Ui.1 THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA IN MEMORY OF PROFESSOR WILLIAM MERRILL AND MRS. IMOGENE MERRILL Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/eutropiusOOeutrrich EUTKOPIUS EDITED FOR SCHOOL USE BY J. C. HAZZARD, Ph.D. PROFESSOR OF LATIN, PORTLAND ACADEMY 3j»ic NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY GIFT 21:0 REV. JACOB COOPER, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D. WITH GRATEFUL AFFECTION CJOPTBIOHT, 1898, BT AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. aUTBOPICS. W. p. I A r ■ PREFACE The Breviarium of Eutropius has for many years been used successfully in German schools, but, though an American edi- tion was published in the early part of this century, the author has of late years received little attention in this country. Yet in character and subject the Breviarium is admirably adapted for elementary work. While the Viri Romae deals only with the early history of Rome and the lives of a few great men of the republican age, the Breviarium gives an outline of the history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death of the Emperor Jovian in 364 a.d., and is thus in subject closely related to the Latin course. The Latin is good, remark- ably so for the time of its composition, and is not so difficult as that of Nepos or of parts of the Viri Romae. In editing the text the beginner has constantly been had in mind, and so references to the standard Latin Grammars have been added more copiously than some will consider judi- cious. It has been found, however, by experience in the class- room, that a reference to the grammar when carefully studied is worth far more than a translation of a difficult passage or comment upon it. The grammatical references are placed at the bottom of the page where they belong. In the Notes, which are principally historical and geographical, the editor has tried to aid the student in mastering the difficulties that 3 MQS1S77 4 PREFACE occur rather than to do his work for him. The references to the histories are intended rather for the teacher than for the pupil. If a few minutes can be spent every day in reading to the class the portions refered to, the time will not be wasted, and it will fill in the outline of the history that the text con- tains. It is strongly urged that each student should be pro- vided with a copy of some good outline of Koman History (Creighton's Primer is admirable), and follow the text in it from day to day. In this way a knowledge of the principal facts of Koman History may be obtained with but slight conscious effort on the part of the student. In the analyses of the books and the chapters the accepted dates have been given, indicating where Eutropius is mistaken in his chronology. In marking the quantities of the long vowels, Lewis, in his Elementary Latin Dictionary^ has been followed, except where later authorities differ from him. The editor desires to acknowledge his obligation to Kev. J. R. Wilson, D.D., Principal of Portland Academy, for advice and assistance, and to Professors Arrowsmith and Whicher, for per- mission to use material from their First Latin Readings. The Grammars cited are Harkness' Standard Latin Gram- mar (H.), Mooney (M.), Allen and Greenough (A. & G.), Gil- dersleeve (G.), and Bennett (B.). References to Harkness' new Latin Grammars (1898) will be found on p. 242. J. C. H. Portland, Oregon, June, 1898. CONTENTS TEXT PAGE Book I 7 Book II 16 Book III 27 Book IV 36 Book V 46 Book VI 51 Book VII • -62 Book VIII 73 Book TX 83 Book X 94 Bibliography ' 104 Life of Eutropius 105 NOTES Book I 105 Book II 114 Book III 121 Book IV 129 Book V 136 Book VI 140 Book VII • .147 Book VIII 153 Book IX 158 Book X 160 Vocabulary 164 EUTROPI BREVIARII AB URBE CONDITA LIBER PRIMUS From the Founding of Rome to the Capture of the City by the Gauls, 753-390 b.c. The Regal Period, 753-509 B.C. Rome Founded, 753 b.c. Romulus, 753-716 b.c. 1. Romanum imperium a Romulo exordium habet, qui Rheae Silviae, Vestalis virginis, filius et, quantum putatus est, Martis, cum Remo fratre imo partti editus est. Is cum inter pastores latrocinaretur/ decem et octo annos^ natus 5 urbem exiguam in Palatmo monte constituit, xi Kal. Maias, Olympiadis sextae anno tertio, post Troiae excidium, anno trecentesimo nonagesimo quarto. 2. Condita civitate,^ quam ex nomine suo Romam voca- vit, haec fere egit. Multitudinem finitimorum in civitatem 10 recepit, centum ex senioribus * legit, quorum consilio omnia ageret,^ quos senatores nominavit propter senecttitem. Tum, cum uxores ipse et populus suus non haberent,^ invitavit ad spectaculum ludorum vicinas urbi Romae nationes atque 1 H. 521, II, 2 ; M. 347 ; A. & G. 325 ; G. 585 ; B. 288. 2 H. 379 ; M. 197 ; A. & G. 25G ; G. 336 ; B. 181, 1. 3 H. 431 ; M. 255, 1 ; A. & G. 255, d,l; G. 409 ; B. 227, 2, a. * H. 397, 3, N. 3 ; M. 225, n. 2 ; A. & G. 216, c ; G. 372, r. 2 ; B. 201, 1, a. 6 H. 497, I ; M. 382, 3 ; A. & G. 317, 2 ; G. 630 ; B. 282, 2. 6 H. 517 ; M. 355 ; A. & G. 326 ; G. 586 ; B. 286, 2. 7 8 EUTROPI BREVIARII earum virgines rapuit. Commotls bellls propter raptarum iniuriam Caeiiinenses vicit, Antemnates, Crustummos, Sabi- nos, Fldenates, Veientes. Haec omnia oppida urbem cin- gunt, Et cum orta subito terapestate non comparuisset, 5 anno regni tricesimo septimo ad deos transisse creditus est et consecratus. Deinde Romae^ per quinos dies senatores imperaverunt et his regnantibus annus tinus completus est. Numa PompiliuSj 715-672 b.c. 3. Postea Numa Pompilius rex creatus est, qui bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitatl ^ quam Eomulus 10 profuit. Nam et leges Eomanis moresque constituit, qui consuetudine proeliorum iam latrones ac semibarbarl puta- bantur, et annum dSscrlpsit in decem menses prius sine aliqua supputatione confusum, et inflnita Romae sacra ao tempi a constituit. Morbo decessit quadragesimo et tertio 15 imperii anno. Tullus Hostilius, 672-640 b.c. 4. Huic successit Tullus Hostilius. Hie bella reparavit, Albanos vicit, qui ab urbe Roma duodecimo miliario ^ sunt, Veientes et Fidenates, quorum alii sexto miliario absunt ab urbe Roma, alii octavo decimo, bell5 superavit, urbem 20 ampliavit adiectO Caelio monte. Cum triginta et du5s annos rfignasset,* fulmine ictus cum domo sua arsit. Anciis Marcius, 640-616 b.c. 5. Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex filia nepos, suscS- pit imperium. Contra LatinOs dimicavit, Aventinuni montem 1 H. 426, II ; M. 242, 1 ; A. & G. 258, c, 2 ; G. 411 ; B. 232, 1. « H. 386 ; M. 202 ; A. & G. 228 ; G. 347 ; B. 187, III. »H. 425,II,2,N.2;M.241, 2; A.&G.258,/,2;G.385,N.1;B.228,1,6. * H. 235 ; M. 100, 1 ; A. & G. 128, a, 1 ; G. 131, 1 ; B. 116, 1. LIBER I. 9 civitatl adiecit et laniculum, apud ostium Tiberis civitatem supra mare sexto decimo miliario ab urbe Roma condidit. Vicesimo et quarto anno imperii morbo periit. Lucius Tarqtiinius Friscus, 616-578 B.C. 6. Deinde regnum Priscus Tarquinius accepit. Hic nume- 5 rum senatorum duplicavit, circum Romae aedificavit, ludos Romanes instituit, qui ad nostram memoriam permanent. Vicit Idem etiam Sablnos et non parum agrorum sublatum isdem urbis Romae territorio itinxit, primusque triumphans urbem intravit. Muros fecit et cloacas, Capitolium incoha- 10 vit. Tricesimo octavo imperil anno per And fllios occlsus est, regis eius, cui ipse successerat. Servius Tullius, 578-534 b.c. 7. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobill femina, captlva tamen et ancilla. Hic quoque Sablnos subegit, montes tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esqui- 15 llnum, urbl adiunxit, fossas circum murum duxit. Primus omnium censum ordinavit, qui adhuc per orbem terrarum incognitus erat. Sub eo Roma omnibus in censum delatis habuit capita lxxxiii milia civium Romanorum cum his, qui in agrls erant. Occlsus est scelere generl sul TarquinI 20 Superbl, fllil eius regis cul ipse successerat, et flliae quam Tarquinius habebat uxorem. Lucius Tarquinius SuperbuSj 534-510 b.c. 8. L. Tarquinius Superbus, septimus atque ultimus regum,^ Volscos, quae gens ad Campaniam euntibus^ non longe ab urbe est, vIcit, Gabios civitatem et Suessam Pometiam 1 H. 397, 3 ; M. 225, 3 ; A. & G. 216, a, 3 ; G. 372 ; B. 201, 1. 2 H. 384, 4, N. 3 ; M. 210 ; A. & G. 235, b ; G, 353 ; B. 188, 2, a. 10 EUTROPI BREVIARII subegit, cum Tuscis pacem fecit et templum lovi in Capi- tolio aedificavit. Postea Ardeam oppugnans, in octavo decimo miliario ab urbe Koma positam civitatem, imperium perdidit. Nam cum filius eius, et ipse Tarquinius iunior, 6 nobilissimam feminam Lucretiam eandemque pudicissimam, Collatmi uxorem, stuprasset eaque de initiria marito et patri et amicis questa fuisset, in omnium conspectti se occldit. Propter quam causam Brutus, parens et ipse Tarquini, populum concitavit et Tarquinio^ ademit imperium. Mox 10 exercitus quoque eum, qui civitatem Ardeam cum ipso rege oppugnabat, rellquit ; veniensque ad urbem rex portis clausis exclusus est, cumque imperasset annos quattuor et vigintl cum uxore et liberls suis fugit. Ita Komae regnatum est per septem reges anr^Is ducentls quadraginta tribus, cum 15 adhuc Roma, ubi pltirimum, vix usque ad quintum decimum mlliarium possid6ret. Establishment of the Republic. Election of Consuls, 509 b.c. 9. Hinc consults coepgre, pro uno rSge duo, hac causa creati, ut, sT unus mains esse voluisset,^ alter eum liabens potestatem similem coerc6ret.^ Et placuit ne imperium 20 longius quam annuum haberent,* ne per diuturnitatem pote- statis insolentiorgs redderentur, sed civiles semper essent, qui s6 post annum sclrent futures esse privates. Fuerunt igitur anno primo ab expulsis regibus consules L. Junius Brtitus, qui maximg egerat ut Tarquinius peller6tur, et Tar- 2fi quinius Collatinus, marltus Lucr6tiae. Sed Tarquinio Colla- tino statim sublata est dlgnitas. Placuerat enim ne quisquam 1 H. 385, II, 2 ; M. 211 ; A. & G. 229 ; G. 345, r. 1 ; B. 188, 2, d. 2 n. 601), N. 3 ; M. 403 ; A. & G. 337, a, 3 ; G. 596, 2 ; B. 320. « H. 497, II ; M. 328 ; A. & G. 317, 1 ; G. 645, 1 ; B. 282, 1. ' * H. 498, I : M. 333, 1 ; A. & G. 331, d ; G. 546 ; B. 295. 4. LIBER I. 11 in urbe maneret qui Tarquinius vocaretiir. Ergo accepto oinni patrimonio suo ex urbe migravit et loco ipslus factus est L. Valerius Publicola consul. War with Tarquinius. 10. Commovit tamen belluni urbl Romae rex Tarquinius, 5 qui fuerat expulsus, et, conlectis multls gentibus, ut in re- gnum posset restitui dimicavit. In prima ptigna Brutus con- sul et Artins, Tarquimfllius, in vicem se occiderunt, Roman! tamen ex ea pugna victores recesserunt. Brutum matronae Romanae, defensorem pudicitiae suae, quasi commimem 10 patrem per annum Itixerunt. Valerius Publicola Sp. Lucre- tium Tricipitinum conlegam sibi fecit, Lucretiae patrem, quo morbo mortuo iterum Horatium Pulvillum conlegam sibi stimpsit. Ita primus annus quinque consules habuit, cum Tarquinius Collatlnus propter nomen urbe ^ cessisset, Brutus 15 in proelio perlsset, Sp. Lucretius morbo mortuus esset. War idth Por senna, 508 b.c. 11. Secundo quoque anno iterum Tarquinius ut recipere- tur in regnum bellum Romanis intulit, auxilium ei ferente Porsenna, Tusciae rege, et Romam paene cepit. Verum tum quoque victus est. 20 Tertio anno post reges exactos Tarquinius cum suscipi non posset in regnum neque el Porsenna, qui pacem cum Romanis f ecerat, praestaret auxilium, Tusculum ^ se contulit, quae civitas non longe ab urbe est, atque ibi per quattuor- decim annos privatus cum uxore consenuit. 25 Quarto anno post reges exactos, cum Sabinl Romanis bellum intulissent, victi sunt, et de his triumphatum est. \ H. 412, 2 ; M. 233, 2 ; A. & G. 258, a, n. 2 ; G. 390, 2 ; B. 229, 1. 2 H. 380, IT ; M. 199, 1 ; A. & G. 258, 6 ; G. 337 ; B. 182, 1, a. 12 EUTROPI BREVIARII Quinto anno L. Valerius ille/ BrutI conlega et quater consul, fataliter mortuus est, adeo pauper ut conlatis a populo nummis stimptum. habuerit^ sepulturae. Quern matronae sicuti Brtitum annum Itixerunt. Institution of the Dictatorship ^ 501 b.c. 5 12. Nono anno post reges exactos cum gener Tarquini ad iniuriam soceri ^ vindicandam ^ ingentem conlegisset exer- citum, nova Romae dignitas est creata, quae dictatura appel- latur, maior quam consulatus. Eodem anno etiam magister equitum f actus est, qui dictatorl obsequeretur. Eeque quic- 10 quam similius potest dici quam dictatura antiqua liuic imperil potestati, quam nunc Tranquillitas Yestra habet, maxime cum Augustus quoque Octavianus, de quo postea dicemus, et ante eum C. Caesar sub dictaturae nomine atque honore regnaverint. Dictator autem Romae primus fuit 15 T. Larcius, magister equitum primus Sp. Cassius. Secession of the Plebeians, Establishment of the Tribunate, 494 B.C. 13. Sexto decimo anno post r6ges exactos seditionem populus Romae fecit, tamquam a senatii atque consulibus premeretur. Turn et ipse sibi tribunes pl6bis quasi proprios iudic^s et d6fens6r6s creavit, per quos contra senatum et 20 cOnsules tutus esse posset. 1 H. 450, 4 ; M. 443, 1 ; A. & G. 102, b ; G. 307, 2 ; B. 246, 3. 2 H. 500, II : 495, VI ; M. 337 : 316, 2 ; A. & G. 319, 1 : 287, c, r.; G. 552, 1 : 513 ; B. 284, 1 : 268, 6. 8 H. 396, III ; M. 210 ; A. & G. 217 ; G. 363, 2 ; B. 200. ♦ H. 542, III, N. 2 : 544, 1 ; M. 291 : 297 ; A. & G. 300 : 318, b ; G. 432, r.; B. 338, 3 : 339, 2. LIBER I. 13 War vnth the Volsci, 493 b.c. 14. Sequent! anno Volsci contra Romanes bellum repara- verunt, et victi acie etiam Coriolos civitatem, quam habebant optimam, perdiderunt. Coriolanus, 491 b.c. 15. Octavo decimo anno postquam reges eiecti erant expul- 5 sus ex urbe Q. Marcius, dux Romanus, qui Coriolos ceperat, Volscorum clvitatem, ad ipsos Yolscos contendit iratus et auxilia contra Romanes accepit. Romanes saepe vicit, usque ad quintum miliarium urbis accessit, opptignaturus ^ etiam patriani suam, legatis qui pacem petebant repudiatis, nisi 10 ad eum mater Veturia et uxor Volumnia ex urbe venissent,^ quarum fletu et deprecatione superatus removit exercitum. Atque hic secundus post Tarquinium fuit qui dux contra patriam suam esset. Slaughter of the Fahii, 477 b.c. 16. C. Fabio et L. Virginio consulibus trecenti nobiles 15 homines, qui ex Fabia familia erant, contra Veientes bellum soli susceperunt, promittentes senatui et populo per se omne certamen implendum. Itaque prefect!, omnes nobiles et qui singuli magnorum exercituum duces esse deberent, in proelio conciderunt. Unus emn!no superfuit ex tanta fami- 20 lia, qui propter aetatem puer!lem due! non petuerat ad pugnam. Pest haec census in urbe habitus est et inventa sunt civium capita cxvii m!lia cccxix. 1 H. 649, 3 ; M. 283 ; A. & G. 293, &, 3 ; G. 640, 4, (2) ; B. 304, 3, 6. 2 H. 510 ; M. 366 ; A. & G. 308 ; G. 597 ; B. 304. 14 EUTROPI BREVIARII Dictatorship of Cincinnatus, 458 b.c. 17. Sequent! tamen anno cum in Algido monte ab urbe duodecimo ferm6 miliario Eomanus obsideretar exercitus, L. Quintius Cincinnatus dictator est factus, qui agrum quattuor iugerum ^ possidens manibus suis colebat. Is cum in opere 5 et arans asset inventus, sudore detersQ togam praetextam accepit et caesis hostibus llberavit exercitum. Decemvirs appointed, 451 b.c. Laws of XII Tables ^womul- gated, 450 b.c. Death of Virginia; Decemvirs deposed, 449 B.C. 18. Anno trecentesimo et altero ab urbe condita imperium consulare cessavit et pro duobus consulibus decern fact! sunt, qui summam potestatem haberent, decemviri nominatl. 10 Sed cum primo anno bene egissent,^ secundo unus ex his, Ap. Claudius, Virgin! cuiusdam, qu! honestis iam stlpendils, contra Latinos in monte Algido militarat,^ filiam virginem corrumpere voluit ; quam pater occidit, ne stuprum a decem- viro sustineret, et regressus ad mllites movit tumultum. 15 Sublata est decemviris ^ potestas ipsique damnat! sunt. Revolt of the Fidenates, 438 b.c. 19. Anno trecentesimo et quinto decimo ab urbe condita Fidenates contra Romanes rebellaverunt. Auxilium his praestabant V^ientes et r6x Veientium Tolumnius. Quae ambae civitat6s tam vicinae urbi sunt ut Fidenae sexto, 20 V6i octavo decimo miliario absint. Coniunxerunt se his 1 II. 396, V ; M. 223 ; A. & G. 215, h ; G. 365 ; B. 203, 2. 2 H. 515, III ; M. 378, 1 ; A. & G. 326 ; G. 587 ; B. 309, 3. 8 II. 235 ; M. 100, 1 ; A. & G. 128, a ; G. 131, 1 ; B. 116, 1. * H. 385, II, 2 ; M. 211 ; A. & G. 229 ; G. 346, r. 1 ; B. 188, 2, d. LIBKK I. 15 et Volscl. Sed Mam. Aemilio dictatore et L. Quintio Cin- cimiato niagistro equitiim victi etiam regem perdiderunt. Fidenae captae et excisae. War with Vei, 396 b.c. 20. Post viginti delude aniios Veientaiii rebellaverunt. 5 Dictator contra ipsos missus est Furius Camillus, qui primum cos vicit acie, mox etiam clvitatem diti obsidens cepit, antlquissimam Italiae atque ditissimam. Post earn cepit et Faliscos, noii minus nobilem clvitatem. Sed commota est ei invidia, quasi praedam male divisisset, damnatusque 10 ob earn causam et expulsus civitate.^ Home Captured hy the Gauls, 390 b.c. Statim Galli Senones ad urbem venerunt et victos Ro- manos undecimo miliario a Roma apud flumen Alliam secutT etiam urbem occupaverunt. Neque defend! quicquam nisi Capitolium potuit; quod cum diu obsedissent et iam Ro- 15 manl fame laborarent, accepto auro, ne Capitolium obside- rent, recesserunt. Sed a Camillo, qui in vicina civitate exsulabat, Gallis ^ superventum est gravissimeque victi sunt. Postea tamen etiam secutus eos Camillus ita cecidit ut et aurum, quod liis datum fuerat, et omnia quae ceperant 20 militaria signa revocaret. Ita tertio triumphans urbem ingressus est et appellatus secundus Romulus, quasi et ipse patriae conditor. 1 H. 414, I ; M. 236 ; A. & G. 243 ; G. 390, 2 ; B. 214, 1. 2 H. 384, II, 5 ; M. 205, n. ; A. & G. 230 ; G. 217 ; B. 187, II, 5. 16 EUTROPI BREVIARH LIBER SECUNDUS From the Capture of the City to the End of the First Punic War, 390-241 b.c. Military Tribunes with Consular Power Elected, 444 b.c. 1. Anno trecentesimo sexagesimo quinto ab urbe condita, post cap tarn autem prim 6, dignitates mtitatae sunt, et pro duobiis consulibus facti tribunlmilitares consular! potestate. Hinc iam coepit Romana res crescere. Nam Camillus eo 5 anno Volscorum civitatem, quae per septuaginta annos bellum gesserat, vicit et Aequorum urbem et Sutrinorum atque omnes deletis earundem exercitibus occupavit et tres simul triumphos egit. 2. T. etiam Qulntius Cincinnatus Praenestinos, qui usque 10 ad urbis Romae portas cum bello venerant, persecfitus ad flumen Alliam vicit, octo civitates, quae sub ipsis agebant, Roraanis aditinxit, ipsum Praeneste aggressus in deditionem accgpit. Quae omnia ab eo gesta sunt viginti diebus,^ triumphusque ipsi dficretus. 15 3. Verum dignitas tribunorum mllitarium non diu perse- vgravit. Nam post aliquantum nullos placuit fieri et qua- driennium in urbe ita fluxit ut potestates ibi maiores non essent. PraestimpsSrunt tamen tribuni militares consularl potestate iterum dignitatem et triennio persevSraverunt. 20 Rursus consults facti. Death of Camillus, 365 B.C. 4. L. Genucio et Q. Servilio consulibus mortuus est Camillus. Honor ei post Romulum secundus delatus est. 1 H. 429 ; M. 243, 1 ; A. & G. 256 ; G. 393 ; B. 231. LIBER 11. 17 Invasion of the Gauls ; Torquatus, 361 B.C. 5. T. Quintius dictator adversus Gallos, qui ad Italiain venerant, missus est. Hi ab urbe quarto mlliario trans Anienem fluviura consederant. Ibi nobilissimus de sena- toribus iuvenis L. Manlius provocautem Galium ad singulare 5 certamen progressus occidit, et sublato torque aureo coUo- que suo imposito in perpetuuin TorquatI et sibi et posterls cognomen accepit. Galli fugati sunt, mox per C. Sulpicium dictatorem etiam victi. Non miilto ^ post a C. Marcio Tusci victi sunt et octo milia captivoriim ex his in triumphum 10 ducta. First Samnite War, 343-341 b.c. 6. Census iterum habitus est. Et cum Latinl, qui a Ro- manis - subacti erant, mllites praestare nollent, ex Eomanis tantum tirones lecti sunt, factaeque legiones decern, qui mo- dus sexaginta vel amplius armatorum milia efficiebat. Parvis 15 adhtic Romanis rebus tanta tamen in re militari virtus erat. Quae cum profectae essent adversum Gallos duce L. Furio, quidam ex Gallis unum ex Romanis, qui esset^ optimus, provocavit. Tum se M. Valerius tribtinus mllitum obtulit, et cum processisset armatus corvus el^ supra dextrum brac- 20 chium sedit. Mox commissa adversum Galium pugna Idem corvus alls et unguibus Galll oculos verberavit, ne rectum posset aspicere. Ita a tribuno Valerio interfectus. Corvus non solum victoriam el, sed etiam nomen dedit. Nam postea idem Corvlnus est dictus. Ac propter hoc meritimi 25 annorum trium et viginti consul est f actus. 1 H. 423 ; M. 248 ; A. & G. 250 ; G. 403 ; B. 223. 2 H. 415, I ; M. 247, 2 ; A. & G. 246 ; G. 401 ; B. 216. 8 H. 503, 1 ; M. 383, 1 ; A. & G. 320 ; G. 631, 1 ; B. 283, 2. * H. 384, 4, N. 2 ; M. 208; A. & G. 235, a ; G. 350, 1 ; B. 188, 1. HAZ. EUTROPIUS — 2 18 EUTROPI BREVIARII Latin War, 340-^38 b.c. 7. Latini, qui noluerant milit6s dare, hoc quoque a Ro- manis exigere coeperuiit, ut tinus consul ex eorum, alter ex Romanorum populo crearetur. Quod cum esset negatum, bellum contra eos susceptum est et ingenti pugna superati 6 sunt ; ac de his perdomitis triumphatum est. Statuae con- sulibus ob meritum victoriae in rostris positae sunt. Eo anno etiam Alexandria ab Alexandro Macedone condita est. Second Samnite War, 326-304 b.c. 8. lam Roman! potentes esse coeperunt. Bellum enim in centesimo et tricesimo fere miliario ab urbe apud Samnltas 10 gerebatur, qui medii sunt inter Picenum, Campaniam et Apuliam. L. Papirius Cursor cum honore dictatoris ad id bellum profectus est. Qui cum Romam rediret, Q. Fabio Maximo, magistro equitum, quern apud exercitum reliquit, praecepit ne se absente pugnaret.^ Ille occasione reperta 15 felicissime dimicavit et Samnltas delevit. Ob quam rem a dictatore capitis^ damnatus, quod s6 vetante pugnasset,^ ingenti favore militum et populi liberatus est, tanta Papirio seditione commota ut paene ipse interficeretur. Romans defeated at Caudine Forks, 321 b.c. 9. Postea Samnites Romanes T. Veturio et Sp. Postumio 20 consulibus ingenti dedecore* vicerunt et sub iugum mise- runt. Pax tamen a senatu et populo soluta est, quae cum ipsis propter necessitatem facta fuerat. Postea Samnites 1 H. 498, I ; M. 333, 2 ; A. & G. 331 ; G. 546, 2 ; B. 295, 1. 2 H. 409, II ; M. 228 ; A. & G. 220, a ; G. 378, 3 ; B. 208, 2, a. «H. 235: 616,11; M. 100, 1 : 357; A. & G. 128, a, 1 : 321, G. 131, 1 : 641 ; B. 116, 1 : 286, 1. * H. 419, III ; M. 246 ; A. & G. 248 ; G. 399 ; B. 220, 1. LIBER 11. 19 victi sunt a L. Papirio consule, septem mllia eorum sub iugum missa. Papirius primus de Samnitibus triumphavit. Eo tempore Ap. Claudius censor aquam Claudiam induxit et viam Appiam stravit. Samnites reparato bello Q. Fabium 5 Maximum vicerunt tribus mllibus hominum occlsis. Postea, cum pater ei Fabius Maximus legatus datus fuisset, et Samnitas vicit et pltirima ipsorum oppida cepit. Deinde P. Cornelius Eufinus M. Curius Dentatus, ambo consules, contra Samnitas missi ingentibus proeliis eos confecere. 10 Tum bellum cum Samnitibus per annos quadraginta novem actum sustulerunt. Neque ullus hostis fuit intra Italiam qui Romanam virtutem magis fatigaverit. War ivith the Gauls, and Etruscans, 283 B.C. 10. Interiectis aliquot annis iterum se Gallorum copiae contra Romanes Ttiscls Samnitibusque itinxerunt, sed cum 15 Romam tenderent a Cn. Cornelio Dolabella consule deletae sunt. . War with Tarentum arid Pyrrhus, 281-272 b.c. Battle of Heraclea, 280 b.c. 11. Eodem tempore Tarentinis, qui iam in ultima Italia sunt, bellum indictum est, quia legatis Romanorum iniuriam fecissent. Hi Pyrrhum/ Epiri regem, contra Romanos 20 auxilium poposcerunt, qui ex genere Achillis orlginem trahebat. Is mox ad Italiam venit, tumque primum Ro- manl cum transmarino hoste dimicaverunt. Missus est contra eum consul P. Valerius Laevlnus, qui cum explo- ratores Pyrrhl cepisset, iussit eos per castra dud, ostendi 25 omnem exercitum tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho 1 H. 374 ; M. 192, 2 ; A. & G. 2-39, c ; G. 839, a ; B. 173, 1, a. 20 EUTROPI BREVIARII quaecumque a Romanis agerentur.^ Commissa mox pugna, cum iam Pyrrhus fugeret, elephantorum auxilio vicit, quos incognitos Roman! expaverimt. Sed nox proelio finem dedit ; Laevinus tamen per noctem fugit, Pyrrhus Romanos 5 mille octingentos cepit et eos summo honore tractavit, occi- sos sepelivit. Quos cum adverso vulnere et true! vultti etiam mortuos iacere vidisset, tulisse ad caelum mantis dicitur cum hac voce : se totius orbis dominum esse potu- isse, si tales sibi milit^s contigissent. Embassy of Cineas. 10 12. Postea Pyrrhus coniunctis sibi Samnitibus, Lticanls, Bruttiis Romam perrexit, omnia f erro ^ ignique vastavit, Cam- paniam populatus est atque ad Praeneste venit, mlliario ab urbe octavo decimo. Mox terrore ^ exercitus, qui eum cum consule sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit. Legati ad 15 Pyrrhum de redimendis captlvis* missi ab eo honorifice suscepti sunt. Captivos sine pretio Romam misit. Unum ex legatis Romanorum, Fabricium, sic admiratus, cum eum pauperem esse cognovisset, ut quarta parte regnl promissa sollicitare voluerit ut ad se transiret, contemptusque est a 20 Fabricio. Quare cum Pyrrhus Romanorum ingenti admira- tione teneretur, legatum misit, qui pacem acquis condicio- nibus peteret, praecipuum virum, Cineam nomine/ ita ut Pyrrhus partem Italiae, quam iam armis occupaverat, obtingret. 25 13. Pax displicuit remandatumque Pyrrho est a senatu eum 1 H. 629, I ; M. 388 ; A. & G. 334 ; G. 467 ; B. 300, 1, a. 2 H. 420 ; M. 247, 1 ; A. & G. 248, c, 1 ; G. 401 ; B. 218. * 8 H. 416 ; M. 254 ; A. & G. 245 ; G. 408 ; B. 219. ♦ H. 542, TV : 544, 1 ; M. 292 : 297 ; A. & G. 301 ; G. 438 ; B. 388, 4, b : 339, 1. 5 H. 424 ; M. 238, 1 ; A. & G. 263 ; G. 397 ; B. 226. LIBER 11. 21 cum Komanis, nisi ex Italia recessisset/ pacem habere non posse. Turn Komani iuss6runt captivos omnes, quos Pyrrhus reddiderat, infames haberi, quod armati cap! potuissent, nee ante eos ad veterem statum reverti, quam si binorum ho- 5 stium occlsorum spolia retulissent. Ita legatus Pyrrhi rever- sus est. A quo cum quaereret Pyrrlius, qualem Eomam comperisset, Cineas dixit regum se patriam vidisse ; scilicet tales illlc fere omnes esse, qualis unus Pyrrhus apud Epirum et reliquam Graeciam putaretur.^ 10 Missi sunt contra Pyrrhum duces P. Sulpicius et Decius Mus consules. Certamine commisso Pyrrhus vulneratus est, elephant! interfecti, viginti milia caesa hostium, et ex Eo- manis tantum quinque mIlia; Pyrrhus Tarentum fugatus. Fabricius; Battle of Beneventum, 275 b.c. 14. Interiecto anno contra Pyrrhum Fabricius est missus, 15 qui prius inter legatos sollicitari non poterat quarta regni parte promissa. Tum, cum vicina castra ipse et rex haberent, medicus Pyrrhi nocte ad euni venit, promittens veneno se Pyrrhum occlsiirum, si sibi aliquid polliceretur. Quem Fa- bricius vinctum reduci iussit ad dominum Pyrrhoque dici 20 quae contra caput eius medicus spopondisset. Tum rex admiratus eum dixisse f ertur : ' Ille est Fabricius, qui diffici- lius ab honestate quam sol a cursu suo avert! potest.' Tum rex ad Siciliam profectus est. Fabricius victis Lucanis et Samn!tibus triumphavit. 25 Consules deinde M. Curius Dentatus et Cornelius Lentu- lus adversum Pyrrhum miss! sunt. Curius contra eum pu- gnavit, exercitum eius cec!dit, ipsum Tarentum fugavit, castra 1 H. 508 : 527, I ; M. 363 : 402 ; A. & G. 307, c : 337, 3 ; G. 595, r. 1 ; B. 319, B, 3rd ex. a. 2 H. 524 ; M. 392 ; A. & G. 336, 2 ; G. 650 ; B. 314, 1. 22 EUTROPl BREVIARII cepit. Ea die caesa hostium viginti tria nulia. Curius in consulatu triumphavit. Primus Romam elephantos quat- tiior (luxit. Pyrrhus etiam a Tarento ^ mox recessit et apud Argos, Graeciae civitatem, occlsus est. 5 15. C. Fabio Licinio C. Claudio Oaniiia consulibiis anno urbis conditae quadringentesimo sexagesimo prlnio legati Alexandrmi a Ptolemaeo missi Romam venere et a Romanis amicitiam quam petierant obtinuerunt. 16. Q. Ogulnio C. Fabio Pictore consulibus Picentes bel- 10 lum commovere et ab Insequentibiis consulibus P. Sempronio Ap. Claudio victi sunt; et de his triumphatum est. Con- ditae a Romanis civitates Ariminum in Gallia et Beneven- tum in Samnio. 17. M. Atilio Regulo L. Itilio Libone consulibus Sallentinis 15 in Apulia bellum indictum est, captique sunt cum civitate simul Brundisini, et de his triumphatum est. First Punic War, 264-241 b.c. ; Romans victorious in Sicily, 264 B.C. 18. Anno quadringentesimo septuagesimo septimo, cum iam clarum urbis Romae nomen esset, arma tamen extra Italiam mota non fuerant. Ut igitur cognosceretur - quae 20 copiae Romanorum essent, census est habitus. Turn inventa sunt civium capita ducenta nonaginta duo milia trecenta tri- ginta quattuor, quamquam a condita urbe numquam bella cessassent. Et contra Afros bellum susceptum est primum Ap. Claudio 25 Q. Fulvio consulibus. In Sicilia contra eos pugnatum est et Ap. Claudius de Afris et rege Siciliae Hierone triumphavit. 1 H. 412, 3, N. ; M. 238, 3 ; A. & G. 258, a, n. 1 ; G. 301, r. 1 ; B. 229, 2. 2 H. 407, II ; M. 328 ; A. & G. 317, 1 ; G. 545, 1 ; B. 282, 1. LIBER n. 23 19. Insequenti anno Valerio Marco et Otacilio Crasso con- sulibus in Sicilia a Eomanis res magnae gestae sunt. Tauro- menitani, Catinenses et praeterea qumquaginta civitates in fidem acceptae. Tertio anno in Sicilia contra Hieronem, 5 regem Siculorum, belluni paratum est. Is cum omnI nobili- tate Syracusanorum pacem a Romanis impetravit deditque argentl^ ducenta talenta. Afri in Sicilia victi sunt et de his secundo Romae triumphatum est. Battle of Mylae, 260 b.c. 20. Qulnto anno priml belli, quod contra Afros gerebatur, 10 primum R-omani C. Duilio et Cn. Cornelio Asina consulibus in marl dimicaverunt paratis navibus rostratis, quas Libur- nas vocant. Consul Cornelius fraude deceptus est. Duilius commisso proelio Karthaginiensium ducem vicit, triginta et tinam naves cepit, quattuordecim mersit, septem milia ho- 15 stium cepit, tria milia occldit. Neque ulla victoria Romanis ^ gratior f uit, quod invicti terra ^ iam etiam marl ^ plurimuni possent. C. Aqullio Floro L. Sclpione consulibus Sclpio Corsicam et Sardiniam vastavit, multa milia inde captivorum abduxit, 20 triumphum egit. Invasion of Africa by the Romans, 256 B.C. 21. L. Manlio Vulsone M. Atllio Regulo consulibus bellum in Africam translatum est. Contra Hamilcarem, Karthagi- niensium ducem, in marl pugnatum, victusque est. Kam perditis sexaginta quattuor navibus retro se recepit. Ro- 25 mani viginti duas amiserunt. Sed cum in Africam transls- 1 H. 396, V ; M. 221 ; A. & G. 214, e ; G. 368 ; B. 197. 2 H. 391, I, footnote ; M. 214 ; A. & G. 2.34, a ; G. 359 ; B. 192, 1. « H. 425, II, 2 ; M. 241, 3 ; A. & G. 258, d ; G. 385, n. 1 ; B. 228, 1, c. 24 EUTROri BRP]VIARII sent, piimam Clypeain, Africae civitatem, in deditiOnem accgperunt. Consules usque ad Karthaginem processerunt, multlsque castellis vastatis Manlius victor Eomam rediit et viginti septeni milia captivorum reduxit, Atilius Eegulus 5 in Africa remansit. Is contra Afros aciem instruxit. Con- tra tres Karthaginiensium duces dimicans victor fuit, decern et octo mIlia hostium cecidit, quinque milia cum decern et octo elephantis cepit, septuaginta quattuor civitates in fidem aceepit. Turn victi Karthaginienses pacem a Romanis peti- 10 verunt. Quam cum Eegulus nollet nisi durissimis condicio- nibus dare, Afrl auxilium a Lacedaemoniis petiverunt. Et duce Xanthippe, qui a Lacedaemoniis missus fuerat, Roma- norum dux Eegulus victus est ultima pernicie. Nam duo milia tantum ex omni Eomano exercitu refuge runt, quin- 15 genti cum imperatore Eegulo capti sunt, triginta milia occisa, Eegulus ipse in catenas coniectus. Romans shipwrecked near Sicily. 22. M. Aemilio Paulo Ser. Fulvio Nobiliore consulibus ambo Eomani consules ad Africam profecti sunt cum trecentarum navium classe. Primum Afros navali certamine superant. 20 Aemilius consul centum et quattuor naves hostium demer- sit, triginta cum pugnatoribus cepit, quindecim milia ho- stium aut occidit aut cepit, militem suum ingenti praeda ditavit. Et subacta Africa -tunc fuisset, nisi quod tanta fames erat ut diutius exercitus exspectare non posset. 25 Consules cum victrici classe redeuntes circa Siciliam nau- fragium pass! sunt. Et tanta tempestas fuit ut ex quadrin- gentls sexaginta quattuor navibus tantum octoginta servarl potuerint; neque tillo tempore tanta maritima tempestas audita est. Eomani tamen statim ducentas navSs repara- 30 v6runt, neque in aliquo animus his Infractus fuit. LIBER II. 25 23. Cn. Servilius Caepio C. Sempronms Blaesus consules cum. ducentis sexagiiita navibus ad Africam profecti sunt. Aliquot civitates ceperunt. Praedam ingentem reducentes naufragium pass! sunt. Itaque cum continuae calamitates 5 Eomanis ^ displicerent, decrevit senatus ut a maritimis proe- liis recederetur et tantum sexaginta nav6s ad praesidium italiae salvae essent. Battle of Panormus, 250 b.c. 24. L. Caecilio Metello C. Furio Placido consulibus Metel- lus in Sicilia Af rorum ducem cum centum triginta elephantis 10 et magnis copils venientem superS,vit, viginti milia hostium cecidit, sex et viginti elephantos cepit, reliquos errantes per Numidas, quos in auxilium habebat, conlegit et Komam dedtixit ingenti pompa, cum elephantorum numerus omnia itinera compleret. Regulus sent to Rome to solicit Peaces 250 b.c. 15 25. Post haec mala Karthaginienses Eegulum ducem, quern ceperant, petiverunt ut Romam proficisceretur et pacem a Romanis obtingret ac permutationem captivorum faceret. Ille Romam cum venisset, inductus in senatum nihil quasi Romanus egit dixitque se ex ilia die,^ qua in potestatem 20 Afrorum venisset, Romanum esse deslsse. Itaque et uxo- rem a complexu removit et senatui suasit ne pax cum Poenis fieret; illos enim fractos tot casibus sj^em nullam habere ; se tanti ^ non esse, ut tot mIlia captivorum propter unum se et senem et paucos, qui ex Romanis capti ^ fuerant, 1 H. 385, I ; M. 205 ; A. & G. 227 ; G. 340 ; B. 187, II, «. 2 H. 123 ; M. 55, 1 ; A. & G. 73 ; G. 64 ; B. 53. 8 H. 404 ; M. 224 ; A. & G. 252, a ] G. 380 ; B. 203, 3. * H. 624, 2, 2 ; M. 392, n. 3 ; A, & G. 336, d ; G. 628, r. a ; B. 314, 3. 26 EUTROPI BREVIARII redderentur. Itaque obtinuit. Nam Afros pacem petentgs ntillus admisit. Ipse Karthaginem rediit, offerentibusque Romanis ut eum Romae tenerent, negavit se in ea iirbe mansurum in qua, postquam Afris servierat, dignitatem 5 honesti civis habere non posset. Regressiis igitur ad Afri- cam omnibus suppliciis exstinctus est. Puhlius Claudius defeated near Drepana, 249 b.c. 26. P. Claudio Pulchro L. lunio consulibus Claudius contra auspicia pugnavit et a Karthaginiensibus victus est. Nam ex ducentis et viginti navibus cum triginta fugit, 10 nonaginta cum ptignatoribus captae sunt, demersae ceterae. Alius quoque consul naufragio classem amisit, exercitum tamen salvum habuit, quia vicina litora erant. Battle of Lilybaeum, 242 b.c. Battle of the Aegates Islands and End of the War, 241 b.c. 27. C. Lutatio Catulo A. Postumio Albino consulibus, anno belli Punici vicesimo et tertio Catulo bellum contra Afros 15 commissum est. Profectus est cum trecentis navibus in Siciliara ; Afrl contra ipsum quadringentas paraverunt. Numquam in marl tantis copiis pugnatum est. Lutatius Catulus navem aeger ascendit; vulneratus enim in pugna superiore fuerat. Contra Lilybaeum, civitatem Siciliae, 20 pugnatum est ingenti virtute Romanorum. Nam Lxin Kar- thaginiensium iiav6s captae sunt, cxxv demersae, xxxii milia hostium capta, xiii milia occisa, infinitum aurT, ar- gent!, praedae in potestatem Romanorum redactum. Ex classe Romana xii naves demersae. Pugnatum est vi Idus 25 Martias. Statim pacem Karthagini6ns6s petlv6runt tributa- que est his pax. Captlvi Romanorum qui tenebantur a Karthaginiensibus redditi sunt. Etiam Karthaginifins^s LIBER m. 27 petiverunt iit redinii eos captivos liceret quos ex Afris Roman! tenebant. Senatus iussit sine pretio eos dari qui in publica custodia essent ; qui autem a privatis tenerentur lit pretio dominls reddito Karthagineni redirent atque id 5 pretium ex fisco magis qiiam a Karthaginiensibus solveretur. 28. Q. Lutatius A. Manlius consules creati bellum Fali- scls intulerunt, quae civitas Italiae opulenta quondam fuit. Quod ambo consules intra sex dies, quam venerant, transe- gerunt xv milibus hostium caesis, ceteris pace concessa, 10 agro tamen ex medietate sublato. LIBER TERTIUS From the End of the First to the End of the Second Punic War, 241-201 b.c. 1. Finito igitur Punico bello, quod per xxiii annos tra- ctum est, Roman! iam clarissima gloria not! legatos ad Ptole- maeum, Aegypt! regem, m!serunt auxilia promittentes, quia rex Syriae Antiochus bellum e! intulerat. Ille gratias 15 Roman!s egit, auxilia non accepit. Iam enim fuerat pugna transacta. Eodem tempore potentissimus rex Siciliae Hiero Romam venit ad ludos spectandos ^ et ducenta m!lia modio- rum ^ tritic! populo donum exhibuit. Sardinia taken by the Romans, 238 b.c. 2. L. Cornelio Lentulo Fulvio Flacco consulibus, quibus 20 Hiero Romam venerat, etiam contra Ligures intra Italiam bellum gestum est et de his triumphatum. Karthaginienses 1 H. 542, III : 544, 1 ; M. 291 : 297 ; A. & G. 300 ; G. 432 ; B. 338, 3 : 339. 2 H. 396, V ; M. 223 ; A. & G. 215, h ; G. 365 ; B. 203, 2. 28 EUTROPI BREVIARII tamen bellum reparare temptabant, Sardinignses, qui ex condicione pacis Romanis parere debebant, ad rebellandum ^ impellentes. Venit tamen Romam legatio Karthaginiensium et pacem impetravit. 