagruel,"^^ 
 and to the legend of the Pied Piper. ^^ He seems, also, to have 
 
 34 Magnalia, ii. 613. The phrase really belongs to Sallust (Catiline, 51.20). 
 It is not found in any edition of Chaucer previous to Urry's of 1721. Mather 
 probably became acquainted with it through the account of Chaucer's tomb given 
 in Cambden's "Reges, Reginas, Nobiles, et Alij in Ecclesia Collegiata B. Petri 
 Westmonasterij Sepulti," London, 1606, pp. 66, 67. 
 
 35 On the title page of the 4th Book are three lines from the "Plantarum," Lib. 
 5, end. 
 
 315 In Magnalia, i. 290, he quotes from the "Church History," Cent, xvii. Book xi. 
 213; in Magnalia, ii. 15, from the "History of Cambridge University," in Mag- 
 nalia, i. 76, from his "Comment on Ruth." 
 
 37 Magnalia, i. 27, 35; ii. 27, 46. 
 
 38 Ibid., i. 441. 
 
 ^^ Ibid., passim. He sometimes vents his spleen at this anti-Puritan writer: 
 "as a certain woodden historian . . . has reported," (Magnalia, i. 321). 
 
 *'" Ibid., i. 65, "Prince Arthur," Book I, 552-567; 569-579. Ibid., Title page to 
 Book IV, "Prince Arthur," Book II, 101-103. See p. 198, below, for correspon- 
 dence between Mather and Blackmore. 
 
 •" Magnalia, i. 58, tells of use of Weymouth episode in Hudibras. 
 
 ^^ Ibid., i. 303, "whom now we may venture, after poor Tom Tusser, to call, 
 'the severest of men.' " 
 
 "3 Ibid., ii. 28. 
 
 ^ Ibid., ii. 645: "Let us now leave our friend Maule's works as a fit volume to 
 be an appendix unto the famous ^Tartaretus,' and worthy of a room in Pantagruel's 
 library." 
 
 ^3 This he might have found in Burton's "Anatomy of Melancholy" or Howel's 
 "Letters;" but he seems to have taken it from Richard Verstegan's "Restitution of 
 Decayed Intelligence in Antiquities," p. 92 (edition of 1673). Mather speaks of 
 "the Transylvanian children;" there is no mention of Transylvania in either 
 
148 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 been familiar with "Don Quixote," for he speaks of "ro- 
 mances oi Don Quixote and the Seven Champions "*^ and else- 
 where'*^ speaks of the "quixotism" of Roger Williams. It 
 would be interesting to know whether Mather "coined" that 
 term for himself; the "New English Dictionary" records but 
 one use of it earlier than this, in a book or tract, "Pulpit 
 Popery, True Popery," 1688, and quotes the next example 
 from ^he Briton, No. 20, 1723. Certainly Cotton Mather, 
 before the end of the century, had considerable literary back- 
 ground. The other books which he quoted or cited are listed 
 in the Appendix. 
 
 In addition to all these. Cotton Mather was fond of using 
 such phrases as "a saying of the Jews," "the Arabian 
 proverb," "an account of a certain bishop of Rome," "the 
 Italian proverb," "a certain proverb in x'^sia," "the witty 
 epigrammattst hath told us," "as he that writes the life of 
 holy Mr. Bains expresses it," "the author of the life of 
 Belgic Wallseus," "the famous judge's motto," etc. In the 
 "Magnalia"^^ occur two lines from Herbert, which, however, 
 are not quoted by Mather, but in a prefatory epistle written 
 by Matthew Mead of London. Presumably Mather could 
 have quoted Herbert had he cared to, as a copy of Herbert's 
 poems was in his father's library as early as 1664.^^ 
 
 Samuel Sewall's "Diary" and "Letter-Book" contain a few- 
 references to his reading. On his voyage to England in 1688 
 he carried with him a volume by Dr. Preston, Manton's "Ex- 
 position of James," and Erasmus.^'* At another time he re- 
 corded saying to Benjamin Colman, "Philomela would have 
 
 Burton or Howel, but Verstegan tells the tale in connection with his account of 
 the Transylvanian Saxons, giving the location of the episode, however, as do the 
 others, in Brunswick, at Hamel. Mather's memory was inaccurate here. A copy 
 of Verstegan's book was in his father's library; see p. 53, above. 
 
 4^ Magnalia, i. 208. 
 
 t' Ibid., ii. 497. 
 
 ■»8 Ibid., ii. 153. 
 
 49 See p. 52, above. 
 
 s" "my Erasmus was quite loosened out of the Binding by the breaking of the 
 water into Cabbin." (Diary, i. 238.) 
 
[Quotations by New England Writers. 149 
 
 found out some words . . . .,"" Philomela being the wow 
 de plume of Elizabeth Singer Rowe, a popular English poet- 
 ess of the day. On the cover of his journal he copied in full 
 "An Elegie on Mrs. Alicia Lisle, which for high Treason was 
 beheaded at Winchester, September the 2^ 1685," evidently 
 taken from an English broadside." This is followed by 
 letters dated 1686, and therefore was copied not long after 
 publication. Sewall was no doubt especially interested in 
 this poem because one of the daughters of the unfortunate 
 Lady Alice Lisle was living in Boston, the wife of Hezekiah 
 Usher, and formerly wife of President Hoar of Harvard. ^^ 
 The following item shows his interest in reading, and his 
 taste. He was trying a case at Bristol at the time. 
 
 Rain hinder'd our setting out that day. So after diner at Mr. 
 Saffin's, Not knowing better how to bestow my time, Look'd on 
 Mr. Saffin's Books, and lit on Dr. Fullers History of the Worthies 
 of England, and in p. 116. 117. found mention made of the Inun- 
 dation at Coventry, on Friday April, 17. in the Maioralty of 
 Henry Sewall my Father's Grandfather. Mention is made p. 134. 
 of W"" Dugdale's Illustrations of Warwickshire. ^^ 
 
 Sewall did not need to go to Bristol to read Fuller, however, 
 for two passages in his "Letter-Book" would indicate that 
 he had more than one volume of Fuller in his own library, 
 and was familiar with their contents. 
 
 I transcribe the following passage out of Dr. Fuller's Engl[ish] 
 Worthies in London, p. 202^5 .... 
 
 Transcribed the passages of George Abbot Archb[ishop] out 
 of Fuller's Ch[urch] History; knew not what better to write. s^ 
 
 s' Ibid., i. 507. 
 5= Ibid., ii. 8. 
 
 53 See note 4, p. 99, above. 
 
 54 Diary, i. 484. Ca. 1695. 
 
 55 Letter-Book, i. 369. 
 
 s' Ibid., i. 374. Although'Sewall wrote that " he knew not what better to write," 
 the quotation was not a mere spacefiller but recorded a close parallel to a recent 
 event in the life of the man to whom he was writing. Sewall knew his Fuller well 
 enough to draw upon it for illustrations. 
 
150 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Other authors or books which he quoted, or to which he 
 referred, are: Augustine's Psalms," Baxter's "Glorious King- 
 dom of Christ Described,"''^ Calvin's "Institutions,"" Cal- 
 amy's "Life of Baxter,"*"' Horn's "De Originibus Ameri- 
 canis,"''^ Hornius' "Carthaginian Dream, "•'^ Pareus' "Com- 
 mentaries,""^ Thorowgood's "Jews in America,""* and The 
 London Gazette of June 27, 1700,"^ 
 
 If the anonymous lines to Cotton Mather, written about 
 1700,"" 
 
 For Grace and Act and an Illustrious Fame 
 Who would not look from such an Ominous Name^ 
 Where Two Great Names their Sanctuary take, 
 And in a Third combined, a Greater make/ 
 
 are, as Barrett Wendell very reasonably suggests," in imi- 
 tation of Dryden's lines "Under Milton's Picture" 
 
 Three poets, in three distant ages born, 
 Greece, Italy, and England, did adorn. 
 The first, in loftiness of thought surpassed; 
 The next, in majesty; in both, the last. 
 The force of nature could no further go; 
 To make a third, she joined the former two. 
 
 then we have another evidence of acquaintance with Milton's 
 
 57 Ibid., i. 199. ' 
 
 5' Ibid., ii. 202. 
 
 59 Ibid., i. 260. 
 
 *" Ibid., i. 294. He wrote to Calamy to correct statements in the latter's abridg- 
 ment of Baxter's Life. 
 
 *' Ibid., i. 23. See Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xiv. 167. 
 
 '^ Letter-Book, i. 289. 
 
 *3 Diary, i. 115. 
 
 *i Letter-Book, i. 22. 
 
 ^^ Ibid., i. 16. 
 
 '^Mather copied these lines in his diary on February 12, 1700, under the title 
 Ab Amico Satis Adidatore on Cotton Mather, with the comment "Too gross Flat- 
 tery for me to Transcribe; (tho' the Poetry be good." According to the editor 
 of the Diary the lines are struck out in the manuscript — but in such a man- 
 ner that they may still be read easily. 
 
 ^7 Cotton Mather, p. 182 note. 
 
Quotations by New England Writers. 151 
 
 poems, or at least with "Paradise Lost," in the 1688 edition 
 of which these lines first appeared. 
 
 The foregoing quotations not only add many items to 
 the book lists of the preceding chapter, but also give some 
 idea of the familiarity of the colonists with the books which 
 they possessed. They certainly were not as lacking in books 
 as has been generally believed; and it seems equally true 
 that they read and appreciated such literary books as they 
 possessed to an extent for which they have never been given 
 due credit. 
 
Chapter IX: Relations with England and 
 Other Phases of Culture. 
 
 THE close and sympathetic interest between the 
 colonists and the government of England, as de- 
 scribed in Chapter III, naturally came to an end 
 at the Restoration. In its place a mutual suspicion devel- 
 oped, fostered on the one side by the colonists' disloyal 
 protection of the Regicides, and on the other by the loss of 
 colonial independence and the fear of possible religious coer- 
 cion. At the same time a generation was growing up which 
 knew not England; in fact it was almost a second genera- 
 tion from England, since in many cases the parents had left 
 England when mere children. Those who had grown to 
 maturity in England and had personal friends there were 
 passing away; the death of John Winthrop, Jr., in 1676 
 broke one of the chief links that kept the best of the new 
 world in touch with the best of the old. Social intercourse 
 between New England and Old England seems to have 
 reached, during the last quarter of the century, a lower ebb 
 than at any time before or since. 
 
 It would be a mistake, however, to think of the colonies 
 as isolated from the outside world even during this period. 
 As has been shown in Chapter VII, the gifts of friends in 
 England and the establishment of several booksellers made 
 it possible for both the college and the colony to keep in 
 touch with current thought. Settlers continued to come, too, 
 even if in smaller groups than during the first period; and 
 among them were occasionally men of high scholastic at- 
 tainments, such as Samuel Lee,^ who settled in Bristol, and 
 Charles Morton-, who settled in Charlestown. Occasionally, 
 
 ' See p. 127, above. 
 ' See p. 100, above. 
 
Other Phases of Cuhure. i 53 
 
 too, young colonists went back to England to try their 
 fortunes there, and not without success, as, for example, 
 three sons of the Reverend John Higginson, of Salem. 
 Thomas Higginson became a goldsmith in England; Francis 
 went to live with his uncle Francis in England' and was 
 educated at the University of Cambridge; and Nathaniel 
 was first steward of Lord Wharton, and later went to the 
 East Indies, where he succeeded Elihu Yale as Governor of 
 Madras, and, like him, grew rich.'* His letters, both from 
 India and from England after his return,^ show that he was 
 interested in New England and had tentative plans for re- 
 turning thither, as his father so earnestly urged him to do; 
 but he never came. The Reverend Warham Mather had 
 thoughts of going to England, for he wrote to his uncle, 
 Increase Mather, then in London, as follows: 
 
 S"", we expect not your return before winter. It will be profita- 
 ble for me to know what advice you think it will be best for me to 
 follow, relating to a remove for England, before that time, for it is 
 not likely I should sell what estate I have here for the worth 
 thereof at short warning.^ 
 
 He did not go, however. 
 
 New Englanders continued to visit England for both 
 business and pleasure. Increase Mather went twice as agent 
 of Massachusetts. Of his second trip a modern historian 
 writes: 
 
 During Andros's administration some of the prominent men of 
 the colony, dissatisfied with the curtailment of their former privi- 
 leges, determined to appeal to England for relief. Increase 
 Mather, the influential pastor of the Old North Church, was se- 
 lected to bear to the king, James II., the complaints of the colony, 
 
 3 See p. 65, above. 
 
 < Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, vii. 196; F. B. 
 Dexter, Publications of the New Haven Historical Society, iii. 238. 
 
 5 Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, vii. 198 ff. The 
 eagerness with which his father urged him not to forget his native place is quite 
 pathetic. 
 
 * Mather Papers, p. 671. July 6, 1688. 
 
154 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 and to obtain, if possible, a restoration of the charter. He was 
 admirably adapted to the task, having served as agent in Eng- 
 land only a few years before, while his pleasing address and 
 familiarity with the men and ways of the court at Whitehall were 
 certain to stand him in good stead in the work to be done.' 
 
 It is worth noting that on this errand he was well received 
 by the courts both of James II and of William and Mary. 
 
 In 1688 Samuel Sewall, accompanied by his brother 
 Stephen and two others, went to England on a trip which 
 combined the pleasure of a visit to his birthplace in England 
 with considerable buying of commodities, presumably upon 
 commission. 
 
 Joseph Dudley went to England in 1682 as an agent of 
 Massachusetts.^ In 1693 he again went to England and there 
 resided for nine years, taking an active part in English 
 affairs, even serving in Parliament.^ Another who spent 
 several years in England was Benjamin Colman, who went 
 to London in 1695. He was well received by the Dissenting 
 clergy there, once being sent by a committee of them to 
 preach at Cambridge, and later, after preaching at Ipswich, 
 being chosen by the London Presbytery to take an important 
 church at Bath, where he remained two years. He left only 
 to accept a call to a new church in Boston.^" 
 
 Benjamin Lynde, Harvard 1686, went to London to study 
 for the bar at the Middle Temple. His wife accompanied 
 him either at that time or on some later trip, for her portrait 
 was painted in England by Sir Godfrey Kneller." 
 
 During this period there is practically no evidence of any 
 intercourse or friendship between any one in New England 
 and the literary men of England, if such writers of religious 
 literature as Richard Baxter be excluded." Anthony a 
 
 1 C. M. Andrews, Narratives of the Insurrections, p. 271. 
 * Kimball, Public Life of Joseph Dudley, p. 13. 
 9 Ibid. pp. 65, 208. 
 " Turell, Life of Colman, passim. 
 
 " Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ist Series, xvi. 396. 
 " See p. 134, above, for details of Baxter's gift to Harvard. 
 
Other Phases of Culture. 155 
 
 Wood turned to Increase Mather, when the latter was in 
 London, for information in regard to the Oxford graduates 
 who had emigrated to New England;'^ but the "x'\thenae 
 Oxoniensis" can hardly be classed as pure literature. 
 
 In spite of all this lessening of intercourse, the colonists 
 continued to feel a keen interest in England and conditions 
 there, as their constant eagerness for gazettes and news- 
 letters shows ;'^ and this sometimes found definite expres- 
 sion, as in the following passage from John Higginson's 
 "Attestation" to the "Magnalia." 
 
 That the little daughter of New-England in America, may bow 
 down herself to her mother England, in Europe, presenting this 
 memorial unto her; assuring her, that though by some of her 
 angry brethren she was forced to make a local secession, yet not a 
 separation, but hath always retained a dutiful respect to the 
 Church of God in England; and giving some account to her, how 
 graciously the Lord has dealt with herself in a remote wilderness, 
 and what she has been doing all this while; giving her thanks for 
 all the supplies she has received from her; and because she is 
 yet in her minority, she craves her farther blessing a.nd favour as 
 the case may require; being glad if what is now presented to her, 
 may be of any use, to help forward the union and agreetnent of her 
 brethren, which would be some satisfaction to her for her unde- 
 sired local distance from her dear England; and finally promising 
 all that reverence and obedience which is due to her good mother, 
 by virtue of th.t fifth commandment.'^ 
 
 If the colonists did not go to England as much as at an 
 earlier period, certain elements of English life, formerly ab- 
 sent, were introduced, especially under Governor Andros. 
 A dancing-master set up in Boston,'^ and a fencing master 
 
 '3 Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 2d Series, vii. 187. 
 
 '■• See pp. 222 and 223, above. 
 
 '5 Magnalia, i. 16. Dated 1697. 
 
 '* Wendell, Cotton Mather, p. 44. The first dancing master of whom there is 
 record was one Henry Sharlot or Sherlot, who is described both as Irish and as 
 French. On September 6, 168 1, the Court of Assistants decided that "Henry Sher- 
 lot a frenchman, that is newly come into this Towne as he sajth, a Dancing master 
 and a person very Insolent and of ill fame, that Raves and scoffes at Religion 
 
156 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 as well. '7 Public fencing bouts were held, and a maypole 
 was erected.'* Just previous to this John Dunton and other 
 booksellers had brought over plays and romances and play- 
 ing cards.'' In connection with the latter the following 
 passage in Sewall's "Diary" is of interest. 
 
 Wednesday, June 21 [1699]. A Pack of Cards are found 
 strawed over my fore-yard, which, tis suposed, some might throw 
 there to mock me, in spite of [for] what I did at the Exchange 
 Taverrr last Satterday night." 
 
 Boston was losing its former character of a city devoted 
 to religion, and was becoming a worldly commercial seaport. 
 This was felt strongly by the critical Dutch traveler, Jasper 
 Danckaerts, who wrote of Boston in 1680: 
 
 Nevertheless you discover little difference between this and 
 other places. Drinking and fighting occur there not less than 
 elsewhere; and as to truth and true godliness, you must not 
 expect more of them than of others. When we were there, four 
 ministers' sons were learning the silversmith's trade." 
 
 . . ."be ordered away. It is unfortunately not clear whether his personality 
 or his profession was chiefly responsible for the Court's action. (Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, Proceedings, xlix. 99 fF.) His successors had better fortune. 
 To meet this new evil, Increase Mather considered it necessary to prepare "An 
 Arrow against Profane and Promiscuous Dancing. Drawn out of the Quiver of 
 the Scriptures," published in 1684 by Joseph Brunning. (Sibley, Harvard Gradu- 
 ates, i. 445.) 
 
 '7 The Council granted, September 15, 1686, the following petition: "The hum- 
 ble petition of Richard Crisp, humbly sheweth. That whereas there are several 
 gentlemen in this town, that are desirous your petitioner should instruct them in 
 the use of weapons, and whereas there is a law, that forbiddeth the building of any 
 edifice with wood, above such a bigness as the said law permits, I humbly pray 
 . . . liberty to build a low, slight house for that purpose ..." (Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, vii. 157.) 
 
 '* Increase Mather recorded in his diary in 1687: (April 27.) "Sword playing 
 was this day openly practised on a Stage in Boston & that immediately after y^ 
 Lecture, so y' the Devil has begun a Lecture in Boston on a Lecture-Day wh was 
 set up for Christ ..." (May i.) "A May pole was set up in Charlestown." (Mas- 
 sachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, xiii. 411.) 
 
 " See p. 120 ff., above. 
 
 ^'' Diary, i. 498. Unfortunately there is no further report of the affair at the 
 Exchange Tavern. 
 
 " Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, pp. 274, 275. 
 
Other Phases of Culture. 157 
 
 In connection with Danckaerts' last remarlc it must be 
 remembered that there were nearly a score of silversmiths 
 working at their craft in Boston before the end of the 
 century. Many of the things which they wrought were 
 necessary articles; but the rapid growth in their numbers 
 toward the end of this period, as well as examples of their 
 work which have been preserved, indicates that Boston 
 afforded a good market for luxuries." That four ministers' 
 sons at once were turning to this lucrative work instead of 
 preparing to follow in the footsteps of their fathers shows 
 the tendency of the time. 
 
 The wealthy men of the first period had been those who 
 brought fortunes with them. In the second period we find 
 men who had made their own fortunes in the new land, 
 such men as John Hull, silversmith and mint-master, whose 
 wealth is a tradition with us.^^ Hezekiah Usher, bookseller, 
 dying in 1676, left a fortune of over £15,000 for his two 
 sons to quarrel over.^t John Dunton speaks of the wealth 
 acquired by John Usher's who succeeded his father. Wait 
 Winthrop in Boston and Fitz-John Winthrop at New Lon- 
 don were living in a style resembling that of the landed 
 gentry of England, whom they were planning to imitate in 
 the establishing of an estate practically in entail.'* Even 
 in Plymouth there was an increase in wealth, according to 
 
 " Bigelow's "Historic Silver of the Colonies and its Makers" gives interesting de- 
 tails of the lives of these silversmiths and contains illustrations showing the beauty 
 of their work. His record is not complete, however, for he does not mention the 
 Dutch silversmith, Willem Ros, from Wesel, whom Jasper Danckaerts found 
 carrying on his trade in Boston in 1680. (Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, p. 260.) 
 
 '3 There seems to be no satisfactory estimate of his wealth, but he was unques- 
 tionably wealthy for his day. His gift to his daughter upon her marriage to Samuel 
 Sewall is estimated at £500 ($10,000 in modern equivalent). (Hull's Diary, p. 275.) 
 
 =4 See pp. 79 and 114, above. 
 
 ^5 See p. 1 1 4, above. 
 
 ^^ John Winthrop, F. R. S., won his suit against the other heirs of his uncle, 
 Fitz-John, and his father. Wait, by showing that the two brothers had planned to 
 leave their vast holdings of land to a single heir that they might be handed down 
 intact from generation to generation, and not to be broken up and soon dissipated 
 by division among group after group of heirs. (Winthrop Papers, vi. passim.) 
 
158 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Governor Josiah Winslow's statement that "most men there 
 are freeholders, few tenants; incomes of 2000/. are rare 
 among them."^^ They may have been few, but the interest- 
 ing thing is that there were any. Twenty-five years earlier 
 estates totahng one-quarter of that sum were unknown. ^'^ 
 Comprehensive lists of men of wealth and their estates seem 
 unnecessary here, for the very fact that so many booksellers 
 and silversmiths set up shop in Boston'^ js in itself evidence 
 that there was a considerable public which could afford the 
 luxuries of books and silver plate. Even portrait painters 
 were beginning to cater to the vanity of the colonists. Before 
 1667 the Reverend John Wilson refused to have his portrait 
 painted for his friends, although Edward Rawson brought 
 to him a "limner, with all things ready. "3° Portraits of 
 Henry and Margaret Gibbs bearing the date of 1670 are 
 still in existence.^' In 1679 °^ 1680 Increase Mather sat for 
 a portrait which he sent to his brother Nathaniel, of Dublin. ^^ 
 In 1684 Joseph Allen came from Dublin bearing letters from 
 Nathaniel to Increase Mather in which he was described as 
 skilled in "graving" and "limning."^^ Wait Winthrop 
 wrote in 1691 of a man who could copy miniatures.^'' Evi- 
 dently as far as Boston and the older settlements were con- 
 cerned, the pioneer days of hardship were over. 
 
 " Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and West Indies, 1677- 
 1680, p. 522, no. 1349. 
 ^ See pp. 28 and 29, above. 
 *» See pp. 114-117 and 157, above. 
 30 Magnalia, i. 320. 
 3' Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ist Series, x. 41 ff. 
 
 32 Mather Papers, p. 28. 
 
 33 Ibid., p. 52. 
 
 34 Winthrop Papers, iv. 500. Under date of October 31 he wrote to Fitz-John 
 Winthrop, "If you could by a very carefuU hand, send the litle picture of my 
 grandfather, put carefully up in som litle box, here is one would copy it for my 
 cousin Adam ..." 
 
chapter X: The Production of Literature. 
 
 AS the previous chapters have shown, New England 
 grew provincial after the middle of the century, 
 k^and especially after the Restoration. This is 
 shown most strikingly in the literature produced during 
 this period. Literary movements in England had practi- 
 cally no influence across the sea. Of course the most im- 
 portant element in the English literature of the time, the 
 dramatic, because of its very nature, could in no way 
 stimulate literary activity where the drama was tabooed. 
 Furthermore, most non-dramatic literature was written by 
 Tories and Royalists, many of them courtiers, in whose 
 writings New England Puritans could take little interest. 
 It is not so easy to explain why Milton aroused no echo in 
 New England; but it is evident to any student of the 
 period that the chief writer of Boston, Cotton Mather, al- 
 though he evidently knew "Paradise Lost" well,^ made no 
 attempt to imitate the grandeur of its style, preferring the 
 elaborate conceits and puns characteristic of the style which 
 the earliest settlers brought over with them. In England 
 there had been great changes; in New England the literary 
 style, like the language, tended to remain fixed. The leaders 
 of thought in Boston were generally as conservative in their 
 writing as in their religious thinking, looking to the past 
 rather than to the present or the future. 
 
 Where the influence of the earlier colonial verse-writers 
 is not evident, as in Peter Folger's "A Looking-Glass for the 
 Times," in some of Benjamin Tompson's poems, and else- 
 where, as in some of the poetry of the almanacs, the style 
 seems either original, or else derived from ballads or hymns, 
 the metres especially resembling those of the ballad or short 
 
 ' See p. 1 43 ff., above. 
 
1 60 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 or common metre hymn. There is absolutely no suggestion 
 of contemporary English poetry of the better kind here. 
 
 Very much the same thing is true of the prose of the period. 
 The style of Cotton Mather in the "MagnaHa," written in 
 the last decade of the seventeenth century, resembles, as 
 does his father's style, the prose writings of such English- 
 men as Robert Burton and Thomas Fuller, who belong to 
 the earlier part of the century.^ 
 
 It is necessary to distinguish here between literary influ- 
 ences and influences of a political or even intellectual nature. 
 Unresponsive as the people of New England were to literary 
 movements, they were in close touch not only with English 
 politics, but with certain philosophical movements. Their 
 interest in politics was natural, as they were personally 
 affected by what happened in London. Their familiarity 
 with the scientific movement of the time has been noted. ^ 
 Their reaction to the writings of the Cambridge Platonists 
 is more striking. The attempts of such writers as Joseph 
 Glanvil and Henry More to prove the reality of the spiritual 
 world culminated in "Sadducismus Triumphatus," begun by 
 Glanvil and finished by More in 1681. Three years later 
 Increase Mather published his "Remarkable Providences" as 
 a contribution to the growing body of material which sought 
 to support the teachings of Glanvil and More. Within ten 
 years New England had reacted to the belief in demons in 
 
 ' Cotton Mather's love of quoting Latin and Greek, and even Hebrew, is a relic 
 of the tendency which led Lord Coke, who died in 1633, to illustrate the knotty- 
 points and subtle distinctions of the law with 300 extracts from Virgil— and then 
 boast of his achievement. (Mullinger, Cambridge in the Seventeenth Century, 
 p. 64, note.) Before Cotton Mather was born, Samuel Butler had ridiculed this 
 style of writing, calling it (Hudibras, Canto I, 93-98) 
 
 A Babylonish dialect, 
 
 Which learned pedants much affect: 
 
 It was a parti-colour d dress 
 
 Of patch d and piebald languages; 
 
 'twas English cut on Greek and Latin, 
 
 Like fustian heretofore on satin. 
 
 3 See above, pp. 107 ff. and 142-3. 
 
The Production of Literature. 1 6 i 
 
 an even more striking way, by the persecution of witches, 
 especially at Salem. Witch-hunting did not begin in the 
 colonies at that time, but the extent and violence of the 
 Salem persecutions in contrast with the sporadic witchcraft 
 cases in New England previous to 1680 would seem to be the 
 result of a direct reaction to the Cambridge philosophers. 
 The fact that Deodat Lawson, whose lecture at Salem Vil- 
 lage, March 24, 1692, marked the beginning of the worst 
 persecutions, had studied at Cambridge gave weight to his 
 words and was largely responsible for the severity of the 
 frenzy. 
 
 The provincialism of the period is nowhere better shown 
 than in the growing preponderance of sermons in the publi- 
 cations of the local presses. In the eight years including 
 1682 and 1689, °^ ^^^ ^33 books pubhshed in Boston, 56 were 
 sermons, 39 more were of a religious nature, and of the re- 
 maining 38, 12 were almanacs, and 17 were proclamations 
 or political pamphlets arising from the revolt against Andros 
 in 1689.'* The lowest ebb of American literature was reached 
 at this time; the only poetical items are Cotton Mather's 
 "A Poem Dedicated to the Memory of ... . Mr. Urian 
 Oakes" and "An Elegy on . . . . Rev. Mr. Nathanael 
 Collins," Richard Steere's "A Monumental Memorial of 
 Marine Mercy," and reprints of Wigglesworth's "Meat out 
 of the Eater" and "The Day of Doom." 
 
 The dearth of literature is not relieved to any great extent, 
 as in the first period, by publications abroad. Some colonial 
 writings were published in England, but most of these, as 
 Increase Mather's accounts of the Indian wars, were re- 
 prints of books already printed in New England. One book, 
 and that undoubtedly the most important book of the 
 period,^ Cotton Mather's "MagnaliaChristi Americana," was 
 considered by its author sufficiently important to be sent 
 
 * These figures are compiled from Evans' American Bibliography, and include 
 books printed in Cambridge. 
 
 s Although not published until 1702, it was written about 1697. 
 
1 62 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 to England for its original publication; but this is rather 
 the exception. 
 
 Some poetry of the period escaped publication at the 
 time, and should be added in estimating the amount of lit- 
 erature produced; but this is much less in quantity than 
 in the earlier period. Edward Taylor of Westfield filled a 
 notebook with verse, none of which has ever been published, 
 as the writer forbade publication. Many elegies, such as 
 those preserved in Blake's "Annals of Dorchester" and others 
 passed on from generation to generation in family records, 
 waited until later times for their appearance in public. But 
 even these are not sufficient either in amount or in merit to 
 bring the production of this period to the level of either the 
 earlier or the later periods. 
 
 All this does not mean that there were no writings of lit- 
 erary value during these years, for that would not be true. 
 The most interesting and important of the writings of the 
 two Mathers belong to this period: "Remarkable Provi- 
 dences," "The Wonders of the Invisible World," and the 
 "Magnalia Christi Americana." To these must be added the 
 four clever political fables which Cotton Mather wrote in 
 defence of his father's activities as agent of the Colony.^ 
 Robert Calef's "More Wonders of the Invisible World" 
 also deserves mention here for its rationality, which gives 
 it, in contrast with the Mather witchbooks, a surprisingly 
 modern tone. Another modern seeming book is Sewall's 
 anti-slavery pamphlet, "The Selling of Joseph." 
 
 The poetry of the period was inferior to the prose; there 
 was, however, some verse with poetic merit. One example 
 of a poem which is at least natural, and not without humor, 
 has been printed in part on page 91, Samuel Bailey's "The 
 College Ferula." Of the conceits which marred much of the 
 colonial poetry perhaps the most effective and fitting is the 
 one used by Joseph Capen at the end of his elegy upon 
 John Foster, printer and almanac maker: 
 
 ' Printed in the Prince Society Andros Tracts, ii. 325 ff. 
 
The Production of Literature. 163 
 
 Thy Body which no activeness did lack 
 
 Now's laid aside like an old Almanack 
 
 But for the present only's out of date; 
 
 Twil have at length a far more active State. 
 
 Yea, though with dust thy body Soiled be, 
 
 Yet at the Resurrection we Shall See 
 
 A fair Edition & of matchless worth, 
 
 Free from Errata, new in Heav'n Set forth: 
 
 Tis but a word from God the great Creatour, 
 
 It Shall be Done when he Saith IMPRIMATUR.^ 
 
 The concluding stanzas of Urian Oakes' lament for 
 Thomas Shepard are worth quoting, although the greater 
 part of this elegy exhibits the usual faults of New England 
 poetry. 
 
 In vain we build the prophets' sepulchers. 
 
 In vain bedew their tombs with tears, when dead; 
 
 7 "It has been thought," writes Samuel A. Green, in his study of John Foster 
 (page 35), "that the closing lines of Capen's Elegy suggested to Franklin the 
 quaint epitaph which he wrote for himself." The parallel is so interesting that the 
 epitaph is given here for comparison: 
 
 The body of Benjamin Franklin, printer, {like the cover of an old book, its 
 contents torn out, and stript of its lettering and gilding) lies here food for 
 worms; yet the work itself shall not be lost, for it will {as he believed) ap- 
 pear once more in a new and more beautiful edition, corrected and amended 
 by the author. 
 The parallel becomes more interesting when we carry it back a generation to 
 Benjamin Woodbridge's elegy upon John Cotton, who died in 1652. Presumably 
 the elegy was written soon after that date. 
 
 A living, breathing Bible; tables where 
 Both covenants, at large, engraven were; 
 Gospel and law, in's heart, had each its column; 
 His head an index to the sacred volume; 
 His very name a title-page; and next. 
 His life a commentary on the text- 
 0, what a monument of glorious worth. 
 When, in a new edition, he comes forth, 
 Without erratas, may we think he'll be 
 In leaves and covers of eternity! 
 
 It would be remarkable if Woodbridge's figure of speech should have recurred 
 twice unconsciously; if it was used consciously, it forms a curious link between 
 the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in American literature. 
 
1 64 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 In vain bewail the deaths of ministers, 
 Whilest prophet-killing sins are harboured. 
 
 Those that these murtherous traitors favour, hide; 
 
 Are with the blood of Prophets deeply dy'd. 
 
 New-England! know thy heart-plague: feel this blow; 
 
 A blow that sorely wounds both head and heart, 
 
 A blow that reaches all, both high and low, 
 
 A blow that may be felt in every part. 
 
 Mourn that this great man's fain in Israel: 
 Let it be said, "with him New-England fell!" 
 
 Farewell, dear Shepard! Thou art gone before. 
 
 Made free of Heaven, where thou shalt sing loud hymns 
 
 Of high triumphant praises ever more. 
 
 In the sweet quire of saints and seraphims. 
 
 Lord! look on us here, clogg'd with sin and clay. 
 And we, through grace, shall be as happy as they. 
 
 My dearest, inmost, bosome-friend is gone! 
 Gone is my sweet companion, soul's delight! 
 Now in an hud'ling croud I'm all alone, 
 x'^nd almost could bid all the world "Goodnight." 
 
 Blest be my Rock! God lives: O let him be. 
 
 As He is All, so All in All to me! 
 
 Whereas literary production during the first period of 
 colonial life was in keeping with the culture of the people, 
 during the second period literature lagged behind culture. 
 The chief reason for this, provincialism, has already been 
 discussed. While the culture, although not as low as it has 
 often been pictured, had grown somewhat provincial, the 
 literature had become entirely divorced from English literary 
 movements. The colonists did have London books; but 
 their ears could not catch the note of the literary activity 
 which centered in London. There were other reasons for 
 this than the width of the Atlantic. The Restoration had 
 in time brought about the loss of charter and privileges; 
 and thus began that long struggle between colonist and 
 
The Production of Literature. 165 
 
 crown which was to monopolize the interest and energy of 
 the people of New England for over a century. Cotton 
 Mather was eager to peruse any books which his father 
 might bring from England; but he was vastly more inter- 
 ested in the charter which his father might bring back for 
 the colony and indirectly for the college. Whether the 
 ministerial party headed by himself and his father would be 
 able to control the colony; whether the orthodox element 
 in New England could continue to guide the college; — these 
 matters were vastly more important than the fact that a 
 new period in English literature was developing. Even if 
 this had not been the case, the tremendously busy life 
 which Cotton Mather led was enough to make careful literary 
 work impossible. As Barrett Wendell writes, 
 
 Until one actually inspects the documents, it seems incredible 
 that in forty-five years any single human being could have penned 
 so many words as we thus see to have come from the hand of one 
 of the busiest ministers, one of the most insatiable scholars and 
 readers, and one of the most active politicians whom America has 
 ever known.* 
 
 Cotton Mather himself referred to the difficulties of lit- 
 erary work in the face of his other activities: 
 
 . . . . I have been forced .... to throw by the work [the 
 "Magnalia"] whole months together, and then resume it, but by a 
 stolen hour or two in the day, not without some hazard of incur- 
 ring the title which Coryat put upon his History of his Travels, 
 '^Crudities hastily gobbled up in five months y"^ 
 
 If I could redeem the Time, now and then to dress up sublime 
 Thoughts in an agreeable Metre, I might in Time, have a Col- 
 lection, which may prove a profitable and an acceptable Enter- 
 tainment, unto the Church of God." 
 
 Two extracts from his diary show his hasty manner of 
 writing. 
 
 * Literary History of America, p. 47. 
 »Magnalia, i. 32. 
 " Diary, ii. 335. 
 
1 66 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 The Printer, wanting something to fill the last Leaf of his Al- 
 manack, for the year, 1699, came unto mee, to furnish him 
 
 I took my Opportunity, and wrote a few pungent Lines, concern- 
 ing the Changes, which may bee coming as a Snare upon the 
 Earth. . . ." 
 
 There is printing a new Edition of our Psalm-book. In every 
 former Edition, that excellent Portion of Scripture, the 36TH 
 Chapter of isaiah, was in such a metre, that few of our Churches 
 could sing it. Wherefore I this day, took a few Minutes, to turn 
 it into another Metre, with perhaps, a smoother and sweeter 
 Version. So tis published in the Psalm book; . . . '^ 
 
 As, in spite of the unfavorable circumstances under which 
 they were composed, Cotton Mather's productions taken 
 all in all are not without literary merit, it is interesting to 
 surmise what he might have done in literature had he not 
 been so distracted by other things, including the constant 
 abuse of his health by vigils and fasts. ^^ The one man in 
 New England who had the greatest familiarity with English 
 literature, whose mind was a veritable storehouse of learning 
 of every kind, never gave what literary ability he may have 
 had an opportunity to develop. 
 
 What is true of Cotton Mather is true in less degree of all 
 New England. Life was too full of other interests to allow 
 much energy to be devoted to literary work. During the 
 seventies the colonists were carrying on a bitter war with 
 the Indians, a war which cost the United Colonies over 
 £100,000 and many lives. During the eighties public interest 
 was absorbed by the struggle to maintain colonial rights 
 against the encroachments of Randolph and Andros. In the 
 last decade of the century began the struggle between the 
 ministerial party, headed by the Mathers, and the more lib- 
 eral party for the control of the government and the college. 
 
 "Ibid., i. 276. The article appeared in Tulley's Almanack for 1699. 
 
 " Ibid., i. 300. 
 
 '3 Tyler, in his History of American Literature, ii. 76, says, " . . .it was com- 
 puted that, in the course of his life, the number of his special fast-days amounted 
 to four hundred and fifty." 
 
The Production of Literature. 167 
 
 The censorship still added its restraint to the other influ- 
 ences which retarded literary production. According to 
 their instructions, provincial governors held complete con- 
 trol of the press. Before Andros came, Randolph, as secre- 
 tary of the province, had appointed an official printer and 
 had sent the following notice to the other printers: 
 
 I am comanded by M"" Secretary Randolph, to give you notice 
 that you doe not proceed to print any Almanack whatever without 
 haveing his approbation for y*" same. 
 
 Yo" Ben: Bullivant 
 Boston: 29 Novembr 1686.'^ 
 
 Soon after the installation of Governor Andros the pro- 
 ceedings of his Council contained this entry: 
 
 The Councill being met His Ex^^ acquainted them that it was 
 his Maj''*"^ express commands that the printing Presses in the 
 Towns of Boston and Cambridge in New England should be 
 effectuall [j'zV] taken care of. Upon which an order passed in 
 Councill, that no Papers, Bookes Pamphlets &c should be 
 printed in New England untill Licensed according to Law. . . 's 
 
 Andros' loss of power did not end the censorship, for the 
 House of Representatives in November, 1689, passed orders 
 to control the press. ^'^ The first newspaper in America, 
 Publick Occurrences^ both Foreign and Domesticky was sup- 
 pressed immediately upon the appearance of its first num- 
 ber, unlicensed, on September 25, 1690.'^ In 1695 action 
 was brought against Thomas Maule of Salem for circulating 
 a book of his which he had had published in New York.'^ 
 He was acquitted by jury, but the fact that action was 
 brought against him shows that the censorship was active. 
 
 The final reason for the low estate of literature during this 
 period was the lack of any sympathetic support by either 
 the reading public or any literary coterie. Enough litera- 
 
 ''• Dunlway, Freedom of the Press in Massachusetts, p. 64. 
 '5 Ibid., p. 65. 
 '6 Ibid., p. 67 flf. 
 
1 68 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 ture from England was available through the booksellers 
 for those who were interested in literature, and from the 
 local presses only books of purely local interest were ex- 
 pected, such as contemporary sermons, almanacs, and po- 
 litical pamphlets. It is true that "Pilgrim's Progress" was 
 reprinted on one of the New England presses,'^ but this was 
 exceptional for the period, and is counterbalanced by the 
 fact that such a local book as the "New England Primer" 
 seems to have been printed first in England.^** 
 
 Group interest in literature as literature, or any mutual 
 encouragement toward the production of literature, is not 
 in evidence until the very end of the period. The influx 
 of books through the many booksellers who came to Boston 
 after 1685^9 could not but have some effect upon literary 
 production in New England; but results are not evident 
 until the very end of the period, and are more noticeable in 
 the opening years of the eighteenth century. The earliest 
 indication of any group interest in literature is found in the 
 literary friendship between Samuel Sewall and Richard 
 Henchman, schoolmaster, which probably began before the 
 year 1700, the first evidence of it being given in Henchman's 
 poem to Sewall under date of January i, 1700-1. There is 
 more evidence of their mutual interest in poetry during the 
 years that follow, as will be shown in Chapter XIV. 
 
 In conclusion, then, it may be said that although this 
 period marks the nadir of American literature, at the end 
 of the period, thanks to the activities of the Boston book- 
 sellers and to renewed intercourse with England, there was 
 beginning a literary movement in New England which was 
 to develop rapidly in the opening years of the new century. 
 
 '' Bunyan's prefatory verses to the second part of Pilgrim's Progress, published 
 in 1684, refer to an edition of the first part printed in New England. This was 
 printed in 1681 by Samuel Green for Samuel Sewall. A copy of this edition is in 
 the Boston Public Library. 
 
 '' At least a New England Primer was printed in England by John Gaine in 
 1683. As all copies have disappeared, it is impossible to ascertain to what extent 
 it resembled the New England Primer printed by Benjamin Harris about 1690. 
 (See the letter by Worthington C. Ford in The Nation, January 11, 1917, p. 46.) 
 
 •9 See p. 1 16 fF, above. 
 
Part III: 
 The New Century. 
 
 1700-1727. 
 
chapter XI: Education. 
 
 THE new century brought no changes into the edu- 
 cational work carried on at Cambridge. The 
 growing liberahty of the Harvard theology caused 
 certain of the conservatives in the colonies to become dis- 
 affected and resulted in a contest for the control of the 
 college in which the liberals were victorious;' but the con- 
 test, although it affected the political life of the community, 
 seems to have made little if any change in the value of the 
 instruction given to the students. The old system con- 
 tinued under the same men, or under men similarly trained; 
 and it was not until the end of the period under considera- 
 tion that the benefactions of Thomas Hollis, and especially 
 the establishment by him of two professorships, one of 
 Divinity and one of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, 
 gave the college a new impetus.^ 
 
 If, during these years, no change in educational methods 
 took place, at least increased opportunity for education was 
 offered through the establishment of a new college in Con- 
 necticut in the very first year of the century. The "Col- 
 legiate School" at Saybrook, later moved to New Haven 
 and re-named "Yale College," was modeled after Harvard, 
 the founders and teachers being Harvard graduates. The 
 young college benefited by the support of the Mathers, 
 Judge Sewall, and others who, disliking the liberal tenden- 
 cies at Harvard, turned to the younger school as the last 
 refuge of New England orthodoxy. They enlisted the aid 
 of their friends in England with such success that Yale soon 
 had a fair endowment and a library which, if not as large as 
 
 ' See Quincy, History of Harvard University, i. chaps, x-xiv. 
 
 ^ Ibid. i. The first gift from Hollis arrived in 1719. The Professorship of Divinity 
 was offered in 1721, and the Professorship of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy 
 in 1727. 
 
172 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Harvard's, was well chosen and contained a larger proportion 
 of current literature.^ 
 
 The education given in the new college seems to have been 
 equivalent to that at Harvard. The graduates were fitted 
 to hold high positions in the community, and two members 
 of early classes were honored by recognition by the English 
 Universities. Samuel Johnson, of the class of 1714, was 
 given the honorary degree of Master of Arts in 1723 by both 
 Cambridge and Oxford, and was made a Doctor of Divinity 
 by the latter in 1743.'' Jonathan Arnold, of the class of 
 1723, was granted the honorary Master's degree at Oxford 
 in 1736. 5 
 
 Outside of the formal education of the college there was 
 a growing interest in science. Thomas and William Brattle, 
 Cotton Mather, Paul Dudley, Thomas Robie, and the 
 younger John Winthrop were all members or correspond- 
 ents of the Royal Society, and nearly all had papers pub- 
 lished in the Society's Transactions.* Others, like Dr. 
 William Douglass, ^ were making observations and keeping 
 in touch with contemporary science. Increasing intercourse 
 with England, and the temporary residence in Boston of 
 Englishmen who came over to take part in the government 
 of the colonies, were further educational and liberalizing 
 influences. 
 
