^<|o-~ -'0#=# V-JJ'- Y •/• X O- '^•' Y -X: '< *( ' *l ■< '- -, •, '. /?>: m ■t. .' .1. .1- .1 vi- 0' ••' -> -^ 0- Nj. v.;. •>>./ v' «4 D)Be# iHt UiVlVLKiilY Li^mh,,, !M!VFRSITV OF CAUfORNIA, SAN DIE60 (NIA Y ^?.j/^ -7. a^< lOZ V. THE GENERAL BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY : CONTAINING AN HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ACCOUNT OP THE LIVES AND WRITINGS OF THE MOST EMINENT PERSONS IN EVERY NATION; PARTICULARLY THE BRITISH AND IRISH; FROM THE EARLIEST ACCOUNTS TO THE PRESENT TIME. A NEW EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED BY ALEXANDER ^HALMERS, F. S. A. VOL. L LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. NICHOLS AND SON; F, C. AND J. RIVINGTON ; T. PAYNE; W. OTRIDGE AND SON ; G. AND W. NICOL ; WILKIE AND ROBINSON ; J. WALKER ; R. LEA ; W. lOWNDES ; WHITE, COCHRANE, AND CO. ; J. DEIGHTON ; T. EGERTON ; LACKINGTON, ALLEN, AND CO. ; LONGMAN, BURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWN ; CaDELL AND DA VIES ; C. LAW ; J. BOOKER ; CLARKE AND SONS ; J. AND A. ARCH ; J. HARRIS ; BLACK, PARRY, AND CO.; J. BOOTH ; J. MAWMAN ; GALE AND CURTIS; R.H.EVANS; J, HATCHARO; i. HARDING j J, JOHNSON AND CO. ; E. BENTLEY; AND J. FAVLDER, 1812. ADVERTISEMENT. In presenting a new Edition of the Biographical Dictionary, more voluminous than any of the for- mer, it may be necessary to premise a general sketch of the additions and improvements to be introduced. It appears to have been the original plan of this Dic- tionary to comprise an account of persons of all na- tions, eminent for genius, learning, public spirit, and virtue, with a preference, as to extent of narrative, to those of our own country. And this plan it is in- tended to follow in all its parts, with the exception of some articles confessedly improper for a work of this kind, but with the addition of many more, collected from various sources, foreign and domestic. Many of the years which have elapsed since t publication of the last edition, have been employed in collecting materials for the improved state in which, it is hoped, the Work will now appear ; and much pains have been taken to remove the objections, whether of redundancy or defect, which have been made to all the preceding editions. During the same space, a '<»3 VI ADVERTISEMENT. very great accession has been made to our biographi- cal stock, not only by the demise of many eminent characters in the literary world, but by the additional ardour given to the spirit of literary curiosity. It is to this that we owe many valuable memoirs of authors and writings unjustly consigned to oblivion, but re- covered by the industry of those who, without being insensible to the merit of their own times, are impar- tial enough to do justice to the talents of remote ages. Of the lives retained from the last edition, besides an attempt to restore uniformity of style, there are very few which are not, either in whole or in part, re-written, or to which it has not been found neces- sary to make very important additions. Nor ought this to be construed into a reflection on preceding Editors. Biography was of later growth in this coun- try than in any other ; and every new work, if per- formed with equal industry and accuracy, must excel the past in utility and copiousness. As from works of this description a superior degree of judgment is expected, which at the same time is acknowledged to be rarely found, it becomes necessary to advert to the insurmountable difficulty of making such a selection as shall give universal satisfaction. The rule to admit important and reject insignificant lives, would be useful, were it practicable. But no individual, or considerable number of individuals, can be supposed capable of determining on the various merits that are allotted in biographical collections; and even where we have recourse to those in which ADVERTISEMENT. Vll the critical plan has been professedly adopted, there is in very few cases that decisive concurrence of opi- nion on which an Editor can rely. It has been acknowledged, however, that of the two grand errors, that of redundancy may be com- mitted with most impunity, not only because curiosity after the works of past ages has lately become more extensive, and is nourished by the superior attention bestowed on the contents of our great libraries, as well as by the formation of new and extensive libraries by opulent individuals ; but because there are few lives so insignificant as not to be useful in illustrating some point of literary history. And, what is more impor- tant, it has often been found, since the progress of learning became to be more accurately traced, that persons once considered as insignificant, proved to be so only because little known. Still, as there are some general opinions which may be followed, some general inscriptions of fame which are too distinctly legible to be mistaken, the most ample spaces will be filled by those whose names are most familiar to scholars of all ages and nations. In order, likewise, to obviate as much as possible the errors of selection, it is intended, in the present edition, to subjoin, throughout the whole series, very copious REFERENCES TO AUTHORITIES. These in some similar works, particularly on the Continent, have been either wholly omitted, or given at second-hand so incorrectly as to be useless. But if collected from an inspection of the works referred to^ where that is ym ADVERTISEMENT. practicable, they will always serve to point out to the curious reader where farther information may be found, and at the same time, in lives that are sufficiently co- pious, may justify the Editor, who must in a thousand instances be guided by opinions which he has it not in his power to appreciate. While references to authorities, however, are given, it has not been thought necessary to extend them to a degree of ostentatious minuteness. In referring, for example, to such a work as the Biographia Britan- nica, it cannot, for any useful purpose, be necessary to strip the margins of that work, of those minute re- ferences to a variety of books, p?.mphlets, and records, from which small particulars are taken ; and the same remark may be -applied to Moreri, the General Dic- tionary including Bayle, and other elaborate compi- lations of a similar nature. At the same time, the reader has a right to expect that the original and lead- ing authorities should be carefully pointed out. Another improvement intended in the present Edi- tion, is that of a more, copious list of each Author's Writings than has usually been thought neces- sary. Whatever may be the case with our con- temporaries, we have no.more certain criterion of past reputation and value, than frequency of reprinting, and no njore certain method of estimating tlie learn- ing and taste of past generations, than by inspect- ing the works from which they derived instruction. But in some cases over which oblivion seems to have cast her deepest shades, it may be sufficient to refer to orioinal listSj. and avoid t^t ^fiinjj^teness of descrip- ADVERTISEMENT. IX tion which belongs more strictly to the province of Bibliography, In this part of the present undertaking, it has like- wise been recommended, with great propriety, that the titles of-Books should generally be given in their ori- ginal languages. Much ditiiculty has arisen to collec- tors of Books, as well as to the readers in public libraries, from having a translated title only, which is not to be found in catalogues, nor perhaps, upon that account, easily recollected by librarians. It is intended, there- fore, to restore this necessary information, where it can be procured ; but the Editor finds it due to him- self, to add, that he has not always been so successful in recovering the proper titles of works, as could have been wished. The biographers of most nations have hitherto been partial to translated, and frequently abridged, titles; and whoever has consulted the French biographers, in particular, must be sensible of the great inconveniencies attending this plan, as well as that of naturalizing the names of Authors, which is frequently done in such ^ manner as to create con- siderable confusion. In adverting to this last source of perplexity, the Editor of every new collection of lives, must hope to - find an excuse for those almost unavoidable errors to which he is exposed; and particularly to the danger of repeating the same life under two apparently different names. Even in the present volume, and notwith- standing the care that has been taken to avoid errors of this kind, AlessIj Galeas^ is . afterwards Vol, I, b. X ADVERTISEMENT. repeated under Alghizi-Galeazzo. The Editor is aware that he is pleading bad example, rather than an excuse, when he adds, that he was led into this error by the editors both of the Dictionnaire HisTORiauE, and of that more accurate work the Biographie Universelle. There are few resj^ects in which works of this kind have been more encumbered, than in the admission of Emperors, Kings, Sultans, &c. whose lives are merely passages of history, unintelligible, if short, and if prolix, by no means biographical. Of these a few have been formerly admitted, and may be sup- posed sanctioned by repetition ; but as curiosity sel- dom looks to biographical collections for such subjects, very little addition will be made to this series, except in the case of some roy^l personages of our own coun- try, whose private or public history continues to be interesting. It only remains to be noticed that, according to the original plan, a preference will be given to the Wor- thies of our own country ; a preference, however, not of selfish partiality, but of absolute necessity, as all foreign collections are notoriously deficient in tlie English series. For this it would be unfair to account either from want of learning or research. A more obvious reason is, that most of the foreign biographi- cal collections have been made by Catholics, and in Catholic countries, where it would have been unsafe to enter into tbe merits of Englishmen of renown, either in Church or State. We owe it, however, to ADVERTISEMENT, Xl the illustrious founders of our Learning and Religion, we owe it to ourselves and to posterity, that no name should perish that was once enrolled on the lists of just and honourable fame. , The Editor is aware that, with every degree of cir- cumspection, and the most sedulous care that can he preserved in the conduct of this undertaking, it may not be possible in all cases to avoid the errors which have been pointed out, and to satisfy every exjxicta- tion as to the plan proposed. He can only hope that he may be able, by an adherence to the above rules, to improve upon the labours of his predecessors : and for tlie defects unavoidable in a work of this magni- tude, he relies with confidence on the candour of the Publick. May 1, 1812. *^* Communications respecting persons lately de- ceased, or pointing out any other sources of informa- tion necessary to this work, may be addressed to the Editor, under cover to the Printers, Messrs. Nichols, Son, and Bentley, Red Lion Passage, Fleet-street. Xll ADVERTISEMENT. The New Edition of the Biographical Dictionary will continue to be published in Monthly Volumes, of about 500 pages each, printed with a new type, in a full-sized Demy Octavo, Price 12*. in boards. Printed for J. Nichols and Son ; F. C. and J. Rivington ; T. Payne ; W. Otridge and Son ; G. and W. Nice! j Wilkie and Robinson; J.Walker; R.Lea; W.Lowndes; White, Cochrane, and Co. ; J. Deighton ; T. Egerton ; Lackington, Allen, and Co.; Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown ; Cadell and Davies ; C. Law ; J. Booker ; Clarke and Sons ; J, and A. Arch ; J. Harris ; Black, Parry, and Co.; J. Booth; J. Mawman ; Gale and Curtis ; R. H. jpvans ; J. Hatchard ; J. Harding; J, Johnson and Co. ; E. Bentley ; and J. Faulder. Volume II. with an Index, pointing out the new and re- written Lives contained in that Volume, will be published on the First of June, by Messrs. Wilki^ and Robinson, 57, Paternoster-Row. ^^^ Although it IS impossible, in the present state of the work, to announce the exact number of Vo- lumes to which it will extend, it is calculated that they will not exceed Twenty-one. A NEW AND GENERAL BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. A A (Pkter Vander), an eminent boolvsellcr, who began business at Leyilon about the year lfj82, and devoted his attention princi|)ally to geographical works and the con- struction of maps. A catalogue appeared at Amsterdam in 1729 of his publications, which are very numerous. Those in highest esteem are: 1. "A collection of Travels in France, ItaK% England, Holland, and Russia," Leyden, 1706, 30 vols. 12mo, 2. "A collection of Voyages in the two Indies," Leyden, 1706, 8 vols. fol. ; another edi- tion, 29 vols. 8vo, 1707-1710. This consists chiefly of an abrido-ment of De Brv's collection, with some additions. 3. *' A collection of Voyages in the Indies by the Portu- guese, the English, the French, and the Italians," 4 vols, fol. Leyden. These three works are in Dutch. 4. An "Atlas of two hundred Maps," not in much estimation. 5. " A Gallery of the World," containing an immense quantity of maps, topographical and historical plates, but without leiter-press, in 66 vols. fol. wlijch are usually bound in 35. He also continued Grsevius' "Thesaurus,'* or, an account of the modern Italian writers, with the ^* Thesaurus Antiquitatum Sicilian." He died about 1730i. AA (Christian Charles Henry Vander), a learned divine of the Lutheran persuasion, was born at Zwolle, a town of Overyssel, in 1718, and was a preacher in the Lutheran church at Haerlem for fifty-one years, where his public and private character entitled him to the highest esteem. His favourite motto, "God is love," was the constant rule of his pastoral conduct. In 1752, he had the » Diet. Hist. edit. IS 10. Vol. L B 2 A A. chief hand in establishing the Haerlem Society of Sciences, and in 1778 formed a separate branch for the study of CEconomics. In both he acted as secretary for many years; and, besides some Sermons, pubHshed, in the Transactions of that Society, a variety of scientific papers. He died at Haerlem in 1795'. AAGARD (Christian), a Danish poet, born at Wi- bourg in 161 6, was professor of poetry at Sora, and after- wards lecturer in theology at Ripen, in Jutland. Among his poems are : 1. " De hommagio Frederici HI. Danise et Norw. Regis," Hafnice, 1660, fol. ; and 2. " Threni Hy- perborei" on the death of Christian IV. All his pieces are inserted in the " Deliciae quorundam Poetarum Danorum, Frederici Rostgaard," Ley den, 1695, 2 vols. 12mo. He died in February 1664, leaving a son, Severin Aagard, who wrote his life in the above collection". AAGARD (Nicholas), brother of the above, was libra- rian and professor in the University of Sora, in Denmark, where he died Jan. 22, 1657, aged forty-five years, and left several critical and philosophical works, written in Latin. The principal are: 1. "A treatise on Subterra- neous Fires." 2. "Dissertation on Tacitus." 3. "Ob- servations on Ammianus Marcellinus." And 4. *' A dis- putation on the Style of the New Testament," Sora, 4to, J 655. He and his brother were both of the Lutheran Church 3. AAGESEN (SuEND, in Latin Sueno Agonis), a Danish historian, flourished about the year 1186, and appears to have been secretary to the archbishop Absalon, by whose orders he wrote a history of Denmark, intituled, " Com- pendiosa historia regum Daniie a Skioldo ad Canutum VI.'* This work is thought inferior in style to that of Saxo Gram- maticus ; but, on some points, his opinions are in more strict conformity to what are now entertained by the lite- rati of the North. He was also author of " Historia leaum castrensium Regis Canuti magni," which is a translation into Latin of the law called the law of Witherlag, enacted by Canute the Great, and re-published by Absalon in the reign of Canute VI. with an introduction by Aagesen on the origin of that law. Both works are included in ** Suenonis Agonis filii, Christierni nepotis, primi Danios gentis historici, quae extant opuscula. Stephauus Johannia > Diet, Hist. edit. 1810. « Moreri.— Diet. Hist. 131Q. 3 Ibid. A A G E S E N. 3 Stephanius ex vetiistissimo codice membraneo MS. regiae- bibliothecjB Hafnietisis primus publici juris fecit. Sora;, typis Henrici Crusii," 1642, 8vo. His history is also printed, with excellent notes, in Langebek's " Scriptores rerum Danicarum," vol. I. ; and the " Leges castrenses," are in vol. III. > AARON, a presbyter of Alexandria, the author of thirty books on physic in the Syriac tongue, which he called the Pandects. They were supposed to be written before 620, and were translated out of the Syriac into Araliic, by Maserjawalh, a Syrian Jew, and a physician in the reign of the calif Merwan, about A. D. 683 ; for then the Arabians began to cultivate the sciences and to study physic. In these he has clearly described the small-pox, and the measles, with their pathognomonic symptoms, and is the first author that mentions those two remarkable dis- eases, which probably first appeared and were taken notice of at Alexandria in Egypt, soon after the Arabians made themselves masters of that city, in A. D. 640, in the reign of Omar Ebnol Chatab, the second successor to Moham- med. But both those original Pandects, and their transla- tion, are now lost ; and we have nothing of them remain- ing, but what Mohammed Rhazis collected from them, and has left us in his Continens ; so that we have no certain account where those two diseases first appeared ; but it is most probable that it was in Arabia Foslix, and that they were brought from thence to Alexandria by the Arabians, when they took that city", AARON (St.) a Briton, who suffered martyrdom with another, St. Julius, during the persecution under the em- peror Dioclesian, in the year 303, and about the same time with St. Alban, the protomartyr of Britain. What the British names of Aaron and Julius were, we are not told ; nor have we any particulars of their death. They had each a church erected to his memory in the city of Caer-Leon, the antient metropolis of \Vales, and their festival is placed, in the Roman Martyrology, on the first of July ^ AARON-HARISCON, a celebrated Jewish rabbi, was a physician at Constantinople towards the end of the 13th century-, and a man of extensive reputation. He wrote; * Biographie Universelle, 1811. 2 Mangeii Bibl.— Diet. Hist.— Fabric. Bibl, GiiBC. ' Biog. Brit — Tanner. — Leland. B2 4 AAHON-HARISCON. 1. "A commentary on the Pentateuch ;" a translation of which into Latin was published at Jena, 1710, fol. a work highly praised by Simon, in his Critical History of the Old Testament, and by Wolfius, in his Bibl. Hebraica. It appears by a manuscript of the original, in the library of the Oratory at Paris, that it was written in 1294. 2. "A commentary on the books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings, translated from the Arabic into Hebrew," a manu- script in the library at Leyden. 3. "A commentary on Isaiah and the Psalms," in the same library. 4. " A commentary on Job," which the autlior notices in his first- mentioned work on the Pentateuch. 5. " A treatise on Grammar," a very rare work, printed at Constantinople in 1581, which some have attributed to another Aaron. 6. " The Form of Prayer in the Caraite Synagogue,'* Venice, 1528-29, 2 vols, small quarto". AARON (PiETRo), who flourished in the sixteenth cen- tur}^, was a Florentine, of the order of Jerusalem, and a voluminous v/riter on Music. He first appeared as an au- thor in 1516. when a small Latin tract in tiiree books, *' De institutione Harmonica," which he wrote originally in Italian, was translated into Latin, and published at Bo- logna, by his friend Joh, Ant. Flaminius, of Imola, 4to. 2. " Toscanello della Mnsica, libri tre." This treatise, the most considerable of all his writings, was first printed at Venice, 1523; then in 1529, and lastly, with additions, in 1539, In the Dedication he informs us, that he was born to a slender fortune, which he wished to improve by some reputable profession ; that he chose Music, and had been admitted into the Papal chapel at Rome during the pontificate of Leo X. but that he sustained an irreparable loss by Leo's death. 3."Trattato della natura e cogni- zione di tutti li Tuoni di Canto figurato," Venice, 1525, fol. 4. " Lucidario in Musica di alcune Oppenioni Anti- che e Moderne," 4to. Venice, 1645. In this work we have discussions of many doubts, contradictions, questions, and difficulties, never solved before. 5. " Compendiolo di molti dubbj segreti et sentcnzc intorno il Canto-fermo e figurato," 1547, 4to. This seems a kind of supplement to his Lucidario. There is not much novelty in any of his works; but, in the state of musical science in his time, they were all useful \ 1 Simon Tliljliolli. critique, vol. II. p. 201 — 205. — Clement Bibl. cur. des liv. rares.— Diet. Hist. 1810. — Morcri. 9 Buriiey's Hist, of Music, vol. HI.— Diet. Hist. 1810. A A R S E N S. 5 AARSENS (Francis), lord of Someldyck and Spyck, one of the most celebrated negociators of the United Pro- vinces, was the son of Cornelius Aarsens, (who was gref- fier, or secretary of state, from 15S5 to 1623,) and was born at the Hague in 1572. His father put him under the care of Du[)Iessis Morna}- at the court of William I. prince of Orange. I'he celebrated John Barnevelt sent him after- wards as agent into France ; and, after resichng there some time, he was recognised as ambassador, the first whom the French Court had received in that capacity from the United States; and the king, Louis XIII. created him a knight and baron. After holding this office for fifteen years, he became obnoxious to the French Court, and was deputed to Venice, and to several German and Italian princes, on occasion of the troubles in Bohemia. But such was the dislike the French king now entertained against him, that he ordered his ambassadors in these courts not to receive his visits. One cause of this appears to have been a paper published by Aarsens in 1618, reflecting on the French kiny^'s ministers. In 1620 he was sent as am- bassador to England, and again in 1641 : the object of this last embassy was to negociate a marriage between prince William, son to the prince of Orange, and a daughter of Charles I. Previous to this, however, we find him again in France, in 1624, as ambassador extraordinary, where it appears that he became intimate with and subservient to the cardinal Richelieu ; who used to say that he never knew but three great politicians, Oxenstiern, chancellor of Sweden, Viscardi, chancellor of Montferrat, and Fran- cis Aarsens. His character, however, has not escaped just censure, on account of the hand he had in the death of Barnevelt, and of some measures unfriendly to the liberties of his country. He died in 1641. The editors of the Diet. Historique attribute to him " A Journey into Spain, histori- cal and political," published by De Sercy at Paris, 1666, 4to, and often reprinted ; but this was the work of a grand- son, of both his names, who was drowned in his passage from England to Holland, 1659'. ABANO. See APONO. ABARIS, a celebrated sage, or impostor, whose h/story has been the subject of much learned discussion. Jambli- cus, in his credulous Life of Pythagoras, mentions Abaris as a disciple of that philosopher, and relates the wonders 1 Du Maurier's Memoirs, — Wicqueforl's Treatise on Ambassadors.— Gen. Diet, # A B A R I S. he performed by means of an arrow which he received from Apollo. He also gives the particulars of a conversation which he had with Pythagoras, whilst the latter was detained prisoner by Phalaris, the tyrant. But this narration is filled with so many marvellous circumstances, and chronological errors, that it deserves little credit. Brucker, whom we principally follow in this article, gives the following in- stance. It is said that, in the time of a general plague, Abaris was sent from the Scythians on an embassy to the Athenians. This plague happened in the third olympiad. Now, it appears, from the learned contest between Bentley and Boyle, on the subject of Phalaris, that this tyrant, in whose presence Abaris is said to have disputed with Pytha- goras, did not exercise his tyranny, at the most, longer than twenty-eight-years, and that his death happened not earlier than the fourth year of the fifty-seventh olympiad, which is the opinion of Bentley, nor later than the first year of the sixty-ninth olympiad, which is the date fixed by Dodwell. It is evident, therefore, that Abaris could not have lived, both at the time of the general plague men- tioned above, and during the reign cf Phalaris. The time when he flourished may, with some degree of probability, be fixed about the third olympiad ; and there seems little reason to doubt, that he went from place to place imposing upon the vulgar by false pretensions to supernatural powers. He passed through Greece, Italy, and many other coun- tries, giving forth oracular predictions, pretending to heal diseases by incantation, and practising other arts of impos- ture. Hence the fabulous tales concerning Abaris grew up into an entire history, written by Heraclides. Some of the later Platonists, in their zeal against Christianity, col- lected these and other fables, and exhibited them, not without large additions from their own fertile imaginations, in opposition to the miracles of Christ'. ABATI (Antony), an Italian poet of the 17th century, enjoyed much reputation during his life. He was in the service of the archduke Leopold of Austria, and travelled in France and the Netherlands. On his return to Italy, he was successively governor of several small towns in the ecclesiastical state. He'died at Sinagaglia, in 1667, after a long illness. The emperor Ferdinand III. made a bad acrostic in honour of his memory, but does not appear » B.iyle in Gen. Diet. — Brucker Hist, Philos, abridged by EufieW.— Fabric. Bibl. GrzEC. A B A T I. t to have been a very liberal patron, while he was living. He wrote: 1. " Ragguaglio di Parnasso contra poetastri e partegiani delle nazioni," Milan, 1638, 8vo. 2. *' Le Frascherie, fasci tre," satirical poems, with some prose, Venice, 1651, Svo. 3. "Poesie postume," Boiogna, 1671, 8vo. 4. " II Consiglio degli Dei, dramma per musica," ifcc. Bolosfna 1671, written on occasion of the Peace between France and Spain, and the marriage of Louis XIII. to th© Infanta of Spain'. ABAUZll' (FiRMiN) was born at Uzes on the Uth of November 167^, His father died in the second year after his birth. As his parents were protestants, the mothe^ removed him from France, to prevent his being educated iu the Romish faitii; but it being difhcult to find a secure retreat, he was sent from one place to another, and at last was obliged to wander among the mountains of Ccveanes, and to change his residence as often as his concealment was discovered, until at length he found a safe asylum in Ge- neva. In the mean time his mother was confined in the castle of Somieres ; but nothing could shake her fortitude, or alter her resolution to have her son educated in her own persuasion. Her health was mucii impaired by confine- ment, under which she probably must have died, had not a fortunate occurrence required the commander of the fort to visit Paris. His brother, who occupied his place, in- terested himself in behalf of his prisoner, and obtained her enlargement. Having surmounted various perils, she ar- rived at Geneva two years after her son. The small share which she had been able to save from the wreck of a for- tune which once had been considerable, she expended in the education of young Abauzit, who made a very rapid progress in his studies. Mathematics and natural history chiefly attracted his attention ; but he cultivated almost every department of literature. In 1698 he visited Hol- land, where he became acquainted with the most celebrated literary characters of the place, Bayle, Jurieu, and the Basnages. From Rotterdam he went to England, where he conversed with St. Evremond and sir Isaac Newton. With the latter he afterwards engaged in an epistolary correspondence, and received a compliment which must be esteemed highly honourable. " You," says Sir Isaac, " are a very fit person to judge between Leibnitz and me.'* William III. invited Abauzit to settle in England, and ordered Michael le Vassor to offer some advantageous pro» i Eiograpble Universelle, I8il, 8 A B A U Z I T. posals ; which, however, were not accepted. Filial afiTec- tion, or attachment to the conntry in wliich hehad ohtained a refuge, recalled, him to Geneva; where, in 1723, the University offered him the chair of philosophy, which he declined, pleading the weakness of his constitution, and his inability to do credit to the appointment. In 1726, he lost his mother, to whom he had ever been most affec- tionately attached. In the same year he was admitted a citizen of Geneva, and appointed librarian to the city. He profited by such a favourable opportunity to improve in useful literature. Principally attached to antiquities, he now dedicated to his newly-adopted country the fruit of his labours and his talents. In 1730, he published a new edition of the History and State of Geneva, which had been originally written by David Spon, and printed in two vols. 12mo. The work having already passed through three editions, was committed to Abauzit. Not contented with the mere republication, he corrected the errors, gave two dissertations on the subject, and annexed the public acts and memoi-ials, that were necessary as proofs and illustra- tions. To these were added a copious variety of learned and useful notes, in which he gave an ample detail of facts which were but imperfectly related in the text. Modest himself, he was not ambitious of fame, but assisted others by his labours. Among those who derived benefit from his learning and researches, M. de Meiran alone had the gratitude to acknowledge his obligation. The labours of Abauzit were assiduous, and his knowledge was extensive. While he declined public notice his name was known, and his communications were frequent to most of the celebrated mathematicians, philosophers, and divines in Europe. Not- withstanding the simplicity of his manners, this modest philo- sopher was not, perhaps, without a small share of vanity. For he en)ploved himself in discovering what to his apprehen- sion seemed errors in the different traiislations of the Bible. He could believe nothins: but what he saw, or was sus:- gested by his own ideas, or could be reduced to mathema- tical demonstration, and, becoming sceptical, wished to divest the scriptures of several miracles. He even made some elforts in poetry; but tliey were soon forgotten. He' is acknowledged to have excelled more in diligence, accu- racy, and precision, than in taste or genius. Voltaire, who, had as great an aversion to miracles as Abauzit, esteemed and consulted him. As a citizen of Geneva, the philoso- A B A U Z I T. 9 pher was active in the dissensions of 1734. He exerted himself" in support of the aristocratic party, though he had much of repubHcan zeal. His industry was indefatigable, and he seemed to have written and acted from the convic- tion of his own mind. In religion he adopted and sup- ported the doctrines of Arianism. Tliough declining praise, he acquired the esteem of niany of the most eminent cha- racters in Europe, and received an elegant compliment from Rousseau : " No," says he, " this age of philosophy will not pass without having produced one true philoso- pher, I know one, and I freely own, but one ; but what 1 regard as my supreme felicity is, that he resides in my native country, it is in my own country that he resid<^s : shall I presume to name him, whose real glory it is to re- main almost in obscurity ? Yes, modest and learned Abauzit, forgive a zeal which seeks not to promote your fame. I would not celel>rate your name in an age that is unworthj- to admn-e you. 1 would honour Geneva by dis- tinguishing it as the place of your residence : my fellow- citizens are honoured by your presence. Happy is the coun- try where the merit that seeks concealment is the more re- vealed." The reader will appreciate the merit of Abauzit, in proportion to the value he sets on the esteem of Vol- taire or the praises of Rousseau. He, however, who could gain the approbation of two such opposite characters, could have been no ordinary person. He died on the 20th of March 1767. Abauzit left behind him some writings, chiefly theolo- gical. Of these the principal was an "Essay upon the Apocalypse," written to shew that the canonical authority of the book of Revelation was doubtful, and to apply the predictions to the destruction of Jerusalem. This work was sent by the author to Dr. Twells, in London, who translated it from French into English, and added a refuta- tion, witn which Abauzit was so well satisfied, that he de- sired his friend in Holland to stop an intended impression. The Dutch editors, however, after his death, admitted this essay into their edition of his .works, which, besides, comprehends " Reflections on the Eucharist," " On Ido- latry," " On the Mysteries of Religion," " Paraphrases and explanations of sundry parts of Scripture," several critical and antiquarian pieces, and various letters. An edition without tne Essay on the Apocalypse, was printed 10 A B A U Z I T. at Geneva in Oct. 1770, and translated into English in the «ame year by Dr. Harwood. These writings afford an idea of the merit of Abauzit as a divine. To judge of the depth of his physical and ma- thematical knowledge, it must be remembered that he de- fended Newton against father Castel ; that he discovered an error in the "Principia," at a time when there were few people in Europe capable of reading that work ; and that Newton corrected the error in the second edition. Abauzit was one of the first who adopted the grand con- ceptions of Newton, because he was a geometrician suffi- ciently learned to see their truth. He was perfectly ac- quainted with many languages ; he understood antient and modern history so exactly, as to be master of all the prin- cipal names and dates ; he was so accurate a geographer, that the celebrated Pococke concluded, from his minute description of Egypt, that he must, like himself, have travelled in that country ; he had a very extensive know- ledge of physics ; and lastly, he was intimately conversant with medals and antient manuscripts. All these different sciences were so well digested and arranged in his mind, that he could in an instant bring together all that he knew upon any subject. Of this the following example has been given. Rousseau, in drawing up his Dictionary of Music, Jiad taken great pains to give an accurate account of the music of the antients. Conversing with Abauzit upon the subject, the librarian gave him a clear and exact account of all that he had with so much labour collected. Rousseau concluded that Abauzit had lately been studying the sub- ject : but this learned man, of whom it might almost lite- rally be said that he knew every thing, and never forgot any thing, unaffectedly confessed, that it was then thirty years since he had inquired into the music of the antients. It was probably owing to the strong impression which this incident made upon the mind of Rousseau, that the only panegyric which his wretched temper ever permitted him to write upon a living person, was what is given above upon Abauzit. It yet remains to be noticed that an edition of his works was printed at Amsterdam in 2 vols, after that of Geneva, and, according to the editors of the Diet. His- torique, considerably different from it'. 1 Hist. Lit. de Geneve par Senebier, vol. III. p. 63.— General Biog, by Aikin. — Diet. Histerique, ISIO. A B B A D I E. 11 ABBADIE (James), a learned Protestant divine, was born at Nay in Berne, in 1638, accoruintr to Niceron, or in 1654, as in the Gen. Dictionary. He studied at Puy Laurent, at Saumur, at Paris, and at Sedan ; at uhicli last place he received the degree of doctor in divinity. He intended to have dedicated himself very early to the minis- try ; but the circumstances of tie Protestants of France rendering- it impracticable there, he accepted the offer of the count d'Espense, an officer in the service of the elec- tor oi' Brandenbur^h, by whom he was settled at Berlin, as a French minister. Here he resided many years, and his congregation, at first very thin, was greatly increased by the revocation of the edict of Nantes, la 1688, the elector, Frederic WilUam, died, and our author accepted of an invitation from marshal Schombercr, to d not for his learning, as the learned Dr. Freind supposes. He was a Persian ])hysician, and studied under Abu Maher, another Persian doctor, who probably was of the Magian religion also ; he wrote his book, or Royal Work, at the request of Bowaia the son of Ada- do'ddaula the calif, to whom he dedicates it in the oriental manner, in lofty hyperbolical language, about A. D. 980. It was translated into Latin by Stephen of Antioch in 1 127, in which language we have two editions, Venice 1492, and Leyden 1523, fol. There is an Arabic MS copy in 4 vols, folio in the Leyden library, which was brought by James Golius from the East", ABBATI (NicoLO), an eminent historical painter, was born at Modena in 1512, and was the scholar of Antonio Beggarelli, a Modenese sculptor, whose models Correggio is said to have often made use of for his works. Little is known of his progress at Modena, except that, in partner- ship with his fellow-scholar Alberto Fontana, he painted the pannels of the Butchers hall in that place ; and at the age of thirty -five, for the church of the Benedictines, the celebrated picture of the martyrdom of St. Peter and St. Paul, now in the Dresden gallery : with some fi'esco paint- ings, drawn from Ariosto and Virgil, in the palace Scan- diano. Of his works at Bologna, tradition has left a very distinguished account, though little or nothing exists of them now but the large symbolic picture in the Via di St, Mamolo ; a nativity of Christ, under the portico of the Leoni palace; and four conversation pieces and concertos, of exquisite taste, in the Academical Institute, which have been engraved. Notwithstanding the innate vigour, the genial facility, and independent style of this artist, he owes his fame, in a great measure, to his coalition with Francisco Primaticcio, and to his happy execution of the 1 Biog. Britan. Niceron. 2 rreind's Hist, of Physic. — Mangeti Bibl. in art. Haly.— Fabric, Bibl. Graec, U A B B A T T. designs of that great master, particularly the frescoes he painted in the galleries and apartments at Fountainbleau. These, however, being destroyed in 1738, to make room for a new fabric, nothing remains but a few pictures of the history of Alexander. Some of the others were engraved. The period of his death is not known '. ABBATIUS (Baldus Angelus), a physician, a native of Engubio, a man who is said to have surmounted the prejudices of his age, and wrote: 1. " De admirabili Vi- perae natura, et de mirificis ejusdem facultatibus," of which there are four editions, 1589 — 1660. 2. " Discuss^e concertationes de Rebus, Verbis, et Sententiis controversis," Pisaur. 1594, 4to. There is no account of his deaths ABBO (Cernuus), a monk of St. Germain-des-Pres, was the author of a poetical relation of the siege of Paris by the Normans and Danes towards the end of the 9th centuiy. He was himself of Normandy, and an eye-wit- ness ; and if not eminent as a poet, is at least a faithful and minute historian. His poem consists of twelve hundred verses, in two books, and has been admitted into Pithou's and Duchesne's collections ; but a more correct edition, with notes, and a French translation, may be seen in the *' Nouvelles Annales de Paris," published by D. Toussaint Duplessis, a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur, 1753, 4to. There are also " Five select Sermons" under his name in vol. IX. of D'Acheri's Spicilegium ; and in vol. V. Bibl. P. P. Colon. 1618, is " Abbonis Epistola ad Desi- derium episc." There was originally a third book to his History of the siege, addressed " to the Clergy," which his editors omitted as having no connexion with the history^. ABBO (Floriacensis), or Abbot of Fleuri, a Benedic- tine monk of the tenth century, was born in the territory of Orleans, and educated in the abbey of Fleuri, and af- terwards at Paris and Rheims, where he distinguished him- self in all the learning of the times, and particularly ia mathematics, theology, and history. Oswald, bishop of Wor- cester, in 985, applied to the abbey of Fleuri to obtain a proper person to preside over the abbey of Ramsay, which he had founded, or rather re-established. Abbo was sent over to England for this purpose, and much caressed by- king Ethelred and the nobility. Returning to Fleuri upon » Pilkington's Dictionary of Painters by Fuseli, in art. Abbati, and p. 684. « Diet. Hist. 1810.— Manget. Biblintl). 3 Vossius de Hist. Lat.— Cave, vd. II.->Fabric. Bibl. Lat. Med. iEtat— Diet. Hist, — Saxii Onoma^t, A B B O. 15 the death of the abbot, he was declared his successor. Here he experienced many vexations from some of the bishops, against whom he asserted the rights of the monas- tic order. His enemies charged him with some acrimony against his persecutors. In his justification, he wrote ati apology, which he addressed to the kings Hugh and Ro- bert. Some time afterwards he dedicated to the same princes a collection of canons on the duties of kings and the duties of subjects. King Robert, having sent him to Rome to appease the wrath of Gregory V. who had threatened to lay the kingdom under an interdict, the pope granted him all he requested. Abbo, on his return from this expedition, set about the reform of the abbey of Reole in Gascony. He was here slain in a quarrel that rose be- tween the French and the Gascons, in 1004. His works are: 1. "Epitome de vitis Pontificum," taken from Anasta- sius Bibliothecarius, and published with an edition of that author by Busacus, Mentz, 1602, 4to. 2. "Vita S. Edmundi Anglorum Orientalium regis &martyris," printed in Surius' Lives of the Saints. Tiiere is a MS. of it in the Cottonian Library. 3. " Collectio, seu epitome Canonum," printed by Mabillon. 4. " Epistola ad abbatem Fuldensem,'* in Baluze's Miscellanies, 1678, 8vo. 5. "Letters to Hugh, king of France, to St. Bernard, Gregory," &c. and his Apology, are inserted whole, or in fragments, in his Life by Aimonius, a monk of Fleuri, and his pupil'. ABBOT (Geokge), archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Guildford, in Surrey, Oct, 29, 1562, the son of Maurice Abbot, a clothvvorker in that town, and Alice March, who, having been sufferers by the persecution in queen Mary's reign, educated their children in a steady zeal for the Pro- testant relioion. Georg-e* was sent, with his elder brother Robert, to the free-school of Guildford, where he was edu- cated under Mr. Francis Taylor, and in 1578 was entered of Baliol college, Oxford. On April 31, 1582, he took the degree of bachelor of arts, and Nov. 29, 1583, was elected probationer fellow of his college. After taking his master's degree, Dec. 17, 1585, he entered into holy orders, became a celebrated preacher in the Univer- * Aubrey, in his Antiquities of Sur- and rise to great preferment. She did rey, has a ridiculous story, that when catch a jack, " and had thus an odd Mrs. Abbot was pregnant witli this son, opportunity of fulfilling her dream." «he dreamt that if she could eat a jack, Aubrey's Surrey, vol. III. p. 2S1. or pike, the child would prove a son, » Cave Hist. Lit. vol. II. — ^\'ossius Fal«icius BibI, Gr, & Lat. — Saxii Ono- Biast — Diet. Hist, 1310.— Oea, Diet. 16 ABBOT. sity, and was sometime chaplain to Thomas lord Buck- hurst. In 1593, March 4, he commenced bachelor of divinity, and proceeded doctor of that faculty May 9, 1597. On September 6 he was elected master of Univer- sity college, to which he afterwards proved a benefactor. About this time some differences took place between him and Dr. Laud, which subsisted as long as they lived. In 1598 he published his " Quastiones Sex," which ob- tained him great reputation. On March 6, 1599, he was installed dean of Winchester, and in 1600 was appointed vice-chancellor of Oxford, and while in this office decided a dispute which at that time engnged the attention of the public, respecting the repairing of the cross in Cheapside, which was ornamented witli Popish images. The citizens of London requested the advice of both Universities ; and Dr. Abbot, as vice-chancellor of Oxford, gave as his opinion, that the crucifix with the dove upon it should not be put up again. Dr. Bancroft, bishop of London, was of a dift'erent opinion ; but Dr. Abbot's advice was followed, as expressed in a letter printed many years after. He published, the same year, his Sermons on the Prophet Jonah. In 1693 he was again chosen vice-chancellor; and in 1604, when king James ordered the new translation of the Bible, he was one of the eight divines of Oxford to whom the translation of the historical books of the New Testament was committed. In 1605 he was a third time vice-chan- cellor; and, in -the succeeding year, he is thought to have had some share in the censures passed on Laud, on account of a sermon he preached before the University, The principles of the two men were continually at variance, Abbot being a rigid Calvinist, and a foe to every thing that had the appearance of Popery, and Laud equally strenuous for the opinions afterwards known by the name of Arminian, and a friend to the ceremonies and splendour of public worship. In 1608, on the death of his patron, lord Buckhurst, earl of Dorset, he became chaplain to George Hume, earl of Dimbar, and treasurer of Scotland ; and went home with him, in order to establish an union betwee'n the Churches of England and Scotland. King James's object was to restore the anticnt form of government by bishops ; and, notwithstanding the aversion of the people of Scotland to this measure, Dr. Abbot's skill, pru- dence, and moderation succeeded so far as to procure an ABBOT. 17 act of the General Assembly, which was afterwards rati- fied and confirmed by the Parliament of Scotland. By this it was enacted, that the king should have the calling of all General Assemblies ; that the bishops or their deputies shonltl be [)crpetual moderators of the diocesan synods; that no excommunication or absolution should be pro- nounced without their approbation ; that all presentations of benefices should be made b}' them, and that the depri- vation or suspension of ministers should belong to them; that every minister, at his admission to a benefice, should take the oath of supremacy, and canonical obedience ; that the visitation of the dio(;ese should be performed by the bishop or his deputy only ; and finally, that the bishop should be moderaior of all conventions for exercisings or prophesyings, which should be held within their bounds. This service a:lvanced Dr. Abbot's character very high in the opinion of king James, and an incidental affair about this time brought him yet more into favour. While he was at Edinburgh, a prosecution was commenced against one George Sprot, notary of Aymouth, for having been con- cerned in Govvrie's conspiracy eight years before, for which he was now tried before sir William Hart, lord juitice general of Scotland, and condemned and executed. A long account of the affair was drawn up by the judge; and a narrative prefixed by Dr. Abbot unfolding the precise na- ture of the conspiracy, about the rerJ.ity of which doubts had previously been entertained, and perhiips were after- wards. Dr. Robertson and Guthrie, however, are both per- suaded of the authenticity of the generally- received account. Soon after this, the king being engaged in the mediation of peace between the erown of Spain and the United Pro- vinces, by which the sovereignty of the latter was to be acknowledged by the former, he demanded the advice of the convocation then sitting, as to the lawfulness of espous- ing the cause of the States ; but, instead of a direci an- swer, the meml)ers entered noon a wide field of discussion, which exciLcd new jealousies and apprehensions. On thi3 occasion the king wrote a confidential letter to Abbot, re- flecting on the convocation for not being more explicit in their answer to his question, "how far a Christiau and a ProteErant king may concur to assist his neighbours to shake off their obedience to their own sovereign*?" It * This curious letter was first pub- Sherlock and his adversaries on his lished during- the dispute between dfan takiiig the oaths to king William, ia Vol, L C 18 ABBOT. does not appear what effect this letter produced ; but Dr. Abbot now stood so high in his majesty's favour, that on the death of Dr. Overton, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, he promoted him to the vacant see. May 27, 1609, and he was consecrated Dec. 3. Before he had held this above a month, he was translated to the bishoprick of London, and confirmed Jan. 20, 1609-10, During the short time that he held the bishoprick of London, he distinguished himself by the diligent performance of his function, and by fre- quent preaching, and patronizing learning and learned the New Observer, vol. IH. No. 12, the author of which tells us, the origi- nal is in the hands of an eminent per- son ; the four last lines in the king's own hand, and the rest in the secre- tary's: " Good Dr. Abbot, " I cannot abstain to give you my judgment on the proceedings in the convocation, as you will call it ; and both as rex in solio, and rinus gregis in tccleiia, I am doubly concerned. My title to the crown nobody calls in ques- tion, but they that love neither you nor me, and you may guess whom I mean : all that you and your brethren have said of a king in possession (for that word, I tell you, is no more than that you make use of in your canon) concerns not me at all. I am the next heir, and the crown is mine by all rights you can name, but that of con- quest; and Mr. Solicitor has sutB- cientiy expressed my own thoughts concerning the nature of kingship, and concerning the nature of it ut in mea persona ; and I believe you were all of his opinion ; at least, none of you said any thing contrary to it at the time he spoke lo you from me : but you know all of you, as I think, that my reason of calling you together was to give your judgments how far a Christian and a Protestant king may concur to assist his neighbours to shake off their obe- dience to their own sovereign, upon account of oppression, tyranny, or what else you please to name it. In the late queen's time, this kingdom was very free in assisting the Hollanders botli with arms and advice ; and none of your coat ever told me that any scrupled at it in her reign. Upon my coming to England, you may know that it came from some of yourselves ta raiss i>cruple» about thiti laattcr ; and albeit I have often told my mind concern ing^'ui ref^ium in siibditos, as in May last, in the star-chamber, upon the occasion of Hale's pamphlet; yet I never took any notice of these scru- ples, till the affairs of Spain and Hol- land forced me to it. All my neigh- bours call on me to concur in the treaty between Holland and Spain ; and the honour of the nation will not suffer the Hollanders to be abandoned, especially after so much money and men spent in their quarrel ; therefore 1 was of the mind to call my clergy to- gether, to satisfy not so much me, as the world about us, of the justness of my owning the Hollanders at this time. This I needed not to have done, and you have forced me to say, I wish I had not ; you have dipped too deep in what all kings reserve among the arca- na imperii; and whatever aversion you may profess against God's biing the author of sin, you have stumbled upon tlie threshold of i hat opinion, in saying upon the matter, that even tyranny is Cod's authc)riiy, and should be remem- bered as such. If the king of Sp;iiii should return to claim iiis old pontifi- cal right to my kingdom, you leave me to seek fur others to fight for it; for you tell us \ijjon the matter before- hand, his authority is God's authority if he prevail. " Mr. Doctor, I have no time to ex- press my mind further on this theory business ; I shall give you my order* about it by Mr. Solicitor, and until then, meddle no more in it ; for they are edge tools, or rather like that wea- pon that is said to cut with one edge, and cure with the other. 1 commit you to God's protection, good Dr. Abbot, and rest your good friend, Jambs R." A B B O T. l» men. In private life he was equally noted for ardent piety, generosity, and gentleness of manners. In tiie following year he was preferred to the see of Canterbury, and confirmed April 9, and on the 23d of June he was sworn of his majesty's most honourable privy- council. At this time he was in the highest favour both with prince and people, and appears to have taken an active part in all the great transactions in church and state. Although not thought excessively fond of power, or de- sirous of carrying his prerogative, as primate of England, to an extraordinary height, yet he was resolute in main- tainin2^ the rights of the hig^h commission court, and would not submit to lord Coke's prohibitions. In the case of Vorstius, his conduct was more singular. Vorstius had been appointed to a pi-ofessorship in the university of Leyden, and was a noted Arminian. King James, by our arciibishop's advice, remonstrated with the States on this appointment; and the consequence was that Vorstius was banished by the synod of Dort, as will appear more at length in his life. This conduct on the part of the arch- bishop alarmed those who were favourers of Arminianism, and who dreaded Calvinism from its supposed influence on the security of the church ; but their fears as far as he was concerned appear to have been groundless, his attachment to the church of England remaining firm and uniform. He had soon, however^ another opportunity of testifying his dislike of the Arminian doctrines. The zeal which the king had shewn for removing, first Arminius, and then Vorstius, had given their favourers in Holland so much uneasiness, that the celebrated Grotius, the great cham- pion of their cause, was sent over to England to endeavour to mitigate the King's displeasure, and, if possible, to give hiui a better opinion of the Remonstraiits, as they then began to be called. On this occasion the archbishop wrote an account of Grotius .and his negociation in a letter to sir Ralph Winwood, in which he treats Grotius with very little ceremony. For this he has met with an advocate in archdeacon Blackburn, who, in his Confes- sional, observes in his behalf, that " his disaffection to Grotius was owing to the endeavours and proposals of the latter, towards a coalition of the Protestants and Papists, which every wise and consistent Protestant, in every period since the Reformation, as well as Abbot, has considered as a snare, and treated accordingly." C2 20 ABBOT. Another affair which occurred in 1613, created no little perplexity to our archbishop, while it afforded him an op- portunity of evincing a decidedness of character not com- mon at that period. This was the case of divorce between lady Frances Howard, daughter to the earl of Suffolk, and Robert, earl of Essex, her husband, which has always been considered as one of the greatest blemishes of king James's reign. The part Abbot took in this matter disphiyed his unshaken and incorruptible integrity ; and he afterwards published his reasons for opposing the divorce, as a measure tending to encourage public licentiousness. If this conduct displeased the king, he does not appear to have withdrawn his favour from the archbishop, as in 16 15 he promoted his brother, Robert, to the see of Salisbury. The archbishop was less prudent in recommending to the king, George A'^illiers, afterwards the celebrated duke of Buckingham; but of this he lived to repent, and to leave a satisfactory vindication. Towards the close of 1616, the learned Antonio de Dominis, archbishop of Spalato, took shelter in England, from the persecution with which he was threatened by the Pope, for discovering his dislike both of the doctrine and disciphne of the church of Rome, and was very kindly re- ceived by his majesty, and hospitably entertained by the archbishop. It was by his means that the archbishop got Father Paul's History of the Council of Trent transmitted into this country. Mr. Nathaniel Brent was employed on this service, and succeeded in procuring the whole of the manuscript, although with some hazaixl to himself. In 1618, vvhile lamenting the death of his brother the bishop of Salisbury, which happened in March of that year, he encountered a fresh anxiety from the king's declaration for permitting sports and pastimes on the Lord's day. This declaration, usually called the Book of Sports, was ordered to be read in the churches ; but the archbishop, being at Croydon when it came thither, had the courage to forbid its being read. In 1619 he executed a design which he had long formed, of foimding an hospital at Guildford, where, on the 5th of April, he was present when sir Nicholas Kempe laid the first stone. The archbishop endowed it with lands to the value of three hundred pounds per annum : one hundred of which was to be employed in setting the poor to work, and the remainder for the inainteiiance of a master, twedve ABBOT. 21 brothers, and eight sisters, wlio were to have hlue clothes, and gowns of the same colour, and haU'-a-crown a week each. Oct. 29, being tiie anniversary of the archbishop's birth, is commemorated at Guildford ; and the archbishop of Canterbury for the time being is visitor of the hospital. Towards the end of this year, tiie Elector Palatine ac- cepted of the crown of Bohemia, which occasioned great disputes in king James's councils. Some were desirous that his majesty should not interfere in this matter, foresee- ing that it would produce a war in Germany ; others were of opinion, that natural affection to his son and daughter, and a just concern for the Protestant interest, ought to en- gage him to support the new election. The latter was the archbishop's sentiment; and not being able at that time to attend the privy council, he wrote his mind with great boldness and freedom to the secretary of state. The archbishop, now in a declining state of health, used in the summer to go to Hampshire for the sake of recreation ; and, being invited by lord Zouch to hunt in his park at Branzill, he met there with the greatest misfortune that ever befel him ; for he accidentally killed that nobleman's keeper, by an arrow from a cross-bow, which he shot a^. one of the deer. This accident threw him into a deep me- lancholy ; and he ever afterwards kept a monthly fast on Tuesday, the day on which this fatal mischance happened. He also settled an annuity of 20/. on the widow. There were several persons who took advantage of this misfortune, to lessen him in the king's favour ; but his majesty said, *' An ang-el mioht have miscarried in this sort." But his enemies representing, that, having incurred an irregularity, he was thereby incapacitated for performing the offices of a primate, the king directed a commission to ten persons, to inquire into this matter. The points referred to their de- cision were, 1. Whether the arclibishop was irregular by the fact of involuntary homicide ? 2. Whether that act might tend to scandal in a churchman ? 3. How his grace should be restored, in case the commissioners should find him irregular? All agreed, that it could not be otherwise done, than by restitution from the king; but they varied in the manner. The bishop of Winchester, the lord chief justice, and Dr. Steward, thought it should be done by the king, and by him alone. The lord keeper, and th-.^ bishops of London, Rochester, Exeter, and St. Duvid's, were for a commission from the king directed to some bishops. ii ABBOT. Judge Doddridge and sir Henry Martin were desirous it should be done both ways, by way of caution. The king accordingly passed a pardon and dispensation ; by which he acquitted the atchbishop of all irregularity, scandal, or in- famation, and declared him capable of all the authority of a primate. From that time an increase of infirmities pre- vented his assistance at the council. But when, in the last illness of James I. his attendance was required, he was attentive to the charge till the 27th of March 1625, the day on which the king expired. Though very infirm, and afflicted with the gout, he assisted at the ceremony of the coronation of Charles I. whose favour, however, he did not long enjoy. His avowed enemy, the duke of Buckingham, soon found an opportunity to make him feel the weight of his displeasure. Dr. Sibthorp had in the Lent assizes 1627 preached before the judges a sermon at Northampton, to justify a loan which the king had demanded. This sermon, calculated to reconcile the people to an obnoxious measure, was transmitted to the archbishop with the king's direction to license it ; which he refused, and gave his reasons for it : and it was not licensed by the bishop of London, until after the passages deemed exceptionable had been erased. On July 5, lord Conway, who was then secretary of state, made him a visit; and intimated to him, that the king ex- pected he should withdraw to Canterbur}-. The archbishop declined this proposal, because he had then a law-suit with that city ; and desired that he might rather have leave to retire to his house at Ford, five miles be3ond Canterbury. His request was granted ; and, on Oct. 9 following, the king gave a commission to the bishops of London, Durham, Rochester, Oxford, and Bath and Wells, to execute the archiepiscopal authority ; the cause assigned being, that the archbishop could not at that time in his own person at- tend tho e services which were otherwise proper for his cognizance and direction. The archbishop did not remain long in this situation ; for, a parliament being absolutely necessary, he was recalled about Ciuistmas, and restored to his authority and jurisdiction. On his arrival at court he was received by the archbishop of York and the earl of Dorset, who conducted him to the king, and his regtilar attendaiice was from that time required. He sat in the succeeding parliament, and continued afterwards in the full exercise of his office. On the 24th of August 1628, the archbishop consecrated to the see of Chichester Dr. Richard ABBOT. 23 Montague, who had before been active in supporting the pretence of irregularity which had been alleged against him. Laud, bishop of London, one of his former enemies, also assisted at the consecration. When the petition of right was discussed in parhament, the archbishop dehvercd the opinion of tlie House of Lords at a conference with the House of Commons, offering some propositions from the former, and received the thanks of- sir Dudley Digges. Dr. Manwaring, having preached before the House of Com- mons two sermons, which he afterwards published, and in which he maintained the king's authority in raising sub- sidies without the consent of parliament, was brought be- fore the bar of the House of Lords, by impeachment of the Commons. Upon this occasion the archbishop, with the king's consent, gave the doctor a severe admonition, in which he avowed his abhorrence of the principles main- tained in the two discourses. The interest of bishop Laud being now very considerable at court, he drew up instruc- tions, which, having the king's name, were transmitted to the archbishop, under the title of " His majesty's instruc- tions to the most reverend father in God, George, lord archbishop of Canterbury, containing certain orders to be observed and put in execution by the several bishops in his province." His grace communicated them to his suffra- gan bishops; but, to prove that he still intended to exer- cise his authority in his own diocese, he restored Mr. Pal- mer and Mr. Unday to their lectureships, after the dean and archdeacon of Canterbury had suspended them. In other respects he endeavoured to soften their rigour, as they were contrived to enforce the particular notions of a pre- vailing party in the church, which the archbishop thought too hard for those who made the fundamentals of religion their study, and were not so zealous for forms. His con- duct in this and other respects made his presence unwel- come at court; so that, upon the birth of the prince of Wales, afterwards Charles H. Laud had the honour to baptize him, as dean of the chapel. It appears, ho.vever, from almost the last public act of his life, that Abbot was not so regardless of the ceremonial parts of religious duty in the church of England as his enemies have represented him; for he issued an order, dated the 3d of July 1633, requiring the parishioners of Cra3'ford in Kent to receive the sacrament on their knees, at the steps ascending to the communion table. On the 5th of Aucrust, in the sauje 2i ABBOT. year, lie died at Croydon, worn out with cares and infirmi- ties, at the age of 7 I , and was according to liis own direc- tion buried in the cliapel of Our Lady, within the church dedicated to the Holy Trinity at Guildford. A stately mo- nument was erected over the grave, with the effigies of the archhishop in his robes. He shewed himself, in most cir- cumstances of his life, a man of great moderation to all parties ; and was desirous that the clergy should attract the esteem of the laity by the sanctity of their manners, rather than clainj it as due to their function. His notions and prmcipies, however, not suiting the humour of some writers, have drawn upon him many severe reflections. Heylin asserts, "That marks of his benefactions we find none in places of his breeding and preferment;" an asper- sion which is totally groundless. Dr. Wellv.ood has done fnore justice to the merit and abilities of our prciate : ^' Archbishop Abbot," says he, " was a person of wonderful temper and moderation ; and in all his conduct shewed an un-Aiilingness to stretch the act of uniiormlty b-;yond what was absoiately necessary for the peace of Lue churcn, or the prerogative of the crown, any farthi-r thun conduced to the good of the state. Being not well turned for a court, tliough otherwise of considerable learning and gen- teel education, he ether could not, or would not, stoop to the humour of the times ; and now and then, by an un- seasonable stiffness, gave occasion to his enemies to repre- sent him as not well inclined to the prerogative, or too much addicted to a popular interest ; and therefore not fit to be employed in matters of government." Others of the contemporary historians, besides Heylin, have given unfavourable characters of the archbisiiop ; but their accounts disagree. Lord Clarendon likewise bears hard on his religious principles and general character. *' He had," says his lordship, " been master of one of the poorest colleges in Oxford, and had learning sufficient for that province." The Editor of the Biog. Britannica has here supplied the name (Balliol), a blunder which lord Clarendon was not likely to have made, as our arciil>ishop was master of University College, and his brother Robert, master of Balliol. It is rather singular, however, that his lordship should undorvalue the " learning sufficieiit for that [irovince." He also notices, as extraordinary, that he was promoted to the bislioprick of Lichfield and Coven- try " before he had been parson, vicar, or curate of any ABBOT. ^5 parish church in England, or dean or prebendary of any ca- thedral church in ICngland ; ami was in trvith totally igno- rant of tiie true constitution ot" the church (»f Kr.iglaiid, and the state and interest of the clergy." H?re again his lord- ship seems to have forgot, that he was dean or \\'incnester before h<: was bishop ot Li( hlield, and that the chief cause of his promotion was the servict^ he rendered to his majesty by procuring the establishincnt of episcopacy in Scoiland. Upon the wftole of his character as drawn by lord Claren- don, the late ritiht hon. Arthur Onslow, sneaker of the House of Commons, offers the foljowiug remarks: "That worthy prelate did surely d?serve a better rei)resentation to posterity . He was a very wise and prudent man, knew well the temper and disposition of the kingdom with re- spect to the ctremon'.es and power ol the c.iurch, and did therefore use a moderation in the point of ecclesiastical discipline, which it it liad been followed by his successor, the ruin tliat soon after fell on the church might very likely have been prevented. His being witnout any crenit at court from the latter end of king James's reign will bring no disiionour on his memory, if it be considered that his disgrace ar.jse iron) his dislike of, and opposition to, the imprudent and corrupt measures of the coun at that time, and from an honest zeal tor the laws and liberties of his country, which seeujed thtu to be in no ^mall danger, and it was a part truly becoming the high station he tnen bore. His advice upon tlie affair of the Patatinate and the Spanish match shewed his knovvledfje of the true interest of Ens:- land, and how much it v/as at his heart; and his behaviour an 1 sufferings in tt e next rei,^n, about the loan and Sib- thorp's sermon, as they were the reiu»ons of his disgrace at that time, so on";hi tliev to render his memoi-y valuable to all WHO wish not to see the fati.1 counsels and oppression of those times revived in this nation. The duke of Bucking- ham was liis enem^, ijecause the archbishop would not be his creature; and the church perhaps might iiave been thought to liave been netter governei, if lie had stooped to the duke, and given in lo the wantounesses ol his jjowtr : but he knew the disiuu' of his character, and love^i iiis country too well to sui)init to such a meanness, tiiough very i'ew (jf his brethren naJ the courage or honesty lo join with him in this, and, if tuj archbishop nlui-ieif is to i)e cre- dited, his successor's rise was by the practice of those arts this good man could not bend to. As to his iearnmg, we f « ABBOT. need no better testimony of it than his promotion by king James, who had too much affectation that way to prefer any one to such a station who had not borne the reputa- tion of a scholar; but there are other proofs of his suffi- ciency in this, even for the high place he held in the church. If he had some narrow notions in divinity, they were rather the faults of the age he had his education in, than his ; and the same imputation may be laid on the best and most learned of the Reformers. His warmth against Popery became the office of a Protestant bishop ; though even towards Papists there is a remarkable instance of his mildness and charity, which shewed that his zeal against their pei'sons went no farther than the Stifety of the state required '. His parts seem to have been strong and mas- terly, his preaching grave and eloquent, and his style equal to any of that time. He was eminent for piety and a care for the poor; and his hospitality fully answered the injunc- tion king James laid on him, which was, to carry his house nobly, and live like an archbishop. He had no thoughts of heaping up riches ; what he did save was laid out by him in the erecting and endowing of an handsome Hospital for decayed tradesmen and the widows of such, in the town of Guildford, in the county of Surrey, where he was born and had his first education ; and here I cannot omit takingr no- tice that the body of statutes drawn by himself for the go- vernment of that house, is one of the most judicious works of that kind I ever saw, and under which for near one hun- dred years that hospital has maintained the best credit of any that I know in England. He was void of all pomp and ostentation, and thought the nearer the church and church- men came to the simplicity of the first Christians, the better would the true ends of religion be served ; and that the purity of the heart was to be preferred to, and ought ra- ther to be the care of a spiritual governor, than the devo- tion of the hands only. If under this notion some niceties m discipline were given up to goodness of life, and when the peace of the church as well as of the kingdom was pre- served by it, 'twas surely no ill piece of prudence, nor is his memory therefore deserving of those slanders it has undergone upon that account. It is easy to see that much of this treatment has been owing to a belief in the ad- mirers and followers of archbishop Laud, that the reputa- » Rushworth's Collections, vol. I. p. 245. ABBOT. 27 tion of the latter was increased by depreciating that of the former. They were indeed men of very ditierent frames, and the parts they took in tlje affairs both of church and state as disagreeing. In the churcli, moderation and the ways of peace guided the behaviour of the first, rigour and se- verity that of the last. In tlie state they severally carried the like principles and temper. The one made the liberty of the people and the laws of the land the measure of his actions; when the other, to speak softly of it, had the power of the prince and the exalting the prerogative only, for the foundation of his. They were indeed both of them men of courage and resolution ; but it was sedate and tern- perate in Abbot, passionate and unruly in Laud. It is not however to be denied that many rare and excellent virtues were possessed by the latter; but it must be owned too, he seems rather made for the hierarchy of another church and to be the minister of an arbitrary prince, and the other to have had the qualifications of a Protestant bishop and the guardian of a free state *." As Heylin has insinuated something to the prejudice of the archbishop's liberality, it may be necessary to record, that, besides his noble foundation at Guildford, he gave to the schools at Oxford one hundred and fifty pounds. In 1619, he bestowed a large sum of money on the library of Balliol college ; he buiit a conduit in the city of Canter- bury ; in 1624 he contributed to tiie founding of Pembroke college, Oxford, and (Hscliarged a debt of three hundred pounds owing from Balliol to Pembroke college. In 1632 he gave one hundred pounds to the library of Univer- sity College, Oxford, and by \v\\\ left large sums to cha- ritable purposes. His works are: 1. " Quccstiones Sex, totidem praelec- tionibus in Schola Theoiogica Oxoniije, pro forma habitis, discussfe et disceptatee aUiio 1597, in quibus e Sacra Scrip- tura & Patribus, quid statuenduni sit definitur." Oxon. 1598, 4to, & Francfort, 16 1 6, 4to, published by Abraham Scultetus. 2. "Exposition on the Prophet Jonah, con- tained in certaine Sermons, preached in S. Maries Church in Oxford," 4to, 1600. It appears by a postscript to the reader, that these sermons or lectures were delivered on Thursdays earl}* in the morning, " sometimes before day- * This character is dated July 10, WilliHm Russf 1 of Merlon coll. Oxon. 17'23, and was first printed in tlie Guildford, 1777, 8vo. " Life of avchbisbo]) Abbot," by Mr. 28 ABBOT. light," from 159i to 159.0. They were reprinted in 1613, and form the most popular of his works. 3. His " Answer to the questions of the Citizens of London in Jan. 1600, concerning Cheapside Cross," not printed until 1641. 4. " The reasons which Dr. Hill hath brought for the up- holdino- of Papistry, unmasked and shewed to be very weak, \c." Oxon."^4to. 1604. Hil! was a clergyman of the church of England, which he exchanged for that of Rome, and wrote his " Quatron of Reasons" in vindication of his conduct, printed at Antwerp, 4to. 1600. 5. " A Pre- face to the examination of George Sprot," &c. noticed before. 6. " Sermon preached at Westminster, May 26, 1608, at the funeral of Thomas earl of Dorset, late lord high treasurer of England, on Isaiah xl. 6." 4to. 1608. 7. "Translation of a part of the New Testament," with the rest of the Oxford divines, 1611. 8. "Some memo- rials, touching the Nullity between the earl of Essex and his lady, pronounced Sept. 25, 1613, at Lambeth; and the difficulties endured in the same." To this is added "some observable things since Sept. 25, 1613, when the sentence was given in the cause of the earl of Essex, con- . tinned unto the day of the marriage, Dec. 26, 1613," which appears also to have been penned by his grace, or by his direction ; and to it is annexed " the speech in- tended to be spoken at Lambeth, Sept. 25, 1613, by the archbishop of Canterbury, &c." These were reprinted in one volume, 1719, 12mo, and the MS. in the archbishop's hand was then said to be in the hands of an eminent law- yer. 9. " A brief description of the whole World, wherein is particularly described all the monarchies, em- pires, and kingdoms of the same, with their academies," &c. 4to. 1617 ; a work, of which there have been several editions. 10. ''A short apology for archbishop Abbot, touching the death of Peter Hawkins, dated Oct. 8, 1621." 11. "Treatise of perpetual visibility and succession of the true Church in all ages," Loud. 4to. 1624 ; published with- out his name ; but liis arms, impaled with those of Canter- bury, are put before it. 12. " A narrative containing the true cause of his sequestration and disgrace at Court : in two parts, written at Ford in Kent," 1627, printed in Rushworth's Historical Collections, vol. L p. 438 — 461, and in the Annals of king Charles, p. 2 13—224. Bp. Hacket, in his life of Abp. Williams, p. 68, attests the au- thenticity of this curious memorial. 13. "History of the Massacre in the Valtoline," printed in the third volume of ABBOT. 29 Fox's Acts and Monuments. 14. His "Judgment on bowing at the name of Jesus," Haniburgli, Svo. 1632. In 1618, he and sir Henry Savile defrayed the expence of an edition of Bradwardin's '' Cause of God," a work written against the Pelagians '. ABBOT (GeokGe), nephew of the preceding, an-l son of sir Maurice Abbot, the archbishop's youngest brother, was elected probationer fellow of Merton College, Oxford, 1624, and admitted LL. B. 1630. He wrote; 1. " Tiie whole book of Job paraphrased," Lond. 4to. 1640. 2. <' Vindiciic Sabbati, or an answer to two treatises of Mr. Broad," Lond. 1641, 4to. Broad was rector of Rend- combe in Gloucestershire ; and wrote two treatises, one concerning the Sabbath or seventh day, and the other concerning the Lord's day, or first day of the week; which falling into Mr. Abbot's hands in manuscript, he wrote an answer to them, and pubhshed the whole under the above title. 3. " Brief notes upon the whole book of Psalms," 4to, 1651. He married a (daughter of col. Purefo}^, of Caldecota-hall, Warwickshire, whose house he gallantly defended, by the help of the servants only, against the attack of the princes Rupert and Maurice with eighteen troops of horse. He died Fob. 4, 1548, aged 44 years*. ABBOT (Maurice, or Morris), father of the abot-e, and youngest brother of archbishop Abbot, was bred up to trade, became an eminent merchant in London, and had a considerable share in the direction of the affairs of the East India Compan}-. He was one of the commissioners employed in negociating a treaty with the Dutch East- In- dia Company, by which the Molucca islands, and the coumierce to them, were declared to be divided, two-thirds to the Dutch East India Company, and one-third to the English. This important treaty, which put an end to the long and violent disputes betvv^een the English and Dutch East India companies, was concluded at London, July 7, 1619, and ratified by the king on the sixteenth of the same month. In consequence of this treaty, and in order to re- cover the goods of some English merchants, sir Dudley Digges and Mr. Abbot were sent over into Holland in the succeeding year, 1620, but with what success does not apr ^ Biocr. Brit. — Le Neve. — Wood's Atlienne. — Aubrey's Surrey. — Godwin d« Pisesulil.us ap. Richardson. — Lloyd's State Worthies. — Several iCtters, speeche* in parlianip.nt, &c. are in the contemporary historians and annalists, ■i Wood's Athena, and Nithols's Hist, of Leicestershire, vol. IV. p. 602. 30 ABBOT. pear. He was afterwards one of the farmers of the cus- toms, as appears from a commission granted in 1623, to him and otiiers, for admniistering the oaths to such per- sons, as should either desire to pass the seas from this kingdom, or to enter it from foreign countries. In 1624, he was appointed one of the council for setthng and esta- bhshing the colony of Virginia, with full powers for the government of that colony. On the accession of king Charles I. he was the first person on whom the order of knighthood was conferred, and he was chosen to represent the city of London in the first parliament of that reign. In 1627 he served the office of Sheriff, and in 1738 that of Lord Mayor. There are no other particulars extant con- cerning him, unless the date of his death, Jan. 10, 1640', ABBOT (Robert), eldest brother to the archbishop, was born also in the town of Guildford in 1560 ; educated by the same schoolmaster ; and afterwards sent to Balliol college, Oxford, in 1575. In 1582 he took his degree of M. A. and soon became a celebrated preacher ; to which talent he chiefly owed his preferment. Upon his first ser- mon at Worcester, he was chosen lecturer in that city, and soon after rector of All Saints in the same place. John Stanhope, esq. happening to hear him preach at Paul's cross, was so pleased with him, that he immediately pre- sented him to the rich living of Bingham in Nottingham- shire. In 1594 he became no less eminent for his writings than he had been for his excellence in preaching. In 1597 he took his degree of D. D. In the beginning of king James's reign he was appointed chaplain in ordinary to his majesty ; who had such an opinion of him as a wri- ter, that he ordered the doctor's book " De Antichristo'' to be reprinted with his own commentary upon part of the Apocalypse. He had also acquired much reputation for his writings against Dr. William Bishop, then a secular priest, but afterwards titular bishop of Chalcedon. In 1609 he was elected master of Balliol college ; which trust he dis- charged with the utmost care and assiduity, by his fre- quent lectures to the scholars, by his contuiual presence at public exercises, and by promoting discipline in the so- ciety. In May 1610 the king nominated Dr. Abbot one of the fellows in the college of Chelsea, which had been lately founded for the encouragement and promotion of » Bioj. Brit. ABBOT. 31 polemical divinity. In November 1610 he was made pre- beudury of Nonnaiiton in the church of Southwell ; and in 1612 his majesty appointed him regius professor of divinity at Oxford; in which station he acquired the character of a profound divine, though a more moderate Calvinist than either of his two predecessors in the divinity-chair, Hol- land and Humphrey : for he countenanced the sublapsa- rian tenets concerning predestination. He was not, how- ever, less an enemy to Dr. Laud than his brother ; and in one of his sermons pointed at iiim so directly, that Laud intended to have taken some public notice of it. The fau)e of Dr. Abbot's lectures became very great; and tliose which he delivered upon the supreme power of kings aoainst Bellarmine and Suarez afforded the king so much satisfaction, that, when the see of Salisbury became vacant, he named him to that bishoprick ; and he was con.^• secrated by his own brother, the archbishop of Canterbury, Dec, 3, 1615. It would appear that he had enemies who would have deferred his promotion for various reasons. When he came to do homage, the king said, " Abbot, I have had very much to do to make thee a bishop ; but I l^now no reason for it, imless it were because thou hast written against one," alluding to Dr. Bishop before-men- tioned. In his way to Salisbury, he took a solemn farewell of Oxford, and was accompanied for some miles by the heads of houses and other eminent scholars, who deeply regretted his departure. On his arrival at Salisbury he be- stowed much attention on his catliedral, which had been neglected, and raised a considerable subscription for re- pairs. He afterwards visited the whole of his diocese, and preached every Sunday vvhile his health permitted, which was not long, as the sedentary course he had pursued brought on the stone and gravel, which ended his pious and useful life, March 2, 1617. He had enjoyed his bishoprick only two years and three months, and was in- terred in the cathedral. He was twice married; the last time, which is said to have given offence to his brother the archbishop, about half a year after his promotion to the see. The lady, whose name seems to have escaped the researches of his biographers, was Bridget Cheynell, wi- dow, and mother of the famous Francis Cheynell. By his first wife he left one son, or more, and a daughter who was married to sir Nathaniel Brent, warden of Merton collesfe. All his biographers concur in the excellence of his charac- 52 ABBOT. ter, bis eminent piety, chanty, and learning. One of them has attempted a parallel between the two brothers, viz. that " George was the more plausible preacher, Jiobert the greater scholar ; George the abler statesman, Robert the deeper divine ; gravity did frown in George, and smile in Robert." A few paritculai's hitherto unnoticed by his biographers may be gleaned from Wood's Annals, published by Mr. Gutch. It appears that in 1596 the corporation of London requested the two universities to send them a list of per- sons properly qualified for the professorships of Gresham college, just founded. On this occasion i\lr. Abbot, then M. A. of Balliol college, was chosen with three others, but the election ultimately fell upon a gentleman of Cam- bridge. — In 1612, Dr. John Howson, one of the canons of Christ church, preaching at St. Mary's, reflected on the annotations to the Geneva translation of the Bible, "as guilty of misrepreseriting the divinity of Christ and his Messiahship." For this he was afterwards suspended, or forced to recant, by Dr. Abbot, then pro-vicechancellor. Wood thinks this the more hard, because king James had been known to censure the partiality of these annotations. — While king's professor of Divinity, he had neither the canonry of Christ church, nor the rectory of Ewelme usually annexed ; and his only profits were some fees from those who performed exercises in divinity, and a salary of forty pounds a-year paid by the dean and canons of Christ church. — In dislike to Laud, as already noticed, he shared amply with his brother ; but Wood's account of the sermon he preached against him is more particular than tl.at in the Biographia, and throws some light on the controversies as well as the manners of the times. " On Shrove Sunday towards the latter end of this year (1614), it happened that Dr. Laud preached at St. Mary's, and in his sermon in- sisted on some points which m ghi indifferently be imputed either to Popery or Arminianism (as about this time thej began to call it), though in themselves they were by some thought to be no other than the true doctrines of the Church of En2;land. And having: occasion in that sermon to touch upon the Presbyterians and their proceedings, he used some words to this effect, viz. * that the Presbyte- rians were as bad as the Papists.' Which being directly contrary to the judgment and opinion of Dr. Robert Abbot, the king's professor of Divinity, and knowing how much ABBOT. S3 Dr. Laud had been distasted by his brother when he lived in Oxford, conceived he could not better satisfy himself and oblige his brother, now archbishop of Canterbui-y, than by exposing him (on the next occasion) both to shame and censure, which he did accordingly. For preachino- at St. Peter's in the East upon Easter-day (1615) in the after- noon, in the turn of the vicechancellor, he pointed at hini so directly, that none of the auditors were so ignorant as not to know at whom he aimed. Dr. Laud, beinar not present at the first preaching of the sermon, was by his friends persuaded to shew himself at St. Mary's the Sunday- after, when it should come to be repeated (according to the ancient custom in this university) ; to whose persuasions giving an unwilhng consent, he heard himself sufficiently abused for almost an hour together, and that so palpably and grossly, that he was pointed to as he sate." It ap- pears that Laud consulted his patron, Llr. Neal, bishop of Lincoln, who probably dissuaded him from taking any no- tice of the matter, as we do not hnd that he wrote any answer, or vindication. Bishop Abbot's works are: 1. "The mirror of Popish Subtleties," Loud. 4to, 1594. 2. " The exaltation of the kingdom and priesthood of Christ," sermons on the first seven verses of the 110th Psalm, 4to, Lond. 1601. 3. "An- tichristi demonstratio, contra fabulas Pontificias, et in- eptam Rob. Bellarmini de Antichristo disputationem,'* Lond. 4to, 1603, 8vo, 1603, a work much commended by Scaliger. 4. " Defence of the reformed Catholic of Mr. W. Perkins, against the bastard counter-Catholic of Dr. William Bishop, seminary priest," in three parts, 4to, 1606, 1607, 1609. 5. " The Old Way ; a sermon at St. Mary's, Oxon." 4to, Lond. 1610. This was translated into Latin by Thomas Drax. 6. " The true ancient Roman Catholic ; being an apology against Dr. Bishop's reproof of the defence of the reforn)ed Catholic," 4to, 1611. This work was dedicated to prince Henry, who returned the author thanks in a letter written with his ovrn hand ; a cir- cumstance which seems to have escaped Dr. Birch in his life of that prince. 7. " Antilogia ; adversus apologiam AndreoE Eudgemon-Johannis, Jesuitae, pro Henrico Gar- netto Jesuita proditore;" Lond. 4to. 1613. The true name of the apologist was Isaac Casaubon. 8. " De gratia et perseverantia Sanctorum, Exercitationes habitoe in Aca- demic Oxon." Lond. 4to, 1618 j Francfort, 8vo, 1619. Vol. I, D 84. A B B O T. 9. " In Ricartli Thomson i Angli-Belgici cUatribam, 6e amissione et intercessione justificationis et gratiit, animacU rersio brevis." Lond. -Ito, 1618, Thomson was a Dutch- man, born of Enghsh p;u"ents, and educated at Clarehall, Cambridge. Our author finished this book on the last day of his hfe, and it was pubHshed by his brother the arch- bishop and Dr. Featley his chaplain. 10. " De Suprema Potestate Regia, exercitationes habitcC in Academia Ox- oniensi, contra Rob. Bellarminum et Franciscum Suarez,'* Lond. 4to, 1619, also a posthumous publication. He left behind him various sermons in manuscript, lectures on St, Matthew, and commentaries on some parts of the Old and New Testament, particularly a commentary in Latin upon the whole epistle to the Romans, in four folio volumes, which was given to the Bodleian library by Dr. Edward Corbet, rector of Haseley in Oxfordshire, his grandson by his only daughter the wife of sir Nathaniel Brent*. ABBOT (Robekt), a clergyman of the Church of Eng- land, but whether belonging to the archbishop's family is uncertain, was originally of the imiversity of Cambridge, and was incorporated master of arts of Oxford, July 14, 1607. He was afterwards vicar of Cranbrooke in Kent, and minister of Southvvick in Hampshire. When Ephraim Udall, the lawful rector of St. Augustine's, Wat- ling-streetj was sequestered by authority of the House of Commons in 1643, the living was given to Mr. Abbot, which he enjoyed imtil his death, at a very advanced age, in 1653. He published " Four Sermons," 8vo, Lond. 1639, dedicated to Curie, bishop of Winchester, who had been his patron ; and some other single sermons, a small cate- chism, &c. There Vras about the same time a Robert Abbot of Hat- iield, mentioned by Dr. Pulteney, as a learned preacher, and an excellent and diligent herbalist, who assisted the celebrated Johnson in his works ". ABBT (Thomas), a German writer of high character, was born Nov. 25, 1738,atUlm, where he received his edu- cation, and in 1751 produced his first dissertation, under the title of " Histwria vittE magistra," in which he main- * Biog. Brit.— Clarke's Ecclesiastical History, p. 444. — Lupton's Modera Divines, p. 31 1. — FulU'r's Worthies, and Abel Redivivii^-. — Allien. Oxen. I. 430. •725.— Strj'pe's Whitgifr, 426.— Featley's Life of him.— Wood's Annals, vol. II. 2 Wood's Fasti, vgl. I. 177. — Malcolm's History of Lyndon. — Pulteney's Sketchc*. A B B T. 35 tained two theses, the one on burning mirrors, the other on the miracle of the dial of Ahaz. In 1756, he went to the university of Halle, where he was invited by professor Baumgarten to live in his house. Here he published a thesis " De Extasi," and studied chiefly philosophy and the mathematics; and from 1758, when he received the degree of M. A. he confined himself to these, giving up divinity, to which he had been originally destined. In 1760, he was appointed professor-extraordinary of philoso- phy in the university of Francfort-on-the-Oder, and in the midst of the war which then raged, inspirited his fellow- citizens by a work on " Dying for our Country." In the following year, he passed six months at Berlin, and left that city to fill the mathematical chair in the university of Rinteln, in Westphalia ; but, becoming tired of an acade- mical life, began to study law, as an introduction to some civil employment. In 1763, he travelled through the south of Germany, Switzerland, and part of France ; and, on his return to Kinteln, at the end of that year, published his work " On Merit," which was re-printed thrice in that place, and obtained him much reputation. In 1765, the reigning prince of Schaumburg Lippe bestowed on him the office of counsellor of the court, regency, and consistory of Buckeburgh ; but he did not long enjoy the friendship of this nobleman, or his promotion, as he died Nov. 27, 1766, when only in his twentj'-eighth j-ear. The prince caused him to be interred, with great pomp, in his private chapel, and honoured his tomb by an affecting epitaph from his own pen. Abbt was highly esteemed by his con- temporaries, who seem agreed that, if his life had been spared, he would have ranked among the first German writers. He contributed much to restore the purity of the language, which had become debased before his time, as the Germans, discouraged by the disastrous thirty years war, had written very little, unless in French or Latin. Besides what we have mentioned, Abbt wrote a great number of works in German or Latin. His first publica- tions were theological: in 1757, he wrote on *« the Burial of Moses," Halle, 4to, which, contrary to the usual opi- nion, he contended was performed b}' men. In 1758, he published a thesis, to prove that the " Confusion of Tongues at Babel was not a punishment," Halle, 4to ; and another on the " Search of Truth," Halle, 1759, 4to. These ap- pear to have been the efforts of a young author eud«avour- P 2> 36 A B B T. ing to establish a reputation on paradox. After he had begun to study philosophy, he published a thesis on the proper manner of studying that science, Halle, 1760, 4to. His " Treatise on the influence of the Beautiful on Science," Rinteln, 1762, 4to, was intended as an introduc- tion to his lectures on the belles-lettres. He next pub- lished a " Prog-ramma on the difticulty of measuring the Human Faculties," Rinteln, 1763, 4to ; and a "Consola- tory Epistle to Dr. Schwartz," 1763, 8vo. His work en- titled "Recherches sur les Sentiments Moraux, tra- duites de I'Allemand de M. Moses Mendelsohn," 1763, 12mo, was the only book he wrote in French. He wrote also a " Life of his old friend professor Baumgarten," 1765, Halle, 4to, which was re-printed in the Rinteln Literary Journal. An anonymous work, which has the date of Hamburgh 17^6, 8vo, but was really printed at Berlin, the subject, the " folly of persecution among Pro- testants," is ascribed to him. "Reflections on a plan of Study for young men of rank," was written by him in 1759, but not printed till after his death, in 1767; and re- printed at Berlin 1780. He had begun an imiversal his- tory, a fragment of which was published by Miller, at Halle, 1767, 8vo. After his death, the count de la Lippe published a translation of the Catiline conspiracy from Sallust, written by Abbt, and esteemed one of his best productions, Stadthagen, 1767, 8vo ; but it must not be confounded with a translation of the same author published at Lemgow, 1772, under his name. His reputation was such, that there have appeared two surreptitious editions of his works, at Reutlingen in 1782, and at Frankfort in 1783; but the genuine edition is that of Nicolai, 6 vols. Stetin and Berlin, in 1768, 1781, and 1790, which con- tains many pieces not before printed. His correspondence with Blum, Cause, Gleim, Klotz, Moses Mendelsohn, Nicolai, and others, contained in this edition, was re- printed by itself at Berlin and Stetin in 1782, 8vo. Be- sides these, there are several papers, on various subjects, written by Abbt, in the German literary journals, particu- larly that conducted by Lessing and Moses Mendelsobji. Abbt's life was written by Frederic Nicolai, and pubUshed at Berlin 1767, 4 to.' ABDIAS, a name admitted into various biographical collections, without much propriety. It has usually been • Biographic Univcrselle, 1811. A B D I A S. 37 saitl that Abdias was an impostor, who pretended that he had seen our Saviour, that he was one of tiie seventy-two disciples, had been an eye-witness of the lives and martyr- dom of several of the apostles, and had followed St. Simon and St. Jude into Persia, where he was made the first bishop of Babylon. From what he saw, he compiled a work entitled "- Historia certaminis Apostolici." This work Wolfgang Lazius, a physician of Vienna, and histo- riographer to the emperor Ferdinand I. (hereafter noticed) found in manuscript in a cave of Carintbia, and believing it to be genuine, originally written in HebrevA^, translated into Greek by one Europius, a disciple of Abdias, and into Latin by African us, publislied it at Basil in 1551, after which it was several times reprinted, but, on examin- ation both by Papist and Protestant writers, was soon dis- covered to be a gross imposture, from the many ana- chronisms which occur. Melancthon, who saw it in ma- nuscript, was one of the first to detect it ; and the greater part of the learned men in Europe, at the time of publica- tion, were of opinion that Abdias was a fictitious person- age, and that it was neither written in Hebrew, nor trans- lated into Greek or Latin: Fabricius has proved from in- ternal evidence tliat it was first written in Latin, but that the author borrowed from various ancient memoirs, which were originally in Greek. As to the age of the writer, some have placed him in the fifth and some in the sixth century, or later. The object of the work is to recom- mend chastity and celibacy '. ABDOLLATIPII, an eminent Persian historian and philosopher, was born at Bagdad, in the 557th year of the Ilegira, or the 1161st of the Christian a^ra. Having been educated with the greatest care by his father, who was himself a man of learning, and resided in a capital which abounded with the best opportunities of instruction, he distinguished himself by an early proficiency, not only in rhetoric, history, and poetry, but also in the more se- vere studies of Mahommedan theology. To tiie acquisition of medical knowledge he applied with peculiar diligence ; and it was chietiy with this view that he left Bagdad, in his 28th year, in order to visit other countries. At Mosul, in Mesopotamia, whither he first directed his course, he found the attention of the students entirely confined to the che- ^ Fabricii Bibl. Graec. — Saxii Onomasticon. — Bayle in Gen, Diet. — Care, Hist, hit, I, 27, The best accouut is in Chaufepie, JJict. Hist. 58 ABDOLLATIPH. mistry of that clay, with which he was ah-cady sufficiently acquainted. He therefore removed to Damascus, where the grammarian Al Kindi then enjoyed the liighest reputa- tion ; and with him Abdollatiph is said to have engaged in a controversy on some subjects of grammar and ptiilolog}*, which was ably conducted on both sides, but terminated in favour of our author. At this time Egypt had yielded to the arms of Saladin, who was marching against Palestine for the purpose of wresting that country from the hands of the Christians; yet towards Egypt Abdollatiph was irresistibly impelled by that literary curiosity which so strongly marked his cha- ractei". The defeat, however, of the Saracens by the English king Richard, had plunged the Sultan into melan- choly, and prevented our traveller from being admitted into his presence ; but the favours which he received evinced the munificence of Saladin, and he pursued his purpose, visiting Cairo, where his talents procured him a welcome reception. From this he withdrew, in order to present himself before the Sultan, who, having concluded a truce with the Franks, then resided in Jerusalem. Here he was received by Saladin with every expression of esteem, and Saladin granted him a hberai pension, which was increased by his son and successor, till the unnatural ambition of his uncle forced him from the throne of Egypt and of Syria; and thus our traveller was compelled to re- sort again to Damascus, after a short abode at Jerusalem : where his oral lectures, and his written treatises, were equally the objects of general admiration. At Damascus he distinguished himself chiefly by his medical skill and knowledge ; but nothing could detain him from travelling in pursuit of higher improvement, and on this account, he left Damascus, and after having visited Aleppo, resided several years in Greece. With the same view he travelled through Syria, Armenia, and Asia Minor, still adding to the number of his works, many of which he dedicated to the princes whose courts he visited. After this, sentiments of devotion induced him to undertake a pilgrimage to Mecca; but he first determined to pay a visit to his native countiy, and had scarcely reached Bagdad, when he was suddenly attacked by a distemper, of which he died, A. D, 1223, in the 63d year of his age. Of one hundred and fifty treatises, on vaiious subjects of medicine, natural philosophy, aaid polite literature, which A B D O L L A T I P H. 39 have been ascribed to AbtloUatipb, one oniy is to be found in tbe libraries of Europe. It is entitled " Al-kital Ai- sagir," or his "Little Book," being an abridgment of a larger history of Egvpt. Of this compendium, one manu- script only bus yet been discovered by the industry of Eu- ropean scholars, and is now in the Bodleian lil)rary. An edition of it was published in ISOO, by professor White of Oxford (from whose preface the above particulars have been taken), enriched with valuable notes,»and a translation into Latin. A very learned account and criticism on this work appeared in the Monthly Review for .April 1802. ABEILLE (Caspar) was born at Riez in Provence, in 1648. He removed to Paris early in life, wherq he was nuich admired for the brilliancy of his wit. The mare- chal dc Luxembourg took notice of him, and gave him the title of his secretary; and the poet followed the hero in his campaigns. The marshal gave him his confi- dence during his life, and at his death recommended him to his heirs as an estimable man. The prince of Conti and the duke de Vendome vouchsafed him their familiaritv% and found great pleasure in his lively and animated conversa- tion. The witticisms which would have been common in the mouth of any other man, were rendered striking in him by the turn he gave them, and by the grimaces with which lie accompanied them. A countenance remarkably ugly and full of wrinkles, which he managed at pleasure, stood him instead of a variety of masks. Whenever he read a tale or a comedy, he made a ludicrous use of this move- able physiognom}' for distinguishing the personages of the piece he was reciting. The abbe Abeille enjoyed a priory, and a place in the Frencii academy. W^e have of him some odes, some epistles, several tragedies, one comedy, and two operas. A certain prince observed of his tragedy of Cato, that, if Cato of Utica should return from the grave, he would Ijc onl}' the Cato of the abbe Abeille. He understood well enough what was necessary to the for- mation of a good poet : but he was not one himself. His style is feeble, low, and languid. In his versification he discovers none of that dignity he had in his character. He died at Paris, the 21st of May, 1718. A French critic, speaking of the two tragedies, Solyman and Hercules, written by Jean Juvenon de la Thuillerie, says, the reader will be able to judge of their merit, when he is informed that they were attributed to the Abbe Abeille'. » Diet. Hist. 1810. 40 A B E I L L E. ABEILLE (SciPio), brother of the preceding, was also born at Riez, and became a surgeon and medical writer of considerable eminence. His publications are: 1. *' His- toire des Os," Paris, 1685, 12mo. 2. *' Traite des plaies d'ArquebusaJes," Paris, 1696, 12mo. 3. " Le parfait Chirurgien d'armee," 1696, 12mo, reckoned his most use- ful work. He wrote also some poetry, lie died Nov. 9, 1697, leaving a son who wrote two unsuccessful dramas'. ABEILLE (Louis Paul) was born at Toulouse, June 2, 1719 ; and died at Paris, July 28, 18()7. He was formerly inspector general of the manufactures of France, and se- ci'etary to the council of trade. He wrote: 1. *' Corps d'observations de la Societe d' Agriculture, de Commerce, et des Arts, etablie par les Etats de Bretagne," Rennes, 1761, 8vo. " Principes sur la liberie du Commerce de^ <7rains," Paris, 1768, Svo. He also published *' Obser- vations sur I'Histoire Naturelle de Buffon," written by M. Malesherbes, with a preface and notes, Paris, 1796, 2 vols. 3vo^. ABEL (Gaspar), a native of Halberstadt, and an emi- nent historian of the last century, born at Hindenburg in 1676, published in 1710 the history of Prussia and Bran- denburg, " Preussische und Brandisburgische Staats-His- torie," Leipsic, Svo; in 1714, some favourite satires; and, in 1715, a work of far more utility and importance, " His- toria Monarchiarum orbis antiqui," Leipsic, Svo ; a Greek Archaeology, 1738 ; and a translation of Boileau. He di^d at Westdorf in 1763^. ABEL (Frederick Gottfried), a physician, assessor of the College of Physicians, and member of the Lite- rary Society at Halberstadt, the son of the preceding Gas- par, was born July 8, 1714. In 1731, he commenced his theological studies at Halberstadt, under the celebrated Mosheim, and a year after removed to Halle, where he attended the lectures of Wolfe and Baumgarten, and often preached with much applause. In a few years, however, he gave up his theological pursuits, studied medicine, and in 1744 was admitted to the degree of doctor at Konigs- berg. On his return to Halberstadt, he practised as a phy- sician above half a century, and died Nov. 23, 1794. He is said to have been unconmionly successful in practice, yet had very little faith in medicine, and always prescribed such remedies as were cheap and common. Probity, mo- desty, and humanity, were the most striking features in * Diet. Hist. 1810. 'Ibid. * Saxii Onomast. — Biographie Uuiverselle, 1811. ABEL. 41 his character. While studying medicine at Ilalle, he did not neo-lect polite literature. He made some poetical trans- lations, particularly one of Juvenal into German, whicli he published in 1788'. ABEL (Charles Frederick), an eminent musician, was a native of Germany, and a disciple of Sebastian Bach. During nearly ten 3-ears he was in the band of the electoral king of Poland at Dresden; but the calamities of war hav- ing reduced that court to a close oeconomy, he left Dres- den in 1758, with only three dollars in his pocket, and proceeded to the next little German capital, where his talents procured a temporary supply. In 1759 he made his way to England, where he soon obtained notice and reward. He was first patronized by the duke of York: and on the formation of her present majesty's band, was appointed chamber-musician to her majesty, with a salary of o£'.200 per annum. In 1763, in conjunction with John Christian Bach, he established a weekly concert by sub- scription, which was well supported; and he had as many private pupils as he chose to teach. Abel performed on several instruments ; but that to which he chiefly attached himself was the viol da gamba, an instrument growing out of fashion, and now very little used. His hand was that of a perfect master. Dr. Burney gives the following character of his composi- tions and performance. *' His compositions were easy and elegantly simple ; for he used to say, * I do not choose to be always struggling with difficulties, and playing with all my might. I make my pieces difficult whenever I please, according to my disposition, and that of my audience.' Yet in nothing was he so superior to himself, and to other musi- cians, as in writing and playing an adagio ; in which the most pleasing, yet learned modulation, the richest harmony, and the most elegant and polished melody, were all ex- pressed with such feeling, taste, and science, that no musical production or performance withwhichi was then acquainted, seemed to approach nearer perfection. The knowledge Abel had acquired in Germany in every part of musical science, rendered him the umpire of all musical controver- sies, and caused him to be consulted in all difficult points. His concertos and other pieces were very popular, and were frequently played on public occasions. The taste and » Biographic Universelle, 1811 — Diet. Hist. 1810. 