5 3. T. Manlio Torquato C. Atllio Biilco consiilibns de Sardis triiimphatum est, et pace omnibus locis facta Roman! nullum bellum liabuerunt, quod his post Romam conditam semel tantum Numa Pompilio regnante contigerat. War with the IllyrianSf 229 B.C. 4. L. Postumius Albinus Cn. Fulvius Centumalus consules 10 bellum contra Illyrios gesserunt et multis civitatibus captis etiam reg.es in deditionem acceperunt. Ac tum primum ex Illyriis triumphatum est. Invasion of the Gauls, 225 b.c. 5. L. Aemilio consule ingentes Gallorum copiae Alpes tran- sierunt. Sed pro Komanis tota Italia consensit, traditum- 15 que est a Fabio historico, qui ei bell6 interfuit, dccc milia hominum parata ad id bellum fuisse. Sed res per consulem tantum prospere gesta est. xl milia hostium interf ecta sunt et triumphus Aemilio d6cr6tus. 6. Aliquot delude annis post contra Gallos intra Italiam 20 pugnatum est, finitumque bellum M. Claudio Marcello et Cn. Cornelio Sclpione consulibus. Tum Marcellus cum^ parva manu equitum dimicavit et regem Gallorum, Virido- marum nomine, manu sua occidit. Postea cum conlega ingentes copias Gallorum perSmit, Mediolanum expugnavit, 25 grandem praedam Romam pertulit. Ac triumphans Mar- cellus spolia Galll stipiti imposita umerls suTs vexit. 1 H. 642, III ; M. 291 ; A. & G. 300 ; G. 432 ; B. 338, 3. ■^ H. 419, I ; M. 244 : A. & G. 248, a ; G. 392 ; B. 222. LIBER TIL 29 Second Punic War begun, 218 b.c. 7. M. Minucio Ruf o P. Cornelio consulibus Histris belluni inlatum est, quia latvocinati navibus Romanorum fuerant, (^uae frumenta exhibebant, perdomitique sunt omnes. Eodem anno belluni Punicuni secundum Romanis inlatum est per 5 Hannibalem, Karthaginiensium dueem, qui Saguntum, His- paniae cTvitatem Romanis^ amicam, oppugnare aggressus est, annum agens vicesimum aetatis, copiis congregatis cl milium. Huic Roman! per legates denuntiaverunt ut bello abstineret. Is legatos admittere noluit. Roman! etiam 10 Kartliaginem m!serunt, ut mandaretur Hannibal!^ ne bellum contra socios popul! Roman! gereret. Dura responsa a Karthaginiensibus data sunt. Sagunt!n! interea fame victi sunt, capt!que ab Hannibale ultim!s poen!s adficiuntur. Bellum Karthaginiensibus indictum est. Hannibal crosses the Alps. 15 8. Tum P. Cornelius Sclpio cum exercitu in Hispaniam profectus est, Ti. Sempronius in Siciliam. Hannibal relicto in Hispania fratre Hasdrubale Pyrenaeum transiit. Alpes, adlific ea parte ^ invias, sibi patefecit. Traditur ad Italiam Lxxx m!lia peditum, x m!lia equitum, septem et xxx ele- 20 phantos adduxisse. Interea mult! Ligures et Gall! Hannibal! se conitinxerunt. Sempronius Gracchus cognito ad Italiam Hannibalis adventu ex Sicilia exercitum Ariminum traiecit. Battle of the Trebia, 218 b.c. Battle of Traswnenus, 217 b.c. 9. P. Cornelius Scipio Hannibal! pr!mus occurrit. Com- misso proelio, fugatis su!s ipse vulneratus in castra rediit. 1 H. 391, I ; M. 214 ; A. & G. 234, a ; G. 359 ; B. 192, 1. 2 H. 384, 5 ; M. 205, n.; A. & G. 230 ; G. 217 ; B. 187, II, h. 8 H. 425, II, 2 ; M. 241, 3 ; A. & G. 258,/, 2 ; G. 385, n. 1 ; B. 228, 1, h. 30 EUTROPI BREVIARII Sempronius Gracchus et ipse confllgit apud Trebiam amnem. Is quoque vincitur. Hannibal! multi se in Italia dediderunt. Inde ad Tusciam veniens Hannibal Flaminio consul! occur- rit. Ipsum Flaminium interemit; Romanorum ixv m!lia 5 caesa sunt, c6terl diffuggrunt. Missus adversus Hannibalem postea a Romanis Q. Fabius Maximus. Is eum differendo ^ ptignam ab impetu f regit, mox inventa occasione vicit. Battle of Cannae, 216 b.c. 10. Quingentesimo et quadragesimo anno a condita urbe L. Aemilius Paulus P. Terentius Varro contra Hannibalem 10 mittuntur Fabioque succedunt, qu! abiens ambo consules monuit ut Hannibalem, callidum et impatientem ducem, non aliter vincerent quani proelium differendo.^ Verum cum impatientia Varronis consulis contradicente altero con- suls apud vicum, qui Cannae appellatur, in Apulia pugna- 15 turn esset, ambo consules ab Hannibale vincuntur. In ea pugna tria milia Af rorum pereunt ; magna pars de exercitu Hannibalis sauciatur. Nullo tamen proelio Punico bello Roman! gravius accept! sunt. Periit enim in eo consul Aemilius Paulus, consulares aut praetori! xx, senatores capt! 20 aut occisi xxx, nobiles viri ccc, militum xl nnlia, equitum III m!lia et quingenti. In quibus mal!s nemo tamen Roma- norum pacis mentionem habere d!gnatus est. Serv!, quod numquam ante, manumiss! et m!lites fact! sunt. War in Spain, 218 b.c. 11. Post earn pugnam multae Italiae c!vitat6s, quae Ro- 25 manis paruerant, s6 ad Hannibalem transtul6runt. Hannibal Romanis obtulit ut captivos redimerent, responsumque est a 1 H. 542, IV, (1); M. 292 ; A. & G. 301, 1 ; G. 431 ; B. 338, 4, a. LIBER III. 31 senatu eos cives non esse necessarios qui, cum armati essent, capi potuissent. Ille omnes postea varils supplicils inter- fecit et tres modios anulorum aureorum Karthaginem mlsit, quos ex manibus equitum Roinanorum, senatorum et mili- 5 turn detraxerat. Interea in Hispania, ubi frater Hannibalis Hasdrubal remanserat cum magno exercitu, ut earn totam Afris^ subigeret, a duobus. Scipionibus, Romanis ducibus, vincitur. Perdit in pugna xxxv milia hominum ; ex his capiuntur x milia, occiduntur xxv milia. Mittuntur ei a 10 Karthaginiensibus ad reparandas vires xii milia peditum, IV milia equitum, xx elephant!. Battle near Nola, 215 b.c. 12. Anno quarto postquam ad Italiam Hannibal venit, M. Claudius Marcellus consul apud Nolam, civitatem Campa- niae, contra Hannibalem bene pugnavit. Hannibal multas 15 civitates Romanorum per Apuliam, Calabriam, Bruttios occu- pavit. Quo tempore etiam rex Macedoniae Philippus ad eum legates mlsit, promittens auxilia contra Komanos sub hac condicione, ut deletis Romanls ipse quoqiie contra Graecos ab Hannibale auxilia acciperet. Captis igitur legatls PhilippI 20 et re cognita RomanI in Macedoniam M. Valerium Laevinum Ire iusserunt, in Sardiniam T. Manlium Torquatum procon- sulem. Nam etiam ea sollicitata ab Hannibale Romanes deseruerat. 13. Ita uno tempore quattuor locis pugnabatur : in Italia 25 contra Hannibalem, in Hispaniis contra fratrem eius Hasdru- balem, in Macedonia contra Philippum, in Sardinia contra Sardos et alterum Hasdrubalem Karthaginiensem. Is a T. Manlio proconsule, qui ad Sardiniam missus fuerat, vivus 1 H. 384, II, 1, 2); M. 208 ; A. & G. 235 ; G. 350, 2 ; B. 188, 1. 32 EUTROPI BREVIARII est captus, occlsa duodecim milia, capti cum eo miUe qumgenti, et a Komanis Sardinia subacta. Manlius victor captlvos et Hasdrubalem Romam reportavit. Interea etiam Philippus a Laevlno in Macedonia vincitur et in 5 Hispania ab Sclpionibus Hasdrubal et Mago, tertius frater Hannibalis. Campaign in Sicily, 214-210 B.C. 14. Decimo anno ^ postquam Hannibal in Italiam venerat, P. Sulpicio Cn. Fulvio consulibiis Hannibal usque ad quar- tum miliarium urbis accessit, equites eius usque ad portam. 10 Mox consulum^ cum exercitti venientium metu^ Hannibal ad Campaniam se recepit. In Hispania a fratre eius Has- drubale ambo Scipiones, qui per multos annos victores f uerant, interficiuntur, exercitus tamen integer mansit ; casu enini magis erant quam virttite deceptl. Quo tempore etiam 15 a consule Marcello Siciliae magna pars capta est, quam tenere Afri coeperant, et nobilissima urbs Syracusana; praeda ingens Romam perlata est. Laevlnus in Macedonia cum Philippo et multis Graeciae populis et r6ge Asiae Attalo amicitiam fecit, et ad Siciliam profectus Hannonem quen- 20 dam, Afrorum ducem, apud Agrigentum civitatem cum ipso oppido c6pit eumque Romam cum captivis nobilissimis misit. XL civitates in deditionem accepit, xxvi expugnavit. Ita omnis Sicilia recepta est ; ingenti gloria * Romam regressus est. Hannibal in Italia Cn. Fulvium consulem subito 25 aggressus cum octo milibus hominum interfgcit. 1 H. 429 ; M. 243, 1 ; A. & G. 266, 1 ; G. 393 ; B. 230. 2 H. 39G, III ; M. 216, 1 ; A. & G. 217 ; G. 363, 2 ; B. 200. 8 11. 410 J M. 254 ; A. & G. 245 ; G. 408 ; B. 219. * H. 419, III ; M. 246 ; A. & G. 248 ; G. 399 ; B. 220. LIBER III. 33 War in Spain, 210-206 B.C. 15. Interea ad Hispanias, ubi occisis duobus Scipionibus nullus Romanus dux erat, P. Cornelius Scipio mittitur, fllius P. Sclpionis, qui ibidem bellum gesserat, annos natiis quattuor et viginti, vir Romanorum omnium et sua aetate 5 et posteriore tempore fere primus. Is Karthaginem Hispa- niae capit, in qua omne aurum, argentum et belli apparatum Afrl habebant, nobilissimos quoque obsides, quos ab Hi- spanis acceperant. Magonem etiam, fratrem Hannibalis, ibidem capit, quern Romam cum aliis niittit. Romae ^ ingens 10 laetitia x^ost hunc nuntium fuit. Scipio Hispanorum ob- sides parentibus reddidit; quare omnes fere Hispani uno animo ad eum transierunt. Post quae Hasdrubalem, Han- nibalis fratrem, victum ^ fugat et praedam maximam capit. Recapture of TareiUnm, 209 b.c. 16. Interea in Italia consul Q. Fabius Maximus Tarentum 15 recepit, in qua ingentes copiae Hannibalis erant. Ibi etiam ducem Hannibalis Carthalonem occidit, xxv milia liominum captivorum vendidit, praedam militibus dispertivit, pecu- niam liominum venditorum ad fiscum rettulit. Turn multae civitates Romanorum, quae ad Hannibalem transierant 20 prius, rursus se Fabio Maximo dediderunt. Insequenti anno Scipio in Hispania egregias res egit et per se et per fratrem suum L. Scipionem ; lxx civitates receperunt. In Italia tamen male pugnatum est. Nam Claudius Marcellus consul ab Hannibale occisus est. 25 17. Tertio anno postquam Scipio ad Hispanias profectus f uerat, rursus res inclitas gerit. Regem Hispaniarum magno 1 H. 425, II; M. 242, 1 ; A. & G. 258, c, 2 ; G. 411 ; B. 232, 1. 2 H. 549, 5 ; M. 281, 4 ; A. & G. 292, r.; G. 664, r. 1, 2 ; B. 337, 2. HAZ. EUTROPIUS 3 34 EUTROPI BREVIARII proelio victum in aniicitiam accepit et primus omnium a victo obsides non poposcit. Battle of Metaurus, 207 B.C. 18. Desperans Hannibal Hispanias contra Scipionem diu- tius posse retineri, fratrem suum Hasdrubalem ad Italiam 5 cum omnibus copiis evocavit. Is, veniens eodem itinere ^ quo etiam Hannibal venerat, a consulibus Ap. Claudio Nerone et M. Livio Salinatore apud Senam, PicenI civitatem, in insidias compositas incidit. Strenue tamen ptignans occisus est; ingentes eius copiae captae aut interfectae sunt, ma- 10 gnum pondus auri atque argenti Romam relatum est. Post haec Hannibal diffldere iam de belli coepit eventu. Roma- nls ingens animus accessit; itaque et ipsi evocaverunt ex Hispania P. Cornelium Scipionem. Is Romam cum ingenti gloria venit. 15 19. Q. Caecilio L. Valerio consulibus omnes civitates, quae in Bruttils ab Hannibale tenebantur, Romanis se tradiderunt. Scipio crosses into Africa, 204 b.c. 20. Anno quarto decimo posteaquam in Italiam Hannibal venerat, Scipio, qui multa bene in Hispania egerat, consul est factus et in Africam missus. Cui viro'^ divlnum quid- 20 dam inesse exlstimabatur, adeo ut putaretur etiam cum nu- minibus habere sermonem. Is in Africa contra Hannonem, ducem Afrorum, pugnat; exercitum eius interficit. Se- cundo proelio castra capit cum quattuor mllibus et quln- gentls mllitibus, xi mllibus occlsls. Syphacem, Numidiae 25 rggem, qui s6 Afris coniunxerat, capit et castra eius invadit. Syphax cum nobilissimis Numidis et infinltis spoliis Romam 1 H. 420, 1, 3); M. 247, 1 ; A. & G. 258, g\ G. 401 ; B. 218, 9. 2 H. 386 ; M. 212, n. 1 ; A. & G. 228 ; G. 347 ; B. 187, III. LIBER III. 35 a ScTpione mittitur. Qua re audita omnis fere Italia Hannibalem deserit. Ipse a Karthaginiensibus redire in Africam iubetur, quam Scipio vastabat. Efforts for Peace. 21. Ita anno se timo decimo ab Hannibale Italia liberata 5 est. Legati Karthaginiensium paceni a Scipione petlverunt ; ab eo ad senatum Romam missi sunt. Quadraginta et quln- que diebus his indtitiae datae sunt, quousque ire Romam et regredl possent^; et triginta milia pondo argent! ab his accepta sunt, Senatus ex arbitrio Scipionis pacem iussit 10 cum Karthaginiensibus fieri. Scipio his condicionibus dedit : ne amplius quam triginta naves haberent,^ ut quin- genta milia pondo argenti darent,^ captivos et perfiigas redderent.^ 22. Interim Hannibale veniente ad Africam pax turbata 15 est, multa hostilia ab Afris facta sunt. Legati tamen eorum ex urbe venientes a Romanis capti sunt, sed iubente Scipione dimissi. Hannibal quoque frequentibus proeliis victus a Scipione petit etiain ipse pacem. Cum ventum esset ad conloquium, isdem condicionibus data est quibus prius, 20 additis quingentis milibus pondo argenti centum milibus librarum propter novam perfidiam. Karthaginiensibus con- diciones displicuerunt iusseruntque Hannibalem pugnare. Inf ertur a Scipione et Masinissa, alio rege Numidarum, qui amicitiam cum Scipione fecerat, Karthagini bellum. Han- 25 nibal tres exploratores ad Scipionis castra misit, quos captos Scipio circumdtici per castra iussit ostendique his totum exercitum, mox etiam prandium dari dimittique, ut rentin- tiarent Hannibali quae apud Romanes vidissent. 1 H. 519, II, 2 ; M. 354 ; A. & G. 328 ; G. 572 ; B. 293, III, 2. 2 H. 523, III, and footnote 4 ; M. 393 ; A. & G. 339 ; G. 652 ; B. 316. 36 EUTROPI BREVIARII BatUe of Zamay 202 b.c. End of the Second Punic War, 201 B.C. 23. Interea proelium ab utroque duce instructum est, quale vix tilla memoria fuit, cum peritissimi viri copias suas ad belluin educerent. Scipio victor recedit paene ipso Hauni- bale capto, qui primum cum multis equitibus, deinde cum T) viginti, postremo cum quattuor evasit. Inventa in castrls Hannibalis argent! pondo viginti nulla, aurl octoginta, cetera supellectilis copiosa. Post id certamen pax cum Kartha- giniensibus facta est. Scipio Romam rediit, ingenti gloria triumphavit atque Africanus ex eo appellari coeptus est. 10 Finem accepit secundum Punieum bellum post annum nonum decimum (piam coeperat. LIBER QUARTUS From the End of the Second Punic War to the End OF THE War with Jugurtha, 201-106 b.c. Second Macedonian TFar, 200-196 b.c. 1. Transacto Pilnico bello seciitum est Macedonicum contra 2. Philippum rggem quingentesimO quinquaggsimo et primo anno ab urbe condita. T. Quintius Flamininus adversum 15 Philippum rggem missus rem prospers gessit. Pax el data est his Iggibus : n6 Graeciae civitatibus, quas Roman! contra eum defeiiderant,^ bellum inferret, ut captivos et transfugas redderet, quinquaginta solas nav6s habere t, reliquas Ro- manis dederet, per annos^ decem quaterna milia pondo •20 argent! praestaret et obsidem daret f ilium suum Dem6trium. 1 H. 624, 2, 2 ; M. 392, n. 3 ; A. & G. 336, d ; G. 628, r. a ; B. 314, 3. a H. 379, 1 ; M. 197 ; A. & G. 266, a ; G. 336 ; B. 181, 2. LIBER IV. 37 T. Qulntius etiam Lacedaemoniis intulit bellum. Ducem eorum Nabidem vicit et quibus voliiit condicionibus in fidem accepit. Ingenti gloria triumpliavit ; duxit ante cur- rum nobilissimos obsides, Demetrium, PhilippI filium, et 5 Armenen Nabidis. Syvo-Aetolian War, 192-189 b.c. 3. Transacto bello Macedonico seciitum est ^yriacum con- tra Antiochum regem P. Cornelio Sclpione M. Acilio Glabrione consulibus. Huic Antiocho Hannibal se iunxerat, Kartha- ginem, patriam suani, metu ne Eomanis traderetur/ relin- 10 quens. M. Acilius Glabrio in Achaea bene pugnavit. Castra regis Antiochi nocturna pilgna capta sunt, ipse fugatus. Philippo, quia contra Antiochum Komanis ^ fuisset auxilio,^ filius Demetrius redditus est. 4. L. Cornelio Sclpione et C. Laelio consulibus^ Sclpio 15 Africanus fratri suo L. Cornelio Sclpioni consull legatus datus contra Antiochum profectus est. Hannibal, qui cum Antiocho erat, naval! proelio * victus est. Ipse postea Antiochus circa Sipylum apud Magnesiam, Asiae civitatem, a consule Cornelio Sclpione ingenti proelio^ fusus est. 20 Auxilio fuit Eomanis in ea pugna Eumenes, Attall regis frater, qui Eumeniam in Phrygia condidit. Quinquaginta milia peditum, tria equitum eo certamine ex parte regis occisa sunt. Turn rex pacem petit. Isdem condicionibus data est a senatti, quamquam victo, quibus ante offerebatur : 25 ut ex Europa et Asia recederet atque intra Tauruni se con- tineret, decem milia talentorum et vlginti obsides prae- 1 H. 498, III ; M. 336 ; A. & G. 331, /; G. 550, 2 ; B. 296, 2. 2 H. 390, I ; M. 206 ; A. & G. 233, a ; G. 356 ; B. 191, 2, a. 3 H. 431, 4 ; M. 255, 1 ; A. & G. 255, d, 1 ; G. 409 ; B. 227, 2, a. * H. 425, II, 1, 1); M. 240, 2 ; A. & G. 259, a ; G. 389 ; B. 218, 7. 88 EUTROPI BREVIARll beret, Hannibalem, concitatorem belli, dederet. Eumeni regl donatae sunt a senatu omnes Asiae civitates, quas Antiochus bello perdiderat, et Rhodils, qui auxilium Ro- manis contra regem Antiochum tulerant, multae urbes 5 concessae sunt. Scipio Romam rediit, ingenti gloria trium- phavit. Nonien et ipse ad imitationem fratris Asiagenis accepit, quia Asiam vicerat, sicutl f rater ipsius propter Africam domitam ^ Africanus appellabatur. 6. Sp. Postumio Albino Q. Marcio Philippe consulibus 10 M. Fulvius de Aetolis triumphavit. Hannibal, qui, victo Antiocho, ne Romanis traderetur ad Prusiam, Bithyniae regem, fugerat, repetitus etiam ab eo est per T. Quintium Flaminlnum. Et cum tradendus^ Romanis esset, veneiium bibit et apud Libyssam in finibus Nicomedensium sepultus 15 est. Third Macedonian War, 176-168 b.c. 6. Philippo, rege Macedoniae, mortuo, qui et adversum Romanos bellum gesserat et postea Eomanls contra Antio- chum auxilium tulerat, filius eius Perseus in Macedonia rebellavit ingentibus copils ad bellum paratis. Nam adiiito- 20 res habebat Cotyn, Thraciae regem, et regem Illyrici, Gen- tium nomine.^ liomanis autem auxilio erant Eumenes, Asiae r6x, Ariaratus Cappadociae, Antiochus Syriae, Ptole- maeus Aegypti, Masinissa Numidiae. Prusias autem Bithy- niae, quamquam sororem Persei uxorem haberet, utrisque 26 se aequum praebuit. Dux Romanorum P. Licinius consul contra Perseum missus est et a rege gravi proelio victus. Neque tamen Romani, quamquam superati, regi petenti pacem praestare volu6runt, nisi his condicionibus : ut s6 1 H. 649, 5, N. 2 ; M. 286 ; A. & G. 292, a \ G. 325, r. 3 ; B. 337, 5. 2 H. 466, N. ; M. 296, 1 ; A. & G. 294, b ; G. 251 ; B. 337, 7, 6, 1. 8 H. 424 ; M. 238, 1 ; A. & G. 263 ; G. 397 ; B. 226. LIBER IV. • 39 et suos senatui et populo Komaiio dederet.^ Mox missus contra eum L. Aemilius Paulus consul et in Illyricum C. Anicius praetor contra Gentium. Sed Gentius facile uno proelio victus mox se dedidit. Mater eius et uxor et duo 5 filii, frater quoque simul in potestatem Komanorum vene- runt. Ita bello intra xxx dies perfecto ante cognitum est Gentium victum quam coeptum bellum nuntiaretur. Battle of Pydna, 168 b.c. 7. Cum Perseo autem Aemilius Paulus consul iii Nonas Septembres dimicavit vicitque eum viginti mllibus peditum 10 eius occisis. Equitatus cum rege integer fugit. E-omanorum centum milites amissi sunt. Urbes Macedoniae omnes, quas rex tenuerat, Romanis se dediderunt ; ipse rex, cum desereretur ab amicls, venit in Paul! potestatem. Sed honorem ei consul non quasi victo habuit. Nam et volentem 15 ad pedes sibi ^ cadere non permisit et itixta se in sella con- locavit. Macedonibus et Illyriis hae leges a Romanis datae : ut liberi essent ^ et dimidium eorum tributorum praestarent/ quae regibus praestitissent, ut appareret populum Romanum pro aequitate magis quam avaritia dimicare. Itaque in con- 20 ventti mfmitorum populorum Paulus hoc pronuntiavit et legatidnes multarum gentium, quae ad eum venerant, ma- gnificentissime convivio pavit, dicens eiusdem hominis * esse debere et bello vincere et convlvii apparatu elegantem esse. Revolt in Epirus. 8. Mox septuaginta civitates Epiri, quae rebellarant, cepit, 25 praedam mllitibus distribuit. Romam ingenti pompa rediit 1 H. 499, 3 ; M. 333, 3 ; A. & G. 331, n.; G. 546, I ; B. 295, 1. 2 H. 384, 4, N. 2 ; M. 208 ; A. & G. 235, a ; G. 350, 1 ; B. 188, 1. 3 H. 396, I ; M. 217, 2 ; A. & G. 214, c ; G. 366 ; B. 198, 3. 40 EUTROPI BREVIARn in navi Persei, quae inusitatae magnitudinis ^ fuisse traditur, adeo ut sedecim ordines dicatur habuisse remorum. Trium- phavit autem magnificentissime in curru aureo cum duobus filiis utroque latere astantibus. Ducti sunt ante currum 5 duo regis filii et ipse Perseus, xlv annos natus. Post eum etiam Anicius de Illyriis triumphavit. Gentius cum fratre et filiis ante currum ductus est. Ad hoc spectaculum reges multarum gentium Romam venerunt, inter alios etiam Attains atque Eumenes, Asiae reges, et Prusias Bitliyniae. 10 Magno honore except! sunt et permittente senatu dona quae attulerant in Capitolio posuerunt. Prusias etiam filium suum Nicomeden senatui commendavit. 9. Insequenti anno L. Memmius in Lusitania bene pu- gnavit. Marcellus postea consul res ibidem prosperas gessit. Third Punic War, 149-146 B.C. 15 10. Tertium deinde bellum contra Karthaginem suscipi- tur, sexcentesimo et altero ab urbe condita anno, L. Manlio Censorino et M. Manilio consulibus, anno quinquagesimo prlmo postquam secundum Ptinicum transactum erat. Hi profecti Karthaginem oppugnaverunt. Contra eos Hasdru- 20 bal, dux Karthaginignsium, dimicabat. Famea, dux alius, equitatuT Karthaginiensium praeerat. Scipio tunc, Scipionis African! nepos, tribunus ibi nulitabat. Huius ^ apud omnes inggns metus et reverentia erat. Nam et paratissimus ad dimicandum ^ et consultissimus habebatur. Itaque per eum 25 multa a consulibus prospere gesta sunt, neque quicquam magis vel Hasdrubal vel Pamea vltabant quam contra earn Romanorum partem committere ubi ScipiO dimicaret. 1 H. 396, V ; M. 222, 224, n.; A. & G. 215 ; G. 366 ; B. 203, 6. 2 H. 396, III ; M. 216, 1 ; A. & G. 217 ; G. 363, 2 ; B. 200. » H. 542, III ; M. 291 ; A. & G. 300; G. 430 ; B.*338, 3. LIBER IV. 41 11. Per idem tempus Masinissa, rex Numidarum, per annos sexaginta fere amicus populi E-omani, anno vitae nonage- simo septimo mortuus quadraginta quattuor filiis relictis Scipionem divlsorem regni inter fllios suos esse iussit. 5 12. Cum igitur clarum Scipionis nomen esset, iuvenis ad- hilc consul est factus et contra Karthaginem missus. Is earn cepit ac diruit. Spolia ibi inventa, quae variarum civitatum excidiis ^ Karthago conlegerat, et ornamenta urbium civitati- bus Siciliae, Italiae, Africae reddidit, quae sua recognosce- 10 bant. Ita Karthago septingentesimo anno, quam condita erat, deleta est. Sclpio nomen quod avus eius acceperat meruit, scilicet ut propter virtutem etiam ipse Africanus iimior vocaretur. 13. Interim in Macedonia quidam Pseudophilippus arma 15 movit et Komanum praetorem P. luventium contra se mis- sum ad internecionem vicit. Post eum Q. Caecilius Metel- lus dux a RomanTs contra Pseudophilippum missus est et XXV milibus eius occlsis Macedonian! recepit, ipsum etiam Pseudophilippum in potestatem suam redegit. Destruction of Corinth, 146 b.c. 20 14. CorinthiTs quoque bellum indictum est, nobilissimae Graeciae civitati, propter iniuriam legatorum Romanorum. Hanc Mummius consul cepit et diruit. Tres igitur Eomae simul celeberrimi triumph! fu6runt: African! ex Africa, ante cuius currum ductus est Hasdrubal, Metell! ex Mace- 25 donia, cuius currum praecessit Andriscus, !dem qu! et Pseu- dophilippus, Mumm! ex Corintho, ante quem s!gna aenea et pictae tabulae et alia urbis clarissimae ornamenta praelata sunt. 1 H. 415 ; M. 234 ; A. & G. 244 ; G. 395 ; B. 215. 42 EUTROPl BREVIARII 15. Iterum in Macedonia Pseudoperses, qui se Persei fi- lium esse dicebat, conlectis servitiis rebellavit et, cum sedecim mllia armatorum haberet, a Tremellio quaestore superatus est. Celtiberian War, 154 b.c. 5 16. Eodein tempore Metellus in Celtiberia apud Hispanos res egregias gessit. Successit ei Q. Pompeius. Nee multo ^ post Q. quoque Caepio ad idem bellum missus est, quod quidam Viriathus contra Romanos in Lusitania gerebat. Quo metti Viriathus a suis interfectus est, cum quattuorde- 10 cim annis Hispanias adversus Romanos movisset. Pastor primo fuit, mox latronum dux, postremo tantos ad bellum populos concitavit ut ads'ertor contra Romanos Hispaniae putaretur. Et cum interfectores eius praemium a Caepione consule peterent, responsum est numquam Romanis placu- 15 isse imperatores a suis militibus interficT. Ca2?ture of Numantia, 133 b.c. 17. Q. Pompeius deinde consul a Numantlnis, quae Hispa- niae civitas fuit opulentissima, superatus ^ pacem ignobilem fecit. Post eum C. Hostllius Manclnus consul iterum cum Numantinis pacem fecit infamem, qiiam populus et senatus 20 iussit infringi atque ipsum Mancinum hostibus tradi, ut in illo, quem auctorem foederis habebant, iniuriam soltiti foederis ^ vindicarent. Post tantam igitur ignominiam, qua a Numantinis bis Roman! exercittis fuerant subiugati, P. Sclpio Africanus secundo consul factus et ad Numantiam 25 missus est. Is primum militem vitiosum et ignavum exer- 1 H. 417, 2 ; M. 248 ; A. & G. 250 ; G. 403 ; B. 223. 2 H. 549, 5 ; M. 281, 4 ; A. & G. 292, r. ; G. 064, it. 1 ; B. 337, 2. 8 H. 396, III ; M. 216, 1 ; A. & G. 217 ; G. 363, 2 ; B. 200. LIBER IV. 43 cendo magis quain puniendo sine aliqua acerbitate correxit, turn multas Hispaniae civitates partim cepit, partim in deditionem accepit, postremo ipsam Numantiam diu obses- sam fame confecit et a solo evertit, reliquam provinciam in 5 iidem accepit. 18. Eodem tempore Attains, rex Asiae, frater Eumenis, mortnns est heredemque populum Roman um rellquit. Ita imperio Romano per testamentum Asia accessit. 19. Mox etiam D. lunius Brutus de CallaecTs et Lusitanis 10 magna gloria triumphavit et P. Sclpio Africanus de Nu- mantmis secundum triumphum egit quarto decimo anno postquam priorem de Africa egerat. War ivith Aristo7iicus, 131 b.c. 20. Motum interim in Asia bellum est ab Aristonico, Eume- nis filio, qui ex concublna susceptus fuerat. Hic Eumenes 15 frater Attali fuerat. Adversus eum missus P. Licinius Crassus infinita regum habuit auxilia. Nam et Bithyniae rex Nicomedes Romanos itivit et Mithradates Ponticus, cum quo bellum postea gravissimum fuit, et Ariaratus Cappa- dox et Pylaemenes Paphlagon. Victus est tamen Crassus 20 et in proelio interfectus est. Caput ipsius Aristonico oblatum est, corpus Smyrnae sepultum. Postea Perperna, consul Romanus, qui successor Crasso veniebat, audita belli fortiina ad Asiam celeravit et acie victum Aristonicum apud StratonTcen civitatem, quo confugerat, fame ad deditionem 25 compulit. Aristoniciis iussu^ senatus Romae in carcere strangulatus est. Triumphari enim de eo non poterat, quia Perperna apud Pergamum Romam rediens diem obierat. 21. L. Caecilio Metello et T. Quintio Flaminlno consulibus Karthago in Africa iussii ^ senatus reparata est, quae nunc 1 H. 416 ; M. 238 ; A. & G. 253, n.; G. 408, n. 1 ; B. 219, 2. 44 EUTROPl BREVIARII luanet, annis duobus et vlginti postquam a Scipione fuerat eversa. DeductI sunt eo cives Eoinani. War with Transalpine Gauls, 125-121 b.c. 22. Anno sexcentesimo vicesimo septimo ab urbe condita C. Cassiiis Longinus et Sex. Domitius Calvinus consules 5 Gallis transalpinis belliim intulerunt et Arvernorum tunc nobilissimae civitatl atque eorum duci Bituito, inflnitam- que multitudinem iuxta Ehodanum fluvium interfecerunt. Praeda ex torquibus Gallorum ingens Romam perlata est. Bitultus se DoHiitio dedit atque ab eo Romam deductus est, 10 magnaque gloria consules ainbo triumphaverunt. 23. M. Porcio Catone 6t Q. Marcio Rege consulibus sex- centesimo tricesimo et tertio anno ab urbe condita Narbone in Gallia colonia deducta est annoque post a L. Caecilio Metello et Q. Mucio Scaevola consulibus de Dalmatia tri- 15 umphatum est. 24. Ab urbe condita anno sexcentesimo tricesimo quinto C. Cato consul Scordiscis intulit bellum ignominioseque ptignavit. 25. C. Caecilio Metello et Cn. Carbone consulibus duo 20 Metelli fratres eodem die, alterum ex Sardinia, alterum ex Thracia, triumphum egerunt, ntintiatumque Romae est Cimbros e Gallia in Italiam transisse. War vjith Jugurtha, 111-104 b.c. 26. P. Scipione Nasica et L. Calpurnio B^stia consulibus lugurthae, Numidarum regi, bellum inlatum est, quod Ad- 25 herbalem et Hiempsalem, Micipsae filios, fratres suos, reges et populi RomanI amicos, interemisset.^ Missus adversum 1 H. 616, II ; M. 357 ; A. & G. 321 ; G. 541 ; B. 286, 1. LIBER IV. 45 eum consul Calpurnius Bestia, corruptus regis pecunia, pacem cum eo flagitiosissimam fecit, quae a senatu improbata est. Postea contra eundem insequenti anno Sp. Postumius Albinus profectus est. Is quoque per fratrem ignominiose 6 contra Numidas pugnavit. 27. Tertio missus est Q. Caecilius Metellus consul. Is exercitum a prioribus ducibus corruptum ingenti severitate et moderatione cum nihil in quemquam cruentum faceret/ ad disciplTnam Romanam reduxit. lugurtliam variis proeliis 10 vicit, elephantos eius occidit vel cepit, multas civitates ipsius in deditionem accepit. Et cum iam f mem bello ^ positurus esset, successum est'^ el a C. Mario. Is lugurtham et Boc- chum, Mauretaniae regem, qui auxilium lugurthae ferre coeperat, pariter superavit. Aliquanta et ipse oppida Nu- 15 midiae cepit belloque terminum posuit capto lugurtha per quaestorem suum Corn6lium Sullam, ingentem virum, tra- dente Boccho lugurtham. A M. lunio Silano, conlega Q. Metelli, Cimbri in Gallia victi sunt et a Minucio Rufo in Macedonia Scordisci et Triballi, et a Servilio Caepione in 20 Hispania Lilsitanl subacti. Act! sunt et duo triumphi de lugurtha, primus per Metellum, secundus per Marium. Ante currum tamen Marl lugurtha cum duobus fllils ductus est catenatus et mox iussu consulis in carcere strangu- latus est. 1 H. 615, III ; M. 378, 6 ; A. & G. 313, d ; G. 587 ; B. 309, 3. 2 H. 521, II, 2 : 466, n. ; M. 348 : 98, 1 ; A. & G. 325 : 293, a ; G. 585 : 247 ; B. 288 : 115. 8 H. 301, 1 ; M. 145, 3 ; A. & G. 230 ; G. 208, 2 ; B. 187, II, b. 46 EUTROPI BREVIARII LIBER QUINTUS From the End of the War with Jugurtha to the End of the First Civil War, 106-81 b.c. War ivith the Cimbri and Teutones, 105-101 b.c. Battle of Aquae Sextiae, 102 b.c. 1. Dum bellum in Numidia contra lugurtham geritur,* Romani consules M. Manlius et Q. Caepio a Cimbris et Teutonibus et Tugurlnis et Ambronibus, quae erant Ger- manorum et Gallorum gentes, victi sunt iuxta flumen Rho- 5 danum ingenti internecione ; etiam castra sua et magnam partem exercitus perdiderunt. Timor Romae grandis fuit, quantus vix Hannibalis tempore ne iterum Galll Romam venirent.^ Ergo Marius post victoriam lugurthinam se- cundo consul est factus, bellumque ei contra Oimbros et 10 Teutonas decretum est. Tertio quoque ei et quarto delatus est consulatus, quia bellum Cimbricum protrahebatur. Sed in quarto consulatu conlegam habuit Q. Lutatium Catulum. Cum Cimbris itaque conflixit et duobus proeliis cc milia hostium cecidit, lxxx mIlia cepit et ducem eorum Teutobo- 15 dum, propter quod meritum absens quinto consul est factus. Battle of Vercellae, 101 b.c 2. Interea Cimbri et Teutones, quorum copia adhuc inf inlta erat, ad Italiam transierunt. Iterum a C. Mario et Q. Catulo contra eos dimicatum est, sed a Catuli parte felicius. Nam proelio, quod simul ambo gess6runt, cxl milia aut in pugna 20 aut in fuga caesa sunt, lx milia capta. Romani milites ex 1 H. 467, III, 4 ; M. 352 ; A. & G. 27C, 3 ; G. 570 ; B. 293, I. a H. 498, III ; M. 336 ; A. & G. 331, /; G. 650 ; B. 296, 2. LIBER V. 47 utroque exercitu trecenti perieruiit. Tria et trigiiita Cim- bris ^ signa sublata sunt ; ex his exercitus Mari duo reporta- vit, Catuli exercitus xxxi. Is belli finis fuit; triumphus utrlque decretus est. Social War, 90-88 b.c. 5 3. Sex. Iiilio Caesare et L. Marcio Philippo consulibus sex- ceiitesiiiio quinquagesiino nono anno ab urbe condita, cum prope alia omnia bella cessarent, in Italia gravissimum bellum Picentes, Marsi Paellgnique moverunt, qui, cum annis numerosis iam populo Romano oboedirent, turn libertatem 10 sibi^ aequam adserere coeperunt. Perniciosum admodum hoc bellum fuit. P. Rutilius consul in eo occisus est, Cae- pio, nobilis iuvenis, Porcius Cato, alius consul. Duces autem adversus Romanos Picentibus^ et Marsis fuerunt T. Vettius, Hierius Asinius, T. Herennius, A. Cluentius. 15 A Romanis bene contra eos pugnatum est a C. Mario, qui sexies consul fuerat, et a Cn. Pompeio, maxime tamen a L. Cornelio Sulla, qui inter alia egregia ita Cluentium, ho- stium ducem, cum magnis copiis fudit ut ex suls^ unum amitteret.^ Quadriennio cum gravl tamen calamitate hoc 20 bellum tractum est. Quinto demum anno finem accepit per L. Cornelium Sullam consulem, cum antea in eodem bello ipse multa strenue, sed praetor, egisset. First Mithradatic War, 88-84 b.c. 4. Anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo sexagesimo secundo primum Romae bellum civile commotum est, eodem anno 1 H. 414 ; M. 236 ; A. & G. 243 ; G. 390, 2 ; B. 214, 1, b. 2 H. 384, II, 2) ; M. 208 ; A. & G. 235 ; G. 350, 1 ; B. 188, 1. 8 H. 387 ; M. 212 ; A. & G. 231 ; G. 349 ; B. 190. * H. 397, 3, N. 3 ; M. 225, n. 2 ; A. & G. 216, c ; G. 372, r. 2 ; B. 201, 1, a. » H. 500, II ; M. 382, 4 ; A. & G. 319, 1 ; G. 552, 1 ; B. 284, 1. 48 EUTROPI BREVIARIT etiam Mithradaticum. Causam bello civili C. Marius sexies consul dedit. Nam cum Sulla consul contra Mithrada- ten gesttirus ^ bellum, qui Asiam et Achaeam occupaverat, mitteretur, isque exercitum in Campania paulisper teneret, 5 ut belli socialis, de quo diximus, quod intra Italiam gestuni fuerat, reliquiae tollerentur, Marius adfectavit ut ipse ad bellum Mithradaticum mitteretur.^ Qua re^ Sulla commo- tus cum exercitu ad urbem venit. Illic contra Marium et Sulpicium dimicavit. Primus urbem Romam armatus 10 ingressus est, Sulpicium interfecit, Marium fugavit, atque ita ordinatis consulibus in futurum annum Cn. Octavio et L. Cornglio Cinna ad Asiam profectus est. Mithradates invades Asia. 5. Mithradates enim, qui Ponti r6x erat atque Armenian! Minorem et totum Ponticum mare in circuitu cum Bosporo 15 tengbat, primum Nicomeden, amicum populT Roman!, Bithy- nia'* voluit expellere senatuTque mandavit bellum se ei propter initirias quas passus f uerat inlatiirum. A senatu responsum Mithradati est, si id faceret, quod bellum a Romanis et ipse pateretur. Quare iratus Cappadociam statim occupavit et 20 ex ea Ariobarzanen, r6gem et amicum populi Romani, fuga- vit. Mox etiam Bithyniam invasit et Paphlagoniam pulsis regibus, amicis populi Bomani, Pylaemene et Nicomede. Inde Ephesum contendit et per omnem Asiam litteras misit ut ubicumque invent! essent * cives Romani, uno die occide- 25 rentur. 1 H. 549, 3 ; M. 283 ; A. & G. 293, 6, 2 ; G. 670, 3 ; B. 337, 4. 2 H. 501, II, 1 ; M. 341, 1 ; A. & G. 332 ; G. 553 ; B. 297, 1. 8 H. 416 ; M. 254 ; A. & G. 245 ; G. 408 ; B. 219. * H. 412, II ; M. 236, 2 ; A. & G. 258, a ; G. 391 ; B. 229, 1, a. 6 H. 629, I ; M. 388 ; A. & G. 334 ; G. 467 ; B. 300, 1. LIBER V. 49 Sulla takes Athens, 87 b.c. Battle of Chaeronea, 86 b.c. 6. Interea etiain Athenae, civitas Achaeae, ab Aristone Atheniensi Mitliradati tradita est. Miserat eiiim iam ad Achaeam Mithradates Archelauiu, ducem simm, cum centum et viginti inilibus e^^uitum ^ ac peditum, per quem etiam o reliqua G-raecia occupata est. Sulla Archelaum apud Pi- raeum, non loiige ab Athenis, obsedit, ipsas Athenas cepit. Postea commisso proelio contra Archelaum ita eum vicit ut ex cxx mllibus vix decern Archelao superessent, ex Sullae exercitu xiii tantum homines interficerentur. Hac pugna 10 Mithradates cognita septuaginta milia lectissima ex Asia Archelao misit, contra quem iterum Sulla commlsit. Primo proelio quindecim mIlia hostimn interfecta sunt et filius Archelai Diogenes; secundo omnes Mithradatis copiae ex- stinctae sunt, Archelaus ipse triduo nudus in paltidibus 15 latuit. Hac re audita Mithradates iussit cum Sulla de pace agl. Terms of Peace, 84 b.c. Sulla's Return to Italy, 83 b.c. 7. Interim eo tempore Sulla etiam Dardanos, Scordiscos, Dalmatas et Maedos partim vIcit, alios in fidem accSpit. Sed cum legati a rege Mithradate, qui p^cem petebant, 20 venissent, non aliter se daturum Sulla esse respondit, nisi rex relictis his, quae occupaverat, ad regnum suum redisset. Postea tamen ad conloquium ambo venerunt. Pax inter eos ordinata est, ut Sulla ad bellum civile festlnans a tergo perlculum non haberet. Xam dum Sulla in Achaea atque 25 Asia Mithradaten vincit,^ Marius, qui fugatus erat, et Cor- nelius Cinna, tinus ex consulibus, bellum in Italia reparave- 1 H. 397, 2 ; M. 225, 1 ; A. & G. 216, a, 2 ; G. :]70 ; B. 201, 1. 2 H. 467, 4 ; M. 352 ; A. & G. 276, 3 ; G. 570 ; B. 203, I. HAZ. EUTROPIUS— 4 50 EUTROPI BREVIARII runt et ingressi urbem Romam nobilissimos e senatti et con- sulares viros interfecerunt, multos proscripserunt, ipsius SuUae domo eversa filios et uxorem ad fugam compulerunt. Universus reliquus senatus ex urbe fugiens. ad Sullam in 5 Graeciam venit, orans ut patriae subvenlret. Ille in italiam traiecit, bellum civile gesturus adversus Norbanum et Scipionem consules. Et primo proelio contra Norbanum dimicavit non longe a Capua. ^ Tunc sex milia eius cecldit, sex niilia cepit, cxxiv suos amisit. Inde etiam ad Scipionem 10 s6 convertit et ante proelium totum eius exercitum sine sanguine in deditionem accepit. Battle of Colliiie Gate, 82 B.C. 8. Sed cum Romae mutati consules essent, Marius, Marl filius, ac Papirius Carbo consulatum accepissent, Sulla contra Marium itiniorem dimicavit et xv milibus eius occisis 15 cccc de suis perdidit. Mox etiam urbem ingressus est. Marium, Marl f ilium, Praeneste^ persecutus obsedit et ad mortem compulit. Rursus piignam gravissimam habuit contra Lamponium et Carinatem, duces partis Marianae, ad portam Collinam. lxx milia hostium in eo proelio contra 20 Sullam fuisse dicuntur. xii milia se Sullae dediderunt, ceteri in acie, in castris, in fuga insatiabili Ira victorum consumptl sunt. Cn. quoque Carbo, consul alter, ab Arl- mino ad Siciliam fugit et ibi per Cn. Pompeium interfectus est, queni adulescentem Sulla atque annos imum et viginti 25 natum cognita eius industria exercitibus praefecerat, ut secundus a Sulla haberetur. 9. Occiso ergo Carbone Siciliam Pompeius recepit. Trans- 1 H. 412, II, 3, N.; M. 233, 3 ; A. & G. 268, a, n. 1 ; G. 391, r. 1 ; B. 292, 2. 