 Thus we find in the colonies, by the end of the first century 
 of colonial life, a large and steadily growing body of edu- 
 cated men. The proportion of college men has never been 
 as great as it was during the first years of the colonies, when 
 conditions were abnormal,* but it was much greater in the 
 third period than in the second, when the college as well as 
 the colonies showed the most provinciality, and it had de- 
 
 3 See p. 184 ff., below. 
 
 * Dexter, Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College, i. 124. 
 5 Uiij., p. 275. 
 
 * See p. 108, above, and pp. 199 and 200, below. 
 ' See pp. 200 and 201, below. 
 
 * See Chapter i, above. 
 
Education. 173 
 
 veloped under more liberal surroundings.' That this growth 
 in numbers and the changing environment resulted in an 
 increasing literary productivity will be shown below." 
 
 » See Chapter xiii, below. 
 '" See Chapter xiv, below. 
 
Chapter XII: Books and Libraries. 
 
 DURING the early years of the new century the flow 
 of books to New England continued. Judge Sewall 
 constantly imported, as the records of his "Diary" 
 and "Letter-Book" show. In 1701 he ordered 
 
 Dr. Nehemiah Grew: Cosmologia Sacra (two copies) 
 
 Dr. Holder: Time 
 
 Dr. Holder: Natural Grounds of Harmony 
 
 The Assembly Confession of Faith and Catechisms in Latin." 
 
 The same year he recorded in a letter to John Love, his 
 London agent, 
 
 I have received the Box of Books .... Mr. Colman has 
 deliverd me my Dictionary .... I was very desirous of the 
 new Edition of the Dictionary. But Mr. Collier has mard and 
 not mended it by his alterations.^ 
 
 He inquired in the same letter about a book by Sir William 
 Petty on the greatness of London, and about another show- 
 ing that London is bigger than imperial Rome was, ordering 
 one of the first, and three or four of the second. 
 
 In 1705 he bought "the two Folios of Mr. Flavell's works 
 for £3.10,"^ and sent the following order to London: 
 
 Buy for me all the statutes at large made since Mr. Keeble's 
 Edition 1684. Let them be well Bound in one or two Covers as 
 shall be most convenient: 
 
 The Register'' 
 
 ' Letter-Book, i. 261. 
 
 ' Ibid., i. 259. Jeremy Collier edited the 1701 edition of "The Great Historical, 
 Geographical, and Poetical Dictionary .... printed for Henry Rhodes." See 
 p. 118, above. 
 
 3 Diary, ii. 122. 
 
 * Crompton, Richard: L'Authoritie et Jurisdiction des Courts. Bracton, Henricus 
 de: De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Anglise. Britton, Joannes: On the Laws of 
 England. 
 
Books and Libraries. 175 
 
 Cromptotr' 
 
 Bractoir' 
 
 Brittoni 
 
 Fleta 
 
 Mirrors 
 
 as many of them as you can get in Latin or English; 
 
 Heath's Pleadings 
 
 Sir Edward Coke's Reports.*^ 
 
 In 171 1 he "sent to Mr. Love for the Books following; viz. 
 
 Pole's English Annotations, two Setts. 
 
 Mr. Henry's Anotations 
 
 Dutch Annotations. 
 
 Cambridge Concordance; 
 
 Preaching Bible. 
 
 Junius and Tremellius, a fair Print to carry to Church. 
 
 Pareus, his Adversaria on the Bible. 
 
 Dr. Lightfoot's Works in two volumns 
 
 Harris's Lexicon Tecnicum. 
 
 Alcuinus; 
 
 Tigurine Bible. 
 
 Pauli Freheri theatrum vivorum Eruditione claror. 
 
 Rushworth's Collections Abridgd and Improvd. 
 
 Dr. Preston's Works. 
 
 Ray of the Wisdom of GOD in the Creation. 
 
 All Calvin's Comentaries. 
 
 Dr. Owen on 6-13. of the Hebrs. 
 
 Dr. Saunderson's Sermons. 
 
 Stillingfleet's Origines Sacrae. 
 
 Irenicum, Ch. Rome. 
 
 Pearson on the Creeds^" 
 
 This list was sent again a few months later with the ex- 
 ception of the "preaching Bible," Saunderson's Sermons, 
 and Pearson on the Creeds, and with the following addenda: 
 
 * See p. 174, note 4 above. 
 5 Horn's Miroir des Justices. 
 ' Letter-Book, i. 310. 
 1 1bid., i. 411. 
 
176 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Supplement to the great Historical Dictionary. 
 
 Dr. Edwards his Tracts. 
 
 Two Herbert's Poems. 
 
 Mr. Watts's Hymns. 
 
 Virgil in usum Delphini. I have Ovid's Metamorphosis; if 
 there be anything else of Ovid in Usum Delphini, let me have it. 
 
 Dr. Arrowsmith's Armilla. 
 
 If any of the Old Books be so scarce, that they are very dear; 
 forbear buying them; and acquaint me with the Price.* 
 
 A year later he recorded 
 
 I by him presented his Excellency the Governour with Dr. 
 Calamy's Abridgment of Mr. Baxter's Life &c. in Two Volumes, 
 Cost me 30^ ... 9 
 
 In 1704 a Madam Rebecca Overton of London considered 
 Boston a sufficiently good market to send over by Mr. An- 
 thony Young "to be by him disposed of for her Most ad- 
 vantage" a consignment of nearly fifty books, mostly the- 
 ological.'" 
 
 Wait Winthrop, like Sewall, was sending to London for 
 old books. Samuel Reade wrote to him in 1708, 
 
 Y*" person you mention that did collect those bookes hath been 
 dead many yeares, & none hath succeeded him in that curiosity; 
 y^ bookes almost out of printe, & upon inquiry of severall book- 
 sellers cannot heare of but very few. ..." 
 
 That Sewall and Winthrop sent to London for certain 
 books is not to be construed as an indication that books 
 were difficult to obtain in Boston. The opposite is rather 
 the case. New book shops were opened in addition to all 
 those established before 1700," and these were supplemented 
 by auction sales of imported consignments of books, gener- 
 ally at some coffee-house. Catalogues of these collections 
 
 * Ibid., ii. 10. 
 
 9 Diary, iii. 154. 
 
 " Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xiii. 291. 
 " Winthrop Papers, vi. 171. 
 " See p. 115 ff, above, and Littlefield, Early Boston Booksellers. 
 
Books and Libraries. i "jj 
 
 were printed for free distribution, and the sales were well 
 advertised in the Boston papers. New importations for the 
 regular book trade were also advertised. Boston evidently 
 furnished a good market for the bookseller and sufficient 
 opportunity for the book buyer.'^ 
 
 The most zealous and successful book collector of this 
 period was Cotton Mather, who constantly recorded in his 
 diary his joy at the steady growth of his library.'" The 
 following quotations will give an idea of some of the ways 
 in which it grew. 
 
 .... I have a mighty Thirst after the Sight of Books, now 
 and then published in Holland: which may upon sending you the 
 'Titles be transmitted with the Goods that you may send hither, 
 and I pay here .... There is one Thomas Crenius, who had 
 published . . . . '^ 
 
 I have had of late Years, many great and strange Accessions 
 to my Library .... I will not have unmention'd, a Present of 
 
 »J The following are typical advertisements: 
 
 "Corderius Americanus .... sold by Nicholas Boone .... As also a 
 large parcel of choice English Books of Divinity, Poetry, History, &c. In the last 
 Vessel from England." {News-Letter, October 11-18, 1708.) 
 
 "And many other New Books from England in the last Ship . . . . B. 
 Eliot, at his shop in King Street." {Ibid., March 23-30, 1713.) 
 
 "A valuable Collection of Books, consisting of Divinity, Physick, Mathematicks, 
 History, Classicks, Belles Lettres, in Latin, English and French, to be sold by 
 Publick Vendue or Auction, at the Crown CofFee-House in Boston .... 
 Printed Catalogues may be had gratis." {Ibid., February 6-13, 171 5/6.) 
 
 "A Collection of choice Books, Ancient and Modern, in several Languages, 
 upon most of the Arts and Sciences, few of them to be had at the Stationers, the 
 Books very neatly Bound, to be sold by way of Auction .... at Mr. Sibly's 
 CofiFee-House .... King-Street, Boston." {Ibid., August 20-27, 1716.) 
 
 •'A Fine & Large Collection of BOOKS, lately Imported from London, is to be 
 Exposed to Sale by RETAIL .... By Samuel Gerrish Bookseller in Corn-Hill 
 near the Town-house. The Sale to begin at 10 of the Clock. The Catalogue is 
 Printed, and may be had gratis. The Number of Books contained in it is as fol- 
 lows. Folios, 154. Quartos. 596. Octavos, 712." {Boston Gazette, September 
 
 n-2°, 1723-) 
 
 '■• He frequently mentions among other favors of God or answers to prayer his 
 "convenient study with a well-furnished Library;" "my exceedingly-well-furnished 
 Library;" "a Library, exceeding any man's in all this land;" "my extraordinary 
 Library, and the Possession of several thousands of Books." (Diary, passim.) 
 
 '5 Diary, ii. 421. Crenius is an error for Crusius. 
 
178 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Books made me this Winter, from the united Library of our three 
 famous Shepards; which enriched me, not only with printed Books, 
 which very low prized, might be counted worth more than 12 lb. 
 but also with Manuscripts of each of those three worthy Men, 
 which are vastly more valuable than all the other Books. . . . "^ 
 
 Within these Few Days, I have received packetts from Gresham- 
 Colledge; by which I am sensible, That some former packetts from 
 them hither, have unhappily miscarried '^ 
 
 I have newly received large packetts from "Tranquebar in the 
 East-Indies; with a New Testament & some little Books of piety, 
 printed in the Da?nulic Language & character; which are the first 
 things that ever were printed in those parts of the world '* 
 
 Mather's eagerness for books resulted in the gathering of 
 a library of probably four thousand volumes." 
 
 Unfortunately no comprehensive list of the books in this 
 greatest of colonial private libraries exists. Nearly a century 
 ago descendants of the Mathers gave to the American An- 
 tiquarian Society such books of Cotton Mather's as were 
 still in their possession. From this collection and from books 
 containing Mather's autograph in various other libraries, 
 Julius H. Tuttle of the Massachusetts Historical Society 
 has compiled a list of books known to have been in his 
 library.^" The following are a few of the titles in that list: 
 
 Collectanea Chymica: [10 tracts] 
 Hakluyt Principal Navigations 
 
 Hatton A New Treatise of Geography 
 
 Howel, Wm. An Institution of General History 
 
 '* Diary, i. 532. 
 
 " Letter to John Winthrop, July 15, 1720. Mather Papers, p. 440. 
 
 '* Letter to John Winthrop, December 26, 1720. Mather Papers, p. 445. 
 
 '9 In 1700 it was approaching 3000. See p. 127, above. Mr. C. S. Brigham, 
 Librarian of the American Antiquarian Society, estimates the library at 4000 
 volumes. (Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xviii. 408.) 
 W. H. Whitmore's note on page 75 of John Dunton's Letters is incorrect in ascribing 
 to Cotton Mather the 7000-8000 volumes which composed the library of his son. 
 See Drake: Mather's "King Philip's War," p. xxiii. 
 
 *> Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, xx. 301. See also chapters 
 VII and VIII, above. 
 
Books and Libraries. 
 
 179 
 
 Purchas his Pilgrimage 
 
 Boyle, R. 6 vols, of science 
 
 Browne, T. Religio Medici 
 
 Digby, K. Observations upon Religio Medici 
 
 Hayward, J. Life and raigne of King Henrie the IIII 
 
 Hayward, J. Life and Raigne of King Edward the Sixt 
 
 Hooke, R. Several volumes of science 
 
 Laet, Jean de Several volumes of descriptions of countries 
 
 Judicial Astrologie judicially condemned 
 
 Machiavelli Princeps 
 
 Milton Eikonoklastes 
 
 Overthrow of Stage Playes, 1600 
 
 Plautus Comoediae XX 
 
 Prynne Histrio-Mastix and others 
 
 Rawlinson New Method of . . . History and Geography 
 
 Roberts Merchants Mappe of Commerce 
 
 Stubbes Anatomic of Abvses 
 
 Withers Grateful Acknowledgment of a late Trimming 
 
 Regulator 
 
 Osborn, F. Miscellany of sundry Essayes 
 
 Fletcher, G. Israel Redux 
 
 Delamer, H. Works 
 
 It was during the latter part of this period that the Rev- 
 erend Thomas Prince began to collect his splendid library of 
 colonial books. It is impossible to determine what books he 
 gathered during these years; but some idea of the number 
 may be gained from the following single item in the manu- 
 script account-book of Daniel Henchman, bookseller, pre- 
 served, curiously enough, in the Prince Collection of the 
 Boston Public Library. 
 
 Dec. 20, 1726. 
 Rev<^ Tho» Prince, Dr. 
 
 To 56 octavos 2^^ hand 7.00.00 
 
 8 Quartos 5/ 2.00.00 
 
 3 Folios 2.00.00 
 
 During these years the Boston Public Library both grew 
 and suffered loss. On August 31, 1702, the Selectmen or- 
 
i8o Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 dered "that Mr John Barnard jun"^ be desired to make a 
 Cattalogue of all the bookes belonging to the Towns Liber- 
 ary and to Lodge the Same in y^ s^ Liberary."" On 
 February 28, 1704, they further ordered that "Mr. John 
 Barnard Jun"" having at the request of the selectmen Set 
 the Towne Liberary in good order he is allowed for s*^ 
 Service two of those bookes of W"" there are in y^ s'^ Liberary 
 two of a Sort."^' The fire of 171 1 damaged the Town- 
 House, and Judge Sewall made the following note in his 
 letter-book: 
 
 In our Boston Library several valuable Books were lost, as the 
 Polyglott Bible, the London Criticks, Thuanus's History, a Manu- 
 script in two Folios left by Capt: Reyn [Keyn] the Founder; &c." 
 
 After the fire an attempt was made to recover as many as 
 possible of the books mislaid at the time of the fire, as the 
 following advertisement in The Boston News-Letter of June 
 8, 1713, shows. 
 
 All Persons that have in their Keeping, or can give Notice of 
 any of the Town Library; or other things belonging to the Town- 
 House in Boston, before the late Fire: are desired to Inform the 
 Treasurer of the said Town thereof, in order to their being re- 
 turned. 
 
 The first Volumn of Pool's Annotations was carryed away in the 
 late Fire in Boston; any Person that has it, or any other Books, 
 carry'd away at that time, or any other Goods, are desired to 
 bring them to the Post Office, that the true Owners may have 
 them again.""^ 
 
 Of the Harvard Library at this time there are more 
 records, though for a time there seem to have been few 
 gifts. The following are from the records of meetings of the 
 Harvard Corporation. 
 
 Voted that the Library keeper within the Space of one month 
 
 " Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xii. 126. 
 
 " Letter-Book, i. 422. 
 
 « Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xii. 128. 
 
Books and Libraries. 1 8 i 
 
 next coming, take an Inventory, of all Books, mathematicall In- 
 struments, & other things of value committed to his Custody, 
 & Give receipt for them to the praesident, to be accompted for 
 by him at the Expiration of his Year annually, or at his leaving 
 his place, before he receive his salary.^'' 
 
 Voted 
 
 2. That M"" Edward Holyoke be Library keeper for this year 
 & that Six pounds be allowd him for the said Service. 
 
 3. That fifty shillings be allowed and paid to M'' Gookin for 
 his taking a Catalogue of the books in the Library .^s 
 
 Voted, that M*^- Presid' and the Resid' Fellows agree with 
 M"^ Brattle for what Books may be in the late Treasurers Library, 
 they think proper for the College Library .^^ 
 
 Voted, that S*" Welsted be Library Keeper for the Year Ensuing, 
 and that £8 be allow'd him for that Service, and that he be di- 
 rected to take Speciall Care that the Library and Books be kept 
 in a better and more decent Condition than heretofore. ^^ 
 
 On the second of February, 1721-2, Thomas Hollis, who 
 was then just beginning to take an interest in Harvard, 
 wrote to Benjamin Colman that he had two volumes of 
 Milton's "Works," the new edition, to send to the college. He 
 also asked for a catalogue of the books in the college library 
 that he might know what to send them.'* This letter re- 
 sulted in the following actions of the Corporation of Harvard: 
 
 The worthy M"^ Hollis having Sent Over a new & fair Edicon 
 of Milton's Poetical Works, directing, That if the College have 
 Such like already, the s^ Books are at M"" Colmans Service either 
 to dispose of or keep, Now M'' Colman being desirous that the 
 College sh"^ Have these new, fair and Well-bound Books intire, 
 tho part of the Like be in the Library, Voted that what of Mil- 
 ton's Poetical Works heretofore belonged to the Library be de- 
 
 ^ Meeting of August 6, 1707. Harvard College Book IV, p. 27. 
 '5 Meeting of September 5, 1709. liU., p. 36. 
 
 ^ Meeting of October 27, 1713. Hid., p. 52. The late Treasurer was Thomas 
 Brattle, who died in 1713. 
 
 '' Meeting of September 24, 1718. Hid., p. 6^. 
 ^ Manuscript letter. 
 
1 82 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 liver'd to the Rev^ M"" Colman to be disposed of as he sees 
 meet.^' 
 
 Upon the Intimation lately made by M""- HoUis, and formerly 
 by M"^ Neal, that it may be of great Advantage to the College 
 Library, that a Catalogue of the Books in the s'^ Library be 
 printed and Sent abroad, Voted, that forthwith the Library-keep^ 
 take an exact Catalogue of the Books in the Library, and that the 
 same be printed in Order to transmitt to friends abroad.^' 
 
 .... The Treasurer is directed to pay the Printer afores"^ 
 the Sum of £22.5 ** out of the College Treasury from \^sic^ printing 
 the s^ Catalogue containing 133^2 sheets. 
 
 2. Voted, That M"" Treasurer pay M"^ Sam' Gerrish the sum 
 of £12.14^ upon the delivery of 300 of the Printed Catalogues. 
 
 3. Voted, That M'' Gee be paid out of the College-Treasury 
 £20. for his Service in preparing the Catalogue .... 
 
 4. Voted, that One hundred of the afores"^ Catalogues be sent 
 to England, & that 30 of them be deliver'd to M"" Hollis. . . .^° 
 
 This catalogue of 1723 contained about 3100 M/es, almost 
 equally divided among folios, quartos, and octavos (including 
 all smaller), the library being catalogued according to size. 
 A selected list of the literary, historical, and scientific books 
 will be found in the Appendix, pp. 272 to 293. Reference to 
 this list will show that Harvard had a satisfactory collection 
 of books, including, outside the field of theology, representa- 
 tive works and authors in philosophy, science, and literature. 
 It is weakest in English literature, but even there some of 
 the best poets, such as Milton and Shakespeare, are found, 
 and many lesser poets from Herbert to Wither. Such prose 
 works as the seventeenth century produced are well repre- 
 sented from Hakluyt to Sir William Temple. 
 
 Upon the distribution of the 1723 Catalogue, interest in 
 the Harvard Library greatly increased, especially in England 
 under the stimulus of the interest of Thomas Hollis, himself 
 
 *» Meeting of April 30, 1722. College Book IV, p. 75. It is unfortunate that 
 we cannot know how long the Harvard Library had possessed part of the poetical 
 works of Milton, or just what part it was. 
 
 3° Meeting of December 25, 1723. College Book IV, p. 93. 
 
Books and Libraries. 183 
 
 the chief benefactor of the library throughout his hfe,^' 
 and of Henry Newman, at one time "Library-keeper" at 
 Harvard, and from 1709 to 174I agent of the College in 
 England. -5' In 1723 Newman wrote from the Middle Tem- 
 ple to Henry Flint reporting that he was sending copies of 
 the statutes of Cambridge and Oxford, the third and fourth 
 volumes of Brandt's "History of the Reformation," and the 
 first volume of Saurin's "Dissertation on the Old and New 
 Testaments" as presents to the College Library. ^^ In 1724 
 came a gift of books from Isaac Watts.^" Gifts were also 
 received from interested friends at home, as shown by the 
 vote of thanks of the Corporation to Samuel Gerrish "for 
 his bounty to College Library, he having presented to the 
 College sundry Books to the Value of Ten pounds. "^s 
 
 The Library grew so rapidly after the publication of the 
 1723 Catalogue that the Corporation saw fit to order, at 
 the meeting of June 2, 1725, the printing of three hundred 
 supplements to the Catalogue, one hundred of which were 
 to be sent to Thomas HoUis for distribution in England. ^^ 
 This supplement listed 61 titles in folio, 25 in quarto, and 80 
 in octavo and smaller, a good growth for less than two 
 calendar years. A selected list of these additions will be 
 found in the Appendix, pp. 293 to 295. 
 
 3' Harvard College Book IV, p. 112, in the records of the Corporation reports 
 a "Box of Books, N? 10, from M*^- Hollis." See also pp. 181, 182, above. 
 
 3* The sketch of Newman in "The Librarians of Harvard College," p. 11, states 
 that "during the whole of his life in England, Newman was active in furthering 
 the interests of the College in that country, and procured for it many gifts both 
 of money and of books." An example of his work is given in a vote of the Harvard 
 Corporation passed April 6, 1741, as follows: "That the Pres'^' be desir'd to give 
 the Thanks of the Corporation to Henry Newman of London, Esq., for the in- 
 formation he gives us by D'' Colman of some Prospect there is, of our obtaining 
 a part of the Library of S'' Richard Gyles Bar. which he is about to bestow upon 
 Dissenters, & pray him to continue his good Offices to the College, and particularly 
 in that affair." (Harvard Library, Bibliographical Contributions, No. 52.) 
 
 33 Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, ist Series, vi. 118. 
 
 34 Harvard College Book IV, p. 97. 
 
 35 Meeting of December 25, 1723. Ibid., p. 94. 
 3^ Meeting of June 2, 1725. Ibid., p. 102. 
 
184 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 During these years another college library had been es- 
 tablished in Connecticut, first at Saybrook and later at New 
 Haven. The library of Yale began with books donated from 
 the ministerial Hbraries of the colony and grew by means of 
 gifts at home and abroad. Sir Henry Ashurst, for many 
 years the London agent of Connecticut, wrote to Gurdon 
 Saltonstall in 1709 offering to send "M"^ Baxter's practicall 
 volumes" if they would be acceptable to him for the young 
 college." Sir John Davie, a graduate of Harvard in 1681, 
 and a farmer at New London when he unexpectedly suc- 
 ceeded to an English title and wealth, sent nearly 200 vol- 
 umes to Yale in its early days.^* In 1714 there arrived over 
 700 volumes sent by Jeremiah Dummer, one-fifth given by 
 himself, the rest contributed by various English gentlemen, 
 including Sir Richard Steele, Sir Isaac Newton, Bishop 
 Kennett of Peterborough, Sir Edmund Andros, Francis 
 Nicholson, Sir Richard Blackmore, Dr. John Woodward of 
 the Royal Society, Richard Bentley, Dr. William Whiston, 
 Edmund Halley, the astronomer, and EHhu Yale." In 
 many cases these men contributed volumes of their own 
 works, Steele contributing, for instance, "all the Tatlers 
 and Spectators being eleven Volumns." Besides many 
 theological books, the collection included practically all of 
 the important current books on medicine and philosophy, 
 and representative works on science and in history and 
 literature. Some idea of the books in the latter classes may 
 be gained from the selected lists which follow: 
 
 Science 
 
 Boyle Complete works, philosophical and moral 
 
 Wilkins Mathematical works 
 
 Woodward Natural History of the Earth 
 
 37 Winthrop Papers, vi. 196. 
 
 3^ The year in which these books arrived is not known; they are recorded in 
 Clap's catalogue before the Dummer books. 
 
 3' The details in regard to these books are taken from President Clap's manu- 
 script catalogue of early accessions to the library of Yale. 
 
Books and Libraries. 
 
 .85 
 
 Locke Upon Education 
 
 Locke Essay on Human Understanding 
 
 Huylin Cosmographia 
 
 Sea Chart of the Mediterranean 
 
 Guide to the Practical Gauger 
 
 Miscellanea Curiosa .... Discourses read to 
 
 the Royal Society 
 
 Musaeum Regalis Societatis 
 
 von Helmont Works 
 
 Newton Principia Mathematica Naturalis Philosophise 
 
 Newton Optics 
 
 Glauber Works 
 
 Whiston Astronomical Lectures 
 
 Whiston Theory of the Earth 
 
 Gregory Elements of Astronomy 
 
 Halley Synopsis of Comets 
 
 Gassendi Metaphisica 
 
 Hugenius Discovery of Coelestial Worlds 
 
 Pemberton View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy 
 
 Raleigh 
 Clarendon 
 
 Ricaut 
 Herbert 
 
 Steele, etc. 
 
 Steele, etc. 
 
 Blackmore 
 
 Blackmore 
 
 Blackmore 
 
 Blackmore 
 
 Blackmore 
 
 Browne 
 
 Browne 
 
 Cowley 
 
 Chaucer 
 
 History and Literature 
 
 History of World 
 
 History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars 
 Complete History of England to the Reign of Wil- 
 liam III 
 History of the Ottoman Empire 
 Memoirs of Charles I 
 Annals of Queen Anne for 1710-1711 
 Tatler 
 Spectator 
 King Arthur 
 Prince Arthur 
 Eliza 
 
 A Paraphrase on Job 
 Creation 
 Religio Medici 
 Vulgar Errors 
 Works 
 Works and Life 
 
1 86 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 "Works of Mr. Cleveland the poet" 
 
 Milton 
 
 Paradise Lost and all Poetical Works 
 
 Milton 
 
 Complete Collection of Prose Works 
 
 Jonson 
 
 Works 
 
 Spenser 
 
 Works 
 
 Wotton 
 
 Works 
 
 Bacon 
 
 Advancement of Learning 
 
 Bacon 
 
 Natural History 
 
 Barclai 
 
 Argenis 
 
 Buchanani 
 
 Poemata 
 
 Butler 
 
 Hudibras 
 
 Temple, Wm. 
 
 , Miscellany 
 
 Glanvil 
 
 Sadducismus Triumphatus 
 
 Hale 
 
 Contemplations 
 
 Feltham 
 
 Resolves 
 
 
 The Turkish Spy 
 The Athenian Oracle 
 A Defence of Dramatic Poetry in 
 Collier 
 
 
 
 
 Collier 
 
 Essays 
 
 Shaftesbury 
 
 Works 
 
 Answer to 
 
 In 171 8 over four hundred volumes more arrived, the gift 
 of Elihu Yale. These added many classical books, many 
 historical books, and some current literature. Other gifts 
 followed, of which detail is lacking, but the library evidently 
 continued to grow, as is indicated by the following vote of 
 the trustees of Yale at the meeting of September 8, 1731: 
 
 Whereas there are several Books in the Library tiiat are dupli- 
 cates we resolve that one Book or Sett of each duplicate be sold 
 by the Rector & Tutors & the money improved in purchasing of 
 other Books that the Library at present is not furnished with.'*" 
 
 An attempt was made to interest Thomas Hollis in Yale, 
 but the attempt failed as the following letter shows: 
 
 I have now another letter — anonimous— about Yale College — 
 I know not the man, but supose him to be urged unto it by your 
 
 *" Dexter, Documentary History of Yale, p. 290. 
 
Books and Libraries. 187 
 
 agent Dummer — I inclose it you. I have no inclination to be 
 diverted from my projected design — if you know the Author, pray 
 let him know so — I have told Dummer the same."" 
 
 The failure to interest HoUis was compensated by the 
 interest which Bishop Berkeley took in the young college, 
 which resulted in his gift, shortly after the close of this 
 period, of over one thousand volumes, including the best of 
 English literature from Shakespeare and Bacon to Pope, 
 Gay, and Swift, with several volumes of plays — even 
 Wycherley.i^ 
 
 Besides these public libraries, at least one semi-public 
 library was established during the latter part of this period 
 in connection with Franklin's New England Courant^ the 
 first issue of which appeared August 7, 1721. In No. 48 
 of the Courant^ published July 2, 1722, is given a list of the 
 books kept in the office of the paper for the use of writers. 
 It includes the following :« 
 
 Shakespeare's Works 
 
 Virgil 
 
 Aristotle's Politicks 
 
 Hudibras 
 
 Milton 
 
 The Spectator, 8 volumes 
 
 The Guardian, 2 volumes 
 
 The Turkish Spy 
 
 The Athenian Oracle 
 
 The British Apollo 
 
 The x^rt of Thinking 
 
 The Art of Speaking 
 
 The Reader 
 
 The Lover 
 
 Cowley's Works 
 
 Burnet's History of the Reformation 
 
 •" Letter of Hollis to John White, Treasurer of Harvard, July 12, 1721. From 
 copy in the files of the Librarian of Harvard University. 
 *' President Clap's manuscript catalogue. 
 ■♦3 Cook, Literary Influences in Colonial Newspapers, p. 20. 
 
1 88 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Burnet's Theory of the Earth 
 
 Oldham's Works 
 
 The Tale of the Tub 
 
 St. Augustine's Works 
 
 Tillotson's Works 
 
 Dr. Bates' Works 
 
 Dr. South's Works 
 
 Mr. Flavel's Works 
 
 Mr. Charnock's Works 
 
 Many pamphlets. 
 
 Of interest in connection with the lists already given are 
 the lists of the books which William Adams, Yale 1730, 
 packed to carry to college with him at the beginning of his 
 Freshman and Sophomore years: 
 
 Ace' of Books y' William Adams put up to carry to College, 
 Nov 5. 1726. 
 
 Elisha Coles Dictionary, 
 A Latin Grammar, 
 A Greek 
 Tully's Offices, 
 
 " Orations, 
 Virgil's Works, 
 Horace, 
 English Virgil, 
 Greek Testament, 
 Latin " 
 
 Catechisms, and Confessio Fidei, 
 Latin Bible, 
 Septuagint, 
 Florilegium Phrase^n, 
 Phraseologia Anglolatina, 
 Pasor's Lexicon, 
 Lucius Florus, 
 An English Bible, 
 A Call to Backsliders, 
 English Exercises, 
 Ovid de Tristibus, 
 Corderius' Colloquies, 
 
Books and Libraries. 189 
 
 Terence, 
 
 Ramus, 
 
 Mr. Willard's Penitent Prodigal, 
 
 An English Dictionary, 
 
 Observations on the Present State of Turkey, 
 
 The Strong Helper, 
 
 The Everlasting Gospel, 
 
 The life of Mr. Edmund French, 
 
 The Songs of the Redeemed, 
 
 Nomenclator, Singing Book, 
 
 Catechism, 
 Some of his father's Sermons.''^ 
 
 The next year he carried the following, October 23:45 
 
 Locke of the Human Understanding, 
 Locke of Education, 
 
 Hebrew Bible, with Greek Testament at the end, 
 Hebrew Grammar, 
 Amesii Medulla Theologise, 
 Burgersdicii Logica, 
 Buxtorf's Lexicon, 
 Clark's Formulae, 
 AUin's Alarm, 
 Mr. Coleman of Mirth, 
 Mr. Williams' Redeemed Captive, 
 Flemming's Rod or Sword, 
 Mr. Penhallow's Hist: of y*^ Indian War, 
 Mr. Flavel's Divine Conduct, or Mystery of Providence. 
 Kennet's Roman Antiquities, 
 Gordon's Geographical Grammar, 
 Hist, of y^ House of Orange. 
 Pope's Homer, Vol. 1. 
 Homer's Iliad, 
 Dugard's Rhetorick, 
 Grotius, De jure Belli et Pacis, 
 Sanderson, De Conscientia, 
 " Dejuramento. 
 
 ^ Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 4th Series, i. 43. 
 « Ibid., p. 44. 
 
190 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 With all the growth of libraries and the means to acquire 
 books, the old custom of borrowing and lending continued, 
 and those who lived "iaear the booksellers sent gifts of books 
 to those who were at a distance. As in the early days of the 
 colonies, the name of Winthrop is most prominent in this 
 exchange of books; but this may be partly because we have 
 more records of the Winthrops than of any other family. 
 Wait Winthrop wrote to his son, 
 
 I want Buckstone's Lexicon for one of the words . . . "* 
 
 Again he wrote, 
 
 I likewise send an Almanack and the Importance of Duncark, 
 which is worth reading if you go through; it is M"" Lechmers''^ 
 brothers, and must be sent again, and then you may haue more.''* 
 
 John Winthrop wrote to Cotton Mather, 
 
 I thank you heartily for yo"' very agreeable and entertaining 
 communications from y^ Royall Society, and especially for y^ 
 sight of D"" Woodwards Naturalis Historia Telluris.^^ 
 
 Cotton Mather wrote to him January 11, 171 8-9, 
 
 I have begun with sending you, that peece of my dear S"" Rich- 
 ard,^° which will prepare you for the rest. 5' 
 
 November 30 of the same year he wrote, 
 
 When shall S"^ Richard return! some of my Neighbours dun me 
 for him. 5^ 
 
 Again the next February he wrote. 
 
 My dear, — Hast thou not yett with thee one of S'' Richards 
 volumes, His " Essay es," in prose? Examine thy Library. s-? 
 
 ^' Winthrop Papers, vi. 225. Dated October, 1710. 
 
 ^7 This is probably the Thomas Lechmere who married Wait Winthrop's only 
 daughter, Anne, in 1709. 
 
 *^ Winthrop Papers, vi. 280. October 28, 1713. 
 
 ^' /^/(/., p. 332. November 5, 1716. Dr. Woodward's book was published in 1714. 
 
 5° This is Sir Richard Blackmore. See p. 198, below. 
 
 s' Mather Papers, p. 433. 
 
 5=> Uid., p. 435. 
 
 " Uid., p. 437. 
 
Books and Libraries. 1 9 1 
 
 In spite of Winthrop's tardiness in returning books, 
 Mather continued to send them: 
 
 I hope, you have received the packetts which I sent you a few 
 weeks ago: Both a Number of coheleth;S4 And also D^ Wood- 
 ward's pamphletts.ss 
 
 As a borrower Mather wrote to Thomas Prince, April 16, 
 1718, to ask, 
 
 .... if you'l favour me, by this Bearer, with the Book of 
 Poetry, you bought the last week at your Booksellers. ^^ 
 
 Samuel Sewall, writing to John Williams, of Deerfield, 
 added. 
 
 Inclosed the Non-Conformists Letter, this weeks News-Letter, 
 Half Duz. Mr. Hobart's verses, with the occasion; They are 
 chiefly hortatory, and therefore I might honestly print them." 
 
 Many similar quotations might be given as further evi- 
 dence of this custom, but it seems unnecessary to add more 
 than the following statement of Cotton Mather's which 
 shows how far the practice was carried: 
 
 Seldome any new Book of Consequence finds the way from be- 
 yond-Sea, to these Parts of America, but I bestow the Perusal 
 upon it.'^* 
 
 In the meantime the popular distribution" of books, pam- 
 phlets, and broadsides had increased, for Mather recorded in 
 his diary, in 1713, 
 
 I am informed, that the Minds and Manners of many People 
 about the Countrey are much corrupted, by foolish Songs and 
 Ballads, which the Hawkers and Pedlars carry into all parts of the 
 Countrey. By way of Antidote, I would procure poetical Corn- 
 s'* Coheleth: A Soul upon Recollection. Written by a Fellow of the Royal So- 
 ciety. Cotton Mather. 1720. 
 55 Mather Papers, p. 442. 
 5' Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, xx. 295. 
 
 57 Letter-Book, ii. 8. 
 
 58 Diary, i. 548. 
 
 59 See p. 126, above. 
 
192 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 posures full of Piety, and such as may have a Tendency to advance 
 Truth and Goodness, to be published, and scattered into all 
 Corners of the Land. There may be an Extract of some, from the 
 excellent Watts'' s Hymns.^° 
 
 When, in the latter part of that year, the Assembly passed 
 laws restricting pedlars,*' Mather feared lest its provisions 
 might interfere with his plan, for he noted in his diary: 
 
 I must also assist the Booksellers, in addressing the Assembly, 
 that their late Act against Pedlers, may not hinder their Hawkers 
 from carrying Books of Piety about the Countrey.*^ 
 
 From the last sentence of the above it would seem that 
 the booksellers made regular use of such hawkers in extend- 
 ing their business; this may have been the case for many 
 years, for Mather planned to have books of piety so dis- 
 tributed as early as 1683.*^ Of course it cannot be presumed 
 that these hawkers carried much or, perhaps, any real litera- 
 ture, their stock being made up chiefly of broadside ballads, 
 chapbooks, and almanacs; but if there were so many pedlars 
 selling so many questionable books that a law was necessary 
 to regulate them, evidently there was a public demand for 
 interesting narrative in either prose or verse, if not for real 
 poetry. Most of their ballads and chapbooks were probably 
 imported from England, but such homemade productions as 
 Wigglesworth's "The Day of Doom," "The New England 
 Primer," and Cotton Mather's "Life of Sir William Phipps" 
 would be among the best sellers. 
 
 If James Gray, the only book hawker of whom there 
 seems to be any extant record, may be considered typical, 
 these pedlars found their business profitable. Upon his 
 death the following notice appeared in The Boston News- 
 Letter of April 9-16, 1705: 
 
 On Thursday last Dyed at Boston, James Gray, That used to 
 
 <*" Diary, ii. 242. 
 
 ''Province Laws, i. 720. Published November 14, 1713. 
 
 '' Diary, ii. 283. 
 
 '3 See p. 1 26, above. 
 
Books and Libraries. 193 
 
 go up and down the Country Selling of Books, who left some con- 
 siderable Estate behind him, and 'tis confidently affirmed that he 
 made a Will, which he left in some honest persons hand, with some 
 other Papers, which have not yet been found: And any person in 
 Town or Country who have said Will or Papers, are desired to 
 bring them unto the Office of Probates in Boston. 
 
 Judge Sewall was sufficiently interested in either the man 
 or the case to make a note of the amount of the estate in 
 the margin of his copy of the News-Letter. Edward Brom- 
 field and Paul Dudley were appointed administrators of the 
 estate. According to their final accounting, the value of the 
 estate was £712.11.3, of which £699.06. was in cash, eight 
 bags of coin of all kinds and denominations being listed in 
 the inventory.*'' "James Gray, Bookseller als. Pedler," as 
 he is entitled in the Probate Record, had evidently found 
 the country folk of New England ready and eager to purchase 
 his books. 
 
 Other information in regard to books owned or read during 
 these years is found in quotations from or references to them. 
 Samuel Sewall, for instance, recorded in his diary, 
 
 . . . set out [from Bristol] .... for Narraganset. Din'd at 
 Bright's: while Diner was getting ready I read in Ben Johnson, 
 a Folio . . . *s 
 
 From the folio he copied some dozen lines into his diary. 
 At other times he recorded: 
 
 I gave the President and him the reading of Mr. Sewell's 
 Answer to the Bp. Salisbury's new preface. . . J'^ Gave each of 
 them Maroll's Martyrdom, Marbled. ^^ 
 
 Inclosed .... Dr. Edwards's Answer to Sacheverell.*^ 
 Inclosed Mr. Prior's Epitaph (which Gov"" Saltonstall had not 
 seen before) : 
 
 '■t Suffolk Probate Records, xvi. 289 and 620, 621. 
 
 's Diary, ii. 167. 
 
 ** Ibid., ii. 391. 
 
 '7 Ibid., ii. 391. This was published in 1712. 
 
 '* Letter-Book, i. 398. 
 
194 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 "Monarchs, and Heraulds, by your leave 
 "Here ly the bones of Matthew Prior; 
 "The Son of Adam and of Eve: 
 "Let Bourbon, or Nassau, goe higher!"^' 
 
 This last quotation is very interesting because it seems to 
 have reached New England before it was published in Eng- 
 land. Austin Dobson writes,^" "This epitaph does not 
 appear to have been published during Prior's lifetime." 
 Prior died in September, 1721, and Sewall quoted the poem 
 January 15, 1721-2. It was probably first published in "A 
 New Collection of Poems," 1725. It may have circulated in 
 manuscript or even by word of mouth; in either case its 
 reaching America so soon would indicate that some of the 
 colonists were in close touch with English letters. This is 
 also indicated by the following "good device" jotted down 
 by Cotton Mather in August, 17 13: 
 
 Perhaps, by sending some agreeable Things, to the Author of, 
 The Spectator, and. The Guardian, there may be brought forward 
 some Services to the best Interests in the Nation.'^ 
 
 Anything he might have sent would probably have been 
 too late for publication, as The Guardian ceased with the 
 issue of September 22, 1713; on the other hand, as it began 
 publication May 28, 1713, Mather was not slow to realize 
 its value. At the end of his printed sermon or "essay," "A 
 New Year Well Begun," which bears the date of January i, 
 1718-9, Mather added New-Tears-Day, "From Sir Richard 
 Blackmore's Collection of Poems, Printed at London, Anno 
 1718." Still another example of colonial interest in English 
 literature is the item published in The New England Courant 
 No. 22, January i, 1722, "a noble Duke is about to erect a 
 Monument in Westminster Abby to the Memory of Milton, 
 the Poet."72 
 
 ^ Ibid., ii. 142. 
 
 7" Selected Poems of Matthew Prior, p. 233. 
 
 ^ Diary, ii. 227. 
 
 ^Albert Matthews in 'The Nation, December 24, 1908. (Vol. 87, p. 624.) 
 
Books and Libraries. 195 
 
 That James Franklin was interested in Milton as a poet 
 is shown by the presence of a copy of Milton in the Courant 
 library," and by his twice quoting from "Paradise Lost," 
 once with the introductory remark, "Hear how the lofty 
 Milton sings of this in his own inimitable Strain. "^^ 
 
 Another who was interested in Milton was the Reverend 
 Thomas Buckingham of Hartford, who carried with him on 
 the expedition against Crown Point in 171 1, along with a 
 Bible and Psalm-book, "Milton on Comus," as he called it 
 in his journal. 75 
 
 Speaking of the reprinting of "George Barnwell "in The 
 New England Weekly Journal^ beginning February I4, 1732, 
 Miss Cook remarks :7^ 
 
 One of the most noteworthy realistic tragedies of the eighteenth 
 century was thus reprinted in the Puritan stronghold of America, 
 within a surprisingly short time of its first appearance." This 
 fact seems to have escaped observation until now. Probably a 
 stray copy of the play had found its way into Kneeland's book- 
 shop. We cannot suppose that it had a place in the Prince or 
 Byles libraries! Evidently Boston readers were rather more 
 liberal in their tastes than we have been accustomed to think. 
 
 If we recall the interest in contemporary literature which 
 has been shown in this chapter, as well as the possibility 
 that John Dunton sold plays and romances in Boston nearly 
 fifty years earlier,^^ it will not seem so strange that such a 
 play as "George Barnwell," with its sturdy Puritan morality, 
 should be reprinted in Boston. On the contrary, such re- 
 printing is just what we might expect when we take into 
 consideration the evidences of the growing liberality of life 
 in Boston which will be presented in the next chapter, as 
 well as the constantly increasing accessibility and appre- 
 
 '3 See p. 187, above. 
 
 ^^ Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, xlii. 164. 
 
 75 The Journals of Madam Knight, and Rev. Mr. Buckingham, p. 106. 
 
 7* Literary Influences in Colonial Newspapers, p. 55. 
 
 " The play was produced in 1730, two years earlier. 
 
 7* See p. 1 20, above. 
 
196 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 ciation of books and literature of all kinds during the last 
 forty, and especially the last twenty, years of the first 
 century of colonial life. At the close of its first century 
 New England was in touch with and responding to the 
 literary movements of England. ''^ 
 
 " See Chapter xiv, below. 
 
chapter XIII: Other Phases of Culture. 
 
 IN the opening years of the new century there seems to 
 have been a revival of intercourse between New Eng- 
 landers and representative men in England. Joseph 
 Dudley, who returned to Boston in 1702 as Governor, after 
 a nine years' residence in England,' had during those years 
 become a close friend of Sir Richard Steele, who was private 
 secretary to Lord Cutts, Governor of the Isle of Wight, 
 when Dudley was Lieutenant-Governor. The following ex- 
 tract from a letter written by Steele to Dudley shows their 
 intimacy. 
 