42 ABEL. science of Abel were rather greater than his invention, so that some of his later productions, compared with those of younger composers, appeared somewhat languid and mo- notonous. Yet he preserved a high reputation in the pro- fession till his death." Abel was a man who well knew the world, and kept on tolerable terms with societ}-, though a natural irascibility, and disposition to say strong things, sometimes rendered him overbearing and insolent in company. His greatest failing was a love of the bottle, in which he indulged to a degree that probably shortened his life. He died in Lon- don, June 20, 1787'. ABEL (Thomas). See ABLE. ABELA (John Fkancis), the historian of Malta ; born in that ilsand about the end of the sixteenth century, de- scended from an illustrious family, which became extinct on his death. He entered of the order of the knights of Jerusalem, and distinguished himself so as to attain, before 1622, the title of vice-chancellor, and, at last, that of com- mander. He is principally knoun by a very rare and curi- ous work, entitled, " Malta illustrata, ovvero della descri- Kione di Malta, con le sue antichita, ed altre notizie,'*' Malta, 1G47, fol. In this volume the author has displayed great learning, and has accumulated a fund of information on every part of the history of his country. It is divided into four books, comprehending the topography and actual state of the island of Malta, its antient history, churches, convents, and an account of the grand masters, and most distinguished families and individuals. A few particulars of his life are incidentally noticed, by which it appears that Jie had travelled over the greatest part of Europe, in quest pf antient books and remains of antiquity, and corre- sponded with the most eminent scholars of his time, as Gualteri, Holstein, and Peiresc. This history, which he wrote when considerably advanced in lile, was trans- lated into Latin by John Anthony Seiner, with a short pre- face, first published separately, and afterwards, in 1725,^ printed in the 15th volume of Gricvius' "Thesaurus anti- quitatum et historiarum Sicilian." Burmann, in his preface to the 11th volume of that Thesaurus, blames Abela for admitting some fabulous traditions ; but adds, that this little defect is more than compensated by hisgreat learning-. I Barney's Hist, of Music, vol. IV, 2 Biographic Unlvcrsellc, 1811. A B E L A R D. 4 ABELARD, ABAILARD, or ABEILARD (Peter), the son of Bereiiger, of noble descent, was born at Pa- lais, near Nantes, in Bretagne, in 1079. Such was the state of learning at that time, that he had no other field for the exercise of his talents, which were exceedingly promising, than the scholastic philosophy, of which he afterwards became one of the most celebrated masters. After the usual grammatical preparation, he was placed under the tuition of Rosceline, an eminent metaphysician, and the founder of the sect of the Nominalists. By his in- structions, before the age of sixteen, he acquired consi- derable knowledge, accompanied with a subtlety of thought and fluency of speech, which throughout life gave him great advantage in his scholastic contests. His avidity to learn, however, soon induced him to leave the preceptor of his early days, and to visit the schools of several neigh- bouring provinces. In his 20th year, he fixed his residence in the university of Paris, at that time the first seat of learning in Europe. His master there was William de Champeaux, an eminent philosopher, and skilful in the dialectic art. At first he was submissive and humbly atten- tive to de Champeaux, who repaid his assiduity by the in- timacy of friendship ; but the scholar soon began to con- tradict the opinions of the master, and obtained some vic- tories in contending with him, which so hurt the superior feelings of the one, and inflamed the vanity of the other, that a separation became unavoidable; and Abelard, con- fident in his powers, opened a public school of his own, at the age of 22, at Melun, a town about ten leagues from Paris, and occasionally the residence of the court. While Abelard confesses the ambition which induced him to take this step, it mast at the same time be allowed that he had not overrated the qualifications he could bring* into this new office. Notwithstanding every kind of obstacle which the jealous de Champeaux contrived to throw in his way, his school was no sooner opened than it was attended by crowded and admiring auditories ; and, as this farther advanced his fame, he deternuned to remove his school to Corbeil, near Paris, where he could maintain an open contest with his old rival. Tliis was accordingly executed ; the disputations were frequent and animated ; Abelard proved victorioiis, and de Champeaux was compelled to retire with considerable loss of popular reputation. After an absence of two years spent in his native country for the 44 A B E L A R D. recovery of his health, which had been impaired by the in- tenseness of his studious preparations, and the vehemence and agitation incident to such disputes, Abelard found, on his return to Corbeil, that de Champeaux had taken the monastic habit among the regular canons in the convent of St. Victor, but that he still taught rhetoric and logic, and held public disputations in theology. On this he immedi- ately renewed his contests, and with such success, that the scholars of his antagonist came over in crowds to him, and even the new professor, who had taken the former school of de Champeaux, voluntarily surrendered the chair to our young philosopher, and even requested to be enrolled among his disciples. De Champeaux, irritated at a mor- tification so public and so decisive, employed his interest to obtain the appointment of a new professor, and to drive Abelard back to Melun. Means like these, however, even in an agei not remarkable for liberality, were not likely to serve de Champeaux's cause ; and the consequence was, that even his friends were ashamed of his conduct, and he was under the necessity of retiring from the convent into the country. Abelard then returned to Paris, took a new station at the abbey on Mount Genevieve, and soon at- tracted to his school the pupils of the new professor. De Champeaux, returning to his monastery, made another feeble attempt, which ended in another victory on the part of his rival, but being soon after made bishop of Cha- lons, a termination was put to their contests. Abelard now determined to quit the study and profession of philosophy, which he appears to have pursued, at least in a great measure, out of opposition to the fame of his old master, and turned his thoughts to theology. Accord- ingK^, leaving his school at St. Genevieve, he removed to Laon, to become a scholar of Anselm ; but his expectations from this celebrated master seem to have been disap- pointed, as he speaks of his abilities very slightingly. This probably roused his early ambition to excel his teachers ; for, on a challenge being given him by some of Anselm's scholars, to explain the beginning of the prophecy of Eze- kiel, he next morning performed this in such a manner as to excite the highest admiration. At the request of bis audience, he continued for several successive days his lec- tures on that prophecy, until Anselm prohibited him, lest so young a lecturer might fall into mistakes, which would bring discredit upon his master. Abelard thought proper A B E L A R D. 45 to obey the prohibition, but could not so easily relinquish the new path to fame which he had so favourably opened, and went immediately to Paris, where he repeated these lectui'es on Ezekiel. His auditors were delighted, his school was crowded with scholars; and from this time he united in his lectures the sciences of theology and pliilo- sophy, with so much reputation, that multitudes repaired to him, not only from various parts of France, but from Spain, Italy, Germany, Flanders, and Great Britain. An incident now occurred in his life, which has given him more popular renown than his abilities as a philosopher, a theologian, or a writer, could have conferred, but which has thrown a melancholy shade on his moral character. About this time, there was resident in Paris, Hcloise, the niece of Fuibert, one of the canons of the cathedral church, a lady about eighteen years of age, of great personal beauty, and highly celebrated for her literary attainments. Abelard, who was now at the sober age of 40, conceived an illicit passion for this young lady, flattering himself that his personal attractions were yet irresistible. Fuibert, who thought himself honoured by the visits of so eminent a scholar and philosopher, while he had any reason to place them to his own account, welcomed him to his house, as a learned friend whose conversation mioht be instruc- tive to his niece, and was therefore easily prevailed upon, by a handsome payment which Abelard offered for his board, to admit him into his family as an inmate. AVhen this was concluded upon, as he apprehended no danger from one of Abelard's age and gravity, he requested liim to devote some portion of his leisure to the instruction of Heloise, at the same time granting him full permission to treat her in all respects as his pupil. Abelard accepted the trust, and, we gather from his own evidence, with no other intention than to betray it. "I was no less surprized," he says, " than if the canon had delivered up a tender lamb to a famished wolf," &c. In this infamous design he suc- ceeded but too well, and appears to have corrupted her mind, as, amidst the rage of her uncle, and the reflections vviiich would naturally be made on such a transaction, every other sentiment in her breast was absorbed in a romantic and indecent passion for her seducer. Upon her pregnancy being discovered, it was thought necessary for her to quit her imcle's house, and Abelard conveyed her to Bretagne, where she was delivered of a son, to wliom they gave the 46 A B E L A R D. name of Astrolabus, or Astrolabius. Abelard now pro- posed to Fulbert to marry his niece, provided the mar-i riage might be kept secret, and Fulbert consented ; but Heloise, partly out of regard to the interest of Abelard, whose profession bound him to celibacy, and partly from a less honourable noLion, that love like hers ouuht not to sub- mit to ordinary restraints, at first gave a peremptory refu- sal. Abelard, howevex-, at last prevailed, and they were privately married at Paris ; but in this state they did not experience the happy efiects of mutual reconciliation. The uncle wished to disclose the marriage, but Heloise denied it; and from this time he treated her with such unkindness as furnished Abelard with a sufficient plea for removing her from his house, and placing her in the abbey of Bene- dictine nuns, in which she had been originally educated. Fulbert, while he gave the provocation, pretended that Abelard had taken this step in order to ,rid himself of an incumbrance which obstructed his future prospects. Deep resentment took possession of his soul, and he meditated revenge ; in the pursuit of which he employed some ruf- fians to enter Abelard's chamber by night, and inflict upon his person a disgraceful and cruel mutilation, which was accordingly perpetrated. The ruffians, however, were ap- prehended, and punished according to the law of retalia- tion ; and Fulbert was deprived of his benefice, and his goods confiscated, Abelard, unable to support his mortifying reflections, and probably those of his enemies, resolved to retire to a convent ; but first, with a selfishness which seems to have been characteristic in him, insisted upon Heloise's promis- ing to devote herself to religion. She accordingly sub- mitted, and professed herself in the abbey of Argenteuil. Her romantic ardour of aff'ection supported her through this sacrifice, and seems never to have forsaken her to the latest moment of her life. A few days after she had taken her vows, Abelard assumed a monastic habit in the abbey of St. Denys; but, upon the earnest solicitations of his ad-r mirers and scholars, lie resumed his lectures at a small village in the country, and with his usual popularity. His rival professors, however, soon discovered an opportunity of bringing liini under ecclesiastical censures. A treatise which he published about this time, entitled, "The The- ology of Abelard," was said to contain some heretical te- nets respecting the Trinity. The work was accordingly A B E L A R D. 47 presented to the archbishop of Rlieims as heretical ; and, in a synod called at Soissons in the year 1121, it was con- demned to be burnt by the author's own hand : he was fur- ther enjoined to read, as his confession of faith, the Atha- nasian creed, and was ordered to be confined in the con- vent of St. Medard ; but this arbitrary proceeding excited such general dissatisfaction, that, after a short imprisonment, he was permitted to return to 8t. Denys. But here, too, his enemies endeavoured to brin^- him into new dis- grace. Having read in Bede's Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles that Denys (Dionysius) the Areopagite was not Bishop of Athens, but of Corinth, he ventured this passage as a proof, that the patron of the convent, and of the French nation, was not, as commonly believed, tlie Areopagite, but another St. Dionysius, bishop of Athens. A violent ferment was immediately raised in the convent ; and Abelard, being accused to the bishop and the king, as a calumniator of the order, and an enemy to his country, found it necessary to escape with a few friends to the con- vent of St. Ayoul, at Provins, in Champagne, the prior of which wats his intimate friend. But even here persecution followed him, until at length, with difficulty, he obtained permission to retire to some solitary i-etreat, on condition that he should never again become a member of a convent. The spot which he chose was a vale in the forest of -Champagne, near Nogent upon the Seine, where, accom- panied by onlyone ecclesiastic, he erected a small oratory, which he dedicated to the Trinity, but afterwards enlarged, and consecrated it to the Third Person, the Comforter, or Paraclete. In this asyluin he was soon discovered, and followed by a train of scholars. A rusric college arose in the forest, and the number of his pupils soon increased to six hundred. But his enemies. St. Norbert and St. Bernard, who enjoyed groat popularity in this neighbourhood, con- spired to bring him into discredit, and he was meditating liis escape, wiien, through the interest of the Duke of Bretagne, and with the consent of the abbot of St. Denys, he was elected superior of the monastery of St. Gildas, in the diocese of Vannes, where he remained several years. About this time Suger, the abbot of St. Denys, on the plea of an ancient right, obtained a grant for annexing the convent of Argenteuil, of which Heloise was now prioress, to St. Denys, and the nuns, who were accused of irregular practices, were dispersed. Abelard, informed of the dis- tS A B E L A R D. tressed situation of Heloise, invited her, with her compa- nions, eight m nurnbei', to take possession of the Paraclete. Happy in beiDg thus remembered in the moment of dis- tress by the man of her affections, she joyfully accepted the proposal ; a new institution was established ; Heloise was chosen abbess; and, in 1127, the donation was con- finned by the king. Abelard, now abbot of St. Gildas, paid frequent visits to the Paraclete, till he was obliged to discontinue them through fear of his enemies the monks, who not only endeavoured to injure him by gross insinua- tions, but carried their hostility so far as to make repeated attempts upon his life. It was during Abelard's residence at St. Gildas, that th? interestiuiT correspondence passed between him and He- loise, which is still extant, and that he wrote the memoirs of his life which came down to the year 1134. The letters of Heloise, in this correspondence, abound with proofs of genius, learning, and taste, vvhich might have graced a better age. It is upon these letters that Mr. Pope formed his " Epistle from Eloisa to Abelard," which, however, deviates in some particulars from the genuine character and story of Heloise, and is 3Ct more seriously censurable on account of its immoral tendency. Here, too, Abelard probably wrote his " Theology," or revised it, which again subjected him to prosecution. William, abbot of St. Thievry, the friend of Bernard, now abbot of Clairvaux, brouo^ht a formal chartje a«ainst him for heresy in thirteen articles, copied from the "Theology." Bernard, after an unsuccessful private remonstrance, accused Abelai'd to pope Innocent II. of noxious errors and mischievous de- signs. Abelard, with the concurrence of the archbishop of Sens, challenged his accuser to appear in a public as- sembly, shortly to be held in that city, and make good his accusation. The abbot at hrst ileclined accepting the challenge ; but afterwards made his appearance, and delivered to the assembly the heads of his accusation. Abelard, instead of replying, appealed to Rome, vvhich did not prevent the council from examming the charges, and pronouncing his opinions heretical. It was, how- ever, judged necessary to inform the bishop of Rome of the proceedings, and to request his confirmation of the sentence. In the mean time, Bernard, by letters written to the Roman prelates, strongly urged them to silence, without delay, this dangerous innovator. His importunity A B E L A R D. 49 succeeded ; for the pope, without waiting for the arrival of Abelard, pronounced his opinions heretical, and sen- tenced him to perpetual silence and confinement. Imme- diately upon being informed of the decision, Abelard set i>ut for Rome, in hopes of being permitted to plead his cause before his holiness. In his way he called at Cluni, a monastery on the confines of Burgundy, where he found a zealous friend in Peter Maurice, the abbot, and also iu Reinardus, the abbot of Citeaux, who negociated a recon- ciliation between him and Bernard, while Peter, by his earnest remonstrances, procured his pardon at Rome, and he was permitted to end his days in the monastery of Cluni. In this retreat he passed his time in study and devotion, with occasional intervals of instruction which the monks solicited ; but his health began to decay, and he expired April 21, 1142, in the priory of St. Marcellus, near Cha- lons, to which he had been removed for the benefit of the change of air. His character is thus summed up by his late elegant and most impartial biographer*. " He was born with uncommon abilities ; and, in a better age, had they been directed to other purposes, their display might have given more solid glory to their possessor, and more real advantage to mankind. But he was to take the world as he found it, for he could not correct its vicious taste, nor, indeed, did he attempt it. On the contrary, the vicious taste of the age seemed to accord with the most prominent features of his mind. He loved controversy, was pleased with the sound of his own voice, and, in his most favourite researches, rather looked for quibbles and evasive sophistry, than for truth, and the conviction of reason. He was a disputatious logician, therefore; and in this consisted all his philosophy. His divinity was much of the same complexion. " When we consider him as a writer, not much more can be added to his praise. He is obscure, laboured, and inelegant : nor do I discover any traces of that genius and vivid energy of soul, which he certainly possessed, and which rendered him so formidable in the schools of philo- sophy. Even when he describes his own misfortunes, and is the hero of his own tale, the story is languid, and it labours on through a tedious and digressive narration of * " History of the Lives of Abelard and Heloisa, by the Rev. Joseph Berrington," 4to. 2d edit. 1788. Vol. I. E 50 A B E L A R a incidents. In his theological tracts he is more jejune, and in his letters he has not the elegarfce, nor the harmon}', nor the soul of Heloise. Therefore, did we not know how much his abiUties were extolled by his contemporaries, what encomiums they gave to his pen, and how much the proudest disputants of the age feared the fire of his tongue, we certainly should be inclined to say, perusing his works, that Abelard was not an uncommon man. " Nor was he uncommon in his moral character. He had not to thank nature for any great degree of sensibility, that source of pain and of pleasure, of virtue and of vice. Thrown, from early youth, into habits which could not meliorate his dispositions, he became selfish, opiniative, and vain-glorious. What did not serve to gratify his own humour, called for little of his regard. He wished to ap- pear above the common feelings of humanity, for his phi- losophy was not of a nature to make him the friend of man. Of religion he knew little more than the splendid theorj^ ; and its amiable precepts were too obvious and familiar to engage the attention, and modify the heart, of an abstruse and speculative reasoner. When he loved Heloise, it was not her person, nor her charms, nor her abilities, nor her virtues, which he loved : he sought only his own gratifica- tion; and in its pursuit no repulsion of innocence could thwart him, no voice of duty, of friendship, of unguarded confidence, could impede his headlong progress. He suf- fered : and from that moment rather he became a man. We may blame him, perhaps, that he should so easily for- get Heloise : but I ha.ve said that he never really loved her. More than other men, he was not free to command his af- fections : and from motives of religion, perhaps even of compassion, he wished in her breast to check that ardent flame, which burned to no other purpose than to render her heart miserable, and her life forlorn. *'To erase these unfavourable impressions which the jnind has conceived of Abelard, we must view him in dis- tress, smarting from oppression and improvoked malevo- lence. There was in his character somethiufj which irri- tated opposition, whether it was a love of singularity, an asperity of manners, or a consciousness of superior talents, which he did not disguise. However this might be, the behaviour of his enemies was always harsh, and sometimes cruel ; and him we pity- — He now became a religious, a benevolent, and a virtuous man ; and thousands reaped A B E L A R D. 51 benefit from bis instructions, as they were tutored by his example. The close of his unhappy hfe was to the eye of the Christian spectator its most brilliant period. In his death he was the great and good man, the philosopher and the Christian." In what manner Heloise received the tidings of Abelard's death is uncertain. She requested, however, that his body miofht be sent for interment to the Paraclete, and this was said to have been in consequence of a wish formerly ex- pressed to her by Abelard. Her request was complied with, and the remains of her lover deposited in the church with much solemnity. For one-and-twenty years after we hear no more of her, only that she was held in the highest estimation ; that she was a pattern of every mo- nastic and Cln-istian virtue; and that, ever retaining the tenderest affection of a wife, she prayed unceasingly at her husband's tomb. In 1163, she fell sick. History does not inform us what her disorder was, nor does it relate the circumstances of her death. She expired, how- ever, on Sunday, May 17th, in the sixty-third year of her age, and her body was deposited, by her own orders, in the tomb by the side of Abelard. Their bones have lain in the abbey of the Paraclete, in the diocese of Troyes, in France, ever since 1142 and 11C3. They have been at several times, and in different centuries, moved to other parts of the church. The last transposition was made by order of the present abbess madame de Roucy, in the year 1779, with the following ceremonies. The relics of this fond pair were taken up out of the vault, and laid by a priest in a leaden coffin separated into two divisions, in order that they might not be mixed, which was exposed to view for a quarter of an hour, and then soldered up. After which the coffin was borne, attended by the ladies of the convent singing anthems, first into the choir, and then to the place of its destination under the altar; where, after prayers had been said over it, it was solemnly in- terred. The abbess has caused a monument of black marble to be erected on the spot, with the following in- scription : Hie sub eodem marmore jacent hujus nionasterii conditor, PETRUS AB/El^ARDUS, et abbatissa prima HELOISA, •lini studiii', ingenio, amore, infaustis jiuptiis, et poeniteiitia j E 2 52 A B E L A R D. Nunc scterna, quod speramus, felicitate conjuncti. Petrus obiit XX prima Apr. anno 11 41. Helaisa, xvii Mail, 1163. Curis CarolsE de Roucj', Paracleti abbatissas, M.DCC.LXXIX. Of Abelard's works, we have " Abtelardi et Heloisse, Conju^is ejus, Opera; ex editione Andrese Quercetam*," 4to, Paris, 1616. This collection was published from the MS. of Francis d'Amboise. It contains Letters, which have been elegantlj- translated by Mr. BeiTington in the work already referred to ; " Sermons, and Doctrinal tracts." There is a scarce edition of the Letters, " ex recensione Ric. Rawlinson," 8vo, London, 1716, which is said to be the best, as it was corrected from the most authentic manuscripts, ' ABELIN (John Philip), a historian, born at Stras- burgh, and who died about 1646^ is perhaps better known by the name of John Louis Gottfried, or Gothofredns, which he used in most of his numerous works. Under his proper name, he published only the first volume of the *' Theatre of Europe," which contains the history of Eu- rope from 1617 to 1628; and the 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th volumes of the* " Mercurius Gallo-Belgicus," begun by Gothard Arthus, and containing the annals of Europe, but particularly of France, from 1628 to 1636, Francfort, 1G28 — 1636, 8vo. The Mercurius is in Latin, but the The- atre in German. The second volume of the latter bears the name of Avelin ; but Christian Gryphius, in his account of the historians of the seventeenth centur}-, attributes it to John George Schleder, who also compiled some of the subsequent volumes. The best edition of the " Theatre of Europe" is that published at Francfort, from 1662 to 1738, in 21 vols, fol. illustrated by the engravings of Mat- thew Maittaire. The volumes composed by Abelin, Schle- der, and Schneider, are most esteemed ; the others, com- posed by their continuators, have neither the same reputa- tion or merit. In 1619, Abelin published an explanation of the meta- morphoses of Ovid, under the title " P. Ovidii Nasonis Metamorphoseon plerarumque historica, naturalis, moralis EK?>fa(7(j," Francfort, 8vo, with the engravings of J. The- odore de Bry. He signs the dedication to this work, " Lu- * Or Du Chesne. ^ Biographical Dirlionary, vol. I. — IJayle. — Moreri,— Bruckher Hist, Philo*. — Saxii Onomast, — But principally Berrin^ton. A B E L I N. 53 dovicus Gottofridns." In 1628, he was concerned in a German and Latin translation of D'Ativy's " Etats, Em- pires, Royaumes, ct Principautez du Monde," under the title of " Archontoloo;ia cosmica," of which there have been three editions, the two last with plates by Merian ; but, since the modern improvements in geography, this work is less esteemed. He also compiled or translated the 12th and last volume of the History of the East Indies, published at Francfort 1628, fol. under the title of " Historiarum Orientalis India; tomus XII." This history- bears a high price, when complete. The copy in the French imperial library cost 4000 francs. In 1632, Abe- lin published, in German,, his " Description of Sweden," folio ; and the year following, also u\ German, a " His- torical Chronicle," from the beginning of the world to the year 1619, folio, with a great number of plates by Merian, of which the letter-press is merely the description. His last work was a " History of the Antipodes, or the New World ;" this, which is in German, is a description of the West Indies, and was published at Francfort, 1655, folio. Jt is thought that he published a German translation of the Plagium, a comedy by Daniel Cramer, under the fic- titious name of John Philip Abel, in 1627; but why he assumed these disguises, we are not told. ' ABELL (John), an English musician, was celebrated for a fine counter-tenor voice, and for his skill on the lute. Charles II. of whose chapel he was, and who admired his singing, had formed a resolution of sending him to the carnival at Venice, in order to shew the Italians what Eng- land could produce in this way; but the scheme was dropped. Abell continued in the chapel till the Revolu- tion, when he was discharged as being a Papist. Upon this he went abroad, and distinguished himself by singing in public in Holldud, at Hamburgh, and other places ; where, acquiring considerable wealthy he set up a splendid equi})age, and affected the man of quality, though at in- tervals he was so reduced, as to be obliged to travel through whole provinces with his lute slung at his back. In ram- bling he got as far as Poland, and at Warsaw met with a very extraordinary adventure. He was sent for to court; but, evading to go by some slight excuse, was commanded to attend. At the palace he was seated in a chair, in the middle of a spacious hall, and suddenly drawn up to a J Biographie yniveiselle, 181}. 54 A B E L L. great height, and the king, with his attendants, ap- peared in a gallery opposite to him. At the same instant a number of wild bears were turned in, when the kins bid him choose, whether he would sing, or be let down among the bears ? Abell chose to sing, and declared afterwards, that he never sung so well in his life. After having rambled for many years, he probably re- turned to England; for, in 1701, he published at London a collection of songs in several languages, with a dedication to king William. Towards the end of queen Anne's reign he was at Cambridge with his lute, but met with little en- couragement. How long he lived afterwards is not known. This artist is said to have possessed some secrets, by which he preserved the natural tone of his voice to an extreme old age. ' ABELLI (Louis) was born in the Vexin Francois, in 1603. He was promoted to be grand vicar of Bayonne, then curate of Paris, and lastly bishop of Rhodes, in 1664, which he resigned about three years afterwards, in order to live a retired life in the house of St. Lazare, at Paris. He died Oct. 4, 1691, aged 88 years. His principal works are: K "Medulla Theologica," 2 vols. 12mo, which gained him the title of Moelleux Abelii (the marrowy) from Boileau. 2. A treatise "De la Hierarchic, et de I'auto- rite du Pape," 4to. 3. " La Tradition de TEglise, touchant ]a devotion a Sainte Vierge," 8vo, 1662, a work which the Protestants have often quoted against Bossuet. 4. "La Vie de M. Renard," 12mo. 5. *' La Vie de St. Vincent de Paul," 4to, in which he openly declares himself against the Jansenists. 6. "Enchiridion sollicitudinis pas- toralis," 4to. 7. "Meditation pour chaque jour de I'an- uee," 2 vols. 12mo. His Latin style is harsh, and his French writings are accounted by his countrymen flat and insipid. They allow him, however, to have excelled in every sacerdotal virtue, and to have been exemplary in his pastoral offices." ABENDANA (Jacob), a Spanish Jew, who died in 1685, was prefect of a synagogue in London, and the au- thor of a Spicilegium of explanations of various passages in the Hebrew bible, published at Amsterdam, folio, about the time of his death. He published also some other works in considerable esteem with Hebrew scholars.^ ' Hawkins's Hist, of Music. 2 Diet. Historique.— -Gen. Diet. s Diet. Hist. A B E N - E Z R A. 55 ABEN-EZRA,AVEN-HEZER,oiBEN-MEIIl, (Abra- ham), a celebrated Rabbi, born at Toledo, in iS])ain, in 1099, called by the Jews, the wise, great, and admirable doctor, was a very able interpreter of the Holy Scriptures, and was well skilled in grammar, poetry, philosophy, astro- nomy, and in medicine. He was also a perfect master of the Arabic. His style is in general clear, elegant, concise, and much like that of the Holy Scriptures ; he almost always adheres to the literal sense, and everywhere gives proofs of his genius and good sense : he however ad- vances some erroneous sentiments, and his conciseness sometimes makes his style obscure. He travelled in most parts of Europe, visiting England, France, Italy, Greece, &c. for the purpose of acquiring knowledge, and far surpassed his brethren both in sacred and profane learning. He wrote theological, grammatical, and astro- nomical works, many of which remain in manuscript, but the following have been published: 1. " Perus a I'Altora,' or a commentary on the Law, fol. Constantinople, 5262 (1552), a very rare edition. There is likewise another edition printed at Venice, 1576, fol. 2. "Jesod Mora," intended as an exhortation to the study of the Talmud, Constantinople, 8vo. 1530, by far the most scarce of all his works. 3. " Elegantiai Grammatics," Venice, 1546, 8vo. 4. "De Luminaribus et Diebuscriticis liber," Leyden, 1496, 4to. of which there have been three editions. 5. "De Nativitatibus," Venice, 1485, 4to, republished by John Dryander, Col. 1537, 4to. He died in 1174 at the island of Rhodes, in the 75th year of his age, but pome have placed his death in 1165.* ABENGNEFIT, ABHENGNEFIT, or ALBENGUE- FIT, an Arabian physician, who Hourished in the 12th cen- tury, is the author of : 1. " De virtutibus Medicinarum et Ciborum," translated from the Arabic into Latin by Gerard of Cremona, and published at Strasburgh, 1531, fol. 2. "DeBalneis," Venice, 1553, fol.' ABEN-MELEK, or ABEN-MALLEK, a learned rabbi of the 17th century, who wrote a commentary on the Bible,' called in Hebrew the ''Beauty of Hohness," Amst. 1661, fol. Different parts of it have been translated into Latin, and printed, 4to and Svo, in Germany. This rabbi follows the grammatical sense, and the opinions of Kimchi^. 1 Biyle — Chaufejiie. — Bruckei's Hist. — Sasii Onomast. « Dic'l. Hist. — Man^'eti Bib!. — Fabric. Bibl. Gr. % Moieri. — Diet, Hist. — Simuu, Hist. CVit. 56 ABERCROMBIE. ABERCROMBIE (John), a horticultural writer of con- siderable note, and to whose taste and writings the English garden is considerably indebted, was the son of a respectable gardener near Edinburgh, and descended of a good family. The father, having early discovered a predilection in the son for that profession in which he was himself allowed to excel, afforded him every encouragement ; and, as his mind was solely bent on this delightful pursuit, his profi- ciency in horticulture, &c. soon outstripped his years. To increase his knowledge in the different branches of garden- ing, he came to London at the ajje of eip-hteen, and worked m Hampton court, St. James's, Kensington, Lei- cester, &c. gardens. His taste in laying out grounds, and his progress in botany, were so highly appreciated, that he was advised to publish something on those subjects ; but his extreme diffidence for a long time counteracted the wishes of his friends. At length he was induced to commence au- thor : having submitted his manuscript to Mr. Griffin, book- seller, of Catherine-street, in the Strand, Mr. Griffin can- didly told him he was not a judge of the subject, but, with permission, he would consult a friend of his who was allowed to be so, Mr. Mawe, gardener to the duke of Leeds. Mr. Abercrombie consented. Mr. Mawe bore testimony to the merit of the production, and prefixed his name to the pub- lication, in order to give it that celebrity to which it was so justly entitled, for which he received a gratuity of 20 guineas. The work was published under the title of *'Mawe's Gardener's Calendar;" the flattering reception which it experienced induced the real writer to publish another work under his own name ; " The Universal Dic- tionaiy of Gardening and Botan}-," in 4to. This was fol- lowed by "The Gardener's Dictionary," "The Gardener's Daily Assistant," " The Gardener's Vade Mecum," " The Kitchen Gardener and Hot-Bed Forcer," " The Hot- House Gardener," &c. &c. Some of these are hasty com- pilations, without much display of botanical knowledge ; but they were in general popular, and most of them were translated into French, German, &c. Mr. Abercrombie's industry enabled him to brino- up a large family, and to give them a good education ; but he survived them all, except one son, who has more than once distinguished himself at sea in the service of his country. He died at his apartments, Chalton-strect, Somers Town, in the 80th year of his age, 1806. ABERCROMBY. 57 ABERCROMBY (Patrick), a physician and historian, was the son of Alexander Abercromby, of Fetternear, in Aberdeensliire, and brother of Francis Abercromby, who was created lord Glasford in July 16S5. He was born at Forfar, in the county of Angus, in 1656, and educated in the university of St. Andrew's, where he took the degree of doctor in medicine in 1685. Some accounts say that he spent his youth in foreign countries, was probably edu- cated in tlie university of Paris, and that his family were all Roman Catholics, who partook of the misfortunes of James II. ; others, that on his return to Scotland he re- nounced the Protestant religion, at the request of king James, and was by him appointed one of the physicians to the court, which he was obliged to relinquish at the Revo- lution. Soon after he attached himself to the study of antiquities, and published, " The Martial Atchievements of Scotland," 2 vols. fol. 1711 and 1715, to which he was encouraged by a large list of subscribers. The first volume abounds in the marvellous, but the second is valuable on account of its accurate information respecting the British history in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. He wrote also a treatise on Wit, 1686, which is now little known, and translated M. Beague's very rare book, **L'Histoire de la Guerre d'Escosse," 1556, under the title of "The History of the Campagnes 1548 and 1549: being an exact account of the martial expeditions per- formed in those days by the Scots and French on the one side, and the English and their foreign auxiliaries on the other: done in French by Mons. Beague, a French gen- tleman. Printed in Paris 1556, with an introductory pre- face by the translator," 1707, 8vo. The ancient alliance between France and Scotland is strenuously asserted in this work. He died about the year 1716, according to Mr. Chalmers, or, as in the last edition of this Dictionary, in 1726, about the age of 70, or rather 72. In the former edition of this work it is said that he never made any distinguished figure in the physical profession. There was, however, a David Abercromby, a contempo- rary and countryman of his, who published in London some niedical tracts on the venereal disease, the pulse, &c. which were collected in one volume, entitled, " D. Aber- crombii Opuscula Medica hactenus edita," Lond. 1687, 12mo. Of him no memoirs have been preserved; but his works are analysed in the Act. Lips. 1685, 1686, 1687. 5S ABERCROMBt. Saxius denominates him " medicus et philologus," and at- tributes to him a liumorous publication, entitled, " Fur Academicus," Amsterdam, 1689, 12mo. ' ABERCROMBY (Sir Ralph), K. B. a British officer of great bravery and talents, was the son of George Aber- crombie, of Tillibodie, in Clackmannanshire, esq. by Mary daughter of Ralph Dundas, of Manour, esq. and was born about the year 1738, or, according to his epitaph at Malta, 1733 ; and, after a liberal education, went by choice into the army. His first commission was that of cornet in the third regiment of dragoon guards, dated March 23, 1756. In the month of February 1760, he obtained a lieutenancy in the same regiment, and in that of April, a company in the third regiment of horse. In this last regiment he rose to the rank of major and lieu- tenant-colonel. In November 1780, he was included in the list of brevet colonels, and in 1781 was made colonel of the 103d, or king's Irish infantry. On Sept. 26, 1787, he was promoted to the rank of major-general. Soon after the war broke out on the Continent in 1792-3, he was employed there, and had the local rank of lieutenant-general conferred upon him. He commanded the advanced guard in the action on the heights at Cateau, and was wounded at Nimeguen. On every occasion his bravery and skill procured him the warmest praise of the commander in chief, and of the army. In the unfortu- nate retreat from Holland, in the winter of 1794, the suards as well as the sick were left under his care, whom he conducted with the utmost humanity, amidst many painful scenes, during the disastrous march from Deven- ter to Oldensall, In 1795, he was made knight of the Bath, and appointed commander in chief of the forces in the West Indies. On his arrival, he obtained possession of the island of Grenada, in the month of March, and soon after of the settlements of Demarara and Essequibo, in South America. His next conquests were the islands of St. Lucia and St. Vincent's; and in February 1797 the Spanish island of Trinidad capitulated to him. This suc- cessful campaign being concluded, he returned to Europe, ^nd had the command conferred upon him of the 2d, or North British dragoons, and had been before his arrival promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, and was ap- 1 Chalmers's Life of Rmlrliman, p. 57. — Gough's British Topography, vol. II. — Mangct. Bibliotl). — ISaxii Oiiomasticoii. A B E R C R O M B Y. S9 pointed licutenant-f^overnor of the Isle of Wight, from which he was in 179S removed to the hiorher office of Scoich Judges, died in 1795, a man of high reputation in the law, and not less distinguished for his taste in the belles lettres. He was the author of ten papers in the Mirror, and nine in the Lounger, two well-known periodical pa])crs published at Edinburgh. Sir Ralph sat in three parliaments for the comity of Clackmannan. As a testimony of national regard, tlie House of Com- mons unanimously voted a luonunient to his memory in A B E R C R O M B Y. €1 St. Paul's cathedral, and a pension of ^.2000. was settled on his family. His widow, Mary Anne, daughter of John Menzies, of Farnton, in Perthshire, esq. was created Ba- roness Abercrombie, of Aboukir and Tillibodie, in the county of Clackmannan, with remainder to her issue male by her late husband. Sir Ralph left four sons : George, a barrister, heir-apparent to the barony ; John, a major- general in the army ; James, member of pdrhament for Midhurst; and Alexander, also a major in the army.' ABERNETHY (John), an eminent dissenting minister in Ireland, was born Oct. 19, 1G80 : his father was a dis- sentinor minister in Colraine, his mother a W'alkinshaw of Renfrewshire, in Scothvnd. In 16S9 he was separated from his parents; his father having been employed by the Presbyterian clergy to solicit some public atfalrs in London, at a time when his mother, to avoid the tumult of the insurrections in Ireland, withdrew to Derry. He was at this time with a relation, who in that general confu- sion determined to remove to Scotland; and having no opportunity of conveying the child to his mother, carried him along with him. Thus he happily escaped the hard- ships of the siege of Derry, in which Mrs. Abernethy lost all her other children. Having spent some years at a grammar-school, he was removed to Glasgow college, where he continued till he took the degree of M. A. His own inclination led him to the study of physic, but he was dissuaded from it by his friends, and turned to that of di- vinity ; in pursuance of which he went to Edinburgh, and was some time under the care of the celebrated professor Campbell. At his return home, he proceeded in his stu- dies with such success, that he was licensed to preach by the presbytery before he was 21 years of age. In 1708, having a call by the dissenting congregation at Antrim, he was ordained. His congregation was large, and he applied himself to the pastoral work with great diligence. His preaching was much admired ; and, as his heart was set upon the acquisition of knowledge, he was very industrious in reading. In 1716, he attempted to remove the pre- judices of the native Irish in the neighbourhood of Antrim, who were of the Popish persuasion, and bring them over to the Protestant faith. His labours were not without suc- cess, for several were induced to renounce their errors. * Gent, Mag. IJiOl, 1802. — Biographical Peerage. — Beatson's Political Index. 62 ABEHNETHY. About the time the Bangorian controversy was on foot in England, encouraged by the freedom of discussion which it had occasioned, a considerable number of minis- ters and others, in the North of Ireland, formed themselves into a society for their improvement in useful knowledge. Their plan was to bring things to the test of reason and scripture, without having a servile regard to any imman authority. Abernethy pursued this design with much zeal, and constantly attended their meetin Moreri. — D'Herbelot Bibl. Orient. 8 D'Herbelot.— Diet. Hist. a D'Herbelot.— Moreri, 70 A B R A B A N E L. ABRABANEL (Isaac), a famous rabbi, was born at Lisbon in 1437, of a family who boasted their descent from king David. He raised himself considerably at the court of Alphonso V. king of Portugal, and was honoured with very high offices, which he enjoyed till this prince's death ; but, upon his decease, he felt a strange reverse of fortune under the new king. Abrabanel was in his 45th year, when John II. succeeded his father Alphonso. All those who had any share in the administration of the pre- ceding reign were discarded : and, if we give credit to our rabbi, their death was secretly resolved, under the pre- text of their having formed a design to give up the crown of Portugal to the king of Spain. Abrabanel, however, suspecting nothing, in obedience to the order he received to attend his majesty, set out for Lisbon with all expedi- tion ; but having, on his journey, heard of what was plot- ting against his life, fled immediately to his Castilian majesty's dominions. A party of soldiers were dispatched after him, with orders to bring him dead or alive : how- ever, he made his escape, but his possessions were con- fiscated. On this occasion he lost all his books ; and also the beginning of his Commentary upon the book of Deu- teronomy, which he much regretted. Some writers affirm, that the cause of his disgrace at this time was wholly owing to his bad behaviour ; and they are of the same opinion in regard to the other persecutions which he afterwards suf- fered. They affirm that he would have been treated with greater severity, had not king John contented himself with banishing him. They add that by negociating bills of ex- change (which was the business he followed in Castile), he got introduced at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella: that he amassed prodigious wealth, by practising the usual tricks and frauds of the Jewish people, that he oppressed the poor, and by usury made a prey of every thing ; that he had the vanity to aspu'e at the most illustrious titles, such as the noblest houses in Spain could hardly attain, and that being a determined enemy of the Christian religion, he was the principal cause of that storm which fell upon him and the rest of his nation. Of the truth of all this, some doubt may be entertained. That he amassed prodigious wealth seems not very probable, as immediately on his settling in Castile, he began to teach and write. In 1484, he wrote his " Commentary upon the books of Joshua, Judges, and Samuel." Being afterwards sent for to the court of Fer- A B R A B A N E L. 71' dinand and Isabel, he was advanced to preferment ; which he enjoyed till 1492, when the Jews were driven out of the Spanish donninions. He used his utmost endea- vours to avert this dreadful storm; but all proved ineffec- tual ; so that he and all his family were obliged to quit the kingdom, with the rest of the Jews. He retired to Naples ; and, in 1493, wrote his "Commentary on the books of the Kin^s." HaviuLj; been bred a courtier, he did not neglect to avail himself of the knowledge he had acquired at the courts of Portuoal and Arraoron, so that he soon in- gratiated himself into tlie favour of Ferdinand king of Na- ples, and afterwards into that of Alphonso. He followed the fortune of the latter, accompanying him into Sicily, when Charles VHI. the French king, drove him from Naples. Upon the death of Alphonso he retired to the island of Corfu, where he began his " Commentary on Isaiah" in 1495 ; and, about this time, he had the good fortune to find what he had written on the book of Deu- teronomy. The following year he returned to Italy, and went to Monopoli in Apulia, where he wrote several books. In 1196 he finished his " Commentary on Deuteronomy;'* and also composed his " Sevach Pesach," and his " Na- chalath Avoth." In the succeeding year he wrote his *' Majene Hajeschua;" and in 1498 his " Maschmia Jes- chua," and his " Commentary on Isaiah." Some time after, he went to Venice, to settle the disputes betwixt the Ve- netians and Portuguese relating to the spice trade ; and on this occasion he displayed so much prudence and ca- pacity, that he acquired the favour and esteem of both tliose powers. In 1504 he wrote his " Commentary on Jeremiah ;" and, according to some authors, his " Com- mentary on Ezekiel, and the twelve minor prophets." In 1506 he composed his "Commentary on Exodus;" and died at Venice in 1508, in the 71st year of his age. Se- veral of the Venetian nobles, and all the principal Jews, attended his funeral with great pomp. His corpse was interred at Padua, in a burial-place without the city. Abrabanel wrote several other pieces, besides what we have mentioned, the dates of which are not settled, and some have not been printed. The following list appears in the Leipsic Journal (Nov. 1686), and is probably correct : 1. " Commentaries on Genesis, Leviticus, and Numbers." 2. " Rach Amana." 3. " Sepher Jeschuoth Moschici, a treatise on the traditions relating to the INIessiah." 4. 72 A B R A B A N E L. *' Zedek Olammim, upon future rewards and punishments.'* 5. " Sepher Jemoth Olam, a history from the time of Adam." 6. " Maamer Machase Schaddai, a treatise on prophecy and the vision of Ezekiel, against rabbi Maimo- nides." 7. " Sepher Atereth Sekenim." 8. " Miphaloth Elohim, works of God." 9. " Sepher Schamaim Chadas- chim " 10. " Labakath Nebhiim." His " Commentary on Haoo-ai" was translated into Latin by Adam Sherzerus, •ncfinserted in the TrifoUuni Orientale, pubUshed in Leipsic in 1663, where his "Commentary on Joshua, Judges, and Samuel," was also printed in 1686, folio. In this same year his " Annotations on Hosea," with a preface on the twelve minor prophets, were translated into French by Francis ab Husen, and published at Leyden, In 1683, Mr. de Veil, a converted Jew, pubhshed at Lon- don Abrabanel's preface to Leviticus. His commentaries on the Scriptures, especially those on the prophets, are lilled with so much rancour against our Saviour, the church, the pope, the cardinals, the whole clergy, and all Chrisr tians in general, but in a particular munner against the Roman catholics, that father Bartolocci was desirous the Jews should be forbid the perusal of them. And he tells us that they were accordingly not allowed to read or to keep in their houses Abrabanel's commentaries on the latter prophets. He was a man of so great a genius, that most persons have equalled him, and some even preferred him, to the celebrated Maimonides. The Jews set a high value upon what he has written to refute the arguments and objections of the Christians; and the latter, though they hold in contempt what he has advanced upon this head, yet allow great merit in his other performances, wherein he gives many proofs of genius, learning, and pe- netration. He does not blindly follow the opinions of his superiors, but censures their mistakes with great freedom. The persecutions of the Jews, under which he had been a considerable sufferer, affected him to a very great degree; so that the remembrance of it worked up his indignation, and made him inveigh against the Christians in the strong* est terms. There is hardly one of his books where he has omitted to shew his resentment, and desire of revenge ; and whatever the subject may be, he never fails to bring in the distressed condition of the Jews. He was most as- siduous in his studies, in which he would spend whole nights, and would fast for a considerable time. He had a A B R A B A N E L. 73 great facility in writing ; and though he discovered an im- placable hatred to the Christians in his compositions, yet, when in company with them, he behaved with great po- liteness, and would be very clieerful in conversation.^ ABRAHAM (Nk:holas), a learned Jesuit, was born in the diocese of Toul in Lorrain, in 1 589 ; he entered into the society of Jesus in 1609, and took the fourth vow in 1623. He taught the belies lettres, and was made divinity pro- fessor in the university of Pont-a-Mousson, which place he enjoyed 17 years, and died 8ei)t. 7, 1655. His works are : 1. " Commentaries on Virgil's iEneid," printed at Pont-a-Mousson, 1632, 8vo ; and again at Tou- louse, 1644; at Rouen, 1637 and 1648. 2. " Commen- tary on the third volume of Cicero's Orations," Paris, 1631, 2 vols. fol. His Analyses of the Orations were published separately at Pont-a-Mousson, 1633, 4to. 3. " Pharus Veteris Testamenti, sive sacrarum questionum libri XV." Paris, 1648, fol. This is the most esteemed of his works. 4. '* Nonni Neopolitani paraphrasis sancti secundum Jo- annem Evancjelii. Accesserunt notae P. N. A. soc. Jes." Paris, 1623, 8vo, These notes were from the pen ot our author. He published also a Hebrew grammar in Latiti verse, and translated into French Bartoli's Italian pieces, *' The Life of Vinant Caraifa ;" *' The Man of Letters," and " Contented Poverty." As an original writer he is uncom- monly prolix, but displays much learning and acuteness. Bayle gives most praise to his commentary on Cicero, by which Osorius and Olivet profited much ; but others prefer his Pharus. It may be necessary to add what is meant by his taking tne fourtii vow. In addition to the vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, the fourth is, that the person taking it shall labour to promote the salvation of others, by instruct- ing youth, preaching, administering the sacraments, and by becoming missionaries among iieretics and idolaters. ^ AiitvAHAM (Ben Chaila), a Spanish rabbi, of the thirteenth century, practised astrology, and assuming the character of a pniphei, predicted the coming of the Mes- siah to be in 1358, but died himself in 1303, fifty-five years before the time when his prediction was to be ful- filled. A treatise of his, "De Nativitatibus," was printed &t Rome in 1545, 4to. He is also said to have written a 1 Gen. Diet. — Moreri. — Simon Crit. Hist. ■3 Bayle in Gen. Diet.— Konigii Bibl. Vet. et Nov. — Baillet Jugemens, torn, 2. p. '240, 241. 74 A B B A H A M. treatise on th^ figure of the earth, in Hebrew and Latin, which was published at Basil, 1546, 4to. ' ABRAHAM (Usque), a Portuguese Jew, though Ar- iiaud thinks him a Christian, joined with Tobias Athias in giving a Spanish translation of the Bible in the 16th cen- tury. The title of this famous version is as follows : *' Biblia en lengua Espagiiola, traduzida palabra por pala- bra de la verdao He!;raica, por mui excellentes letrados, en Ferrara," 1533, folio, in gothic characters. Though the nouns and the verbs are translated according to the strictest rules of grammar, this translation is looked upon as nothing more than a compilation from Kimchi, Rasci, Abenezra, the Chaldee paraphrast, and some ancient Spanish glosses. This version is extremely rare, and much soutrht after. Another edition has been made for the use of the Spanish Christians, which is neither less scarce nor less inquired for. Tiie curious are desirous of having both, in order to compare them together. Notwithstanding their apparent conformity, the discrepancies are very ob- servable in the various interpretations of several passages, according to the belief of those for whom they were printed. The version for the use of the Jews, which is the most in request, is addressed to sennora Gracia Naci, with the subscription d' Athias and d' Usque; the other is dedicated to Hercules d'Est, and signed by Jerome de Vargas and Duarte Pin el. 2 ABRAHAM (Echellensis). See ECHELLENSIS. ABRE8CH (Frederic Louis), an eminent Greek scho- lar and commentator, was born at Hamburgh, Dec. 29, 1699. At the age of thirteen, he went to a village called Dabhausen, or Taubhausen, near the town of Griefen- stein, where there Mas then a French colony, to learn that language ; and made so much pi'ogress within seven months, that it appeared to be his native tongue. On his return home, he studied Latin and Greek ; and, as his father designed him for the church, he was sent, in 1717, to the college of Herborn, a small town in the principality of Nassau-Dillenburgh, where, for two years and a half, he vfent through a course of philosophy, and studied Hebrew and divinity. In 1720, he removed to the university of Utrecht, where the instructions of the celebrated Draken- burgh and Duker inspired him with a decided taste for ancient literature, and he gave up divinity. About the » Diet Hist. * Moreri.—Gen. Diet. — Simon Hist. Crit. A B R E S C H. 75 end of 1723, when he had finished his studies at Utrecht, and wished to go through the same course at Leyden, he was appointed vice-director of tiie college of Middleburgb. In (725, he was promoted to be rector of the same col- lege; and, in 1741, he filled the same office in that of Zwol, in Over-yssel, where he remained until his death, in 1782. At Middleburgli he became first known to the learned world by many valuable pieces of criticism on ancient authors, Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Hesychius, i^schvlus, ikc. wiiich he sent to a literary journal then printed at Amsterdam, under the title of " Miscellaneie Observationes criticae in auctores veteres et recentiores.'* Some of these have his name appended, others are marked by an H. or H, L. or P. B. A. A. H., and the fictitious name of Petrobasilius. He published also separately some critical works in hi Cave Hist. Lit.—Fabr. Bibl. Giaec. — Bayle iu Gen. Diit. — Heibelo\ Bibi. Orient. — Asseman. BiblioUi. Orient. ABULFEDA. 79 his knowledge in geography and many otlier sciences. Attached, however, as he was to study, he appears to have for some time led a military life, and in his youth fol- lowed his father in many of his expeditions, particularly in the wars against the Tartars and French in Syria. He speaks in his writings of other expeditions in which he bore a part before he arrived at the throne. His works are : 1. A system of Universal Geography, under the title of "Tekvvym el Boldaan," or Geographical Canons, which ends at the year 1321. It consists of preliminary matter, a general view of land, water, rivers, mountains, &c. twenty-four tables of longitude and latitude, with marginal notes descrij)ti\e of the countries, and twenty- four chapters describing the principal towns. There are manuscripts of this work in the Imperial Library at Paris, in the Vatican, and in the Bodleian. That in the library of the university of Leyden was written under tlie inspec- tion of the author, with some notes, supposed to be by his own hand. 2. "An Universal History," from the cre- ation of the world to the birth of Mahomet, which forms about fifty or sixty pages. Various portions of these two works have been translated; as, 1. " Chorasmiai et Ma- wai'alnahrag ;" i. e. " Regionum extra fiuvium Oxum de- scriptio, Arab, et Lat. ex interpret. Joan. Grajvii*," Lon- don, 1650, 4to. reprinted by Dr. Hudson, in his Collec- tion of the lesser Geographers, Oxford, iG98 — 1712, 4 vols. 8vo. with a description of Arabia by Abulfeda, Arab, et Lat. and the same, translated into French, was added, by Ant. de la Roque, to his "Voyage en Palestine," Paris, 1717, 12mo. 3. "Caput primum Geographi'e ex Arabico in Latinum translat. promulgari jussit L. A. Muratorius, in Antiq. Italicis medii «vi," Dissert. 54, p. 941, 942. 4. "Tabula Syrian, Arab, et Lat. cum notis Koehleri, et animadversionibus Jo. Jac. Reiskii," Lips. 1766, 4to. 5. " Annales Moslemici, Arab, et Lat. a Jo. Jac. Reiskio,'* Lips, 1754, 4to. 6. " Abulfedae Annales Moslemici, * Mr. Greaves consulted five dif- u«es of it ; Castaltlns corrected the ferent manuscripts: the first, that longitudes and latitudes by it j Oite- which Erpeiiius had transcribed from )jus mentions it often in his Thesaurus the copy in the Palatine lil>rar\'; the Geographicus ; and lirpenius would second, the copv afterwards in the have publistied it, had he not been V;itican ; two other manuscripts in prevented by dtath. Schickard first Dr. Pococke's possession ; and a fifth extracted several remarks, and inserted that had been purchased in Constant!- them in his "Tarich Persirum;' but nople. Ramusius first praiseii this the principal labour and credit of t.'ie work of Abulfeda, and pointed out the work fell to Mr. Greaves. Geo. Die*. iio A B U L F E D A. Arab, et Lat. opera et studiis J. J. Reiske, sumptibiia atque auspiciis P. F. Suhmii, nunc primum edidit J. G. Ch, Adler," Copenhagen, 1789 — 1794, 5 vols. 4to. 7. " De- scriptio Egypti, Arab, et Lat. ed. Jo. Dav. Michaelis," Got- tingeii, 1776, 4to. 8. "Africa, Arab, cum notis ; excudi ciiravit I. G. Fickhorn," Gottingen, 1790, 8vo. Eickhorn's notes and additions are in the 4th vol. of the " Biblio- tbeque Theologique Universelle," with M. Rinck's addi- tions and corrections. 9. "Tabulge quaedam Geographical ct alia ejusdem argumenti specimina, Aiabice," by Fred. Theoph. Rinck, Lips. 1791, 8vo. 10. " Geographia La- tina facta ex Arabico, a Jo. Jac. Reiskio." 11. " Abul- fedae descriptio regionuni Nigritarum," printed at the end of Rinck's edition of Macrizi's " Historia reu;um Isla- miticorum in Abyssinia," Lejden, 1790, 4to. 12. "Ta- bula septima ex AbulfedoD Geographia, Mesopotamiam exhibens, Arabice, cura E. F. C. Rosenmuller, notas ad- spersit H. E. G. Paulus," 1791 ; inserted in the "Nouveau Repertoire de la Litterature Orientale," vol. 3. 13. " Abul- fedcE Arabite descriptio," with a Commentary by Chr. Rommel, Gottingen, 1801, 4to. In 1728, Gagnier pub- lished the prospectus of a translation of Abulfeda's Geo- graph}-, and had made some progress in the printing of it, when he died. This occasioned the mistake of some Bib- liographers, who speak of this translation as having been published at London in 1732, fol. Gagnier, however, pub- lished, 14. "De Vita et I'ebus gestis Mohammedis liber, Arab, et Lat. cum notis," Oxford, 1725, fol. 15. " Auc- tarium ad vitam Saladini, extractum ex Abulfedoe Historia imiversali, cum versione Lat. x\lb. Scultens •" this appear* at the end of Bohadinus's Life of Saladine, Leiden, 1732, or 1755, fol. 16. " Climats Alhend et Alsend," trans- lated into Latin from Abulfeda, may be found in Theve- not's Voyages, Paris, 1G96, 2 vols. Vol. And, 17. In Mu- ratori's Italian Historians, is the History of the Saracens. IS. The last publication w-e shall notice, is, some extracts respecting the history of Africa and Sicily, under the em- pire of the Arabs, by Gregorio, in his collections for a histoi-y of Sicily, 1790. It remains yet to be mentioned, that a manuscript of Abulfeda's Universal History is in the library of St. Germain-des-Prcs, and another in the F^'cnch imperial library. Several chapters of the first part of the Universal History, which had never been pub- lished, are printed, Arab, et Lat. iu the new edition of ABULFEDA. 81 Pococke's " Specimen Historice Arabum," by Professor White, of Oxf;)rti, 1806.' - ABULGASI (Bayatur), khan of the Tartars, worthy of a place in this Dictionary, as well on account of his lite- rary talents as from the circumstance of his being the only Tartar historian with whom the nations of fCurope are ac- quainted. He was born in the city of Urgens, capital of the country of Kharasm, in the year of the hegira 1014, answering to the year 1605 of the Christian oera. He was the fourth, in order of birth, of seven brothers, and de- scended in a direct line, both on his father's and his mo- ther's side, though by different branches, from Zingis khan. His youth was marked by misfortunes, which con- tributed not a little to form his character, and to fit him for the government of his states when he came to the so- vereignty of the country of Kharasm, which happened in the year of t!ie hegira 1054. He reigned 20 years; and, by his conduct and courage, rendered himself formidable to all his neighbours. A short time before his death, he resigned the throne to his son Anuscha Mohammed Baya- tur khan, in order to devote the remainder of his life to the service of God. It was in his retreat that he wrote the famous "Genealogical History of the Tartars;" but, being attacked by the mortal disease that put an end to his life in the year 1074 of the hegira, corresponding to 1663 of our aera, before he could complete it, when dying he charged his son and successor to give it tiie finishing hand, which he did accordingly two years afterwards. As a specimen of the style and manner of this historian, the reader will not be displeased to see the preface to that work, which, in English, is as follows : "There is but one God; and before him none other did ever exist, as after him no other will be. He formed seven heavens, seven worlds, and eighteen creations. By him, Mohammed, the friend of God, was sent, in quality of his pix)phet, to all mankind. It is under his auspices that I, Abulgasi Bayatur khan, have taken in hand to write this book. My father, Aruep Mohammed khan, de- scended in a direct line from Zingis khan, and was, be- fore me, sovereign prince of the country of Kharasm. I shall treat in iliis book of the house of Zingis khan, and • Diet. Hist. 1810 J an article contributed by M. Malte-Brun, But see alf9 Gen. Diet, the corrected article.— Saxii Onomast, Vol. I. G 82 A B U L G A S I. of its origin ; of the places where it was established, of the kingdoms and provinces it conquered, and to what it arrived at last. It is true that, before me, many writers, both Turks and Persians, have employed their pens on this subject; and 1 liave in my own jjossession 18 books of these several authors, some of which are tolerably well composed. But, perceiving that there was much to cor- rect in many places of these books, and, in other places, a number of things to be added, I thought it necessary to have a more accurate history : and, especially as our countries are very barren in learned writers, I find myself obliged to undertake this work myself; and, notwithstand- ing that, before me, no khan has thought proper to take this trouble upon him, the reader will do me the justice to be persuaded that it is not from a principle of vanity that I set up for an author, but that it is necessity alone that prompts me to meddle in this matter: that, if I were de- sirous of glorying in any thing, it could, at most, be only in that conduct and wisdom which I hold as the gift of God, and not from myself. For, on one hand, I under- stand the art of war as well as any prince in the world, knowing how to give battle equally well with fesv troops as with numerous armies, and to range botli my cavalry and my infantry to the best advantage. On the other hand, I have a particular talent at writing books in all sorts of languages, and I know not whether any one could easily be found of greater ability than myself in this species of literature, except, indeed, in the cities of Persia and In- dia ; but, in all the neighbouring provinces of which we have any knowledge, I may venture to flatter myself that there is nobody that surpasses me either in the art of war or in the science of good writing ; and as to the countries that are unknown to me, I care nothing about them. Since the flight of our holy prophet, till tlie day that I began to write this book, there have elapsed 1074 years [1663 of the Ciiristian ccra]. I call it A Genealogical History of the Tartars ; and I have divided it into nine parts, in conformity with other writers, who universally hold tiiis number in particular regard." The original manuscript of this history was purchased by some Swedish officers, who happened to be prisoners in Siberia, from a merchant, and had it translated into the Russian language. Count Strahlenberg translated it A B U L G A 8 I. «3 into German ; and a French translation was published at Leyden, 172C, 12mo. Martiniere has copied it ahnost entirely in liis Geographical Dictionary.' ABU-NOWAS, or ABOU-NAVAS, an Arabian poet of the iirst class, was l)orn in the city of Bassora, in the year 762, and died in 810. He left his native country in order to go to settle at Cufa] but did not continue long- there, as the caliph Haroun Al Kaschid would have him near his person at Bagdad, and gave him an apartment in his palace with Abou-Massaab and Rekashi, two other ex- cellent poets. His principal works have been collected into a body, called by the Arabians a Dizcan, or volume, by various persons ; for which reason there is a great dif- ference in the copies of this author.'^ ABUNDANCE (John), a name assumed by a French poetical writer of the 16th century, \vho likewise some- times called himself Maistre Tyhurce. He resided at the town of Papetourte, whence he published or dated most of his productions, and called himself clerk or royal notary of Pont-St.-Esprit. He died, according to some biogra- phers, in 1540 or 1544 ; and, according to others, in 1550. He wrote : 1. " Moralite, mystere, et figure de la Passion de N. S. Jesus Christ," Lyons, printed by Benoit Rigaut, ' 8vo, without date, and now so rare that only one copy is known to exist, which is in the imperial library of Pans, and formerly belonged to that of La Valliere. 2. " La Joyeulx Mystei'e des trois Roys," MS. in the same library. 3. " Farce nouvelle tres bonne et tres joyeuse de la Cor- nette," MS, 4. " Le Gouvert d'Humanite, morality a personnaiges," printed at Lyons. 5. '' Le Monde qui tourne le dos a ciiascun, et Plusieurs qui n'a point de con- science," printed also at Lyons. According to the prac- tice of the writers of his age, he assumed a device, which was fin sans fin. The titles and dates of his other works are given in the Bibliotheque of De Verdier, and consist of short poems, ballads, rondeaus, songs, &c.3 ABU TEMAM, or Habib Ebn Aws Al-Hareth Ebn Kais, an Arabian poet of great eminence in his time, was born in the 190th year of the hegira, or A. D. 805, at Ja- sem, a little town between Damascus and Tiberias. He was educated in Egypt, and died at Mawsel, in the year * Moreri- 2 Moreri. — D'Herbelot. * Biographic UniverseUe, 1811. G 2 84 ABUTEMAM. 845. His poems consist chiefly of eulogiums on several of the caliphs, who richly rewarded hiin. He collected his compositions into a volume, entitled, " Al Hauiasah," according to D'Herbelot; but, according to Dr. Pococke, this was a selection from the ancient Arabic poets made by him, and not his own compositions. He was long con- sidered as the prince of Arabian poets, and none but Al Motanabbi disputed precedence with him. Bakhteri, an- other celebrated poet, candidly as well as critically said of him, "Such verses as are good in Abu Temam excel the best of mine ; but such of mine as are bad, are more endurable than where he falls oif.'" ABYDENUS, or ABYDINUS. This word, which sig- nifies a native, or inhabitant of Abydos, is given by Euse- bius, Cyr.l, and Syncelius, as the proper name of a Greek historian, to whom some authors ascribe two works, "As- syriaca," and '* Chaldaica," or the history of the Assy- rians and Chaldeans ; but it is probable that those are the titles of parts of the same work. Tlie fragments quoted by Eusebius, in his " Praeparatio Evangelica," St. Cyril, in his writings against Julian, and Syncelius, in his Chro- nography, have been collected and commented on by Scaliger, in his Thesaurus, and in his "Emendatio Tem- porum." But Scipio Tettius, a Neapolitan writer of the sixteenth century, in his Catalogue of scarce Manuscripts, ■ quoted by L.ibbe, in his " Biblioth. Nov. libror. Manuscr." p. 16 7, informs us, that the entire work of Abydenus exists in manuscript in a library in Italy. The recovery of this would be of importance, as Abydenus appears to have taken, as the basis of his work, the Babylonish his- tory of Berosus, of which only fragments remain, unless we admit, what is nniversally denied, the authenticity of the edition published by Annius of Viterbo. The age and country of Abydenus are uncertain, the name Abydos being common to four cities. As Bero- sus, however, finished his work at Alexandria, under Pto- lemy Philadclphus, it may be probable that our Abyde- nus, who followed him, was an Egyj)tian priest belonging to the temple of Osiris at Abydos, and that he flourished under the first Ptolemys, while the love of letters was encouraged at the court of Alexandria. Some writers have supposed that he was quoted by Suidas, because he J D'lierbelot.— M»reri.— Gei). DicU A B Y D E N U S. 85 mentions Palxphatus-Abydcnus, a historian. This person, however, wliose proper name was Palaephatus, was the disciple and tViend ol; Aristotle, and may have written the histories ot Cyprus, Delos, and Athens, which Suidas at- tributes to him, after Philo of Heraclea, and Theodore of Ilium; but the iiistory of Arabia, which Suidas also attri- butes to him, from the nature of the subject, must belong to the author of the history of the Assyrians and Chaldeans, or perhaps been a dirt'ereut title to tiie same work. Such is the opinion of Malte-Brun ; but Vossius has ventured on aiotuer conjecture, although without giving his au- thority. ' ACACIUS, surnamed Luscus, from his having but one eye, the disciple of Kusebius bishop of Casaiea, whom he succeeded in the year 333 or .340. 1 hough scarce inferior to the former in erudition, eloquence, and reputation, he was deposed by the council of Sardica, together with se- veral other bishops, who had declared themselves of his opinion; and who afterwards assembled at Philippolis, in Thrace ; where, in their turn, they fuhninated against Athanasius, pope Julius, and the rest of their antagonists. Acacius had also a great share in the banishment of pope Liberius, and brin^iiio- Feiix into the see of Rome. He gave his name to a sect who were called Acaciani. He wai a man of great genius and distinguished learning; and wrote several books before he was nia-le a bishop, and particularly a book against Marcellus of Ancyra, of which Epiphanius has given us a fragment. Some time after he was made a bishop, he wrote the " Life of Eusebius" his predecessor ; not now extant, but mentioned in Socrates' history. St. Jerome says tliat he wrote 17 volumes of commentaries on Ecclesiastes, or probably a commentary in 17 books ; and six volume^, of miscellanies. He died in the year 3(ii.' ACACIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, succeeded Gen- nadius in that see in the vear 47 1. He maintained that his see ought to have the pre-eminence over those of Alexan- dria, Antioch, and Jerusalem ; and, to compass this design, prevailed on the Emperor Leo to restore and confirm all the privileges which the churches once enjoyed, and espe- 1 Biographic Univerjelle, 1811. — Vostius.— Falirio, Bibl. Grsec— -Moreri. * Cave, Tol. l.<»McirBri.~tj«n. Diet. 86 ' A C A C I U S. ciallv that of Constantinoole. He was afterwards excom- municaied by pope Felix III.; and in return he erased the pope's name out of the sacred diptics, or the list of those bishops whose names were mentioned in the public prayers: but, being supported by the emperor of the east, he en- joj^ed his bishoprick quietly till his death, which happened in the year 48b. There are two letters of his extant in vol, 4 of the Councils; one to Peter the Fuller, or Petrus Fullo, in Gr, and Lat. the other to pope Siniplicius, in Lat. respecting the state of the church ot Aiexa^rdria. Cave entertains a higher opinion of Acacius, man the Editors of the General Dictionary ; but the account in the latter is the more copious. ^ ACACIUS, bishop of Beroea in Syria, in the fourth and beginning of the fifth century, was at the council of Con- stantinople, held in the year 381, in whicn were present 150 bishops. H« was the friend of Epiphanms r lavianus, and the enemy of John Chrysostom, bishop of Constan- tinople, whom he caused to be deposed. He also, when 110 years of age, wrote to the emperor Tlieodosius the younger, to advise him to confirm the sentence pro- nounced against Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, v\ho had been deposed in a conventicle of schismatics. Not- withstanding these rigorous proceedings, Theodoret as- sures us that he was eminent both for his wisdom and the sanctity of his life. He died about the year 432.- ACACIUS, bishop of Amida, or of Constance on the Tigris in Mesopotamia, was highly celebrated in the fifth century for his piety and charity. In the year 420 during the war between the emperor Theodosius the younger, and Varanius, the king of Persia, Acacius, seeing 7000 Persian slaves made prisoners by the Roman soldiers, and perishing in want and misery, determined to alleviate the horrors of their situation. To accomplish this, he sold the sacred vessels belonging to his cliurch, and with the pur- chase of them i'ed the poor prisoners, and sent them home with some money. This action appeared so extraoi'dinary to the king of Persia, that he desired to see the bishop ; and Theodosius allowed hiin to go to Persia. The inter- view was probably agreeable on both sides, as it was fol- lowed by a peace between Theodosius and the king of I Gen. Diet — Cave, toI. I. 3 Gen. Diet. — Du Pin. — Moreri. A C A C I U S. 87 Persia. In the Latin church, he is commemorated on the 9th of April. ' ACACIU8, bishop of Melitene in Armenia Secunda, flourished about the year 43 1. He was a warm opposer of Nestorius, and equally zealous for Cyril. He was present at the Council of Ephesus, where he had a private con- ference with Nestorius, and refuted his opinions as soon as the council assembled. There are extant in the Councils vol. 3, a homily of his against Nestorius, Gr. and Lat. and a Latin letter to Cyril, among the " Epistola Ephesina)" published by Lupus. ^ ACCA (S'l.) bishop of Hagustald, or Hexham, in Nor- thumberland, succeeded Wilfrid in that see, in the year 709. He was a monk of the order of St. Benedict, an Anglo-Saxon by birth, and had his education under Bosa, bishop of York ; and was then taken under the patronage of Wilfrid, whom he accompanied in a journey to Rome. Here he improved himself in ecclesiastical usages and dis- cipline ; which his historian, Bede, tells us it was imprac- ticable for him to learn in his own country. This prelate by the help of architects, masons, and glaziers, hired in Italy, ornamented his cathedral to a great degree of beauty and magnificence, furnished it with plate and holy vest- ments, procured a large collection of the lives of the Saints, and erected a noble library, consisting chiefly of ecclesias- tical learning. About the year 732, he was driven from his see into banishment, but for what cause is unknown. He was esteemed a very able divine, and was remarkably skilled in church-music. He not only revived and improved church music, but introduced the use of many Latin hymns hitherto unknown in the Northern churches of England. Acca wrote the following pieces; " Passiones Sanctorum;" or the SuflPerings of the Saints ; " Officia sua? Ecclesiae ;" and " Epistolae ad Amicos :" a treatise also for explaining the Scriptures, addressed to Bede, which occurs, or at least part of it, in the catalogue of the Bodleian library. He died in the year 740, having governed the church of Hexham 24 years, under Egbert king of the Northumbrians. His body was buried with great solemnity in the church at Hexham.^ 1 Moreri. — Baillet, Vies de Saints. — "^ocrales, lib. 7. c. CI. — Gibbon notice* this prelate, wiili bis usual reganl for ecclcsiaitics. 2 Cave, vol. 1.; Iiut a more copious account in Chaufepie. 3 Biog. Brit. — Tanner.— Bale.— Pitts. — Cave, vol. I. SS A C C A R I S I. ACCARISI (Albert), a native of Cento in the duchy of Ferrara, lived in the sixteenth century. He pubHshed in 1545, a " Vocabulary, Granmiar, and Orthography of the Vulgar Tongue," which Fontanini praises very highly, but is wrong in supposing it the first Italian vocabu ary, Lucilio Minerbi having published a Vocabulary from Boc- eacio in 1535, and Fabricio L.una another in 15^(). Ac- carisi also wrote " Observations on the vulo^ar ToHjrue," which were printed by ISansovino in 1562, 8vo, with other observations on the same subject by Bembo, Gabriello, Fortunio, and others. ' ACCARISI (Francis), an eminent Italian civilian, born in Ancona, studied at Sienna, where Bargalio and Ben- volente taught the law with considerable reputati'o. It was also translated into Italian, by Francis Baldelli, and printed at Venice, 1549, 8vo. Yves Duchat of Troj'es in Champagne, translated it into French and Greek, and printed it at Paris, 1620, Svo. Tiiia is a work of considerable historical credit, and in the suc- ceeding- century, served as a guide to TorquatoTasso, in his immortal poem, the Gerusalemme liberata. It was dedicated to Piero de Medici, and not to Cosmo, as Moreri asserts. Paulo Cortesi, a severe censor, allows that it is a work of great industry, and that it throws considerable light on a very difficult subject. A more recent critic objects to the pu- rity of his style, and the length of the speeches he puts in the mouths of his principal personages. 2. " De praestantia. virorum sui levi," Parma, 1689, or 1692, the tendency of which is to prove that the moderns are not inferior to the ' ancients. It appeared originally in the Bibliotheque of Magliabechi, and has been often reprinted since, particu- larly at Coburg, in 1735, in the first volume of John Ge- rard Meusclien's " Vita3 summorum dignitate et eruditione virorum." ' ACCOLTi (Bernard) was one of the i?Dns of the pre- ceding, and, on account of the great fame of his poetry, called Unico Aretino ; but such of his works as have de- scended to our days are not calculated to preserve the very extraordinary reputation which he enjoyed from his con- teruporaries. According to them, no fame could be equal to what he obtained at the court of Urbino and at Rome, in the time of Leo X. When it was known that the Unico was to recite his verses, the shops were shut, and all bu- siness suspended ; guards were necessary at the doors, and the most learned scholars and prelates often interrupted the poet by loud acclamations. The testimony of his con- temporaries, and among them, of the Cardinal Bombo, will not permit us to doubt that his merit was extraordinary; but it is probable that he owed his fame more to his talents at extempore verse, than to those which he prepared by study. In the latter, however, there is an elegance of style, and often the fancy and nerve of true poetry. His poems were first printed at Florence in 1513, under the title " Virginia comedia, capitoli, e stramboiti di messer Bernardo, Accolti Aretino, in Firenze (al di Francesco Rossegli)," Svo; and at Venice, 1519, *' Opera nuova del preclarissimo messer Bernardo Accolti Aretino, scrittore \ Moreri. — B ographie Universelle, 1 8 1 1 .— Roscoc's Lorenzo. A C C O L T I. $5 apostolico ed abbieviatore, &c." 8vo, and have been often re-printed. In tiiis voliiuie, his comedy '' Virginie," writ- ten, according to the custom ol' the age, in the ottava rima, and other measures, obtained its nanie from a natu- ral daughter, whom he gave in marriage to a nobleman, With a large dowry. Leo X. who had an esteem for him, gave him the employment of apostolic secretary ; and is likewise said to have given him the duchy of Nepi ; but Accolti informs us, in one of his letters to Peter Aretin, that he purchased this with his own money, and that Paul III. afterwards deprived him of it. The dates of his birth and death are not known; but he was living in the time of Ariosto, who mentions him as a person of great consideration at the court of Urbino.' ACCOLTI (Francis), the brother of Benedetto, and usually called Francis D'Arezzo, or Aretin, from the place of his birth, was born in 1418. The celebrated Francis Philelphus was his preceptor in polite learning ; after which he studied law under the ablest professors, and became himself one of their number, teaching that faculty at Bologna, Ferrara, and Sienna. He was for five years secretary to the duke of Milan, and died of the stone at the baths of Sienna, in 1483. He has been ac- cused, but without proof, of the grossest avarice. If he left vast wealth, it was owing to the profits of his profes- sion, of which he was acknowledged to be the ablest and most successful practitioner. A join-ney which he made to Rome, when Sixtus IV. was Pope, has given rise to another story, equally without proof, that he solicited to be made Cardinal, which the Pope refused, on pretence of the injury that would accrue to learning from such a promotion. Another story is recorded, more to his honour. While professor of law at Ferrara, he had occasion to lec- ture to his sciiolars on the advantages of a character known for probity and honour ; and, in order to exemplify his doctrine, he went in the night, accompanied by only one servant, broke open the butchers' stalls, and took away some pieces. Tiie law-students were immediately sus- pected of the robbery, and two of them, of indilTerent character, were imprisoned. The Professor then went before the Duke, demanded their release, and accused himself : having proved the fact, which was with difficulty 1 Eiographie Universelle, 1811. — Gingiiene, Hist. Litteraire d'ltalie, vol. III. p. 545. — Some additional particulars are in Roscoe's Life of Leo. 96 A C C O L T I. believed, he took the opportunity to show the advantage of a good character, and the dangers of a bad one He left several works. The principal are : 1. " S. Chry- sostorni ht-miliae in Evangelium S. Joannis, interprete F.A.'* Rome, ]470, fol. Erasmus is of opinion tiiat this transla- tion is deficient in fidelity, and that the author was not sufficiently acquainted with the Greek language. 2. " Pha- laridis Epistolae," Rome, about 1469, 8vo ; afterwards re-printed in 1471, 1474, 1475. 3. " Diogeuis Cynici philosophi Epistolte." 4 " Authoris incerti libellus de Tiiermis Puteolorum, et vicinis in Italia, a Fr. de Accoltis Areano repertus, pvd:)licatus, &c." Naples, 1475, 4to. Some writers, not attending to the title of this work, have considered iiim as the author of it, 5. " Consiiia seu Ile- sponsa," Pisa, a collection of consultations on questions of iat»^. 6. " Commentaria super Lib. 11. Decretalium," Bonon. 1481. 7. *' Commentaria," Pavia, 1495, fol. He also cultivated Italian poetry, and the libraries of Chigi and Strozzi contain several of his poetical pieces in manu- script. Crescernbini inserted some of his sonnets in his history of Italian poeiry. His Latin letters are in the Am- brosian library at Milan. * ACCOLTl (Peter), another of the sons of Benedetto the historian, was born at Florence in 1455, and studied law at Pisa, where he became doctor and professor. He afterwards went into the church, was promoted to the bishoprick of Ancona, and six years after, to be Cardinal, under the title of St. Eusebius, but is better known by the title of Cardinal of Ancona. He afterwards held seven bishopricks in Spain, Flanders, France, and Italy; and attained the higher honours of cardinal -vicar and legate. He died at Rome Dec. 12, 1532, aged 77; and left some w^orks on law of no great importance. He was the author of the bull against Luther, which condemned forty-one propositions of that reformer. One of his natural sons, Benedict Accolti, was, in 1564, the chief of the Florentine coiisjHracy agauist Pius IV. for which he was executed.^ ACCORDS. See TABOUROT. ACCORSO, or ACCURSIUS (Francis), an eminent lawyer, who first collected the various opiiuons and deci- sions of his predecessors, in the Roman law, into one body, 1 IJio/rraphie Universclle, 1811. » Ibid. — Gen. Diet.— IVioreri. A C C O R S O. 97 was born at Florence, in 1151, or, according to some writers, iu 1182. He was the scholar of Azzo, and soon became more celebrated than his master. Yet it is thought that he did not begin the study of law before he was forty years old. When professor at Bologna, he resigned his office in order to complete a work on the explanation of the laws, which he had long meditated, and in which he was now in danger of being anticipated by Odefroy. By dint of perseverance for seven years, he accumulated the vast collection known by the title of the " Great Gloss,'* or the " Continued Gloss" of Accursius. He may be con- sidered as the first of glossators, and as the last, since no one has attempted the same, unless his son Cervot, whose work is not in much esteem ; but he was deficient in a proper knowledge of the Greek and Roman historians, and the science of coins, inscriptions, and antiquities, which are frequently necessary in the explanation of the Roman law. On this account, he was as much undervalued by the learned lawyers of the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, as praised by those of the twelfth and thirteenth, who named him the Idol of Lawyers. They even esta- blished it as a principle, that the authority of the Glosses should be universally received, and that they should rally round this perpetual standard of truth. The different stu- dies pursued in the ages of Accursius' friends and enemies, will account for their different opinions of his merits ; the one consisted of accumulated learning, interpretation, and commentary, the other approached nearer to nature and facts, by adding the study of antiquities, and of the Greek and Latin historians. Anotlier reason probably was, that Accursius, who has been careless in his mode of quotation, became blamed for many opinions which belong to Irne- rius, Hugolinus, Martinus Bulgarus, Aldericus, Pileus, &c. and others his predecessors, whose sentiments he has not accurately distinguished. The best edition of his great work is that of Denis Godefroi, Lyons, 1589, 6 vols, fob Of his private life we have no important materials. He lived in splendour at a magnificent palace at Bologna, or at his villa in the country ; and died in his 78th year, in 1229. Those who fix his death in 1260 confound him with one of his sons of the same name. All his famil}', without exception, studied the law ; and he had a daugh- ter, a lady of great learning, who gave public lectures on the Roman law in the university of Bologna. Bayle doubt? Vol. I. H 98 A C C O R S 0. this; but it is confirmed by Pancirolbis, Fravenlobius, and Paul Freyer. The tomb of Accursius, in the ciiurch of the Cordehers at Bologna, is remarkable only for the simj)licity of his epitaph — " Sepulchrum Accursii glossa- toris legum, et Francisci ejus filii." ' ACCORSO, or ACCURSIUb (Frakcls), eldest son of the preceding, was professor of law at bologna, where he attained L'reat reputation. VV hen Edward I. kin"; of Enir- land passed through Bologna, in 1275, after his return from the holy Land, he wished to engage Accursius to teach law in the French provinces under his dominion ; but the government of Bologna, unwilling to part with so able a professor, threatened to conliscate Ids goods if he dared to leave the city. Accursius, however, took his leave, and after having taught law at Toulouse for three years, was invited to Oxford by king Edward, and lodged in his palace at Beaumont. I'he king gave him also the manor of Martlegh, and in the grant styles him " dilectus et fideiis Secretarius noster ;" and in another charter, " il- lustris regis Anglise consiliarius." In 1275, he read lave lectures at Oxford, or more probably in 1276, if he re- mained three years at Toulouse. In 1280, he returned to Bologna, and was restored to his chair and his property. His death took place in 1321. None of his writings remain.' His brother Cervot published some glosses in addi- tion to his father's, but they are not much esteemed. He studied law with such success as to be admitted doctor in that faculty in his seventeenth year, but not without a serious discussion in the academy of Bologna, on the le- gality of this degree. ^ ACCORSO, or ACCURSIUS (Mariangelus), a native of Aquila, in the kingdom of Naples, and one of the most eminent critics of his time, flourished in the beginning of the sixteenth century, and lived for thirty-three years in the coiu't of Charles V. who had a great respect for him. He was well acquainted with the Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and German languages, was one of the most inde- fatiga-ble antiquaries of the age, and enriched Naples with a great number of monuments of antiquity. His favourite employment was to correct the editions of ancient author? by the aid of manuscripts, which he sought out with great * Biographic Universolle. — Ginguene Hist. Lit. D'ltalie, vol. I. p. 371.— 6en. Diet. * Biographic Univcri-elle, 1811.— Wood's Annals of Oxford. » Ibid. A C C O K S O. 99 care ; and his first work is a lasting proof of his industry and acuteness. This was his " Diatriba? in Aiisoniuin, Solinum, et Ovidiuui," Rome, 1524, fol. Tlie frontispiece is an engraving of antique statues, among which an- the Apollo Belvidere, and a Minerva, and two bas-reliefs of the rape of Proserpine and the death of Meleager. At the end of the work is a fable entitled " Testudo." The Dia- tribic have been reprinted, but not entirely, as the title- page asserts, in the variorum edition of Ausonius, printed at Amsterdam, 1671, 8vo. They are also incorporated in the Deipliin edition, by John Baptist Souchay, Paris, 1730, 4to. This writer has left an example of an author's jealousy, and fear of being thought a plagiarist, which is too carious to be omitted. Having been accused of owing his notes on Ausonius to Fabricio Varano, bisiiop of Camarino, he endeavoured to clear himself by the following very solemn oath : " In the name of God and man, of truth and sin- cerit}'^, I solemnly swear, and if any declaration be more binding than an oath, I in that form declare, and I de- sire that my declaration may be received as strictly true, that I have never read or seen any author, from which my own lucubrations have received the smallest assistance or iuiprovement : nay, that I have even laboured, as far as possible, whenever any writer has published any observa- tions which I myself had before made, immediately to blot them out of my own works. If in this declaration I am foresworn, may the Pope punish my perjury ; and may an evil genius attend my vmtjngs, so that whatever in them is good, or at least tolerable, may appear to the unskilful multitude exceedinsflv bad, and even to the learned trivial and contemptible ; and may the small reputation I now possess be given to the w^inds, and regarded as the worth- less boon' of vulgar levity." This singular protestation, vvhich is inserted in the Testudo, has been often quoted. In 1533, he published at Augsburgh a new edition of " Am- mianus Marcellinus," fol. more complete than the pre- ceding edition (which is the princeps), and augmented by five books, not before known, and, as stated in the title, with the correction of above five thousand errors. In th& same year and place, he published the " Letters of Cassio- dorus," and his " Treatise on the Soul." This is the first complete collection of these letters, and, with the Trea- tise, is improved by many corrections. He also had made H 2 100 A C C O R 8 O. preparations for an edition of Ciaudian, and had corrected above seven hundred errors in that author ; but this lias not been published. At his leisure hours, be studied music, optics,^ and poetry. We have a specimen of his poetry in his " Protrepticon ad Corycium," of eighty-seven verses, which is printed in a very rare work, entitled " Coryciana," Rome, 1524, 4to. This Corycius, according to La Mon- noie, was a German of the name of Goritz. The volume contains the poems of various Neapolitan authors, as Arisio, Tilesio, &.c. In Accorso's time, it was the fashion with many Latin writers to make use of obsolete words. This he endea- voured to ridicule, and with considerable success, in a dialogue entitled " Osco, Volsco, Romanaque eloquen- tia intei'locutoribus, dialogus ludis Romanis actus, &c." 1531, 8vo, without place, or the name of the author ; but La Monnoie thinks it must have been printed before, as it is quoted by Tori in his " Champ-Fleuri," which appeared in 1529. At the end of this volume is a small work, en- titled " Volusii Metiani, jurisconsulti antiqui distributio. Item vocabuia ac notjE partium in rebus pecuniariis, pon- dere, numero, et mensura." The Dialogue was reprinted at Rome, 1574, 4to, with the author's name, and with the title of " Osci et Volsci Dialogus ludis Romanis actus a Mariangelo Accursio." There is another 4to edition, with- out date or name of the author. Jn the imperial library of Paris are two editions, both of Cologne, 1598. It ap- pears by the dedication of the fable Testudo, that Accorso was employed on a history of the house of Brandenbourg; hut this, and his other works, were lost on the death of his son Casimir, who was a man of letters, and had intend- ed to publish all his father's works. Toppi, in his Bib- lioteca Napolet. among other inaccuracies, attributes to Accorso a work entitled " De Typograpliicae artis Inven- tore, ac de libro primum omnium impresso ;" but the mis-f take seems to have arisen from a few manuscript notices on the subject, written by our author in a copy of Dona- tus' grannnar, a very early printed book. ' ACKRNUS (Sebastian Fadian), a native of Poland, whose real name was Islonowicz, was born in 1551, and became burgomaster of Lublin. His Latin poem, " Vic- toria Deorum, in qua continetur veri Herois cducatio,'* I €en. Diet. — Biograpliie Univcrselle, 1811. — Saxii Onom;i?tlcon.— Moreri, —Fur tl>e CoryciaMa, see lloscoe's Life of Leo, and art. Uoruio in tbis wgrk. A C E R N U S. 101 on whicli he spent ten years, procured him the name of the Sarrnatian Ovid. This poem, which was printed at Racow by Sebastian Sternacius, the Socinian j)rinter, in 1 600, is become very rare, as the impression was ordered to be burnt. He wTote also in the Polish language, a poem on tiie Navigation of the Dantzickers, 1643 ; a Me- morial of the Dukes and Kings of Poland, and other works, and " Disticha moralia Catonis, interprete Seb. Fab. Klo- nowicio," Cracow, 15y5. He died in 160S in great dis- tress, owins, to the extravagance of his wife, ' ACHJEUS, a Greek poet, a native of Eretria, the son of Pythodorus, flourished, according to Saxius, between the 74th and 82d olympiad, or between 484 and 449 before the Christian oera, and consequently was the con- temporary of iEschylus. He was both a tragic and satirical poet, having, according to some, composed thirty trage- dies, and according to others, more than forty. These are all lost, except some fragments which Grotius collected in his " Frao-menta Traffic, et Comicorum Groecorum." Achacus carried ofl:' the poetical prize only once. His satirical pieces have likewise perished, but Athenaeus quotes them often. There was another Greek poet of the same name, quoted by Suidas, who also composed trage- dies, of which there are no remains. - ACHARD, bishop of Avranches m Normandy, usually surnamed St. Victor, flourished in the twelfth century. His birth-place is much contested ; but it appears most probable that he was a Norman, of a noble famih' ; and as Normandy was at that time subject to the King of England, it was supposed he was an Englisimian. He was, how- ever, a Canon-regular of the order of St. Augustine, and second abbot of St. Victor at Paris. He was preferred to the l)ishoprick of Avranches in 11 62 by the interest of Knig Henry II. of England, with whom he appears to liave been a favourite, as he stood god-father to Eleanor, daughter to that prince, and afterwards wife of Alphonso IX. king of Castile. He died March 29, 1172, and was interred in the church of the Holy Trinity, belonging to the abbey of Luzerne, in the diocese of Avranches. His epitaph, which, the authors of the General Dictionary say, is still remaining, speaks his character : " Here lies bishop Achard, by whose charity our poverty was enriched." He ' Tlioj. Universelle, ISll. ? Ibid.— Saxii Onomisticon, — Fabric. Bibl. GriKC, 102 A C H A R D. was a person of great eminence for piety and learning. His younger years he spent in tlie study of polite litera- ture and philosophy, and tlic latter part of his life in intense application. His works were : " De Tentatione Christi," a MS. in the library of St. Victor at Paris. " De divisione Anima^ & Spiritus," in the same library ; copies of which are in the public library at Cambridge, and ill that of Bene't, His " Sermons" are in the library of Clairvaux. He likewise wrote " The Life of St. Geselin," which was published at Douay, I'imo, 1626.' ACHARD (Anihony), a learned Prussian divine, was born at Geneva in 1696, took orders in 1722, and in 1724- was promoted to the church of Werder in Berlin. He en- joyed the protection of the prince-royal of Prussia ; and having in 17 30 accompanied the son of M. de f inkenstein to Geneva, was admitted into the society of pastors. Eight years after, the king of Prussia appointed him coun- sellor of the supreme consistory, and in 1740, a member of the French directory, with the title of Privy-counsellor. Having been received into the academy of Berlin in 1743, he was also appointed inspector of the French college, and director of the Charity-house. He died in 1772. He was long the correspondent of the Jesuits Colonia, Tourne- minc, Hardoiiin, Poreus, and of father Le Long, and Turretine, Trouchin, and Vernet of Geneva. He often preached before the royal family of Prussia ; and such were bis powei-s of orator}', that a celebrated French come- dian at Berlin, who there taught the theatrical art, recom- mended his pupils to hear Achard. He was of a very feeble constitution, and for twenty years subsisted entirely on a milk-diet. In the Memoirs of the Academy of Berlin, for 1745, there is the outline of a very considerable work, in which he proves the liberty of the human mind against Spinosa, Bayle, and Collins. Two volumes of " Sermons §ur divers textes de I'Ecriture Sainte," were published at . Berlin after his death. His son Francis, born at Berlin in 1753, a member of several academies, has furnished many dissertations for the Literary Journal of Berlin, and other Memoirs of learned societies. Senebier in his literary history of Ge- neva gives a list of all his pieces, and a collection of them was published in German, in two volumes.^ * Gen. Diet. — Moreri. — Tanner. 9 Biographic Uuiver.-ielle, 1811. See Monthly Review, vols. 79, 75, 77, 80, 8»«i, A C H A II D. 103 ACHARD (Claudk Francis), a French physician, se- cretary to the academy of Marseilles, and librarian of that city, was born in 1733, and died in 18()9. he published, 1. " Dictionnaire de la Provence et du Comtat Venaissin," Marseilles, 1785 — S7, 4 vols. 4to. The first two volumes contain a French and Proven^^al vocabulary, and the last two the lives of the celebrated characters of Provence. Bouche, the abbe Paul, and some other authors, assisted in this work. 2. " Description historique, geogra|jhique, et tooo^'ra- phique de la Provence etdu Comtat Venaissin," Aix, 1787, 4to. ; one volume only of this has been published. 3. "Ta- bleau de Marseilles," intended to be comprized in two vols. ; of which one only has appeared. 4. " Bulletin des Societes savanies de Mardeilles et de departements du Midi," 1802, 8vo. 5. " Cours elementaire de liiblioirra- phie, ou la Science du Bibliothecaire," Marseilles, 1807, 3 vols. 8vo, very incorrectly printed, and little more than a compilation from Fournier's " Manuel Typograpliique," and Peignot's "Dictionnaire de Bibiiologie ;" and it is objected to him that the immense knowledge he requires in a librarian would render bibliogi*aphy impossible, and tiresome. He also published a Catalogue of the Abbe Rive's library, 1793, 8vo, and another of the library of Marseilles ; and had published four numbers of the first volume of a Cataloi^ue of the Museum of Marseilles. ' AC HARDS (ELhAZAR-FuANcis de la Baumil de) was born at Avigiion, Jan. 29, 1679, of a noble and ancient family. After having embraced the ecclesiastical profes- sion, he became not only distinguished by tne excellence of his doctrines, but particularly by his charitable exertions during tlie plague in 1721 ; and his subsequent promotions had no other eri'cct on him than to increase his zeal and his piety. Pope Clement XII. infomiied of his talents and conciliating spirit, employed him in tiie capacity of apos- tolic vicar, to settle the disgraceful disputes that iiad arisen among the missionaries of China. Acaards, who was then bishop of Halicarnassus, undertook tais commission ; and after a tedious voyage of two years, and two years' resi- dence in China, where he ineffectually laboured to accom- plish the object of h.s mission, died at Cochin, April 2, 1741, a martyr to his indefatigable and benevolent zeal. The Abbe Fabre, his secretary, published an account of this mission, entitled " Lettres editiantes et curieusessur la 1 Biographic Univeiselle, ISll, 104 A C H A R D S. visite apostolique de M. de la Baume, eveque d'Halicar- nasse, a la Cochinchine," Venice, 1746, 4to, & 1753, 3 vols. 12mo, with the translation of a funeral oration de- livered on his death by a Chinese priest. ' ACHEN, or ACH (John Van), an eminent painter, was born at Cologne, in 1556, of a good family. He discovered a taste for his art from his earliest years, and at the age of eleven, painted a portrait with such success, as to inducp his parents to encourage his studies. After hav- ing been for some time taught by a very indifferent pain- ter, he became the disciple of de Georges, or Jerrigh, a good portrait-painter, with whom he remained six years ; and afterwards improved himself by studying and copying the works of Spranger. In his twenty-second year he went to Italy, and was introduced at Venice to a Flemish artist, named Gaspard Reims. This man no sooner learned that Van Achen was a German, than he recommended him to an Italian who courted necessitous artists that he might make a trade of their labours. With him Van Achen made some copies, but, being unable to forget the recep- tion which Reims had given him, he painted his own por- trait, and sent it to him. Reims was so struck with the per- formance, that he ?ipologized to Van Achen, took him into his house, and preserved the portrait all his life with great veneration. At Venice, he acquired the Venetian art of colouring, and thence went to Rome to improve his design, but never quitted the mannered forms of Spranger. His best performances at Rome were a Nativity for the church of the Jesuits, and a portrait of Madona Venusta, a celebrated performer on the lute. His talents, however, and polite accomplishments, recommended him to several of the greatest princes of Europe, and particularly to the elector of Bavaria, and the emperor Rodolph, by both of whom he was patronized and honoured. He was one of that set of artists who, in the lapse of the sixteenth cen- tury, captivated Germany and its princes by the intro- duction of a new style, or rather manner, grossly com- pounded from the principles of the Florentine and Vene- tian schools. He died at Prague in 1621.' ACHENWALL (Godfrey), a celebrated publicist, and considered by sonie as the father of the science of Statistics, was born at Elbing, a Prussian town, Oct. 20, ' Biographie Universelle, 1811. — Diet. Historique. ? Biographic Univcrselle, 1811. — rilkingtoii's Diet, by Fuscii. A C H E N W A L L. 105 1719. He received his academical education at Jena, Halle, and Leipsic. In 1746 he took up his residence at Marbourg, where he taught history, the law of nature and nations, and statistics, of which he appears to have formed very just notions, but at first confined himself to a know- ledge of the constitutions of the different states. In 1748 he went to Gottingen, where, some years after, he became one of tlie professors of that universit}-, and one of its greatest ornaments : here he remained until his death, May 1, 1772. He had often travelled in Switzerland, France, Holland, and England ; and published several works on the states of Europe, and political law and oeconomy. Those in highest estimation are, his " Constitution des royaumes et etats d' Europe," and " Elementa Juris Na- turae," of which six editions were printeil in a very short time, each retouched and improved Avith great care. In his researches on the subjects of national wealth, resources, and means of prosperity, he availed himself of the obser- vations of all historians and travellers, and was much as- sisted by Hermann Conring, of Helmstadt, and Eberhard Otto, who had made large collections for the same purpose. Achenwall gave his new science the name of Statistics^ or Scientia Statistica. His last work was " Observations sur les Finances de la France." ' ACHERI (Luc d'), a Benedictine of the congregation of St Manr, was born at St. Quintin, in Picardy, in 1609. He became celebrated as the editor of valuable manuscripts which lay buried in libraries. The first piece he pulilished was the epistle ascribed to St. Barnabas. Inither Hugh Menard, a monk of the same congregation, intended to publish this epistle, and for that purpose had illustrated it with notes, but having been prevented by death, D'Acheri gave an edition of it under the title of " Epistola Catho- lica S. Barnabie Apostoli, Gr. & Lat. cum notis Nic. Hug. Menardi, et elogio ejusdem auctoris," Paris, 1645, 4to. In 1648 he collected into one volume the " Life and Works of Lanfranc, archbishop of (-anterburj^," Paris, fol. The Life is taken from an ancient manuscript in the abbey of Bee ; and the works are, Commentaries on the epistles of St. Paul, taken from a manuscript in the abbey of Stt Melaine de llennes, and a treatise on the Sacrament, against Berenger. The appendix contains the Chronicle pf the Abbey of Bee from its foundation in 1304 to 1437 ; \ Biographie Universelle. — Diet. Historique, ISIO, 106 A C H E R I. the life of St. Herluinus, founder and first abbot, of xsome , of his successors, and of St. Austin the apostle of England, and some treatises on the e-acharist. His catalogue of asce- tic works appeared the same year, entitled " Ascetico- rum, vulo;o soiritualiiim opusculorum, qua? inter Patrum opera r£,jeriuntur, Indiculus," Paris, 1648, 4to. This cuiious vvork was repi-inted by father llemi, at Paris, in 1671. In 1651, D'Acheri published the " Life and Works of Guibert, abbot of Nogent-sous-Couci," and the lives of soii;e saints, and other pieces, Paris, fob There is much antiquarian knowledge in this work, respecting tbe foun- dation, &c. of abbeys, but the dates are not always cor- rect. In 1653 he republished father Grimlaic's " Regie cles Soiitaires," 12mo, Paris, with notes and observations. His njost considerable work is " Vetcrum aliquot scrip- toruni, qui in GailiK bibliothecis, maxime Benedictino- nun, latuerunt, Spicilegium, &c." 1653 — 1677, 13 vols. 4to. Under the modest title" of Spicilegium, it contains a very curious collection of documents pertaining to eccle- siastical affairs; as acts, canons, councils, chronicles, lives of the saints, letters, poetry, diplomas, charters, 5cc. taken from the libraries of the different monasteries. This work becoming scarce and much sought after, a new edition was; published in 1725, in 3 vols. fol. by Louis-Francis- Joseph de la Barre, with some improvements in point of arrangement, but at the same time some improper liber- ties taken with the text of D'Acheri, and particularly with his learned prefaces. D'Acheri contributed also to Ma- billon's " Acta Sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti," &c. — • He lived a life of much retirement, seldom going out, or admittiao: triHiuij visits, and thus found leisure for those vast labours already noticed, and which procured him^ the esteem oi the popes Alexander VIL and Clement X. who honoured him with medals. Although of an infirm habit, he attained the age of seventy-six, and died in the abbey of St Germain-dcs-Pres, A\nA 29, 1685. He was in- terred under the library of which he had had the care for so many years, and where his literary correspondence is preserved. There is a short eloge on him in the Journal lie Trcvoux for Nov. 26, 1685; but that of Maugendre, printed at Amiens in 1775, is more complete. Dupin says he was one of the first learned men that the congregation of St. Maur produced.' I Blograpliie Uiiiverselle, 1811.— Diet. Hist. 1610 — Morcri. — Gen. Diot.— Da I'm. ACHILLES. 407 ACHILLES (Alexander), a nobleman of Pnissia, lived at the court of Ulailislaus, king of Poland, and died at Stockholm in 1675, in the ninety- first year of his age. The king of Poland sent him as ambassador to Persia, and the elector of Brandenburgh emijfoyed him on a sinjilar mission to the Cossacks. He wrote, in German, a trea- tise on Earthquakes, and left some manuscripts political and philosoi:)hical. ' ACHILLES TATIUS. See TATIUS. ACHILLINI (Alexander), a native of Bologna, where he was born Oct. 29, 1463, was a philosopher and physician, and professed both those sciences with great reputation. He had scholars from all parts of Europe. He died in his own coiuury, August 2, 1512, at the age of 40, with the sur- name of Tlie great philosopher, after having published va- rious pieces in anatomy and medicine. To him is ascribed the discovery of the little bones in the organ of hearing. He adopted the sentiments of Averroes, and was the rival of Pomponacius. These two philosophers mutually de- cried each other, and Pomponacius had generally the ad- vantage, as he had the talent of mixing witticisms with his arguments, for the entertainment of the by-standers, while Achillini lowered himself with the public by his singular and slovenly dress. His philosophical works were printed in one vol. folio, at Venice, in 1508, and reprinted with considerable additions in 1545, 1551, and 1568. His prin- cipal medical works are: 1. " Annotationes Anatomicae," Bonon. 1520, 4to, and Venice, 1521, 8vo. 2. " De hu- mani corporis Anatomia," Venice, 1521, 4to. 3. " In Mundini anatomiam annotationes," printed with Katham's " Fasciculus MediciniE," Venice, 1522, fol. 4. " De sub- jecto Mcdicinue, cum annotationibus Pamphili Moniii,'* Venice, 1568. 5. " De Chiromantiae principiis et Physi- ognomicE," fol. without place or year. 6. " De Univer- salibus," Bonon. 1501, fol. 7. " De subjecto Chiromantiae et Physiognomia:,". Bonon. 1503, fol. & Pavia, 1515, fol. — Achillini also cultivated poetry; but if we may judge from some verses in the collection published on the death of the poet Seraphin dall' Aquiia, not with much success.' ACHILLINI (John Philotheus), younger brother of the preceding, was born at Bologna in 1466, where he died in 1558. He was learned in the Greek and Latia 1 Biographic riiiveiselle. * Gen. Diet.— Moreri.— Biograj)hi«> Univeiselle, 1811. 108 A C H I L L 1 N I. languages, in theology, philosophy, and music, and the study of law and antiquities, but is most celebrated as a poet, although his works are not free from the faults pe- culiar to his age. Yet he gave even these a turn so pecu- liarly original, that they appear to have been rather his own than acquired by imitation. He published, among many other works: 1. A scientific and moral poem, writ- ten in the ottiLva rima, entitled " II Viridario," Bologna, 4to, which contains eulogiums on many of his learned con- temporaries. 2. " II Fedele," also in heroics. These are both scarce, as they never were reprinted. 3. " Annota- zioni della lingua volgare," Bologna, 1536, 8vo. This was intended as an answer to those who complained of the provincialisms in his style. 