2 H. 380, II ; M. 199, 1 ; A. & G. 268, 6 ; G. 337 ; B. 182, 1, a. LIBER VI. 51 gressus inde ad Africam Domitium, Marianae partis ducem, et Hiardam, regem Mauretaniae, qui Domitio auxilium fere- bat, occidit. Post haec Sulla de Mithradate ingenti gloria triumphavit. Cn. etiam Pompeius, quod null! E/omanorum 5 tributum erat, quartum et vicesinium annum agens de Africa triumpliavit. Hunc flnem habuerunt duo bella ftinestissima, Italicum, quod et sociale dictum est, et civile, quae ambo tracta sunt per annos decern. Constimpserunt ultra CL milia hominum, virds consulares xxiv, praetorios 10 VII, aedillcios lx, senatores fere cc. LIBER SEXTUS From the End of the First Civil War to the Assassination of Caesar, 81^4 B.C. War with Sertorius^ 78-72 b.c. 1. M. Aemilio Lepido Q. Catulo consulibus, cum Sulla rem publicam composuisset, bella nova exarserunt, imum in Hispania, aliud in Pamphylia et Cilicia, tertium in Mace- donia, quartum in Dalmatia. Nam Sertorius, qui partiuin i''^ Marianarum fiierat, timens forttinam ceterorum, qui inte- rempti erant, ad bellum commovit Hispanias. Missi sunt contra enm duces Q. Caecilius Metellus, fllius eius qui lugurtham regem vicit, et L. Domitius praetor. A Sertorl duce Hirtuleio Domitius occisus est. Metellus vario suc- 20 cessu contra Sertorium dimicavit. Postea cum impar pu- gnae^ solus Metellus putaretur, Cn. Pompeius ad Hispanias missus est. Ita duobus ducibus adversis Sertorius fortuna varia saepe ptignavit. Octavo demum anno per suos occisus 1 H. 391, I ; M. 214 ; A. & G. 234, a ; G. 359 ; B. 192, 1. 52 EUTROPI BKEVIAKII est, et finis ei bello datus per Cn. Pompeium adulescentem et Q. Metellum Pium atque omnes prope Hispaniae in dicioneni populi Komani redactae. 2. Ad Macedonian! missus est Ap. Claudius post consula- 5 turn. Levia proelia habuit contra varias gentes, quae Rho- dopam provinciam incolebant, atque ibi morbo mortuus est. Missus el successor C. Scrlbonius Curio post consulatum. Is Dardanos vicit et usque ad Danuvium penetravit trium- phumque meruit et intra triennium bello finem dedit. War ivith the Isaunans, 78 b.c. 10 3. Ad Ciliciam et Pamphyliam missus est P. Servilius ex consule, vir strenuus. Is Ciliciam subegit, Lyciae urbes clarissimas oppugnavit et cepit, in his Phaselida, Olympum, Corycum. Isauros quoque aggressus in dicionem redegit atque intra triennium bello finem dedit. Primus omnium 15 Romanorum^ in Tauro iter fecit. Eevertens triumphum accepit et nomen Isaurici meruit. 4. Ad Illyricum missus est C. Cosconius pro consule. Mul- tam partem Dalmatiae subegit, Salonas cepit et composite bello Romam post biennium rediit. 20 5. Isdem temporibus consul M. Aemilius Lepidus, Catuli conlega, bellum civile voluit commovere, intra unam tamen aestatem motus eius oppressus est. Ita uno tempore inultl simul triumph! fuerunt, Metelll ex Hispania, Pompel secun- dus ex Hispania, Curionis ex Macedonia, Servlll ex Isauria. The Third Mithradatic War, 74-63 b.o. 25 6. Anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo septuagesimo sexto L. Licinio Lucullo et M. Aurelio Cotta consulibus mortuus 1 H. 397, 3 ; M. 226, 3 ; A. & G. 216, a, 2 ; G. 372 ; B. 201, 1. LIBER VI. 63 est Nlcomedes, rex Bithyniae, et per testameiituin populum Romanum fecit heredem. Mithradates pace rupta Bithy- niam et Asiam rursus voluit invadere. Adversus eum ambo consules missi variam habuere fortimani. Cotta apud 5 Chalcedona victus ab eo acie, etiam intra oppidum coactiis est et obsessiis. Sed cum se inde Mithradates Cyzicnm transtulisset, ut Cyzico capta totam Asiam invaderet, Lucul- lus ei, alter consul, occurrit. Ac dum Mithradates in obsi- dione CyzicI commoratur, ipse eum a tergo obsedit fameque 10 consumpsit et multls proeliis vicit, postremo Byzantium, quae nunc Constantinopolis est, fugavit. Kavali quoque proelio duces eius Liicullus oppressit. Ita una hieme et aestate a Liicullo centum fere milia regis exstlncta sunt. War ivith the Gladiators, 73-71 b.c. 7. Anno urbis Romae sexcentesimo septuagesimo octavo i') Macedonian! provinciam M. Licinius Liicullus accepit, con- sobrinus Luculli, qui contra Mithradaten bellum ger^bat. Et in Italia novum bellum subito commotum est. Septua- ginta enim et quattuor gladiatores ducibus Spartaco, Crixo et Oenomao effrScto Capuae ludo fugerunt et per Italiam 20 vagantes paene non levius bellum in ea, quam Hannibal moverat, paraverunt. Nam multis ducibus et duobus simul Romanorum consulibus victis sexaginta fere milium arma- torum exercitum congregaverunt, victique sunt in Apulia a M. Licinio Crasso pro consule, et post multSs calamitates 25 Italiae tertio anno bello huic est finis impositus. 8. Sexcentesimo octogesimo primo anno urbis conditae, P. Cornelio Lentulo et Cn. Aulidio Oreste consulibus, duo tan- turn gravia bella in imperio Romano erant, Mithradaticum et Macedonicum. Haec duo Luculli agebant, L. Lacullus 30 et M. Lucullus. L. ergo Lucullus post pugnam Cyzicenam, 54 EUTROPi BKEVIARII qua vicerat Mithradaten, et navalem, qua duces eius oppres- serat, persecutus est eum et recepta Paphlagonia atque Bithynia etiam regnum eius invasit, Sinopen et AmTson, civitates Ponti nobilissimas, cepit. Secundo proelio apud 5 Cabira civitatem, quo ingentes copias ex omnI regno adduxe- rat Mithradates, cum xxx rnllia lectissima regis a quinque milibus Romanorum vastata essent, Mithradates fugatus est, castra eius direpta. Armeuia quoque Minor, quani tenuerat, eldem sublata est. Susceptus tamen est Mithra- 10 dates post fugam a Tigrane, Armeniae rege, qui turn ingenti gloria imperabat, Persas saepe vicerat, Mesopotamiam occu- paverat et Syriam et Phoenices partem. Battle of Tigranocerta, 69 b.c. 9. Ergo Lucullus repetens hostem fugatum etiam regnum Tigranis ingressus est. Tigranocertam, civitatem Arza- 15 nenae, nobilissimam regni ArmeniacI, cepit, ipsum regem cum septem milibus qumgentls clibanariis et centum mili- bus sagittariorum et armatorum venientem decem et octo milia militum habens ita vicit ut magnam partem Arme- niorum deleverit. Inde Nisibin profectus eam quoque 20 civitatem cum regis fratre cepit. Sed hi quos in Ponto Lucullus reliquerat cum exercitus parte, ut regiones victas et iam Romanorum tuerentur, neglegenter se et avare agentes occasionem iterum Mithradati in Pontum inrum- pendi ^ dederunt, atque ita bellum renovatum est. Lucullo 26 paranti capta Nisibi contra Persas expeditionem successor est missus. 10. Alter autem Lucullus, qui Macedoniam administrabat, Bessis primus Romanorum intulit bellum atque eos ingenti 1 H. 542, I ; M. 289, 1 ; A. & G. 298 ; G. 428 ; B. 338, 1, a. LIBER VI. 55 proelio in Haemo monte superavit. Oppidum Uscudamam, quod BessI habitabant, eodem die quo aggressus est vie it, Cabylen cepit, usque ad Danuviiim penetravit. Inde multas supra Pontum positas civitates aggressus est. Illlc Apollo- 5 niam evertit, Callatim, Parthenopolim, Tomos, Histrura, Burziaonem cepit belloque confecto Romam rediit. Ambo triumphaverunt, tamen Lucullus, qui contra Mithradaten piignaverat, maiore gloria, cum tantorum regiiorum ^ victor redisset. 10 11. Confecto bello Macedonico, manente Mithradatico, quod recedente Lucullo rex conlectis auxiliis reparaverat, bellum Creticum ortum est. Ad id missus Q. Caecilius Me- tellus ingentibus proelils intra triennium omnem provinciam cepit, appellatusque est Creticus atque ex Insula trium- 15 phavit. Quo tempore Libya quoque Romano imperid per testamentum Appionis, qui rex eius fuerat, accessit, in qua inclutae urbes erant Berenice, Ptolemais, Cyrene. Cn. Pompey takes command, 66 B.C. 12. Dum haec geruntur, piratae omnia maria Infestabant ita ut Romanis toto orbe victoribus sola navigatio tuta non 20 esset. Quare id bellum Cn. Pompeio decretum est. Quod intra paucos menses ingenti et felicitate et celeritate coufe- cit. Mox el delatum etiam bellum contra Mithradaten et ■ Tigranen. Quo suscepto Mithradaten in Armenia Minore nocturno proelio vicit, castra diripuit, quadraginta milia 25 eius occldit, vigintl tantum de exercitil^ suo perdidit et duos centuriones. Mithradates cum uxore fugit et duobus comitibus. Neque multo post, cum in suos saeviret, Phar- 1 H. 396, III ; M. 216, I ; A. & G. 217 ; G. .368, 2 ; B. 200. 2 H. 397, 3, N. 3 ; M. 225, n. 2 ; A. & G. 216, c ; G. 372, r. 2 ; B. 201, 1, a. 5Q EUTROPI BREVIAllII nacis, filii sul, apud milites sSditione ad mortem coactus venerium hausit. Huiic finem habuit Mithradates. Periit aiitem apud Bosporum, vir ingentis industriae ^ consiliique. Regnavit annis sexaginta, vixit septuaginta duobus, contra 5 Romanos bellum habuit annis quadraginta. 13. TigranI deinde Pompeius bellum intulit. Ille se ei dedidit et in castra Pompei sexto decimo miliario ab Arta- xata venit ac diadema suum, cum procubuisset ad genua Pompei, in manibus ipsuis conlocavit. Quod ei Pompeius 10 reposuit honorificeque eum habitum regni tarn en parte multavit et grandl pecunia. Adempta est el ^ Syria, Phoe- nice, Sophanene; sex milia praeterea talentorum argent! indicta, quae populo Eomano daret, quia bellum sine causa Romanis commovisset.^ Pompey subdues Syria and Palestine, 64 b.c. 15 14. Pompeius mox etiam Albanls bellum intulit et eorum regem Oroden ter vicit, postremo per epistulas ac mimera rogatus veniam ei ac pacem dedit. Hiberiae quoque regem Artacen vicit acie et in deditionem accepit. Armenian! Minorem Deiotaro, Galatiae regl, donavit, quia socius belli 20 Mithradatici fuerat. Attalo et Pylaemeni Paphlagoniam reddidit. Aristarchum Colchis regem imposuit. Mox Itu- raeos et Arabas vIcit. Et cum venisset in Syriam, Seleu- ciam, vlclnam Antiochlae"* clvitatem, llbertate^ donavit, quod regem Tigrangn non recepisset.^ Antiochensibus 25 obsides reddidit. Aliquantum agrorum Daphnensibus de- 1 H. 396, V ; M. 222 ; A. & G. 216 ; G. 365 ; B. 203, 1. a H. 385, II, 2 ; M. 211 ; A. & G. 229 ; G. 345, r. 1 ; B. 188, 2. d. 8 H. 516, II ; M. 357 ; A. & G. 321 ; G. 541 ; B. 286, 1. 4 H. 391, I ; M. 214 ; A. & G. 234, a ; G. 359 ; B. 192, 1. 6 H. 384, IT, 2 ; M. 203 ; A. & G. 225, 3, d ; G. 348 ; B. 187, 1, a. LiBEK vr. 57 dit, quo lucus ibi spatiosior lieret/ delectatus loci amoeni- tate et aquarum abundantia. Inde ad ludaeam transgressus est, Hierosolyma, caput gentis, tertio mense cepit xii mili- bus ludaeorum occisis, ceteris in fidein acceptls. His gestis 5 in Asiani se recepit et finem antiquissimo bello dedit. Cicero Consul. Conspiracy of Catiline, 63 b.c. 15. M. Tullio Cicerone oratore et C. Antonio consulibus, anno ab urbe condita sexcentesimo octogesiino nono, L. Sergius Catilina, nobilissimi generis vir, sed ingenil pra- vissimi, ad delendam patriam^ coniuravit cum quibusdani 10 Claris quidem sed audacibus viris. A Cicerone urbe ex- pulsus est. Socii eius deprehensi in carcere strangulati sunt. Ab Antonio, altero consule, Catillna ipse victus proelio est interfectus. Triumphs of Metellus and Pompey, 62 b.c. 16. Sexcentesimo nonagesimo anno urbis conditae D. lunio 15 Silano et L. Mtirena consulibus Metellus de Creta triumpha- vit, Pompeius de bello piratico et Mithradatico. Nulla umquam pompa triumphi similis fuit. Ducti sunt ante eius currum fllii Mithradatis, filius Triganis et Aristobtilus, rex ludaeorum; praelata est ingens pectinia et auri atque 2) argent! infinitum. Hoc tempore nullum per orbem terra- rum grave bellum erat. Caesar Consul, 59 b.c. Governor of Gaul, 58-49 b.c. 17. Anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo nonagesimo tertio C. lulius Caesar, qui postea imperavit, cum L. Bibulo 1 H. 497, II ; M. 382, 3 ; A. & G. 317, 2 ; G. 545, 2 ; B. 282, 2. 2 H. 544, 1 ; M. 296 ; A. & G. 300 ; G. 432, r. ; B. 339, 2. 58 EUTROPI BREVIARII consul est factus. Decreta est ei Gallia et Illyricum cum legionibus decern. Is primus vicit Helvetios, qui nunc SequanI appellantur, deinde vincendo ^ per bella gravissima usque ad Oceanum Britannicum processit. Domuit autem 5 annis novem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpes, fltimen Rhodanum, Rhenum et Oceanum est et circuit u patet ad bis et tricies centena milia^ passuum. Britannis mox bellum intulit, quibus ante eum ne nomen quidem Romanorum co- gnitum erat, eosque victos obsidibus acceptis stipendiaries 10 fecit. Galliae'^ autem tributi nomine annuum imperavit stipendium quadringenties, Germanosque trans Rhenum aggressus immanissimis proeliis vIcit. Inter tot successtis ter male pugnavit, apud Arvernos semel praesens et absens in Germania bis. Nam legatl eius duo, Titurius et Aurun- 15 culeius, per insidias caesi sunt. Battle of Carrae; M. Lidnius Crassus slain, 53 b.c. 18. Circa eadem tempora, anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo nonagesimo septimo, M. Licinius Crassus, conlega On. Pom- pei Magni in consulatu secundo, contra Parthos missus est et cum circa Carras contra omen et auspicia dimicasset, a Surena Orodis regis duce victus ad postremum interfectus 20 est cum filio, clarissimo et praestantissimo iuvene. Reli- quiae exercitus per C. Cassium quaestorem servatae sunt, qui singularl animo^ perditas res tanta virtute restituit ut Persas rediens trans Euphraten crebrls proeliis vinceret.^ i H. 542, IV; M. 292 ; A. & G. 301, footnote ; G. 431, 3 ; B. 338, 4, a. 2 H. 379 ; M. 196 ; A. & G. 257 ; G. 335 ; B. 181, 1. 8 H. 384, II ; M. 205 ; A. & G. 227, /; G. 346 ; B. 187, II, a. * H. 419, II ; M. 240 ; A. & G. 251 ; G. 400 ; B. 224. 6 H. 500, II ; M. 338 ; A. & G. 319, 1 ; G. 552, 1 ;.B. 284, 1. LIBER VI. > 59 The Civil War between Caesar and Pompey, 49-45 B.C. Caesar invades Italy, Pompey Jiees to Greece, 49 b.c. 19. Hinc iam bellum civile successit exsecrandum ^ et lacrimabile, quo praeter calamitates, quae in proeliis accide- runt, etiam popiili Romani fortuna mutata est. Caesar enini rediens ex Gallia victor coepit poscere alterum consulatum 5 atque ita, ut sine diibietate aliqua el deferretur. Contradi- ctum est a Marcello coiisule, a Bibulo, a Pompeio, a Catone, iussiisque dimissls exercitibus ad urbem redire. Propter quani iniuriam ab Arimino, ubi milites congregates habebat, adversiim patriam cum exercitu venit. Consules cum Pom- 10 peio senatusque omnis atque iiniversa nobilitas ex urbe fugit^ et in Graeciam transiit. ApudEpIrum, Macedoniam, Achaeam Pompeio duce senatus contra Caesarem bellum paravit. Caesar crosses to Spain. 20. Caesar vacuam urbem ingressus dictatorem se fecit. 15 Inde Hispanias petiit. Ibi Pompei exercittis validissimos et fortissimos cum tribus ducibus, L. Afranio, M. Petreio, M. Yarrone, superavit. Inde regressus in Graeciam transiit, adversum Pompeium dimicavit. Primo proelio victus est et fugatus, evasit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompeius '20 sequi noluit, dixitque Caesar nee Pompeium scire vincere et illo tantum die se potuisse superarl. Delude in Thes- salia apud Palaeopharsalum productis utrimque ingentibus copiis dimicaverimt. Pompei acies habuit xl milia peditum, equites in sinistro cornu sexcentos, in dextro quingentos, 25 praeterea totius Orientis auxilia, totam nobilitatem, innu- 1 H. 643 ; M. 295, 1 ; A. & G. 294, a ; G. 488, n. ; B. 337, 7, a. 2 H. 463, I ; M. 176, 2 ; A. & G. 206, d ; G. 285, 1 ; B. 255, 3. 60 EUTROPI BREVIARII meros senatores, praetorios, consiilares et qui magnorum iam bellorum victores fuissent.^ Caesar in acie sua habuit peclitum non Integra xxx milia, equites mille. Battle of Pharsalus. Pompey is defeated, flees to Egypt, and is slain, 48 B.C. 21. Numquani adhuc Romanae copiae in iinum neque 5 maiores neque melioribus ducibus convenerant, totuni terrar rum orbem facile subacturae,- si contra barbaros ducerentur.^ Ptignatum turn est ingenti contentione, victusque ad postre- nium Pompeius et castra eius dlrepta sunt. Ipse fugatus Alexandrlam petiit, ut a rege Aegypti, cuT tutor a senatu 10 datus fuerat propter iuvenilem eius aetatem, acciperet auxi- lia. Qui fortunam niagis quam amicitiam secutus occidit Pompeium, caput eius et anulum Caesar! misit. Quo con- specto Caesar etiam lacrimas fudisse dicitur, tanti viri in- tuens caput et generi quondam sui. Caesar defeats Ptolemy. 15 22. Mox Caesar Alexandrlam venit. IpsI quoque Ptole- maeiis parare voluit insidias, qua causa bellum regl inlatum est. Victus in Nilo periit inventumque est eius corpus cum lorlca aurea. Caesar Alexandria * potitus regnum Cleopatrae dedit, Ptolemaei sororl. Rediens inde Caesar Pharnacen, 20 Mithradatis Magni fllium, qui Pompeio in auxilium apud Thessaliam fuerat, rebellantem in Ponto et multas populT Roman! provincias occupantem vicit acie, postea ad mortem coegit. 1 H. 503, I ; M. 383, 2 ; A. & G. 320 ; G. 631, 2 ; B. 283, 1. 2 H. 549, 3 ; M. 283 ; A. & G. 293, 6, 3 ; G. 670, 4, (1) ; B. 337, 4. 8 H. 509, N. 3 ; M. 366 ; A. & G. 307, /; G. 596, 2 ; B. 302, 3, a. * H. 421, T ; M. 253 ; A. & G. 249 ; G. 407 ; B. 218, 1. LIBER VI. 61 Battle of Thapsus, 46 b.c. 23. Inde Romam regressus tertio se consulem fecit cum M. Aemilio Lepido, qui ei magister equitum dictatorl ante annum ^ fuerat. Inde in Africam profectus est, ubi inf inita nobilitas cum luba, Mauretaniae rege, bellum reparaverat. 5 Duces autem Roman! erant P. Cornelius Scipio ex genere antiquissimo Sclpionis African! (hie etiam socer Pompe! Magn! fuerat), M. Petreius, Q. Varus, M. Porcius Cato, L. Cornelius Faustus, Sullae dictatoris f!lius. Contra lios commisso proelio post multas dimicationes victor fuit Cae- 10 sar. Cato, Sc!pio, Petreius, luba ips! se occlderunt. Fau- stus, Sullae quondam dictatoris filius, Pompe! gener, a Caesare interfectus est. Battle of Munda, 45 b.c. 24. Post annum ^ Caesar Eomam regressus quarto se con- sulem fecit et statim ad Hispanias est profectus, ubi Pompe! 15 filil, Cn. Pompeius et Sex. Pompeius, ingens bellum praepa- raverant. Multa proelia fuerunt, ultimum apud ^ Mundam civitatem, in quo adeo Caesar paene victus est ut fugienti- bus suis se voluerit occldere, ne post tantam re! militaris gloriam in potestatem adulescentium natus annos sex et 20 qmnquaginta ven!ret. Denique revocatis su!s v!cit. Ex Pompe! f!li!s maior occ!sus est, minor ftigit. Caesar Monarch, 45 b.c. Caesar Assassinated, 44 b.c. 25. Inde Caesar bell!s c!v!libus toto orbe composit!s Ro- mam rediit. Agere insolentius^ coepit et contra consuetu- 1 H. 430 ; M. 2-58, 1 ; A. & G. 259, d ; G. 403, n. 4, (a) ; B. 357, 1. 2 H. 433, 1 ; M. 258, 1 ; A. & G. 258, c, n. 1 ; G. 410, 4 ; B. 141. » H. 444, 1 ; M. 426 ; A. & G. 93, a ; G. 297, 2 ; B. 240, 1. 62 EUTROPI BREVIARII dinem Romanae libertatis. Cum ergo et honores ex sua voluntate praestaret, qui a populo antea cleferebantur, nee senatui ad se venienti adsurgeret aliaque regia ac paene tyrannica faceret, coniuratum est^ in eum a sexaginta vel 5 amplius senatoribus equitibusque Romanls. Praecipui fue- runt inter coniuratos duo BriUi ex eo genere Brtiti, qui pri- mus Eomae consul fuerat et reges expulerat, et C. Cassius et Servilius Casca. Ergo Caesar, cum senattis die inter ceteros venisset ad curiam, tribus et viginti vulneribus confossus est. LIBER SEPTIMUS From the Assassination of Caesar to the Death of THE Emperor Domitian, 44 B.C.-96 a.d. Civil War idth Hirtius and Pansa, 44-43 B.C. 10 1. Anno urbis septingentesimo fere ac nono interfecto Caesare civilia bella reparata sunt. Percussoribus ^ enim Caesaris senatus favebat. Antonius consul partium Caesaris civilibus bellis opprimere eos conabatur. Ergo turbata re ptiblica multa Antonius scelera committens a senatu hostis 15 iudicatus est. Missi ad eum persequendum duo consules, Pansa et Hirtius, et Octavianus adulescens annos x et viii natus, Caesaris nepos, quem ille testamento heredem rell- querat et nomen suum ferre iusserat. Hic est, qui postea Augustus est dictus et rerum ^ potitus. Qui profecti contra 20 Antoniuin tres duces vicerunt eum. Ev6nit tarnen ut vi- 1 H. 301 ; M. 145, 3 ; A. & G. 146, d ; G. 208, 2 ; B. 187, 11, h. 2 H. 385, I ; M. 205 ; A. & G. 227 ; G. 346 ; B. 187, III, a. 8 H. 410, V, 3 ; M. 231 ; A. & G. 223, a ; G. 407, 2, (d) ; B. 212, 2. LIBER VII. 63 ctor6s consules ambo morerentur. Qiiare tres exercitus uni Caesari Augusto pariierunt. The Second Triumvirate, 43 b.c. 2. Fiigatiis Antonius amisso exercitu confugit ad Lepidiim, qui Caesari^ magister equitum fuerat et turn militiim copias 5 grandes habebat, a quo susceptus est. Mox Lepido operam dante Caesar pacem cum Antonio fecit et quasi vindicaturus patris sui mortem, a quo per testamentum fuerat adoptatus, Homam cum exercitu profectus extorsit ut sibi vicesimo anno consulatus daretur. Senatum proscripsit, cum Anto- 10 nio ac Lepido rem publicam armis tenere coepit. Per hos ^ etiam Cicero orator occisus est multique alii iiobiles. The Battle of Philippi, 42 b.c. 3. Interea Brutus et Cassius, interfectores Caesaris, iii- gens bellum moverunt. Erant enim per Max^edoniam et Orientem multi exercitus, quos occupaveraiit. Profecti sunt 15 igitur contra eos Caesar Octavianus Augustus et M. Anto- nius; remanserat enim ad defendendam Italiam Lepidus. Apud Philippos, Macedoniae urbem, contra eos pugnave- runt. Primo proelio victi sunt Antonius et Caesar, periit tameii dux nobilitatis Cassius, secundo Brtitum et infinitam 20 nobilitatem, quae cum illis bellum gesserat, victam interfe- cerunt. Ac sic inter eos divlsa est res publica, ut Augustus Hispanias, Gallias et Italiam teneret, Antonius Asiam, Pontum, Orientem. Sed in Italia L. Antonius consul bel- lum civile commovit, frater eius, qui cum Caesare contra 25 Brutum et Cassium dimicaverat. Is apud Perusiam, Tus- ciae civitatem, victus et captus est, neque occisus. 1 H. 384, II, 4, N. 2 ; M. 208 ; A. & G. 235 ; G. 350, 1 ; B. 188, 1. 2 H. 415, I, 1, N. 1 ; M. 247, 3 ; A. & G. 246, b ; G. 401, end ; B. 141. 64 EUTROPl BREVIARII War with Sextus Pompey. 4. Interim a Sex. Pompeio, Cn. Pompel Magni filio, in- gens belliim in Sicilia commotum est, his qui sui^erfuerant ex partibiis Briiti Cassiique ad eum confluentibus. Bellatuni per Caesarem Augustum Octavianum et M. Antoniiim ad- 5 versus Sex, Pompeium est. Pax postremo convenit. 5. Eo tempore M. Agrippa in Aquitania rem prospere gessit et L. Ventidius Bassus inrumpentes in Syriam Persas tribus proeliis vicit. Pacorum, regis Orodis filium, inter- fecit eo ipso die quo olim Orodes, Persarum rex, per ducem 10 Surenam Crassum occlderat. Hic primus de ParthTs iiistis- siiiium triumphum Komae egit. 6. Interim Pompeius pacem rtipit et navali x)i'oeli6 victiis fugiens ad Asiam interfectus est. Antonius, qui Asiam el Orientem tenebat, repudiata sorore Caesaris AugustI Octa- 15 viani Cleopatram, reginam Aegypti, duxit uxorem. Contra Persas etiani ipse pugnavit. Primis eos proeliis vicit, regre- diens tamen fame et pestilentia laboravit et, cum instarent ParthI fugienti, ipse pro victo recessit. Civil War between Augustus and Antonius. The Battle of Actium, 31 B.C. 7. Hic quoque ingens belliim civile commovit cogente 20 uxore Cleopatra, reglna Aegypti, duni cupiditate muliebrl optat etiam in urbe regnare. Victus est ab Augusto navali piigna clara et inlustrl apud Actium, qui locus in Epiro est, ex qua fugit in Aegyptum et desperatis rebus, cum omnes ' ad Augustum transirent, ipse se interemit. Cleopatra sibi ^ 25 aspidem admlsit et veneno eius exstincta est. Aeg^^ptus per 1 H. 517 ; M. 356 ; A. & G. 320 ; G. 580 ; B. 280, 2. 2 H. 380 ; M. 202, 1 ; A. & G. 228 ; G. 347 ; B. 187, III. LIBER VII. 65 Octavianum Augustum imperio Eomano adiecta est praepo- situsque el C. Cornelius Gallus. Hunc prlmum Aegyptus Romanum iudicem habuit. Imperial Government Established, 31 b.c. 8. Ita bellis toto orbe confectls Octavianus Augustus Ro- 5 niaiii rediit, duodecimo anno^ quam consul fuerat. Ex eo rem piiblicam per quadraginta et quattuor annos solus obti- nuit. Ante enim duodecim annis cum Antonio et Lepido tenuerat. Ita ab initio principatus eius usque ad finem quinquaginta et sex anni fuerunt. Obiit autem septuage- 10 simo sexto anno morte communT in oppido Campaniae Atella. Romae in campo Martio sepultus est, vir, qui non immerito ex maxima parte deo ^ similis est putatus. ]^eque enim facile ullus eo^ aut in bellis fellcior fuit aut in pace moderatior. Quadraginta et quattuor annis, quibus solus 15 gessit imperium, civilissime vixit, in cunctos liberalissimus, in amicos fidissimus, quos tantis evexit honoribus ut paene aequaret f astigio suo. Extension of the Empire. 9. Ntillo tempore ante eum magis res Romana floruit. Nam exceptis civilibus bellis, in quibus invictus fuit, Romano 20 adiecit im^perio Aegyptum, Cantabriam, Dalmatiam saepe ante victam, sed penitus tunc subactam, Pannoniam, Aqui- taniam, Illyricum, Raetiam, Vindelicos et Salassos in Alpi- bus, omnes Ponti maritimas civitates, in his iiobilissimas Bosporum et Panticapaeum. Vicit autem multis proeliTs 25 Dacos. Germanorum ingentes copias cecldit, ipsos quoque 1 H. 430 (last example) ; M. 249 ; A. & G. 262, x. 2 ; G. 563, 2 ; B. 230. 2 H. 391 ; M. 214 ; A. & G. 234 ; G. 359 ; B. 192, 1. 8 H. 417 ; M. 239, 1 ; A. & G. 247 ; G. 398 ; B. 217, 1. HAZ. EUTROPIU8 — 5 66 EUTROPI BREVIARII trans Albim fluvium summovit, qui in Barbarico longe ultra Rhenum est. Hoc tamen bellum per Drusum, privignum suum, administravit, sicut per Tiberium, privignum alterum, Pannonicum, . . . quo bello xl captlvorum milia ex Ger- 5 mania transtulit et supra ripam RhenI in Gallia conlocavit. Arnieniam a Parthls recepit. Obsides, quod nulli antea, Persae el dederunt. Reddiderunt etiam signa Romana, quae Crasso victo ademerant. Death of Augustus, 14 a.d. 10. Scythae et Indl, quibus antea Romanorum nomen inco- 10 gnitum fuerat, munera et legatos ad eum miserunt. Galatia quoque sub hoc provincia facta est, cum antea regnum fuis- set, primusque eam M. Lollius pro praetore administravit. Tanto autem amore * etiam apud barbaros fuit ut reges popull RomanI amlci in honorem eius conderent civitates, 15 quas Caesareas nominarent. Multl autem reges ex regnis suls venerunt, ut el obsequerentur, et habitu Romano, togati scilicet, ad vehiculum vel equum ipsius cucurrerunt. Mo- riens Divus appellatus. Rem ptiblicam beatissimam Tiberio successorl rellquit, qui privlgnus el, mox gener, postremo 20 adoptione filius fuerat. Tiberius Emperor, 14-37 a.d. 11. Sed Tiberius ingenti socordia imperiura gessit, gravl crudelitate, scelesta avaritia, turpi libldine. Nam nusquam ipse ptignavit, bella per legatos gessit suos. Quosdam reges ad se per blanditias evocatos numquam remlsit, in quibus ii5 Archelaum Cappadocem, cuius etiam regnum in provinciae formam redegit et maximam civitatem appellari nomine I H. 419, II ; M. 246 ; A. & G. 251 ; G. 400 ; B. 224, 1. LIBER VII. 67 suo iussit, quae nunc Caesarea dicitur, cum Mazaca antea vocaretur. Hic tertio et vicesimo imperii anno, aetatis sep- tuagesimo octavo, ingenti omnium gaudio mortuus est in Campania. Caligula Emperor, 37^1 a.d. 5 12. Successit ei C. Caesar, cognomento Caligula, DrtisI, privignl AugustI, et ipslus Tiber! nepos, sceleratissimus ac funestissimus et qui etiam Tiberl dedecora purgaverit.^ Bellum contra Germanos suscepit et ingressus Sueviam nihil strenue fecit. Cum adversum cunctos ingenti avaritia, 10 libidine, crudelitate saevlret, interfectus in Palatio est anno aetatis vicesimo nono, imperii tertio, mense decimo dieque octavo. Claudius Emperor, 41-54 a.d. 13. Post hunc Claudius fuit, pat runs Caligulae, Driisi, qui apud Mogontiacum monumentum habet, fllius, cuius et 15 Caligula nepos erat. Hic medie imperavit, multa gerens tranquille atque moderate, quaedam crudeliter et insulse. BritannTs intulit bellum, quam nullus Komanorum post C. Caesarem attigerat, eaque devicta per Cn. Sentium et A. Plautium, inlustres ac nobiles viros, triumphum cele- 20 brem egit. Quasdam insiilas etiam ultra Britannias in Oceano positas imperio Romano addidit, quae appellantur Orchades, filio autem suo Britannici nomen imposuit. Tam civilis autem circa quosdam amicos exstitit, ut etiam Plautium, nobilem virum, qui expeditione Britannica multa 25 egregie fecerat, triumphantem ipse prosequeretur et con- scendenti Capitolium laevus inc^deret. Is vixit annos iv et Lx, imperavit xiv. Post mortem consecratus est Dlvus- que appellatus. 1 H. 503, I ; M. 383, 2 ; A. & G. 320 ; G. 631, 2 ; B. 283, 1. 68 EUTROPI BREVIARII " Nero Emperor, 54-68 a.d. 14. Successit huic Nero, Caligulae, avunculo suo, similli- nius, qui Eomanum imperium et deformavit et minuit, inusi- tatae luxuriae ^ sumptuiimque, et qui exemplo C. Caligulae in calidis et frigidis lavaret unguentis, retibus aureis piscare- 5 tur, quae blattinis funibus extrahebat. Infinitam senatus partem interf ecit, bonis ^ omnibus hostis f uit. Ad postre- nium se tanto dedecore prostituit ut et saltaret et cantaret in scaena eitharoedico habitu vel tragico. Parricldia multa commisit fratre, uxore, sorore, matre interfectis. Urbem 10 Romam incendit, ut spectacull eius imaginem cerneret, quali olim Troia capta arserat. In rS mllitari nihil omnino ausus Britanniam paene amisit. Nam duo sub eo nobilissima oppida capta illic atque eversa sunt. Armeniam Parthi sustulSrunt legionesque Romanas sub iugum miserunt. 15 Duae tamen sub eo provinciae factae sunt, Pontus Polemo- niacus concedente r6ge Polemone et Alp6s Cottiae Cottio rege defuncto. 15. Per haec Romano orbl exsecrabilis ab omnibus simul dSstitutus est et a senatu hostis iudicatus ; cum quaerergtur 20 ad poenam, quae poena erat talis, ut niidus per publicum ductus furca capiti eius inserta virgis usque ad mortem caederetur atque ita praecipitaretur a saxo, e Palatio fugit et in suburbano se iTberti sui, quod inter Salariam et No- mentanam viam ad quartum urbis miliarium est, interfecit. 25 Is aedilicavit Romae thermas, quae ante Neronianae dictae nunc Alexandrianae appellantur. Obiit tric6simo et altero aetatis anno, imperil quarto decimo, atque in eo omnis AugustI familia consilmpta est. 1 H. 396, V ; M. 222 ; A. & G. 215 ; G. 365 ; B. 203, 1. a H. 391 ; M. 214 ; A. & G. 234 ; G, 359 ; B. 192, 1. LIBER VII. 69 Galha Emperor, 68-69 a.d. 16. Huic Serv. Galba successit, antlquissimae nobilitatis senator, cum septuagesimuin et tertium aumim ageret aeta- tis, ab Hispanis et Gallis iniperator electus, mox ab uni- verso exercitu libenter acceptus. Nam privata ^ius vita 5 msignis f uerat militaribus et civilibus rebus. Saepe consul, saepe pro consule, frequenter dux in gravissimis bellls. Hiiius breve iraperium fuit et quod bona haberet exordia, nisi ad severitatem propensior vidergtur.^ Insidiis tamen Othonis occTsus est imperii mense septimo. lugulatus in 10 foro Rdmae sepultusque in hortis suis, qui sunt Aurelia via non longe ab urbe Koma. Otho Emperor y 69 a.d. 17. Otho occiso Galba invasit imperium, materno genere ^ nobilior quam paterno, neutro tamen obsctiro. In privata vita mollis et Neroni familiaris, in imperio documentum 15 sui non potuit ostendere. Nam cum isdem temporibus, quibus Otho Galbam occiderat, etiam Vitellius factus esse! a Germanicianis exercitibus iinperator, bello contra eum suscepto cum apud Bedriacum in Italia lev! proelio victus esset, ingentes tamen copias ad bellum haberet, sponte se- 20 met ^ occldit. Petentibus mllitibus ne tam cito de belli d6- speraret eventii, cum tanti^ s6 non esse dixisset ut propter eum bellum civile mover^tur, voluntaria morte obiit trlce- simo et octavo aetatis anno, nonagSsimo et quinto imperil die. 1 H. 510, II ; M. 360 ; A. & G. 308 ; G. 597 ; B. 304, 1. 2 H. 424 ; M. 238, 1 ; A. «Sb G. 253 ; G. 397 ; B. 226. 3 H. 184, 3 ; M. 77, 2 ; A. & G. 99, /; G. 102, n. 2 ; B. 6, 3. ♦ H. 404 ; M. 224 ; A. & G. 252, a ; G. 879 ; B. 203, 3. 70 EUTROPI BREVIARII Vitellius Emperor^ 69 a.d. 18. Deiii Vitellius imperio ^ potitus est, familia honorata magis quam nobili. Nam pater eius non admodum clare natus tres tamen ordiuarios gesserat consulatus. Hic cum multo dedecore imperavit et gravi saevitia notabilis, prae- 5 cipue ingluvie et voracitate, quippe cum de die saepe quarto vel quTnto f eratur ^ epulatus. Notissima certe cena memo- riae mandata est, quam ei Vitellius f rater exliibuit, in qua super ceteros sumptus duo milia piscium, septem avium apposita traduntur. Hic cum NeronI similis esse vellet 10 atque id adeo prae se ferret, ut etiam exsequias Neronis, quae humiliter sepultae fuerant, honoraret, a VespasianT ducibus occisus est interfecto prius in urbe Sabino, Ve- spasianl imperatoris fratre, quem cum Capitolio incendit. Interfectus autem est magno dedecore : tractus per urbem 15 Romam publice, nudus, erecto coma capite et subiecto ad raentum gladio, stercore in vultum et pectus ab omnibus obviis appetitus, postremo iugulatus et in Tiberim deiectus , etiam commtini caruit sepultiira. Periit autem aetatis anno septimo et quinquagesimo, imperil mense octavo et die tino. Vespasicm Emjjeror, 69-79 a.d. 20 19. Vespasianus huic successit, factus apud Palaestlnam imperator, prlnceps obscure quidem natus, sed optimis com- parandus, privata vita inlustris, ut qui a Claudio in Ger- maniam et deinde in Britanniam missus tricies et bis cum hoste confllxerit, duas validissimas gentes, vigintl oppida, 26 Insulam Vectam, Britanniae proximam, imperio Bomano adiecerit. Bomae sg in imperio moderatissime gessit. Pe- 1 H. 421, I ; M. 263 ; A. & G. 249 ; G. 407 ; B. 218, 1. 2H. 517,3, 1);M. 382, 2, n. ; A. &G. 326, n. 1 ; G. 498, n. 8; B. 286,2. LIBER VII. 71 cuniae tantum avidior f uit, ita tamen, ut earn iiulll ^ iniiiste auferret. Qiiam cum omni diligentiae provisione conligeret, tamen studiosissime largiebatur, praecipue indigentibus. Xec facile ante eum cuiusquam principis vel maior est 5 liberalitas comperta, vel itistior. Placidissimae lenitatis, ut qui maiestatis quoque contra se reos non facile puniret ultra exsilii poenam. Sub hoc ludaea Eomano accessit imperio et Hierosolyma, quae fuit urbs nobilissima Palae- stinae. Achaeam, Lyciam, Rhodum, Byzantium, Samum, 10 quae liberae ante id tempus fuerant, item Thraciam, Cili- ciam, Commagen'en, quae sub regibus amicls egerant, in provinciarum formam redegit. 20. Offensarum^ et inimicitiarum immemor fuit, convicia a causidicis et philosophis in se dicta leniter tulit, diligens 15 tamen coercitor disciplinae mllitaris. Hic cum filio Tito de Hierosolymis triumphavit. Per haec cum senatui, po- pulo, postremo cunctis amabilis ac iucundus esset, profluvio ventris exstinctus est in villa propria circa Sabinos, annum agens aetatis sexagesimum nonum, imperii nonum et diem 20 septimum, atque inter Divos relatus est. Genitilram filio- rum ita cognitam habuit, ut, cum multae contra eum con- iurationes fierent, quas patefactas ingenti dissimulatione contempsit, in senatu dixerit aut filios sibi successuros, aut neminem. Titus Emperor, 79-81 a.d. 25 21. Huic Titus filius successit, qui et ipse Vespasianus est dictus, vir omnium virtutum genere mirabilis adeo ut amor et deliciae humani generis diceretur, facundissimus, belli- cosissimus, moderatissimus. Causas Latine egit, poemata 1 H. 385, II, 2 ; M. 211 ; A. & G. 229 ; G. 347, 5 ; B. 188, 2, d. 2 H. 399 ; M, 226, 1 ; A. & G. 218 ; G. 374 ; B. 204, 1. 72 EUTROPl BREVTARn et tragoedias Graece composuit. In oppugnatiOne Hiero- solyinorum sub patre militans duodecim proptignatorgs duo- decim sagittarum confixit ictibus. Romae tantae civilitatis ill imperio fuit ut nullum omnino punierit, convlctos adver- 5 sum se coniurationis dimiserit vel in eadem familiaritate qua antea habuerit. Facilitatis et liberalitatis tantae fuit ut, cum null! quicquam negaret et ab amicis reprehendere- tur, resfjonderit nullum tristem dgbere ab imperatore dis- c6dere, praeterea cum quadam dig in cena recordatus fuisset 10 nihil s6 illo die culquam praestitisse, dixerit : ' AmicI, hodie diem perdidl.' Hic Romae amphitheatrum aedificavit et quinque milia ferarum in dedicatione 6ius occldit. 22. Per haec intlsitato favore dilectus morbo periit in ea, qua pater, villa post biennium et m6nses octo, di6s viginti, 15 quam imperator erat factus, aetatis anno altero et quadra- gesimo. Tantus luctus eo mortuo publicus fuit ut omnes tamquam in propria doluerint orbitate. Senatus obitu ipslus circa vesperam nuntiato nocte inrupit in curiam et tantas ei mortuo laudes gratiasque congessit, quantas nee vivo uin- 20 quam ggerat nee praesenti. Inter Divos relatus est. Domitian Emperor, 81-96 a.d. 23. Domitianus niox acc6pit imperium, f rater ipsius iunior, Neroni aut Caligulae aut Tiberio similior quam patrT vel f ratrl suo. Primis tamen annis moderatus in imperio fuit, mox ad ingentia vitia progressus libidinis, iracundiae, cru- 25 delitatis, avaritiae, tantum in se odii ^ concitavit ut merita et patris et fratris aboleret. Interfecit nobilissimos e senatu. Dominum se et deum primus appellari iussit. Nullam sibi nisi auream et argenteam statuam in Capitolio 1 H. 397, 8 ; M. 225, 2 ; A. & G. 216, a, 3 ; G. 369 j B. 201, 2. LIBER VIII. 73 passus est ponl. Consobrinos suos interfgcit. Superbia quoque in eo exsecrabilis fuit. Expeditiones quattuor ha- buit, unam adversum Sarmatas, alteram adversum Cattos, duas adversum Dacos. De Dacis Cattisque duplicem trium- 5 phum egit, de Sarmatis solam lauream tisurpavit. Multas tamen calamitates Isdem bellis passus est ; nam in Sarmatia legio eius cum duce interfecta est et a Dacis Oppius Sabl- nus cOnsularis et Cornelius Fuscus, praefectus praetorio, cum magnis exercitibus occisi sunt. Komae quoque multa 10 opera fecit, in his Capitolium et Forum Transitorium, Dlvo- rum Porticus, Isium ac Serapium et Stadium. Verum cum ob scelera universis exosus esse coepisset, interfectus est suorum coniuratione in Palatio, anno aetatis quadragesimo quinto, imperil qulnto decimo. Fimus eius cum ingenti 16 dedecore per vespillonSs exportatum et ignobiliter est se- pultum. » LIBER OCTAVUS From the Accession of Nerva to the Death of Alexander Severus, 96-235 a.d. Nerva Emperor, 96-98 a.d. 1. AnnO octingentesimo et qumquagesimo ab urbe condita Vetere et Valente consulibus r6s publica ad prosperrimum statum rediit bonis principibus ingenti felicitate commissa. 