 S% — I have your kind raillery of the 4'^ and shall not pretend 
 to answer it: you may excuse my not doing that in your observa- 
 tion of the losse of my brains, . . . .^ 
 
 Benjamin Colman's four years in England^ gave him the 
 opportunity to form many friendships which he continued 
 by correspondence. Among his correspondents were Thomas 
 Mollis, Isaac Watts, Daniel Neal,'' Edward Calamy, Bishop 
 White Kennett of Peterborough,^ Sir Richard Blackmore* 
 and Mrs. Elizabeth Singer Rowe ("Philomela"). 7 
 
 Cotton Mather established a correspondence with men 
 
 ' See p. 152, above. 
 
 ' Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ad Series, iii. 201. The letter 
 bears the date of June 25, 1700. 
 
 3 See p. 152, above. 
 
 * Colman contributed much material to Neal's History of New England. (Turell, 
 Life of Colman, p. 150.) 
 
 s Jeremiah Dummer wrote to Colman from England, January 15, 1714, "I 
 
 pray your acceptance of the prints inclosed I have committed to captain 
 
 Willard, a book presented you by your good friend the dean [later the bishop] 
 of Peterborough." Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, ist Series, v. 
 199. 
 
 ' Blackmore sent him copies of his poems. (Turell, Life of Colman, p, 150.) 
 
 ' Il>id., passim. See p. I49, above. 
 
198 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 not only in England but on the Continent. On May 23, 
 171 1, he made the following entry in his diary :^ 
 
 Having some epistolar Conversation with Mr. De Foe, I would 
 in mv Letters unto him, excite him to apply himself unto the 
 work of collecting and publishing an History of the Persecutions 
 which the Dissenters have undergone from the Ch[urch] of 
 E[ngland]. 
 
 In September of the same year he named Sir Richard Black- 
 more among the "eminent Persons beyond-sea" who "take 
 notice of me, and such as I myself never have written unto, 
 send me their Letters and their Presents. "' In December 
 he recorded an idea: 
 
 I would write unto Sir Richard Blachnore, my Desires, that His 
 incomparable Pen may make its furthest Efforts, in paying an 
 Homage to our admirable JESUS; in celebrating His Beauties, 
 before which those of the whole Creation languish and vanish; 
 in uttering the awakened Songs of His Love to the Children of 
 Men; in describing the illustrious Example of all Goodness, which 
 He has given us; in asserting His Government over the Works of 
 God; and Painting out the Grandeurs wherein He shall come to 
 raise the Dead and judge the World, and the Delights of the 
 new Heavens and the new Earth, which shall succeed the Resur- 
 rection.'" 
 
 Mather also corresponded with Dr. Franckius, in Lower 
 Saxony," with Anthony W. Boehm of Halle, who had writ- 
 ten to him in regard to a copy of the "Magnalia" which 
 had come into his hands," and with certain other professors 
 at the University of Halle. '^ 
 
 In 1 713 Mather's paper on "Curiosa Americana" was read 
 before the Royal Society and he was proposed for member- 
 ship. Soon after he was elected, but his name did not appear 
 
 * Diary, ii. 74. 
 
 9 Ibid., ii. 105. 
 ^° Ibid., ii. 141. 
 « Ibid., ii. 74. 
 ^ Ibid., ii. 411. 
 'J Ibid., ii. 150. 
 
Other Phases of Culture, 199 
 
 upon the rolls of the society for a decade because at the time 
 members had to qualify in person, which he was unable to 
 do as he did not visit England. In 1723 arrangements were 
 made whereby his name appeared upon the rolls as a regular 
 member. '4 
 
 William Brattle was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society 
 March 11, 1714.'^ Paul Dudley, many of whose articles 
 were published in the Transactions of the Society, was 
 elected a Fellow on November 2, 1721.^5 Dr, Zabdiel 
 Boylston, who was the first in America to experiment with 
 inoculation for smallpox, was invited by Sir Hans Sloane, 
 the court physician, to visit London. He received flattering 
 attention from the scientists of England, being elected a 
 Fellow of the Royal Society, before which he read a paper 
 on the subject of inoculation. This paper was published in 
 London in the year 1726, being dedicated by permission to 
 the Princess of Wales. '^ 
 
 John Winthrop, son of Wait Winthrop, generally referred 
 to as John Winthrop, F.R.S., to distinguish him from the 
 other John Winthrops, also corresponded with the members 
 of the Royal Society. He wrote to Cotton Mather in April, 
 1721, 
 
 W' is become of the Docf at Gresham?'^ I am making an other 
 sett of rarieties & curiositys for the Royall Society, w'''^ I am think- 
 ing to present w'^ my owne hands. 
 
 In 1726 he did go to England, and there became an active 
 member of the Royal Society, the 40th volume of the So- 
 
 '■» Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xiv. 8i ff. Criticism 
 has often been directed against Mather for using the initials F.R.S. after his name 
 many years before 1723. As he had been officially notified of his election in 1713, 
 and as No. 339 of the Philosophical Transactions, issued in 1714, gave him this 
 title, such criticism is unjust. 
 
 »5 Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xiv. 291. 
 
 '* Green, History of Medicine in Massachusetts, p. 67. 
 
 '7 Winthrop Papers, vi. 399 note. The Doctor referred to is presumably Dr. 
 John Woodward, Secretary of the Royal Society, who continued to reside at 
 Gresham College, London, after the Royal Society moved to other quarters. 
 
200 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 ciety's Transactions being dedicated to him.'* Winthrop 
 enjoyed English life so much that he never returned to New 
 England. 
 
 Thomas Robie, Harvard 1708, later a tutor and Fellow 
 of the Corporation, had several papers on mathematical and 
 physical subjects published in the Transactions of the Royal 
 Society, but does not seem to have been a member.'' He 
 died in 1729 at the age of forty-one; had he lived longer he 
 might have been chosen a Fellow. Dr. William Doug- 
 lass, a Scotch physician (best known perhaps because of 
 his strong opposition to the practice of inoculation and its 
 sponsor. Cotton Mather,) accepted Robie's observations of 
 eclipses, latitude, longitude, etc." 
 
 Others than Winthrop went to England to reside during 
 this period. Henry Newman, Harvard 1687, went about 
 1707. For a time he lived in the family of the Duke of 
 Somerset, in what capacity is not known, and later acted 
 as the agent of Harvard College, from 1709 to 1741, and 
 also as agent of New Hampshire." Jeremiah Dummer, 
 Harvard 1699, after studying at Utrecht," settled in Eng- 
 land, where he acted for a time as the agent of Connecticut.^^ 
 
 While such Americans living in England formed a bond 
 between the old and the new, other links were formed by 
 the Governors sent out from England and their trains, and 
 by those who still turned to the new world to better their 
 fortunes. The latter included such men as Dr. William 
 Douglass, who, in spite of his very conservative attitude 
 toward smallpox inoculation, was interested in science. In 
 a letter to Dr. Cadwallader Colden of New York he sent 
 a complete report of the weather for the year past — that 
 is, as complete as he could keep it with "no other instru- 
 
 ^^ Ibid., iv. 571 note. 
 
 '> Librarians of Harvard College, p. i6. 
 
 '" Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 4th Series, ii. 185. 
 
 " See p. 183, above. 
 
 " See p. 104, above. 
 
 '3 Winthrop Papers, vi. passim. 
 
Other Phases of Cuhure. 201 
 
 ments than the naked eye, pen, ink, and paper, I know of 
 no Thermometer nor Barometer in this place. "^•» He added 
 that there was a "good Quadrant and Telescope in the Col- 
 lege about four miles from this," whereby he hoped to take 
 observations of the sun, study eclipses, and so on. Some 
 time after this he was one of the organizers of the Boston 
 Medical Society.^s 
 
 Another who came in search of a fortune was Thomas 
 Lechmere, younger son of Edmund Lechmere, Esq., and 
 grandson of Sir Nicholas Lechmere, a distinguished judge. 
 Thomas Lechmere's older brother, Nicholas, became the 
 Attorney-General of England and was raised to the peerage 
 as Lord Lechmere in 1721. LecHmere brought with him 
 money with which to trade, and soon added to it by mar- 
 riage with Anne Winthrop, sister of John Winthrop, F.R.S.^'^ 
 
 Of wealth and luxury in New England at this time one 
 illustration will perhaps be sufficient. The expenditure at 
 the time of the funeral of Fitz-John Winthrop, in 1707, 
 amounted to over £600, the modern equivalent for which 
 would be somewhat over $10,000.00. The single item of 
 sugar for the burnt wine was £2.09.06, or about |5o.oo!^7 
 
 There are evidences that the "worldliness" noticed in the 
 second period^* was increasing. In 1714 Samuel Sewall 
 found it necessary to write to Isaac Addington: 
 
 There is a Rumor, as if some design'd to have a Play acted in 
 
 ^* Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 4th Series, ii. 165. Letter 
 dated Feb. 20, 1720-1. In connection with the lack of such instruments it must 
 be remembered that the Fahrenheit thermometer had been invented only in 1714, 
 and that the barometer, although devised earlier, was but slowly coming into use. 
 There had been a barometer in Boston many years before this, for in the inventory 
 of the estate of John Foster, the printer, occurs the item "wether glasses," which 
 was the seventeenth century term for barometer. The inventory was taken in 
 1681. (Green, John Foster, p. 52.) 
 
 ^5 This was formed about 1735; it published some papers. Massachusetts Histor- 
 ical Society, Collections, 4th Series, ii. 188. 
 
 ^ Winthrop Papers, vi. 367 note. 
 
 '7 Ii>id.y V. 412. When Mrs. Katherine Eyre married Wait Winthrop in 1707, 
 the inventory of her property totaled £5,328.12.2. (Winthrop Papers, vi. 158-9.) 
 
 '^ See p. 1 56 S.y above. 
 
20 2 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 the Council-Chamber, next Monday; which much surprises me: 
 And as much as in me lyes, I do forbid it. The Romans were very- 
 fond of their Plays: but I never heard they were so far set upon 
 them, as to turn their Senat-House into a Play-House. Our 
 Town-House was built at great Cost and Charge, for the sake 
 of very serious and important Business; .... Let it not be 
 abused with Dances, or other Scenical divertisements .... 
 Ovid himself offers invincible Arguments against publick Plays. ^^ 
 
 The next year Wait Winthrop, writing to his son John, 
 mentioned the fact that "Molle .... is well and brisk, 
 and goes to dancing."-"' The Boston News-Letter for August 
 22-29, 1715, published the following notice: 
 
 This is to give Notice that at Cambridge on Wednesday '■he 
 2ist day of September next, will be Run for, a Twenty Pound 
 Plate, by any Horse, Mare or Gelding not exceeding Fourteen 
 and an half hands high, carrying 1 1 Stone Weight, and any Per- 
 son or Persons shall be welcome to Run his Horse &c, entering 
 the same with Mr. Fattoun at the Green Dragon in Boston, any 
 of the six days preceding the Day of Runing, & paying Twenty 
 Shillings Entrance.^' 
 
 For Tuesday night, January 7, 17 17-8, Judge Sewall re- 
 corded, "The Gov' has a Ball at his own House that lasts 
 to 3 in the Morn,"^^ Such items show the tendency of the 
 time, as do also the growing popularity of the taverns and 
 coffee-houses, the increase in numbers and wealth of the 
 silversmiths, and the laments of such men as Cotton Mather 
 over the degeneracy from the better days of old. 
 
 These years saw also the establishment and development 
 of the newspaper upon English models. A single issue of a 
 paper called Publick Occurrences had appeared before the 
 end of the previous century, but the paper was promptly 
 suppressed by the authorities. On Monday, April 24, 1704, 
 
 =' Letter-Book, ii. 29. Sewall quotes passages from Ovid to illustrate. 
 3" Winthrop Papers, vi. 310. 
 
 3' A notice of another horse race at Cambridge is reprinted in Publications 
 of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xiv. 408. 
 3' Diary, iii. 158. Samuel Shute was governor at this time. 
 
Other Phases of Culture. 203 
 
 appeared the first number of The Boston News-Letter^ pub- 
 lished by John Campbell, postmaster. When William 
 Brooker succeeded Campbell as postmaster, one of his first 
 acts was to establish a new weekly. The Boston Gazette, 
 begun December 21, 17 19. These were poor enough as 
 newspapers, printing little but news items taken from 
 London papers whenever the latter were accessible, and at 
 other times filling in with local news, reports of speeches in 
 provincial legislatures, or anything available." 
 
 James Franklin was the printer of Brooker's Gazette. 
 After forty numbers Brooker sold the paper to Philip Mus- 
 grave, who succeeded him as postmaster. When Musgrave 
 employed Samuel Kneeland as printer instead of Franklin, 
 the latter, "encouraged by a number of respectable charac- 
 ters, who were desirous of having a paper of a different cast 
 from those then published .... began the publication, 
 at his own risk, of a third newspaper, entitled, The New 
 England CourantJ"^^ This paper was not founded just to 
 furnish news; its purpose was to provide readable essays 
 on the order of those which had made the Spectator and its 
 successors popular. Franklin had served his apprenticeship 
 in London previous to the year 17 17, when he set up his 
 press in Boston, and thus had come in touch with the 
 English journalism and literature of the day. The nature 
 of the articles published in the Courant must be left until 
 the next chapter for discussion. The point that should be 
 emphasized here, as the last evidence of the culture reached 
 at this time in New England, is the fact that Franklin felt 
 that there was sufficient interest in literature, as apart from 
 news, in the neighborhood of Boston, to warrant the estab- 
 lishment of a paper without news, and in competition with 
 two established newspapers. The success of his paper 
 proved that he was right. Thus we find within a year after 
 
 " For details in regard to colonial newspapers see Elizabeth C. Cook's "Liter- 
 ary Influences in Colonial Newspapers," from which much of the material in these 
 paragraphs is taken. 
 
 3< Thomas, History of Printing, i. i lo. 
 
204 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 the close of the first century of New England, if we reckon 
 from the founding of Plymouth, and several years before 
 the end of the first century of Boston's existence, a deliberate 
 and recognized literary organ which reflected the growing 
 literary culture of the colonists, even if it did not, as we 
 shall see, accurately mirror contemporary literary taste. 
 
chapter XI V: The Production of Literature. 
 
 THE literary movement which was beginning in and 
 around Boston at the end of the seventeenth 
 century'' developed more rapidly after the new 
 century opened. The central figure in this movement was 
 Samuel Sewall, who, although he has no fame as a writer 
 of poetry/ wrote considerable verse, both Latin and English. 
 His Latin verses were sufficiently well known in Boston in 
 the first year of the century to call forth a burlesque. ^ 
 Sewall was less interested in English poetry,'' and yet some 
 of his verses in English are not without merit. His penchant 
 was epigrammatic verse, the following lines on the death of 
 Tom Child, the painter, being perhaps the best example 
 of his art. 
 
 Tom Child had often painted Death, 
 But never to the Life, before: 
 Doing it now, he's out of Breath; 
 He paints it once, and paints no more.^ 
 
 Others who were interested with Sewall in the writing of 
 poetry were Richard Henchman, Nicholas Noyes, Nehemiah 
 Hobart, Experience Mayhew, and a Mr. Bayly. It is not 
 
 ' See p. i68, above. 
 
 ' He is not mentioned as a writer of poetry by sucii historians of American 
 poetry as Moses Coit Tyler and William B. Otis, or in the Cambridge History of 
 American Literature. This is true also of the literary friends of Sewall mentioned 
 in the text (see above), with the exception of Noyes. 
 
 3 Sewall recorded in his diary. May 29, 1701, "This day a Burlesqe comes out 
 upon Hull-street, in a Travestie construing my Latin verses." (Diary, ii. 35.) 
 
 * In one of his letters to Richard Henchman, Sewall wrote, "It is convenient to 
 sing the Downfall of Babylon, in verses that will stand." As the accompanying 
 verses are in Latin, it is evident that Sewall chose that rather than English for 
 work which he considered important and desired to have endure. (Letter-Book, 
 i.318.) 
 
 * Diary, ii. 170. November 10, 1706. The verses are prefaced by the statement, 
 "This morning Tom Child, the Painter, died." 
 
2o6 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 possible to determine whether these men ever came together 
 as a group for mutual encouragement in literary work; but 
 it is evident that Sewall kept in touch with the literary 
 work which all of them were doing, encouraged them, and 
 both criticized their verses and sent his own to them for 
 criticism.^ This group did not produce any body of good 
 verse, because none of its members had any real talent for 
 poetry; but that they made the effort to produce, and that 
 they encouraged each other's efforts, shows that literary 
 culture in New England had reached the creative stage. 
 
 There were still many things to handicap literary develop- 
 ment. The most important of these was the lack of suitable 
 means of publishing short or occasional poems, such as these 
 men usually wrote. If we may judge by the poems that 
 have survived, or of which we have record, no one of these 
 men produced enough for a volume of poems. The news- 
 papers of Boston printed practically no poetry until after 
 1720.7 Therefore the only means of publication was the 
 
 ' Sewall's Verses upon the New Century, bearing the date of January i, 1700-01, 
 brought immediate response from Henchman in a long and effusive poem in praise 
 of Sewall, dated January 2, 1700-01. To Henchman, Sewall wrote, February 24, 
 1703-04, "Sir, — I send home your Verses with Thanks. There are many good 
 strokes in them: but in my mind, the English excell. I think — dominantur un- 
 diq\^u\e fraudes, does not well end a verse; the last syllable in [^Dominantur] is 
 short by Rule." (Letter-Book, i. 293.) He wrote to Henchman in 1705, "It is 
 convenient to sing the Downfall of Babylon, in verses that will stand: let me there- 
 fore have your Examination and censure of the following Distich . . . . " 
 (Letter-Book, i. 318.) At about the same time he wrote to Nicholas Noyes, "Sir, 
 — How am I ready to sink down into ingratitude on a sudden, and unawares! 
 My Brother in a Letter had raised my Expectation of receiving a distich or 2 from 
 you; and the disapointment puts me out of Tune." [He adds an apposite quota- 
 tion from Ovid.] (Letter-Book, i. 315.) On March 27, 171 2, Nehemiah Hobart 
 addressed a Latin poem of thirty-seven lines to Sewall, who sent to Hobart in 
 acknowledgement of the compliment a copy of Virgil: "I give him Virgil on 
 account of the Poem he has gratify'd me with." (Diary, ii. 346.) This was soon 
 turned into English verse by Henchman. (Letter-Book, i. 314 note 2, which gives 
 both Latin and English versions.) Evidence of his interest in the poetry of Bayly 
 and Mayhew is given in note 8 on page 207, below. 
 
 7 A very few times the News-Letter reprinted from English papers articles which 
 included lines of verse. One four line Latin epigram by Sewall, published in the 
 News-Letter in 1705, is the only original poem which I have been able to find in 
 
The Production of Literature. 207 
 
 broadside, and in this form some of the verses of these men 
 appeared. Other poems that circulated did so in manu- 
 script. Sewall seems to have been as interested in the cir- 
 culation of these poems as in their production, and there- 
 fore in a double sense was the center of this literary move- 
 ment.^ 
 
 One poem by Richard Henchman may indicate the exist- 
 ence of literary patronage in Boston at this time. This 
 poem, entitled "Vox Oppressi,"' was addressed to the Lady 
 
 the papers before 1720, and we have Sewall's testimony (Diary, ii. 149) that it 
 was with difficulty that he persuaded John Campbell to print it. 
 
 * The following quotations show Sewall's custom of enclosing poetry in his 
 letters. It should be noted that some of the poems were evidently printed as 
 broadsides. "This day I made this Distich .... [omitted]. Gave them and 
 two more to Mr. Phips at Charlestown." (Diary, ii. 140. October, 1705.) "In 
 my Letter I inclosed a News-Letter, two Copies of Mr. Bayly's Verses, Babylon is 
 fallen." (Letter-Book, i. 351. August, 1707.) "Writ .... to Mr. Moodey 
 .... [enclosed] this day's News-Letter; Two Setts of Verses; Libels, and 
 proceeding thereupon. Vindicated Glascow. Sent p Capt. Lyon to whom I 
 gave Mr. Danforth, and Mayhew's Verses." (Letter-Book, i. 408. December, 
 1710.) "To Sir Charles Hobby .... inclosing .... 2 of Mr. Mayhew's 
 Poems on daughter Gerrish." (Letter-Book, i. 412. 171 1. Sewall's daughter, 
 Mrs. Gerrish, died in 1710.) "To Mr. Joseph Lord .... Sent him .... 
 One Consolations, Frenches Verses, My verses on the Taking of Port-Royal. 
 4. Mr. Mayhew's verses; i Mr. Danforth on Daughter Gerrishes Death." (Letter- 
 Book, i. 408. February, 1710-11.) "I visit Mr. Wadsworth .... Give a 
 verse to him and to Mr. Pemberton." (Diary, ii. 359. August, 1712.) "Left the 
 Gov"" two of Mr, Hobart's verses .... Gave Mr. Colman one of Mr. Hobart's 
 verses." (Diary, ii. 360-1. August, 171 2. These would seem to be printed copies 
 of the Latin poem to Sewall to which reference has been made on page 206, note 
 6.) "Writ to Mr. Williams of Derefield, inclosed . . . my Verses on Merrimak 
 River finish'd yesterday." (Diary, iii. 240. January 16, 1719-20.) "Inclosed 
 Merrimak dry'd up, with the occasion of it . . . . Inclosed 6. of Mr. Hobart's 
 printed verses." (To Timothy Woodbridge, February i, 1719-20. Letter-Book, 
 ii. 104.) "Merrymak is printed off, about 300. I give Sam. Mather two of them." 
 (Diary, iii. 279. February, 1720-21. This poem is printed in the Proceedings of 
 the Massachusetts Historical Society, 2d Series, ix. 8.) "Sent .... Mr. Ho- 
 bart's Verses — Node viator." (To Edward Taylor, February 16, 1719-20. Letter- 
 Book, ii. 105.) "Mr. Prince and I go next the Relations. I gave him Merrimack; 
 he desired me to give him copies of all my performances." (Diary, iii. 283. March 
 7, 1720-21.) "Having only one Renatus by me, I have inclos'd it, & a copy or 
 two of Judge Lynde's verses." (To John Winthrop, January 8, 1725-6. Winthrop 
 Papers, vi. 422.) 
 
 » Preserved in manuscript in the Boston Public Library. 
 
2o8 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Phipps, the wealthy widow of the former governor to express 
 the poet's gratitude for a gift of money. As further evidence 
 is lacking, it is impossible to say whether the gift was to 
 encourage Henchman's poetical efforts, or to reward him 
 for some poem in Lady Phipps' honor or in honor of her 
 husband, or merely charity; but the tone of the poem seems 
 to be that of poet to patron. 
 
 Outside of the group of Sewall's friends there were several 
 who were writing verse, some for their own amusement, 
 others for publication. Of the first class, the most interest- 
 ing is Sarah Kemble Knight, whose journal of her trip from 
 Boston to New York in 1704 owes much of its charm to the 
 rhymes which furnished her a means to express privately 
 the feelings which she could not express in public.'" Her 
 satirical humor is matched by that of other poets of the day, 
 of varying merit as poets, but deliberately satirical." Such 
 
 •" " But I could get no sleep, because of the Clamor of some of the Town tope-ers 
 in next Room, . . . . I set my Candle on a Chest by the bed side, and setting 
 [j;V] up, fell to my old way of composing my Resentments, in the following manner: 
 
 / ask thy Aid, Potent Rum! 
 
 To Charm these wrangling Topers Dum. 
 
 Thou hast their Giddy Brains possest — 
 
 The man confounded w'^ the Beast — 
 
 And J, poor I, can get no rest. 
 
 Intoxicate them with thy fumes: 
 
 still their Tongues till morning comes!" 
 
 (The Journal of Madam Knight, p. 38.) 
 
 Being refused accommodation at the house of a Mr. Devill, she wrote the fol- 
 lowing warning to other travelers: 
 
 "May all that dread the cruel feind of night 
 Keep on, and not at this curs' t Mansion light. 
 'Tis Hell; 'tis Hell! and Devills here do dwell: 
 Here dwells the Devill — surely this's Hell. 
 Nothing but Wants: a drop to cool yo'r Tongue 
 Cant he procur'd these cruel Feinds among. 
 Plenty of horrid Grins and looks sevear. 
 Hunger and thirst, But pitty's bannish'd here — 
 The Right hand keep, if Hell on Earth you fear! 
 
 {Ibid., p. 40.) 
 
 " Sewall recorded in his Letter-Book (i.' 255) a satire upon "The Gospel 
 Order Revived" (an answer by Benjamin Colman and his friends to Increase 
 
The Production of Literature. 209 
 
 satire may reflect the growth of English satirical poetry 
 during the latter part of the seventeenth century and at the 
 opening of the eighteenth. John Danforth, who had written 
 some verses for his own almanacs at an earlier date, printed 
 a poem a page in length at the end of his published lecture 
 
 Mather's "The Order of the Gospel") which was being circulated at Plymouth 
 (March 1701). Part of the poem follows: 
 
 The old strait Gate is now out of Date, 
 
 The street it must be broad; 
 
 And the Bridge must be wood, tho not half so good 
 
 As firm Stone in the Road. 
 
 Saints Cotton t? Hooker, look down, £5? look here 
 Where's Platform, Way & the Keys? 
 O Torey what story of Brattle Church Twattle, 
 To have things as they please 
 
 Our Merchants cum Mico do stand Sacro Vico; 
 Our Churches turn genteel: 
 
 Parsons grow trim and trigg with wealth wine & wigg 
 And their crowns are coverd with meal. 
 
 A better satire is John Banister's on Cotton Mather's degree of Doctor of Di- 
 vinity from Glasgow University, also found in Sewall's Letter-Book (i. 407. No- 
 vember, 1710), Increase Mather having loaned him a copy of it. 
 
 ON C. M^'* DIPLOMA. 
 The mad enthusiast, thirsting after fame. 
 By endless volum'ns [sic] thought to raise a name. 
 With undigested trash he throngs the Press; 
 Thus striving to be greater, he's the less. 
 But he, in spight of infamy, writes on. 
 And draws new Cullies in to be undone. 
 Warm'd with paternal vanity, he trys 
 For new Suscriptions, while the Embryo* lyes 
 Neglected — Parkhurst] says. Satis fecisti. 
 My belly's full of your Magnalia Christi. 
 Tour crude Divinity, and History 
 Will not with a censorious age agree. 
 
 * His 2 volumus [j;V] — Sewall's note. The reference is undoubtedly to Mather's 
 Biblia Americana, which Mather several times vainly endeavored to publish by 
 subscription. It is still in existence — unprinted. 
 
 f Parkhurst was the London bookseller who published the Magnalia. 
 
2 1 o Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 "The Right Christian Temper in every Condition."'^ Cot- 
 ton Mather wrote several poems, found in his diary and else- 
 where, most of which show more poetical feeling and ex- 
 pression than do the poems which he published in the 
 "Magnalia."'^ Samuel Wigglesworth, son of the author of 
 "The Day of Doom," wrote one long poem, "A Funeral 
 Song,"''' which, in spite of its title, in no way resembles the 
 elegies of the earlier periods, but on the contrary shows 
 
 Dazd with the stoVn title of his SireX 
 
 To be a Doctor he is all on fire; 
 
 Would after him, the Sacrilege commit 
 
 But that the Keeper s care doth him affright. % 
 
 To Britain's northern Clime in haste he sends. 
 
 And begs an Independent boon from Presbyterian friends; 
 
 Rather than be without, he'd beg it of the Fiends. 
 
 Facetious George brought him this Libertie 
 
 To write C. Mather first, and then D. D. 
 
 Another satire, less poetical but very bold, appeared in 1717. To quote Sewall, 
 " . . . .a virulent Libel was starch'd on upon the Three Doors of the Meeting 
 House [the New South], containing the following Words; 
 
 TO ALL TRUE-HEARTED CHRISTIANS. 
 Good people, within this House, this very day, 
 A Canting Crew will meet to fast, and pray. 
 Just as the miser fasts with greedy mind, to spare; 
 So the glutton fasts, to eat a greater share. 
 But the sower-headed Presbyterians fast to seem more holy. 
 And their Canting Ministers to punish sinfullfoley." 
 
 (Diary, iii. 116.) 
 
 Still another satirical poem, which has disappeared, is mentioned in Thomas' 
 list for 1714 (History of Printing, ii. 372) under the title "Origin of the Whale- 
 bone petticoat." A Satyr (In Verse). Boston, August 2d, 1714. 
 
 X Increase Mather's degree of Doctor of Divinity had been conferred upon him 
 through his own influence at a time when it is questionable whether Harvard had 
 the right to confer such a degree. His enemies criticized him for accepting it. 
 
 § Leverett — Sewall's note. President Leverett belonged to the party un- 
 friendly to the Mathers. 
 
 " Published at Boston, 1702. He also wrote a poem upon the death of Elder 
 Hopestill, of Dorchester, in 171 9. See Memoirs of Roger Clap, p. v. 
 
 '3 See his Diary, i. 450; ii. 138, 786; and Kettell, Specimens of American Poetry, 
 
 i. 14- 
 
 "• Printed in full in the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, iv. 89, 
 and in part in Tyler, History of American Literature, ii. 36 ff. 
 
The Production of Literature. 21 1 
 
 greater poetical imagination than do his father's poems. In 
 1713 Richard Steere of Connecticut and Long Island brought 
 out at Boston a ninety-page volume of verse under the title 
 of "The Daniel Catcher."^s 
 
 The last named volume deserves especial attention, not 
 for the fifty-three page biblical poem in .rhymed couplets, 
 of the familiar colonial type, from which thevohnrp&^ets 
 its title, but for three of the shorter poems included in the 
 volume. The first of these is a nineteen page poem in blank 
 verse. The blank verse is not very good, but unique in the 
 colonial poetry of the period, and unusual in any English 
 poetry of the time, there being practically no non-dramatic 
 blank verse from Milton to Thomjjson. The second, a poem 
 on the visit of the angels to Bethlehem at the birth of the 
 Saviour, is interesting for its echo of Milton's "Hymn" in "On 
 the Morning of Christ's Nativity." The theme is the same, 
 although treated differently, and the metre resembles Mil- 
 ton's in its regular stanza form with the Alexandrine at the 
 end of each stanza; it differs in having an added line instead 
 of the longer third and sixth lines of Milton's. The resem- 
 blance is not remarkable, but it is difficult to believe that 
 the writerwas not influenced, even if not inspired, by Milton. 
 If so, thi iss the first colonial poem which shows such influ- 
 ence. The third poem deserves quotation here as showing 
 more poetic feeling than most of the contemporary poetry, 
 and even more as an instance of an appreciation of nature 
 at a time when sincere appreciation of nature was practically 
 unknown in English poetry on either side of the ocean. 
 
 ON A SEASrORM NIGH THE COAST. 
 
 All round the Horizon black Clouds appear 
 
 A Storm is near: 
 Darkness Eclipseth the Sereener Sky, 
 The Winds are high, 
 
 's Printed in full in Littlefield, Early Massachusetts Press, ii. This was his second 
 volume of verse. His first, A Monumental Memorial of Marine Mercy, was pub^ 
 lished in Boston, 1684. 
 
212 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Making the Surface of the Ocean Show 
 Like mountains Lofty, and like Vallies Low. 
 
 The weighty Seas are rowled from the Deeps 
 
 In mighty heaps, 
 And from the Rocks Foundations do arise 
 
 To Kiss the Skies: 
 Wave after Wave in Hills each other Crowds, 
 As if the Deeps resolv'd to Storm the Clouds. 
 
 How did the Surging Billows Fome and Rore 
 
 Against the Shore 
 Threatning to bring the Land under their power 
 
 And it Devour: 
 Those Liquid Mountains on the Clifts were hurld 
 As to a Chaos they would shake the World. 
 
 The Earth did Literpose the Prince of Light 
 
 Twas Sable nigh[tl 
 All Darkness was but when the Lightnings fly 
 
 And Light the Sky, 
 Night, Thunder, Lightning, Rain, & raging Wind, 
 To make a Storm had all their forces joyn'd. 
 
 Such verse writers as these were responsible for the in- 
 creased interest in literature during the early years of the 
 century, and prepared the way for the even greater activity 
 to follow when the influence of The Spectator and similar 
 papers and of Pope and his contemporaries should be felt 
 in New England. That the colonists so soon reacted to the 
 literary movements in England may have been because of 
 the work of these people, poor as it was in itself. As early 
 as 1714 Cotton Mather was ready to attempt essays of the 
 Spectator type;'^ and as soon as a vehicle was provided in 
 The New England Courant there were many who were eager 
 to contribute.'^ The essays in the Courant were the work 
 
 '* See p. 194, above. 
 
 '7 An indication of the eagerness to contribute either to the Courant, or, for the 
 more conservative, to the News-Letter or Gazette, is shown by the fact that one of 
 
The Production of Literature. 2 1 3 
 
 of a group of men sufficiently organized so that John Camp- 
 bell, publisher of The Boston News-Letter^ disgruntled at the 
 success of a new rival, and perhaps offended by the atheistic 
 or deistic tone of the essays, gave them the name by which 
 they have ever since been known, the Hell-Fire Club, that 
 being the name of a London atheist club of unsavory repute. 
 Isaiah Thomas speaks of the group as "a society of gentle- 
 men."'* The essays in the Courant were quickly answered 
 by essays in the News-Letter and Gazette; and for several 
 years public questions of the day, such as inoculation, were 
 debated. Several months after the Courant ceased publi- 
 cation in 1726, The New England Weekly Journal was begun. 
 This, like the Courant^ was the organ of a group of men 
 whose purposes were definitely literary. This group includ- 
 ed such young writers as Mather Byles, Thomas Prince, 
 Judge Danforth,'9 and probably Matthew Adams, formerly 
 associated with the Courant.^° The name "Proteus Echo" 
 was assumed for the editor, as "Old Janus" had been used 
 in the Courant, both in obvious imitation of the Spectator. 
 Both journals printed verse as well as prose, and both fre- 
 quently lightened the work of their writers by reprinting 
 from English periodicals." The chief poet of the Journal 
 was Mather Byles, whose style bears witness to his admira- 
 tion of Pope's poetry." 
 
 Another illustration of the colonial response to English 
 literary movements, as well as an illustration of increasing 
 interest in the production of literature, is found in a manu- 
 
 the several verse contributions which Sewall sent to the News-Letter was an adap- 
 tation of a poem which he had written in 1676. It was published in the News- 
 Letter for March 28, 1723, having waited nearly fifty years for a suitable medium 
 for publication. It was evidently recalled by Sewall when he was seeking material 
 to contribute. (Diary, i. 27; iii. 320 note.) 
 
 '* History of Printing, ii. 31. 
 
 ^^ Ibid.., ii. 41, 42. 
 
 ^'' Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, v. 211 note. 
 
 " Cook, Literary Influences in Colonial Newspapers, Chapters I and II, where 
 much detail is given. 
 
2 14 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 script volume recently acquired by the Harvard Library," 
 This volume, in the handwriting of Ebenezer Turell, contains 
 thirteen numbers of a student periodical, modeled after the 
 Spectator^ which evidently circulated in manuscript. The 
 periodical is called The Telltale^ and most of its papers are 
 signed by Telltale. One paper gives an account of the 
 "Telltale alias Spy Club — w^'' consists of these Six members: 
 Telltale, Blablonge, Sharpsights, Courage, Intelligence, 
 Quick." Verse is found in one of the papers. Of this volume 
 Mr. Lane writes, "It is the earliest college production of the 
 kind of which I have any information." That Harvard 
 preceded any English college in attempting periodical litera- 
 ture is striking evidence of the awakening to literary activity 
 in New England in the first quarter of the eighteenth century. 
 
 There are other indications of the literary tendency of the 
 time. In 1724 T. Fleet published "The Indictment and 
 Tryal of Sir Richard Rum," a clever temperance tract with 
 literary merit. In 1725 Nathaniel Ames began his "Alma- 
 nac," which differed from the earlier almanacs both in its 
 use of the best English poetry (whereas earlier almanacs 
 printed third rate original verse), and in its blending of wit 
 and wisdom in effective phrases, wherein Ames anticipated 
 Franklin's "Poor Richard." From now on the almanac 
 yearly carried real literature into every home. 
 
 It must be admitted that most of the literature produced 
 during this period is unsatisfactory. The imitations of the 
 Spectator do not measure up to their model. The imitators 
 of Pope may have caught the trick of his verse, but they lack 
 both his brilliant wit and his poetic power. That the colo- 
 nists did not succeed in their attempts is much less important, 
 however, than the fact that they made the effort, and that 
 at the end of the first century of colonization the effort was 
 a general one, not limited to a few ministers or to the edu- 
 
 " This volume is described in detail in a paper by William C. Lane, Librarian 
 of Harvard, read before the Colonial Society of Massachusetts. (Publications of 
 the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xii. 220.) 
 
The Production of Literature. 2 i 5 
 
 cated class. The leaders in the movement to establish lit- 
 erary journalism had been James Franklin, whose education 
 had been merely that of a printer's apprentice, and Matthew 
 Adams, whom Benjamin Franklin describes as "an ingenious 
 tradesman. "^^ Benjamin Franklin himself was only a self- 
 educated printer's apprentice, and a mere boy as well, yet 
 he also came under the influence of the Spectator and at- 
 tempted essays with such success that the Dogood papers, 
 begun in the Courant early in 1722, when Franklin was 
 hardly sixteen, were among the most literary essays which 
 that periodical published. Unquestionably we owe the writ- 
 ings of the greatest American writer of the eighteenth century 
 to the literary movement which developed in New England 
 and centered in Boston about the year 1720, as if to com- 
 memorate the one-hundredth anniversary of the establish- 
 ment of English civilization in New England. 
 
 *3 Autobiography, p. 22. 
 
Appendix. 
 
THE Appendix had not been completed by the author 
 and as it stands now does not include^ by any meanSy 
 all of the material which he had gathered j or possible 
 publication in this volume. Owing to lack of space the editor 
 has omitted the catalogues of libraries belonging to William 
 Bradford^ 'Thomas Dudley^ Samuel Eaton, Cotton Mather, 
 Increase Mather, Thomas Prince, Miles Standish, William 
 Tyng, John Winthrop, Jr. These lists may be found in Mr. 
 Wright's manuscript at the Tale University Library. 
 
Appendix. 
 
 Items Illustrating the Movement of Books to 
 and among New Kn glanders, 
 
 HERE is the Young Clerks Guide, with the Banquet of Jests." 
 Nov. 30. I was at Boston, bought Diodati's Annotations.^ 
 
 Also I have desired & obtained of Major Bradford, a Booke in 
 folio written by his father, which I shall send by the first oppor- 
 tunity by water; if I cannot send it by land. The Journall of 
 Plimouth beginnings^ I could send you, but I thinke it needs not, 
 for you told me some passages in it; whence I conclude you have 
 that booke. Major Bradford hath another printed Booke, which 
 he thinks would well contribute to you. Its title is Good Newes 
 from P. in N: E:'' But he cannot finde it.^ [A postscript reports 
 it found.] 
 
 I can only tell you that I have sent yo"" book (this being the 
 first since I wrote to you last) & returne you a thousand thancks 
 for y^ use of y*^ same.^ 
 
 Mr. Shove was this day at my house; as he passed along to 
 Barnstable, (for your booke he thankes you) .... 
 
 Yours I received & the bookes, 7 of those which came first are 
 sold at Bridgewater; I will endeavour to sell as fast as I can.* 
 
 ' Thomas Johnson of London to Marmaduke Johnson, the printer, April 23, 
 1663. Littlefield, Early Massachusetts Press, i. 225. 
 
 ^ Diary of Rev. William Adams of Dedham, 1670. Massachusetts Historical 
 Society, Collections, 4th Series, i. 15. 
 
 3 The Journall is probably the so-called Mourt's Relation. The "Booke in folio" 
 is Bradford's famous History of Plymouth. Mather is borrowing these as mate- 
 rial for his own history of New England. 
 
 ■» Good News from New England, 1624, by Edward Winslow. 
 
 s John Cotton to Increase Mather, from Plymouth, November 24, 1676. Mather 
 Papers, p. 229. 
 
 ^ Giles Sylvester, Jr., of South-ton, to Fitz-John Winthrop, March 9, 1677. 
 Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, iv. 286. In another 
 letter (August 19, 1677) he refers to a book, evidently on heraldry, by Gwillim, 
 which he has had and returned. 
 
 ' John Cotton to Increase Mather, June 25, 1677. Mather Papers, p. 239. 
 
 * John Cotton to Increase Mather, October 20, 1677. Ibid., p. 239. The books 
 referred to are probably Mather's account of the troubles with the Indians (1677), 
 
2 20 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 If you have Gorsius works by you, doe so much as send out a 
 discours which is as I remember about a quarter or 3 part of the 
 book in containing Exhortations to young people . . . .' 
 
 Tell him wee thanke him heartily for our Almanacks.'" 
 
 I perceive you have come in the way of sundry pieces of the 
 Firtuosi." .... I would earnestly entreat you, out of a pitty to 
 a famished man, to send me such treatises historical or philosophi- 
 cal as you have by you, especially that concerning the designes of 
 a French Government in England. I shall carefully return you. 
 And as a pledge of my care, at last I now send you your Hudson. 
 I have kept it long .... I did some years agone see papers 
 of weekly edition after the manner of the Gazets, under the name 
 of Philosophical Observations by John" Oldenburgh, Felow of the 
 Society. Those of them that I saw contained relations and pas- 
 sages exceeding worthy the knowledge.'^ ... I have latly seen 
 a smal treatise in verse, such as it is, not over Heliconian, yet 
 honest, printed at Boston, against the Quakers, by one B. K. 
 whose name I cannot unridle ^* 
 
 I also haueing lately rec'* from Ml" Whiteing's hand another 
 booke & token of respect, viz: Diatriba de Signo ffilii Hominis: 
 I know not what further returne to make, but thanks, &c., unlesse 
 to adde some Apology for my owne indesert of a Lattin booke, 
 being growne so rusty in that lingua^ with wishing it might be 
 reprinted in English for the benefit of N: E: Towards the charge 
 whereof I shall willingly be a subscriber; haueing had a tast of 
 what you so printed about the Calling of the Jewes; which I 
 borrowed & red, tho: I haue it not by me now:'5 
 
 Yours I received, what sent by Capt. Selleck to myself & 
 freinds, M"! Wakeman & M' Chauncey, of your own & Mf 
 
 'Joseph Eliot to Increase Mather. 1678. Ibid., p. 377. 
 
 '"John Cotton to Increase Mather, March 12, 1679. Ibid., p. 251. 
 
 " Probably the Philosophical Conferences of the Virtuosi of France. 
 
 " Really Henry Oldenburg. 
 
 '3 Joseph Eliot of Guilford, Conn., to Increase Mather, July 17, 1678. Mather 
 Papers, p. 376. He goes on to urge Mather to send for these collections, not know- 
 ing that the Mathers had many volumes of them. See p. 143, below. 
 
 '■• B. K. was Benjamin Keach, an English Non-Conformist, whose "The Grand 
 Impostor Discovered: or, the Quakers Doctrine weighed in the Ballance and found 
 wanting" was printed in Boston by John Foster, 1678. 
 
 '5 William Leete of Guilford to Increase Mather, July 5, 1682. Mather Papers, 
 pp. 621-623. 
 
Appendix. 221 
 
 Hookes good labo". What was belonging to me I kindly accept; 
 & what to others, I have conveyed according to your mind."^ 
 
 I unfeynedly thank you for your kindnes to my wife, — sending 
 her one of your last books . . . /' 
 
 Yours I have received, with that further expression of your love 
 to me, the book of Remarkable Providences,'* for which I thank 
 you .... The booke you sent me last before this was Mr. 
 Torrey his sermon, with your epistle before it. I received three 
 of them; one for Mr. Hanford, one for Mr. Chauncey, .... & 
 the other to myself ....'« 
 
 I Received the Booke you sent, which is profitable & of very 
 good use, for which I return you hearty thankes . . . .^'' 
 
 Mr. Saltonstall hath a printed book in vindication of the Protes- 
 tants, and Captain Thomas hath many printed pieces of news. 
 Could I obtain them, I would soon transmit them to your honor." 
 
 S% I return you many thanks, as for the many good books 
 which you have sent me, so I giue many thanks to you & to 
 good M' Willard .... for this booke." 
 
 Yours of the 2^ of this instant I received, & with it your good 
 booke upon occasion of the sore persecution of the Saints in 
 France . . . .^^ 
 
 Mr. Willard here, I returned Alsop of Scandal.^'* 
 
 To the Rev"^ & his estemed ffriend Ml" Increase Mather, at 
 his house in Boston, in New England, these, together with a booke. 
 
 '' John Bishop of Stamford, Conn., to Increase Mather, August 3, 1682. Mather 
 Papers, p. 309. Mr. Wakeman was pastor at Fairfield, and Mr. Chauncey at 
 Stratford. 
 
 '7 John Higginson to Increase Mather, February 5, 1683. Mather Papers, p. 283. 
 