4. He also published a collec- tion of poems on the death of Seraphin dall' Aquila, men- tioned in the preceding article, Bologna, 1504, 4to. He has moi-e stretch of mind than most of his contemporaries. ' ACHILLINI (Claude), grandson of the preceding, and son of Clearchus Achillini and Poly xena Buoi, was born at Bologna in 1574. After studying grammar, the belles lettres, and philosophy, he entered on the study of the law, and prosecuted it with so much success, that he was honoured with a doctor's degree at the age of twenty, Dec. 16, 1. 594, and became a professor of that science at Bologna, Ferrara, and Parma, where he acquired great reputation. His learning was so much admired that an inscription to his honour was put up in the public schools, and both popes and cardinals gave him hopes, which were never realized, of making his fortune. Towards the end of his life he lived principally in a country house called II Sasso, and died there Oct. I, 1640. His body was car- ried to Bologna, and interred in the tomb of his ancestors in the church of 8t. Martin. He is principally known now by his poetiy, in which he was an imitator of Marino, and with much of the bad taste of his age. It has been asserted that he received a eold cdiain worth a thousand crowns from the court of France, for a poem on the conquests of Louis XIII. ; but this reward was sent him by the Cardinal Richelieu, in consequence of some verses he wrote on the birth of the dauphin. His poems were printed at Bologna, 1632, 4to, and were reprinted with some prose pieces, under the title "Rime e Prose," Venice, 1651, 12mo. 1 Biographic Universale, 1811. — Hist. Litteraire d' Italie, par Gingueoe, vol. III. p. 548. — Gea. Diet. — aioreri. A C H I L L I N I. 109 He publislied also in Latin " Decas Epistolarum ad Jaco- bum Gaufridum," Parma, 1635, 4to. ' ACHMET, an Arabian author, who is supposed to have lived about the fourth century, and is styled the son of Seirim, wrote a book " On the interpretation of Dreams, according to the doctrine of tiie Indians, the Persians, and the Egyptians," whicli, witli all its aljsurdities, has been translated into Greek and Latin, and published, together with " Artemitlorus on Dreams and Chiromancy," by M. Rigault in Paris, 1603, 4to. The ori-niai is lost. * ACIDALIUS (Valkns), a young man of great erudi- tion, whom Baillet has enrolled anion"' his " Enfans cele- bres," and who would have proved one of the ablest critics of his time, had he enjoyed a longer life, was born at Wistock, in the march of Brandenburgh, in 1567. In his seventeenth year he composed some poetical pieces in Latin, which are not very highly esteemed. In 1589, he went to Helmstadt to pursue his studies, and there pub- lished some of his poems, which were reprinted after his death, at Leibnitz, in 1605, with those of Janus Lernu- tins and Janus Gulielmus. They are also inserted in the first volume of the " Deliciae Poetarum Germanorum ;'* and several of his pieces are in the second volume of Cas- par Dornavius' " Amphitheatrum sapientise Socraticse Jo- coseria?," Hanau, 1619. From Helmstadt, Acidalius went to Italy in 1590, and acquired the esteem and friendship ©f the most distinguished scholars ; and here he studied medicine, but does not appear to have entered into prac- tice. Before he went to Italy, he had begim his commen- tary on Paterculus, and published his edition of that au- thor at Padua, in the above-mentioned year, 12rao. He adopted the text of Schegkius, but introduced corrections, and such new readings as appeared well founded. For this, however, he has been censured by Boeder, J. Mer- rier, and Bininann ; and it has been said that he himself condenmed this early production. His contemporaries appear to have thought more favourably of his labours, as Iiis notes were adopted in the edition of Paterculus pub- lished at Lyons, 1595, 8vo ; and they were again added to an edition of Tacitus printed after his death, at Paris, in 1608, folio. After remaining three years in Italy, he returned to Germany j and at Neiss, the residence of the * Chaufepie. — MorerL — Diet. Hist. — Biographie Universelle. 2 Diet, mst. . . ■ 110 A C I D A L I U S. bishop of Breslavv, he embraced the Roman Catholic reli- gion. At this place he continued his critical researches on Quintns Curtius, Plautus, the twelve ancient Panegy- rics, Tacitns, and some otlier authors. In 1594, he pub- lished, at Francfort, his " Animadversiones in Quintum Curtium," 8vo; which have been adopted in the Francfort edition of that author, 1597, and Snakenburg's edition, Lejden, 1724, 4to. His sadden death, INlay 25, 1595, at the age of 28, put a stop to his useful labours. At that time his observations on Plautus were in the press, and were published the following year at Francfort, 8vo, and a"-ain hi 1G07 ; and they are inserted in J. Gruter's " Lampas Critica." They conferred upon him a Well- earned reput: «jon; and Barthius and Lipsius, with others, bore testimony to his growing merit as a critic. His re- marks on the Ancient Panegyrics and on Tacitus were published in 1607, and the former were added to J. Gru- ter's edition, Francfort, 1607, 12mo. They are, likewise, examined and compared with those of other scholars, in the fine edition of the Panegyrics published at Utrecht by Arntzenius, in 1790, 4to. His notes on Tacitus are in the edition of that autiior printed at Paris, 1608, fol. (where he is by mistake called A-cidalus) ; in that of Gro- novius, Amsterdam, 1635, 4to, and 1673, 2 vols. 8vo. "We also owe to Acidalius, some notes on Ausonius, given in Tollius' edition of that author, Amsterdam, 1671, 8vo. and notes on Quintilian's dialogue de Oratorihus, added to Gronovius' edition of Tacitus, Utrecht, 1721, 4to. It appears by his letters, that he had written observations on Ajmleius and Aulus Gtllius, but these have not becTi printed. His letters were published at Hanau, 1606, 8vo, by his brother Christian, under the title of " Fpistolarum centuria una, cui accesserunt apologetica ad clariss. virum Jac. Monavium, ct Oratio de vera carminiselegiaci natura et constitutione." In the preface, his brother vindicates bis character against the misrepreseiitations circulated in consequence of his embracing the Roman Catholic reli- gion, j)articular]y with regard to the manner of his death, yome asserted that he became suddenly mad, and others that he laid violent hands on himself It appears, how- ever, that he died of a fever, brought on by excess of studv. — It still remains to be noticed, tliat he is said to have been the auth.or of, a pamphlet, published in 1595, entitled, *' Miiliercs noa esse homines," "Women are not A C I D A L I U S. Ill men ; i. e. not thinking and reasonable beings ;" but he had no other hand in this work than in conveying it to his bookseller, who was prosecuted for publishing it. It was, in fact, a satire on the Socinian mode of intevprctiivr the Scriptures ; and a French translation of it appeared iu 1744, 12nio. ' ACKERMANN (John Christian Gottlieb), a physi- cian and medical writer of con-siderablo note in Germany, and professor of medicine at Altdorf, in Franconia, was born in 17 56, at Zeulenrodo, in .Upper Saxony. His father was a physician, and initiated his son in that science at a verv early age. When scarcely fifteen, he prescribed with success to many of his friends during a dangerous epi- demic which prevailed at Otierndorf. He afterwards fi- nished his studies at Jena and Gottingen, under Baidinger, and becanie a very excellent classical scholar under tlie celebrated Heyne. After having practised medicine in his own country for some years, and distinguished himself by various translations of Italian, French, and English works, as well as by his original compositions, lie was appointed to the professorship at Altdorf. He was also a member of various medical societies ; and his practice is said to have been as successful, as his theory of disease was sound. He died at Altdorf in 1801. His principal works are : 1. ^'In- stitutiones Historic jNIedicinse," Nuremberg, 17.'J2, 8vo. 2, "A Manual of Military Medicine, 2 vols. 8vo, Leipsic, 1794 — 95, in German. 3. "The Life of J. Conr. Dippel/' Leipsic, 1781, Svo ; also in German. For Harles' edition of Fabricius' Bibl. Gra;ca, he furnished the lives of Hip|)o- crates, Galen, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Aretaius; which are said to be well executed.' ACKWORTH (George), LL. D. an English divine and civilian, of whose birth and family we have no account. During the reign of queen Mary, he travelled in France and Italy, where he studied the civil law. In 1560, he was public orator at Cambridge ; and, in the following year, created doctor of laws. In 1562, he was admitted an advocate in the Arches court; and afterwards lived in the family of archbishop Parker, who gave him a prebend, probably that of Southwell. In 1567, he v.-as vicar-general to Home, bishop of Winchester ; and, in 1575, the arch- bishop of Canterbury permitted him to hold the rectory of > Biograpliie UuiverscUe, 1311. — Gen. Diet. — Moreri. — Saxii Onomatticoa. • Biographic Uuivers.;i;e, i'sii. — Saxii Ocwmasti.'on, vol.3. 112 A C K W O R T H. Elington, alias Wroughton, in the diocese of Sanim, with any otlier benefice. In 1576, lie was appointed master of the faculties, and judge of the prerogative court, in Ireland, after he had been turned out of all the situations he held in Eneland, on account of his dissolute conduct. When he died is not known. He wrote, in his better days : 1. *' Orationeoi encomiasticam in restitutione Buceri et Fagii," printed in *' Hist. Buceri," Argentor. 1562, 8vo. 2. The preface to Book II. of Bucer's works, fol. Basil, 1577. 3. "Devisibili Romanarchia, contra Nic. Sanderi Monarchiani," Lond. 1622, 4to. This was written while he lived with archbishop Parker, and probably at his insti- gation. At one time he enjoyed the confidence of this great and good prelate, and assisted him in his Antiquitates Britannicae. ■ ACOLUTHUS (Andrew), a learned Orientalist, and professor of divinity at Breslaw, was born at Bernstadt, March 6, 1654. It is said that, at six years of age, he could speak Hebrew. He died Nov. 4, 1704, His most celebrated works are some chapters of a polyglot Koran, which he intended to have completed. The specimen, which is very scarce, is " Tetrapla Alcoranica, sive Speci- men Alcorani quadrilinguis Arabici, Persici, Turcici, et Latini," Berlin, 1701, fob He published also, " Obadias Arraenus et Latinus, cum annotationibus," Leipsic, 1680, 4to. In printing this work, in which he followed as his suides Ambrose Theseus and Francis Rivoli, he was obliged to have the Armenian types cast at his own ex- pence. He corresponded with many learned contempo- raries, as Longuerue, Spanheim, and Leibnitz, who, how- ever, did not approve his notion of the Armenian being the a.ncient language of Egypt. ^ ACOMINATUS. See NIC ETAS. ACONTIUS, or ACONZIO (James), a divine, philo- sopher, and civilian of the sixteenth century, was born at Trent, where he was afterwards in orders ; but, being dis- posed to a liberality of sentiment not tolerated there, he went to Switzerland in 1557, and made profession of the Protestant religion on the principles of Calvin. From thence he went to Strasburgh, and lastly to England, where he was hospitably received. Queen Elizabeth gave him a pension, not as a divine, but as an engineer. In » Tanner Bibl. — Masters' Hist, of Corpus Christi Coll. Cambridge. 3 Biograpliie Uiiivcrselle, 1811. — Moreri. A C O N T I U S. 113 sratitiulc/he addressed to her liis book on the *' Stratacrems of Satan," a work in which are unquestionably many senti- ments of greater liberahty tlian tlie times allowed, but, at the same time, a laxity of principle which would reduce all reliiiions into one, or rather create an indifference about the choice of any. It was first printed at Basle, in 1565, inider the title of '* De stratagematibus Satanae in reli- gionis negotio, per superstitionem, errorem, herosim, odium, calnmniam, schisma, &c. libri VIII." It was after- wards often reprinted and translated into most European languages. His latest biograplier says, that this work may be considered as the precursor of Lord Herbert of Cher- bury, and thostj other English philosophers who have re- duced the articles of religion to a very small number, and maintain that all sects hold its essential principles. Acon- tius, however, had his enemies and his supporters ; and even the former could allow that, in many respects, he anticipated the freedom and liberality of more enlightened times, although he was, in many points, fanciful and un- guarded. A better work of his is entitled " De methodo sive recta investigandarum, tradendarumque artium, ac scien- tiaruni riitione, libellus," Basle, 1558, 8vo. This has often been reprinted, and is inserted in the collection " De Stu- diis bene instituendis," Utrecht, 1653. His " Ars muni- endoruni ojipidorum," in Italian and Latin, was published at Geneva in 1585, In one of the editions of his " Strata- gemata," is an excellent epistle by him, on the method of editing books. He had also made some progress in a trea- tise on logic, as he mentions in the above epistle, and pre- dicts the improvements of after-times. Tanner gives 1566 as the date of his death, but we have no account of it. We only know that he died in England ; and that, in 1560, he belonged to the Dutch church in Austin Friars ; and, with Hadrian Hamstedius, was accused of Anabaptist and Arian principles, and fell under the cen- sure of excommunication pronounced by Grindall, then bishop of London, and bishop-superintendant of the fo- reigners' churches. On this occasion Acontius wrote a long expostulatory letter to the Dutch church, which is still extant in the library at Austin Friars. Our authority does not state how this matter ended ; but Hamstedius re- fused subscription to certain articles drawn up by the bishop previously to the ceremony of absolution. ' I Biographie Uoiver«elle, iSll. — Gen. Diet, — Tanner. — Strype's Life of Grindall, pp. 4'2. -45. Vol. X. I 114 A C O S T A. ilCOSTA (Joseph d'), a celebrated Spanish author, bora at Meduia dei Carnpo. about the year 1539. At the age of fourteen, he entered the society f;f the Jesuits, where he had already four brothers, all of whom lie ex- celled in knowledge and enterprize. In 1571 lie went to the East Indies, and became second provincial in Pern. In 1588, he returned to Spain, and acquired the good graces of Philip II. by entertaining him with accouius of the New World. He then went to Italy, tu render a more particular account to the general of the Jesuits, Claude Aquaviva, with whom he had afterwards a ditFer- ence, of little importance now, relative to certain ecclesi- astical offices, and became superior of the order at Valla- dolld, and rector of Salamanca ; at which last place he died, Feb. 15, 1600. He wrote : 1. " Historia natural y moral de las Indias," Seville, 1590, 4to ; also 1591, 8vo, a cor- rected edition; and again, Madrid, 1608 and 1610; a work in great estimation, and often quoted by Dr. Robert- son. It has been translated into Latin and French ; the latter by Robert Regnault, who says that the original be- came scarce, the Spaniards having burnt ail the copies ; but in this he iias mistaken Acosta for Acuna. It has also been translated into Flemish, Italian, and German. 2. " De Natura Novi Orbis, libri duo," Salamanca, 1589 and 1595, 8vo. This was translated by the author iiUo Spanish, and added to the preceding work. 3. " De Promulgatione Evangelii apud Barbaros," Salamanca, 1588, 8vo, Cologne, 1596. 4. " De Christo revelato, libri novem," Rome, 1590, 4to ; Lyons, 1591, 8vo. 5. "Condones, tomi tres," Sa- lamanca, 1596, 4to, and often reprinted.' ACOSTA (Uriel), a Portuguese, born at Oporto to- wards the close of the sixteenth century. He was edu- cated in the Romish religion, which his father also sin- cerely professed, though descended from one of those Jewish families who had been forced to receive baptism. Uriel had a liberal education, having been instructed in several sciences ; and at last studied the law. He had by nature a good temper and disposition ; and religion had made so deep an impression on his mind, that he ardently desired to conform to all the precepts of the church. He applied with constant assiduity to reading the scriptures and religious books, carefully considting also the creed of the confessors ; but difficulties occurred, which perplexed him lo such a degree, that, unable to solve them, he thought • Biagraphie Uiiiversellc, 1811.i«-Moreri. A C O S T A. 115 it in^possi;)le to fulf'l bis duty, with regard to the condi- tions TLq lirtd for absolution, according to good casuists. At le'>frt!:, he began to inquire, whether several particulars nie'iiicpi-J about a future life were agreeable to reason; aiKi i!»'ri,guK-d that reason suggested many arguments aguiiioi t..'em. Aco^ta was about two -and -twenty when he euicrtain'.d these doubts ; and the result was, that he tuoughi he could not be saved by the religion which he had luibibed :;i his infancy. He still, however, prosecuted his studies in the law ; anJ, at tlie age of fivc-aud-tweuty years, was made treasurer in a collegiate church. Being naturally of an inquisitive turn, and now made ureasy by the popish doctrines, he began to study Moses and the proj)iiels ; where he thought he found more satisfaction than in the Gospel, and at length became convinced that J H Jaisrn vvas the true religion : but, as he could not pro- fess it in i*ortugal, he resigned his place, and embarl.ed for Amsttrdam, with his mother ana brothers; whom he had ventured to instruct in the principles of the Jewish reli- gion, even when in Portugal. Soon after their arrival in this city they became members of the synagogue, and were circumcised according to custom ; and on this occa- sion, he changed his name of Gabriel for that of Uriel. A little time was sufficient to shew him, that the Jews did neither in their rites nor morals conform to the law of Moses, and of this he declared his disapprobation : but the chiefs of the svnafrop-ue erave him to understand, that he must exactly observe their tenets and customs ; and that he would be excommunicated if he deviated ever so little from them. This threat, however, did not in the least deter him ; for he thought it would be beneath him, who had left tne sweets of his native country purely for liberty of conscience, to submit to a set of ral)bis who had no jurisdiction : and that it would shew both want of cou- rage and pietv, to stitie his sentiments on this occasion. He therefore persisted in his invectives, and, in conse- quence, v.as excommunicated. He then wrote a book in his justific.;t!on ; wherein be endeavours to shew, that the rites and traditions of the Pharisees are contrary to the writings of Moses ; and soon after adopted the opinions of the Sadducees, asserting, that the rewards and punish- ments of the old law relate only to this life ; because Moses nowhere meitions the joys of heaven or the torments of hell. Hii aUveisunei were overjoved at his embraclhg this 12 116 A C O S T A. tenet ; foreseeing, that it woiiM tend greatly to justif)-, in the sight ot" Christians, the proceedings of the synagogiiii against him. Before Iiis hook was printed, there appeared a piece upon the immortaUty of the soul, written by a physician in 1623, who omitted nothing he could sug- gest to make Acosta pass for an atheist. This, however, did not prevent him from writing a treatise against the physician, wherein he endeavoured to confute the doctrine of the soul's immortality. The Jews now made application to the magistrates of Amsterdam ; and informed against him, as one who wanted to undermine the foundation of both Jew- ish and Christian religions. Hereupon he was thrown into prison, but bailed out within a week or ten days after ; but all the copies of his pieces were seized, and he himself fined 300 florins. Nevertheless, he proceeded still farther in his scepticism. He now began to examine, whether the laws of Moses came from God ; and he at length found reasons to convince him, that it was only a political invention. Yet, such was his inconsistency, that he returned to the Jewish church, after he had been excommunicated 15 years; and, after having made a recantation of what he had written, subscribed every thing as they directed. A few days after, he was accused by a nephew, who lived in his house, that he did not, as to his eating and many other points, conform to the laws of the synagogue. On this he was summoned before the grand council of the synagogue ; and it was declared to him, that he must be again excom- municated, if he did not give such satisfaction as should be required ; but he found the terms so hard, that he could not comply. The Jews then again expelled him from their communion ; and he afterwards suffered various hardships and persecutions, even from his own relations. After remaining seven years in a most wretched situation, he at length declared he was willing to submit to the sen- tence of the synagogue, having been told that he might easily accommodate matters; for, that the judges, being ^satisfied with his submission, wouhl soften the severity of the discipline ; they made him, however, undergo the pe- nance in its utmost rigour. These particulars, relating to the life of Acosta, are taken from his piece, entitled " Ex- emplar humane vitx," published and refuted by Lini- borch. It is supposed that he composed it a few days be- Ibre his death, after haviug determined to lay violent hands on himself. He executed this horrid resolutioi^ a A C O S T A. in little after he bad failed in his attempt to kill his principal enemy ; for the pistol, with which he intended to have shot him as lie passed his house, having missed fire, lie immediately shut the door, and shot himself with another pistol. This happened at Amsterdam, but in what year is not exactly known ; but most authors are inclined to place it in 1640, or 1647.' ACllEL (Glaus), a very eminent Swedish surgeon and physician, was born near Stockholm in the beginning of the eighteenth century. He studied first at Upsal, and afterwards at Stockholm, under the ablest practitioners in physic and surgery. In 1741 he travelled to Germany and France, and served as surgeon in the French army for two years. In 1745 he took up his residence in Stock- holm, where for half a century he was considered as the first man in his profession. He introduced many valuable improvements in the army-hospitals, and his general ta- lents and usefulness procured him the most flattering marivs of public esteem. He was appointed director ge- neral of all the hospitals in the kingdom, had titles of nobility conferred upon him, was created a knight of Vasa, and became commander of that order. In 1764, the university of Upsal made him doctor in medicine by- diploma, and he was enrolled a member of various learned societies. He died in 1807, at an advanced age. He published various works in the Swedish language, the principal of which are : 1. " A treatise on Fresh Wounds,'* Stockholm, 1745. 2. " Observations on Surgery," 1750. 3. " Dissertation on the operation for the Cataract," 1766: and 4. " A Discourse on reforms in Surgical Operations, 1767.'-^ ACRON, a celebrated physician of Agrigentum in Si- cily, lived, according to Plutarch, at the time of the great plague at Athens in the beginning of the Peloponnesiaii war, in the eighty-fourth olympiad, or 444 B. C He is said to have stopped the progress of the contagion bj' scat- tering perfumes in the air ; but while doubts may be enter- tained of the efficacy of this practice, it was at least not new, having been tried before his time by the Egyptian j)riests, according to Suidas. Pliny considers Acron as 1 Tlie remarkable Life of Acosta ; to which is aJded, Mr. Liniborcii's de- fence of Christianitj', in answer to Acosta's objections, Svo, London, 1740. Thi.^ tract was translated and edited by John Whiston, the l)ookseller. It *ras revised by Dr. Roper. 3 Biographic Universplle, 181 J. 118 A C R O N. the chief of the empirical sect, hut that sect were not known for two iiundred years after. Suicias sjjys he wrote a treatise on medicine, and another on food, neituer of which is now known. ^ ACRON, or ACRO (Helenius), the name of an an- cient scholiast on Horace, who dourislied in the seventh century. His scholia were published under the title " Ex- positio in Horatii Flacci Opera," Mediolaiii, 1474, 4to. It forms the third edition of Horace, accordin;^ to Dr. Harwood, and is so scarce as to have escaped the notice of Maittaire. A copy was purchased at Dr. Aske^'h sale, by Mr. Mason, for nine guineas and a half; or, according to the editor of the Bibliographical Dictionary, lor JL'6. \0s. It was reprinted at Venice in 1490, fol. Michael ben- tins added the scholia to his edition, B.isil, 152,7, Svo. Fabricius enumerates Acron among tije anciewt coniuitn- tators on Terence and Persius.'' ACROPOLITA (George), one of the writers in the Byzantine history, was born at Constantinople in the ye;ir 1220, and brought up at the court of the emperor John Ducas, at Nice. He stuiiied mathematics, poetry, and rhetoric under Theodoras Exapterygus, and learned logic of Nicephorus Biemmidas. In hisone-and-tueniieth year, he maintained a learned dispute with Nicholas ty.e phy- sician, concerning the eclipse of tne suij, before the em- peror John. He was at length appointed great logothete, and employed in the most important alfairs of the empire. John Ducas sent him ambassador to Larissa, to establish a peace with Michael of Epirus. He was also constituted judge by this emperor, to try Michael Comnenus on a suspicion of being engaged in a conspiracy. Theodorus Lascaris, the son of John, whom he had taught logic, ap- pointed him governor of all the western provinces of his empire. When he held this government, in the year 1255, being engaged in a war vviih Michael Angelas, he was taken prisoner by him, -In 1260, he gained his li- berty by means of the emperor Palaeologus, who sent him ambassador to Constantine prince of Bulgaria, After his return, he applied himself wholly to the instruction of youth, in which employment he acquitted himself with great honour for many years ; but being at last weary of ' Biographic ITniverselle, 1811. — Moreri. — Mangeti Bibliolh. ' Fabr. BibI, Lat. — Diet. Hist.— Moreri. — Harwood. — Bibliog. Diet. — Saxii Onomasticon. ACROPOLITA. 119 the fatioMc, he resicrncd it to Holobolus, In 1272, he sat as one of the judges upon the cause of John Vecchus, patriarch of Constantinople. The year following he was se:u to pope Gregory, to settle a peace and re- union be- tween the two churches, which was accordingly con- cluded ; and he swore to it, in the emperor's name, at the seccjud council of Lyons, in 1274. He was sent ambassa- dor to John prince of Bulgaria in 1282, and died soon after his return. His principal work is his " Historia By- zantina," Gr. Lat. Paris, fol. 1651. This history, which he was well qualified to write, as he took an active part in public a'liairs, contains the history of about fifty-eight years; i. e. from 1203, when Baldwin, earl of Flanders, was crowned emperor, to 1261, when JNl. Pala-ologus put himself in the place of Baldwin H. A manuscript trans- lation of it, by sir William Petty, was in ^Ir. Ames's col- lection. The original was fouad in the east by Douza, and first published in 1614 ; but the Paris edition is supe- rior, and now very scarce. His theological writings were never printed. His son Constantine succeeded him as grand logothete, and was called by the Greeks, the younger Metapiirastes, from his having written the lives of some of the saints in the manner of Simeou Metaphrastes. There is little else in his history that is interesting. ' ACTON. See ATPO. ACTUARIUS (John). The name Actuarius was given to all the court physicians of Constantinople, although the subject of this article is the only one known by it. His father's name was Zacharias. Authors are not agreed as to the time in which he lived. Wolfgang Justus places him in the eleventh century ; Moreau in the twelfth ; Fa- bricius in the thirteenth, and Lambecius in the fourteenth. He was the first Greek author who recommended the use of cassia, senna, manna, and other mild purgatives, and the first who mentions distilled waters. He is reckoned superior to the Arabian physicians, but inferior to the great physicians of his nation. He wrote : 1. A work on " Therapeutics," in six books, of which there is no Greek edition ; but a Latin translation by Henry Mathisius of Bruges, entitled " Ml thodi JMedendi libri Sex," Venice, 4to, 1554; Paris, 1566, 8vo. The work was composed by Actuarius for the use of an ambassador in the north. ^ 1 Gon. Diet.— Fab. Ulbl. Grac, vol. VI. p. 448.~Dict. Bibliog.— Ward'.i GreshaiE Professors. 1?0 A C T U A R I U S. 2. Two books on " Animal Spirits," of which Goupil piih- lisbed a Greek edition, Paris, 1557, 8vo, with a Latin version by Mathisius. This was reprinted by Fischer, Or. and Lat. Leipsic, 1774, 8vo, with the addition of two books of Actuarius on regimen. 3. Seven books " On Urines," of which there is no Greek edition ; but Am- brose Levon de Nole published a Latin Aersion, 1519, 4to. and this was revised by Goupil, illustrated with notes, and reprinted under the title " De Urinis libri septem." Paris, 1548, 8vo; Basil, 1 558, 8vo; Utrecht, 1G70, 8vo. 4. A Treatise on the " composition of Medicines," with the commentaries of John Ruellius; but this is little more than the fifth and sixth books of the Therapeutics. Tiic medical writings of our author were collected and printed, Paris, 1526, 8vo ; and again in 1556. In 1567, Henry JStephens published an edition of the whole of liis works, fob translated by different authors among the " Medicai artis Principes." We have also " Actuarii opera," Paris, 8vo; Leyden, 1556, 3 vols. 12mo. There are some of his works in many libraries which remain in manuscript. ' ACUNA (Christopher), a Spanish Jesuit and mission- ary, was born at Burgos, 1597. He was sent on a mission to the American Indians, and on his return in the year 1641, published in Spanish, by permission of the king, *' Nuevo Descubrimiento del gran rio de las Amazones," 4to ; but the projects expected from his discoveries re- specting this river, were discountenanced afterwards by the house of Braganza, and Philip IV. ordered all the copies of this curious work to be destroyed, so th.at for many years two onl}' were known to exist; one in the Vatican library, and another in the possession of Marin Leroi de Gomberville, who translated it into French, and published it, under the title of " Relation de la riviere des Amazones," Paris, 1682, 2 vols. 12mo, with a curious dissertation ; but some passages of the text are not very faithfully translated. This was afterwards reprinted in the second volume of Wood's Rogers's Voyage round the world. Acuna went to the East Indies som.e time after the publication of his work, and is supposed to have died at Lima about or soon after 1675.'' ACUNA (Fernando de), a Spanish poet, born at Ma- drid in the beginning of the sixteenth century, was at « Bio.^apliic Universpllc— Of-n. Diet,— Morcri Fab. Bibl. Gra?e. f Hiograpliie L'uivcritlle.— Mortri, A C U N A. 121 first remarkable for his military talents in the service of ('harles V. but more so afterwards for his poetical merit, whicii has hccn extolled by Louis Zapata and Lope dc Vega. His lirst attempt was a translation of Olivier de la Marchess " Chevalier deliberc," under the title of " El Cavallero determinando ;" to which he added an entire book of his own composition, Antwerp, 1555, 8vo. He also composed in Italian verse, sonnets, eclogues, and other smaller pieces, in which the thoughts are natural, and the expression elegant. He succeeded in translating Ovid in verse of nine syllables, which the Spaniards con- sider as tiie uu)st difficult in their poetry ; and before his death he Iiad begun a translation of Roland from Boyardo, and added four chants, which were thought equal to the original. His translation of the " Chevalier delibere" was reprinted at .Salamanca, 1575, with alterations and additions. He died at Grenada in 1530; and in 1591, a collection of his pieces was published at Salamanca, " Va- rias Poesias." ' ACUSILAS, or ACUSILAUS, a Greek historian, the son of Cabas, born at Argos, lived, according to Josephus, a little before the expetlition of Darius against Greece, antl near the time when Cadmus the Milesian wrote the first prose history. Acusilas' work was entitled " Genealogies," as they related to the chief families of Greece. Many authors quote this work, but the only fragments preserved are added to those of Pherecydes by M. Sturz, printed at Gera, 1798, 8vo.^ ADAIR (James), an English lawyer, and sometime re- conlcr of London, was born in that city, and educated at Peter-hou:--e, Cambridge ; where he took the degree of B. A. 1764, and of M. A. 1767. After prosecuting Ids law- studies, he was admitted to the bar, and began to distin- guish himself about the year 1770, when he took an active part in the political contentions of that period. Having sided with Mr. Wilkes in the memorable dispute between that gentleman and his co-patriot Mr. Home, Mr. Wilkes spoke of him at political meetings in such a manner as to draw the public eye upon him ; and in 1779 he was chosen recorder of London, although not without a contest witli his opponent Mr. Howarth. This situation he retained for ^oine years, while his advancement at the bar was rapid, ^ Biographic Universale. " Ibid.— Die', l^ist. 122 A D A I R. and highly honourable to his talents. The duties of the recordership he discharged with much ability, strict jus- tice, and humanity. The situation, however, was rendered in some degree irksome by the changes of" political senti- ment whicii had taken place among his constituents, the members of the C(;rporation. When he was chosen into this office, the city was out of humour with the court, and Mr. Adair probably owed his election to his being reput- edly of W^iikes's parly, who was still the idol of the city. A great revolution, however, took place, when the coali- tion-administration (that of lord North and Mr. Fox) was overthrown. Mr. Pitt and his friends, and by consequence the King and court, became highly popular in the city, while Mr. Adair retained his old opinions, took the part of the dismissed ministers, and became a zealous assertor of the whig principles which were then divulged from a uewly-erected club, called the Whig club. This could not please his city friends ; although such was his impar- tiality and integrity, that no fault couid be found witii the manner in which he discharged the duties of his office. The Common-council, however, requiring a closer attend- ance at their courts than he thought requisite, or was per- haps consistent with his numerous professional engage- ments in the court of Common pleas, he chose to resign the recordership in 1789 ; and upon this occasion received the thanks of the Court of Aldermen, and the freedom of the city in a gold box of one hundred guineas value, for his able and upright conduct in that office; and he was ordered to be retained, with the attorney and solicitor- general, in all causes m which the city was concerned. In the parliament of 1780 he sat as member for Cocker- mouth, but afterwards for Highani Ferrars. He was also one of his majesty's Serjeants at law, and was rapidly ad- vancing in his profession, when the revolutionary princi- ples of France, njaking great progress in ttiis kingdom, alarmed the minds of every well-wisher to the constitu- tional monarchy. i\lr. Adair, among others of high rank and weight, now withdrew from all connection with the Whig club; but, not before he had zealously promoted the subscription uhich some noblemen and gentlemen set on foot to purchase an annuity for Mr. Fox. When the trials of Hardy, Tooke, &,c. and others accused of high treason, were Instituted in 1794-5, Mr. Adair appeared as one of the counsel for the crown, and was allowed to have ac- ADAIR. 123 quitted himself with great ability. In 1798, when the country was menaced with tiirt ats of invasion, volunteer offeib of service v.erc nuiJe to government throughout the wiiole kiugdoiu, and London and its environs raised a force of about twelve thousand men, fully armed, equipped, and trained at their own expence. Mr. Adair, although his age mignt have formed a sutticient excuse, thought proper to join this patriot band ; and, it is thought, fell a sacrifice to tiie fatigues attending the discipline. The day his corps returned from shooting at a target near London, July 21, 179«, he was seized with a paralytic stroke, while walking along Lincoln's-iiiii, and died in a few hours. He was in- terred on the 27th in Bunhill-fields' burying-ground, near the ashes of his father and mother. At his death, he was king's prime serjeant at law, M. P. for Higham Ferrars, and chief justice of Ciiester. Mr. Adair was not distinguished for luminous talents, but was esteemed an able constitutional lawyer ; iiis elo- quence was vigorous and impressive, but his voice was liarsh, and manner uncourteous. He is said to have been the author of *' Thoughts on the dismission of Officers, civil and mi- litary, for their conduct in Parliament," 1764, 8vo; which we much doubt, as at that time he had but just taken his bachelor's degree, antl was probably too young to interest liimself much in the contests of the times. On better au- thority, we find attributed to him, " Observations on the power of alienation in the Crown before the first of queen Anne, supported by precedents, and the opinions of many learned judges ; together with some remarks on the con- duct of administration respecting the case of the duke of Portland," 1768, 8vo. ' ADAUl (James Makittrick), a physician, a native of Scotland, but many years settled at Bath, was afterwards physician to the commander in chief, and the c donial troops, of the island of Antigua, and subsequently of the Leeward islands, and also one of the judges of the court of King's Bench and Common pleas in Antigua. His abi- lities as a physician have never been questioned, and his private character is said to have been in some res-pects amiable ; but he possessed an irritability of temper, joined, as it generally is, with extraordinary self-conceit, which occasioned his being con;itantly engaged in disputes, and > Gent. Mag. vwl. LliVIlI.— Almon's Anecdotes, vol. I. p. 83. tU ADAIR. often with men, such as Philip Thicknesse, equally qnc- rulons and tiirhulent. Towards the end of his life, his "writings partook much of liis temper, and although read with some degree of pity, were soon t:hrown aside. Some account of one of his hist quarrels may be seen in the de- . He was examined on this subject by the privy-council ; but his objections have been long since fully answered. 5. " Essays on Fashionable Diseases," 8v(j, !78f). 6. "All essay on a Non-descript, or newly- invented Disease," Svo, 1790. 7. " A candid inquiry into the truth of certain chariies of the dantrerous conse- quences of the Suttonian or Cooling regimen, under In- ocuhition for the Small Pox," 8vo, 1790. 8. "Anecdotes of the Life, Adventures, and Vindication of a Medical Character, metaphorically defunct, by Benjamin Goose- quill and Peter Paragraph," Svo, 1790. 'I'his rambling and incoherent production contains some particulars of his life, but more of his quarrels with his conten^poraries. 9. " Two Sermons ; the first addressed to British seamen, the second t() the British West India slaves," Svo, 1791. INIost of these were published for the'benefit of the Bath hospital, or the tin-nuners of Cornwall. ' ADALARD, or ADELARD, born about the vear 753, was son of count Bernard, grandson of Charles Martel, and cousin-gernian of Charlemagne. He had been in- vited to the court in his youth, but, fearing the infection of such a mode ol" life, had retired ; and, at the age of 20 years, became a monk of Corbie in Picardy, and was at length chosen abbot of the monastery. His imperial relar tion, however, forced him again to attend the court, where ho. still preserved tlie dispositions of a recluse, and took rvcry opportunity, which business allowed, for private ' Gent, Mag. — Catalogue of living authors. 179?. A D A L A R D. !i>5 prayer ami meditation. After the death of Charlemagne, he was, on unjust suspicions, banished by Lewis tlie Meek, to a monastery on the co;ist of Acquitaine, in tlie isle of Here. After a banishment of hve years, Lewis, sensible of his own injustice, recalled Adalard, and heaped on lain the highest honours. The monk was, however, the same nian in prosperity and in adversity, and in the year 823 obtained leave to return to Corbie. Every week he ad- dressed each of the monks in particular ; he exhorted them in pathetic discourses, antl laboured for the spiritual good of the country around his monastery. His liberality seems to have bordered on excess; and his humility in- duced him to receive advice from the meanest monk. When desired to live less austerely, he w(juid frequently jsay, " I will take care of your servant, that he may be en- abled to attend on you the longer." Another Adalard, who had governed the monastery during his banishment, by the direction of our Adalard, prepared the foundation of a distinct monastery, called New Corbie, near Pader- born, as a nursery for ecclesiastical labourers, who should instruct the northern nations. Our Adalard now completed this scheme ; went himself to New Corbie twice, and settled its discipline. The success of this truly charitable project was great: many learned and zealous missionaries were furnished from the new seua- nary, and it became a liglit to the north of Europe. A Ja- lard promoted learning in his monasteries, for he was himself a man of great learning; and instructed the people both in Latin and French : and after his second return from Germany to old Corbie, he died in the year 827, aged 73. Such is the account given us of Adalard, a character, there is reason to believe, of eminent piety and usefulness in a dark age. To convert monas- teries into seminaries of pastoral education, was a th')ught far above; th.e taste of the age in which he lived, and tended to enuincipate those superstitious in- stitutions from the unprofitable and illiberal bondage in which they had long subsisted. His principal work work was *' A treatise on the Fretich Monarchy ;" but fragments only of any of his works have come down to our times. Hincrnar has incorporated the treatise on the French monarchy in his fourteenth Opusculum, *' for the instruction of kin^^ Carloman." The anci(Mit statutes of 126 A D A L A R D. of the abbey of Corbie, by our author, are in the fourth volume of D' Achery's Spicilegium. ' ADALBERON (Ascelinus) was consecrated bishop of Leon in the year 977. He was an ambitious prelate and a servile courtier ; he had the baseness to deliver up to Hugh Capet, Arnoul, archbishop of Rhcmis, and Charles duke of Lorrain, competitor of Hugh, to whom he had given an asylum in his episcopal city. He died in 1030. He is the author of a satirical poem in 430 hexameter verses, dedicated to kinij Robert. Adrian Valois (jave an edition of it in 1663, in 8vo, at the end of the Panegyric on the emperor Berenger. But it is more correctly given in the 10th vol. of " the Historians of France." i^lthough the style is obscure and in a bad taste, it contains many curious facts and anecdotes of the manners of the age. In the library of the abbey ot" Laubes is a MS poem by Adalberon, on the Holy Trinity, which is likewise dedi- cated to king Robert. * ADALBERON, archbishop of Rheims, and chancellor of France, under the reigns of Lothaire and Louis V. was one of the most learned French prelates of the tenth cen- tury. Having attained the archbishoprick in the year 2%*^^ he called several councils for the establishment of eccle- siastical discipline, which he enforced by his example with much firmness of mind. He also induced men of learninor to resort to Rheims, and gave a high renown to the schools of that city. In the year 987, he consecrated Hugh Ca- pet, who continued him in his office of grand chancellor. He died Jan. 5, 988. Several of his letters are among those of Gerbert, afterwards pope Sylvester II. ; and two of his discourses are in Moissac's Chronicle. The ca- thedral of Rheims was indebted to him for the greater part of its sumptuous furniture. ' ADALBERT, a German divine, of the tenth century, archbishop of Magdeburg, was educated in the monastery of St. Maximum of Treves, and promoted to the above see in the year 968. Previous to that, in the year 961, he was employed b}- the emperor Otho I. to preach the gospel to the people along the Baltic sea, and the Sclavonians : with the latter he had considerable success. < ADALBP^RT, archbishop of Prague, in the tenth cen- tury, was one of the first founders of the Christian religion ' Biographic UniverseUc. — Milner's Church History, toI. III. p. 237. 3 Biograpliie UniverKelle. — Moreri. » Ibid. * Dupin. A D A L B E R T. 12T 3n Ilunfrary. He also preiiclied the gospel in Prussia and Lithuania, where he was murdered by Sego, a pagan priest. His death was amply revenged by Boleslaus, king of- Poland. ' ADAM (Alexander), LL. D. an eminent schoolmaster and useful writer in Scotland, was born June 1741, at Coats of Burgie, in the parish of Rartbrd, in the county of Moray. His parents were poor, hut gave him such education as a parisii school afforded; and alter Laving un- successfully endeavoured lo procure an exhibition at King's college, Aberdeen, iie was encouraged, in 175-!, to go to the university of Edinburgh, where he surmounted pecu- niary difhcnlties with a virtuous and honourable perse- verance, sucli as are rarely to be. found ; and improved his opportunities of knowledge with great assiduity and suc- cess. In 1761 he was elected scnoolmaster to Watson's hospital, an establishment ior the education of the poor, and continued to improve himself in classical knowledge by a careful perusal of some of the best and uiost difficult authors. In 1767, he w;is appointed assistant to the rector of the high school of t^dinburgh, and in 177 1 successor to the same gentleman, and filled this honourable station during the remainder of his life, raising the reputation of the scl)Ool much hig-her than it had been known for many years. He would have perhaps raised it yet higher, had he not involved iiiujself, not only with his ushers, but with the patrons and trustees of the school, in a dis[)ute re- specting the proper grammar to be taught ; Dr. Adam preferring one of his ovv'n compiling to that of Ruddin)an, which har of Humberstone, in Leicestershire, afterwards an Anabaptist teacher in London.' ADy\M8 (Thomas), brother to the above, became also a student of Brascn-nose college, Oxford, in Jidy 1649, and was made fellow in June 1652. He performed all his college exercises witli approbation, and was much esteemed for his learning, pieiy, diligence, and good-hu- mour, and very much employed as a tutor. He was eiected in 1662 from the university, and resided for a considerable time in the family of sir Samuel Jones, and afterwards was chaplain to the countess dowager of Clare. He wrote a few practical tracts on the " Principles of Religion," and one on the controversy between the Church and the Dis- senters. He died Dec. 11, 1670." ADAMS (Sir Thomas), citizen and lord mayor of Lon- don, was a man highly esteemed for his prudence and piety, his loyalty and sulFerings, and his acts of munificence : he was born in 1586, at Wem, in Shropshire, educated in- the university of Cambridge, and (Fuller says) bred a dra- per in London. In 1609, he was chosen sheriff, when he gave a striking proof of his public spirit, by immediately giving up his business, and applying himself wholly to public affairs. He made himself complete master of the customs and usages, rights and privileges of the city of London, and succeeded to every honour his fellow-citizens had in their power to bestow. He was chosen master of the drapers' company, alderman, and president of St. Thomas's hospital, which institution he probably saved from ruin, by discovering the frauds of a dishonest steward. He was often returned member of parliament; hut the violent politics of" the times would not permit him to sit there. In 1645 he was elected lord mayor of London, in which office he gave a shining example of disinterestedness, by declining the ad- vantages usually made by the sale of places which become vacant. His loyalty to Charles I. was so well known, that ' Calamy. — Wood's Alh. Ox. — Funeral Sermon by Howe. — Cvo«by's Hist, «? Baptists, vol. HI. p. :M. — Nicliols's LeicestersJiire, soK 111. p. ic'^Ti. 2 Wood's Fasti, vol. II. — Calamy. 142 ADA M S. his house was searched by the republican party, to find the king there ; and he was the next year committed to the Tower by the same party, and detained there some time. However, at length he became the oldest alderman upon the bench, and was consequently dignified with the honour- able title of father oi' the city. His aft'ection for his prince was so great, that during the exile of Charles II. he remitted him 10,000/. When the restoration of the king was agreed on, Mr. Adams, then 74 years of age, was deputed by the city to accompany General Monk to Breda in Holland, to congra- tulate and accompany the king home. For his signal ser- vices the kincf knif^hted him at the Hacrue; and soon after the restoration advanced him to the dignity of a baronet, on the 13th of June, 1661. His merit, as a benefactor to the public, is highly con- spicuous : he gave the house of his nativity, at Wem, as a free-school to the town, and liberally endowed it; he founded an Arabic professorship at Cambridge ; both which took place before his death. By desire of his friend, Mr. Wheelock, fellow of Clare- hall, he was at the expence of printing the gospels in Persian, and sending them into the east. He was equally benevolent in private as in public life; and, although he suffered great losses in his estate, he gave liberally in legacies to the poor of many parishes, to hospitals, and ministers' widows. He was particularly dis- tinguished for his Christian patience and fortitude in ad- versity. In his latter years he was much afflicted with the stone, which hastened his end; he died Feb. 24, 1667, at 81 years of age. The stone was taken from the body, and was of such extraordinary magnitude as to weigh 25 ounces, and is preserved in the laboratory at Cambridge. He felt no reluctance at the approach of his dissolution, and seemed perfectly prepared for death, often saying " Solum mihi superest sepulchrum,'^ — All my business is to fit me for the grave. His funeral sermon was preached by Dr. Hardy, at 8t. Catharine Cree Church, before his children and many of his relations. His descendants enjoyed the title down to the late sir Thomas Adams, who died a captain in the royal navy. ' ' Biog. Britannica.— Fuller's Worthies.— Wilford's Menawials.— Peck's De- siderata, vol. 11, ADAMS. 143 ADAMS (William), D. D. master of Pembroke College, Oxford, was bora at Shrewsbury in 1707, of a Shropuliire family, and at the early age of thirteen was entered of l*em- broke college, where he took his master's degree, April 18, 1727, and obtained a fellowship. It has generally been re- ported, that he was afterwards tutor to the celebrated Dr. Samuel Johnson; but Dr. Adams very handsomely contra- dicted this report, by saying, that had Jolinson returned to College after Jordan's (his tutor's) death, he might have been his tutor: *' I vvas-iiis nominal tutor, but he was above my mark." A friendship, however, commenced between them, which lasted during the life of Dr. Johnson, to whose memory Dr. Adams did ample justice. In 17 32, he was presented to the curacy, or, as usually called, the vicarage of St. Chad's in Shrewsbury, and ou this occasion quitted the college. In 17 56 he visited Ox- ford, and took his degrees of B. D. and D. D. and then went back to Shrewsbury, where he discharged the duties cf his ministry with exemplary assiduity, patience, and af- fection ; and contributed a very active part in the foundation «f the Salop infirmary, and in promoting its success. The year before he went last to Oxford, he was presented to the rectory of Counde in Shropshire, by Mrs. Elizabeth Cressett 4>f that place, and retained it during his life. In 1775, about 43 years after he left college. Dr. Ratclifte, master of Pembroke college, died; and although Dr. Adams had out- lived almost all his contemporaries, the gentlemen of the coUesre came to a determination to elect him, a mark of re- spect due to his public character, and highly creditable to their discernment. He accordingly became master of Pem- broke, July 26, 1775, and in consequence obtained a prebend of Gloucester, which is attached to that office. He now resigned the living of St. Chad, to the lasting regret of his hearers, as well as of the inhabitants at large, to whom he had long been endeared by his amiable character, and pious attention to the spiritual welfare of his flock. He was soon after made archdeacon of LlandatF. Over the college he presided with universal approbation, and engaged the affec- tions of the students by his courteous demeanour and affa- bilit}', mixed with the firmness necessary for the preserva- tion of discipline. In his apartments here, he frequently cheered the latter days of his old friend Dr. Johnson, whom he survived but a few years ; dying at his prebendal house at Gloucester, Jan. 13, 1789, aged 82. He was interred in Gloiuester cathedral, where u monument was erected, 144^ A D A M ^. with an inscription, which celebrates his ingenuity, learn'* iM Biographie Uaiverselle— Stoever's Life of Linnwus, A D D I N G T O N. 151 mitted. He published also, partly in the country, and partly in London, some occasional funeral and otiier ser- mons ; two tracts on infant baptism ; a collection of psalm tunes, and another of anthems ; and his most popular work, ** The Life of St. Paul the Apostle," 1784, 8vo. — At length, in 1781 he received an invitation to become pastor of the congregation in Miles's-lane, Cannon-street ; and soon after his removal thither was chosen tutor of a new dissenting academy at Mile-end, where he resided until his growing infirmities, occasioned by several paralytic strokes, obliged him to relinquish the charge. He continued, how- ever, in the care of his congregation till within a few months of his decease, when, from the same cause, he was compelled to discontinue his public services. He died Feb. 6, 1796, at his house in the Minories. In London he was neither so successful or popular as in the country ; and his quitting Harborough after so long a residence ap-^ pears to have displeased his friends, without adding to hjs usefulness among his new connections. * ADDISON (Lancelot), son of Lancelot Addison a clergyman, born at Mauldismeaburne in the parish of Crosby Havensworth in Westmoreland, in 1632, was edu- cated at the grammar school of Appleby, and afterwards sent to Queen's college, Oxford, upon the foundation. He was admitted B. A. Jan. 25, 1654, and M. A. July 4, 1657. As he now had greatly distinguished himself in the univer- sity, he was chosen one of the terras filii for the act cele- brated in 1658; bur, his oration abounding in personal satire against the ignorance, hypocrisy, and avarice of those then in power, he was compelled to make a recantation, and to ask pardon on his knees. Soon after he left Ox- ford, and retired to Petsvorth in Sussex, where he resided till the restoration. The oentlemen of Sussex having re- commended him to Dr. King, bishop of Chester, as a man who had suffered for his loyalty and attachment to the con- stitution of church and state ; the bishop received him kindly, and in all probability would have preferred himii had he not, contrary to his lordship's approbation, accept- ed of the chaplainship at Dunkirk; where he continued till 1662, when, the place being delivered up to the French, he returned to England. The year following he went chaplain to the garrison at Tangier, where he resided some * Theological and Protestant Dissenters Magazine, vol. HI.— Gent. Mag. 179ft, 152 ADDISON. years; and came back to England in 1670, with a resolu- tion to return to Tangier. He was appointed chaplain in ordinary to his majesty soon after his coming over; but had no thoughts, however, of quitting his chaplainship at Tan- gier, until it was conferred upoti anotlier, by which Mr. Addison became poor in his circumstances. In this situa- tion of his affairs,, a gentleman in Wiltshire bestowed on him the rectory of Milston, in Wilts, worth about I20l. per annum. Soon after he was also made prebendary of Minor pars aitaris, in the cathedral of Sarnm ; and took the de- grees of B. and D. D. at Oxford, July 6, 1675. His pre- ferments, though not very considerable, enabled liim to live in the country with great decency and hospitality ; and he discharged his duty with a most conscientious diligence. lit 1683 the commissioners for ecclesiastical affairs, in con- sideration of his former service at Tangier, conferred upon him the deanry of Liclifield, in which he was installed July 3 ; was collated to the archdeaconry of Coventry Dec. 8, 1684, and held it with his deanry in connnendani. In tlie convocation, which met Dec, 4, 1C89, dean Addison was one of the committee appointed by the lower house to ac- quaint the lords, that they had consented to a conference on the subject of an address to the king. He died April 20, 1703, and was buried in the church-yard of Lichfield, at the entrance of the west door, with the following epitaph : " Hie jacet Lancelotiis Addison, S. T. P. hujus ecclesioe decanns, necnon archidiaconus Coventrise, (|ui obiit 20 die Aprilis, ann. Dom. 1703, ajtatis suie 71." He was twice inarried ; first to Jane, daughter of Nathaniel Guls- ton, esq., and sister to Dr. William Gulston, bishop of Bristol, by whom he had, Jane, who died in her infancy ; .foseph, of whom in thenext article; Gulston, who died go- vernor of Fort St. George in the East Indies ; Dorothy, married first to Dr. Sartre, prebendary of Westminster, se- condly to Daniel Combes, esq.; Anne, who died young; and Lancelot, fellow of Magdalen college, Oxford, an able classical scholar. Dean Addison publishetl, 1. " West Barbaiy, or a short narrative of the revolutions of Fez and Morocco," 1671, 8vo. 2. " The present State of the Jews (njore particu- larly relating to those in Barbary), wherein is contained an exact ac(;ount of their custonis secular and religious, ;kc." 1675, 8vo. 3. *' I'he i)rimitive Institution, or a season- able discourse of Catechizing." 4. " A modest plea for ADDISON. 153 the Clergy," 1677, 8vo. 5. " The first state of Muhomet- ism, or an account ot the Author and doctrine of that im- posture," 1678, 8vo; reprinted afterwards under the tide of *' The Life and Death of Mahomet." 6. " An introduction to the Sacrament, loSl; reprinted in 1686 with the addi- tion of " The Connuunicant's Assistant." 7. " A dis- course of Tangier, under the government of the earl of Tiviot," 4to, 1685, second edition. 8. " XPI2T02 ATTO- ©E02, or an historical account of the lieresy denying the Godhead of Christ ;" one of the best books that had then appeared on the subject. 9. " The Christian's daily Sa- crifice, on Prayer," 1698, 12mo. 10. "An account of the Millenium, the genuine use of the two Sacraments^ &c." And some have attributed to him " Tlie Catechumen; or an account given by a young Person to a Minister of his knowledge in Religion, &c." 1690, liimo; but this appears to have been only recommended by him and Dr. Scot.* ADDISON (Joseph), son of Dr. Addison mentioned in the last article, and one of the most illustrious ornaments of his time, was born May 1, 1672, at Milston near Anibros- bury, Wiltshire, where his father was rector. Appearing weak and unlikely to live, he was christened the same day. Mr. Tyers says, that he was laid out for dead as soon as he was born. He received the first rudiments of his education at the place of his nativity, under the rev. Mr. Naish ; but was soon removed to Salisbury, under the care of Mr. Ta}-- lor ; and thence to Lichfield, where his father placed him for some time, probably not long, under Mr. Shaw, then master of the school there. From Lichfield he was sent to the Charter-house, where he pursued his juvenile studies under the care of Dr. Ellis, and contracted that intimacy with sir Rich. Steele, which their joint labours have so ef- fectually recorded. In 1687 he was entered of Queen's college in Oxford ; where, in 1689, the accidental perusal of some Latin verses gained him the patronage of Dr. Lan- caster, by whose recommendation he was elected into Magdalen college as demy. Here he took the degree of M. A. Feb. 14, 1693; continued to cultivate poetry and criticism, and grew first eminent by his Latin compositions, which are entitled to particular praise, and seem to have had liiuch of his fondness ; for he collected a second volume of * Bi»g. Britannica — Ath. Ox. vol. IL p. 970. 154 A D D I S O N. the Musse Anglicanae, perhaps for a convenient receptacie; in which all his Latin pieces are inserted, and where his poem on the Peace has the first place. He afterwards presented the collection to Boileau, who from that time conceived an opinion of the English genius for poetry. In his 22d year he first shewed his power of English poetry, by some verses addressed to Dryden ; and soon afterwards published a translation of the greater part of the fourth Georgic upon Bees. About the same time he composefi the arguments prefixed to the several books of Dryden's Virgil ; and produced an essay on the Georgics, juvenile, superficial, and uninstructive, without much either of the scholar's learning or the critic's penetration. Hisnextpaper of verses contained a character of the principal English poets, inscribed to Henry Sacheverell, who was then, if not a poet, a writer of verses ; as is shewn by his version of a small part of Virgil's Georgics, published in the Miscel- lanies, and a Latin encomium on queen Mary, in the Musae Anglicanse. At this time he was paying his addresses to Sacheverell's sister. These verses exhibit all the fondness of friendship ; but, on one side or the other, friendship was too weak for the malignity of faction. In this poem is a very confident and discriminative character of Spenser, whose work he had then never I'ead. It is necessary to in- form the reader, that about this time he was introduced by Congreve to Montague, then chancellor of the exchequer : Addison was now learning the trade of a courtier, and sub- joined Montague as a poetical name to those of Cowley and of Dryden. By the inHuence of Mr. Montague, concurring with ins natural modesty, he was diverted from his original design of entering into holy orders, Montague alleged the corruption of men who engaged in civil employments with- out liberal education ; and declared, that, though he was represented as an enemy to the church, he would never do it any injury but by withholding Addison from it. Soon after, in 1695, he wrote a poem to king William, with a kind of rhyming introduction addressed to lord Somers. King William had no regard to elegance or literature ; his stud^^ was only war; yet by a choice of ministers whose dis- position was very different from his own, he procured, without intention, a very liberal patronage to poetry. Ad- dison was caressed both by Somers and Montague. In 1697 he wrote his poem on the peace of Ryswick, which he de- dicated to Montague, and which was afterwards called by ADDISON. 15S Smith " tlie best Latin poem since the ^neid.*' Having yet no public employment, he obtained in 1699 a pension of 300/. a year, that he might be enabled to travel. He staid a year at Blois, probably to learn the French language ; and then proceeded in his journey to Italy, which he sur- veyed with the eyes of a poet. While he was travelling at leisure, he was tar from being idle ; for he not only col- lected his observations on the country, but found time to write his Dialogues on Medals, and four acts of Cato. Such is the relation of Tickell. Perhaps he only collected his materials, and formed his plan. Whatever were his other employments in Italy, he there wrote the letter to lord Halifax, which is justly considered as the most elegant, if not the most sublime, of his poetical productions. But in about two year-s he found it necessary to hasten home ; being, as Swift informs us, "distressed by indigence, and compelled to become the tutor of a travelling squire." At his return he published his travels, with a dedication to lord Somers. This book, though a while neglected, is said in time to have become so much the favourite of the pub- lick, that before it was reprinted it rose to five times its price- When he returned to England in 1 702, with a meanness of appearance which gave testimony to the difficulties to which he had been reduced, he found his old patrons out of power ; but he remained not long neglected or useless. The victory at Blenheim 1704 spread triumph and confi- dence over the nation ; and lord Godolphin, lamenting to lord Halifax that it had not been celebrated in a manner equal to the subject, desired him to propose it to some bet- ter poet. Halifax named Addison ; who, having under- taken the work, conmiunicated it to the treasurer, while it was yet advanced no further than the simile of the angel, and was immediately rewarded by succeeding Mr. Locke in the place of commissioner of appeals. In the following year he was at Hanover with lord Halifax ; and the year after was made under-secretary of state, first to sir Charles Hedges, and in a few months more to the earl of Sunder- land. About this time the prevalent taste for Italian operas inclining him to try what would be the effect of a musical drama in our own language ; he wrote the opera of Rosa- mond, which, when exhibited on the stage, was either hissed or neglected ; but, trusting that the readers would do him more justice, he published it, with an inscription to the duchess of Marlborough. His reputation had been 156 A D D I S O N, somewhat advanced by The Tender Husband, a comedy, whicli Steele dedicated to him, with a confession that he owed to, him several ot the most successful scenes. To this play Addison supplied a prologue. When the marquis of Wharton was appointed lord lieutenant of Ireland, Addison attended hlui as liis secretarj^ ; and wa-* made keeper of the records in Bermingham's tower, with a salary of 3oO^. a year. The office was little more than nominal, and tlie salary was augmented for his accommodation. When he was in office, he made a law to himself, as Swift has record- ed, never to remit his regular fees in civility lo his friends; — "• I may have a hundred friends ; and if my fee be two guineas, I shall l)y relinquishing u)y right lose 200 guineas, and no friend gain n)ore than two." He was in Ireland when Steele, without any communication of his design, began the publication of the Tatler ; liiit he was not long concealed : by inserting a remark on Virgil, which Adilison hiid given him, he discovered himself. Steele's first Tatler was published April 22, 1709, and Addison's contribution appeared May 26. Tickell observes, that the Tatler be- gan and was concluded without his concurrence. This is doubtloss literally true ; but the work did not suffer much by his unconsciousness of its commencement, or his ab- sence at its cessation ; for he continued his assistance to Dec. 23, and the paper stopped on Jan. 2. He did not distinguish his pieces by any signature. To the Tatler, in about two months, succeeded the Spectator; a series of essays of the same kind, but written with less levity, upon a more regular plan, and published daily. Dr. Johnson's account of these essays, and of the rise of periodical papers is too valuable to l)e omitted here. *' To teach the minuter decencies and inferior duties, to regulate the practice of daily conversation, to correct those depravities which are rather ridiculous than criminal, and remove those grievances which, if they produce no lasting calamities, impress hourly vexation, was first attempted in Italy by Casa in his Book of Manners, and Castiglione in his Courtier, two books yet celebrated in Italy for purity and eleij-ance. *' This species of instruction was continued, and perhaps advanced, by the French ; among whom La Bruyere's Manners of the Age, though written without connection, deserves great praise. Betbre the Tatler and Spectator, if tiie writers for the theatre are excepted, England had no ADDISON, 157 masters of common life. No writers had yet unrlortakon to reform either tlie savageuess of neglect, or the iinjverti- nence of civihty ; to teach when to sjjeak, or to bo siU-nt ; how to refuse, or how to comply. We wanted not books to teach us more important duties, and to settle opinions m philosophy or pohtics ; but an arbiter eltgayiliarwn, a judge of propriety, was yet wanting, who should survey the track of daily conversation, and free it from thorns and prickles, which tease the passer, though they do not wound him. For this purpose nothing is so j>ropcr as the frequent pub- lication of short papers, which we read not as study but amusement. If the subject be siiglit, the treatise likewise is short. The busy may find time, and the idle may find patience. " The Tatler and Spectntor reduced, like Casa, the un- settled practice of daily intercourse to propriety and polite- ness ; and, like La Bruycre, exhibited the characters and U)anners of the age. " But to say that they united the plans of two or tliree eminent writers, is to give them but a small part of their due praise ; they superadded literature and criticism, and sometimes towered far above their predecessors, and taught, with great justness of argument and dignity of language, tlie most important duties and sublime truths." The year 1713, in which Cato came upon the stage, was the grand climacteric of Addison's reputation. Upon tlie death of Cato, he had, as is said, planned a tragedy iu the time of his travels, and had for several years the four first acts finished, which were shewn to suciias were likely to spread their admiration. By a request, w^hich perhaps he wished to be denied, he desired I\Ir. Hughes to add a fifth act. Hughes supposed him serious; and, undertaking tlie supplement, brought in a i'ew days some scenes for his examination ; but he had in the mean time gone to work himself, and produced half an act, which he afterwards completed, but with brevity irregularly disproportionate to the foregoing parts. The great, the important day came on, when Addison was to stand the hazard of the tbeati-e. That there might, however, be left as little to hazard as was possible, on the first night Steele, as himself relates, undertook to pack an audience. The danger was soon over. The whole nation was at that time on fire with fac- tion. The whigs apjilauded every line in which liberty was mentioned, as a satire on the tories ; and the tories 35$ A D D I S 6 K echoed every clap, to shew that the satire \vas unfelt. When it was printed, iiotice was given that tlie queen would he pleased il' it was dedicated to her ; " but as he had design- ed that compliment elsewhere, he found himself obliged,'* says Tickell, " by his duty en the one hand, and his ho- nour on the other, to send it into the world without any dedication," At the pablication the wits seemed proud to pay their attendance with encomiastic verses. The best are from an •unknuwn hand, wliich will perhaps lose somewhat of their praise when the author is known to be JetVreys. Cato had yet other honours. It was censured as a party play by a scholar of Oxford, and defended in a favourable examina- tion by Dr. Sewel. It was translated by Salvini into Ita- lian, and acted at Florence ; and by the Jesuits of St. Omer's into Latin, and played by their pupils. Wliile Cato was upon the stage, another daily paper, called the Guardian, was published by Steele ; to which Addison gave great assistance. Of this paper notiiing is necessary to be said, but that it found many contributors, and that it was a con- tinuation of the Spectator, with the same elegance, and the same variety, till some unluck3' spark from a tory paper set Steele's politics on fire, and wit at once blazed into faction. He was soon too hot for neutral topics, and quitted the Guardian to write the Englishman. The papers of Addison are marked in the Spectator by one of the let- ters in the name of Clio, and in the Guardian by a hand. Many of these papers were written with powers truly covnic, with nice discrimination of characters, an accurate obser- vation of natural or accidental deviations from propriet}' ; but it was not supposed that he tried a comedy on the stage, till Steele, after his death, declared him the author of "The Drummer;" this however he did not know to be true by any cogent testimony ; for when Addison put the play into his hands, he only told him it was the work of a gentleman in the company ; and when it was received, as is confessed, with cold disapprobation, he was probably less willing to claim it. Tickell omitted it in his collection ; but the testimony of Steele, and the total silence of any other claimant, have determined the public to assign it to Addison, and it is now printed with his other poetry. Steele carried " The Drummer" to the playhouse, and after- wards to the press, and sold the copy for 50 guineas. To the opinion of Steele may be added the proof supplied by ADDISON. 159 the play itself, of which the characters are such as Addison would have delineated, and the tendency such as Addison would have promoted. He was not all this time an indif- ferent spectator of public affairs, lie wrote, as different exigencies required, in 1707, " The present state of the War, and the necessity of an augmentation ;" which, how- ever judicious, being written on temporary topics, and ex- hibiting no peculiar powers, has naturally sunk by its own weio-ht into neglect. This cannot be said of the few papers intituled '*The Whig Examiner," in which isexhibit- ed all the force of gay malevolence and humorous satire. Of this paper, which just appeared and expired, Swift re- marks, with exultation, that " it is now down among the dead men." His "Trial of count Tariff," written to ex- pose the treaty of commerce with France, lived no longer than the question that produced it. Not long afterwards an attempt was made to revive the Spectator, at a time indeed by no means favourable to literature, when the succession of a new family to the throne filled the nation with anxiety, discord, and confusion ; and either the turbulence of the times or the satiety of the readers put a stop to the publication, after an experiment of 80 numbers, which were afterwards collected into an eighth volume, perhaps more valuable than any one of those that went before it : Addison produced more than a fourth part, and the other contributors are by no means unworthy of appearing as his associates. The time that had passed during the suspension of the Spectator, though it had not lessened his power of humour, seems to have in- creased his disposition to seriousness : the proportion of his religious to his comic papers is greater than in the for- mer series. The Spectator, from its recommencement, was published only three times a week, and no discrimina- tive marks were added to the papers. To Addison Tickell has ascribed 23. The Spectator had many contributors j and Steele, whose negligence kept him always m a hurry, when it was his turn to furnish a paper, called loudly for the letters, of which Addison, whose materials were more, made little use ; havins: recourse to sketches and hints» the product of his former studies, which he now reviewed and completed : among these are named by Tickell the *' Essays on Wit," those on the " Pleasures of the imagina- tion," and the " Criticism on Milton." When the hguse of Hjinove.r took possession of the IGO ADDISON". throne, it was reasonable to expect that the zeal of Addison wonld be snitably rewarded. Before the arrival of king Georfije he was made secretary to the regency, and was required by his office to send notice to Hanover thai the queen was dead, and that the throne was vacant. To do this would not have been difficult to any man but Addison, who was so overwhelmed with the greatness of the event, and so distracted by choice of expression, that the lords, who could not wait for the niceties of criticism, called Mr. Southwell, a clerk in the house, and ordered him to dispatch the message. Southwell readily told what was necessary, in the common style of business, and valued himself upon havino- done what was too hard for Addison. He w^as better qualified for the Freeholder, a paper which he published twice a week, from Dec. 2'i, 1715, to the middle of the next year. Tiiis was undertaken in defence of the esta- blished government, sometimes with argument, sometimes with mirth. In argument he had many equals ; but his humour was singular and matchless. On the 2d of August 1716, he married the countess dowager of Warwick, whom he had solicited by a very long and anxious courtship. He is said to have fu'st known her by becoming tutor to her son. The marriage, if uncontra- dicted report can be credited, made no aildition to his happiness ; it neither found them nor made them equal. She always remembered her own rank, and thonglit herself intitled to treat with very little ceremony tlie tutor of her son. It is certain that Addison has left behind him no en- couraQ:ement for ambitious love. The year after, 1717, he rose to his highest elevation : being made secretary of state : but it is universally confessed that he was unequal to the duties of his place. In the House of Commons he could not speak, and therefore was useless to the defence of the government. In the office he could not issue an order without losing his time in quest of line expressions. What he gained in rank he lost in credit ; and fuiding, by experience, his own inability, was forced to solicit his dis- mission, with a pension of 1500/. a year. His friends pal- liated this relinc^uishmcnt, of which both friends and enemies kiK^w the true reason, with an account of declining health, and the necessity of recess and quiet. He now returned to his vocation, and began to plan literary occupations for his future life. He proposed a tragedy on the death of So- crates ; a story of wliicli, as Tickcll remarks, the basis is ADDISON. 161 fiarrow, and to wliich love perhaps could not easily have been appended. He engaged in a noble work, a defence of the Christian religion, of which part was published after his death ; and he designed to have made a new poetical version of the Psalms, It is related that he had once a design to make an English dictionary, and that he consi- dered Dr. Tillotson as the writer of highest authority. Addison, however, did not conclude his life in peaceful studies ; but relapsed, when he was near his end, to a political question. It happened that, in 1719, a con- troversy was agitated, with great vehemence, between those friends of lono- continuance, Addison and Steele. The subject of their dispute was the earl of Sunderland's memorable act, called " The Peerage bill," by which the number of peers should be fixed, and the king restrained from any new creation of nobility, unless when an old family should be extinct. Steele endeavoured- to alarm the nation by a pamphlet called "The Plebeian :" to this an answer was published by Addison under the title of " The Old Whig." Steele was respectful to his old friend, though he was uow his political adversary ; but Addison could not avoid discovering a contempt of his opponent, to whom he gave the appellation of " Little Dicky." 7he bill was laid aside during: that session, and Addison died before the next, in which its commitment was rejected. Every reader surely must regret that these two illustrious friends, after so many years passed in confidence and endear- ment, in unity of interest, conformity of opinion, and fel- lowship of study, should finally part in acrimonious oppo- sition. — The end of this useful life was now approaching. Addison had for some time been oppressed by shortness of breath, which was now aggravated by a dropsy; and find- ing his danger pressing, he prepared to die conformably to his own precepts and professions. During tliis linger- ing decay, he sent, as Pope relates, a message by the earl of Warwick to Mr. Gay, desiring to see him. Gay, who had not visited him for some time before, obeyed the summons, and found himself received with great kindness. The purpose for which the interview had been solicited was then discovered : Addison told him, that he had injured him ; but that, if he recovered, he would recompense him. "VVhat the injury was he did not explain, nor did Gay ever know ; but supposed that some prefennent designed for him had by Addison's intervention been withheld. Vol. I, M 162 ADDISON. Lord Warwick was a young man of very irrc^giilur life, and perhaps of loose opinions. Addison, tor whom he did not want respect, had very diligently endeavoured to re- claim him ; but his arguments and expostulations had no' effect; one experiment, however, remained to be tried. When he found his life near its end, he directed the young lord to be called; and, when he desired, with great ten- derness, to hear his last injunctions, told him, " I have sent for you that you may see how a Christian can die," What effect this awful scene had on the earl's behaviour is not known : he died himself in a short time. Having given directions to Mr. Tickell for the publication of his works, and dedicated them on his death-bed to his friend Mr. Craggs, he died June 17, 1719, at Holland-house, leaving no child but a daughter, who died in 1797, at BiU ton, near Rugby, in Warwickshire. Of the course of Addison's familiar day, before his mar- riage, Pope has given a detail. He had in the house with him Budgell, and perhaps Philips. His chief companion* were Steele, Budgell, Philips, Careyy, Davenant, and coL Brett. With one or other of these he always breakfasted. He studied all morning; then dined at a tavern, and went afterwards to Button's. From the coffee-house he went again to the tavern, where he often sat late, and drank too much wine. Dr. Johnson's delineation of the character of Addison concludes by observing with Tickell, that he em- ployed wit on the side of virtue and religion. He not onlj made the proper use of wit himself, but taught it to others ; and from his time it has been generally subservient to the cause of reason and truth. He has dissipated the prejudice that had long connected gaiety with vice, and easiness of manners with laxity of principles. He has restored virtue to its dignity, and taught innocence not to be ashamed. This ia »n elevation of literary character, " above all Greek, above^ all Roman fame." No greater felicity can genius attain than that of having purified intellectual pleasure, separated' mirth from indecency, and wit from licentiousness ; of having taught a succession of writers to bring elegance and gaiety to the aid of goodness ; and, to use expressions yet more awful, of having " turned many to righteousness.'*" As a describer of life and manners, he must be allowed to stand perhaps the first of the foremost rank. His humour, \yhich, as Steele observes, is peculiar to himself, is so Jjappily diffused as to give the grace of novelty to domestics ADDISON. 163' scenes and daily occurrences. He never '* outsteps the modesty of nature," nor raises merriment or wonder by the violation of truth. His figures neither divert by dis- tortion, nor amaze by aggravation. He copies life with so much fidelity, that he can be hardly said to invent : yet his exhibitions have an air so much original, that it is dif- ficult to suppose them not merely the product of imagina- tion. As a teacher of wisdom he may be confidently fol- lowed. His religion has nothing in it enthusiastic or su- perstitious ; he appears neither weakly credulous nor wan- tonly sceptical ; his morality is neither dangerously lax, nor impracticably rigid. All the enchantment of fancy and. all the cogency of argument are employed to recommend to the reader his real interest, the care of pleasing the Author of his being. Truth is shewn sometimes as the phantom of a vision, sometimes appears half-veiled in an allegory; sometimes attracts regard- in the robes of fancy, and sometimes steps forth in the confidence of reason. She wears a thousand dresses, and in all is pleasing—" Millc habet ornatiis, milk decenicr habet.''* His prose is the model of the middle style ; on grave' subjects not formal, on light occasions not grovelling; pure without scrupulosity, and exact without apparent elaboration ; always equable, and always easy, without glowing words or pointed sentences. Addison never de- viates from his track to snatch a grace ; he seeks no am- bitious ornaments, and tries no hazardous innovations. His page is always luminous, but never blazes in unexpected splendour. It seems to have been his principal endeavour to avoid all harshness and severity of diction ; he is there- fore sometimes verbcJse in his transitions and connections, and sometimes descends too much to the language of con- versation ; yet if his language had been less idiomatical, it might have lost somewhat of its genuine Anglicism. What he attempted, he performed ; he is never feeble, he did not wish to be energetic ; he is never rapid, and he never stagnates. His sentences have neither studied am- plitude, nor afiected brevity : his periods, though not di- ligently rounded, are voluble and easy. Whoever wishes to attain an English style, familiar but not coarse, and elegant but not ostentatious, must give his days and nightft to the volumes of Addison. ' ^ This life, which appeared in the preceding edition of this Dictionary, h an ajjridgment «f that wriUen by Dr. Johnson for the EDgli«h Poets, Ib tke »« Moreii. — Uiographia Univcrselle. — Saxii Oaomasticon.-r-CaTQ. 1^5 A D E L U N G. lT87, he was m3^cle librarian to the elector of Dresden ; and here he died of a hemorrhoidal complaint, Sept. 10, J866, aged 72, according to our authority ; but the Diet. Hist, fixes his birth in 1732, which makes him two years older. Adelung performed for the German language what the Frencii academy, and that of De la Crusca, have done for the French and Italian, His *' Gvamnjatical and Critical Dictionary," Leipsic, 1774 — 1786, 5 vols. 4to, a work of acknowledged merit and vast labour, has been al- ternately praised and censured by men of learning in Ger- jilany ; some say that it excels Dr. Johnson's dictionary of the English language in its definitions and etymologies, but falls short of it in the value of his authorities. This latter defect has been attributed either to the want of good authors in the language at the time he was preparing his work, or to his predilection for the writers of Upper Sax- ony. He considered the dialect of the margraviate of Misnia as the standard of good German, and rejected every thing that was contrary to the language of the better classes of society, and the authors of that district. It was also his opinion that languages are the work of nations, and not of individuals, however distinguished ; forgetting that the language of books must be that of men of learning. Voss and Campe in particular reproached him for the .omissions in his work, and his partiality in the choice of authorities. In 1793 — 1801, a new edition appeared in 4 vols. 4to, Leipsic, with additions, but which bore no proportion to the improvements that had been made in the language during the interval that elapsed from the publication of the first. Adelung's other works are : 1. " Glossarium manuale ad scriptoresmediietinfimce Latinitatis," Halle, 1772 — 84, 6 vols. 8vo, an abridgement of Du Cange and Charpentier. 2. Three " German Grammars :" the first is a treatise on the origin, changes, structure, &c. of the language, Leip- sic, 1782, 2 vols. 8vo ; the two others are school-books, and have been often reprinted. 3. *' A treatise on the German Style," Berlin, 1785, 1788, 1790, 2 vols.; es- teemed one of the best books, in any language, on the philosophy of rhetoric. 4. " Supplements to Joccher's Dic- tionary of Literary Men," 1784 and 1787, 2 vols. 4to ; this goes no farther than letter I. 5. " History of Human Folly, or trie Lives of the most celebrated Necromancers, Alchymists, Exorcists, Divmqrs, &c." in seven parts, Leipsic, 1785 A D E L U N G. l€l to 1 7S9. 6. '' A species of Cyclopedia of all the Sciences, ' Arts, and Manufactures, which contribute to the comforts of human life," four parts, Leipsic, 1778, 1781, 1788; a work of great accuracy, and very cornprehcnsivc. 7. " Es- say on the history of the Civilization of Mankind," Leipsic, 1782, 1788. Sl "The history of Philosophy," 3 vols, ibid. 1786, 17S7, 8vo. 9. " Treatise on German Ortho- graphy," 8vo, 1787. Many of the best German writers, and Wieland among the rest, have adopted his principles in this work ; and their example, in the opinion of his biographer, may supply the want of the decisions of an academy, or national centre for improvements in language. 10. ■" 7'he history of the Teutones, their language and literature before the general migration," Leipsic, 1806, 8vo. 11. " Mithridate, or a universal table of Languages, with the Lord's Prayer in one hundred languages," Ber- lin, 1806, Svo. The first volume of this work, which contains the Asiatic languages, was printed immediately before his death ; the second, comprizing the languages of Europe, was completed and puhUshed in 1809, by an eminent philologist, M. John Severin Vater, then pro- fessor at Halle, now at Konigsberg, who has also promised a third volume. These two last works are inferior to those published by Adelung in his younger days; but his Mithri- date is thought superior to the work which Conrad Gessner published under the same title about two centuries before. It must be observed, however, that this does not detract from that Author's merit, as Adelung had not only Gess- ner's work before him, but tlie improvements of two cen- turies on tlie subject. Until near his death, he devoted 14 hours every day to study and composition, so that his life affords httle va- riety of event. He was never married ; and it was said of him that his writing-desk was his wife ; and his children, 70 volumes, great and small ; all the produce of his pen. He loved the })leasures of the tsblc, and wines were the only article in which he was expensive. His cellar, which he used to call his Bibliotkcca stleciissuna, contained 40 kinds of wine ; yet, amidst this plenty, his strength of constitution, and gaiety of spirit, enabled him to sustain his literary labours witliout injury to his health. He ap- pears, upon the whole, to have loeen one of the most la- borious and useful of tjic modern German writers, and. US A D E L U N G. justly deserves the character he has received from his con- temporaries. ' ADEMAR, or AYMAR, a monk of St. Martial, born in the year 988, rendered himself famous by the active part he took in the dispute respecting the pretended apostleship of St. Martial, but is now known chietly by his " Chronicle pf France" from the origin of the monarchy to 1029. This, although neither exact in chronology, or in proper ar- rangement of the events, is said to be very useful to French historians in what follows the time of Charles Martel. It was published by Labbe in his " Nouvelle Bibliotheque des Manuscripts," and in other collections of French history. Mabillon, in his " Analecta," has given the famous letter of Ademar's on the apostleship of St. Martial, and some yerses or acrostics. ^ ADENEZ (Le Roi), a writer of romance in the 13th century, and probably so called from often wearing the laurel crown, was minstrel to Henry III. duke of Brabant ^nd P'landers. In La Valliere's collection of MSS. are se- veral metrical romances by this author: 1. "The romance of William of Orange," surnamed Short-nose, constable of France. There are some extracts from this in Catel's history of Languedoc. 2. " The romance of the Infancy of Ogier the Dane," written in rhyme by order of Guy earl of Flanders. Of tliis are several translations pub- lished in the 16th century. 3. "The romance of Cleo- piades," written by order of Maria of Brabant, daughter of his patron. This, translated into prose by Philip Ca- mus, has been several times printed ; at hrst, without date, at Paris and Troyes ; and at Lyons, 1488, 4to. 4. " The romance of Aymeri of Narbonne." 5. " The romance of Pepin and Bertha his wife ;" the facts taken from the chronicles in the abbey of St. Denis. A sequel to this was written by Girardin of Amiens, as the " Romance pf Charlemagne, son of Bertha." 6. " The romance of Buenon of Commarchis," the least esteemed of all his productions, perhaps from the insignificance of his hero. The time of the death of Adenez is not known. ^ ADER (William), a physician of Toulouse, a\ithorof a treatise printed under the title : " De aegrotis & morbis in Evaugelio," Tolosac, 1620, and 1623, 4to. In this ' B'o;;inj)hie tTpivrrselle. — Diet. Histnrlquc. ' Itio^' Unvtrselle. — Cave, vol. II. — Suxii Onomasticon, 3 Moreri.— Biog. Uaivcrselle. — J)ict. Hist. . , A D E R. 163 piece he exaniinos, whether the maladies which our Saviour removed could have been healed by medicine, and decides in the negative ; maintainnig tiiat the iniiimitics healed by the Messiali were incurable by the physician's art. We are told by Vigneul Marvilie that Adcr was said to have composed this book merely to ellace the remembrance of another in which he had maintained the contrary. Ha published also " De Pestis cognitione, prijevisione, et re- luediis," ibid. 1628, 8vo ; and a macaronic poem in four books m honour of Henry IV. under the title " Lou Gen- tilhomme Gascoun, 1610," Svo ; and another " Lou Ca- tounet Gascoun," 1612, Svo. He lived at the beginning of the 17th century. He was a man of profound eru- dition. ' ADHELME. Sec ALDHELME. ADIMANTUS, a heretical writer, who probably flou- rished about the latter end of the third century, was a zealous promoter of the Manichsean doctrine. He wrote a book against the authority of the Old Testament, which was much valued by the Wanichees, and was answered by Augustine. The work is lost, but the aifswer remains. He appears to have been sometimes called Addas, although most writers suppose Addas to have been a different per- son. Additional information respecting him may be found in Lardner's Works, vol. Ill, pp. 39'^, 395, 430. ADIMAIU (Alexander), an Italian poet, a descendant from the ancient family of Adimari, at Florence ; was born in 1579. Between 1637 and 1640 he published six collections of fifty sonnets each, luider the names of six of the muses : Terpsichore, Clio, Melpomene, Calliope, Urania, and Polyhymnia, which partake of the bad taste of his age, in forced sentiments and imagery ; but he was an accomplished scholar in the Greek ajid Latin languages. His translation of Pindar, " Ode di Pindaro, tradotte da Alessandro Adimari," Pisa, 1631, 4Lo, is jjrincipally va- lued for the notes, as the author has been very unfortunate in transfusing the spirit of the original. In the s^-nopsis, he appears indebted to the Latin translation of Erasmus Schmidt. Of his private history we only know that he lived poor and unhappy, and died in 1 649. - ADIMARI (Lewis), a satirical poet of the same family ^y^th the preceding, was born at Naples, Sept. 3, 1644, 1 Biog. Universelle. — Diet. Hist. r Gen. Diet. J3ay!e JJiosraphiC Universelle.— Diet, Hist. 1810.J 170 A D I ivr A R I. and educated at the university of Pisa, where the cele- brated Luca Terenzi was his tutor. He visited, when young, the diiTerent courts of Italy, and was beloved for bis talents and accomplishments. He received from the duke Ferdinand Charles of Mantua, the title of marqui*, and oentleman of his chamber. He was also member of the academy of Florence, of De la Crusca, and many other learned societies. He succeeded the famous Redi as pro- fessor of the Tuscan language in the academy of Florence, and was likewise professor of chivalry in that of the nobles, in which science his lectures, which he illustrated with apposite passages from ancient and modern history, were highly esteemed. These were never printed, but manu- script copies are preserved in several of the libraries of Florence. His only prose work, a collection of religious pieces, was published at Florence, 1706, small 4 to, under the title " Prose sacre." His poetry consists of : 1. " .Son- nets and other lyric pieces," and among them, a collec- tion of Odes or Canzoni, dedicated to Louis XIV, and magnificently printed at Florence, 1693. 2. Some " Dra- mas," one of which " Le Gare dell' Amore etdell' Amicitia," Florence, 1679, 12mo, is so rare as to be unnoticed by any historian of Italian literature. 3. " Five Satires," on which his fame chiefly rests ; very prolix, but written in an elegant style ; and us to satire, just and temperate, except where he treats of the fair sex. He died at Flo- rence, after a tedious illness, June 22, 1708.' ADIMARI (Raphael), born at Rimini about the close of the I6th century, devoted his pen to the history of his native country, which appeared at Brescia in 2 vols. 4to, 1616, under the title of " Sito Riminense." This history is in tolerable repute, though the Italians prefer to it that of Clementini. ^ ADLER (Philip), an engraver of the 16th centur}-, was a German, but we have no account of his life, nor is it known from whom he learned the art of engraving, or ra- ther etching, for he made but little use of the graver in his works. At a time when etching was hardly discovered, and carried to no perfection by the greatest artists, he produced such plates as not only far excelled all that went before him, but laid the foundation of a style, which his imitators have, even to the present time, scarcely improved^ » Biographic Universelle, 3 JOiot. Hist. 1810. A D L E R. 171 His point is firm and determined, and the shadows hroad and perfect. Although his drawing is incorrect, and his draperies stiff, yet he appears to have founded a school to wliich we owe the Hopfcrs, and even HoUar himself. Mr. Strutt notices only two })laies now known by him, both dated 1518. In one of them he is styled Philipus Adler Patricius. ' ADLKRFELDT (Gustavus), born near Stockholm in 1671, studied with great applause in the university of Upsal, and then made the tour of Holland, Kngland, and France. On his return Charles XII. gave him the place of a gentleman of his chamber. Adlerfeidt accompanied this prince both in his victories and his defeats, and pro- fited by the access he had to this monarch, in the compila- tion of his history. It is written with all the exactitude that might be expected from an eye-witness. This Swedish officer was killed by a cannon ball at the battle of Pultowa, in 1709. It is on this famous day that his memoirs con- clude. A French translation of them was made by his son, and printed in 4 vols. 12mo, at Amsterdam in 1740. The continuation, giving an account of the fatal battle, was written by a Swedish officer." ADLZREIT ER (John), of Tottenweiss, chancellor to the elector of Bavaria, was born at Rosenheim, 1596, stu- died at Munich and Ingolstadt, and served the house of Bavaria on many important occasions. He is now chiefly known by his " Annales Boica; gentis." This work, drawn from authentic sources, contains the history of Bavaria from the earliest period to the year U>fi2, when it was pub- lished at Munich. Leibnitz republished it in 1710. The author died about the time his work first appeared, in 1662. » ADO, St. archbishop of Vienne, in Dauphiny, was born in Gastinois, about the j-ear 800, of an ancient fa- mil3\ He was educated in the abbey of Ferrieres, where he embraced a monastic lire, and afterwards passed some time in ttie monastery of Prum, but meeting with some iin-pleasant circumstances there, he went to Rome, where he spent five years in amassing materials for the works which he afterwards wrote. On his return he was em- ployed by llemi, archbishop of Lyons, in liis diocese, and was elected archbishop of Vienne in tlie year S60. His ' Strutt's Dictionary. - Morerl. — Diet. Hist. — BiograpUie Univcrselle. ' Ibid. 175 ADO. vigilance over bis clergy, his care in the instruction of his flock, his frequent visitations throughout his province, and tlie humility and purity of his private life, distinguished him in an age not remarkable for these virtues. He ap- pears to have been consulted also in affairs of state, when he gave his opinion, and urged his remonstrances with firmness and independence. He died Dec. 16, 875. He is the author of, 1. "An Universal Chronicle," from the creation of the world, which has been often cited as au- thority for the early history of France. It was printed at Paris, 1512, 1522, fol. 156!, 8vo ; and at Rome, 1745, fol. 2. " A Martyi'ology," better arranged than any pre- ceding, and enriched by the lives of the saints. It was printed by Rosweide, Antwerp, 1613; and Paris, 1645, fol. ; and is inserted in the Bibliotheque des Peres. He also wrote the life of St. Didier, which is in Canisius ; and that of St. Theudier, which is in the " Acta Sanctorum." ' ADRETS (Francois de Beaumont, Baron des), of an ancient family in Dauphiny, and a bold and enterpris- ing spirit, was born in 1513. After halving served in the army with great distinction, he espoused the cause of the Hnuuenots from resentment to the duke of Guise in 1562. He took Valence, Vienne, Grenoble, and Lyons, but signal- ized himself less by his prowess and his activity than by his atrocious acts of vengeance. The Catholic writers say, that in regard to persons of their communion he was what Nero had been of old to the primitive Christians. He put his invention to the rack to find out the most fantastic pu- nishments, and enjoyed the barbarous satisfaction of in- flictiiio- them on all that fell into his hands. At Montbri- son and at Mornas, the soldiers that were made prisoners were obliged to throw themselves from the battlements upon the pikes of his people. Having reproached one of these wretches with having retreated twice from the leap without daring to take it: " Mons. le baron," said the sol- dier, " with all your bravery, I defy you to take it in three.'* The composed humour of the man saved his life. His. conduct was far from being approved even by the most violent of his party ; admiral Coligny and the prince of Conde were so shocked at his cruelties, that the govern- ment of Lyons was taken from him ; and piqued at this, Des Adrets was upon the point ol" turning Catholic; but he was seized at Romans, and would have been brought to 1 Bio-'. Univcrsellc & Saxii Onomast.— Cave. — Fabric. Bibl. Lat. Med. ^Itat. ADR K T ^. 17? the scaffold, if the peace, just then concUuled, had not saved him. He afterwards put his design in execution, and died despised and detested by both parties, Feb. 2, 1587. He left two sons and a daughter, who iiad no issue. Some time before his deatli, Des Adrets, ben)g at Greno- ble, where the duke de Mayenne then was, he wanted to revenge the affronts and threats that Pardaillan had given him on account of the murder of his father. He repeated several times, tiiat he had quitted his solitude to convince all such as might complain of him, that his sword was not grown so rusty but that it could always right him. Pardail- lan did not think himself obliged to take any notice of this bravado of a swordsman then in his 74th year: and Des Adrets went back again content with his rhodomou- tade. The ambassador of Savoy once meeting him on the high road alone, with only a stick in his hand, was sur- prised at seeing an old man, notorious for his barbarous executions, walking without a companion and quite de- fenceless, and asked him of his welfare. " I have nothing to say to you," answered Des Adrets coklly, " unless it be to desire yon to ac(piaint your master, that you met the baron des Adrets, his very humble servant, on tlie high road, with a white stick in his hand and without a sword, and that nobody said any thing to him." One of the sons of the baron des Adrets was engaged in the massacre of St. Bartholomew. He had been page to the king, who ordered him one ilay to go and call his chancellor. The magistrate, who was then at table, having answered him, that as soon as he had dined he would go and receive the commands of his majesty : " What!" said the page, ** dare you delay a moment when the king commands ? Rise, and instantly begone !" Wliereupon he took hold of the table-cloth by one corner, and drew the whole of the dinner down upon the floor. M. de la Place relates this anecdote (rather im- probable k must be confessed) in his " Pieces interes- santes," tom. IV ; and adds, that the story being told ta Charles IX. by the chancellor, the monarch only laughed, and said *' that the son would be as violent as the father." — To this day the name of Adrets is never pronounced in Dauphiny without horror. — Such the story usually reported of this extraordinary character ; but it is said that Maim- boui-o-, Brantome, Moreri, and Daniel have given some exairtrerated accounts of his cruelties. Tiiuanus has justi- 174. A D R I! T 1 lied him from some of the accusations, and particular!}' in affair of Mornas, where he was not present. * ADRIA (John James), the historian of Mazara in Sicily, and a very emuient physician, who studied Latin at Mazara, rhetoric at Panornia, and philosophy and medicine at Na- ples, under the celebrated Augustine Niphus. He took his doctor's degree at Salernum iu 1510. He afterwards practised ])hysic with great success at Palermo, and was made a burgess of that city. Charles V. afterwards ap- pointed him to be his physician, and physician-general of Sicily. He died in 1560. His history is entitled " Topo- graphia iiiclytse civitatis Mazaria," Panorni. 1515, 4to. He wrote also some medical treatises on the plague, on bleeding, on the baths of Sicily ; and " Epistola ad Con- jugem," a Latin poem, Panorm. 1 5 ] 6. * ADRLVN, an author of the 5th century, composed in Greek an Introduction to the Scriptures, printed at Augs- burg in 1602, 4to, by Hoeschelius. A Latin translation of it may be seen in the Opuscula of Louis Lollino, 1650, folio. 3 ADRIAN, an ingenious and learned Carthusian monk, is the author of a treatise entitled *' De remediis utriusque fortunae," the first edition of which, published at Cologn, 1467, 4to, is the most scarce and valuable; the second bears date 1471, 4to ; the third was printed at Cremona, 1492, fol. In order to avoid confounding this treatise with that of Petrarch on the same subject, it is necessaiy to know that the title says : " per quondam Adrianum poe- tam praestantem, necnon S. Th. professorem eximium." No particulars are known of his birth or death.* ADRIAN, or HADRIAN (Publius .Elius), the Roman emperor, was born at Rome Jan. 24, in the year of Christ 76. His father left him an orphan, at ten years of age, under the guardianship of Trajan, and Caelius Tatianus, a Roman knight. He began to serve very early in the armies, having been tribune of a legion before the death of Domitian. He was the person chosen by the army of Lower Mcpsia, to carry the news of Nervals death to Tra- jan, successor to the empire. The extravagances of his" youth deprived him of this emperor's favour; but having' recovered it by reforming his behaviour, he was married 1 Gen. Diet, in art. Beaumont.— Blographie Utiiverselle. — Ilis life by Allar^- 1()15, 12mo, and by J. C. Martin, 1803, 8vo. '.M^ilS^li Uibl, 3 Diet. HisW—Cavc, « Ibid, ADRIAN. J75 to Sabina, a grand niece of Trajan, and the empress Plo- tina became his great friend and patroness. When he was qucEstor, he dcUvered an oration in the senate ; but his language was then so rough and unpohshed, that he was hissed : this obliged him to apply to tiie study of the Latin tongue, in which he afterwards became a great proficient, and made a considerable figure for his eloquence. He ac- companied Trajan in most of his expeditions, and particU' larly distinguislied himself in the second war against the Daci ; and liaving before been quaestor, as well as tribune of the people, he was now successively praetor, governor of Paimonia, and consul. After tiie siege of Atra in Arabia was raised, Trajan, who had already given him the gOA'cni- ment of Syri;^., left liim the command of the army ; and at length, when he found death approaching, it is said he adopted him. The reality of this adoption is by some dis- puted, and is thought to have been a contrivance of Plo- tina ; however, Adrian, who was then in Antiochia, as soon as he received the news of that, and of Trajan's death, declared himself emperor on the 1 1th of August, 1 17. He then immediately made peace with the Persians, to whom he yielded up great part of the conquests of his predecessors ; and from generosity, or policy, he remitted the debts of the Roman people, which, according to the calculation of those who have reduced tliem to modern money, amounted to 22,500,000 golden crowns; and he caused to be burnt all the bonds and oblifyations relating to those debts, that the people might be under no appre- hension of being called to an account for them afterwards. He went to visit all the provinces, and did not return to Rome till tlie year l\S, when the senate decreed him a triumph, and honoured him with the title of Father of his country ; but he refused both, and desired that Trajan's image might triumph. The following year he went ta Mccsia to oppose the Sarmatce. In his absence several per- sons of great worth were put to death ; and though he pro- tested he had given no orders for that purpose, yet the odium fell chiefly upon him. No prince travelled more tjian Adrian ; there being hardly one province in the em- pire which he did not visit. In 120 he went into Gaul, and thence to Britain, where he caused a wall or rampart to be built, as a defence against the Caledonians who would not submit to the Roman government. In l2Lhe returned into France, and thence to Spain, to Mauritania., 176 A D R I A N". and at length into the East, where he quieted the commo- tions raised by the Partiiians. After iiaving visited ail thcr provinces of Asia, he returned to Athens in 125, where he passed tlie winter, and was initiated in the mysteries of Eieusinian Ceres. He went from tiience, to Sicily, and saw mount ^tna. He returned to Rome the beginning of the year 129 ; and, according to some, he went again the same year to Africa; and after his return from thence, to the east. He was in Egypt in the year 132, revisited Syria the year following, returned to Atliens in 134, and to Rome in 135. The persecution against the Ciiristians was very violent under his reign ; but it was at length suspend- ed, in consequence of the remonstrances of Quadratus bishop of Athens, and Aristides, two Christian philoso- phers, who presented the emperor with some books in fa- vour of their religion. He was more severe against the Jews ; and, by way of insult, erected a temple to Jupiter on mount Calvary, and placed a statue of Adonis in the manger of Bethleliem : he caused also the images of swine to be engraved on the gates of Jerusalem. Adrian reigned 21 years, and died at Baiae in 139, in the 63d year of his age. The Latin verses he addressed to his soul on his death-bed, shew his uncertainty and doubts in regard to the other world. He was a prince adorned with great virtues, but they were mingled with great vices. He was generous, industrious, polite, and exact ; he maintained order and discipline ; he administered justice with indefatigable application, and punished rigorously all those who did not faithfully execute the offices with which they were entrusted : he had a great share of wit, and a surprising memory ; he was well versed in most of the po- lite arts and sciences, and is said to have written several works. On the other hand, he was cruel, envious, lasci- vious, siiperstitious, and so weak as to give himself up to tne study of magic. Adrian having no children by Sabina, adopted Luciu»- Aurelius Annius Ceionius Commodus Verus ; but Lucius dying the 1st of January 138, he then adopted Titus An- toninus, on condition that he should adopt Marcus Annius Verus, and the son of Lucius Verus. ' ADRIAN IV. (PoPK), the only Englishman who ever had the honour of sitting in the papal chair. His name » CrcviiT's- Roman Emperors.— Gen. Diet.— Saxli Onomasticon.— Milacr'i Church history, vol. I. p. l'J9, ct siqq. ADRIAN. 