20 Domitiano enim, exitiabill tyranno, Nerva siu-tessit, vir in privata vita moderatus et strenuus, nobilitatis mediae. Qui senex admodum operam dante Petronio Secundo, praefecto praetorio, item Parthenio, interfectore DomitianI, imperator est f actus ; aequissimum se et civilissimum praebuit. Rei ^ 1 H. 385, 1 ; M. 204 ; A. & G. 227, c ; G. 346, r. 2, n. 2 ; B. 187, III. 74 EUTROPI BREVIARII ptiblicae divina provisione consuluit Traianum adoptando.* Mortuus est Romae post annum et quattuor menses imperii suT ac dies octo, aetatis septuagesimo et altero anno, atque inter Divos relatus est. Trajan Emperor, 98-117 a.d. 5 2. Successit ei Ulpius Crinitus Traianus, natus Italicae in Hispania, familia^ antlqua magis quam clara. Nam pater eius primum consul fuit. Imperator autem apud Agrippi- nam in Gallils factus est. Rem ptiblicam ita administravit ut omnibus principibus merito praeferatiir, inusitatae 10 civilitatis et fortitudinis. RomanI imperii, quod post Au- giistum defensum magis fuerat quam nobiliter ampliatum, fines longe lateque diffudit. Urbes trans Rhenum in Ger- mania reparavit. Daciam Decibalo victo subegit provincia trans Danubium facta in his agrls quos nunc Taifali, Victo- 15 all et Tervingi habent. Ea provincia decies centena milia passuum in circuitti tenuit. 3. Armeniam, quam occupaverant ParthI, recepit Partho- masiri occiso, qui eam tenebat. Albanis regem dedit. Hiberorum regem et Sauromatarum et Bosporanorum et 20 Arabum et Osdroenoruin et Colchorum in fidem accepit. Carduenos, Marcomedos occupavit et Anthemtisiam, ma- gnam Persidis regionem, Seleuciam, Ctesiphontem, Baby- lonem; Messenios vicit ac tenuit. Usque ad Indiae fines et mare Rubrum accessit atque ibi tres provincias fecit, 25 Armeniam, Assyrian!, Mesopotamiam, cum his gentibus quae Madenam attingunt. Arabiam postea in provinciae form am redegit. In marl Rubro classem Instituit, ut per eam Indiae fln6s vastaret. 1 H. 542, IV ; M. 292 ; A. & G. 301 ; G. 431 ; B. 338, 4, a. 2 H. 415 ; M. 234 ; A. & G. 244 ; G. 395 ; B. 215. LIBER VIII. . 75 4. Gloriam tamen militarem civilitate et moderatione supe- ravit, Romae et per provincias aequalem se omnibus exhi- bens, amicos salutandl^ causa frequentans vel aegrotantes vel cum festos dies habuissent, convlvia cum isdem indi- 5 screta vicissitti habens, saepe in vehiculls eorum sedens, nul- lum senatorum laedens, nihil iniiistum ad augendum fiscum agens, liberalis in cunctos, publice privatimque ditans omnes et honoribus augens, quos vel mediocri familiaritate cogno- visset, per orbem terrarum aedificans multa, immunitates 10 civitatibus tribuens, nihil non tranquillum et placidum agens, adeo ut omni eius aetate unus senator damnatus sit atque is tamen per senatum ignorante Traiano. Ob haec per orbem terrarum deo proximus nihil non venerationis meruit et vivus et mortuus. 15 5. Inter alia dicta hoc ipsius fertur egregium. AmicTs enim culpantibus, quod nimium circa omnes communis esset,^ respondit talem se imperatorem esse privatis, quales esse sibi imperatores privatus optasset. Post ingentem igitur gloriam belli domique quaesitam e Perside rediens apud 20 Seleuciam Isauriae profluvio ventris exstinctus est. Obiit autem aetatis anno sexagesimo tertio, mense nono, die quarto, imperii nono decimo, mense sexto, die quinto de- cimo. Inter Divos relatus est solusque omnium intra urbem sepultus est. Ossa conlata in urnam auream in foro, quod 25 aedificavit, sub columna posita sunt, cuius altitude cxliv pedes habet. Htiius tantum memoriae delatum est ut usque ad nostram aetatem non aliter in senatu prlncipibus acclametur, nisi ' Felicior Augusto,^ melior Traiano.' Adeo in eo gloria bonitatis obtinuit, ut vel adsentantibus vel 4 H. 542, I ; M. 289 ; A. & G. 298 ; G. 428 ; B. 338, 1, c. 2 H. 516, II ; M. 357 ; A. & G. 321 ; G. 541 ; B. 286, 1. 8 H. 417 ; M. 239, 1 ; A. & G. 247 ; G. 398 ; B. 217, 1. 76 EUTROPI BREVIARII vere laudantibus occasionem magnificentissimi praestet exempli. Hadrian Emperor, 117-138 a.d. 6. Deftincto Traiano Aelius Hadrianus ^reatus est prin- ceps, sine aliqua quidein voluntate TraianI, sed operam dante 5 Plotlna, Traiani uxore ; nam eum Traianus, qiiamquam consobrinae suae filiiim, vivus noluerat adoptare. Natus et ipse Italicae in Hispania. Qui Traiani gloriae invidens statim provincias tres rellquit, quas Traianus addiderat, et de Assyria, Mesopotamia, Armenia revocavit exercittis ac 10 finem imperil esse voluit Euphraten. Idem de Dacia facere conatum amid deterruerunt, ne multi elves RomanI barbaris traderentur, propterea quia Traianus victa Dacia ex toto orbe Romano mfinitas eo copias hominum transtulerat ad agros et urbes colendas. Dacia enim diuturno bello Deci- 15 ball viris fuerat exhausta. 7. Pacem tamen omni imperii sui tempore habuit, semel tantum per praesidem dimicavit. Orbem Eomanum cir- cumiit; multa aediiicavit. Facundissimus Latino sermone, Graeco erudltissimus fuit. Non magnam clementiae gloriam 20 habuit, diligentissimus tamen circa aerarium et militum di- sciplinam. Obiit in Campania maior sexagenario, imperii anno vicesimo primo, niense decimo, die vicesimo nono. Senatus ei tribuere noluit divlnos honores, tamen cum suc- cessor ipsius T. Aurelius Antoninus Fulvius hoc vehementer 25 exigeret, etsi imiversi senatorgs palam resisterent, tandem obtinuit. Antoninus Pius Emperor, 138-161 a.d. 8. ErgO Hadrians successit T. Antoninus Fulvius Boionius, Idem etiam Pius nominStus, genere claro, sed n6n admodum LIBER VIII. 77 vetere, vir Insignis et qui merito Numae Pompilio confera- tur,^ ita ut Eomulo Traianus aeqiietur. Vixit ingenti hone- state privatus, maiore in imperio, nulli acerbus, cunctis benignus, in re militari moderata gloria, dgfendere magis 5 provincias quain amplificare studens, viros aequissimos ad administrandam rem publicam quaerSns, bonis honorem habens, improbos sine aliqua acerbitate detestans, regibns anncis venerabilis non minus quam terribilis, adeo ut bar- barorum plurimae nationes depositis armis ad eum contro- 10 versias suas litesque deferrent sententiaeque parerent. Hic ante imperium ditissimus opes quidem omnes suas stipen- diis militum et circa amicos liberalltatibus minuit, verum aerarium opulentum reliquit. Pius proi)ter clementiam dictus est. Obiit apud Loriuni, vlllam suani, miliario ab 15 urbe duodecimo, vitae anno septuagesimo tertio, imperii vicesimo tertio, atque inter Divos relatus est et merito consecratus. Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus EmperorSy 161-169 a.d. 9. Post hunc imperavit M. Antoninus V6rus, hand dubie nobilissimus, quippe cum eius origo paterna a Numa Pompi- 20 lio, materna a Salleiitino rege penderet, et cum eo L. Annius Antoninus Verus. Tumque primum Rom ana res ptiblica duobus aequo iure imperium administrantibus pSruit, cum usque ad eos singulos semper habuisset Augustos. Hi et genere inter se coniuncti fuerunt et adfinitate. Nam Verus 25 Annius Antoninus M. Antonini filiam in matrimonium lia- buit, M. autem Antoninus gener Antonini Pii fuit per uxo- rem Galeriam Faustinam iuniorem, consobrinam suam. 10. Hi bellum contra Parthos gesserunt, qui post victoriam 1 H. 503, I ; M. 383, 1 ; A. & G. 320 ; G. 631, 1 ; B. 283, 1. 78 EUTROPI BREVIARII Traiani turn piimuin rebellaverant. Verus Antoninus ad id profectus est. Qui Antiochiae et circa Armenian! agens multa per duces suos et ingentia patravit. Seleuclam, Assyriae urbem nobilissimam, cum quadringentis mllibus hominum 5 cepit; Parthicum triumphum revexit. Cum fratre eodem- que^ socero triumphavit. Obiit tamen in Venetia, cum a Concordia civitate Altinum proficlsceretur et cum fratre in vehiculo sederet, subito sanguine ictus, casu morbi quern Graecl apoplexin vocant. Vir ingenii parum civllis, reve- 10 rentia tamen fratris nihil umquam atrox ausus. Cum obisset undecimo imperil anno, inter deos relatus est. Marcus Aurelius reigns alone, 169-180 a.d. 11. Post eum M. Antoninus solus rem publicam tenuit, vir quem mirari f acilius quis quam laudare possit. A principio vitae tranquillissimus, adeo ut ex mfantia quoque vultum 15 nee ex gaudio nee ex maerore mutaverit. Philosophiae de- ditus Stoicae, ipse etiam non solum vltae moribus, sed etiam erudltione philosophus. Tantae admirationis adhuc iuve- nis ut eum successorem paraverit Hadrianus relinquere, adoptato tamen Antonino Pio generum ei idcirco esse vo- 20 luerit, ut hoc ordine ad imperium perveniret. 12. Institutus est ad philosophiam per Apollonium * Chal- c^donium, ad scientiam litterarum Graecarum per Sextum Chaeronensem, Pliitarchi nepotem, Latinas autera eum lit- teras Fronto, orator nobilissimus, docuit. Hic cum omnibus 25 Romae aequo iure egit, ad nullam Insolentiam elatus est imperii fastigio ; liberalitatis promptissimae. Provincias in- genti benignitate et moderatione tractavit. Contra GermSr 1 H. 451, 3 ; M. 446 ; A. &. G. 195, e ; G. 310 ; B. 248, 1. 2 H. 415, I, N. 1 ; M. 247, 3 ; A. & G. 240, h ; G. 401 ; B. 141. LIBER VIII. 79 nos eo prlncipe res feliciter gestae sunt. Bellum ipse unum gessit Marcomannicum, sed quantum nulla memoria fuit, adeo ut Punicis conferatur. Nam eo^ gravius est factum, quod tiniversl exercitus liomani perierant. Sub hoc enim 5 tantus casus pestilentiae fuit ut post victoriam Persicam Romae ac per Italiam provinciasque maxima hominum pars, militum omnes fere copiae languore defecerint. 13. IngentI ergo labore et moderatione, cum apud Carnun- tum iugi triennio perseverasset, bellum Marcomannicum con- 10 fecit, quod cum his QiiadI, Vandali, Sarmatae, Suevi atque omnis barbaria commoverat, multa hominum milia inter- fecit, ac Pannoniis servitio liberatis Romae rursus cum Commodo Antonino, filio suo, quem iam Caesarem fecerat, triumphavit. Ad huius belli sumptum cum aerario ex- 15 hausto largitiones nullas haberet neque indlcere provinciali- bus aut senatul aliquid vellet, mstrumentum regii cultiis facta in foro Divl TraianI sectione distraxit, vasa aurea, pocula crystallina et murrina, uxoriam ac suam sericam et auream vestem, multa ornamenta gemmarum. Ac per duos 20 continuos menses ea venditio habita est multumque auri redactum. Post victoriam tamen emptoribus pretia resti- tuit, qui reddere comparata voluerunt; molestus null! fuit qui maluit semel empta retinere. 14. Hic permisit viris clarioribus ut convivia eodem cultii 25 quo ipse et ministrls similibus exhiberent. In editione munerum post victoriam adeo magnificus fuit ut centum simul leones exhibuisse tradatur. Cum igitur fortunatam rem publicam et virtute et mansuettidine reddidisset, obiit XVIII imperii anno, vitae lxi, et omnibus certatim adniten- 30 tibus inter Divos relatus est. « 1 H. 423 ; M. 248 ; A. & G. 250 ; G. 403 ; B. 223. 80 EUTROPI BREVIARII Commodus Emperor, 180-193 a.d. 16. Huius successor L. Antoninus Commodus nihil par ternum habuit, nisi quod contra GermanCs fgliciter et ipse pilgnavit. Septembrem mensem ad nomen suum transferre conatus est, ut Commodus diceretur. Sed luxuria et obsce- 5 nitate depravatus gladiatoriis armis saepissime in ludo, deinceps etiam in amphitheatro cum liuiusmodT liominibus dimicavit. Obiit morte subita atque adeo ut strangulatus vel veneno interfectus putaretur, cum annis xii post patrem et VIII mensibus imperasset, tanta exsecratione omnium ut 10 hostis human! generis etiam mortuus iudicargtur. Pertinax Emperor, 193 a.d. 16. Huic successit Pertinax, grandaevus iam et qui sep- tuagenariam attigisset aetatem, praef ectCiram urbl tum agens, ex senatus consulto imperare iussus. OctogSsimo die im- perii praetorianorum militum seditione et luliani scelere 15 occisus est. 17. Post eum Salvius Itilianus rem publicam invasit, vir nobilis et iure peritissimus, nepos Salvi luliani, qui sub Divo Hadriano perpetuum composuit edictum. Victus est a Severo apud Mulvium pontem, interfectus in Palatio. 20 Vixit mensibus septem postquam coeperat imperare. Septimius Sevenis Emperor, 193-211 a.d. 18. Hinc imperii Roman! administrationem Septimius S.everus accepit, oriundus ex Africa provincia Tripolitana, oppido Lepti. Solus omni memoria^ et ante et postea ex Africa imperator fuit. Hic primum fisc! advocatus, mox 25 militaris tribunus, per multa deinde et varia officia atque 1 H. 429 ; M. 243, 2 ; A. & G. 250 ; G. 393 ; B. 231. LIBER VIII. 81 honores usque ad adininistrationem totius rei publicae venit. Pertinacem se appellari voluit in honorem eius Pertinacis, qui a luliano fuerat occisus. Parous admodum f uit, natuia saevus. Bella multa et feliciter gessit. Pescennium Ni- 5 grum, qui in Aegypto et Syria rebellaverat, apud Cyzicum interfecit. Parthos vicit et Arabas interiores et Adiabenos. Arabas eo usque superavit ut etiam provinciain ibi faceret. Idcirco Parthicus, Arabicus, Adiabenicus dictus est. Multa toto orbe Eomano reparavit. Sub eo etiam Clodius Albinus, 10 qui in occidendo Pertinace socius fuerat luliano/ Caesarem se in Gallia fecit, victusque apud Lugduiium est interfectus. 19. Severus tamen praeter bellicain gloriani etiam civilibus studils clarus fait et litteris doctus, philosophiae scientiam ad plenum adeptus. Novissimum bellum in Britannia 15 habuit, utque receptas provincias omni securitate munlret, vallum per cxxxii passuum milia a marl ad mare deduxit. Decessit EboracI admodum senex, imperii anno sexto decimo, mense tertio. Divus appellatus est. Nam fllios duos successores reliquit, Bassianum et Getam, sed Bas- 20 siano Antonini nomen a senatii voluit imponl. Itaque di- ctus est M. Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus patrlque successit. Nam Geta hostis publicus iudicatus confestim periit. Caracalla Emperor, 211-217 a.d. 20. M. igitur Aurelius Antoninus Bassianus, Idemque Cara- calla, morum fere paternorum fuit, paulo asperior et minax, 25 Opus Romae egregium fecit lavacri, quae thermae Antonl- nianae appellantur, nihil praeterea memorabile. Impatientis libldinis, qui novercam suam luliam uxorem duxerit. De- functus est in Osdroena apud Edessam moliens adversum 1 H. 387 ; M. 212 ; A. & G. 231 ; G. 349 ; B. 190. HAZ. EUTROPIUS — 6 82 EUTROPI BREVIARII Parthos expedltionem anno imperil sexto, mense secundo, vix egressus quadragesimum tertium annum. Funere pu- blico elatus est. Macrinus Emperor, 218 a.d. 21. Deinde Opilius Macrinus, qui praefectiis praetorio 5 erat, cum filio Diadumeno fact! imperatores nihil memo- rabile ex temporis brevitate gesserunt. Nam imperium eorum duum mensuum et unius anni fuit. Seditione mili- tari ambo pariter occlsl sunt. Heliogahalus Emperor, 218-221 a.d. 22. Creatus est post hos M. Aurelius Antoninus. Hic 10 AntoniiiT Caracallae filiiis putabatur, sacerdos autem Helio- gaball tempi! erat. Is cum Romam ingenti et mllitum et senatus exspectatione venisset, probris se omnibus contami- navit. Impudicissime et obscenissime vixit, biennioque post et octo mensibus tumultti interfectus est militari et cum eo 15 mater Symiasera. Alexander Severus Emperor, 221-235 a.d. • 23. Successit huic Aurelius Alexander, ab exercitu Caesar, a senatti Augustus nominatus, iuvenis admodum, susce- ptoque adversus Persas bello Xerxen, eorum regem, glorio- sissime vicit. Militarem disciplTnam severissime rexit. 20 Quasdam tumultuantes legiones integras exauctoravit. Ad- sessorem habuit vel scrinil magistrum Ulpianum, iuris con- ditorem. Romae quoque favorabilis fuit. Peri it in Gallia militari tumultu tertio decimo imperii anno et die nono. In Mamaeam, matrem suam, unice pius. LIBEU IX. 83 LIBER NONUS Erom the Accession of Maximus to the Abdication OF Diocletian, 235-305 a.d. Maximinus Emperor, 235-237 a.d. 1. Post hunc Maximmiis ex corpore mllitari primus ad imperium accessit sola militum voluntate, cum nulla senatus intercessis^et auctoritas neque ipse senator esset. Is bello adversus Germanos feliciter gesto cum a niilitibus impera- 5 tor esset appellatus, a Pupieno Aquileiae occisus est dese- rentibus eum militibus suls cum filio adhuc puero, cum quo imperaverat triennio et panels diebus. Antonius Gordianus Emperor, 237-238 a.d. Gordianus III Emperor, 238-244 a.d. 2. Postea tres simul August! fuerunt, Pnpienus, Balbinus, Gordianus, duo superiores obsciirissimo genere, Gordianus 10 nobilis, quippe cuius pater, senior Gordianus, consensu militum, cum proconsulatum Africae gereret, Maximind imperante princeps fuisset electus. Itaque cum Eomam venissent, Balbinus et Pupienus in Palatio interfecti sunt, soli ^ Gordiano imperium reservatum. Gordianus admodum 15 puer cum Tranquilllnam Bomae duxisset uxorem, lanum Geminum aperuit et ad Orientem profectus Parthis bellum intulit, qui iam moliebantur erumpere. Quod quidem feli- citer gessit proeliisque ingentibus Persas adfiixit. Rediens baud longe a Eomanis finibus interfectus est fraude Plii- 20 lippT, qui post eum imperavit. Miles el tumulum vicesimo mlliario a Circesio, quod castrum nunc Bomanorum est Euphratae inminens, aedificavit, exsequias Romam revexit, ipsum Divum appellavit. 1 H. 384, 4 ; M. 208 ; A. & G. 235, a ; G. 350, 1 ; B. 188, 1. 84 EUTROPI BREVIARII Philip Emperor, 244-249 a.d. 3. Philippi duo, fllius ac x^ater, Gordiano occiso imperium invaseruiit atque exercitti incolumi reducto ad Italiam ex Syria profecti sunt. His iraperantibus mlllesimus annus Romae urbis ingenti ludorum apparatti spectaculorumque 5 celebratus est. Ambo delude ab exercitti interfecti sunt, senior Philii^pus Veronae, Romae itinior. Annis quinque imperaverunt ; inter Divos tanien relati sunt. Melius Decius Emperor, 249-251 a.d. 4. Post hos Decius e Pannonia Inferiore Budaliae natus imperium stimpsit. Bellum civile, quod in Gallia motum 10 fuerat, oppressit. Fllium suum Caesarem fecit. Romae lavacrum aedificavit. Cum imperassent biennio ipse et fllius, uterque in Barbarico interfecti sunt. Senior meruit inter Divos referri. Gallus Hostilianus and Vohisianus Emperors, 251-253 a.d. 5. Mox imperatores creati sunt Gallus Hostilianus et Galll 15 fllius Volusianus. Sub Ins Aemilianus in Moesia res novas molltus est; ad quem opprimendum cum ambo profecti essent, Interamnae interfecti sunt non complete biennio. Nihil omnino clarum gesserunt. Sola pestilential et morbis atque aegrittidinibus notus eorum principatus fuit. 20 6. Aemilianus obscurissimg natus obscurius imperSvit ac tertio mgnse exstinctus est. Aemilianus Emperor, 253 a.d. Valerianus Emperor, 253-260 A.D. 7. Hinc Licinius Valerianus in Raetia et Norico agens ab exercitu imperator et mox Augustus est f actus. Gallienus 1 H. 410: M. 254 : A. & G. 245 : G. 408 ; B. 21P. LIHEK rX. 85 quoque Romae a senatil Caesar est appellatus. Horum im- perium Eomano nomini perniciosum et paene exitiabile fiiit vel mfellcitate principum vel ignavia. Gerinani Eavennam iisque venerunt. Valerianus in Mesopotamia bellum gerens 5 a Sapore, Persarum rege, superatus est, mox etiam captus apud Parthos ignobili servittite consenuit. Gallienus Emperor, 260-268 a.d. 8. Gallienus cum adulescens factus esset Augustus, impe- rium primum feliciter, mox commode, ad ultimum perniciose ges^t. Nam iuvenis in Gallia et Illyrico multa strenue 10 fecit occiso apud Mursam Ingenuo, qui purpuram stimpse- rat, et Trebelliano. Diu placidus et quietus, mox in omnem lasciviam dissolutus, tenendae rei publicae habenas pro- brosa ignavia et desperatione laxavit. Alamanni vastatis Galliis in Ttaliam penetraverunt. • Dacia, quae a Traiano 1') ultra Danuvium fuerat adiecta, turn amissa, Graecia, Mace- donia, Pontus, Asia vastata est per Gothos, Pannonia a SarmatTs Quadisque populata est, German! usque ad Hi- spanias penetraverunt et civitatem nobilem Tarraconem ex- pugnaverunt, Parthi Mesopotamia occupata Syriam sibi 20 coeperant vindicare. 9. lam desperatis rebus et deleto paene imperio Romano Postumus in Gallia, obscurissime natus, purpuram sumpsit et per annos decern ita imperavit ut constimptas paene prd- vincias ingenti virtute et moderatione reparaverit. Qui 25 seditione mllitum interfectus est, quod Mogontiacum civita- tem, quae adversus eum rebellaverat Laeliano res novas moliente, dlripiendani^ militibus tradere noluisset. Post eum Marius, vllissimus opifex, purpuram accepit et secando 1 H. 544, 2, X. 2 ; M. 295, 2 ; A. & G. 294, d; G. 430 ; B. 337, 7, h, 2). 86 " EUTROPl BREVIARII die interfectus est. Victorinus postea Galliarum accepit imperium, vir strenuissimus, sed cum nimiae libidinis ^ esset et matrimonia aliena corruinperet, Agrippmae occisus est actuario quodani dolum machinante, imperii sui anno 5 secundo. 10. Huic siiccessit Tetricus senator, qui Aquitaniam lion ore praesidis administrans absens a mllitibus imperator electus est et apud Burdigalam purpuram sumpsit. Seditiones multas militum pertulit. Sed dum haec in Gallia geruntur, 10 in Oriente per Odenathum Persae victi sunt. Defensa Syria, recepta Mesopotamia usque ad Ctesij)hoiitem Odena- thus penetravit. Claudius Emperor, 268-270 a.d. 11. Ita Gallieno rem publicam deserente Romanum impe- rium in Occidente per Postumum, per OdeiiS,tlium in Oriente 15 servatum est. Gallienus interea Mediolani cum Valeriano fratre occisus est imperii auno nono, Claudiusque el suc- cessit a mllitibus electus, a senatii appellatus Augustus. Hic Gothos Illyricum Macedoniamque vastantes ingenti proelio vicit. Parens vir ac modestus et iilsti^ tenax ac rel piiblicae 20 gerendae idoneus, qui tamen intra imperil biennium morbo interiit. Divus appellatus est. Senatus eum ingenti honore decoravit, scilicet ut in curia clipeus ipsi aureus, item in Capitolio statua aurea poneretur. Qaintillus Emperor, 270 a.d. 12. Quintillus post eum, Claudi frater, consensu militum 25 imperator el6ctus est, unicae moderationis ^ vir et civllitatis, 1 H. 396, V ; M. 222 ; A. & G. 215 ; G. 365 ; B. 203, 1. 2 H. 399, II ; M. 226, 1 ; A. & G. 218, 6 ; G. 375 ; B. 204, 1. LIBER IX. 87 aequandus fratrl vel praeponendus. Consensu senatus appel- latus Augustus septimo decimo die imperii occisus est. Aurelian Emperor, 270-275 a.d. 13. Post eum Aurelianus suscepit imperium, Dacia Ripensi oriunduSj vir in bello potens, animi tamen immodicT et ad 5 crudelitatem propensioris. Is quoque Gothos strenuissime vieit. Eomanam dicioneni ad fines pristinos varia bellorum felicitate revocavit. Superavit in Gallia Tetricum apud Catalaimos ipso Tetrico prodente exercitum suum, cuius adsiduas seditiones ferre non poterat. Quin etiam per lit- 10 teras occultas Aurelianum ita fuerat deprecatus ut inter alia versti^ Vergiliano uteretur: ^Eripe me his, invicte, malls.' Zenobiam quoque, quae occiso Odenatho marito Orientem tenebat, baud longe ab Antiochia sine gravi proelio cepit, ingressusque Romam nobilem triumphum 15 quasi receptor Orientis Occidentisque egit praecedentibus currum Tetrico et Zenobia. Qui quidem Tetricus corrector Lucaniae postea fuit ac privatus diutissime vixit ; Zenobia autem posteros, qui adhuc manent, Romae reliquit. 14. Hoc imperante etiam in urbe monetaril rebellaverunt 20 vitiatTs pecimiis et Felicissimo rational! interfecto. Quos Aurelianus victos ultima crudelitate compescuit. Pltirimos nobiles capite ^ damnavit. Saevus et sanguinarius ac neces- sarius magis in quibusdam quam in uUo amabilis imperator. Trux omni tempore, etiam f ilii sororis interfector, disciplinae 25 tamen -militaris et morum dissolutorum magna ex parte cor- rector. 15. Urbem Romam mtiris flrmioribus cinxit. Tempi um 1 H. 421, I ; M. 253 ; A. & G. 249 ; G. 407 ; B. 218, 1. 2 H. 410, III ; M. 251 ; A. & G. 220, 6, 1 ; G. 404 ; B. 208, 2, h, 88 EUTROPl BREVIARII Soli aedificavit, in quo infinitum auri gemmarumque cOnsti- tuit. Provinciam Daciam, quam Traianus ultra Danuvium fecerat, intermisit, vastato omni Illyrico et Moesia despe- rans earn posse retinei% abductosque Romanos ex urbibus et 5 agris Daciae in media Moesia conlocavit appellavitque eam Daciam, quae nunc duas Moesias dividit et est in dextrg Danuvio in mare flueiiti, cum antea f uerit in laeva. Occidi- tur servi sui fraude, qui ad quosdam mllitares viros, amicos ipsius, nomina pertulit adnotata falso manum eius imitatus, 10 tamquam Aurelianus ipsos pararet occidere ; itaque ut prae- venlretur, ab Isdem interfectus est in itineris medio, quod inter Constantmopolim et Heracleam est stratae veteris; locus Caenophrurium appellatur. Mors tamen eius inulta non fuit. Meruit quoque inter Divos referrl. Tacitus Emperor, 275-276 a.d. 15 16. Tacitus post hunc suscepit imperiuin, vir 6gregi6 mora^ tus et rei ptiblicae gerendae idoneus. Nihil tamen clarum potuit ostendere intra sextum mensem imperii morte prae- ventus. Florianus, qui Tacito successerat, duobus mensibus et diebus xx in imperio fuit neque quicquam dlgnum me- 20 moria ^git. Probus Emperor, 276-282 a.d. 17. Post hunc Probus, vir inliistris gloria militari, ad administrationem rei publicae accessit. Gallias a barbaris occupatas ingenti proeliorum felicitate restituit. Quosdam imperium iisurpare conatos, scilicet Saturninum in Oriente, 25 Proculum et Bonosum Agripplnae, certaminibus oppressit. Vineas Gallos et Pannonios habere permisit, opere militari Almam monteiu apud Sirmium et Aureum apud Moesiam superiorem vlnels conseruit et provincialibus colendos dedit. LIBER IX. ^ 89 Hie cum bella mnumera gessisset, pace parata dixit brevi mllites necessaries noa futures. Yir acer, strenuus, iustus et qui Aurelianum aequaret gloria militari, morum autein civilitate superaret. Interfectus tamen est Sirmi tumultu 5 militari in turri ferrata. Cams Emperor, 282-283 a.d. Cams and JSFumerianus Emperors, 283-284 a.d. 18. Post hunc Carus est factus Augustus, Narbone natus in Gallia. Is confestim Carinum et Numerianum filios Cae- sares fecit. Sed dum bellum adversus Sarmatas gerit, nim- tiato Persaruni tumultu ad Orientem profectus res contra 10 Persas nobiles gessit. Ipsos proelio fudit, Cochen et Cte- sipbontem, urbes nobilissimas, cepit. l5t cum castra supra Tigridem haberet, vi divini fulminis periit. Numerianus quoque, filius eius, quem secum Caesarem ad Persas dtixe- rat, adulescens egregiae indolis, cum oculorum dolore corre- 15 ptus in lecticula veheretur, impulsore Apro, qui socer eius erat, per insidias occisus est. Et cum dolo occultaretur ipsius mors, quousque Aper invadere posset imperium, f etore cadaveris prodita est. Milites enim, qui eum sequebantur, putore commoti deductis lecticulae palliis post aliquot dies 20 mortem eius notam habere potuerunt. Diocletian Emperor, 284-305 a.d. 19. Interea Carinus, quem Caesarem ad Partbos proficiscens Carus in Illyrico, Gallia, Italia reliquerat, omnibus se scele- ribus inquinavit. Plurimos innoxios fictis criminibus occi- dit, matrimonia nobilia corriipit, condiscif)ulis ^ quoque, qui 25 eum in auditorio vel levi fatigatione taxaverant, perniciosus 1 H. 391, I ; M. 214 ; A. & G. 234, a ; G. 359 ; B. 192, 1. 90 EUTROPI BREVIARIl fuit. Ob quae omnibus hominibus invisus non raulto post poenas dedit. Nam de Perside victor exercitus rediens, cum Carum Augustum fulmine, Numerianum Caesarem in- sidils perdidisset, Diocletiauum imperatorem creavit, Dal- 5 matia oriundum, virum obscurissime natum, adeo ut a plerisque scribae filius, a nonnullis AnullTni senatoris liber- tinus fuisse credatur. 20. Is prima mllitum contione itiravit Numerianum nullo suo dolo interfectum, et cum iuxta eum Aper, qui Numeriano 10 msidias fecerat, constitisset, in conspectii exercitus manfi DiocletianI percussus est. Postea Carinum omnium odio et detestatione viventem apud Margum iiigenti proelio vicit, proditum ab exercitu suo, quem fortiorem habebat, aut certe desertum, inter Viminacium atque Aureum montem. Ita 15 rerum^ Komanarum potitus cum tumult um rusticani in Gallia concitassent et factioni suae Bacaudarum nomen imponerent, duces autem haberent Amandum et Aelianum, ad subigendos eos Maximianum Herculium Caesarem mi- sit, qui levibus proelils agrestes domuit et pacem Galliae 20 reformavit. 21. Per haec tempora etiam Carausius qui vllissime natus strenuae militiae ordine famam ggregiam fuerat consecu- tus, cum apud Boiioniam per tractum Belgicae et ArmoricI pacandum mare accepisset, quod Fraud et Saxones Infesta- 25 bant. Multls barbarls saepe captis nee praeda Integra aut provincialibus reddita aut imperatoribus missa cum suspi- cio esse coepisset consulto ab eo admitti barbaros, ut transe- untes cum praeda exciperet atque hac se occasione ditaret, a Maximiano iussus occldi purpuram sumpsit et Britanaias 30 occupavit. I 11. 410, V. .3 ; M. 231 ; A. & G, 223, a ; G. 407, n, 2, (rf) ; 3- 212, 2, LIBER IX. 91 Diocletian makes Maximianus Herculius Augustus, Con- stantius and Maximianus Caesars. 22. Ita cum per omnem orbem terrarum res turbatae es- sent, Carausius in Britanniis rebellaret, Achilleus in Aegypto, African! Quinquegentianl infestarent, Narseus OrientI bellum inferret, Diocletianiis Maximianum Herculium ex 5 Caesare fecit Augustum, Constantium et Maximianum Caesares, quorum Constantius j^er filiam nepos Claud! tra- ditur, Maximianus Galerius in Dacia baud longe a Serdica natus. Atque ut eos etiam adfinitate coniungeret, Con- stantius privlgnam Herculi Theodoram accepit, ex qua 10 postea sex llberos, Constantini fratres, habuit, Galerius filiam DiocletianI Valeriam, ambo uxores quas habuerant repudiare compulsi. Cum Carausio tamen, cum bella fru- stra temptata essent contra virum rei^ mllitaris peritissi- mum, ad postremum pax convenit. Eum post septennium 15 Allectus, socius eius, occidit, atque ipse post eum Britannias triennio tenuit. Qui ductii Asclepiodoti, praefecti praetorio, oppressus est. Ita Britanniae decimo anno receptae. 23. Per idem tempus a Constantio Caesare in Gallia bene piignatum est. Circa Lingonas die una adversam et secun- 20 dam fortunam expertus est. Nam cum repente barbaris in- gruentibus intra civitatem esset coactus tam praecipiti neces- sitate ut clausis portis in murum funibus tolleretur, vix quinque horls mediis adventante exercitu sexaginta fere milia Alamannorum cecidit. Maximianus quoque Augustus 25 bellum in Africa profligavit domitis Quinquegentianis et ad pacem redactis. Diocletianus obsessum Alexandriae Achilleum octavo fere mense superavit eumque interfecit. Victoria acerbe usus est; totam Aegyptum gravibus pro- 1 H. 399, 2 ; M. 226, 1 ; A. & G. 218, a ; G. 374 ; B. 204, 1. 92 EUTROPl BREVIARII scriptionibus caedibusque foedavit. Ea tamen occasione ordinavit provide multa et disposuit, quae ad nostram aeta- tem manent. 24. Galerius Maximianus primum adversus Narseum proe- 5 Hum msecundum habuit inter Callinicum Carrasque con- gressus, cum inconsulte magis quam ignave dimicasset; admodum enim parva manu cum copiosissimo hoste com- misit. 25. Pulsus igitur et ad Diocletianum profectus cum el 10 in itinere occurrisset, tanta msolentia a Diocletiano fertur exceptus ut per aliquot passuum milia purpuratus tradatur ad vehiculum cucurrisse ; mox tamen per Illyricum Moesi- amque contractls copiis rursus cum Narseo, Hormisdae et Saporis avo, in Armenia Maiore pugnavit successti ingenti 15 nee minore consilio, simul fortitudine, quippe qui etiam speculatoris munus cum altero aut tertio equite susc6perit.^ Pulso Narseo castra eius diripuit ; uxores, sorores, liberos cepit, Infinitam extrinsecus Persariim nobilitatem, gazam Persicam copiosissimam. Ipsum in ultimas r6gni solitudines 20 egit. Quare a Diocletiano in Mesopotamia cum praesidiis tum morante ovans regressus ingenti honore susceptus est. Varia deinceps et simul et virltim bella gesserunt CarpTs et Basternis subactis, SarmatTs victis, quarum nationum in- gentes captivorum copias in RomanTs finibus locaverunt. Diodetku} ahrh'cates, 305 a.d. ^ij 26. Diocletianus moratus callidg fuit, sagax praeterea et admodum subtilis ingenil, et qui severitatem suam aliena invidia vellet explere. Dlligentissimus tamen et soller- tissimus princeps et qui imperio Romano primus regiae 1 H. 517, 3, 1) ; M. 382, 2 x. ; A. & G. 320, c ; G. 033 ; B. 283, 3. LIBER IX. 98 consiietudinis formam magis quam Romanae libertatis iii- vexerit ^ adorarique se iusserit/ cum ante eum cuncti salti- tarentur. Ornamenta gemmarum vestibus calciainentlsque indidit. Nam prius imperil inslgne in chlamyde purpurea 5 tantum erat, reliqua communia. 27. Herculius autem propalam ferus et incivllis ingenii, asperitatem suam etiam vultiis liorrore significans. Hic naturae suae indulgens Diocletiano in omnibus est severio- ribus consiliis obsecutus. Cum tamen ingravescente aevo 10 parum se idoneum Dioeletianus moderando imperio esse sentlret, auctor Herculio fuit ut in vitam privatam con- cederent et stationera tuendae rei publicae viridioribus itinioribusque mandarent. Cui aegre conlega obtempera- vit. Tamen uterque uno die privato habitu imperii insTgne 15 miitavit, Nicomediae Dioeletianus, Herculius MediolanI, post triumplium inclutum, quern E,omae ex numerosis gentibus egerant, pompa ferculorum inltistrl, qua Narsei coniuges sororesque et llberl ante currum ducti sunt. Con- cesserunt tamen Salonas unus, alter in Lucaniam. 20 28. Dioeletianus privatus in villa, quae baud procul a Salonis est, praeclaro otio consenuit, intisitata virtute usus, ut solus omnium post conditum Eomanum imperium ex tanto fastigio sponte ad privatae vitae statum civllitatemque remearet. Contigit igitur el, quod nulll post natos homines, 2."> ut cum privatus obisset,^ inter Divos tamen referretur. 1 H. 503, I ; M. 383, 1 ; A. & G. 320 ; G. 631, 2 ; B. 283, 2. 2 H. 515, III ; M. 378, 6 ; A. & G. 313, d ; G. 587 ; B. 309, 3. 94 EUTROPI BREV lARII LIBER DECIMUS From the Abdication of Diocletiax to the Death OF Jovian, 305-364 a.d. Constantius I and Galerius Emperors, 305-306 a.d. 1. His igitur abeuntibus administratione rei ptiblicae Con- stantius et Galerius August! creati sunt divisusque inter eos ita Romanus orbis, ut Galliam, Italiam, Africam Con- stantius, Illyricum, Asiam, Orientem Galerius obtineret, 5 sumptis duobus Caesaribus. Constantius tamen contentus dignitate^ August!' Italiae atque Africae administrandae sollicitudinem recusavit, vir egregius et praestantissimae c!vilitatis, d!viti!s provincialium ac privatorum studens, fisc! commoda non admodum adfectans, d!censque melius 10 ptiblicas opes a pr!vat!s haber! quam intra iinum claustrum reservari, adeo autem culttis raodici ut festis diebus, si am!c!s numerosioribus esset epulandum, piuvatorum ei argento ostiatim pet!to tr!cl!nia sternerentur. Hic non modo amabilis, sed etiam venerabilis Gall!s fuit, praecipu6 15 quod Diocletian! suspectam prudentiam et Maximian! saii- guinariam temeritalem imperio eius ^vaserant. Obiit in Britannia Eborac! principatus anno tertio decimo atque inter Divos relatus est. Constantine Emperor, 306-307 a.d. 2. Galerius, vir et prob6 moratus et egregius rS m!litari, 20 cum Italiam quoque sinente Constantio administration! suae accessisse sentiret, CaesarSs duos creavit, Maxim!num, quern Orient! praefecit, et Severum, cu! Italiam dedit. Ipse 1 H. 421, III ; M. 247, n. 1 ; A. & G. 254, ft, 2 ; G. 401, s. 6 ; B. 219, 1. LIBER X. 95 in iUyrico moratus est. Verum Constantio mortuo Con- stantinus, ex obsciiriore matrimoiiio eius films, in Britannia creatus est imperator et in locum patris exoptatissimus moderator accessit. Komae interea praetoriani excito tu- 5 multu Maxentium, Herculi fllium, qui baud procul ab urbe in villa publica morabatur, Augustuni nuncupaverunt. Quo nuntio Maximianus Herculius ad spem adrectus resumendl fastlgil quod invitus amiserat, Romam advolavit e Lucania, quam sedem privatus elegerat in agrls amoenissimis con- 10 seuescens, Diocletianumque etiam per litteras adhortatus est ut depositam resumeret potestatem, quas ille inrlsas liabuit. Sed adversum motum praetorianorum atque Ma- xentl Severus Caesar Romam missus a Galerio cum exercitu venit obsidensque urbem militum suorum scelere desertus 15 est. Auctae MaxentI opes confirmatumque imperium. Se- verus fugiens Eavennae interfectus est. 3. Herculius tamen Maximianus post haec in contione exercitus fllium Maxentium nudare conatus seditioneiii et convlcia militum tul it. Inde ad Gal lias profectus est dolo 20 composito, tamquam a filio esset expulsus/ ut Constantino genero iungeretur, moliens tamen Constantinum reperta occasione interficere, qui in Gallils et militum et provin- cialium ingenti iam favore regnabat caesis Francis atque Alamanuls captlsque eorum regibus, quos etiam bestils, 25 cum magnificum spectaculum muneris parasset, obiecit. Detectis igitur Insidils per Faustam flliam, quae dolum viro nuntiaverat, profilgit Herculius Massiliaeque oppressus (ex ea enim uavigare ad fllium praeparabat) poenas dedit iustissimo exitu, vir ad omnem acerbitatem saevitiamque 30 procllvis, Infldus, incommodus, civllitatis penitus expers. 1 H. 513, II ; M. 375 ; A. & G. 312 ; G. 602 ; B. 307, 1. 96 EUTROPI BREVIARII Licinius Einperory 307-^24 a.d. 4. Per hoc tempus a Galerio Licinius imperator est factus, Dacia oriundus, notus el antiqua consugtudine et in bello, quod adversus Narseum gesserat, strenuis laboribus et offi- ciTs acceptus. Mors Galerl confestim secuta. Ita res 5 publica turn a novis quattuor imperatOribus tenebatur, Con- stantino et ^laxentio, flliis Augustonnn, Licinio et Maxi- mlno, novis hominibus. QuTnto tamen Constantinus imperii sul anno bellum adversum Maxentiuni civile commovit, copias eius multis proeliis fudit, ipsum postremo Romae 10 adversum nobiles omnibus exitiis saevientem apud pontem Mulvium vicit Italiaque est potltus. Non multo ^ deinceps in Oriente quoque adversum Licinium Maximinus res novas molltus vTcInum exitium fortulta apud Tarsum inorte prae- venit. Constantine the Great sole Ruler, 324-337 a.d. 15 5. Constantinus tamen, vir ingens et omnia efficere nitens quae animo praeparasset,^ simul principatum totius orbis adfectans, Licinio bellum intulit, quamquam necessitudo et adfinitas cum eo esset; nam soror Constantia nupta Licinio erat. Ac primo eum in Pannonia Secunda ingenti 20 apparatti bellum apud Cibalas instruentem repentinus op- pressit omnique Dardania, Moesia, Macedonia potltus nu- merosas provincias occupavit. 6. Varia deinceps inter eos bella gesta, et pax reconciliata ruptaque est. Postremo Licinius navall et terrestri proelio 25 victus apud Nicomediam se dedidit et contra religionem sacrament! Thessalonicae privatus occisus est. Eo tempore res Rom ana sub fmo Augusto et tribus Caesaribus, quod 1 H. 423 ; M. 248 ; A. & G. 250 ; G. 403 ; B. 223. 