 '* By Increase Mather, published 1684. 
 
 '9 John Bishop to Increase Mather, June 10, 1684. Mather Papers, p. 312. 
 Mr. Hanford, or Hunford, was pastor at Norwalk. 
 
 " Solomon Stoddard of Northampton to Increase Mather. Mather Papers, 
 p. 586. Undated; probably about 1680. 
 
 "John Cotton to Governor Hinckley, January 13, 1681. Massachusetts His- 
 torical Society, Collections, 4th Series, v. 57. 
 
 "Thomas Cobbet of Ipswich to Increase Mather, December 13, 1681. Mather 
 Papers, p. 292. 
 
 "i Thomas Cobbet of Ipswich to Increase Mather, May 18, 1682. Mather 
 Papers, p. 293. 
 
 '•» Sewall, Diary, i. 109. About 1685. 
 
222 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 .... Be pleased to lend the litle book to my brother to [pe- 
 ruse] if he desires it.^^ 
 
 I received your letter in winter, with an almanack and some 
 verses, for all which I thank you.^^ 
 
 I received the verses & Almanacks you sent . . . .^' 
 I take the freedom to present thee with a Book.^* 
 S"", I dare beg no more books, but if you have any newes . . . .^' 
 Cous. Greenleaf sups with Mother. I give him the Catechise, 
 Day of Doom, &c bound together in a good Cover . . . J" 
 
 [Mr. Noyce] greatly desires to see Potter on the number 666. 
 It lyes on my study Table. I should bee glad if you would bee 
 pleased to send it by M'' Grafton.-'^ 
 
 I must again desire of you to send mee a Book, viz. my Ames' 
 
 Medulla. It stands in my second shelfe Dr. Swinnerton 
 
 desires to read that volume of the Transactions that treats of 
 Volatile Alcalies. The Book, as I remember, had on it, before the 
 Title, those words Laudanum Hebnontii Junioris, written by your- 
 selfe. It is about the loo**^ N°. Mf Higginson earnestly desires 
 to see Knoxes History of the Island Ceylon (which lyes on my 
 Father's Table) and Taverniers Travels. Now as for the former 
 of them. If you will send it you will oblige him. Butt as for the 
 latter, it being so Choice a Book and so well bound, that I should 
 bee almost sorry to have it exposed to any Damages. Butt if you 
 will send it, I'le take what Care I can about it.^^ 
 There is also som gazetts in the pocket.-'^ 
 
 '5 Ichabod Chauncy of Bristol, England, to Increase Mather, February 17, 
 168 1-2. Mather Papers, pp. 617-619. 
 
 ^ Joseph Eliot to Increase Mather, 1683. Ibid., p. 378. 
 
 "7 Simon Bradstreet of Medford to Increase Mather, 1683. Ibid., p. 479. 
 
 ** William Penn of Pennsylvania to Governor Hinckley, 1683. Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, Collections, 2d Series, vii. 185, 186. 
 
 ^' Timothy Woodbridge of Hartford to Cotton Mather, April 14, 1684. Mather 
 Papers, p. 639. 
 
 3" Sewall's Diary, i. 223. August 14, 1688. 
 
 3' Nathaniel Mather to his brother Cotton, August, 1688, from Salem, whither he 
 had gone for medical treatment at the home of Dr. Swinerton. He died there in Octo- 
 ber. Mr. Noyes (Noyce) was one of the Salem preachers. Mather Papers, p. 672. 
 
 3= Nathaniel Mather to his brother Cotton, August 31, 1688. Mather Papers, 
 p. 673. Mr. Higginson was a preacher in Salem. 
 
 " Wait Winthrop to Fitz-John Winthrop, July 7, 1682. Winthrop Papers, 
 iv. 427. 
 
Appendix. 223 
 
 Pray send or bring 50 lb of very fine salt peter; and Glaubers 
 Works translated, and reprinted since the first edition in English.^^ 
 I haue som of his works in Latin, but not halfe, I think.^s 
 
 Pray send y^ Gazets, &c., to Ml" Saltonstall, & then to Hart- 
 ford. ^'^ 
 
 Send me by the next post a little booke bound called the Devout 
 Soul's dayly Exercise, in prayers, .... etc: by R. P: D. D. 
 for a friend, as also the verses made about the queenes death." 
 
 If you haue not M"" Josh. Moodyes Artillery Election Sermon, 
 June, 1674, I would advise your Honour as a Christian & good 
 souldier to give a look vpon my Annalls of God's Blessing of 
 N. E. in y^ yeare 1674, where you'l finde som passages of it re- 
 corded. I suppose if you haue never seen those my scripts M"' 
 Cotton Mather may accommodate your Honour w"" y"". Those 
 my Chronilogicall Decads haue rings or loops by w*^^ they may be 
 fastened together or hang'd vp, to preserve from mice or rats.^^ 
 
 For y^ gent'?' of the Council at Hartford I have sent a Gazet, 
 w"*" I desire you to returne.'" 
 
 I carryed home to Mr. Pierpont 2 books, and borrowed Ward 
 on Mathew.'"' 
 
 The Obligations under which you lay me are many and lasting. 
 And these Books, with which you last favoured me, have heaped 
 Pelion upon Ossa. 
 
 For so many fatt Birds, I now return you a Feather; and I 
 pray you to Accept one of the Enclosed, and convey the other.''' 
 
 ^* The same to the same, then in London. November i, 1694. Ibid., iv. 503. 
 
 ^5 The same to the same, October 28, 1695. Ibid., iv. 511. 
 
 3^ Fitz-John Winthrop, then in London, to Wait Winthrop, July 13, 1695. 
 Ibid., iv. 325. 
 
 3' John Tulley of Saybrook to Mr. Harris, the printer, of Boston, July 17, 1695. 
 He also orders a London "Ephemeris," complaining that the Boston one sent him 
 is poorer than he himself can work out unaided. Massachusetts Historical So- 
 ciety, Proceedings, i. 76. 
 
 3* Samuel Stow of Middletown to Wait Winthrop, 1696. Winthrop Papers, 
 vi. 35. The last sentence may explain the disappearance of many valued colonial 
 books! 
 
 " Fitz-John Winthrop to the Council at Hartford, February 15, 1700. Winthrop 
 Papers, iv. 374. 
 
 *° Diary of Rev. Joseph Green of Danvers, April 10, 1700. Historical Collec- 
 tions of Essex Institute. 
 
 ■" Cotton Mather to Major Stephen Sewall, October 15, 1701. New England 
 Historical and Genealogical Register, xxiv. no. 
 
2 24 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Send me Psalmanaazaar again in a month. I think that is time 
 enough, — if not, six weeks. ■'^ 
 
 A Certain Person has Lent Fuller's Holy War, his name is on 
 the Frontice Leaf of it: Whosoever has borrowed the said Book, 
 or into whose hands it may come, are desired to return it unto 
 John Campbell .... that the true Owner may have it again. '•^ 
 
 Stolen or Lost in September last, out of Samuel Dogger of 
 Marshfield his Sloop then in Boston, the first part of Purchasses 
 Pilgrims a History in Folio . . . . ^4 
 
 A Certain Person some time since. Lent Drydens Virgil in Folio 
 with Cuts, but has forgot to whom . . . . •'s 
 
 A Valuable Collection of Books & Pamphlets, Consisting of Di- 
 vinity, History, Classicks, Physick, Poetry, Mathematicks, &c., 
 in several Languages: To be sold by Public Vendue or Auction 
 at the House of Mr. Rowland Dyke at the Sign of the Royal Ex- 
 change in King-Street, Boston: Beginning on Tuesday the 29'^ 
 Listant .... Printed Catalogues may be had gratis.'*^ 
 
 The Books and other Things of Mr. Edward Weaver, Deceas'd, is 
 to be Sold on Thursday the 28th of this Instant February .... 
 at the Crown CoflFee house in King Street.''^ 
 
 B 
 
 Invoice, 
 
 OOKS sent to John Usher of Boston without order by Robert 
 Boulter of London."* 
 
 12 Terrences 
 
 38 Bonds horrace 
 
 13 erasmus Colloquies 
 
 ^ Cotton Mather to Major Stephen Sewall, May 2, 1706. New England His- 
 torical and Genealogical Register, xxiv. in. 
 
 « Advertisement in the Boston News-Letter, September 2-9, 1706. 
 
 ^■i Ibid., December 30-January 6, 1706-7. 
 
 « Ibid., March 12-19, '^l'^S~^- 
 
 ■t' Ibid., May 7-14, 1716. 
 
 *' Ibid., February 18-25, 1717. 
 
 4* Sent about 1682. Ford, Boston Book Market, pp. 12, 88-107. The collec- 
 tion was valued at £75.2.9. 
 
Appendix. 225 
 
 13 dyers worcks 
 22 apples of Gould 
 
 3 Calamys ark 
 
 6 meads almost a Christian 
 10 foxes end of tyme 
 
 3 faramond 
 
 4 brooks ark 
 
 9 norwoods epitomy 
 15 bybles 
 12 Cocker Cockers tutours 
 
 4 Glasson of law 
 
 2 last part of the english rogue 
 22 turky skins 
 
 2 parismus 
 
 I destruction of troy 
 
 1 Valentyn and orson 
 
 4 Goulmans dictionarys 
 
 15 dugarts Rhetorique 
 10 Complete modelist 
 
 4 Johnson arithmatick 
 4 ovid metamorphosis 
 
 4 esops in english 
 
 2 burroughs on matthew 
 
 5 Carmicheal on mortification 
 5 mitchells sermons 
 
 ' 8 alleins allarm 
 
 3 remains [of Joseph Alleine] 
 
 2 lyfe and death [of Joseph Alleine] 
 5 sincere Convert 
 9 sound beleevers 
 I owen on the sperit 
 
 1 on the hebrews 
 
 4 person of Christ 
 
 16 boatswains art 
 
 2 felthams resolves 
 
 I Cooks marrow [of chirurgery] 
 8 Cotton on the Covenant 
 
 3 queens Closet 
 
 4 Winchester phrasis 
 
2 26 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 i6 Cap of gray haires 
 
 2 rarlerys remains 
 
 2 Clelias 
 13 sellers navigation 
 12 seamans Companion 
 
 6 brooks remedies 
 
 9 argalus and parthenia 
 
 1 Assemblys annotations 
 
 7 Clarks tutours 
 
 2 Compleat Clark 
 
 6 burrougs Contentment 
 2 Collins on providence 
 2 Everards workes 
 6 Baxters Call 
 6 Doctrin of the byble 
 10 Wills Commonwealth 
 
 2 reynolds on Murther 
 
 1 pembrooks arcadia 
 
 3 Colliers divinity 
 
 2 Flavell on providence 
 
 3 touchstones [by John Flavell] 
 12 smiths narrative 
 
 12 Clarks formula 
 24 testaments 
 
 6 senecas 
 
 3 Doolitles Catechis 
 
 2 Coles soveranity 
 
 3 Januas works 
 
 5 Culpepers dispensatory 
 
 6 phisitian 
 
 2 perfect politician 
 6 ashwoods trade 
 
 3 rythers plat [for mariners] 
 I baxter of Concord 
 
 1 tanners art of physick 
 
 2 temples miscellanea 
 6 pearse of death 
 
 3 douting Christian 
 2 Vertuous woman 
 
Appendix. 227 
 
 4 help to discours 
 18 flavell on the sacrement 
 24 vincents Catechis 
 
 6 alleins Catt 
 
 6 leis Catt 
 
 6 Janewais life 
 
 4 Johnsons Deus Nobiscum 
 
 3 watsons Contentment 
 
 6 pooles nullity [of the Romish Faith] 
 
 12 Dialogues 
 
 100 testaments 
 
 I Bacons works 
 
 I Cloud witnesses 
 
 I phillips dictionary 
 
 1 Caesars Commentary 
 
 2 leighs Caesars 
 6 wise masters 
 
 2 Erastus 
 
 2 Vnlucky Citicen 
 
 2 Rich Cabinet 
 
 I Senecas moralls 
 9 Gentle Craft 
 I Cambdens Elizabeth 
 I Miltons history 
 6 Guy of Warwick 
 6 Reynard fox 
 
 3 war with the Jews 
 I Parys Narative 
 
 12 dr Faustus 
 
 6 tom reading 
 
 6 [Tom A] Lincolns 
 12 Joviall Garland 
 12 Crown Garland 
 
 6 Jack Newberry 
 
 4 absolute accoumpt 
 6 Garland of delight 
 6 fortunatus 
 
 6 royall arbours 
 8 S[c]oggins jests 
 
228 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 6 history of Joseph 
 6 Devill & Dives 
 6 Booke of knowledg 
 4 Mandevills travells 
 6 wise masters 
 3 wakemans tryalls 
 
 2 Langhams 
 
 3 dugdalls 
 
 12 Processions 
 
 4 pack cards 
 
 Invoice, 
 
 BOOKS delivered by Richard Chiswell of London to Mr. John 
 Ive, September 5, 1683, ^'^^ shipment to New England."' 
 
 For Mr. Wise 
 
 I Poolls Critticks 5 vol. 
 
 I Carryl on Job. 2 vol. 
 
 I Hacklutes Uoyages 
 
 I Mori Utopia 
 
 I Zanchii Opera 2 vol 
 
 I Boltons Instructions 
 
 I Greenhill on Ezekiel Compl in 3 vol 
 
 I Culpepers English Physitian 
 
 1 Wilson's Christian Dictionary 
 
 4 Markhams Works 
 
 2 Sure Guide to Justices 
 8 Aliens Allarme 
 
 3 Bridges Remaines 
 
 7 Gouges Young mans guide with word to Sts and Sinners and 
 
 Xtian Housholder 
 12 Doz of White Clasps 
 10 Hodders Arithmetick 
 
 5 Janeways Heauen on Earth 
 
 <' Ibid., pp. 108-120. Value about £50. 
 
Appendix. 229 
 
 I Uenns Military Discipline 
 
 3 Barriffs Military Discipline 
 
 4 Little peace Maker 
 
 4 Baxters family book 
 20 Flauells Saint Indeed 
 
 20 Token for Mourners 
 
 10 on the Sacrement 
 
 8 Touchstone 
 
 5 on Providence 
 
 10 Seamans Compas 
 
 4 Husbandry 
 
 20 2 Treatises 
 
 20 Baxters Call 
 
 10 Now or Neuer 
 
 5 Brooks String of Pedes 
 
 6 Apples of gold 
 
 4 Ark for Gods Noah 
 
 I Baxters Saints Rest 
 10 Brooks Mute Xtian 
 12 Ayres Copy books 
 
 I Flauells Fountaine Life 
 12 Cockers Tutor to Writing and Arithmetick 
 30 Strongs Spelling book 
 
 6 Uernons Compting house 
 I Felthams Resolues 
 
 20 Fox of Time 
 
 10 Dyers workes 
 
 10 Norwoods Epittomy 
 
 10 Oxford Bibles 
 
 50 Oxford Testaments 
 
 4 Skins of Blew Turkey Leather 
 
 7 Janeways Life 
 6 Julian 
 
 6 Aliens Remaines 
 
 5 Life. 
 
 7 Accademy Compliments 
 
 For Mr. Mather 
 3 Chamberlins Geography 
 
230 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 I Haworth of Consumption 
 
 I Bens Sermons. 
 
 I Baxters how to doe good to mariy. 
 
 I Womans Aduocate 
 
 I Miracles no uiolat. Laws Nature. 
 
 1 Shaftsburys Life 
 
 2 London gilt. 
 
 For Mr. Shepard 
 I Mordens Geography 
 I Piety the best Rule of Orthodoxie 
 I Poeticall History 
 
 1 Owen on the Hebrews. 
 
 2 of the Person of Christ 
 
 2 on the 130th psalme 
 
 10 Burtons Wonderful Prodogies 
 
 20 Doolittle on the Sacriment ist p[art] 
 
 15 on the Lds Sufferings 
 
 50 New England psalms 
 
 50 Idem 
 
 30 History of Dr. Faustus 
 
 I Teats Map of the Wilderness Sin 
 Terme cattallouge No. 11. 12 
 
 7 Accademy Compliments, another sorte. 
 
 The order not mentioning which Accademy of Compliments you 
 
 would haue, both sorts are sentt. 
 
 Hookers doubting Christian \ 
 
 Aliens Rebuke > out of print and not to be had 
 
 Owen of Comunion ) 
 
 Burtons Wares of England ) r • j j • 
 
 « • , , ^ • • \ out or prmt and domg agame. 
 Amicable Curiositys ) 
 
 Eltons Military Discipline — uery scarce and sold for \ls. 
 
 Moxons Monthly Exercises — Not to be had compl. 
 
Appendix. 231 
 
 Invoice, 
 
 BOOKS sold by Richard Chiswell of London to Mr. John Ive 
 for John Usher of Bosto"h, March 3, 1683-4.5" 
 
 3 Virtuous Woman found. 
 
 2 Erie of Rochesters Poems. 
 30 Hoolls Corderius. 
 
 6 Greek Testaments. 
 
 3 Rauerius Practice of Physick. 
 
 6 Sellers Epittomie of Astronomical Systems. 
 
 4 Miltons Paradise Lost. 
 40 Strongs Spelling booke. 
 
 5 Sheppards Sincere Conuert. 
 50 New England Psalmes. 
 
 I Bible 4° Oxon with Common prayer and Apockchryphia. 
 100 Sententiae Pueriles. 
 50 Latine Catos. 
 40 Ouid de Tristibus. 
 
 6 Meads Almost Christian. 
 12 Erasmus Colloquies Latin. 
 
 6 Lestranges Erasmus in English. 
 I Baker's Chronicle. 
 3 Doz. Brass Compasses largest sorte 
 3 Wilsons Christian Dictionary. 
 20 Foxes End of Time. 
 8 Pounds of Vermillion with Box. 
 
 1 Dutch Annotations in 2 Vol. 
 
 2 Supplement to the Morning Exercise. 
 I Pembrooks Arcadia. 
 
 1 Keebles Statutes last Edit. 
 
 2 Queuedos Visions Compl. both parts. 
 
 3 Cambridge Concordance. 
 30 Nomen Claturas 
 
 10 Dugards Rhetorick. 
 10 Smiths Rhetorick. 
 
 4 Ames Cases of Contience in Lat. 
 10 Hookers Doubting Christian. 
 
 I Gutberleths Physick. 
 
 ^^ Ibid.y pp. 121-132. The entire collection was valued at £61.5.6. 
 
232 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 10 Lattine Testaments. 
 18 Greek Grammars. 
 3 Wollebeus Compendium in Lat. 
 30 Token for Children Compl. 
 
 2 Burroughs Gospel worship. 
 12 Norwoods Epittomy. 
 
 12 Gouges Youngmans Guide with Safe way of Thriueing. 
 12 Directions. 
 
 3 Accademy of Compliments. 
 
 5 Janeways Life. 
 
 6 Nuga Uenales. 
 
 3 Cotton on the Couenant. 
 12 Warr with the Deuill. 
 
 2 Burroughs Gospel worship. 
 
 3 Present State of England. Comp. all parts 
 
 4 Jure Maritime. 
 
 2 Clarks Liues of the Fathers. 
 
 2 Sturmies Mariners Magazine. 
 18 Dr. Faustus. ist and 2d pt. 
 
 1 8 Calamys Godlymans Arke 
 6 Brookes Arke. 
 6 Wilds Poems. 
 6 Argulus and Parthenia. 
 
 3 Tanners Art of Physick. 
 
 4 Littletons Dictionary. 
 2 Gassendus Astronimy. 
 
 12 Sturmies Epistles. 
 
 2 Bythner on the Psalmes. 
 2 Leusdens Hoi. Bible. 
 6 Oxford Grammars. 
 
 5 Oxford Jests. 
 
 13 Rami Logica. 
 
 16 Culpepers English Physitian. 
 16 Dispensatorys. 
 
 4 Dauenports Saints Anchorhold 
 
 2 Zouche Jurisdiction of Courts of Admiralty. 
 10 Englishmens Liberties. 
 
 I Hebrew Bible of Mannasseth Ben Israel 
 
 I Idem of Uenice Edition. 
 
Appendix. 233 
 
 Idem of Plantins Edition. 
 
 Terme Catalogue No. 13. 14 
 
 1. All the books are sent that could be procured. 
 
 2. Some few are raised by reason of the scarcity. 
 
 B 
 
 Invoice, 
 
 OOKS sold by Richard Chiswell of London to Mr. John Ive 
 for John Usher of Boston, May 29, 1684.S' 
 
 2 Bibles 24 Ruled Turkey gilt back 
 30 Greek Grammers 
 
 3 Bythner on the Psalms 
 6 SincereConvert 
 
 10 Flauel on the Sacriment 
 10 Cattechise 
 
 2 Cambridge Concordance 
 
 2 Sellers Practical Nauigation 
 
 2 Wilsons Christian Dictionary 
 
 5 Clarks Tutor 
 
 4 Burroughs Gospel Remission 
 
 4 State of England in 2 vol both parts 
 
 3 Markhams way to get wealth 
 2 Eltons Military Discipline 
 
 6 Oxon Bibles large 
 
 5 Hesiod 
 
 2 Blounts Law Dictionary 
 
 2 Daltons Justice 
 50 Lattine Grammers. 
 50 Construing books 
 20 Smiths Great Assize 
 
 2 History of Parismus 
 20 Gentle Craft 
 10 Gentlemans Jockey 
 
 5 Uernons Compting House. 
 
 2 Flauels Fountaine of Life 
 
 2 Method of Peace. 
 
 ^ Ibid., pp. 133-139. Value, £25.6.10. 
 
2 34 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 Treaty of Sufferings. 
 
 3 Norwoods Doctrine of Triangles. 
 
 6 Epittomy. 
 
 8 Gellibrands Epittomy. 
 
 2 Erly Religion a Sermon. 
 
 I Showers Ser[mon] at Mrs. Ann Barnardiston funl. 
 
 I Dorringtons Ser[mon] of the Right use of an Estate. 
 
 I Demaris Pearses Remaines. 
 
 1 Memoires of the Fam. of the Stuarts. 
 
 2 Wonders of the Femall world. 
 
 1 Her and His. 
 
 lo Second Part of the Pilgrims Progress. 
 
 2 Two Journeys to Jerusalem 
 
 200 Pare of Clasps for writeing books 
 
 2 London Bully ist and 2d p[art] 
 
 3 A Ramble to Hackney. 
 
 1 Popes Life. 
 
 2 Informers Doome. 
 
 2 Melius Inquirendum. 
 
 2 Sherlocismus Eneruatus. 
 
 3 Uenus in the Cloyster. 
 2 Womans Aduocate. 
 
 London Gilt is out of print and not to be had. 
 
 B 
 
 Invoice, 
 
 OOKS sold by Richard Chiswell to Mr. John Ive for John 
 
 Usher, April 13, 1685.5^ 
 
 I Goodwins Works in 2 vol. 
 
 I Rogers on Peter 
 
 I Parable of the Prodigal 
 
 20 Smith's Great Assize 
 20 Flauels Compas 
 
 15 Token for Mourners 
 
 30 Saint Indeed 
 
 10 Erasmus Colloquies 8° English Lestrange 
 ^'^ Ibid.., pp. 140-151. Value, £61.19.01/2. 
 
Appendix. 235 
 
 20 Doolittle on the Sacrament 
 15 Hookers Doubting Christian 
 100 Hoolls Sententia 
 
 60 Cases 
 
 30 Fox of Time 
 20 Baxters Call 
 
 10 Now or Neuer 
 
 22 Farnabys Ouid 
 12 Hoolls Terrence 
 
 6 Booke of Rates 
 30 Warr with the Deuill 
 
 4 Duty of Man 
 12 Aristotle's Problems 
 
 8 Hebrew Psalters 
 30 Token for Children Complt. 
 10 Flauel on the Sacrement 
 
 2 Norton's Orthodox Euangelist 
 
 3 Office of Executors 
 30 Lillys Rules 
 
 10 Calamys Godlymans Arke 
 12 Lattine Justins 
 18 Tullys Offices 
 
 1 Dutch Annotations in 2 vol 
 10 Gollibrands Epittomy 
 
 6 Woollebius Compend: Lat. 
 
 4 Lattine Bible 
 
 8 Flauels Touchstone 
 8 Winchester Phrases 
 
 2 Glissons Common Law Epitomized 
 8 Jure Maritimo. 
 
 2 Eltons Millitary Discipline. 
 
 3 Barriffs Millit. Discipline with Horse. 
 40 Marriners New Kallender 
 
 4 Ittallian Conuert 
 
 1 Dells Sermons. 
 
 2 Terms of the Law 
 
 3 Daltons Justice 
 
 2 Keebles Statutes. 
 2 Cooks Reports Engl. 
 
236 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 3 Blounts Law Dictionary. 
 
 I Sheppards Grand Abridgement 
 
 I Hobbarts Reports. 
 
 3 Culpepers English Physitian. 
 
 3 Dispensatory. 
 
 5 Midwifery per Culpeper. 
 10 Greek Gramers 
 
 20 New England Psalmes 
 
 3 Miltons Logick. 
 
 1 Wingates Arithmattick. 
 
 1 Records Arithmattick. 
 
 4 Johnsons Arithmattick. 
 3 Hodders Arithmattick. 
 
 10 Strongs Spelling book. 
 
 6 History of Dr. Faustus. 
 
 2 Rochesters Life. 
 
 2 Owen on the 3d p[ar]t [of Hebrews] 
 12 Lattine Terrence. 
 
 3 Amesii Medulla. 
 
 3 de Conscientia. 
 
 3 Littletons Dictionary. 
 
 2 Pulton of the Common Pleas Engls. 
 
 5 Sheppards Sure Guide. 
 10 Wonderful Prodogies. 
 20 Accidencies. 
 
 10 Dugards Rhetorick. 
 15 Nomen Claturas. 
 
 6 Bonds Horrace. 
 
 3 Greek Testaments 
 20 Protestant Tutors. 
 
 3 Clarkes Phrases. 
 
 2 Poolls Annotations on the Bible in English. 
 
 6 Siluanus his Theocritus. 
 
 I Lucian. 
 
 I Isocratis. 
 
 I Essopi Fabula. 
 
 I Plutarck. 
 
 Term Cattalouge No. 15. 16. 17. 18. 
 
 . . . . The 4 books of Syluanus are sent as a present to the Chief 
 
Appendix. 
 
 237 
 
 Schoolmaster in New England being a New Praxis upon some 
 Greek Authors which is well entertained in our Schooles here and 
 much used. 
 
 Book References in Increase Mather s 
 Writings, 
 
 Author 
 
 .. Books Cited or Quoted. ^^ 
 
 Title 
 The History of Sham Plotts 
 Acta Eruditorum, Leipsic 
 
 Adam, Melchior 
 
 Vita Melancthonis 
 
 
 Adam, Melchior 
 
 Vita Myconii 
 
 
 Agricola, Georg 
 
 
 
 Agrippa, C. 
 
 de Occulta Philosophia 
 
 
 Agrippa, C. 
 
 The Vanity of Sciences 
 
 
 Alting 
 
 Loci Communes 
 
 
 Ambrose 
 
 Treatise of Angels 
 
 
 Ames 
 
 Cases of Conscience 
 
 
 Augustine 
 
 de Civitate Dei 
 
 
 Avicenna 
 
 
 
 Balduinus 
 
 Cases of Conscience 
 
 
 Baldusius 
 
 In 2 Corinthians 
 
 
 Bartholinus 
 
 
 
 Baxter, R. 
 
 Book about Witchcrafts 
 
 
 Baxter, R. 
 
 Church History 
 
 
 Beard 
 
 Theater of Gods Judgements 
 
 
 Bernard 
 
 66 Sermones in Cantica 
 
 
 Bernard 
 
 A Guide to Grand Jurymen in Cases of 
 
 
 Witchcraft 
 
 
 Beza 
 
 Life of Calvin 
 
 
 Beza 
 
 Commentaries 
 
 
 " These are in addition to those mentioned in Chapter VIII. Where no title 
 is given, the reference in Mather was to the author only. 
 
238 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Binsfield 
 
 de Confessionibus sagarum 
 
 Bodin 
 
 Daemonomania 
 
 Boissardus 
 
 de Secretis Mag. 
 
 Bootius 
 
 de Gemmis 
 
 Bovet 
 
 Pandemonium 
 
 Brockmand 
 
 Theol. de Angelis 
 
 Bromhall 
 
 History of Apparitions 
 
 
 The Bucuneers of America 
 
 
 Burnet 
 
 Life of Rochester 
 
 Burroughs 
 
 On Matthew 11, 28 
 
 Burton 
 
 Miracles of Nature^" 
 
 Burton 
 
 Prodigies of Mercies 
 
 Burton 
 
 History of Daemons 
 
 Cambden 
 
 Britannia 
 
 Camerarius 
 
 Horae Subsecivae 
 
 Camerarius 
 
 Centuriae Quattuor Symbolorum 
 
 Cardano 
 
 de Rerum Varietate 
 
 Cardano 
 
 de Subtilitate 
 
 Casaubon 
 
 Of Spirits 
 
 Childrey 
 
 Britannia Baconica 
 
 Chiverius » 
 
 Historiarum totius Mundi Epitome 
 
 Chytraeus 
 
 
 Clark, Samuel 
 
 Examples 
 
 Clark, Samuel 
 
 Lives of English Worthies 
 
 Clark, Samuel 
 
 Martyrology 
 
 Clark, William 
 
 Natural History of Nitre 
 
 Cooper, Thomas 
 
 Mystery of Witchcraft 
 
 Cotta 
 
 The Tryal of Witchcraft 
 
 Barrel 
 
 Seven Possessed Persons in Lancashire 
 
 Delrio 
 
 Disquis. Magicarum 
 
 Dubravius 
 
 Historia Bohemiae 
 
 Eusebius 
 
 in Vita Constantii 
 
 Fernelius 
 
 de Abditis Rerum Causis 
 
 Forestus 
 
 
 Gaul 
 
 Select Cases of Conscience concerning W: 
 
 
 and Witch-craft 
 
 Gerhard 
 
 Loci Communes 
 
 Gesner 
 
 
 5< See note 4, p. 138, above. 
 
Appendix. 
 
 239 
 
 Gnaccius Compend. Malefic. 
 
 Godelmannus de Lamiis 
 
 Goodwin Doctrine of Saints Perseverance 
 
 Gorges, F. Narration 
 
 Goulartius Select History 
 
 Hale, Matthew The Account of Tryals of Witches at Bury, 
 
 Suffolk 
 
 Hall, Bishop Autobiography 
 
 Hall, Bishop "Psalm 82" 
 
 Heinsius in Matthew viii, 16 
 
 Hemming de Superstitione Magica 
 
 Henkelius de Obsessis 
 
 " History of Lapland 
 
 ' Holder "book about the natural production of 
 
 letters"" ' 
 
 Honsdorsius Historical Theater 
 
 • Horace Various 
 
 Horneck, A. History of the Witches in Sweden 
 
 Horstius Inst. Med. 
 
 Javellus Medicinae Compendium 
 
 King James Discourse of Witchcraft 
 
 Janeway Remarkable Sea Deliverances 
 
 Johnston Thaumatograph 
 
 ' Josephus History of Wars with the Jews 
 
 • Josephus Antiquities 
 Jovius, P. History 
 
 deLaet, J. Description of America 
 
 deLaet, J. de Gemmis 
 
 Lavater de Spectris 
 
 Lecus Compend. Hist. 
 Lemnius 
 
 Lewiston Of Fulfilling the Scriptures 
 
 Malderus de Magia 
 ^ Mandelslo • Travels 
 
 Martinii Lexicon Philologico-Etymologicum 
 
 Martyr, P. Commentary of i Samuel 
 
 Mede Works 
 
 55 This book was a treatise on lip-reading; a very modern seeming book for 
 the company it is in! 
 
240 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Mede 
 
 Melanchthon 
 
 Menna 
 
 Merden 
 
 Meurerius 
 
 Meurtius 
 
 • Morland 
 Munster 
 Owen 
 Pensingius 
 Perkins 
 
 • Polydore, Vergil 
 Pontano, G. 
 Porta, Bapt. 
 Proclus 
 Rainolds 
 Remigius 
 
 » Ricaut 
 
 Roberts 
 Rulandus 
 Schotten 
 Selden 
 Sennertus 
 Sennertus 
 Sinclare, G. 
 Smetius 
 Socrate 
 . Spotswood 
 Sprenger 
 Sympson 
 de Thou 
 Thyrseus 
 Thyraeus 
 Thyraeus 
 laTorr 
 Tostatus 
 
 Vairus de Fascino 
 Valerius Maximus 
 
 Discourse on John x, 20 
 
 Consilia 
 
 de Purgatione Vulgari 
 
 Geographia Physica 
 
 Comment. Meteorolog. 
 
 Athenae Batavae 
 
 Hist. Waldenses 
 
 Notes on Leviticus xvii 
 
 Work of the Spirit in Prayer 
 
 de Pulvere Sympathetico 
 
 Discourse of Witchcraft 
 
 de Sacrificio et Magia 
 de Libris Apocryphis 
 
 History of the Present State of the Ottoman 
 
 Empire 
 Narrative of Witches in Suffolk 
 
 Physic. Curios. 
 
 de Diis Syriis 
 
 Practica Medicinae 
 
 Med. Precl. 
 
 Satan's Visible World Discovered 
 
 Miscellanies 
 
 History 
 
 History of Scotland 
 
 Malleo Malleficarum 
 
 Ecclesiastical History 
 
 Historiarum sui Temporis 
 
 de Obsessis 
 
 de Apparitionibus Spirituum 
 
 Disput. de Daemoniacis 
 
 Disputationes 
 
 in Matthew 8 
 
x^ppendix. 
 
 241 
 
 Verstegan 
 
 Antiquities 
 
 Voetius 
 
 de Emergumenis 
 
 Voetius 
 
 de Spectris 
 
 Voetius 
 
 de Operationibus Dsemonum 
 
 Voetius 
 
 de Magia 
 
 Voetius 
 
 Disputat. Select. 
 
 Wanly 
 
 Of the Wonders of the Worldous, 1680 
 
 Webster 
 
 Book of Witchcraft 
 
 
 Weekly Memorials for the Ingeni 
 
 
 White 
 
 Relation 
 
 Wierus 
 
 de Praestigiis Dsemonum 
 
 Willet 
 
 Commentaries 
 
 Wm. of Malmsbury 
 
 Lib. ii 
 
 Zacchias, P. 
 
 Questionibus Medicis 
 
 Zanchy 
 
 Epistol. 2 
 
 Zuinger 
 
 Theatrum Vit. Human. 
 
 B. Books Referred to Without Quotation or Citation. 
 
 Bannosius 
 
 Life of Ramus 
 
 Burgensis 
 
 
 Cabeus 
 
 On the Loadstone 
 
 Caussin 
 
 Holy Court 
 
 Chassalion 
 
 Histories of the Judgements of God 
 
 Codronchus 
 
 
 Conring 
 
 
 Cornelius h Lapide 
 
 
 Cumanus 
 
 Lucerna Inquisitorium 
 
 Epiphanius 
 
 
 Freherus, Paulus 
 
 Theatrum Vivorum Eruditione Claru 
 
 Gassendi 
 
 Essays 
 
 Gennadius 
 
 
 Gilbert 
 
 De Magnete 
 
 Hakluyt 
 
 Voyages 
 
 Henningus Witten 
 
 Memoria Theologorum nostri seculi 
 
 Isidore 
 
 
 Jerome 
 
 
 Kepler 
 
 On the Loadstone 
 
 Kircher 
 
 On the Loadstone 
 
 Kommannus 
 
 
242 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Linschoten 
 
 Mendozo 
 
 Molianus 
 
 Pomponatius 
 
 Prochorus 
 
 Schopfius 
 
 Serrarius 
 
 Spineus 
 
 Sulpitius Severus 
 
 Verheiden 
 
 Ward 
 
 Windet 
 
 Voyages 
 
 Academia Christi 
 
 In Vita Martini 
 Elogia Theologorum 
 On the Loadstone 
 
 Book References in Cotton Mather s 
 Writings, 
 
 A. Books Cited or Quoted.s^ 
 
 History of the Indies 
 
 Lives 
 
 Perfect Discovery of Witches 
 
 Aben Ezra 
 
 Acosta, J. 
 
 Adam, Mel. 
 
 Ady, T. 
 
 Agapetus 
 
 Agathius 
 
 Algazel 
 
 Alphonsus of Arragon 
 
 Alsted, J. H. 
 
 Altenburg 
 
 Ambrose 
 
 Amyraldus 
 
 Angellius 
 
 Anselm 
 
 Antiochus Syracusanus 
 
 5* These are in addition to those mentioned in Chapter VIII. A few quotations 
 which really belong to the third period (after 1700) are included here in order to 
 give a complete list of Mather's borrowings. 
 
Antoninus 
 
 Aquinas 
 . Aristotle 
 Arnobius 
 Arrianus 
 Arrowsmith 
 Athanasius 
 Athenaeus 
 Augustine 
 Avril 
 Baily, R. 
 Baker, R. 
 Bartholinus 
 Barton, W. 
 Basil 
 
 Bates, W. 
 Baxter, R. 
 Bede 
 
 Bellarmine 
 Bernard 
 Beroaldus 
 Besoldus 
 Bethel, S. 
 Beverly 
 Beverovicius 
 Beza 
 
 Blackerby 
 Blahoslius 
 Boccalini 
 Bodin 
 Bolsecus 
 Borellus 
 Brahe, Tycho 
 Bradwardine 
 Brownrig 
 Bucer 
 Bucholtzer 
 BuUinger 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 Aphor. Polit. 
 
 243 
 
 Life of Antonius 
 
 Several 
 Travels 
 
 (quotes a hymn) 
 
 Several 
 
 Ecclesiastical History of England 
 
 Axiomatae Philosophise Christianae 
 The Interest of Euroipe 
 
 Life of Calvin, Psalms 
 History of Johannes Cronu 
 
 Life of Calvin, etc. 
 
 Scripta Anglicana and others 
 
244 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Burnett History of his Times 
 
 Burroughs, J. 
 
 R. B.[urton] History of Daemons 
 
 Calamy Sermon on Earl of Warwick, etc. 
 
 Calvin 
 
 Camerarius 
 
 Canus. Melch. 
 
 Carthagena 
 
 Carthusian 
 
 Caryl 
 
 Casaubon 
 
 Cassianus 
 
 Castel 
 
 Cato 
 
 Chamier 
 
 Chemnitius 
 
 Chrysostom 
 
 Cicero 
 
 Cicero 
 
 Clark, S. 
 
 Claude 
 
 Claudian 
 
 Clemens Alexandrinus 
 
 Clemens Romanus 
 
 Cocceius 
 
 Colerus 
 
 Contzen 
 
 Coryat 
 
 Cranmer 
 
 Cranzius 
 
 Crespin 
 
 Cudworth 
 
 Curtius 
 
 Cyprian 
 
 Demosthenes 
 
 Denys, N. 
 
 Diodorus Siculus 
 
 Dionysius Halic. 
 
 Eccles, S. 
 
 De Deo Orando and others 
 
 De Natura Rerum 
 
 Orat. pro Plancio, De Senectute, & others 
 
 Examples, etc. 
 
 Histoire des Martyrs 
 
 Intellectual System 
 
 History of Alexander the Great 
 
 Description of Coasts of North America 
 History 
 
 The Quaker's Challenge 
 
Appendix. 
 
 245 
 
 Epiphanius 
 
 j_ipntuiti iv-n-o j.»j.\,«aiv^»j-^ii^ oiv-CT^ 
 
 Erasmus 
 
 Epistolae, and other works 
 
 Eusebius 
 
 
 Eutyches 
 
 History of Nicene Synod 
 
 Festus 
 
 de Verborum Significatione 
 
 Firmin 
 
 The Real Christian 
 
 Fisher the Quaker 
 
 Pamphlets 
 
 Flavel 
 
 
 Fox, George 
 
 Great Mystery 
 
 Fox, J. 
 
 Book of Martyrs, Acts and Monumen 
 
 Fuller, Nich. 
 
 
 Fuller, T. 
 
 Church History 
 
 Gaule, J. 
 
 Select Cases . . . .Touching Witches 
 
 Gerhard 
 
 Meditationes Sacrae, etc. 
 
 Gerson 
 
 
 Gesner 
 
 
 Gildas 
 
 
 Glanvil 
 
 Collections of Sundry Trials 
 
 Gregory the Great 
 
 
 Gregory Nazienzen 
 
 
 Gregory of Nyssa 
 
 
 Grotius, H. 
 
 
 Grynaeus 
 
 
 Guitton 
 
 
 Gulielmus Parisiensis 
 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus 
 
 
 Hale, Matthew 
 
 Tryal of Witches 
 
 Hall, J. 
 
 
 Heinsius 
 
 
 Helvicus 
 
 Epitaph 
 
 Helwigius 
 
 
 Hemming, N. 
 
 Admonitio de Superstitionibus Magicis 
 
 Hesychias 
 
 
 Heylin 
 
 
 Holland 
 
 
 Homer 
 
 Iliad 
 
 Horace 
 
 Various 
 
 Horneck 
 
 
Various 
 
 246 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Hornius 
 
 Hottinger 
 
 Hoyl,J. 
 
 Ignatius 
 
 Inghiramius 
 
 Isidore 
 - Isocrates 
 
 Jermyn 
 
 Jerome 
 ^ Josephus 
 
 Junius 
 
 Jurieu 
 
 Justin 
 
 Justin Martyr 
 
 Keeble 
 
 Kimchi, Rabbi 
 
 Lactantius 
 
 LeClerk 
 
 Leigh 
 
 Libingus 
 
 Lipsius 
 ■ Livy 
 " Lucian 
 * Lucretius 
 
 Ludovicus Molinaeus 
 
 Lupichius 
 " Luther 
 
 Lysimachus 
 •'Machiavelli 
 
 Madgeburgensian Centu 
 riators 
 ' Maimonides 
 
 Manethon 
 
 Marbeck 
 
 Martin of Tours 
 
 Martyr, Peter 
 
 Maurier 
 
 Mede, J. 
 
 Melanchthon 
 
 Traite de L'Unite de L'Eglise 
 
 Common Law 
 
 Critica Sacra 
 
 Various 
 
 Concordance 
 
 Commonplaces, etc. 
 
Appendix. 
 
 Alcoran 
 
 Glanvil's Sadducismus, etc. 
 
 History of Waldenses 
 
 Egyptian History 
 
 (verse) 
 
 247 
 
 Mersennus 
 ' Mohammed 
 • More, Henry 
 ' Morland 
 
 Murtadi 
 
 Musculus 
 
 Musonius 
 
 Myconius 
 
 Newton 
 
 Nieremberg 
 
 Norton 
 
 Oecolampadius 
 
 Origen 
 
 Osiander 
 
 Ovid 
 
 Owen, J. 
 
 Panormitan 
 
 Parker 
 
 Parliamentary 
 
 Patin 
 
 Penn 
 
 Perkins 
 
 Philo Judaeus 
 
 Philostratus 
 
 Philpot 
 
 Photius 
 
 Plato 
 
 Plautus 
 
 Pliny 
 
 Plot, R. 
 
 Plutarch 
 
 PcEdianus 
 
 Poiret 
 
 Polybius 
 
 Polycarp 
 
 Polydore Vergil 
 
 Porphyrius 
 
 Portugal, King of Translation of Psalm 
 
 57 English translation not published until 1773; therefore read in the original. 
 
 Answer to the Sylloge Quaestionum 
 
 Various 
 
 Metamorphoses -^ 
 Various 
 
 Speeches 
 Travels 
 
 Witchcraft, etc. 
 
 Amphitruo, etc. ' 
 
 Natural History of Oxfordshire 
 
 L'CEconomy Divine" 
 
248 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Posidonius 
 Potts, T. 
 Powel, V. 
 Prudentius 
 Purchas 
 Quercetanus 
 
 Quintilian 
 
 Raleigh 
 
 Ramus 
 
 Randolph, N. 
 
 Rivet, A. 
 
 Rodiginus 
 
 Romanus 
 
 Row 
 
 Ruffinus 
 
 Rushworth 
 
 Rushworth 
 
 Rycaut 
 
 Ryther 
 
 Sadoletus 
 
 Salmasius 
 
 Salomon, Rabbi 
 
 Salvian 
 
 Sanbert 
 
 Sarracius 
 
 Saumer 
 
 Scaliger 
 
 Scribonius 
 
 Seneca 
 
 Sigonius 
 
 Simeon Metaphrast 
 
 Sobinus 
 
 Soulinge 
 
 Stenius 
 
 Strabo 
 
 Streitbergerus 
 
 Stupius 
 
 Life of Augustine 
 
 Discoverie of Witches in Lancashire 
 
 Pilgrims 
 Quest, et Resp. 
 