177 was Nicholas Brekespcre ; and he was born about the end of the 1 1th century, at Langley, near St. Alban's, in Hert- fordshire. His father having left his family, and taken the habit of the monastery of St. Alban's, Nicholas was obliged to submit to the lowest offices in that house for daily sup- port. After some time he desired to take the habit in that monastery, but was rejected by the abbot Richard : " He >vas examined," says Matthew Paris, " and being found insufficient, the abbot said to him. Wait, my son, and go 'to school a little longer, till you are better qualified." But if the character given of young Brekespere by Pitts be a just one, the abbot was certainly to be blamed for reject- ing a person who would have done great honour to his liouse. He was, according to that author, a handsome and comely youth, of a sharp wit and ready utterance ; circum- spect in all his words and actions, polite in his behaviour, neat and elegant ; full of zeal for the glory of God, and that according to some degree of knowledge ; so possessed of all the most valuable endowments of mind and body, that in him the gifts of heaven exceeded nature : his piety •exceeded his education ; and the ripeness of his judgment and his other qualifications exceeded his age. Having met however with the above repulse, he resolved to try his for- tune in another country, and went to Paris ; where, though in very poor circumstances, he applied himself to his studies with great assiduity, and made a wonderful profi- ciency. But having still a strong inclination to a religious life, he left Paris, and removed to Provence, where he became a regular clerk in the monastery of St. Rufus. He was not immediately allowed to take the habit, but passed some time by way of trial, in recommending himself to the monks by a strict attention to all their commands. This behaviour, together with the beauty of his person, and prudent conversation, rendered him so acceptable to those religious, that after some time they entreated him to take the habit of the canonical order. Here he distinguished himself so much by his learning and strict observance of the monastic discipline, that, upon the death of the abbot, he was chosen superior of that house ; and we are told that he rebuilt that convent. He did not long enjoy this ab- bacy : for the monks, being tired of the government of a foreigner, brought accusations against hun before pope Eugenius III. who, after having examined their complaint, and heard the defence of Nicholas, declared him innocent ; Vol. I. N 178 ADRIAN. his holiness, however, gave the monks leave to choose another superior, and, being sensible of the great merit of Nicholas, and tliinking he might be serviceable to the church in a higher station, created him cardinal -bishop of Alba, in 1 146. In 1148 Eugenius sent him legate to Denmark and Nor- way; where, by his ferment preaching and diligent instruc- tions, he converted those barbarous nations to the Christian faith ; and we are told, that he erected the church of Upsal into an archiepiscopal see. On his return to Rome, he was received by the pope and cardinals with great marks of honour; and pope Anastatius, who succeeded Eugenius, happening to die at this time, Nicholas was unanimously chosen to the holy see, in November, 1154, and took the name of Adrian. When the news of his promotion reached England, Henry II. sent Robert, abbot of St Alban's, and three bishops, to Rome, to congratulate him on his election ; upon which occasion Adrian granted to the monastery af St. Alban's, the privilege of being exempt from all episco- pal jurisdiction except that of Rome. Next year, king Heniy having solicited the pope's consent that he might undertake the conquest of Ireland, Adrian very readily com- plied, and sent him a bull for that purpose, of which the following is a translation : " Adrian, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to his most dear son in Christ, the illus- trious king of England, sendeth greeting and apostolical benediction. Your magnificence is very careful to spread your glorious name in the world, and to merit an immortal crown in heaven, whilst, as a good catholic prince, you form a design of extending the bounds of the church, of in- structing ignorant and barbarous people in the Christian faith, and of reforming the licentious and immoral; and the more effectually to put this design in execution, you desire the advice and assistance of the holy see. We are confi- dent, that, by the blessing of God, the success will answer the wisdom and discretion of the undertaking. You have advertised us, dear son, of your intended expedition into Ireland, to reduce that people to the obedience of the Christian faith ; anil that you are willing to pay for every house a yearly acknowledgment of one penny to St. Peter, promising to maintain the rights of those churches in the fullest manner. We therefore, being willing to assist you in this pious and laudable design, and consenting to your petition, do grant you full liberty to make a descent upon tiiat island, in order to enlarge the borders of the church. ADRIAN. 179 to check the progress of immorality, and to promote the spiritual happiness of the natives : and we command the people of that country to receive and acknowledge you as their sovereign lord; provided the rights of the churches be inviolably preserved, and the Peter pence duly paid: for indeed it is certain (and your highness acknowledges it) that all the islands, which are enlightened by Christ, the sun of righteousness, and have embraced the doctrines of Christianity, are xinquestionably St. Peter's right, and be- long to the holy Roman church. If, therefore, you resolve to put your designs in execution, be careful to reform the manners of that people ; and commit the government of the churches to able and virtuous persons, that the Christian reliaion may fjrow and flourish, and the honour of God and the preservation of souls be effectually promoted; so shall you deserve an everlasting reward in heaven, and leave a glorious name to all posterity." His indulgence to this })rince was so great, that he even consented to absolve him from the oath he had taken not to set aside any part of his father's will. The reason of this was, that Geotfry Plan- tagenet, earl of Anjou, had by the empress Maud, three sons, Henry, Geoffry, and William. This prince, being sensible that his own dominions would of course descend to his eldest son Henry, and that the kingdom of England and duchy of Normandy would likewise fall to him in right of his mother, thought fit to devise the earldom of Anjou to his second son Geotfiy ; and to render this the more valid, he exacted an oath of the bishops and nobility, not to suffer his corpse to be buried till his son Henry had sworn to fulfil every part of his will. When Henry came to attend his father's funeral, the oath was tendered to him; but for some time he refused to swear to a writing, with the contents of which he was unacquainted. However, being reproached with the scandal of letting his father lie unburied, he at last took the oath with great reluctance. But after his accession to the throne, upon a complaint to pope Adrian that the oath was forced upon him, he procured a dispensation from his holiness, absolving him from the obligation he had laid himself under: and in consequence thereof, he dispossessed his brother Geotfry of the dominions of Anjou, allowing him only a yearly pension for his maintenance. Adrian, in the beginning of his pontificate, boldly with- stood the attempts of the Roman people to recover their sucicut liberty under the consuls, and obliged those magis- N 2 ISO ADRIAN. trates to abdicate their authority, and leave the government of the city to the pope. In 1155, he drove Arnold of Bresse and his followers out of Rome. The same year he excom- municated Williaai king of Sicily, who ravaged the tei'rito- ries of the church, and absolved that prince's subjects from their allegiance. About the same time, Frederic, king of the Romans, having entered Italy with a powerful army, Adrian met him near Sutrium, and concluded a peace with him. At this interview, Frederic consented to hold the pope's stirrup whilst he mounted on horseback. After which his holiness conducted that prince to Rome, and in St. Peter's church placed the imperial crown on his head, to the great mortification of the Roman people, who assem- bled in a tumultuous manner, and killed several of the im- perialists. The next year a reconciliation was brought about between the pope and the Sicilian king, that prince taking an oath to do nothing farther to the prejudice of the church, and Adrian granting him the title of king of the two Sicilies. He built and fortified several castles, and left the papal do- minions in a more flourishing condition than he found them. But notwithstanding all his success, he was extremely sen- sible of the disquietudes attending so high a station, and complained of them to his countryman John of Salisbury. He died Sept. 1, 1 159, in the fourth year and tenth month of his pontificate, and was buried in St. Peter's church, near the tomb of his predecessor Eugenius. Besides some writings attributed to this ambitious pope, net yet printed, there are, in Labbe's Concilia, forty-two letters ; and Mar- tene, Balusius, Usher, Marca, &c. have brought others to light, as may be seen in Fabric. Biblioth. Lat. med. setat. and Cave. The most remarkable of those letters are what contain the word beneficium. In Aventini Annal, Bajor. are letters between the emperor and the pope, the authenticity of which is still disputed; and those betwixt the bishops of Germany and the pope, and the letter of licence to Henry II. to conquer Ireland, are in Wilkins's Concil. Britan. The famous peace with king William, which so nearly concerns the Sicilian monarchy, is in Baronius's Annals. » ADRIAN VI. pope, who deserves some notice on ac- ^ count of his personal merit, was born in Utrecht, 1459, of parents reputed mean, who procured him a place among the poor scholars in the college of Louvain, where his ap- plication was such as to induce Margaret of England, the » Biopraphia Britannica. — Leland. — Pitts. — ^Sower's Hist, of the Popes, vo!. VM»-»\V4lch'ji Compendious History. ADRIAN. 181 sister of Edward IV. and widow of Charles duke of Bur- gundy, to bear the expences of his advancement to the de- gree of doctor. He became successively a canon of St. Peter, professor of divinity, dean of the church of Louvain, and lastly, vice-chancellor of the university. Recollecting his own condition, he generously founded a college at Lou- vain, which bears his name, for the education of poor stu- dents. Afterwards Maximilian I. appointed him preceptor to his grandson Charles V. and sent him as ambassador to Ferdinand king of Spain, who gave him the bishoprick of Tortosa. In 1517 he was made cardinal, and during the infancy of Charles V. became regent ; but the duties of the office were engrossed by cardinal Ximenes. On the death of Leo X. Charles V. had so much influence with the car- dinals as to procure him to be chosen to the papal chair, in 1522. He was not, however, very acceptable to the col- lege, as he had an aversion to pomp, expence, and pleasure. He refused to resent, by fire and sword, the complaints urged by Luther; but endeavoured to reform such abuses in the church as could neither be concealed or denied. To this conduct he owed the many satires written against him during his life, and the unfavourable representations made by the most learned of the Roman Catholic historians. Per- haps his partiality to the emperor Charles might increase their dislike, and occasion the suspicion that his death, which took place Sept. 24, 1523, was a violent one. For this, however, we know no other foundation, than a pasqui- nade stuck upon the house of his physician — " To the de- liverer of his country." He is said to have composed an epi- taph for himself, expressing, that the greatest misfortune of his life was his being called to govern. He has left some writings, as, I. " Questiones et Ej^positiones in IV. Sen- tentiarum," Paris, 1512 and 1516, fol. ; 1527, 8vo. In this he advanced some bold sentiments against papal infallibility. Although he wrote the work before he was pope, he re- printed it without any alteration. 2. " Questiones Quod- libeticre," Louvain, 1515, 8vo ; Paris, 1516, fol. Foppen gives a large list of his other writings. His life was written by Paulus Jovius, Onuphrius Panvinius, Gerard Moringus, a divine of Louvain, and lastly by Caspar Burman, under the title *' Analecta Historica de Adriano VI. Trajectino, Papa Romano," Utrecht, 1727, 4to.' ' Bower.— Platina. — Walch. — Foppen Bibl.Belgica. — Jortin's Erasmus. — Ro- bertson's Charles V.— Biographic Univcrsclle.— Saxii Onomasticon, art. Hadrian, 183 ADRIAN. ADRIAN (de Castello), bishop of Bath and Wells in the reigns of Henry YII. and VIII. was descended of an obscure family at Cornetto, a small town in Tuscany ; but soon distinguished himself by his learning and abilities, and procured several employments at the court of Rome. In 1448 he was appointed nuncio extraordinary to Scot- land, by pope Innocent VIII. to quiet the troubles in that kingdom ; but, upon his arrival in England, being informed that his presence was not necessary in Scotland, the con- tests there having been ended by a battle, he applied him- self to execute some other commissions with which he was charged, particularly to collect the pope's tribute, or Peter-pence, his holiness having appointed him his trea- surer for that purpose. He continued some months in England, during which time he got so far into the good graces of Morton, archbishop of Canterbury, that he re- commended him to the king ; who appointed liim his agent for English affairs at Rome ; and, as a recompense for his faithful services, promoted him first to the bishoprick of Hereford, and afterwards to that of Bath and Wells, He was enthroned at Wells by his proxy Polydore Vergil, at that time the pope's sub-collector in England, and after- wards appointed by Adrian archdeacon of Wells. Adrian let out his bishoprick to farmers, and afterwards to cardinal Wolsey, himself residing at Rome, where he built a mag- nificent palace, on the front of which he had the name of his benefactor Henry VII. inscribed : he left it after his decease to that prince and his successors. Alexander VI, who succeeded Innocent VIII, appointed Adrian his prin- cipal secretary, and vicar-general in spirituals and tem- porals ; and the same pope created him a cardinal -priest, with the title of St. Chrysogonus, the 31st of May, 1503. Soon after his creation, he narrowly escaped being poisoned at a feast, to which he was invited with some other car- dinals, by the pope and his son Cix^sar Borgia. In the pontificate of Julius II. who succeeded Alexander, Adrian retired from Rome, having taken some disgust, or perhaps distrusting this pope, who was a declared enemy of his predecessor : nor did he return till there was a con- clave held for the election of a new pope, where he probably gave his voice for Leo X. Soon after he was unfortunately privy to a conspiracy against Leo. His enw barking in the plot is said to have been chiefly owing to his crediting and applying to himself the prediction of a for- ADRIAN. 183 tune-teller, who had assured him, " that Leo would be cut off by an unnatural death, and be succeeded by an elderly man named Adrian, of obscure birth, but fa- mous for his learning, and whose virtue and merit alone had raised him to the highest honours of the church." I'he conspiracy being discovered, Adrian was condemned to pay 12,500 ducats, and to give a solemn promise thut he would not stir out of Rome. But being either unable to pay this fine, or apprehending still farther severities, he privately withdrew froiB Rome ; and in a consistory held tlie 6th of July 15 IS, he was declared excommunicated, and deprived of all his benefices, as well as his ecclesiastical orders. About four years before, he had been removed from his office of the pope's collector in England, at the request of king Henry VIII, and through the instigation of cardinal Wolsey. The heads of his accusation, drawn up at Rome, were, " That he had absented himself from tliat city in the time of Julius II. without the pope's leave ; that he had never resided, as he ought to have done, at the church of St. Chrysogonus, from which he had his title ; that be had again withdrawn himself from Rome, and had not appeared to a legal citation ; and that he hud engaged in the conspiracy of cardinal Petrucci, and had signed the league of Francis Maria, duke of Urbino, against the pope." He was at Venice when he received the news of his con- demnation : what became of him afterwards is uncertain. Aubery says, he took refuge among the Turks in Asia; but the most common opinion is, that he was murdered by one of his servants for the sake of his wealth. Polydore Vergil tells us, there is to be seen at Riva, a village in the diocese of Trent, a Latin inscription on one Polydorus Casamicus, the pope's janitor, written by cardinal Adrian ; in which he laments his own wretched condition, extolling the happiness of his friend, whose death had put an end to his miseries. Polydore Vergil gives Adrian a high cha- racter for his imcommon learning, his exquisite judgment in the choice of the properest words, and the truly classical style of his writings ; in which he was the first, says that author, since the age of Cicero, who revived the purity of the Latin language, and taught men to draw their know- lege from the sources of the best and most learned authors. The only works of his that are published are, 1 . " D« Vera 134 ADRIAN. Philosophia ;'* 2. " De Sermone Latino et de Modis Latine loquendi," 1515, Rome, fol. ' ADRIANI (Adrianus ab Adriano), a Flemish Jesuit, and a native of Antwerp, entered into -the society of the Jesuits at Louvain, in 1544, and was principal for many- years before they had a college. In 1551, he made solemn profession of the four vows. After the death of St. Ignatius, he was called to Rome to assist in a general congregatioa for the election of a second general of the society. But, finding himself here involved in disputes and intrigues not suited to his disposition, he retired to Flanders, where he appears to have led a studious and useful life. He died at Louvain, October 18, 1580, after having published, in German, several works of the ascetic kind, one of which, *' De Divinis Inspirationibus et deConfessione," was trans- lated into Latin by Gerard Bruuelius, and printed at Cologn, 1601, 12mo.'' ADRIANI (Marcel Virgil), professor of the belles lettres, and chancellor of the republic of Florence, was born in 1464. He was a very accomjlished scholar in the Greek and Latin languages. Varchi, in one of his lectures, pronounces him the most eloquent man of his time. He died in 1521, in consequence of a fall from his horse. In 1518, he published a Latin translation of Dioscorides " De Ma- teria Medica," with a commentary. About the end of it he mentions a treatise, " De mensuris, ponderibus, et co- loribus," which he had prepared for publication, but which has not yet appeared. Mazzuchelli speaks largely of him in his " Italian Writers ;" and more copious notice is taken of him by the canon Baudini, in his " Collectio Veterum Monumentorum." The translation of Dioscorides, which he dedicated to pope Leo X. procured him so much repu- tation, that he was called the Dioscorides of Florence. 3 ADRIANI (John Baptist), the son of the preceding, was born in 1513, or, as some say, 1511, and died at Florence in 1579. In his youth, he carried arms in de- fence of the liberties of his country, and afterwards de- voted his time to study. For thirty years he taught rhetoric in the university of Florence, and enjoyed the friendship of the most celebrated of his contenjporaries, Annibal • Biog. Brit.— Saxii Onomasticon, art. Hadrian—Biographie Universelle, 9 Morcii.— Foppen Bibl. Belgic. ; where is a list of his works. ? liiograpbre Universelle. A D R I A N I." ■ 185 Caro, Varchi, Flaminio, and the cardinals Benibo ;ind Contarini. His chief work, which forms a continuation of Guicciardini, is the history of his own time, entitled " Deir Istoria de' suoi tempi," from 1536 to 157}-. Flo- rence, 1583, fol. This is a most scarce edition, and more valued than that of Venice, 1587, 3 vols, 4to. The abbe Lenglet du Fresno}-, Bayle, and particularly Thuanus, who has derived much assistance from this work, speak highly of his correctness as a historian. He had the best materials, and among others, some memoirs furnished bj^ the grand duke of Tuscany, Cosmo I. who advised him to the undertakintj. He is said to have written funeral orations on the grand duke, on Cliarles V. and the emperor Fer- dinand; but we know only of his oration on the grand duchess, Jane of Austria, which was translated from Latin into Italian, and published at Florence in 1519, 4to. In 1567 he published " Lettera a Giorgio Vasari sopra gli antichi Pittori nominati da Plinio," 4to. This letter, ou the ancient painters mentioned by Pliny, which is rather a treatise on painting, is inserted by Vasari in the second volume of his lives of the painters. Vasari speaks of hiin as an enlightened amateur of the ftne arts, and one whose advice was of much importance to him when he was em- ployed at Florence in the palace of the grand duke. ' ADRIANI (Marcel), son of the preceding, born in 1533, was so distinguished for his studies, as to obtain, when very young, the professorship of rhetoric which his father held in the university of Florence. 8o our authority ; but there seems to be some mistake in this date, as he could not be very young when he succeeded his father as pro- fessor of rhetoric, if his father filled that chair for the space of thirty years. — He was, however, a member of the aca- demy of Florence, and published his father's history. His own works are, 1. An Italian translation of "Demetrius Phalereus" on eloquence, which he left in manuscript, and which was not published until 1738, by Antony Francis Gori, who prehxed a long account of the life and writings of the translator ; 2. Two Lectures on the " Education of the Florentine Nobility," printed in the " Prose Fioren-r tine," vol. IV. He also translated Plutarch's Morals, not yet published, but much commended by Ammirato and * Moreri. — Biographic Universellc. — Gen. PicL U6 . A D R I A N I. (Others, There are two copies in the Laurentian library. Adrian died in 1604.' ADRIANO, a Spanish painter, born at Cordova, was a lay friar of the order of the bare-footed Carmelites. Of his works, which are not numerous, and are to be seen only at the place of his birth, the most remarkable is a Cruci- fixion, in the manner of Sadeler, whose style was much admired by him. He was so diffident of his own talents that he frequently destroyed his pictures as soon as he had executed them, and some were preserved by his friends, who begged them from him in the name of the souls in purgatory, for whom he constantly put up his prayers. He died at Cordova in 1650.' ADRICHOMIUS (Christian), a geographer of consi- derable note, was born at Delft in Holland, February 14, 1533. After applying to his. studies with much assiduity, he was ordained priest in 1561, and was director of the nuns of St. Barbara until the civil wars obliged him to take refuge first at Mecklin, then at Maestricht, and lastly at Cologne, where he died, June 20, 1585. He published " Vita Jesu Christi, ex quatuor evangelistis breviter con- texta," Antwerp, 1578, 12mo; but the work for which he is best known is his " Theatrum Terra) Sancts," or, history of the Holy Land, illustrated with maps, and printed in 1590, 1595, 1600, 1628, and 1682, fol. ; a proof of the esteem in which it was long held, although his authorities are thought to be sometimes exceptionable. The second part, which contains a description of Jerusalem, was printed by the author in 1584, and was repriti ted after his death in 1588, and 1592, Svo. He sometimes took the name of Christianus Crucius, in allusion to his banishment and sufferings. ' ADSO (Hermerius or Henry) was born in the begin- ning of the tenth century, in the environs of Coudat, now St. Claude. He studied at the abbey of Luxeuil, which had then a very famous school, under the direction of the Be- nedictines. Being charmed with their mode of life and doctrines, he entered into the order, and became abbot. His principal writings are the lives of some saints, which are not free from the superstitions of the times. Calmet has printed his life of St. Mansuetus ; and Mabillon, his > f'Pn. Diet. — Biographie Universelle. 3 Bioj;raphie Univt-rscllt. ? loppcr Cibl. Ueljj.—-. Such was his repu- tation, tiiat many bishops applied to him to estal)lish schools in their dioceses, and he was even consulted by crowned heads on tiiese and other subjects of importance. He died in Champagne in the year 992. ' iEDESIUS, of Cappadocia, an eclectic philosopher of the fourth century, was of a family originally noble, but reduced to poverty. His parents sent liim into Greece to learn some means of subsistence, but he returned with only a love of philosophy. On this his father turned him out of doors ; but at length was prevailed upon to forgive him, and even to let him pursue his studies, in which he soon surpassed the ablest masters of his country. In order to incj;ease his knowledge, he went to Syria, and became the disciple of Jamblicus, and after the dispersion of that school by Constantine the Great, he settled at Pergamos, where he had a very flourishing school. V/hat he taught, how- ever, was a composition of mysticism and imposture, and he even pretended to immediate communication Avith the deities, and to obtain the revelation of future events. The time of his birth or death is not ascertained. * ^GEATES (John), a Nestorian priest, lived, accord- ing to Vossius, under the emperor Zeno, about the year 483 ; but Cave is of opinion that he lived some years later, as he continued his history five books after the deposing of Peter the Fuller. This was an Ecclesiastical History, be- ginning with the reign of Theodosius the younger, when Nestorius published his opinions, and ending with the reign of Zeno, and the deposition of Peter the Fuller, who had usurped the see of Antioch. He wrote likewise a treatise against the council of Chalcedon. Photius praises his st^'le, but censures his principles. There is only a fragment extant of his history in the Concilia, vol. VII. and in the collections of Theodoras Lector. * .(EGIDIUS (surnamed Atheniensis), a Grecian phy- sician and philosopher, who flourished in the eighth cen- tury, under the emperor Tiberius H. He turned Bene- dictine at last, and left a great many tracts behind, some of which have been in so much credit as to be read in the schools. The principal are " De Pulsibus," and " De * Moreri. — Cave, vol. II. — Biographic Univcrselle. ? Brutker,— Biographie Universellc. ? Gea. Diet. — Cave. 188 iE G I D I U S. Veneiiis." Some think there is another of tnis nanie-and profession, a Benedictine also, and physician to Phihp Augustus king of France, to whom they attribute a work in Latin hexameters, on the same subject, Paris, 1528, jn 4to ; but this is perhaps only another version. Being ac- cidentally wounded with an arrow, he would not suffer the womid to be dressed, that he might have an opportunity of exercising his fortitude in pain. ' ^GIDIUS (de Columna), one of the most learned di^ vines of the thirteenth century, entered into the Augustine order, and studied at Paris under Thomas Aquinas, where li,e became so eminent as to acquire the title of the Pro- found Doctor. He was preceptor to the son of Philip III. of France, and composed for the use of his pupil his trea- tise " De regimine Principum," Rome, 1492, fol. The Venetian edition of 1498 is still in some esteem. He also taught philosophy and theology with high reputation at Paris. He was preferred by Boniface VIII. to the enis- copal see of Berri, and, according to some writers was* by the same pope, created a cardinal. He was, however, elected general of his order in 1292, and assisted at the general council of Vienna in 1311. He died Dec. 22, 1316, at Avignon, leaving various works, enumerated by Cave; which afford, in our times, no very favourable opinion of his talents, although they were in high reputation during his life, and long after One only it may be necessary to notice as a very great rarity. The title is " Tractatus bre- vis et utilis de Originali Peccato," 4to, printed at Oxford, J479, and is supposed to be the third, or second, or, as some think, the first book printed there. Dr. Clarke has described it, * -^GIDIUS (John of St. Giles), a learned Englishman of the thirteenth century, was born at St. Alban's, and as Fuller conjectures, in the parish of St. Giles's in that town, now destroyed. He was educated at Paris, where he be- came eminent in logic and philosophy. He then turned his studies to medicine, and became not only professor of that faculty in the university, but a celebrated practitioner in the city, and was employed about the person of Philip the French king. From Paris he removed to Montpellier, where he studied the diseases of the mind ; and on his re- turn to Paris, confined himself entirely to the study of di- 1 Tt'icK Hist.— Bibliographical Dictionary. ■ iJaxii Onomasticon. — liruckcr. >E G I D I U S. 13J vinity, and soon became a doctor in that faculty, and a pro- fessor in the schools. In 1223 tie joined the Dominicans, and was the first Englishman of that order. This occa- sioned his removal to Oxford, where the Dominicans had two schools, in which he liecame a professor and lecturer both in the arts and in divinity, and was of great service to the Dominicans by his personal credit and reputation. A close intimacy took place between iiim and the celebrated Grossetete, bishop of Lincoln, who obtained leave of the general of the Dominicans that .(^gidius might reside with him as an assistant in his diocese, at that time the largest in England. Leland, Bale, and Pitts ascribe some mntings to him, but they seem to be all of doubtful authority. » ^GIDIUS (of Albi). See GILLES, PETER.' yEGIDIUS, or GILES (Peter), a lawyer, was born at Antwerp in 1486. He was educated under tlie care of the celebrated Erasmus, with v/hom he lived afterv\^ards in close friendship, as he did with the illustrious sir Thomas More, and other eminent scholars of that age. More introduces him in the prologue to his Utjpia with high praise, as " a man there in his country of honest reputation, and also pre- ferred to high promotions, worthy truly of the highest. For it is hard to sav whether the vouni^ man be in learning- or in honesty more excellent. For he is both of wonder- ful virtuous conditions, and also singularly well learned, and towards all sorts of people exceeding gentle." Sir Thomas adds, that " the charms of his conversation abated the fervent desire he had to see his native country, from which sir Thomas had been absent more than four months." He occurs also with high praise in the life and writings of Erasmus, In 1510, on the death of Adrian Blict, first no- tary at Antwerp, he was unanimously elected into his place. He died Nov. 29, 1533. His works are, 1. " Threnodiain funus Maximiliani Ca^saris, cum Epitaphiis aliquot et Epi- grammatum libello," Antwerp, 1519, 4to. 2. " Hypothe- ses, sive SpectaculaCarolo V. Cgesari ab S. P. Q,. Antver.'* ib. 4to. 3. " Enchiridion Principis ac Magistratus Chris- tiani," Colon. 1541. He edited also " Titulos Legumes Codice Theodosiano," Louvain, 1517, folio.' ..EGINP:TA. See PAULUS. yEGINHARD. See EGINHARD. • Tanner. — Peg^e's Life of Grosse'ete. — Saxii Onomasticon. ^ Foppeu Hibl. Belgic. — Dibdin's edition of *ir Tlios. Wor«'s Utopia,*— Jor» tin's Lii"*: of Erasmus. 190 yE L F R I a u^EGYPTIUS. See EGIZIO. iELFRED. See ALFRED. .-ELFRIC, successively bishop of Wilton and archbishop of Canterbury, and one of the greatest luminaries of his dark age, was the son of an earl of Kent, and after receiv- ing a few scanty instructions from an ignorant secular priest, assumed the habit of the Benedictine order of monks in the monastery at Abingdon, over which Athel- wold then presided, having been appointed abbot in the year 955. Atheluold, being created bishop of Winchester in the year 693, settled several of the Abingdon monks in his cathedral. Among these was ^Ifric ; who, in return for the benefit which he had formerly derived fi-om the instructions of Athelwold, was now eager to show his wra- titude, by forwarding the wishes of his benefactor to in- struct the youth of his diocese. With this view he drew up his " Latin- Saxon Vocabulary," and some *' Latin Colloquies." The former of these works was published by Somner, under the title of a Glossary, Oxon. 1659 (See Soaixer), During his residence in this city, ^^Ifric trans- lated, from the Latin into the Saxon language, most of the historical books of the Old Testament : the greatest part of which translations has reached our time, having been print- ed at Oxford in 1698. Here, likewise, attherequest of Wulf- sine, bishop of Sherborn, he drew up what has been called his " Canons," but might more properly be styled, a charge to be delivered by the bishops to their clergy. They are preserved in the first volume of Spelman's Councils, and were composed, between the years 980 and 987. Some time about this last yeai*, j^lfric was removed to Cerne Abbey, to instruct the monks, and regulate the affairs of that monastery. Here it was that he translated, from the Latin fathers, the first volume of his " Homilies." After remaining in this place about a year, he was made abbot of St. Alban's in the year 988, and composed a liturgy for the service of his abbey, which continued to be used there till Leland's time. In the year 989 he was created bishop of Wilton, and during his continuance in that see, trans- lated, about the latter end of the year 991, a second vo- lume of " Homilies." These are the volumes of which Mrs, Elstob issued proposals for a translation, in 1713, ac- companied with the original, but did not live to publish that work. Here also iElfric wrote his " Grammar," a supple- ment to his Homilies, and, probably, a tract dedicated to ^ L F R I C. 1*1 Sigewavd or Sigeferth, containing two epistles on the Old and New Testament, which his biographer concludes to have been written between the years 987 and 991. Iri y94, he was translated to Canterbury, where, alter exert- ing himself for some years, with equal spirit and prudence, in defending his diocese against the inciu'sions of the Danes, he died Nov. 16, 1005. He was buried at Abingdon, the place where he first embraced the profession of a monk, whence his remains were afterwards transferred to Canter- bury, in the reign of Canute. ' y^LIAN (Claudius), an historian and rhetorician, born at Prgeneste in Italy, about the year 160, taught rhetoric at Rome, according to Perizonius, under the emperor Alex- ander Severus. He was surnamed M£X Brucker, — Fabr. Bibl. Gr. — Stanley's Hist, of Philosopliy. — Saxii Onomast, ^ S C H I N E S. 201 test with Demosthenes, Dr. Blair gives this opinion : De- mosthenes appears to great advantage, when contrasted with ^schincs, in the celebrated oration pvo Corona. iEscliines was his rival in business, and his personal enemy; and one of the most distinguished orators of that age. But whea we read the two orations, ^schines is feeble in con)p;irison of Demosthenes, and makes much less impression on the mind. His reasonings concerning the law that was in ques- tion, are indeed very subtile; but his invective against De- mosthenes is general, and ill supported; whereas Demo- sthenes is a torrent, that nothing can resist. He bears down his antagonist with violence; he draws his character in the strongest colours; and the particular merit of that oration is, that all the descriptions in it are highly picturesque.' iESCHYLUS, one of the most eminent tragic poets of ancient times, was born at Athens. Authors differ in re- gard to the time of his birth, some placing it in the 65th, others in the 70th olympiad; but according to Stanley, who relies on the Arundelian marbles, he was born in the 63d olympiad, or about 400 years B. C. He was the son of Euphorion, and brother to Cynegirus and Aminias, who distinouished themselves in the battle of Marathon, and the sea-fight of Salamis; at which engagement ^schylus was likewise present. In this last action, according to Diodo- rus Siculus, Aminias, the younger of the three brothers, commanded a squadron of ships, and behaved with so much conduct and bravery, that he sunk the admiral of the Per- sian fleet, and signalized himself above all the Athenians. To this brother our poet was, upon a particular occasion, obliged for saving his life, ^lian relates, that ^schylus, being charged by the Athenians with certain blasphemous expressions in some of his pieces, was accused of impiety, and condemned to be stoned to death. They were just going to put the sentence in execution, when Aminias, with a happy presence of mind, throwing aside his cloak, shewed his arm without a hand, which he had lost at the battle of Salamis, in defence of his country. This sight made such an impression on the judges, that, touched with the remembrance of his valour, and the friendship he shewed for his brother, they pardoned ^schylus. Our poet however resented the indignity of this prosecution, and resolved to leave a place where his life had been in * Fabr.. Bibl. Grace. — Saxii Onomasticon, — Blair's Lectures, S02 yE S C H Y L U S. danger. He became more determined in this resolution, when he found his pieces less pleasing to the Athenians than those of Sophocles, though a much younger writer. Simonides had likewise won the jirize from him, in an elegy upon the battle of Marathon. Suidas having said that iEschylus retired into Sicily, because the seats broke down during the representation of one of his tragedies, some have taken this literally, without considering that in this sense such an accident did great honour to ^schylus ; but, according to Joseph Scaliger, it was a phrase amongst the comedians ; and he was said to break down the seats, whose piece could not stand, but fell to the ground. Some affirm, that ^schylus never sat down to compose but when he had drunk liberally. This perhaps was in allusion to his excessive imagination, which was apparent in an ab- rupt, impetuous, and energetic style. They who could not relish the sublimer beauties of language, might per- haps have ascribed his rapid and desultory manner, rather to the fumes of wine than to the result of reason. He wrote a great number of tragedies, of which there are but seven remaining; viz, Prometheus, the Seven Champions before Thebes, the Persa?, the Agamemnon, the Choephorse, the Eumenides, and the Suppliant Virgins ; and in these it is evident, that if he was not the father, he was the great improver of the Grecian stage. In the time of Thespis there was no public theatre to act upon; the strollers drove about from place to place in a cart, ^schylus furnished his actors with masks, and dressed them suitably to their characters. He likewise introduced the buskin, to make them appear more like heroes ; and the ancients give jEschylus the praise of having been the first who removed murders and shocking sights from the eyes of the specta- tors. He is said likewise to have lessened the number of the chorus; but ])erhaps this reformation was owing to an accident; in his Eumenides, the chorus, which consisted of fifty persons, appearing on the stage with frightful habits, had such an effect on the spectators, that the women with child miscarried, and the children fell into fits; which oc- casioned a law to be made to reduce the chorus to fifteen. Mr. I,e Fevre has observed, that yEsch^^his never repre- sented women in love, in his tragedies, which, he sa^'s, was not suited to his genius; but in representing a woman trans- ported wdh fury, he was incomparable. Longinus says. iE S C H Y L U S. 203 that ^schylus has a noble boldness of expression; and that his imagination is lofty and heroic. It must be owned, however, that he affected pompous words, and that his sense is too often obscured by figures. But, notwithstand- ing these imperfections, this poet was held in great vene- ration by the Athenians, who made a public decree that his tragedies should be played after his death. When yEschy- ius retired to the court of Hiero king of Sicily, this prince was then building- the city of yEtna, and our poet cele- brated the new city by a tragedy of the same name. After having lived some years at Gela, we are told that he died of a fracture of his skull, caused by an eagle letting fall a tortoise on his head ; and that this death is said to have been predicted by an oracle, which had foretold that he should die by somewhat from the heavens. He died, how- ever, by whatever means, according to Mr. Stanley, in the 69th year of his age. He had the honour of a pompous funeral from the Sicilians, who buried him near the river Gela; and the tragedians of the country performed plays and theatrical exercises^ at his tomb ; upon which was in- scribed an epitaph, celebrating him only for his valour at khe battle of Marathon. He has been justi}' compared to Shakspeare for energy of style and sentiment, for expression of character and passion, often by the happiest use of trivial circumstances. His merits have been skilfully analysed by the author of the Observer, No. 132, 133, and 134, who, it is now- known, derived his materials from the unpublished writings of Dr. Bentley, and periiaps yet better by the abbe Barthe- lemy, in his Anacharsis. The editions of jEschylus are very numerous. The best are those of Robertellus, Venet. 1552, 8vo; Victorius, Paris, 1557, 4co; Caiiterus, Antwerp, 1580, 12mo; Stan- ley, London, 1663 — 1G64, fol. from the text of Canter, a magnificent book, containing the scholia, fragments, the notes and prefaces of preceding editors, and the annota- tions of the viery learned editor himself. Another mag- nificent edition of Glasgow, 1795, fol. from the text of the late professor Porson, is said to be incorrect. The learned professor's genuine edition was published in 180C, 2 vols. 8vo, and contains many admirable improvements of the text. It is much to be regretted, that the notes have not appeared. The English reader has been introduced to the 204 yE S O P. beauties of vEscliylus by the elegant poetical translation of Mr. Potter, published in 1777.' yESOP, the fabulist. Of this man, the reputed author of many fables, it is very doubtful whether we are in pos- session of any authentic biography. The life by Planudes, a monk of the fourteenth century, is universally considered as a series of fictions; and the notices of him in writers of better authority, are not sufficiently consistent to form a narrative. The particulars usually given, however, are as follow. He was born at Amorium, a small town in Phry- gia, in the beginning of the sixth century before the Christian aera, and was a slave to two philosophers, Xan- thus and Idmon, the latter of whom gave him his liberty, on account of his good behaviour and pleasantry. The philosophers of Greece gained a name by their lofty sen- tences, clothed in lofty words; -(Esop assumed a more sim- ple and familiar style, and became not less celebrated. He taught virtue and ridiculed vice, by giving a language to animals and inanimate things; and composed those fa- bles, which under the mask of allegory, and with all the interest of fable, convey the most useful lessons in mo- rality. The fame of his wisdom spreading over Greece and the adjoining countries, Croesus, the king of Lydia, sent for him, and was his generous benefactor. There he found Solon, whom he soon equalled in favour, however different his mode of conducting himself. Solon preserved his austerity in the midst of a corrupt court, was a philoso- pher among courtiers, and often offended Croesus by ob- truding his advice, who at last dismissed him. " Solon,'* said iEsop, " let us not address kings, or let us say what is agreeable." " By no means," replied the philosopher, *' let us either say nothing, or tell them what is profitable." T^sop made frequent excursions from the court of Lydia into Greece. When Pisistratus assumed the chief power at Athens, ^sop, who witnessed the dissatisfaction of the people, repeated to them his fable of the frogs petitioning Jupiter for a king. He afterwards travelled through Persia Jind Kgypt, everywhere inculcating morality l)y his fables. 1 he kings of Babylon and Memphis received him with dis- tinguished honour; and on his return to Lydia, Croesus sent him with a sum of money to Delphi, where he was to oft'er a magnificent sacrifice to the god of the place, and ' Oen. Diet.— Cumberland's Observer. — IBritish'Essayisls, vol. XL. — Dibdiu's^ Classics. — Bibliographical Diet. — Saxii Onomasticon. — Anacharsis, vol. VI. jE S O p. 205 ^Jistribute a certain sum of money to eacli of the inhabit- ants. But being offended by the people, he offered his sacrifice, and sent the rest of the money to Sardis, repre- senting the Delphians as unworthy of his master's bounty. In revenge, they threw him from the top of a rock. Ail Greece was interested in liis l\ite, and at .Athens a statue was erected to his memory. Lurcher, in his notes on Herodotus, fixes liis death in the 5G0lh year before the Christian lera, under the reign of Pisistratus, Planudes, wlio, as aheady observed, wrote his life, represents him as exceedingly deformed in person, and defective in his speech, for whicli there seems no authority. It is to this monk, however, that we owe the first collection of vEsop's Fables, such as we now have them, mixed with many by other writers, some older, and some more modern than the time of ^sop. He wrote in prose; and Socrates, when in prison, is said to have amused himself by turning some of them into verse. Plato, who banished Homer and the other poets from his republic, as the corrupters of man- kind, retained ^sop as being their preceptor. Some are of opinion, that Lockman, so famous among the orientals, and Pilpay among the Indians, were one and the same with ^sop. Whatever may be in this, or in the many other conjectures and reports, to be found in the authori- ties cited below, the fables of yEsop may surely be con- sidered as the best models of a species of instructive com- position, that has been since attempted by certain men of learning and fancy in all nations, and particularly our own; nor will it be easy to invent a mode of arresting and en- Sfaorino; the attention of the yountr to moral truths, more pleasant or more successful. The best editions of yEsop are those of Plantin, Antwerp, 1565, 16mo; of Aldus, with other fabulists, Venice, 1505, fol. and Franckfort, 1610; that called Barlow's, or " .Esopi Fabularum, cum Vita," London, 1G66, fol. in Latin, French, and English; the French and Latin by Hob, Codrington, with plates by Barlow, now very rare, as a great part of the edition was burnt in the fire of London; Hudson's, published under the name of Marianus (a member of St. Mary Hall), Ox- ford, 1718, 8vo. They have been translated into all mo- dern languages; and Croxall's and Dodsley's editions de- serve praise, on account of thelifeof ^Esop prefixed to each. ' ' Diet. nisf,~i\thenaeuiu, vol. III. — Works of the Learned, vol, I. p. 9-k— Geo. Diet. &c. 206 -S: s o P. -^SOP, a Greek historian, wrote a romantic liistory of Alexander the Great : but it is not known at what time he lived. His work was translated into Latin by one Julius Valerius, who is not better known than ^^sop. Freinshe- mius has the following passage concerning this work : "Ju- lius Valerius wrote a fabulous Latin history of Alexander, which by some is ascribed to ^sop, b}" others to Callis- thenes. Hence Antoninus, Vincentius, Uspargensis, and others, have taken their romantic tales. Barthius, in his Adversaria, says : " There are many such things in the learned monk, who some years ago published a life of Alexander the Great, full of the most extravagant fictions; yet this romance had formerly so much credit, that it is quoted as au authority even by the best writers. Whether this extraordinary history was ever published I know not ; I have it in manuscript, but I hardly think it worthy of a place in my librar}'." It is the same author that Francis- cus Juretus mentions under the name of ^sop. The work was published in German at Strasburgh, 1486. ' ^80P (Clodius), a celebrated actor, who flourished about the 670th year of Rome. He and Roscius were con- tempoi'aries, and the best performers who ever appeared upon the Roman stage ; the former excelling in tragedy, the latter in comedy. Cicero put himself under their di- rection to perfect his action. JEsop lived in a most expen- sive manner, and at one entertainment is said to have had a dish which cost above 800/. ; this dish we are told was filled with singing and speaking birds, some of which cost near 50/. Pliny (according to Mr. Bayle) seems to refine too much, when he supposes that ^sop found no other delight in eating those birds but as they were imita- tors of mankind ; and says that ^sop himself being an actor was but a copier of man ; and therefore he should not have been lavish in destroying those birds, which, like himself, copied mankind. The delight which ^sop took In this sort of birds proceeded, as Mr. Bayle observes, from the expence. He did not make a dish of them because the}' could speak, but because of their extraordinary price, ./^sop's son was no less luxurious than his father, for he dissolved pearls for his guests to swallow. Some speak of this as a common practice of his, but others mention his lallijig into tliis excess only on a particular day, when he J Gen. Diet. 2E S O p. 207 W3S treating his friends. Horace speaks only of one pearl of great value, which he dissolved in vinegar, and drank. ^sop, notwithstanding his expences, is said to have died worth ahove 160,000/. When he was npon the stage, he entered into his part to such a degree, as sometimes to be seized with a perfect ecstacy. Plutarch mentions it as reported of him, that whilst he was representing Atreus deliberating how he should revenge himself on Thyesces, he was so transported beyond himself in the heat of action, that with his truncheon he smote one of the servants cross- ing the stage, and laid him dead on the place. ' .^THERIUS, was an architect of the 6th century, un- der the reign of Anastasius I. emperor of the east, who stowed many honours upon him, and admitted him into his council. He is said to have built the great wall, or- dered by Anastasius, to preserve Constantinople from the inroads of the Huns, Goths, and Bulgarians. It was eighteen leagues in length, and twenty feet in breadth. He built also several edifices in Constantinople, particularly the Chalcis in the grand palace. - yETION, a Greek painter, highly praised by Cicero and Lucian, painted a picture, which he exhibited at th« Olympic games, the subject of which was the nuptials of Alexander the Great and Roxana. It was so much ap- plauded, that Proxenidas, who w-as one of the judges ap- pointed to decide on the merits of the artists, enchanted with the talents of .^Etion, bestowed on him his daughter in marriage. Lucian says that he saw this picture in Italy, and gives a very accurate description of it, from which Raphael sketched one of his richest compositions. ^ .^TIUS, a heretic of the fourth century, and by some surnamed The Atheist, as being one of t!ie first opposers of the doctrine of the Trinity, was born at Antioch, the son of a person reduced in his circumstances, and was con- sequently obliged to work at the trade of goldsn:}ith for a livelihood. He afterwards studied, and w'ith considerable success, at Alexandria, whence he returned to Antioch, and was ordained deacon by Leontius, then bishop of that city. What his principles were is not very clear. Theo- doret says, he improved upon the blasphemies of Arius ; and for that reason was banished by the emperor Con- stantius into a remote part of Phrygia. The emperor 1 Gen. Diet 2 Biographic Universelle, 9 Moreri.— Biographie Universelle, 203 JE T I U S. Julian recalled him, and enriched him with an estat#i Others insinuate that he was a defender of faitli in oppo- sition to works, and leaned to the Antinoniian extreme. The displeasure of the orthodox, however, was such that he had the surname of Atheist. Atliaiiasius gives him the same appellation, and Cave says, justly. P^piphanius has preserved a small book, containing forty-seven erroneous propositions of ^tius, which he answered. His followers were called, from his name, ^Etians. Their distinguishino- principle was, that the Son and the Holy Ghost are in all thinas unlike the Father. ' iETIUS, a physician of Armida, a town of Mesopotamia, lived about the end of the 5tli or the berrinning" of the 6tli century. The work for which he is now known is his ** Tetrabiblos," a compilation from all the physicians who preceded him, particularly Galen, Archigenes, Dioscorides, &c. He describes also some new disorders, and throws out some opinions, not known before his time, respectino- the diseases of the eye, and the use of outward applications. Partaking of the credulity of his time, he describes all the pretended specifics, charms, and amulets in vogue among the Egyptians, which forms a curious part of his writinos. What he says on surgical topics is thought most valuable. The work, by the various transcribers, has been divided into four Tetrabiblons, and each into four discourses ; and originally appears to have consisted of sixteen books. The first eight only were printed in Greek, at Venice, by the heirs of Aldus Manutius, 1534, fol. The others remain in manuscript in the libraries of Vienna and Pai'is. There have been many editions in Latin, of the translation of Janus Cornarius, under the title of " Contracta?. ex veteri- bus Medicince Tetrabiblos," Venice, 1543, 8vo ; Basle, 1542, 1549, fol.; another at Basle, 1535, fol. translated by J. B. Montanus ; two at Lyons, 1549, fol. and 1560, 4 vols. 12mo, with the notes of Hugo de Soleriis; and one at Paris, 1567, fol. among the " Medicae artis principes." Dr. Freind has adverted to ^tius, in his history, more than to almost any ancient writer, but lias not the same opinion of his surgical labours as is expressed above. Some winters have confounded this ^Etius with the subject of the prcc;:ding article. ' ' I.ardner's Works.— Cave, vol. I. 2 Biographic Univcrselle.— IJaller Bibl. Med. Pract.— Freind's History of Pbysic. — MangLt Uibl. A F E R. 209 A FEU (DoMiTlUs), a famous orator, born at Nisnies, fifteen or sixteen years B. C. and floiirished under Ca- li-^ula, Claudius, and Nero. He was elected to the prai- torshij) ; but, not being afterwards promoted according to his ambitious expectations, and desirous at any rate to advance himself, he turned informer against Claudia Pulchra, cousin of Agrippina, and pleaded himself in that affair. Having gained this cause, he was ranked amongst the first orators, and got into favour with Tibe- rius, who hated Agrippina : but this princess not thinking Domitius the author of this process, did not entertain the least resentment against him. The enc(jmiums passed by the emperor on the eloquence of Domitius, made him now eagerly pursue the profession of an orator ; so that be was seldom without some accusation or defence, by which he acquired a greater reputation for his eloquence than his j)ro!)itv. In the 7 7 9th year of Rome, he carried on an accusation against Claudia Pulchra ; and the year following, Quintilius Varus her son was impeached by him and Publius Dolabella. It was not surprising that Afer, who had been poor for many years, and squandered the money got by former impeachments, should return to this prac- tice ; but it was nuitter of great surprise that one who was a relation of Varus, and of such an illustrious family as that of Publius Dolabella, should associate with this in- former, Afer had a high reputation as an orator for a considerable time, but tliis he lost by continuing to plead when age had impaired the faculties of his mind. Quintilian, in his youth, cultivated the friendship of Domitius very assiduously. He tells us that his j^leadings abounded with pleasant stories, and that there were public collections of his witty sayings, some of which he quotes. He also mentions two books of his, " On Witnesses." Do- mitius was once in great danger from an inscription he put upon a statue erected by him in honour of Caligula, wherein he declared, that this prince was a second time consul at the age of 27. This he intended as an enco- mium ; but Caligula, taking it as a sarcasm upon his youth, and his infringement of the laws, raised a process against him, and pleaded himself in person. Domitius, instead of making a defence, repeated part of the emperor's speech, with the highest marks of admiration ; after which he fell upon his knees, and begging pardon, declared, that he dreaded more the eloquence of Caligula than his im- VOL. I. P 215 \ A F E R. perial power. This piece of flattery succeeded so well, that the emperor not only pardoned, but also raised him to the consulship. Afer died in the reign of Nero, A. D. 59.' AFFLITTO, in Latin Ue AFFLICTIS (Matthew), an eminent lawyer, the grandson of Matthew Afflitto, coun-* sellor-royal in 1409 under Ladislaus, was born at Naples about 1430. Being attached to the study of law from his youth, he made great progress, and acquired so much re- putation, that he was promoted to the council of state by king Ferdinand I. and shared the confidence of that prince and of his son, aftersvards Alphonsus II. He was afterwards appointed president of the royal chamber, and was employed in public transactions of the greatest import- ance under five successive kings of Naples. To the know- ledge displayed in his works, he joined the strictest probity and most amiable maimers. Camerario, lieutenant of the royal chamber, and an eminent feudal lawyer, gives him the character of the most learned and excellent man of his own or the preceding age ; nor are Ferron and Fon- tanella more sparing of their praises. Pancirollus only considers him as rather laborious than acute in his writings. Notwithstanding the distractions of the times in which he lived, and his numerous labours, he reached the age of eighty, and died in 1510. He was interred in the con- ventual church of Monte-Vergine in Naples, under a monument representing St. Eustachius, from whom his family derived their origin. He was twice married, and from his second wife, Diana Carmignana, are descended the Afflittos, barons of Rocca-Gloriosa. Afflitto's works are : 1. " Commentarius in Constitu- tiones Sicilite et Neapolis," Francfort, 1 603, fol. 2, " Com- jnentarius^uper tres libros Feudorum," Venice, 1 534, fol. j JLyons, 1548, and 1560; Francfort, 1598, 1608, 1629. 3. '* Decisiones Neapolitans antiqua; et nova}," Venice, 1564, 1600, and 1635, fob; and Francfort, 1616, and 1635, fol. 4. *' LecturiE super consuetudinibus Neapo- litan! Siciliffique regni," Leyden, 1535, fol. ; reprinted under dift'erent titles, and with the additions of other writers on the subject. 5. '' De Jure Protomiseos cum Baldo et Marantha, Tr. Tr. xviii." Francfort, 1571, and 1588; rej)rinted at Spires, 1603, 8vo. 6. " Enumeratio Privilegiorum fisci," iiusle, 1550, fol. 7. " Lecturte su/« 1 QcH, Diet. A F F L I T T O. 311 per 7 Codicis Justiniani," 1560. 8. " De consiliariis prinoipuin et officialibus eligendis, ad justitium reGjeiu. ^ m,'* Naples ; a very scarce work. The frequent ediiioiis of these voluminous works sufficiently prove the high estima- tion in which they were lield. The family of Afflito has produced other celebrated men, as 1. John Afflito, an eminent mathematician, particularly skilled in the art of fortification, and employed as an engineer by John of Austria in some of his wars. He pui>lished, in Spanish, a treatise on the subject, 2 vols. 4to, and a volume of " Theo- logical and Philosophical Miscellanies.'" He died at Naples, \67?>. 2. Gai tan-Andre D'Afflitto, advocate-general, who published law-pleadings and decisions at Naples, 1655. And lastly, C.ESAR D'Afflitto, who left a work on the feudal laws. « AFFO (IreNeus), a native of Bussetto, a small town in the duchy of Piacenza, was appointed in 176S by the Infant don Ferdinand to be professor of philosophy at Guastalla, >vhere he wrote his " Historia di Guastalla," 4 vols. 4to. It commences with the reign of Charlemagne ; comprizes the three dynasties who governed that state : viz. the Torelli's, the Gonzago's, and the Bourbons, dukes of Parma ; and finishes in 1776. On account of this work, he was ap- pointed superintendant of the valuable library of Parma. He is a ditfuse writer, as he allows in his preface, but his researches are valuable and correct. Writing under a prince so particular as the last Infant, he was obliged to suppress some things of a delicate kind. He wrote also *' Historia di Parma," printed there 2 vols. 4to, and other works respecting the antiquities and the lives of the sovereigns of these states. He left a manuscript history of Peter Louis Farnese, which the Infant would not suffer to be publislied. He died at the age of sixty, about the be- ginning of the present century. - AFKANIUS, a Latin poet, who wrote several comedies in imitation of Menander. He was a man of wit and sense. Quintilian blames him for the licentious amours in his plays. Fle lived about 100 years before the vulgar a:ra, according to Vossius. Only some fragments of this poet are come down to our times, which are inserted in the ** Corpus Poetarum" of Maittaire, London, 1713, folio.* * Biographic Uniyerselle.— Diet, Historique. * Ciogiaphie Vniv«rsellt. ^ Mcreri — ^abr. Bibl, Lat, ;» 2 213 A F R 1 C A N U S. AFRICANUS (Julius), a Christian historian, x^as born at Nicopolis in Palestine, in the third centnry. He com- posed a chronology, to convince the heathens of the an- tiquity of the true religion, and the novelty of the fables of Paganism. This work was divided into five books, and is a sort of universal history, from the creation of Adam, to the reign of the emperor Macrinus. No more, how- ever, is extant than what we find of it in the Chronicon of Eusebius. He wrote a letter to Origen concerning the history of Susannah, which he deemed to be spiuious, and another to Aristides, to reconcile the genealogical tables of St. Matthew and St. Luke. It was in consequence of his entreaties that the emperor Heliogabalus rebuilt the city of Nicopolis, which he founded on the spot where the village of Emmaus stood. A mathematical work, entitled *' CiEStus," has been attributed to him. The fragments which remain of this author were printed among the " Ma- thematici Veteres," at Paris, in 1693, fol. and were trans- lated into French bv M. Guiscard, in his " Memoires Militaires des Grecs et des Romains," Paris, 1774, 3 vols. 8vo. It is supposed that the ancient part of the work of Julius Africanus, was an abridgment of the famous work of Manetho, an Egyptian priest, who flourished about 300 years before Christ. (See Manetho). A great part of Africanus's Chronography is extant in Georg. Syncellus, edit. Paris, 1652, from whence, not being then published, it was borrowed by Scaliger in his edition of Eusebius's Chronicon in Greek. Africanus is placed by Cave at the year 220, who likewise supposes that he died in an ad- vanced age, about the year 232. But Dr. Lardner docs- not think that he was then in an advanced age, or died so soon. Of his character, he says, that we ma}' glory in Africanus as a Christian, For it cannot but be a pleasure to observe, that in those early days there were some within the inclosurc of the church of Christ, whose shinini:: abili- ties rendered them the; ornament of tiie age in which they lived ; when they appear also to have been men of un- spotted characters, and give evident proofs of honesty and integrity. ' AGANDURU (Roderic Moriz), a Spanish missionary of the I7th century, who lived under the reigns of Philip III. » Lardner'B Works.— Fabr. Bibl. Orsec— BibliogTapbical Diet. vol. I, — Mo- reri.— Cave. — Saxii Onomasticon, A G A N D U R U. 213 and Philip IV. was a barefooted Augustin, and celebrated lor his apostolic zeal. Tiiese religions had a principal hand in the rapid, but for the most part short-lived, pro- gress of tlie Catholic faith in Japan; and converted the po- pulous nation of the Tagalians, or Tagaleze, Malayans by descent, who inhabited Lucon, one of the Philippine islands, and who remain Cln-istians to this day. In 1640, Agan- duru was appointed by his brethren, and with the autho- rity of Philip IV. to go to Rome and offer to the pope, Urban VIII. the liomajje and obedience of these new con- verts. He wrote a " History of Conversions in Japan and the Philippine islands, with a detail of his religious em- bassy :" and a " General History of the Moluccas and the Philippines," 2 vols, from the discovery of them, to the middle of the seventeenth century. ' AGAPETUS, daacon of the church of Constantinople, in the sixth century, or about 527, presented the emperor Justinian, on his accession to the throne, with a work in seventy-two chapters, v/hich has been called " Charta Re- gia," and contains excellent advice on the duties of a Christian prince. This work was long esteemed, and pro- cured the author a place among the best writers of lijs age. It was first printed, Gr. et Lat. at Venice, 1509, 8vo ; and is often jjrinted in the same volume with various edi- tions of ^sop's fables. The most correct edition is that of Banduri, in a collection entitled " Inipermm Orientale,'* Paris, 1711, 2 vols. fol. The last edition was published at Leipsic, 1733, 8vo, Gr. et Lat. by Grtebelius, with notes ; but those not of much importance. Louis XIII. in his youth translated it into French, and this was printed in J 6 12, 8vo, and often since. - AGARD (Arthur), a Warned and industrious English antiquary, and one of the members of the first society of antiquaries, was the son of Clement Agard, of Foston (not Toston, as in the Biog. Brit.) in Derbyshire, by Eleanor, the daughter of Thomas Middleborough, of Egbaston in Warwickshire. He was born 1540, and orio-inallv studied law ; but it does not appear that he was at either univer- .sity. He afterwards became a clerk in the Exchequer of- fice ; and in 1570 was made deputy chaaiberlain of the Exchequer, which he held forty- five years. During this time, he had leisure and industry to accumulate large col- 1 TJiographie Universelle. 2 Ibid.— Moreri.— -Cave, t«1. I,— Pabr, Bibl. Grace— J?axii Onoinasticoii. 2i-i A G A R D. lections of matters pertaining to the antiquities of his coun- try ; and his ,^eal in these researches procured him the ac- quaintance of that eminent benefactor to English literature and antiquities, sir Robert Cotton, with whom he enjoyed the strictest friendship as long as he lived. Wood, in his Athenae, has made a strange mistake here in ascribing Agard's proficiency in antiquary knowledge to Sir Robert, who was but just born the year Agard came into office. There can be no doubt, however, that they improved and assisted each other in their pursuits. Agard also could number the most eminent and learned men of the age among his friends and coadjutors. It was in his days, about 1572, that the society of antiquaries was formed by archbishop Parker ; and among the names of its original members, we find Agard, Andrews, Bouchier, Camden, Carew, Cotton, Dodderidge, Ley, Spelman, Stow, De- thicke, Lambart, and others. In this society, Agard read these essays, which have since been published by Hearne, in his " Collection of Curious Discourses," 1720 and 1775, 2 vols. Agard's discourses are: 1. Opinion touching the antiquity, power, order, state, manner, persons, and pro- ceedings of the high court of parliament in England. 2. On this question, Of what antiquity shires were in Eng- land ? In this essay various ancient manuscripts are cited; and Mr. Agard seems to think king Alfred was the author of this division : it was delivered before the society in Easter term, 33 Eliz. 1591.' 3. On the dimensions of the lands in Enjrland. In this he settles the meanins: of these words, solin, hida, carucata, jugum, virgata, ferlingata, fer- linges, from ancient manuscripts and authentic records in the exchequer, 4. The authority, office, and privileges of heraults [heralds] in England. He is of opinion, that this office is of the same antiquity with the institution of the garter. 5. Of the antiquity or privileges of the houses or inns of court, and of chancery. In this he observes, that in more ancient times, before the making of Magna Charta, our lawyers were of the clergy: that in the time of Edward I. the law came to receive its proper form ; and that in an old record, the exchequer was styled the mother- court of all courts of record. He supj)oses that at this time lawyers began to have settled places of abode, but affirms he knew of no privileges. 6. Of the diversity of names of this island. In this we find that the first Saxons, residing in this island, came here under the connnand of "A G A R D. 215 •lie Aclle and his three sons, in 43 5 ; and that tlie reason wliy ii was called England rather than Saxon land, was he- cause the Angles, alter this part of the island was totally subilued, were more numerous than the Saxons. He like- wise observes, that after this conquest, the name of Briton grew iato distaste, and all valued themselves on being Englishmen. This was read, June 29, 1604, and is the last discourse of Agard in the collection. The society was dissolved soon after, and did not revive until the last cen- tury. Agard made the Doomsday book his particular study, and endeavoured to explain it in a treatise, " De usu et ebscuriuribus verbis," on the use and true meaning of the obscure words in the Doomsday book. I'his is preserved in the Cotton library, under Vitellius, N" 9. He likewise compiled for the benefit of his successors, "A Catalogue of all such records as were in the four treasvu^ies belong- ing to his Majesty ; and an account of all leagues, and treaties of peace, intercourses, and marriages, with foreign nations." This he deposited with the officers of his Ma- jesty's receipt ; and by his will he directed that, on a small reward being paid to his executor, eleven other MS treatises, relating to exchequer affairs, should be delivered up to the office. All the rest of his collections, consisting of at least twenty volumes, he bequeathed to sir Robert Cotton, in whose library they were deposited. Previous to his death, he caused a monument to be erected for him- self and his wife, near the chapter door in the cloister of Westminster- abbey. He died Aug. 22, 1615. Camden, 8eiden, and other antiquaries, bear ample testimony to his merit, ' AGASIAS, a sculptor of Ephesus, the scholar or son of Dositheos. Mr, Fuseli observes, that the name of Agasias does not occur in ancient record ; and whether he be the Egesias of Quintilian and Pliny, or these the same, cannot be ascertained ; though the style of sculpture, and the form of the letters in the inscription, are not much at va- riance v.'ith the character which tiie former gives to the age of Calon and Egesias, There are, therefore, no particu- lars of his life ; but he is well known in the history of the arts, for his admired statue, usually called the Git-diator; formerly in the villa Borghese, and now in the museum at Paris. It was found, with the Apollo Belvidere, at Net- 1 Biog. Brit. — Archaeolojia, vol. I, pp. 7. 3i7 ; vol. XIV, p. 16-i, 216 A G A S I A S. tuno, formerly Antium, the birth-place of Nero ; where he had collected a oreat number of the best works broiioht from Greece by his freed-man Acratus. The form of the letters on the inscription mark, the high anticjuity of this statue, which is less ideal than the Apollo, but not less ad- mirable. Winkelman calls it an assemblage of the beau- ties of nature in a perfect age, without any addition from miagination. Fuseli terms it " A figure, whose tremen- dous energy embodies every element of motion, whilst its pathetic dignity of character enforces sympathy." It is in perfect preservation, with exception of the right arm, which was restored by Algardi. It is now, however, agreed that it is not the statue of a Gladiator, but apparently one of a groupe. The attention and action of the figure is upwards to some higher object, as a person on horseback ; and it is tliought to be of a date prior to the introduction of the gladiatorial sports into Greece. ' AGATHANGELUS, an Armenian historian, was secre- tary to Tiridates, the first Christian king of that country, and lived in the beginning of the fourth century, probably about the year 320. Moyses Chorenensis, Barpezius, and other Armenian writers speak highly in his praise, particularly in respect to the purity of his style. He wrote a '^ History of the introduction of Christianity into Armenia," with a life of king Tiridates. It has been translated into Greek ; but the original was published at Constantinople, 1709, 4tG. The imperial library at Paris has a copy of this book, and a manuscript much more complete. ^ AGATHAllCHIDES, a voluminous geographer and historian, was a native of Gnidus ; and in his youth reader to the historian Heraclides, and afterwards tutor to Ptolomy Alexander, who reigned in Egypt about the year 104 B. C. accordinqr to Dodwell. AG;atharchides was attached to the doctrine of the Peripatetics. Among the numerous works he wrote on history and geograph}-, the ancients mention the following : 1. " On the Red Sea," in five books, which is a kind of periplus of the gulph of Arabia; with many curious particulars of the Sabeans, and other nations of Arabia Felix. The fragments of this work preserved by Biodorus and Photius, were printed by Henry Stephens, 1557, 8vo ; and collected more fully by Huilson in his " Geographi minores," vol, I. M. Gossclin also has com- • Biogra|)l)ic Universelle,— Diet. Hist.— Fuseli's Lectures, p. 115. ^ Diet. Hist. A G A T H A R C H I D E S. 217 mentcd on them in his " Recherches sur la Geograpiiie.'* 2. " On Asia," a work ot" tiie historical kind, in ten books; quoted by Diodorus, Piilegoti, ]>ucian, AtheniEus, Pho- tius, and Pliny. '6. *' Of Europe ;" a large work, of which Athenoeus quotes the 28th, 34th, and 38th books. As the name of Agatharchides occurs in many authors of reputa- tion, it is to be regretted that so many of his works have perished. It is uncertain whether he was the same with Agatharchides of Samos, who wrote on the Phrygian his- tory, and on that of Persia, quoted by Diodorus, Josephus, and Photius. ' AGATHARCUS, an ancient painter, the son of Eude- mus, was horn at Samos, and practised his art at Athens. He painted with great facility, and was distinguished for his skill in animals, ornaments, and decorations. Alci- biades employed him to decorate his magnificent house ; and, according to Demosthenes (in his oration against Mi- dias), while thus employed, he contrived to seduce the mistress of Alcibiades, who having discovered the intrigue, punished him no otherwise than by close imprisonment until he completed his work ; and then dismissed him with many rich presents. Plutarch in his liAes of Alcibiades and Pelopidas, speaks only of the imprisonment, which he im- putes solely to Alcibiades' impatience to have his house finished. From his connexion with Zeuxis and Alcibiades, it is probable that he lived about the ninety-fifth olym- piad, or 400 years B. C, ; but this does not accord with Yitruvius's account, who informs us that Agatharcus was the first who painted scenes for the theatre ; and wrote a treatise on the subject, under the direction of ^schylus, who died 480 B. C. This anachronism has given rise to the conjecture that there may have been two painters of the name. '^ AG^VTHEiVIER, a Greek geographer. It is not certain at what time he lived ; but he was posterior to Ptolomy, and placed by Saxius and others in the third century. The only work of his now known is an abridgement of geogra- phy, entitled " Hypotyposes Geographical ;" the first edi- tion of which is that of Tennulius, Gr. Lat. Amsterdam, 1671, Svo. It is also inserted among the ancient geogra- phers in Gronovius's edition, Leyden, 4to, 1697 and 1700 ; and lastly, in Hudson's " Geographi minores," vol. II. 1 Moreri.— Biographie Universelle. — Fabr. Bibl. Graec. — Saxii Onomasticoo, ^ Moreri, — Biographie Universelle. — Diet. Hist. 21S A G A T H E M E R. This little work, which contains several particulars which have escaped Strabo and other celebrated geographers, is nevertheless in a very imperfect state. It is a seriesof les- sons dictated to one Philo; but what is taught in the first book is repeated in the second, with so many contradictions and obscurities, tliat one can scarcely suppose this second part to be the production of the same author. Even the first part seems composed of two fragments not very accu- rately placed together. ' AGATHIAS, a Greek historian, who lived in the 6tli centur}^, under the emperor Justinian, was born at Myrina in Asia Minor. Some have concluded from Suidas, that he was an advocate at Smyrna ; but Fabricius thinks that he was in general an advocate, or scholasticus, as he is called, from having studied the law in the schools appointed for that pi;rpose. In his youth he was strongly inclined to poetry, and published some small pieces of the gay and amatory kind, under the title of " Daphniaca :" he tells us likewise, that he was author of a " Collection of epi- grams" written by divers hands, a great part of which are presumed to be extant in the Greek Anthologia, where, however, he calls himself Agathius. These are also in Brunck's Analecta. There have been doubts about his re^ ligion : Vossius and others have supposed him a pagan ; and they have concluded this chiefly from a passage in the third book of his history ; where, giving a reason why the fortress of Onogoris in Colchis was called, in his time, St. Steplien's fort, he says, that this first Christian martyr was stoned there, but uses the word (paai, they say ^ as if he did not himself believe what he might think it necessary to relate. But this is bv no means conclusive ; and Fabricius supposes him, upon much better grounds, to have been a Christian, because he more than once gives very explicitly the preference to the doctrines of Christians : and in the first book he speaks plainly of the Christians as embracing the most reasonable system of opinions. He wrote an " History of Justinian's reign" in five books, at the desire of Eutychianus, secretary of state, who was his intimate friend, and probably furnished him with many imj)ortant materials for the purpose. It begins at the 'JGih year of Justinian's reign, where Procopius ends ; and, as Evagrius says, was carried down to the flight of Cosroes the younger to the Romans, and his re- ' Biog. Uiiiyersclle,— Diet. Hist.-^Saxii On«masUcon,— rFabr. Bibl. Graee, A G A T H I A S. 219 storation by Mauritius: but tlie same Evagrius adds, that the work was uot then published. It was printed in Greek, with Bonaveuture Vulcanius's Latin version and notes, at Leyden, 1594, in 4to ; and at Paris in tiie king's ])rinting- house, 1660, in folio, to accompany the other Byzantine historians. His manner is prolix, and his style too much interspersed with poetical flights; but his facts are said to be accurate. ' AGATHO, or AGATHON, a Greek poet, of Athens, and not of Samos as Gyraldi asserts, wrote several trage- dies and comedies, of which only some fragments remain. Aristotle speaks of one, " The Flower," with great praise. I^is first tiagedy received the prize at the Olympic games. He was a man of expensive manners, and kept a magnifi- cent table ; at which the wits of liis days used to assemble. Grotius has collected the fragments left of his dramas from Aristotle and Athenoeus, in his collection of the fragments of Greek tragredies and comedies. He was the first who hazarded invented subjects. His comedies were written with elep-ance, but his trag^edies abounded in antitheses and symmetrical ornaments. He lived about 735 B. C ; but Barthelemi places him much earlier." AGELADA8, or AGELAS, an eminent Greek sculp- tor, flourished in the eighty-seventh olympiade, or 432 B. C. according to Pliny and Pausanias. His statues were once well known and admired in Greece, particularly two, in brass, of an infant Jupiter, and a young Hercules, and. the female captives. ' AGELIUS, or AGELLI (Anthony), a native of Sor- rento, in the kingdom of Naples, was celebrated in the sixteenth century for his general learning, and acquaint- ance with the learned languages, and for his writings on the Holy Scriptures. He was one of the inspectors of the Vatican press, where he bestowed great care in examining new editions by the best manuscripts. When he was pro- moted to the bishoprick of Acerno or Acerre, in the king- dom of Naples, in 1595, the learned Peter Morin com- plained of this transaction, in a letter addressed to cardinal Cajetan, as depriving the Vatican press of an eilitor of the first ability and accuracy ; and begged that tlie cardinal would induce him, before he took possession of his bishop- ric, to instruct his successors in the library and press of 1 (Jen. Diet.— .Moreii. — Fabric. Bibl. Groec. — S.ixii Onoinabticon. 3 Ibid, ChaufcpiCi — Biographie Uiiiverselle. 220 A G E L I U S. the Vatican, and superintend such works as he had begun. What effect this had, we are not told ; hut lie was employed )>y pope Gregory XIII. on the Greek edition of the Bihle, Home, 1587, foi. His orioinal works consist of C'ommen- taries : 1. On the "Psalms and Canticles," fol. Rome, ,1606 ; Cologne, ItOT ; and Paris, 1611. 2. "On the La- mentations," compiled from the Greek fathers, Rome, 15S9, 4to. 3. "On tiie Proverbs of Solomon: and, 4. *' On the prophet Ilabakkuk," Antwerp, 1697, Svo. Le Long mentions other works of Agelius in manuscript ; but his Commentary on the Psalms procured him most repu- tation, and has been frequently reprinted. He died at Acerno in 1603. ' AGELNOTH, or Egelnoth, or ^Ethelnoth, in Latin AcHELNOTUS, archbishop of Canterbury in the reign of Canute the Great, succeeded to that see in the year 1020. This prelate, surnamed the Good, was son of earl Agilmer, and, at the time of his election, dean of Canterbury. After his promotion, he went to Rome, and received his pall from pope Benedict YIII. In his way thither, as he passed through Pavia, he purchased, for an hundred talents of silver and one of gold, St. Augustine's arm, which was kept there as a relic ; and sent it over to England, as a present to Leofric, earl of Coventry. Upon his return, he is said to have raised the see of Coventry to its former lustre. He was much in favour with king Canute, and employed his interest with that monarch to good purposes. It was by his advice the king sent over laro-e sums of monev lor the support of the foreign churches : and Malmsbury observes, that this prince was prompted to acts of piety, and restrained from excesses, by the regard he had for the archbishop. King Canute being dead, Agelnoth refused to crown his son Harold, alleging that the late king had enjoined him to set the crown upon none but the issue of queen Emn)a ; that he had given the king a promise upon this head, and that he was resolved to be true to his en- gagement. Having declared himself with this freedom, he iaid the crown upon the altar, with an inqjrecation against those l)ishops who should venture to perform the ceremony. HaroKl, uho was greatly chagrined at this disappointment, endeavoured, both by menaces and large offers, to prevail upon the archbishop, but in vain : and whether he wa* alterwards crowned by any other person is uncertain, ' iMorcri. — J.c Long iJiblfolhcca Sacra. — Saxii Onomastlcon. A G E L N O T H. 221 A"-elnotli, aftei' he had held the see of Canterhnry seven- teen years, died Oct. 29, 1038. Three works liave been attributed to him: " A panegyric on the blessed Virgin Mary;" "A letter to Earl Leofric, concerning St. Au- gustine ;" and " Letters to several persons." ' AGEK, or AGEIUUS (Nicholas), professor of medicine and botany ^it Strasbourg, in the seventeenth century, was ihe contemporary and friend of the two learned brothers, John and Gaspar Bauhin, to whom he communicated se- veral new plants which he had discovered. In honour of him, a species of the genus Foederota, which he first made known, was named Ageria. He was likewise eminent for his knowledge of natural philosophy and natural history in all its branches. He published " Dispututio de Zoo- phytis ;" Strasburgh, 1625, 4to. and " De Anima Vege- tativa, ibid. IG29, 4to. Manget attributes to him a thesis " Do Homine sano et de Dysenteria," 1593, 4to. " AGESANDER, a sculptor of Kliodes, who flourished probably in the fifth century B. C. is renowned for having executed, in concert with his son Athenodorus and Poly- doros, that stupendous monument of Grecian art, the Eaocoon. It is supposed that this is the same groupe which decorated the baths of Titus in the time of Pliny, to whom ^ve owe our knowledge of the names of the artists. It has been astonishingly preserved ever since to exhibit the perfection of the Greek artists in the imitation of na- ture and passion. It was discovered in the sixteenth cen- tury, in the baths of Titus, and in the very spot where, ac- cording:'' to Pliny, it had attracted achniration in his time. The only circumstance w^hich suggests a doubt on this subject is, that Pliny represents the groupe to have been formed of one solid block, whereas the present is evidently composed of several ; but it is probable that time has ren- dered the fissures between the pieces more visible than when Pliny saw it. Julius 11. hestowed a very liberal re- ward on Felix de Fredis who discovered the Laocoon, and it remained in Rome until the arrival of the French army, when that and other celebrated monuments of art were removed to the museimi at Paris. Borghini and Winkel- man place the Laocoon and its sculptors in the most bril- liant jera of the art in Greece ; but of this some doubts have been entertained. Lessing, in his ingenious disser- l Biog, Brit. 2 Biographic UniverselU,— Manget, Bill. . , 222 A G E S A N D E R. tation on poetry and paintinjr, of which the Laocoon i8 both the title and the subject, endeavours to prove that the statue was made after the sublime passage in Virgil, in which Laocoon's story is given; and from a consideration of the exquisite finishing of this groupe, compared with the works of the Grecian artists, he is of opinion that it was executed under the Cuesars. Be this as it may, the Laocoon has immortalised the names of Agesander, Athe- nodorus, and Polydorus. ' AGGAS (Ralph), a surveyor and engraver in the six- teenth century, whose original plates are now extremely rare. He first drew a plan of London, whicli, though re- ferred to the time of Henry VHI. and Edward VI. appears from several circumstances to have been made early in Elizabeth''s reign, about 1560, on wood. It was republished in 16 18, with alterations, in six sheets, cut in wood, and re-engraved by Vertue in 1748. The plates were bought by the Society of Antiquaries, and published in 1776. His next performances were plans of Oxford and Cambridge, about 1578. The former is the oldest plan of the city of Oxford extant. It was engraved at the expence of the university in 1728, with ancient views, on the borders, of the colleges and schools as they originally stood. This plate was unfortunately destroyed at the fire whicli con- sumed so much literary property belonging to Mr. Nichols, in 1808. The only other plan of Aggas's workmanship, now known, is one of Dunwich in Suffolk, dated March, 158y, on vellum, and not engraved. Ames attributes to him a work entitled " A Preparative to platting of Landes, and Tenements for surveigh, &c." 1596. He is supposed to have been related to Edward Aggas, the son of Robert Aggas, of Stoke-nayland in Suffolk, who was a bookseller of some note from 1576 to 1594 ; and from one or other probably descended Robert Aggas, or Angus, a landscape painter and scene painter, whose best work extant is a. landscajje now in Painter-stainers hall. He died in Lon-. don, 1679, aged about sixty. '' AGLIONBV (Edward), educated at Eton, and in 1536. elected to King's College, Cambridge, of which he after-. wards became a fellow and M.A. was esteemed a very good Grecian and Latin poet. Ha was afterwards a justice of • Bidirraphie Univcrse.lle. - . '(i'ougli'sToiiogiaphy, — xVmes's History of Priatins—Walpole's Anecdotes of l^ainliin,'. A G L I O N B Y. 2E> peace in Warwickshire. He wrote the genealogy of Queen J£lizabetli, for which she gave hiiu an annual pension of five ponnds : and a Latin poem " in obitnni duorum Suf- folciensiuni fratrun)," whicii is pi'inted in Wilson's " Epi- granimata," 1552, 4to. » AGLIONBY (John), an eminent divine of a very an- cient family in Cuniheriand (whose name was de Aguilon, corruptly Aglionby), the son of Edward Aglionby, esq. and Elizabeth Musgrave of Crookdayke, was admitted a student of Queen's College, Oxford, in 1583. Being elected fol- Jow, he went into orders, and became an eloquent and learned preacher. Afterwards he travelled abroad, and was introduced to the acquaintance of the famous cardinal Bellarmin. On his return he was made chaplain in ordi- nary to Queen Elizabeth, and in 1600 took the degree of D. D. About that time he obtained the rectory of IsHp, near Oxford, and in 1601 was elected principal of St. Ed- mund's hall. He was likewise chaplain in ordinary to king James I. and, according to Wood, had a considerable share in the translation of the New Testament ordered by the king in 1604. The Biog. Brit, says, that Wood men- tions no authority for this assertion ; but Wood, in his Annals, gives his name among the other Oxford divines who were to translate the Gospels, Acts, and A])ocalypse. Dr. Aglionby died at Islip, Eeb. 6, 1609-10, aged forty- three, and was buried in the chancel of the parish church. He was eminent for his learning, deeply read in the Fathers, and a distinguished critic in the languages. His son George Aglionuy was eighth dean of Canterbury, by- appointment of Charles I. but was never installed, nor reaped any advantage by it, as- the parliament had then (1642) seized on the profits of those capitular bodies, which were within the power of their arms, and he sur- vived his nomination but a few months, dying at Oxford Nov. 1643, aged forty. From this family probably de- scended William xVglionby, a gentleman of polite learn- ing, who was envoy from Queen Anne to tlie Swiss Can-' tons, and author of a book entitled '' Painting illustrated, in three dialogues, with the lives of the most eminent painters from Cimabue to Raphael," Lond. 1685, 4to. In., Macky's Characters (really written by Mr. Davis, an officer in the customs) he is thus spoken of : " He has abundance * Tanner. — Harwood's Alumni Etonenjes, p. 155. S24. A G L I O N B Y. of wit, and understands most of the languages well : knows how to tell a story to tlie best advantage ; but has an affect- ed manner of conversation : is thin, splenetic, and tawny complexioned, turned of sixty years old ;'* to which Swift added in manuscrii)t, " He had been a Papist." In a col- lection of letters published some years ago, there are se- veral from Dr. William Aglionby, F. R. S. dated from 1685 to 1691, principally written iVom different parts of the continent, and probably by the same person, who is styled Doctor in Swift's Works. ' AGNELLI (Joseph), a learned Jesuit, born at Naples in 1621, and for many j'cars teacher of divinity, and go- vernor of the colleges of Monte-Pulciano, Macerata, and Ancona. He passed the last thirty years of his life among^ the society of Jesuits at Rome, where he wrote many works, antl died Oct. 8, 1706. Of these works, the most celebrated is "II parrocliiano instruttore," Rome, 1677, 2 vols. 4to ; reprinted at the same place, 1704, in 6 vols. 8vo. - AGNELLI, or AGNELLUS (orANDRKw), archbishop of Ravenna in the ninth century, wrote the history of his pre- decessors in that see, in a bold style, and with little respect for the interests or character of the court of Rome, ])y which his grandfather or great-grandfather had been put to death. Tliere are many curious facts in this collection of lives, but also several mistakes in dates. It was published by father Bacchini, in 1708, with notes, under the title *' Agnelli qui et Andreas, abbatis S. Marice ad Blachernas, liber pontilicalis, sive vitac Pontificum Ravennatum, &c." 2- vols. 4to. Muratori reprinted it in his collection of Ita- lian historians. Spreti, who wrote on the history of Ra- venna, Vossius, and Morcri, have confounded Agnelli with one of the same name who lived in the sixtli century, and is supposed to have written a letter in the Bibliothec. Pa- truni, " J)e ratione Fidei ad Armenium." * AGNESI (Maria Cajktana, or Gateana), an Italian lady of great learning, was born at Milan, March 16. 1718. Her incUnations from her earliest youth led her to the study of science, and at an age when young persons of her sex attend only to frivolous pursuits, she had made such > Biog. Brit. — Hutchinson's Cumberland, vol. I. p. 194.— Wood's Athense.— Aon.ils.— c:()llc^'.s and Halls.— Todd's Deans of Canterbury. — Swift's Works.— tient. Mn-. vol. LXIV. CiSG, 798, SU, 823 ; EXV. 3(")7. 2 Moreri. ^ ilorer^— Diet. Historiquc— Biographic UuivcrscUc— Saxii Ouomasticon, A G N E S I. 225 astonishing progress in mathematics, that when in 1750 her father, professor in ihe university at Bohjgna, was un- able to continue his lectures from infirm health, she ob- tained permission from the pope, Benedict XIV. to hi! his chair. Before this, at the early age of nineteen, she had supported one hundred and ninety-one theses, which were published, in 1738, under the title " Propositiones Philo- sophicee." She was also mistress of Latin, Greek,- Hebrew, French, German, and Spanish. At length she gave up her studies, and went into the monastery of the Blue Nuns, at Milan, where she died Jan. 9, 1799, In 1740 she pub- lished a discourse tending to prove " that the study of the liberal arts is not incompatible with the understandings of women." This she had written when scarcely nine years old. Her " Instituzioni analitiche," 1748, 2 vols. 4to, were translated in part by Antelmy, with the notes of M. Bossut, under the title of " Traites elementaires du Calcul ■ differentiel et du Calcul integral," 1775j Svo : but more completely into English by that eminent judge of mathe- matical learning, the late rev. John Colson, M. A. F. R. S. -and Lucasian professor of mathematics in the univer- sity of Cambridge. This learned and ingenious man, who ■had translated sir Isaac Newton's Fluxions, with a com- ment, in 1736, and was well acquainted with what ap- peared on the same subject, in the course of fourteen years afterward, in the writings of Emerson, Maclaurin, and Simpson, found, after all, the analytical institutions of Ag- nesi to be so excellent, that he learned the Italian language, at an advanced age, for the sole purpose of translating that work into English, and at his death left the manuscript nearly prepared for the press. In this state it remained for some years, until Mr. Baron Maseres, with his usual libe- ral and active spirit, resolved to defray the whole expence of printing a handsome edition, 2 vols. 4to, 1801, which was superintended in the press by the rev. John Hellins, E. D. F. R. S. vicar of Fotter's-pury, in Northamptonshire. Her eloge was pronounced by Frisi, and translated into French by Boulard. ' AGNOLO (Baccio d'), a sculptor and architect of Flo- rence, was born in 1460, and was first distinguished for the beauty of his inlaid work, which he -applied to articles of furniture, and with which he ornamented the stalls in 1 Biographic Universelfe,— Diet. Hist.— Saxii Onomasticon.— Colsou's Trans- lation, preface. Vol. I. Q 22« A G N O L O. the choir of the church of St. Maria-Novellc. He also executed the carved wooden work on the organ of the same cliurch, and on the altar of de la Nunziata. Haying been led to the study of arclutecture, he came to Rome to devote his attention to it, but did not give up the practice of carving, and soon had a favourable opportunity to exer- cise both. When Leo X. travelled in Italy, all the cities through which he passed wished to receive him with ho- nour, and Baccio gave designs for many of the triumphal arches ordered to be erected. On his return to his coun- try, his workshop became a sort of academy to which ama- teurs, artists, and strangers resorted. Raphael, then very young, and Michael Angelo are said to have been of these parties. By this means Baccio acquired great reputation, and was employed on many splendid buildings in Florence. Conjointly with Cronaca, he executed the decorations of the grand saloon of the palace, and the beautiful staircase leadinsj to it. But his best work is to be seen in the Bar- tolini palace and garden. Here he shewed the tirst speci- men of square windows surmounted by pediments, and doors ornamented by columns, a mode which although fol- lowed generally since, was much ridiculed by his country- men as an innovation. In other palaces he executed some beautiful ornaments in wood. He preserved his vigour and reputation to a great age, dying in 1 543, in his eighty- third year. He left three sons, one of whom, Giuliano, in- herited his skill in architecture, but designed more than he executed. ' AGOBARD, archbish'ip of Lyons, was one of the most celebrated and learned prelates of the ninth century. Dr. Cave and Olearius tell us he was a Frenchman, but Du Pin says there is no absolute proof of this. He was born in the year 779, as father Mabillon deduced from a short martyrology, upon which Agobard seems to have written some notes with his own hand. In the year 782 he came from Spain to France. Leidrade, archbishop of Lyons, ordained him priest in the year 804, and nine years after he was appointed coadjutor, or corepiscopus to that pre- late, and when, in the year 816, Leidrade returned to a monastery at Soissons, Agobard was substituted in his room with the consent of the emperor, and the whole synod of the French bishops, who highly approved of the choice ' Biojrapble IJniycrselle. A G O B A R B. 221 which Leidraxle had made of a successor. This ordina- tion, however, was objected to, as it is contrary to the canons, that a bishop should choose his successor kim- seif. Agobard notwithstanding enjoyed the see quietly till he was expelled from it by the emperor Louis le De- bonnaire, because he had espoused the party of his sou Lothaire, and been one of the chief authors of deposing him in tlie assembly of bishops at Compiegne in the year 833, For Lewis, having secured himself against the injus- tice and violence which had been offered by Lothaire and tlie bishops of his party, prosecuted the latter in the coun- cil of Thionville in the year 835. Agobard, who had re- tired to Italy, with the other bishops of his party, was sum* moned three times before the council, and refusing to ap- pear, was deposed, but no person was substituted in his room. His cause was again examined in the year 836, at an assembly held at Stramiac near Lyons : but it continued still undetermined, on account of the absence of the bi- shops, whose sole right it was to depose their brother. At length, the sons of the emperor having made their peace with him, they found means to restore Agobard, who wa» present in the year 838, at an assembly held at Paris ; and he died in the service of his sovereign, in Xaintonge, June 5, in the year 840. This church honoured him with the title of saint. He had no less share in the affairs of the church, than those of the empire ; and he shewed by his writings that he was a much abler divine than a politician. He was a strenuous defender of ecclesiastical discipline, very tenacious of the opinions he had once espoused, and very vigorous in asserting and defending them. Dupin, however, acknowledges that he was unfriendly to the wor- ship of images, and it appears that he held notions on that subject which would have done honour to more enlight- rned times. He wrote a treatise entitled " Adversus dogma Faelicis ad Ludovicum Imp." against Felix Orgelitanus, to shew that Christ is the true son of God, and not merely by adoption and grace. He wrote likewise several tracts against the Jews, a list of which may be seen in the Gene- ral Dictionar}', 10 vols. fol. from whence our account of him is principally taken. His style is simple, intelligible, *nd natural, but without elevation or ornament. He rea- sons with much acuteness, conhrming his arguments, as was the custom then, by the authority of the fathers, whom lit bas largely quoted. Hi* works were buried in obscurity 22S A G O B A R t>. for several ages, un£il Papii-ins Masso found a manuscript of them by 'chtince at a bookseller's shop at Lyons, who was"jiist going to cut it t« pieces to bind his books with. Masso published this manuscript at Paris iii 1603 in Svo, and the original was after his death deposited in the king of France's library.' But Masso having suffered many terrors to' escape hltii in his edition^ M. Baluze pubhshed a, more correct edition at Paris, 1666, 2 vols. Svo, from the same rfianuscript, and illustrated it with notes. He like- wise added to it a treatise of Airobard entitled " Contra quatuor libros Amalarii liber," which he copied from an old manuscript of Peter Marna?sius, and collated with an- other manuscript of Chifflet. This edition has been like- wise reprinted in the " Bibliotheca PatruiiJ." ' AGOCCHI. ^eeAGUCCHIO. '■ AGOSTINi (LiONARDo), An eminent antiquary, lived in the seventeenth century. Under th.e pontificate of Urban VIII. he resided in the court of cardinal' Barberini;. and afterwards pope Alexander VII. who had a great esteerii fot him, gave him the appointment of examiner of antiquities in the Roman territory. He published the two following works, which are now scarce, and much valued. 1. " La Sicilia di Filippo Paruta descritta con Medaglie, con la giiinta di Lionardo Agostini," Rome, 1649, folio. 'This is a new edition of Paruta's Sicilian medals, which was origi-^ hally published at Palermoj 1612,' folio, under the title *' Delia Sicilia di Filippo Paruta descritta c6n Medagli^, parte prima;" This first palt^' which has become very rare^ contains only engravings of the medals, to which a descrip- tion was promised, in a second part, which never appear-^ ed. Agostini used the same plates as Paruta, arid added about four hundred medals to those, in Paruta's edition, 'but still without explanations. After his death, Paruta's plates having fallen into the hands of Marco Maier, a bookseller^ he published at Lyons, in 1697, a new edition, in folio, entitledj " La Sicilia di Filippo Paruta desCrittk con Me- dUc^life, .£«. ristampatacon aggiurita di Lionardo Agostiriij hora in migUor ordine disposta da ]\Iarco Maier, arricliita d''>nna de^crittione com[)endiosa di quella ■ famosa is6la;" But notwithstanding the explanations and 'historical addi- tions of'this editor, this edition is less valued than those of Paruta and Agostini.' The best and most complete is that A G O S T I N I. 229 wliic-h Ilavprcamp published in Latin, at Leyden, 1723, 3 vols, folio, with a coalmentary ; these form the sixth, seventh, and eighth volumes of Gra:;vius's Tiiesaunis. The other work of Agostini is, 2. " Le Gemme antiche figurate' di Liouardo Agostiui, cou le annotazioni del sig. Gio. Pietro Bellori," part I. Rome, 1636 and 1657, 4to; part II. Roiue, 1670; reprinted 1686, 2 vols, 4to. In 1702, Do- minique de Rossi })ublished an enlarged edition at Rome, 2 vols. 4to ; and in 1707, a fourth edition was published at the same place in four large vols. 4to, vvith a vast number of additions by Maffei. The first, however, is still in highest esteem on account of the beauty of the plates, which were executed by Galestruzzi ; and the editors of the Orleans (jems in 1780 seem to luidervalue the labours of Maffei and Gronovius, who translated this work into Latin, Amsterdam, 1685, 4tOj reprinted at Franeker, 1694, Joe-' cher, in his Dictionary of learned Men, attributes to Agos- tini a work entitled *' Consiglier di pace," which was writ-. ten by Lionardo Agosti. ' AGOSTINO (Paul), of Valerano, an eminent musician, was born in 1593, and Avas the scholar of Bernardo Nanini, and successor to Soriano in the pontifical chapel. Antinio Liberati speaks of him as one of the most scientific and ingenious composers of his time, in every species of music then cultivated ; and adds, that when he Was master of the chapel of St. Peter's church at Rome, he astonished the musical world with his productions for four, six, and eight thoirs or choruses ; some of which might be sung in four or six parts only, without diminishing or enervating the harmony. Father Martini, who bears testimony to the truth of this eulogiuip, has inserted an Agnus Dei, in eight parts, of this composer, which is truly a curious produc- tion, three different canons being carried on at the same time, in so clear aiul natural a manner, both as to melody and harmony, that this learned father, who had been long exercised in such arduous enterprizes, speaks of it as one of the greatest efforts of oenius and learnin*'- in this most dif- firult kind of composition. Agostino died in 1629, in the prime of life. ^ AGOULT (William d'), a Provencal gentleman and poet, of the twelfth century, died in 1181, leaving behind 1 Eiog:rapliie UiiiverscHo. — Description des Picircs gravees du cabinet D'Or* leans, preface. 2 Biirney's Hist, of Mii'iic, vol. III.— Tiiogiaptiie UniverseHe. 250 A G O U L T. him the character of a man, learned, amiable, witty, and elegant in person and manners. He married Jausserande de Lunel, in praise of whom he wrote many verses, dedi- cated to Ildefonso, the first of the name, king of Arragon, prince of Provence, and count of Barcelona, in whose court he held the rank of first gentleman. He complained that in his time the passion of love was not properly under- stood, and therefore wrote a treatise or poem, entitled " La maniera d'Amar del temps passat." In this he maintains, in a chain of reasoning, that no one can be happy unless he is a good man ; that no one can be a good man unless he is in love; and that no man knows how to love who is not careful of his mistress's honour. None of his writings have been published. The family of Agoult still exists in Dauphiny and Provence.' AGREDA (Maria d'), a singular impostor and enthu- siast, the daughter of Francis Coronel, was born at Agreda in 1602. Her father made his house a convent of female Cordeliers, under the name of The Immaculate Conception, and his wife and daughters made profession. Maria was elected superior of the convent, and died there in 1665, after having written " The Mystical City of God," which contains a life of the blessed Virgin, full of absurdity and impiety. Yet it was printed at Lisbon, at Madrid, at Per- pignan, and at Antwerp, and at last translated into French by father Crozet, and printed at Brussels, 3 vols. 4to, and 8 vols. 8vo. The doctors of the Sorbonne condemned it; but their sentence was not allowed to be promulgated in .Spain, where this work was highly popular. ■' AGRICOLA (Cneius Julius) was born at the colony of Forurn-Julii, or Frejus in Provence, A. D. 40, in the reign of Caligula. His father's name was Julius Gracinus, a man of senatorial! rank, and famous for his eloquence. He was put to death by Caligula for refusing to accuse Marcus Si^ lanus. His mother's name was Julia Procilla, a lady of ex- emplary virtue. He studied philosophy and ciyil law at Marseilles, as far as was suitable to his character as a Ro- man and a seriator. His first service in war was under Sue- tonius Paulinus in Britain; and upon his return to Rome he married Domitia Decidiana, with whom he lived in the utmost harmony and tranquillity. He was chosen questoi ' Biographic Universcllc. — Diet, de L'Avocat. — Moreri, 3 Ccn, Diet, — Mortri. — Biographic Universclle, A G R I C O L A. 231 in Asia at the same time that Salvius Titiaiius was pro-con- sul there ; and he preserved his integrity, though that ])ro» vince was extreniely rich, and Titianus, who was very avaricious, would liave readily countenanced his extortions in order to screen his own. He was afterwards chosen tri- bune of the people, and then praetor, under the emperor Nero. In Vespasian's time he was made legate to Vettius Bolanus in Britain, and upon his return was ranked among the patricians by that emperor, and afterwards ap[)ointecl governor of Aquitania; which post he held for three years, and upon his return was chosen consul, and then governor of Britain, where he distinguished himself by his courape and conduct in several campaigns. He subdued the Ordo- vices, or people of North Wales, and the island Mona, or Anglesey ; and then reformed the abuses occasioned by the avarice or carelessness of the former governors, putting a stop to all manner of extortions, and causing justice to be impartially administered. Vespasian dying about this time, Titus his son, knowing Agricola's great nierit, continued him in the goverrmient. In the spring he marched towards the north, where lie made some new conquests, and ordered forts to be built for the Romans to winter in. He spent the following winter in en^ deavouring to bring the Britons to conform to the Komish customs. He thought the best way of diverting them irom rising and taking arms, was to soften their rough manners by the more refined amusements of Rome ; and soon after, the country was adorned with magnificent temples, porti- coes, baths, and other fine public and private edifices. The British nobles had their sons educated in learning, and they who before had the utmost aversion to the Roman language, now made it their study. They wore likewise the Roman habit; and, as Tacitus observes, they were brought to con- sider those things as signs of politeness, which were only so many badges of slavery. — In his third campaign he ad- vanced as far as the river Tweed; and in his fourth he sub- dued the nations between the Tweed and the firths of Edinburgh and Dumbarton, into which the Clyde and the Tay discharge themselves. Here he built castles and for- tresses, in order to shut up the nations which were yet un- conquered. In his fifth campaign he marched beyond the lirths, where he subdued some nations, and fixed garrison* along the western coasts over-against Ireland, designing to make a descent upon tiiat island, having had perfect in- 232 A G R I C O L A. formation of its state from a chief who had been banished from thence. In his sixth campaign lie passed the firth of Forth, ordering his fleet, the first which the Romans ever had upon those seas, to row along the coasts, and take a view of the northern parts. He was advancing farther northwards, when he was informed that the northern na- tions were marching against him with a formidable army, which he routed. In the following spring the Britons raised an army of thirty thousand men, commanded by Galgacus, who endeavoured to rouse their patriotism by au admirable speech which may be seen in Tacitus, and which seems adapted to the case of every nation about to lose its liberties by the invasion of a powerful enemj-. Agricola on this occasion likewise addressed his soldiers in a very eloquent harangue, which was so prevailing, that the Bri- tons were routed, with the loss of ten thousand killed ; whereas but three hundred and forty of the Romans were killed. Domitian, being informed of this victory, grew jea- lous of the conqueror, and recalled him under pretence of making him governor of Syria. His death was suspected to have been occasioned by poison given him by that em- peror; and, as Tacitus remarks, happened very seasonably for him., as he did not live to witness the calamities brought upon his country by the cruelty of Domitian. He died Aug. 23, A. D. 93, in the fifty-fourth yeaivof his age. It is scarcely needful to remind our readers that his life was affectionately written by his son-in-law Tacitus, who gives him a very high character, but not more than is warranted by contemporary authority; at least we are acquainted with no documents that can detract from it. ' AGRICOLA (George), a German physician, eminent for his knowledge of metallurgy, was born at Glaucha- in Misnia, March 24, 1494. The discoveries which he made- in the mountains of Bohemia after his return from Italy, whither he went to pursue his studies, gave him such a taste^ for examining every thing that related to metals, that when engaged in the practice of physic at Joachimstal in Misnia,' he employed all the time he could possibly spare in the study of fossils ; and at length removed to Chemintz, that he might whplly devote himself to this pujrsuit. • He is said to have applied to it with such disinterested zeal, that he not only spent the pension procured for him from Maurice, I Gen. Diet. . . . A G R I C O L A. 333 duke of Saxony, but a considerable part of his own estate ; and when duke Maurice and duke Augustus went to join the army of Charles V. in Bol>emia, Agricola attended them, \n order to demonstrate liis attachment, ahhough this obhged him to quit the care of his family and estate. He died at Chemiutz, Nov. 21, 1555. He was a zealous Ro- man Catholic, but was considered by the Lutherans as in some respects an apostate from the* reformed religion, and they carried their rancour against him so far as to refuse his body the rites of burial. It was therefore obliged to be re- moved from Chemintz to Zeits, where, it was interred iii the principal church. Bayle thinks that he must have irri- tated the Lutherans by some instances of excessive aversion to them, and Peter Albinus represents him as an intolerant bigot. His works are " De ortu et causis Subterraneo- rum. De natura eorum, qute effluunt ex terra. De natura Fossilium. De Medicatis Fontibus. De Subter- raneis Animantibus. De veteribus et novis Metallis. De re Metallica." This last has been printed at Basil four umes, in folio, 154.6, 1556, -loSS, and 1561, which shews the very high esteem in which it was held. His work *' De ortu et causis Subterraneorum" was printed at Basil, 1583, fol. Ba}le mentions a political work of his, '• De bello Turcis inferendo,"- Basil, 1538, and a controversial treatise, " De .Traditionibus Apostolicis." His principal medical work, " De Peste," was printed at Basil, 1554., He wrote also " De Ponderibus et Mensuris" against Bu- deus, Leonard Portius, and Alciati, which the latter endea- voured to ansu'er, but without success. His life is written by Melchior Adam,' AGRICOLA (John), a Saxon divine, born at Islcben, April 20, 1492, was an^ eminent doctor of the Lutheran church, though chargeable with vanity, presumption, and artifice, Bayle gives rather a confused account of his life, from which, however, it appears that he made himself dis- tinguished in 1538, upon the following occasion. Luther, in the course of his ministry, was insisting upon the neces- sity of imprinting deeply in the minds of the people, that doctrine of the gospel, which represents Christ's mei'its as the souice of man's salvation ; and while he was eagerly employed in censuring and refuting the popish doctors, Vi'ho mixed the law and the gospel together, and repre- ? Gen. Diet, — Moreri. — Saxii Ouomast. — Mclcliior Adam, f34 A G II 1 C O L A. sented eternal happiness as the fruit of legal obedience, Agricola took an opporiunity to declaim against the law, maintaining that it was neither fit to be proposeosition of so powerful a»i adversar}-^, acknowledged and renounced his system. His recantation, however, does not seem to have been sincere, since we are told that, when his fears were dispelled by the death of Luther, he returned to his errors, and gained many prose- lytes. Still it has been pleaded on the part of Agricola, by Mosheim, that the full extravagance of Antinomianisrn is not to be attributed to him, and that his principal fault lay in some harsh and inaccurate expressions, that were susceptible of dangerous and pernicious interpretations. If therefore, we follow the intention of Agricola, without in- terpreting, in a rigorous manner, the uncouth })hrases and improper expressions he so frequently and so injudiciously employed, his doctrine, Mosheim thinks, will plainly ajnount to this; " That the ten commandments, published during the ministry of Moses, were chiefly designed for the Jews, and on that account might be lawfully neglected and laid aside by Christians; and that it was sufficient to ex- plain with perspicuity, and to enforce with zeal, what Christ and his apostles had taught in the New Testament, both with respect to the means of grace and salvatioji, and the obligations of repentance and virtue." He died at Berlin in 1566. Agricola wrote but few books. The first was " An ex- planation of three hundred German Proverbs;" and in a secon A G R I C O L A. 231 of faith and worship to the contending parties of Protest- ai^s und Papists, until a council should be summoned : this is well known in ecclesiastic al history by the name of the Ifiterim, and was opposed by many of the reformers. ' AGRICOLA (Michel), a native of Finland, and a Lu- theran divine of considerable eminence in the sixteenth century, studied divinity and medicine in the university of Wittemberg. Having become acquainted with Luther, that reformer recommended liim to Gustavus L ; and on his rieturn to Sweden, he was made rector of Abo, in 1539. Gustavus afterwards sent him to Lapland to preach Chris- tianity to the benighted Laplanders. In 1554, he was ap- pointed bishop of Abo, and then went into Russia, with the urchbishop of Upsal, Laurentius Petri, in order to have a conference with the clergy of that country. He died in 1557. He translated the New Testament into the Finland language, which was printed at Stockholm, 1548; and is said also to have translated into the same language a work entitled " Rituale Ecclesiae ab erroribus pontificiorum re- purgatus." * AGRICOLA (RoDOLPiius), one of the most learned jmen of the fifteenth century, was born in 1442, in the vil- lage of Bafflon, or Baffeln, near Groningen, in Friseland. Melchior Adam says, his parents were of one of the most considerable families in Friseland; but Ubo Emmius, in his history of that country, represents him as of mean extrac- tion ; and Bayle, who appears to have examined the matter with his usual j>recision, inclines to the latter opinion. He was, however, sent to school, where he made an uncommon progress, and had scarcely taken his degree of M. A. at Louvain, when he was offered a professorship, which he did not accept, as it would have prevented his travelling for farther improvement, a course usually taken by the learned men of those times. He went from Louvain to I'aris, and from thence to Italv, residing two years at Fer- rara, where he learned Greek and taught Latin, and dis- jputed in prose and verse with Guarinus and the Strozzas, and where the duke honoured him with particular atten- tion. He read lectures likewise on piiiIoso})hy in this city, and his auditors were so well pleased as to wish he had been an Italian. At his return to his own country, he had the offer of many considerable employments; and at last • Gen. Diet. — Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History.