2 H. 235 ; M. 100, 1 ; A. & G. 128, a, 1 ; G. 131, 1 ; B. 116, 1. LIBER X. 97 iiumquam alias, fuit, cum liberT Coiistaiitini Galliae, Orient! Italiaeque praeessent. Verum msolentia rerum secundaruiu aliquantum Constaiitinus ex ilia favorabill aiiimi docilitate iiititavit. Prim urn necessitiidines perseciitus egregium 5 virum f Ilium et sororis f Ilium, commodae indolis iuvenem, interfecit, mox uxorem, post iiumerosos amicos. 7. Vir primo imperil tempore optimis principibus, ultimo medils comparaiidus. Innumerae in eo animi corporisque virtutes claruerunt. ^lilitaris gloriae appetentissimus, for- 10 tuna in bellls prospera fuit, verum ita ut non superaret industriam. Nam etiam Gotlios i)0st civile bellum varie profllgavit pace his ad postrenmm datil, ingentemqUe apud barbaras gentes memoriae grfitium conlocavit. Civllibus artibus et studils llberalibus deditus, adfectator iusti amoris, 15 quern ab omnibus sibi et llberalitate et docilitate quaeslvit, sicut in nonniillos amicos dubius, ita in reliquos egregius, nihil occasionum praetermittens, quo opulentiores eos cla- rioresque praestaret. 8. Multas leges rogavit, quasdam ex bono et aequo, ple- 20 rasque superfluas, nonnidlas severas, primusque urbem nomi- nis sul ad tantum fastlgium evehere molltus est, ut Romae aemulam faceret. Bellum adversus Parthos moliens, qui iam Mesopotamiam fatlgabant, iino et tricesimo anno im- peril, aetatis sexto et sexagesimo, Nicomediae in villa 25 ptiblica obiit. Denuntiata mors eius est etiam per crinltam stellam, quae intisitatae magnitudinis aliquamdiu fulsit ; eam Graecl cometen vocant. Atque inter Divos meruit referrl. The Sons of Constantine rule, 337-360 a.d. 9. Is successores fllios tres reliquit atque unum fratris 30 fllium. Verum Dalmatius Caesar prosperrima indole neque HAZ. KUTROPIUS 7 98 EUTROPI BKEVIARIl patriKj absiniilis hand miilto post oppressus est factioiie militari et Constantio, patrueli siio, siiiente potius quam iubente. Constantlniim porro bellum fratri Inferentem et apud Aquileiam inconsultius proelium aggressum Constau- 5 tis duces interemerimt. Ita res publica ad duos Augustos redacta. Constantis imperium strenuum aliquamdiil et iustiim fuit. Mox cum et valetudine improspera et amicTs pravioribus uteretur, ad gravia vitia conversus, cum intole- rabilis proviiicialibus, mlliti iniucundus esset, factione Ma- ]0 gnenti occlsus est. Obiit hand longe ab HispaniTs in castro, cni Helenae^ nomen est, anno imperii septimo decimo, aeta- tis trlcesimo, rebus tamen plurimis strenue in militia gestis exercitulque per omiie vitae tempus sine gravi crudelitate terribilis. 15 10. Diversa Constant! fortuna fuit. A Persis enim multa et gravia perpessus saepe captis oppidls, obsessTs urbibus, caesis exercitibus, niillumque el contra Saporem prosperum proelium fuit, nisi quod apud Singara hand dubiam victo- riam ferocia militum amisit, qui pfignam seditiose et stolide 20 contra rationem belli die iam praecipiti poposcerunt. Post Constantis necem Magnentio Italiam, Africam, Gallias obti- nente etiam Illyricum res novas habuit, Vetranione ad im- perium consensu militum electo. Quem grandaevum iam et cunctis amabilem diuturnitate et felicitate mllitiae ad 25 tuendum Illyricum principem creaverunt, viruni probum et morum veterum ac iucundae civllitatis, sed omnium llbera- lium artium expertem adeo ut ne elementa quidem prima litterarum nisi grandaevus et iam imperator acceperit. 11. Sed a Constantio, qui ad ultionem fraternae necis bel- 30 lum civile commoverat, abrogatum est Vetranioni imperium ; 1 H. 387, N. 1 ; M. 212, n. 2 ; A. & G. 231, b ; G. 349, r. 6 ; B. 190, 1. LIBER X. 99 novo inusitatoque more consensu militum deponere insigne compulsus. Romae quoque tumultus fuit Nepotiano, Con- stantml sororis filio, per gladiatoriam manum imperiuni vlndicante, qui saevis exordiis ^ dlgnuni exitum nactus est. 5 Vicesimo enim atque octavo die a Magnentianis ducibus oppressus poenas dedit. Caput eius pllo per urbem circum- latum est, gravissimaeque proscrlptiones et nobilium caedes fuerunt. 12. Non multo post Magnentius apud Mursam proiiigatus 10 acie est ac paene captus. Ingentes Roman! imperii vires ea dimicatione constimptae sunt, ad quaelibet bella externa idoneae, quae multum triumphorum possent ^ securitatisque conferre. OrientI mox a Constantio Caesar est datus patrui filius Gallus, Magnentiusque diversls proeliis victus vim 15 vitae suae apud Lugdunuin attulit imperil anno tertio, mense septimo, frater quoque eius Decentius Senonibus, quem ad tuendas Gallias Caesarem miserat. 13. Per haec tempora etiam a Constantio multls incivlli- bus gestis Gallus Caesar occisus est, vir natura ferus et ad 20 tyrrannidem pronior, si suo iiire imperare licuisset.^ Silva- nus quoque in Gallia res novas molltus ante diem trlcesi- mum exstinctus est, solusque imperio Romano eo tempore Constantius princeps et Augustus fuit. 14. Mox lulianum Caesarem ad Gallias misit, patruelem 25 suum, Galli fratrem, tradita el in matrimonium sorore, cum multa oppida barbarl exptignassent, alia obsiderent, ubique foeda vastitas esset Romanumque imperium noii dubia iam calamitate nCitaret. A quo modicls copils apud Argentoratum, Galliae urbem, ingentes Alamannorum copiae 1 H. 421, III ; M. 238, 2 ; A. & G. 245, «, 1 ; G. 897, n. 2 ; B. 226, 2. 2 H. 503, II, 2 ; M. 383, 1 ; A. & G. 320 ; G. 631, 2 ; B. 282, 3, 3 H. 510 ; M. 366 ; A. & G. 308 ; G. 597 ; B. 304, 1. 100 EUTROPI BREVIARII exstinctae sunt, rex nobilissimus captus, Galliae restittitae. Multa postea per eundem lulianum egregie adversum bar- baros gesta sunt summotlque ultra Rhenum Germanl et finibus suis Romanum imperium restitutum. Julian Emperor, 360-363 a.d. 5 15. Neque multo post, cum Germaniciani exercitus a Gallia- rum praesidio tollerentur, consensu niilitum lulianus f actus Augustus est, interiectoque anno ad Illyricum obtinendum profectus Constantio Parthicis proeliis occupato. Qui rebus cognitis ad bellum civile conversus in itinere obiit inter 10 Ciliciam Cappadociamque anno imperil octavo et tricesimo, aetatis quinto et quadragesimo, meruitque inter Divos re- ferrl, vir egregiae tranquillitatis, placidus, nimium amicis ^ et familiaribus credens, mox etiam uxoribus deditior, qui tamen primis imperil annis ingenti se modestia egerit, fami- 15 liarium etiam lociipletator neque inhonores sinens, quorum laboriosa expertus fuisset officia, ad severitatem tamen pro- l^ensior, si susplcio imperil moveretur, mitis alias, et cuius in civilibus magis quam in externis bellis sit laudanda fortuna. Eutropius takes part in the Parthian Expedition, 363 a.d. 20 16. Hinc Iiilianus rerum potitus est ingentique apparatu Parthls intulit bellum, cui expeditioni ego quoque interfui. Aliquot oppida et castella Persarum in deditionem accepit vel VI expugnavit Assyriamque populatus castra apud Ctesiphontem statlva aliquamdiu liabuit. Remeansque 25 victor, dum se inconsultius proeliis Inserit, hostlli manu interfectus est vi Kal. lul., imperil anno septimo, aetatis 1 H. 386, II ; M. 205; A. & G. 227 ; G. 340; B. 187, II, a. LIBEK X. 101 altero et tricesimo atque inter Divos relatus est, vir egregius et rem publicam msigniter luoderaturus, si per fata licuisset. Liberalibus discipllnls apprime erudltus, Graecis doctior atque adeo ut Latlna erudltio nequaquam cum Graeca 5 scientia conveniret, facundia ingenti et prompta, memoriae tenacissimae, in quibusdam philosoplio proprior. In amicos llberalis, sed minus dlligens quam tantum principem decuit. Fuerunt enim nonnulli qui vulnera gloriae eius inferrent. In provinciales itistissimus et tribiitorum, quatenus fieri 10 posset, repressor. Civil is in cunctos, mediocrem liabens aeraril curam, gloriae avidiis ac per eam animi plerumque immodici, religionis Christianae nimius Insectator, perinde tamen ut cruore abstineret, M. Antonino non absimilis, quem etiam aemularl studebat. Jovian Emperor, 363-364 a.d. 15 17. Post liunc lovianus, qui tunc domesticus militabat, ad obtinendum imperium consensu exercittis lectus est, com- mendatione patris mllitibus quam sua notior. Qui iani tur- batls rebus exercitu quoque inopia laborante uno a Persis atque altero proelio victus paceni cum Sapore, necessarian! 20 quidem, sed ignobilem, fecit multatus flnibus^ ac nonnulla imperil RomanI parte tradita. Quod ante eum annis mllle centum et duobus de viginti fere, ex qu(3 lidmanum impe- rium conditum erat, numquam accldit. Qiiln etiam legiones nostrae ita et apud Caudiuin per Pontium Teleslnum et in 25 Hispania apud Xumantiam et in Numidia sub iugum missae sunt, ut nihil tamen finium traderetur. Ea pacis condicio non penitus reprehendenda foret, si foederis necessitatem turn cum integrum fuit mutare voluisset, sicut a Romanis 1 II. 410, TIT ; M. 251 ; A. & G. 220, h, 1 ; O. 404 ; 13. 225. 102 EUTROPI BREVIARII LIBER X. omnibus his bellis, quae commemoravl, factum est. Nam et Samnltibus et Numantlnis et Numidls confestim bella inlata sunt neque pax rata fuit. Sed dum aemulum imperii veretur, intra Orientem residens gloriae parum consuluit. 5 Itaque iter ingressus atque Illyricum petens in Galatiae finibus repentina morte obiit, vir alias neque iners neque imprudens. 18. Multl exanimatum oplnantur nimia cruditate (inter cenandum enim epulis indulserat), alii odore cubicull, quod 10 ex recenti tectorio calcis grave quiescentibus erat, quidam nimietate prunarum, quas gravl frigore adolerl multas iusserat. Decessit imperil mense septimo, tertio decimo Kal. Mart., aetatis tertio et tricesimo anno, ac benlgnitate principum qui el success^runt inter Divos relatus est. 1.5 Nam et clvllitati propior et natilra admodum liberalis fuit. Is status erat Romanae rel loviano eodem et Varroniano consulibus anno iirbis conditae millesimo centesimo et octavo decimo. Quia autem ad inclutos principes veneran- dosque perventum est, interim operi modura dabimus. Nam 20 reliqua stilo maiore dicenda sunt. Quae nunc non tam praetermittimus, quam ad maiorem scrlbendl dlligentiam reservamus. -55, ORAEGIA (ACHAE4) SCALE DF MILES % Thessaloaiba samothrace ^ LEMNOS Dflphi 6- Chaeronea 4> Atk< Olyinpia Voiiuthiis'^ LACONJA Sparta ■pVt*^ :hersonesu8 thracica OAROAMA f vt**^ po^ SCVRUS Pt 1 gaiwiiu ^ ^ Sipyliib M. CHI(?S Smjirta "^ Colo,pw)n >5i 1 <->A'*^"*-d:?*^ T r \ c «ir, -^ ^£ ^ .»,^* ' <^>? jf y -^^^^*- Athenafe CRETA ro cAH>A v^;,,,„. V- ^*^"" .u^J^!>^ " |S10»A 25 Greenwich 30 BIBLIOGRAPHY The following books have been referred to in the Notes. While the references are intended principally for the teacher, every student should be provided with a copy of Creighton's Primer of Roman History. If Eutropius is studied in connection with this book, the student cannot fail to obtain a fair knowledge of the main facts of Roman History. Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Rodolfo Lanciani. Early Rome (Epochs of History). \V. Ihne. Mommsen's History of Rome, Abridged for Schools and Colleges. C. Bryans and F. J. R. Hendy. Rome and Carthage (Epochs of History). R. Bosworth Smith. The History of Rome (History Primer Series). M. Creighton. The Early Empire (Epochs of History). AV. W. Capes. The Roman Triumvirates (Epochs of History). Charles Merivale. The Age of the Antonines (Epochs of History). W. W. Capes. Myths of Greece and Rotiie. H. A. Guerber. The Story of the Romans. H. A. Guerber. The Development of the Roman Constitution (History Primer Series). Ambrose Tighe. NOTE In the Notes the references to Harkness* Grammar occur in two forms, the first referring to the New Latin Grammar (1898), the second, in brackets, to the Standard Latin CJ ram mar. 104 NOTES LIFE OF EUTROPIUS Of the life of Eutropius we know very little. Only once in his work does he mention himself, Bk. X, Ch. 16. He was proconsul in Asia in 371 A.D., and praetorian praefect 380-387 a.d. He is said to have been the secretary of the Emperor Constantino the Great. The only one of his works that is extant is the Brevidrium, a brief history of Rome from the founding of the city to the death of the Emperor Jovian, 304 a. d. He dedicated the work to the Emperor Valens, 364-378 A.D., composing it probably at the emperor's request. Through the republican period he follows Livy, whom he knows at first hand. Afterwards he takes Suetonius and the Augustan History for his guides. His style is simple and terse, and the diction is very good for the age in which the book was written. As a historian his judgment is cool and impartial. He makes some blunders, but mostly in the matter of dates. A Greek translation made by a certain Capito, a Lycian, is men- tioned, but it has been lost. A later Greek version by Faeanius is extant. Book I Page 7. Ch. 1. Line 1. Roma- num : note emphatic position, Romulo : see the legend of Rom- ulus and Remus in Ihne, p, 32 ; Livy, Bk. I, IV ; Guerber, p, 140, 2. Vestalis virginis : the Vestals were a kind of nuns, six in number, who were priestesses of Vesta. It was their duty to keep the fire on the altar in her temple in the Forum burning constantly , ' ' Her altar, with its evei'-burning fire, was the familv hearth of the state, from which the household fires were kindled at cer- tain dates," Lanciani, Anc. Borne ^ Ch. VI, filius : in apposition with qu'i^ subject of putdUis est. quantum putatus est : ' as he was thought ' = ' as it was thought ' ; note that the Latin prefers the per- sonal construction where we prefer the impersonal. 3. is : emphatic position. cum , . . latrocinaretur : the student should note the different 105 106 NOTES [Page 7 uses of cum, viz.: Temporal, with Indicative or Subjunctive ; Causal and Concessive, viritli Subjunctive alone ; cf. cum . . . compdruisset, Ch. 2 ; cum . . . haherent, Ch. 2 ; ctim . . . egissent, Ch. 18. 4. decern et octo annos natus (ndscoi^): 'having been born eigh- teen years' = 'eighteen years old.' The more common expression for the numeral is duodevlginti. Cf. annorum trium et v'lgintl, Bk. II, Ch. 6 ; annum agens vlcesimum aetdtis, Bk. Ill, Ch. 7. 5. urbem exiguam : remains of this city are still found on the Pala- tine Hill. Pal&tino monte : the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. The others were the Capitoline, Qui- rinal, Aventine, Esquiline, Viminal, and Caelian. XI Kal. Maias : the full expres- sion would be ante diem undecimum Kalendds Maids, April 21. "In the Roman calendar it coincided with the Palilia, or feast of Pales, the guardian divinity of shepherds." 6. Olympiadis : the Greeks reck- oned time by periods of four years, called Olympiads from the Olympian Games, which were celebrated at that interval. The starting point was 770 B.C. Hence the third year of the sixth Olympiad would be 753 B.C. Some prefer to recognize 764 as the date of the founding of the city. Cn. 2. 8. condita civitate : ' the city having been founded ' = ' when the city had been founded.' The student should ascertain by analysis of the thought what the Ablative Absolute is intended to represent, and should translate it accordingly. The literal translation should seldom be used. Civitate = urhe, a late usage, frequent in Eutropius. The usual expression is tirhe condita, but Eutropius places the participle first for emphasis. Romam vocavit : according to Lanciani, Roma is derived from Bumon, ' river.' Roma then would mean 'the town by the river,' and Romulus, 'the man from the town by the river' {Anc. Bome, p. 37). Mommsen claims that Ramnes, the early name by which the Romans were called, means 'bushmen.' Hence Roma would be ' the town of tlie bushmen' (Mommsen, History of Bome, Vol. I, p. 71). 9. fere : ' about,' indicating that the statement is a loose one. 10. centum ex senioribus : ' a hundred of the elders ' ; ex or de with cardinal numerals is regularly used instead of a Partitive Genitive. Tarquinius Priscus doubled the num- ber of the senators, Ch. G. Before the end of the regal period the num- ber was increased to 300. Sulla added 300 equites. Julius Caesar raised the number to 900. Augustus reduced it to 600. For the duties of the senate see Ihne, Ch. XI ; Tighe, pp.49, 1 15 ; Mommsen, pp. 18, 19, 45, 40. 12. uzorSs : object of haberent. Emphatic on account of its position before the subject of the verb, Page 8] NOTES 107 Page g, 1. earum : the ante- cedent is ndtiones. commotis bellis : lit. ' wars leav- ing been aroused ' = ' wlien war liad been aroused ' ; cf. conditd civitdte, Cli. 2. propter raptarum iniuriam : lit. ' on account of the wrong of the stolen (maidens) ' = ' on account of the wrong done by stealing the maidens.' With raptarum sc. vir- ginum. 4. non compamisset : lit. ' he had not appeared ' = ' he had dis- appeared. ' 5. ad deos transisse : lit. ' to have gone across to the gods ' = ' to have been translated.' 6. per qumos dies : ' through five days each.' • Ch. 3. 8. rex : predicate Nomi- native. bellum : emphatic by position as well as by the use of quidem. " The statement that during the forty-three years of Numa's reign Rome en- joyed uninterrupted peace cannot be looked upon as anything but a fiction or a dream." 11. conauetudine proeliorum : ' because of their habit of (waging) war.' iam . . . putabantur : ' were beginning to be thought ' ; note the force of the Imperfect. 12. in decern : Livy I, XIX, says in duodecim menses. 13. aliqua = ulld. confusum : ' confused ' ; modifies annum and is modified by prius. 14. morbo : i.e. a natural death as contrasted with a death by violence. Ch. 4. 16. huic successit : lit. ' to this one succeeded ' = ' his suc- cessor was ' ; note the emphasis. hic bella reparSvit : in allusion to the former activity of Romulus in that direction. 17. Albanos : Alba Longa, the most ancient town in Latium, is said to have been built by Ascanius, and to have colonized Rome. After its destruction by Tullus Hostilius it was never rebuilt. Its inhabitants were removed to Rome. At a later time the surrounding country was studded with the splendid villas of the Roman aristocracy. Livy, Bk. I, XXII-XXV, gives an account of the conquest of the Albans. miliario : the Roman milestones were set up at intervals of 1000 paces, 5000 Roman feet, on the military roads. They gave the dis- tance from the place from which the measurement was made, its name, the name of the person who erected the stone, and the name of the reigning emperor. The phrase means ' twelve miles from Rome.' 18. alii . . . alii: 'the one . . . the other.' Eutropius uses alius with the meaning of alter. 20. adiecto Caelid monte : lit. 'the Caelian Hill having been an- nexed ' = ' by annexing the Caelian Hill' ; cf. conditd cwitdte, Ch. 2. 21. fulmine ictus: lit. 'having been struck by lightning.' arsit: drdeo. Ch. 5. 22. ex filia : ' on his 108 NOTES [Pagks 8, 9 daugliter's side.' Note peculiarity of filia, H. 80, 2 (49, 4) ; M. 33, n. 2 ; A. & G. 36, e; G. 29, 4 ; B. 21, 2, e. Page 9. 1- laniculum : Mons laniculus, on the opposite side of the Tiber, was united to the city by the Pons Sublicius. civitatem : this city, afterwards called Ostia, was situated on the left bank of the river, about sixteen miles from Rome. It was used as a port for Rome until the time of the Empire. 3. morbo periit : cf . morbo de- cessit, Ch. 3. Ch. 6. 4. Priscus Tarquimus = Tarquinius Friscus. When only the nomen and the cog noinen are written, they are often reversed, especially in late Latin. The legend of the Tarquins is as follows : Demaratus, their ancestor, fled from Corinth, his native place, and settled at Tar- quinii in Etruria. He married an Etruscan wife, by whom he had two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. At his death Lucumo inherited all his father's property. Although he had married Tanaquil, a woman of the highest rank, he was excluded from all power and influence in the state. Discontented with this he removed to Rome with a large band of follow- ers. He and his companions were received witli welcome, and were admitted to the rights of Roman citizens. He took the name of Lucius Tarquinius, to which Livy adds Prisons, to distinguish him from L. Tarquinius, the seventh king of Rome. At the death of Ancus Marcius, the senate and people unanimously elected Tarquinius to the vacant throne. His reign was distinguished by great exploits in war and by great works in peace. 5. circum : the Circus Maximus. It was in a valley between the Pala- tine and Aventine Hills. Here the Roman games were held. At first the spectators sat on the hill side and watched the games being cele- brated in the valley beneath them. Tarquinius is said to have been the first to introduce seats. In the time of Caesar the circus was 1800 feet long and 300 feet wide, and capable of seating 180,000 people. It was enlarged many times, until in the fourth century it was capable of seating 385,000 people. ludos Romanos : the LMl lld- md7il, consisting of horse and chariot races, were the oldest games, and were celebrated originally in honor of Jupiter by victorious generals as a part of a triumph. At first they lasted only one day, but the time was gradually increased until in the age of Cicero they lasted fifteen days, September 4-19. 0. ad nostram memoriam : ^ to our time.' 7. vicit : enq)hatic position. non parum = mdf/mim : ' a large part' ; cf. non romparnisset, Ch. 2. 8. primus . . . intrSvit : ' and he was the first to enter the city celebrating a triumph.' A triumph was a solemn procession in which a victorious general entered the city in a chariot drawn by four horses. Page 9] NOTES 109 He was preceded by the captives and spoils taken in war, and was followed by his troops ; and, after passing in state along the Via Sacra, ascended the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. The following conditions had to be com- plied with : (a) The general must have been dictator, consul, or prae- tor, (b) He must have actually commanded in the battle and com- menced it, himself taking the aus- pices, (c) The battle must have been decisive and ended the cam- paign, (d) The foes must have been f(n'eigners, and at least 5000 of them must have been slain. 0. murds fecit : he began to sur- round the city with a stone wall, a work his successor, Servius Tullius, completed. cloacas : the Cloaca Maxima is a semicircular tunnel, 14 feet wide, beneath the city. A part of this sewer, about 1020 feet, is still hi existence, and after a lapse of 2500 years goes on fulfilling its original purpose. Its opening into the Tiber near the Temple of Hercules in the Forum Boarium is still in a good state of preservation. Capitolium : the Temple of Jupi- ter on the Capitoline Hill. Its foun- dations were laid by Tarquinius Priscus. Its walls were raised by his successor Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus completed it, although it was not consecrated until the third year after the expulsion of the kings. It consisted of three parts, a nave sacred to Jupiter, and two wings, the right sacred to Mi- nerva and the left to Juno. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. It was burned in the time of Sulla, who rebuilt it. After being destroyed several times it was raised for the last time by Domitian, who made it more grand and magnificent than had any of his predecessors. 10. per . . . fQios : Eutropius occasionally substitutes 2)er with the Accusative for the Ablative or Da- tive of agent ; cf. j^er eum multa a consulibns prospere ijpsta snut, Bk. IV, 10. 11. regis eius : apposition with A nci. GUI : cf. hide successit, Ch. 4. Ch. 7. 12. Servius Tullius : the legend of Servius Tullius is as fol- lows : Ocrisia, his mother, was one of the captives taken at Corniculum, and became a slave of Tanaquil, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. Servius was born and reared at the palace of the king. As Tanaquil by her power of divination had foreseen the gTeatness of the child, she per- suaded Tarquinius to give his daugh- ter to Servius in marriage. At the death of Tarquinius, by the aid of Tanaquil, Servius became firmly fixed in the royal power. The great deeds of Servius were deeds of peace, and he was regarded by posterity as the author of all their civil rights and institutions. Three important events are assigned to him. He reformed the constitution of the state. He extended the boundary 110 NOTES [Pages 9, 10 of the city and surrounded it witli a wall. He established an important alliance by which Rome and the Latin cities became members of one great league. genitus : lit. ' born ' = ' the son.' 13. quoque : as well as Tar- quinius Priscus. Quoque must not be confounded with quoque^ the Ab- lative of the pronoun quisque. 15. fossas circum murum : por- tions of the Servian wall still exist. 16. censum : the number of Ro- man citizens was ascertained every five years, though not always with perfect regularity, for the assess- ment of taxes and the arrange- ment of military service. Originally the kings took the census. After the establishment of the republic the duty was performed by the consuls. After 444 b.c, sj)ecial officers, called censors, had charge of it. The cen- sus was concluded Avith the solemn ceremony of reviewing the newly constituted army, called a lustrum. orbem terrarum : lit. ' the circle of lands ' = ' the world.' 18. capita : ' souls ' ; cf. our ex- pression ' head of cattle. ' 19. in agris : others than inhabi- tants of Rome possessed Roman citi- zenship. 21. uxorem : ' as his wife.' Cii. 8. 22. L. TarquiniuB Su- perbus : L. Tarquinius, called Su- perbus, ' the Overbearing,' from his haughty manner and conduct, com- menced his reign without any of the forms of election. One of his first acts was to abolish the rights that Servius Tullius had conferred upon the plebeians. All the senators whom he mistrusted and all whose wealth he coveted he put to death or banished. He surrounded him- self with a bodyguard, by means of which he was enabled to do what he liked. After several successful campaigns his tyranny caused the people to depose him and drive him from the city. 23. euntibus ; lit. ' for those go- ing ' = ' as you go.' 24. Gabios : ' the city Gabii ' ; the name of the town, though plu- ral, is in apposition with civitdtem. Page IQ. 1- Capitolio : here the Capitoline Hill. 2. oppugnans : ' while besieging the city ' ; a clause with cum or dum would have been more usual. 4. eius : antecedent is L. Tar- quinius. et ipse Tarquinius iilnior : ' also a Tarquin (but) younger' = ' who was also called Tarquinius ' ; his praenomen was Sextus. 5. Lucretiam : for the interest- ing story of Lucretia, see The Story of the Bomans, p. (32. eandemque : 'who was also ' ; H. 508, 3 (451, 3) ; M. 446, 1 ; A. & G. 195, e ; G. 310 ; B. 248. 6. stuprSLsset : ' had offered vio- lence to. ' Stuprdsset for stuprdvis- set, cf. regndsset, Ch. 4. 7. questa fuisset : for questa es- set. Eutropius generally uses essem, etc., in the Pluperfect Passive Sub- junctive. For other exceptions see Pages 10, 11] NOTES 111 Bk. II, 9, 22. He ordinarily uses ftteram, etc., for eram in the Plu- perfect Passive Indicative. 8. parens et ipse : ' a relative likewise,' i.e. as well as Collatinus. He was the son of Marcus lunius and Tarquinia, the second daughter of Tarquinius Superbus. He was called 'Brutus,' i.e. *the Stupid,' on account of the mental imbecility he feigned to deceive Tarquinius. Parens., ' relative,' a late meaning. 10. eum : refers to the king. qui : antecedent is exercitiis. 13. regnatum est : lit. ' it was ruled ' = ' the dynasty lasted.' 14. annis : Eutropius and some other post-classical writers use the Ablative of Time within which for the Accusative of Duration of Time. The Ablative makes prominent the limits that mark the time. 15. ubi plurimum : lit. ' where most' = ' at the most,' at the place of the widest extent. Ch. 9. 17. hinc : 'from this time.' consules : at first they were called praeiores, ' leaders. ' The con- suls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, the new assembly or- ganized by Servius Tullius, coepere = coeperunt. 18. alter eum : note the fond- ness of the Latin for antitheses. It tends to place contrasted words near each other. Often the observance of this is of assistance in determin- ing the meaning of a passage. 20. annuiim : ' lasting one year. ' haberent : the clause ne . . . haberent is the Subject of placuit. 21. reddereiitur : cf. coerceret, above. civiles : lit. ' like citizens ' = ' good citizens.' 28. ab expulsis regibus : ' after the expulsion of the kings ; ' cf. post regis exactos, Ch. 11. 24. maxime . . . pelleretur : 'had done the most to drive out Tarquinius. ' 25. Tarquinio : cf. isdem, Ch. 6. Note the emphasis. Page H, 1. maneret : cf. habe- retit, above. 3. L. Valerius Publicola : Livy, Bk. II, 2, calls him Publius Valerius. Owing to his efforts to secure the rights of the plebeians and for his populj^r measures he was called Piib- licola, 'the Partisan of the People.' He secured the passage of the Vale- rian law giving to every citizen con- demned on a capital charge the right of appeal to the people. Ch. 10. 7. in vicem se : ' each other in turn. ' As the Latin has no reciprocal pronoun it is compelled to resort to various circumlocutions; cf. Caesar, Bk. I, 1 , inter se, Bk. II, 10, alius alium circumspectant. 8. tamen : although both the leaders were slain. 10. per annum : cf. annum luxe- runt., Ch. 11. 11. quo morbo mortuo : 'and when he had died.' The Latin rela- tive is very often best translated by ' and ' with a personal pronoun. For the case of morbo., cf. morbo., Ch. 3. 12. iterum : construe with sump- sit. 112 NOTES [Pagks 11, 12 Cii, 11. 18. Porsenna: LarsPoi- senna, king of Cliisium in Etruria. He aided the Tarquins as they had come from Etruria. See Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Borne, Horatiiis. Romam paene cepit : Ihne (p. 89) thinks that by this is meant that the Etruscans conquered the city. 22. Tusculum : said to have been founded by Telegonus, the son of Ulysses. It was always one of the most important of the Latin towns, and was a favorite resort of the Roman aristocracy. Cicero had a villa there. 24. consenuit : lit. ' he grew old ' = ' lived to be an old man,' 26. de his : ' over them ' ; the regular expression used "for a triumph celebrated for a victory over an enemy. Page 12. 2. f ataUter : lit. 'by fate ' = ' a natural death ' ; cf. morbo decessit, Ch. ?>. ?>. nummis : ' money ' ; particu- larly small coins. sumptum babuerit sepulturae : 'had the cost of a burial,' i.e. was buried at public expense. quern : note its position. Cu. 12. 6. gener TarquinI: Manilius Octavius of Tusculum. 7. dictatura : at times of great danger, when it was necessary for one man to hold the supreme power, a dictator viras appointed by one of the consuls on the nomination of the senate. The office was for six mouths ; but in case the specific object for whicli the dictator was appointed was accomplished before that time, he resigned. Ihne, p. 118 ; Tighe, p. 05. 8. magister equitum : he was aid-de-camp to the dictator and was appointed by him. In the absence of the latter he became the repre- sentative of the dictator. 9. neque . . . potestati : ' neither can anything be said to be more similar than the ancient dictatoi-ship to the imperial power which,' etc. Imperium was the regular term for the power possessed by the magis- trates. Here it refers to the power of the emperor. Eutropius explains for the benefit of his readers the ancient dictator- ship, which had long since fallen into disuse, by comparing it to the power possessed by the emperor. 1 1 . Tranquillitas Vestra : ' Your Serene Highness' ; V'alens, Emperor of the East, 304-378 a.i^. "Other titles used of the emperors were Aeternitds Tna, Clementia Tua, SerenitCis Tiia, MCignitMo Tua, Mdiestds Tna.'''' Vestra : in Latin of the classical period tua would have been used, as only one person is referred to. In late Latin the pronouns of the second person plural take the place of the singular, just as 'you' has taken the place of ' thou.' 13. sub dictaturae nomine: in 45 K.c. Caesar was made perpetual dictator. Cii. 13. 17. populus=/)/^?>.s' here. Populus is a collective noun, and so lakes a singular verb. Pages 12-14] NOTES 113 tamquam : ' (in the ground that ' ; a late meaning. 18. tribunos plebis : these magis- trates, elected by the plebeians in an assembly of their own (Comitia Tributa), were invested with the right of 'intercession,' by which they could stop all legislation that they judged to be harmful to the plebeians. To make their interces- sion effective they were declared to he sacrosancti^ i.e. ' inviolable,' and the curse of outlawry was pronounced against any one who harmed them. The First Secession of the Plebeians, as this was called, was the beginning of a long struggle between the orders, and terminated in the complete polit- ical equality of the plebeians. Ihne, Ch. XIII ; Creighton, p. 12 ; Tighe, p. 91. 19. per quos = ut per eos. Page 13. Cii. 14. 2. quam habe- bant optimam = optimam quam habebant. Cii. 15. 5. Q. Marcius : called Coriolanus from the city Corioli, which he had conquered. Ihne, p. 155 ; Creighton, p. 21. 8. oppugnaturus : the Participle = oppiujnavisset. 9. patriam suam : 'his native city.' 12. secundus : really the first after Tarquinius, but the second in order. In an enumeration of a series the Latin generally includes the starting point. Ch. 16. 14. C. Pabio et L. Vir- ginio consulibus : lit. ' C. Fabius and L. Virginius being consuls ' = ♦ in HAZ. EUTROPIUS 8 the consulship of,' etc. One of the regular ways of dating events in Latin is to give the names of the consuls for that year. Another is to reckon the time from the found- ing of the city ; cf. ab urbe conditd, Ch. 18. 15. qui . . . erant: 'who be- longed to the Fabian household'; cf. centum ex semdribiis, Ch. 2. 16. promittentes . . . implen- dum : sc. esse ; ' promising the sen- ate and the people that the whole contest would be completed by them- selves.' Promitto regularly takes the Future Infinitive. 18. qui singuli: 'each one of whom.' d§bSrent : cf. esset., Ch. 15. 19. unuB omnino superfuit : see Ihne, p. 103. Page 14. Ch. 17. 1. sequent! tamen anno : in the year after the consuls mentioned in the last chap- ter. 3. QuTntius : generally written Quinctius. He held the dictatorial power for fourteen days only, and having completed his work returned to his farm. Later he was again appointed dictator, and again proved himself to be the deliverer of his country. 4. in opere et arans: the post- classical writers seem to strive al- most as much to avoid uniformity in expression as the classical writers strive for it. 5. togam praetextam: by me- tonomy the badge of office is put for the office itself. The toga praetexta 114 NOTES [Pages 14-16 had a red border woven in it. It was the badge of oflBce of the higher magistrates and priests. It was worn by boys also until they reached the age of manhood and by girls until they married. Cii. 18. 7, altero = secinulo. ab urbe condita: 'from the founding of the city.' 9. decemviri: the laws, which the decemvirs codified, known as the Twelve Tables, reinained the foundation of Roman law for a thousand years. They were en- graved on twelve bronze tables and were set up in the Forum that all might read them. Every school- boy was required to commit them to memory. For an account of the decemvirs and their legislation, see Ihne, p. 167 ; Creighton, p. 16 ; Tighe, p. 05. 10. ex his : cf. ex senioribus, Ch. 2. 11. Virgini . . . f iliam : seeMa- caulay's Lays of Ancient Borne, Virginia; Ihne, p. 173 ; Creighton, p. 16. 13. quam = sed earn. Ch. 19. 17. PidenatSs: the town of Fidenae is said to have been colo- nized by Romulus. It frequently revolted and was as frequently re- taken by the Romans. After its destruction in 437 b.c. it was re- built. 20. coniunzenint sS: 'united.' Page 15. 2. victi . . . perdi- dSrunt : ' they were conquered and also lost their king.' Ch. 20. 4. VeientSni : they were engaged in ahnost unceasing hos- tilities with the Romans for more than three centuries and a half. 5. ipsos = eos. Eutropius often uses ipse for is. 6. acie : note the difference of meaning between exercitns, dymen, acies, and copiae. diu obsidens: the siege is said to have lasted ten years. 8. etFaliscos: in classical prose etiam would have been used. 9. quasi : ' on the ground that ' ; a late meaning. divisisset: cf. premeretur, Ch. 13. 11. Gain Senones: see Ihne, Ch. XXI; Creighton, p. 25; The Story of the Eomans, p. 104. 12. apud flumen Alliam: the fight occurred on July 16, which was henceforth considered as an un- lucky day. secuti . . . occupaverunt : cf. victl . . . perdiderunt, Ch. 19. 15. obsiderent : cf. stistineret, Ch. 18. 21. et ipse : * he too,' as well as Romulus. Book II Page Ig. Ch. 1. 3. tribuni mili- targs consulari potestate : six military tribunes with consular pow- ers and consular duration of office were elected by the Comitia Centu- riata. The office was open alike to patricians and plebeians. This was a compromise measure on the part of the patricians when they were forced to yield to the demands of Pages 1G, 17] NOTES 115 the plebeians to be admitted to the consulship. All the rights of the consulship were given to them by this means without the honorary privileges the holding of the office of consul conferred. Each year the people determined whether consuls or military tribunes with consular power should be elected. From the time of the creation of the tribunes with consular power until the open- ing of the consulship to the ple- beians in 367 B.C., the tribunes were elected fifty times and the consuls twenty-three. The plebeians were kept out of the office until 400 B.C. Mommsen, p. 03 ; Tighe, p. 100. 4. hinc : cf. hinc, Bk. I, 0. 