 Letters 
 
 Roman Law, XII Tables of 
 
 Collections, 1629 
 Collections, 1640 
 History of Turks 
 A Plot for Mariners 
 
 Physiologia Sagarum 
 
Appendix. 249 
 
 Discourse, 1637 
 
 The Taanith 
 
 The Talmud '' 
 Apology, etc. 
 
 On Family Worship 
 
 Observations 
 
 True Touchstone 
 Various 
 
 Meditations 
 
 de Prsestigiis Daemonum 
 
 Conciones Sex ad Academicos Oxon. 
 
 Suidas 
 Symmachus 
 Symons, E. 
 Synesius 
 
 Tacitus 
 
 Tertullian 
 
 Theodoret 
 
 Theophylact 
 
 deThou 
 
 Tillotson 
 
 Tolner 
 
 Turretin 
 
 VanHeer 
 
 Vegetius 
 
 Vincent 
 
 Virgil 
 
 Voetius 
 
 Vossius 
 
 Waller, W. 
 
 Weinrichius 
 
 Wendover 
 
 Whitaker 
 
 Widerus 
 
 Wierus 
 
 Wigandus 
 
 Wilkinson 
 
 Wotton 
 
 Zanchy 
 
 Zeira, Rabbi 
 
 Zepperus 
 
 B, Books Referred to without Quotation or Citation. 
 Abericus 
 
 Alting 
 
 Ames, William 
 
 Archilochus 
 
 Archimelus 
 
 Medulla Theologiae, etc. 
 
250 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Life of J. Angier 
 Verus Christianismus 
 Advancement of Learning 
 
 Arndt 
 
 Bacon 
 
 Baldwin 
 
 Bannosius 
 
 Baronius 
 
 Barrow, L 
 
 Basnagian 
 
 Bekker 
 
 Bennet 
 
 Bernard 
 
 Bilson 
 
 Binsfield 
 
 Blondel 
 
 Bochart 
 
 Boehm 
 
 Bolton 
 
 Bovet 
 
 Boyle 
 
 Brombal 
 
 Bucan 
 
 Burnett 
 
 Cambden 
 
 Carbilius 
 
 Castalio 
 
 Cochlaeus 
 
 Cole, T. 
 
 Corbet 
 
 Corinna 
 
 Cornelius h Lapide 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Davenport, C. 
 
 Defoe 
 
 Delrio 
 
 Descartes 
 
 Didymus 
 
 Dietericus 
 
 Diodati 
 
 Dorney 
 
 Life of Ramus 
 
 Concordance 
 
 Guide to Grandjurymen 
 
 Curiosities 
 Recapitulation, etc. 
 Sermons 
 
 Essay on Scripture Prophecies 
 
 ^neidomastix 
 Sacred Dialogues 
 
 Discourse of Regeneration 
 Self-Employment 
 
 Concordance 
 The Storm 
 
 Antiquitates Biblicae 
 Divine Contemplations 
 
Dorotheus 
 
 Downham 
 
 Edwards 
 
 Empress Eudocia 
 
 Eunapius 
 
 Fabius 
 
 Faustinus 
 
 Fenner 
 
 Ficinus, Marcil. 
 
 Florus, Luc. 
 
 Franke 
 
 Gassendi 
 
 Genebard 
 
 Gennes 
 
 Godefridus de Valle 
 
 Gualteb 
 
 Guicciardine 
 
 Hardy 
 
 Hevelius 
 
 Herennius 
 
 Herodian 
 
 Herodotus 
 
 Hilary 
 
 Hildersham 
 
 Hobbes 
 
 Hooker, R. 
 
 Hornius 
 
 Hortensius 
 
 Hospinian 
 
 Howe, J. 
 
 Irenseus 
 
 Janeway 
 
 Juvian 
 
 La Placette 
 
 Laertius 
 
 Langius 
 
 Leontius 
 
 Lightfoot 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 Collections 
 Concordance 
 Preacher 
 Poems 
 
 Life of Beza 
 
 Treatise on Impenitency 
 Several 
 
 Manuductio, etc. 
 
 Relation of Voyage 
 De Arte Nihil Credendi 
 
 Guide to Heaven 
 Selenography 
 
 251 
 
 De Origine Gentium Americanarum 
 
 On Blessedness of Righteousness 
 
 Treatises; Token for Children 
 The Oxford Jests; Cambridge Jests 
 
 La Morale Chretienne Abregee 
 
 Medecina Mentis 
 
 Curiosities 
 
252 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Lubbertus 
 
 Lukins Interest in Spirit of Prayer 
 
 Lycophron 
 
 Lyra 
 
 Maccovius 
 
 Macrobius 
 
 Marot, C. Psalms in Metre 
 
 Marshall Gospel Mystery of Sanctification 
 
 Mass-books 
 
 Mathesius 
 
 Meddendorpius 
 
 Mendoza 
 
 Nathans, Rabbi 
 
 Neal 
 
 Neander 
 
 Norcott 
 
 Oldmixon 
 
 Oppian 
 
 Pagius 
 
 Palladius 
 
 Pamphilia 
 
 Pancirollus 
 
 Paterculus 
 
 Peter Crinitus 
 
 Pezelius 
 
 Pictet, B. 
 
 Platerus 
 
 Pocock 
 
 Pole, M. 
 
 Posselius 
 
 Ravanellus 
 
 Reynolds 
 
 Ricciolus 
 
 Roswitha 
 
 Rowe, J. 
 
 Saleius 
 
 Sallust 
 
 Sandford 
 
 Sarocchia 
 
 Concordance 
 
 History of New England 
 
 English Empire in America 
 
 Dialogus de Vita Chrysostomi 
 Res Deperditae 
 
 Saintes Conversationes 
 Annotations 
 
 Almagestum Novum 
 
 Chronicles 
 
 Saints' Temptation 
 
 De Descensu Chris ti 
 
Appendix. 
 
 253 
 
 Schlusselbergius 
 Schurman 
 Scribanius, C. 
 Selden 
 Servius 
 
 Simeon Metaph. 
 
 Simplicius Verinus 
 
 Sleidan 
 
 Socrates 
 
 Spencer 
 
 Stapelton 
 
 Stegmannus 
 
 Strato 
 
 Suetonius 
 
 Swinnock 
 
 Theophylact 
 
 Thucydides 
 
 Torniellus 
 
 Tympius 
 
 Usher 
 
 Victor 
 
 Wallis 
 
 Weigel 
 
 Whiston 
 
 White 
 
 Wickens 
 
 Wilkins 
 
 Wise, J. 
 
 Witten 
 
 Woodward 
 
 Xenophon 
 
 Xenophon 
 
 Zosimus 
 
 Zuinglius 
 
 The Seven Champions 
 
 Discourse Concerning Prodigies 
 De Tribus Thomis 
 
 Studii Pietatis Icon; De Vero Chris- 
 tianismo 
 
 Discourses 
 
 Body of Divinity 
 
 Apostolical Constitutions 
 The Power of Godliness 
 
 Vindication 
 
 Memoriae Theologorum 
 
 Natural History of the Earth 
 
 Hellenica 
 
 Cyropaedia 
 
254 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Inventory of the Library of William 
 Brewster,^^ 
 
 1 little chatachismes 
 
 I Lambeth on the Will of man [by Francois Lambert.] 
 
 I morrall discourse 
 
 Discouery of Spanish Inquisition [by Gonsalvius Montanus.] 
 
 Johnson on 18''' Math, [by Francis Johnson.] 
 
 Remaynes of Brittaine [by Wm. Camden.] 
 
 Description of New England [by John Smith.] 
 
 Nova Testamenti Malarato [by Avg. Marloratus.] 
 
 Tromelius & Junius Biblia Sacra [by L Tremellius and F. Junius.] 
 
 Beza noua testament, lat. & gre. 
 
 Centuria Selecta 
 
 Calvin duodecim pphet [Prselectiones in Dvodecim Prophetas] 
 
 Clauis Scriptura flacio Illirico [by Flacius Illyricus.] 
 
 Peter Martyr Com[mentarii]. prior ad Corinthos 
 
 Musculus ad Isaiam & Romanos [by Wolfgang Moesel.] 
 
 Regneri prandini 
 
 (Ecolumnadi in leremia [by J. GEcolampadius.] 
 
 Crisostm, Mattias & loannes [by J. Chrysostom.] 
 
 Musculus Psalmos David [by W. Moesel.] 
 
 Calvi at Daniel [Calvin: Praelectiones in Librum Prophetiarum 
 
 Danielis.] 
 Calvi on Isa [Calvin: Commentarii in Isaiam.] 
 Musculus ambos Epist ad Corinthos [by W. Moesel.] 
 MoUeri ad Psalmos 
 
 Lanaterus Esequeh [L. Lavaterus: Ecclesiastes Salomonis.] 
 Zanchi ad Ephe[sios] 
 Syntagma amudo polo Syntagmatis Theologia Christian [Aman- 
 
 dus Polanus: Syntagma Theologiae.] 
 Sulteti Isaiam [Abraham Scultetus: Annotata in Proph. Esaiam.] 
 
 58 Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d Series, v. 37 flF. Ex- 
 planatory notes in brackets are condensed from Dr. H. M. Dexter's. 
 
Appendix. 255 
 
 Purei Hoseam [David Pareus: In Hoseam.] 
 
 Gualterin Deluerin, nou. testa. [Rodolph Gualther: Archetypi 
 
 Homiliarum in quatuor Evang, etc.] 
 Psalm Pagnii [S. Pagnini.] 
 Pareus in Genosa [in Genesin Mosis.] 
 Piscator in Nova Testament 
 Pareus ad Romanos 
 Pareus ad Priorem Corinthis 
 Caluin Eze[chielis] vigint prima 
 Tabula Analytice Stephano 
 Cartwright harm[oni]a 4 Euangl 
 
 Pascillia Hemnigm [N. Hemmingius: Postilla Evangeliorum.] 
 De Vera les. Chr. Religione [P. Duplessis-Mornay: De veritate 
 
 Religionis Christianae liber.] 
 Erasmus in Marcin [Marcum] 
 Parkerius politica Eccle [R. Parker: De Politeia Eccle- 
 
 siastica Christi.] 
 Piscator in Genesn 
 
 Kykermano Systema Phisica [Bart. Keckerman.] 
 Beza Confess. Christ 
 
 Rollock in Dany [R. RoUici: In Librum Danielis Prophetas.] 
 Dauen in prio Juni [L. Danseus: Commentarium in priorem ad 
 
 loannem Epistolam.] 
 Thom Thomaseus Dix [Dictionarium, etc.] 
 Bastwick Apologeticus [1636] 
 Machauelii princeps 
 Elenchus papistice Bastwick [J. Bastwick; Elenchus Religionis 
 
 Papisticae. 1633.] 
 Rollock at Psalmos 
 Rainoldi de Romana Eccles 
 Caluin in Josua 
 
 Syntagma Vigandus [Jo. Wigandus: Syntagma. .] 
 Epistola Apologetica 
 Paraphrasa Erasmus in Luke 
 Latina Grammatica 
 Hebrew gramat 
 Camden Brittan [Britannia] 
 Rollock ad Romanos Ephes[ios] 
 Dictio. Triglott 
 
256 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Buxtorff Lexicon 
 
 Cartwright prouerbia 
 
 lunii ad Ecclam Dei [F. lunius: Ecclesiastic! . . . .] 
 
 Tyrocinia [J. Prideaux: Tyrocinium ad syllogismum . . . .] 
 
 Poemata Heringii [Fr. Herring: In foelicissimum .... lacobi 
 
 primi, Anglise .... Regis, etc. Poema Gratulatorium.] 
 Ad Reverend, patres Eccles. Anglican [Remonstrance ag' y^. 
 
 treat' of Puritans. 1625.] 
 Amesii contra Grevin. Co. [against Nic. Grevinchovius.] 
 Hypomneses [Prideaux: Hypomnemata Logica, Rhetorica, etc.?] 
 Antichristus prognostica 
 
 Harmonia Evangelia [by M.Chemnitiusand Polycarpus Lyserus.] 
 I English bible lattin letter 
 I English bible 
 A new Testament 
 
 Mr. Ainsworths Psalms in prose & meter 
 I new testament 
 
 Major Coment new testament [J. Mayor: A Commentarie . . . .] 
 Hexapla vpon Daniell [by A. Willet.] 
 1 volumes of Mr. Perkins 
 Mr. Hemes works [PSamuel Hieron 1624.] 
 Babingtons works [by Gervase Babington.] 
 Cartwright against Remise [A Confutation of the Rhemists 
 
 translation . . . .] 
 Byfield on Coloss 
 
 Dodoner Herball [by Rembert Dodoens.] 
 Mr Rogers on Judges [by Richard Rogers.] 
 Mr Richardson on y^ state of Eur[ope]. [by Gabriel Richardson. 
 
 Knights Concord[ance] [by Wm. Knight.] 
 
 Calvin on Isay 
 
 Willet on Romans 
 
 Greusames works [Richard Greenham?] 
 
 Bodens Comon weale [by Jean Bodin.] 
 
 Willet on the i*.' Samuel 
 
 Surveyor by Ratbone [Aaron Rathbone: The Surveyor ] 
 
 Willit on Genesis 
 
 Seneca Workes 
 
 Wilcocks on Psalmes [T. Wilcox,] 
 
Appendix. 257 
 
 Cottons Concordance 2 volumes [1631.] 
 
 Scholastical discourse about the crosse [by R. Parker.] 
 
 Taylor upon Tytus 
 
 Hill upon Life Euer [lasting]. 
 
 Wilsons Dixonor [Thos. Wilson: A Christian Dictionary. . .] 
 
 Waimes Christia Synagogue [by Jo. Weemes.] 
 
 Gibbines question & disputacons [by Nich. Gibbens.] 
 
 Caluin Harmon Evan[gelists]. 
 
 Defence of Synod of Dort by Robin [by Jo. Robinson.] 
 
 Messelina [?Nath. Richards: The Tragedy of Messalina, 1640.] 
 
 Downams Warfare 2 pt [J, Downame: The Christian Warfare.] 
 
 Barlow on 2 Tymothy [1625.] 
 
 Cartwright ag^.* Whitgift 2 pt 
 
 Jackson ag^ Misbeliefe [1625.] 
 
 Granger on Eccl[esiastes]. [1621.] 
 
 Brightman on Reuel[ation]. 
 
 Birdag Anti [?Tho. Beard: Antichrist the Pope of Rome. 1625.] 
 
 Byfield on i Peter [1623.] 
 
 Weymes on Image of God in Man [J. Weemes. 1627.] 
 
 Parr on Romans [1631]. 
 
 Robinsons Observacons [J. Robinson. 1625.] 
 
 Right way to go to worke [1622.]. 
 
 Byfields sermons on i Peter 
 
 Dod on Commandm*? 
 
 Mayor on Catholick Epistles [Jo. Mayer. 1627.] 
 
 Taylor parable on the Sower [Tho. Taylor. 1621.] 
 
 Narme of Chr. Strarr. [W. Name: Christs Starre .... 1625.] 
 
 Morley of truth of religion [by P. de Mornay.] 
 
 Attersons badges of Christianity 
 
 Downam Consolatrix [Jo. Downame: Consolations] 
 
 Elton on 7 Romans 
 
 A declaracon of Quintill. question 
 
 Byfeild on 3 of Peter [1637.] 
 
 7 p'^bleames against Antechrist [G. S.: Sacrse Heptades, or seaven 
 
 problems concerning Antichrist. 1626.] 
 Dike upon Repent 
 Sibbs Soules Comfort [1625.] 
 Passions of the mynd 
 5 bookes of Sermons stichet together 
 
258 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Constitucons & Cannons of bb. of Cant. 
 
 Wittenhall discovery of abuses [Th. Whetenhall.] 
 
 Rollock on Thessal[onians] 
 
 Heauen opened by Coop [by Wm. Cowper.] 
 
 Treasury of Smiles [Rob. Cawdrey: A Treasurie or Store-House 
 
 of Similies.] 
 Downefall of Popery [by Th. Bell.] 
 Saints by calling by Wilson 
 Udal on Lamentacons 
 
 Dyocean Tryall [P. Baynes: The Diocesans Tryall.] 
 Sparks ag*"' Albin [Tho. Sparke: An Answere to J. de Albines 
 
 notable Discourse against heresies.] 
 Wottons defence of Perkins Refor[med] Catholicke 
 Brinslow on Ezech [Ezekiel] [by J. Brinsley. 1622.] 
 Defence of Ministers reasons [by S. Hieron.] 
 Downam ag^' Bath & Wells [G. Downame: A Defence of the 
 
 Sermon preached at the Consecration of the L. Bishop of 
 
 Bath and Welles . . . .] 
 A discourse of troubles Chu. of Amster[dam]. [by G. Johnson.] 
 Mr. Smyths 3 treatises 
 
 Discourse of Equivocation [by H. Mason. 1634.] 
 Mr. Smyths paroliles [Jo. Smyth: Paralleles, Censvres, etc.] 
 A peticon for reforniacon 
 A primer of Chr. Relig. 
 A discourse of variance betweene pope & Venet. [Chr. Potter: 
 
 A Sermon .... added an Advertisement touching .... 
 
 the quarrels of Pope Paul 5, with the Venetians. 1629.] 
 Broughton on Lament[ations]. 
 Perkins on Sat[ans]. Sophist[rie] 
 A discourse of Adoracon of Reliq"^ 
 A trew mark of Catholike Church [by T. Beza.] 
 A quodlibet to bewarr of preise 
 lustifycacon of Sepacon [by J. Robinson.] 
 Storke answere to Campion [W. Charke: An Answere to ... . 
 
 a Jesuite (E. Campian) . . . .] 
 Dike on the heart 
 Perkins on 1 1 Hebrewes 
 Bayne on Ephes[ians]. [1643.] 
 Dike on repent[ance]. & ch[rists]. temtations 
 
Appendix. 259 
 
 Bolton on true happynes 
 
 Downam ag''' Beller [G. Downame: A Treatise .... against 
 
 all the objections of R. Bellarmine . . . . ] 
 Wotton on i lohn 
 Gouge Armor of God 
 Plea for Infants [by R. Clyfton.] 
 Rollock on effectual calling 
 
 Calling of lews by Finish [by H^ Finch. 1621.] 
 Prin Antearminescence [Wm. Prynne: Anti-Arminianisme. 1630.] 
 Discouery by Barrow [H^ Barrowe: A Brief Discouerie of the 
 
 false Church.] 
 Ainsworths defence of Scripture 
 Admonition to Parli"*^ [by J. Field & T. Wilcox.] 
 Refutacon to Gifford [by H. Barrowe & J. Greenwood.] 
 Perth Assembly [by J. Forbes.] 
 Treatise of Ministery of England [by F. Johnson.] 
 Cassander Anglicans [by J. Sprint.] 
 Downam's warfarr. [Probably another of the four parts of The 
 
 Christian Warfare] 
 The meane of mourneing [by Th. Playfere.] 
 Hackhill History of Judges [?Geo. Hakewill: Scutum Regium, 
 
 Id est, adversus omnes regicidas, etc.] 
 Sweeds Intelligencer [The Swedish Intelligencer. 1632.] 
 Comunion of Saints [by H. Ainsworth.] 
 Abridgment of Ministers of Lincolne 
 Jacob Attestation [H. Jacob: An Attestation .... that the 
 
 Church government ought to bee . . . .] 
 Modest Defence [of the Petition for Reformation] 
 Exposicon of Canticles 
 Whitgifte answere to a libell 
 A reply to a libell 
 Dupless of a Chur [P. Duplessis-Mornay: A notable Treatise of 
 
 the Church . . . .] 
 Perkins on lude 
 Downams 4 treatises 
 Deareing on Hebrews 
 A Collection of Englands Deliuanc^ [G. Carleton: A Thankfull 
 
 Remembrance of Gods Mercy, In an Historicall Collection 
 
26o Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 of the .... Deliverances of the Church and State of England 
 .... 1627.] 
 
 1000 notable things [by Th. Lupton.] 
 
 Riches of elder ages 
 
 tymes turne coat [Turncoat of the Times. A Ballad. 1635.] 
 
 A continuacon of adventur of Don Sebastian [? J. Teixera: The 
 strangest adventure .... A discourse concerning .... 
 the King of Portugall Dom Sebastian . . . . or E. Allde: 
 The Battell of Barbaric, between Sebastian King of Portu- 
 gall, and Abdelmelec King of Morocco .... As ... . plaid 
 by the Lord High Admerall his seruants.] 
 
 Surveyor Dialougs [Jo. Norden: The Surveyors Dialogue.] 
 
 Apology Chur. of England ag'^ Brownists [by J. Hall.] 
 
 Kings declaracon about Parlia'^ 
 
 Scyrge of Drunkerds [W. Hornby: The Scourge of Drunken- 
 nes. 
 (In verse.) 1619.] 
 
 Syons Plea [A. Leighton: An Appeal to the Parliament. 1628.] 
 
 Elton of Comandmts 
 
 Treatise of Chr. Religion [by Jo. Ball. 1620.] 
 
 A battaile of Palatinate 
 
 Treatise 122 Psalm [by Robt. Harrison. 161 8.] 
 
 Concordance of yeares [by Ar. Hopton.] 
 
 Cesars Tryumphs 
 
 A dialogue concerning Ceremonies [by Saml. Gardiner.] 
 
 Essayes about a prisoner [Geffray Mynshul: Essayes and Char- 
 acters of a Prison and Prisoners. 1618.] 
 
 Politike diseases 
 
 Exposicon of Liturgie [by Jo. Boys.] 
 
 Magnifycent Entertaynement of King lames [by Th. Decker.] 
 
 Essex practise of treason [by Fr. Bacon.] 
 
 Prosopeia [ .^Prosopopoeia, or a Conference .... between the 
 Pope, the Emperor, and the King of Spaine. (a satire, in 
 verse), or Prosopopoia, or Mother Hubberds Tale (in verse) 
 by Ed. Spenser.] 
 
 Withers motto [by Geo. Wither. 1621.] 
 
 Standish for woods [Ar. Standish: New Directions .... for the 
 increasing of Timber and Fire-wood. 161 5.] 
 
 A recantacon of a Brownist [by P. Fairlambe.] 
 
Appendix. 261 
 
 A supply to German History [? A suplement to the sixth part 
 of the German History. 1634.] 
 
 Of the use of silk worms [by O. de Serres.] 
 
 Newes from Verginia [by R. Rich. A poem. 1610.] 
 ,News from Palatinate [1622.] 
 
 Hacklett [R. Haklyt: The principal! Navigations . . . .] 
 
 Byfeild on the oracles of God [1620.] 
 
 Gods monarchy Deuells Kingdome [by I. Anwick.] 
 
 New shreds of old share 
 
 Discharg of 5 imputations [by Tho. Morton. 1633.] 
 
 Dauids Musick [by R. Allison.] 
 
 Home sheild of the Rightous [by Rob. Horn. 1625.] 
 
 Ruine of Rome [by A. Dent. 1633.] 
 
 Downame on 15 Psalm 
 
 Pisca Evangelica [W. Symonds: Pisgah Evangelica.] 
 
 Virell on Lords prayer [by P. Viret.] 
 
 Answere to Cartwright 
 
 Broughton on Gods Diuinitie 
 
 Bayne tryall of Christ[ians] [ejstate 
 
 Wheatley on Gods husbandry [by Wm. Whately. 1622.] 
 
 Exposicon on Reuelac 
 
 Perkins Reformed Catholik 
 
 Johnsons & Withers works [Rich. Johnson: The Golden Garland 
 of Princely pleasures and delicate Delights. 1620. Geo. 
 Wither: The Workes of ... . 1620.] 
 
 10 sermons of the supper [by J. Dod & R. Cleaver. 1634.] 
 
 Ciuill Conuersacon Gnahzo [by Stef. Guazzo.] 
 
 Smyths plea for Infants 
 
 Bacons p^ficiency in Learning [F. Bacon: Advancement of Learn- 
 ing-] 
 
 Arguments ag^' seinge 
 
 Theologicks 
 
 Eming on lames [by N. Hemming.] 
 
 Catholike Judg. 
 
 The spirituall watch [T. Gataker. 161 9.] 
 
 reasons for reformacon of Chur. of Eng! [by H. Jacob.] 
 
 A looking glass ag^' Prelates [by W. Prynne. 1636.] 
 
 A sermon of Bishop of London 
 
 Resolucon for kneeling [by D. Lindesay. 1619.] 
 
262 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 2 Exact discouery of Romish doctrine [by T. Morton.] 
 
 Warr was a blessing [?D. Digges: Foure paradoxes .... of 
 
 the worthinesse of warre and warriors.] 
 Midland souldier [?M. Parker: The Maunding Soldier .... 
 
 (a ballad.) 1629.] 
 Humillitie Christians life [?D. Cawdrey: Humilitie, the Saints 
 
 liverie .... 1624] 
 Church Deliuance 
 
 Cofnent on Ecclesiastic [? by J. Granger. 1621.] 
 Prerogative of Parli"*^^ [by Sir W. Raleigh. 1628.] 
 Temple on 20 Psalm 
 Abbott sermon 
 
 Soules Implantacon [by Tho. Hooker. 1637.] 
 A treatise of Stage pleas [by J. Rainolds: Th' overthrow of 
 
 Stage-Playes.] 
 Apologue of Brownists [by F. Johnson & H. x'\insworth.] 
 State Mistery of Jesuits 
 Dike Schoole of affliccon 
 
 Sibbs Comfort [Rich. Sibbes: The Saints Comfort. 1638.] 
 Taylor on 32 psalm 
 
 Parable of the Vine by Rogers [N. Rogers: The Wild Vine. 1632.] 
 Apologeticall reply by Damfort [by J. Davenport. 1636.] 
 divers books sticht together^' 
 Broughton of Lamentacons 
 A good wyfe [R. Brathwait: The Description of a Good Wife. 
 
 (verse.) 1619.] 
 Northbrook against Images 
 The tryall of truth by Chibbald [1622.] 
 The paterne of true prayer 
 Household gouerment 
 Blackwells answers 
 Aristotles probleames 
 Symers Indictment [W. Ward: A Synners Indictament.] 
 
 59 Identified by Dexter as a book which he owned containing: L. Chaderton: 
 A Godly Sermon vpon .... 12. chapter of . . . . Romanes. A True, Modest, 
 and just Defence of the Petition for Reformation. J. Robinson: The Peoples 
 Plea for the exercise of Prophesie. R.Harrison: A Little Treatise vpon .... 
 122 Psalm. T. Dighton: Certain Reasons .... against Conformitie .... 
 T. Dighton: The Second Part of a Plain discourse . . . . W. Euring: An 
 Answer to the Ten Covnter Demands .... 
 
Appendix. 263 
 
 lohnsons psalmes in meeter 
 
 Mores discovery 
 
 A Sermon 
 
 Refutacon of tolleracon 
 
 Aphorismes of State [by the Colledge of Cardinalls. 1624.] 
 
 Of Union betweene England & Scotland [by Sir VV. Cornwallis.] 
 
 Tales of Popes custome house [?W. Crashaw: Mittimus to the 
 
 Ivbile at Rome: or the rates of the popes cvstome-hovse. 
 
 1625.] 
 Of Pope loane [by A. Cooke.] 
 A dialogue betweene a gent & a preist 
 Against kneeling 
 Perkins on fayth 
 
 Bacons Apologye [by Sir F. Bacon.] 
 A History of Mary Glouer [by J. Swan.] 
 A bundle of smale books & papers 
 Defyance of death [by Wm. Cowper.] 
 A Christians apparelling [by R. Jenison. 1625.] 
 Perkins on repentance 
 Essays by Cornwallis [Sir Wm.] 
 Spirituall stedfastnes [by J. Barlow. 1632.] 
 A manuell [? J. Usher: Immanuel. 1638.] 
 A breiffe of bible [by Henoch Clapham; in verse.] 
 Jacob on 2^ Comand"' 
 A pill to purge popery 
 Withers 
 
 Cathologue of nobillyty of England [by R. Brooke. 1619.] 
 English Votaryes [by J. Bale.] 
 Sibbs Yea & Amen [1638.] 
 Sermons by Rollock 
 Kinges Bath [by Tho. Taylor: .... a Treatise on Matt. iii. 
 
 1620.] 
 Great Assise by Smyth [1625.] 
 Martin on Easter [?? N. Marten: The seventh voyage . . . .into 
 
 East India .... 1625.] 
 Smyth on 6'^ of Hosea. 
 Discription of World [by G. Abbot. 1620.] 
 Cantelus Cannon of Masse [P. Viret: The Cau teles, Canon, and 
 
 Ceremonies of the .... Masse.] 
 
264 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Gods mcy & Jurasa misery 
 
 Silu Watch bell [by T. Tymme.] 
 
 7 Sermons by VV. B. [Ms. sermons by W. Brewster.] 
 
 Burton ag^' Cholmely [H. Burton: Babel no Bethel .... 1629.] 
 
 Sibbs Saints p''viledges [1638.] 
 
 Sibbs Riches of mercy [1638.] 
 
 Regla Vite [Th. Taylor: Regula Vitae. 1635.] 
 
 Pilgrimes p''fession [by T. Taylor. 1622.] 
 
 Sermon at Pauls crosse 
 
 Nature & grace [lohn Prime: A Treatise of .... ] 
 
 Perkins of Predestinacon 
 
 Spirituall trumpett 
 
 Vox Regis [by Tho. Scott. 1623.] 
 
 Barrowes platforme 
 
 Exposicon of Lords prayer 
 
 Comon weale of England [by Sir Tho. Smith.] 
 
 Right way of peace [? R, Bruce: The Way to true Peace . . . .] 
 
 4*'' pt of true watch [J. Brinsley: The True W^atch and Rule of 
 
 Life: fourth Part .... 1624.] 
 lohnson on Psalmes 
 Byfield paterne of [1627.] 
 Duke promises 
 
 A help to memorye [and discourse. 1621. (Partly in verse).] 
 p. posicons by lohn Sprint 
 The morality of law 
 Cases of Conscience by Per[kins] 
 Discouery of famyly of love [by lo. Rogers.] 
 Sermon of repentance 
 Sermon at Paules Crosse 
 Sibbs spirituall maxims [1637.] 
 
 Memorable conceits [of Divers Noble and famous personages] 
 God & the Kinge [by R. Mockett.] 
 Smyth on Riddle of Nebuchudnez. 
 Estey on Comand"'^ & 51^' Psalm 
 Christians dayly walk [by Hy. Scudder. 1620.] 
 Exposicon of 11 & 12 Reuelacon [?by Th. Taylor. 1633.] 
 Treatise of English medicines [by T. Bedford. 1615.] 
 A dialogue of desiderias [Same as Barrowes platforme.] 
 A supplycacon to the King [? by H. Jacobs. 1609.] 
 
Appendix. 265 
 
 Abba father [by EInat. Parr. 161 8.] 
 
 Abrahams tryall discourse [? by J. Calvin.] 
 
 Jacobbs ladder [by Hy. Smith.] 
 
 Perkins of Imagina[tions] 
 
 Burton ChristI question 
 
 A toyle for 2 legged foxes [by J. Baxter.] 
 
 A cordiall for comfort [by Wm. Chibald. 1625.] 
 
 Zacheus conuersion [by Jo. Wilson. 1631.] 
 
 Spirituall touchstone [1621.] 
 
 Dearmies advantage 
 
 Englands summons [by Tho. Sutton.] 
 
 Burton wooing his Church 
 
 Goulden key [openinge the locke to Eternal Happynes.] 
 
 A remedy against famine & warr [by Jo. Udall.] 
 
 Treatise against popery [? by Tho. Stoughton.] 
 
 Treatise of Gods religion 
 
 Books Bequeathed to Harvard College by 
 yohn Harvard,^" 
 
 Ambrosij Dixionariu. 
 * Antonius & Gralerus in Seneca. 
 Abernethyes physick for the soule. 
 Analysis Apocalypseos. 
 Angloru prslia. 
 Aquinatis Opa. Conclusiones. 
 Aynsworts workes. [Henry Ainsworth: Annotations upon the 
 
 five bookes of Moses, the booke of the Psalms, and the Song 
 
 of Songs, or Canticles.] 
 Amesij Theologiae Medulla. De Consc: In Epistolas Petrj. contra 
 
 Armin: Bellarminus Enervatus. 
 
 *<■ Harvard Library, Bibliographical Contributions, No. 27, p. 7 fF. Explanations 
 in brackets are from the same source. It should be noted that under one name 
 several titles are sometimes given, often run together as one title. [This list 
 has been revised from "Catalogue of John Harvard's Library" by Alfred C. 
 Potter, Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, xxi. 190-230. 
 Ed.] 
 
266 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Augustinj meditationes. Opa. 
 
 Alstedij Physica Harmonia. Compendiu Thelogiae. 
 
 Apeius in Nov. Testam'. 
 
 Anatomy Arminianisme [by Pierre Du Moulin]. 
 
 Anchorani porta linguarum. 
 
 Actus Synodi Nationalis. 
 
 Acta Synodalia. 
 
 Aschamj Epistolae. 
 
 Arraingm' of the whole Creature. 
 
 Alicalj Emblemata. 
 
 ^sopi fabulae. 
 
 iEgidius in Arist. Philos. & Metaph. 
 
 Academia Gallica. 
 
 Bacrt'AiKOv Stopov. 
 
 Bezae Test. N. cu Annotat. Test. Graec. Lat. In Epist. ad Galat:. 
 
 Ephe. 
 Baynes on Collos:. Ephes. 
 Bethneri Gram: Hebraa. 
 Berchetj Catechismus. 
 Buxtorfi. Dixionar. Hebr:. Gram: hebr:. 
 Beton displaying of y*" popish Masse. 
 Bellarmin. de fselicitate sanctoru. In Psalm. In P & 2^ Epist: ad 
 
 Thessalon. Conciones. 
 Bolton in 4 volumnes. 
 Ball on faith. 
 
 Bastingius on Palatines Catechisme. 
 Brerewood on the Sabbath. 
 Bacons advancem^ Essayes. 
 Bannes in Arist: de Gen: & Corrup. 
 Bovilij Adagia. 
 Bedse Axiomata Philosophica. 
 Brentius de parabolis. 
 Beards theatre of Gods judgm^^ 
 Brerewoods Tractatus Logicus. 
 Brentij Pericopae &c. 
 Bullingerus in Isaj. 
 Biblia Tremelij & Junij. 
 Bucani Institutiones. 
 Bradshewes p''paration for the Sacram^ 
 
Appendix. 267 
 
 Broughton on the revelat: on Eccles. Positions on the Bible. On 
 
 Daniel, texts of Script, chronol. pamphlets. 
 Baylyes directions for health. 
 Calvinus in Pent & Joshua. Sermons vpon Job in English, p'lec- 
 
 tiones in Ezechiel. Institut. Religio. Christ. Tomus 4"=* opu 
 
 Theologicoru. Harmonia. In Prophetas min: Homilia in 
 
 Samuelem. In Epistolas Paulj. In Psalm. 
 Camararij meditationes histor. 
 Corradj Casus Consc. 
 
 Church his God & man. Good mans treasure. 
 Camdens remaines. 
 
 Cleonardi. [Entry almost illegible; trimmed off by binder.] 
 Chysostinj homilia. [Chrysostom.] 
 Castanej Distinctiones. 
 
 Calliopasia [or, a rich store-house of ... . phrases], 
 Chrystopolitanj opa. 
 Christianity. 
 Corner] Psalteriu Lat:. 
 Curiel in Epist. Thomae. 
 Chareus in Epist. 
 Cornelius de artibus & Scientijs. In Eccles:. Prophetas majores, 
 
 & minores, in Pent, in Epist: Paulj. in Acta. In Prov. in 7 vol. 
 Clavis graec: Linguae. 
 Comentariu in Horatiu in Fol. 
 
 Coment: in 4 Euangel. & Acta Apost. On the Prov. 
 Cottons concordance. 
 Coment in Arist. Phys. de anima. 
 Cartwright in Eccles. & Prov. 
 Collection of statutes. 
 Conradus in Apocalyp. 
 Carlton ag®' Pelag. & Armin. 
 Chytreus in Apocal. in Levit. in Genes. Numer. in Deut. Ester. 
 
 Judices in 6 Tom. 
 Characciolus his life. 
 Catin. Phrases. 
 Danej opa Theolog. Questiones. de salutaribus dej donis. in Math. 
 
 his comon Ethicks. 
 Dickson on hebr. 
 Dictionariu Anglic. Historicu. Geograp. Poeticu. Lat. Graec. 
 
268 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Douna his warfare. 
 
 Davenantius in Epist. ad Colios. 
 
 Duns Scotus in 8 Libros Arist. Phys. 
 
 Dove on the Cant. 
 
 Dike on the hart, his mischeife of Scandalls. 
 
 Death subdued. 
 
 Elton on the Coiriandm*^. 
 
 Epictetj Enchyridion. 
 
 Eustachij Philosophia. 
 
 Euphoranius. 
 
 Erasmj Colloquia. 
 
 Elegant Phrases. 
 
 Garden of Eloquence. 
 
 Exon his meditations. 
 
 Essayes morall & Theol. 
 
 Francklin op^orovias lib, [Tractatus de tonis in lingua graecanica.] 
 
 Funebres Conciones 15. 
 
 Fabritius in Hosea. 
 
 Felthoms resolues. 
 
 Fuebernes lapidua Pasmaliensis. 
 
 Fayus in Epist. ad Timoth. 
 
 Feuardensius in Epist. ad Philemonem. 
 
 Gualterus in Marcu. 
 
 Golij Ethicae. 
 
 Griners in Dan. 
 
 Goodwins Aggravation of sin. 
 
 Household Phys: 
 
 Haxions praelections. 
 
 The honest man, 
 
 Hunnius in Joh: Evangel. 
 
 Hindersham of fasting. On the Psal. on John 4. 1 Tom. [Hilder- 
 
 sam.] 
 Hieronus in Haddanu in Isai. 
 Horatius cu Stephanj notis. 
 Hemmingius in 84 Psalm, in Epist. ad Colios:. 
 Homers workes in English. [Chapman's translation.] 
 History of the Church. 
 Haylins Geography. 
 H [One title trimmed oflF.] 
 
Appendix. 269 
 
 Hutton agst Comon prayer booke. 
 
 Henshaws meditations. 
 
 Jackej Instit. Philos: 
 
 Juvenalis. 
 
 Isocratis Orat: Graec & Latin. 
 
 Judic: Synodi Nationalis. 
 
 Keckermannj Philos. Disput. 
 
 Keckermanj contemplat. de loco, et de terrae-motu. 
 
 Lutherus in Genesin. Tomus i"\ 2"\ 3"% 4"% 5"% 6"% 7"'. 
 
 Luke Angl. 
 
 Loscij Annotationes Scolasticse. 
 
 Lightfoots Miscelanes. 
 
 Lucanus. 
 
 Lewes right vse of pmises. 
 
 Lexicon Graeco Lat:. 
 
 Lemnius medicus de complexione. 
 
 Londons complaint. [By Benjamin Spenser.] 
 
 Lamentations. 
 
 Lord Verul: Nat: History. 
 
 Livellj Vita & in Harding. 
 
 Leigh on ye pmises. 
 
 Lumberds Justice. 
 
 Lycosthenjs Apophthegmata. Similia. 
 
 Loscij Questiones. 
 
 Laurentij opa. 
 
 Mollerus in Psalmos. 
 
 Marloratj Thesaurus Scripturae. 
 
 Musculus in Psalmos. Matthseu. 
 
 Mollinaeus contra Arminios. 
 
 Marlotj Thesaurus Scripturae. 
 
 Magirj Physica. Anthropologia. 
 
 Maxes Sermons. 
 
 Melanchj Logica. 
 
 Minshej Dictionariu. 
 
 A Manuduction to Divinity. 
 
 Martinij Gram: Hebr. 
 
 Micomius in Marcu. 
 
 Montanj in Psal. Prov"" Comt. & Hebr. 
 
 Moses Vayled. 
 
270 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 N. Test. Catholicj Exposltio Eccles: 
 ' Nichols mlrrour for Magistrates. 
 
 N. Test. Lat. 
 
 Nonae Novemb. aeternitatj consecratse. 
 
 Natales Comes, in ig Tomis. 
 
 Osiandri Psalm. 
 
 Philosophers Banquet. [By Sir Michael Scott.] 
 
 Pfaltsgraues Church. 
 
 Polanj Syntagma Theologiae. De Legendo cu fructu. 
 
 Piscator 17 Tomis. 
 
 Pelagius redivivus Prin. 
 
 Plin. Nat. Hist. 
 5 Plutarch) Vitae Angl. Moralia Angl. [North's Plutarch.] 
 
 Philippi Homil: in Jonam. 
 
 Pike his worthy worthy comunicant. 
 
 Pareus de doctrina X'''"^. 
 
 Phochenius. [Sebastian Pfochen.] 
 ' Plautus. 
 
 Porcensis orationes. 
 
 Pet. Martyr, in Epist. ad Rom. Loci Comunes. 
 
 Piccolominej Philos. 
 
 Patresius de Regin. & reg: Institutions 
 
 Persij Satyrse. 
 
 Politianj Epist. 
 
 Passoris Lexicon. Graec. Lat. 
 
 Pellegronj Sylva. [Simon Pelegromius: Synonymorum sylva.] 
 
 Poetaru flores. 
 
 Pars Workes. 
 
 Pembles workes. de origine formaru. 
 
 Preston on ye Attributes. 4 Sermons. 
 
 Physick for y*^ Soule. 
 
 Pavenij Ethicse. [Francesco Pavone: Summa ethicse.] 
 
 Quirbj coment: in Psalmos & Prophetas. 
 ' Quarles Poems. 
 
 Reinolds Vanity of y'' Creature. Conference w*^^ y*" hart. 
 
 Rogers on Luke y*^ 15. 
 
 Rami Graeca Gram: Lat. Logica cu Talaej Rhetorica, Molinej Log. 
 vno volum: 
 
 Robinsons Essayes. 
 
Appendix. 271 
 
 Royardus in Epist: Domin. 
 
 Rogers, his Divinity. On Loue. 
 .' Roxanae Tragedia. 
 
 Reinoldi Liber de Idololatria. 
 
 Stola in Luca. 
 
 Scultetj opa. 
 
 Schriblerj metaphorae. 
 
 Schickardi gram. haeb. 
 
 Sibbs fountaine sealed. 
 
 Spongia contra Jesuit. Goloniu cu alijs opibus vno vol. compressis. 
 
 Sphinx Philosophy. 
 
 Speeds clowde of wittnesses. 
 
 Scalliger de subtilitate. 
 
 Scheibleri philosoph. compend. 
 
 Sebati Phys: 
 
 Setonj Dialectica. 
 
 Sarcerj Postilla. 
 
 Soules praeparation. 
 
 Schenblerj sententiae. 
 
 Salustius. 
 
 Smiths Logicke. 
 
 Scarfij Symphonia. 
 
 Saluthij Schola. 
 Sceiblerj Synopsis Philos. 
 Saints Legacyes. 
 Test. N. Graec. 
 Tossanj Diction. Hebr. 
 ■ Terentius. 
 Touchstone of truth. 
 Thrapuntij rhetorica. 
 Thesaurus poeticus. 
 Textoris Epitheta. Epist. 
 Test. [Trimmed off.] 
 
 Twissus de gratia, potestate & Providentia. 
 Taylour on Titus, on Revel. 12. 
 Trunesse on X'^" religion. 
 Turner] Orationes. 
 
 Terus in Exod. Num. Deut. Josh. Jud. 
 Thesaurus linguae rom: & Brittanicae in fol. 
 
272 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Thomie Aquinatis opa. 
 
 TuUij opa in 2 Tomis. de officijs. 
 
 Tyme well spent. 
 
 Treasury of God. 
 
 Vorsius de Deo, 
 
 Vdalls Heb^ Gram:. 
 
 Valerius Max:. 
 
 Vocatio Judaeoru. 
 
 Warwicks Meditations. 
 
 Wall on Acts 18. V^ 28. 
 
 Withers. 
 
 Weames 4'^ Vol. of y*^ Image of God in man. on the Lawes morall, 
 
 ceremoniall, Judiciall. 
 Willsons X'^" Dictionary. 
 
 Watsonj animae Gaudia. [Amintae gaudia. A poem.] 
 Whakly his new birth. [William Whately: The new birth, or a 
 
 treatise of regeneration.] 
 Wygandus de psec. pioru exilijs. 
 Wandelinj Contemplatio Phys. Tom 3. 
 Wardes Sermons. 
 Zanchij Opa. 
 
 Selected 'Titles from the 172J Catalogue 
 of the Harvard Library, 
 
 Fol 
 
 10 
 
 Aristophanis Comaediae 
 
 Bacon History of the Reign of K. Henry VII 
 
 Bacon Instauratio Magna 
 
 Bacon Natural History 
 
 Bacon 9 Books of the Advancement of Learning 
 
 Browne, Sir T. Pseudodoxia Epidemica 
 
 Brahe, Tychonis Historia Ctelestis 
 
 Bertii Theatri Geographias Veteris 
 
 BuUialdi Astronomia Philolaica 
 
Appendix. 
 