— Melchior Adam.— Morcri. s Biographie Uiiiveisclle.— Gen. Diet, ?3G A Q R I C O L A, accepted of a post at Groningen, and attended the court; of Maximilian I. for six montiis, upon the affairs of that city. After this, which tlie gratitude of his masters did not render a very proikable employment, he resumed his travels for many years, in the course of which he refusedthe president^ ship of a college at Antwerp, and fixed at length in the Palatinate, influenced by the persuasions of the bishop of Worms, whom he had instructed in the Greek l^iiguage: He came to reside here in 1482, and passed the rest of his life, sometimes at Heidelberg, and sometimes at Worms. • The Elector Palatine was pleased to hear him discourse concerning antiquity, and desired him to compose an " Abridgement of Ancient History," which he performed with great accuracy. He also read public lectures at Worms; but his auditors being more accustomed to the subleties of logic than to polite literatui'e, he w-as not so popular as he deserved. About the fortieth year of his age, he began to study divinity; and having no hope to succeed in it without a knowledge of Hebrew, he applied himself to that language, in which he had made consideraMe pro- gress, when he was seized with an illness, which put ail end to his life and labours, on the 28tli of October, 1485. He died in a very devout manner, and was buried in the church of the minor friars at Heidelberg^. He is thouoht to have inclined a little to the principles of the reformers, He was accomplished in music and poetry, although he used these talents only for his amusement. There are but two works of his extant: " De Inventione Dialectica," printed at Louvain, 1516; and at Cologne in 1539, along with his "Abridgement of Ancient History," 'under the title '^ R. Agricoke lucubrationes," 2 vols. 4to. Erasmus gives a very exalted character of his learning and "abilities; and by some of his admirers he was compared to Yiigil in verse, and to Politian in prose. ' AGRIPPA (Camille), a celebrated architect of Milan, of the sixteenth centui*}-. He was a successful student of mathematics, physics, and philosophy. Under the pontifi- cate of Gregory XUI. there was a design at Rome to re- move a vast obelisk to St. Peter's square, and Agrippa was one of those employed in this undertaking, hitherto thought so difficult. He pul)iished the result of his plan under the title of " Trattato di trasportar la guglia in su la piazz^i ' Gen. Diet.— rMelchior Adam, A G R I P P A. 237 di San Pietro," Rome, 1583, 4to. Flis other works are, 1. " Trattatodi scientia d'Arme, con iin Dialogo di Filo- sofia," Rome, 1553; Venice, 1568, 1604, 4to. 2. "Dia- logo sopra la genevatioiie do Venti, &c." Rome, 1584, 4to. 3, " Dialogo del modo di mettere in Battaglia," Rome, 1585, 4to. 4. " Nuove Invenzioni sopra il modo di Navigare," Rome, 1595, 4to. All his works are very scarce. « 'AGRIPPA (Henry CoUNELius), a man of considerable learning, and cAen a great magiciati, according to report, in the Ibth century', was born at Cologn, the 14th of September, 1486, of the noble family of Nettesheim. He was very early in the service of the emperor Maximilian: acted at first as his secretary"; biit afterwards took to the profession of , arms, and served tliat emperor seven years in Italy, where he distinguished himself in several engage- ments, and received the honour of kniahthood for his jral- lant behaviohr. To his military honours he vvas desitoiw likewise to add those of the universities, and accordingly took the degrees of doctor of laws and physic. He was a man of an extensive genius, and well skilled in many parts of knowledge, and master of a variety of languages ; but his insatiable curiosit}^ the freedom of his pen, and the inconstanc}" of his temper, involved him in so many vicissi- tudes,' that his life became a series of adventures. He was continually changing his situation; always engaging him- seff in some difficulty or other; and, to complete his trou- bles, he drew upon himself the hatred of the ecclesiastics oy his writings. -According to his letters, he was in Francis before th€i year 1507, in Spain in 1508, and at Dole in 1509. At this last place he read public lectures on the work of Reuclilin, " DeVerbo midfico,'' which engaged hi mi in a dispute with Catilinet, a Franciscan. These lec- tures, though they drew upon him the resentment of the monks,' yet gained him general applause, and the counsel- lors of the parliament went themselves to helar theni; • In order to ingratiate himself into the favour of Margaret of Austria, governess of the Low Countries^ he composed a treatise " On the excellence of Women;" but the perse- cution he met with from the monks prevented him from publishing it, and obliged him to ^go over to England, where he wrote a "Commentary upon St. Paul's Epistles." *' >i' h; ; b?i»C;: •: ■ !> sador ot the emperor at London wrote to Agrippa, de- siring him to support the interest of the queen : Agrippa replied, that he would readily engage, if the emperor would give him orders for that purpose ; and dechires that he de- tested the base comjdiancc of tho:;e divines who approved ot the divorce: and with regard to the Sorbonue, " I am not ignorant (says he), by what arts this affair was carried on in the Sorbonne at Paris, who by their rashness have given sanction to an example of such wickedness. When I consider it, I can scarce contain myself from exclaiming, in imitation of Perseus, Say, ye Sorbonnists, what has gold to do With divinity ? What piety and faith shall we imagine to be in their breasts, whose consciences are more venal than sincere, and who have sold their judgments and deci- sions, which ought to be revered by all the Christian world, and have now sullied the reputation they had established for faith and sincerity, by infamous avarice," Agrippa was accused of having been a magician and sorcerer, and in compact with the devil; but it is unnecessary to clear him from this imputation. Bayle justly says, that if he was a, conjuror, his art availed him little, as he was often in want of bread. From the whole history of Agrippa, says Brucker, it ap- pears that he was a man of eccentric genius and restless spirit. In the midst of such numerous chanq-es of situation and fortune, it is surprising that he was able to acquire such extensive erudition, and to leave behind him so many proofs of literary industry. There can be no doubt that he possessed a vigorous understanding, which rose superior to vulgar superstitions, and which prompted him to main- tain a constant warfare with the monks. Though he did not chuse to offend those princes to whom he looked up for patronage, by deserting the church of Rome, he saw with great satisfaction the bold attack made upon its corruptions by Martm Luther: and he himself, like Erasmus, Faber, and others, perpetually harrassed the monks by satirical Tvritirigs. His c3'nical severity, and above all the disposi- tion which he discovered to make his fortune by practising Vol. L R 543 A G R I P P A. upon vulgar credulity, must not pass without censure. His occult philosophy is rather a sketch of the Alexandrian, mixed with the Cabbalistic theology, than a treatise on magic. It explains the harmony of nature, and the connec- tion of the elementary, celestial, and intellectual worlds, on the principles of the emanative system. His treatise on the Vanity of the Sciences is not so much intended to traduce science itself, as to ridicule the follies of the learned, and expose the numerous absurdities of the established modes of education. His attention to magical studies began early, according to Meiners ; in youth he joined a secret society at Paris which was defended against the profane by peculiar rites of admission. The separation of this cabbalistical brother- hood did not occasion the dissolution of their lodge ; on the contrary, each of the members endeavoured to found in his own neighbourhood corresponding societies for si- milar purposes. In 1510 Agrippa was sent to England on some commission, relative, probably, to the treaty be- tween Henry VIII. and the French king ; and on this oc- casion, as appears by his published letters, he founded in London one of these secret societies for magical pursuits. The same biographer remarks, that a strange mixture of active and passive dupery characterises Agrippa ; an al- ternation of sceptical contempt, and of superstitious cre- dulity respecting the occult arts. If his assertions may be credited, he had attained that intercourse with demoniacal natures, which was the boast of Plotinus and Jamblicus ; and his magical pretensions found so much credit with his contemporaries, that they describe him as carrying about with him a devil in the form of a black dosf. The two principal works of Agrippa, already mentioned, were printed under the following titles : 1. " De inceiti- tudine etvanitate Scientiarum, declamatio invectiva," with- out date, 8vo; Colugn, 1527, 12mo; Paris, 1531, 8vo j 1531, 8vo; 1532, 8vo; 1537, 8vo ; and 1539, 8vo. These seven editions are complete, but what were published af- terwards were castrated. The French translation by Louis de Mayenne Turquet, 1582, 8vo, is complete; but that by Gueudeville, Leyden, 1726, 3 vols. 12mo, with the essay on Women, is mutilated. This work has also been published in Italian, English, (by James Sandford, 1569) German, and Dutch. Mr. Granger thinks it has been ijreatly improved upon by Mr. ThoBias Baker, in his ad- A G R I P P A; 243 tnirable " Reflections upon Learning." 2. " De Occulta philosopliia, libri tres," Antwerp and Paris, 1531; Mech- lin, Basle, Lyons, and an edition without place, 1533, fol. Lyons, 8vo, translated into French by Le Vasseur j Hague, 1737, 2 vols. 8vo. 3. " De nobilitateetprGecellentia foeminei sexus, declaniatio," Antwerp, 1.529, 8vo. 4. "Com- mentaria in artem brevem Raymundi Lulli," Cologne, 1533, Selingstadt, 1538, 8vo. 5. " Orationes decern: de du- plici coronatione Caroli V. apud Bononiam ; Ejusd. Epi- gram, &c." Cologne, 1535, 8vo, His entire works have been often published. The edition of Lyons by the Be- rings, Leyden, 1550, 8vo, 2 vols, contains a fourth book of the Occult philosophy, on magical ceremonies, which is not by Agrippa, and has perhaps contributed most to the opinion of his being a magician. ' AGUADO (Francis), a Spanish Jesuit, and voluminous writer, was born 1566, at Torrejon, a village near Ma- drid, and entered the society of Jesuits at Alcale, in 1588^ being then M.A. He was governor of several houses of the order in Spain, twice presided over the province of Toledo, and was twice sent as deputy to the congregations at Rome. The king, Philip IV. chose him for his preacher, and the count Olivarez, Philip's prime minister, appointed him his confessor. He died at Madrid, Jan. 15, 1654. His works consist of six folios, in Spanish, printed at Madrid in 1629, 1638, 1640, 1641, 1643, 1646, 1653, on various religious topics ; and a life of father Goudin, the Jesuit, 8vo, 1643, He left also many treatises which have not been published.^ AGUCCHIO (John Baptista), archbishop of Amasia in Natolia, was born at Bologna, Nov. 20, 1570. He had the advantage of being educated under the care of Philip Sega, his uncle, who was raised on account of his distinguished merits to the rank of cardinal, by pope Innocent IX ; and of Jerom Agucchio, his brother, who was made cardinal by pope Clement VIII. in 1604. His application to study v/as early, rapid, and assiduous, but particularly in the study of polite literature. This recommended him so much to cardinal Sega, that he carried him with him to France, when he went thither as legate from the pope. 1 Gen. Diet.— Moreri. — BiographieUniverselle. — FopperBibl. Bal. — Brucker. —Martin's Biog. Philosophica. — Meincr's Biographies, in Month. Rev. voK XXIV.— Saxii Onomasticon.— Pibdia's Bibliomania, vol. I. p. 23-!24.— Grangfer'n Xiographical History. ' Moreri. R 2 2U A G U C C H I O. After the death of Sega, Agucchio was appointed secre- tary to cardinal Aldobranciini, nephew to pope Clement VIII. and attended him when he went legate to Henry IV, of France, of which journey he wrote a very elegant ac- count. The cardinal, after his return^ committed the management of his house to Agucchio, which province he executed till the death of pope Clement VIII. and of his brother the cardinal Agucchio, when want of health obliged him to retire from the court. But after he had recovered, and had passed some time at Rome in learned retirement, cardinal Aldobrandini brought him again into his former employment, in which he continued till the cardinal's death. He then became secretary to Gregory XV. which place he held uniil the death of that pontiff. In 1624, Urban Vill. sent him as nuncio to Venice, where he became generally esteemed, although he main- tained the rights of the see of Rome with the utmost ri- gour. The contagious distemper which ravaged Italy in 1630, obliged him to retire to Friuli, where he died in 1632. He was a man of very extensive learning, but ap- pears in his private character to have been somewhat austere and narrow. His w^orks are : " A treatise upon Comets and Meteors," " The Life of Cardinal Sega, and that of Jerom Agucchio his brother," and a letter to the canon Barthelemi Dolcini on the origin of the city of Bo- logna, " L'Antica fondazione e dominio della citta di Bologna," Bologna, 1638, 4to. He left also various let- ters and moral treatises, not published. » AGUESSEAU (Henky Francis d'), a French statesman of great worth and talents, was born at Limoges, Nov. 7, 1668, the son of Henry d'Aguesseau, then mtendant of the Limoisin, and afterwards counsellor of state. The family was distinguished for having produced many able magistrates, among whom was Anthony, the grandfather of the chancellor, who was first president of the parliament of Bourdeaux. Henry-Francis, the subject of the present article, was educated under his father in every species of knowledge which promised to qualify him for the office of magistrate. After being admitted, in 1690, an advocate, iie became, a few months after, advocate-general of the jjarliament of Paris, at the age of only twenty-two years. ^ Gen. Diet.— -Erytli. Pinacotlicca. — Moreri,— Biog. Unlverselle.— SaxiL Ono« Aasticon. A G U E S S E A U. 245 The king", in appointing one so young to an office of very great consequence, was guided solely by tlie recomuiend- ution ot' liis latiier. " I know him," said his majesiy, " to be incapable ot deceiving me, even in tlie case of" his own son ;" and the young advocate completely justified the con- fidence reposed in him. The celebrated Denis Talon, who had obtained great reputation in tiie same office, declared that he should have been willing to conclude his career as that young man hud begun liis. After having performed the functions of his office with reputation equal to his com- mencement, he became procurator-general; and the nature of his new ofKce furnished him with occasion to display new talents in the public service. In particular, he in- troduced a complete system of reformation in the ma- nagement of the hospitals, by which abuses were prevented or corrected ; and he restored order and discipline io the tribunals, by which the criminal code was greatly improved. In questions respecting estates, he discovered much acute- ness and ktiowledge of antiquities. In 1709, the war and famine, and public distress ren- dered his place of much importance, and called forth the qualities of the heart as well as the head. At this critical period, Desmarets, the comptroller-general, tij^pointed a committee of the principal magistrates, among wiiom was D'Aguesseau, whose zeal and knowledge animated the whole. He contrived to discover the forestallers of pro- visions; punished the most guilty; and re-established credit and confidence ; and from this time, a sense of the value of his public services made him be often consulted on the most difficult points of administration, and employed to draw up memorials for the king. Towards the end of the reign, however, of Louis XIV. he was threatened with ilisgrace for having refused to register the famous bull Unigenitns. On this occasion it vv^as that madame D'Agues- seau, when her husband was about to set out for Ver- sailles, said, " Go, and before the king, forget your wife and children, and lose every thing but your honour." D'Aguesseau, without perhaps understanding the whole of the doctrines condemned by that bull, thought he per- ceived, in part of its regulations, something that threatened the rights of monarchy, which he therefore had the cou- rage to defend against the monarch himself. It was this sense of the matter which produced the spirited answer he gave to Quirini, the pope's nuncio : ^' Is it thus/' said 246 A G U E S S E A U. Quirini, " that you manufacture arms against Rome ?" " No, Monsieur," replied D'Aguesseau, " these are not arms, but shields." Louis XIV. however, died, and for some time during the regency, D'Aguesseau enjoyed all the credit which his character and virtues merited. In 1717, he succeeded Voisin as chancellor ; but before a year expired, the re- gent took the seals from him, and ordered him into exile for having opposed the establishment of the royal bank, and the other projects contrived by Mr. Law. It was in vain that he endeavoured to expose the danger of issuing a quantity of notes, the value of which was merely imagi- nary ; but the public were struck with the novelty of the scheme, and charmed with its delusive plausibility, and D'Aguesseau was ordered to retire to his estate at Fresnes, while the seals were given to D'Argenson. The issue of Law's project is well known. For two years, it amused the French public, and then the bubble burst. Government was now so embarrassed, and the people so dissatisfied, that in 1720, the regent thought proper to recall the discarded chancellor, and restore the seals to him. Mr. Law himself, and the chevalier de Conflans, first gentleman of the chamber to the regent, were dispatched to D'Aguesseau at Fresnes, while Dubois was ordered to demand the seals from D'Arg-enson. D'Agues- seau's return was blamed by a party composed of members of the parliament, and of some men of letters. They did not relish his accepting a favour conveyed through the hands of Mr. Law ; but, says his biographer, he would have been more to blame, had he refused what had less the appearance of a favour, thiui of amends for injury ten- dered by the chief minister of state. Aguesseau himself considered it as an honour to be re- called in a time of danger, and immediately began to repair the mischief done in his absence, by ordering the pay- ment of the notes issued by the bank, as far as was possible; and although the loss to individuals was great, this mea- sure was less odious than a total bankruptcy, which had been jjroposed. But a new storm burst forth in this cor^ rupt court, which he was unable to oppose with his usual finuness. The regent, who had cajoled the parliament to nullify the will of Louis XIV. now solicited him to register" the declaration of the k ng m favour of the bull Unigcnitus. This was done in compliance with Dubois, now becom* A G U E S S E A U. 247 archbishop of Cambray, and who, expecting a carclinal'f? hat, had flattered the court of Rome with hopes of havincr the bull registered. D'Aguesseau had refused this, as we have seen, in the reign of Louis XIV. without being in- fluenced by any spirit of party, but purely from his attach- ment to the rights of the crown. But now, when chan- cellor, he seemed to view the matter in another light ; he thought it his duty to negociate with the parliaiuent; and the parliament rejected his propositions, and was banished to Pontoise. The re"jent then imagined he mio^ht register the declaration in the grand council. In this solemn as- sembly D'Aguesseau met with a repartee which he no doubt felt. Perelle, one of the members, having opposed the registration with much spirit, D'Aguesseau asked him where he had found all his arguments against it ? " In the pleadings of the deceased M. chancellor D'Aguesseau," answered Perelle, very coolly ; nor was this the only instance in which he was treated with ridicule on this change in his sentiments and conduct. In the mean time the court having threatened to send the parliament to Blois, the cliancellor oflered to resign the seals ; but the regent requested him to retain them; and at length the parliament consented to register the disputed declaration with certain modifications. D'Aguesseau, however, did not enjoy his honours long. In 1722, he refused to yield precedence to cardinal Dubois, the first minister ; and this statesman, who wished to keep at a distance from court every man of virtue and dignity of character, procured the chancellor to be again banished, and he was not recalled until 1727, but without having the seals restored to him. In the mean time the court and parliament were still at variance on ec- clesiastical afl'airs, and the cardinal Fleuri wished to engajye D'Aguesseau's influence in favour of the court; but the latter had unfortunately lost his credit in a great measure, and was considered as a deserter from the cause which he had once defended with so much spirit. In 1737, the seals were again restored to him, but sick of court aflairs and intrigues, he determined to confine himself to his duties as a minister of justice, and in this capacity he performed essential service to his country by restoring the true spirit of the laws, and rendering the execution of them uniform throughout France. In 1730, having attained his eighty-second year, he felt for the first time that his infirmities interrupted his labours, and did 243 A O V E S S E A U. not wish to retain a situation of which he couhl no longer perform the duties. The king, in accepting his resigna- tion, continued to him the honours ot the office of chan- cellor, and bestowed on him a pension of 100,000 franks, which he did not long enjoy, as he died Feb. 9, 1751. In li:')94, he married Anne le Fevre d'Ormesson, a lady worthy of him, and with whom he lived happily until ner death at the village of Anteuil in 1735, when she was in- terred, agreeably to her own orders, in the common burial place of the parish ; and there her husband desired also tq be interred, and for some time a simple cross only pointed out the remains of the chancellor D' Aguessean. Louis XV". however, caused a magnihcent monument, in the form of an obelisk, to be erected, which remained until destroyed by the revolutionary rabble. It has since been repaired at the public expense; and in 1810 the statue of D' Aguessean was placed before the peristyle of the legislative palace, parallel to that of the famous L'Hopital. D'Aguesseau, it is vmiversally acknowledged, was an ex- cellent and upright magistrate, and of sentiments more liberal than could be tolerated in a corrupt court. His memory was surprising, his apprehension quick, and his knowledge of the law extensive and profound. He under- stood radicall}', not only his mother tongue, but also English, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Latin, Greek, and the oriental languages. Studying languages he called an amusement ; and reading the ancient poets, the only pas- sion of his youth. He made verses, which were approved by Racine and Boileau, who were almost the only companions of his leisure. His talents he exercised in offices of virtue, but never to shew his superiority ; and he himself appeared to be the last man who was acquainted with the advantages he conferred on society. His coun- trymen fondly compare him to our illustrious Bacon ; but although we are not disposed to rank him so high, it may- be allowed that his imagination was fertile, his ideas clear, liis images striking, his arguments strong, and his language elegant. He was indeed a prodigy of science and virtue, and a model of true eleoance and taste ; and the sweetness of his temper, with the gentleness and modesty of his de- portment and manners, cast a most attractive lustre over his great intellectual acquirements. He was a stranger to no human sciencp, and made them all subservient to the improvement of those religious and moral principles that A G U E S S E A U. 249 ennoble human nature. He was one of the first men of his age, and that was the age of Louis XIV. Another important part of his character we shall give in the words of one of liis editors : " The enemies," says he, " of re-- vealed religion, are perpetually telling us, tliat it renders man abject and pusillanimous; contracts and shackles the understanding ; retards the progress of science, and is only fit for weak and vulgar minds. If there were not a multitude of exan^ples, adapted to confound the abettors of such an extravap;ant notion, that of the chancellor D'Aguesseau would aione be sufficient for that purpose. This illustrious magistrate, whose sublime genius, and universal knowledge, his country, and indeed the learned world in general, beheld with admiration ; who was one of the brightest ornaments of tbe present age; and who, with unrenuiting activity, consecrated his talents, and his whole life, to the service of his country, was an humble and zealous disciple of the Christian religion, which he con- sidered as the true philosophy ; because it was, according to him, the only guide which could shew man what he was, what he is, and can render him what he ought to be." The works of D'Aguesseau are comprized in 13 vols. 4to, Paris, 17 59 — 89. The edition printed at Yverdun, 1772— 75, 12 vols. 8vo, is not complete. A few of them have beea published separately. ' AGUILLONIUS, or AGUILON (Francis), was a Je- suit of Brussels, and professor of philosophy at Doway, and of theology at Antwerp. He was one of the first that introduced mathematical studies at Antwerp. He wrote a book entitled " Opiicorum lib. VI. Philosophicis juxta ac Mathematicis utiles," printed at Antwerp by Plantin in 1613, in fol.; and a treatise "Of Projections of the Sphere."^ He was employed in finishing his " Catoptrics and Diop- trics," at the time of his death, which happened at Seville, in 1617. He appears to have been a man of great learning, and of great piety. ^ AGUIRRE (Joseph Saenz de), a very learned man of the 17th century, was born at Logrogno, a city of Spain, March 24, 1630, and took the degree of D. D. in the uni- versity of Salamanca in 1668, and read lectures in that I Biographie Universelle. — Moreri, Suppl.to vol. X. p. 74. — Diet. Historiqnc. — Life prefixed to his work5, — Crit. Rev. vol. VI. p. 75. — Month. Rev. vol, LXXill. 2 Gen. Dict.—Bio-. Universelle. 250 A G U I R R E. faculty for many years. He was censor and secretary of the supreme council of the inquisition in Spain, chief in- teqireter of the scriptures in the university of Salamanca, and had been more than once abbot of the college of St. "Vincent, when he was honoured with a cardinal's hat by Innocent XI. in 1686. He died at Rome Aug. 19, 1699. His life was very exemplary ; and the dignity to which he was raised was so far from making any change in him, that he shewed an instance ver\' uncommon, by retracting in an express piece the doctrine of probabilit}', which he liad before maintained, as soon as he found it was inconsistent with the purity of the Christian morality. His first work was entitled " Ludi Salmanticenses sive Theologia Floru- lenta," printed in 1668, fol. These are dissertations which he wrote, according to the custom of the university of Salamanca, before he received his degree of D. D. there; and there are some things in them to which he objected in his more mature years. In 1671 he published three vo- lumes in folio upon philosophy, and in 1673 " A com- mentary upon Aristotle's ten books of Ethics." In 1677 he published " A treatise upon Virtues and Vices, or Dis- putations on Aristotle's Moral Philosophy." He then ap- plied himself to the study of St. Anselm's works, upon whose principles in divinity he published " The Theology of St. Anselm," 3 vols. fol. 1690. In 1683 he published a large work against the declaration of the assembly of the French clergy made in 1682, concerning the ecclesiastical and civil power, under the title of " A defence of the see of St. Peter." The work for which he is chiefly celebrated is his " Collection of the Councils of Spain" with an intro- ductory history. This was published in 1693-4, in 4 vols. fol.; and in 1753 in 6 vols. fol. He published a Prodro- mus of this work in 1686, 8vo. It is variously spoken of; Dii Pni is inclined to depreciate its merit. Abstracts from it may be seen in the Acta Eruditorum of Leipsic, for the month of February, 1688, and some farther particulars in the General Dictionary. • . AGYLyEUS (Henry), an eminent lawyer and law writer, the son of Anthony AgyUieus, originally of an Italian family, was born at Bois-le-duc, about 1533, where he was educated, and became a distinguished Greek scholar. In his youth he carried arms against the king of • Gen. Diet. — Morerh— Saxii Onomasticon. A G Y L ^ U S. 251 Spain, was appointed a deputy to the States General, a member of the supreme councid, and advocate fiscal. But he is less known by his share in the defence of liis country, than by his learning and writings. He published ; 1. " No- vellas Justiniani Imp. Constitutiones," with Holoander's translation corrected, Paris, 1560, 4to. 2. *' Justiniani edicta: Justini, Tiberii, Leonis philosophi constitutiones, et Zenonis una," Paris, 1560, 8vo. 3. A Latin transla- tion of the Nomo-Canon of Photius, with Balsamon's com- mentary, a better translation, and from a more complete copy than that of Gentian Hervet, Basil, 1561, fol. It has been reprinted by Christopher Justel, with the Greek, in 1615, and in 1661 by Henry Justel in his Collection of the ancient canon law. 4. "Inauguratio Philippi II. Hisp. regis, qua se juramento ducatui Brabantia^, &c. obligavit," Utrecht, 1620, 8vo. He died April 1595. ' AHLWARDT (Peter), professor of logic and meta- physics at Greifswald, was born in that town, Feb. 19, 1710, and died there, March 1, 1791, after having enjoyed con- siderable fame, from his learning, zeal, benevolence, and love of truth. His father was a poor shoe-maker, but by extreme oeconomy his son was enabled to pursue his stu- dies at Greifswald, and afterwards at the university of Jena. He became the founder of the society or ox'der of the Abe- lites, the object of which was the promotion of candour and sincerity. His favourite maxim was, " Give every thing on which you are immediately engaged, be it ever so trifling-, all the attention of which you are capable." He thought he had discovered that want of attention is the source of lukewarmness in the cause of virtue, and the great promoter of vice ; and imputed his attachment to the duties of his office and of religion, to his constant ob- servance of the above rule. His principal works are : 1. " Brontothcologie," or pious meditations on the phe- nomena of thunder and lightning, Greifswald, 1745, 8vo; translated into Dutch 1747. 2. " Reflexions on tiie Augs- burgh Confession," eight parts in 3 vols. 1742 — 50, 4to, i^hich may be considered as a continuation of Reinbeck's large work on the same subject. 3. Some " Sermons" and *' Philosophical Dissertations." In those which he pub- lished in 1734 and 1740, on the immortality of the soul, and the freedom of God, he introduced some opinions, ' Foppen Bibl. Bdg. — Biog. Uiiiverselle.— rMoreri. — Saxii Onomasticon. S52 A H L \V A R D T. which on more mature consideration he thought incon- sistent with the truth, ami puhlished a confutation of them. ' AHiMED-BEN-FARES, surnamed EL-RAZY, an Ara- bian lexicographer and lawyer, was the contemporary of the celebrated Djewhary. Besides some works on the subject of jurisprudence, he is the author of an " Arabic Dictionary," entitled '« PIoudjmil-Alloghat," of which there is a manuscript copy in the Leyden library, and another in the Bodleian. Golius, who made use of it in his Arabic dictionary, thinks that it was prior to that of Djewbary. Ahmed cued in Hamdan, about the year 999 of the Christian lera. '^ AHMED-BEN-MOHAMMED, or ABOU AMROU, a native of Djaen, was the first Spanish Arab who composed small epic poems in the style of the onentais. The frag- ments which Dobi has preserved in his Bibh Arab. Es- pagnol. prove that he excelled in that high species of poetry. He also loft a historical work on " the Annals of 8{>ain.*' He died of the gout, brought on by intemper- ance, in the year 970.= ■ AICHER (Otko), a benedicline father, was professor of grammar, poetr}-, rhetoric, and lastly of history, at 8alzburgh, where he died Jan. 17, 1705. He wrote com- mentaries on Tacitus, the Philippics of Cicero, and the first ten books of Livy ; several treatises on the legislation, history, any manners of the early part of the Roman re- public, and dissertations on various other subjects. The titles of his principal works, all printed at Salzburgh, are: J- " Theatrum Funebre, exhibensepitaphia nova, antiqua, seria, jocosa," 167.!;, 4vols. 4to. 2. '' Hortus variarum In- scriptionum veterum et novarum," 1676, 8vo. 3. " De Co- mitiis veterum Romauorum," 1678, 8vo. 4. " Iter orato- rium," 1675. 5. <' Iter Poeticnm," 1674. 6. " De prin- cipiis Cosmographioe," 1678. 7. " Ephcmerides ab anno 1687 Tisque ad 1699."* AiDAN, bishop of Lindisfarne, or Holy island, in the 7th century, was originally a monk in the monastery of lona, one of the islands called Hebrides. In the year 634, he came into England, at the request of Oswald king of NorUuimberland, to instruct that prince's subjects in the ^f-l^'.^'^^'i^^'"^ Universelle.— Neorolog. de Schlirliteoroll, 1791, vol. I, p. •""J";-/' ., . 2 D'Hcrbelot.— Biogcauhie Uiiivcrsellc. •' Bwp. l^niversellc—Casiri Ribi. Arab. Ilisp. ' - * Bici;. ['riiveis'.-lle — Kuiiiaii BM, Vet, et Nov. A 1 D A N. 253 knowledcje of the Christian religion. At his first cominjr to Oswald's court, he prevailed upon the king to remove the episcopal see from York, where it had been settled hy Gregory the great, to Lindisfarne, or Holy island; a penin- sula joAned to the coast of Northumhcrlaiid by a very nar- row neck of land, and called Holy island from its being in- habited chieily by monks ; the beautiful ru'vi-is of its mo- nastery .are still extant. In this place Aidan was very suc- cessful ill his preaching, in which he was not a little as- sisted bv the pious zeal of the king ; who, having lived a considerable time in Scotland, and accpiired a sufficient knowledge of the language, was himself Aidan's interpre- ter; and explained his discourses to the nobility, and the rest of his court. After the death of Oswald, who was killed in battle, Aidan continued to govern the church of Northumberland, under his successors Oswin and Oswi, who reigned jointly ; the former in the province of Deira, the latter in that of Bernicia ; but having foretold the un- . timely death of Oswin, he was so afflicted for his loss, that he survived him but twelve days, and died in August 651, after having sat sixteen years. Bede gives him an extra- ordinary character; but at the same time takes notice that he was' not altogether orthodox in keeping of Easter, in which he followed the custom of the Scots, Picts, an'ith his works ; and among the works of St. Bernard is " Tractatus de Dominica infra octavas Epiphaniue, et Sermones XL de oneribus isaiae," which was written by Ailred. Leland, Bale, and Pits, have enumerated his unpublished writings, as has Tanner under the article Ealredus. ' AINSWORTH (Henry), an eminent English noncon- formist divine, who flourished in the latter end of the six- teenth, and beginning of the seventeenth centary, but it is not known when or where he was born. In 1590 he joined the Brovvnists, and by his adherence to that sect shared in their persecutions. He was well versed in the Hebrew language, and wrote many excellent commentaries on the holy scriptures which gained him great reputation. The Brownists having fallen into great discredit in Eng- land, they were involved in many fresh troubles and dif- ficulties ; so that Ainsworth at length quitted his country, and fled to Holland, whither most of the nonconformists, who had incurred the displeasure of queen Elizabeth's government, had taken refuge. At Amsterdam Mr. John- son and he erected a church, of which Ainsworth was the minister. In conjunction with Johnson he published, in 1 602, "A confession of faithof the people called Brownists ;" but being men of violent spirits, they split into parties about certain points of discipline, and Johnson excom- municated his own father and brother : the presbytery of Amsterdam oflered their mediation, but he refused it. This divided the congregation, half of which joining Ains- worth, they excommunicated Johnson, who made the like return to that party. The contest grew at length so vio- lent, that Johnson and his followers removed to Embden, %vhere he died soon after, and his congregation dissolved. Nor did Mr. Ainsworth and his adherents live long in har- mony, for in a short time he left them, and retired to Ireland ; but when the heat and violence of his party subsided, he »eturne Gen. Diet.— .Biog. Univcrsplle.— Moreri.— Saxii OnomRsticon. 9 On. Diet.— Moieri— Mangt't P.iblioth. But it seems doubtful whether this Akakin, or his son, a physician who died in 1 J88, was the author of the two \aiX mentioned work*. A K E N S I D E. 2C9 ther was a reputable butcher of that place. Of this cir- cumstance, which he is said to have concealed from hia friends, he liad a perpetual remembrance in a halt in his gait, occasioned by the falling of a cleaver from his father'* stall. He received the first rudiments of his education at the grammar-school of Newcastle, and was afterwards placed under the tuition of Mr. Wilson, who kept a pri- vate academy. At the age of eigiiteen he went to Ediii-^ burgh to qualify himself for the othce of a dissenting minister, and obtained some assistance from the fund of tho dissenters, which is established for such purposes. Having, however, relinquished his original intention, he resolved to siLudy physic, and honourably repaid that contrii)ation, which, being intended for the promotion of the ministry, he could not c(;nscientiously retain. In 1741 he went to Leyden, to complete his medical studies; and Muy 16, 1744, he took his doctor's degree in physic. On this occasion, he, according to the custom of the ui?iversity, published a dissertation on the Origin and Growth of the Human Foetus. In this his first medical production he is said to have displayed much sagacity and judgment, by attacking some opinions which were then ge- nerally adopted, and by proposing others, which have been since confirmed and received. Akenside gave early indications of genius. — Several of his poems were the produce of his youth. His capital per- formance, The Pleasures of Imagination, was first pub- lished ia 1744; and, like most extraordinary productions, it v/as not properly appreciated till time had matured the public judgment. I have, says our late eminent biogra- pher, heard Dodsley, by whom it was publislied, say, that when the copy was offered him, the price demanded for it being such as he was not inclined to give precipitately, he carried the work to Pope, who having looked over it, ad- vised him not to make a niggardly offer, for this was no every-day writer. Upon the publication of his " Pleasures of Imagination," he gave offence to Warburton, by a note in the third book, in which lie revived and maintained the notion of iShaftes- bury, that ridicule is the test of truth. Warburton attacked him with severity in a preface; and Akenside was warmly defended in " An Epistle to the rev. Mr. Warburton.'^ Though the pamphlet was anonymous, it was known to be the production of his friend Jeremiah Dysou. In the re* t70 A K E N S I D E. vhal of his poems, which he left unfinished, he omittetl the lines and the note to wliich Warburton had objected. In 1745 he published a collection of his Odes; and wrote a vehement invective against Pulteney, earl of Bath, whom he stigmatizes, under the name of Curio, as the betrayer of his country. He seems to have afterwards been dissatisfied with his epistle to Curio ; for he expunged about half the lines, and changed it to the form of an ode. At different and long intervals some other poems of his appeared, which were, together with the rest, pubUshed after his de- cease. As a physician, he commenced practice at Northampton soon after his return from Leyden. But not finding the success which he expected, or being desirous of moving in a more extensive sphere, he removed to Hampstead, where he resided more than two years, and then settled in London. That he might be enabled to support the figure which was necessary for his introduction to practice in town, his generous friend Mr. Dyson allowed him 300^, a year. Whether any bond or acknowledgment was taken is uncer- tain ; but it is known that after his death Mr. Dyson pos- sessed his effects, particularly his books and prints, of which he was an assiduous collector. Havine: commenced his career in medicine, our author distinguished himself by various publications in his pro- fession ; and having read the Gulstonian lectures on ana- tomy, he began the Cronian lecture, in which he intended to give a history of the revival of learning, but soon desist- ed. He was admitted to a doctor's degree at Cambridge, after having taken it at Edinburgh and Leyden ; was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians, and one of the phy- sicians at St. Thomas's Hospital ; and, upon the establish- ment of the queen's household, appointed one of the physicians to her majesty. His discourse on the Dysen- tery, 1764, was admired for its pure and elegant Latinity; and he might probably have attained a still greater emi- nence in his profession if his life had been longer. He died of a putrid fever, June 23, 1770, in the 59th year of his age ; and is buried in the parish church of St. James, Westminster. His poems, published soon after his death in 4to and 8vo, consist of the " Pleasures of Imagination," two books of *' Odes," a Hymn to the Naiads, and some InscriptioUiS. ** The Pleasures of Imagination," as before observed, W'Stis; A K E N S I D E. 271 first published in 1744; and a very extraordinary produc- tion it was, from a man who had not reached liis 23d year. He was afterwards sensible, however, that it v\'anted revision und correction, and he went on revising and correcting it for several years ; but finding this task to grow upon his hands, and despairing of ever executing it to his own satis- faction, he abandoned the purpose of correcting, and re- solved to write the poem over anew upon a somewhat dif- ferent and enlarged plan. He finished two books of his new poem, a few copies of which were printed for the use of the author and certain friends ; of the first book in 1757, of the second in 1765. He finished also a good part of a third book, and an introduction to a fourth; but his most munificent and excellent friend, conceiving all that is ex- ecuted of the new work, too inconsiderable to supply the place, and supersede the republication of the original poem, and yet too valuable to be withheld from the public, has caused them both to be inserted in the collection of his poems. Dr. Akenside, in this work, it has been said, has done for the noble author of the " Characteristics," what Lucretius did for Epicurus formerly ; that is, he has dis- played and embellished his philosophic system, that system which has the first-beautiful and the first-good for its foun- dation, with all the force of poetic colouring ; but, on the other hand, it has been justly objected that his picture of man is unfinished. The immortality of the soul is not once hinted throughout the poem. With regard to its merit as a poem, Dr. Johnson has done ample justice to it, while he speaks with more severity of his other poems. It is not easy to guess, says that eminent critic, why he ad- dicted himself so diligently to lyric poetry, having neither the ease and airiness of the lighter, nor the vehemence and elevation of the grander ode. We may also refer the reader to an elegant criticism prefixed by Mrs. Barbauld to fin ornamented edition of the " Pleasures of ImaginatioD," 12mo, 1795. His medical writings require some notice. Besides his *' Dissertatio de Dysenteria," which has been twice trans- lated into English, he wrote in the Philosophical Transac- tions, 1. "Observations on the Origin and Use of the Lymphatic vessels," part of his Gulstonian lectures, 1755 and 1757. Dr. Alexander Monro, the second of that name at Edinburgh, having taken notice of some inaccuracies in this paper, in his *' Observations Anatomical and Physical/' 272 A K E N S I D E. Dr. Akeiiside published a small pamphlet, 1756, in his own vJndicalioii. 2. " An account of a Blow on the Heart and its efFects," 1763. He published also, 3. '' Oratio Harvei- ana," 4to, 1760; and three papers in the first volume of the Medical Transactions. Being appointed Krohnian lectu- rer, he chose for his subject *' The history of the Revival of Learning," and read three lectures on it before the col- lege. But this he gave up, as was supposed, in disgust; some one of the college having objected that he had chosen a subject foreign to the institntion. He wrote also, in Dodsley's Museum, vol. I, on " Correctness," " Table of Modern Fame i" and in vol. II, " A Letter from a Swiss Gentleman." ^ AKIBA, a famous Rabbin, who flourished a little after the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus, was a Jew only by the mother's side, and it is pretended that his father was descended from Sisera, general of the army of Jabin king of Tyre. Akiba, for the first forty years of his life, kept the flocks of Calba Schwa, a rich citizen of Jerusalem, whose daughtef is said to have induced him to study in hopes of gaming her hand, if he should make any considerable pro- gress. He apphed himself accordingly to his studies with so much assiduity and success, for upwards of twenty years-, that he was considered as one of the most able teachers in Israel, and was followed by a prodigious number of scho- lars. He declared himself for the impostor Barchochebas, and asserted that he was the true Messiah ; but the troops which the emperor Hadrian sent against the Jews, who un- der the conduct of this false Messiah had committed horrid massacres, exterminated this faction, and Akiba was taken and put to death with great cruelty. He lived an hundred and twenty years, and was buried with his wife in a cave upon a mountain not far from Tiberias. The Jewish writers enlarge much upon his praises, and his sayings are often mentioned in the Mishna ..nd Talmud. When he died, they say, the glory of the law vanished away. I'his hap- pened in the year 135. He was in truth a gross in)postor, and the accounts handed down to us of him are entitled to very little credit. He is said to have forged a woik under the name of the patriarch Abraham, entitled " Sepher Je- zirali," or, " The Book of the Creation," which was tran- ' Biog. Brit. — Jolinson's I'oets. — Pope's Works, Bowles's «lition ; sre Inrlex. — Blair's LecUin-s. — Mason's Life of Umy. — Gciit. Ma^. index, and vol. LXUl. JfiSj. LXIV. 1'2, 115,206. A K I B A. 273 slated Into Latin byPostel, and puljlished at Paris in 1552, 8vo, at Mantua in 4to, and at Basil in folio, 1587. Some cliarge hiin also witii having altered the Hebrew text of the Bible, in order to contend with the Christians on certain points of chronology. * ALABASTER (William), an English divine, was born in Suffolk, and educated in Trinity college, Cambridge, where he took the deorree of M. A. and was afterwards in- corporated of the university of Oxford, June 7, 1592. Wood says, he was the rarest poet and Grecian that any one age or nation produced. He attended the unfortunate earl of Essex in his voyage to Cadiz, as his chaplain; and en- tertaining some doubts on religion, he was pre^'ailed upon todeclarehiniself a Roman Catholic, and published " Seven Motives for his Conversion," but he soon discovered many more for returning to the church of England. He applied himself much to caballistic learning, the students of which consider principally the combination of particular words, letters, and numbers, and by this, they pretend to see clearly into the sense of scripture. In their opinion there is not a word, letter, number, or accent, in the law, without some mystery in it, and they even venture to look into futurity by this study. Alabaster made great proficiency in it, and obtained considerable promotion in the church. He was made prebendary of St. Paul's, doctor of divinity, and rec- tor of Tharfield in Hertfordshire. The text of the sermon which he preached for his doctor's degree, was the first verse of the first chapter of the first book of Chronicles, namely " Adam, Seth, Enoch," which he explained in the mystical sense, Adam signifying 7niscry, &c. He died April 1640. His principal work was " Lexicon Pentaglotton, Hebraicum, Chaldaicum, Syriacum, &c." Lond. 1637, fol. He published also, in 1621, " Commentarius de bes- tia Apocalyptica," and other works of that stamp. As a poet he has been more highly applauded. He wrote the Latin tragedy of " Roxana," which bears date 1632, and was acted, according to the custom of the times, in Trinity college hall, Cambridge. " If," says Dr. Johnson, in his life of Milton, ** we produced any thing worthy of notice before the elegies of Milton, it was perhaps Alabaster's Roxana." He also began to describe, in a Latin poem en- titled " Eliscsis," the chief transactions of queen Eliza.- » Gen, Dict.—Lardnefs Works, vol. VII, pp. U3, U5, U8, Voi. I. T 274 ALABASTER. beth's reign, but left it unfinished at the time of his death. The manuscript was for some time in the possession of Theodore Haak, and some manuscript verses of his are in the hbrary of Gonvil and Caius college, Cambridge, and the Elisoeis is in that of Emmanuel.' ALAIN (Chartier). See CHARTIER. ALAIN. See ALANUS. ALAMANNI (Luigi, or Lewis), an eminent Italian poet, was born of a noble family at Florence, in 1475, and passed the early part of his life in habits of friendship with Bernardo and Cosimo Rucellai, Trissino, and other scholars who had devoted themselves more particularly to the study of classical literature. Of the satires and lyric poems of Alamanni, several were produced under the pontificate of LeoX. In the year 1516, he married Alessandra Serristori, a lady of great beauty, by whom he had a numerous off- spring. The rank and talents of Alamanni recommended him to the notice and friendship of the cardinal Julio de Medici, who, during the latter part of the pontificate of Leo X. governed on the behalf of that pontiff the city of Florence, The rigid restrictions imposed by the cardinal on the inhabitants, by which they were, among other marks of subordination, prohibited from carrying arms under se- vere penalties, excited the indignation of many of the younger citizens of noble families, who could ill brook the loss of their independence; and among the rest, of Ala- manni, who, forgetting the friend in the patriot, not only joined in a conspiracy against the cardinal, immediately after the death of Leo X. but is said to have undertaken to assassinate him with his own hand. His associates were Zanobio Buondelmonti, Jacopa da Diaceto, Antonio Bru- cioli, and several other persons of distinguished talents, who appear to have been desirous of restoring the ancient liberty of the republic, without suflaciently reflecting on the mode by which it was to be accomplished. The de- signs of the conspirators, however, were discovered, and Alamanni was under the necessity of saving himself by flight. After many adventures and vicissitudes, in the course of which he returned to Florence, and took an active part in the commotions that agitated his country, he finally withdrew to France, where he met with a kind and honourable reception from Francis I. who was a great ' Gen. Diet — M'^ood's Athenae. — Fuller's VYorthies. — Todd's edition of Spen- ser, vy). I. p. 100. VIII, li. 34. A L A M A N N 1. 275 admirer of Italian poetry, and not only conferred on him the order of St. Michael, but employed him in many im- portant missions. On an embassy from Francis I. to the emperor Charles V. Alamanni gave a singular instance of his talents and promptitude. Among the several poems which he had composed in the praise of Francis I. there was one pretty severe upon the emperor, wherein, amongst several other satirical strokes, there is the following, where the cock says to the eagle, L'Aquila grifagna Che per piu divorar due beechi porta. Two crooked bills the ravenous eagle bears. The better to devour. The emperor had read this piece; and when Alamanni now appeared before him, and pronounced a fine speech in his praise, beginning every period vnth the word Aquila, he heard him with great attention, and at the conclusion thereof made no reply, but repeated 'L'Aquila grifagna Che per piu divorar due beechi porta. This, however, did not disconcert Alamanni, who imme- diately made the following answer: " Sir, when I com- posed these lines, it was as a poet, who is permitted to use fictions ; but now I speak as an ambassador, who is bound in honour to tell the truth. I spoke then as a youth, I speak now as a man advanced in years : I was then swayed by rage and passion, arising from the desolate condition of my country; but now I am calm and free from passion.'* Charles, rising from his seat, and laying his hand on the ishoulder of the ambassador, told him with great kindness that he had no cause to regret the loss of his country, hav- ing found such a patron as Francis I. adding, that to a virtuous man every place is his country. On the marriage of Henry duke of Orleans, afterwards Henry II. with Catherine de Medici, Alamanni was ap- pointed her maitre d'hotel; and the reward of his services enabled him to secure to himself great emoluments, and to establish his family in an honourable situation in France, where he died at Amboise, of a dysentery, April 18, 1556. His principal works are, 1. " Opere Toscane," a collec- tion of poems on different subjects, and " Antigone," a tragedy, Lyons, 1532 and 1533, 8vo, 2 vols.j Florence, voL T 2 276 ' A L A M A N N I. 1.1532; Venice, 2 vols. 1533 — 1542. Notwilhstanfling these frequent editions, they were prohibited in the pontificate of Clement VII. both at Florence and Rome, in the latter of which places they were publicly burnt. 2. " La Coltiva- zione," Paris, 1546, a beautiful edition corrected by the author and dedicated to Francis I. again reprinted the same year at Florence ; and frequently reprinted, particularly a correct and fine edition, in large 4to, by Comino, at Padua, 1718, with the Api of Rucellai, and the epigrams of Ala- manni; and at Bologne in 1746. This work, which Ala- manni completed in six books, and which he appears to have undertaken rather in competition with, than in imita- tion of, the Georgics, is written not only Avith great ele- gance and correctness of style, but with a very extensive knowledge of the subject on which he professes to treat, and contains many passages which may bear a comparison with the most celebrated parts of his immortal predecessor. 3. " Girone il Cortese," an heroic poem in 24 cantos, Paris, 1548, 4to ; Venice, 1549. This work is little more than a transposition into the Italian ottava rimu, of a French romance entitled Gyron Courtois, which Alamanni under- took at the request of Francis I. a short time before the death of that monarch, as appears from the information of the author himself in his dedication to Henry II. in which he has described the origin and laws of the British knights errant, or knights of the round table. 4. " La Avarehide," or the siege of Bourges, the Avaricum of Caesar, an epic, also in 24 cantos, Florence, 1170, 4to. The plan and con- duct of it is so closely founded on that of the Iliad, that if we except only the alteration of the names, it appears ra- ther to be a translation than an original work. Neither of these have contributed much to the author's fame, which rests chiefly on " La Coltivazione." 5. " Flora," a co- medy in five acts, and in that verse which the Italians call Saniccioli, Florence, 1556 and 1601, 8vo. Alamanni left two sons, who shared in the good fortune due to his talents and re})utation. Baptist was almoner to queen Catherine de Medicis, afterwards king's counsellor, abbot of Belle-ville, bishop of Bazas, and afterwards of Macon; he died in 1581. Nicholas, the other son, was a knight of St. Michael, captain of the royal guards, and master of the palace. Two other persons of the name of Louis Alamanni, likewise natives of Florence, were dis- A L A M vV N N I. 277 tinguislied in the republic of letters. One was a colonel in the French service, and in 1591 consul of the academy of Florence. Salvino Salvini speaks of him in ** Fastes Con- sulaires." The other lived about the same time, and was a member of the same academy. He wrote three Latin eclogues in the " Carmina illustrium Poetarum Italoi-um," and a funeral oration in the collection of " Horeniine Prose," vol. IV. He was the grandson of Ludovico Aleman- ni, one of the five brothers of the celebrated poet. * ALAMANNI (NiccoLo). See ALEMANNI. ALAMOS (Balthazer), a Spanish writer, born at Me- dina del Campo, in Castile, about the end of the sixteenth century. After having studied the law at Salamanca, he entered into the service of Anthony Perez, secretary of state under Philip II. He was in high esteem and confi- dence with his master, upon which account he was im- prisoned after the disgrace of this ministei", and kept in confinement eleven years, when Philip HL coming to the throne, set him at liberty, according to the orders given by his father in his will. Alamos continued in a private ca- pacity, till the duke of Olivarez, the favourite of Philip IV. called him to public employments. He was appointed ad- vocate-general in the court of criminal causes, and in the council of war. He was afterwards chosen member of the council of the Indies, and then of the council of the king's patrimou}', and a knight of the order of St. James. He was a man of wit as well as judgment, but his writings were su- perior to his convei'sation. He died in the 88th year of his ao-e. His Spanish translation of Tacitus, and the aphorisms which he added in the margin, gained him great reputa- tion : the aphorisms, however, have been censured by some authors, particularly by Mr. Amclot, who says, " that in- stead of being more concise and sententious than the text, the words of the text are always more so than the apho- rism." This work was published at Madrid in 1614, and was to have been followed, as mentioned in the king's pri- vilege, with a commentary, which, however, has never yet appeared. The author composed the whole during his im- prisonment. He left several other works which have never yet been printed. " ' Principally from Roscoe's Leo, and Ginguene'« life of Alamanai, ia Eiog. Universelle. — Gen. Diet. — Moreri. a Gen. Diet.' — Moreri. 278 ALAN. ALAN (of Lynn), in Latin Alanus de Lynna, a famous divine of the fifteenth century, was born at Lynn, in the county of Norfolk, and educated in the university of Cam- bridge ; where he applied himself diligently to the study of philosophy and divinity, and, having taken the degree of doctor, became an eminent preacher. Bale, who gives Alan an advantageous character, yet blames him for using allegorical and moral expositions of scripture; while Pits commends the method he took to explain the holy scrip- tures, which was by comparing them with themselves, and havins recourse to the ancient fathers of the church. But he is more generally celebrated for the useful pains he took in making indexes to most of the books he read. Of these Bale saw a prodigious quantity in the library of the Carme- lites at Norwich. Alan flourished about the year 1420, and wrote several pieces, particularly " De vario Scrip- turaB sensu ;" " Moralia Bibliorum;" *' Sermones notabi- les;" " Elucidarium Scriptui'ae ;" " Prelectiones Theolo- gicse ;" " Elucidationes Aristotelis." At length he be- came a Carmelite, in the town of his nativity, and was bu- ried in the convent of his order. ' ALAN, of Tewkesbury, another English writer, who flourished about the year 1177, and died in 1201. He wrote " De vita et exilio Thomas Cantuarensis," of the life and banishment of Thomas a Becket, archbishop of Canterbury.' ALAN, or ALLEN, or ALLYN (William), cardinal priest of the Roman church, and styled Cardinal of Eng- land, was the son of John Allen, by Jennet Lyster, sister to Thomas Lyster, of Westby, in Yorkshire, and was born at Rossal in Lancashire, in 1532. His father, according to Camden, was a gentleman of a reputable family, and had him educated at home until his fifteenth year, 1547, when he was entered of Oriel college, Oxford, and had for his tutor Morgan Philips, or Philip Morgan, a zealous Roman Catholic, and usually called the Sophister, which was a title, in the learning of those times, highly honourable. Young Alan made a rapid prop;ress both in logic and phi- losophy, and was elected a fellow of his college, and took his bachelor's degree in 1550. In the Act celebrated July 16, he went out junior of the act, having completed his degree of M. A. with the distinguished reputation of ' Biog. Brit, — Tanner. — Fuller's Worthies. — Bale and Pits, 9 Ibid, aud Cave vol. 11, ALAN. 279 great parts, learning, and eloquence. Of tliis we have a proof in his being chosen principal of St. Mary hall, in 1556, when only twenty-four years of age, and the same year he served the office of proctor. In 1558, he was made canon of York ; but on the accession of qusen Elizabeth, when the reformed religion was again established, although he remained for a short time at Oxford, yet, as he refused to comply with the queen's visitors in taking the oaths, &:c. his fellowship was declared void; and in 1560 he found it necessary to leave England, and retire to Louvain, then a general receptacle of the expatriated English Catholics, and where they had erected a college. Here his talents and zeal recommended him to his countrymen, who looked up to him as their supporter, while they were charmed with his personal appearance, and easy address, chastened by a dignified gravity of manners. He now began to write in support of the cause for which he had left his country; and his first piece, published in 1565, was entitled " A defence of the doctrine of Catho- lics, concerning Purgatory and Prayers for the Dead," 8vo. This was intended as an answer to the celebrated bishop Jewell's work on the same subject; and if elegance of style, and somewhat of plausibility of matter, could have pre- vailed, it would have served his cause very essentially ; but, unluckil}-, of all the subjects which Jewell had handled, there was none in which he reasoned with such irresistible force. Alan's work was at the same time answered by Dr. William Fulke ; but whatever its fate in England, it pro- cured him the highest reputation abroad, among the chiefs of his party, who, as a mark of their confidence, put under his care a young man, afterwards sir Christopher Blount, and who was concerned in the earl of Essex's insurrection. The care of this pupil, and his constant application to study, having injured his health, his physicians recom- mended him to try his native air; and with this advice, al- though it subjected him to personal danger, he complied, and arrived in Lancashire sometime in 1565. He had scarcely reached this place, before he began to exert his powers of persuasion in the making of converts; and in or- der to promote this object, wrote and circulated little trea- tises wherever they were likely to be successful. This open hostility to the church alarmed the magistrates, and they were in search of him, when he retired to the neigh- bourhood of Oxford, and wrote a kind of apology for his S80 ALA N. party, under the title of " Brief Reasons concerning the Catholic Faith." Some, however, think that this was writ- ten at the duke of Norfolk's house, in Norfolk, where it is certain he was for some time concealed. It appears like- wise, that he returned to the neighbourhood of Oxford, and distributed his pamphlet with much boldness; and was ^o fearless in his zeal, that he refused a convenient oppor- tunity of a ship going to the Netherlands, He now ven* tured to establish a correspondence with his old friends in the university, who were considerably numerous, and suc- ceeded in bringing over one who had formerly been a Pa- pist, but was now of the establishment. This so exasperated the relations of this person, that they forced Alan to fly to London, whence in 1568 he made his escape into Flanders. It has been supposed that some friends in power, who Icnew him formerly, connived at his easy departure. It is even said that sir Christopher Hatton bore a regard for him, in consequence of having received part of his educa- tion in St, Mary's hall, while Alan was principal ; and that Alan repaid this kindness with such honourable men- tion of sir Christopher abroad, as occasioned some very in-- vidious reflections against the latter at home. Be this as it may, Alan, having arrived safelv in the Ne- therlands, went to Mecklin, in the duchy of Brabant, where he read a divinity lecture in one of the monasteries with great applause. Thence he went to Doway, where he be- came Doctor in Divinity, and laboured very assiduously in founding a seminary for the support of English scholars ; and, knowing how obnoxious such institutions were in Eng- land, wrote a book in defence of them. While thus em- ployed, a canonry of Cambray was conferred on him, as a reward for his zeal. Erythraeus (Jean Vincent Le Roux) in his Pinacotheca, gives us some reason to think that a pre- tended miracle contributed to this promotion, by inspiring his patrons with an idea of the sacredness of his person. The miracle is, than when in England, a person who knew him well was employed to apprehend him, but had such a mist be- fore his eyes when he came for that purpose, as to pass him without knowing him. Such miracles, however, are capa- ble of a very easy explanation. In tills seminary of Doway, many books were composed to justify the Popish religion, and to answer the books written in defence of the church of England, which occa- sioned a proclamation from the queen, forbidding the ALAN. 281 Doway books to be either sold or read; and we shall soon see that they were not merely books of religious contro- versy. In 1569, Alan ajDpointed one Bristow to be mode- rator of studies at Doway, the same, it is supposed, whom he (rained over when in the neighbourhood of Oxford. Not long after, Alan was appointed canon of llheims, through the interest of the Guises, and to this city he trans- ferred the seminary which had been settled at Doway ; a matter, however, not of choice, as the then governor of the Netherlands, Don Lewis de Ilequesens, had obliged the Enolish fugitives to withdraw out of his government. In the mean time, Alan laboured incessantly in the ser- vice of his party, by writing various treatises in defence of the doctrines or practices of the Papists, by licensing and recommending many books written by others, and by many journeys Into Spain and Italy. He also procured a semi- nary to be established in Rome, and two in Spain, for the education and support of the English youth. In England, he was justly reputed an enemy to the state, and all correspondence with him was considered as a spe- cies of high treason; and Thomas Altield, a Jesuit, was executed for bringing some of his writings into England, and particularly his " Defence of the Twelve Martyrs in one if ear." In this work he Insinuates, in language which, in thpse days, must have been very well understood, that queen Elizabeth, by reason of her heresy, had fallen from her sovereignty. The indictment of yVlfield, taken from the treasonable expressions in these writings, was anaong the papers of the lord treasurer Burleigh. Alan therefore, having overstepped the bounds of re- ligious controversy, was now determined to measures of more open hostility. The celebrated Parsons, the Jesuit, who was his great friend and counsellor, is supposed to have suggested to him the project of Invading England. For many years there had been dllferences, discontents, and even injuries committed between the English and Spaniards ; and now Alan, and some fugitive English no- blemen, persuaded Philip II. to undertake the conquest of England. To facilitate this, the pope, Slxtus V. renewed the excommunication thundered against queen Elizabeth by his predecessor Plus V. While this was In agitation, sir William Stanley, commander of the English and Irish garrison at Daventer, betrayed it to the Spaniards, and went into their service with 1200 men; and Rowland York, 282 ALAN. who had been intrusted with a strong fort in the same country, performed the same act of treachery. Alan, no longer the conscientious controversialist, wrote a defence of this base proceeding, and sent several priests to Stanley, in order to instruct those he had drawn over to the king of Spain's service. Alan's defence, which appeared the year after these transactions, 1588, was first printed in English in the form of a letter, and afterwards in Latin, under the title of " Epistola de Daventrias ditione," Cracov. His only argument, if it deserve the name, was, that sir Wil- liam Stanley was no traitor, because he had onl}' delivered to the king of Spain a city which was his own before; and he exhorts all Englishmen, in the service of the states, to follow his example. Such writings, however, were too valuable to the popish cause, to go unrewarded. Accordingly on July 28, 1587, Alan was created cardinal by the title of St. Martin in Montibus ; and soon after, the king of Spain gave him an abbe}' of great value in the kingdom of Naples, with assur- ances of greater preferment. In April 1588, he composed that work, entitled The Admonition, which rendered him most famous abroad, and infamous at home. It consisted of two parts; the first explaining the pope's bull for the excommunication and deprivation of queen Elizabeth; the second, exhorting the nobility and people of England to desert her, and take up arms in favour of the Spaniards. It contains the grossest abuse of the queen, and threatens the nobility with judgments from heaven, and devastation by the Spaniards, unless they joined the forces of Philip; it boasts of the vast strength of these forces, and asserts that they had more good captains than Elizabeth had sol- diers ; that the saints in heaven all prayed for victory, and that the holy angels guarded them. Of this libel, well cal- culated at that time to effect its purpose, many thousand copies were printed at Antwerp, in order to have been put on board the Armada, and circulated in England. Rut the Armada, it is well known, completely failed, and covered its projectors with disgrace and destruction; and these books were so carefully destro^^ed, that a genuine copy was scarcely to be found. No part of the failure of this vast enterprize, however, was attributed to Alan, to whom the king of Spain now gave the archbishopric of Mecklin, and would have had him reside there, as a place where he might more effectu- ALAN. 283 ally promote the popish and Spanish interests in England ; but the pope had too high an opinion of liis merit to suffer him to leave Rome, where, therefore, he continued to la- bour in the service of his countrymen, and in promoting tiie Catholic faith. Some have asserted, that he and sir Francis Inglefield assisted Parsons, the Jesuit, in composing his treasonable work concerning the succession, which he pub- lished under the name of Dolenian, in 1593, and which was reckoned of such dangerous consequence, that it was made capital by law for any person to have it in his custody. Others, however, maintain that he iiad no hand in it, and that he even objected to it, because of its tendency to pro- mote those dissentions which had for so many year* dis- tracted his native country ; and this last opinion is proba- ble, if what we have been told be true, that towards the close of his life he had changed his sentiments, as to government, and professed his sorrow for the pains he had taken in promoting the invasion of England. It is even asserted, by a very eminent popish writer (Watson), that when he perceived that the Jesuits intended nothing but desolating and destroying his nati\'e land, he wept bit- terly, not knowing how to remedy it, much less how to curb their insolence. Such conduct, it is added, drew upon him the ill-will of that powerful society, who chose now to represent him as a man of slender abilities, and of little political consequence. On his death- bed, he was very desirous of speaking to the English students then at Rome, which the Jesuits prevented, lest he should have persuaded them to a loyal respect for their prince, and a tender regard for their country. He is generally said to have died of a retention of urine; but, as the Jesuits had shown so much dislike, they have been accused of poison- ing him. Of this, however, there is no proof. He died Oct. 6, 1594, in the sixty -third year of his age; and was buried with great pomp in the chapel of the English col- lege at Rome, where a monument was erected to his me- mory, with an inscription setting forth his titles and merits. What these merits were, the reader has been told. We have seen cardinal iUan in three characters: that of a zealous propagandist; of apolitical traitor to his country; and lastly, repenting the violence of his endeavours to ruin his country on pretence of bringing her back to popery. In the first of these characters he seems to have acted from the impulse of a mind firmly persuaded that every devia- 2?A \\ L xi N. tion from popery was dangerous heresy j and the only wea- pons he employed were tliose ot controversy. As a writer, the popish party justl}' considered him as the first cham- pion ot his age; and both his learning and eloquence were certainly of a superior stamp. But in his worst character, as a traitor, there is every reason to think him influenced by the Jesuits, who at that time, and ever while a society, had little scruple as to the means by which they effected their purposes. Yet even their persuasions were not suf- ficient to hispire him with permanent hostility towards the political existence of his country. Some writers, not suf- ficiently attending to his histor}-, have called him a Jesuit; but in all controversies between tiie Jesuits and the secular priests, the latter always gloried in cardinal i\.lan, as a man to whom no Jesuit could be compared, in any respect. At Rome, and every where abroad, he was styled Cardi- nal of England, and regarded as the protector of the na- tion. After his death, however, and when all hopes of conquering England had vanished, less notice was taken of English priests, and few of them were made bishops ; nor was it until the reign of Charles II. when the popish inte- rest was supposed likely to gain the ascendancy in Eng- land, that Philip Thomas Howard, younger brother to the duke of Norfolk, was created cardinal, and sometimes called the Cardinal of England. Of his works, besides those already mentioned, there are extant, 1. "A defence of the lawful power and au- thority of the Priesthood to remit Sins," with two other tracts on Confession and Indulgences, Louvain, 1567, 8vo. 2. " De Sacramcntis in genere, de sacramento Eucharisticc, €t de Missai Sacrificio, libri tres," Antwerp, 1576, 4to, and Doway, 1605. 3. " A true, sincere, and modest de- fence of English Catholics," without place, 1583. This was an answer to the " Execution of Justice in England," written by lord Burleigh, the original of which, Strype says, is yet preserved. It is esteemed the best of Alan's works. 4. " An 'ipology and true declaration of the institution and endeavours of the two English colleges, the one in Rome, the other now resident in Rheims, against certain sinister insinuations given up against the same," Mons, 15S1. Besides these, he wrote some other small treatises, without his name, of which we have nowhere seen a correct Jiccount. That in the Athena: is perhaps the best. Fop- pen, oii the authority of Possevin in his " Apparatus ALAN. 285 Sac." says, that he translated the Enghsh Bihle printed at Rheims, in conjunction with Gregory Martin and Richard Bristow, two Enghsh divines ; and that he wrote a letter to the bishop of Liege, " de miserabili statu ct calamitate regni Anglifp, fervente schisniate," which is printed in the ** Gesta Kpiscoporuin Leodiensium," vol. III. p. 588. Le Lono-, who also mentions liis translation of the Bible, adds, that he was employed by pope Gregory XIV. in reforming the Vulgate. ' ALAND (Sir John For t esc it e), lord Fortescue of the kingdom of Ireland, a baron of the exchequer, and puisne iud'Tc of the king's bench and common pleas in tlie reigns of George L and II. was born March 7, 1C70, being the second son of Edmund Fortescue, of London, esq. and Sarah, daughter of Henry AUmd, of Waterford, esq. in honour of whom he added Aland to his name. He was descended from sir John Fortescue, lord chief justice and lord high chancellor of England under king Henry VI. lie was educated probably at Oxford, as that university, m complimenting him with a doctor's degree, by diploma, in 17133, alluded to his having^studied there. On leaving the university he became a member of the Inner Temple, where he was chosen reader in 17 16, 2 Geo. I. as appears by a subscription to his arms, and was called to the bar about the time of the llevolution. For his arguments as pleader m the courts of justice, the reader is referred to the following authorities; viz. the Reports of Mr. justice Fortescue Aland ; Mr. serjeant Carthcw ; Mr. recorder Comberbach ; lord chancellor (of Ireland) Freeman; lord chief baron Gilbert's Cases; Mr. justice Levini/ ; Mr. justice Lutwyche ; lord chief justice Raymond; Mr. ser- jeant Salkeld ; Mr. serjeant Skinner; and Mr. justice Ventris. We may presume our barrister shone as an advocate with meridian lustre, since the celebrated Pope has recorded , his name, by prefixing it to his Imitation of Horace, Sat. If. 1. and distinguished his legal abilities, by asking his opi- nion, as to libels, in the following lines : " Tim'rous by nature, of the rich in awe, I come to counsel learned in tl\e law ; You'll give me, like a friend both sage and free. Advice^ and (as you use) without a tee." * Bioj. Brit.— Gen. Dirt. art. .'ilan.r— Stiype's -Antiab. — Wood's Athena;.— Tanner's Bibl.— Erythrsi Piiiawtheca, 1. 90.— Fopp«'n Cib!. Belg. I. 3SS. 286 ALAND. The reader is informed in a note on the first line, that the delicacy of the address does not so much lie in the ironical application to himself, as in seriously characterising the person for whose advice the poet applies. On Friday, October 22, 1714, he was appointed solicitor- general to his royal highness the prince of Wales, after- wards king George the Second; and on December 21, 1715, he was constituted solicitor-general to the king, in the room of Nicholas Lechmere, resigned ; which ar- dfaous and important office he executed so much to the. satisfaction of his majesty and the people, that he was thought deserving of a higher post ; and accordingly, 24th Januar}', 1716-7, Hilary term, the king appointed him one of the barons of the exchequer, in which covn't he succeeded sir Samuel Dodd, the late lord chief baron, deceased. In the office of solicitor-general he was himself succeeded by sir William Thompson the recorder of London. The reader is referred to the reports of the lord chief baron Comyns, and of the lord chief baron Gil- bert, sir John Strange and Bunbury, for our baron's re- solutions and opinions while he sat in this court. In May 1718, he was constituted one of the justices of the court of king's bench ; but after the accession of king George II. all the judges had new patents, except Mr. justice Aland, whose commission was superseded, for rea- sons which have not transpired. It appears, however, that he regained his majesty's favour, as in January 1728 he was appointed one of the justices of the court of com- mon pleas. He continued on this bench from Michaelmas vacation, 2 Geo. II. 1728, until Trinity term 19 and 20, A. D. 1746, when he resigned the same, having sat in the superior courts of Westminster for the long period of thirty years, and eighteen of them in the court alluded to. His majesty, in further testimony of his judicial integrity and abilities, was pleased to create him a peer of Ireland, by the style and title of John lord Fortescue Aland, baron Fortescue of Credan, in the kingdom of Ireland, by privy seal, dated at Kensington, June 26, 1746, 19 Geo. II. and by patent dated at Dublin, August 15. But he did not enjoy this honour long, dying Dec. 19 of the same year, in the seventy-seventh year of his age. The family is now extinct. The Juridical writings of sir John Fortescue Aland are : I. " The Dilfereuce between an absolute and limited Mo- ALAND. 2S7 narchy, as it more particularly regards the English consti- tution ; being a treatise written by sir John Fortescue, knight, lord chief justice, and lord high chancellor of England, under king Henry VI. faithfully transcribed from the MS copy in the Bodleian library, and collated with three other MSS. published with some remarks by John Fortescue Aland, of the Inner Temple, esq. F. R. S." Lond. 1714: reprinted, 1719. 2. " Reports of Select Cases in all the courts of Westminster hall, tempore Wil- liam the Third and queen Anne ; also the opinion of all the judges of England relating to the grandest prerogative of the royal family, and some observations relating to the prerogatives of a queen-consort," London, 1748, fol. This is a posthumous publication. Sir John, in his preliminary remarks to the work of his great ancestor, proves himself to be a distinguished pro- ficient in Saxon literature. He lived also in habits of intimacy with Pope and his associates ; and many of Pope's letters to him are published in Mr. Bowles's edition of the works of that Poet. Mr. Fortescue also furnished Pope with the admirable burlesque of " Stradling versus Styles'* in vol. VI. ' ALANUSdeInsulis, or ALAINde L'Isle or De Lille, is the name under which two persons, who were contem- poraries, have been confounded by most biographers. The subject of the present article, usually termed Alanus senior, or major, was born at Lille in Flanders, about the begin- ning of the twelfth century; and his parents having dei^oted him from his birth to the service of religion, he received a suitable education. When the fame of St. Bernard besraii to spread abroad, Aianus was sent, in 1128, to study at Clairvaux, under that celebrated ecclesiastic, and very soon acquired a distinction above his companions. St. Ber- nard afterwards placed him at the head of the abbey of Rivour, in the diocese of Troyes in Champagne ; and iu 1151, procured him the bishopric of Auxerre, over which he presided until 1167, when he resigned it, and returned to Clairvaux, where he remained until his death in October 1181. His works, still in existence, are, 1. "Vita sanctL Bernardi," printed in the second volume of St. Bernard's works, 1690, fol. 2. " Testamentum suum," or his Tes- tament, made in 1181, printed in Nicholas Camusat's col-. ' Abricle;ed from a desultory account in the preceding edition of this Dic- tionary.— Parks edition of Lord Orford's Royal and Noble .'Authors, vol. V. 288 A L A N tJ ^. « lection. 3. " Explanationes in Prophetias MeiTini Angli, in seven books, Francfort, 1608, 8vo. Alanus composed this treatise under the reign of Louis-the-Young, about 1171, on account of the noise whicli these pretended pro- pliecies made. The subject is curiously ihustrated by quo- tations from the EiigUsh, Norman, and Frencli historians, and even from the Latin poets. In the cliapter-house of Auxerre is a manuscript hfe of Alanus, compiled in 1182 by one of the canons. ' ALANUS DE Insulis, or ALAIN de L'Isle, surnamed the Universal Doctor, from his extensive knowledge, was born about the middle of the twelfth centur}^ not at Lille in Flanders, as most biographers have asserted, but either at L'Isle, in the Comtat-Venaissain, according to the abbe Le Beuf, or in the island or peninsula of Madoc in the Bor- delais. In all the accounts we have of him, he seems to be mistaken for the preceding. He appears to have taught theology in the university of Paris ; but it is not true that he ever was a lay-brother of the Cistertians, or fed the sheep belonging to that abbey, or that he was called to Rome to assist at a geiieral council. He died in the early part of the thirteenth centur}', in the abbey of the Cister- tians, whither, after the example of many distinguished persons of his time, he retired to pass the remainder of hiy days. He was buried in the abbey with an inscription of seven lines, the last four of which Casimir Oudin, the ec- clesiastical biographer and historian, discovered to have been added long after his death, and with a view to authen- ticate the stories that he had been a lay-brother, &c. But although our accounts of him are imperfect and confused, it appears that he enjoyed the esteem and admiration of his contemporaries, and that it was usual to say, " To have seen Alanus is enough." — Sufficiat vobis vidisse Alanum, Among his w'orks are, 1. " Anti-Claudianus, seu de viro Optimo, et in omni virtute perfecto, lib. ix. Carmine," Ba- sil, 1536, and Antwerp, 1621. 2. " De planctu natural contra Sodomiic vitium," published with notes by Leo Allatius, 3. " Contra Albigenses, Waldenses, Judicos, et Paganos," Paris, 1618, 8vo. 4. " Dicta de Lapide philo- sopliico," Leyden, 1600, Bvo. All his works, both prose and verse, were collected by Charles de Visch, and pub- lished at Antwerp, 16.54, fol. but some of them have been attributed to the preceding Alanus. His " Parables" have ^Liographie UnivcrscUe.»-Moreri, . A L A N U S. 289 been translated into French, Paris, 1492, fol. and by Denys Janot, 8vo, without a date. ' A LARD (Francis), of a noble family at Brussels, wrs born about the beginning of the sixteenth century. His father William Alard de Centier, a zealous convert to popery, obliged him to enter the order of Dominican friars, where he was much admired for his talents as a preacher. While thus employed, a Hamburgh merchant, wiio was pleased with his preaching, procured him privately the works of Luther, which Alard read with conviction, and the same merchant having assisted him in escaping from his convent, he studied divinity at Jena and Wittcinberg. But the death of this faithful friend having deprived him of resources, he ventured to return to Brussels and solicit as- sistance from his father. Before, however, he could obtain a private interview with him, he was discovered in one of the streets of Brussels by his mother, a violent bigot, who, after some reproaches, denounced him to the Inquisition; and when no persuasions could induce bin) to return into the bosom of the church which he had left, his mother was so irritated, as to call forth the rigour of the law, and even offered to furnish the wood to burn him. Sentence of death being pronounced, he was conducted to prison, but on the night previous to the appointed execution, he is said to have heard a voice saying, " Francis, arise and depart :'* how far this and other particulars of his escape are true, we know not; but it is certain he cleared the prison, and after some hardships and difficulties, arrived in safety at Olden - burgh, where he became almoner to the prince. Here he remained until hearing that freedom of religion was o-ranted at Antwerp, his affection for his native country induced him to return, which he did twice, notwithstanding the persecutions of the duke of Alba and the dangers to which he was exposed ; and when his father came to see him at Antwerp, in hopes of bringing him back to popery, he ar- gued with so much power, as to make a sincere convert of ithis bigotted parent. At length, when it was not longer safe for him to remain in the Netherlands, Christian IV. king of Denmark, gave him the curacy of Wilster in Hol- stein, at which asylum he died July 10, 1578. His works, * Cave, vol. II. — Foppen Bibl. Bel^. — Moreri — Tanner, who is inclined from Dempster's authority to place him amon? Uriti-h writers. — Biograuhie Universelle, which we have principally followed. — Saxii Onomasiicon. Vol. I. U fBO A LARD. which are in Flemish or German, consist of, 1. *' The Con- fession of Antwerp." 2. " Exhortation of the Ministers of Antwerp." ,3. '"■ Agenda, or Discipline of Antwerp." 4. "Catechism." 5. " Treatise on original Sin," &.C.' ALARD (William), son of the preceding, was born Nov. 22, 1572. After having received the principles of education in the college of Itzehoe, which he left at the age of sixteen, he passed five years in the college of Lune- bur"-!!, and went from that to Wittemberg, where he dis- tino-uished himself by the able defence of his theses. In 1595, he was called home, and made joint rector of the college of Krempen, and afterwards chosen pastor of the church of that place. He died May 8, 1644, aged 72 years and six months. His works, in Latin, are, 1. " Chris- tianus, hoc est, de nomine, ortu, &c. Christianorum,'* Leipsic, 1637, 1640. " Pericopa pentateuchi biblica, tri* glossometrica," &c. 1618, 4to. 3. " De diversis minis- trorum gradibus contra Bezam." 4. " Defensiotractationis," &c. a defence of the preceding against Beza's answer, Francfort, 1600.^- ALARD (Lambert), son of the preceding, was born at Krempen in 1600, and first studied there and at Hamburgh. At the age of nineteen, he went to the academy of Leipsic, where he entered on a course of theology and political science. In 1624, he had acquired much reputation both as a philosopher and a poet. When he returned to Krem- pen, he was made dean of the college, and held that sta- tion during five years. After this, the king of Denmark appointed hiiiji inspector of the schools at Brunswick, and assessor of the council of Meldorf. In 1643, by order of the emperor, he was created master of arts, and not being able, on account of the war, to go into Saxony, he was made a licentiate in divinity by diploma, or bull, which was sent to him. He died May 29, 1672. His works are, 1. « Delicise Atticse," Leips. 1624, 12mo. 2. " Hera- clius Saxonicus, &c." ibid. 1624, 12mo. 3. " Graecia in iiuce, sea lexicon novum omnium GrtEcae linguie primoge- niarum," Leips. 1628, 1632, 12mo. 4. " Promptuarium pathologicum Novi Testamenti," Leips. 1635, 1636, 12mo» 5. Laurifolia, sive poematum juvenilium apparatus," 1627, I Moreri. — Biographie Universellp.. — Dt'Ciis Alardorum scriplis clarorurn, Hamb. 1721, 2 vols, wiitteu by his great- giaiulson, imcIioUs Alard, who diei there in rt56. ♦ » Ibid. A L A R D. 291 I !2iTio, and some other works both in prose and verse, par- ticular^y a commentary on the Argonauticon of Valerius. P'Jaccus, which '\9 very little esteemed. ' A LASCO, or LASCO, or LASKI (John), usually styled the Polish reformer, a man of high rank, talents, and pious zeal, is said by Fox, the martyrologist, who was his contemporary, to have been uncle to Sigismond, king of Poland. He certainly was of a noble family in Poland, which took its name from Lasco, Latzki, or Latzeo, and subsisted under one of those titles long after his time. He was born, according to Saxius, in 1499, but we have no particulars respecting his family, unless that his brother Jerome was an able politician, and emplo\'ed by the em- peror Ferdinand, as his ambassador to the Turkish govei-n- ment. He had also an uncle, of the same name, who was archbishop of Gnesna, to whom Erasmus dedicated his edi- tion of the works of St. Ambrose, and whom Le Clerc mis- takes for our John Alasco. Erasmus in one of his epistles (ep. 862) mentions two others of the same illustrious family, Hieroslaus, and Stanislaus Alasco (usually written a Lasco) ; and in ep. 1167, he speaks of a John a Lasco (Joannes Lascanus), a young man, who died in Germany. After receivinof an education suitable to his birth and talents, his thirst for knowledge induced him to travel into various countries, where he acquired considerable distinc- tion. In 1525 he was at Basil, lodging and boarding with Erasmus, and at the same time, which proves his high rank, he was the correspondent of Margaret, sister to Francis L and queen of Navarre. Erasmus highly commends him wherever he has occasion to introduce his name, as we shall notice hereafter. Alasco probably chose to dwell with Erasmus, that he might improve in literature by hav- ing free access to him ; and the biographer of Erasmus re- marks that many of his friends were led by his conversa- tion and writings to embrace the principles of Luther and the other reformers, although he himself did not go so far. While under the roof of this eminent scholar, Alasco ap- pears to have contributed to keep up a liberal domestic establishment, which occasioned Erasmus to observe to him in a letter, that " his departure was unfortunate in roaiiy respects; for, omitting other matters, it cost hini some months labour to reduce the grand establishment, 1 Ibid. U 2 »9S A L A S C O. Alasco had introduced, to the former frugal system pui"- sued." It appears by another letter from Erasmus to Pole, af- terwards the celebrated cardinal, that Alasco left him to go to the university of Padua. " You will love him," says Erasmus, " because he has all those qualities which make you amiable : noble extraction, high posts of honour, and still greater expectations, a wonderful genius, uncommon erudition, and all this without any pride. I have hitherto been happy in his company, and now lose it with great regret." This letter is dated Basil, Oct, 4, 1525. His stay at Padua was probably short, as he went afterwards to Rome, and thence into Switzerland, where he became ac- quainted with Zuinglius, who, struck with his talents and amiable character, prevailed on him to examine more se- riously the controversies of the times respecting religion. The result of thiswas his embracing Protestantism accord- ing to the tenets of the Geneva reformers, and with respect to the sacrament, he zealously adopted the opinion of Zuin- glius. In 1526, he returned to Poland, where he was made provost of Gncsna and Lencziez, and was nominated bishop of Vesprim in Hungary. His family and connections would have added to these, but preferment in the popish church was no longer consistent with his principles ; and after struggling with much opposition, he quitted the kingdom, with the knowledge and consent of the king, by whom, La- vater the historian says, he was much resjDected and fre- quently consulted. He left Poland in 1540, fourteen years after he had re- turned from his travels^ and during this long period we have very few particulars of his history, except that on the death of Erasnuis in 153G, he generously offered an hun- dred pieces of gold to Froben and Episcopius, to assist them in publishing his works, and at this time he completed his purchase of Erasmus's library, which he had contracted for in 1525, while under his roof The agreement between them stated that, during Erasmus's life, both should have the use of the books, but the property should be in Alasco and his heirs. Tiie price was three hundred crowns of gold. About the latter end of the year 1542, we find Alasco at Embden, where he took upon him the office of pastor, and preached constantly at a church in that town. In the followhig year he was engaged by Anne, countess dowager A L A S C O. 293 of Oldenburg, in East Fricsland, to introduce and esta- lilisli the retornied religion in that territory. This iie was pursuing vvitix great success, when he w;is invited by Al- bert, duke of Prussia, to a similar undertaking; but as that prince was a zealous Lutheran in the article of the sacrament, and Alasco had canditlly informed him of his strict adherence to the Zuin<>[ian doctrine on the same subject, the engagement did not take place, and Alasco con- tinued for some years, nearly in the same quarter, labour- ing to promote the reformation by assiduous preaching, lec- turinj,, and exhortation. When Gtrmany became an unsafe residence for the friends of the reformation, and the contest respecting the interim w;is eagerly pursued, Alasco, whose fame had reached England, was invited thither by archbishop Cran- mer. 1 his illustrious founder of the English church had for some time atforded a quiet asylum to such learned foreigners as had been expatriated on account of their re- hgion ; and had at one time residing at Lambeth palace, those celebrated reformers Bucer, Martyr, Fagius, Ocliin, and others of inferior note. Alasco arrived accordingly about the year 1548, and was introduced not only to the archbishop, but by his means to sir John Cheke, sir Wil- liam Cecil, and to the duke of Somerset, the protector. In a conference with the latter, he was encouraged to re- quest that he and his conores^ation might have leave to come over to London, and be protected in the exercise pf their religion ; and he urged that such a favour would be a matter of policy as well as charity, as by this step many useful manufactures might be introduced into Eng- land. He requested also that they might be incorporated by the king's letters patent ; and some old dissolved church, or monastery, given them as a jilace of worship. Having proposed these measures, and obtained the assistance of the archbishop and other friends of rank and power, to assist in forwardiu"- them, he returned a-ain to Embden, where he corresponded with the archbishop and Cecil. As soon as they informed him that his request would be com- plied with, he again came to England, and brought with him a considerable number of German Protestants, who found an asylum for their persons, and toleration for their principles, under the mild reign of Edward \ I. Three hundred and eighty of these refugees were naturalized, find erected into a species of ecclesiastical corporation, 294 A L A S C O. which was governed by its own laws, and enjoyed its own form of worship, aUhongh not exactly agreeing with that of the church of Enghind. — A place of worship in London, part of the once splendid priory of the Augustine friars, in the ward of Broad-street, which is still standing, was granted to them July 24, 1549, with the revenues belong- ing to it, for the subsistence of their ministers, who were either expressly nominated, or at least approved of by the liing. His majesty also fixed the precise number of them, namely, four ministers and a superintendant. This last office was conferred on Alasco, who, in the letters patent, is called a person of singular probity, and great learning ; and it was an office which comprehended many important duties. It appears that as among the refugees from the continent there were sometimes concealed papists, or dan- gerous enthusiasts, a power was given to Alasco to exa- mine into their characters, and none were tolerated in the exercise of their religion but such as were protected by him. His office likewise extended not only over this par- ticular congrefjation of Germans, but over all the other foreisfn churches in London, of which we find there was a French, a Spanish, and an Italian church or congregation ; and over their schools and seminaries, all which were sub- ject to his inspection, and declared to be within his juris- diction. In 1552, we find him using his influence to pro- cure for a member of the French church the king's licence to set up a printing-house for printing the liturgy, &c. in French, for the use of the French islands (Jersey and Guernsey) under the English government. It is to be regretted that a reception so hospitable, an establishment so munificent, and a toleration so complete, should not have induced this learned reformer to abate the zeal of controversy. But he had not enjoyed his new- office long before he published a book against the church of England, her ritual, ecclesiastical habits, and the ges- ture of kneeling at the sacrament. It is an excuse, indeed, that he was requested by Edward VI. to write on some of these subjects ; and it was probably owing to this circum- stance, that no censure was passed on his book. The reign of Edward VI. was short; and on the acces- sion of his bigottcd and remorseless sister, the reformation was overthrown ; and those who chose to adhere to it soon saw that they must be consistent at the expence of their lives, At the commencement, however, of the Mariaii A L A S C O. 2'JS tyranny, whether from a respect for Alasco's iUustrious family, or some regard for the rites of hospitality to those foreigners who had been invited into the country under the royal pledge of safety, Alasco and his congregation had the fair warning of a proclamation which ordered all fo- reigners to ticpart the realm, particularly heretics. Ac- cordingly, about one hundred and seventy-five persons, consisting of Poles, Germans, French, Scotch, Italians, and Spaniards, belonging to the various congregations under his superintendance, embarked in two ships, Sept. 17, 1553, with Alasco and his colleagues, and set sail for the coast of Denmark. Their reception here has been very differently represented. It has been said that, although known to be Protestants, yet because they professed the opinions of Zuinglius respecting the sacrament, they were not suffered to disembark, or to remain at anchor more than two daj's ; during which their wives and children were prohibited from landing. Such is the account given by Melchior Adam, and by those who have followed him with- out examining other writers. According, however, to Hospinian, who may be the more easily credited as he was iinfriendly to the Lutherans, it appears that the landing was not opposed, and that the Lutherans even admitted of a conference with Alasco and one of his colleagues, Micro- nius ; but in the end, as neither party would give way, Alasco and his company were obliged to leave the kingdom in the depth of winter, and were refused admittance, with equal inhumanity, at Lubeck, Wismar, and Hamburgh. After thus suffering almost incredible hardships at sea, during the whole of a very severe winter, they arrived ia March, 1554, atEmbden; and being received with kind- ness and hospitality, most of them settled there. Anne, countess dowager of Oldenburgh, again extended her friendship to Alasco, became the patroness of his flock, and procured them every comfort their situation required. In 1555, Alasco went to Franckfort on the Maine, where he obtained leave of the senate to build a church for re- formed strangers, and particularly for those of the Ne- therlands. While here, he wrote a defence of his conduct to Sigismond, king of Poland, against the aspersions of Joachim Westphale (one of the most violent controversial writers on the side of Luther), Bugenhagen, and others. In the same year, with the consent, if not at the desire of the duke of Wirtemberg, he maintained a disputation 2iJ6 ALAS C O. against Brentius, then a Lutheran, upon the subject of tlie eucharist. The unfair representation Brentius published of this controversy, and tlie garbled account' he gave of Alasco's arguments, obHged the latter to publish an apology for himself and his church, in 1557 ; in which he proved that their doctrine did not militate with the Augs- burgh confession concerning the presence of Christ in the supper ; but that, if they had differed from that con- fession, it did not follow that they were to be condemned, provided they could justify their dissent from the holy scriptures. Westphale was yet more illiberal than Bren- tius in his censure of Alasco and his fiock ; and reviled them with a virulence that would have better become their professed persecutors. After an absence of nearly twenty years, Alasco re- turned to his native country, where he was protected from the hostility of the ecclesiastics, by the king, who em- ployed him in various important affairs ; and when ad- dressed by the popish clergy to remove him, answered that " he had indeed heard, that the bishops had pro- nounced him a heretic, but the senate of the kingdom had determined no such matter ; that John Alasco was ready to prove himself untainted with heretical pravity, and sound in the Catholic faith." This answer, however, so unfavourable to their remonstrances, did not prevent their more secret efforts to injure him ; but we do not find that these were effectual, and he died in peace at Franckfort, Jan. 13, 1560, after a short illness. His piety, extensive learning, liberality, and benevolence, have been celebrated by all his contemporaries, and the bigoted part of the Lutherans wex*e his only enemies ; and even of these some could not brinor any other accusation aoainst him than that he differed from their opinion respecting the corporal pre- sence in the sacrament; a subject which unfortunately split the early i-eformers into parties, when they should have united against the common enemy. We have already quoted Erasmus's opinion of him when a very young man; and it may be added (from ep. iii. lib. 28.) that he pro- nounced him " young, but grave beyond his years ; and that himself was happy in his conversation and society-, and even became better by it ; having before him, in Alasco, a striking example of sobriety, moderation, mo- desty, and integrity." In another letter he calls him, "a man of so amiable a disposition, that he shoukl, have A L A S C O. 297 llionglit himself sufficienlly happy in his single friendship." Nor was Meianchthon less warm in his praise. i)n the accession of queen Elizabeth, although he did not return to England, he corresponded with her on affairs of the churcli ; and according to Zanchius, had much inlluence both with her, and the leading ministers of her court. It may here be noticed that the congregation he had settled in Austin Eriars were tolerated again under her reign, and that bishop Grindall was appointed superintendant of this foreign church, the last of whom we have any account as holding that olhce. The church is to this day vested in a congregation of Dutch Calvinistic protestants, and the library belojiging to it contains a vast collection of the n)anuscript letters and memorials of the reformers, and particularly of Alasco, whose portrait was there before the fire of London. Alasco was twice married : his first wife died in 1552, and the second survived him; he appears to have had children by both. It was probably a descendant of his, Albertus Alasco, who was most magnificently enter- tained by the university of Oxford in 1383, by special command of queen Elizabeth. " Such an entertainment it was," says Wood, " that the like before or since was never made for one of his degree, costing the university, with the colleges, about c£650. And, indeed, consider- ing the worthiness of the person for whom it was chiefly made, could not be less. He was one tarn Marti (/nam Mtrcurio : a very good soldier, and a very good scholar, an admirable linguist, philosopher, and mathematician." Of his works we have a cataloirue in Melchior Adam, Verheiden, and others, but mostlv without dates. His book on the sacrament, already noticed, bore this title : *' Brevis et diiucida de Sacramentis ecclesia; Christi trac- tatio : in qua fons ipse et ratio totius sacramentariic nostri temporis controversia', paucis exjionitur," Loud. 1552, 8vo. Together with this, says Stryjje, was bound up a tract, entitled " Consensio mutua in re Sacramentaria ministro- rum Tigurina; ecclesise, et D. Jo. Calvini, ministri Gene- vensis ecclesiac, data Tiguri, Aug. 30, 1549." The whole was introduced by an epistle dedicatory to king Edward, which Strype has given at large. It treats chieHy of the controversy respecting the habits, and was reprinted in 1633, when these matters were considered as of sufficient importance to hazard the existence of church and slate. 