7. tres . . . egit : /.f'. a triumph for each of the cities. Ch. 2. 11. subipsis: 'under the direction of these ' ; i.e. the citizens of Praeneste. 12. Romanis : note the name of the people lor that of the city. 14. decretus : se. est from the sunt preceding. Ch. 3. 10. placuit : lit. ' it was pleasing' = 'they determined.' 17. ita fluxit : lit. ' it flowed so ' = ' there was such disturbance.' Ch. 4. 21. L. Genucio . . . con- Bulibus : cf. C. Fahio . . . consu- libiis, Bk. I, 10. 22. honor . . . delatus est : lit. 'honor second after Romulus was conferred upon him ' = ' honor sec- ond to that of Romulus,' etc. Page 17. Ch. 5. 2. miliario : cf. miliario, Bk. I, 4. 3. Anienem : the Anio, a tribu- tary of the Tiber. Anienem is Ac- cusative from the old Nominative Anien. nobilissimus : lit. ' of highest birth.' VGNO, cf. nosed. de senatoribus : cf. ex seniori- bus, Bk. I, 2. 4. L. Manlius : his name is gen- erally given as Titus. The Story of the Eomans, p. 106. 5. sublato . . . imposito : ' hav- ing taken off his (the Gaul's) golden necklace and having placed it on his own neck' ; cf. conditd clvitdte, Bk. I, 2. (5. in perpetuum : 'forever.' 7. fugati sunt : note the differ- ence in form and meaning between fugdre and fugere. 8. non multo post : lit. ' not after by much ' = ' not long after.' 9. milia captivorum : it was customary to adorn the procession of the victorious general, when he was celebrating a triumph, with the captives he had taken in the cam- paign. When the procession passed up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple of Jupiter, the captives were led aside to the Mamertine prison at the foot of the hill and were strangled. Ch. 6. 11. Latini : Creighton, p. 27. 12. milites praestare : it was the custom of Rome to compel the states she had subdued to furnish soldiers for the Roman army. These were used as auxiliary forces. ex Romanis : cf. ex seniorihus, Bk. I, 2. 116 NOTES [Pages 17, 18 13. qui modus = modus qui ; ' a force which.' 14. parvTs . . . rgbus : • although up to this time the Roman state was small. ' 16. quae = eae legiones. duce L. FuriS : lit. 'L. Furius being the leader' = 'under the leadership of L. Furius.' 17. qui esset optimus : ' who- ever was the best.' 18. sg . . . obtulit : ' offered him- self.' Valerius: see The Story of the Bomaiis, p. 111'. 20. commissa . . . pugna : cf. conditd civitdte^ Bk. 1, 2. 21. alls et unguibuB : cf. ful- mine, Bk. T, 4. 25. annorum : by a law passed in 181 B.C., the legal age of the consulship was fixed at forty-three. There were exceptions made, as in the case of Cn. Pompeius, who was elected consul when he was thirty- six years old. Page 18. Ch. 7. 1. Latlnl : Creighton, p. 28. 2. ex eorum : sc. populb. 4. pGgn% : see l^he Story of the Romans, p. 113. 5. d5 his perdomitis : ' a tri- umph was celebrated on account of their defeat.' 6. rSstris : the Rostra or speaker's platform in the Forum. From it the speaker could command the entire Forum and the Comitium. In 42 B.C. it was removed and set up again at the west end of the Forum. An- other rostra was constructed about the same time at the opposite end, in front of the new Temple of Divus lulius. 7. Alexandro Macedone : Al- exander the Great. Ch. 8. 9. Samnitas : a Greek form of the Accusative. The Sam- nites were offshoots of the Sabines, occupying the hilly country between the Nar, the Tiber, and the Anio. Their bravery made them the most formidable rival of Rome in Italy. In 290 B.C. they were subjected to Rome. 12. Q. Fabio Maximo : called Bidlidnus. This Fabius was five times consul and dictator twice. He triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi, Gauls, and Etrurians. He was the great-grandfather of Q. Fabius Maxi- mus, the hero of the Second Punic war. 14. sS absente : ' while he (Pa- pirius) was absent. ' 16. capitis damnatus : lit. ' hav- ing been condemned of the head ' = 'having been condemned on a capital charge ' ; cf . our expression ' capital punishment. ' se vetante : cf . parv'is . . . rebus, Ch. 6. Se ; the antecedent is Papi- rius. Cn. 9. 19. T. Veturio . . . c6n- sulibus : cf. C. Fabio . . . cnnsuU- bus, Bk. I, 16. 21). vicSnmt : at the battle of the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass east of Campania. The commander of the Samnites was Gavins Pontius. See The Story of the Bomans, p. 113, sub iugum : the yoke was formed Pages 18, 19] NOTES 11' by sticking two spears in the ground and fastening a third on top. To pass under the yoke was a sign of subjection, and is equivalent to our expression ' laying down arms.' Livy, Bk. IX, VI, describes the process. 21. pax . . . soluta est : a Ro- man general could not make peace with the enemy without the ratifica- tion of the senate and the people. 22. ipsis : see note on ipsos, Bk. I, 20. facta fuerat : see note on facta fuisset, Bk. I, 8. Page 19. 3. aquam Claudiam induxit : i.e. he built the aqueduct named after him. It was more com- monly called 'Aqua Appia.' Be- tween seven and eight miles in length, chiefly under ground, it was the beginning of the magnificent system of water works that distin- guished ancient Rome. Four of these old aqueducts still furnish the water supply of modern Rome. Lanciani, Ancient Eome, p. 68. 4. viam Appiam : "the Appian road was made in 812 n.c. to join Rome to Capua, and was afterwards carried as far as Brundisium. This ' queen of roads,' as it was called, was a stone causeway, constructed according to the nature of the coun- try, with an embankment either beneath or beside it, and was of such a width that two broad wagons could easily pass each other." Q. Fabium Maximum: called (Purges, the son of Q. Fabius Maxi- mus, mentioned in Ch. 8. 6. datuB fuisset : cf . questa fuis- set, Bk. I, 8. 7. ipsorum : cf. ips'is, above. 10. per amios : cf. per annum, Bk. I, 10. 11. actum: ' waged' ; agrees with helium. Ch. 10. 13. sS . . . iunxerunt : cf. coniunxerunt se, Bk. I, 19. 15. deletae sunt : The Story of the Bomans, p. 114. Ch. 11. 17. Tarentinis : the people of Tarentum, a rich and luxurious city in southern Italy. It played an important part in the war with Pyrrhus. The whole of southern Italy was known as Magna Graecia, on account of the number of cities founded there by the Greeks. in ultima Italia : ' in the most remote part of Italy ' ; II. 497, 3 (440, N. 1); M. 423; A. & G. 193; G. 291, R. 2; B. 241. 19. Pyrrhum . . . auxilium po- po8C§runt : ' asked aid of Pyrrhus. ' Pyrrhus was regarded as one of the greatest generals that had ever lived. With his daring courage, his mili- tary skill, and his kingly bearing, he might have become the most powerful monarch of his day. But he never rested satisfied with any acquisition, and was ever grasping at some fresh object. For an account of the war see The Story of the JRo- mans, pp. 115-121 ; Creighton, p. 31. 20. originem trahebat : ' was claiming descent ' ; it was the cus- tom of royal families to claim descent from heroes or gods. 21. primum : ' for the first time. ' 118 NOTES [PacxES 19-21 24. cepisset: cf. latrocindretiir, Bk. I, 1. duel : cf. the construction with praecepit, Ch. 8. Page 20. 2- auxilio : ci. fulmine, Bk. I, 4. vicit: although the loss of the Romans was nearly equaled by that of Pyrrhus, the value of winning the first battle was at once shown by the fact that the Lucanians, Bruttians, Samnites, and all the Greek cities joined Pyrrhus. 6. quoB . . . vidisset: 'and when he saw them lying ' ; quos = et eos ; cf. quo morbb mortud, lik. I, 10. adverse vulnere : ' with their wounds in front'; i.e. they died facing the enemy. 8. hac voce : lit. ' this voice ' = ' these words.' Ch. 12. 10. sibi : cf . Tuscis Sam- nitibusqufi, Ch. 10. 13. terrore exercitus: 'on ac- count of his fear of the army ' ; note the difference in meaning between the Subjective and Objective Geni- tive ; H. 440, 2 (.306, III); M. 216, 1 ; A. &Ct. 217; G. 363,2; B. 200. 14. s§ recepit : lit. ' he took him- self back ' = ' he withdrew.' This march was merely a feint on the part of Pyrrhus. 15. honorifice: the Komans al- ways regarded Pyrrhus as an honor- able enemy. Their feelings towards Hannibal were entirely different.. 17. Fabricium: C. Fdbricius Ln- scinus. He was consul for the first time 283 n.o., when he triumphed over the Boii and Etrurians. He was noted for his extreme frugality and simplicity, as well as for his in- tegrity. He is cited by Cicero and Horace as a type of the Roman citi- zens of the best days of the Com- monwealth. 18. cognovisset : cf. latrdcind- retur, Bk. I, 1. 19. voluerit : cf. habuerit, Bk. I, 11. Ch. 13. 25. pax displicuit : it is said that at first the senate wavered ; but by the energy of the blind and aged Appius Claudius, who caused himself to be carried into the senate house, their courage was revived. remandatum est : ' word was sent back.' Page 21. 1 • nisi . . . posse : this answer passed into a maxim of state. 4. ante . . . quam : note the fond- ness of the Latin for separating the parts of this and other compounds of the same nature. veterem : ' former.' binorum : ' two apiece.' 6. qualem : predicate to Bomam ; ' what sort (of a city) he had found Rome (to be),' 7. comperisset, cf. atjerentur. Ch. 11. Ch. 14. 18. occisuniin : cf. note on promittentes . . . implejidum, Bk. I, Ch. 16. SI . . . aliquid: 'if something.' polliceretur : Imperf. Subjunc- tive representing the Future Indi- cative in Direct Discourse ; H. 574, 646 (507, I, 527, I) ; M. 363, 1, 402 ; A. & G. 307, 1, 337, «, 3 ; G. 696, u. 1 ; B. 319, B. Pages 21-23] NOTES 119 19. dominum : indicating that tlie physician was a slave, as was usual at that time. 23. Lucanis et Samnltibus: they, with the Bruttii, had joined Pyrrhus against Rome. This was the second triumph of Fabricius ; cf. note on Fabricius, Ch. 12. He was consul the third time two years after. Page 22. 2. primus: 'he was the first to. ' 3. apud Argos : it is said that he perished ingloriously in a street light, 272 B.C. Ch. 15. 6. urbis conditae : cf . ah urbe conditd, Bk. I, Ch. 18, 8. petierant for petiverant: the shorter forms are more usual in tliis verb. Cn, 16. 11. de his: cf. de Jus, Bk. I, Ch. 11. 12. civitates = urbes : see note on conditd cwitdte, Bk. I, Ch. 2. Beneventum : its name is said to have been originally Maleveutum, and to have been changed because of the evil omen it contained. The name Beneventum was given it in 271 B.C. Here Fabricius defeated Pyrrhus 275 b.c. It remained a possession of the Romans during the whole of the Second Punic War and was thanked by the senate for its faithfulness during that critical period. Ch. 17. 1(). Brundisini : the peo- ! pie of Brundisium, -the modern | Brindisi. It was a seaport of Ca- | labria, the chief naval station of the Romans on the Adriatic Sea, and | their regular port of departure for Greece. Ch. 18. 17. anno : sc. ab urbe conditd. 18. extra Italiam : ' the Roman power was now dominant through- out the peninsula to the river Aesis ; the valley of the Po, however, was still reckoned a part of Gaul.' 24. contra Afros : i.e. Cartha- ginians. Carthage was one of the first cities of the ancient world. It was situated on the north coast of Africa, and was said to have been founded by Phoenicians from Tyre under the leadership of Dido. Carthage had been the ally of Rome in the war against Pyrrhus. But the growing commercial activity of Carthage caused jealousy to arise which resulted in the three wars for the supremacy of the West, — known as the Punic wars. The first was from 264 e.c. to 241 b.c. The second 218-202 b.c. and the third 149-146 B.C. It resulted in the cap- ture and destruction of Carthage by the Romans under P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus. Creighton, Ch. III. 26. rege Siciliae Hierone : Hiero was the king of Syracuse and its dependencies. Nearly all the rest of Sicily was in the power of the Carthaginians. Page 23. Ch. 19. 2. res mag- nae : ' great operations. ' 3. in fidem acceptae : sc. siint ; ' were taken under their protection ' ; i.e. they were made tributary. Ch. 20. 11. Liburnas : sc. naves; 120 NOTES [Pages 23-25 these were light vessels built after a model taken from the Liburnians, a sea-faring people that lived on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. 12. Duilius : the victory of Dui- lius was due to a device by which he turned a naval battle into a land contest. His ships were furnished with grappling irons, by means of which he seized the ships of the enemy and then boarded them, when the Roman soldiers easily proved themselves superior to the Carthaginian mercenaries. It was the first naval victory the Romans had ever gained, and in honor of it a column was erected to the memory of Duilius. 17. poasent : ctpugndsset^Ch.S. 19. inde — ex his locis : ' from these places.' 20. triumphum egit ; ' he cele- brated a triumpli.' Ch. 21. 23. pugnatum : sc. est ; ' they fought.' victus eat : 'he (Hamilcar) was conquered.' 24. retro ae recSpit : cf. se re- repit, Ch. 12. Page 24. 1- ^ deditionem ac- cep§runt : ' they received in sur- render.' 2. daque ad: lit. 'even up to' = ' as far as. ' 6. decern et octo : cf. decern et octOy Bk. I, Ch. 1. 8. in fidem accepit : cf . in Jidem acceptiie, Ch. 19. 11. a Lacedaemoniia : cf. Pyr- rhum . . . auxiliiim poposcernnt^ Ch. 11. The Spartans were called Lacedaemonii from Lacedaemon, another name for Sparta. Ch. 22. 22. ingenti praedS: after a victory a portion of the booty generally was divided among the soldiers. 23. aubacta . . . fuiaaet: cf. questa fiiisset, Bk. I, 8. 30. neque . . . infractua fuit : lit. ' neither in any one was courage broken by these ' = ' and no one's courage was broken by these (mis- fortunes) . ' hia: sc. cdsibtts. Page 25. Ch. 23. 4. continuae : ' repeated ' ; one following another without any break. 6. recSderStur : lit. ' it should be withdrawn ' = ' they should with- draw. ' Ch. 24. 8. Metello : a coin was struck to commemorate this battle, having the head of Metellus on the one side and an elephant on the other. Metellus was consul a second time in 249 n.c, and was elected Pontifex Maximus in 243 u.c. In 241 ij.c. he rescued the Palladium when the Teini^lo of Vesta was on tire. 10. venientem : ' on his arrival ' ; in Sicily from Africa. 12. in auzilium : lit. ' for aid ' = ' as auxiliaries.' 13. ingenti pompa : cf. ultima peniicie, Ch. 21. Ch. 25. 17. obtinSret : ' obtain ' ; a late meaning. 18. nihil . . . ggit : ' did not act at all * ; i.e. he made no use of the privileges enjoyed by Roman citi- Pages 25-27] NOTES 121 zens, but acted as a foreigner on the ground that he had lost his citizen- ship when he had been captured by tlie enemy. It was so provided by Roman law, but there was also the provision that when a prisoner re- turned he recovered his former status. The story of the return of llegulus is more than doubtful. 20. uxorem : according to the view he took she had ceased to be his wife. Page 26. ^ ■ obtinuit : ' he gained his point.' 2. nuUus admisit : ' no one ad- mitted (to the senate)'; i.e. the Romans refused to admit the am- bassadors. 3. negavit = dixit non. 4. mansunim : se. esse. Cii. 26. 8. contra auspicia : nothing was undertaken by the Ro- mans without consulting the will of the gods. In this case the sacred chickens refused to eat, this being an unfavorable omen, yet Claudius persisted in fighting. 11. alius: in classical Latin a?<67' would have been used ; cf . alii . . . alii, Bk. I, 4. L. Junius is meant. Ch. 27. 15. trecentis navibus : this fleet was not raised by the state, but by private subscription. The number is generally given as 200. 18. navem aeger ascendit : ' em- barked with difficulty.' vulneratus . . . fuerat : cf . qnesta fuisset, Bk. I, 8. 22. infinTtuin : ' a very great (amount).' aurl : cf. arqent'i, Ch. 19. 24. VI Idus Martias : the full expression would be ante diem sex- tum Idiis Manias; cf. XI Kal. Mfiids, Bk. I, 1. 25. tributa . . . pax : peace was granted finally on these terms : Carthage was to evacuate Sicily, to give up the Roman prisoners with- out ransom, and to pay a war indem- nity of 3,200 talents,— $4,000,000, — one third down and the remain- der in ten annual payments. Pagk 27. 1- liceret : ' it might be permitted ' ; the subject is redimi captivos. 4. redirent : iuheo generally takes the Accusative and Infinitive, but in poetry and in late prose it sometimes takes lit with the Subjunctive. 5. ex flscd : ' from the treas- ury ' ; a late meaning. Ch. 28. 6. Q. LutStius: Cerco. A. Manlius : Torqudtus. 8. quam venerant : ' after they, had come.' Book III Ch. 1. 12. Ptolemaeum : this was the famous Ptolemy Philadel- phus. He was engaged in war with Antiochus II, king of Syria, for a long time, but finally concluded peace with him and gave him his daughter in marriage. He was noted for his patronage of litera- ture and science. 14. Antiochus: this was the name of several kings of Syria. The one referred to here was Antiochus II, called Theos. grStias . . . §git : ' gave thanks. ' 122 NOTES [Pages 27, 28 16. Hiero : more properly the king of Syracuse (See Bk. II, 18, 19). During his reign tlie cele- brated mathematician Archimedes lived. He became the firm ally of the Romans, and when the Second Punic War broke out he remained true to his alliance. After the battle of Lake Trasimenus he sent a fleet with provisions and other gifts to the Romans and also furnished them with a body of light troops. 18. exhibuit : lit. 'held out' = ' presented.' Ch. 2. 19. quibus : sc. annis ; cf. tempore, Ch. 1. 20. Ligures : they inhabited the upper part of the Po valley. They were of small stature, but strong, active, and brave. In early times they served as mercenaries in the armies of Carthage. Tliey were not subdued finally by the Romans until a^fter a long and fierce struggle. Genua was their chief city. 21. dg his: cf. de his, Bk. I, 11. Page 28. 1- Sardinienses : when a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome took advantage of the exhausted condition of Carthage, and de- manded the surrender of the island and an additional indenuiity of 1 2(M) talents ($1 ,500,000). Corsica was obtained in a similar manner. This was the beginning of the Ro- man provincial system. Each prov- ince was governed by a praetor and paid taxes to the Roman people. Hume and Carthage, p. 102 ; Creigh- ton, p. 39. 3. impellentSs : nominative agreeing with Karthdginienses and governing Sardinienses. Ch. 3. 7. nullum bellum habue- runt : at Rome there was the so- called Temple of Janus, the gates of which were open in time of war and closed in time of peace. The gates were closed only three times from the building of the temple by Numa to Augustus, viz. by T. Manlius, 2:55 B.C., and by Augustus in 29 and 25 B.C. 8. semel tantum : 'only once.' Numa Pompilio regnante : cf. conditd civitate, Bk. I, 2. Ch. 4. 10. illyrios: the Illyri- ans lived on the eastern side of the Adriatic Sea. They were a nation (jf pirates, and made the whole Adri- atic and Ionian sea« unsafe for com- merce. Even the towns on the coast were not safe from their ravages. The Romans sent a force against them and compelled them to give up their conquests and to make peace. 11. ex illyriis: de I llyrfis would be more common. Ch. 5. V). Gallorum : the Ro- mans, recalling the terrible battle of Allia, Bk. I, 20, were panic- stricken at first. A large army was raised and stationed at Ariminum, where the first attack was expected. But the Gauls passed around the Roman army, and, falling in with a small reserve force, utterly defeated it. Instead of hastening to Rome, tliey resolved to put their plunder in a place of safety. The Roman army following them met them finally Pages 28, 29] NOTES 123 near Telamon, where the decisive battle was fought, and the Gauls were annihilated. 14. consensit : 'united.' 15. Fabio : Q. Fabiiis Pictor, the earliest of the annalists. He wrote in Greek an account of the early history of Rome. He is frequently quoted by Livy. 17. tantum : 'alone.' Ch. 6. 20. M. Claudio Mar- cello : he was live times consul. This was his first consulship. He was one of the chief generals of the Romans in the Second Punic War. He captured Syracuse after a siege of two years (Clis. 12, 14). He fell in battle 208 b.c, and was buried by the enemy with military honors (Ch. K)). 24. Mediolanum : the modern Milan. expugnavit : note the difference between expugno and oppufftw. 26. spolia : called op'ima, were the arms taken from a hostile general by a Roman general commanding under his own auspices. They were hung in the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius on the Capitol. This temple is said to have been built by Romulus, who inaugurated the custom. They were won on only two subsequent occasions, when A. Cornelius Cossus killed Lars Tolumnius, king of the Veii (Bk. I, 19), and the time mentioned in this chapter. Page 29. <^"- 7.4. bellum Puni- cum secundum : immediately after the end of the Fii-st Punic War the Carthaginian.s began to prepare for a renewal of the struggle against Rome. Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, crossed over into Spain and con- quered a large part of it. Probably it was his intention to make this province the basis of operations against Italy. But death prevented the realization of his plans. Has- drubal, his son-in-law, took com- mand of the empire Hamilcar had founded in Spain, and organized and enlarged it. He founded the city of New Carthage, which from its situa- tion seemed destined to become a second Carthage in commercial im- portance. In 221 15. c. he was assas- sinated. At his death the command was turned over to Hannibal, the idol of the army and the sworn enemy of the Romans. Active preparations were made. Forces were assembled, supplies were pre- pared, and when all was ready Han- nibal gave the signal for war by be- sieging Saguntum. per Hannibalem : cf. per f'llids, Bk. 1, (5. 5. Saguntum : a town on the southern coast of Spain, said to have been founded by the Greeks as a trading post. It was in alliance with the Romans, although by the terms of the last treaty with the Carthaginians independence was secured to the Sagun tines by both parties. The capture of this town was the first hostile act of the war. JRome and Carthage, p. 112 ; Creigh- ton, p. 40. 7. amium . . . aetatis:lit. 'pass- 124 NOTES [Pages 29, 30 ing the twentieth year of his life ' = ' being twenty years of age ' ; cf. decern et odd annos ndtus, Bk. I, 1. 10. miserunt : sc. legdtos. ut mandaretur : lit. ' that it might be commanded ' = ' that instructions might be given.' 11. dura respdnsa : the story is told that when Q. Fabius, the chief of the embassy, held up his toga, saying, 'I carry here peace and war : choose ye which ye will have.' 'Give us which ever you please,' replied the Carthaginians. ' War, then,' said Fabius ; and the decision was greeted by the short-sighted acclamations of the masses. 13. adficiuntur: historical Present. Cn. 8. 15. in Hispaniam : cf. llomam, Ch. 2. 16. Ti. Sempronlus : sc. Longus. 17. Alpes: there is a disagree- ment as to the pass by which Han- nibal entered Italy. Probably he crossed by the Little St. Bernard pass, and came into Italy near the present town of Aosta. Creighton, p. 41 ; Borne and Carthage, p. 118. 19. LXXX milia peditum : the number of the forces of Haimibal given here is taken from L. Cincius Alimentus, a Roman annalist. He was captured by Hannibal, and so had excellent opportunities for gain- ing information. 21. Sempronius Gracchus: a mistake of Eutropius. It was Ti. Sempronius Longus. In the next chapter it should be Sempro7uns Lon- gus'mntend of SmnproniusCirarchns. Ch. 9. 28. P. CornSlius Scipio : at the beginning of the war he set out for Spain, Ch. 8, but finding that Hannibal had already left and was on his way to Italy, he went to Gaul to encounter the Carthaginian before he should cross the Alps. Hannibal was too quick for him. Scipio returned to Italy and awaited the arrival of the Carthaginians in Cisalpine Gaul. Near the river Ti- cinus, one of the northern tributaries of the Po, the first engagement of the war took place. The Romans were defeated ; Scipio received a severe wound, and was only saved from death by the courage of his son Publius, the future conqueroi- of Hannibal. P. Scipio and his brother Gnaeus were killed in Spain, Ch. 14. Home and Carthage, p. 127; Creigh- ton, p. 43. Page 30. 1- apud Trebiam am- nem : the Trebia is a small stream flowing into the Po from the south. For an account of the battle see Home and Carthage, p. 130 ; Creigh- ton, p. 43. 2. mvilti . . . dediderunt : it was Hannibal's policy to encourage the communities subject to Rome to revolt and to attach themselves to his standard. Everywhere he pro- claimed himself to be the ' Liberator of Italy.' 3. Fltminid . . . occurrit : this battle took place in the following year, 217 n.c. Hannibal wintered in the plains of Lombardy, and at the approach of spring attempted to cross the Apennines. He was driven back by a violent storm, and was Page 30] NOTES 125 forced to return to his winter quar- ters. Later in the year he passed the mountains and marched into Etruria, where he was met by the Romans under Flaminius, who had been elected consul for that year, in the battle of Lake Trasimenus, in which the Romans were utterly de- feated, and almost the whole force was annihilated. Borne and Car- thage^ p. 138 ; Creighton, p. 43. 6. Q. Fabius Maximus : was the great-grandson of the Q. Fabius Maximus mentioned in Bk. II, 8, and grandson of the Q. Fabius men- tioned in Bk. II, 9. He was one of the greatest generals of Rome. He was chosen dictator in 217 u.c, after the battle of Lake Trasimenus. The policy he adopted is well known. By following Hannibal from place to place, by watching for any error or neglect on his part and immediately taking advantage of it, and by avoid- ing a general engagement, he earned for himself the name of Cunctator, 'delayer,' but he saved the state. In 216 B.C. he was elected consul again, and again employed the same tactics. In 210 b.c, when he was consul for the fifth time, he recap- tured Tarentum by stratagem (Ch. 16). He opposed the sending of Scipio to Africa, saying that Italy ought to be rid of Hannibal first. eum . . . fregit = ab impetu cum prohibuit ; ' prevented him from at- tacking in force.' differendo pugnam : 'by post- poning battle': i.e. by avoiding a decisive engagement. Ch. 10. 8. quadraggsimo : Eu- tropius is mistaken in the date ; it was 216 B.C. 9. L. Aemilius Paulus: father of the L. Aemilius Paulus mentioned in Bk. IV, 6, 7. He had distinguished himself in his former consulship in the war against the Illyrians. Against his advice the battle of Canae was fought, and, refusing to fly from the field when the battle was lost, he was slain. He was an aristocrat, and was raised to the consulship by that party to counter- balance the influence of the plebeian P. Terentius Varro. 13. impatientia Varronis : the aristocracy laid all the blame of the defeat on Varro. 14. Cannae : a town of Apulia to the south of the Aufidus, about half- way between Canusium and the sea. This was one of the most important battles of the war. Although the Romans greatly outnumbered the Carthaginians, by the skillful ma- neuvers of Hannibal, they were surrounded on all sides and were cut down without mercy. "For eight hours the work of destruction went on, and at the end 60,000 men lay dead upon the ground. Aemilius Paulus, the Illyrian hero, who, though wounded by a sling early in the day, had clung to his horse, heartening on his men, till he dropped exhausted from his saddle, the proconsul Servilius, the late high-spirited master of the horse, Minucius, both quaestors, twenty- one military tribunes, sixty senators, 126 NOTES [Paoes 30-32 and an unknown number of knights were among the slain. Nearly 20,000 Koman prisoners were taken. Of the rest, Varro, with a few horsemen only, escaped to Venusia. Amid all this slaughter the conqueror had lost only 5500 of his infantry and but 200 of that matchless cavalry to whom the victory was mainly due." Borne and Cartharjp.,^). 100; Creigh- ton, p. 44. 16. pars de exercitu = pars ex- ercitus ; a very rare usage. 18. accept! sunt : ' were han- dled' ; an ircmical use of the word. 20. nobiles viri : men Avhose an- cestors had held high office. 22, menti5nem habSre : usually mentidneni facere. quod numquam ante : sc. fac- tum erat. 23. manumissl : sc. sunt; they were liberated because none but freemen could serve in the Roman legions. Ch. 11. 24. multae Italiae civi- tates : " chiefly Samnites and other south Italian slates. The Greek cities held to Rome, and ' not one Roman citizen, nor one Latin com- munity, had joined Hannibal.' " TAdK 31. 2. variis supplicils : probably the Romans exaggerated the cruelty and treachery of Han- nibal. 3. anuloriim : these rings were the distinctive badges of the knights and senators. 7. duobus Scipionibus : P. Cor- nelius and (inaeus, the father and uncle of P. Scipio Africanus. For the campaign in Spain see Borne and Carthage, p. 183. Ch. 12. 12. anno quarto post- quam : H. 486 (429) ; M. 243, 1 ; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 223; cf. aliquot ann'is post, Ch. 6. 13. Marcellus : see note on 31. Claudiu MdrceUd^ Ch. 0. civitatem = urhem; cf. conditd c'lvitdte, Pk. 1, 2. 16. rex Macedoniae Philippus : although I'hilip promised aid, he never gave it. Owing, to his fre- quent struggles with the states of Greece, and the invasion of Macedo- nia by the Romans, he was compelled to devote his undivided attention to preserving his realm. 21. proconsulem : ' ex-consul ' ; at the expiration of his term of office -the consul was given a prov- ince to govern, under the title of proconsul. 22. ea: the antecedent is -S'ardmia. Ch. 13. 25. Hispaniis: the two divisions of Spain, Hither and Further. 28. missus fuerat : cf. questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8. Pa(.e 32. 3- et Hasdrubalem : 'including Hasdrubal.' Ch. 14. 8. ad . . . urbis : cf. ad quinlum milidrium urbfs, Bk. I, 15. This was merely a feint on the part of Hannibal to draw the Ro- mans away from Capua, which they were besieging, to the defense of IJome. Borne and Carthage, p. 187. 12. per multos annos : cf. p^r anmun, Bk. I, 10. Pages 32-34] NOTES 127 16. nobilissima urbs Syracus- ana : " So fell Syracuse, the virgin city, which had seen two Athenian armaments perish beneath its walls which had for centuries saved Sicily from becoming altogether, what its greater part then was, a ('arthagin- iau appanage. ... It fell to rise no more, at least to its former opu- lence. Its temples were left stand- ing, because they would not pay for moving ; . . . but the choicest works of art were swept off to adorn the imperial city." Borne and Carthage, p. 181. 22. in deditionem accepit : cf. in deditionem acceperunt, Bk. II, 21. 24. consulem : he was praetor, not consul. He was surprised by Hannibal and slain before Herdonia. PAr.E 33. Cir. 15. 2. P. Corne- lius Scipio : he is one of the most interesting characters in Roman history. Brilliant and versatile, he seemed to be the favorite of fortune. When the senate had resolved to make one more attempt to conquer Spain and were looking for a leader, he offered himself and was sent with 1 1 ,000 men. On his arrival he found the forces of the Carthaginians scat- tered in different parts of the prov- ince, and New Carthage defended by a weak garrison. By a brilliant stratagem he captured this with its riches and munitions of war, 207 b. c. Next he attacked Hasdrubal at Bae- cula in Andalusia. Although the Romans claimed the victory, Has- drubal escaped from his hands and started for Italy to bear aid to his brother Hannibal. Spain was left to the undisputed possession of the Romans. 3. annos natus . . . viginti : cf . decern . . . ndtus,Bk. J,l. He was too young to be elected to the con- sulship. 5. fere primus : ' almost the first.' Karthaginem Hispaniae : called ' New Carthage.' See note on hel- ium Punicum semuidum^ Ch. 7. A town still exists on the same spot bearing the name Cartagena. 11. uno animo : 'with one ac- cord.' Cn. 16. 14. Q. Fabius Maxi- mus : see note on Q. Fahio Maximo,, Ch. {). 17. pecuiiiam hominum ven- ditorum : ' the money derived from the sale of the prisoners.' 18. ad fiscum : cf. ex fisco, Bk. II, 27. 21. egregias res : ' extraordi- nary exploits.' perse : cf. perfllids, Bk. I, 6. 22. L. Scipionem: became fa- mous for his victories in the East, Bk. IV, 4. 23. Claudius Marcellus : see note on M. Claudio 3IdrceUd, Ch. 6. Cn. 17. 26. res inclitas: cf. egregias res, Ch. 16. Page 34. 1- ^^ amicitiam ac- cepit: cf. in deditionem acceperunt, Bk. II, 21. It meant practical sub- jection in either case. a victo : sc. lioste. 2. obsides non poposcit- by pursuing the opposite course to that 128 NOTES [Pages 34-36 of the Carthaginians he hoped to win over the Spaniards. Ch. 18. 3. desperans : ' giving up the hope.' t>. a consulibus: construe with insidids compositds. 7. apud Senam : one of the crit- ical battles of the world's history. It is generally known as the battle of the Metaurus, from the name of the river near which it wan fought. The messenger sent by Hasdrubal to inform his brother Hannibal of his coming fell into the hands of the Komans. Nero, leaving a part of his forces to watch Hannibal, with a picked band hastened north, joined the force under Salinator, defeated Hasdrubal, who perished in the bat- tle, and returned to his army in Apulia before Hannibal discovered his absence. It is said that he or- dered the severed head of Hasdrubal to be flung into the camp of Hanni- bal. He "recognized tlie features of the brother whom he had so long and eagerly expected, and in them sadly saw the doom of Carthage." Home and Carthage, p. 190 ; Creigh- ton, p. 45. 12. ingcns animus accessit : lit. ' great courage came to in ad- dition' = 'great courage was in- spired in.' et ipsi = etiam : cf. et ipse, Bk. 1,8. Ch. 20. 10. in Africam missus: the senate, led by Fabius, opposed the sending of Scipio, but the people forced that body to accede to their demands. Owing to the opposition Scipio was not as well equipped for the expedition as he should have been. divinum quiddam : ' something divine.' The ancients believed that great men were inspired by the gods. Scipio pretended to hold communication with Jupiter Capito- linus. Probably he merely took advantage of a popular superstition. 24. Syphacem : Syphax had driven Masinissa, a Lybian king, ! from his throne. Masinissa joined ! Scipio on his arrival in Africa and I gave him valuable aid. When the war was ended Masinissa \vas re- I stored to his throne as his reward. I Pack 35. Ch. 21. 5. legati . . . petivetunt : their purpose was to enable Hannibal to reach Africa and prepare for war against Scipio. 7. quoiisque = dotiec : a late usage. 8. milia : sc. llhrdrum. pondo : ' by weight.' 11. ne . . . redderent : Indirect Discourse depending on an idea of commanding implied in his . . . dedit. Ch. 22. 19. quibus prius: sc. data esset ; cf. his coudicionibus dedit, Ch. 21. 20. quingentis milibus : Dative, object of additls. 24. Karthagini bellum : the de- tails of these operations are imper- fectly known. Some and Carthage, p. 222. Page 36. Ch. 23. 2. uUS me- moria : ' within tlie memory of any one.' Pagks 36, 37] NOTES 129 3. ScipiS victor : this was at the famous battle of Zama, one of the decisive battles of the world. Although Hannibal managed his forces with his usual skill, and his veterans fought like the men who had so often conquered in Italy, the Carthaginians were utterly defeated. This ended the Second Punic War. Borne and Carthage^ p. 224 ; Creigh- ton, p. 46. 6. milia : sc. llhrarum. 7. suppellectilis : Nominative, the usual form is supellex. 9. Africanus : later Maior was added to his name to distinguish him from the Scipio Africanus who destroyed Carthage, 146 b.c. 11. quam coeperat : cf. quam venerant, Bk. II, 28. Book IV Ch. 1. 12. Macedonicum : sc. bellitm. Ch. 2. 13. Philippum : Philip V, king of Macedonia, began to reign 220 b.c, was defeated by Flamininus at Cynoscephalae 197 B.C., and died 179 b.c. The Story of the Bomans, p. 137 ; Creighton, p. 47. 15. rem prospere gessit : in 196 B.C., at the meeting of the Isthmian games, Flamininus caused a herald to proclaim, "that the senate and the people of Rome, and their com- mander, Titus Quinctius, having subdued Philip and the Macedoni- ans, now restored the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Euboeans, Thessalians, Achaeans, etc., to HAZ. EI TROPIIJS 9 their freedom and independence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws." 19. quaterna mHia : sc. llbrd- rum ; note the force of the distribu- tive. pondo : cf. pondo^ Bk. Ill, 21. Page 37. 2. Nabidem : Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedaemon, had seized the city of Argos. quibus voluit condicidnibus = quibus voluit els condicidnibus. in fidem accepit : cf. in fidem acceptae, Bk. II, 19. This is a mild way of saying that he made the king a subject of Rome. Ch. 3. 6. Syriacum : sc. bellitm. Creighton, p. 48. 7. Antiochum: the most illustri- ous of the family of the Seleucidae, kings of Syria, was Antiochus, sur- named the Great. After having con- quered Caelo-Syria and Palestine, he was urged by Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his court, to make war on the Romans. He invaded Greece, but was defeated by L. Scipio at Thermopylae in 191 b.c, and again at Mt. Sipylus in Mag- nesia in 190 B.C., when he was com- pelled to sue for peace. 12. fuisset : cf. quia . . . fecis- sent, Bk. II, 11. Ch. 4. 14. L. Comelio Scipione : cf. Bk. Ill, 16. Scipio Africanus : although Scipio Africanus was the legatus of his brother, yet he practically acted as commander, as his brother was a man of no ability. 