 '^IZ 
 
 Baudoin 
 
 Mythologie 
 
 Bochas 
 
 Tragedies translated into Englishe by John 
 
 
 Lidgate, Monk of Burye 
 
 Burnet, Tho. 
 
 Theory of the Earth 
 
 Clarendon 
 
 History of the Rebellion 
 
 Chaucer 
 
 Works [title page missing] 
 
 Chapman, Geo. 
 
 English Homer 
 
 Cambden 
 
 Britannia 
 
 Cambden 
 
 History of Q. Elizabeth 
 
 Clark, Sam. 
 
 Lives of sundry eminent Persons 
 
 Collier, Jer. 
 
 Great Historical and Chronological Dic- 
 
 
 tionary, and Supplement to same. 
 
 Cowley, Abrah. 
 
 Works 
 
 Danyel 
 
 Collection of the History of England 
 
 Demosthenes 
 
 Orationes 
 
 Dalton 
 
 Country Justice 
 
 Eadmerl 
 
 Historia Novorum 
 
 Euclid 
 
 Elements translated by H. Billingsley 
 
 Euripidis 
 
 Tragediae 
 
 Fuller, Tho. 
 
 Church History of Britain 
 
 Fuller, Tho. 
 
 Pisgah sight of Palestine 
 
 Fuller, Tho. 
 
 History of the Holy War 
 
 Fuller, Tho. 
 
 Holy and Profane State 
 
 Fougasses, Tho. de 
 
 General History of Venice 
 
 Godwini 
 
 Rerum Anglican. Hen. 8. Edvac 6. et Maria 
 
 
 regantibus Annales 
 
 Guicciardines 
 
 History of the Wars of Italy, English'd by 
 
 
 Fenton 
 
 Guicciardi. 
 
 La Description de tous les pais bas 
 
 Grymestone 
 
 Imperial History 
 
 
 Godfrey of BoUogn \jic\ or the Recovery 
 
 
 of Jerusalem 
 
 Gassendi 
 
 Operum omnium, 6 vols. 
 
 Gassendi 
 
 Astronomia 
 
 Galeni 
 
 Opera 
 
 Gerhard 
 
 Herbal 
 
 Grew 
 
 Catalogue and Description of the Rarities 
 
 
 of the Royal Society 
 
 Guillims 
 
 Display of Heraldry 
 
274 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Hackluit Voyages 
 
 Hyde, Tho. Catalogus Librorum impressorum Biblio- 
 
 thecse Bodleiana^ in Academia Oxoniensi 
 Heylin Cosmography 
 
 Hugo Seige | sic] of Breda 
 
 Holingshed Chronicle of England, Scotland, Ireland 
 
 History of K. Charles 
 Harrington Common-wealth of Oceana 
 
 Harris Collection of Voyages & Travels 
 
 Hendy Historia Mundi, or Mercator's Atlas recti- 
 
 fied 
 Hormi Geographia vetus Sacra et Profana 
 
 Hevellii Machinae Coelestis 
 
 Hevellii Cometographia 
 
 Hevellii Selenographia 
 
 Hayes Treatise of Fluxions 
 
 Hugenii Horologium oscillatorum 
 
 Hill Account of the Ottoman Empire 
 
 Harris Lexicon Technicum 
 
 Herbert, Lord Life of K. Henry VIII 
 
 Herbert, Lord Compleat History of England 
 
 Hondius Atlas 
 
 Howel Institution of the General History of World 
 
 Josephus Antiquities and Wars of the Jews, English'd 
 
 by Lodge 
 Jonstoni Hist. Naturalis de Piscibus, de Insectis, de 
 
 Serpent., etc. 
 
 Introductorium Astronomicum 
 Huygen Itinerario, Voyage ofte Schipvaert 
 
 Kircheri CEdipus ^gyptiacus 
 
 Kircheri De Arte magnetica opus tripart 
 
 A Kalendar of the Statutes of England 
 Keeble Statutes at large, 1684 
 
 Kersey Algebra 
 
 Keckermann Operum omnium 
 
 Lessii Opuscula 
 
 Lessii De Justitia et Jure 
 
 Liceti De Intellectu 
 
 Liceti De spontaneo viventium ortu 
 
Appendix. 
 
 275 
 
 Longomontani 
 Matchiavel 
 Montanus 
 Munsteri, Seb. 
 Majoris, Joh. 
 More, Henry 
 More, Henry 
 Minshei 
 Minshei 
 Montaigne 
 
 Newton 
 Ortelii 
 
 Petiti 
 
 Prideauxii 
 
 Plutarch 
 
 Prynne 
 
 Prynne 
 
 Purchase 
 
 Pulton 
 
 Piccolominei 
 
 Plinii 
 
 Plinii 
 
 Ptolomaei 
 
 Pappi Alexandrini 
 
 Parkinson 
 Parkinson 
 Perrault 
 
 Riccioli 
 
 Riccioli 
 
 Riccioli 
 
 Riccioli 
 
 Rushworth 
 
 Richardson 
 
 The Lighting Colomne or Sea-Mirror 
 
 Logarithmical Arithmetick 
 
 Astronomia Danica 
 
 Florentine History 
 
 Atlas Japannensis, English'd by Ogilby 
 
 Cosmographias 
 
 Opera in Artes quas liberales vocant 
 
 Philosophical Writings 
 
 Operum omnium 
 
 Ductor in Linguas 
 
 Spanish and English Dictionary 
 
 Essays, London 16 13 
 
 Massachusett-Law-Book 
 
 Trigonometry 
 
 Theatrum Orbis Terrarum 
 
 Ortus Sanitatis 
 
 Leges Atticae 
 
 Marmora Oxoniensia; ex Arundelianis, etc. 
 
 North's Translation 
 
 History of K. John, K. Henry 3. & K. Ed. i. 
 
 Canterbury's Doom 
 
 Pilgrimes 
 
 Collection of Statutes 
 
 Universa Philosophia de moribus 
 
 Historic Mundi 
 
 Natural History, translated by Holland 
 
 Liber Geographiae cum Tabulis 
 
 Mathematicae Collectiones, cum interpre- 
 
 tatione et illustratione F. Commandini 
 Theatre of Plants 
 Garden of Flowers 
 Treatise of the 5 Orders of Columns in 
 
 Architecture 
 Chronologia Reformata 
 Astronomia Reformata 
 Almagestum Novum 
 Geograph. et Hydrograph. Reformatae 
 Historical Collections 161 8-1629 
 State of Europe 
 
276 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Raleigh 
 
 Roberts 
 
 Rudolphinse 
 
 Ricettario 
 
 Riolanus 
 
 A Soto 
 De Serres 
 Stuckii 
 Schedel 
 
 Speed 
 
 Sandys, G. 
 
 Socinatis 
 
 Seldeni 
 
 Seldeni 
 
 Scaligeri 
 Stephani, Carol 
 Stapylton 
 Suarez 
 Scharpii 
 Spelmanni 
 Seller, J. 
 Seller, J. 
 Speed 
 
 Schotii 
 
 Sempilii Craigbataei 
 
 Sylvatici 
 
 Strype 
 
 Spotswood 
 Thuani 
 
 History of World 
 
 Map of Commerce 
 
 Tabulae, ex Editione Joan. Kepleri 
 
 Medicinale Fiorentino 
 
 Surest Guide to Physick and Surgery, Eng- 
 
 lish'd by Culpeper 
 De Justitia et Jure Libri 
 History of France, translated by Grymeston 
 Antiquitatum Convivialium 
 De Historiis /Etatum Mundi ac Descrip- 
 
 tione Urbium Collect. 
 History of Great Britain 
 Statutes at large from the 35 of Q. Eliza- 
 beth to 4 of K. Charles 
 Statutes at Large from Magna Charta to 
 
 the 29th of Queen Elizabeth 
 His Travels 
 
 Quaestiones Metaphysicales 
 Liber de Successionibus in bona defuncti ad 
 
 Leges Hebraorum 
 de Jure natural, et Gentium juxta Disci- 
 
 plinam Hebraorum 
 Opus de Emendatione Temporum 
 Dictionarium Historic. Geograph. Poetic. 
 English Juvenal 
 
 Metaphysicarum Disputationum 
 Methodus Philosophiae Peripateticae 
 Archaeologus 
 Sea Atlas 
 Atlas Terrestris 
 Prospect of the most famous parts of the 
 
 World 
 Cursus Mathematicus 
 de Disciplinis Mathematicis 
 Opus Pandectarum Medicinae 
 Memorials of A.Bp. Cranmer 
 Dr. Sacheverel's Tryal 
 History of the Church of Scotland 
 Historiarum Sui Temporis 
 
Appendix. 
 
 277 
 
 Tacqueti 
 Tarvernier 
 
 Usserii 
 
 Virgilii, Poly. 
 Vincentio 
 
 Victae 
 
 Wing 
 
 Wallis 
 
 Wirtzung 
 
 Willis 
 
 Xenophon 
 
 Xenophon 
 
 Zuingeri 
 
 Zabarella 
 
 Zabarella 
 
 Zabarella 
 
 Zabarella 
 
 Opera Mathematica 
 
 Travels 
 
 Annales 
 
 Historite Anglicae 
 
 Opus Geometricum Quadraturae Circuli et 
 
 Sectionum Coni 
 Opera Mathematica 
 Astronomia Brittanica 
 Treatise of Algebra 
 General Practice of Physic in English 
 Remaining Physical Works 
 Opera omnia 
 History of the Ascent of Cyrus English'd 
 
 by Bingham 
 Yearbook under K. Henry V. and K. Henry 
 VI. From the 40 to the 50 of Edw. III. 
 Young Students Library by the Athenian 
 
 Society, 1692 
 Theatri Humanae Vitae 
 Comment, in Aristot. Libros Physicorum 
 Opera Logica 
 De Rebus naturalibus 
 Comment, in Aristot. Libros de anima 
 
 Althusii 
 
 Alphonsinae 
 
 Anderson 
 
 Balduini 
 Butler 
 Boetii, Anselm 
 
 Boyle 
 Boyle 
 
 Quarto 
 
 Politica 
 
 Tabulae, edente Paschasio Hamellio 
 
 Of the Genuine use of the Gunne 
 
 Acta Eruditorum Publicata Lipsiae, from 
 1682 to 1698 inc. 
 
 Ibid., Supplements for 1692 and 1696 
 
 Tractat. de Casibus Conscientiae 
 
 History of Bees 
 
 Gemmarum et Lapidum Historia 
 
 Brittain's Busse, with a Discovery of New- 
 foundland and a Discovery of Trade 
 
 Philosophical Essays 
 
 Tracts of the Admirable Rarefaction of the 
 Air, &c. 
 
278 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 Boyle 
 
 Boyle 
 Boyle 
 Bannes 
 
 Brathwait 
 Brerewoodi 
 Buridani 
 Balfourii 
 Balfourii 
 Brinsly 
 
 Brahe, Tychon 
 Brahe, Tycho 
 Brahe, Tycho 
 
 Bariffe 
 
 Barrow 
 
 Barrow 
 
 Brown's & Wottons 
 
 Branker 
 
 Bond 
 
 Blackborrow 
 
 Binning 
 
 Balloni 
 
 DuBartas 
 
 Cawdry 
 
 Cambden 
 
 Cambden 
 
 Cambden 
 
 Cominoei 
 
 Contareno 
 Contareno 
 
 Carew 
 Camerarii 
 
 Experiments Physico-Mechanical touching 
 
 the Air 
 Natural Philosophy 
 Of forms & Qualities 
 Quaestiones et Comment, in Duos Lib. 
 
 Aristot. de Generatione et Corruptione 
 English Gentleman 
 Tractatus quidam Logici 
 Qusstiones in 10 Libros Ethicorum Arist. 
 Comment, in Organum Logicum Aristot. 
 In Aristotelis Philosophiam 
 Ludus literarius; or the Grammar School 
 Astronomiae instauratae 
 Operum omnium 
 De Mundi ^therei recentioribus Phaenom- 
 
 enis 
 Military Discipline 
 Lectionis Opticse et Geomet. 
 lUustrat. in opera Archimedis, in Libros 
 
 Conicorum Apollonii & in Spherica Theo- 
 
 dosii 
 Mirror & Rules of Architecture 
 Introduction to Algebra 
 Longitude found 
 Longitude not found 
 Light to the Art of Gunnery 
 Conciliorum medicinalium 
 Poems 
 
 Storehouse of Similies 
 Remains 
 Britannia 
 Britannia abridged 
 De Rebus Gestis Ludov. XL 
 
 Regis 
 Common- Wealth and Government of Venice 
 Commentaries concerning Religion and the 
 
 Common-Wealth of France 
 Survey of Cornwal 
 Meditationes Historicae 
 
 Galli 
 
 aiiiarum 
 
Appendix. 
 
 279 
 
 Champlain 
 
 Cognet 
 
 Cartesii 
 
 Cartesii 
 
 Cartesii 
 
 Cavallerii 
 
 Carpenter 
 
 Campanellae 
 
 Carpi 
 
 Cartesii 
 
 Calovii 
 
 Craig 
 
 Chokieri 
 
 Digby, K. 
 
 Digbei, E. 
 
 Dufortii 
 
 Donelli 
 
 Everarti 
 
 Fuente 
 
 Florio 
 
 Feltham 
 
 Goodwin 
 
 Gainsford 
 
 Gregorii XIII 
 
 Guicciardini 
 
 Giles 
 
 Godwyn 
 
 Guevara 
 
 Guevara 
 
 le Grand 
 
 Golding 
 
 Glanvil 
 
 Galilaei 
 
 Goclenii 
 
 Gadbury 
 
 Voyages de la nouvelle France 
 
 Politick Discourses of Truth & Lying 
 
 Meditationes de Prima Philosophia 
 
 Principia Philosophiae 
 
 EpistoltE Lat. 
 
 Directorium Generale Uranometricum 
 
 Geography 
 
 Medicinalium 
 
 Anatomia 
 
 Geometria 
 
 Encyclopaedije Mathematicae 
 
 Religionis Christianae princip. Mathemat. 
 
 Thesaurus Aphorismorum Politicorum 
 
 Treatise of Bodies 
 
 Theoria Analytica viam ad monarchiam 
 
 Gnomologia Homerica 
 
 in Titulum de Usuris in Pandectis 
 
 Ephemerides Novae et Exactae 
 
 Essays of Natural Experiments made in the 
 
 Academy del Cimento, translated by 
 
 Waller 
 Quaestiones Dialecticae et Physicae 
 First Fruits 
 Resolves 
 
 Select Cases of Conscience 
 Glory of England 
 Corpus Juris Canonici 
 Historia d'ltalia 
 
 Hist. Ecclesiastique des Eglises reformees 
 Jewish and Roman Antiquities 
 Dial of Princes. English'd by North 
 Familiar Epistles 
 Institutio Philosophiae secundum Principia 
 
 Renat. des Cartes 
 Translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses 
 Scepsis Scientifica 
 Dialogus de Systemate Mundi 
 Apologeticus pro astromantia Discursus 
 Ephemerides from 1672 to 1681 
 
28o Literary Culture in Early New England 
 Hales 
 
 Hottingeri 
 Hanmer 
 Hackluit 
 
 Herodian of Alex. 
 Husband 
 
 Hayward 
 
 Heylin 
 
 Hugenii 
 
 Hopton 
 
 Heurnii 
 
 Hawksbee 
 
 Harry 
 
 Jamesii 
 
 Lucy 
 
 Lithgow 
 Lorhardi 
 Lowthorp 
 
 Liceti 
 
 Lansbergii, P, 
 Lansbergii, J. 
 
 Leyburn 
 
 Langham 
 
 Luytsii 
 
 Luytsii 
 
 H-Mercurlo Overo 
 
 Miltoni 
 
 Masii 
 
 Golden Remains 
 
 History of Italy 
 
 History of Life of Philip de Mornay 
 
 Historia Orientalis 
 
 View of Antiquity 
 
 History of the West Indies 
 
 History of the Roman Caesars 
 
 Exact Collections of Remarkables between 
 the King and Parliament from 1641 to 1643 
 
 History of the Reformation of the Church 
 of Scotland 
 
 Lives of the 3 Norman Kings of England 
 
 Little Description of the Great World 
 
 Systema Saturnium 
 
 Geodetical Staffe 
 
 Praxis Medicinae 
 
 Physico-Mechanical Experiments 
 
 Genealogy of K. James I 
 
 Catalogus Librorum in Bibliotheca Bod- 
 leiana 
 
 Observations of Notorious Errors in Hobb's 
 Leviatha 
 
 Voyages 
 
 Theatrum Philosophicum 
 
 Abridgement of the Philosophical Transac- 
 tions & Collections to the end of 1700 
 
 Controversiae de Cometis 
 
 Commentationes in motum Terrae 
 
 Apologia pro Comment. Philip. Lansberg. 
 in Motum Terrae, adversus Libert. 
 
 Geometrical Exercises for young Seamen 
 
 Garden of Health 
 
 Introduction ad Geographiam 
 
 Introd. ad Astronomiam 
 
 Historia de' correnti tempi 
 
 Defensio pro populo Anglicano cont. Sal- 
 masium 
 
 In universam x'\ristotelis Philosophiam Com- 
 ment. 
 
Appendix. 
 
 281 
 
 M. Meurisse Royen. 
 Martialis 
 
 Macchiavel. 
 Macchiavel. 
 Moore 
 Molerii 
 
 Moxon 
 Moxon 
 Markham, G. 
 Morisani 
 
 Newton, Isaac 
 Norwoods 
 Origani, D. 
 
 Oates, Titus 
 Pitsei, J. 
 Pezelii 
 Perrin 
 
 [Langland] 
 Platinae 
 Prideaux 
 Prynne 
 
 Prynne 
 
 Prynne 
 Prolomaei, A. 
 
 Rerum Metaphysicarum 
 
 Epigrammatum Libri Comment. Remirez 
 
 de Prsedo illustrati 
 Discours de L'Estat de paix et de Guerre 
 Art of War. English'd by P. Withorne 
 System of the Mathematicks 
 Accurata descriptio Ecleipsium Solis et 
 
 Lunas 1505 & 1607 
 Tutor to Astronomy & Geography 
 Use of the Copernican Sphaeres 
 Masterpiece 
 
 Apotelesma in Aristot. Logic. Physi. Ethic. 
 Miscellanea Curiosa: sive Ephemeridum 
 
 Medico-Physicarum Germanicarum, 1670 
 to 1694, inc., with Index, 1693 
 Nomenclator autorum omnium quorum 
 
 Libri extant in Bibliotheca Academ. 
 
 Lugd. Batav. 
 Opticks 
 Trigonometry 
 Ephemerides Brandenburgica, 1 595-1655, 
 
 inc. 
 Picture of K. James 
 de Rebus Anglicis 
 Mellificium Historicum 
 History of the Waldenses & Albigenses 
 Prelates Tyranny .... Prosecution of 
 
 Prynne, Bastwick and Burton 
 Parliaments Diurnal Occurrences, Nov. 
 
 1640-N0V. 1 64 1 
 The Vision of Pierce Plowman, 1650 
 Historia de Vitis Pontificum 
 Introduction for Reading Histories 
 Antipathy of Prelacy to Regal Monarchy 
 
 and Civil Unity 
 Sovereign Power of Parliaments and King- 
 doms 
 Histrio-mastix 
 Geographia, Interprete Pirckheimherio 
 
282 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Philosophical Transactions, Savoy. 1665- 
 1678, and Philosophical Collections to 
 No. 7 
 
 Primaudaye French Academy 
 
 Polluce Onomasticon 
 
 Petisci Trigonometria 
 
 Palmer Catholick Planisphaere 
 
 Philai, sive de vero Systemate Mundi 
 
 Plateri Praxeos Medicae 
 
 Phrygii Comment, in Hist. Epidemicas Hippocratis 
 
 Paaw De Ossibus Human. Corporis primitise 
 
 Anatomicae 
 
 Poeton Chirurgeon's Closet 
 
 PufFendorfii De Jure Naturae & Gentium 
 
 Pisis Pantheologiae 
 
 Placaei Opuscula Nonnulla 
 
 Robinson Essays Moral and Divine 
 
 Of Resisting the Lawful Magistrate 
 
 Robinson Justification of the separation 
 
 Reasons of the Necessity of the Reforma- 
 tion in England 
 
 Reineccii Chronici Hierosolymitani 
 
 Ruvii In 8 Lib. Aristot. de Physico Auditu Com- 
 
 ment. 
 
 Ruvii In universam Aristot. Dialectiam Comment. 
 
 Regii Philosophia Naturalis 
 
 Raci Clavis Philosophise .... seu introductio 
 
 ad naturae Contemplationem Aristotelico- 
 Cartesiana 
 
 Rami Arithmet.-Geometr. 
 
 Rami Scholarum Mathemat. 
 
 Reinoldi Prutenicae Tabulae caelestium motuum 
 
 Rossaei Commentum de motu Terrae circulari refu- 
 
 tatum 
 
 Smith Essex Dove 
 
 Swinnock Of the Dignity & Beauty of Magistracy and 
 
 the Duty of the Magistrates 
 
 Seldeni De Synedriis & Praefecturis Juridicis Vet. 
 
 Hebra. 
 
Appendix. 
 
 283 
 
 Stow 
 
 Simancae 
 
 Soto 
 
 Sabatecii 
 
 Scoti, J. Duns 
 
 Scoti, J. Duns 
 
 Suarez 
 
 Sophoclis 
 
 Sylvayn's 
 
 Street 
 
 Schooten 
 
 Scheineri 
 
 Sennerti 
 
 Senguerdii 
 
 Schroderi 
 
 Tarich 
 
 Toleti 
 
 Terrence 
 Usserii 
 Usserii 
 Usserii 
 
 Ubaldino 
 
 Vossii 
 
 Vossii 
 
 Vossii 
 
 Velagut 
 
 Vries 
 
 Wickliff 
 
 Waseri 
 
 Wright 
 Wallis 
 
 Wing 
 
 Annals of England 
 
 De Republica Lib. XI. 
 
 Quaest. in 8 Lib. Physicorum Aristot. 
 
 Logica Pet. Rami florens 
 
 in Isagogen Porphyrii et in Aristot. 
 
 in 8 Lib. Physicorum Aristotelis 
 
 Metaphysicarum Disputationum Syllabus 
 
 Tragedise 7 
 
 Orator in English 
 
 Astronomia Carolina 
 
 Exercitationes Mathematicae 
 
 Fundamentum Opticum 
 
 De febribus 
 
 Philosophia naturalis 
 
 Thesaurus Linguae Aremenicae 
 
 Series Regum Persiae cum Comment. 
 
 Introductio in Universam Aristot. Logi- 
 
 cam Comment, una cum Quaest. in 3 
 
 libros Aristotelis de Anima 
 Andria Latin & English 
 Veterum Epistolarum Hybernicarum Sylloge 
 Brittanic. Ecclesiarum Antiquitates 
 Qusstionis de Ecclesiarum Successione 
 
 Historica Explicatio 
 Vita de Carlo magno imperadore 
 De Origine & Progressu Idololatriae 
 De Historicis Graecis 
 De Historicis Latinis 
 Practica Canonica Criminalis secund. Juris 
 
 Communis ac Doctorum antiquorum et 
 
 recentium Decreta 
 Exercitationes Rationales 
 Complaint to the King and Parliament 
 De Antiquis numis Hebraeorum, Chaldse- 
 
 orum & Syriorum 
 Errors in Navigation detected 
 Mechanica, sive de motu Tractat. Geomet- 
 ric 
 Ephemerides from 1672 to 1681 
 
284 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Wardi 
 Zanardi 
 Zanardi 
 Zanardi 
 
 Idea Trigometriae 
 
 Comment, cum Quaest. in Logicam Aristot. 
 Disputatio de Universe Elementari 
 Disputationes de triplici universe 
 
 Appiano 
 Adami 
 
 Angli 
 
 Angli 
 
 Amama 
 
 Amyraldi 
 
 Alstedii 
 
 Aristot. 
 
 Alciati 
 
 Agrippae, H. C. 
 
 Aviani 
 
 Aristot. 
 
 Aesopi 
 
 Alchmariani 
 
 Boyle, R. 
 Boyle, R. 
 Boyle, R. 
 Brooke 
 Buchanani 
 Batei 
 Benzonis 
 Bembo 
 Bale, J. 
 
 Octavo, Etc. 
 
 delle guerre Civili de Romani 
 
 Vitae Germanorum. Theologorum 
 
 Antiquitas Academ. Cantabrigens. & Ox- 
 oniens. 
 
 An Abridgement of the Chronicles of Scot- 
 land 
 
 Euclides Metaphysicus 
 
 Euclides Physicus 
 
 Dissertationum Marinarum Decas. 
 
 De Libero Arbitrio Disputatio 
 
 Logicae Systema Harmonicum 
 
 de Moribus lib. 10 
 
 Emblemata cum Comment. 
 
 De Incertitudine et Vanitate omnium Sci- 
 entarum Liber 
 
 Clavis Poeseos Sacrae 
 
 Artis Rhetorice 
 
 Fabulae 
 
 Apologies of Justin Martyr, TertuUian & 
 Minutius Foelix, Englished by Reeves 
 
 Ars Sciendi 
 
 Instit. Astronom. 
 
 Annals of King George, Vol. i. 
 
 Of the Style of the Scriptures 
 
 His Seraphic Love 
 
 Occasional Reflections 
 
 Of the Nature of Truth 
 
 Paraphrasis Poetica Psalmorum 
 
 Elenchi motuum nuperorum in Anglia 
 
 Novae novi orbis Historic 
 
 Letters 
 
 Of Actes or Unchaste Exemples of the Eng- 
 lyshe Votaries 
 
Bedae 
 
 Baconis 
 Barclai, J. 
 Boyle, R. 
 Boyle, R. 
 
 Boyle, R. 
 Boyle, R. 
 Boyle, R. 
 Boaysteau 
 Burgersdicii 
 Boehmen 
 de Bosnay 
 
 Butleri 
 
 Burgersdicii 
 
 Baronii 
 
 Baconis 
 
 Baconis 
 
 Baconis 
 
 Buscheri 
 
 Barclai 
 
 Beroaldi 
 
 Buchleri 
 
 Brown 
 
 Boehmen 
 
 Boehmen 
 
 Boehmen 
 
 Brodrick 
 
 Becheri 
 
 Brome 
 
 Casaubon 
 Casaubon 
 Crantzii 
 
 Appendix. 285 
 
 Venerabilis Historia Ecclesiastic. Gentis 
 
 Anglorum 
 Historia Henrici Septimi 
 Argenis 
 
 Tracts about Cosmical Qualities 
 New Experiments touching the Relation of 
 
 Air and Flame 
 Experiments about Colours 
 Cogitationes de Sacrse Scripturae Stylo 
 Paradoxa Hydrostatica 
 Theatrum mundi translated into English 
 Collegium Physicum 
 Aurora, das ist Morgen Rothe 
 Cosmopolite, ou nouvelle Lumiere de la 
 
 Physique naturale avec une Traictedu 
 
 Soulphre 
 Rhetoricse 
 
 Institutionum Logicarum 
 Metaphysica 
 Historia Ventorum 
 Historia Vitae & Mortis 
 Essays, 1668 
 
 Harmonise Logicae Philipporaneae 
 Satyricon 
 Declamationes 
 Thesaurus Poeticus 
 
 Description & Use of Triangular Quadrant 
 Opera nonnulla Teutonic 
 De Signatura Rerum 
 Josephus Redivivus 
 Compleat History of the late War in the 
 
 Netherlands 
 Supplementum secundum in Physicam Sub- 
 
 terraneam 
 Travels over England, Scotland, & Wales 
 Chroniche Antiche d' Inglilterra 
 Treatise of Enthusiasm 
 Diatriba de Verborum Usu 
 Metropolisjsive Historia Ecclesiast. Saxoniae 
 
286 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Caesar Commentarii tradotti [into Italian] per 
 
 Ortica 
 Caesarii, Joan Rhetorica 
 
 Camdeni Annales Rerum .... regnante Elizabetha 
 
 Constitucyons Provincialles; and of Otho 
 
 & Octobone translated into English 
 Comine Ses Memoires 
 
 Comitis Mythologiae 
 
 Casmanni Marinarum Quaestionum tractatio Philo- 
 
 sophica bipartita 
 Cujacii Paratila in Libros 50 digestorum seu Pan- 
 
 dectarum et in Libros 9. Codicis Justiniani 
 Comenii Janua Linguar. Gr. & Lat. 
 
 Comenii Janua Linguar. Trilinguis 
 
 Comenii Janua Linguarum Referata 
 
 Camdeni Institutis Grammatices Graecae 
 
 Ceporini Compendium Grammaticae Graecas 
 
 Celestina Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea 
 
 Case, M. de la Le Galatee ou des facons et maniers lou- 
 
 ables 
 Causini Tragediae Sacrae 
 
 Culpeper English Physician enlarged 
 
 Craig Scotland's Sovereignty asserted 
 
 Clarendon History of the Rebellion 
 
 Cross Taghmical Art 
 
 Donne History of the Septuagint 
 
 Delrii Disquisitionum Magicarum 
 
 Doctrina Antiqua de Natura Animae 
 Drax, Tho. Calliepeia, or Rich store-house of Phrases 
 
 Donne Essayes 
 
 Digby Discours touchant la Guerison par la poudre 
 
 de sympathie 
 Disquisitiones Politicae 
 Danaei Aphorismorum Politicorum Sylva 
 
 Donaldson! Synopseos Philosoph. Moralis 
 
 Derham Astrotheology 
 
 Eitzen Ethicae Doctrina 
 
 Eberi Calendarium Historicum 
 
 Elenchus Motuum Nuperorum in Anglia 
 
Appendix. 
 
 287 
 
 Euripidis 
 Erasmi 
 
 Freigii 
 
 Fells 
 Fasciculus 
 
 Fabri 
 Frommen 
 Fabritii 
 Figon 
 
 Fichet 
 
 Fuchsii 
 
 Fuchsii 
 
 Fuchsii 
 
 Frambesarii 
 
 Fregii 
 
 Grotii 
 
 Grotii 
 
 Grotii 
 
 Grotii 
 
 Grotii 
 
 Grotii 
 
 Grotii 
 
 Grotii 
 
 Grotii 
 
 Grotii 
 
 Gaule 
 
 Gaule 
 
 Gale 
 
 Grotest 
 
 Greaves 
 
 Goodwin 
 
 Gumble 
 
 Elementa Jurisprudentiae 
 
 Tragsediae 
 
 Moriae Encomium, cum Ludo Senecae de 
 
 Morte Claudii Coesaris 
 Quaestiones Instinianae in Institut. Juris 
 
 Civilis 
 Life of Dr. H. Hammond 
 Praeceptorum Logicorum, una cum Crack- 
 
 anthorpii Introductione ad Metaphysicam 
 Cursus Physicus et Metaphysicus 
 Exercitationes Metaphysicae 
 Poemata 
 Discours des Estats & des Offices tant de 
 
 Gouvernement que de la Justice, & des 
 
 Finances de France 
 Arcana Studiorum Methodus 
 Opera nonulla 
 Institutiones Medicinae 
 Historia stirpium 
 
 Scholae medicae Examen practicum 
 Paedagogus 
 De jure Belli ac Pacis 
 In Cassandri Consultationem annotata 
 De Imperio summarum Potestatum 
 Apologeticus 
 
 Votum pro pace Ecclesiast. 
 Defensio fidei Catholicae 
 Animadversiones in Andr. Riveti 
 Opera nonnulla Argumenti Theolog. Jurid. 
 
 Politic 
 Et Aliorum Dissertationes 
 Epistolas ad Gallos 
 Distractions 
 Practique Theories 
 Theophilie 
 
 Tractatus de Cessatione Legalium 
 Pyramidographia 
 Mystery of Dreams 
 Life of General Monck 
 
288 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Guicciardini 
 
 Guicciardini 
 Golii 
 
 Galei 
 
 Guillet, Dame du 
 
 Galilaei 
 
 Gilfusii 
 
 Hammond 
 
 Herodoti 
 
 Hayward 
 
 Heerebordi 
 
 Harvei 
 
 Hotomani 
 
 Hotomani 
 
 Hesselbein 
 
 Hewis 
 
 Horatii Flac. 
 
 Hieroclis 
 
 Holliband 
 
 Herbert 
 
 Jovii 
 
 Jure 
 
 Jamblicus 
 
 Jacchei 
 
 Jacobi Regis 
 
 King James 
 Juvenalis et Persii 
 Junii 
 Johnson 
 
 Historiarum sui Temporis 
 
 Fragmentum 
 
 Epitome Doctrinae moralis ex lo Lib. 
 Ethic. Aristot. 
 
 Philosophia Generalis 
 
 The Gentleman's Calling 
 
 Rithmes & Poesies 
 
 Nuncius Sydereus 
 
 Opusculum Politicum 
 
 Great Treaty of Peace 
 
 Of Fundamentals in a Notion referring to 
 Practise 
 
 Historic 
 
 Life of K. Edw. 6. & Q. Elizabeth 
 
 Historia Ecclesiastica del Scisma del Reyno 
 de Inglaterra 
 
 Historia Persecutionum Ecclesiae Bohemicae 
 
 Collegium Ethicum 
 
 Exercitationes de Generatione Animalium 
 
 J. C. Quaestionum illustrium 
 
 Partitiones Juris Civilis 
 
 Theoria Logica 
 
 Survey of English Tongue & Phrases 
 
 Poemata 
 
 Philosop. Comment, in Aurea Pythagoreo- 
 rum Carmina 
 
 Campo de Fior — flowery Field of four Lan- 
 guages 
 
 Temple, or Sacred Poems 
 
 Historiarum sui Temporis 
 
 Life of M. de Reuty Nobleman of France 
 
 de Mysteriis yEgyptiorum 
 
 Primae Philosophiae Institutiones 
 
 Daemonologia 
 
 Index Expurgatorius 
 
 Apology for the Oath of Allegiance 
 
 Satyrae 
 
 Vindiciae contra Tyrannos 
 
 Lexicon Chymicum 
 
Appendix, 
 
 289 
 
 Josephus 
 
 Johnstoni 
 
 Kempisii 
 
 Keckermanni 
 
 Keppleri 
 
 Lawson 
 
 Lucani 
 
 Light foot 
 
 Laurentii 
 
 Leoni 
 
 Langii 
 
 Liddelii 
 
 Lydii 
 
 Meisneri 
 
 Meisneri 
 
 Meisneri 
 
 More 
 
 Matchiavelli 
 
 Magiri 
 
 Martini 
 
 Martini 
 
 Martini 
 
 Molinaei 
 
 Melanchthon 
 
 Meurier 
 
 Moore 
 
 Mercatoris 
 
 Mead 
 
 Moroni 
 Manuiti 
 Mather, Inc. 
 Mather, Inc. 
 Mather, Inc. 
 
 Works 
 
 Idea Universse Medicinae Practicae 
 
 De Imitatione Christi 
 
 Systema Logicae 
 
 Epitomes Astron. Copernicanae 
 
 Examination of Hobbs Leviathan 
 
 Lettre Escrite a Monsieur le Coq. Charen- 
 
 ton 
 de Bello Civili 
 Miscellanies 
 Letters between the Ld. George and Sr. 
 
 Kenelme Digby 
 Historia Anatomica 
 Ars Medendi 
 
 Elementare Mathematicum 
 Ars Medica 
 Waldensia 
 
 Dissertatio de Legibus 
 Anthropologiae Sacrae 
 Disputationes quinque 
 Chronology 
 
 Disputat. de Republica 
 Physiologiae Peripateticae 
 Exercitationum Metaphysic. 
 Logicarum Institut. 
 Praelectiones extemporaneae in Systema 
 
 Logicum Keekermanni 
 Elementa Logica 
 Epitomes Philosoph. moralis 
 Magazin de Plante en Francoises & Flameng. 
 Modern Fortification 
 Institut. Astronomicarum 
 De Imperio Solis ac Lunae in Corpora 
 
 hum an a 
 Directorium medico-practicum 
 Epistolarum Lib. XII. 
 Angelographia 
 Remarkable Providences 
 Cases of Conscience 
 
290 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Mather, Inc. 
 Mather, C. 
 Mather, C. 
 
 Niem 
 Neandri 
 Neperi 
 Nepair 
 
 Oughtred 
 
 Patavini 
 
 Pleix 
 
 Pavonll 
 
 Petrarchae 
 
 Petrarcha 
 
 Porta 
 
 Patricii 
 
 Pelegromii 
 
 Politiani 
 
 Platti 
 
 Porphyrii 
 
 Plinii 
 
 Plauti 
 
 Pisonis 
 
 Phocylidis 
 
 Puteani 
 
 Purbachii 
 
 Purbachii 
 
 Quinti Curtii 
 
 Quinti Calabri 
 
 Rutherfoord 
 
 Robinson 
 
 Romani 
 
 [Many more] 
 
 Decennium Luctuosum 
 
 [Many more] 
 
 Historiarum sui Temporis 
 
 Physice 
 
 Rabdologia 
 
 Description of the Table of Logarithms 
 
 Orationes ex historicis Latinis Excerptae in 
 Usum Scholarum Hollandiae 
 
 Opuscula Mathematica 
 
 Pseaumes mis en Rime Francoise par Marot 
 & Beze 
 
 Psalmi Davidis Hispanice 
 
 Defensor Pacis 
 
 De L'Ethique, ou Philosophic Morale 
 
 Summa Ethicae 
 
 de remediis utriusque Fortunae 
 
 nuovamente ridotto alia vera Lettione 
 
 Magia naturalis 
 
 de Regno & Regis Institutione 
 
 Synonymorum Silva 
 
 Epistolae 
 
 Proverbs Espagnols traduit en Francois 
 
 Manuale, seu Flores Petrarchae 
 
 Philosophi Pythagorici de Abstinentia 
 
 Secund. Epistolarum Lib. 9 
 
 Comaediae 
 
 de Cognoscendis & Curandis humani Cor- 
 poris morbis 
 
 Pharmacopaeia Londinens. Colleg. 
 
 Dissertatio Astronomica 
 
 Statera Belli & Pacis 
 
 Dispositiones motuum Caelestium. 
 
 Theoriae novae Planetarum 
 
 Historiarum Libri 
 
 Poetae derelictorum ab Homero 
 
 Letters 
 
 Apology for the Brownists 
 
 Commentationes Physicae & Metaphysicae 
 
Rami 
 
 Rami 
 
 Rami 
 
 Richardson 
 
 [W. Alabaster] 
 
 Record 
 
 Raii 
 
 Rulandi 
 
 Raleigh 
 
 Sallustii 
 
 Stoughtonii 
 
 Stafford 
 
 Stafford 
 
 Sulpicii Severi 
 
 Stradse 
 
 Selden 
 
 Speed 
 
 Sleyden 
 
 Scaligeri 
 
 Scaligeri 
 
 Scaligeri 
 
 Schookii 
 
 Sculteti 
 
 Sluteri 
 
 Snellii 
 
 Scheibleri 
 
 Senecae et aliorum 
 
 Senecae 
 
 Senecse 
 
 Smetii 
 Sennerti 
 Sylvii 
 Sutholt 
 
 Appendix. 291 
 
 Scholia in 3 primas liberales Artes 
 
 Schol. in Aristotelis Libros Acroamaticos 
 
 Grammaticae Lib. 4 
 
 Logician's School-master 
 
 Roxana Tragaedia olim Cantabrig. acta, &c. 
 
 Arithmetick 
 
 Catalogus Plantarum Angliae 
 
 Medicinae Practica 
 
 Remarks on several parts of Italy in 1701, 
 
 1702, 1703. 
 History of the World abrig'd 
 Opera omnia 
 Faelicitas ultimi seculi 
 Niobe 
 
 Female Glory 
 Opera omnia 
 de bello Belgico 
 de Dis Syriis 
 
 Abridged Description of Britain & Ireland 
 Key of History 
 
 Exotericarum Exercitationum de Subtilitate 
 Poemata 
 Epistolae omnes 
 Collegium Physicum 
 Ethicorum Libri 
 Anatomia Logicae Aristotelicae 
 In Physicam Corn. Valerii Annotationes 
 Metaphysicae 
 Tragaediae 
 Tragediae 
 
 Epistolae quae extant 
 Speculum Anglicarum atque Politicarum 
 
 Observationum 
 Schollar's Companion 
 Prosodia 
 
 Epitome Institut. Medicinae 
 Methodus Medicamenta Componendi 
 Dissertationes quibus explicatur universum 
 
 Jus Institutionum 
 
292 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Suetonius 
 
 Lives of the 12 Caesars 
 
 Shakespear 
 
 Plays, 6 vols. London, 1709 
 
 Trenchfield 
 
 Christian Chymistry 
 
 Taciti 
 
 Opera 
 
 Taciti 
 
 Annales 
 
 Turselline 
 
 Epitome Historiarum 
 
 Timpleri 
 
 Metaphysicae Systema Methodicum 
 
 Tesmari 
 
 Exercitationum Rhetoricarum 
 
 Trapezuntii 
 
 Rhetoricarum 
 
 
 A Treatise of Metalica 
 
 Trieu 
 
 Manuductio ad Logicam 
 
 Tullii 
 
 De Officio Libri Tres 
 
 Turneri 
 
 Orationes & Epistolae 
 
 Terentii 
 
 Comaedias Sex 
 
 Tacqueti 
 
 Arithmeticae Theoria & Praxis 
 
 
 Tractatus duo Mathematici; primus de 
 
 
 Globis, a Rob. Hues 
 
 Timpii 
 
 Cynosura Professorum ac Studiosorum Elo- 
 
 
 quentiae 
 
 Temple, Sir Wm. 
 
 Memoirs 
 
 Temple, Sir Wm. 
 
 Letters 
 
 Varenii 
 
 Descriptio Regni Japoniae & Siam 
 
 Valerii Max. 
 
 De dictis et factis memorabilibus 
 
 Velcurionis 
 
 Comment, in Aristotel, Physicam Lib. 4 
 
 Verronis 
 
 Physicorum Libri 10 
 
 Valesii 
 
 de Sacra Philosophia Liber 
 
 Vosii et aliorum 
 
 De Studiorum Ratione opuscula 
 
 Valerii Ultra] 
 
 Grammatic. Institut. 
 
 Vails 
 
 Elegantiae 
 
 Wilkinson! 
 
 Conciones 6 ad Academicos Oxonienses 
 
 Walton 
 
 Lives 
 
 Wotton 
 
 Remains 
 
 Wendilini 
 
 Contemplat. Physicarum 
 
 Wallis 
 
 Grammatica Lingua Anglicanae 
 
 Wither 
 
 Abuses stript and whipt 
 
 Wither 
 
 Shepard's Hunting 
 
 Wardi 
 
 Astronomia Geometrica 
 
 Winshemii 
 
 Quaestiones Sphaerics 
 
 Witteni 
 
 Memoria Jurisconsultorum justa 
 
Witteni 
 
 Witteni 
 
 Witteni 
 
 Zahn 
 
 Zuichemi 
 
 Appendix. 
 
 293 
 
 Memoria medicorum semper vivens 
 Memoria Philosophorum sempiterna 
 Memoria Theologorum 
 Ichnographia municipals 
 J. C. Comment, in 10 Titulos Institutionum 
 Juris Civilis 
 
 Grew 
 
 Ortelius 
 Milton 
 
 Chamberlayne 
 
 Langii 
 Neal 
 
 Parecbolae 
 Strada 
 
 Supplement 
 
 Cosmologia Sacra, or a Discourse of the 
 
 Universe 
 Theatre de L'Universe 
 Poetical Works, 2 vols. 1720 
 Cry from the Desert .... things lately 
 
 come to pass in the Cevennes 
 Present State of Gt. Brittain, 1716 
 Lives of the French Philosophers 
 Medicina Mentis 
 History of New-England 
 Universitatis Oxoniensis 
 Histoire de la guerre de Flandre 
 
 Selected Titles from the 1725 Supplement to 
 the Catalogue of the Harvard Library, 
 
 Bayle 
 Brandt 
 
 Du Pin 
 
 Graevii 
 Hooker 
 How, J. 
 Highmori 
 
 Folio 
 
 Dictionaire Historique et Critique 
 
 History of the Reformation in the Low 
 Countries Englished by John Chamber- 
 layne 
 
 New Ecclesiastical History 
 
 Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanarum 
 
 Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity 
 
 Works 
 
 Disquisitio Corporis Humani Anatomica 
 
294 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Light foot 
 Lock, J. 
 Montfaucon 
 
 Ogilby 
 Robinsoni 
 
 Sallengre 
 
 Tillotson 
 Willughby 
 
 Rami 
 Speckhan 
 
 Stierii 
 
 Boemi 
 Barlow 
 Burnet, T. 
 Cheselden 
 Clerici 
 
 Cheyne 
 Cheyne 
 
 Echard 
 
 Fuchsii 
 Gordon 
 
 Mather, C. 
 Pliny 
 
 Works 
 
 Works, 3 vol. 1722 
 
 Antiquity Explained .... in Sculptures; 
 
 Englished by David Humphreys 
 Translation of Virgil, with Cuts 
 Annales Mundi Universales 
 Papal Usurpation .... with History of 
 
 the old Waldenses 
 Novus Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romana- 
 
 rum 
 Works 
 Ornithology with 3 Discourses of Mr. John 
 
 Ray 
 
 Quarto 
 
 Opticae Libri quatuor 
 
 Quaestionum et Decisionum Juris Caesarii, 
 
 &c. 
 Praecepta Logicte, Ethicas, &c. 
 