293 A LAS C O. Of this work on the sacrament, an abridgement was after- wards })\iblishecl under the title " Epistola continens in se siimmam controversiee de ccena Domini breviter explica- tam." His other works are: 1. " Conl'essio de nostra cum Christo Domino communione, et corporis item sui in ccena exhibitione, ad ministros ecclesiarum PVisii orientalis.'* 2. " Epistola ad Bremensis Eeclesicie ministros." 3. " Con- tra Mennonem catabaptistarum principem." 4. " De Kecta Ecclesiarum instituendarum ratione Epistolae tres.'* ■5. " Epistola ad regem Poloniae Sigismunduni, &c. in qua doctrinse ministerii fidem, ac nominis sui existimatio- neni, contra adversariorum caiumnias vindicat." 6. " Pur- gatio ministrorum in ecclesiis peregrinis frai^hofurti, qua tlemonstrat ipsorum doctrinam de Christi domini in cccna sua prtesentia non pugnare cum Augustana confessione, ut adversarii eos accusabant." 7. " Responsio ad rirulentam, calmnniisque et mendaciis coiisarcinatam, Joachimi West- phali Epistolam, qua purgationem ecclesiarum peregrina- rum Francofurti convellere conatur." 8. " Forma ac ratio totius Ecclesiastici Ministerii Edwardi VI. in peregrinonmi maxime Germanorum ecclesia." He also published a form of prayer and religious service, used in the church at London, of which we tind a notice of a translation from Latin into French, printed at London in 1556. ' ALAVA ESQUIVEL (Diego de), a celebrated Spanish bishop, who lived in the sixteenth century, was a native of Vitoria, a city of Alava in the province of Biscay. He Studied the civil and canon law at Salamanca, and made such considerable progress, that having been admitted one of the judges in several courts of judicature, he was at last made president of the council of Granada. He afterwards entered into holy orders, and was advanced to the bishop- ric of Astorga. Li that rank he assisted at the fifth council of Trent, where his principal endeavours were to restrain pluralities. On his return he was made bishop of Avila, and afterwards of Cordova. He died in 1562. The only work he has left, the subject of which is general • Melchior Adam. — Verheiden, Effigies, &c. — Lnd. I.avater in hist, de orfu &.C. controveisije sacrameiitaria;. — .-ilcideii in Coiument. — Tiiiianus. — Hos- piriian Hist. Snoramcnt. part 2, p 224. — Geniesins in Hist. Evangeiii ronovati, et Florilp<;. T.ibr. nr. p. 226. vi.lO. — Freyiac; in Analectis Litterariis, p. .'il.i, 51G,— Sirype's Crantner, p. 195-, 23-i, 246/261, 290, 317; App. 139, 141, U.S.— Strj'pe's Annals, I. 1 IP.— Strype's Memorials, vol. H. 83, 224, 240, 241, 265, .'>74. i III. 350.— Strvpe's Parker, 288.— rJorlin's Erasmus. — Burncl's Hist. vol. il. Kecords, y. 203. A L A V A. 299 councils, is said to be well written : " De Conciliis uni- veibalibus, ac dehis quae ad reiigionis et reipubiicie Christ, reformationem instituenda videiitur," Gianada, 1582, fol. The family of D'Alava produced at least two other writers of some eniiuence, Diego d'Aiava de Beaumont, the sou of the master of the ordnance to the king of Spain, an able engineer, who wrote " El Perfecto Capitan, &c." or the Perfect Captain instructed in the military science, and the art of fortification, Madrid, 1590, fob; and Francis Ruis de Vergcira y Alava, who wrote the history of the college of St. Bartholomew, in the universty of Salamanca; and by order of Philip IV. superintended an edition, 1655, fol. of the Statutes of the order of the knights of St. James. ' ALAYMO (Mark Anthony), a celebrated physician of Sicily, was born in 1590 at Ragalbuto, in the valley of Demona, and wlien young acquired great reputation for his proficiency in classical learning, and in the study of philosophy. He then made choice of the profession of medicine, and received his doctor's decjree at Messina in 1610. In 161& he settled at Palermo, where he practised with uncommon success, his advice being eagerly sought at home and abroad, by persons of all ranks who corre- sponded with him in cases where his visits could not be pro- cured. His fame rose highest, however, in 1624, when he practised with so much skill, humanity, and success, during the rage of the plague in Palermo and other parts of Sicily. While in this prosperous career, he was in vain solicited to accept a professor's chair in the university of Bologna, and the office of first physician to the king of Naples. Nothing could seduce him from his connexions in Palermo, where he had the principal hand in founding the medical academy. He is celebrated also for his piety and muniticence towards religious institutions. He died August 29, 1662. His principal works are in Latin, 1. " Consultatio pro ulceris Syriaci nunc vagantis curatione," Palermo, 1632, 4io. 2. *' De succcdaneis Medicamen- tis," ibid. 1637, 4to. 3. And in Italian, " Discorso in- torno alia preservatione del morbo contagioso, e mortale, che regna al presente in Palermo, &c." ibid. 1625, 4to. 4. " Consigli Medico-politici," also relating to the plague, ibid. 1652, 4to. He left, likewise, some works in maim- script, on the treatment of nialignaut fevers, and a com- mentary on the epidemics of Hippocrates, ' * Gen. Diet. — Fra. Paol. Hist, de Concil. de Trent. — Nic. Anton. Bibl. Hispan. 9 Manget. Bibl. Script. Med. 30(7 ALB A N. A LB AN (f^T.) is said to have been tlie first person who suftered martyrdom for Christianity in Britain ; he is there- fore usually styled the proiomariyr of this island. He was born at Verulam*, and flourished towards the end of the third century. In his youth he took a journey to Rome, in company with Ampiiibahis, a monk of Caerleon, and served seven years as a soldier under the emperor Diocle- sian. At his return home he settled in Verulam ; and, through the example and instruction of Amjjhibalus, re- nounced the errors of Paganism, in which he had been educated, and became a convert to the Cliristian religion. It is generally agreed that Alban suflPered martyrdom du- ring the great persecution under the reign of Diocletian ; but authors difler as to the year when it iiappened : Bede and others fix it in the year 286, some refer it to 296, but Usher reckons it amongst the events of 303. His death is said to have been accompanied with several miracles, to which, however, it is impossible to give credit. Collier, only, of all our historians, contends for their credibility. Between 400 and 500 years after -St. Alban's death, Offa, king of the Mercians, built a very large and stately mo- nastery to his memory; and the town of St. Alban's in Hertfordshire takes its name from t)ur proiomartj-r. ' ALBAN I (Alexander), an eminent virtuoso, was boru at Urbino, Oct, 15, 1692, and promoted to the rank of cardinal by InnocentXllL HediedDec. 2, 1779, aged 87. He showed great dignity in his embassy to the emperor ; and displayed much learning while he held the place of * This town was anciently called it was esteemed a municipiiim, or a Werlamcester, or Watliiigacester, the town wliose inhabitants enjoyed the former name being derived from the rights and pi ivileges of Roman citizens, river Warlame, which ran on tlie east It was entirely ruined by the Britons, side; the latter, from the Roman high- during the war between the Romans way called Watling- street, which lay and Boadicea, queen of the Iceni. Af- to the west. (Mat. Westm. Flor. Hist, terwards Veridam flourished again, ann. 313.) Tacitus calls it Veriila- and became a city of great note. About mium ; and Ptolemy, llroliiim. 'J'he the middle of the fifth century, it fell situation of this place was close by the into the hands of the Saxons; but town of St. Alban's, in Hertfordshire. Uthcr Pendiagon, the Briton, reco- Therc is nothing now remaining of old vered it with much difficulty, after a Vrrulam but riiius of walls, checjucrcd veiy long siege. After his death, Ve- pavements, and Roman coins, which rulam fell again into the hamls of the are often dug up. It is conjecmred, oaxons ; but by frequent wars, it was from the situation, that this was the at last entirely ruined. Camden's town of Cassivelauniis, so well dc- Britannia, by bishop Gibson, vol. i, fended by woods and marshes, vvhi(;h col. 355, was (Taken by Caesar. In Nero's time I Biog. Brit. A L B A N r. 301 librarian of the Vatican. He had great taste an 1 know- ledge ot" antiquities, and became a munilicent patron of learning and learned men. His lionse, known by the name of tlie Villa Albani, was decorated with valuable statues and other treasures of the fine arts. He also found leisure from his political engagements to write some historical and literary works, which are held in much esteem. In 17t^2, his collection of drawiniis, consisting- of three hundred vo- ... . . * lumes, one third of which are orioinal drawin ered his poems to a friend, in order to be presented to l^i-s faA'onrite marchioness; bvit this friend sold them to Fab'l^ d'Uzes, a lyric poet, who published them as his own. \Vhen the fraud was discovered, d'Uzes was seized, and underwent the ])unishment of whi])ping for his plagiarism, agreeably to the law established by the emperors against that crime, but which, unfortunately for authors, has been repealed in all countries.^ -ALBERTI-ARISIX^TILE, otherwise called Ridolfo Fi- oraventi, a celebrated mechanic, born at Bologna, lived )Ti the 15th century. Astonishing performances are as- cribed to this artist. In 1455 he transported, at Bologna, the campanile of St. Mary del Tempis, with all its bells, 1 Vossius (le Hist. Lat. — Moreri. * Biogiaphie Univciselle. — Haym's Biblioteca Ilaliana, vol. Ill, ■^ Gtii. Dift. — Biog. UuiTerselle. ALBERTI-ARISTOTILE. 317 to the distance of 35 paces. Jn the town of Cento he riirhted that of the church of St. Blaise, whicli was ijut five feet and a half out of its perpendicular. Beinj^ in- vited to Hungary, he rebuilt several bridges on the Danube, and constructed many other works, with which the reigu- iiig sovereign was so highly satisfied, that he created hini a chevalier, and allowed him to coin money with the im- press of his own bust. He was likewise employed by Ivan Vassillievitcli, grand duke of Russia, in the construction of several churches. ' ALBERTl (CiiERUBixo, Borghkgiaxo), a painter of some distinction, but whose reputation is chiefly established by his engravings, was born in 1552 atBorgo S. Sepolcliro, from which he derived one of his names. From hi > father, Michele Alberti, he learned the first rudiments of histori- cal painting, in which art he made very considerable pro- gress. His greatest works are in fresco at Rome; and he also painted in oil, and combined some thought with much practice. From whose instructions he became an engraver is uncertain, but his best style of execution seems evidently to have been founded on the prints of C. Cort and Agos- tino Caracci, though in his friezes and other slighter plates he owed much to the works of Francesco Villemena. The eiioravinfjs of Alberti are never verv hifji)lv hnished, or powerful in elTect. The lights are scattered and left un- tintcd, as well upon the distances, as upon tiie principal figures of the fore-ground, which destroys the harmony, and prevents the proper gradation of the objects, 7'lie drawing of the naked parts of the figure, in the works of this artist, is rarely inc(jrrect: the extremities are well marked, and the characters of the heads generally very expressive : but his draperies are apt to be rather stitFand iiard. His prints may be considered as very extraordinary efforts of a great genius, whilst the art was as yet at some considerable dis- tance from perfection. Tiie number of plates, great and small, engraved by this artist, amounts to nearly one hun- dred and ei"htv, of which seventy-five are from his own compositions, the rest from Michael Angelo Buonaroti, Raphael, Polidoro, Andrea del Sarto, &c. The "Miracle of St, Philip Benizzo" is one of the most excellent, Al- berti died in 1615,* ALBERTI (GioVANKi), brother of the above, was born near Florence in 1558, and received his early instruction * Biof. Universelle. — Diet, HUt. - Scrutt apj Pilkinjton'i Dicticnaries^ 318 A L B E R T L from his father, hut afterwards went to Rome, uhere he studied geometiy, and also the works of Buonaroti, and other great masters. He devoted his principal attention to perspective, in which branch he arrived at eminence, and gave a demonstrative proof of his great abilities in one of the pope's palaces, having painted a design in that style which procured him much fame. The chief nobility at Rome were solicitous to employ him, and he worked in many of the chapels and convents with general approba- tion, for he recommended himself to all persons of taste by the elegance of his composition, the firmness and deli- cacy of his pencil, the grandeur of his thoughts, the ju- dicious distribution of the parts, and by the spirit visilale throughout the whole.' ALBERTI (George William), a preacher at Tundern in Hanover, was born in 1725, and having finished his education, spent some years in England, where, after he had acquired the language, he wrote " Thoughts on Hume's Essays on Natural Religion," and on this occasion dis- guised himself under the name of Alethophilus Gottin- gensis. On his return to Germany, he published "Letters on the state of Religion and the Sciences in Great Britain,'* Hanover, 1752 — 54, and "An Essay on the religion, wor- ship, manners and customs of the Quakers," 1750. He died in 1758. ' ALBERTI (John), a German lawyer of the IGth cen- tur}% born at Widmanstadt, deeply learned in the Oriental languages, gave an abridgment of the Koran, with critical notes, 1543, 4to ; a work which procured him the title of chancellor of Austria, and chevalier of St. James. He published in 4to, in 15:6, a New Testament in Syriac, from the manuscript used by the Jacobites, at the expence of the emperor Ferdinand L It contains neither the se- cond epistle of Peter, nor the second and third of John, nor that of Jude, nor the Apocalypse. Only 1000 copies were printed, of which five hundred remained in Germany, and the rest were sent to the Levant. It is impossible for any thing to be more elegant, or better proportioned, says pere Simon, than the characters of this edition. Some copies have the date of 1562. He also composed a Syriac grammar, to which is prefixed a very curious preface. He died in 1559.3 1 Pilkington's Diet. s Biog. Universelle, ' Moreri.— Biog. Univerjclle, A L B E II T T. 319 ALBF.RTI (John), professor of Divinity in the nnivcr- sity of Leydon, was born 1698, at Asse in Holland. After the example of Eisner, Raplielius, and the cele- brated Lambert Bos, who had been his tutors at the uni- versity of Franeker, and of some other divines who have been called sacred jihilologians, he collected from prophano authors all the parallel passages in favour of the Greek phrases in the New Testament, with a view to defend the style of the evangelists and apostles against those critics who maintain that it is barbarous and full of Hebraisms. The result of his labours he published in 1725, under the title of " Observationes Philologicfe in sacros Novi Foederis iibros," 8vo, Ley den ; and encouraged by the reputation he derived from this work, he next published " Pericu- him criticnm in quo loca qufcdam cum V. ac N. T. turn Hesychii et aliorum,illustrantur, vindicantur, emendantur," Leyden, 1727, 8vo. In this he displayed an uncommon acquaintance with the Greek lexicographers and gram- marians, and some years after conceived a design of a new edition of Hesychius. While making collections for this undertaking, Fabricius sent him an unpublished glossary of the words of the New Testament, which he thought worthy of publication by itself, with a comment and some critical pieces. It appeared accordingly in 1735, under the title " Glossarinm Grscum in sacros N. T. Iibros. Ac- cedunt miscellanea critica in orlossas nomicas, Suidam. Hesycliium, et index auctorum ex Photii lexico inedito/' Leyden, Bvo. Ten years after, in 1746, the first volume of his edition of Hesychius made its appearance, and fully gratified the expectations of the learned world. He had arrived at the letter K in the second volume, when he was attacked by the cholic of Poitou, and although restored iii some measure by the waters of Aix-la-Chapelle, he was obliged to desist from his labours for al)out three yeat-s. He then resumed them, but the manuscrij)t was left un- finished at his death, which was occasioned by the erysi- pelas, Aug. 13, 1762. The Hesychius was afterwards I'ompleted by Rhunkenius, Leyden, 1766. This is the best edition, and is thought by some critics to be one of the best edited books the learned world can boast. ' ALBEll'J'I (Lrander), adominican and provincial of his order, was born at Bologna in 1479, and died in 1552. » Biog. Universclle. — RhimkeniuB Pief. Vol. 11. of Lexicon. — Bibliographjcal Dictionary.— Saxii Onomasticon. 320 ALBERT!. He wrote in Italian, 1. " Historic di Bologna, dcca prima, e libro primo deca secunda sino all' anno 1253," Bologna, 1541, 4to. The second and third books were not published until long after his death, by F. Lucio Caccianemici, who added two supplements, 1590 and 1591, 4to. 2. " Cronica del'e principaii FaraiglieBolognesi, &c." Vincenza, 1592, 4to. 3. " Deocrizione di tutta T Italia," printed at Bologna in his life-time, fol. 1550, and reprinted, Venice, 1551 and 1553, 1561, 1581, and 1588. This work, so often published, is replete with curious facts, but the author has sheun less judgment in adopting the fables of Annius of Viterbo. 4. In Latin, " De Viris illusiribus ordinis pracdi- catorum, libri sex in unum congesti," Bologna, 1517, fol. 5. " Diatriba de incrementis Domini Venette," and " De Claris viris i-eipublicaj Veneta?," which are printed in Con- tarini's Venetian Republic, ed. 2, Leiden, 1628. ' ALBERTI (Leon Baptista), an eminent Italian artist, and one of the earliest scholars that appeared in tlie revival of letters, was of a noble and very ancient family at Flo- rence, but was born at Venice in the end of the fourteenth, or beginning of the fifteenth century. Various authors have given 1398, 1400, and 1404, as the date of his birth. In his youth he was remarkable for his agility, strength, and skill in bodily exercises, and an unquenchable thirst of knowledge possessed him from his earliest years. In the learned languages he made q. speedy and uncommon pro- ficiency. At the age of twenty, he first distinguished him- self by his Latin comedy entitled " Philodoxius," copies of which he distributed among his friends, as the work of Lepidus, an ancient poet. The literati were completely deceived, and bestowed the highest applauses on a piece which they conceived to be a precious remnant of anti- quity. It was written by him during the confinement of sickness, occasioned by too close an application to study, and appeared first about the year 1425, when the rage for ancient manuscripts was at its height, and Lepidus for a while took his rank with Plautus and Terence. Even in the following century, the younger Aldus Manutius having met with it in manuscript, and alike ignorant of its former appearance, and the purpose it was intended to serve, printed it at Lucca, 1588, as a precious remnant of anti- quity. I Morcri— Biog:. UniverseUc—Vossius ie Hist. Lat.— Chaufepie.— Ilayua, Bib). Italian, vol, I. A L B E R T I. 321 Albert! took orders afterwards in order to have leisure to prosecute his studies. In 1447 he was a canou of the metropolitan church of Florence, and abb<* of St. Savino or of St. Ermete of Pisa. Although he became known to the world as a scholar, a painter, a sculptor, and an archi- tect, it is to his works of architecture that he owes his prin- cipal fame. He may be regarded as one of the restorers of that art, of which he understood both the theory and practice, and wliich he improved by his labours as well as his writings. Succeeding to Brunelleschi, he introduced more graceful forms in the art; but some consider him not- withstanding as inferior to that celebrated architect. Al- berti studied very carefully the remains of ancient archi- tecture, which he measured himself at Rome and other parts of Italy, and has left many excellent specimens of his talents. At Florence, he completed the Pitti palace, and built that of Ruccellai, and the chapel of the same family in the church of St. Pancras ; the facade of the church of Santa Maria Novella, and the choir of the church of Nun- ziata. Being invited to Rome by Nicholas V. he was em- ployed on the aqueduct of I'Aqua Vergine, and to raise the fountain of Trevi ; but this having since been recon- structed bv Clement XII. from the designs of Nicholas Salvi, no traces of Alberti's work remain. At Mantua, he constructed several buildings, by order of Louis of Gon- zaga, of which the most distinguished are the churches of St, Sebastian, and that of St, Andrew : the latter, from the grandeur and beauty of its proportions, is esteemed a model for ecclesiastical structures. But his principal work is ge- nerally acknowledged to be the church of St, Francis at Rimini. As a writer, Alberti was not less esteemed. He was well acquainted with philosophy, mathematics, antiquities, and poetry, and enjoyed the intimacy of Lorenzo de Medici. On one occasion this Maecenas of his age, with a view to pass the sultry season more agreeably, assembled some of the most eminent literary men in the grove of Camaldoli, amongst whom were Marsilio Ficimo, Donato Acciajuoli, Alamanno Rinuccini, Christoforo Laudino, and our Al- berti. The subjects of their conversations, in which Alberti took a distinguished part, were published by Lan- dino, in his " Disputationes Camaldulenses," and a short sketch has been given by Mr. Roscoe in his life of Lorenzo. Among the moral works of Alberti, written in Latin, are, Vol. I. Y 323 A L B E R T I. 1. his dialogue, entitled, '^ Momus, de Principe," of which there were two editions at Rome in 1520, 2. *' Trivia, sive de causis senatoriis, &c." Basil, 1538, 4to. Cosimo Bartoli, who translated into ItaUan most of the works of Alberti, has made the fifth and sixth books of the Momus from his treatise " De Jure," or On the administration of justice. He composed an hundred " Fables," or Apolo- gues, and a poem, entitled " Hecatomphile," on the art of love, which was translated by Bartoli into Italian, 1568, and into French in 1534 and 1584. There are extant many other writings by Alberti on philosophy, mathematics, perspective, and antiquities. He also wrote some Italian poems, in which he wished to introduce the Latin rythm, but in this he has not been successful. His writings, how- ever, on the arts, are in highest estimation. He wrote a treatise on sculpture, and another on painting " De Pic- tura, prestantissima et nunquam satis laudata arte, &c." Basil, 1540 ; printed likewise at Leyden by the Elzevirs, in 1649. The work from which he derives most reputation is his treatise on architecture, " De re aedificatoria," in ten books, which was not published until after his death, in 1485, by his brother Bernard. It was translated into Italian by Peter Lauro, Venice, 1549, and in 1550 by Bartoh, with wood-cuts. A beautiful edition was also published in London, 1726, 3 vols. fol. by James Leoni, in Italian and English, with fine copper-plates. The last edition, that of Bologna, 1782, fol. contains the treatise before mentioned. Alberti died probably in 1485, or as Tiraboschi thinks, in 1472 ; and was buried in his familv-vault in the church of St. Croix. He was indefatigable in study and business ; in his temper amiable and conciliating, and extremely liberal to the merits of other artists. Politian, in the dedication of his work on architecture to Lorenzo de Medici, bestows the highest encomiums on him, and attributes to him the discovery of a great variety of curious mechanical inven- tions ; and Vasari gives him the invention of the camera obscura ; but it is more certain that we owe to him the optical machine for exhibiting drawings so as to imitate nature. ' ALBERTI (Michael), a very eminent German physician and one of the ablest scholars, and supporters of the opinions ^ Lif« prefixed to Leoni's Architecture. — Life by Vasari.— Biog. Universelle. — Rotiooe's Lorenzo de Medici.— Gresswell's Memoirs of Politianus, &c.— Haym Bibl. Ital. ALBERT!. hqs of Stahl, was born at Nuremberg, Nov, 13, 1682, He be- came professor of medicine at Hall, and an author of great celebrity. The object of the principal part of his works is to oppose the system of the mechanicians, and to establish that of Stahl; and although he may not be completely suc- cessful in this, it is generallv agreed that his works contri- buted to throw great light on the sound practice of physic. Haller has given a copious list of his works, as well as of the disputations he aiaintained. Those which have con- tributed most to his fame, are, 1, " Introductio in univer- sam medicinam," 3 vols. 4to, Hall, 17 IS, 1719, 1721, In this he maintains the power of nature in the cure of dis- eases, and the danger of interfering with her operations. 2. '* Systema Jurisprudentiae Medicae," 1725 — 47, 6 vols. 4to, a work which embraces every possible case in which the opinion of the physician may be necessary in the deci- sions of law. 3. " Specimen medicae Theologicae," Hall, 1726, Svo. 4. " Tentamen lexici medici realis," 2 vols. 4to, 1727 — 1731, ibid. 5. " De Sectarum in medicina noxia instauratione," 1730, 4to. 6. " Commentatio ad constitutionem criminalem Caroli V." 1739, 4to. In most of these works the subjects are treated in a philosophical as well as practical manner. — Alberti died at Hall, 1757, aged seventy-four. • ALBERTI (Solomon), the pupil of Jerome Fabricius at Padua, was born at Nuremberg, in 1540, and became pro- fessor of medicine at Wittemberg. He may be joined with Vesalius, Eustachius, and others who founded the new school of anatomy, and himself made several important dis- coveries in the structure of the ear, the eye, &c. His ^' His- toria plerarumque humani corporis partium membratim scripta," Wittemberg, 1583, 8vo, and his " Tres Ora- tiones," Norimberg, 1585, Svo, are still in considerable estimation, on account of the many excellent observations they contain on questions of physiology and the materia medica. He died at Dresden in 1600.'' ALBERTI (Valentine), professor of divinity at Leip- sic, was born in 1635, at Lehna in Silesia, and died at Leipsic in 1697. He wrote a great many controvei-sial treatises against Puffendorf, Thomasius, the Cartesians, Cocceians, and the adversaries of the Augsburgh commu- 1 Haller Bibl. Med. Pract. — Man^et Eibl.— Biog. Universelle. 2 Haller BibU Med. Pract. — Maiiget. — Biosraphie Universelle.— Diet. His - torique. Y 2 52i A L B E R T I. nion, especially Bossuet and count Leopold de CoUonitsch, bishop of VVienerisch-Neustadt. Alberti attacked also the orthodoxy of the pious Spener, the Fenelon of the Lu- theran church, but who has been censured for his leaning too much to the pietists and mystics. Among his writings, which have been most favourably received and frequently reprinted, we may notice his " Compendium Juris naturae," against PuffendorfF, and his " Interesse prsecipuarum reli- gionum Christian." He also wrote two curious disserta- tions, " De fide haereticis servanda," Leipsic, 1662, 4to. Adelung, who has given a list of his works, says that his German poems are not bad, if we consider the imperfec- tions of that language, and the false taste which prevailed in his time.' ALBERTI Di VILLANOVA (FrAxNCIS d'), author of the best French and Italian, and Italian and French Dic- tionary we have, was born at Nice, 1737. The success of the first three editions of this work encouraged him to pul>- lish a fourth, enlarged and corrected, Marseilles, 1796, 2 vols. 4to. His *' Dizionario universale critico enciclope- dico della lingua Italiana," printed at Lucca, 1797, is much esteemed, and to foreigners may supply the place of the dictionary de la Crusca. Alberti was employed on a new edition, when he died at Lucca in 1800. The abbe Francis Federighi, his assistant in the work, was requested to complete it, and it was accordingly published in 1803, Lucca, 6 vols. 4to.^ ALBERTINI (Francis), an ecclesiastic of Florence, and an able antiquary, flourished in the beginning of the sixteenth century. He published, 1. " De mirabilibus no- vae etveterisurbis Romae," a work divided into three books, and dedicated to pope Julius II. Rome, 1505, 4to ; re- printed 1510, 1515, 1519, and 1520; and although more able works have been published on the same subject since, this of Albertini still enjoys its reputation. 2. " Tractatus brevis de laudibus Florentiae et Saonse," written in 1509, and added to the third edition of the preceding. 3. In Italian, " Memoriale di molte Statue, e Picture sono mell* inclita Cipta di Florentia per mano di Sculptori, et Pictori excellenti moderni, ed antiqui." Florence, 1510, 4to. * ALBERTINI MU8SATUS. See MUSSATUS. * Bio«^raphie Universelle. 9 Ibid.— Diet, Historique. » liograpki* Universelle. — Saxii Onoinasticoii. A L B E R T I N r. 325 ALBERTINI (Paul), a celebrated divine and politi- cian of Venice, was born there in 1430, and at the age of ten, entered into the rehgious order of the Servites, where he made profession for six years. He afterwards taught philosophy, and became a popular preacher, and his zeal and talents pointed him out as the proper pei'son to suc- ceed to the vacant bishopric of Torcello, which, however, was given to another. The republic of Venice employed him in many affairs of state, and even sent him as ambassa dor to Turkey, He died in the prime of life in 1475, when his reputation was such, that a medal was struck in honour of his memory. He left, according to Sansovino, several works in Latin, on the knowledge of God, the his- tory of the Servites, and other theological subjects, and an explanation of some passages in Dante. Possevin, in his " Sacred Apparatus," improperly attributes the two first- mentioned works to Paul Nicoletti. ' ALBERTUS MAGNUS, called also Albertus Teuto- Nicus, Frater Albertus de Colonia, Albertus Ratls- lONENSis, and Albertus Grotus, of the family of the counts of Bollstajdt, was born, according to some, in 1193, and according to others, in 1205, at Lavingen in Suabia. It has been supposed that the epithet of Great, which was certainly conferred upon him by his contemporaries, in whose eyes he appeared a prodigy of learning and genius, was the family name Groot, but none of the counts of Bollstoadt ever bore such a name. He received his early education at Pavia, where he surpassed all his schoolfellows, and that every circumstance belonging to him might have an air of miracle, it is said that he owed his rapid progress to a vi- sion in which the holy Virgin appeared to him, and pro- mised that he should be one of the greatest luminaries of the church. By the advice of one of his masters, the cele- brated dominican Jordanus, he resolved to enter into that order in 1221. After havincr for some time taught the scholars of the society, he went to Paris, and gave lectures on Aristotle with great applause. As the Aristotelian phi- losophy had been just before forbidden by a papal bull, some of the biographers of Albertus have questioned his lecturing on the subject at Paris; but the fact is recorded by all the ancient writers on his history, and it is even pro- bable that he was the means of having the bull rescinded^ ' Biojraphie Uaiverselle.— Diet. Historicjiie. 326 A L B E R T U S. as he was permitted publicly to comment on Aristotle's physics. In 1254, his reputation was such among the Do- minicans, that he was raised to the dignity of provincial in Germany. In this character he took up his residence at Cologn, a city at that time preferable to most others for a man so addicted to study, and for which he entertained so strong a predilection, that neither the invitation of pope Alexander IV. to come to Rome, nor his promotion to the bishopric of Ratisbon, in 1260, were inducements suffi- cient to draw him from Cologn for any considerable time. It was at Cologn probably, that he is said to have con- structed an automaton, capable of moving and speaking, which his disciple, the celebrated Thomas Aquinas, broke in pieces, from a notion that it was an agent of the devil. This city is likewise said to have been the site of another of his miracles, that of raising flowers in winter to please William, count of Holland. Such tricks, or such reports of his ingenuity, procured him the reputation of a magi- cian, in an age in which he probably had attained only a superior knowledge of mechanics. What he really did, or how far he was indebted to the arts of deception, in these and other performances, it is difficult to determine ; but we know that the most common tricks, which now would only make a company of iUiterate villagers stare, were then sufficient to astonish a whole nation. In 1274, after he had preached the crusades in Germany and Bohemia, by order of the pope, he assisted at a gener ral council held at Lyons, and returned thence to his fa- vourite residence at Cologn, where he died in 1280, leav- ing a greater number of works than any philosopher before 3iis time had ever written. Peter Jammi, a dominican, col- lected as many as he could procure, and published them in 1651, Lyons, 21 vols. fol. We have nowhere a com- plete catalogue of his works. The largest is in the first volume of the " Scriptores ordinis Pruedicatorum," by Quetif and Echard, and extends to twelve folio pages. Many pieces which have been erroneously attributed to him, have no doubt swelled this catalogue, but when these are deducted, enough remains to prove the vast fertility of his pen. In the greater part of his works he is merely a commentator on Aristotle, and a compiler from the Arabian writers, yet he every where introduces original discussions, and observations, some of which may yet be thought judi- «;ious. He treats on philosophy in all its branches, and al- A L B E R T U S. 327 thouolihe does not erect a system of his own, a very com- plete body of the Aristotelian doctrines .may be found in his writings, which of late have been studied and analysed by Brucker, in his " History of Philosophy;" by Buhle in his " Lehrbuch der Gesch. der Philosophie," vol. V. ; and especially by Tiedman, who gives a very luminous and com- plete analysis of Albert's system, in his " History of Spe- culative Philosophy," vol. V. Albert was a very bad Greek scholar, and read Aristotle, &c. only in the Latin transla- tions, but he was better acquainted with the Arabian writers and rabbis. In divinity, Peter Lombard was his guide and model. His wish was to reconcile the Nominalists with the Realists, but he had not the good fortune to please either. His treatises on speculative science are written in the ab- stract and subtle manner of the age, but those on natural subjects contain some gems, which would perhaps, even in the present age, repay the trouble of searching for them. It is remarked by Brucker, that the second age of the scholastic philosophy, in which Aristotelian metaphysics, obscured by passing through the Arabian channel, were applied with wonderful subtlety to the elucidation of Chris- tian doctrine, began with Albert and ended with Durand. > ALBI (Henry), a native of Bolene in the comtat Ve- naissin, was born in 1590, and entered the order of the Jesuits at the age of sixteen. After having taught the languages for seven years, he studied divinity, which he afterwards taught, with philosophy, for twelve years, and was successively rector of the colleges of Avignon, Aries, Grenoble, and Lyons. He died at Aries, October 6, 1659. He wrote, 1. " Eloges historiques des Cardinaux Francais et etrangcrs, mis en parallele," Paris, 1644, 4to, a super- ficial work, of which father Le Long mentions an edition in 1653, with the additional lives of the cardinals de Berulle, Richelieu, and Ilochefoucault. 2. " L'Anti-Theophile pa- roissial," Lyons, 1649, 12mo. Bonaventure Bassee, a ca- puchin, had published at Antwerp, in 1635, his " Theophi- lus Parochialis," and Benoit Pnys, the curate of St. Nizier at Lyons, gave a translation of it in 1649, in which he pro- fessed to have undertaken this labour as an answer to those who declaimed against performing and attending mass in parishes ; and when Albi's Anti-Theophile api)eared, an- ' Gen. Diet. Bayle. — Biographic Unlvecselle. — Moreii. — BruLksr.— The most vMuable references are in Saxi; Onomasticon. 32S A L B I. swered him in a work entitled *' Reponse Chretienne.'* On this Albi wrote, 3. " Apologie pour I'Anti-Theophile paroissial," Lyons, 1649, under the feigned name of Paul de Cabiac. The following year these two adversaries be- came reconciled. 4. A translation from the Latin of father Alexander of Rhodes, of the " History of Tunquin, and the progress of the Gospel there from 1627 to 1646," Lyons, 1651, 4to, a very curious work, but heavy in point of style. 5. The Lives of various pious persons, and some religious pieces, of which Niceron has given a catalogue in vol, XXXIIL ' ALBICUS, archbishop of Prague, slightly mentioned in our former edition, deserves some farther notice on account of his character having been much misrepresented by Po- pish writers, from design, and by one or two late Protest- ant writers, from ignorance of his real history. He was born at Mahrisch-Neustadt in Moravia, and probably there first educated. When a young man, he entered the uni- versity of Prague, and studied medicine, in which faculty he took his degree in 1387. To the study of medicine he joined that of the civil and canon law, and in order to pro- secute these sciences with more success, went to Italy, where at that time the ablest law}'ers were; and at Padua, in 1404, received his doctor's degree. On his return, he taught medicine in the university of Prague for nearly thirty- years, and attained such reputation, that Wenceslaus IV. king of Bohemia, appointed him his first physician. In 1409, on the death of the archbishop of Prague, Wences- laus recommended him to be his successor, and the canons elected him, although not very willingly. For some time they had no reason to complain of his neglecting to sup-, press the doctrines of Wickliffe and Huss, which were then spreading in Bohemia; but afterwards, when Huss came to Prague, and had formed a strong party in favour of the re- formation, he relaxed in his efforts, either from timidity or principle, and determined to resign his archbishopric, which he accordingly did in 1413, when Conrade was chosen in his room, a man more zealous against the re- formers, and more likely to gratify his clergy by the perse- cution of the Hussites. Albicus lived afterwards in privacy, and died in Hungary, -1427, and so little was his character understood, that the Hussites demolished a tomb which he ' Moieri. — Biographic Universelle, A L B I C U S. 329 had caused to be built in his life-time, while the Popish writers were equally hostile to him for the encouragement he had given to that party. They reproached him in parti- cular for his extreme parsimony and meanness while arch- bishop. Balbinus, however, the liistorian of Prague, asserts, that in his household establishment he was magni- ficent and bountiful. His last biographer allows, that in his old age he was more desirous of accumulating than be- came his character. During the time he held the archbi- shopric, he had the care of the schools and students, and bestowed every attention on the progress of literature. The only works he left are on medical subjects ; " Practica medendi," " Regimen Pestilentise," " Regimen Sanita- tis," all which were published at Leipsic in 1484, 4to. ' ALBINOVANUS (C. Pedo), a Latin poet, who lived under Augustus and Tiberius, about thirty-five years be- fore the Christian sera. He wrote elegies, epigrams, and a poem on Germanicus's voyage to the nonh. There are, however, only extant, an elegy addressed to Livia on the death of her son Drusus ; another on the death of Miccenas, but so inferior in elegance to the former, that some critics have thought it did not come from the same pen ; and a third, entitled " The last words of Maecenas," which was usually found joined to the elegy on his death, until Scaliger discovered they were distinct pieces. Le Clerc, under the assumed name of Theodore Goralle, published an edition of these fragments of Albinovanus, with the notes of Scali- ger, Heinsius, &c, Amsterdam, 1703, 8vo, and has adopted JScaliger's opinion respecting the last mentioned poem, that it consisted of the actual last words of Maecenas versified. Thereisanotheredition of these fragments, with critical notes and a philological index, by J. C. Bremer, Helmstadt, 8vo. The only fragment that remains of the voyage of Germani- cus has been preserved by Seneca. It represents the tlan- gers which threatened the prince and his soldiers on a sea so little known to the Romans. Seneca prefers it to all other poems on the same subject, nor is Martial less warm in his praises of Albinovanus. Ovid, who was very inti- mate with him, congratulates himself, that in all his dis- grace (by banishment, Ex Ponto. lib. iv. ep. x.) lie pre- served the friendship of Albinovanus. We must not, how- ' Balbinns's Hist, of Prague. — Effigies Virorutn cruditorum, atque artificum EoliLTniiB et Moravia:, a Ignat. de Born, vol. II. 1775, p. 87. — Diet. Historique.— Moreri. 330 A L B I N O V A N U S. ever, confound him, as Dacier has done, with another Albinovanus, mentioned by Horace in the Art of Poetry, as a plagiarist. ' ALBINUS (Bernard), an eminent physician, whose proper name was Wei.ss, was born at Dessau, in the pro- vince of Anhalt, in 1653, and was the son of a burgomaster of that town. He studied hrst at Bremen, and afterwards at Ley den. In 1676, after taking his doctor's degree in medicine, he travelled in Flanders, France, and Lorraine, and returned, in 1681, to the possession of a professor's chair at Francfort on the Oder. In his mode of teaching he discovered those talents and that penetration, of which he exhibited some proofs while a student, and soon rose to wealth and distinction. He was appointed physician to the successive electors of Brandenburgh, who bestowed many honours upon him, and among other marks of their favour, gave him a prebend of Magdeburgb, exempting him, at the same time, from the duties of the place ; but this he re- signed, as the possession of so rich a preferment, under such circumstances, might give offence to his brethren. For a long time the obligations which these princes con- ferred prevented Albinus from accepting the many offers made to him by the universities of Europe ; but at length, in 1702, he went to Leyden, where he was professor until bis death in 1721. Carrere, in his " Bibl. de Medicine,'* gives a list of twenty-two medical works by Albinus, among which are, 1. " Ue corpusculis in sanguine contentis.'* 2. " De Tarantula mira.*' 3. " De Sacro Freyenwalden- sium fonte," &c. The illustrious Boerhaave pronounced his eloge, which was afterwards printed, and contains an account of his life, to which this article is indebted. - ALBINUS (Bernard Siegfried), son of the preceding, and one of the most celebrated anatomists of modern times, was born at Francfort in 1697. He received his first in- structions from his father, and from the celebrated profes- sors at Leyden, Rau, Bidloo, and Boerhaave; and in 17 IS visited France, where he formed an acquaintance with Win- slow and Senac, and afterwards corresponded with them on his favourite science, "anatomy. But he had scarce spent a year there when he was invited by the curators of the uni- versity of Leyden, to be lecturer in anatomy and surgery, ' l^iog. Universelle. — Fabricins Bib!. Lat. - — Moreri. — SaKii Onomasticon. 2 JJiog. Universelle. — Moreri. A L B I N U S. 331 in place of Rau. With this request, so flattering to a young man, he resolved to comply, although contrary to iiis then views and inclination, and on his arrival was cre- ated doctor in medicine without an}' examination. Soon after, upon the death of his father, he was appointed to succeed liini as professor of anatomy, and on his admis- sion, Nov. 9, 1721, he read a paper, " De vera via ad fa- bricjE humani corporis cognitionem ducente," which was heard with universal approhation. In 1725, his first puhlication appeared under the modest title of " Index supellectilis anatomical Ravianae," Leyden, 4to, in which he pays a handsome tribute to the memory of his learned master and predecessor, Rau, whose labours onl}' he pretends to give in this work, although it contains many observations the result of his own experience. In 1726 he published a history of the bones, " De Ossibus corporis humani," Leyden, 8vo ; but this he reprinted in 1762, in a more complete edition, and with plates of great beauty and accuracy. In 1734 appeared his " Historia musculorum hominis," ibid. 4to, the plates of which were prepared with uncommon care, as he employed his artists to multiply copies until they had attained a close resem- blance to the muscle in all its connexions and insertions. Haller, whose testimony will not be suspected after the many angry disputes between him and Albinus, pronounces it the best executed work in anatomy ; if it has any fault, it is that all the muscles are drawn upon the same scale, which creates some confusion in estimating the pro- portions of the smaller ones. He afterwards published treatises on the vascular system of the intestines, on the bones of the foetus, seven plates of the natural position of tJie foetus in the womb, 4 vols. 4to of " Annotationes Aca- demicae," all illustrated with plates of great beauty. While thus labouring on original works, he became not less dis- tinguished as an editor, and published very correct editions of the works of Harvey, the anatomy of Vesalius, and P'a- bricius of Aquapendente, and lastly, the fine anatomical plates of Eustachius. This very eminent anatomist died Sept. 9, 1770, at Leyden, where he had filled the profes- sor's chair nearly fifty years. His brother. Christian BiiRNARD, was professor of ana- tomy at Utrecht, and died there in 1752. He published, 1. " Specimen anatomicum exhibens novam tennium homi- pis intestuiorum descriptionem," Leyden, 1722, 4to ; 1724, 332 A L B I N U S. 8vo. 2, " De anatome errores detegente in medicina,'* Utrecht, 1723, 4to. ' ALBINUS (Peter), a historian and poet, whose name also was originally Weiss, or White, was born at Schnee- berg, in Misnia. After studying at Leipsic and Francfort, he was appointed professor of poetry at Wittemberg, and soon after historiographer, and private secretary to the house of Saxony, a situation wliich he held under the electors Augustus and Christian I. He died at Dresden in 1598. The faults in the style and arrangement of his historical works are rather those of his age, while his learn- ing and accuracy have justly entitled him to the praise he has received from his countrymen. Among his numerous works are : 1. A chronicle of Misnia, " Meisnische Land- und Berg-Chronica," Wittemberg and Dresden, 1580, 1599, fol, 2. " Scriptores varii de Russorum religione,'* Spire, 15S2. 3. "Genealogical tables of the house of Saxony," in German, Leipsic, 1C02. 4. " Historia; Thu- ringorum novse specimen," which is printed in the "An- tiquit. regni Thuringici," by Sagittarius. His " Latin Poems" were printed at Francfort, 1612, 8vo. * ALBIS (Thomas de). See WHITE. ALBIZZI (Barthelemy), also called Bartholomew of Pisa, was born in the fourteenth century at Rivano in Tuscany, and was of the order of the Franciscans, or Friars minorites ; and derived much fame in the eyes of his brethren by a work in Latin, on the " Conformity of St. Francis with Jesus Christ," which he presented to the chapter of his order in 1399. (See Albert, Erasmus.) The impiety of this work may be partly guessed from the title ; but as Tiraboschi has thought proper to blame the Protestants who either answered it seriously, or turned it into ridicule, and according to him raised a clamour against the friars, who could not be supposed responsible for the act of an individual, it may be necessary to remind the readers of that learned historian, that the friars did in fact take upon them a very high degree of responsibility. They not only bestowed the highest praise on Albizzi ; but after receiving his book in a full chapter, the representatives of the whole order, tliey presented him with a complete dress which St. Francis wore in his life-time. This foolish book, which not only raises St. Francis above all other saints, but inii)iously compares him with the Saviour, was hrst i)riuted 1 Haller Bibl. Anutoin. — V,\o^. Universell^. s Morcri. — Uiog. Universelle.— Diet Hist. — Saxii Onomasticoa. A L B I Z Z I. 333 at Venice, fol. without date, or printer's name. The se- cond edition, which Dr. Clarke calls the first, was p/inted at Milan, 1510, a folio of 256 leaves in the black letter, and sells on the continent at from ^15. to .^^20. The third was also printed at Milan, 1513, in the same form and type, with a new preface by Mapelli, a Franciscan. All these are uncommonly scarce, and hardly ever to be found complete. Jeremy Bucchi, another Franciscan, published a new edition at Bologna in 1590, in which he omitted many passages, and added the lives of the illus- trious men of the order of St. Francis ; but as this did not sell, the first two leaves were cancelled, and it was again published in 1620, as a new work. It contains the appro- bation of the chapter-general, dated Aug. 2, 1399. This work, with more alterations and omissions, was again pub- lished at Cologn in 1632, under the title " Antiquitates Franciscanae, sive Speculum vitse B. Francisci et sociorum,'* &c. The last we shall notice is that of father Valentine Maree, or Mareus, a recollet, or reformed Franciscan, entitled *' Traite de conformites du disciple avec le maitre, c'est a dire, de S. Frangois avec J. C. en tout le mysteres de sa naissance, vie, passion, mort, &c." Liege, 1658, 4to. Although in this many extravagances are retrenched, there is yet enough to demonstrate its folly. Some other works, sermons, &c. have been attributed to Albizzi, which are little known. ' ALBO (Joseph), a learned Spanish rabbi, a native of Soria, in Old Castille, assisted in 1412 at a famous dis- pute on religion between the Christians and Jews, held iu the presence of the anti-pope Benedict XIII. He wrote in 1425, under the title of " Sepher Hikkarim," the foundation of the faith, against the Christian religion, with a \iew to bring back those whom the above dispute had induced to doubt the Jewish persuasion. Of this work there have been several editions, the first published by Soncino in I486; and according to Wolfins, it has been translated into Latin. In the more modern editions, the 2iith chap, of the 3d book, which is particularly directed against the Christians, has been omitted. " ALBON (James d'), marquis de Fronsac, seigneur de St. Andre, marechal of France, and one of the greatest captains of the sixteenth century, better known by the » Marcliand Diet. HLst.— Biog. Universelle.— Clarke's Blbl. Diet.— -Chaufepie, — Moren. 2 Biographic Universelle. — Diet, Hist, in art. Joseph. 334. ALB O N. name of marechal de St. Andre, descended from an illus- trious and ancient iamily in Lyonnois. He gained the esteem of the dauphin, who, when he came to the crown by the name of Henry II. loaded him with riches and honours, made him marechal of France, 1547, and after- wards first gentleman of his bed- chamber. He had already displayed his courage at the siege of Boulogne, and the battle of CerisoHes. He was then, it is said, chosen to carry the collar of his order to Henry VIII. king of England, who decorated him with that of the garter; but we do not find his name among the knights of that order, and it is more likely thauhe was the bearer of the insignia of the garter to Henry II. of France, from our Edward VL In 1552, he had the command of the army of Champagne, and contributed much to the taking of Marienberg in 1554-. He destroyed Chateau-Cambresis, and acquired great re- putation at the retreat of Quesnoy ; was at the battle of Renti ; was taken prisoner at that of St. Quintin 1557 ; and bore an active part in the peace of Cambresis. He afterwards joined the friends of the duke of Guise, and was killed by Babigny de Mezieres, with a pistol, at the bat- tle of Dreux, 1562. He was handsome, noble, brave, active, insinuating, and much engaged in the important transactions of his time. Brantome asserts, that he had a presentiment of his death, before the battle of Dreux. He had only one daughter by his marriage with Margaret de Lustrac, who died very young in the monastery of Long- Champ, at the time when her marriage was agreed upo? with Henry of Guise. ^ ALBON (Claude Camille Francois count d'), a descendant of the preceding, was born at Lyons in 1753, and died at Paris, 1789. He passed the greater part of his life in travelling and writing, and was a member of various academies. His works are: 1. "Dialogue entre Alexandre et Titus," 8vo ; in which he pleads the cause of humanity against those who are called heroes and con- querors. 2. " Observations d'un citoyen sur le nouveau plan d'impositions," 1774, 8vo. 3. " CEuvres diverses, lues le jour de sa reception a I'academie de Lyon," 1774, 8vo. 4. " Eloge de Quesnoy," 1775, 8vo; since inserted in the " Necrologe des Hommes celebres." His attach- ment to the ceconomists induced him to pay this respect to one of the chief of those writers. 5. " Eloge de Chamous- 1 Diet. Hist.— L'Avocat's ©ict. Hist.— Moreri. A L B O N. 335 set," 1776, 8vo. 6. "La Paresse," a poem; pretended to be translated from the Greek of Nicander, 1777, 8vo. 7. " QEuvres diverses," 1778, 12mo; consistin-^ of fables, verses, a memoir addressed to the osconomical society of Berne, and a letter to a suffragan bishop. 8. " Discours," &c. on the question whether the Augustan age ought to be preferred to that of Louis XIV. as to learning and science, 1784, 8vo. Tliis he determines in favour of the age of Louis ; but a severe criticism having appeared in tlie Journal de Paris, he published an answer, dated Neuf- chatel, but printed at Paris. 9. " Discours politiques, historiques, et critiques, sur quelques Gouvernments de I'Europe," 1779, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. The governments are Holland, England, Germany, Italy, Spain ; and his re- marks are chiefly valuable where he treats of commerce, agriculture, and the other subjects which the French ceco- nomists studied. In matters of government, legislation, manners, &c. he is jejune, superficial, and confused ; sometimes through prejudice, and sometimes through wilful ignorance. This is particularly striking in his accounts of the constitutions of England and Holland. His account of Spain is perhaps the best. 10. " Discours prononce a la seance de la societe d'agriculture de Lyon," 1785, 8vo. 11. " Eloge de Count de Gebelin," 1785, 8vo. This learned Protestant being denied Christian burial, accord- ing to the laws then established in France, Count d'Albon caused him to be buried in his garden, at Franconville, in the valley of Montmorency, and erected a handsome mo- nument to his memory. These gardens, which were laid out in the English fashion, are described in a set of nine- teen plates published in 1780 ; and they are also described by Dulaure in his " Curiosites des envh'ons de Paris," His numerous writings, his attachment to Quesnoy, and his liberality to count de Gebelin, procured him a coiisidera- bie share of celebrity during his life, although his charac- ter was tinged with some personal oddities, and peculiari- ties of opinion, which frequently excited the pleasantry of his contemporaries. It is given as an instance of his vanity, that when he had erected some buildiuGTs for the accom- modation of the frequenters of a fair, he inscribed on the front : " Gentium commodo, Camillus III." ' ALBORNOS (GiLLES Alvares Carillo), an eminent Spanish statesman and cardinal, of the fourteenth century, I Biog. Universelle,— Diet Hist, — Month. Review. See Index. 336 A L B O R N O S. descended from the royal families of Leon and Arragon, was born at Cuen^a, and educated at Toidouse. Alphon- sus XL appointed him, in succession, ahnoner of his court, and archdeacon of Calatrava ; and lastly, although he was then very young, promoted him to the archbishopric of Toledo, He accompanied the king of Castille in his ex- pedition against the Moors of Andalusia, in which his rank of archbishop did not prevent him from carrying arras ; and he first displayed his bravery in saving the king's life in the hottest onset of the battle of Tarifa. Alphonsus, in return, knighted him, and in 1343 gave him the command at the siege of Algesiras ; but on the death of this prince, he lost his influence with his successor, Peter the cruel, whom he reproved for his irregularities, and who would have sacrificed him to the resentment of his mistress Maria de Padilla, if he had not made his escape to Avignon. Here the pope Clement VI. admitted him of his council, and made him a cardinal ; on which he resigned his arch- bishopric, saying, that he should be as much to blame in keeping a wife with whom he could not live, as Peter king of Castille, in forsaking his wife for a mistress. Innocent VI. the successor of Clement, sent him to Italy in 1353, both as pope's legate and as general, to reconquer the ecclesiastical states which had revolted from the popes during the residence of the latter at Avignon. This com- mission Albornos executed in the most satisfactory manner, either by force or intrigue ; but in the midst of his career, he was recalled in 1357, and another commander sent ou the expedition. He, however, having been unfortunate, the pope saw his error, and again appointed Albornos, who completed the work by securing the temporal power of the popes over those parts of Italy which have been, down to the present times, known by the name of the Ecclesiastical States, Having thus achieved his conquest, Albornos, as a minister of state, rendered himself for many years very popular. To Bologna he gave a new constitution, and founded in that city the magnificent Spanish college ; and for the other parts of the ecclesiasti- cal dominions, he enacted laws which remained in force for four centuries after. At length he announced to pope Urban V. that he might now enter and reign at Rome without fear, and was receiving him in pomp at Viterbo, when the pope, forgetting for a moment the services Al- bornos had rendered to tlje holy see, deBiftuded an ac- A L B O II N O S. 337 count of his expenditure during; his legation. Albornos immediately desired him to look into the court-yard of the palace, where was a carriage full of keys, telling him that with the money intrusted to him, he had made the pope master of all the cities and castles of which he now saw the keys. The pope on this, embraced and thanked him. He then accompanied Urban to Rome, but returned afterwards to Viterbo, where he died August 24, 1367, regretted by the people, and by the pope; who, finding himself embarrassed with new cares, more than ever wanted his advice. Albornos's body was removed to To- ledo, at his own request, and interred with great pomp. He wrote a book on the constitutions of the Roman church, which was printed at Jesi, in 1475, and is very rare. His will also was printed, with this injunction, characteristic of the man and the age he lived in, that the monks should say 60,000 masses for his soul. His political life was writ- ten by Sepulveda, under the title " Historia de bello ad- ministrato in Italia per annos 15, et confecto abvEg. Al- bornotio," Bologna, 1623, fol. ' ALBRICUS, or ALBRICIUS, a philosopher and phy- sician, born in London in the eleventh century ; but of ^ whom our accounts are very imperfect and doubtful. He is said to have studied both at Oxford and Cambridge, and to have afterwards travelled for improvement. He had the reputation of a great philosopher, an able physician, and well versed in all the branches of polite literature. Of his works. Bale, in his third century, has enunierated only the following : *' De origine Deorum ;" " De Ratione Ve- neni ;" " Virtutes Antiquorum ;" " Canones Speculativi.'* He adds, that in his book concerning the virtues of the ancients, he gives us the character of several philosopheri and governors of provinces. But the full title of this work, which is extant in the library of Worcester cathedral, is : " Summa de virtutibus Antiquorum Principum, et Philo- sophorum." The same library contains a work by Albri- cius, entitled " Mythologia." None of these have been printed. In the " Mythographi Latini," Amsterdam, 1681, 2 vols. 12mo, is a small treatise " De Deorum imag-ini- bus," written by a person of the same name; but it is doubtful whether this was not Albricus, bishop of Utrecht in the eighth century. The abb6 de Bee uf attributes it to ' Morcri.— BJog. Universelle, Vol. L . Z 33S A L B R I C U S. the bishop ; "but D. Rivet in his literary history thinks it was of older date than either. ' ALBUCASIS, a celebrated Arabian surgeon ; called also Albucasa, Albuchasius, Buciiasis, Bulcaris-Ga- Laf, Alsaharavius, and Azaravius, but whose proper name was Aboul-Casem-Khalaf-Ben-Abbas, was a na- tive of Alzahrah, a city of Spain. He is supposed to have lived about the year 1085 ; but Dr. Freind thinks he is hot so ancient, as in treating of wounds, he describes the arrows of the Turks, a nation which scarcely made any figure until the middle at least of the twelfth century. From what he says of surgery being in a manner extinct in his time, the same historian supposes that he lived long after Avicenna; as in the time of the latter, surgery was in good repute. Albucasis, however, revived it, and is the only one among the ancients who has described the nistruments in each operation, and explained the use of them ; and the figures of these instruments are in both the Arabic manuscripts now in the Bodleian library (Marsh, N" 54, and Huntington, N" 156.) The use of the cautery was very common with him, and he appears to have ven- tured upon incisions of the most hazardous kind. In Dr. Freind's history is a very elaborate analysis of his works and practice. His works, collected under the title of *' Al-Tacrif,'* or the method of practice, have been trans- lated and often printed in Latin, Venice, 1500, and 1520, folio; Augsburgh, 1519; Strasburgh, 1532; and Basil, 1541." ALBUMAZAR, or ABOU-MACHAR, a noted Ara- bian astrologer and philosopher, was born at Balkh in the Khorasan, about the year 805 or 806. For a long time he was addicted to the Mahometan traditions, and a deter- mined enemy to philosophy ; but in his forty-seventh year he began to study the sciences, and acquired the reputa- tion of an astronomer and astrologer ; and, although he is now principally known by his writings on astrology, he caiuiot be refused a place among the most distinguished easterns, who have made astronomical observations. The table called Zydj Abou-Machar was calculated from his observations ; but the work from which he derives his prin- cipal reputation, is his treatise on astrology, entitled *■' Thousands of years ;'* in Which, among other singular » Ulard,— Bale.— Tanner.— Biog. Universelle.— Cat. Libr. ^SS. Anglise. 2 Freiii*age, having fought with great intrepidity till break of day, when his brother Francis came to his assistance. The Portuguese then put the enemy to flight, pur- sued, and slew a great num))er of them. The fame of the Portuguese being spread everywhere, Alphonso Albu- querque sailed to Coulon to load three ships, which he completed without opposition, made an alliance with the people, and returned to Cochin. On his return, he found the Zamorin ready to enter into a treaty of peace with him, which was concluded. The two brothers soon after sailed to Cananor, and thence proceeded for Portugal. Alphonso arrived safe at Lisbon ; but it is most probable Francis perished at sea, as he was never more heard of. In 1508, Alphonso was appointed to succeed to the go- vernment of India, and dispatched with five ships ; he sailed in company with Cugna, another Portuguese officer. Having plundered and taken some towns on the coast of Arabia, they sailed to Zocatora, and made themselves mas- ters of the fort there. After which Cugna returned to Portugal, and Albuquerque, who now acted alone, imme- diately formed the design of attacking Ormuz island, si- tuated at the mouth of the Persian Gulph, and subject to a king of its own, who had extended his dominions over several cities in Arabia. With a small army of 470 men, he proceeded along the Arabian coast, took many towns, and proceeded to the island itself. He found several ships fitted for war in the harbour ; these it was determined to burn. However, he first offered peace to the king, who entered into a treaty, with a view to gain time until a re- inforcement arrived. The expected force came, and an engagement ensued, in which the Portuguese were victo- rious. Albuquerque then pressed the city, and the king, finding no resource, solicited peace, on condition of be- coming tributary to the king of Portugal, which was agreed to. Albuquerque went on shore, had an interview with the king ; and, knowing the perfidy of the Arabians, began to build a fortress. While this was carrying on, some de- puties arrived from the king of Persia to demand tribute^ of the king of Ormuz. The latter consulted Albuquerque ALBUQUERQUE. 341 who with great spirit told the deputies tliat his master paid no tribute, but arms. Albuquerque was, however, forced to desist by the perfidy of his officers, and to repair on board his fioet. He then renewed the war ; but receiving a letter from the governor (Almeed) blaming his conduct, he j)roceeded for India; when, after some hesitation, Almeed resigned the government to him, and sailed to Europe. Being now invested with the supreme command, he prepared a fleet, and sailed against Calicut ; where, in a desperate and imprudent attack, he was dangerously wounded and forced to retreat. Albuquerque, being recovered, went to sea with twenty- three ships, two thousand Portuguese, and several Indian .auxiliaries, designed for Ormuz ; but, by the persuasion of Tinioia, a piratical prince, changed his intention, and proceeded to attack Goa. The forts near it on the conti- nent were taken and destroyed : and learning that the city was in the greatest consternation, he sent deputies to offer the people his protection, and the enjoyment of their religion. The citizens accepted the conditions, and Albuquerque entered Goa the following day, being the 16th of Feb.1510. This city has long been the head of the Portuguese do- minions in India. Here Albuquerque fixed his winter quarters, and behaved himself in such a manner as to merit universal esteem. But, while he was thus em- plo3-ed, some of the chief Portuguese began to murmur against him. However, by seizing and imprisoning the leaders, he quieted the disturbance. The enemy, being informed of the dissentions among the Portuguese, made an attack upon the island ; and landing men, laid siege to the city, pressing it hard. The situation of Albuqiierque became now truly distressing ; an enemy vastly superior without, discontent among his officers within, and his troops greatly diminished. These circumstances determined him to embark on board his ships, and evacuate the city ; which he effected after a fierce combat, havin, 8vo. 4. " Rerum patriae, seu Historice Me- diolanensis libri quatuor," 1625, bvo, reprinted in Grte- vius' Thesaurus. 5. " De Plautinorum carminum ra- tione," and " De Plautinis vocabuiis Lexicon/' in an edi- tion of Plautus, Basil, 1568, 8vo. 6. " Judicium de legum interpretibus parandis," printed with Conrad Padre's treatise " Methodica juris traditio," I5f;6, 8vo. 7. *' En- comium Historiir," 1530, 4to. 8. " Palma," inserted in the " Amphitheatrum sapientije Socraticae Dornavii." 9, " Judiciarii processus compendium," 1566, 8vo. 10. " Contra vitam monasiican)," 1695, 8vo. 11. " Notse in Epistolas familiares Ciceronis," printed with Thierry's edition of these epistles, Paris, 1557, folio. 12. "Twenty- seven letters in * Gudii Epistolcc,'" 1697, 4to. Perhaps the work for which he is now' most generally known is his ** Emblems," highly praised by the elder Scaliger. Of these there have been various editions and translations. The best is that of Padua, 1661, 4to. The piece above noticed, " Contra vitam monasticam,'* was addressed to Bernard Mattius, and shews that Alciati entertained the same notions with his friend Erasmus concerning the reli- gious orders of the church. Mattius, to whom this treatise, or rather letter, is addressed, was a learned, modest, and ingenious man, who suddenly left his friends and his aged mother to embrace the monastic life ; but whether Alciati's persuasions were effectual is not known. ' ALCIATI (Francis), born at Milan 1522, the nephew and heir of the preceding, was likewise a lawyer of con- siderable eminence, and a professor of law at Pavia, where cardinal Borromeo was his pupil. Pius VI. employed him as datary or chancellor of Rome, and afterwards made him a cardinal. His contemporaries, particularly Vettori and Muret, applaud him as a n)an of general learning, and the ' Gen. Diet. — Morcri.— Biog. Universelle. — Jortin's Erasmus Saxii Ono- tnastjcon. A L C I A T I, 349 ornament of his age. He died at Rome in 1580, and left several works wliich have not been printed.* ALCIATI (JoiiN PAUf-), a native of Milan, was one of those Italians wlio ibrsook their country in the sixteenth century, to join witli the Protestant church ; but after- wards explained away the mystery of the Trinity in such a manner as to forai a new party, no less odious to die Pro- testants than to tiie Catholics. Alciati had borne arms. He began his innovatioiis at GcMieva, in concert with a physi- cian named Biandrata, and Gribaud, a lawyer, with whom Valentine Gentilis associated hmiself. The precautions, however, tliat were taken against them, and tiie severity of the proceedings instituted against Gentilis, made the others glad to remove to Poland, vviiere they professed their iiere- sies with more sai'ety and success, and where they were soon joined by Gentilis. It was indeed at Alciati's request that the bailiff of Gex had released him out of prison. From Poland these associates went to Moravia ; but Alciati retired to Dantzick, and died there in the sentiments of Socinus, although some report he died a Mahometan, which Bayle takes pains to refute. Of his Socinianism, however, there can be no doubt. He publisiied " Letters to Gregorio Pauli," 15C 1, in defence of that heresy. Calvin and Beza speak of hini as a raving madman. * ALCIATI (Terence), a native of Rome, and a Jesuit of great reputation for learning. Urban VI 11. who highly esteemed him, thought him worthy of the rank of cardinal, but he died before that honour was conferred upon him, in I65I,. leaving some curious materials for a history of the cou^il of Trent, to which he gave the title of " Historiae conciJii Tridentini a veritatis hosiibus evulgatx elenchus/' His object, which was countenanced by the pope, was to refute or answer father Paul Sarpi's history of that cele- brated council ; and his collections were made use of, after his death, in a new history of the same by cardinal Pallavi- cino. ' ALCIBIADES, a celebrated Athenian, of whom Bar- thelemi has justly remarked, that some historians have stig- matized his memory with every reproach, and others have honoured it with every eulogium, without its l)eing possible for us to charge the former with injustice, or the latter with partiality. He was born in the eighty-second olympiad, • Gen. Diet. — Moreri. — Biog. Unjrerselle. — Jortin's Erasmus.— Saxli Ou«- Bjaiticon.— Eryrhrai Pioacotheca, ^ Geu- Dict,-~Moreri. •' Gen. Diet,— Biog, Universella, . 350 A L C I B I A D E S. about the year 450 B. C. Clinias, his father, was de- scended from Ajax of Salamis, and his mother, the daugh* ter of Megacles, was of the family of the Aicmaeonides. In his person, while a youth, he was beautiful, and when a man, remarkable for his comeliness ; his fortune was large beyond most of the nobility of Athens. His abilities were so great, that an ancient autiior (C. Nepos) has asserted that nature in him had exerted her utmost force, since, whether we consider his virtues or his vices, he was distin- guished from all his fellow-citizens ; he was learned, elo- quent, indefatigable, liberal, magnificent, affable, and knew exactly how to comply with the times ; that is, he could assume all those virtues when he thought proper ; for, when he gave a loose to his passions, he was indolent, luxurious, dissolute, addicted to women, intemperate, and impious. Socrates had a great friendship for him, corrected in some degree his manners, and brought him to the knowledge of many things of which he would otherwise have remained ignorant : he also prevented the Athenians from resenting many of those wanton acts of pride and vanity which he committed when a lad. His family had alwaj-s been on good tei'ms with the Lacedemonians ; Clinias, his father, indeed,, disclaimed their friendship, but Alcibiades renewed it, and affected to shew great respect to people of that country, until he observed the ambassadors of Lacedemon applied themselves wholly to Nicias, his rival, and his dependants j he then resented it very much, and used every influence on the minds of the Athenians to the prejudice of that people. The first public affair of any material consequence in which he embarked, was soon after the peace for fifty years was concluded between the Athenians and Lacedemonians. Some discontents still prevailed : the people of Athens had fcomplied with the terms of the peace, but the Lacedemot nians having taken and demolished the town of Panactus, made them very uneasy ; these discontents were heightened by Alcibiades, now beginning to rival Nicias, who, with his party, at that time ruled in Athens. Alcibiades declaimed, that the Spartans were taking measures for humbling Argos, that they might afterwards attack the Athenians ; he art- fully put them in mind of Nicias having declined making a. descent on Spacteria, and drew conclusions from thence very much against him. When the ambassadors from Sparta arrived, and were i«troduccd into the senate by Niciasgi A L C J B I A D E 3, 35i on their retiring, Alcibiades, as the old friend of their nation, invited them to his house, assured them of his friendship, and persuaded them to declare that they were !iot vested with full powers (alihough they had in the senale declared they were), to avoid making unreasonable conces- sions. When, therefore, the}' hrst ajipeared in the forum, Alcibiades addressed himself to the people, saying, *' You see, my countrymen, what credit ought to be given to these Lacedemonians, who deny to you to-day what they aflirmed yesterday." The people then refused to hear them, Alcibiades next promoted a leagiie with the vVrgives, in order to keep the war vat a distance, in case the feuds be- tween .Sparta and Athens were revived. This happened in the twelfth year of the Peloponnesian war. The next summer he was invested with the command of a consider- able army, passed into the territory of Argos and to Patr;p, and at both places laboured to persuade tliemto build walls towards the sea, to enable them to receive succours from Athens ; but jealousy of the Athenian power prevented them. No action took place this year. Two years after, some dissentions taking place at Argos, Alcibiades sailed with a fleet of twenty ships into their ter- ritories, to assist his friends, and put an end to their dis- putes. To effect this, he caused three hundred of the in- habitants, who vfe^ere suspected of favouring the Lacedemo- nians, to be seized and carried away. After this, he sailed to the island of Melos, which, although small and of incon- siderable force, had always acted with inflexible obstinacy -against the Athenians. Alcibiades laid siege to it; but findinjT the sie, a day of trial should be assigned him; to this proposition he was unwillingly obliged to consent. The fleet sailed ; but they had not been long in Sicily before orders from Athens arrived, directing Alcibiades to return and take his trial; the whole city being in a confu- sion on the affair of defacing the Hermse. This was pro- bably a scheme of the enemies of Alcibiades, to ruin the mighty interest, which his birth, fortune, and accomplish- ments had gained him in Athens : to effect their purpose, they also reported that he had entered into a conspiracy to betray the city to the Lacedemonians, and that he had persuaded the Argives to undertake something to their prejudice. It was therefore determined to put him to death on his return ; but it being apprehended, that the attempt to arrest him in sight of the army might produce commotions, those who were sent to bring him home, were ordered to treat him with great decency, and not to dis- cover by any means the severe resolution taken against, hiui. They executed their commission very exactly, so that neither he nor his army, who were likewise accused, had any suspicion : but, in the course of the voyage, ga- thering from tlie seamen something of what was intended, and being^informed that a person, out of fear of death, had acknowledged himself guilty, and. impeached them, they wisely determined not to trust an enraged and superstitious multitude, but to provide for their own safety by withdraw- ing as soon as they ha •— Brucker. A L C I P H R O N. 35f eloquent preface, by Mr. Monro, now rector of Easton, in Kssex ; and the third, with the notes, by the rev. WilUain Beloe, the able translator of Herodotus. * ALCM^ON, a philosopher of Crotona, the son of Pe- rithus, was one of the disciples of Pythagoras, a;id flou- rished probably about 500 B. C. He actpiired a high degree of x'eputation in the Italian school b}' his knowledge of nature, and his skill iu medicine. He is said to have been the first person who attempted the dissection of a dead body ; and in the course of his operations, he made some discoveries iii the structure of tlie eye. The sum of his philosophical tenets, as far as they can be col- lected from scattered fragments, is this : Natural objects, which appear multiform to men, are in reality two-fold : intelligent natures, which are immutable ; and material forms, which are infinitely variable. The sun, moon, and stars are eternal, and are inhabited by portions of that di- vine fire, which is the first principle in nature. The moon is in the form of a boat, and when the bottom of the boat is turned towards the earth, it is invisible. The brain is the chief seat of the soul. Health consists in preserving a due mean between the extremes of heat p,nd cold, dryness and moisture.'' ALCMAN, an ancient musician, and one of the early cultivators of lyric poetry, was a native of Sardis, and flourished about 670 B. C. Heraclides of Pontus assures us that he was a slave in his youth at Sparta, but that by his good qualities and geiuus, he acquired his freedom, and a considerable rej)Utation in lyric poetry. He was consequently an excellent performer on the cithara, and, if he was not a flute player, he at least sung verses to that instrument ; Clemens Alexandrnius makes him author of music for choral dances"; and, according to Archytas Har- moniacus, quoted by Athenajus, Alcman was one of the first and most eminent composers of songs on love and gal- lantry. If WJ2 may credit Suidas, he was the first who ex- cluded hexameters from verses that were to be sung to the lyre, winch afterwards obtained the title of lyric poems. And ^lian tells us, tljat he was one of the great musicians who were called to Lacedaemon, by the exigencies of the state, and that he sung his airs to the sound of the flute^ * Bio?. UBivtTsellc— ^Fabric. Bibl. Grac. — Preface to the ]Ba|;lish Tranila- tion. — Saxii Ouomasticon. ' Biucker. — Geo. Diet. — ^Jtfoceri, 360 A L C M A N. All the evolutions in the Spartan army were made to the sound of that instrument ; and as patriotic songs accom- panied by it were found to be excellent incentives to pub- lic virtue, Alcman seems to have been invited to Sparta, in order to furnish the troops with such compositions. Alcman was not more remarkable for a musical genius, than for a voracious appetite, and ^Elian numbers him among the greatest gluttons of antiquity. This probably brought on the morbus pediculosus, of which he died. His tomb was still to be seen at Lacedamon, in the time of Pausanias. But nothing, except a few fragments, are now remaining of the many poems attributed to him by antiquity. These have been published by Stephens, among other lyric fragments, at the end of his edition of Pindar, 1560; and have been often reprinted. — There is said to have been another Alcman of Messina, also a lyric poet. ' ALCOCK (John), successively bishop of Rochester, Worcester, and Ely, in the latter end of the fifteenth cen- tury, was born at Beverley in Yorkshire, and educated at the University of Caud:)ridge, where he took the degree of doctor of laws. In 1461, he was collated to the church of St. Margaret's, New Fish-street, London, by Thomas Kemp, bishop of that diocese, and in the same year was advanced to the deanry of St. Stephen's college, Westminster. In 1462 he was appointed master of the rolls. Six years after, he obtained two prebends; one in the church of Sarum, and the other in that of St. Paul's, London. In 1470, he was made a privy counsellor, and one of the am- bassadors to the king of Castille ; and next year, he was, together with others, a commissioner to treat with the cou)missioners of the king of Scotland. About the same time, he was appointed by Edward IV. to be of the privy council to his son Edward, prince of Wales. He was also in 1471 promoted to the bishopric of Roches- ter; and in 1472, constituted lord high chancellor of Eno-, land, in which ofiice he does not appear to have continued longer than ten months. In 1476, he was translated to the see of Worcester, and appointed lord president of Wales. During his being bishop of Worcester, he very elegantly enlarged the church of Westbury. He was in ' Fabr. Uibl. Gr — Vossius de Poet. Gr3Bc.«--Burncy's Hist, of Music, vol. J, •—Gen. Diet.— Moreri. A L C O C K. 861 disgrace with the Protector Richard didce of York, and was removed from his office of preceptor to Edward V. on ac- count of his attachment to that young prince. Soon after the accession of Henry VII. he had again, for a short time, the custody of the great seal. At length, in 1486, he was raised to the hishopric of Ely, and according to A. Wood, he was made president of the council of king Edward IV. in the same year, which is a palpahle mistake, as Henry VII. came to the crown in 1485. Bishop Alcock, in 1488, preached a sermon at St. Mary's church at Cambridge, which lasted from one o'clock in the afternoon till past three. He was a prelate of singular learning and piety, and not only a considerable writer, but an excellent architect, "which occasioned his being made comptroller of the royal works and buildings, under Henry VII. He founded a school at Kingston upon Hull (Fuller says, at Bevedey) ; and a chapel on the south side of the church in which his parents were buried. He built the beautiful and spacious hall belonging to the episcopal palace at Ely, and made great improvements in all his other palaces. Lastly, he founded Jesus college, Caml)ridge, for a master, six fellows, and as many scholars ; which, under the patronage of his suc- cessors, the bishops of Ely, has greatly increased in buildings and revenues ; and now consists of a master, sixteen fellows, and thirty scholars. He wrote several pieces, particularly " Mons perfectionis ad Carthusianos," Lond. 1501, 4to ; " Galli Cantus ad Confratres suos cu- ratos in Synodo apud Barnwell, 25 Sept. 1498," Lond. per Pynson, 1498, 4to. At the beginning is a print of the bishop preaching to the clergy, with a cock (his crest) at each side, and there is another in the first page. " Ab- batia Spiritus sancti in pura conscientia, fundata," Lond. 1531, 4to. " In Psalmos penitentiales," in English verse. " Homiliai vulgares." " Mediiationes piae." " Spousage of a virgin to Christ," 1486, 4tu. Bishop Alcock died Oct. 1, 1500, at his castle at Wisbech, and was buried in the middle of a sumptuous chapel, which he had built for himself, at the east end of the north aile of the presbytery of Ely cathedral, and which is a noble specimen of his skill in architecture. ' 1 MS Life by rev. W. Cole, of Milton, abridged in Bentham's "Ely. — Biof. Brit. — Bale. — Tanner. — Fuller's Worthies.— Warton's Hist, of Poetry, vol. L jf. 307; II. p. 249, 419. 362 A L C O C K. ALCOCK (Nathan), an English physician of consider- able celebrity as a practitioner, was the second son of David Alcock of Runcorn in Cheshire, by his wife Mary Breck, and was horn in that place, Sept. 1707. He was initiated in reading and grammar by his parents, and after- wards placed at a neighbouring school, which he soon left upon some disgust. After however passing some time in idle rustic amusements, he was roused to a sense of duty, and resolved to return to school, and to qualify himself for the study of medicine, if his father would give up to him a small estate, about 50/. a year, with which he engaged to maintain himself. His father complying, he put himself under the care of his brother-in-law, Mr. Cowley, master of a public grammar-school in Lancashire, and after applying with enthusiasm to the Greek and Latin languages, mathematics, &c. he removed to Edinburgh, and went through the usual course of lectures in that medi- cal school. Here the fame of Boerhaave was so often echoed by the professors, who had been his pupils, that Mr. Alcock felt an irresistihle desire to complete his medi- cal studies under him, and accordingly went to Leyden, where he benefited by the instructions, not only of that eminent teacher, but by those of his very learned contem- poraries, Gaubius, Albinus, and Gravesand, He concluded his studies there by taking the degree of M, p. in 1737; and the following year returned to England with a view to settle in some part of his native country. His first design was to lecture on anatomy and chemistry at Oxford, where these sciences were at that time super- ficially taught; but had many difficulties placed in his way by the regular lecturers, and was permitted only to read privately in a room furnished him by the indulgence of the principal and fellows of Jesus college. Yet perse- vering, and exhibiting uncommon talents and zeal, he be- came popular, and in Nov. 17, 1741, was incorporated M. A. of Jesus college, by decree of convocation ; and about 1749 read his lectures in the museum, although with- out the appointment of the Regius professor. He pro- ceeded B. M. in 1744, and D. M. in 1719. In 1744 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1754 was made fellow of the college of physicians, London, to which city he had many urgent invitations, as the most proper place for one whose medical fame was now completely csUblished. But his health had been for some time af- A L C O C K. 565 fected by a gouty disorder, which debilitated both body and mind in such a degree, as to obUge liim even to leave his favourite Oxford. Accordingly in 1759, he retired to his native place, Runcorn, where it was hoped that freedom from lecturing and extensive practice, with change of air and exercise, might enable him to resume his profession. On his arrival, however, at Runcorn, he insensibly fell into practice, which he did not think proper to decline, as it obliged him to frequent and. short journies, and change of air ; and tliis restored, in some measure, iiis usual vigour and spirits. But after some years, his old disorder began to return at shorter intervals, and with more violence, ac- companied with hypocondriacal affections and giddiness, which terminated in a paralytic stroke, of which he died Dec. 8, 1779, and was buried in Runcorn church. He was a man of great knowledge in his art, and had a familiar ac- quaintance with natural philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy. In practice, he was uncommonly successful. As an author, we know not of any thing he pubHshed ; but he had sketched some treatises on physical and philo- sophical subjects, with a view to publication ; and in 1759, just before leavnng Oxford, he began to print a treatise *' On the Effects of Climate on the constitutions and man- ners of men," some sheets of which remained for many years in the possession of his printer, Mr. Jackson, but were probably removed by him before his death. He had also begun to prepare a work " on Air," as a sequel to the former; and a few weeks before his death, he informed his biographer of his intention to publish a collection of " For- mulae," with notes and cases.' ALCUINUS, or ALBINUS (Flaccus), one of the few learned Englishmen of the eighth century, was born in the north of England, and educated at York, under the direc- tion of archbishop Egbert, as we learn from his own letters, in which he frequently calls that great prelate his beloved master, and the clergy of York the companions of his youthful studies. As he survived the venerable Bede about seventy years, it is hardly possible that he could have re- ceived any part of his education under him, as some writers have asserted ; nor does he ever call that great man his master, though he speaks of him with the highest venera- > Some Memoirs of the Life of Dr. N. Alcock, London, 1780, 8 vo.— Wood's Annali). S64 A L C U I N U S. tion. It is not well known to what preferments he had at- tained in the church before he left England, although some say he was deacon of the church of York, and abbot of Canterbury. The occasion of his leaving his native coun- try was, his being sent on an embassy by Offa, king of Mercia, to the emperor Charlemagne, who contracted so great an esteem and friendship for him, that he earnestly solicited, and at length prevailed upon him, to settle in his couit, and become his preceptor in the sciences. Alcuinus accordingly instructed that great prhice in rhetoric, logic, mathematics, and divinity ; which rendered him one of his greatest favourites. He was treated with so much kindness and familiarity by the emperor, that the courtiers called him, by way of eminence, " the emperor's delight," Charlemagne employed Alcuinus to write against the opinions of Felix, bishop of Urgel, who had revived some- thing like the Nestorian heresy, by separating the hu- manity from the divinity of the Son of God ; and Alcuinus shewed himself a master of his subject, and wrote in a very candid and moderate spirit. He also defended the ortho- dox faith against Felix, in the council of Francfort, in 794. This likewise he performed to the entire satisfaction of the emperor and council, and even to the conviction of Felix and his followers, who abandoned their errors. The em- peror consulted chiefly with Alcuinus on all things relating to * religion and learning, and, principally by his advice, founded an academy in the imperial palace, over which Al- cuinus presided ; and other academies were established in the chief towns of Italy and France, at his instigation. In France he may be reckoned a principal instrument in founding the universities of Paris, Tours, Fulden, Soisson, and many others. After Alcuinus had spent many years in the most intimate familiarity with Charlemagne, he at length, with great dif- ficulty, obtained leave to retire to his abbey of St. Martin's, at Tours, Here he kept up a constant correspondence with the emperor, and the contents of their letters show their mutual love of religion and learning, and their anxiety to promote them in the most munificent manner. In one of these letters, which Dr. Henry has translated, there is a passage which throws some light on the learning of the times — " The employments of your Alcuinus in his retreat are suited to his humble sphere ; but they are neither in- glorious nor unprofitable. I spend my time in the halls of A L C U I N U S.. 365 St. Martin, in teaching some of the noble youths under mj care the intricac'es of grammar, and inspiring them with a, taste for the learning of the ancients; in describing to others the order and revolutions of those shining orbs v/hick adorn the azure vault of heaven; and in explaining to others the mysteries of divine wisdom, which are contained in the holy scriptures: suiting my instructions to the views and capacities of my scholars, tli.t I may train up many to be ornanjents to the church of God, and to the court of your imperial majesty. In doing tliis, I find a great want of several things, particularly of those excellent books in all arts and sciences, which I enjo3'ed in my native country, through the expence and care of my great master Egbert. May it therefore please your majesty, animated with the most ardent love of learning, to permit me to send some of our young gentlemen into England, to procure for us those books which we want, and transplant the flowers of Britain into France, that their fragrance may no longer be confined to York, but may perfume the palaces of Tours." Mr. Warton, who in his History of Poetry gives some account of the learned labours of Alcuinus, endeavours to under- value his acquirements. This, in an enlightened age like the present, is easy, but is scarcely candid or considerate. Alcuinus was one of the few who went beyond the learning of his age, and it is surel}' impossible to contemplate his superiority without veneration. Mr. Warton has likewise asserted, what is a mistake, that Alcuinus advised Bede to write his Ecclesiastical History. He probably copied this from Leland, without examining the dates. Alcuinus must have been a mere child, if born at all, when Bede wrote his history. But there was another Alcuinus, an abbot of Canterbury, who was stiictly contemporary with Bede, and may have been his adviser. Charlemagne often solicited him to return to court, but he excused himself, and remained at Tours \intil his death. May 19, 804. He was buried in the church of St. Mar- tin, where a Latin epitaph of twenty-four verses, of his own composition, was inscribed upon his tomb. This epitaph i^ preserved by father Labbe, in his Thesaurus Epitaphiorunri, printed at Paris 1686. He understood the Latip,^ Grqek, and Hebrew languages extremely well ; was an excellent orator, philosopher, mathematician, and, according to Wil- liam of Malmesbury, the best English divine after Bede and Adhelme. How greatly France was indebted to bimi 366 A L C U I N U S. for her flourishing state of learning in that and the follow- ing ages, we learn from a German poet, cited by Camden in his Britannia : Quid non Alcuino, facunda Lutetia, debes ? Instaurare bonas ilji qui feb'citer artcs, Barbariemque pi'ocul solus depellere coepit. His works, which consist of fifty-three treatises, homilies, commentaries, letters, poems, &c. were first collected and published at Paris, by Andrew Duchesne, fol. with a life of the author; but a more complete edition was published iri 1777, at Ratisbon, 2 vols. fol. by M. Froben, prince-abbe of St. Emmeraude. Father Chifflet published also in 1656, 4to, " The Confession of Alcuinus," which Mabillon proves to have been genuine. The last mentioned edition of 1777, contains most of the pieces written by Alcuinus, which were pointed out by Bu Pin; and the editor having pro- cured a great number of manuscripts from Italy, France, Germany, England, and Spp-in, was enabled not oidy to re- vise and correct what had been already published, but to make very considerable additions; the whole arranged in a methodical order, carefully collated, and illustrated with historical and critical introductions, disquisitions, and notes.* ALCYONIUS, (Peter), a learned Italian, was born at Ve- nice, of poor parents of the lowest class, about the end of the fifteenth century. Alcyonius, or Alcyonio, was not his family name, but he is supposed to have adopted it, ac- cording to the custom of his age, to give himself an air of antiquity or classical origin. Whatever the meanness of his birth, he had the merit of applying in his youth to the learned languages with such success, as to become a very accomplished scholar. He was corrector of the press a considerable time for Aldus Manutius, and is entitled to a share in the praises given to the editions of that learned printer. He translated into Latin several treatises of Aris- totle; but Sepulveda wrote against these versions, and pointed out so many errors in them, that Alcyonius had no other remedy than buying up as many copies as he could get of Sepulveda's work, and burning them. The treatise which Alcyonius published concerning Banishment con- tained so many fine passages, with others quite the reverse, * Henry's History of England, vol. IV. the best account in English of Alcui- nus.— Biog. Brit. — Gen. Diet. — Warlon's Hist. vol. I. Dissert. 2, p. 101-103. — Arch«-ologia, vol. IV. — Cave, vol. I. — Drake's Eboracum. — Leland, — Dale.n* Tanner in Albinus. — Crit. Rev. vol. XLVI. p. 30*.— iJaxii Onumasticon, A L C Y O N I U S. 367 that it was thought he had interwoven with somewhat of his own, several fragments of Cicero's treatise De Gloria; and that afterwards, in order to save himself from being de-. tected in this theft, he burnt the manuscript of Cicero, the only one extant. Panlns Manutius, in his commentary upon these words of Cicero, " Libnim tibi celeriter mittatn de gloria," has the following passage relating to this affair: *' He means (says he) his two books on Glory, which were handed down to the age of our fathers; for Bernard Justi- nian, in the index of his books, mentions Cicero de Gloria, This treatise, however, when Bernard had left his whole library to a nunnery, could not be found, though souo-ht after with great care, and nobody doubted but Peter Alcyo-^ nius, who, being physician to the nunnery, was intrusted with the library, had basely stolen it. And truly, in hi» treatise of Banishment, some things are found interspersed here and there, which seem not to savour of Alcyonius, but of some higher author." Paul Jovius repeated this accusa- tion, and it was adopted as a fact by other writers. Alcyo- nius, however, has been amply vindicated by some late bio- graphers, particularly Tiraboschi, who has proved that the charge was not only destitute of truth, but of probability. In 1517, he aspired to the professor's chair, which his master Marcus Musurus held, but was rejected on account of his youth. In 1521, however, he went from Venice to Florence, where he obtained, by the interest of the cardinal Julius de Medicis, the Greek professorship of that univer- sity, and, besides his salary, had ten ducats a month) from the cardinal de Medicis, to translate Galen " De partibus animalium." As soon as he understood that this cardinal was created pope, he asked leave of the Florentines to de- part; and though he was refused, he went nevertheless to Rome, in great hopes of raising himself there. He lost all his fortune during the troubles the Columnas raised iu Rome; and some time after, when the emperor's troops took the city, in 1527, he received a wound when flying for shelter to the castle of St, Angelo : but got thither, notwithstanding he was pursued by the soldiers, and joined Clement VII. He was afterwards guilty of base ingratitude towards this pope ; for, as soon as the siege was raised, he deserted him, and went over to cardinal Pompeius Colum- na, at whose house he fell sick, and died a few months after, in his fortieth year. Alcyonius might have made greater advances in learning, had he not been too much influenced aes A L C Y O N I u s. by vanity and self-conceit, which hindered him from taking the advice of his friends. He was likewise too much ad- dicted to detraction and ahuse, which raised him many enemies. Menckenius reprinted his treatise " De Exiho,'* in 1707, 12mo, Leipsic, whh those of Valerianus and Tol- lius on the misfortunes of men of letters, and other pieces on the same subject, under the title of " vVtialecta de ca- Jamitate Literatorum." The treatise " De Exilio" was first printed at the Aldine press, 1522, 4to. The only other original works which he left are, his orations on the taking of Rome, and on the knijrhts who died at the sietre of Rhodes; which we cannot find to have been published, but which had merit enough to prove him capable of writing the treatise on exile. ' ALDEGRAEF, or ALDEGREVER (Henry), a cele- brated artist, was born at Zoust in Westphalia, in 1502; but we have no account of his family, nor are we quite certain of his Christian name, some calling him Henry, and some Albert. It is said, that he went to Nuremberg, and studied under Albert Durer, as he copied his style. As a painter, he attained considerable fame : the principal part of his works are in the churches and convents of Germany. Des Piles mentions a " Nativity" by him, which he accounts worthy of the admiration of the curious. He is, however, chiefly known by his engravings ; and as, like many of the ancient engravers, particularly of Germany, he applied himself chiefly to the engraving of small plates, he has been classed by French authors among those they call little mas- ters, and in this class he claims the first rank. The me- chanical part of his engraving is extremely neat, and exe- cuted entirely with the graver. The light parts upon his flesh he has often rendered very soft and clear, by the ad- dition of small long dots, which he has judiciously inter- spersed. His drawing of the naked figure, which he seems very fond of introducing, is much correcter than is visually found among the old German masters ; and much less of that stiflT taste, so common to them, appears in his best works. But Florent le Comte's observation is certainly very just, that his men figures are far more correct than his women. His heads are very expressive in general, and his other extremities well marked, but sometimes rather 1 Ocn. Diet. — Morcri, — P. Jov. Elog.— Saxii Onomasticon.«~Bios;. UniTer- s«ll«.— .Tiraboschi.— Mazzuchelli Seritloii Italiani. A L D E G R A E F. 369 hea\y. But as his prints are ver}' numerous, amounting, according to abbe de MaroUes, to no less than 350, they cannot be suj)posed to be all ec]ual ; it is, therefore, neces- sary to see many of his prints, before any adequate judg- ment can be formed. The first collection of them was formed by the burgomaster Six, but to tiiis many additions were made by Mariette, to the amount of 390 i)ieces, com- prising many duplicates with flifferences. This collection was sold in France, in 180.5, for 660 francs. He died at Soest, in 1538, in very poor circumstances. ' ALDERETE (Diego Gratian de), the son of Diego Garcia, one of the great otiicers of the house of Ferdinand and Isabella, was born about the end of the fifteenth cen- tur}-, and died at the age of ninety, in the reign of Philip II. His father sent him, when very young, to study at Louvain, under the care of John Louis Vives, and he made extraor- dinary proficiency in Greek, Latin, and philosophy. Charle* V. made him his private secretary, and he was retained in the same station by Philip II. and enjoyed great favour at court. He is extolled by his countrymen, as a man of piety, wisdom, and Christian philosophy. His works are prin- cipally translations, 1. A translation of Xenophon, in ele- gant Spanish, Salamanca, 1552, fol. 2. Translations of the greater part of the works of Plutarch, Isocrates, Dio Chiysostom, Agapetus the deacon : 3. A TranslatioTi of Thucydides, Salamanca, 1554, fol. He also wrote a " His- tory of the taking of Africa," a sea-port on the coast of Barbary ; and left behind him a collection of the military- treatises which had appeared in Greek, Latin, and French, translated into Spanish for the use of his countrymen. His taste, and his rank in society, gave him a considerable in- fluence in the progress of Spanish literature, during hki long life.* ALDERETE (Joseph and Bernard), two brothers, na- tives of Malaga, whose historv has not been separatt-d by their biographers. They studied the belles lettres, antiqui- ties, and civil law, with equnl ardour and equal reputation. They both became ecclesiastics, and even in their persons' there was a very close resemblance. Josejjh ol)tained a prebend of Cordova, which he resigned in favour of Ber- nard, that he might enter among the Jesuits. He after- » Strutt and PilkiogtoH's Dictionaiies. — Moreri.— De Piles.— .Biog. Uuiverselle. * Biographie UuiversfiJc. VOL.L Bb 370 A L D E R E T E. wards became rector of the colk ge of Granada. While among the Jesuits, he pubh^hed a work on the *' Exemp- tion of the regular Or '.ers," Seville, 1605, 4to ; and ano- ther entitled " De religiosa disciplina tuenda," ibid. 4to, 1615. Bernard, his brother, was appointed grand vicar by the archbishop of Seville, don Pedro de Castro, but ob- tained permission to reside at Cordova. He was one of the most learned and high esteemed of the Spanish literati of his time, and eminent for his knowledge of the Greek, Hebrew, and Oriental languages and antiquities. He has left two works, in Spanish : 1. " Origen de la lengua Cas- tellana*" Rome, 1606, 4to ; 1682, fol.; to which he acknow- ledges his brot'uer Joseph contributed liberally. 2. " Va- rias antiguedades de Espana Africa y otras provdncias," Antwerp, 1614, 4to. He also wrote a letter to pope Ui-ban VHI. on the relics of certain martyrs, Cordova, 1630, fol. ; and a collection of letters on the sacrament. He had com- posed a " Boetia illustrata," the loss of which is regretted by the Spanish antiquaries. Joseph was born in 1560, and died in 1616 ; but the dates of the birth and death of Ber- nard are not known. ' ALDERETE (Bernard), a native of Zamora, in the kingdom of Leon, towards the end of the reign of Philip H. deserves some mention, to distinguish him from the pre- ceding. He entered when ver}* yoang into the society of the Jesuits, and attained so much character on account of his learning, as to be appointed first professor at Salamanca, and was the first Jesuit on whom the university, jealous of the power and ambition of that order, conferred the de- gree of doctor. He died at Salamanca in 1657. He wrote, I. " Commentaria et disputationes in tertiam partem S. Thomae, de incarnati verbi mysteriis et perfectionibus," Lyons, 2 vols. fol. 2. Separate treatises, " De visione et scientia Dei — De voluntate Dei — De reprobatione et praedestinatione," afterwards printed together at Lyons, 1662. <> ALBINI (Tobias), an Italian physician and botanist of Cesena, in the seventeenth century, was physician to car- dinal Odoard Farnese, who appointed him superintendant of his botanic garden. He is mentioned, in the last edition of this dictionarj^, as the author of " Descriptio plantarum. • Antonio Bibl. Hispan,— Biogr.-ipUie Umverselle, 9 IbicL— Morerk A L B I N I. 371 horti Farnesiani," Rome, 1625, fol. But it is necessary to mention that Albini's name, for whatever reason, was bor- rowed on this occasion, and that the work, as appears by the preface, was written by Peter Castelli, a pliysician at Rome. ' ALDHELM, or ADELM (St.), an English divine, was bisliop of Shireburn in the time of the Saxon heptarchy, and in the eisrhth century. WilUam of Mahnesburv says that he was the son of Kenred, or Renter, brotiier of Iiia king of the West-Saxons. He was born at Caer BUulon, now Mahiiesbury, in Wiltshire. He had part of his educa- tion abroad in France and Italy, and part at home under Maildulphus, an Irish Scot, who had built a little monastery where Malmesbury now stands. Uj)on the death of Mail- dulphus, Aldhelm, by the help of Eleutherius bishop of Winchester, built a stately monastery there, and was him- -self the first abbot. When Hedda, bishop of the West- Saxons, died, the kingdom was divided into two dioceses; viz. Winchester and Shireburn, and king Ina promoted Aldhelm to the latter, comprehending Dorsetshire, Wilt- shire, Devonshire, and Cornwall : he was consecrated at Rome by pope Sergius I. and Godwin tells us that he had the courage to reprove his holiness for having a bastard. Aldhelm, by the directions of a diocesan synod, wrote a book against the mistake of the Britons concerning the celebration of Easter, which brought over many of them to the catholic usage in that point. He likewise wrote a piece, partly in prose and partly in hexameter verse, in praise of virginity, dedicated to Ethelburga abbess of Bark- ing, and published amongst Bede's Opnscula, besides seve- ral other treatises, which are mentioned by Bale and Wil- liam of Malmesbury, the latter of whom gives him the fol- lowing character as a writer : " The language of the Greeks," says he, *' is close and concise, that of the Ro- mans splendid, and that of the English pc/mpous and swell- ing : as for Aldhelm, he is moderate in his style ; seldom makes use of foreign terms, and never without necessity ; his catholic meaning is clothed with eloquence, and his most vehement assertions adorned with the colours of rhe- toric : if you read liim wiih attention, you would take hini'. for a Grecian by his acuteness, a Rouun by his elegance, and an Englishman by the pomp of his language." He \i } Biographic Universelle. B Q 2 372 A L D H E L M. said to have been the first Enghshman who ever wrote in Latin ; and, as he himself tells us in one of his treatises on metre, the first who introduced poetry into England : *' Tiiese things," siiys he, " have I written concerning the kinds and measures of verse, collected with much labour, but whether useful I know not ; though I am conscious t» myself I have a right to boast as Virgil did : I first, I'eturning to my native plains. Will bring the Aonian choir, if life remains." William of Malmesbury tells us, that the people in Aid- helm's time were half-barbarians, and little attentive to re- ligious discourses : wherefore the holy man, placing him- self upon abridge, used often to stop them, and sing bal- lads of his own composition : he thereby gained the favour and attention of the populace, and insensibly mixing grave and religious things with those of a jocular kind, he by this means succeeded better than he could have done by aus- tere gravity. Aldhelm lived in great esteem till his death, which happened May the 25th, in the year 709. Such is the account that has been commonly given of this extraordinary man. We shall now advert to some circumstances upon which modern research has thrown a ^lew light. All the accounts represent Aldhelm as having "been a very considerable man for the time in which he lived. It is evident, says Dr. Henry, from his works, whicl> are still extant, that he had read the most celebrated au- thors of Gr«ece and Rome, and that he was no contemptibly critic in the lan^uacres in which these authors wrote. In the different seminaries in which he was educated, he ac- quired such a stock of knowle ige, and became so eminent for his literature, not only in England but in foreign coun^ tries, that he was resorted to by many persons from Scot- land, Ireland, and France. Artville, a prince of Scot- land, sent his works to Aldhelm to be examined by him, and entreated him to give them their last polish, by rub- bing off their Scotch rust. Besides the instructions which Aldhelm received from Maildulphus, in France and Italy, he had part of his education, and as it would seem the most considerable part, at Canterbury, nnder Theodore, arch- bishop of that city, and Adrian, the most learned profes- sor of the sciences who had ever been in England. The ardour with which he prosecuted his studies at that |)lace, ♦s well represented in a letter written by him to Hedda, A L D H E L M. 373 bishop of Winchester ; which letter also gives a good ac- count ot" the different brandies of knowledge in ilie cnlti- vation of wliich he was then engaged. These were, tlie Roman jurisprudence, the rules of verses and the musical modulation of words and syllal)les, the doctrine of the seven divisions of poetry, arithmetic, astronomy, and astrology. It is observable, that Aldhelni speaks in very pompous terms of arithmetic, as a high and difficult attainment ; though it is now so generally taught, as not to be reckoned a part of a learned education. In opposition to what has been commonly understood, that Aldhelni was the first of the Saxons who tauirht his countrs men tlie art of Latin versification, Mr. Warton, in his History of Poetry, in- forms us, that Conringius, a very intelligent antiquary in this sort of literature, mentions an anonymous Latin poet, who wrote the life of Charlemagne in verse, and adds that he was the first of the Saxons that attempted to write Latin verse. But it outrht lo have been recoUecteJ, that Aldhelni died above thirty years before Charlemagne was born. Aid- helm's Latin compositions, whether in prose or verse, as novelties, were dciemed extraordinary performances, and excited the attention and admiration of scholars in other countries. His skill in music has obtained for him a con- siderable place in sir John Hawkms's flistory of Music. His works are, 1. " De octo vitiis principalibus," ex- tant in Canisius's Bibliotheca Patrum. 