17. naval! proelid : this battle, 130 NOTES [Pages 37, 38 fought at the mouth of the Kury- medon, off Aspendus in Painphylia, '' was the tirst naval battle and the last battle fought by Hannibal against the Konians." 18. apud Magnesiam : "with the day of Magnesia Asia was erased from the list of gTeat states ; and never perhaps did a great power fall so rapidly, so thoroughly, and so ignominiously as the kingdom of the Seleucidae under this Antiochus the Great." Mommsen. 20. Eumenes: Antiochus had offered one of his daughters in mar- riage to Eumenes, the king of Per- gamus, on condition that he assist him against the Romans. 22. ex parte regis : ' on the side of the king. ' 24. data est : sc. pax. 25. recederet : cf. inferret, Ch. 2. Pack 38. 1- concitatorem belli : ' who had aroused the war ' ; often it is best to translate nouns of Agency by a clause. 6. et ipse : cf. Pt ipsp, Bk. I. 8. Asiagenis : the more usual title is Asiatic us. Ch. 5. 12. per T. Quintium Fla- mininum : cf. per ^rdios, Bk. I, 6. 13. tradendus esset : the bitter- ness with whicli the Romans hunted down Hannibal was unworthy of such a man and such a nation. venenum bibit : ' ' Thus igno- miniously ended the career of the man who stood once at the head of the commanders of the world, and whose memory is still honored for the magnificence of his ambition in daring to attack and expecting to conquer the most powerful nation of his time." Ch. 6. 19. rebellavit : on account of the division of the conquered ter- ritory after the fall of Antiochus, Philip became indignant at the -Ro- mans, and planned a revolt on a large scale. His death in 179 b.c. prevented him from putting his plans into execution. His son Perseus at- tempted to carry them out. Owing to his lack of genius, he did not act promptly and with energy when the opportunity offered, and let it slip by. 20. Thraciae : Thrace was the name given originally to the whole region north of the Aegean Sea. Afterwards it was confined to the valley of the Hebrus. It became a Roman province in 46 a.d. iUyrici: Illyricum was on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its rocky coasts were infested with pirates until it was conquered by the Romans in the second century b.c. It was made a province afterwards and known as Dalmatia. 21. Romanis . . . auxilio : cf. auxilio . . . Eomdnis. Ch. 4. 24. utrisque . . . praebuit : lit. ' furnished himself equal to both ' = 'remained neutral.' 25. P. Licinius : sc. Crassiis. He was utterly incompetent and thor- oughly unscrupulous. 26. gravi proelio victus : near Larisa. If Perseus had possessed the energy to follow up this victory, the result might have been different. Pages 89, 40] notp:s 131 Page 39. 1- mox missus contra eum : Eutropius does not mention the two campaigns under Aulus Hos- tilius and Quintias Marcius Philip- pus, in both of which the Komans were unsuccessful. 2. L. Aemilius Paulus : he was the son of the consul who fell at Cannae, Bk. Ill, 10. He was one of the best specimens of the sturdy- Roman character. He was noted for his discipline in the array, and maintained throughout life a pure and unspotted character. 6. ante . . . quam : cf. note on ante . . . quam, Bk. II, 13. Ch. 7. 8. Ill Nonas Septem- bres : the full expression would be ante diem tertmm Nonas Septem- bres; cf. XI Kal. Maids, Bk. I, 1. 9. vicit: at the battle of Pydna in Macedonia, 168 b.c. "It was in fact the last battle in which a civil- ized state confronted Rome in the field on a footing of equality with her as a great power. . . . The whole civilized world henceforth recognized in the Roman senate the supreme tribunal whose commis- sioners decided in the last resort between kings and nations." Mommsen, History of Borne, Vol. II, p. 330. 14. honorem . . . habuit : ' held him in honor' = 'honored him.' victo : in apposition with ei. 15. sibi : sihi and se refer to Paulus. 23. convivii apparatu : ' in his entertainments.' Ch. 8. 25. praedam . . . dis- tribuit : this act of cruelty was commanded by the senate. Page 40. 2. triumphavit au- tem magnificentissime : never before had Rome seen so grand a triumph. It lasted for three days. 3. cum duobus filiis : Q. Fa- bius Maximus and P. Scipio Afri- canus Minor, both of whom had been adopted into other families. 9. Bithyniae : supply rex from reges above. Ch. 10. 15. tertium . . . Kar- thaginem : The Story of the Romans, p. 139 ; Creighton, p. 50 ; Rome and Carthage, Ch. XIX. The Romans encouraged their ally Masinissa to encroach on the territories of Car- thage and to harass her in every way. They were seeking a pretext for war, having fully decided to utterly destroy their hated rival. The story is told that every speech that Cato the Censor made was con- cluded with the words ' Delenda est Carthago,'' 'Carthage must be de- stroyed.' 10. L. Manlio Censdrind et M. Manilio : they were utterly in- competent. On several occasions they were saved from destruction only by the skill of Scipio. 19. Karthaginem oppugnave- runt: the Carthaginians tried in every way to avert the war. Em- bassy after embassy was sent to Rome, offering everything that could be asked. When the Romans de- manded the surrender of the arms of the city, they were given. But when it was demanded that they 182 NOTES [Pages 40, 41 should leave their city and should settle somewhere else at a distance of ten miles from the sea, they re- fused and prepared for the struggle that was inevitable. 21. Scipio : "Publius Cornelius Scipio was the youngest son of Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia. When quite a youth he had fought at his father's side at Pydna, and he was afterwards adopted into a still more illustrious family, that of the Scipios. Like his grandfather, the great African us, he had early shown a taste for other arts than that of war ; and his fond- ness for literature was cemented by the friendship which he formed, while still a youth, with the histo- rian Polybius. He was inferior in all respects to his grandfather by adoption, the elder Africanus." He is chosen by Cicero in the De Ami- citia as one whose friendship was worthy of immortality. 24. conBiiltiaBimus : ' most fer- tile in council.' per eum : cf. per Anc'i f'llids^ Bk. I, 6. 27. committere: sc. proelium; the omission is late and rare. Page 41. Ch. 11. 1. per idem tempus: equivalent to the Abla- tive of Time within which. Masinissa: see note on Syphd- cem, Bk. Ill, 20. Cii. 12. 6. iuvenis ; see note on annorum, Bk. II, 6. Scipio was about thirty-seven yeai*s old, and had held the office of military tri- bune only. 6. consul est factus : as in the case of his grandfather by adoption, there was the tacit understanding that his office was to be continued until he had brought the war to an end. The Romans by this time had learned the advantage of retaining in office in times of danger a man who showed himself adapted to the place. 0. quae sua recognoscebant : ' which they recognized as their own. ' 10. Karthago . . . deleta est: "Thus happened what, happily, has rarely happened in history before or since. An ancient seat of civili- zation with the race which inhabited it, with its arts and its sciences, its laws, its literature, and its religion, was swept away at a single stroke, leaving hardly a wrack behind ; and with it vanished the last rival whom Rome had to fear, the one state which ever met her on equal terms, and therefore alone stood between her and universal empire." Rome and Carthage^ p. 260. quam = postquam. 11. avus gius: his grandfather by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, the conqueror of Hannibal. 12. Africanus iunior : etiam ipse can, of course, refer only to Africanus, iunior being adversative ; 'Africanus (but) younger'; cf. note on Tarquinius iunior, Bk. I, 8. Ch. 13. 14. Pseudophilippus : " A pretender, calling himself Phil- lip, the son of Perseus, met with Pages 41-43] NOTES 183 suppjrt from Thrace and Byzan- tium, and was accepted as king by the Macedonian nation. He even extended his rule over Thessaly by his victory over the Roman praetor Juventius." Mommsen, p. 219. 15. praetorem: the praetor was one of the chief magistrates at Rome, next, to the consuls. The number varied at different times. After Sulla's time there were eight. The duties of the praetor were to administer justice, and in the ab- sence of the consuls to act in their place. Praetors wei*e also sent to govern provinces subject to Rome. 16. ad internecionem : ' to the point of destruction.' Ch. 14. 22. cepit: after the battle of Leucopatra, in which the Achaeans were utterly defeated. diniit : "With Corinth fell the liberties of Greece ; a Roman prov- ince took the place of the state that for six centuries liad been the home of art and eloquence, the intellec- tual sovereign of antiquity ; but though overcome and despoiled, she became the guide and teacher of her conqueror." The light of Greece was_ extinguished, 27. pictae tabulae : 'pictures.' Page 42. Ch. 15. 3. habSret : H, 598 (515, III) ; M. 378, 6 ; A. & G. 313, d ; G. 587 ; B. 309, 3. quaestore : the quaestor was an officer in charge of the treasury. Two remained in the city while the others accompanied the provincial governors and managed the finances of the provinces. Ch. 16. 5. Metellus: Q. Cae- cilius Metellus, called Macedonicus, was the son of Caecilius mentioned in Bk. Ill, 19. He was consul in 143 B.C., and received the province of Hither Spain, where he carried on war with success for two years against the Celtiberi. His brother, L. Caecilius, was consul in 142 b.c. Chs. 21, 23. 8. Viriathus : it is said that Caepio procured his assassination. 9. quo metu = cuius metu : for tlie case of metu^ cf. metu^ Ch. 3. 12. adsertor: 'restorer of lib- erty. ' Ch. 17. 17. picem ignobilem fScit: but fearing the reckoning that awaited him at home for con- cluding peace, he denied before the senate the agreement he had made with the people of Numantia. The total incompetency of Pompeius and of his successor, Mancinus, and the demoralization of the army, caused the war to drag on with dis- grace and disaster for three yeare. Creighton, p. 49. 20. Mancinum hostibua trSdi: they refused to receive him, as the senate knew they would. 24. consul factus: sc. est; this was in 134 b.c. He was then at the legal age for the consulship. 25. mllitem : ' the soldiers ' ; a collective noun. Page 43. 4. reliquam . . . ac- cepit : "A senatorial commission was shortly afterwards sent to Spain, and the provinces were re- organized. Spain gradually be- 134 NOTES [Pages 43, 44 caiiiu exceedingly prosperous, and, despite the guerilla warfare ever waged by the half-subdued native tribes, it was the most flourishing and best organized country in the Koman dominions." Mommsen, p. 215. Cii. 18. 0. Attalus: the king- dom of Attalus consisted of Lydia, rhrygia, Mysia, and Caria, four states on the coast of Asia Minor. Ch. 19. 1). Callaecis: generally written Gallaeci. They were a people inhabiting the northwestern part of Spain, bordering on the Atlantic. They were the most un- civilized people of Spain. Lusitanis : they lived a little south of the Gallaeci. 10. P.Scipio . . . Numantinis: from the capture of the city of Nu- mantia he received the name Nu- mantmiis. 12. de Africa : i.e. de Karthd- ffine. Ch. 20. 13. Aristonico : he was a natural son of Eumenes II of Perganius. Upon the death of his brother Attalus, who left his king- dom to the Romans, Ch. 18, he claimed the throne. At first he met with considerable success. 15. P. Licinius Crassus : he was consul for the year 131 b.c. He was a good orator and jurist. 25. carcere : the Mamertine prison at the foot of the Capitoline Hill. This was the only prison in Rome in early times. In it most of the famous captives of the Romans were strangled. It con- sisted of an upper and lower cham- ber. The term Tullianum sometimes applied to the prison as a whole is more properly restricted to the lower dungeon. Sallust in the ' Catiline ' gives an impressive picture of the lower vault in which Jugurtha per- ished. "There is," he says, "in the prison a chamber named the Tullianum, about twelve feet below the .surface of the earth. It is sur- rounded by walls, and covered by a vaulted roof of stone ; but its ap- pearance is repulsive and fearful, because of the neglect, the dark- ness, and the stench." 27. diem obierat : lit. ' he had met his day ' = ' he died.' Cn. 21. 29. quae nunc manet: Eutropius is in error. The Car- thage of his time was founded by Augustus. He was carrying out the plans of Julius Caesar in this. Page 44, 2. deduct! sunt: the regular term for the founding of a colony. eo = ad eum locum. Cn. 22. 5. Gallis transalpinia : the Gauls of the modern France and Switzerland were called trdns- alpinl, to distinguish them from the Gauls of northern Italy, who were called cisalpini. Arvernorum : the Arverni were a people of Aquitania, in the modern Auvergne. In early times they were the most powerful people in south- ern Gaul. They still possessed con- siderable power in Caesar's time, as he refers to them several times in the Gallic War. Page 44] NOTES 135 7. fluvium: a late word. The regular term for river is flumen. 8. torquibus : cf. torque^ Bk. II, 5. 9. deductus est : i.e. from Gaul. Ch. 23. 12. Narbone : this was the first colony of the Romans in Gaul. Later it gave the name of Narhomnsis to the province. It was situated on the river Atax, and was of considerable commercial im- portance. 13. L. Caecilio Metello : see note on 3Ietellus, Ch. 10. Ch. 24. 17. Scordiscis : a people of Pannonia. They were sometimes classed with the Illyrians, but they were remains of an ancient and powerful Celtic tribe. Ch. 25. 19. C. Caecilio Me- tello : he was the son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus, mentioned in Ch. 16. He was consul in 113 b.c, and carried on war in Macedonia against the Thracians, whom he subdued. He obtained a triumph, in consequence, in the same year and on the same day with his brother. 20. altenim ex Sardinia : this was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a brother of Gaius Caecilius men- tioned above. He was consul in 115 B.C. In 114 he was sent to Sardinia as proconsul, and while there he suppressed a revolt in the province. For this he was granted a triumph, which he celebrated at the same time with his brother. 22. Cimbro^ : ^ee Bk. V, 1, 2, j Ch. 26. 23. P. Scipione Na- sica : i.e. ' Scipio with the pointed nose.' This name, which was given in derision to one member of his family, clung to all his descend- ants. 24. lugurthae . . . inlatum est : Jugurtha is an interesting charac- ter in Roman history. He was the illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the king of Numidia. He served under Scipio in Spain, and there made the acquaintance of the dissolute patri- cians who were serving in the army. On the death of his uncle, he put Hiempsal to death and seized the kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in the town of Cirta, and, having taken the town, he put him to death with savage torture. In the capture of Cirta several Roman citizens were slain. This compelled the senate to make an investigation ; but many of its members had been bribe.d by Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing. Finally war was declared against him. The army, however, was poorly equipped and badly organ- ized. Nothing but defeat resulted. i Metellus, on taking command in 109 j B.C., reformed the army, won sev- ! eral victories, and seemed on the I point of bringing the war to an end I when he was succeeded by Gaius I Marius, his lieutenant. Marius speedily brought the war to a close. Jugurtha, however, was sur- ; rendered to Sulla, Marius' lieuten- ant, by the Moors, with whom he had taken refuge. After gracing the* triumphal procession of Marius, 136 NOTES [Pages 44-46 he was strangled in the Mamertine prison. He is said to have ex- claimed as he touched the water at the bottom of the prison, ' How cold are thy baths, O Hercules ' ! 25. fratres suos : Eutropius is incorrect. They were his cousins, not brothers. Page 45. -• quae . . . impro- bata est : probably the senate would have approved of it, but such an outcry was raised by the people that they were forced to re- ject the peace and order the war to be continued. Cn. 27. 6. Q. Caecilius Metel- lus: he was the son of Lucius Caecilius, mentioned in Chs. 21, 23. He received the name of Numidicus for his campaign against Jugurtha. In an age of growing corruption his integrity remained unsullied, and he was distinguished for his abili- | ties in war and peace. Creighton, p. 61. 12. successum est el: lit. 'it was succeeded to him' = 'he was succeeded.' C. Mario : see Bk. V, 1. Marius, who had accompanied Metellus, gained his consulship by appealing to the credulity of the people and by misleading them with the most unfair misrepresentations of the conduct of Metellus. Bocchum: king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha. 16. Comelium SuUam : see Bk. V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an aristocrat was very amioying to Marias. • Book V Page 46. Ch. 1. 2. Cimbris et Teutonibus : the Cimbri and Teu- tones were Germanic tribes who had migrated from their homes and had come into Gaul. They defeated the Romans in several engagements. In the battle of Arausio, 105 b.c, three Roman armies were* cut to pieces. Then they turned their course towards Spain and gave the Romans a respite of two years. In 102 B.C. they returned from Spain and prepared to invade Italy. Be- fore their entrance they divided. The Cimbri and the Tigurini crossed the Rhone, intending to enter Italy by the eastern Alps. The Teutones and the Ambrones tried to come in by the Maritime Alps, intending to join their countrymen in the valley of the Po. Marius met them at Aquae Sextiae, modern Aix, 102 b.c, and the mighty host of the barba- rians was annihilated. The next year the united armies of Marius and Catulus met the Cimbri near Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul and utterly defeated them. Those who survived the battle were either killed or sold in the slave market at Rome. "The human avalanche which for thirteen years had alarmed the nations from the Danube to the Ebro, from the Seine to the Po, rested beneath the sod, or toiled under the yoke of slavery." Mommsen, History of Borne, Vol. Ill, p. 203. Creight(Mi, p. iVS ; The Story of the Homans, p. 155. Pages 46, 47] NOTES 137 7. quantus . . . tempore : ' barely was it as great in the time of Hannibal.' 8. Marius: Gains Marius was born near Arpinum 157 b.c. of an obscure family. By his valor and his energy he worked his way up in the army, winning distinction in the siege of Numantia in Spain. In 119 B.C. he was elected tribune of the plebs. He now became a marked man. He acquired influ- ence and importance by marrying into the family of the Caesars. In 109 B.C. he went to Africa as lieu- tenant of Metellus. In 107 b.c. he was elected consul and brought the war with Jugurtha to an end, Bk. IV, 27. After his return from Africa he was elected consul the second time in 104 b.c and took command of the war against the Cimbri and Teutones. Again in 103, 102, and 101 b.c. he was elected to the consulship, and crushed the barbarians in the two famous bat- tles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae, 102, 101 B.C., Chs. 1, 2. In 100 b.c he was elected consul for the sixth time. The Social war again called him into active service. He de- feated the Marsi in two successive engagements, Ch. 3. That he might gratify his. ambition and be sent to the war with Mithradates, he pro- cured the passage of a law removing Sulla from the command of the army and conferring it upon him- self. Sulla refused to give up his command, marched upon Rome, and forced Marias to flee. After having arranged matters at Rome to his satisfaction Sulla left for the East, Ch. 4. While he was away, Marius returned to Italy, besieged Rome, and entered the city as a conqueror. " The most frightful scenes followed. The guards of Marius stabbed every one whom he did not salute, and the streets ran with the blood of the noblest of the Roman aristocracy." Ch. 7. Without the formality of an election he became consul for the seventh time, 86 b.c But he did not long enjoy his honor.. On the eighteenth day of his consulship he died. 15. absens : this was unusual. The law provided that a man must be present to stand for the consul- ship, and that at least ten years must elapse before he could be re- elected. Ch. 2. 18. dimicttum est: this battle was fought in the Campi Raudii, near Vercellae. Before the battle, the Cimbri demanded that lands should be given them for themselves and the Teutones. ' The Teutones,' replied Marius, 'have all the land they need on the other side of the Alps.' a Catuli parte : ' on the part of Catulus.' Page 47. Ch. 3. 7. gravissimum bellum : this is known as the Social or Italian war. It was waged by the Italian allies of the Romans. For nearly thirty years the hope of ob- taining Roman citizenship had been held out to them, but no measure had been carried to better their con- 138 NOTES [Pages 47, 48 dition. The burdens that Kome had imposed upon them had been stead- ily increased. Finally, in despair of securing any reforms, they ap- pealed to arms. At first they were successful, but in the end the Ro- mans conquered. However, they were compelled to grant nearly all the Italians had demanded. Creighton, p. 64. 12. alius : for alter. 15. a Romanis : ' on the side of the Romans ' ; cf. « CatuU parte, Ch. 2. Ch. 4. 24. bellum civile : the First Civil war, called also the Civil war of Marius and Sulla. See Chs. 7-9. The Story of the Bomans, pp. 160-164; Creighton, p. 66. Page 48. 1. Mithradaticum : sc. helium commotum est. bello civni : in classical Latin probably a Genitive would have been used. 2. cum Sulla : Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born of a patrician fam- ily in 138 B.C. After having secured a good education, he passed his early life in the pursuit of pleasure, squan- dering the small fortune left him by his father. He served under Marius in Africa (Bk. IV, 8), and received the surrender of Jugurtha. During the war with the Cimbri and Teu- tones, he served under Marius and Catulus with distinction. When the Social war broke out he again en- tered the service and won fresh laurels (Ch. 3). In 88 b.c. he was elected consul and received the command of the war against Mith- radates (Chs. 5-7). When he had concluded peace with Mithradates, he returned to Italy in 83 b.c, and prepared for the campaign against the leaders of the Marian party. His efforts were crowned with suc- cess. In 82 B.C. he brought the con- flict to a close with the decisive battle of the Colline gate (Ch. 8). Sulla was now master of Italy. He resolved to take the most ample vengeance upon his enemies, and utterly to crush ♦ the popular party. He inaugurated a proscription, in which as many as 47,000 are said to have perished. He was chosen dic- tator by the senate, and made vari- ous reforms in the constitution of the state, all tending to strengthen the power of the aristocracy and to weaken that of the commons. In 79 B.C. he resigned his office and re- tired to his estate at Puteoli, where he died in 78 b.c. "None of his friends ever did him a kindness, and none of his enemies a wrong, with- out being fully repaid." 3. gesturus : the Future Parti- ciple is not used by* prose writers of the classical period to denote pur- pose! 9. primus . . . armatus : a gen- eral with his army could not enter the city, except when celebrating a triumph, without losing his com- mand. 11. in futurum annum : ' for the next year. ' Cn. OctSvio et L. Cornelio CinnS: in apposition with consitU- b2is. Pages 48-50] NOTES 139 Ch. 5. 13. Mithradates: Mith- radates V was king of Pontus, a state of Asia Minor. He is one of the most striking characters of Rp- m^n history. Possessed of a large and powerful frame, he was en- dowed also with a mind of great strength and alertness, indomitable courage, and consuming ambition. It was the desire to extend his realm that brought bim into collision with the Eomans. In 88 b.c. he over- ran Bithynia, Cappadocia, and the greater part of the Roman province of Asia. In 84 b.c. peace was con- cluded with Sulla. In 83 b.c. he again began war. This was brought to an end two years later (Chs. 6, 8). For the third time he began to wage war in 74 b.c. This w^as the last and most important war, and, owing to mismanagement on the part of the Romans, was not concluded until 63 B.c.jWhen he was driven from his king- dom and forced to take his own life (Bk. VI, 14). Creighton, pp. 66, 71. 16. ei : the antecedent is Nico- medes. 18. faceret: "Subjunctive in In- direct Discourse representing the Future Indicative in Direct. quod . . . pateretur : this use of quod with the Subjunctive after a verb of speaking, instead of the In- finitive with subject Accusative, is late. For the usual construction, cf. Bk. Ill, 11. et ipse: 'he too.' 23. Ephesum : Ephesus at the mouth of the Cayster in Lydia, was the chief city in Asia Minor. It was especially famous for its temple of Diana. 24. uno die occiderentur : on that day over 80,000 Italians were put to death. Pack 49. Cn. 6. 1. Aristone : he was a celebrated philosopher. 3. Archelaum : Archelaus was a distinguished general of Mithra- dates. At first he met with some success, but was twice defeated by Sulla in the battles of Chaeronea and Orchomenos in Boeotia. 11. commisit : sc. proelhim. 15. iuBsit . . . agi: lit. 'ordered it to be treated concerning peace ' = ' ordered a truce to be made.' Ch. 7. 18. partim : contrasted with alios. 22. pax . . . ordinata est : by the terms of the peace arranged Mithradates abandoned all his con- quests in Asia Minor, confined him- self to the dominion he had held before the war, paid an indemnity of 3000 talents, and surrendered 80 ships of war fully equipped. Page 50. 2. proscripserunt : ' outlawed.' This was the first pro- scription hi Roman history. It was so called from the list of the names of the persons who were outlawed. They might be killed by any one with impunity, even by slaves. Their property was confiscated to the state and was sold at public auction. Their children and grand- children lost their votes in the Comitia and were excluded from all public offices. 6. Norbanum et Scipionem: 140 NOTES [Pages 50-52 Lucius Norbanus and Gaius Scipio were elected consuls for the year 83 B.C. 7. contra Norbanum : the bat- tle was fought at Mt. Tifata in Cam- pania. After the battle Norbanus shut himself up in Capua. 10. totum . . . accepit: by means of Sulla's emissaries the whole army deserted Scipio, who was forced to retire from the war. Ch. 8. 12. Marius : Gaius Marius the younger was elected consul with Gnaeus Fapirius Carbo, though he had not yet attained the legal age for the office. 14. dimicavit: at Sacriportus, between Signia and Praeneste. Marius was driven to Praeneste, and when the town was captured was slain. 19. portam Collinam : one of the gates of Rome on the Quirinal Hill. The battle raged so fiercely and the result was so long in doubt, that Sulla is said to have invoked the aid of Pythian Apollo. With this battle the resistance of the Marian party in Italy was at an end. Page 51, Ch. 9. 4. null! Roma- norum : this was the first time that any one who had not held the office of consul was permitted to celebrate a triumph. 9. XXIV : sc. milia with all these numbers,, except the last. Book VI Ch. 1. 14. Sertorius: Quintus Sertorius, a Sabine by birth, served under Marius in the war against the Teutones. Before the battle of Aquae Sextiae he entered the camp of the enemy in disguise. In 83 b.c. he went to Spain and became the leader of the Lusitanians. For sev- ral years he waged war successfully against the Romans. Finally he was assassinated by one of his offi- cers who was jealous of his power. 2"he Story of the Bomans, p. 165 ; Creighton, p. 69. Page 52. Ch. 2. 5. levia proe- lia : ' skirmishes.' Rhodopam provinciam : a small division of Thrace. Ch. 3. 10. P. Servnius : Publius Servilius Vatia was consul in 79 n.c. The next year he was sent to clear the sea of pirates. He waged war successfully against them, conquered Cilicia and organized it as a province. He took a leading part in the public affairs. ex cdnsule = procdnsiile ; a late expression ; cf. our expression ' ex- president.' Ch. 5. 20. M. Aemilius Lepi- dus: Lepidus and Catullus were consuls in the year after the death of Sulla. They quarreled over some triffing matter. In 77 u.c. Lepidus marched to Rome with an army. He was met by Pompey near the Mul- vian Bridge and defeated. Shortly afterwards he died in Sardinia. 23. Metelli: Genitive, depending on triumphus supplied from tri- nmphi above. Ch. 6. 26. anno urbis con- ditae: a variation for the usual ex- pression ah urhe conditd. The year Pages 52-54] NOTES 141 is conceived of as belonging to the city. Cf. anno a conditd urbe^ Bk. Ill, 10 ; anno . . . ab urbe con- ditd, Bk. IV, 22. Page 53. 1- Nicomedes: Nico- medes III, surnamed Philopater, was tlie son and successor of Nico- medes II mentioned in Bk. IV, Clis. 8, 20. He had been aided by the Romans, and was encouraged by them to encroach on the territories of Mithradates. Having no chil- dren, he left his kingdom to the Romans. 2. MithradatSs : see note on Bk. V, 5. 4. apud Chalcgd5na : the de- feat was both by land and sea. 7. Lucullus : Lucius Licinius LucuUus fought in the Civil war on the side of Sulla, was praetor in 77 B.C., and consul in 74 b.c. For eight years he carried on the war against Mithradates with success ; but on account of the mutinous spirit of his soldiers and the jeal- ousy of certain Romans, he was un- able to bring the war to a close. On his return to Rome he gave him- self up to a life of indolence and luxury. He died in 57 b.c. 10. Byzantium : the city of By- zantium was founded by the Me- garians in 658 b.c, and was a place of great importance. Con- stantinople was founded on the same site by the Emperor Constan- tine the Great in 330 a.d. It re- mained the capital of the Roman Empire of the East until its capture by the Turks in 1453. 13. centum ferg milia : sc. homi- num. Ch. 7. 17. novum bellimi: see The Story of the Romans, p. 167 ; Creighton, p. 70. 18. Spartaco : Spartacus was a Thracian by birth, and had been taken prisoner and sold to a trainer of gladiators. His character has been maligned by the Roman writers. " Accident made Sparta- cus a shepherd, a freebooter, and a gladiator; nature formed him a hero." 19. ludo : ' the gladiatorial school.' The gladiators were mostly slaves, and were the prop- erty of the individuals who trained them and leased them for the games. This school belonged to Lentulus. 20. paene non levius : ' not much lighter.' 22. armatorum : many slaves joined them. 23. victi sunt in Apuli§ : they were conquered on the river Silarus, which flows between Lucania and Campania. Spartacus was slain in the battle. Ch. 8. 27. duo : nominative mas- culine, agreeing with LucnU'i. Page 54. 7. Mithradates fuga- tus est : if the 'Roman soldiers had been able to restrain their eager- ness for plunder and had followed Mithradates rapidly, he would have been captured. 10. Tigrane : Tigranes, king of Armenia, was the son-in-law of Mithradates. Although at first he 142 NOTES [Pages 54, 55 refused to aid Mithradates, later the insolence of Lucullus' envoys caused him to change his policy and take a hand in the war. Ch. 9. 13. boBtem fugatum: 'the enemy who had fled.' Often it is best to translate a participle by a clause. 14. Tigranocertam : the capital of Tigranes. 16. clibanariis: this is the only place in Eutropius where this word is found. It is post-classical, and is used by only two writers besides Eutropius. 19. Nisibin : he was directing his jnarch to Artaxata, but the mutiny of his soldiers caused him to turn aside to Nisibis, the capital of Meso- potamia, and take up his winter quarters there. 20. hi: his lieutenants, Fannius and Triarius. They had been de- feated at Cabira and Zela. 22. neglegenter . . . agentes : ' conducting themselves carelessly and greedily.' 24. bellum renovatum est : the Romans were now exactly where they were at the breaking out of the war, Pontus and Cappadocia were overrun by Mithradates, and the results of eight years' warfare were lost. Page 55. Ch. 11. 12. bellum CrSticiim: the war was in reality directed against the pirates who made Crete their headquarters. Ch. 12. 20. Cn. Pompeio : by the Gabinian law Pompey was in- vested with absolute authority, both by sea and by land, as far as fifty miles into the interior, over the whole eastern Mediterranean for three years. quod . . . confecit : in the space of forty days he had swept the whole western tract of the Mediterranean Sea, and had driven the enemy into the opposite quarter. He drove the pirates from the sea, and compelled them to take refuge in their strongholds in the Cilician coast. These he speedily surrounded and captured. He burnt over 1300 of their vessels, and destroyed all their hostile magazines and arsenals. In ninety days he had terminated the contest. 22. ei . . . Tigranen: by the Manilian law the authority he had already wielded against the pirates was extended over all the East. 24. nocturno proelio : Mithra- dates at first attempted to procure peace, but Pompey would hear of nothing but unconditional surrender. He started to retire slowly but was pursued by Pompey, and was over- taken in a narrow pass on the Lycus, where the city of Nicopolis was after- ward built. Mithradates escaped with a few horsemen and fled to Tigranes, who refused to receive him. quadraginta milia : cf. centum fere milia, Ch. 0. 27. Phamacis; Pompey had been active in fostering intrigues in the family of Mithradates. He had caused Pharnaces to revolt and to ally himself with the Romans, and Pages 55-57] NOTES 143 had proclaimed him king at Panti- capaeum. Page 56. ^- venenum hausit : Pharnaces was about to hand him over to the Romans. The story is that he was so inured to poisons that he was compelled to end his life with a sword. Ch. 13. 7. ab Artaxata : Pom- pey was following him, and was plan- ning to capture his capital city. 11. Syria, Phoenice : also Gala- tia, Cappadocia, and a part of Cilicia which Lucullus had taken away from him, Pompey refused to return. 12. Soph§nene : Pompey made the son of Tigranes the king of Sophanene. 14. commovisset : Subjunctive, giving the reason of the Romans. Ch. 14. 22. Syriam : Syria was disturbed by fierce internal dissen- sions. To put an end to the anarchy that existed there, Pompey resolved to annex it. He drove from the throne Antiochus Asiaticus, who had been acknowledged by the sen- ate and by Lucullus. Page 57. 2. ludaeam : the Jews alone refused to obey his orders, and sustained a siege of three months at Jerusalem. Although Rome had no business to interfere with the affairs in this part of the East, yet the government she gave to the prov- inces, formed from the conquered territory, was stable and just in the main, and was welcome after the state of anarchy that had prevailed. Cn. 15. 7. L. SergiusCatilina : Catiline was a member of a patrician family. By his dissolute habits and his luxury he had squandered all his property and had run into debt. The only relief was to secure the consul- ship, that at the expiration of his term of office he might be sent to govern some province, from the plunder of which he might acquire another fortune to be spent in riotous living. Failing to secure the consulship, he determined to overthrow the state. He formed a band of dissolute nobles, collected arms in various places, stationed an armed force at Faesulae in Etruria. and made all prepara- tions for an outbreak as soon as the time was ripe. Meanwhile Cicero had ascertained all Catiline's plans by the aid of the mistress of one of the conspirators. Desiring to drive Catiline to some overt act, he assailed him in the senate on the 8th of November. The oration he deliv- ered has been preserved. Catiline j hastened from the city to the armed force at FaeSulae. The conspirators who were left in the city were soon caught in a treasonable act, and ! were arrested and strangled in I prison by order of the senate. I Afterwards Cicero was accused of I having put Roman citizens to death without a trial, and was condemned I to exile for a time. Creighton, p. 73. 12. Catilina ipse : it was not until March of the next year (62 B.C.) that Catiline was surrounded, while attempting to escape into Gaul, and slain. Ch. 16. 16. nulla . . . fuit: in 144 NOTES [Page 57 this triumph was displayed a list ot 800 vessels, 1000 fortresses, and 300 cities captured, 39 cities repeopled, and 20,000 talents of gold brought to the treasury. "The great con- queror had now celebrated his third triumph. His first had been for victories in Africa, his second for the overthrow of Sertorius in Eu- rope ; he had now completed the illustrious cycle by inscribing on the list the name of Asia. Each section of the globe had succumbed to his prowess." Ch. 17. 