 Octavo, etc. 
 
 Enchiridion Precum 
 
 Exact Survey of the Tide 
 
 Essay upon Government 
 
 On the High Operation for the Stone, 1723 
 
 Opera Philosophica 
 
 Cromwell's Life, 1724 
 
 Essay of the Gout, 1723 
 
 Essay of Health & Long Life 
 
 Critical History of England, Ecclesiastical 
 
 and Civil 
 Ecclesiastical History 
 Institutiones Medicinae 
 Geographical Grammar 
 History of Virginia, 1722 
 Miri-Weys, the Persian Cromwell, 1724 
 Life of Increase Mather, London, 1724 
 Panegyrick upon the Emperor Trajan, 
 
 Englished by Geo. Smith 
 
Appendix. 
 
 295 
 
 Potter 
 Strother 
 Vareni 
 VVendelini 
 Whiston 
 Watts, I 
 Watts, I 
 Watts, I 
 Watts, I 
 Watts, I 
 Watts, I 
 
 Greek Antiquities 
 
 On Sickness and Health, London, 1725 
 
 Geographia Generalis 
 
 Institutiones Politicae 
 
 New Theory of Earth, 1722 
 
 Lyrick Poems 
 
 Versions of the Psalms 
 
 Art of Reading & Writing English 
 
 Songs for Children 
 
 Hymns 
 
 Logick 
 
 Bibliography, 
 
 THE following books have been the chief sources of material 
 for this study. Use has also been made of several manu- 
 scripts not included in this list. 
 
 Almanacs, Colonial. All copies from 1657 to 1722 in the posses- 
 sion of the Massachusetts Historical Society, including photo- 
 stat copies of all in existence which belong to the seventeenth 
 century. 
 
 Almanacs, English. All between 1599 and 1707 in the possession 
 of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 
 
 American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings. Worcester, 
 1812-1880. New Series, 1881-1914. Continued. 
 
 American Antiquarian Society. Archaeologia Americana. 
 Transactions and Collections. Worcester, 1820-1912. Con- 
 tinued. 
 
 Andrews, Charles McLean, editor. Narratives of the Insurrec- 
 tions. New York, 1915. 
 
 Andros Tracts: being a collection of pamphlets and official 
 papers. William Henry Whitmore, editor. Boston, 1868- 
 1874. 
 
 Arber, Edward, editor. The story of the Pilgrim Fathers. Boston, 
 
 1897. 
 , Baxter, Richard. Poetical Fragments. London, 1699. 3d 
 Edition. 
 
296 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Beers, Henry Augustin. An Outline Sketch, of American 
 Literature. New York, 1887. 
 
 BiGELOw, Francis Hill. Historic Silver of the Colonies and its 
 Makers. New York, 191 7. 
 
 Blackmore, Sir Richard. Prince Arthur. An Heroick Poem. 
 2d Edition. London, 1695. 
 
 Blake, James. Annals of the Town of Dorchester, 1750. Collec- 
 tions of the Dorchester Antiquarian and Historical Society. 
 Boston, 1846. 
 
 Bradford, William. A Dialogue, or the Sum of a Conference be- 
 tween some Young Men born in New England and sundry 
 ancient men that came out of Holland and Old England. 
 Anno Domini 1648. In Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrim 
 Fathers, pp. 414 ff. 
 
 A Dialogue or 3^^ Conference, betweene some yonge-men 
 
 borne in New-England: and some Ancient-men, which came 
 out of Holand, and Old England concerning the church. 
 Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, ist Series, 
 Vol. II, P. 405 ff. 
 
 History of Plymouth Plantation 1620-1647. Boston, 
 
 1912. Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections. 2 vols. 
 Bradstreet, Anne. The Works of Anne Bradstreet in Prose and 
 
 Verse. Edited by John Harvard Ellis. Charlestown, 1867. 
 Brodrick, G. C. a history of the University of Oxford. 2d Edi- 
 tion. London, 1891. 
 Buckingham, Thomas. The Journals of Madam Knight, and Rev. 
 
 Mr. Buckingham. From the Original Manuscripts, written in 
 
 1704 & 1710. New York, Wilder and Campbell, 1825. 
 Bunyan, John. The Pilgrim's Progress from this World to that 
 
 which is to come. Temple Classics. London, 1904. 
 Burr, George Lincoln, editor. Narratives of the Witchcraft 
 
 Cases, 1 648- 1 706. New York, 1914. 
 Burton, Robert. The Anatomy of Melancholy. London, 1907. 
 Calef, Robert. See Fowler, Samuel P. 
 Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and W^est 
 
 Indies. 1661-1668. Edited by W. N. Sainsbury. London, 
 
 1880. 
 Cambridge History of American Literature, The. New York, 
 
 1917. 
 
Appendix. 297 
 
 Chaplin, Jeremiah. Life of Henry Dunster, Boston, 1872. 
 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey, The Complete Works of. Edited by Walter 
 W. Skeat. 6 vols. Oxford, 1899. 
 
 Clap, Roger, Memoirs of. Collections of the Dorchester Anti- 
 quarian and Historical Society, Vol. i. Boston, 1844. 
 
 Clap,, Thomas. The Annals or History of Yale-College. New 
 Haven, 1766. 
 
 Clarendon, Edward, Earl of. The History of the Rebellion and 
 Civil Wars in England. Edited by W. Dunn Macray. Oxford, 
 1888. 
 
 Collier, Jeremy. The Great Historical, Geographical, Genealog- 
 ical and Poetical Dictionary. ... 2d Edition. London, 1701. 
 
 Colonial Society of Massachusetts. Publications. Boston, 
 1895-1915. Continued. 
 
 Cook, Elizabeth Christine. Literary Influences in Colonial 
 Newspapers, 1704-1750. New York, 1912. 
 
 Cunningham, W. English Influence on the United States. Cam- 
 bridge, 1 91 6. 
 
 Danckaerts, Jasper. The Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 1679- 
 1680. Edited by Bartlett B. James and J. Franklin Jameson. 
 New York, 19 13. 
 
 De Montmorency, J. E. G. The Progress of Education in Eng- 
 land. London, 1904. 
 
 Dexter, Franklin Bowditch. Biographical Sketches of the 
 Graduates of Yale College with Annals of the College History. 
 October, 1701, to May, 1745. New York, 1885. 
 
 Documentary History of Yale University under the 
 
 original charter of the Collegiate School of Connecticut, 
 1701-1745. New Haven, 1916. 
 
 Estimates of Population in the American Colonies. 
 
 Worcester, 1887. 
 
 Dexter, Henry Martyn and his son, Morton. The England 
 and Holland of the Pilgrims. Boston, 1905. 
 
 Dictionary of National Biography. Leslie Stephen, editor. 
 New York, 1 885-1900. 
 
 Drake, Samuel Gardner, editor. Increase Mather's The His- 
 tory of King Philip's War. 1862. 
 
 DuNiwAY, Clyde A. The Development of Freedom of the Press 
 in Massachusetts. New York, 1906. 
 
298 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 " DuNTON, John. Letters from New-England. Edited by W. H. 
 Whitmore. Boston, 1867. 
 
 The Life and Errors of John Dunton. London, 1705. 
 
 ' Eggleston, Edward. The Transit of Civilization from England 
 to America in the Seventeenth Century. New York, 1901. 
 
 Essex County, Massachusetts. Records and Files of the Quar- 
 terly Courts of Essex County, Massachusetts. 4 vols. Salem, 
 1911-1914. 
 
 Essex County, Massachusetts, The Probate Records of. Vol. 
 I. Salem, Mass., 1916. 
 
 Evans, Charles. American Bibliography. Chicago, 1903. 
 
 Everest, Charles. Poets of Connecticut. Hartford, 1843. 
 
 Felt, J. B. Memoir of the Reverend Francis Higginson. Boston, 
 1852. 
 
 FiTZ, Reginald H., M.D. Zabdiel Boylston, Inoculator, and the 
 Epidemic of Smallpox in Boston in 1721. Bulletin of the 
 Johns Hopkins Hospital, xxii. 315. 
 
 Ford, Worthington Chauncey. The Boston Book Market, 1679- 
 1700. Boston, 1917. 
 
 Fowler, Samuel P. Salem Witchcraft: comprising More Won- 
 ders of the Invisible World, collected by Robert Calef; and 
 Wonders of the Invisible World, by Cotton Mather: together 
 with notes and explanations by S. P. Fowler. Salem, 1861. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of. New York, no 
 date. 
 
 Works of. Nurnberg and New York, no date. 
 
 Fuller, Thomas. The Church-History of Britain. London, 1655. 
 
 The History of the University of Cambridge from the 
 
 Conquest to the year 1634. Cambridge, 1640. 
 
 The History of the Worthies of England. Edited by 
 
 P. A. Nuttall. 2d Edition. 3 vols. London, 1840. 
 
 GooKiN, Daniel. Historical Collections of the Indians in New 
 England. In Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 
 1st Series, Vol. i, pp. 141-226. 
 
 GooKiN, Frederick William. Daniel Gookin, 1612-1687 
 
 his Life and Letters and some Account of his Ancestry. Chi- 
 cago, 1912. 
 
 Green, Samuel Abbott. John Foster, the earliest American 
 engraver and the first Boston printer. Boston, 1909. 
 
Appendix. 299 
 
 Green, Samuel Abbott. History of Medicine in Massachusetts. 
 Boston, 1 88 1. 
 
 Griswold, Rufus W. Female Poets of America. 
 
 Poets and Poetry of America. 
 
 Harvard University. Library of. Bibliographical Contributions, 
 No. 52. The Librarians of Harvard College, 1667-1877. By 
 A. C. Potter and Charles K. Bolton. Cambridge, 1897. 
 
 Harvard University. College Books I, III, and IV. Harvard 
 College Records: in manuscript, about to be published and 
 examined in proof sheets. 
 
 Catalogus Librorum Bibliothecae Collegij Harvardini 
 
 Quod est CantabrigiEe in Nova Anglia. Boston, 1723. 
 
 Herbert, George. The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private 
 Ejaculations. Fac-simile reprint of first edition of 1633. 
 London, 1882. 
 
 Hinckley, Thomas. The Hinckley Papers. Massachusetts 
 Historical Society, Collections, 4th Series, Vol. i. 
 
 Hull, John. The Diaries of. In Archaeologia Americana: Trans- 
 actions of the American Antiquarian Society, iii. 109-318. 
 
 Hutchinson Papers. Massachusetts Historical Society, Collec- 
 tions, 3d Series, Vol. i. 
 
 Johnson, Edward. Wonder-Working Providence. Edited by 
 J. Franklin Jameson. New York, 1910. 
 
 Wonder-Working Providence. Edited by William F. 
 
 Poole. Andover, 1867. 
 
 JossELYN, John. An Account of two Voyages to New-England, 
 etc. The Second Addition [sic] London, 1675. Reprint in 
 Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3rd Series, Vol. 
 3, p. 211 ff. 
 
 New-England's Rarities Discovered. With an Intro- 
 duction and Notes by Edward Tuckerman. In Archseologia 
 Americana, iv. 105-238. Worcester, i860. 
 
 Keep, Austin Baxter. History of the New York Society Library 
 with an Introductory Chapter on Libraries in Colonial New 
 York, 1698-1776. New York, 1908. 
 *• Kettell, Samuel. Specimens of American Poetry, with Critical 
 and Biographical Notices. 3 vols. Boston, 1829. 
 
 Kimball, Everett. The Public Life of Joseph Dudley. A Study 
 of the Colonial Policy of the Stuarts in New England 1660- 
 1715. New York, 1911. 
 
300 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Knight, Sarah Kemble. The Private Journal of. Being the 
 
 Record of a Journey from Boston to New York in the year 
 
 1704. Norwich, Conn., 1901. 
 Lawson, Deodat. Christ's Fidelity the Only Shield against 
 
 Satan's Malignity. Asserted in a Sermon Deliver'd at Salem- 
 
 Village the 24th of March, 1692. Boston and London, 1704. 
 Lechford, Thomas. Note-Book kept by Thomas Lechford, Esq., 
 
 Lawyer in Boston, Massachusetts Bay, from June 27, 1638, 
 
 to July 29, 1641. Cambridge, 1885. 
 Lincoln, Charles H., editor. Narratives of the Indian Wars, 
 
 1675-1699. New York, 1913. 
 LiTTLEFiELD, George Emery. Early Boston Booksellers, 1642- 
 
 171 1. Boston, 1900. 
 The Early Massachusetts Press, 1638-1711. Boston, 
 
 1907. 
 
 Early Schools and School Books of New England. Bos- 
 
 ton, 1904. 
 
 Maine Historical Society. Collections and Proceedings. Port- 
 land, 1 890-1906. 
 
 Marvell, Andrew. Poems of. Muses Library. London, no 
 date. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay. Records of the Governor and Company of 
 the Massachusetts Bay in New England. Boston, 1854. 
 
 Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections. Boston or 
 Cambridge, 1792-1914. Continued. 
 
 ■ Lectures delivered in a course before the Lowell Insti- 
 tute, in Boston, by members of the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society on subjects relating to the Early History of Massa- 
 chusetts. Boston, 1869. 
 
 Proceedings. Boston, 1879-1916. Continued. 
 
 »• Masson, David. The Life of John Milton. 7 vols. London, 1881. 
 Mather, Cotton. The Accomplished Singer. Boston, 1721. 
 
 A Brand Pluck'd out of the Burning. In G. L. Burr's 
 
 Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases, pp. 259-286. 
 
 Diary. Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 
 
 7th Series, Vols. 7 and 8. 
 
 Magnalia Christi Americana; or the Ecclesiastical 
 
 History of New-England. Edited by Thomas Robbins. 2 vols. 
 Hartford, 1855. 
 
Appendix. 301 
 
 Mather, Cotton. Memorable Providences, Relating to Witch- 
 crafts and Possessions. In G. L. Burr's Narratives of the 
 Witchcraft Cases, pp. 93-144. 
 
 A New Year Well Begun. New London, 1719. 
 
 Psalterium Americanum. The Book of Psalms. Boston, 
 
 1718. 
 
 Repeated Warnings. Another Essay, to warn young 
 
 people. Page headings use title of Children of Disobedience. 
 Boston, 1712. 
 
 The Right Way to Shake off a Viper. Boston, 1720. 
 
 Speedy Repentance Urged. Boston, 1690. 
 
 The Wonders of the Invisible World. To which is 
 
 added A Farther Account of the Tryals of the New-England 
 Witches by Increase Mather, D.D. London, 1862. 
 The World Alarm'd. Boston, 1721. 
 
 Mather, Increase. Diary. Massachusetts Historical Society, 
 
 Proceedings, 2d Series, Vol. 13, p. 339 ff. 
 Early History of New England. Together with an 
 
 Historical Discourse concerning the Prevalency of Prayer. 
 
 Boston, 1677. 
 
 A Farther Account of the Tryals of the New-England 
 
 Witches. Published with Cotton Mather's The Wonders of 
 the Invisible World. London, 1862. 
 Life and Death of that Reverend Man of God Mr. 
 
 Richard Mather. Cambridge, 1670. 
 Remarkable Providences Illustrative of the Earlier 
 
 Days of American Colonisation. Edited by George Offor. 
 London, 1890. 
 
 Mather, Richard, Journal of. 1635. '^is Life and Death, 1670. 
 Collections of the Dorchester Antiquarian and Historical 
 Society. Both in one volume, paged consecutively. Boston, 
 1850. 
 
 Mather Papers, The. Massachusetts Historical Society, Col- 
 lections, 4th Series, Vol, 8. Boston, 1868. 
 
 Mayflower Descendant, The. A Quarterly Magazine of Pil- 
 grim Genealogy and History. Boston, 1 899-1916. Con- 
 tinued. 
 
 Milton, John, The Poetical Works of. Edited by David Masson. 
 London and New York, 1903. 
 
302 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Milton, John. A Selection from the English Prose Works of. 
 Boston, 1826. 
 
 Morton, Nathaniel. New England's Memorial. Boston, 1855. 
 
 Morton, Thomas. The New English Canaan. Edited by Charles 
 Francis Adams, Jr., Boston, 1883. 
 
 Mullinger, James Bass. Cambridge Characteristics in the Seven- 
 teenth Century. London, 1867. 
 
 A History of the University of Cambridge. London, 
 
 1888. 
 
 The University of Cambridge. Vol. 3. Cambridge, 
 
 191 1. 
 
 Neal, Daniel. The History of New England. 2d Edition. 2 
 vols. London, 1747. 
 
 New England Historical and Genealogical Register, The. 
 Boston, 1847-1916. Continued. 
 
 New Hampshire Historical Society. Collections. Concord, 
 1824-1915. Continued. 
 
 New Haven Colony Historical Society. Papers. New Haven, 
 1865-1914. Continued. 
 
 North American Review. Vol. 107. 
 
 Onderdonk, J. L. History of American Verse. 1610-1897. Chi- 
 cago, 1 90 1. 
 
 Otis, William Bradley. American Verse 1625-1807. A History. 
 New York, 1909. 
 
 Oviatt, Edwin. The Beginnings of Yale 1701-1726. New Haven, 
 1916. 
 
 Palfrey, John Gorham. History of New England during the 
 Stuart Dynasty. 5 vols. Boston, 1858. 
 
 Patterson, S. W. The Spirit of the American Revolution as re- 
 vealed in the poetry of the period. Boston, 191 5. 
 
 Penhallow, Samuel. The History of the Wars of New-England 
 with the Eastern Indians . . . Collections of the New 
 Hampshire Historical Society for the Year 1824. Vol. i of 
 the series. 
 
 Plymouth Colony, Records of. Wills. In manuscript. 
 
 Prior, Matthew, Selected Poems of. Edited by Austin Dobson. 
 London, 1889. 
 
 QuiNCY, JosiAH. The History of Harvard University. 2 vols. 
 Cambridge, 1840. 
 
Appendix. 303 
 
 Richardson, C. F. American Literature. 1 vols. New York, 
 
 1887, 1889. 
 RoDEN, Robert F. The Cambridge Press 1638- 1692. New York, 
 
 1905. 
 RossiTER, William S., editor. Days and Ways in Old Boston. 
 
 Boston, 1915. 
 Royal Society. Philosophical Transactions. London, 1666-1916. 
 
 Continued. 
 Sandys, George. Ovid's Metamorphosis Englished, mytholo- 
 
 giz'd and represented in figures. London, 1640. 
 Sewall, Samuel. Diary of, 1 674-1729. 3 vols. Massachusetts 
 
 Historical Society, Collections, 5th Series, Vols. 5-7. Boston, 
 
 1878. 
 Letter-Book of. 2 vols. Massachusetts Historical 
 
 Society, Collections, 6th Series, Vols. 1-2. Boston, 1886. 
 
 -The Selling of Joseph. In George H. Moore's Notes on 
 
 the History of Slavery in Massachusetts, pp. 83-87. New 
 
 York, 1866. 
 Shepard, Thomas. Autobiography. Manuscript volume in the 
 
 Harvard Library. 
 Sibley, John Langdon. Biographical Sketches of Graduates of 
 
 Harvard University. 3 vols. Cambridge, 1873. 
 Small, Walter Herbert. Early New England Schools. Boston, 
 
 1914. 
 Steiner, Bernard C. A History of the Plantation of Menunka- 
 
 tuck .... comprising the present towns of Guilford 
 
 and Madison. Baltimore, 1897. 
 Thomas, Isaiah. The History of Printing in America. 2d Edition. 
 
 Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian 
 
 Society, Vols. 5-6. Albany, 1874. 
 Thompson, E. N. S. Essays on Milton. New Haven, 1914. 
 Truebner's Bibliographical Guide to American Literature. Lon- 
 don, 1855. 
 Turell, Ebenezer. The Life and Character of the Reverend 
 
 Benjamin Colman, D.D. Boston, 1749. 
 TuTTLE, Julius H. The Mather Libraries. American Antiqua- 
 rian Society, Proceedings, New Series, Vol. 20, pp. 269-356. 
 Tyler, Moses Coit. A History of American Literature, 1607- 
 
 1765. 2 vols. New York, 1879. 
 
304 Literary Culture in Early New England. 
 
 Verstegan, Richard. The Restitution of Decayed Intelli- 
 gence in Antiquities, concerning the most Noble and Re- 
 nowned English Nation. London, 1673. 
 
 Waters, Thomas Franklin. Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay 
 Colony. Ipswich, 1905. 
 
 Weeden, William B. Economic and Social History of New 
 England, 1 620-1789. 2 vols. Boston, 1890. 
 
 Wegelin, Oscar. Early American Poetry. A Compilation of the 
 Titlesof Volumes of Verse and Broadsides, Written by Writers 
 Born or Residing in North America, and Issued during the 
 Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. New York, 1903. 
 
 Early American Poetry 1 800-1 820 with an Appendix 
 
 containing the Titles of Volumes and Broadsides issued during 
 the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries which were 
 omitted in the Volume containing the years 1650-1799. New 
 York, 1907. 
 
 Wendell, Barrett. Cotton Mather, the Puritan Priest. 
 New York, no date [1891]. 
 
 A Literary History of America, New York, 1900. 
 
 Wheelwright, John, Memoir of. Boston, 1876. 
 
 Wigglesworth, Michael. The Day of Doom 
 
 with other Poems. New York, 1867. 
 
 Williams, Roger. The Bloudy Tenet of Persecution for Cause 
 of Conscience discussed. Edited by E. B. Underbill, Lon- 
 don, 1848. 
 
 WiNSLOw, Edward. Good News from New England. Massachu- 
 setts Historical Society, Collections, ist Series, Vol. 8, pp. 
 239-276. 
 
 New-England's Salamander, Discovered .... 
 
 Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 3d Series, Vol. 
 2, pp. 1 10 fF. 
 
 Winsor, Justin, editor. The Memorial History of Boston, 1630- 
 1880. 4 vols. Boston, 1880. 
 
 Winthrop, John, Journal of. [History of New England, 1630- 
 1649.] Edited by James Kendall Hosmer. 2 vols. New 
 York, 1908. 
 
 Winthrop, Robert C. Life and Letters of John Winthrop. 
 Boston, 1869. 
 
 Winthrop Papers, The. Massachusetts Historical Society, Col- 
 lections, 3d Series, Vols. 9-10. 
 
 WoLCOTT, Samuel. Memorial of Henry Wolcott. New, York 1881. 
 
Index. 
 
THE following Index includes names of individuals 
 mentioned in the main text, authors of books listed or 
 referred to, titles of unidentified books and of period- 
 icals published before lyzo. The Appendix has not been in- 
 cluded. The editor is indexing the entire volume, including 
 the Appendix, and will deposit the complete Index with Mr. 
 Wright's manuscript in the Yale University Library. 
 
 Rotations and book lists have been taken without change 
 from the sources quoted, variations or errors in spelling having 
 been retained. The Index, however, lists the name of each 
 individual under one spelling only. 
 
Ind 
 
 ex. 
 
 Abbot, George 149 
 
 Academy of Compliments 122 
 
 Adams, Charles Francis 143 
 
 Adams, Eliphalet 189 
 
 Adams, Matthew 213, 215 
 
 Adams, WilHam 188, 189 
 
 Addington, Isaac 201 
 
 Aeschylus ion., 129 
 
 Aesop 30, ^2y I '8, 121 
 
 Aetius 141 
 
 Against Actors Showing of Stage Plays 
 
 Ainsworth, Henry 30, 51 
 
 Alabaster, W 3i«. 
 
 Albaspinus 130 
 
 Albrecht, Hans 72/2. 
 
 Alcuin 175 
 
 Aleyn, Charles 129 
 
 Alleine, Joseph 189 
 
 Allen, James 69«. 
 
 Allen, John 78«. 
 
 Allen, Joseph 158 
 
 Alstedius 30, 52, 59, 130 
 
 Altomari, Donat ab 141 
 
 Alwaerden 130 
 
 Ambrose, Isaac, Everlasting Gospel, 189 
 
 Ambrose, Joshua 22«. 
 
 Ames, Nathaniel 214 
 
 Ames, Dr. William 22«., 59, 189 
 
 Ames, Mrs. William 3(>'^; 4on. 
 
 Ames, William, Jr 22«. 
 
 Anderton, Lawrence 58 
 
 Andrews, Charles M I54"- 
 
 Andrews, Henry 28 
 
 Andrews, Thomas (Ipswich) 50 
 
 Andrews, Thomas (London) 21, 64 
 
 Andros, Governor 
 
 153. 155. 161, 166, 167 
 
 Angier, Samuel I36«. 
 
 Anglesey, Earl of -jm. 
 
 Annals of ^ueen Anne 185 
 
 Apollonius Tyaneus 139 
 
 ApoUonius, W 17, 18 
 
 Appleton, Samuel 34 
 
 Apsley, Sir Edward 76 
 
 Aquinas, Thomas 30 
 
 Archimedes 32, 128 
 
 Argalus and Parthenia I2i, 122 
 
 Aristophanes 129, 135 
 
 Aristotle 20«., 128, 187 
 
 Arnaud, Antony no 
 
 Arnold, Jonathan 172 
 
 Arnold, Samuel 1 8«. 
 
 Arrowsmith, John 176 
 
 Ars Cogitandi 118 
 
 Art of Speaking 187 
 
 Art of Thinking 1 87 
 
 Arundel, Earl of 71W. 
 
 Ascham, Roger 30 
 
 Ashmole, Elias "jm. 
 
 Ashurst, Sir Henry 134, 184 
 
 Aspinwall, William 40«. 
 
 Athenian Oracle 186, 187 
 
 Atwood, Ann 29 
 
 Atwood, John 28, 29 
 
 Augustine 105, 133, 141, I42, 150, 188 
 
 Avery, William 115 
 
 Avery, Mrs. William 115 
 
 Avicenna 141 
 
 Bachiler, Stephen 44 
 
 Bacon, Francis, 26, 31, 52, 71, 121, 128, 
 129, 135. 138, I38«., 186, 187 
 
 Bacon, Roger 128 
 
 Bailey, John 69W. 
 
 Bailey, Samuel 9i'''» 162 
 
 Baillie, Robert 58 
 
 Baily, Thomas 6^n. 
 
 Bains, 148 
 
 Baker, Sir Richard 122 
 
 Baker, Samuel 112 
 
 Baker, William 48 
 
 Bale, John 58 
 
 Bancroft, Thomas 53 
 
io8 
 
 Index. 
 
 Banister, John logw. 
 
 Barbette, Paul 125 
 
 Barclay, John 186 
 
 Barnard, John 1 80 
 
 Barnes, Joshua, Discovery of Pigmies 
 
 125 
 
 Barnes, R 58 
 
 Barnet, Thomas 69«. 
 
 Barri, Christopher, Rarities of Cochin 
 
 China 34 
 
 Barriffe, William 25 
 
 Barrough, Philip, Method of Physic 
 
 27,38 
 
 Barrow, Isaac ion. 
 
 Bates, William 119, 130, 188 
 
 Baxter, Richard, 86, 112, 134, I34«., 
 
 138, 138W., 150, 154, 154W., 184 
 
 Bayly, 205, 2o6n., 207W. 
 
 Baynes, Paul 39 
 
 Beanghan, 5i«. 
 
 Bede 130 
 
 Bedwell, William 34 
 
 Belcher, Governor lo^n. 
 
 Bell, 130 
 
 Bellarmine, Cardinal 106 
 
 Bellingham, Sir Richard 42 
 
 Bentley, Richard 184 
 
 Berkeley, Bishop 187 
 
 Berkeley, Governor 8o«. 
 
 Bernard, Richard 138, i38«., 139 
 
 Berosus 60, Son. 
 
 Beza 58, 105 
 
 Bible, English, 118, 119, 175, 188; Greek, 
 
 188, 189; Hebrew, 189; Italian, 117; 
 
 Z,<2//«, 188; Spanish, 1 17; figurine, 175 
 
 Bigelow, Francis Hill 157"- 
 
 Bishop, John i8«. 
 
 Blackleach, John 54«. 
 
 Blackmore, Sir Richard 147, i47«., 184, 
 
 185, 190, igon., 194, 197, I97«., 198 
 
 Blackstone, William i6«., 44«. 
 
 Blake, James 162 
 
 Blount, Thomas 123 
 
 Bodin, Jean 139, I39«. 
 
 Boehm, Anthony W 198 
 
 Boetius 129 
 
 Bohun, Edmund, Historical Dictionary 
 118, 119, 176 
 
 Bolton, Robert 50 
 
 Bond, Henry 48, 72 
 
 Boone, Nicholas 177"' 
 
 Boreman, Richard 130 
 
 Boston Gazette 177"-, 203, 2i2n., 213 
 
 Boston News-Letter, I'Jin., 192, 193, 202, 
 
 203, 2i2«., 213, 213W. 
 
 Boteler, Lady Alice Apsley 76 
 
 Boteler, Lord John 76 
 
 Boulter, Robert 120, 122 
 
 Bownd, Nicholas 130 
 
 Boyle, Robert 48, 71, 73, 74, 75, no, 
 
 III, 143, i43«., 179, 184 
 
 Boylston, Zabdiel 199 
 
 Boyse, John, Life of Edmund French 189 
 
 Bracket, John 79 
 
 Bracton 175, 175W. 
 
 Bradford, Gov. William 
 
 15W., 27, 29, 58, 59«., 84, 84«. 
 
 Bradford, William (printer) 80 
 
 Bradstreet, Anne 
 
 44K., 60, 6o«., 63, 83, 85, 95«. 
 
 Bradstreet, Simon '. .44, 76, io6«, 
 
 Brady, Nicholas 92, 92W. 
 
 Brahe, Tycho 7i«-> 128 
 
 Brandt, Gerard i S'j 
 
 Brathwait, Richard 26 
 
 Brattle, 181 
 
 Brattle, Captain 133 
 
 Brattle, Thomas 
 
 104, 107, 108, io8«., 172, i8i«. 
 Brattle, William, 102, 103, 104, 172, 199 
 
 Breck, Edward (died 1662) 78, 78W. 
 
 Breck, Dr. Edward 78«. 
 
 Brereton, Lord 47j 73 
 
 Brewster, Jonathan S^w., 74 
 
 Brewster, Love 28 
 
 Brewster, William 15, 25, 28 
 
 Brez, Guy de 4i«. 
 
 Bridges, 131 
 
 Brigden, Zechariah 107 
 
 Brigham, C. S I78«, 
 
 Bright, Francis i6w. 
 
 Brinsmade, William 49 
 
 British Apollo 187 
 
 Britton, Joannes 175, I75n. 
 
 Brock, 50 
 
 Brodrick, G. C 20». 
 
Index. 
 
 309 
 
 Bromfield, Edward 193 
 
 Brooker, William 203 
 
 Broughton, Richard 129 
 
 Brounker, Lord 7i«. 
 
 Brown, James 6^n. 
 
 Browne, Sir Thomas 
 
 7i«., 142, I42«., 185 
 Browning, Joseph 
 
 114, 114W., 116, wjn.y ic,6n. 
 
 Bryant, John 27W. 
 
 Buchanan, George 39, 186 
 
 Buckingham, Thomas 195 
 
 Buckstone, 190 
 
 Bulkley, Edward i8«., 51, 89«. 
 
 Bulkley, Gershom 51 
 
 Bulkley, John 50, 99«. 
 
 Bulkley, Joseph 50 
 
 Bulkley, Peter 42, 50, 51, 78, 78«. 
 
 Bull, Jeremiah 136 
 
 Bullinger, Henry S^j 59 
 
 Bullivant, Benjamin 167 
 
 Bumstead, Jeremiah 92«. 
 
 Bunyan, John 123, 126, i68«. 
 
 Burgersdicius, Francis 118, 1 89 
 
 1 urgesse, A i%n. 
 
 Burnet, Bishop 
 
 112, iiln.y I47, 187, 188, 193 
 
 Burrowes, 45«. 
 
 Burton, Henry 52, 58 
 
 Burton, Richard or Robert, 
 
 See Nathaniel Crouch 
 Burton, Robert 
 
 53> i39> 140, 141, 142, i47«-> 160 
 
 Burton, William 128 
 
 Busby, Abraham 38 
 
 Busby, John 38 
 
 Busby, Nicholas 38 
 
 Butler, Samuel, Hudibras 
 
 147, i47«., i6on., 186, 187 
 
 Buttoiph, Nicholas 116 
 
 Buxtorf, John 131, 189 
 
 Byles, Mather 195, 213 
 
 Caesar 25, 129 
 
 Calamy, Edmund. .150, i^on., 176, 197 
 
 Calef, Robert 139, I39«., 162 
 
 Call to Backsliders 188 
 
 Calvin 25, 27, 58, 59, 150, 175 
 
 Cambridge Concordance 1 19, 175 
 
 Camden, Jo jm, 
 
 Camden, William 
 
 26,31,38,39, 52,60, 121, 147W. 
 
 Camel, 131 
 
 Campbell, Duncan 114, 115, 127 
 
 Campbell, John 203, 207«., 213 
 
 Capen, Joseph 162, 163W. 
 
 Carion, J 60 
 
 Carpenter, I., Merchants' Accounts ... 38 
 
 Carter, 131 
 
 Carter, Captain Thomas 117 
 
 Carter, Thomas (of Woburn) i8«, 
 
 Cartwright, Thomas 50 
 
 Cary, Robert 125 
 
 Caryll, Joseph 126, 131 
 
 Casaubon, Meric ion. 
 
 Cassini, G. D 72 
 
 Catechisms 174, 188, 189 
 
 Caukin, 55 
 
 Cave, William 124 
 
 Cawdrey, Robert 26 
 
 Centlivre, Susannah 93 
 
 Cervantes I48 
 
 Chamberlayne, Edward, State of Eng- 
 land 122, 131 
 
 Chaplin, Jeremiah 
 
 i8«., 3o«., 35«., 40«., 4i«., 77«. 
 
 Chapman, George 31W. 
 
 Charas, Moses no 
 
 Charles 1 77 
 
 Charles II 21, 70W., -jm., -jc,, 75W. 
 
 Charles, Character of King 53 
 
 Charleton, Walter 118 
 
 Charnock, Stephen 188 
 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey 
 
 146, I46«., 147, I47«., 185 
 Chauncy, Charles 
 
 15. 17. 18, 19,77.99. 127 
 
 Chauncy, Mrs. Charles 77 
 
 Chauncy, Ichabod 22«. 
 
 Chauncy, Isaac 22«. 
 
 Chemica, Collectanea 178 
 
 Chemicum, Theatrum 1 28 
 
 Child, 52 
 
 Child, Robert 17, 4l«-, 43. 45 
 
 Child, Tom 205 
 
 Chiswell, Richard 124, 125W., 133 
 
3IO 
 
 Index. 
 
 Chittenden, Park 29 
 
 Choyse, Dr 5 <; 
 
 Chrysostom io6«. 
 
 Church, History of the 27 
 
 Cicero 31, 38, 118, 131, 188 
 
 Clap, Roger i\on. 
 
 Clap, Thomas 184W., 187W. 
 
 Clarendon, Earl of, 68«., 70«., 71M., 185 
 
 Clark, William 117 
 
 Clarke, John (of Hull) 189 
 
 Clarke, John (of Newport) 70, 70W. 
 
 Clarke, S;:muel 131 
 
 Cleveland, John 186 
 
 Clough, Samuel 133 
 
 Coddington, William 56«., I36«. 
 
 Cogan, Thomas 38 
 
 Coggan, Caleb 5 1 w. 
 
 Coggan, John ^m. 
 
 Coke, Sir Edward. . 123, 139, i6ow., 175 
 
 Colden, Cadwallader 200 
 
 Cole, Elisha 188 
 
 Coleman, Ann 49 
 
 Collier, Jeremy 174, 174"., 186 
 
 Collins, John 66 
 
 Collins, Nathaniel 161 
 
 Colman, Benjamin, 92«., 102, 104, I04«., 
 
 148, 154, 174, 181, 182, i83«., 189, 
 
 197, i97«., 207«., 2o8«. 
 
 Colson, Nathanson 119 
 
 Comenius, i9«., 7i«.; Janua Linguarum, 
 
 38 
 
 Common Prayer 118 
 
 Confessio Fidei 188 
 
 Confession of Faith 59, 174 
 
 Cook, Elizabeth C. 
 
 187K., 195, i95«., 203«. 
 
 Cook, George 65 
 
 Cooke, Elisha 133 
 
 Cooper, 51 
 
 Cordier, Mathurin 118,188 
 
 Cornwallis, Sir William 26, 29 
 
 Coryat, Thomas 165 
 
 Cotterell, Sir Charles 93 
 
 Cotton, John, 17, 18, 23, 35, 49, 58, 62, 
 
 68,83, 109, 112, 135, i35«., i63«.,209«. 
 
 Cotton, John, Jr 50 
 
 Cotton, Seaborne 50 
 
 Cowes, James 116 
 
 Cowley, Abraham 147, 185, 187 
 
 Crakanthorpe, Richard 128 
 
 Crenius, See Crusius 
 
 Crisp, Richard 1 56«. 
 
 Crompton, Richard 175, 175W. 
 
 Cromwell, Henry 65 
 
 Cromwell, Jane 64 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, 18, 21, 63, 64, 65, 66, 
 
 67, 68, 68«., 7i«. 
 
 Crossel, 128 
 
 Crouch, Nathaniel, 138, 138W.; 'Two 
 
 Journeys to Jerusalem, 123 
 
 Crown Garland 121 
 
 Crowne, John 75 
 
 Crowne, William 75 
 
 Crusius (Crenius), Thomas, 177, I77«. 
 
 Cudworth, James 77 
 
 Curtius, Quintus 60, 6ow. 
 
 Cutler, A. E 52W. 
 
 Cutts, Lord 197 
 
 Dalton, Michael 123 
 
 Danckaerts, Jasper 
 
 loi, 102, I02W., 156, i56«., 157, i57«. 
 
 Danforth, John lo-jn., 209 
 
 Danforth, Judge 213 
 
 Danforth, Samuel (1626-1674) 
 
 4072., 57, 90, 107 
 
 Daniel, Sir Richard 42 
 
 Davenport, John 
 
 18, 46, 47, 52, 55«., 56«., 73, 74 
 
 Davie, Sir John 1 84 
 
 Davison, William 15 
 
 Daye, Matthew 40W. 
 
 Daye, Stephen 23 
 
 Dean, Francis l8«. 
 
 Deane, Samuel 77 
 
 Deans, Steven 28 
 
 Defoe, Daniel loow., 198 
 
 Dekker, T 26, 26w. 
 
 Delamer, H 179 
 
 Dell, William 35 
 
 Deloney, Thomas, Garland of Delight, 
 
 121; Gentle Craft, 123 
 
 DeMontmorency, J. E. G 23W. 
 
 Demosthenes 53, 129 
 
 Desborough, John 64 
 
Index. 
 
 311 
 
 Desborough, Mrs. John 64 
 
 Desborough, Samuel 64 
 
 Descartes, Ren6 128 
 
 Devill, [? Davell] 2o8w, 
 
 Dexter, Franklin B., I5«., i6w., lyw., 
 
 29M., ySw., 153W., 172W., i86m. 
 
 Dexter, Henry Martyn 15W. 
 
 Digby, Sir Kenelm, 41, 4i«., 42, 42^., 
 
 66, 67, 71, I34«., 142, 179 
 
 Diodati, Giovanni 117 
 
 Dionysius 2^ 
 
 Dobson, Austin 194 
 
 Doddridge, Sir John, Office of Executors, 
 
 Dorney, Life of Henry 112 
 
 Douglass, William 172, 200 
 
 Downing, Emanuel 44«. 
 
 Downing, George 21, 99«. 
 
 Downing, James 32 
 
 Drake, Samuel Gardner I78«. 
 
 Draxe, Thomas, Calliopceia 31 
 
 Drury, [? John Durie] 47 
 
 Dryden, John 77, 84«., 146, 150 
 
 DuBartas, G 60 
 
 Dudley, Joseph 126, 154, 197 
 
 Dudley, Paul. . .102, 108, 172, 193, 199 
 
 Dudley, Gov. Thomas 39, 76 
 
 Dugard, William 189 
 
 Dugdale, William 128, 149 
 
 Dummer, Jeremiah 
 
 104, 184, 187, I97«., 200 
 Duniway, Clyde A. . . . 49«., 6gn., iS'jn. 
 
 Duns Scotus 31 
 
 Dunster, Henry, 16, 18, 19,35,40,43,46 
 
 Dunster, Henry, (father of above) 35 
 
 Dunster, John 22«. 
 
 Dunster, Thomas 35 
 
 Dunton, John, 63, 114, 116, 119, 124, 
 126, 135, 156, 157, 195; Letters, G^n., 
 ii5«., ii9«., 120, 120K., i27«., i35«.; 
 Life and Errors, ii^n., i^S"- 
 
 Duport, James 20«. 
 
 Durie, John 47 
 
 Dutch /Annotations 175 
 
 Dutch Physic 38 
 
 Dutch fVork, A 38 
 
 Dutton, William 68«. 
 
 Dyke, Daniel 51 
 
 Dyke, Jeremiah 32 
 
 Eaton, Nathaniel 16, 19, I9«. 
 
 Eaton, Samuel 36, 36«. 
 
 Eaton, Theophilus 77 
 
 Edwards, 176, 193 
 
 Edwards, David 133 
 
 Effect of War 130 
 
 Eggleston, Edward ioo«., io8«. 
 
 Elegant Phrases 31 
 
 Elias Levita 131 
 
 Eliot, Benjamin 116, i77«. 
 
 Eliot, John. . . .36, 46, 48, 49, 78«., 113 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen 15, 20«. 
 
 Elizabeth, History of ^ueen 25 
 
 Ellis, John Harvard, 44W., 60, 6ow., 77«. 
 
 Endicott, Gov. John 57> 79 
 
 England, Chronicle of 25 
 
 English Dictionary, An 189 
 
 English Exercises 188 
 
 English Grammar, An 34 
 
 Ephemerides Medico-physicae . . 1 40, 1 43 
 
 Epictetus 31 
 
 Epicurus 54 
 
 Epps, 1 1 2 
 
 Erasmus 
 
 3i> 36, 37> 122, 130, 148, I48«. 
 
 Espagnet, Joh 72«. 
 
 Essays Moral and 1'heological 31 
 
 Euripides 129 
 
 Eusebius 5^ 
 
 Euwichius 140 
 
 Evans, Charles 82«., i6i«. 
 
 Evelyn, John 129 
 
 Everard, Dr 72W., 128 
 
 Everett, William 105 
 
 Evevautius 128 
 
 Evonymus 3^ 
 
 Ewer MSS 75«. 
 
 Eyre, Mrs. Katharine 201 «. 
 
 Fabre, P. J 46 
 
 Fairfax, Sir Thomas 65 
 
 Falkland, Lord 68 
 
 Farnaby, Thos., Phraseologia Anglo- 
 
 latina 188 
 
 Faust us. History of Dr.. . . 121, 122, 123 
 
312 
 
 Index. 
 
 Feltham, Owen . .31, 121, 122, 135, 186 
 
 Fenner, William 131 
 
 Fenwick, George 76 
 
 Fetherston, 23 
 
 Filmer, Edward, Defence of Dramatic 
 
 Poetry 186 
 
 Finch, Sir Henry 138, isSn. 
 
 Firmin, Giles 16, 62«., 131 
 
 Fitch, James i8w. 
 
 Flavel, John 119, 188, 189 
 
 Fleet, T 214 
 
 Fleming, Robert 1 89 
 
 F/eta 175 
 
 Fletcher, G 179 
 
 Fletcher, Henry, Perfect Politician, 121 
 
 Flint, Henry 183 
 
 Flint, Josiah 91 
 
 Flint, Thomas 78, 78«. 
 
 Flint, Mrs. Thomas 78«. 
 