2. " j^nigma- tum versus mille," published with other of his poems by Martin Delrio at Mentz, 1601, 8vo. 3. " A book ad- dressed to a certain king: of Northumberland, named Al- frid, on various subjects. 4. " De vita Monachorum." 5. " De laude Sanctorum." 6. " De Arithmetica." 7. " De Astrologia." 8. " On the mistake of the Britons concern- ing the celebration of Easter, printed by Sonius," 1576. 9. " De laude Virginitatis," published among Bede's Opus- cula : besides many epistles, homilies, and sonnets, in th« Saxon language.' ALDHUN, the first bishop of Durham, was promoted to that see in the year 990, being the twelfth of the reign of king Ethelred. He was of a noble family 5 but, accord- ing to Simeon of Durham, more ennobled by his virtues and religious deportment. He sat about six years in the • Biog. Brit. — Fox's Acts, vol. I. p. 139. — Cave, vol. I. — Tanner. — Warlon's KisL of Poetry, vol. I. Dissert, p. 26. — Brucker. — Saxii Onomasticoa, 574 A L D H U N. see of Lindisfarne, or Holy Island in Northumberland, during which time that island was frequently exposed to the incursions of the Danish pirates. This made him think of removing from thence ; though Simeon of Durham says, he was persuaded by an admonition from heaven. However, taking with him the body of St. Cuthbert, which had been buried there about 1 13 years, and accompanied by all the monks and the rest of the people, he went away from Holy Island ; and after wan derm g about some time, at last set- tled with his followers at Dunelm, now called Durham, where he gave rise both to the city and cathedral church. Before his arrival, Dunelm consisted oalv of a few scat- tered huts or cottages. The spot of ground was covered with a very thick wood, which the bisnop, with the assist- ance of the people that followed him, made a shift to cut down, and clear away. After he had assigned the people their respective habitations by lot, he began to build a church of stone ; which he finished in three years time, and dedicated to St. Cuthbert, placing in it the body of that saint. From that time the episcopal see, which had been placed at Lindisfarue by bishop Aidan (see Aidan), re- mained fixed at Durham ; and the cathedi-al church was soon endowed with considerable benefactions by king Ethel- red, and other great men. Aldhun had a daughter named Ecgfrid, whom he gave in marriage to Ucthi'ed, son of Waltheof earl of North- umberland, and with her, six towns belongmg to the epis- copal see, upon condition that he should never divorce her. But that young lord afterwards repudiating her, with a view to a nobler alliance, Aldhun received back the church lands he had given with her. This prelate educated king Ethelred's two sons, Alfred and Edward ; and, when their father was driven from his throne by Swane, king of Den- mark, he conducted theui, together with queen Emma, into Norii;andy, to duke Richard the queen's brother. This was in the year 1017, a little before bishop Aldhun's death ; for the next year, the English having received a terrible overthrow in a battle with the Scots, the good bishop was so aifected with the news, that he died a few days after, having enjoyed the prelacy twenty-nine years. Radul- phus de Diceto calls this bishop Alrtmnus, and bishop God-» win, Aldwinus. ' • Biog. Brit, but more fiilly hi Hutchinson's IJist. of Durham, vol. I,-~Gen. Diet, ALDOBRANDINI. 37S ALDOBRANDINI (Silvester) was a native of Flo- rence, and lor some time a professor of law at Pisa. On his return to iiis own country, he involved himself in th6 pi\vaiinig political contests ; and having taken a part in op- position to the house of Medici, he was banished, and deprived of all his property. Paul III. however, received him at Rome, and a,>pointed him advocate of the treasury and aj)ostoiic chamber. He died in 1558, aged 58, leav- ing several works on jurisprudence, which are enumerated by Mazzuchclii. He was the father of H} politus Aldo- brandini, who reached the papal chair, and assumed tiie name of Clement VIII.' ALDOBRANDINI (Thomas), another son of the above Sylvester, was born at Rome, where he was promoted to be secretary of the briefs after the death of Poggio in 1568. He died in the prime of life. He was the author of a trans- lation of " Diogenes Laertius," which was pubhshed at Rome in 1594, fol. at the expence of cardinal Peter A 'do- bran. Imi, his nephew; and also of a commentary on Aris- totle's treatise on hearing. These works have been praised by Veltori, by Buonamici, and by Casaubon. There have been several other cardinals of the same uame and family.' ALDOBRANDINO, a native of Florence, who fioarish- ed in the fuurteentu century-, and died Sept. 30, 1327, was a physician of great eminence in his time, and practised principally at Sienna, whither the jealousy of his colleagues at Bologna, where he first studied, had obliged him to re- tire. He wrote notes on Avicenna and Galen, and on some parts of Hippocrates. The abbe Lami gives an article to his memory in liis " Notices literaires," published in 1748; and he is celebrated also in Lucqaes's edition of the Eloges of ilhistrious Tuscans, vol. l.s ALDRFD, abbot of Tavistock, was promoted to the bishopric of Worcester in 1046. He was so nuicii in fa- vour with king Edward the Confessor, and had so much power over iiis niind, th u he obliged him lo be reconciled with the worst of his enemies, partcu-atly with Swane, son of the earl Godwin, who had revolted agains' !iim, and came with an army to invade the kingdom. Aidred also restored toe union nwd fri^riidship between king Fdward and Griffith king of Wales. He took afterwards a journey to Rome; and being returned into England in the year ' Biographi« UniTerselle. ' Ibid. ' Ibid. 37b A L D II ED. 1054, he was sent ambassador to the emperor Henry TI. ^taid a whole year in Germany, and was very honourably entertahi.d by Herman arciilnshop of Cologn, from whom he learned many tbiugs relative to ecclesiastical disciphne, .which on his return he established in his own diocese. .In lOoS, he went to Jerusalem, which no archbishop or bishop of England had ever done before him. Two years after, lie retimed to England ; and Kinsius, archbishop of York, dying the 22d of December, 1060, Aidred was fleeted in his stead on Christmas day followuig, and .thought fit to keep his bishopric of Worcester with the archbishopric of Canterbury, as some of his predecessors had done. Aidred went soon after to Rome, in order to receive the pallium from the pope : he was attended by Toston, earl of Northumberland, Giso, bishop of Wells, and Walter, bishop of Hereford. The pope received Toston very honourably, and made him sit, by him in the synod which iie held against the Simonists. He granted to Gi>.o and Walter tlicir request, because they were toleraiily well learned, and not accused of simony. But Aidred being by his answers found ignorant, and guilt}' of simony, the pope deprived him ver}^ indic^nantly of all his honours ; so that he was obliged to return without the pallium. On his way home, he and his fellow-travellers were attacked by some roiibers, who took from them all that tiicy had. Tliis obliged them to return to Rome ; and the pope, either out of compassion, or by the threatenings of the earl of Northumberland, gave Aidred the pallium ; but he was obliged to resign his bishopric of W^^rcester. However, as the archbishop of York had been almost en- tirely ruined by the manj invasions of foreigners, king Edward gave the new archbishop leave to keep twelve villages or manors which belonged to t.e bishopric of Wor- cester. Edwuii'd the Confessor dying in 1066, Aidred crowned Harold his successor. He also crowned William the Conqueror, after he had made him take the following oath, viz. That he would protect the holy church of God and its leaders : that he would establish and observe righteous Jaws : that he would entirely prohibit and suppress all ra- pines and unjuat judgmenis. He was ao much in favour with the conqueror, that this prince looked upon him as a father; uv.(\, though iuiperious in regard to jvery body else, he yet submitted to obey this archbishop ; John Brompton gives us an instance of the king's subinissjon^ A L D R E D. 577 which at the same time shews the prelate's haughtiness. It happened one day, as the arclihisliop wus at York, that the deputy-governor or lord-heutenant going out of the city with a great number of people, met tlie arclibisliop's servants, who came to town with several carts and horses loaded with provisions. The governor asked to whom they belonged; and they having answered they were Aldred's servaius, the governor ordered that all these provisions should be carried to the king's store-house. Tiie arch- bisliop sent immeuiately some of his clergy to the gover- nor, eommanding him to deliver tiie provisions, and to make satisfaction to St. Peter, and to him the saint's vicar, for the injury he had done them ; adding, that if he re- fused to comply, the archbishop would make use of his apostolic authority against him (intimating that he would excommunicate hiLU.) The governor, offended at this proud message, insulted the persons whom the archbisliop had sent, and returned an answer as haughty as the message. Aldred then v^ent to London to make his complaint to the king ; but even here he acted with his wonted insolence ; for njeeting the king in the cnurcn of St. Peter at West- minster, he spoke to him in these words : " Hearken, O William,] when thou wast but a foieigner, and God, to punish the sins of this nation, permitted thee to become master of it, after having shed a great deal of blood, I consecrated thee, and put the crown upon thy head with blessings ; but now, because thou hast deserved it, I pro- nounce a curse over thee, instead of a blessing, since thou art become the persecutor of God's cliurch, and of his mi- nisters, and hast broken the promises and oaths which thou madestto me before St. Peter's altar." The king, terrihed at this discourse, fell upon his knees, and humbly begged the prelate to tell him, by what crime he had deserved so severe a sentence. The noblemen, who were present, were enragetl against the archbishop, and loudly cried out, he deserved death, or at least banishment, for having of- fered such an insult to his sovereign ; and they pressed him with threatenings to raise the king from the ground. But the prelate, unmoved at all this, answered calmly, " Good men, let him lie there, for he is not at Aldred's but at St. Peter's feet ; let him feel St. Peter's power, since he dared to injure his vicegerent." Having thus re- proved the nobles by his episcopal authority, he vouch- safed to take the king by the hand, and to tell him the 578 A L D R E D. ground of his complaint. The king humhly excused him- self, b}^ saying he had been ignorant of the whole matter ; and oegged of the noblemen to entreat the prelate, that he m^ight take off the curse he had pronounced, and change it into a blessing. Aldred was at hist prevailed upon to fa\oiir tlie king thus far; but not without the promise of several presents and favours, and only after the king had granted liim to take such a revenge on tlie governor as he thought fit. Since that time (adds the hi; torian) none of the noblemen ever dared to offer the least injury. The Danes havino; made an invasion in the north of England in 1068, under the command of Harold and Canute the sons of king Swarie, Aldred was ko much afflicted at it, that he died of grief on the 1 1th of September in that same year, having besought God that he might notsee the de- solation of his church and countiy. • ALDRIC (St.), bishop of Mans, the son of a Saxon gentleman and of Gerald' ne of Bavaria, both of royal descent, but subjects of the French e upire, was born about the year 800, and spent his early years in the court of Charlemagne. Afterwards his inclination for the church prevented his accepting those employments in the state which Louis le Debonnaire would have conferred upon him. He went to Metz, and took orders, and the empe- ror recalled him and appointed him to be his chaplain and confessor. In the year 832 he was made bishop of Mans, where he remained quietly until the death of Louis, when he was driven thence by Lothaire, and not restored until the year 841, when Charles IL defeated that sovereign. Aldric afterwards employed his time in restoring ecclesias- tical discipline, and in improving the morals of his diocese by his example He died of the palsy Jan. 7, 856. He compiled a " Collection of Canons" for the use of his cler- gy, taken from the councils and decretals of the popes ; hut his most valuable work, his " Capitularies," is lost. What remains of his writings was published by Baiuze, and his life was written by Bollandus," ALDRICH (hENRY), an eminent scholar and divine, was son of Henry Aldiich of Westminster, gentleman, and born there in 1647. He was educated at Westminster under the celebrated Busby, and admitted of Chnst Church, Oxford, in 1662. Having been elected student, he took the » Biog. Brit.— Gen. Diet. ' Biojj. UniTcrselle.— Moreri. A L D R I C H- 373 degree of M. A. in April 1669; and, entering soon after into orders, he became an eminent tutor in his college. Feb. 1681, he was installed canon of Cnrist Church; and in May accumulated the degrees of B. and D. D. In the controversy with the papists under James II. he bore a considerable part; and Bnrnet ranks him among those eminent clergymen who " examined all the points of po- pery with a solidity of judgment, a clearness of arguing, a depth uf learning, and a vivacity of wnriting, far beyond any thing which had before that time appeared in our lan- guage." In short, he had rendered himself so conspicuous, that, at the Revolution, when Massey, the popish dean of Ciu-ist Church, fled beyond sea, the deanry was conferred upon him, and he was installed in it June 17, 1689. In this station he behaved in a most exemplary manner, zeal- ously promoting learning, religion, and virtue in the col- lege where he presided. In imitation of his predecessor bishop Fell, he published generally every year some Greek classic, or portion of one, as a gift to the students of his house. He wrote also a system of logic, entitled " Artis Logical compendium ;" and many other tnings. The publication of Clarendon's History was committed to him and bishop Sprat ; and tiiey were charged by Oldmixon with having altered and interpolated that work ; but the charge was sufficiently refuted by Atterbury. In the same year tiiat he became dean of Christ Church he was ap- pointed one of the ecclesiastical commissioners who were to prepare matters for introducing an alteration in some parts of the church service, and a comprehension of the ■dissenters. But he, in conjunction with Dr. Mew, bishop of Winchester, Dr. Sprat, bishop of Rochester, and Dr. Jane, regius professor of divinity in the university of Ox- ford, either did not appear at the meetings of the com- mittee, or soon withdrew from them. They excepted to the manner of preparing matters by a special commission, as limiting the convocation, and imposing upon it, and they were against all alterations whatever. Besides attain- ments in polite literature, classical learning, and an ele- gant turn for Latin poetry, of which some specimens are in the Musce Anglicanae, he possessed also great skill in ar- chitecture and music ; so great, that, as the connoisseurs say, his excellence in either would alone have made him famous to posterity. The three sides of the quadrangle of Christ Church, Oxford, called Peckwater-square, were 380 A L D R I C H. designed by him ; as was also the elegant chapel of Trinity college, and the church of All-Saints in the High-street; to the erection of which Dr. RatclifF, at his solicitation, was a lit)eral contributor. He cultivated also muinc, that branch of it particularly which related both to his profes- sion and his office. To this end he made a noble collec- tion of church music, and formed also a design of writing a history of the science ; having collected materials, which are still extant in the library of his own college. His abilities indeed as a musician have caused him to be ranked among the greatest masters of the science: he composed many services for the church, which are well known ; as are also his anthems, to the number of near 20. In the " Fieasant Musical Companion," printed 1726, are two catches of his ; the one, " Hark, the bonny Christ Church Bells," the other entitled " A Smoking Catch ;" for he himself was, it seems, a great smoaker. Besides the preferments already mentioned, he was rector of Weni in Shropshire. He was elected prolocutor of the convoca- tion in February 1702, on tiie death of Dr. Woodward, dean of Sarum. He died at Christ Church, December 14, 1710. The tracts he published in the popish contro- versy were two, " Upon the Adoration of our Saviour in ^e Eucharist," in answer to O.Walker's discourses on the same subject, printed in 16B7, and 1688, 4to. We have not been able to get an account of the Greek authors he published, except these following; 1. Xenophontis Me- morabiiium, lib. 4, 1690, Svo. 2. Xenophontis Sermo de Agesilao, 169 1, Svo. 3. Aristeje Historia 72 Interpretum^ 1692, Svo. 4. Xenophon, de re eqnestri, 1693, Svo. 5. Epic- tetus etTheophrastus, 1707, Svo. 6. Platonis, Xenophontis, Plutarchi, Luciani, Symposia, 1711, Svo. This last wa» published in Greek only, the rest in Greek and Latin, and all printed at Oxford. His logic is already mentioned. He printed also Elements of Architecture, which was ele- gantly translated and published in 1789, Svo. with archi- tectural plates, by the rev. Philip Smyth, LL. B. fellow of New College, and now rector of Worthing, Shropshire. He had a hand in Gregory's Greek Testament, printed at Oxford in 1703, folio; and some of his notes are printed in Havercamp's edition of Josephus. • ' Biojf. Brit.' — Hawkins's Tliitory of M»isic. — Burnet's Own Time?:. — Eirrh'S Tillotsoii. — Ni(:li<.Is's .^ti. ibniys LtUers, vol. L pp.29, 3j, yt3, lU, I'ZJ, 189, ♦81.— Ath. Ox. vol II. p. 1055. A L D R I C H. 381 ALDRICH, or ALDRIDGE (Robert), bishop of Car- lisle in the reigns of Henry VIII. Edward VI. and queen Mary, was born at Burnham in Buckinghamshire ; was educated at Eton, and elected a scholar of King's college, Cambridge in 1507, where he took the degree of M. A. afterwards became proctor of the university, schoolmaster of Eton, fellow of the college, and at length provost. In 1529 he retired to Oxford, where he was incorporated B. D. About the same time he vvas made archdeacon of Col- chester. In 15:34 he was installed canon of Windsor, and the same year he was appointed register of the most noble order of the garter. July 18, 1537, he was consecrated bishop of Carlisle. He wrote several pieces, particularly, 1, " Epistola ad Gulielmum Hormannum." 2. " Epi- grammata varia." 3. " Several Resolutions concerning the Sacraments." 4. '* Answers to certain Queries concern- ing the Abuses of the Mass." He wrote also resolutions of some questions relating to bishops and priests, and other matters tending to the reformation of the church begun by iino- Henry VIII. Leland was his familiar acquaintance, and gives him a high character for parts and learning. The prelate died March 25, 1555, at Horncastle, in Lin- colnshire, which was a bouse belonging to the bishops of Carlisle. When he was senior proctor, he was employed by the university to write three letters to the king, and the fol- lowing curious entry in the proctor's book for 1527, proves this fact. " Magistro Aldryg pro tribus Uteris missis ad Don)inum regem, 10^." He was a correspon- dent of Erasmus, who termed him, when 3^oung, *' bland le eloquentiae juveiiis," and appears to have associated with him durino- his residence at Cambridge. Fuller is of opinion that he belongs to the light rather than the dark side of the reforniiiiion ; but Strype seems to doubt whe- ther he was well affected to this jrreat chancre. He was certainly, however, not a persecutor ; and the mildness or timidity of his disposition may account for his retaining his offices during reigns of opposite principles. It yet re- Oiains to be noticed that in 1523, he was one of the Cam- bridge university-preachers, who were sent out by the uni- versity to preach in different parts of the nation, as the judges now go their circuits ; there being at that time very few men of ability in any county. » -I Biog. Brit. — Tanner. — Fuller's Worthies. — Strype's Cranmer, p. 77. — Me- Jnprials. — Jortin and Knijjht s Erasmus. — Ath. Ox. vol. I.^ p. 96, 681.— Cole's lyiSS.iu Srit, Mus. 382 ALDROVANDUS. ALDROVANDUS (Ulysses), one of the most labori- ous naturalists of the sixteenth century, and professor at Bologna, was born in 1527, of a noble family in that city, which still exists. He employed the greater part of his long life, and all his fortune, in travelling into the most distant countries, and collecting every thing curious in their natural productions. Minerals, metals, plants, and animals, were the objects of his curious researches ; but he applied himself chiefly to birds, and was at great ex- pence in having figures of them drawn from the life. Au- bert le Mire says, that he gave a certain painter, famous in that art, a yearly salary of 200 crowns, for 30 years and upwards ; and that he employed at his own expence Lorenzo Bennini and Cornelius Swintus, as well as the famous engraver Christopher Coriolanus. These expences ruined his fortune, and at length reduced him to the ut- most necessity ; and it is said tbat he died blind in an hos- pital at Bologna, May 4, 1605. Mr. Bayle observes, that antiquity does not furnish us with an instance of a design so extensive and so laborious as that of Aldrovandus, with regard to natural history ; that Pliny indeed has treated of more subjects, but only touches them lightly, whereas Al- drovandus has collected all he could find. His compilation, or, what at least was compiled upon his plan, consists of several volumes in folio, some of which were printed after his death. He himself published his Ornithology, or History of Birds, in three folio volumes, in 1599 ; and his seven books of Insects, which make ano- ther volume of the same size. The volume of Serpents, three of Quadrupeds, one of Fishes, that of exsanguineous Animals, the history of Monsters, with the Supplement to that of Animals, the treatise on Metals, and the Dendro- logy, or History of Trees, were published at several times after his death, by the care of different persons. The volume "of Serpents" was put in order, and sent to the press by Bartholomseus Ambrosinus ; that " of Quadrupeds which divide the Hoof" was first digested by John Cornelius Uterverius, and afterwards by Thomas Dempster, and published by Marcus Antonius Bernia and Jerome Tamburini ; that of " Quadrupeds which do not divide the Hoof," and that " of Fishes," were digested by Uterverius, and published by Tamburini ; that " of Quadrupeds with Toes or Claws," was compiled by Am- brosinus j the "History of Monsters," and the Supple- ALDROVANDUS. 38$ ments, were collected by the same author, and published at the char.re of Marcus Antonius Bernia ; the " Dciidro- loerv" is the work of Ovidius Moiitalbanus. — " Aldrovan- dus," says I'abb^ Gallois, "is not tiie autlior of several books published under his name ; but it has happened to the collection of natural nistory, of which those books are part, as, it does to those great rivers which retain durnig their whole course the name they bore at ttieir first rise, though in tlie end the greatest part of the water which they carr}^ into the sea does not belong to them, but to other rivers which they receive : for as the first six volumes of this great work were by Aldrovandus, although the others were composed since his death by diflferent authors, they have still been attributed to him, eituer because they were a continuance of his design, or because the writers of them used his memoirs, or because his method was fol- lowed, or perh ips that these last volumes might be the better received under so celebrated a name." All the above-mentioned volumes were reprinted at Francfort, but it is difficult to procure them all of tlie same edition. Those on the minerals are more scarce than the others, and the volume which contains the monsters should have also the supplement to the history of animals, which is wanting in must copies. Aldrovandus has been considered by modern naturalists as an enormous compiler without taste or genius, and much of his plan and materials is bor- rowed from Gessner. BulFon says, with justice, that his works might be reduced to a tenth part, if all that is use- less and superfluous were expunged. When, adds that eminent naturalist, Aldrovandi treats of the natural history of the cock or the ox, he gives you all that has been said of cocks and oxen ; all thai tiie ancients have thought, all that can be imagined of their virtues, their character, their courage, and tlieir employments ; all the stories which good women have told, ail the miracles performed by them in cer- tain religions, all the subjects of superstition which they have furnished, all the comparisons which the poets liave given, all the attributes which certain nations have dis- covered in them, all the hieroglyphics in whicli they have been represented, all tiie armorial bearings in which they are seen ; in a word, every history and every fable that has been related of cocks "and oxen. BuflFon, however, allows that if he is redundant, he is exact jn important 384 A L E A N D E R. points ; and in his works are unquestionably many curious accounts not easil}'^ to be found elsewhere ' ALDUS. See MANUZIO, or MANUTIUS. ALEy\NDEIl (Jerome), a Roman ordinal, and one of the most determined enemies to tlie reformation, was the son of Francis Aleander, a physician at Motta in the duciiy of Concordia, and descended from the ancient counts of Landio. He was born in 1480, and at thirteen years of age went to Venice for education, which was interrupted by a dangerous illness; baton his recovery, he went for some time to the academy at Pordtnone, and afterwards again to Venice. Keturning to his native place, Motta, he had the courage to attack and prove the ignorance of the public teacher of that place, and was elected in his room. Such was his growing reputation afterwards, both at Venice and Padua, that Alexander VI. determined to invite him to Rome, and appoint him secretary to his son Cissar Borgia, but another illness obliged Aieander to re- turn to Venice, after he had set out; and the pope dying soon afterwards, he returned to his stuuies, and in his twenty-fourth year was reputed one of the most learned men of his age. He knew Latin, Greek, and some of the oriental languages intimately. About tjis lime Aldus Ma- nutius dedicated to him Homer's Iliad, as to a man whose acquirements were, superior to those of any person with whom he was acquainted. At Venice, Aleander formed an intimacy with Erasmus, and assisted him in ti^.e new edition of his Adagia, which was printed at tne Akline press in 1 508, and is the most correct. Erasmus for some time kept up this intimacy, but took a different part in the pro- gress of the reformation ; and although he spedks respect- fully of Aleander's learning, frequently alludes to his want of veracity and princi])le, accusations of which Luther has borne the blame almost exclusively in all the popish ac- counts of Aleander. In the above year Aleander was invited by Louis XII. king of France, lo a professor's chair in the university of Paris, notwitiistaiiding the statutes which excluded foreign- ers from th;iL honour; but, after residirig there some years, he was alarmed by the appearance of the plague, and went into the country of France, and gave lectures on the Greek » Gen. Diet. — Mor^ri. — Tiraboschi. — Biof^. Univeiselle. — Clarke's Bil)!li>,sria- .pfiioal Dictionary. — Bocihaave's Methodus discOiidi medicinam. — llallii Bilil. Butaii. — Saxii OnoaiasUcoB.— Jyunial dts S^avaus, Nov, 12, 166i, A L E A N D E R, 385 language at Orleans, Blois, and other places. At length he took up his residence at Liege, was preferred to a ca- noury of the cathedral, and to the chancellorship of the diocese, and here also he gave his lectures on the Greek tongue, for two years, with distinguished su'-cess. In 1517, the prince bishop sent him to Rome, where he soon recommended himself to Leo X. who requested the prince- bishop that Aleander might be permitted to quit his ser- vice, and enter into that of the Roman church. The bi- shop, who was then anxious to be made a cardinal, and hoped that Aleander might promote that favourite object, readily consented: and Aleander was first appointed secre- tary to Julio de Medici, an office at that time of the high- est trust ; and in 15 i9, was made librarian of the Vatican. In 1521, he was sent as nuncio to the imperial diet at Worms, where he harangued against the doctrines of Lu- ther for three hours, and with great success, as Luther was not present to answer him; but afterwards, when Luther was permitted to speak, Aleander refused to dispute with him ; and yet, with the tyranny and cowardice of a genuine persecutor, obtained an order that his books should be burnt, and his person proscribed, and himself drew up the edict against him. On this occasion, his conduct drew upon him the just censure, not onlj' of the decided re- formers, but of his friend Erasnsus, who condemned the violence of his zeal with great asperity. He did not, how- ever, become the less acceptable to the church of Rome. After pope Leo's death, Clement VIL gave him the arch- bishopric of Brindisi and Oria, and he was appointed apos- tolic nuncio to Francis L whom he attended at the battle of Pavia in 1525, where he was made prisoner along with the king by the Spaniards. After his release, he was em- ployed in several embassies, and in 153S, he was promoted to the rank of cardinal by Paul IIL and was intended to be president at the council of Trent ; but his death, which took place Feb. 1, 1542, prevented this important ap- pointment. His death is said to have been accelerated by a too frequent use of medicine. His librarj', a very con- siderable one, he bequeathed to the monastery of S. Maria del Orto in Venice ; and it was afterwards transferred to the canons of S. Georgio, and from them to the library of S. Marco at Venice. Aleander's memory is now to be respected only as a maa of learning. He wrote » considerable number of works, Vol. 1. C c 386 A L E A N D E R. the greater part of which have not been pubhshed. Those which have, are but insignificant : 1. " Lexicon Graeco- Latinuui/* Paris, 1512, tol. ; a work compiled by six of his scholars, and revised, corrected, and enriched by notes from his pen. 2. " Tabulaj sane utiles Graecarum niusa- rum adyta compendio ingredi volentibus," Argent. 1515, 4to, often reprinted. It is, however, only an abridgement of Chrysoloras's Greek grammar. " De Concilio habendo,'* a work of which he wrote only four books, and which was consulted as authority in the proceedings of the council of Trent, remains among his unpublished writings; and in the Vatican there is another manuscript, which Mazzu- chelli considers as his best. It contains letters and papers respecting his offices of nuncio and legate, and his transac- tions against the heresies, as they are called, of Luther; and their importance appears by the use which cardinal Pallavicino made of them in his history of the council of Trent. Aleander ranks likewise among Latin poets from his verses " Ad Julivmi et NeiEram," published in Tosca- nus's collection, entitled " Carmina illustrium poetarum Italorum." The reason given by his admirers for the few works published by him, is his frequent and active em- ployments in the church, and his being more familiar with extempore eloquence than with composition. ' ALEANDER (Jerome), called the younger, to distin- guish him from his grand-uncle the cardinal, was born, according to La Motte, in 1574, in the principality of Frinli, and studied at Padua, where he became so distin- guished in early life, that Baillet has classed him among his " Enfants celebres par leurs etudes." He afterwards stu- died law with equal reputation, and in his twenty-sixth year published his commentaries on the institutions of Caius. When he went to Rome, he was employed as secretary under cardinal Octavio Bandini, and discharged this of- fice with great honour for almost 20 years. He was one of the first members of the Academy of Humourists, wrote a learned treatise in Italian on the device of the society, and displayed his genius on many different subjects. Urban VIH. had a great esteem for Aleander, and en- deavoured to draw him from the sen ice of cardinal Ban- dini, and to engage him with the Barberini; in which he at length succeeded, and Aleander became secretary tq ' Roscoe's I,ife of Leo.— Moreri. — Gen. Dirt. — .lortiu's Life »f EiaBmus.— * Kiofi:. Universelle. — I'au!. Jov. in elo|[. — Maizuchelli. A L E A N D E R. 387 cardinal Francis Barberini. He accompanied lilm to Rome, when he went there in the character of legate a latere ; and bore the fatigues of this long journey with great ala- crity, notwithstanding his delicate constitution and infirm state of health. He did not escape so well from the lux- uries of the table : for having entered into an agreement with some of his intimate friends, that they should treat one another by turns every three days, he indulged to an excess on one of those occasions, which threw him into a disorder, of which he died, March 9, 1629. Cardinal Bar- berini gave him a magnificent funeral, at which the Aca- demy of Humourists assisted, carrying his corpse to the grave : and Caspar de Simeonibus made his funeral oi'ation. Many high encomiums have been passed on him by his contemporaries, most of which, or the substance of them, may be seen in Fontanini. His principal works are : 1. " Psalmi poenitentiales, versibus elegiacis expressi,'* Tarvisii, 1593, 4to. 2. " Caii, veteris jurisconsulti, in- stitutionum fragmenta cum commentario," Venice, 1600, 4to. 3. " Explicatio antique tabuUe marmorea;, solis effi- gie, symbolique exculpta;, explicatio sigillorum zonce ve- terem stattiam mannoream cingcntis," Home, 1616, 4to ; reprinted several times, and inserted in Graevius's The- saurus. 4. " Carmina varia," printed with those of the three Amalthei, to whom he was nephew by the mother's side, and whose works he ptiblished, Venice, 1627, 8vo. 5. " La Lagrinie di pcnitenza, ad imitazione de sette Sal- mi penitenziali," Rome, 1623, 8ro. In his dedication he informs us that he wrote this volume when in his sixteenth year; and some Italian critics have praised the poetry and style. 6. " Difcsa dell' Adone, poema del Cavalier Ma- rino," part first, Venice, 1629 ; part second, 1630, 12mo. Some other works ot" less note are enumerated by Niceron, and by Mazzuchelli, and he left a great many manuscripts in the Barberini library, which Fontanini once undertook to publish. ' ALEGAMBE (Philip), a Flemish Jesuit, born at Brus- sels the 22d of January 1592, was trained in polite litera- ture in his own country. He went afterwards to Spain, and entered into the service of the duke of Ossuna, whom he attended to Sicily, when the duke went there as vice- roy. Alegambe, being inclined to a religious life, took 1 Biog. Universelle.— Gen. Diet. — Baillet Jugement de Savan*.— Ei y thraii ?uiacotheca.— Moreri.— Saxii Onomasticon. C C 2 38S A L E G A M B E. the habit of a Jesuit at Palermo, the 7th of Septemher 1613, where he went through his probation, and read his course of plplosophy. He pursued tire study of divinity at Rome, whence he was sent to Austria, to teacii philoso- phy in the university of Gratz. Having discharged the duties of this function to the satisfaction of his superiors^ he was chosen professor of school-divinity, and promoted in form to the doctorshi]) in 1629. About this time the prince of Eggemberg, who was in high favour witli the emperor Ferdinand H. having resolved that his son should travel, and being desirous he should be attended by some learned and prudent Jesuit, Alegamhe was judged a pro- per person ; and he accordingly travelled with him five years, visiting Germany, France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy. In 1638, the young prince with whom he travelled, being appointed by the emperor Ferdinand HI. ambassador of obedience to the pope, invited Alegamhe to go with him, who accordingly accompanied him to Rome, in quality of his confessor. After he had discharged this office, the general of the Jesuits retained him as secretary of the Latin dispatches for Germany. Alegamhe, having spent four years in the discharge of this laborious office, was obliged to resign it, the continual application to writing having considerably weakened his sight. He was now ap- {)ointed president of spirituiil affairs in the professed house, and had the office also of hearing confessions in the church, in which capacity he acquitted himself with re- putation. He died of the dropsy, at Rome, tiie 6th of ISeptember 1652. He is now principally known by hi* 1. " Bibhotheca scriptorum societatis Jesu," Antwerpiae, 1643, fol. 2. " Vita P. Joannis Cardin. Lusitani, ex so- cietate Jesu," Roma?, 1649, i2mo. 3. "Heroes et vic- .tima? charitatis societatis Jesu," Romtc, 1658, 4to ; con- tinued by Nadasi from 1647 to 1657. These "victims" were such as lost their lives in attending persons who died of the plague. 4. " Mortes illustres et gesta eorum de societate Jesu, qui in odium fidei ab hasreticis vel aliis oc- cisi sunt," Romae, 1657, fob' ALEMAND (Louis-Augustini:), a miscellaneous French writer of considerable note, was born at Grenoble in 1643, of Protestant parents, whose religion he abjured, and after studying medicine, was admitted doctor at Aix. Having, 1 Sotwel Bibl. Script. Soc. Jesu, p. 706.— Foppcn Bibl. Belg.— Gen. Diet.— Moreri. — Saxii Onooiastiuun. A L E M A N D. 3S9 however, failed in this profession, he came to Paris. Pc- lisson and father Bouhoiirs were his friends liere, but he offended the hitter by obtaining from the abb^^ de la Cliam- bre, a manuscrijjt of Vaugelas, which he published under the title of " Nouvelles reniarqucs de M. de Vaugelas siir la langue Franyoise, ouvrage posthume, avec des observa- tions de M. H." Paris, 1690, 12mo. Bouhours attacked the authenticity of this work, and Alemand promised to answer him, which we do not find that he performed. His other publications were, 1. "Nouvelles Observations, ou Guerre civile des Francais sur la langue," 1688, 12mo, a kind of attempt towards a verbal and critical dictionary, which was to have been comprised in two vols. fol. but the French academy prevented its being published, for the same rea- son, says Moreri, that they prevented that of Furetiere, namely, that the academicians intended to publish a work of the kind themselves. 2. " Histoire monastique d'lre- lande," 1690, 12mo; which was afterwards enlarged by captain Stevens into the " Monasticon Hibernicum." 3. *' Journal historique de I'Europe pour I'annee 1694, Stras- burgh (i. e. Paris), 1695, 12mo, concerning which the reader may consult the Memoirs of the abbe d'Artigny, vol. I. p. 282. He also pui)lished a translation of Sancto- rius's Statical medicine. He died at Grenoble in 1728. ' ALEMAN (Matthew), was born in the environs of Se- ville in Spain, abniit the middle of the sixteenth century, and for twenty years of his life had a place at court. Al- though we know little of his history or character, he de- serves this short notice, as the author of a very popular novel, or romance, entitled " Guznian d'Alfarache," which was reprinted in Spain above thirty times, and has been trans- lated into Italian, German, English, and into French by Bremont and Le Sage. Le Sage abridged it considerably, and Scarron was much indebted to it. The English is a large folio, literally translated, and too tedious, and with too frequent interruptions of moral discussion, to be much relished in the present day. In 1609 AlemaU was at Mexi- co, but on what errand is not known. About this time, however, he produced his " Ortogralia Castellan," 4to, a very scarce work, and of some reputation; and in 1604 he published a life of St. Antony of Padua in Spanish, with * Moreri. — Biog:. Universellc — Nicholson'* Irieh Hwtorical Library.— -Goujih'ak Topography, vol. II. 390 A L E M A N. encomiastic Latin verses, which are not inelegant. This was reprinted at Valencia in 1608, 8vo. The first edition of his Guzman appeared in 1599, 4to, Madrid. ' ALEMANNI (Nicholas), an antiquary of great learn- ing, was born of Greek parents, Jan. 12, 1583, and educated in the Greek college founded by pope Gregory XIII. where he made a vast progress in learning, and was no less esteemed for the int-^grity of his morals. He afterwards entered into holy orders. He probably at first intended to settle in Greece, and applied to a Greek bishop, who or- dained him a sub-deacon ; but he afterwards changed his mind, and received the other sacred orders from the hands of the bishops of the Romish church. Erythracus, in his ** Pinacotheca," although a zealous Roman Catholic, in- sinuates, that in this change Alemanni was influenced by the prospect of interest. His fortune, however, being still inconsideiable, he employed himself in teaching the Greek language to several persons of distinguished rank, and gained the friendship of Scipio Cobellutius, who was at that time secretary of the briefs to pope Paul V. This paved the way for his obtaining the post of secretary to cardinal Borghese, which, however, he did not fill to the entire satisfaction of his employer, from his being more intimately conversant in Greek than Latin, and mixing Greek words in his letters He was afterwards made keeper of the Vatican library, for which he was considered as amply qualified. He died July 24, 1626. His death is said to have been occasioned by too close an attendance on the erection of the great altar of the church of St. Peter at Rome. It was necessary for him to watch that no person should carr}^ away any part of the earth dug up, which had been sprinkled with the blood of the martyrs, and in his care he contracted some distemper, arising from the va- pours, which soon ended his days. He published " Proco- pii Historia; Arcana, Gr. et Lat. Nic. Alemanno interprete, cum ejus et Maltreti notis," Paris, 1663, foh and a " De- scription of St. John de Lateran," 1665.^ ALEMBERT (John i.e Rond d'), an eminent French philosopher, was born at Paris, Nov. 17, 1717. He derived the n;une of John le Rond from that of the church near which, after his birth, he was exposed as a foundling; being ' Diet, H'n.t, — Bloif. Uiiiversollc, ' Biog Univtr»cl]c. — Hrythtrici Pinacotheca. — Gen. Diet. — Ma2zuchclli.-»<» Cbautepie, A L E M B E R T. 391 the illicit son of Destouclies-Canon and Madame de Ten- cin. His father, informed of this circumstance, listened to the voice of nature and duty, took measures for the proper education of liis child, and for his future subsistence in a state of ease and independence. He received his first education in the college of the Four Nations, among the Jansenists, where he gave early marks of capacity and genius. In the first year of his phi- losophical studies, he composed a conjvuentary on the epis- tle of St. Paul to the Romans. The Jansenists considered this production as an omen that portended to the society of Port-Royal a restoration to some part of their ancient splen- dour, and hoped to find one day in M.d'Alembert a second Paschal. To render this resemblance more complete, they en"-aoed thoir risino- pupil in the study of mathematics; O O oil ^ '' ' but they soon perceived that his growing attachment to this science was likely to disappoint the hopes they had formed with respect to his future destination ; they, there- fore, endeavoured to divert him from pursuing it, but their endeavours were fruitless. At his leaving the college, he found himself alone and unconnected in the world; and sought an asylum in the house of his nurse. He comforted himself with the hope, that his fortune, though not ample, would better the con- dition and subsistence of that lamily, which was the only one that he could consider as his own : here, therefore, he took up his residence, resolvi-.g to apply himself entirely to the study of geometry. And here he lived, during the space of forty years, with the greatest simplicity, discover- ing the augmentation of his means only by increasing dis- plays of his beneficence, concealing his growing reputation and celebrity from these honest people, and making their plain and uncouth manners the subject of good-natured pleasantry and philosophical observation. His good nurse perceived his ardent activity ; heard l»im mentioned as the writer of many books ; but never took it into her head that he was a great mui, and rather beheld him with a kind of covnpassion. " You will never," said she to him one day, *' be any thing but a philosopher — and what is a philoso- pher? — a fool, who toils and plagues himself during his life, that people may talk of him when he is no more." As M. d'Alenibert's fortune did not far exceed the de- mands of necessity, his friends advised him to think of a profession that might enable him to augment it. He ac- S92 A L E M B E R T. cordingly turned his views to the law, and was admitted an advocate in 173iJ, but soon abandoned this plan, and ap- plied to the study of medicine, which he contmued only for about a year. Geometry was always drawing him back to his former pursuits ; and after many ineffectual eff"orts to resist its attractions, he renounced all views of a lucrative profession, and gave himself over entirely to mathematics. In the year 1741, he was admitted member of the acade- my of sciences ; for which distinguished literary promo- tion, at such an early age, he had prepared the way b}' correcting the errors of a celebrated work on geometry, which was deemed classical in France. He afterwards set himself to examine, with deep attention and assiduity, what must bit the motion of a body which passes from one fluid into another more dense, in a direction not perpendicular to the surface separating the two fluids. Every one knows the phenomenon which hcippens in this case, and which amuses children under the denomination of ducks and drakes ; but M. d'Alembert was the first who . explained it in a satisfactory and philosophical manner. Two years after his election to a place in the academy, he published his treatise on Dynamics. The new prin- ciple developed in this treatise consisted in establishing equality, at each instant, between the chan,i^es that the mo- tion of a body has undergone, and the forces or powers which have been employed to produce them; or to express them otherwise, in separating into two parts the action of the moving powers, and considering the one as producing alone the motion of the body, in the second instant, and the other as employed to destroy that which it had in the first. So early as the year 1744, M. d'Alembert had applied this principle to the theory of the equilibrium, and the mo- tion of fluids; and all the problems before solved by geo- metricians became, in some measure, its corollaries. The discovery of this new principle was followed by that of a new calculus, the first trials of which were published in a ** Discourse on the general Theory of the Winds;" to which the prize medal was adjudged by the academy of Berlin in the year 1746, and which was a new and brilliant addition to the fame of M. d'Alembert. This new calculus of partial differences he applied, the year ibllowing, to the problem of vibrating chords, whose solutiotr, as well as the theory of the oscillations of the air and the propagation qf A L K M B K R T. 393 sound, had been given but incompletely by the geometri- cians who preceded hmi. In the year 1749, he furnished a method of applying his ])rinciple to the motion of any body of a given figure; and he solved »he problem of the pre- cession of the equinoxes, determined its quantity, and ex- plained the phenomenon of the nutation of the terrestrial axis discovered by Ur. Bradley. In 1752, M. d'Alembert published a treatise on the Re- sistance of Fluids, to which he gave the modest title of an Essay ; but which contains a multitude of original ideas and new observations. About the same time, he published, in the Memoi):s of the academy of Berlin, Researches con- cerning the Integral Calculus, which is greatly indebted to him for the rapid progress it has made in the present century. While the studies of M. d'Alembert were confined to geometry, he v/as little known or celebrated in his native country. His connections were limited to a small society of select friends : he had never seen any man in high of- fice except Messrs. d'Argenson. Satisfied with an income which furnished him with the necessaries of life, he did not aspire after opulence or honours; but his reputation at length made its way to the throne, and rendered him the object of royal attention and beneficence. He received also a pension from government, which he owed to the friendship of count d'Argenson. The tranquillity of M. d'Alembert was abated when his fame grew more extensive, and when it was known beyond the circle of his friends, that a turn for literature and phi- losophy accompanied his mathematical genius. Our au- thor's eulofjist ascribes to envv, detraction, and to other motives nearly as ungenerous, all the disapprobation, oppo- sition, and censure that M. d'Alembert met with on account of the publication of the famous Encyclopedical Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, in conjunction with Diderot. But when the reader is told that this eulocrist is Condorcet, and when he reci^llects the vast extent of misciiief, moral and political, spread over France, and indeed the whole con- tinent, by the impious and disorganizing principles of d'Alembert and his associates in this work, he will learn to moderate his admiration of "that fine and enlightened turn for literature and philosophy" which Condorcet displayed before the academy in his Eulogy, pronounced but a very i' dis- posed to question whether the master-builders of this new and stupendous temple of science, for the worship of na- ture, had really in view the advancement of human know- ledge, and the improvement of the arts and sciences. In the inner court of this temple there was a confederacy formed aaainst all those who locked higher than nature, for the principal object of their veneration and confidence^ a fact too palpable, nay too boldly avowed, to stand in need of any proof. And if it be thus palpable, what shall we say, not to the philosophy, 1)ut tlie common sense, of these great men, who could for a moment conceive that objects so incompatible were to be promoted by the same means, and that national impiety and national improvement in the arts of science and social life, were to be incorporated in the same system ? But it would be unnecessary to ex- patiate, in this sketch, on the evils of a publication, the elTects of which have been so widely felt and so generally acknowledged. Some time after this, d'Alembert published his Philoso- phical, Historical, and Philological Miscellanies : these were followed by the Memoirs of Christina queen of Swe- den ; in which M. d'Alembert brought forward those ab- stract and impracticable notions respecting the natural rights of mankind which desolated his country ; and was bold enough to assert them as unanswerable propositions. His Essay on the Intercourse of Men of Letters with Per- sons high in rank and office, was intended, and too well calculated, to excite popular contempt for the privileged orders, or, in the language of Condorcet, to " expose to the eyes of the public the ignominy of those servile chains, "which they feared to shake off, or were proud to wear." A lady of the court, hearing one day the author accused of having exaggerated the despotism of the great, and the submission they require, answered slyly, " If he had con- sulted me, I would have told him still more of the matter." M. d'Alembert gave very elegant specimens of his lite- rary abilities in his translations of some select pieces of A L E xM B E R T. 395 Tacitus. But these occupations did not divert him from his mathematical studies ; for about the same time he en- liched the Encyclopedie with a multitude of articles in that line, on irreducible case, curve, equation, ditferential, &c. and composed his Researches on several important points of the s}steni of the world, in which he carried to a hij^her de"-ree of perfection the solution of the problem of the perturbations of the planets, that had several years before been presented to the academy. In 1759, he published his Elements of Philosophy; a work extolled as remarkable for its precision and perspi- cuitv ; in which, however, are some tenets relative both to metaphysics and moral science, of the most pernicious kind. The resentment that was kindled (and the disputes that fol- lowed it) by the article Geneva, inserted in the Encyclo- pedie, are well known. iM. d'Alembert did not leave this field of controversy with Hying colours. Voltaire was an auxiliary in the contest ; but as, in point of candour and decency, he had no reputation to lose ; and as he weakened the blows of his enemies, by throwing both them and the spectators into fits of laughter, the issue of the war gave him little uneasiness. It fell more heavily on d'Alembert i and exposed him, even at home, to contradiction and op- position, which it required all the wit and talents of his associates to resist with effect. In those days, however, of philosophical infatuation, even kings were blindly led to assist in undermining their thrones. And on this occa- sion, Frederic, usually stiled the great Frederic, king of Prussia, offered him an honourable asylum at his court, and the place of president of his academy ; and was not offended at his refusal of these distinctions, but cultivated an intimate friendship with him during the rest of his life. He had refused, some time before this, a proposal made by the empress ot Russia to intrust him with the education of the grand duke ; a proposal accompanied with very flat- tering offers. In the year 1765, he published his dissertation on the Destruction of the Jesuits. This is said to be an impartial piece, although it had not the good fortune to please either party, a circumstance which seems to mark an indecision of argument or pf system. It whs, however, but very feebly answered. Beside the works already mentioned, he published nine volumes of iwemolrs and treatises, under the title of Opus- 396 ALE M BERT. cules ; in which he has solved a multitude of problems re- lative to astronomy, mathematics, and natural philosophy ; of which Condorcet gives a particular account, more espe- cially of those which exhibit new subjects, or new methods of investioation. He published also Elements of Music ; and rendered, at length, the system of Rameau intelligible ; but he did not think the mathematical theory of the sonorous body suffi- cient to account fvjr the rules of that art. He was always •fond of music ; which, on the one hand, is connected with the most subtle and learned researches of rational me- chanics ; while, on the other, its power over the senses and the soul exhibits to philosophers phenomena no less singu- lar, and still more inexplicable. In the year 1772, he was chosen secretary to the French academy. He formed, soon after this preferment, the de- sign of writing the lives of all the deceased academicians, from 1700 to 1772; and in the space of three years he executed this design, b}' composing 70 eulogies. M. d'Alembert died on the 29th of October, 17S3. Condorcet and other French writers of his own school at- tribute to him many amiable lines of candour, modestv, disinterestedness, and beneficence, in his moral character; and we are not disposed to question that his personal vir- tues might have been many; but his character cannot be justly appreciated without recollecting that he was the mostsubtle agent in that hostility against Christianity which was carried on by Voltaire, Diderot, and others who assisted in the Eucyclopasdia. Nor is the extent of their aversion to revealed religion to be discovered so clearly in their writings prepared for the press, for there they affected to disguise it under the mask of an argumentative philosophy, as in their secret correspondence, much of whi(?h appears in Beaumarchais's edition of Voltaire's works. The abbe Barruel, in his Memoirs of Jacobinism, has produced many proofs from these letters and other documents, that the im- piety of Voltaire, d'Alembert, Diderot, &c. was not a per- sonal concern, not an error into which they had sepaiatelj fallen, and which they separately avowed, but a design con- sulted upon, and carried on in common among them ; that they encouraged each other by frequent letters, deli- berated about the means, and combined in the execution ; and that whatever they had done before, it evidently ap- A L E M B E R T. 397 pears from their correspondence, they placed all their hopes in the Eiicycloptedia. The following list contains d'Alembert's principal works, with their respective dates. 1. " Trait6 de Dynamique,'* Paris, 1743, 4to ; second edition in 1758. 2. " Traite de I'Equilibre et du Mouvement des Fluides," Paris, 1744; second edition in 1770. 3. " Reflexions sur la Cause generale des Vents ;" which f^ained the prize at Berlin, 1746; and was printed at Paris in 17i-7, 4to. 4. " Re- cherches sur la Precession des Equinoxes, et sur la Nuta- tion de I'Axe de la Terre dans le Systeme Newtonien," Paris, 17-49, 4to. 5. " Essais d'une nouvelle thcorie du ^Mouvement des Fluides," Paris, 1752, 4to. 6. " Re- cherches sur differens Points importans du Systeme du Monde," Paris, 1754 and 1756, 3 vols. 4to. 7. " Ele- mens de Philosophie," 1759. 8. " Opuscules Mathema- tiques, ou Memoires sur differens Sujets de Geometrie, de Mcchaniques, d'Optiques, d'Astrononiie," Paris, 9 vols. 4to, 1761 to 1773. 9. " Elemens de Musique, theorique et pratique, suivant les Principes de M. Rameau, eclaires, deveioppes, et simplifies," a. Lyon, 1 vol. 8vo. 10. " De la Destruction des Jesuites," 1765. In the Memoirs of the Academy of Paris are the follow- ing pieces, by d'Alembert : viz. Precis de Dynamique, 1743, Hist. 164. Precis de PEquilibre et de Mouvement des Fluides, 1744, Hist. 35. Melhode generale pour de- terminer les Orbites et les Mouvenients de toutes les Pla- netes, en ayant egard a leur action mutuelle, 1745, p. 365. Precis des Reflexions sur la Cause Generale des Vents, 1750, Hist. 41. Precis des Recherches sur la Precession des Equinoxes, et sur la Nutation de I'Axe de la Terre dans le Systeme Newtonien, 1750, Hist. 134. Essai d'une Nouvelle Theorie sur la Resistance des Fluides, 1752, Hist. 116. Precis des Essais d'une Nouvelle Theorie de la Re- sistance des Fluides, 1753, Hist. 289. Precis des Re- cherches sur les differens Points importans du Systeme du Monde, 1754, Hist. 125. Recherches sur la Precession des Equinoxes, et sur la Nutation de I'Axe de la Terre, dans I'Hypothese de la Dissimilitude des Meridiens, 1754, p. 413, Hist. 116. Reponse a un Article du M^moire de M. I'Abbe de la Caille, sur la Theorie du Soleil,' 1757, p. 145, Hist. 118. Addition a ce Memoire, 1757, p. 567, Hist. 118. Precis des Opuscules Mathematiques, 1761, Hist, 86. Pr6ci3 du troisieme volume des Opuscules Ma- 398 A L E M B E R T. thdmatiques, 1764, Hist. 92. Nouvelles Reclierches sur )es Verres Optiques, pour servir de suite a la theorie qui en a ete donn6e dans le volunie 3*= des Opuscules Matho- jnatiques : Premier Memoire, 1764, p. 75. Hist. 175. Nouvelles Reclierches sur les Verres Optiques, pour servir de suite a la theorie qui en a ete donnee clans le troisieme volume des Opuscules Mathematiques. Second Memoire, 1765, p. 53. Observations sur les Lunettes Achromati- ques, 1765, p. 53, Hist. 119. Suite des Reclierches sur les Verres Optiques. Troisieme Memoire, 1767, p. 43, Hist 153. Recherches sur le Calcul Integral, 1767, p. 573. Accident arrive par 1' Explosion d'une Meuled'Emou- leur, 1768, Hist. 31. Precis des Opuscules de Mathe- mat qucs, 4" et 5« vohuncs. Leur Analyse, 1768, Hist. 83. Recherches sur les Mouvemens de i'Axe d'une Pla- nete quelconque dans I'hypothese de la Dissimilitude des Meridiencs, 1768, p. 1, Hist. 95. Suite des Recherches sur les Mouvemens, &c. 1768, p. 332, Hist. 95. Recher- ches sur le Calcul Integral, 1769, p. 73. Memoire sur les Principes de la Mech. 1769, p. 278. And in the Memoirs of the Academy of Berlin, are the following pieces, by our author : viz. Recherches sur le Calcul Integral, premiere partie, 1746. Solution de quel- ques pix)blemes d' Astronomic, 1747. Recherches sur la courbc que forme une Corde Tendue mise en Vibration, 1747. Suite des recherches sur le Calcul Integral, 1748. LettreaM.de Maupertuis, 1749. Addition aux recher- ches sur la courbe que forme une Corde Tendue mise en Vibration, 1750. Addition aux recherches sur le Calcul Integial, 1750. Lettre a M. le professeur Formey, 1755. Extr. de difler. lettres a M. de la Grange, 1763. Sur les Tautochrones, 1765. Extr. de difler. lettres a M. de la Grange, 1769. Also in the Memoirs of Turin are, Differentes Lettres a M. de la Grange, en 1764 et h765, torn. 3, of these Memoirs. Recherches sur diflerens sujets de Math. torn. 4. In 1799, two small volumes of posthumous work* were published at Paris, which contain very little that is important, except some letters and memoirs of D'Alem- bert, written by himself, of which we have availed our- selves in a few particulars. ' > Elojes, vol. III. — Biog. Universellr.— .lluUon's Mathematical Dictianarjo. —Barruel's Memoirs of Jacobinisui, voL I. A L L E N, S9» ALEN, or ALLEN (Edmond), a native of Norfolk, was elected fellow of C. C. C. Cambridge in 1536, proceeded M. A. the year following, became tlieir steward in 1539, atid not long after obtained Itave of the society to go and. studv abroad for a liuiitea Lime; vvhicl) he altera ards pro- cured to be extended for two years more. By assiduous application he became, as Strype informs us, not only a great proficient in the Greek and Latin tongues, but an *' eminent Protestant divine, and a learned minister of the gospel." His works, indeed, which are written with much plaimiess and simplicity', but at the same time with great strenoth of reason; no: and aroiiment, sufficiently shew that -111 he ought to be ranked in the list of the most consideraljie reformers. This extraordinary merit, while it obliged him to continue an exile during the reign of queen Mary, re- conunendcd him powerfully to the favour of her sister Eli- zabeth ; who no sooner came to the crown than she ap- pointed him one of her chaplains, gave him a commission to act under her as an ambassador, and nominated l)im to the vacant see of Rochester ; but after a long absence, he either died on his return, or soon after, and never became possessed of the bishopric. It is said he was buried in tlie church of St. Thomas Apostle, in London, Aug. 30, 1559. He translated into Enii,lish, " Alex. Alesium de autho- ritate verbi Dei," 12mo, and Phil. Melanch. super ntraque Sacrament! specie, et de authoritate Episcoporum," 12mo, 1543, whilst abroad; as hkewise " Conradum Pelicanum suj^er Apocalipsin." He published " A Ciiristian Intro- duction for youth, containing the principles of our faith and religion," 1548, and 1550, 12mo; 155], 8vo, which last may be the same with a " Catechism, that is to say, A Cliristen instruction of the principall pointes of Cliristex Religion," then newly corrected and augmented by liim. Other translations are attributed to him. ' ALENIO (Julius), a Jesuit, born in Brescia, in the re- public of Venice. He travelled into the eastern countries, and arrived at Maca in 1610, where he taught mathea)atics. From thence he went to the empire of China, where he continued to propagate the Christian religion for 36 years- He was the first who planted the faith in the province of Xanfi, and he built several churches in the province of ^ Tanner Bibl.— Masters's Hist, of Corpus Christ. Coll. Camb.— Strype'* .■^- uals, I, 136. —Memorials. II, 30. 400 A L E N I O. Fokien. He died in August 1C49, leaving behind hiin several works in the Ciiuiese language: 1. " The Life of Jesus Christ," in eight volumes. 2. "■ The Incarnation of Jesus Christ." 3. " Of the Sacrifice of the Mass." 4. "The Sacrament of Penitence." 5. "Tiie Original of the World." 6. " Proof of the Existence of a Deity." 7. " Dialogues." 8. " The Dialogue of St. Bernard betwixt the Soul and Body," in Chinese verse. 9. " A Treatise on the Sciences of Europe." 10. " Practical Geometry, in four books." 11. " The Life of P. Matthew Kicci." 12. " The Life of Dr. Michael Yam, a Chinese convert." 13. '• The Theatre of the World, or Cosmography." ' ALEOTTI (John Baptist), an Italian architect, who died in 1630, was born of parents so poor that in his youth he was obliged to carry bncks and mortar to the workmen ; but having a natural turn for architecture, by hearing others talk, he learned all the rules of it, as well as those of geometry ; and was even able to publish works in those sciences. He took great part in those famous contro- versies that arose concerning the three provinces, Ferrara, Bohgna, and the Romagna, which were much exposed to inundations in the commencement of the seventeenth century, and published a plan for stopping their progress. Pope Clement VII. employed him to build the citadel of Ferrara, and at Mantua, Modena, Parma, and Venice, are several monuments after his designs. The only work we have seen of his on the subject of the inundations is en- titled " Difesa per riparare alia sommersione del Pole- sine," Ferrara, 1601, fol." ALER (Paul), a learned French Jesuit, was born in 1656, at St. Guy, in the Luxemburgh, studied at Cologn, and in 1676 entered the order of St, Ignatius. He was sprofessor of philosophy, theology, and the belles lettres, at Cologn, until the year 1691. He w^as afterwards, in 1701, invited to the university of Ti'eves, where he gave his course of lectures on theology, and was appointed, in 1703, regent of the gymnastic school, and about the same time he was employed in the organization and direction of the gymnastic academies of Munster, Aachen, Treves, and Juliers. He died in 1727, at Dueren, in the duchy of Juliers. His principal works are: 1. " Tractatus de artibus humanis," Treves, 1717, 4to. 2. " Philosophic!^ \ Moreri. — Sotwel Bibl. Script. Soc. Jesu. 9 Bioy. Univ^rselle. — Diet. Historique. A L E 11. 401 tnpartiUic, pars 1. aive logica," Cologne, 1710; " pars 2. sive physica," 1715 ; " pars 3. seu anima et metaphysica," 1724. 3. *' Gradus ad Parnassum," a book well known iu all schools in Europe, and of which there have been a great number ot" editions. 4. Some Latin tragedies, as Joseph, Tobias, &c. ' ALES (Alexander), a celebrated divine of the con- fession of Augsbourg, was born at Edinburgh, April 23, 1500. He soon made a considerable progress in school- divinity, and entered the lists very early against Luther;- this being then the great controversy in fashion, and the grand field in which all authors, young and old, were ac- customed to display their abilities. Soon after he had a share in the dispute which Patrick Hamilton maintained against the ecclesiastics, in favour of the new faith he had imbibed at Marpurgli : he endeavoured to bring him back to the catholic religion ; but this he could not effect, and even besan himself to doubt about his own relis^ion, beino- much affected by the discourse of this gentleman, and more still by the constancy he shewed at the stake, where David Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrew's, caused him to be burnt. The doubts of Ales would perhaps have beeu carried no further, if he had been left unmolested to en- joy his canonry in the metropolitan church of St. Andrew's; but he was persecuted with so much violence by the pro- vost of St. Andrew's, whose intrigues he preached against, that he was obliged to retire into Germany, where he be- came at length a perfect convert to the Protestant religion, and persevered therein till his death. In the different parties which were formed, he sometimes joined with those that were least orthodox; for, in 1560, he main- tained the doctrine of George Major, concerning the ne- cessity of good works. The change of religion, w^hich happened in England after the marriage of Henry VHI, with Anna Boleyn, induced Ales to go to London, in 1535* where he was highly esteemed by Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury, Latimer, and Thomas Cromwel, who were at that time in favour with the king. Upon the fall of these favourites, he was obliged to return to Germany, where the elector of Brandenburg appointed him professor of di- vinity at Francfort upon the Oder, in 1540. Two years afterwards he had a dispute there, upon the question * Biog. Universfllei Vol. L X) o 402 ALE S. *' Whether the magistrate can and ought to punish forni- cation ?" and he maintained the affirmative with Melanc- thon. He was greatly offended at their not deciding this dispute, and perhaps his discontent was the reason of his quitting Francfort precipitately; and it is certain that the court of Brandenburgh complained of him, and wrote to the university of Wittemberg to have him punished. He retired, however, to Leipsic ; and while he was there, he refused a professor's chair, which Albert duke of Prussia intended to erect at Koningsberg, and which was erected the year following. Soon after, he was chosen professor of divinity at Leipsic, and enjoyed it till his death, which happened on the 17th of March 1565. The following are the titles of his principal works : 1. " De necessitate et merito Bonorum Operum, disputatio proposita, in celebri academia Lipsica ad 29 Nov. 1560." 2. " Commentarii in evangelium Joannis, et in utramque epistolam ad Timo- theum." 3. " Expositio in Psalmos Davidis." 4. " De Justificatione, contra Osiandrum." 5. " De Sancta Tri- nitate, cum confutatione erroris Valentini." 6. " Re- sponsio ad triginta et duos articulos theologorura Lo- vaniensium." While at Leipsic, he was employed to translate the first liturgy of Edward VL into Latin, for Bucer's use, who did not understand English. He appears to have been highly esteemed for probity and learning. Henry VHL familiarly called him "his scholar," and Cranmersaid he was " virum in theologia perductum." Melancthon and Ales were in- separable companions, and Beza pronounced him one of the greatest ornaments of his country. He wrote vvitk most spirit on the doctrine of the Trinity, against Valen- tine Gentilib ; and on the divinity of Jesus Christ against Servetus. * ALESIO (Matthew Perez d'), born at Rome, died in 1600, was not less skilful in the exercise of the pencil than that of the graver. Of all his productions the most curious is the St. Christopher, which he painted in fresco in the great church of Seville, in Spain. The calf of each leg in this colossal figure is an ell in thickness ; but the whole has a majestic appearance. Simple and modest in his character, this artist was always the first to do justice • Mackenzie's Scotch writers, vol. II. a very prolix life. — Bale. — Tanner. — Gen. Diet. — Strype's Craniner, p. 204, 402. — Slrype's Mcmoriais;^ vol. II. p. 69. A L E S I O. 40$ to his competitors for fame, and particularly to Louis de Vargas, whose Adam and Eve he generously preferred to his own St. Christopher, ahhough the latter, from its grandeur of character and effect, was at that time very much admired. He had been a pupil of Michael Angelo, and was thought to have caught nmch of the sublime man- ner of that illustrious artist. He returned to Rome some time before his death, assigning as a reason that his talents could not be wanted in a country (Spain) that had pro- duced such an aitist as Louis de Vargas. ' ALESSI (GaliiAs), the most celebrated architect of his time, was born at Perusia in 1500, and died in 1572. His reputation was spread over almost all Europe. He fur- nished France, Spain, and Germany, with plans, not only for palaces and churches, but also tor public fountains and baths, in which he displayed the fertility of his genius. The plan that brought him the most honour was that of the monastery and the church of the Escurial, which was adopted in preference to all that had been presented by the most able architects of Europe. Several cities and towns of Italy are also decorated by edifices of his construc- tion ; but there is not one where so many of them are seen as at Genoa ; the cupola of the cathedral and the GrimaldL and Pallavicini palaces are by him ; and it is doubtless on account of the number of these magnificent monuments, that that city has merited the name of Genoa the superb. It is said, that Alessi was likewise very learned, and had a capacity for managing concerns of the utmost importance. Some of his works were engraven at Antwerp in 1663, from drawings made by Rubens. ' ALEXANDER the^GREAT, king of Macedon, whose life has been written by Curtius, and Arian, Plutarch, and Diodorus, was one of the most renowned monarchs of ancient times, and his life has formed a conspicuous article in all works of the biographical kind, aiihough much of it belongs to history. His extraction was illustrious, taough perhaps fabulous; his father Philip having been descended from Hercules, and his mother Olympias from Aclulles. He was born at Pella the first year of the 106th olympiad, the 398th from the building of Home, and the 356th be- fore the birth of Christ. On the night of his birth, the ' Biog. Universelle.; • liiog. lli)iverselle. — Pascoli's Lives of the Painters, &c, Rome, 1750, 4io.— Vasdi i^ in tlie Life of Leoiii. D D 2 40* ALEXANDER. temple of Diana at Ephesus was set on fire, and burnt ttJ the iiround : which latter circumstance, said Timaeus, an historian, " was not to be wondered at, since the goddes* was so engaged at Olynapiab's labour, that she could not be present at Ephesus to extinguish the flames." This Cicero praises as an acute and elegant saying ; but Plu- tarch and Longinus condemn it, with better reason, as quaint and frigid. At fifteen years of age, Alexander was delivered to the tuition of Aristotle. He discovered very early a mighty spirit, and symptoms of that vast and immoderate ambition which was afterwards to make him the scourge of mankind and the pest of the world. One day, when it was told him that Philip had gained a battle, instead of rejoicing, he looked much chagrined, and said, that " if his father went on at this rate, there would be nothing left for him to do." Upon Philip's shewing some wonder, that Alex- ander did not engage in the Olympic games, " Give me," 'said the youth, " kings for my antagonists, and I will pre- sent myself at once." The taming and managing of the famous Bucephalus is alwa3's mentioned among the exploits of his early age. This remarkable horse was brought from Thessaly, and purchased at a very great price ; but upon trial he was found so wild and vicious, that neither Phili]! nor any of his courtiers could mount or manage him ; and he was upon the point of being sent back as useless, when Alexander, expressing his grief that so noble a creature should be rejected, merely because nobody had the dex-. terity to manage him, was at length permitted to try what he could do. Alexander, we are tokl, had perceived, that -the frolicksome spirit and wildness of Bucephalus pro- ceeded solely from the fright which the animal had taken. at his own shadow : turning his head, therefore, directly to the sun, and gently approaching him with address and skill, he threw himself upon him ; and though Philip at first was extremely distressed and alarmed for his son, yet when he saw iiim safe, and perfectly master of his steed, he received him with tears of joy, saying, " O, my son! thou must seek elsewhere a kingdom, for Macedonia cannot contain thee." One more instance of this very high spirit may suffice. When Philip had repudiated Olympias for infidelity to liis bed, the young prince felt a most lively resentment on the occasion ; yet, being invited by his fa- ther to the nuptials with iiis new wife, he did not refuse A L E X A N D P: R, 405 to go. In the midst of the entertainment, Attahis, a fa- vourite of Phili[), had the imprudence to say, that the Macedonians must imph)re tlie gods to grant the king a lawful successor. " What, 30U scoundrel ! do you then take me for a bastard ?" says Alexander; and threw a cup that instant at his head. Philip, intoxicated with wine, and believing his son to be the autlior of the quarrel, rushed violently towards him with his sword,; but, slipping with his foot, fell prostrate upon the lioor ; uj>on wliich Alex- ander said insultingly, " See, Macedonians, what a ge- neral you have for the conquest of Asia, who cannot take a single step without falling;" for Philip had just before been named for this expedition in a common assembly of the Greeks, and was preparing for it, when he was mur- dered by Pausanius at a feast. Alexander, now twenty years of age, succeeded his fa- ther as king of Macedon : he was also chosen, in room of his father, generalissimo in the projected expedition against the Persians ; but the Greeks, agreeably to their usual fickleness, deserted from him, taking the advantage of his absence in Thrace and Illyricum, where he began his military enterprises. He hastened immediately to Greece, and the Athenians and other states returned to him once ; but the Thebans resisting, he directed his arms against them, slew a prodigious number of them, and de- stroyed their city ; sparing nothing but the descendants and the house of Pindar, out of respect to the memory of that poet. This happened in the second year of the third olympiad. It was about this time that he went to consult the oracle at Delphi ; when, the priestess pretending that it was not, on some account, lawful for her to enter the temple, he being impatient, hauled her along, and occa- sioned her to cry out, " Ah, my son, there is no resisting thee :" upon Vvhich, Alexander, seizing the words as omi- nous, replied, " I desire nothing farther : this oracle suf- fices." It was also probably at tnis time that the remark- able interview passed between our hero and Diogenes the cynic. Alexander had the curiosity to visit this philosopher in his tub, and complimented him with asking '' if he could do any thing to serve him ?" " Nothing," said the cynic, " but to stand from betwixt me and the sun." The attendants were expecting what resentment would be shewn to this rude behaviour; when Alexander surprised theni by saying, " Positively, if I was not Alexander, I would b^ Diogenes." 406 ALEXANDER. Having settled the affairs of Greece, and left Antipater as ills viceroy in Macedonia, he passed the Hellespont, in tlie tiiird year of his reign, with an army of no more than 30,0l'0 foot and 4,500 horse; and with these brave and veteran forces he overturned the Persian empire. His first battle was at the Granicus, a river of Phrygia, in which the Persians were routed. His second was at Issus, a city of Cilicia, where he was also victorious in an emi- nent degree ; for the camp of Darius, with his mother, wife, ijnd children, fell into his hands ; and the humane and generous treatment which he shewed them is justly reckoned the noblest and most amiable passage of iiis life. While he was in this country, he caught a violent fever by bathing, when hot, in the cold waters of the river Cyd- nus ; and this fever was made more violent from his im- patience at being detained by it. The army was under the utmost consternation ; and no physician durst under- take the cure. At length one Philip of Acarnania desired time t J prepare a potion, which he was sure would cure him ; and while the potion was preparing, Alexander re- ceived a letter from his most intimate conhdent Parmenio, informing him, that his physician was a traitor, and em- ployed by Darius to poison him, at the price of a thousand talents and his sister in marriage. The same fortitude, however, which accompanied him upon all occasions, did not forsake hun here. He carefully concealed from his physician every symptom of apprehension ; but, after re- ceiving the cup into his hands, delivered the letter to the Acarnanian, and with eyes fixed upon him, drank it off. The medicine at first acted so powerfully, as to deprive him of his senses, and then, without doubt, all concluded him poisoned : however, he soon recovered, and, by a cure so speedy that it might almost be deemed miracu- lous, was restored to his aimy in perfect health. It was at Anchyala, a town of Cilicia, that he was shewn a monument of Sardanapalus, with this inscription : " Sar- danapalus built Anchyala and Tarsus in a day : Passenger, eat, drink, and enjoy thyself: all else is nothing." This, probably, moved his contempt very strongly, when he compared such petty acquisitions to what he projected. — From Cilicia he marched forwards to Phoenicia, which all surrendered to him, except Tyre ; and it cost him a siege of seven months to reduce this city. The vexation of Alexander, at being unseasonably detained by this obsti- ALEXANDER. 407 "nacy of the Tyrians, occasioned a vast destruction and carnao-e ; and the cruelty he exercised here is among the deepest stains on his character. After besiegiig and taking Gaza, he went to Jerusalem, where he was received by the high priest ; and, making many presents to the Jews, sacrificed in their temple. He told Jadduus (for that was the priest's name), that he had seen in Macedonia a god, in appearance exactly resembling him, who had exhorted him to this expedition against the Persians, and siven him the firmest assurance of success. Afterwards, entering iEgypt, he went to the oracle of Jupiter Ammon, and upon his return built the city of Alexandria. It was now that he took it into his head to assume divinity, and to pretend himself the son of the said Jupiter Ammon, for which his mother Olympias would sometimes rally him, not unpleasantly, *' Pray," she would say, " cease to be called the son of Jupiter: thou wilt certainly embroil me in quarrels with Juno." Policy, however, was at the bottom of this : it was impossible that any such belief should be really rooted in his breast, but he found by ex- perience that this opinion inclined the barbarous nations to submit to him ; and therefore he was content to pass for a god, and to admit, as he did, of divine adoration. So far, indeed, was he from beheving this of himself, that he used among his friends to make a jest of it. Thus, after- wards, when he was bleeding from a wound he had re- ceived, " See here," says he, " this is your true genuine blood, and not that ix*^/?, or thin fine liquor, which issues, according to Homer, from the wounds of the immortals." Nay, even his friends sometimes made free with this opinion, which shews that he did not hold it sacred ; for once, when it thundered horridly loud, and somewhat ter- rified the company, the philosopher Anaxarchus, who was present, said to Alexander, " And when wilt thou, son of Jupiter, do the like ?" " Oh," said Alexander, " 1 would not frighten my friends." His object now was to overtake and attack Darius in another battle ; and this battle was fought at Arbela, when victory granting every thing to Alexander, put an end to the Persian empire. Darius had offeretl his daughter in marriage, and part of his dominions to Alexander, and Parmeiiio advised him to accept the terms : " I would," says he, " if I were Alexander ;" " and so would I," re- plied the conqueror, *' if I were Parmeuio." The same 40» ALEXANDER. Parmenioj counselling the prince to take the advantage of the night in attacking Darius, " No," said Alexander, *' I would not steal a victory." Darius owed his escape from Arbela to the swiftness of his horse ; and while he was collecting forces to renew the war, was insidiously slain by Bessus, governor of the Bactrians. Alexander wept at the fate of Darius ; and afterwards procuring Bessus to be given up to him, punished the inhuman governor ac- cording to his deserts. From Arbela Alexander pursued his conquests eastward; and everything fell into his hands, even to the Indies. Here he had some trouble with king Porus, whom however he subdued and took. Porus was a man of spirit, and his spirit was not destroyed even by his defeat; for, when Alexander asked him, "how he would be treated," he answered very intrepidly, "like a king;" which, it is said, so pleased the conqueror, that he ordered the great- est attention to be paid him, and afterwards restored him to his kingdom. Having ranged over all the east, and made even the Indies provinces of his empire, he i*eturned to Babylon ; where he died iji the 33d year of his age, some say by poison, others by drinking. The character of this hero is so familiar, that it is almost needless to draw it. It was equally composed of very great virtues and very great vices. He had no n)ediocrity in any thing but his stature : in his other properties, wliether good or bad, he was all extremes. His ambition rose even to madness. His father was not at all mistaken in sup- posing the bounds of Macedou too small for his son : for how could Macedon bound the ambition of a man, who reckoned the whole world too small a dominion ? He wept at hearing the philosopher Anaxarchus say, that there was an infinite number of worlds : his tears were owing to his despair of conquering them all, since he had not yet been able to conquer one. Livy, in a short digression, has at- tempted to inquire into the events which might have hap- pened, if Alexander, after the conquest of Asia, had brought his arms into Italy ? Doubtless things might have taken a very different turn with him ; and all the grand projects, which succeeded so well against an effeminate Persian monarch, might easily have nnscarried if he had had to do with hardy Roman armies. And yet the vast aims of this mighty concjueror, if seen under another point of view, may appear to have been confined within a very iparrow compass ; since, as we are told, the utmost wish of ALEXANDER. 40:^ that great heart, for which the whole earth was not big enough, was, after all, to be praised by the Athenians. It is related, that the difficulties which he encountered in order to pass the Hydaspes, forced him to cry out, *' O Athenians, could you believe to what dangers I expose myself for the sake of being celebrated by you ?" But Bayle aftirnis, that this was quite consistent with the vast un- bounded extent of his amlntion, as he wanted to make all future time his own, and be an object of admiration to the latest posterity ; yet did not expect this from the conquest of worlds, but from books. And he was right, continues that author, " for if Greece had not furnished him with good writers, he would long ago have been as much for- gotten as the kings who reigned in Macedon before Am- phitryon." Alexander has been praised upon the score of con- tinency, and his life might not be quite regular in that respect, yet his behaviour to the Persian captives shews him to have had a great command over himself in this particular. The wife of Darius was a hnished beauty; her daughters likewise were all beauties ; yet this young prince, who had them in his power, not only bestowed on them all the honours due to their high rank, but consulted their reputation with the utmost delicacy. They were kept as in a cloister, concealed from the world, and secured from the reach not only of every dishonourable attack, but even from imputation. He gave not the least occa- sion to censure, either by his visits, his looks, or his words : and for other Persian dames his prisoners, equally beau- tiful in face and shape, he contented himself with saying gaily, that they gave indeed much pain to his eyes. Not- withstanding these facts, he has been accused of those li- centious gallantries common to princes in his age and country. His excesses with regard to wine were more notorious, and beyond all imagination ; and he committed, when in- toxicated, a thousand extravagances. It was owing to wine, that he killed Clytus, who saved his life ; and burnt Persepolis, one of the most beautiful cities of the east : he did this last indeed at the insticration of the courtezan Thais : a circumstance which makes it the more atrocious. It is generally believed, that he died by drinking immo- derately ; and even Plutarch, who affects to contradict it, owns that he did nothing but drink the whole day he wag taken ill. 410 ALEXANDER. His character has been so often the theme of history, and the subject of discussion, ttiat it would he superfluous to analyze the various opinions entertained. The reader, however, to whom the subject is interesting, may be re- ferred, with confidence, to a work, entitled *' A critical Inquiry into the Life of Alexander the Great, by the an- cient historians : from the French of thebarcn de St. Croix; with notes and observations, by sir Kichard Clayton, hart." Lond. 1793, 4to. ' ALEXANDER (St.) bishop of Alexandria, succeeded St. Achillas in the year 313. Arius, who had pretensions to this see, resented the preference given to Alexander by attacking his opinions, which were strictly orthodox, and substituting his own, which were at that time new. The bishop at first opposed him only by mild exhortations and persuasions ; but, being unable to prevail, he cited him before an assembly or synod of the clergy at Alex- andria, and on his refusing to recant his errors, excom- municated him and his followers. This sentence was con- firmed b}' above an hundred bishops in the council of Alexandria, in the year 320 ; and Alexander signified the same by a circular letter to pope Sylvester, and all the catholic bishops ; and his conduct was approved by Osius, who had been employed bv the emperor Constantine to inquire into the matter. Alexander afterwards assisted at the council of Nice, to which he was accompanied by St. Athanaslus, then only a deacon, and died Feb. 26, 326, appointing Athanasius for his successor. Of his numerous epistles, written against the Arian heresy, two only re- main ; one, the circular letter already mentioned, in So- crates, lib. I.e. 6; and in Gelasius Cyzicus' history of the council of Nice, lib. 2. c. 2. The other, addressed to Alexander of Byzantium, is in Theodoret, lib. 1. c. 4. In the Bibl. Vindob. Cod. Theol. is a very short letter of his to the presbyters and deacons of Alexandria ; this is also in Cotelerius : and he wrote an epistle agaiust the Arians, of which are two fragments in S. Maximus Opus. Theol. at Polem. vol. II. 152, 155.' ALEXANDER ^GEUS, of the first century, may be slightly noticed here, as sometimes confounded with Alexander Aphrodiseus. He was one of Nero's preceptors, ^ The authors mentioned above. — Gen. D'nt. — Universal History, &c. » Cave, vol. I — L:irilnei'» Works, vol. IV. 103. ALEXANDER. 411 but gained very little credit in this capacity, as he was suspected of having contributed to the corruption of his royal pupil. He wrote a " commentary on Aristotle's Meteorology" in the manner of the ancient peripatetics. ' ALEXANDER ab Alexanduo, a Neapolitan lawyer of great learninor, who flourislied towards the end of the fif- teenth and beginning of the sixteenth century, was de- scended of the ancient and noble family of the Alexandri of Naples. He was born according to some, in 1461. He followed the profession of the law, first at Naples, and afterwards at Rome ; but devoted all the time he could spare to the study of polite literature ; and at length en- tirely left the bar, from scruples of conscience respecting the practice of the law, that he might lead a more easy and agreeable life with the muses. *' When I saw," says he, " that the counsellors could not defend nor assist any one against the power or favour of the mighty, I said it was in vain we took so much pains, and fatigued ourselves with so much study in controversies of law, and with learning such a variety of cases so exactly reported, when I saw the judgments passed according to the temerity of every remiss and corrupt person who presided over the laws, and gave determinations not according to equity, but favour and affection." The particulars of his life are to be gathered from his work entitled " Genialium Dierum :" It appears by it that he lodged at Rome in a house that was haunted ; and he relates many surprising particulars about the ghost, which show him to have been credulous, although periiaps not n)ore so than his contemporaries. He says also, that when he was very you ig, he went to the lectures of Philelphus, who explained at Rome the Tusculan questions of Cicero ; he was there also when Nicholas Perot and Domitius Calderinus read their public lectures upon Martial. Some say that he acted as prothonotary of the kingdom of Naples, and that he discharged the office witn great honour; but this is not mentioned in his work. Apostolo Zeno fixes his death in 1523, and it is generally agreed that he died at Rome, aged about sixty-two. His work, the " Genialium Dierum," is a miscellaay of learning and philology, some- what on the model of the " Noctes Atticte" of Aulus GeU lius. The first edition was printed at Rome, 1522, fol. • Fabric. Bibi. Gvaec— Suiclas. — Brucker. — Moreri. 412 ALEXANDER. under the title of" Alexandri de Alexandre dies Geniales.'* Andrew Tiraqueau bestowed a commentary on it, entitled *' Semestria," Lyons, 1586, fol. Notes have also been added to it by Christopher Colerus, and Dennis Gotefrid, or Godfroy, which were printed with Tiraqueau's com- mentary, Francfort, 1594, fol. The edition of Paris, 1582, is held in estimation, but the best is that of Leyden, 1675, 2 vols. 8vo. There is another work of his, published be- fore the Genialium Dierum, but afterwards incorporated with it, entitled " Alexandri J. C. NapoUtani Disserta- tiones quatuor de rebus admirandis, &.c. Rome, 4to, with- out date, or printer's name. Mr. Roscoe, who has intro- duced him in his life of Leo as a member of the academy of Naples, says that his works prove him to have been a man of extensive reading, great industry, and of a con- siderable share of critical ability, and perhaps as little tinc- tured with superstition as most of the writers of the age iu which he lived. * ALEXANDER APHRODISEUS, one of the most cele- brated followers of Aristotle, flovn-ished about the year 200. He was so called from Aphrodisea, a town in Caria, where he was born. He penetrated, with such success, into the meaning of the most profound speculations of his master, that he was not only respected by his contemporaries as an excellent preceptor, but was followed by subsequent Aris- totelians among the Greeks, Latins, and Arabians, as the best interpreter of Aristotle. On account of the number and value of his commentaries, he was called, by way of distinction, "The Commentator." Under the emperor Sep- timus Severus he was appointed public professor of the Aristotelian philosophy, but whether at Athens or Alex- andria is uncertain. In his works he supports the doctrine of Divine Providence ; upon this head he leaned towards Platonism, but on most other subjects adhered strictly to Aristotle. In his book concerning the soul, he maintains that it is not a distinct substance by itself, but the/orm of an organized body. Of his works there are extant, 1. *' De Fato, deque eo quod in nostra potestate est," a short treatise dedicated to the emperor Caracalla, and first printed iu Greek at the Aldiue press, 1533, fol. at the end of the works of Thcmis- tius. Grotius translated it into Latin in his " VeteruiBk * Gen. Diet. — Tiraboocbi. — Morerj. — Saxii Onomastitoa ALEXANDER. 4l3 pnllosophorum sententioc de Fato," Paris, 1648,, 4to; and there is a London edition, Gr. and Lat. 1688, 12mo. 2. " Commentarius in prinium libruni priorum analyticormn Aristotelis," Gr. Venice, U8,9, and Aid. 1520, tbl. Florence, J 521, 4to, and translated into Latin by Jos. Bern. Feli- cianus, Venice, 1542, 1546, and 1560, fol. 3. "Commen- tarins in VIII Topicornm libros," Venice, 1513, translated into Latin by Gul. Dorotheus, Venice, 1526 and 1541, and Paris, 1542, fol. and by Kasarius, Venice, 1563 and 1573, fol. 4. " Commentarii in Elenchos sophisticos, Gr. Ve- nice, Aldns, J 520, fol. ; at Florence, with the " Com- mentarius in primum librum, &.c." 1521, 4to ; and trans- lated into Latin by Ilasarius, Venice, 1557, fol. 5. "In Libros XII Metaphysiconim ex versione Jos. Genesii Se- pulvedai," Rome, 1527, Paris, 1536, Venice, 1544 and 1561, fol. The Greek text has never been printed, al- though there are manuscript copies in the imperial library at Paris, and in other libraries. 6. " In librum de sensu et iis qua? sub sensum cadunt," Gr, at the end of Simpli- cius's commentary on the books respecting the soul, Venice, 1527, fol., and in the Latin of Lucilius Pliiiotha^us, Venice, 1544, 1549, 1554, 1559, 1573, fol. 7. "In Aristotelis Meteorologica," Gr. Venice, 1527, fol. translated into Latin by Alex. Picolomini, 1540, 1548, 1575, fol. (See Alexander JiCEUs). 8. " De Mistione," Gr. with the preceding. 9. " De anima, libri duo," Gr. at the end of Themistius in the first article, and translated into Latin by Jerome Donate, Venice, 1502, 1514, fol. 10. " Physica Bcliolia, dubitationes et soluiiones, libri duo," Gr. Venice, 1536, fol. and in Latin by Bagolinus, Venice, 1541, 1549, 1555, 1559, fol. 11. " Problematura medicorum et phy- sicorum libri duo." The best Greek edition of this is in yylburgius's works of Aristotle ; but some think that these problems are by Alexander Trallianus. 12. " Libellus de Febribus, Latine, Georgio Valla interprete," in a collection of various works translated by Valla, Venice, 1488. It is also thought that this is by xVlexander Tral!ianus. It has not been printed in Greek. There are other works a- scribed to our Alexander, some in Arabic and some in Greek ; in the imperial library at Paris is one " De nutritione et aucriuento," which is not ijiven in the usual lists of his works. All the above are very rare, especially the Greek editions, and the multiplicity of these editions shows in what hiah esteem the author was held in the fifteenth and <9 4li ALEXANDER. sixteenth centuries, and liow useful his writings were con- sidered by the students of Aristotle. ' ALEXANDER, bishop of Cappadocia, and afterwards of Jerusalem, in the early part of the third century, was the scholar of Pantaenus and Clement of Alexandria, to whom he acknowledges his obligations. About the year 204, when bishop of Cappadocia, he suffered imprisonment for the profession of the Christian faith, and remained in prison for some years, under the reign of Severus. His faithfulness and constancy in suffering induced the church at Jerusalem, after his release from prison, to appoint him colleague to their bishop Narcissus, who was now an hun- dred and sixteen years old. The account which Jerom and Eusebius give of his election, and of his arrival, being supernaturally revealed to Narcissus and the clergy, will not now probably obtain belief; but it is certain that he was gladly welcomed thither, and afterwards succeeded Narcissus in the see, over which he presided for the long space of forty years, with zeal, approbation, and success, in his ministry. When Decius revived the persecution of the Christians, Alexander was again cast into prison, where, from ill usage or old age, he died about the year 25 1. None of his writings remain, except some fragments of letters in Eusebius, who also informs us that Alexander founded a library in Jerusalem into which he collected all the Chris- tian epistles and documents that could be procured ; and as this was extant in the time of Eusebius, the latter ac- knowledges his obligations to it in the compilation of his history. Lardner, who has given a long account of this bishop from various sources, observes that his piety and humility are conspicuous in the fragments left, and his meekness is celebrated by Origen. If he was not learned, he was at least a patron of learning. Above all, we are indebted to him for his glorious testimony to the truth of the Christian religion, and his remarkable example of steadiness in the faith, of which he made, at least, two confessions, before heathen magistrates. ^ ALEXANDER (John), a young writer of very promising talents, was born in Ireland in 1736, whitliei nis father, a dissenting teacher at Stratford upon Avon, had removed; and from whence, on his death, the wulo v and family re- ' Rriukcr. — Riog-, Uaiv'>rs. lie. — Morcri. — Saxii Onomnsticon. — B< loe's Anec- dotes of Liteiatuie, vol. IV. p. 260. " Cavti. — i aniuui's Works, vol. Jl. ALEXANDER. 415 turned to England. After having gone through a gram- matical education, John was sent lo the dissenting academy at Daventry, where he prosecuted his studies with com- mendable diligence, and was afterwards [)ut under the tui- tion of Dr, Benson, who had sometimes young students under his care, after they had finished their university or academical education, for the purpose of instructing them in a more critical acquaintance with the sacred writings. He afterwards entered into the ministry, which iie exer- cised in and near Birmingham, but principally at a small village called Longdon, about twelve miles from that place. On Saturday, Dec. 28, 1765, he returned to rest, in per- fect health, between eleven and twelve o'clock, intending to officiate at Longdon next day : but at six in the mot"!!- ing he was found dead in his bed ; an event which was sin- cerely deplored by his friends, both as a private and a public loss. After his death, the rev. John Palmer of London pub- lished a work of his, entitled " A Paraphrase upon the 15th chapter of the first epistle to the Corinthians ; with critical notes and observations, and a Preliminary Disser- tation, a Commentary, with critical Remarks, upon the 6th, 7th, and part of the 8th chapters to the Romans." To which is added, " A Sermon on Ecclesiastes ix. 10. composed by the author the day preceding his death," Lond. 1766, 4 to. Mr. Palmer has bestowed high praise on the critical sagacity and learning displayed in this work. It is some deduction from its merit, however, that, in the pre- liminary dissertation, he favours the opinion of there being no state of consciousness between death and the resurrec- tion. Of his talents, in anotiier respect, a, much more favourable opinion may be forn ed from the papers he wrote in " The Library," a monthly publication, conducted, if we mistake not, principally by Dr. Kippis. In this, Mr. Alex- ander wrote an ironical " Defence of persecution, essays on Dullness, Common Sense, Misanthropy, the Study of Man, Controversy, the Misconduct of Parents, Modern Authorship, the present state of Wit in Great Britain, the Index of the Mind, and the Fate of periodical productions." In some of these he displays genuine humour, not inferior indeed to that of most of our celebrated Essayists. — He appears to have been a man of great worth, learning, and modesty. He had a brother, Dr, Benjamin Alexander, a phy- 416 ALEXANDER. •sician in London, who died young, in 1768, and was the translator of Morgagni '' De sedibus et causis morborum,'* 3 vols. 4to, Lond. 176D.' ALEXANDER, bishop of Lincohi in the reigns of Henry L and feiephen, was a Norman by birth, and nephew of the famous Roger, bishop of Salisbur}', who first made him archdeacon of Salisbury, and afterwards, by his inte- rest with the king, raised him to the mitre. Alexander* was consecrated at Canterbury July 22, 1123. Having re- ceived his education under his uncle the bishop of Salis- bury, and been accustomed to a splendid way of living, he affected show and state more than was suitable to his cha- racter, or consistent with his fortunes; but, this failing ex- cepted, he was a man of worth and honour, and every way qualified for his station. The year after his consecration, his cathedral church at Lincoln having been accidentally burnt down, he rebuilt it, and secured it against the like accident for the future by a stone roof. He also in- creased the number of prebends in his church, and aug- mented its revenues with several manors and estates. In imitation of the barons and someof the bishops, particularl;f his uncle the bishop of Salisbury, he built three castles ; one at Banbury, another at Sleaford, and a third at Newark. He likewise founded two monasteries ; one at Haverholm, for regular canons and nuns together, the other at Tame, for White-friars. He went twice to Rome in the years 1142 and 1 144. The first time, he came back in quality of the pope's legate, for the calling a synod, in which he published several wiiolesonie and necessary canons. In August 1147 he took a third journey to the pope, who was then in France ; where he fell sick through the exces- sive heat of the weather, and returning with great difficulty to England, he died in the 24th year of his prelacy.' ALEXANDER NECKHAM. See NECKHAM. ALEXANDER (Nevskoi), grand duke of Russia, and a saint of the Russian church, is so often mentioned on ac- count of the order of knighthood instituted to his honour by Peter the Great, and yet is so little known out of Russia, that an article may well be allowed him here. He was born in 1218, and seems to have been a man of strong character, of personal courage, and bodily • Biog. Brit. vol. II. p. 207, new edit. » Uiog. Urit.— ArcbKologia, vol. VI. p. 316, 317. ALEXANDER. 417 stvength. Tiie almost incessant wars in which his father Yaiosiaiif was engaged with Tshingis khan and the neigh- houriiig hordes of Mon<;"oles, inspired him early in life witli a passion for conquest. Probably too an unhappy conceit entertained by the princes of those times and those countries, n)ight have contributed somewhat to prepare Alexander for the part of the hero be afterwards per- formed. Tiiis was the custom of conferring on young princes particular provinces as apanages or viceroyalties. Yaroslauf had in 1227 changed his residence at Novgorod for that of Pereyashif, leaving in the former place his two eldest sons, Feodor and Alexander, as his representative, under the guidance of two experienced boyars. However sn)all the share that a boy of ten years old, as Alexander then was, coukl take in the government ; yet it must have been of advantage to him to be thus initiated in a situation preparatory to the exercise of that power he was one day to enjoy in his own right. Five years afterwards Feodor died ; and now Alexander was alone viceroy of Novgorod : lie was not an apanaged prince till 1239, when his father took possession of Viadimir. He now married a princess of the province of Poiot:',k, and the first care of his go- vernment was to secure the country against the attacks of the Tshudes (among whom are particularly to be under- stood the Esthonians), who were partly turbulent subjects, and partly piratical neighbours of the principality of Nov- gorod. To this end he built a line of forts along the river Shelonia, which falls into the Ilmenlake. But a more im- minent danger soon furnished him with an opportunity of performing far greater service to his nation. Incited by the oppressions exercised by the Tartars on southern Russia, the northern borderers formed a league to subdue Novgorod ; and thought it necessary to begin their enter- prise the sooner, as, from the accounts they had received by one of their chiefs, who had gained a personal know- ledge of Alexander at Novgorod, the young prince would shortly be too powerful for them. The warlike king of Denmark, Valdemar II. at that time possessed a consider- able portion of Esthonia, together with Reval, which he had lately built *. He had long been in alliance with the * Tills account is conformnble with different representations, nothing is left ihat given in the Petersbiirg journals, but to take the most probable, since However, ii is necessary to mention none can be perfectly relied on. In that the whole of this transaction is general, what is here mentioned of th« very obscurely related by the Russian Danes, is attributed to the Swedes, historians ; and therefore, from their VuL. I. £ £ 418 ^ L £ X A ]>;n of writinjj an ecclesiastical history ; for, being desired to reduce what was material in these conferences to writing, he did it with so much accuracy, that the learned men who composed this assembly advised him to undertake a complete body of ciujrch-history. This he executed with great assiduit}', tkyileciing and digesting the. materials himself, and writing ' Biog. yuiYeriielle.— Hi«^, Lit, Ue la C«ngii>gation,d« St^ Maur. ALEXANDER. 421 fven the tables with his own hand. His first work is that x^'lierein he encleavours to prove, against M. de Launoi, that St. Thomas Aquinas is the real author of the Sum, ascribed to him : it was printed in Paris 1675, in 8vo. 