 Florilegium Pbraseun 188 
 
 Florus, Lucius Annaeus 188 
 
 Fludd, Robert 22^ 34' 
 
 Folger, Peter 1 59 
 
 Ford, Emanuel, History of Parismus 
 
 120, 122 
 Ford, Worthington C, 53«., 92^., 
 
 I09«., 120W., I22«., 123, I23«., i68«. 
 
 Forestus 141 
 
 Fortescue, General 65 
 
 Fortunatus 121 
 
 Foster, Edward 28, 28w., 77 
 
 Foster, John, 108, 115, 116, 162, iS^n., 
 
 201 M. 
 
 Fox, George 136, i36«. 
 
 Fox, John 36, 38, 58, 128 
 
 Franckius, Dr 198 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin. . . . i63«., 214, 215 
 
 Franklin, James 187, 195, 203, 215 
 
 Franklin, Richard 131 
 
 Frantzius 131 
 
 Freck, John 42 
 
 Freck, Ralph 42 
 
 Frederick, Princeps 72«. 
 
 Freherus, M I34«' 
 
 Freherus, Paulus 175 
 
 French books 39 
 
 Fruit Trees, Treatise of 54 
 
 Fulke, William 58 
 
 Fuller, Samuel 29 
 
 Fuller, Thomas, 17^., i8«., 52, 93, 142W., 
 147, i47«., 149, i49«., 160 
 
 Gaine, John i68«. 
 
 Galatinus, Petrus 34 
 
 Gale, Theophilus 134, I34«. 
 
 Galileo, Gal 72W. 
 
 Garden of Health 38 
 
 Gardiner, Lion 37 
 
 Gassendi, Pierre 135, 185 
 
 Ganger, Guide to the Practical 185 
 
 Gaule, John 139, I39«. 
 
 Gay, Hezekiah 45«. 
 
 Gay, Mrs. John (mother of Hezekiah) 
 
 45W. 
 
 Gay, John 1 87 
 
 Gee, Joshua 182 
 
 Gellius, Aulus 131 
 
 George, 210 
 
 Gerard, John 38«. 
 
 German Epbemerides 140, 143 
 
 Gerrish, Samuel i77«-> 182, 183 
 
 Gerrish, Mrs. Samuel 207n. 
 
 Gibbs, Henry 158 
 
 Gibbs, Margaret 158 
 
 Gibbs, Robert 79 
 
 Gibson, William 28 
 
 Gilbert, John 29 
 
 Gilbert, Thomas 6^n. 
 
 Gilby, Anthony 93 
 
 Gillespie, G 58 
 
 Gilson, William 77 
 
 Glanvil, Joseph, lo-jn., 118, I42, 160,186 
 
 Glauber, John R 46, 47, 72/7., 185 
 
 Glendall, 38 
 
 Glisson, William 123 
 
 Glover, John 22w. 
 
 Glover, Jose 40«. 
 
 Glover, Mrs. Jose 40». 
 
 Goad, Dr 32 
 
 Goclenius 131 
 
 Goddard, Dr 72"-, 73 
 
 GofFe, William 66 
 
 Golden Remains 53 
 
 Goodwin, Thomas 131 
 
 Gookin, Daniel 63W., 66, 137 
 
Index. 
 
 313 
 
 Gookin, Frederick William. . .6^n.,66n. 
 
 Gookin, Nathaniel 181 
 
 Gordon, Patrick 189 
 
 Gorton, Samuel S^n. 
 
 Gothar, Princeps 72W. 
 
 Gott, Charles 55n. 
 
 Gouge, William 27 
 
 Graves, Thomas 42 
 
 Gray, James 192, 193 
 
 Greek Grammar 188 
 
 Green, Bartholomew 94«. 
 
 Green, Bartholomew, Jr 80 
 
 Green, Samuel (printer) i68w. 
 
 Green, Samuel Abbott 
 
 4IW., i63«., i99«., 2oi«. 
 
 Greene, Robert 54 
 
 Greenough, C. N \2on. 
 
 Gregory, David 185 
 
 Gretser, James, 'RavCKiKov bCopov .... 31 
 Grew, Nehemiah, 72«., 174; Museum 
 Regalis Societatis, 185 
 
 Griffin, John 116 
 
 Grindal, Archbishop 77 
 
 Grocer, Thomas 53 
 
 Grosthead, R 58 
 
 Grotius, Hugo 53, 189 
 
 Gruling, Philip 34 
 
 Gualter, Rodolph 59 
 
 Guardian 1 87, 194 
 
 Guicciardini 27, 59 
 
 Gurdon, 32 
 
 Guy of JVarwick 121 
 
 Gyles, Sir Richard i83«. 
 
 Haak, Theodore 70 
 
 Haiward, John, Strong Helper 189 
 
 Hakluyt, Richard, 26, 122, 135, 178, 182 
 
 Hale, John 138 
 
 Hale, Sir Matthew. . . 124, 125, 130, 186 
 
 Hall, Joseph 35, 131 
 
 Halle, Edward, Union of York and 
 
 Lancaster 1 28 
 
 Halley, Edmund io8«., 1 84, 1 85 
 
 Hampden, John 68 
 
 Harcourt, Robert, Voyage to Guiana . . 54 
 
 Harlakenden, Roger 40 
 
 Harris, Benjamin, 108, 115, 116, i68«. 
 Harris, John 175 
 
 Harrison, Major-General 64 
 
 Hartlib, Samuel 47, 56, 70, 73, 74 
 
 Harvard, John 
 
 16, 18, 26w., 30, 36^., 40, 78 
 
 Haselrig, Sir Arthur 68 
 
 Hatch, William 28 
 
 Hatherly, Timothy 77 
 
 Hatton, 178 
 
 Haynes, Gov. John 22«., 65, 89 
 
 Haynes, Mrs. John 65 
 
 Haynes, John, Jr 65 
 
 Hayward, J 179 
 
 Hazell, John 28, 29 
 
 Head, Richard, English Rogue 120 
 
 Health, Rules of 125 
 
 Heath, Sir Robert 175 
 
 Hebrew Grammar 1 89 
 
 Heereboord, Adrianus 118 
 
 Helmont 46, 72«., 128, 185, 222 
 
 Help to Discourse 132 
 
 Helvetius, J. F 72«. 
 
 Henchman, Daniel 179 
 
 Henchman, Richard 
 
 168, 205, 205«., 2o6«., 207, 208 
 
 Henry, Matthew 175 
 
 Her and His {Haec et Hie) 123 
 
 Herbert, Edward 72W. 
 
 Herbert, George, ion., 52, 52«., 57, 131, 
 
 137, 148, 176, 182 
 
 Herbert, Thomas 185 
 
 Herodotus 135 
 
 Herring, Francis 26 
 
 Hesiod 129 
 
 Hetherley, 23 
 
 Heurnius, J 141, 142 
 
 Hevelius, Joh 72, 72W. 
 
 Heydon, Sir John 72«. 
 
 Heylyn, Peter, 31, 36, 185; Journey 
 
 of France, 53 
 
 Heywood, Thomas 54 
 
 Hibbens, William 63^. 
 
 Hicks, William, Oxford Jests 122 
 
 IJigginson, Rev. Francis i6«., 65 
 
 Higginson, Francis (son of Francis) 
 
 65,153 
 Higginson, Francis (son of John). . .153 
 
 Higginson, Rev. John i8«., 153, 155 
 
 Higginson, Nathaniel 153 
 
SH 
 
 Index. 
 
 Higginson, Thomas 153 
 
 Hildersham, Arthur 50 
 
 Hildesheim, F 142 
 
 Hinckley, Samuel 77 
 
 Hinckley, Gov. Thomas I36«. 
 
 Hippocrates I40 
 
 History of Sham Plots I40 
 
 History of the World 25 
 
 Hoadley, John 64 
 
 Hoar, John 77 
 
 Hoar, Leonard. . .22w., 77, 99, loi, 149 
 
 Hoar, Mrs. Leonard 77, 99^., 149 
 
 Hobart, Sir Henry 123 
 
 Hobart, Nehemiah 
 
 191, 205, 2o6«., 207«. 
 
 Hobby, Sir Charles 207W. 
 
 Holder, William 1 10, 174 
 
 Holinshed, Raphael, Chronicles, 25, 128 
 Hollis, Thomas. . .171, I7i«., 181, 182, 
 183, 18377., 186, 187 
 
 Holyoke, Edward 5i«., 181 
 
 Holyoke, (son of Edward) . . .51W, 
 
 Homer 25, 31, 129, 189 
 
 Hooke, Robert 
 
 7i«., 108, 125, 143, i43«., 179 
 
 Hooke, William 15, 66 
 
 Hooke, Mrs. William 66 
 
 Hooker, Thomas 17, 18, 45, 49, 57, 
 
 857;., 89, 8977., 209«. 
 
 Hopestill, Elder 2ion. 
 
 Hopkins, Edward 66, 66n. 
 
 Horace 53, 129, 188 
 
 Hord, 46, 46«. 
 
 Horn, Andrew I75"- 
 
 Horn-books 119 
 
 Hornby, William 26 
 
 Home, 125 
 
 Horneck, Anthony 125 
 
 Hornius, Georgius 150 
 
 Horstius 140 
 
 Hotchkis, Thomas 125 
 
 Hough, Samuel i8«. 
 
 How, Job 115, 116 
 
 How, John 115 
 
 Howard, Charles 71W., 73 
 
 Howell, James, 129, 147, i47«.; Ger- 
 man Dyet, 54 
 Howell, William 178 
 
 Howes, Edmund 52 
 
 Howes, Edward 32, 32W,, 23 
 
 Howgill, Francis 136 
 
 Hubbard, William 131 
 
 Hugenius, Christian 185 
 
 Hull, John 65«., 66«., 157 
 
 Humfrey, John 32, 76 
 
 Humfrey, Lady Susan 76 
 
 Hunford, Thomas i8«. 
 
 Hutchinson, Anne 77, 90 
 
 Imposts and Customs 38 
 
 Informer s Doom 1 23 
 
 Interest of States and Kingdoms 38 
 
 Isaacson, Henry 129 
 
 Isagoge Pbisico Magico, &c 34 
 
 Isocrates 31 
 
 Izacke, Richard 129 
 
 Jacie, Henry, See Jessey 
 
 Jacob, H 59 
 
 James IL.... 153, 154 
 
 James, Captain 23 
 
 James, Thomas i8n. 
 
 Jameson, J. Franklin 22w., y6n. 
 
 Jenner, Thomas 37 
 
 Jenney, John 28 
 
 Jerome, St 39, 131 
 
 Jessey, Henry 3'^y 35^ 46, 46". 
 
 Jests, Book of 53 
 
 Jewell, J 59 
 
 Johnson, 131 
 
 Johnson, Lady Arbella 76 
 
 Johnson, Edward, 22n., 62y 76, 84, 95W. 
 
 Johnson, Isaac 32, 76 
 
 Johnson, John 4477., 45, 57, 5777. 
 
 Johnson, Marmaduke, 4177., 94, 9477., 
 
 108, 115 
 
 Johnson, R 26 
 
 John.son, Samuel 172 
 
 Johnson, William (father of Edward) 76 
 
 Johnston, I4277. 
 
 Jollie, T Ill 
 
 Jones, Inigo 128 
 
 Jonson, Ben 186, 193 
 
 Jordan, Thomas, Royal Arbor, 121; 
 
 Cabinet of Mirth, 132 
 Josephus 29, 53, 103, 139 
 
Index. 
 
 315 
 
 Josselyn, John 
 
 62, 62«., 79, 79W., Sow., 83 
 
 Jovial Garland 121 
 
 Julian, Emperor 139 
 
 Junius, A4rianus, Nomenclator 189 
 
 Junius, Francis 175 
 
 Jure Maritimo 1 23 
 
 Justin, Martyr 139 
 
 Juvenal 31, 53 
 
 Keayne, Robert 43, 180 
 
 Keble, Joseph, 138; Statutes at Large^ 
 
 38> 123, 174 
 
 Keckerman, Bartholomew 26, 135 
 
 Keffler [? Keppler] 73 
 
 Keith, James dfjti. 
 
 Kempis, Thomas a 94, 94W. 
 
 Kennett, Bishop, 184, 189, 197, I97«.; 
 
 History of England, 185 
 
 Keppler, Joh 71 w. 
 
 Kettell, Samuel 2io«, 
 
 Kick, Abraham 1 1 1 
 
 Kimball, Everett 1 54W. 
 
 King, Edward 86m, 
 
 King and Lord Chancellor's Speeches, 1 25 
 
 Kirby, F 2:i 
 
 Kneeland, Samuel 195, 203 
 
 Kneller, Sir Godfrey 154 
 
 Knight, Sarah Kemble, 195W., 208, 2o8«. 
 Knowles, John 134 
 
 Laet, Jean de 52, 179 
 
 Lake, Thomas 57n. 
 
 Lambard, William 130 
 
 Lane, William C 214, 2i4«, 
 
 Langhorn, Daniel 129 
 
 Langland, Piers Plowman 39, 39W. 
 
 Languet, H 60 
 
 Las Casas, Bart, de 117 
 
 Latin Grammar 188 
 
 Latin Prelections and Determinations 112 
 
 Laud, Archbishop 29 
 
 Law, 'Terms of the 123 
 
 Laws, Book of 39 
 
 Lawson, Deodat 107, 161 
 
 Leader, Richard 55«. 
 
 Lechford, Thomas 54«. 
 
 Lechmere, Edmund 201 
 
 Lechmere, Sir Nicholas 201 
 
 Lechmere, Nicholas (grandson of above) 
 
 201 
 
 Lechmere, Thomas 190, 190W., 201 
 
 Lee, Samuel 6<)n., 127, 152 
 
 Leet, Gov. William 77, 78«. 
 
 LeGrand, Antonius 118 
 
 Leigh, 131 
 
 L'Estrange, Hammond 55 
 
 L'Estrange, Sir Roger 122 
 
 Leusden, John 113 
 
 Leverett, John. . . . 102, 104, 134, lion. 
 
 Leybourn, William 125 
 
 Lightfoot, John 31, 134, 175 
 
 Lincoln, Earl of 76, 77 
 
 Lisle, Lady 99'^-) 149 
 
 Lisle, Lord 77» 99 
 
 Littlefield, G. E., i<)n., iin., 22" •> 4on., 
 
 79«., lojn., 109, 109W., ii5«., ij6n., 
 
 211W. 
 
 Livy... 39 
 
 Lob, Richard 100 
 
 Locke, John 109, 185, 189 
 
 Lodge, Thomas 26 
 
 Logic and Rhetoric 38 
 
 London Bully 123 
 
 London Gazette 1 50 
 
 Lord, Joseph 207«. 
 
 Lord, Robert 49 
 
 Lothrop, John 29, 50 
 
 Love, Christopher 88, 88«. 
 
 Love, John 175 
 
 Lovell, Dr 7i«, 
 
 Lover, The 187 
 
 Lucan 3i» 53. 129 
 
 Lucian 128 
 
 Lucretius ion. 
 
 Lyly, John, Euphues 53 
 
 Lynde, Benjamin 108, 154, 207«. 
 
 Lyon, Captain 207«. 
 
 Lyon, Richard 22«. 
 
 Maccovius, Johannes 17 
 
 Machiavelli 26, 179 
 
 Macrobius 129 
 
 Magdeburg, Centuries of 58 
 
 Mai thus, Thomas 23 
 
3i6 
 
 Index. 
 
 Malynes, Gerard de, Circle of Com- 
 merce 38 
 
 Manchester, Earl of 'jm. 
 
 Mandeville, Sir John 121 
 
 Manton, Thomas I48 
 
 Mantuanus, Baptista 39, 59 
 
 Marana, G. P., Turkish Spy ... 186, 187 
 Markham, Gervase, 122, 130; Country 
 Farmer, 25 
 
 Marolles, L. de 193 
 
 Martial 129 
 
 Martin 59 
 
 Martyr, Peter 59> 60 
 
 Marvell, Andrew 68, 68«., 85, 86 
 
 Mary, ^ueen of Scotland, History of, 1 29 
 
 Mason, John 65, 84 
 
 Masson, David 86«. 
 
 Mather, Cotton, 22, 36, 4IW., 67, 68, 69, 
 102, 104, 105, 106, io6«., 107, 108, 
 ioSk., 113, 126, 127, i35«., 139, 140, 
 143-148, 150, i^on., 159, 160, i6o«., 
 
 161, 162, 165, 166, i66«., 171, 172, 
 177, 17777., 178, I78«., 190, 191, 192, 
 194. 197. 198, 199. i99«-> 200, 202, 
 209/2., 210, 212; Corderius Americaniis, 
 \'1']n.\ Diary, g4n., io6n., 1 13^., 1 14«., 
 i26«., 127?;., i65«., i66«., i77«., 
 lySn., igin., 192W., 198W.; Magnolia, 
 \']n., i8«., I9«., 2i«., iin., 36^., 
 4472., 45«., 57«., 62«., 63^., 66«., 68«., 
 69W., 76«., 77«., 84, 86, 9977., IOI77., 
 I027Z., 10572., 10772., 14472., 14577., 
 14672., 14772,, 14872., 15577., 15872., 160, 
 
 162, 16572., 20972. 
 
 Mather, Increase, 21, 4477., 52, 5272., 64, 
 99, 100, 102, 104, III, 112, 113, 
 1 1377., 1 1777., 124, 12577., 126, 130, 
 
 i35> 137. 140, 141, 142, 153. ^Si^ 
 
 15677., 158, 160, 161, 162, 171, 20977.; 
 
 Prevalency of Prayer, 14277. 
 
 Mather, Katharine 107 
 
 Mather, Nathaniel, 22, 100, 103, 105, 
 
 107, 108, 158 
 
 Mather, Richard 45> 57> 57"-> 59 
 
 Mather, Samuel. .21,64, 102, 133,20777. 
 Mather, Warham 113, 153 
 
 Mather Papers, 5977., 8572., 10077., 10377., 
 1 1 177., 1 1277., 1 1377., 12577., 12677., 
 13877., 15377., 15877., 19177. 
 
 Matthews, Albert i9«'> 19477. 
 
 Maud, Daniel 50 
 
 Maule, Thomas i47"'> 167 
 
 May, Thomas 131 
 
 Mayer, John 37 
 
 Mayhew, Experience, 205, 20677., 20777. 
 
 Mayhew, Thomas 45 
 
 Mayhew, Thomas, Jr 45 
 
 Maynard, Sir John 134 
 
 Mead, Matthew 60, I48 
 
 Mediterranean, Sea Chart of the 185 
 
 Mercury 139 
 
 Merlin, Life of 129 
 
 Merret, Dr 73 
 
 Mildmay, Sir Henry 2277. 
 
 Mildmay, Henry, Jr 2277. 
 
 Mildmay, William 2277. 
 
 Miles, Rev. John 29, 47 
 
 Milton, John, 16, 1677., 2077., 52, 64, 68, 
 69, 70, 707J., 7177., 84, 85, 8677., 93, 
 94, 117, 121, 122, 123, 143-146, 159. 
 179, 181, 182, 18277., 186, 187, 194, 
 195, 211 
 
 Miscellanea Curiosa 185 
 
 Mitchel, Jonathan 45 
 
 Mizaldus, Antonius 142 
 
 Monck, General 64, 66 
 
 Montaigne ^^ 
 
 Moodey, Joshua 20772. 
 
 Moore, John (Bishop of Norwich) 
 
 117, 118 
 
 Moray, Sir Robert 7177. 
 
 Morden, Robert 119 
 
 More, Henry 10777., 160 
 
 More, Thomas 2^, 111 
 
 Morell, William 1677. 
 
 Morian, 47 
 
 Mornay, Philip 59 
 
 Mortimer, Cromwell 7i> 74 
 
 Morton, Charles. .6977., 100, 10077., 152 
 Morton, Nathaniel 
 
 29, 52, 60, 86, 130, 131, 137 
 
 Morwing, Peter 93 
 
 Moryson, Fynes 93, 129 
 
 Moxon, Joseph 131 
 
Index. 
 
 317 
 
 Muggleton, Lodowick 48 
 
 Mullinger, James B. . . .ion., 103, 103W. 
 
 Musculus 60 
 
 Musgrave, Philip 203 
 
 Myles, Samuel 104 
 
 Napier, Lord 71W. 
 
 Navy 0/ Great Britain, History of . . .129 
 Neal, Daniel 
 
 22n., 36/7., I35«., 182, 197, 197W. 
 Nedham, M., Christianissimus Cbris- 
 
 tianandus in 
 
 Nelson, John 132 
 
 Netherlands, History of the 27, 39 
 
 New England Courant, 187, 194, 195, 
 
 203, 212, 2I2«., 213, 215 
 
 New England Weekly Journal. . 195, 213 
 
 Newman, Henry 183, 183^., 200 
 
 Newton, Sir Isaac, 7i«., 75, 128, 184,185 
 
 Newton, Roger i8«. 
 
 Niccols, Richard 31 
 
 Nicholet, Charles S^n. 
 
 Nicholson, Francis 184 
 
 Norden, John 27 
 
 Norfolk, Duke of 71W., 73 
 
 North, Sir Thomas 31, 36 
 
 Northampton, State of 125 
 
 Norton, John, 15, 16, 17, 4l«., 43, 51, 
 
 56, 57, 63«., 69,75,79, 88, 89 
 Norton, Robert, '^1; Gunners Dialogue 
 
 34 
 
 Norton, Samuel 34 
 
 Norwood, Richard 1 19, 130 
 
 Nowell, Alexander 107 
 
 Noyes, Nicholas 205, 205«., 2o6«. 
 
 Nugce Venules 122 
 
 Nye, Philip 1 1 1 
 
 Oakes, Urian 
 
 4i«., 99, loi, loiw., 161, 163 
 Observations of the Imperial Academy 
 
 140, i43«. 
 Observations on State of Turkey ....189 
 Ockland, Christopher, Anglorum Prcelia 
 
 30 
 Oldenburg, Henry, 47, 70, 72, 73, 74, 1 10 
 
 Oldham, John 188 
 
 Oliver, John 49 
 
 Orange, Apology of the Prince of 39 
 
 Orange, History of the House of 189 
 
 Orinda, See Philips, Mrs. Katharine 
 
 Osborn, F 179 
 
 Otho, Historia Doctorum Misnicorum 
 
 132 
 
 Otis, William Bradley 205W. 
 
 Overton, Rebecca 176 
 
 Ovid, 36, 36«., 53, 118, 139, 140, 141, 
 
 1 42, 176, 188, 202W., 2o6«. 
 
 Owen, Dr. John 
 
 51,111,112,126,131,175 
 
 Oxenbridge, John 68, 68«., 69^. 
 
 Oxenbridge, Mrs. John 68«. 
 
 Paget, 131 
 
 Palfrey, John Gorham 
 
 22W., 49«., 5i«., 52/7., 63, 64«. 
 
 Pallavicino, Council of Trent 50 
 
 Palmer, John 56 
 
 Palmer, William 28«. 
 
 Paracelsus 127 
 
 Pareus, David 59, 60, 131, 150, 175 
 
 Parker, Thomas 17 
 
 Parkhurst, Thomas 209«. 
 
 Parks, William 57, 57«. 
 
 Parliament, Appeal to 38 
 
 Partridge, Ralph (died 1658) 90 
 
 Partridge, Ralph (of Duxbury) 51 
 
 Pasor, George 188 
 
 Pattoun, 202 
 
 Paullin 45 
 
 Paulus 141 
 
 Pausanias I4I 
 
 Peacham, Henry, Garden of Eloquence 31 
 
 Pearson, John 175 
 
 Pechey, John, London Dispensatory, 130 
 
 Pecke, John 1 1 1 
 
 Pelham, Herbert 37, 44«. 
 
 Pell, Dr 7i«. 
 
 Pemberton, Eben 207^. 
 
 Pemberton, Henry 185 
 
 Pembroke, Earl of 71W. 
 
 Pembroke, Elkanah 117 
 
 Penhallow, Samuel 100, 189 
 
 Peregrinus, Pet 7i«. 
 
 Perkins, William 37, 39, 139, 139". 
 
 Perry, Michael 92«., 116 
 
3i8 
 
 Index. 
 
 Persius 31, 53, 129 
 
 Peter, Hugh 
 
 18, 4i«., 46, 55«., 63, 63«., 64, 67 
 
 Peterson, Alb 7IW. 
 
 Petto, Samuel in 
 
 Petty, Sir William 174 
 
 Petyt, William 129 
 
 Pharamond 1 20 
 
 Philipot, John 128 
 
 Philips, Mrs. Katharine 85 
 
 Phillips, George 49 
 
 Phillips, Henry 115 
 
 Phillips, Samuel 1 14, 115, 116 
 
 Phillips, William 29 
 
 Philomela, See Elizabeth Singer Rowe 
 
 Philosophical Conferences 143 
 
 Philosophical Transactions, 48, 71, 73, 
 74, 108, no, 143, 172, 199, I99n., 200 
 
 Phipps, Lady 208 
 
 Phipps, Sir William 208 
 
 Phips, 207«. 
 
 Phoenix 60 
 
 Physic and Surgery, Dialogue of 38 
 
 Physician, Family 125 
 
 Pierson, Abraham 16 
 
 Pigott, Edward, Coma Berenices 132 
 
 Pilbeame, James 29 
 
 Pindar ion., 129 
 
 Piscator, John 51 
 
 Pistorius, Johann I34"- 
 
 Plato 128 
 
 Plautus 31, 53, 179 
 
 Pliny 38, 60, 14I 
 
 Plutarch 31, 36, 60, 129, 135 
 
 Poeta Minores 53 
 
 Poetarum Flores 31 
 
 Poetical History 1 22 
 
 Pole, Elizabeth 29 
 
 Pond, Edward 90 
 
 Poole, Matthew, 48, 118, n9; Annota- 
 tions, 51, 175, 180 
 Pope, Alexander 
 
 146, 187, 189, 212, 213, 214 
 
 Pope, Mary, Magistracy 38 
 
 Porcensis 31 
 
 Potter, A. C 30W. 
 
 Powell, 131 
 
 Praetus 140, 141 
 
 Preston, John 148, 175 
 
 Prideaux, Humphrey 52 
 
 Primaudaye, Pierre de la, French Acad- 
 emy 25, 27, 30 
 
 Prince, Gov. Thomas 29 
 
 Prince, Rev. Thomas 
 
 92«., 179, 191, 195, 207«., 213 
 
 Prior, Matthew 193, 194, I94«. 
 
 Prodigies Wonderful 123 
 
 Prynne, William. . . .26, 29, 84, 129, 179 
 
 Pryor, Thomas 28 
 
 Psalmanazar, George, History of For- 
 mosa 132 
 
 Psalms, Singing 38, 189 
 
 Publick Occurrences 167, 202 
 
 Pulton, Ferdinando 123 
 
 Purchas, Samuel 52, 60, 131, 179 
 
 Purchas, Samuel, Jr 53 
 
 Pynchon, William 55? ^9 
 
 Quarks, Francis 3i> 62 
 
 Quincy, Josiah 171M. 
 
 Rabelais 147 
 
 Rainolds, John 26, 179 
 
 Rainsborough, Colonel 64 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 26, 52; History of 
 
 the World, 25, 36, 128, 185 
 Ramus, Petrus, 128, 189; Wars in 
 
 France, 39 
 Randolph, Edward. 126, 126/7., 166, 167 
 
 Ranger, Edmund 115 
 
 RatclifF, John 116 
 
 Rathborne, Aaron 27 
 
 Ravius, Christian 18, \%n. 
 
 Rawlinson, Richard 179 
 
 Rawson, Edward 158 
 
 Ray, John 175 
 
 Reade, Edmund 64 
 
 Reade, Samuel 176 
 
 Reade, Thomas 64 
 
 Reader, The 187 
 
 Reasons Presented by the Dissenting 
 
 Brethren 59 
 
 Reeves, John 48 
 
 Renatus 20jn. 
 
 Reuberus, Justus ^34"- 
 
 Revius, Jacobus 131 
 
Index. 
 
 319 
 
 Reynard the Fox 121 
 
 Reynolds, John 121, 131 
 
 Rhodes, Henry 118,1 "j^n. 
 
 Ricaut, Paul 185 
 
 Ricciolo 72 
 
 Rich, R 26 
 
 Richard III, Life of 132 
 
 Richard, Nathaniel 26, i6n. 
 
 Richardson, Gabriel, State of Europe 
 
 25, 26 
 
 Richardson, John 91 
 
 Riolan, J 128 
 
 Rivet 131 
 
 Robbins, Nicolas 28 
 
 Roberts, Lewis 179 
 
 Robie, Thomas 172, 200 
 
 Robinson, Mrs 5 1 «. 
 
 Robinson, J 58 
 
 Rochester, Earl of 122, 123 
 
 Rocke, Mrs. Joseph 51W. 
 
 Rogers, Ezekiel 43, 44, 57 
 
 Rogers, John 99 
 
 Rogers, Nathaniel 50 
 
 Ross, Alexander 139, I39«. 
 
 Rossiter, William S., Old Boston . . . 1 14«. 
 
 Roves, Conrad 72W. 
 
 Rowe, Elizabeth Singer 149, 197 
 
 Rowland, William, Judicial Astrology 
 
 179 
 
 Rucke, Thomas, Jr 50 
 
 Rupert, Prince 72W. 
 
 Rushworth, John 175 
 
 Rutherford, Samuel 51, 131 
 
 Ryece, Robert 34 
 
 Sacheverell, Henry 193 
 
 Sackville, Dr 72«. 
 
 Saffin, John 77, 149 
 
 St. German 138 
 
 Sallust 31, 129, i47«. 
 
 Saltonstall, Gurdon 108, 184, 193 
 
 Saltonstall, Henry 21 
 
 Saltonstall, Sir Richard 16, 46, 76 
 
 Saltonstall, Richard (son of Sir Richard) 
 
 33 
 Samford, John 32 
 
 Sanderson, Robert 189 
 
 Sandwich, Earl of 72«. 
 
 Sandys, George 36, 2^"-^ S^, 139 
 
 Sat ana Colaphizante, De 114 
 
 Saunderson, Dr 175 
 
 Saurin, James 183 
 
 Savage, Thomas 45«. 
 
 Savile, Sir Henry, Rerum Anglicarum 
 
 Scriptores 52 
 
 Scanderbeg, History of 1 29 
 
 Schernitzius 142 
 
 Schindler 131 
 
 Scoggin, John 121 
 
 Scottow, Joshua 41, 4i«. 
 
 Scottow, Thomas 4i«. 
 
 Scudery, George de 121 
 
 Sebastian, Adventure of Don 26 
 
 Sedgwick, Major-General Robert. . . .65 
 
 Seneca 53, 57, 128, 130 
 
 Serres, J 59 
 
 Sewall, Henry (father of Samuel) . . . 149 
 Sewall, Henry 
 
 (great-grandfather of Samuel) .... 149 
 Sewall, Samuel, 105, 108, 115, 116, 117, 
 148-150, 154, 156, 162, 168, i68«. 
 i7i> 174, 176, 180, 191, 193, 194, 201, 
 202, 205«., 206, 2o6«., 207, loin., 208, 
 2IOW.," Diary, g2n., iijn., i^Sn., 
 i49«., i5o«., iy6n., ig^n., 202«., 
 205«., 2o6«., 207«.; Letter-Book, lo^n., 
 io6«., iijn., Ii8«., ii9«., i49«., 
 i^on., i74«., i75«., ij6n., i8o«., 
 i9i«., i93«., 194"., 202«., 205«., 
 2o6«., 2ojn., 2o8«. 
 
 Sewall, Stephen 154 
 
 Shaftesbury, Earl of 122, 186 
 
 Shaftesbury, Advices to the Men q/. . . 125 
 
 Shakespeare 182, 187 
 
 Sharlot, Henry ^55"- 
 
 Sheffield, Edmund 93 
 
 Shepard, Thomas, 16, 17, 57«., 74, 78«., 
 85«., 89, 94«., 138, 163 
 
 Shepard, Thomas, Jr 138, I38«. 
 
 Sheppard, William 123 
 
 Sherman, John i8«. 
 
 Shrimpton, Henry 79 
 
 Shute, Samuel 202«, 
 
 Sibbs, Richard 131 
 
 Sibley, John Langdon I03«., 104W. 
 
 Sibly, I77"' 
 
320 
 
 Index. 
 
 Sidney, Sir Philip. . . .60, 6ow., 121, 122 
 
 Skeat, Walter W I46W. 
 
 Skelton, Samuel i6n. 
 
 Slegelius, J 72«. 
 
 Sloane, Sir Hans 199 
 
 Small, Walter Herbert 23W. 
 
 Smith, C 131 
 
 Smith, Henry 28 
 
 Smith, John (1580-1631) 26 
 
 Smith, John, (fl. 1673-1680) Horological 
 
 Dialogues 125 
 
 Smith, Judith 28 
 
 Smith, Ralph 15, i6«. 
 
 Smith, Sir Thomas, Commonwealth of 
 
 England 26 
 
 Smyth, Ester 136 
 
 Smyth, Sir John 23 
 
 Smyth, Richard 136 
 
 Socrates, Scholasticus 59, 60 
 
 Somerset, Duke of 200 
 
 Somner, William 129 
 
 Songs of the Redeemed 1 89 
 
 Sophocles 53, 1 29 
 
 South, Dr 188 
 
 Southwell, Sir Robert ~iin. 
 
 Sparks, Dr. Thomas 93 
 
 Spectator 
 
 184, 185, 187, 194, 203, 212, 215 
 
 Speed, John 27, 38, 58, 60, don. 
 
 Spencer, Dr. John 112 
 
 Spenser, Benjamin, London's Complaint 
 
 31 
 
 Spenser, Edmund 2o«., 60 
 
 Sprat, Bishop 48/7., 72«. 
 
 Stadius, Joannes 128 
 
 Stallius 118 
 
 Standish, Arthur 27 
 
 Standish, Miles 25> ^9 
 
 Statutes, Abstract of Penal 39 
 
 Staythrop, 56 
 
 Stedman, Isaac 77 
 
 Steele, Sir Richard 184, 185, 197 
 
 Steere, Richard 161, 211, 21 1«. 
 
 Steiner, Bernard C 6^n., ']6n. 
 
 Stephanus, Henricus 4I, 4IW. 
 
 Stephanus, Robertas 105 
 
 Stephenson, Nicholas 125 
 
 Stierius, Joannes 118 
 
 Still, Bishop 77 
 
 Stillingfleet, Edward 124, 125, 175 
 
 Stockton, Owen iii 
 
 Stone, Samuel 51, 85^., 88, 89 
 
 Stoughton, Israel 49, 65 
 
 Stoughton, Israel, Jr 49 
 
 Stoughton, John (son of Israel) 49 
 
 Stoughton, Dr. John 131 
 
 Stoughton, William 22w., 49, 65 
 
 Stow, John, Survey of London. . .38, 128 
 
 Stretton, Richard 106 
 
 Stubbes, Philip 179 
 
 Swedish Intelligencer 25, 26, 39 
 
 Swift, Dean 187, 188 
 
 Sylvester, Joshua 60 
 
 Symson, Patrick 59 
 
 Tacitus 50, 129 
 
 Tanckmarus, Dr 72«. 
 
 Tappin, John 115 
 
 Tappin, Joseph 115 
 
 Tarnovius, Joannes 51 
 
 Tate, Nahum 92, 92K. 
 
 tatler 184, 185 
 
 Taylor, Edward 136^., 162, 207«. 
 
 Taylor, Jeremy, 16, 27, 58; Gate to 
 
 Heaven, 125 
 
 'Telltale 214 
 
 Temple, Sir Thomas 
 
 42, 56, 75, 75«., 132 
 
 Temple, Sir William 121, 182, 186 
 
 Tench, Edward 49 
 
 Terence 31, 118, 129, 189 
 
 Term Catalogues 125 
 
 Tey, John 49 
 
 Thacher, Rev. Peter 18 
 
 Thacher, Thomas 18 
 
 Thesaurus Poeticus 31 
 
 Thomas, Isaiah 
 
 40«., 8o«., 8i«., 92«., 203^., lion., 213 
 
 Thomas, William 28 
 
 Thompson, Mrs. William 100 
 
 Thomson, James 211 
 
 Thorncomb, Andrew 1 14, 1 16 
 
 Thornton, Thomas 69W, 
 
 Thorowgood, Thomas 150 
 
 Thuanus 1 80 
 
 Thucydides ion. 
 
Index. 
 
 321 
 
 Thurston, Dr no 
 
 Tighe, Dr 93 
 
 Tilden, Nathaniel i8, 77 
 
 Tillotson, John 188 
 
 Tindall, W 59 
 
 Toland, John, Amyntor 117 
 
 Tompson, Benjamin 159 
 
 Tozer, Henry 125 
 
 Tradescant, J yaw. 
 
 Tremellius, Immanuel 105, 175 
 
 Trenchfield, C, Cap oj Gray Hairs . . 121 
 
 Trithemius, Johann 139, I39«. 
 
 Troughton, John in 
 
 T'rojy, Destruction of 121 
 
 Truebner, Nikolaus. . . .8o«., 8i«., 92«. 
 
 Tuckney, Dr. Anthony 125 
 
 Tuckney, Jonathan 112 
 
 Tulley, John i66«. 
 
 Turell, Ebenezer 
 
 104W., I54«., I97«., 214 
 
 Turkish History 25> 39 
 
 Turretinus, Franciscus 118 
 
 Tusser, Tom 147, i47«. 
 
 Tuttle, Julius H 40W., 178 
 
 Twisse, William 51, 132 
 
 Tyler, Moses Coit 
 
 66«., 86, 95, i66«., 205W., 2IOW. 
 Tyng, William 37, 40, 78 
 
 Udall, Nicholas 147 
 
 Uffenbach, Z. C. von 103 
 
 Urry, John i46«., i47«. 
 
 Usher, Dr. Hezekiah 
 
 40, 5i>79. 114, "5. 149. 157 
 
 Usher, Mrs. Hezekiah 149 
 
 Usher, Hezekiah, Jr 1 14 
 
 Usher, Archbishop James 17 
 
 Usher, John 
 
 114, 115, 120, 123, 124, 157 
 
 Valentine and Orson, History of . . . .121 
 
 Valero, Cypriano 117 
 
 Valle, Pietro della 128 
 
 Vane, Sir Henry 16, 46, "jon. 
 
 Vane's Trial, Sir Henry 52 
 
 Vassall, William 77 
 
 Venus in the Cloyster 123 
 
 Verstegan, Richard 53, i47«. 
 
 Verulam, See Francis Bacon 
 
 Vesey, William 104 
 
 Vigenere, Blaise de 46, ^6n., 67 
 
 Vines, Richard 87, 88«. 
 
 Virgil. . . .36, 118, 139, I40, i6o«., 176, 
 187, 188, 2o6«. 
 
 Vives, Lud 59 
 
 Voetius 132 
 
 Vondel ']on. 
 
 Wadsworth, Benjamin 102, 207M. 
 
 Wakeley, Andrew 119 
 
 Walker, William 124, 125 
 
 Wallaeus, Joannes I48 
 
 Walley, Thomas Si^n., 136, I36«. 
 
 Ward, James 22w. 
 
 Ward, John 50 
 
 Ward, Nathaniel 17 
 
 Ward, R 132 
 
 Warwick, Countess of 77 
 
 Waterman, Robert 29 
 
 Watts, Isaac 176, 183, 192, 197 
 
 Webb, Henry 78 
 
 Welde, Thomas 37> 63, (>2,n. 
 
 Welsteed, William 181 
 
 Wendell, Barrett 
 
 2i«., io7«., 150, 155"., 165, i65«. 
 
 Whalley, Edward 66 
 
 Wharton, Lord 153 
 
 Wheeler, Joseph 117 
 
 Wheelwright, John 63M., 67, 68 
 
 Whetenhall, Thomas 59 
 
 Whipple, John 9i«. 
 
 Whistler, Dr 73 
 
 Whiston, Joseph 125 
 
 Whiston, William 184, 185 
 
 White, John 187W. 
 
 Whitfield, Henry 17 
 
 Whitgift, John 59 
 
 Whiting, Mrs 45"- 
 
 W^hiting, Rev. Samuel 112 
 
 Whitmore, W. H I78«. 
 
 Whittaker, 59 
 
 Whittingham, 58, 58«. 
 
 Wierus, Joannes 138, 138K., I4I 
 
 Wiggin, Nathaniel 54 
 
 Wigglesworth, Michael 
 
 92, 95«., 126, 161, 192, 210 
 
322 
 
 Index. 
 
 Wigglesworth, Samuel 210 
 
 Wild, Robert 1 22 
 
 Wilkins, John 72^., 74, 118, 184 
 
 Wilkins, Richard 116, i \gn. 
 
 Willard, Captain I97"- 
 
 Willard, Samuel 189 
 
 Wiliett, Andrew 39. 50> 5i> 59 
 
 Williams, John 189, 191, 207W. 
 
 W'illiams, Roger, 15, 16, i6w., 35, 46, 54, 
 54W., 55W., 64, 69, 83, 84, i36«., 148 
 
 Willis, Dr. Thomas 72W., 128 
 
 Willis, John 132 
 
 Wilson, Arthur 128 
 
 Wilson, John, 35, 43, 51, 57, 62«., 77, 
 
 79>93. 158 
 
 Wilson, John, Jr 51 
 
 Wilson, Thomas 37 
 
 Wingate, Edmund 34 
 
 Winslow, Edward 
 
 ijn., 4in., 62«., 66, 84 
 
 Winslow, Gov. Josiah 158 
 
 Winsor, Justin ^33^- 
 
 Winthrop, Adam 73, 76 
 
 Winthrop, Anne 190W., 201 
 
 Winthrop, Fitz-John 
 
 64,65, 157, 157W., 158^., 201 
 Winthrop, John, Sr., 15, 16, 30, 32«., 
 
 34, 35«., 62, 64, 76, 77, 94«.; Journal, 
 
 i8w., 30«., 62«., B^fi.., 65«., 66w., 
 
 76^., 77«., 84, 84«. 
 Winthrop, John, Jr., i6«., 17, ign., 30, 
 
 3o»-> 32, 33y 37. 41"-. 42, 42"-. 45. 46, 
 47, 54, 54«., 55W., s6n., 57«., 63^., 64, 
 66, 67, 71, 73, 74, 84, 110, i36«., 152, 
 172 
 Winthrop, John, F.R.S., 67, 71, 157W., 
 178/2., 190, 191, 199, 200, 201, 202, 
 
 207«. 
 
 Winthrop, Robert C ijn. 
 
 Winthrop, Stephen 46, 6372., 64 
 
 Winthrop, Wait, 157, 157W., 158, I58«., 
 
 176, 190, 190^., 199, 20IW., 202 
 JVinthrop Papers, 2iw., 32/2., 33n., 34W., 
 
 37"-. 4i«-. 42"-. 44"-. 45"-. 46"., 47«-. 
 6472., 66«., 67M., 73«., 74W., 94W., 
 i57«., 158K., 176W., i84«., 190/2., 
 199/2., 200/2., 201/2., 202/2., 207/2. 
 
 Wiswall, John 133 
 
 Witchcraft, Discourse of 132 
 
 Wither, George 
 
 26,31,85, 137, 179, 182 
 
 Witherly, Dr 72/2. 
 
 Wolcott, Henry 63/2. 
 
 Wolcott, Samuel 63/2, 
 
 Wonders of the Female World 1 23 
 
 Wood, Anthony a 21, I47, 155 
 
 Wood, William 83 
 
 Woodbridge, Benjamin. .21, 22/2., 163/2. 
 
 Woodbridge, John 18/2. 
 
 Woodbridge, Timothy 207/2. 
 
 Woodrop, William 69/j. 
 
 Woodward, John, 184, 190, 190/2., 199/2. 
 
 Worsley, Benjamin 73 
 
 Wotton, Sir Henry 72W., 186 
 
 Wotton, Matthew 117 
 
 Wren, Sir Christopher 72/2. 
 
 Wycherley, William 187 
 
 Xenophon 128 
 
 Yale, Elihu 153, 184, 186 
 
 Young, Anthony 176 
 
 Zepper, Wilhelm 60 
 
Errata and Notes, 
 
 Page 128, 1. 12: For "augment [atione]" read "augment [is]." 
 
 Page 131, 1. 6: For "State of E [urope]" read "State of E [ngland]." 
 
 Page 150, Is. 4 and 5: Hornius' "Carthaginian Dream" is a reference to page 
 
 129 of Lib. II of "De Originibus Americanis." 
 Page 185, 1. 3: For "Huylin" read "Heylyn." 
 Page 197, 1. 17: For "Edward Calamy" read "Edmund Calamy." 
 
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 
 
SKVEiV D. 
 
 loanperIodT 
 
 HOME USE 
 
 OCT 1 7 1 
 
 /'ifroD/sccisc 
 
 FORM NO. DD6, 
 
 BERKELEY. CA 94720 
 
U.C BERKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 CD^^^^7Dll 
 
 ■^•>