'J"'he year following he published tlie first volume of a large work in Latin, upon the principal points of ecclesiastical history : this contains 26 volumes in Svo. The first volume treats of the history of the first ages of the church, and relates the persecutions which it suffered, the succession of popes, the heresies which arose, the councils which condennu'd them, the writers in fuAOur of Christianity, and the kings and emperors who reigned during the first century ; to this are subjoined dissertations upon such points as have been the occasion of dispute in history, chronology, criticism, or doctrine. The history of the second century, with some dissertations, was published in two volumes in the year 1677. The third century came out in 1678; in this he treats largely of public penance, and examines into the origin and progress of the famous dispute between pope Stephen and St. Cyprian, concern- ing the rebaptizing of those who had been baptized by heretics ; and he has added three dissertations, wherein he has collected what relates to the life, manners, errors, and defenders of St. Cyprian. The history of the fourth cen- tury is so very extensive, that Alexander has found matter for three volumes and forty-five dissertations; they were printed at Paris in 1679. In the three foUowiug years he pnblished his history of the fifth, sixth, seventii, eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries ; and that of the eleventh and twelfth centuries in 1683 ; in these volumes are several dissertations against Mr. Daille ; and in some of them he treats of the disputes between the princes and popes in such a nianner, that a decree from Home was issued out against his writings in leSk However, he published the same year the history of the thirteenth and fourteenth cen- turies, in which he continued to defend the rights of kings against the pretensions of that court. He at last completed liis work in 16S6, by publishing four volumes, which con- tained the history of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In 1689 he published a work, in the same method, upon the Old Testament, in six volumes 8vo. In 1678 he pub- lished three dissertations ; the first concerning the supe- riority of bishops over presbyters, against Blondel ; the second concerning the celibacy of the clergy, and recou-* 422 ALEXANDER. ciling the history of Paphnutius with the canon of the council of Nice ; and the third concerning the Vulgate. Tiie same year he printed a dissertation concerning sacra- mental confession, against Mr. Daille, in 8vo. In 1632 he wrote an apology for his dissertation upon the Vulgate, against Claudius Frassen. He published likewise about this time, or some time before, three dissertations in de- fence of St. Thomas Aquinas ; the first against Hensche- nius and Papebroch, to shew that the office of the holy sacrament was written by him ; the second was in form of a dialogue between a Dominican and a Franciscan, to con- fute the common opinion that Alexander of Hales was St, Thomas Aquinas's master : and that the latter borrowed his " Secunda Secundse" from the former : the third is a panegyric upon Aquinas. In 1693 he published his *' Theologia dogmatica," in five books, or " Positive and Moral Divinity, according to the order of the catechism of the council of Trent." This Latin work, consisting of ten octavo volumes, was printed at Paris and at Venice in 1698; in 1701 he added another volume; and they were all printed together at Paris, in two volumes folio, in 1703, with a collection of Latin letters, which had been printed separately. In 1703 he published " A commentary upon the four Gospels," hi folio; and in 1710, he pubhshed another at Roan, upon St. Paul's and the seven canonical epistles. He wrote also a commentary upon the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Baruch, v,'hich was never printed. The following works are also enumerated by his biogra- phers. 1. *,' Statuta facultatis artium Thomistica3 collegio Parisiensi fratrum praedicatorum instituta," Paris, 1683, 12mo, 2. " Institutio concionatorum tripartita, seu prae- cepta et regula ad prfedicatores informandos, cum ideis seu rudimentis concionum per totum annum." 3. " Abrege de la foy et de la morale de I'eglise, tir6e de I'ecriture sainte," Paris, 1676, 12mo. 4. " Eclaircissement des prdtendues difficultes proposees a mens, i'archeveque de Rouen, siir plusieurs points importans de la morale de Jesus Christ," 1697, 12mo. 5. "A Letter to a Doctor of Sorbonne, upon the dispute concerning Probability, and the Errors of a Thesis in Divinity maintained by the Jesuits in their college at Lyons, the 26th of August," printed at Mons, 1697, 12mo, 6, " A second letter upon the same subject," 1697, 12mo. 7. " An apology for the Dominican Missionaries in China, or an Answer to a book ALEXANDER. 423 of father Tellier the Jesuit, entitled a Defence of the new Christians ; and to an Explanation published by latlier Gobien, of the same society, concerning the honours which the Chinese pay to Confucius and to the dead," printed at Cologn, 1699, 12I110. 8. " Documenta controverbiarurn missionariorum apostolicorum imperii Sinici de Gultu prae- sertim Confucii philosophi et progenitoruni defunctorum spectantia, ac apologiam Dominicanorum missiones Sinicse ministrorum adversus RK. PP. le Tellier et ie Gohien so- cietatis Jesu confinnantia," 9. " A Treatise on the con- formity between the Chinese ceremonies and the Greek and Roman idolatry, in order to contirm the apology of the Dominican Missionaries in China," 1700, 12mo. Translated into Italian, and. printed at Cologn, 8vo. He wrote likewise seven letters to the Jesuits Le Conite and Dez, upon the same subject. In 170G he was made a provincial for tli« province of Paris. Towards tiie latter part of his life, he was afflicted with the loss of his sight, a most inexpressible misfortune to one whose whole plea- sure was in study ; yet he bore it with great patience and resignation. He died at Paris, merely of a decay of na- ture, August 21, 1724, in the 86th year of his age. His piety, humihty, and disinterestedness rendered him the object of general esteem ; and he was honoured with the friendship of the most learned prelates of France. His opinion was always considered as of great weight upon the most important subjects which were debated in the Sor- bonne. He was likewise highly valued at Rome : the learned cardinals Norris and Aguirre distinguished him upon several occasions. ' ALEXANDER, of Paris, a writer of romance in the twelfth century, was a native of Bernay in Normandy, and one of the authors of the romance of " Alexander," writ- ten in verses of twelve feet, which have been since called Alexandrines, from the name of the hero, and not of the poet, who was not the, inventor of them. This romance was begun by Lambert li Cors (the little) of Chateaudun ; and various other poets, besides our Alexander, assisted ill completing it. Manuscripts of all their performances are in the imperial library at Paris, under the three titles of: 1. " Le roman d' Alexandre," by Lambert li Cors, and Alexander of Paris : 2. *' Le Testament d' Alexandre," by 1 Gen. Diet. — Moreii. — Niccron, vol. XXXllI. — Nccrolog. des plus celebre* ©ofenseurs de Foi, vol, IV. — Diet. Uiiitorii)UP. 424 ALEXANDER. Pierre de St. Cloud: 3. " Li Rounians de tote Chevalerie ou la Geste d'Alisaiidrc," by I'homas de Kent, 'i'his last is written in the French language introduced into England by William the Conqueror, a mixture of the Norman and Anglo-Saxon. 4. " La Vengeance d'Alexandre," by Jehan le Venelais, or li Nivelois. 5. " Vceu de Paon, partly by Jehan Brise-Barre. The other writers who contributed to this collection are, Guy de Cambray, Simon de Boulogne, surnamed le Clerc, or the learned, Jacques de Longuyon, ajKl Jehan de Motelec. The first part of the romance of Alexander appeared about the year 1210, under the reign of Philip Augustus, and not that of Louis VIL as has been asserted. It cpntains many flattering allusions to the events of the reigns of both those princes, and is very well written for the time; many of the verses are harmonious, and the descriptive part animated, but this character belongs chiefly to the first part: the continuators were very vmequal to the task. In the 16th century, an abridgement of the romance appeared at Paris, printed by Bonfons, but without date, under the title " Histoire du ires-noble et tres-A-aillant roi Alexandre-le-Grant, jadis roi et seigneur de tout le monde, avec les grandes prouesses qu'il a faites en son temps." ' ALEXANDER, surnamed Poi.yhistou, on account of his great learning, and Cornelius, because he had been the slave of Cornelius Lentulus, was eminent as a philoso- pher, geographer, and historian. According- to Suidas, he was origmally of Miletum, but Stephen of Byzantium thinks he was a native of Conn, a town in Phrvo-ia. He was taken prisoner in one of the battles of Mithridates, and purchased by Cornelius Lentulus, who employed him to educate his children, but afterwards gave him his liberty. He lived in the time of Sylla, about tiie year 85 B. C. He lost his life by an accidental fire ; and his wife Helen, shocked at the catastrophe, committed suicide. Few men, according to Eusebius, were at that time possessed of so much learning and genius as Alexander Polyhistor. He wrote forty-two works on different subjects, particularl}' on the history of tiie nations of the East, of which a few fragments are ex- tant. Stephen of Byzantium quotes his works on the his- tory of Bithynia, Caria, Syria, and other [daces. Achemeus mentions his description of the island of Crete, and Pin- ftarth his history of the muf>icians of Phrygia, Diogoncf* * Blograpljie Uoiveriflle. ALEXANDER. 425 Laertius ascribes to him a work on the succession of philo« sophers, antl anoilier, commentaries of Pythagoras. But all these have perished, and his memory lives only in the pages of Snidas, Kusebius, Athenieus, and Pliny.' ALEXANDER (Tkallianus), a learned physician and pliilosopher, of the Gth centmy, was horn at Tralles, in Asia Minor. His father, also a physician, had live sons distinguished for their talents: the two most celebrated were Anthemius, an architect, and Alexander. The latter, after travelling for improvement into France, Spain, and Italy, took up his residence at Rome, where he acquired great reputation. He and Aretasus may be considered as the best Greek physicians after Hippocrates. Alexander describes diseases with great exactness, and his style is elegant; but he partook of the credulity of his times, and trusted too much to amulets and nostrums. He added something, however, to the more judicious practice of the art, having been the first who prescribed opening the jugu- lar, and the first who administered steel in substance. He is much fuller, and more exact than his predecessors in Therapeutics, and collected those remedies principally which he had found to be most effectual. Dr. Freind has given an elaborate analysis of his practice. There are va- rious editions of his works; one in Greek, Paris, 1548, fol. corrected by Goufjil, from a manuscript furnished by Du- chatel, bishop of Macon and grand almoner of France. There is also an old and bad Latin translation, which Fa- bricius thinks must have been taken from some Arabic ori- ginal, published under the title of *' Alexandri iatros prac- tica, cum expositione glossre interlinearis Jacobi de Parti- bus, et Simonis Jaiuiensis," Leyden, 1504, 4to. This was retrenched by Albanus Taurinus, but without the Greek being consulted, and published at Basil, fol. 1533. Another translation, by Gouthier d'Andernac, was improved from the Greek, and has often been reprinted. Among the works of Mercurialis is a small treatise in verse, attributed to Alexander. Haller published a Latin edition of all his works, in 1772, 2 vols. 8vo, with Freind's account of his practice. In 1734, an abridgement was published at Lon- don by Edward Milward, M. D. entitled " Trallianus Re- divivus, or an account of Trallianus one of the Greek au- thors who flourished after Galen; showing that these au- \ Vossius Hist. Qraec— Moreri. — Biographie Uuiverselle. 425 ALEXANDER. thors are far from deserving the imputation of mere com- pilators," 8vo. This was intended as a supplement to Dr, Freind's History.' ALEXANDER (William), a poet and statesman of Scotland, is said to have been a descendant of the ancient family of Macdonakl. Alexander Macdonald, his ancestor, obtained from one of the earls of Argyle a grant of the lands of Menstrie in the county of Clackmanan, and our author's sirname was taken from this ancestor's proper name. He was born about the year 1580, and from hig infancy exhibited proofs of genius, which his friends were desirous of impioving by the best instruction which the age afforded. Travelling was at that time an essential branch of education, and Mr. Alexander had the advantage of being appointed tutor, or rather companion, to the earl of Argyle, who was then about to visit the continent. On his return to Scotland, he betook himself for some time to a/ retired life, and endeavoured to alleviate the sorrows of ill-requited love by writing those songs and sonnets which he entitled " Aurora." Who his mistress was, we are not told ; but it appears by these poems that he was smitten with her charms when he was only in his fifteenth year, and neither by study or travel could banish her from his affections. When all hope, however, was cut off by her marriage, he had at last recourse to the same remedy, and obtained the hand of Janet the daughter and heiress of sir William Erskine. Soon after his marriage, he attended the court of king James VL as a private gentleman, but not without being distinguished as a man of learning and personal accom- plishments, and particularly noticed as a poet by his majesty, who, with all his failings, had allowable preten- sions to the discernment, as well as the liberality, of a pa- tron of letters. James was fond of flattery, and had no reason to complain that his courtiers stinted him in that article; yet Mr. Alexander chose at this time to emplo}' his pen on subjects that were new in the palaces of kings. Having studied the ancient moralists and philosophers, he descanted on the vanity of grandeur, the value of truth, the abuse of power, and the burthen of riches. Against all that has ever been objected to courts and ministers, t» minions and flatterers, lie advised and remonstrated with > Haller Bihl. Med. Pract.— Vossius Hist. Grace— Fabric. BiW. Grasc— Moreri. — Biog. Uuiverselle. ALEXANDER. 427 prolix freedom in those Tragedies which he calls " il/o- narchic,'^ and which, however unfit for the stage, seem to have been written for the sole purpose of teaching sove- reigns how to rule, if tliey would render their subjects happy, and loyal, and their reigns prosperous and peaceful. His first production of this kind, the tragedy of " Da-» rius," was printed at Edinburgh in 1603, 4to, and re- printed in 1604 with the tragedy of " Croesus," and a *' Paraenesis to the Prince," another piece in which he recommends the choice of patii(jtic, disinterested, and pub- lic-spirited counsellors. The prince intended to be thus instructed was Henry ; but it is said to have been after- wards inscribed to Charles I. The dedication occurs in the folio edition of 1637 "To Prince Charles," which, if a republication, may mean Charles I. but, if it then appeared for the first time, Charles H. Some of our author's bio- graphers have asserted that prince Henry died before the pubhcation, which was the reason of its being inscribed to prince Charles, but Henry died in 1612, eight years after the appearance of the Paraenesis, and to a prince of liis virtues it must have been highly acceptable. — In this same volume Mr. Alexander published his "Aurora," con- taining " the first fancies of his youth ;" and in I 607, he reprinted '* Crcesus" and " Darius," with the " Alexan- draean Tragedy" and " JuUus Caesar." In 1612, he printed an " Elegy on the death of Prince Henry," a poem of which no copy is known to exist except one in the university library of Edinburgh. With these productions king James is said to have been delighted, and honoured the author with his conversation, calling him his philosophical poet. He began likewise to bestow some more substantial marks of his favour, as soon as Mr. Alexander followed him to the court of England. In the m.onth of July 1613, he appointed him to be one of the gentlemen ushers of the presence to prince Charles; but neither the manners nor the honours of the court made any alteration in the growing propensity of our author's muse towards serious subjects. From having acquired the title of a philosophical, he endeavoured now to earn that of a divine poet, by publishing, in 1614, his largest work, entitled " Doomsday, or the Great Da}^ of Judgment," printed at Edinburgh, in 4to, afterwards in the same size in London, and again in folio witii his other works. In 1720, the first two books were edited by A. Johastoun^ 428 ALEXANDER. «ncotiragecl by tlie favourable opinion of Addi-on ; who, however, did not live lo see the edition published. The same year in which this last work appeared, the liing appointed him master of the requests, and conferred upon him the order of knighthood. And now, in the opinion of his biogra])her, his views began to descend from the regions of supposed perfection and contentment to those objects which are more commonly and more suc- cessfully accon)plished in the sunshine of a court. Having projected the settlement of a colony in Nova Scotia, he laid out a considerable sum of money in that quarter, and joined with a company oi' adventure, rs who were willing to embark their property in the same concern. His majesty, in whose favour he still stood high, made him a grant of Nova Scotia on the 21st of September 1621, and intended to create an order of baronets for the more dignibed sup- port of so great a work ; but was diverted from this part of his purpose by the disturbed state of public affairs to- wards the close of his reign. His successor, however, shewed every inclination to promote the scheme ; and sir William, in 1625, published a pamphlet entitled "An Eiicouragement to Colonies," the object of which was to state the progress already made, to recommend the scheme to the nation, audio invite adventurers. But before this, there is reason to thiidc he had a hand in " A brief Rela- tion of the discovery and plantation of New England : and of sundry accidents there! !i occurring, from the year of our Lord 1607 to this present 1622 : together with the state thereof as it now standeth, the general forme of government intended, and the division of the whole ter- ritorie into counties, baronries, &c." King Charles appears to have been fully persuaded of the excellence and value of the project, snd rewarded sir William Alexander by making him lieuter antof New Scot- land, and at the same time founded the order of knights baronet in Scotland. Each of these baronets was to have a. liberal portion of land allotted to him in Nova Scotia, and their number was not to exceed one hundred and fifty ; their titles to be hereditary, with other privileges of pre- cedence, &c. Sir William had also a peculiar privilege given him of coining small copper money, which occa- sioned much popular clamour, and upon the whole thft scheme does not appear to have added n.uch to his rcpn- tfttion with the public, although perhaps the worst objee- ALEXANDER. 4291 tion that could be made was his want of success. After inapy trials, lie was induced to sell his sliare in Nova Scotia, ami the lands were ceded to the French by a treaty between Charles I. and Lewis XIIL But whatever opposition or censure he encountered from the pubJic in this alfair, he still remained in high credit with the king, who, in 1626, appointed him secretary of state for Scotlantl, and in I60O, created him a peer of that kingdom hv the title of viscount Canada, "lord Alexander of Alenstrie. About three years after, he was advanced to the title of earl of .Stirling, at the solemnity of his majesty's coronation in Ilolyrood house. His lordship appears to have discharged the office of secretary of state for Scotland with universal re{)ntation, and i^ndcavoured to act with moderation during a crisis of peculiar delicacy, when Laud i\as endeavouring to abolish presbytery in Scotland, and to estahlish episcopacy. His last appearance as an author was in the republication of all his poetical works, except the " Aurora," (but with the add'tion of .Jonathan, an unfmished poem) under the title of " Recreations with the Muses," the whole revised, corrected, and very much altered, by the author. He died on the I2ih of February 1640, in his sixtieth year. Of his personal charact<"r there is nothing upon record, but his Doomsday is a noble monument of his piety. He left, by his lady, 1. William, lord Alexander, vis- count Canada, his eldest son, who died in the office of his majesty's resident in Nova Scotia, during his father's life- time : ^Vil^!am, the son of this young nolileman succeeded his grandfather in tlie earldom, but died about a month after him : 2. Henry Alexander, afterwards earl of Stir- ling : 3. John, and two daughters, lady Margaret and lady Mary, Henry Alexander settled in England, and was suc- ceeded in titles and estate bv his urandson Henry, who died m 1739, and was the last njale descendant of ilie first earl. A claimant appeared in 177C, but, being unable to prove his descent before the house of peers, was ordered not to assume the title *. Besides the writings already enumerated, the earl of Stirling published, in 1621, folio, "A Supplement of a * The writer of a letter signed " Ge- son who claimed in 1776 was no rela- nealogist," in the London Chronicle, lion of our tari. hee Additions and Oct. 1776, asserts that the title of earl Corrections to the last edition of the of Stirling has been extinct since 16-tl, linglish poets, vo'. I. T?h«n Ui« poet died, and that tlis p«r« 430 ALEXANDER. defect in the third part of Sidney's Arcadia,'* printed, ac- cording to Mr. Park, at Dublin ; and " A Map and De- scription of New England, with a Discourse of Plantation and the Colonies, &c." Lond. 1630, 4to. He has also Sonnets prefixed to Drayton's Heroical Epistles : toQuin's Elegiac Poem on Bernard Stuarr, Lord Aubi;.;ne: to Ai)er- nethy's " Christian and heavenly treatise, concerning Physicke for the Soule :" and several are interspersed among the works of Drummond, as are a few of his letters, and " Anacrisis," or a censure of the poets, in the folio edition of Drummond's works, which last Mr. Park con- siders as very creditable to his lordship's critical talents. Two pieces in Ramsa3''s Evergreen, entitled " The Com- parison," and the " Solsequiuni," are ascribed to him by lord Hailes. His works were added to the late edition of the English poets, 21 vols. 8vo, IS 10. Our author has been liberally praised by his contem- poraries, and by some of his successors, by John Dunbar, Arthur Johnston, Andrew Ramsay, Daniel, Davis of Here- ford, Ha\-man, Habington, Drayton and Lithgow. His style is certainly neither pure nor correct, which may perhaps be attributed to his long familiarity with the Scotch Jangnage, but his versification is in general very superior to that of his contemporaries, and approaches nearer to the elegance of modern times than could have been expected from one who wrote so much. There are innumerable beauties scattered over the whole of his works, but par- ticularly in his songs and sonnets : the former are a species of irregular odes, in which the sentiment, occasionally par- taking of the quaintness of his age, is more frequently new, and forcibly expressed. The powers of mind displaj'ed in his Doomsday and Paraenesis are very considerable, al- though we are frequently able to trace the allusions and imagery to the language of holy writ ; and he appears to have been less inspired by the sublimity, than by the awful importance of his subject to rational beings. A habit of moralizing pervades all his writings ; but in the Dooms- day, he appears deeply impressed with his subject, and more anxious to persuade the heart than to delight the imagination. ' ALEXANDRINI de Nfustain (Julius) was born at Trente, in the 16th century, and was successively physi- ' Johnson's and Clialmois's English Poets, edit. 1810, yol.-V.— Biog. Brit.— • Park's Royal and Noble Authors, vol. V. A L E X A N D R I N I. 43l tian to the emperors Charles V. Ferchnand I. and Maxi- milian II. This last bestowed many favours and honours on him, and permitted him to transmit them to his children, although they were illegitimate. He died in 1590, at the advanced age of eighty-four. His works, which are both in prose and verse, are chiefly commentaries on Galen. 1. " Salubrium, sive de sanitate tuerida, libri triginta tres," Cologn, 1575, fol. 2. " Paedotrophia," Zurich,' 155y, 8 vo. in verse. 3.*' De Medicina et Medico diaiogus," ibid. 1539, 8vo. 4. " Methodus Medendi," Venice, 1554, 8vo. In all his works he combines sound theory with practice. ' ALEXIS, a Greek comic poet, was born at Thurium, a colony of Athenians in Lucania, and came to Athens when young. He was uncle to Menander, and his instructor in theatrical composition. He lived in the time of Alexander, about the year 363 B. C. and when advanced to extreme old age, to one who asked him what he was doing, he re- plied, " I am dying by degrees." The only fragments left of his writings are in Crispinus's collection, " Vetus- tissimorum Authorum Graecorum poemata," 1570.* ALEXIS (William), a Benedictine monk in the abbey of Lyra, afterwards prior of Bussi au Perche, was living in 1505, and has left various pieces of poetry, which were highly esteemed in his time. The principal works that are known of his, are : 1. " Four Chants-royaux, presented at the Games du Puy at Rouen, in 4to, without date. 2. " Le Passe-tems de tout Homme et de toute Femme," Paris, in 8vo, and 4to, without date. The author informs us that he translated it from a work of Innocent III. It is a moral performance, on the miseries of man from the cradle to the grave. 3. " Le grand Blason des Faulses Amours, in 16, and in 4to, Paris, 1493; and in several editions of the Farce de Patelin, and of the Fifteen Joys of Marriage, Hague, 1726 and 1734, with notes by Jacob le Duchat. It is a dialogue on the evils brouo^ht on by love. In all his works he preserves the decency becoming his order, which one of his biographers remarks as rather exti-aordinary for the age in which he lived. ^ ALEXIS, a Piedmontese, the reputed author of a book of "Secrets," which was printed at Basil 1536, in 8vo, and 1 H-iller Bibl. Med. Pract. art. Neustain.— Moreri. — Biog. Universelle. 2 Fabr. Bibl. Gra;c. — Vossius tie Poet. Grsec. 3 Bibliotheijues Fran9aisei iJe Ja €roix-Ou-Mai)iC, Du Verdier aad Cduget,— « Siog. Universelle. 432 ALEXIS. translated from Italian into Latin by Wecher : it has also been translated into French, and printed several times with additions. In the preface Alexis informs us, that he was born of a noble family ; tliat he had from his most early years applied himself to study; that he had learned the Greek, the Latin, the Hebrew, the Chaldean, the Arabian, and several other languages ; that having an extreme cu- riosity to be acquainted with the secrets of nature, he had collected as much as he could dnring his travels for 57 years; that he piqued himself upon not communicating his secrets to any person : but that when he was 82 years of age, having seen a poor man who had died of a sickness which might have been cured had lie communicated his secret to the surgeon who took care of him, he was touched with such a remorse of conscience, that he retired from the world and rangjed his secrets in such an order, as to make them fit to be published. They appeared accordingly at Venice in 1557, 4to, and have been translated and pub- lished in every European language ; and an abridgemeut of them was long a popular book at the foreign fairs. Haller says that his real name was Hieronymo Rosello. » ALEYN (Charles), an English poet, once of some fame, who lived in the reign of Charts I. He received his education at Sidney college in Cambridge ; and going to London, became assistant to Thomas larnaby the fa- mous grammarian, at his great school in Goldsmith's rents, in the parish of St. Giles's, Cripplegate. In 1631, he published two poems on the famous victories of Cressi and Poictiers, obtained by the English in France, under king Edward III. and his martial son the Black Prince ; they are written in stanzas of six lines. Leaving Mr. Farnaby, he went into the family of Edward Sherburne, esq. to be tutor to his son, who succeeded his father as clerk of the ordnance, and was aUo commissary-general of the artillery to king Charles I. at the battle of Edgehill. His next pro- duction was a poem in lionour of king Henry VII. and that important battle which gained liim the crown of Eng- land : it was published in 16:i8, under the title of " The Historic of that wise and fortunate prince Henrie, of that name the seventh, king of England ; with that famed battle fouoht between the said kin<>: Henry and Ilichard HI. named Crook-back, upon Kedmore near Bosvvorth." There » Ilallar Bibl. ^Iv-d.— Gen. Diet.— Morcri. A L E Y N. 433 are several poetical eulogiums prefixed to this piece, amongst vvhicli is one by Edward Sherburne, his pupil. Besides these three poems, there are in print some little copies of commendatory verses ascribed to him, and pre- lixed to the works of other writers, particularly before the earliest editions of Beaumont and Fletcher's plays. la IG39 he published the History of Eurialus and Lucrctia, which was a translation ; the story is to be found among the Latin epistles of Mneds Sylvius. The year after he is said to have died, and to have been buried in the parish of St. Andrew's, Hblborn. ' ALFARABI, a very eminent Arabian philosopher of the tenth century, was born at Farab, now Othrar, in Asia Minoi", from which he took the name by which he is gene- rally known. His real name was Mohammed. He was of Turkish origin, but quitted his country to acquire a more perfect knowledge of the Arabic, and of the works of the Greek philosophers. He studied principally at Bagdat, under a celebrated Aristotelian professor, named Abou Bachar Mattey ; and then went to Harran, where John, a Christian physician, taught logic. In a short time, he sur- passed all his fellow-scholars j and after a visit to Egypt, settled at Damas, where the prince of that city, Seif-ed- Daulah, took him into his patronage, although it was with difficulty that he could persuade iiim to accept his favours. Alfarabi had no attachment but to study, and knew nothing of the manners of a court. When he presented himself for the first time, before the prince, the latter, wishing to amuse himself at the expence of the philosopher, made known his intention to his guards in a foreign language, but was much surprised when Alfarabi told him that he kne\K! what he said, and could, if necessary, speak to him in se- venty other languages. The conversation then turning on the sciences in general, Alfarabi delivered his opinions with such learning and eloquence, that the men of letters present were completely put to silence, and began to write down what he said. He excelled likewise in music, and ingratiated himself so with the prince, that he gave him a handsome pension, and Alfarabi remained with him until his death in the year 950. He wrote many treatises on dirferent parts of the Aristotelian philosophy, which were read and ad- mired, not only among the Arabians, but also among the ' Biog. Brit. — Winstanley and Jacob. Vol. I. F F 4S4 A L F A "R A B 1 'Jews, who began about this time to adopt the ArlstoteUaa mode of philosophiKing. Many of his books were translated from Arabic into Hebrew, and it is by those versions prin- cipally that the Europeans have been made acquainted with his merit. His treatise " De Intelligentiis" was published in the works of Avicenna, Venice, 1495; another, " De Causis," is in Aristotle's works, with the commentaries of Averroes ; and his " Opuscuia varia" were printed at Paris in 1638. One of his writings, which brought him much reputation, was a kind of encyclopffidia, in which he jrives a short account and definition of all branches of science and art. The manuscript of this is in the Escurial. ' ALFARO-Y-GAMON (Juan d'), a Spanish painter of considerable eminence, was born at Cordova in 1640, edu- cated under Castillo, and completed his studies with Ve- lasquez at Madrid, whose style he copied, ])articularly in his portraits. Velasquez, who was the first painter to the king of Spain, procured Alfaro favourable opportunities to study the fine pictures in the royal collections ; and Titian, Rubens, and Vandyke, became his principal models. Many of his pictures, particularly his small ones, are very much in the style of Vandyke. As he principally followed the lucrative business of portrait- painting, both in oil and miniature, he probably would have realized a considerable fortune, but a we.ikly state of health soon plunged him into mehmcholy, of whicii he died in his fortieth year. Mr. Cuuiheriaud attributes his death to grief, upon account of the banishment of the admiral of Castillo, in whose family he was an inmate;, and to his having been rejected when he went to pay his respects to the admiral on his release. Al- faro was not only a good pamter, but wrote sensibly on the art. Of his pictures, there is an " Incarnation" at Madrid, and a " Guardian Angel," and a portrait of Don Pedro Calderona, in the church of St. Salvador, which are verj consoicuous nioinnneDts of his skill. ^ ALtKNUS VARUS, a celebrated Roman lawyer, was born in the year of Rome 713, at Cremona, from whence he came to Rome and studied under Servius Sulpicius. IJis distinguished talents and probity of character raised him at length to the rank of consul. He was the first who made those collections of the civil law, which are called ' Cisiri Bibl. Arab. Hisp. — Biog. Universellp. — Bruckpr. » Biwi". Uuji?«riieUe. — Cuiubiiiluna's Aufcc5»tei uf ipawi.*!! Painters, toI. B. A L F E N U S, 43i iOlGESTS ; but none of his \vritings are now extant. There have been several persons of the same name, whose cha- racters have been confounded, as may be seen by a refer- ence to our authorities. ' ALFES (Isaac), a rabbi, was born in Africa, in a village near Fez, in 1013. When in his seventy-fifth year, he was involved in a quarrel, which obliged him to go to 8pain, where he resided at Cordova. He contributed very much to the reputation of the academy of that place by his learn- ing and works. He died at Lucena in 1103, at the age of ninety. His principal work is an abridgment of the Tal- mud, so highly esteemed by the Jews, that they study it more than the original, and call it the little Talmud. It has gone through many editions, some with the text only, but mostly with notes. The first and most rare edition is that of Constantinople, 1509; but the most complete, per- haps, is that published by Sabioneta, Venice, 1552.^ ALFIERI (Victor, or Vittorio), an eminent Italian poet of the last century, was born at Asti, in Piedmont, Jan. 17, 174y, of an ancient family, and sent for education to Turin, where he was principally under the care of the count Benoit Alfieri, his father's cousin. His progress, however, was for some time very slow, partly owing to bad health, and partly to temper ; and when his tutor died, he left the academy at the age of sixteen, almost as ignorant as he entered it, and without having acquired a taste for any thing but riding. His next passion was for travelling, in which he appeared to have no other object than moving from one place to another. In less than two years he visited a great part of Italy, Paris, England, Holland, and returned to Piedmont, without having sought to know any thing, to study any thing, or to gratify any curiosity. His second tour was yet more extensive and more rapid : in eighteen months he travelled through Germany, Denmark, Sweden, llussia, Prussia, and returning through the Spa and Hol- land, went ao;ain to England. Durina; this second visit to London, he engaged in affairs of gallantry, and discovered many oddities of behaviour, but in neither of his visits did he give himself the trouble to learn the language. After remaining in London seven months, he returned, with the utmost expedition, by Holland, France, Spain, and Portu- » Biographic Uuiverselle.'— Gen. Diet. — Fabric. Bil»l. Lat. — Saxii Ono- Wastiijoa. • Biog. Universelle. F F 2 435 A L t- I E R I. gal, and amved at Turin, May 5, 1772. A violent attach- ment to a lady of quality of this place engrossed his mind for two years, but had the happy effect of first inspiring him with a taste for poetry and poetical composition. After some imperfect attempts, he wrote a sort of tragedy, called '* Cleopatra," which he procured to be acted at Turin, June 16, 1775, with a small piece "The Poets," by way of farce, in which the author en;leavoured to turn his own tragedy into ridicule. The success of these two pieces, although confined to only two representations, decided Al- fieri to become an author, and proved ttie commencement of a new life. At this time, he knew French very imper- fectly, scarcely any thing of Italian, and nothing of Latin. The Frencii he determined to foroet altouether, but to cul- tivate Italian and Latin, and study the best authors in both. The stud}-, accordingly, of the Latin and the pure Tuscan languages, and of dramatic composition, upon a new- plan of his own invention, occupied all his time, and gave employment to that activity and sprightliness of mind and fancy which had hitherto been dissipated on trifles. His first two tragedies were "Philip II." and " Polinice;" and these were followed at short intervals, by "Antigone," " Agamemnon," &c. to the amount of fourteen, within less than seven years ; and within the same space, he wrote several pieces in prose and verse, a translation of Sallust, " A Treatise on Tyranny," " Etruria avenged," in four cantos, and five " Odes" on the American revolution. He afterwards recommenced his travels, and added to his col- lection of tragedies, " Agis," " Sophonisba," " Brutus I." " Brutus II." and others. Although he had a dislike to France, he came thither to print his theatre, and with him the lady of his affections, the princess of Schomberg, the wife of the last prince of the house of Stuart, who, when set at liberty Ly the death of her husband, bestowed her hand on Alfieri. On his arrival in France, he found that nation ripe for a revolution, to the principles of which he was at first inclined, and expressed his opinion very freely in " Pariixi Shasticjliato," an ode on the takincc of the Bas- tille ; but the horrors of revolutionary phrenzy which fol- lowed, induced him to disavow publicly the principles which he had professed, and he resolved to lose the pro- perty that he had acquired in France, rather than to appear to maintain them any longer. Accordingly he left France in August 17 9?, and the following year, his property in A L F I E R I. 457 the funds wasconfiscated, and his furniture, papers, and books sequestered and sold at Pans. In 1794, lie published a declaration in ttie gazette ot Tuscany, in wiiich he avowed soa)e of the works left behind huu, and disavowed others which he tiiought aught be found among his papers, or al- tered without iiis consent, and pubiisiieci as liis. Among the latter was his " Etruria avenged," and the " Treatise on I'yranny" above meniioneti ; but it is certain that he had caused an edition of these and some other pieces of the same stamp to be publisned at Kell, about the time he ar- rived in Brance, and now disavowed them merely because he had ciiangod his opinions. From this time, ruminating on the unjust treatment he had received at Paris, he never ceased to express his contempt of the French nation in wliat he wrote, but he resumed his pen and his studies with more eagerness than ever. At tlie age of forty-eight he began the study of Greek, and continued it with his usual ardour, and tne rest of his life was employed in making translations from tiiat language, and in writing comedies, tragedies, and satires. His incessant labours at length brought on a complaint of which he died at Florence (where he nad resided from the time of his leaving Franct*), Oct, 8, 1 803, and uas interred in the church of 8t. Croix, where his widow erected a splendid monument to his memory, executed by Canova, between the tombs of Machiavel and Miciiael Angeio. The inscription was written by himself, and IS as riattering as his life, written also by himself, and published at Pans, 1809, and in English at London. IS 10, 2 vols. His postuumous works, in 13 volumes, were pub- Ushed in 1804^ at Florence, although with London on the title : they consist of a number of translations, and some original dramas in a singular taste, and not very likely to be adopted as models. A French translation of his dra- matic works wus published at Paris, 1802, 4 vols. Svo. Petitot, the translator, has added some judicious retiexions on the forms given to the Italian tragedy by Alfieri, and notwithstanding its w^eak parts, this collection is a mine which some new authors have freque.itly worked. His lofty expression, or atcempt at expression, and his anxious search for forcible thougiits, sometimes render him obscure ; and he appears t.o u^ive encumbert;d his genius v. ith more designs than it could execute. Of his personal character, various accounts have been given. In his " Life,"' he is sufticientlv favourable to himself; but there are few iiaits 43S A L F I E R I. in his character that are not rather objects of warning than of imitation. From his youth he appears to have been the slave of passion and temper, averse to the restraints of a well-regulated mind, and consequently many of his opi- nions, whether good or bad, were hastily conceived, and hastily abandoned. ^ ALFORD (Michael), whose real name is said to be Griffith, an English Jesuit, and a native of London, was born in 1587, and entered into the society in 1607. After having studied philosophy and theology, partly in Spain and partly at Louvain, he resided ftve years at Rome. Re- turning to England, he was arrested at Canterbury, and sent to London, but was soon set at liberty. From that time he resided in England as a missionary from the so- ciety upwards of thirty years. He died at St. Oraer's in 1652, and left two books on ecclesiastical history, " Bri- tannia iliustrata," printed in 4to, at Antwerp, in 1641, and " Annales ecclesiastici Britannorum, Saxonum, et Anglo- rum a Christo nato, usque ad annum, 1189," ibid. 4 vols. 4to. These appear, by bishop Nicoison's account, to be performances of very little value. * ALFRAGAN, Alfergani, or Fargani, was a celebrated Arabic astronomer, who flourished about the year SCO. He was so called from the place of his nativity, Fergan, in Sog- diana, now called Maracanda, or Simarcancl, anciently a part of Bactria. He is also called Ahmed (or Muhammed) Ben-Cothair, or Katir. He wrote the Elements of Astro- nomy, in 30 chapters or sections. In this work the author chiefly follows Ptolomy, using the same hypotheses, and the same terms, and frequently citing him. There are three Latin translations of Alfragan's v/ork. The first was made in the twelfth century, by Joannes Hispalensis ; and was published at Ferrara in 1493, and at Nuremberg in 1537, with a preface by Melancthon. The second was by John Christman, from the Hebrew version of James Antoli, and appeared at Francfort in 1 590, Christman added to the first chapter of the work an ample commentarj^, in which he compares together the calendars of the Romans, the Egyptians, the Arabians, the Persians, the Syrians, and tlie Hebrews, and shews the correspondence of their years. The third and best translation was made by Golius, pro- 1 T>ioj:. llnivcrsellc. — Biog. Motlerne. — Life by himself, 1810. * Moreri — Isotwcl, Blbl. Script. Soc Jesu. — Nicolsou's English Hist. Library. A L F R A G A N. 43* fessor of matlicmatics and Oriental languages at Lcyden : tliis work, which came out in 1669, 4to, ailer the death of Golius, is accompanied witli the Arabic text, and many learned notes uj)on the first nine chapters, for this author did not live to carry them farther. ' ALFRED (the Great), the youngest son of ^Ethelwolf king of the West Saxons, was born in the year 849, at Wannating, or Wanading, wliich is supposed to be Wan- tage in Berkshire. yEthelwolf, having a great regard for rehgion, and being extremely devoted to tiie see of Rome, sent Alfred to that city at five years of age ; where pope Leo IV. adopted and anointed hini, as some think, with a regal unction, though others are of opinion he was only confirmed*. Soon after his return, his father, being in the decline of life, and going to visit the holy see, took his favourite son with him ; where he had an opportunity of seeing and hearing many things, which made such strong impressions on him, as remained during his whole life. i^Ithelwolf had five sons, and a daughter ; of whom ^thel- Etan, the eldest, was king of Kent in his father's life-time, and died before him. TEthelbald, the second son, raised a rebellion against his father, when he returned from Rome ; who, to avoid any effusion of blood, consented to divide his dominions with him. ^thelwoif did not long survive this ; but, before his death, he, by a full and distinct testa^ * There are many reasons why the apostolic see, who appointed the said anointing Alfred to be king is scrupk-d. infant Alfred as a king, confirmed him, (See Leiand, p. 145.) 1. He was his and ailopted him as his own son." father's younger son, and had three, at ^T.thelred, a monk of tlie royal famil}', least, if not four brethren between him who lived very near these times, says, and the crown. 2. He was bnf live (Chronic, lib. iii. fol. 478.) that after years old, and therefore it is unlikely Leo liad consecrated him king', he, his father should intend him for a vice- from that act, styled him his son, as king. 3. Such an unction could have bishops, at the time of confirmation, had no other consequence than that of are wont to call those little ones their making him obnoxious to his brethren, children. Robert nf Glocesler says. But, notwithstanding these objections, (Chronicle, p. '26^.) that be was crown- many authors speak of Alfred's journey ed king, and anointeil. Sir Henry to Rome, and of his unction. Asser Spelman, alter mentioning some au- bishoj) of Sherborne, who was intimate thorities, concludes that he was anoint- wjth king Alfred, in the .memoirs he e ; and thus, being obliged fell tojEihelred, being required to per- to shift thi-m often, they soon- f amd form his ajirtemont, he refusfd. alleging, themselves in such a situation, as to he could not divide his dominions, but have ni means of subsisting without wouia leave them entire to Alfred, if he obtaining it by force from those with should survive. Alfred, though kept whom chey had iate'y made peace. To from his right, gave his brother all the th:s was owing the wretched condition in assistance In his power; and, upon his which this whole island then was, all death, was desired by ihe archbishop, its best towns, many of its finest mo- nobles, and commons of West Sixony, nasleries, and the. far gteaiest parts of to take the guvernment upon himself, its villages, being but S" many heaps which heaccordiuglydid, and wasciown- of rums. The want of cnliivation also ed at Winchester. Spelman, p. 44. produced dreadful faininesj and Uksc, * All the aiic;eni historians agree in as usual, were followed with consuming charging the Danes with numerous acts plagues, as we read in Asicrius and •f perfidy. Their want of faith seems other ancient writers. 442 ALFRED. ing to gain some of the English ports, were driven on the coasts, and all miserably perished. This so terrified the Danes, that they were again obliged to sue for peace, and give hostages. However, in 877, having obtained nevr aids, they came in such numbers into Wiltshire, that the Saxons, giving themselves up to despair, wouhl not make head against them ; many fled out of the kingdom, not a few submitted, and the rest retired every man to the place where he could be best concealed. In this distress, Alfred, conceiving himself no longer a king, laid aside all marks of roj^alty, and took shelter in the house of one who kept his cattle*. He retired afterwards to the isle of i^thelingey in Somersetshire, where he built a fort for the security of him- self, his family, and the few faithful servants who repaired thither to him. When he had been about a year in this re- treat, having been informed that some of his subjects had routed a great army of the Danes, killed their chiefs, and taken their magical standardf, he issued his letters, giving notice where he was, and inviting his nobility to come and consult with him. Before they came to a final determina- tion, Alfred, putting on the habit of a harper, went into the enemy's camp; where, without suspicion, he was every- where admitted, and had the honour to play before their princes. Having thereby acquired an exact knowledge of their situation, he returned in great secrecy to his nobility, whom he ordered to their respective homes, there to draw together each man as great a force as he could; and upon a day appoii-ted there was to be a general rendezvous at the great wood, called Selwood, in Wiltshire. This affair was transacted so secretly and expeditiously, that in a little time the king, at the head of an army, approached the Danes before they had the least intelligence of his design. * While he remaincil in this retreat, was a banner with Ihe image of a raven a little aiivcnturo happeneil, of which magifally wrought by the three sisters of most of our histories t;ike notice. 'J'he Hingnar and Hubba, on purpose for good wom;in of the house, having one their expedition, in revenge of their fa- day made some cake>, put them before tber Lodebroch's murder, made, they Ihe fire to toast, and seeing Alfred sit- say, almost iu an instant, being by them ti«g by, trimming his bow and arrows, ac once begun and finished in a noon- she thought he would of course take care tide, and believed by the Danes to have ©f the bread j but lie, intent on what he carried great fatality with it, for whieh was about, let the cakes burn; whicli it was highly esteemed by them. It is 90 provoked the woman, that blie rated pretended, that being carried in baltlej, him roimdiy, telling hiin ho would eat towards good success it would always them fast enough, and ought therefore seem to r-lap its wings, and make as if it to have looked after their toasting. As- would fly j but towards tlio approach of »cr, p. 3"). mishap, it would hang down and no,t f " This (says sir John Fpelman) move." I^ifo of Alfred, p. 61. ALFRED. 445 Alfred, taking advantage of the surprise and terror they were in, fell upon them, and totally defeated them at yEthendune, now Eddington. Those who escaped fled to a neighbouring castle, where they were soon besieged, and oljliged to surrender at discretion. Alfred granted them better terms than they conld have expected: he agreed to give up rhe wnole kingdom oi' the East-Angles to such ax would embrace the Christian religion; on condition that they siiould oblige the rest of their countrymen to quit the island, and, as much as it was in their power, prevent the landing of any more foreigiiers. For the performance thereof he took hostages; and when, in pursuance of the treaty, Guthrum, the Danish captain, came with thirty of his chief officers to be baptized, Alfred answered for him at the font, and oave him the name of Athelstan ; and cer- tain laws were drawn up betwixt the king and Guthrum, for the re<:rulation and ccovernment of the Danes settled in England. In SSt, a fresh number of Danes landed in Kent, and laid siege to Rochester; but, the king coming to the relief of that city, they were obliged to abandon their design. Alfred's success was now complete, chiefly owing to his fleet, an advantage of his own creating. Having se- cured the sea coasts, he fortified the rest of the kingdom with castles and walled towns; and he besieged and re- covered from the Danes the city of London, which he re- solved to repair and keep as a frontier*. After some years respite, Alfred was again called into the field ; as a body of Danes, being worsted in the west of France, appeared with a fleet of 250 sail on the coast of Kent, and having landed, fixed themselves at Appletree. Shortly after, another fleet of eighty vessels coming up the Thames, the men landed, and built a fort at Middieton. Before Alfred marched agrainst the enemv, he oblitjcd the Danes, settled in Northumberland and Essex, to give him * The Danes ha.l possessed them- Danes, restored it to its ancient splen- selves of London in the lime of his fa- dor. And observinsr that, through the ther, and had held it till now as a con- confusion of the times, many, buUi Sax- venient place for them to land at, and ons and Danes, liveut in sureties; as also the calling a peers; as the purgation of another voucher to prove a property in goods thane was by eleven of liis peers and at the time of sale. Spelman's life of •n« of the king's thanes. Jle is also Alfred, p. 106, 107. } Spelman's Posthumous Works, p, 52 ; and Life of Alfred, p. 107. ALFRED, 447 trot be security for him, he was imprisoned ; and if he made his escape, the tything and hundred were fined to the king. Kach shire was under the government of an earl, under whom was tlie reive, his deputy, since, from his oihce, called shire-reive, or sheriff'. Alfred also framed a booic called the Book of Winchester, and which contained a sur- vey of the kingdom ; and of wliich the Doomsday Book, stiil preserved in the exchequer, is no more than a second edition.'' In the management of affairs of state, after the custom of his ancestors the kings of the West Saxons, he made use of the great council of the kingdom, consisting of bishops, earls, the king's aldermen, and his chief thanes or barons. Tliese, in the first part of his reign, he convoked as occasion served ; but when things were better settled, h« njade a law, that, twice in the year at least, an assembly or parliament should be held at London, there to provide for the well-iTovernino; of the commonwealth ; frou) which or- dinance his successors varied a little, holding such assem- blies not in any place certain, but wherever they resided, at Christmas, Easter, or Whitsuntide. As to extraordinary affairs, or emergencies, which would not admit of calling great councils, the king acted therein by the advice of those bishops, earls, and officers in the army, who hap- pened to be about his person. He was certainly a great and warlike prince; and though the nation could never boast of a greater soldier, yet he never willingly made war, or refused peace when desired. He secured his coasts by guardships, making the navy his peculiar care; and he covered his frontiers by castles well fortified, which before his time the Saxons had never raised. In other afl^'airs he was no less active and industrious; he repaired the cities demolished by the Danes; he erected- new ones, and adorned and embellished such as were in a decayed condi- tion *. It is afhrmed that one sixth part of his revenues * He is thought to have been the heen the foiinJer of Midilleton and Bal- fonnder of Sliafiesbury : for William of ford, in Kent ; of tlie Devizes, in ^Vilt- Maltnesbuiy informs us, there was dug sliirej and of ^ICHVeton, i;i Derbj'shire. out of ruins a stone with this iiiscrip- lie restored aud rebuilt Malmesbury, tion : Anno domiiiica; incariiationis which had been burnt and destroyed by 881) Alfredus rex fecit banc iirbem the Danes; and there is a coin which regui sui 8. " In the year 8S0, b>'iiig seems to intimate, that ho did as nuicb the eighth of his reign, kiii^ Alfred for the city of Norwich. Hearne's notes foimditl this city." De Gest. Pont, on Spelman, p, Id-i; Speed's Chru- Angl. p. '251. He is also said to liave iiicle, p. 384. ' Seldeu, Analect. lib. ii. cap. £. « Lej. Edr. in prasf. ct cap. %. 448 A L F R E D. was applied to the payment of his workmen's wao-es, vvh» had besides meat and drink at the kiniil now the case is miserably + 'i'l)is ap[)ears from his letter to altered, and we hare need of travelling bishop VVuli'sig:, preiixed to his transla- to learn what we used to teach ; iu tion of St. Gregory's Pastoral. In this khort, knowledge is so entirely lost letter h« tells the bishop, " that both among the English, that there .are very the clergy .nnd laity of the English were few on this side the Humber, who can formerly bred to letters, and made either translate a yiece of Latin, or so great improvements in the valuable much as understand their common parts of Icarnin.s^; that, by the advan- prayers in their inother-ton|;ue : there tage of sneh a learned education, the were so few wbo could do lliis, that 1 do precepts of religion and loyalty were not remember one on the south side well observed, the state flourished, and of tlie Tliames, when I came to the the government was famous for its con- ciown." Pia>f. Alfredi regis, pubii>hles fjiiicux Soulpturs. — Bcllori. — Moreri — Diet. Hist.— Bioi's Uiilveritflle. — Strull's Dictionary. A L G A R O T T I. 453 of the sons died an infant; the other, Bononio Alg-arotti, who *ook the charge of the family on the father's death, sur- vived the subject of this article, and was his executor. Francis studied hrst at lloreie, then at Venice, and lastly at BiAnrrna, under the two celebrated professors Eustace Manfredi and Francis Zanotti, who loved liim ior his sweetness of temper, and by whose instructions he made a very rapid progress in mathematics, geometry, astronomy, philosophy, and physics. He was particularly fond of tliis last study, and of anatomy. Nor was he less assiduous in acquiring a perfect knowledge of ancient and modern lan- guages. Before his hrst visit to France he became known to the learned world, by the many excellent papers he had printed in the Memoirs of the institute of Bologna; and in one of his rural retreats, in 1733, he wrote his " Newtonian- ismo per le Dame," in which he endeavoured to familiarize Newton's system to the ladies, as Fontenelle had done that of Des Cartes. He vvas now only in his twenty-first year, and this work, which was published in 1734, ac- quired him much reputation. It was almost immediately truiislaled into French by Duperron dc Castera ; and, al- th Bioir. Universclle. — Diet. Historiqae. » Biojr. Uuiverselle.«.Dict. llistorique.—>Meinoirs of Literature, vol. II. p. 5S. 458 A L H A Z E N. the impossibility of accomplishing his scheme, and dreading the anger of the cahph, put on a feigned madness, which he continued as long as the caliph lived. The rest of his life he spent in writing, or in copying books, which he sold. He died at Cairo in 1038, Casiri, in his Bibl. Arab. Hisp. gives a long catalogue of his works, some of which are in the Bodleian, and some in the library of Leyden. The work above mentioned, edited by Risner, is supposed to have been of service to Kepler. ^ A LI, the cousin and son-in-law of Mohammed, ought, perhaps, to have been caliph after Mohammed's death ; but being opposed by Omar and Othman, he retired into Arabia, and there made a collection of the doctrines of Mohammed, and in this he permitted some things condemned by Abubeker, which gained him many proselytes. After the death of Othman, he was declared caliph by the Egyp- tians and the inhabitants of Mecca and Medina, in the year of the hegira 35, and of our Lord 655 ; but after a jeign of four years and three quarters, he was mortally w'ounded in a mosque, and died three or four days after, A. D. 661. — Ali had nine wives, who brought him fourteen sons and eighteen daughters. If we consider him, with regard to his courage, moderation, piety, and understand- ing, he will be found one of the greatest men that was ever born amona: the Arabians. The Persians annually cele- brate the day of his martyrdom, follow his doctrine, and hold the memory of Abubeker, Omar, and Othman, in abhorrence, while theTui'ks reverence them, and detest Ali. Ali deserves a place in literary history, as he had cul- tivated his mind with a care unusual in his age and country. He left many collections of sentences, proverbs, and pieces of poetry. Golius and Lette have published fragments of these sentences : the first, at Leyden, 1629, and the other in 1746, at the end of Ben Zobair's poem. Vather pub~ lished Golius's fragments in Frencii, Paris, 1660. Ockley, in the third edition of his history of the Saracens, has given an English translation of 169 sentences of Ali ; and Was- muth, in the preface to his Arabic grannnar, says that Tocherning published a century of his proverbs. Guadag- noli is the first who published his poems, with a Latin translation, Rome, 1642 ; but Knypers has edited a more ' Bioff. Univcrscllc. — HuUou's Mathematical Dictionary. — Moreri. ALL 459 correct edition, Leyden, 1745, 8vo. Tiiis contains six small poems, the first of which had been given by Golius at the end of Erpenius's grammar, Leyden, 1656, and the second, third, and fourth, by Agapito, in his Arabic gram- mar, Rome, 1687. * A LI BEY, an adventurer, who acted a most distin- guished part against the Ottoman enipire in the last cen- tury, was born in Natolia in 1728, and received at his birth the name of Joseph. His father was a Greek priest, of a distinguished family, who educated him with great care, designing him to succeed him : but, at thirteen years of age, Joseph being hunting in a neighbouring forest, robbers fell on his company, and carried liim off to Grand Cairo: here he was sold to Ibruiiim, a lieutenant of the ]anisaries, who had him circumcised, clothed him in the dress of the mamalukes, and called him Ali : he gave him masters in the Turkish and Arabic languages, and in .horsemanship, and, by kind treatment, made him by de- grees satisfied with his new station. In a course of years, he succeeded in these languages, shewed wonderful dex- terity in the use of his arms, and became so dear to his master, that he raised iiim rapidly in his household, and created him a cachef or governor, at the age of twenty-two. In this station, he manifested his equity and good ad- ministration of justice, improved the discipline of the mamalukes, and laid the foundation of his future greatness. Here he gained the favour of the pasha Rahiph, who, dis- covering his merit, became his protector. He remained several years in this station, until his patron Ibraium was elected emir al hagi, or prince of the caravan, who took him with him to escort the pilgrims : in their march they were attacked by the Arabs ; Ali fell upon them at the head of the mamalukes, repulsed the enemy, and killed a great number on the spot. On his return, several tribes being collected were determined to avenge their defeat : the young cachef gave them battle, and obtained a signal victory. Ibrahim did justice to the services of his lieute- nant in full councd, and proposed to create him a sangiak, which, after some opposition, was accomplished. Become now one of the members of tbe republic, he never forgot his obligations to his patron. In 1758, the emir al hagi was murdered by the party of Ibrahim the I Gen. Diet. — D'flerbelot.— Biog. Uawerselle. 460 A L I. Circassian. From tliis moment, Ali meditated vengeance : he concealed his resentment, and employed all the re- sources of his mind to arrive at the post of scheik elbalad, the first dignity of the republic. In 1763 he attained that post ; and soon after revenged the blood of his patron, by sacnticing Ibrahim the Circassian with his own hand. This action raised him up numerous enemies • the sangiaks, at- tached to the party of the Circassian, conspired against liim ; he was on the point of being murdered, but saved liimself by flight, and repaired to Jerusalem. Having gained the esteem of the governor of that city, he thought himself in safety ; but his enemies, fearing him even iti exile, wrote to the Porte to demand his death, and orders were immediately sent to the governor to strike off his head. Fortunateh*, Ilahiph, his old friend, was one of the divan, and gave him notice to fly from Jerusalem : Ali therefore anticipated the arrival of the capigi bachi, and took refuge with scheik Daker, prince of St. John of Acre. 1 his old man received him with open arms, was not long in discovering the merit of his new guest, and from that moment loaded him with caresses ; he exhorted him to bear adversity with courage, flattered his hopes, soothed his sorrows, and made him taste of pleasures even in his disgrace. Ali Bey might have passed his days happily with scheik Daker ; but ambition would not permit him to remain inactive; he carried on a secret correspondence with some of the sangiaks attached to his interest. The prince of Acre, on his part, wrote to his friends at Grand Cairo, ami urged them to hasten the recal of the schiek clbalad. While iJiis was going on, Ilahiph, now grand vizir, procun-d liiui to be invited to return to Grand Cairo, and resume his dignity : he set olV immediately, and was received with the acclamations of the people. On all sides the storm was gatiiering around him : all those who were offended at the murder of Ibrahim the Circassian, were constantly laying snares for him; they only waited a fa- vourable opportunity : the death of Kahiph, which hap- pened in 17(S3, furnished them with it ; they threw off' the mask, and declared openly against him. He escaped into Arabia Felix, visited the coasts of the Ked Sea, and once more took refuge with the scheik of Acre, who received him with the same tenderness. Whilst he was there,, the sangiaks of the party of the Circassian persecuted those who werp devoted to the interests of Ali. This imprudence ALL 4C{ opened the eyes of the majority ; thoy pcrceiveey, Hb^, 8vo. A L I - B E Y. 465 Kurope to be printed, but remains in manuscript in the library at Leyden. Dr. Hyde had the Psalms translated, and written, in All's hand. His death, which touk place at Constantinople in 1675, was much regretted by the Chris- tians at Constantinople, but particularly by the English, for whom he had great aftection and esteem, and to whom he often intimated his desire to have come over to Eng- land, and to return into the bosom of the Christian church. It is said indeed that this design was on foot when he died. In 1691, Dr. Hyde published " Tractatus Alberti Bobovii. iSic. de Turcarum Liturgia, pcregratione Meccana, cir- cumcisione, lEgrotorum visitatione, &c.'" with notes, Ox- ford. This curious work was brought over by Dr. Thomas Smith, who presented it to Dr. Hyde, and advised him to translate it. It is the most succinct and probably one of the most authentic accounts we have of the religious cere- monies of the Turks. The " Dialogi Turcici" of Ali Bc}^, and his translation of Commenius's Janua Linguarum, are in the royal library at Paris. It is thought that he fur- nished Ricaut with valuable materials for his history of the Turkish emj)ire, and that he had a principal hand in the translation into Turkish of Grotius on the truth of the Christian religion. ' ALlAME'l' (James), a French engraver, and a member of the academy of painting, was born at Abbeville in 172S, und died at Paris, 17S8. He was first known by some small engravings executed with much taste, but his repu- tation rests principally on his large plates, which he en- gruNcd after Bergheu), AV'ouvtn-inans, and Vernet. Among his best works are two of the six plates which represent the battles of the Chinese with the Tartars. He worked with the dry point more successfully than even his master Le- bas. His brother Francis Germain Aliamet is known in this country by some engravings which he has executed for Messrs. Boydell. '^ ALIPIUS. See ALYPIUS. ALIPRANDI (Bonamentk), whom Crescembini has placed among the poets of Italy, but who more properly be> longs to the class of historians, or antiquaries, lived in the latter part of the fourteenth and the besinnina- of the fif- teenth crfntury. He was educated in the house of Louis • Eioj. Brit. art. Hyde. — Biop. Uiiiversclle. " niufrraphie UiiivtH'belk;.-— Diet. lii.st. voi,. r H H 466 A L I P R A N D I. de Gonzag.i, the first of that name, and captam of Mantua, and he appears to have made considerable proficiency iti the study of law and philosophy. He afterwards embraced a military life and served under Guy and Louis de Gon- zaga; and when more advanced in years, was employed in political affairs. He is supposed to have died in 1417. The only work attributed to him is a metrical chronicle or his- tory of Mantua, which Muratori has published in the fifth volume of his '* Antiquitates Italia) mediae aevi," but in which he cautions his readers against expecting poetry or truth. The only valuable part is what concerns his own time in Mantua, which Muratori thinks future historians may consult with advantage. * ALIX (PFriER), a French writer of considerable spirit, was born at Dole in 1600, appointed abbe of St. Paul at Besangon in 1632, and afterwards canon of the church of St. John in the same place. He defended the rights of his chapter, in the election of archbishops, with much firmness, against pope Alexander VII. and published seve- I'al pieces on that subject about the year 1672. His "Dia- logue entre Porte Noire et la Pillori," a facetious compo- sition, was censured by father Dominic Vernerey, inquisi- tor of Besan9on ; and this produced an answer from Alix', entitled " Eponge pour effacer la censure du P. Dom. Vernerey." This, as well as Alix's other works, is very scarce. Le Long, in his historical library of France, attri- butes to him the " History of the abbay of St. Paul," but it is doubted whether his talents lay in that direction. He had, however, studied mathematics, and left some manu- scripts on that subject, which have been lost. He died July 6, 1676. '^ ALKEMADE (Cornelius Van), a learned Dutch anti- quary, was born in 1654, and amidst ihe duties of his office as first commissioner of convoys and licences, found leisure to publish many curious works. His first, in 1699, was a " Dissertation on Tournaments," in which he treats of the ceremonies used at the court of Holland in the days of chivalry. The third edition, published in 1740, by Peter van der Schelling, his son-in-law, had the addition of a dissertation on the origin, progress, and decline, of tour- naments and single combats. Alkemade was afterwards editor of the metrical chronicle of Melis Stoke, Leydeu, • Moreri, — Muratoii's Preface. * Biogrnphie Univcrselle< A L K EM A D E. 467 1699, fol. containing a history of Holland to 1337, with engraved portraits of all the counts of Holland. In 1700, be published *' Muntspiegel der Graven van Holland," &c. Delft, foi. a chronological series of coins strnck under the reigns of the counts from Floris HI. to Philip II. His next work was a treatise on modes of Burial, Delft, 1713, 8vo. This, he modestly says, is only an attempt which may per- haps excite others to investigate the subject more tully. But his principal work, and that which is most esteenied by his countrymen, was published in I7'i2, under the title of *' Nederlandsche Displechtigheden," 3 vols. 8vo, a work not only extremely curious for its illustration of the ancient manners of the Dutch, but for the number of its beautiful engravings. His son-in-law assisted in com- pleting and preparing this work for the press. After pub- lishing some other works of less note, he concluded his literary labours by a description of the town of Brill, and died in 1737, at the advanced age of eighty-three.* ALKMAR, orALKMAAR, (Henry), a supposed wri- ter, whose name leads to a dissertation, rather than a life, passes for the author of a poem in old German, and very popular in Germany, under the title of " Reineke de Voss," or " Reynard the Fox." It is a kind of satire on the man- ners of the times during the feudal system. All that is known of Alkmar is, that he lived about the year 1470, and was governor, or preceptor, of one of the dukes of Lorrain. The first edition of Reynard was printed at Lubeck in 1498, and it was frequently reprinted at Rostock, Francfort, and Hamburgh ; and as the name of H. d'Alkmar occurs in the preface of the Lubeck edition, which was long considered to be the first, he has as uniformly passed for the author of the poem. There is, howev'er, in the libraxy of the city of Lubeck, a copy of a work with the same title and nearly the same contents, but more full, and in prose, which was printed at Delft in 1483 ; and one has been discovered still older, printed at Goudes or Tergow, by Gerard Lee w, in 1479. These two Reynards are exactly the same, written in the Dutch or Flemish dialect, which ditfers little from thatofFries- Jand, Westphalia, or Lower Saxony. It would appear then that Alkmar had done no more than to versify and enlarge the fictions of the old Reynard. He says himself, m the pre- fac«, that he translated the present work from the Welch, i Biog. Univ«rselle. — Diet. Historique, 46^ A L K M A R. and the French. Whatever may be the case with the Welch *, as he mentions the French, his evidence accords with known facts, and with the opinion of Le Grand d'Aus- say, in Iris '* Notices et Extraits des mannscrits de la bib- liotheque de Paris" (vol.V. p. 249), namely, that the pocni of Reynard is of French origin, and that Pierre de St. Clond was the author, whose Reynard was written in jjrosc in the thirteenth centur}" ; and that the poem of the sante name, the production of Jaquemars G616e or Giellc'e, at Lisle, is only an imitation of the former. There are, however, many resemblances to lleynard in the German po(?ts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, from which it may perhaps be inferred that Reynard is of German origin, and older than the work of Pierre de St. Cloud. It has always been a very popular work in Germany, and the gram- marian Gottsched published a fine edition, with an intro- duction, interpretation, and plates, while the celebrated Goethe has taken great pains to restore the text, and paraphrase it in hexameters. It has also been translated into Latin, Italian, Danish, Swedish, and English. Caxton's edition, 1481, is described by Ames and Herbert, and more fully by INlr. Dibdin in his new edition of Ames's Typographical Antiquities, vol. I. The Latin edition of Schopperus is very elegant, and has often been reprinted. Dreyer, syndic of Lubeck, published a curious work in 17 68, 4to, on the use that may be made of Reynard the Fox in studying German antiquities and law. It yet re- mains to be noticed that Tiaden, a German writer, ascribes Reynard to one Nicholas Baumann, who died in 1 503 ; but the opinions already given, and the dates of the ancient editions, seem to render this very improbable. ' ALLAINVAL (the abbe LEONOil-JEAN-curasTiXE Sou- J.AS d'), was born at Churtres, and died at Paris the 2d of May, 1753. He gave to the French theatre several come- dies that met with tolerable success ; and to the Italian theatre, "PEmbarras des Richesses," which was far better receivefl ; the " Tour de Carnaval," and some other pieces. His " Ecole des Bourgeois," abounds in that true comic humour which characterises the plays of Moliere. There are likewise x)f his : 1. *' Les Bigarrures Calotines.'" 2. -" Lcttres a Milord * * *, concerniu"; the Baron and the • Our Fren«h authority says, " On ne sail trop ce qu'll «iitencl par la languc Wclchfc," ' Biog. L'niverselle. A L L A I N V A L. 469 Demoistlle Ic Couvreur." 3. " Anecdotes of Russia, un- der Peicr I." 1745, 12mo. 4. *' Connoissance de la My- thologie," 1762, i2mo. This last work is methodical and well digested; but he was only the editor of it. It was written" bv a Jesuit, who tjave it to M. Boudot. Allainval lived in great poverty, sleeping generally in hackney chairs, or coaches in the streets, and died equally poor, in the hotel de Dieu, to which be was carried when struck with the palsy. ^ ALLAIS (Denys Vairasse d'), so named from the town of Allais in Languedoc, where he received his birth, tra- velled to England in his youth. In 1665, we find him on board the fleet commanded by the duke of York, He re- turned to France, where he taught the English and French languages. Fiis works are: 1. " A Methodical French Grammar," 1681, i2mo. 2. " Aa Abridgment of that Grammar," in Enghsh, 1683, 12mo. 3. " The History of the Sevarambian*;," a work divided into two general parts j the fn-st printed in 1677, 2 vols. 12mo; the second in 1678 and 79, in :{ vols. 12mo. It was reprinted in 1716, at Am-* sterdam, in 2 vols. 12mo, small type. It is a political ro* mance, which was thought to be dangerous, and which in many places is only ridiculous. There are other works of Allais, but not held in much estimation. Marchaud ap- pears to have a higher opinion of his merit than any other biographer, and has given a very prolix analysis of his his- toiy of the Sevarambians. ^ ALLAM (Andrew), an English writer of the 17th cen- tury, was the son of xAndrew Allam, a person of mean rank, and born at Gaisington, near Oxford, in April 1655. He had his education in grammar learning at a private school at Denton, in the parish of Cuddesdon, near his native place, under Mr. ^Villialn Wildgoose, of Brazen-nose college, a noted schoolmaster of that time. He was entered a batteler of St. Edmund's hall, in Easter term, 1671. After he had taken his degrees in arts, he became a tutor, moderator, lecturer in the chapel, and at length vice-principal of his house. In 1680, about Whitsuntide, he entered into holy orders; and in 1683, was made one of the masters of the schools. His works that are extant, are, " The learned Preface, or Epistle to the Header, with a dedicatory Epis- 1 Diet Ilistoriqiic. — Biog. XJnivciselle. * liiog, Uuiverscllo.1— Marchand Diet. Hisloriqup. 470 A L L A M. tie, in the printer's name, prefixed to the Epistle Congratu- iatory of Lysimachus Nicanor, kc. to the Covenanters of Scotland," Oxon. 1684. " The Epistle containing an ac- count of Dr. Cosin's life, prefixed to the doctor's book, en- titled, Ecclesiae AngiicaniE Politeia in tabulas digesta," Oxon. 1684, fol. " The Preliminary Epistle, with a re- view and correction of the book, entitled, Some plain Dis- courses on the Lord's Supjoer, &c. written by Dr. George Griffith, bishop of St. Asaph," Oxon. 1684, 8vo. " Ad- ditions and Corrections to a book, entitled, Anglise Notitia, or The present state of England." They appeared in the edition of that book, printed at London in 1684; but the author of the " Nothia" did not acknowledge the assistance contributed by Mr. Allam. " Additions to Heivicus's His- torical and Chronological Theatre," printed with that au- thor in 1687. Mr, Allam laid the foundation of a work en- titled " Kotitia Ecclesiae Anglicance, or a History of the Cathedral Churches, &c, of England ;" but death pre- vented his completing this design. He likewise translated the " Life of Iphicrates," printed in the English version of Plutarch by several gentlemen of Oxford, 1684, 8vo. And lastly, he assisted Wood in his Ath. Oxonienses, and is nientioued by that author as highly qualified for such a work, by an uncommon acquaintance with religious and li- terary history. He died of the small-pox, June 17, 1685, "and was buried in the church of St. Peter in the East, at Oxford.* ALLAN (David), a Scotch portrait and historical painter of the preceding century, was a native of Edinburgh, and pa^. tronised by sir William Erskine. He received the rudiments of his art in theacademy of painting instituted, and carried on for a considerable time, by Messrs. Poulis, in Glasgow. Thence he went to Italy, where he spent many years in un- remitting apphcation to the study of the great models of an-^ tiquity. At Rome in 1773, he gained the prize medal given by the academy of St. Luke for the best specimen of historical composition •, and it is believed he was the only Scotchman (Gavin Hamilton excepted) who had then at-^ tained tifat honour. After his return in 1777, he resided a 'few years in London; but about 1780 he went to Edin- burgh, -and was appointed director and master of the aca- flemy established in that metropolis by tlic board of trus- ' Wood's Alhenae.-- Wood's Life, prefixed to his Ancals^ j>. 8.— Biog, BnU ALLAN. 471 tees for manufactures and improvements, for the purpose of diffusing a knowledge of the principles of the hue arts, and eleg^ance of design, in the various manufactures and works which require to be figured and ornamented; a charge for which he was peculiarly well qualified, hy the extensive knowledge he possessed of every branch of the art. He was much admired for his talents in composition, the truth with which he delineated nature, and the characteristic humour that distinguished his ])ictures, drawings, and etchings. There are several engravings from his pictures, one " The Orio^in of Painting, or the Corintliian maid drawino- the shadow of her lover;" and four, in aqua tinta, by Paul Sandby, from drawings made by Allan when at Rome, re- presenting the sports during the carnival. Several of the figures introduced in them, are portraits of persons well known to the English who visited Rome between 1770 and 1780. Mr. Allan died Aug. 6, 1796. In private life, his character was marked by the strictest honour and integrity, and his manners were gentle, unassuming, and obligijig.* ALLAN (George), esq. an English antiquary, was an attorney at Darlington, but, having a strong propensity to the study of our national antiquities, devoted his time and fortune to this rational and useful pursuit. His first pro- duction, printed in his own house, was, " The recom- mendatory Letter of Oliver Cromwell to William Lenthall, esq. speaker of the House of Commons, for erecting a college and university at Durham, and his Letters Patent (when lord protector) for founding the same; with the Ad- dress of the provost and fellows of the said college, &c." 4to. «' A sketch of the Life and Character of Bishop Tre- vor," 1776. « The Life of St. Cuthbert," 1777. " Col- lections relating to Sherborn Hospital," and others men- tioned in Gough's British Topography, vol.L p. 332. Being possessed of twenty manuscript volumes relating to the antiquities of the counties of Durham and Northumberland, bequeathed to him, in 1774, by the late rev. Thomas Ran- dall, vicar of Eilingham in Northumberland, he published " An Address and Queries to the public, relative to the compiling a complete Civil and Ecclesiastical History of the ancient and present state of the County Palatine of Durham," 1774. He also engraved several charters in fac-simile, and seals of bishops and others. Mr. Hutchin- ' Edwards's Siipjileioent to Wuljiole's Painters.-— Stark's Liographia Scotica. 472 ALL A N. son, the historian of Durliam, who carried this plan into execution, acknowledges the generous access he had to Mr. Allan's library and manuscripts; nor is it any discredit to Mr. Hutchinson's industry to say, that his work proceeded under the guidance of Mr. Allan's judgment. In the pre- face to Mr. Hutchinson's third volume of the History of Durham, is a very curious account of the difficulties lie had to encounter from the delay, &c. of the printer, and an ample acknowledgment of Mr. Allan's great liberality and spirit. Mr. Allan presented to the Society of Antiquaries of Lon- don, of which he was a member, twenty-six quarto volumes of MSS. relating chiefly to the university of Oxford, ex- tracted from the several public libraries there by Mr. W. Smith, formerly fellow of University college, and rector of Melsonby in Yorkshire. Mr. Allan died at the Grange, Darlington, in the county of Durham, July 31, ISOO, leav- ing a numerous family, of which the eldest son is a member of the Society of Lincoln's Inn. ' ALLARD (Guy), was a native of Dauphiny, and coun- sellor to the king, and a voluminous writer on the history of his native province. He died in 1716, while employed on a treatise on the police and finances of France, and other works left in manuscript. His printed works are, 1. " Zi^ime," an historical novel, 1673, 17J2, 1724, 12mo. 2. " Eloges de des Adrets, Depuy-Montbrun, Colignon," 1675, 12mo. 3. " Les Aieules de madame de Bourgogne," 1677, 12mo. 4. " Bibliotheque de Dauphinc," 1680, J2mo, of which a new, but not improved edition, was pub- lished in 1797, by P. V. Chalvet. The original is very scarce. 5. " Inscriptions de Grenoble," 1683, 4to. 6. " La Vie de Humbert II." 1688. 7. *' Les Presidents uniques, et les premiers Presidents an parlement de Dau- phine," 1695. 8, *' Recueil des Leltres," 161)5. 9. " No- biliare du Dauphine," 1671, 12mo, reprinted 1696. 10. *< Genealogie de la famille Simiane," 1697. 11. '' His- toire genealogique de Dauphine," 4 vols. 4to. This work procured him the title of genealogist of Dauphiny. 12. *< Etat pohtique de Grenoble," 1698, 12mo. 13. " Les Gouvernenrs et Lieutenants au Gouvernement du Dau- phine," 1704, 12mo.* ALLATIUS, or ALLACCI, (Leo), keeper of the Va- tican library, and a celebrated popish writer of the 1 7 th 1 Ni'-hols's Life of Rowyer, vol. VT. p. T?5.— Gent Mag. to), I.XX, p. ZOi. * /VJoriri,-»I-e Long Bibl.lii'.t, d« ia France.— Biog. Universelk. A L L A T I U S. 47J century, was horn in the isle of Chios, of Greek parents, 1586. At nine years of age he was reruovetl from liis na- tive country to Calabria; but some time alter st'tit to Rome, and aihnitted into the Greek college, whore lie ajjjjlied himself to the study of polite learnnig, philosophy, and divinity, and embraced the Roman Catholic religion. Krom thence he went to Naples, and was chosen great vicar to Bernard Justiniani, bishop of Anglona. From Naples he returned to his own country, but went soon from thence to Rome, where he studied physic under Julius (.\tsar Lagalla, and took a degree in that profession. He afterwards made the belles lettres his object, and taught in the Greek col- lege at Rome, Pope Gregory XV. sent him to Germany, in 1622, in order to get the elector Palatine's library re- moved to Rome J but by the death of Gregory, he lost the reward he might have expected for his trouble in that af- fair. He lived some time after with cardinal Bichi, and then with cardinal Francis Barberini; and was at last, by pope Alexander VII. appointed keeper of the Vatican li- brary. AUatius was of great service to the gentlemen of Port Royal in the controversy they had with Mr. Claude, concerninfr the belief of the Greeks on the subject of the Eucharist: Mr. Claude often calls him Mr. Aruaud's great author, and gives him a character, by no means favourable, although in general very just. " Allatius," sa} s he, " was a Greek, who had renounced his own religion to embrace that of Rome; a Greek whom the pope hatl chosen his li- brarian : a man the most devoted to the interests of the court of Rome; a man extremely outrageous in his dispo- sition. He shews his attachment to the court of Rouie in the very beginning of his book ' De perpetuaconsensione,* where he writes in favour of the pope thus: ' The liomaTi pontitt",' says he, 'is quite independent, judges the world without being liable to be judged; we are bound to obey ills commands, even when he governs unjustly; he gives laws without receiving any; he changes them as he tl)ink? fit; appoints magistrates; decides all questions as to mat- ters of faith, and orders all affairs of importance in the church as seems to him good. He cannot err, being out of the power of all heresy and illusion ; and as he is armed with the authority of Christ, not even an angel from heaven could make him alter his opinion'." No Latin ever shewed himself more incensed a<][alnst the Greek schismatics than AUatius, or more devoted to the see of Home, One singu- 474 A L L A T I U S. Jarity in his character is, that he never engaged in matri- mony, nor was he ever in orders; and pope Alexander having asked him one day, why he did not enter into or- ders? " Because," answered he, " I would be free to marry." " But if so," replied the pope, " why don't you marry ?'* " Because I would be at liberty," answered Al- latius, " to take orders." If we may believe Joannes I'a- tricius, Allatius had a very extraordinary pen, with which, and no other, he wrote Greek for 40 years; and we need not be surprised that when he lost it he was so grieved that he shed tears. He wrote so fast that he copied, in one night, the " Diarium Romanonun Pontificium," which a Cistertian monk had lent to him. Niceron gives him the character of a man laborious and indefatigable, of a vast memory, and acquainted with every kind of learning; but adds, that in his writings there is a display of more reading than judgment, and, that biographer might have added, than of candour or urbanity of style, at least in his contro- versial pieces. He died Jan. 1669, aged eighty-three, after founding several colleges or schools in the island of Chios, his native place. His principal works were, 1. " De Eccle- sioe Occidentalis et Orientalis perpetua cousensione," Co- logn, 1648, 4to; which is regarded by the most impartial writers among the Protestants, as the production of a dis- ingenuous and insidious mind. His object is, to prove that Latin and Greek churches always concurred in the same faith; and the Catholics look upon this as his ablest per- formance. 2. " De utriusque ecclesiae, &c. in dogmate de purgatorio eonsensione," Rome, 1655, 8vo. 3. " De libris ecclesiasticis Graecorum," Paris, 1645, 8vo. 4. " De Templis Graccorum recentioribus," Cologn, 1645, 8vo. 5. ** Graeciae orthodoxae scriptores," Rome, 1652 and 1657, 2 vols. 4to. 6. " Philo Byzantinus de septem orbis spec- taculis, Gr. et Lat. cum notis," Rome, 1640, Bvo. 7. ** Eustathius Antiochenus in hexameron, et de Engastri- mytho," Lyons, 1621), 4to. 8. " Symmichta, et Symmiha, sive opusculorum Graecorum ac Latinorum vetustiorum ac recentiorum libri duo," Cologn, 1653, fol. 9. *' De Mensura temporum antiquorum et pra^cipue Graecorum," Cologn, 1645, 8vo. 10. " Apes Urbauae," Rome, 1633, 8vo, a title borrowed from the Bees in pope Urban VIII. 's arms; tlie book gives an account of all the learned men who flourished at Rome from 1630 to the end of 1632, wiili a catalogue of their works. Fubricius prhited an edition of it A L L A T I U S. 475 at Hamburgh, 1711, 8vo. 11. " Dramaturgia," in Italian, an alphabetical collection of all the Italian dramatic works published in his time. Hiis was rep»ii!ted at Venice, 4to, with consi lerable additions, ;ind brou'jjht down to 175 5. 12. " Poeti autichi racculti da Codic! manuscriti della Bib- liotiieca Vaticana e Barb^rina," Naples, IdGl, 8vo, a very scarce work, co:itainingthe pro;iuctionsof many ancient Ita- lian jioets, not before published, but, according to Ginguene^ full or errors. Moreri and Niceron mentions other works by Allatius, which show the variety of his studies, and the ra- pidity with which he could pass from one subject to another. Of his tediousnessand digressive powers, M. de Sallo com- plains witli some humour in the Journal cLes Savans. After noticing a lamentation of the virgin Mary, as a remarkable piece inserted in one of Allatius's works, he adds: " This lamentation was composed by Metaphrast, and that was sutHcieiU for Allatius to insert a panegyric upon Meta- phrast, written by- Psellus. As Metaphrast's name was Si- meon, he thence took an opportunity of making a long dis- sertation nj)on the lives and works of such celebrated men as had borne the same name. From the Simeons he passes to the Simons, from them to the Simonideses, and lastly to the Simonactides." * ALLEGRI (Alexander), an Italian satirical and bur- lesque poet, about the end of the sixteenth century, was born at Florence, and in his youth served in the army. He afterwards became an ecclesiastic. He had a considerable share of learning, but perhaps more of wit ; and the charms of his conversation made his house at Florence the resort of all the literati of that city. His principal work, in bur- lesque poetry, *' Rime piacevoli," was printed after his death, in four separate parts, at Verona, 1603, 1607; at Florence, 160S; and Verona, 1613, 4to. Most of his verses have a prose introduction in the same satirical spirit. These four parts are generally bound in the same volume with his three " Lettere di ser Poi Pedante," addressed to Bembo, Boccacce, and Petrarch, Bologna, 1613; and with the *' Fantastica Visione di Parri da Pozzolatico," ad- dressed to Dante, Lucca, 1613: in both which he ridicules pedantry, by affecting the pompous language of pedants. This volume is usually classed among books of the greatest ' Gen. Diet. — Moreri. — Saxii Onomasticon, — Ginguene Hist, Litteraire d'ltalie, vol. 1. p, 397. — Du Pin, — Baillet jugeraent des Savans. / o A L L E G R I. rarity. The *' Rime piacevoli" were reprinted, on a vile paper and typo at Amsterdam, 1 754, 8vo ; but this contains, what had not appeared Ijcfore, some account of the author. AUegri lelx various pieces of poetry in maiiuscript, in the hands of his family, which is now extinct, and the jioetry probably lost. Among others, he had written a tragedy on the story of Idomeneus king of Crete, of which Carlo Dati speaks very highly.^ In the collection of Latin poems, printed at Florence, 1719, are several pieces by AUegri, which give him a considerable rank among poets of that class, but they are of the heroic kind, and of a graver cast thaw his Italian poems.' ALLEGHI. See CORREGIO. ALLEGRI (Grkgorio), a Romish ecclesiastic, whose reputation is founded on his talents as a musical composer, was a pnpil of Naniui, and admitted, in 1629, as a singer into the pope's cliapei. Among his most celebrated pro- ductions is a " Miserere," which was performed during passion-week at the Sixtine chapel, and so highly esteemed that it was forbidden to be copied, under pain of excom- munication. Mozart, however, after hearing it twice, was enabled to make out a copy, thought to be equal to the original. In 1773, the pope presented a complete one to George III. It had been previously engraven in London, about 1771. AUegri was of the same family with Corregio, and died Feb. 16, 1640. He was a man of a devout and benevolent disposition, and was frequent in his charitable visits to prisoner>, and other persons in distress." ALLEIN (Joseph), an English non-conformist divine, was the son of Mr. Tobias Allein, and born at the Devizes, in Wiltshire, 1633. He discovered an extraordinary tinc- ture of religion, even in his childhood; at eleven years of age he was much addicted to private prayer; and on the df:ath of his brother Edward, who was a worthy minister of the gospel, he entreated his father that he might be edu- cated for that profession. In four years he acquired a com- petent knowledge of Greek and Latin, and wasdecl;^red by his n)aster lit for the uni\ersity. He was, however, kept some time longer at home, where he was instructed in logic, and at sixteen was sent to Lincoln college, Oxford. In J 651 he was removed to Corpus Christi college, a Wiltshire ' Biog. tTnivcrsflle. — Diet. Tlistoriqur. 3 Ibid.— Buri.iyVs Ilist, ot -Mumc, vol. HI- and Italian Toar.— Hawkins's Hi^* toiy ofAlusio. A L L E I K. 477 scholarship being there vacant. V\ liile at col!e;je he \ra4 remarkably assiduous iu his klvidics, grave in his totnper, but cheerfully ready to assist others. He might in a short time have obtained a t'elU)\v:ihip, biit he dechned that tor the sake ot" the office oi' cJiaplaiii, heinij pleased with the opportunity this gave him of exerting his gift in prayer, the liturgy bt;ing then disused. In July 16o3, he was admitted bachelor of arts, and b(!canie a tutor. In this arduous em plovment he behaved himself with ecjual skill and diligence; several of his j)U[)ils became very eminent non -conforming ministers, and not a few attained to consitlerable prefer- ment in the established church. In 1655 he became as- sistant in ttie ministry to Mr. G. Newton, of Taunton, in Somerset-hire, where he married the same year. His in- come was small, but was somewhat increased bv the profits of a boarding-school, which Mrs. Allein kept. During seven years that he lived in this manner, he discharged his pastoral duty with incredible diligence; for, besides preach- ing and catechising in the church, he spent several after- noons in a week in visiting the people of the town, and ex- horting them to a religious life. These applications were at first far from being welcome to many families; but his meekness, moderation, and unaffected piety, reconciled them to his advice, and made him by degrees the delight of his ])arishioners. He was deprived in 1662, for non- conformity. He preached, hovtcver, privately, until \m zeal and industry in this course brought him into trouble. On the 26th day of May, 1663, he was committed to Ivel- chester gaol, and was with seven ministers and fifty quakers confined in one room, where they suffered great hardships ; but they still continued to preach till the assizes. These were held before Mr. justice Foster, and at them Mr. Allein was indicted for preaching on the 17th of May preceding; of which indictment he was found guilty, and sentenced to pay a hundred marks, and to remain iu prison till his fine was paid. At the time of his receiving sentence, he said, that he was glad that it had appeared before his comitrv ; that whatever he was charged with, he was guilty of nothing- but doing his duty; and all that did appear !)y the evidence was, that he had sung a psalm, and mstructed his family, others being there, and both in his own house. He con- tinued in prison a year, whicli broke his constitution ; but, when he was at liberty, he applied himself to his ministrv :as earnestly as ever, which brought ou liim a painful di.s- 47$ A L L E I N. order. The five miles act taking place, be retired from Taunton to Wellington, where he continued but a short time, Mr. Mallack, a merchant, inviting him to lodge at a house of his some distance from Taunton. In the summer of 1665, he was advised to drink the waters near the De- Tizes, for his health. But before he left Mr. Mallack's house, viz. on the 1 0th of July in that year, some friends came to take their leave of him; they were surprised pray- ing together, and for this were sentenced to sixty days im- prisonment, which himself, seven ministers, and" forty pri- vate persons, suffered in the county gaol. This hindered his going to the waters; and his disease returning, he lost another summer. At length, in 1667, he went, but was far from receiving the benefit he expected. After some time he went to Dorchester, where he grew better; but applyino- himself again to preaching, catechising, and other duties, his distemper returned with such violence, that he lost the use of his limbs. His death was then daily expected ; but by degrees he grew somewhat better, and at length went to Bath, where his health altered so much, that his friends were in hopes he would have lived several years ; but growing suddenly worse again, he died there, in the month of November, 1 668, being somewhat above thirty-five years old. He was a man of great learning, and greater charity; zealous in his own way of worshipping God, but not in the least bitter towards any Christians who worshipped in ano- ther manner. He preserved a great respect for the church, notwithstanding ail his sufferings ; and was eminently loyal to his prince, notwithstanding the severities of the times. His vvritmgs breathe a true spirit of piety, for which they have been always and deservedly esteemed. His body lies in the chancel of the church of St. Magdalen, of Taunton, and on his grave-stone are the following lines : Here Mr. Joseph AUein lies. To God and you a sacrifice. His principal works are, 1. " A familiar Explanation of the Assembly's Catechism," 8vo, 1666. 2. '* A call to Archippus," 1664, 4to, in which he advises the ejected mi- nisters to continue their public services. 3. " An Alarm to the unconverted," 1672, 8vo and 12mo, afterwards pub- lished under the title of " A sure Guide to Heaven ;" but the original title was resumed, and it has been reprinted oftener, even to this day, than almost any book of the kind. 4. " Christian Letters," 1672, afterwards given^as an ap- A L L E I N. 479 pendix to his life. 5. " Cases of Conscience," 1672. 6. " Remains, being a Collection of suniliy Directions, Ser- mons, tk,c," 1672. Besides these, he wrote several small practical jjieces, which are printed among the works of JMr. Hichard Allein. He left also, imperfect, a '• Body of Na- tural Theology," in Latin. One section, " De Providen- tia," was prepared for the press and hceiised; but, accord- ing to ^Vood (who, it may here be noticed, gives a very unfavourable account of our author), was never printed, for want of encouragement. * ALLEIN (RiCHARp), the son of a clergyman of the same name, rector of Ditchet, Somersetshire, for fifty years, was born at that place in 1611 ; the first part of his education under his father fitted him for the university in 1627. That vear he entered a commoner of St. Alban's hall, in Oxford, where he took the degree of bachelor of arts. Thence he removed to New Inn Hall, where he took his master's degree, and entering into orders, became ati assistant to his father, who being inclined to puritanism, the son fell into the same opinions; and possessing great zeal and learning, he soon acquired a proportionable reputation. In March I 641, he succeeded to the living of Batcomb, m Dorsetshire, the duty of which he performed with much in- dustry and fidelity, but being a zealous covenanter, had some disturbances with the king's forces in those parts. He was, however, a great enemy to that enthusiastic spirit which prevailed in this country, on the ruin of the esta- blished church ; this appears by his subscribing a represent- ation, entitled " The Testimony of the Ministry of Somer- setshire to the Truth of Jesus Christ, and to the Solemn League and Covenant," printed in 1648. His industry and affection to the cause procured himself and his father to be constituted assistants to the commissioners appointed by parliament, for ejecting scandalous ministers. This was in 1654; and Mr. Wood tells us, what is probable enough, that they acted with great severity. However, on the Re- storation, Mr. Allein shewed a disposition to yield obe- dience to the government, but could not accede to the terms of conformity, which occasioned his being ejected from his living, after he had held it upwards of twenty years. After this, he continued to exercise his function pri- Taft;ely, preaching sometimes in his own house,at others in the * Life, 8v«. 1-S71 Biog. BrH,— Calamy.— Ath. Ox. rol. U. p, 420. 480. A L L E I K. houses of g<»ntlemen in the neighbourhood. He was once apprehended at the seat of Mr. Moore, who had been a uiemher ot" parhatnent, and who had invited him thither to preach to his family and some of his neighbours. Mr. Moore paid the tine, which was ti\e pounds, for him. He still went on in tlie way of his profession, notwithstanding- he was often summoned to the quarter sessions, and severely H'primanded as the keeper of a conventicle. He, l*5vvever, escaped imprisonment, as his great learning, piets', and ex- emplary life, iiad gained liim so high a reputation, that it would have been very unpopular to have sent liim to a gaol. After tlie rive mile act passed, he was obliged to leave Batcou)!), and retire to Frome Selwood, where he continued in the constant exercise of his ministry, notwith- stantling the dangers he was exposed to. He died the 22d of December 1681, being upwards of 64 years of age. He was distinguished for his plain, practical manner of preaching, and for the delight he took in the pastoral office. His writings, which were mostly tracts on religious subjects, were much esteemed and often printed. The principal of these is a work entitled *' Vindicice Pietatis, or a Vindica- tion of Godliness," which was, and is, in high reputation among persons of Calvinistic sentiments. It consists of three parts, published 1 664 — 6. As it was printed without a iicence, the king's bookseller caused the copies to be seized, but afterwards purchased them from the king's kitchen, where they were sent as waste-paper, and bound them up and sold them; being however discovered, he was obliged to niake submission to the privy council, and the books were ordered to be destroyed. This occasioned the hrst ediiion to be long scarce, and created the mistakes as to date into which both \Vood and Calamy have fallen, and which are not rectiried by the editor of the Biographia Britannica, who does not appear to have examined the book. Although a zealous non-conformist, Mr. Allein was not tinctured either with spleen to the church, or disloy- -alty to his prince ; on the contrary, lie hved in a fair cor- respondence with the clergy of his neighbourhood, and the gentry paid him great respect, although of opposite senti- ments '. ' Blo^. Brltennlca.— Calamy.— vUh. Ox. ro\. II. 639. A L L E I N. 481 ALLEIN, or rather ALLEN (Thomas), a pious English divine, was born about 1682, and educated at Wadham college, Oxford, where he probably took only his bache- lor's degree, as we do not find him in the list of upper graduates. In 171 !• he was presented to the rectory of Kettering, in Northamptonsiiire, on which he resided the whole of his life, and was exemplary in all the duties of the pastoral office, nor less indefatigable as a writer, al- though his success in this last character bore little propor- tion to the magnitude of his labours. Of his printed works we know only, 1. " The Practice of an Holy Life ; or the Christian's Daily Exercise, in Meditations, Prayer, &c.'* London, 1716, 8vo. 2. " The Christian's sure Guide to Eternal Glory," both popular works, and afterwards trans- lated into the Russian language. 3. "A Sermon before the Criminals in Newgate," 1744. 4. " The New Birth, or Christian Regeneration, in Miltonic or blank verse," 1753, 8vo. Besides these, he wrote " Pandects of Chris- tianity:" " The harmony and agreement between Moses and Christ :" " The Primitive and Apostolic Fathers, with their genuine Writings :" " God the best interpreter of his law :" " The Divine Worship and Service of the Church of England," with some others, for which he issued proposals, but \vas obliged to desist from want of encou- ragement. Lists of these MSS. he sent to various clergy- men, requesting they would bear the expence, &c. ; and accompanied them with letters in an eccentric style, and with no small portion of conceit, Mr. Allen died May 31, 1755, suddenly, as he was reading prayers in his church.* » Gent. Mag. vol. XXV. p. 284 j vol. LXXIV, 404, 512, 629. Vol. I. I I INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME. Those marked- thus * ai'e new. Those marked f are re-uTitten, with additions. Page + Aa, Peter Vander 1 *Aa, Christ. Ch. H. Vander 1 t Aagard, Christian '2 f. Nicliolas 2 *Aagesen, Suend 2 Aaron of Alexandria 3 * St. a Briton 3 -j^ Hariscon 3 * Pietro 4 fAarsens, Francis 5 -)■ Abaris 5 *Abati, Antony 6 Al)auzit, Firmin 7 f Abbadie, James 11 Abbas, Halli 13 *Abbati, Nicolo 13 *Abbatius, Baldus Angelas 14 I Abbo, Cermius ib. -|- Floriacensis ib. .t Abbot, George 15 * George, his nephew 29 1 Maurice ib. f Robert 30 * Rob.ofCranbrooke 34 *Abbt, Thomas ib. /fAbdias 36 *Abdollatiph 37 Abeille, Gaspar 39 f Scipio 40 * Lewis Paul ib, fAbel, Gaspar ib. * Frederic Gottfried . ib. f Charles Frederick , 41 tAbela, John Francis .... 42 Page fAbelard, Peter 43 *Abelin, John PhiUp 52 Abell, John 53 f Abelll, Lewis 54 f Abendana, Jacob ib. Aben-ezra 55 Abengnefit ib. Abenmelek ib. *Abei*crombie, John 56 *Abercromby, Patrick .... 57 * . David ib. * Sir Ralph . . 53 Abernethy, John 61 fAbgar 63 Abiosi 65 fAble, Thomas ib. *Abney, Sir Tliomas 66 Abou-Hanifah 67 *Aboulola 69 *Abou-rihan ib. Abrabanel, Isaac 70 Abraham, Nicholas 73 -j- Ben Cliaila ., . . ib. Usque 74 ^"Abrescli, Fred. Louis .... ib. *Abriarii, Paul 75 Abstemius, Laurent ius . . 76 *Abucaras, Theodoi-e .... ib. Abulfaragius, Gregory . . 77 f Abulfeda, Islnnae.r 78 Abulgasi, Bayatm- 81 Abunowas S3 ^Abundance, John ib. f Abu Teniam ib, I i2 484 INDEX. Page •j-Abydenus 84 Acacius, Lxiscus 85 of Constantinople ib. . of Berea 86 * of Amida ib. * of Melitene 87 *Acca, St ib. *Accarisi, Albert 88 * Francis ib. * James ib. f Acciaioli, Donato 89 * John 90 f Zenobio ib. fAccio Zucco 91 Accius, Lucius 92 fAccolti, Benedetto 93 * Bernard 94 f • Francis 95 f Peter 96 *Accorso, Francis ib. * his son 98 * Mariangelus ... ib. *Acenius, Seb. Fab 100 *Achseus 101 *Achard, of Avranches ... ib. * Anthony 102 * Francis ib. * Claude Francis . . ' 103 *Achard.s, E. F ib. *Achen, John Van 104 *Achenwall, Godfrey ib. *Acheri, Luc d' 105 ♦Achilles, Alexander 107 Achillini, Alexander .... ib. •j- John Philotheus ib. ■f Claude 108 *Achmet 109 *Acidalius, Valens ib. •* Acker mann, J.C. G Ill *Ackworth, George ib. f Acoluthus, Andrew 112 fAcontius, James ib. JAcosta, Joseph d' 114 Uriel ib. *Acrel, Olans 117 f Acron ib. t Helenius 118 Acropolita, George ib. •f Actuarius, John 119 *AcunH, Christopher 1 20 * Fernando ....... ib. Pag« fAcusilas 121 ^ Adair, James ib. * James Makittrich 123 fAdalard 124 Adalberon, Ascelinus .... 126 * of Rheims .... ib. * Adalbert of Magdeburg . . 126 of Prague ib. *Adam, Alexander 127 t t of Bremen 129 * James 130 — Lambert-Sigisbert ib. — Nicholas Sebastian 131 — Melchior 132 — Nicholas 133 — Robert 134 — James, the brother 136 — Scotus ib. *Adamantius ib. *Adauianus ib. *Adami, Lionardo 137 ^Adams, Fitzherbert ib. * John 138 * John of America . ib. t Richard 140 '• Thomas 141 Sir Thomas ib. •^ Wilham 143 Adamson, Patrick 144 *Adanson, Michel 147 *Addington, Stephen .... 150 Addison, J^ancelot 151 Joseph 153 *Adelbold 164 -Adelburner, Michael .... 165 fAdclman ib. *Ade!ung, J. C ib. *Ademar 168 *Adenez Le Roi ib. Ader, William ib. ^Adimantus 169 t Adimari, Alexander ib. * Lewis ib. Raphael 170 *Adler, Philip ib. Adlerfeldt, Gustavus 171 *Adlzreittcr, John ib. fAdo, St ib- Adrets, F. de B. Baron des 172 *Adria, John James 174 Adrian, of the 5th cent. . 174 INDEX. 485 Page -[■Adrian, Carthusian 174 Publius MliviS ... ib. IV. pope 176 * VI. pope 180 de Castello 182 *Adriani, Adrianus 184 * Marcel Virgil ... ib. f- John Baptist ... ib. * Marcel 185 *Adriano 186 fAdrichomius, Christopher ib. ■j-Adso, Hcrmerius ib. *yEdesius 187 fiEgeates ib. iEgidins, Atheniensis ... ib. * de Columna ... 188 * John ib. * Peter 189 *^lfric 190 jElian, Claudian 191 fiElianus, Meccius 192 *7Elius Sextus, P. C ib. *^lst. Evert 193 * WiUiam Van ib. *^miliani, St. Jerome ... ib. ^iEmilius, Anthony 194 *iEneas, or iEngus ib. f Gazens 195 j — Tactions ib. *^pinus, F. M. U. Theod. 196 * John ib. t^rius 197 Aertgen, or Aartgen .... ib. Aersens, Peter 198 f ^schines, philosopher . . 199 • orator 200 iEschylus 201 fi^sop, fabulist 204 ■ historian 206 Clodius ib. t^therius 207 t^tion ib. t^tius ib. f physician 208 Afer, Domitius 209 *Afflitto, Matthew 210 *AfFo, Ireneus 211 Afranius ib. fAfricanus, Julius 212 *Aganduru, R. Morix .... ib. fAgapetus , 213 Page fAgard, Arthur 213 ^Agasias 215 ^Agathangelus 216 -fAgatharcides ib. fAgatharcus 217 *Agatheiner ib. Agathias 218 fAgatho 219 *Ageladas ib. t Agelius, or Agelli, Anthony :b. JAgelnoth ; 220 *Ager, or Agerius, Nich. . 2'3l *Agesander it>. fAggas, Ralph 222 *Aglionby, Edward ilv t John 225 * George andWill, ib *Agnelli, Joseph 224 f Agnelli, or Agnellus, And. ib. *Agnesi, Maria ib. *Agnolo, Baccio d' 225 *Agobard 226 *Agostini, Lionardo 228 *Agostino, Paul 229 t Agoult, William d' ib. f Agreda, Maria d' 230 *Agricola, Cneius Julius . . ib. t : George 232 * John 233 t Michel 235 * Rodolphus .... ib. *Agrippa, Camille 236 Henry Cornelius 237 *Aguado, Fjancis 243 *Agucchio, John Baptista . ib. fAguesseau, Henry Fran, d' 244 *Ag'uiilonius, Francis .... 249 *Aguirre, Joseph Saenz de ib. -J-Agylaius, Henry 250 *Ahlwardt, Peter 251 * Ahmed-Ben- Fares 252 *Ahraed-Ben-Mohammed . ib. *Aicher, Otho ib. *Aidan ib. *Aigneaux,RobertandAnth. 254 *Aigrefeuille, Chailes d' . . ib, Aikman, William 255 *Ailli, Peter d' 257 *Ailred 259 Ainsworth, Henry 260 f' Robert . . 362 483 INDEX. Airay, Christopher , •J- Henry Aitou, William fAitzema, Leo d' -fAkakia, Martin Akenside, Mark *Akiba *AJaba3ter, \A'illiam •fAlamanni, Luigi . Alamos, Balthabar ■fAlan of Lynn * of Tewkesbury .... -|-\lan, William A^land, Sir John Fortescue -"Alanus de Insulis ....... •^Alanus f-Alandj Francis + William ''■ Lambert *. *A Lasco, John fAlava Esquivel, Diego de *Alaymo, Mark Antony . . . Alban, St *Albani, Alexander * John Francis .... ■f John Jerome .... Albano, Francis -f Albategni f Albenas, John Poldo d" . . *Alber Alcgiimbe, Philip 38/ f Alemand, Lewis August. . 388 *Alemau, Matthew 389 *Alemanm, Nicholas ..... 390 Alembert ib. *Alen, or Allen, Edmond . 399 Alenio, Julius ib. Aleotti, John Baptist 400 *Aler, Paul ib. Ales, Alexander 401 Alcsio, Matthew Perez d' 402 Alessi, Galeas 403 Alexander the Great .... ib. t- St 410 *— Aigeus ib. — ab Alexandre . . 411 ■f Aphrodisius . . 412 * bp.ofCappadoc. 414 -* John ib. * Benjamin .... 415 . bp. of Lincoln . 416 Nevskoi ib. ■ Nicholas 419 Noel 420 f of Paris 423 f Polyhistor 424 f Trallianus 42.5 4 William 426 f Alexandrini de Neustain . 430 fAlexis, ])oet 43 1 »— - William ib. Alexis, Piedmontese 43 1 Aleyn,^ C'iiaries 43*2 fAlfarabi 433 *AItaro y Gamon 434 fAlfenus Vkrus ib. *Alfes, Isaac 435 *Alfieri, Victor ib. *Alford, Michael 43S • *Alfragan ib. Alfred the Great 439 bishop 452 f Algardi, Alexander 452 +Algarotti, Francis ib. fAlgazeli 456 *Alger ib, *Alghizi Galeazzo 45/ * Thomas ib. fAlhazen ib. Ali 458 Ali Bey 459 * or Bobowski .... 464 *Aliauiet, James 46"5 *Aliprandi, Bonamente . . . ib. *Alix, Peter 466 *Alkemade, Cornelius Van ib. fAlkmar, Hemy 467 Allainval, Abbe 468 Allais, Deuys Vairasse d' . 469 fAllam, Andrew ib. *AUan, David 470 * George 471 fAllard, Guy 472 AUatius, Leo ib. ^■Allegri, Alexander 475 * Grcgorio 476 Allcin, Joseph ib, Richard 47f» Thomas 481 Erratum.— F. 370, /or ALBINI, read ALDIN I. END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. Nichols, Son, and Bentley, Printers, Kf-d Lion Passage, Fleet Street, Loudon. (^ l>v '^^r