23. C. lulius Caesar: Gaius Julius Caesar was born July 12, 100 B.C. He was of a patrician family, but from the first sided with the popular party. Many stories of his early youth are told. He be- came pontifex maximus, military tribune, and quaestor in succession. At this period he was noted chiefly as a dissolute debtor and a dema- gogue. In 62 B.C. he was elected praetor, and the next year went as propraetor to govern the province of Further Spain. In 60 b.c. he re- turned to Rome and formed a po- litical coalition with Pompey and Crassus, known as the ' First Tri- umvirate.' In 59 B.C. he was elected consul, and, after the expiration of his year of office, entered on the governorship of Gaul and Illyricum for the period of five years. This was afterwards extended for an- other period of the same length. While governor of the province he conquered the Helvetians and a wandering band of the Germans who had come over into Gaul, crushed a revolt of the Nervii, de- feated the Veneti and the Aquitani, and twice invaded Germany and Britain. It was Caesar's intention to stand for the consulship a second time as soon as his term of office as governor of Gaul should expire. Pompey, meanwhile, had become jealous of Caesar's power and had gone over to the senatorial party. A measure was passed by the senate declaring Caesar to be an outlaw unless he should disband his army and come to Rome a private citizen before a certain date. On Caesar's refusal to do this, he was declared a public enemy, and preparations for war were made. Caesar advanced to Rome. Pompey fled to Greece, where he was defeated the follow- ing year at Pharsalus, and after- wards was murdered in Egypt. At the battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46 B.C., Caesar defeated the remaining leaders of the party, Cato and Scipio. This was the end of the war. He returned to Rome and was made imperator and perpetual dictator. He inaugurated several important reforms, among them a reform in the calendar. He formed many other plans which his death pre- vented him from executing. Finally, when it was thought that he was aiming at the kingly power, a con- spiracy was formed, and he was assassinated on the fifteenth day of March, 44 b.c. " While other illustrious men have been reputed great for their Pages 57-59] NOTES 145 excellence in some one department of intellect, the concurrent voice of antiquity has declared that Caesar was great in all. ' He had genius,' says Cicero, 'understanding, mem- ory, taste, reflection, industry, and exactness.' " The Story of the Bomans, p. 176 ; Creighton, p. 74 ; The Roman Triumvirates^ Ch. 5. imperavit : ' was emperor ' ; a late meaning. Page 58. 1- dgcreta est : for the number and gender see H. 395, 1 (439, 1); M. 174, 2, 178, 2 ; A. & G. 187,rt;G.285-6;B.235,A,2,B,2,&,B. 2. Helvetios . . . Sequani : Eu- tropius, following the custom of his day, unites the Helvetians and Se- quanians. In Caesar's time they were quite distinct. The Helvetians lived in what is now Switzerland ; the Sequanians were west of the Jura mountains along the Rhone. 7. Britannis : twice he invaded Britain. The first time it was a mere reconnoissance. His conquest was only partial. 11. quadringentiSs : sc. centena milia sestertium ; about ^1,640,000. Germanos : twice Caesar crossed the Rhine, but only for the purpose of impressing the Germans with the power of his forces. He fought no battles there, but he inflicted terrible defeats on two German bands that had come over into Gaul. Ch. 18. 17. M. Licinius Cras- Bus : there was no cause for war against the Parthians, but Crassus was anxious to make himself popu- lar by winning military renown. HAZ. EUTROPIUS — 10 18. circa Carras : the overthrow at Carrae was one of the gravest dis- asters ever sustained by the Roman arms : 20,000 were slain and 10,000 were carried into captivity. The Romans who were made prisoners were treated with indulgence by the Parthians and were allowed to settle in the land of their conquerors. Creighton, p. 77. Page 59. Ch. 19. 4. altenim consulatum : this he demanded in accordance with the agreement formed between Pompey, Crassus, and himself. He was now eligible for a second consulship, as ten years had passed since he was consul for the first time. 5. aliqu^: cf. aliqud, Bk. I, 3. contradictum est : lit. ' it was opposed ' = ' opposition was made.' 8. iniurlam : " the ' injury ' was in depriving him of his military com- mand, and leaving him without the security the consulship would have afforded." He was willing to dis- band his array and return to Rome if he could be elected to the consul- ship in his absence, or if Pompey would disband his army. ab Arlmino : he had crossed the small stream known as the Rubicon which separated his province from Italy. The story is told that as he crossed the stream he said, ' The die is cast, let us go where the gods and the injustice of our enemies call us.' mllites congregates habebat : ' kept his troops collected.' Ch. 20. 14. dictatorem : with the exception of Sulla there had 146 NOTES [Pages 59-(31 been no dictator since the time of the Second Punic War. 15. exercitus . . . superavit: at first he met with serious reverses at Ilerda, but he soon succeeded in compelling the Pompeians to sur- render, and enrolled most of them in his army. 18. primo proelio: at Dyrrha- cium in lUyria. 20. nee . . . superari : Indirect Discourse depending on dixit. 22. Palaeopharsalum : this bat- tle is generally known as the battle of Pharsalia. Page gQ. Ch. 21. 4. numquam . . . neque . . . neque : " a gen- eral negative may be subdivided by neque . . . neque ^ or aut . . . autV 7. pugnatum turn est : Pompey would have refused battle, but was urged on by his followers. The knights and senators who fought in the Pompeian ranks soon broke and fled. At the first attack Pompey fled to his camp, where he tried to rally his routed forces, but he was unsuccessful. Leaping on his horse at the last moment, he escaped through the rear gate of the camp, nor did he draw rein until he reached Larissa. Thence he hastened to the coast, where he took ship for Egypt. 9. a rege Aegypti : he was only a nominal king. Egypt was made a province by Augustus, Bk. VII, 7. 11. occldit: he caused Pompey to be inveigled into a boat, where he was murdered and his head severed from his body. His corpse was flung into the surf, where it was picked up later and burned. 12. quo conspecto : ' and when Caesar had seen it.' 14. generi quondam sui : Pom- pey had married Julia, the daughter of Caesar, in 60 u.c. It was her death in 54 b.c. that tended to loosen the bond existing between them. Ch. 22. 17. victus : Caesar con- quered the royal forces on the banks of the Nile. 18. Alexandria: when Caesar set fire to the royal fleet, the flames consumed the great library of Alex- andria, containing 400,000 volumes. In this fire some of the greatest lit- erary treasures of antiquity per- ished. Cleopatrae: the famous queen who proved to be the ruin of Antony, Bk. VII, 6, 7. 20. Pompeio in auxilium : Eu- tropius seldom uses the double Da- tive ; cf. Romanis fuisset auxilio, Bk. IV, 3. 22. vioit acie : it was after this battle that Caesar sent to the senate the famous message reul, mcfi, rid, ' I came, I saw, I conquered.' Pagk 61. Ch. 23. 2. ei . . . dic- tator! : ' while he was dictator ' ; dictdtori is in apposition with e'l. 6. hic etiam : ' he also ' ; as well as Caesar. 7. M. Porcius Cato : he was the great-grandson of the M. Porcius Cato mentioned in Bk. IV, 23. He is known in history as Cato Uticensis, from Utica, where he com- Pages 61-63] NOTES 14' mitted suicide. He was famous for the austerity of his manners and for his studied imitation of the customs of early days. 9. victor fuit: in the battle of Thapsus. Ch. 24. 15. Cn. Pompeius : he had gone into Spain and had gath- ered around him adventurers of all sorts. At first Caesar had sent of- ficers to subdue the revolt, but find- ing their efforts unsuccessful, he took command in person. After encoun- tering great personal danger, he gained a complete victory. Thirty thousand of the vanquished per- ished. Gnaeus Pompey escaped from the field, but was afterward overtaken and slain. Sextus, the younger son of Pompey, was the only leader of the republican party left. Page 62. Ch. 25. 1. honores: ' offices ' ; political honors. 3. regia ac paene tyrannica: ' like a king and almost like a usurper.' Nepos defines a tyran- nus as one ' who is in perpetual power in that state which enjoyed liberty.' 8. senatus die : ' on the day of the senate ' ; on the day when the senate met. 9. curiam: Caesar was slain in the Curia in the Campus Martins. Book VII Ch. 1. 12. partium Caesaris : 'of Caesar's party.' Antony at first pretended to favor the tyran- nicides : but after he had obtained possession of the papers and treasure of Caesar, he changed sides and en- deavored to crush them. 16. Octavianus : he was the son of Gains Octavius and Atia, a daughter of Julia, the sister of Caesar. After his adoption he took the name of Octavianus. 19. Augustus : this was a title conferred upon him after the battle of Actium, when he refused the title of dictator. rerum potitus : potior regularly takes the Genitive in this phrase. Cf. Alexandria potUtis, Bk. VI, 22. qui . . . tres duces : ' these three leaders.' 20. vicenmt eum : in the battle of Mutina, 43 n.c. Page 63. 1- morerentur: they were wounded in battle, but Augus- tus was accused of having murdered them. Ch. 2. 3. Lepidum : Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Bk. VI, 1, 5, 23. He was in Gaul at this time, being governor of Gaul and Spain. After he received Antonius, they crossed the Alps at the head of a large body of troops and met Augustus in the north of Italy. 6. pacem . . . fecit : this was known as the ' Second Triumvirate.' Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus di- vided the Roman world among them. 8. vicesimo anno : he was far below the legal age, 43. 9. senatum proscripsit : 300 senators and 2000 knights were in- cluded in the proscription. " Each 148 NOTES [Pages 63, 64 marked his victims' names upon the fatal list, and each consented to give up adherents of his own to the greed or hatred of his colleagues," 11. Cicero orator occisus est: Augustus tried to save him, but Antony, whose hatred Cicero had incurred, demanded his death, and Augustus was forced to yield. Cn. 3. 17. Philippos: the bat- tle of Philippi was fought in Novem- ber, 42 B.C. Creighton, p. 82 ; The Boman Triinnvirates, p. 210. 19. Cassius : Cassius was routed and committed suicide. Brutum : after his forces were routed, Brutus was compelled to kill himself to prevent capture. infinitam nobilitatem : ' very many of the nobility.' 21. divisa est res publica: Lepidus took the province of Af- rica, Augustus the West, and An- tony the East. 23. bellum civile : after the cap- ture of Perusia, Antony threatened war, but he made a truce with Augustus, whose sister Octavia he married. Page 64. Cn. 4. 1. Sex. Pom- peio : the son of Pompeiiis Magnus, of. Bk. VI, 24. He had collected a band of pirates and had made him- self master of the Mediterranean. 5. pax postremo convenit : the agreement at Misenum. In ac- cordance with this, Pompey was to retain his command over the sea and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica. Ch. 5. 6. M. Agrippa : Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had been a fel- low-student with Augustus. He was a gallant soldier and a devoted friend. It was largely by his aid that Augustus secured his power and retained it. 7. Persas : i.e. the Parthians. Eutropius used Persae for the Par- thians who claimed descent from the old Persian kings. 10. Crassmn occiderat : Bk. VI, 18. 11. triumphum R5mae egit: several of the Roman standards lost at Carrhae were restored by the Parthians, and were carried in the triumphal procession. Ch. 6. 12. navali proelio : at the battle of Naulochus, 36 b.c. The Boman Triumvirates, p. 219. Shortly afterward Lepidus set up the standard of revolt. He was de- feated by Augustus and his power was taken from him, but his life was spared. 16. ipse pugnavit : he lacked the engines necessary for reducing the strongly fortified cities of the enemy, and besides he was very anxious to return to Alexandria. 17. fame . . . laboravit: his retreat has been compared to the flight of Napoleon from Moscow. 18. pro victo: 'for conquered' = ' as if conquered.' Ch. 7. 20. dum . . . optat = op- tans, ' hoping. ' The world could not endure two masters. It was natural that they should disagree, and that the stronger should conquer. 22. apud Actium : September 2, Pages 64-66] NOTES 149 31 B.C. Antony had collected a large naval and land force, but his ships were too large to be handled easily, and many of his land forces deserted. In the midst of the fight Cleopatra fled in her galley, and Antony basely deserted his forces and followed her. Creighton, p. 82 ; The Roman Triumvirates^ p. 225. 23. ex qut: the antecedent of qua is pugnd. 25. exstincta est : she was too proud to be carried to Rome to adorn the triumphal procession of her conqueror. Page 65. Cii. 8. 7. duodecim annis = per annos above : the Abla- tive makes the limits of the time more prominent than the duration. 8. principatus : ' leadership ' ; afterwards the ' sovereignty ' of the emperors ; cf . prmceps^ English ' prince,' 10. morte commuiii : ' a natural death ' ; cf . morbo decessit, Bk. 1, 3. There was a report that he was poisoned by Livia, his wife. 11. Atella: it is generally agreed that he died at Nola, near Naples. sepultus est : the ruins of his mausoleum still exist. 12. ex maxima parte : ' in very many respects.' 15. civilissime : ' in a manner most becoming a citizen' ; cf. clviles, Bk. I, 9. 16. ut . . . suo : ' that he placed them almost on a level with his own dignity.' 17. aequaret: sc. eos. Aeqndre may also take cum with the Ablative. Page 66- Ch. 9. 6. quod nulli antea : sc. dederunt. 8. Crasso victo : ' from Crassus when he was defeated.' Ch. 10. 14. in honorem eius : the compliment was not in the founding, but in the naming, 18. Divus appellatus : i.e. he was deified and became the object of a national worship. In the provinces he was worshiped before his death. Tiberio : Tiberius Claudius Nero was the son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, the third wife of Augustus. He first married the daughter of Agrippa, whom he divorced at the command of the Emperor and married Julia, Augustus' daughter and the widow of Marcus Agrippa. After the death of Gaius and Lucius Caesar, the sons of Agrippa and Julia, Tiberius was given the tribunician power and was adopted by Augustus as his successor. Ch. 11. 21. ingenti socordia . . . libidine : probably the char- acter of Tiberius was maligned by the Roman historians. The people disliked him on account of his ' ' dark and gloomy temper, with no grace or geniality of manner, shunning the pleasures of the peo- ple, and seldom generous or open- handed." But we must note the many marks of bias and exaggera- tion in the common story, and we may well believe that the ancient writers formed too harsh an opinion of his motives in some cases, and reported scandalous gossips too 150 NOTES [Pages 66-68 lightly. Creighton, pp. 89-91 ; The Early Empire, Ch. II. 25. Archelaum: he was sum- moned to Rome soon after the ac- cession of Tiberius and accused of treason. His life was spared, but he was obliged to remain at Home, where he died in 17 a.d. Page 67. 1. Caesarea: called Caesarea ad Argaeiim to distin- guish it from other cities of the same name. It was situated at the foot of Mt. Argaeus and was a place of great antiquity, its foundation having been ascribed to Mesech, the son of Japhet. Ch. 12. 5. C. Caesar: Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus was the son of Germanicus and Agrip- pina. He was born in the camp, probably in Germany, and was reared among the soldiers. He re- ceived the surname of Caligula from his being arrayed in a mimic uni- form and wearing a pair of caligae or soldiers' boots. At first he ruled well ; but his sense of power turned his head, and the latter part of his reign was marked by excesses of all sorts. Creighton, p. 92 ; The Early Empire^ Ch. III. Cii. 13. 13. Claudius: Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Caesar Ger- manicus was the second son of Drusus and Antonia, the brother of Germanicus, the father of Ca- ligula. In early life he had been weak in mind and body, and had been despised or neglected. As emperor he was ruled by his wives and favorites. Narcissus and Pallas. He was poisoned by his last wife, Agrippina, who was anxious that her son Domitius Ahenobarbus by her former husband might suc- ceed to the empire. Suetonius in his ' Lives of the Caesars ' gives a very dark picture of the reign of Claudius. Creighton, p. 93; The Early Empire^ Ch. IV. 22. Britannici : the son of Claudius and Messalina, his first wife. On the accession of Nero, Britannicus was poisoned. Page 68. On. 14. 1. Nero : Claudius Caesar, surnamed Nero, was the son of Domitius Aheno- barbus and Agrippina. His early youth was spent in study under the philosopher Seneca, who remained his counselor for several years. During the first five years of his reign he was mild and just. The later years were filled with all sorts of excesses, and were marked by great cruelty. Creighton, p. 93; The Early Empire, Ch. V. 9. urbem Romam incendit: it is very improbable that Nero was guilty of this crime. Rome was almost destroyed- in this conflagra- tion. Of the fourteen districts into which the city was divided, only four remained untouched by the flames. The fire raged for six days and seven nights ; and, after it was thought to have been extinguished, it burst forth again, and continued for two days longer. On this occa- sion Nero appears to have acted with great liberality and kindness. He caused provisions to be sold at a Pages 68-70] NOTES 151 very low price and the imperial gar- dens to be opened to the people, and temporary shelters to be erected for their accommodation. That he might remove suspicion from him- self, Nero caused it to be reported that the Christians had set fire to the city, and a number of them was seized and put to death. This was the first persecution of the Chris- tians by the Romans, 64 a.d. Ch. 15. 22. a saxo : sc. Tarpeid. 23. liberti : his name was Phaon. Salariam: the Via Salaria ran north from Rome to Ancona on the Adriatic. 24. interfecit : "At last comes Phaon's courier with the news that the senate had put a price upon his head ; the tramp of the horses tells him that his pursuers are on his track, and fear gives him the nerve to put the dagger to his throat, while, true to the passion of his life, he mutters, ' What a loss my death will be to art ! ' " 7^he Early Empire, p. 127. 25. Neronianae : the ruins of the bath may still be seen near the Pantheon. Pace 69. Ch. 16. 1. Serv. Galba : Servius Sulpicius Galba was born in the reign of Augustus of a patrician family. He was in Spain when Julius Vindex, the proconsular gov- ernor of Gaul, rose against Nero. Galba joined him, and Otho, gov- ernor of Lusitania, followed his ex- ample. He was saluted as emperor by the soldiers, and the senate was forced to ratify their choice. The emperors from this time on were set up and overthrown at the will of the army. He was very parsi- monious in his dealings and so lost the good will of the soldiers, who were ready to aid any revolt against him. He ruled for only seven months. Creighton, p. 96 ; The Early Empire, Ch. VI. Cii. 17. 12. Otho: Marcus Sal- vius Otho was Roman emperor from January 15 to April 16, 69 A.I). He was the husband of the beautiful but infamous Poppaea Sabina, whom Nero took from him and made his own. He was after- wards sent to Lusitania, where he governed with justice and modera- tion. Creighton, p. 96 ; The Early Empire, Ch. VTI. 14. mollis: 'effeminate.' 22. voluntaria morte obiit : he put an end to his life at Brixellum in Cisalpine Gaul. 23. nonagesimo et quinto im- perii die : Eutropius is slightly mis- taken. Page 70. Ch. 18. 1. Vitellius : Aulus Vitellius was Roman emperor from January 2 to December 22, 69 A.I). When the news of Galba's death reached Upper Germany, where Vitellius was in command, his legions proclaimed him emperor at Cologne. He immediately sent his generals, Fabius Valens and Caecina, at the head of a large force, to Italy, and, having defeated Otho's troops, obtained the undis- puted command of all the West. He was moderate in his rule, dis- 152 NOTES [Pages 70, 71 turbing no one in the enjoyment of what had been given by Nero, Galba, or Otho. He was a glutton and an epicure, spending enormous sums on his table. Creighton, p. 96 ; The Early Empire, Ch. VIII. 10. id . . . ferret : ' aimed so openly at this. ' 13. cum Capitolio : " In the con- fusion of the fight the famous temple of Jupiter caught fire. All were too busy to give time or thought to stay the flames, and in a few hours only ruins were left of the greatest of the national monuments of Rome, which, full of the associations of the past, had served for ages as a sort of record office in which were treas- ured the memorials of ancient his- tory, the laws, the treaties, and the proclamations of old times. The loss was one that could not be re- placed. ' ' The Early Empire, p. 146. 17. inTiberim . . . sepultura: Eutropius is mistaken. His body was recovered and buried by his wife, Galeria Fundana. Ch. 19. 20. Vespasianus : Titus Flavins Sabinus Vespasian. He was proclaimed emperor at Alexandria on the 1st of July, 69 a.d., although it was a year before he entered Rome. He lived more like a pri- vate person than like the emperor of Rome. The many stories that are told of his avarice and his meth- ods of raising money are probably exaggerated. Although he was fru- gal in his personal expenditures, he spent large sums in adorning the city. He was the first of the Fla- vian dynasty. The others were his two sons and successors. He died on the 24th of June, 79 a.d. " His last words were characteristic of his somewhat cynical humour, ' Me- thinks I am becoming a god.'" Creighton, p. 96 ; The Early Empire, Ch. IX. Page 71. 8. Hierosolyma : Ves- pasian was besieging Jerusalem when the war broke out between Otho and Vitellius. When he started for Rome he left Titus, his son, in charge of the war against the Jews. Titus captured the city after a stubborn siege of five months, September 8, 70 A.D., and despite his efforts the Temple was burned. Thousands of Jews perished in the siege. 11. egerant =/z. 17. pompa ferculorum inlustri : ' with a famous succession of pic- tures.' Fercula are representations of cities, rivers, and other objects in the conquered countries, carried in procession at a triumph. Ch. 28. 24. post natos homi- ngs: 'since men were created.' Book X Tage 94, Ch. 1. 11. adeo . . . modicl: 'of so modest a mode of living.' Pages 94-97] NOTES 161 13. ^tgento: 'silver plate.' triclinia : properly a couch for three persons reclining at meals. Here it means the table, which was square, and surrounded on three sides by one-armed couches, while the fourth side remained open for convenience in serving. Each couch accommodated three persons, who reclined upon the left arm. 14. Gallis : he had reserved Gaul for his peculiar province. 17. Eboraci: he was on an ex- pedition against the Picts. Page 95. Ch. 2. 1. Constanti- nus : known in history as Constan- tine the Great. The most important change he introduced was the adop- tion of Christianity as the state re- ligion. The story is told that while marching from Gaul at the head of his legions, he saw in the heavens a luminous cross with this inscription, *By this conquer.' In 313 a. d. he issued the famous Milan decree that gave imperial sanction to the religion of the Christians. Although he openly acknowledged Christianity, his religion was a strange mixture of Christianity and Paganism. Creigh- ton, p. 112. 6. in vnia public a : a building in the Campus Martins, intended for a lodging house or hotel for foreign ambassadors. 11. quas . . . habuit: 'which he utterly disregarded. ' Ch. 3. 18. nudare : ' to deprive of his power.' Page 96- Ch. 4. 1. Licinius: his full name was Publius Flavins HAZ. EUTROPIUS 11 Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licin- ius. By birth he was a Dacian peasant, and an early friend and companion of the Emperor Gale- rius. He was invested with the command of the Illyrian province in 307 A.D. After the death of Galerius he concluded an arrange- ment with Maximinus, by which the Hellespont and the Bosporus were to form the boundary of the two empires. After his marriage with the sister of Constantine, he and Constantine strove with each other for the undivided sovereignty of the Roman world. Ch. 5. 20. apud Cibalas : this was in the great battle of Adrian- ople, July, 328 A.D., and was followed by the reduction of Byzantium. Ch. 6. 25. apud Nicomediam : this victory, September, 323 a.d., made Constantine the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Licinius was made a prisoner, and although his life was spared for a time, Constan- tine had him put to death in 324 a.d. 27. tribus Caesaribus : they were the sons of Constantine the Great, Constantine, Constans, and Constantius. Page 97. 20. nrbem nominis: Constantinople, a city which he built on the site of ancient Byzan- tium. This he aimed to make his capital city. Here he had a second senate, a praefect of the city, regiones, and even largesses ; all of which showed that the supremacy of Rome was at an end. 24. in villa publica : a building 162 NOTES [Pages 07-10l^ similar in character to the one at Rome, Ch. 2. Page 98. Ch. 10. 15. Con- stanti : he ruled from 337 to 30 1 a.d. He was the third son of Constantine the Great. Under him the whole empire again became subject to one ruler. But in 355 a.d. he was com- pelled to make Julian Caesar and to send him into Gaul to oppose the barbarians. Page 99. Ch. 14. 24. lulianum : called the Apostate, because, al- though he had been brought up a Christian, later he rejected Christi- anity and returned to Paganism. He was a brave soldier and a good general. Forced by his soldiers to assume the purple, he hesitated to begin a civil war, but was relieved of the necessity by the opportune death of Constantius in 361 a.d. "Julian was an extraordinary char- acter. As a monarch, he was inde- fatigable in his attention to business, upright in his administration, and comprehensive in his views ; as a man, he was virtuous in the midst of a profligate age, and did not yield to the luxurious temptations to which he was exposed." Many of his literary works are extant. Creighton, p. 116. Page 100. Ch. 16. 21. cui . . . interfui : what part Eutropius took in this expedition is not known. 24. remeans victor : in the last battle fought on the 26th of June, Julian was mortally wounded by an arrow and died the same day. Page 101. Ch. 17. 15. lovi- 3.nus : his full name was Elavius Claudius Jovian. His short reign is remarkable only for the disgraceful peace he made with the Persians. Although he was a Christian, he pro- tected the pagans. 20. finibus: he agreed that the Romans would surrender their con- quests beyond the Tigris and would give up several fortresses in Meso- potamia. 24. Pontium Telesinum : it is generally stated that Gavins Pontius was the leader of the Samnites in the battle of Caudine Forks. Per- haps Eutropius confuses him with Pontius Telesinus, the leader of the Samnites in the Social war. Page 102. Ch. 18. 8. nimia cruditate : ' violent indigestion.' 21. quam . . . reservamus: whether he ever fulfilled his inten- tion and wrote another book is unknown. ABBREVIATIONS abl. = ablative. imp. = imperfect. abs. = absolute. impers . = impersonal. ace. = accusative. incep. = inceptive. act. = active. incho. = inchoative. adj. = adjective. ind. = indirect. adv. = adverb. indecl. = indeclinable. cf. = compare (confer). indef. = indefinite. comp = comparative. intens. = intensive. conj. = conjunction. iter. = iterative. contr. = contraction. m. = masculine. dat. = dative. n. = neuter. dem. = demonstrative. nom . = nominative. desid. = desiderative. num. = numeral. dim. = diminutive. pass. = passive. disc. = discourse. pers. = personal. e.g. = for example {exempli pi. = plural. gratia). prep. = preposition. end. = enclitic. pres. = present. f. = feminine. prou. = pronoun. freq. = frequentative. sc. = supply {scilicet) gen. = genitive. sub. = substantive. i.e. = that is {id est) . sup. = superlative. Compound verbs are treated under the simple verbs from which they are derived. To this there are two exceptions : (1) When neither the simple verb nor any other compound formed from it occurs in the text, and (2) in the case of certain verbs like sumo and surgo, which, though themselves com- pounds, came to be regarded as simple verbs, and served as a basis for other compounds. The star prefixed to certain simple verbs indicates that they are not found in the text, but that two or more compounds occur. All matter within square brackets is etymological. The bracketed words when not translated occur independently in the Vocabulary. 164 VOCABULARY A., abbreviation of the praenomen Aulus. a, ab, abs (a only before consonants or h, ab before vowels and conso- nants, abs usually only before t and q, especially frequent before te), prep, with abl., 1, of place, from, away from, out of ; 2, of time, /rom, since, after ; 3, of agency, by ; 4, of separation, source, cause, front, throuf/h, becarise of. abdQco, see dQco. abeo, see eo. aboleo, ere, evi, itus [ab + oleo], to defitroy, abolish, wipe out. abrogo, see rogo. absens, sentis [orig. part, of absum] , adj., absent, away. absimilis, e [ab -f- similis], adj., un- like. abstineo, see teneo. absum, see sum, abundantia, ae [abundo, to over- flow ; ab + unda], f., plenty, full- ness, abundance. ac, see atque. accedo, see cedo. accido, see cado. accipio, see capio. acclamo, are, avi, atus [ad + clamo, to shout], to shout loudly, exclaim. IG acer, acris, acre, comp. acrior, sup. acerrimus, adj., sharp, bitter; keen, vigorous, fierce. acerbe [acerbus], adv., bitterly, cruelly, severely. acerbitas, atis [acerbus] , f., harsh- ness, severity, unkindness. acerbus, a, um, adj., bitter, harsh, cruel. Achaea, ae, f., a district in the Pelo- ponnesus. Later the Roman prov- ince of Southern Greece. Achilles, is, m., a famous Greek chief at the siege of Troy, slain by Paris, the hero of the Iliad. Achilleus, i, m., he assumed the title of emperor under Diocletian, and reigned over Egypt for some time. He was taken prisoner by Diocletian, and was put to death, 296 a.d. acies, ei, f., the sharp point of a sioo7'd ; battle line; battle. Acilius, i, m., see Glabrio. Actium, i, n., a town in Epirus ; a promontory near the town. actuarius, i, m., a secretary, short- hand writer. actus, a, umi, see ago. ad, prep, with accus., 1, of place, to, toivards, to the house of, at, near; 2, of time, up to, toioards, until, at ; 3, of purpose, to, in order to, for, for the sake of. addo, see do. 166 VOCABULARY adduce, see duco. ademi, ademptus, see adimo. adeo [ad + eo, adv.], adv., to this point, so, very, to such a degree. adeptus, see adipiscor. adfectator, oris [adfectoj, m., one that strives for. adfecto, are, avi, atus [ad + fecto, freq. of facioj, to strive after, aspiix to. adfero, see fero. adflcio, see facio. adfiuitas, atis [ad 4- finis], f., rela- tionship (by marriage). adfligo, see *fligo. Adherbal,alis,m.,a Numidian prince, sou of Macipsa, slain by Jugurtlia. adhortor, ari, atus sum [ad + hortor, to urge], to encourage, ex- hort, stimulate, urge. adhuc [ad + hQc], adv., up to this time or place ; still, although, yet. Adiabeni, orum, pi. tn., the Adia- beni, a people living in the northern part of ancient Assyria. Adiabenicus, a, um, adj., a cog- nomen of the emperor Severus, a conqueror of the Adiabeni. adimo, see em5. adipiscor, i, adeptus sum [ad + apiscor, to gain], to get, obtain, reach. adicio, see *iaci6. adiungo, soe iungo. adiutor, oris [adiuvo, to assist] , m., a helper, assistant, confederate. administratis, onis [administro] , f., management, government. administro, are, avi, atus [ad + ministro, to manage], to manage, govern, regulate, carry on (war). admiratiO, onis [admiror], f., ad- miration, ivonderment, astonish- ment. admiror, see miror. admitto, see mitto, admodum [ad + modus], adv., up to the full limit, very, exceedingly. adnitor, see nitor. adnoto, are, avi, atus [ad + noto, to inark], to observe, remark. adoleo, ere, ul [ad + oleo, to emit a smell], to turn to vapor, burn. adoptio, onis [adopto], f ., adoption. adopto. see opto. adoro, see oro. adrigo, see rego. adsentor, see sentio. adsero, soe *ser6. adsertor, oris [adserS], m., a claimant. adsessor, oris [adsideo, to sit b]f], m., an asHstant, aid; legal adviser. adspicio, see *speci6. adsurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectus [ad + surg5 (sub + rego), to rise], to rise, arise. adulescens, entis [adolesco, to groio up],m., young; as substantive, a young man. advents, are, avi, atus [ad -|- vento, intens. of venio], to arrive. adventus, us [advenio, to arrive], m., arrival. adversus, a, um [adverts, to turn to], adj., turned to or toivards; opposed to, adverse. adversus and adversum, prep, with accus., facing, in opposition to, against. advocatus, i [advocS, to call to aid], m., a pleader, advocate ; aider, helper. ad vols, are, avi, atus [ad + volS, tojiy], to, fly to, hurry on, rush. aediflcS, are, avi, atus [aedis4- faciS], to build. aedilicius, i [aedills, aedile, a Roman magistrate], ra., one who has been an aedile. VOCABULARY 167 aeg-er, gra, grum, adj., sick, feeble. aegre [aeger], ad\^, loitli difficulty, scarcely. aegritudo, inis [aeger], f., sickness, grip/, v:'xittlo)i, mortification. aegroto, are, avi [aeger], to be sick, l<(nf/iii(l, pine. Aegyptus, i, m., Egypt. Aelianus, i, m., a leader of an in- surrection during the reign of Dio- cletian. Aelius, i, m., see Hadrianus, Aemilianus, i, ni., the governor of Pannonia and Moesia in the reign of Gallus, Roman emperor, 253 a.d. Aemilius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1, Lucius Aemilius, consul 224 B.C. 2. Marcus Aoailius (Mamercus), dictator. See Lepidus, Paulus. aemula, ae [aemulus], f., a rival. aemulor, ari, atus sum [aemulus], to rival, vie with, emulate. aemulus, a, um, adj., striving ear- nestly after, emulating, rivaling; envious. aeneus, a, um [aes, coppej'], adj., of copper, bronze. aequalls, e [aequus], adj., equal, lik ' ; as subst., a companion. Aequi, orum, pi. m., the Aequi, a people dwelling in the upper valley of the Anio, in the mountains form- ing the eastern boundary of Latium, aequitas, atis [aequus], f., evenness, fairness, justice. aequo, are, avi, atus [aequus], to make even, place on an equality. aequus, a, um, adj., even, level ; fair, just; aequo animo, iinpartially . aerarium, i [aes, copper^, u., treas- ury, fund. aestas, atis, f,, summer. aetas, atis, f., time of life, life; old age ; period of time, time. Aetoli, orum, pi. m., the Aetolians, inhabitants of Aetolia, a division of Greece. aevum, i, n., period of life, life, age. Afer, Afri, m., an African, especially an inhabitant of Carthage. Afranius, i, m., Ij. Afranius, a gen- eral of Pompey in Spain, killed in Africa, 46 B.C. Africa, ae, f., Africa; often the northern part of the continent, espe- cially the part near Carthage. Africanus, i, m., see Scipio. ager, agri, m., field, farm, estate; territory, land; the country. aggredior, see *gradior. agnosco, see nosco. ago, agere, egi, actus, to set in motion, drive, lead ; act, do, per- form ; treat, deal ; spend, pass time ; gratias agere, to give thanks. con— c6go, ere, coegi, coac- tus, to drive together, collect ; force. ex — exigo, ere, egi, actus, to drive out ; complete ; pass, end. re — redigo, ere, egi, actus, to drive back; reduce; render, bring. sub — subigo, ere, egi, actus, to drive under, put doivn, conquer. trans — transigo, ere, egi, ac- tus, to cwn^y through, finish, settle, pofonn . agrestis, e [ager], ^d}., of the fields, rustic; as subst., countryman. Agrigentum, i, n., a Greek colony in Sicily. Agrippa, ae, m., M. (Vipsunius) Agrippa, son-in-law of Atticus, min- ister of Augustus. Agrippina, ae, f., a city in Belgic Gaul. ala, ae, f., a icing, flank. Alamanni, orum, pi. m., the Ala- 168 VOCABULARY manni, a name applied to a con- federacy of German tribes living between the Danube, the Rhine, and the Main. Albani, orum, pi. m., the Albfmi, the inhabitants of Alba Longa in Latium ; the inhabitants of Albania west of the Caspian Sea. Alblnus, i, m., a family name at Rome. 1. Clodlus Alblnus, governor of Britain at the death of Commodus. He revolted, and was defeated and slain by Septimius Severus at Lug- dun um, 197 A.D. 2. Sp. Postumius (Alblnus) , con- sul 344 and 321 B.C. 3. Aulus Postumius Albinus,Gon- sul 242 B.C. 4. L. Postumius Alblnus, consul 234 and 229 B.C. 6. Sp. Postumius Alblnus, consul 186 B.C. 6. Sp. Postumius Alblnus, consul 110 B.C. Albis, is, m., the river Elbe in Ger- many. Alexander, dri, m., Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, the con- queror of Persia ; B.C. 350-323. Alexander, dri, m., see Aurelius. Alexandria, ae, f., a city in Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, founded by Alexander the Great, 331 B.C. Alexandrinus, a, um, adj., Alex- andrine, pertaining to Alexandria. Alg-idus, i, m., a mountain in Latium. alias [alius], adv., at another time, under other circumstances. alienus, a, um [alius], adj., belong- ing to another, another's. aliquamdia [aliquis + diu], adv., for a irfiile,for some time. aliquantus, a, um, adj., some, con- siderable. aliqui, quae, quod [alius + qui], indef. pron. adj., some one or other, some, any. aliquis, qua, quid [alius + quis] , indef. pron., so)ne one, something; any one, anything ; some ; as subst., aliquid, n., something, anything. aliquot [alius + quotj, indef. indecl. adj., some, several. alius, alia, aliud, adj., another, other, different, else ; alius . . . alius, one . . . one, another . . . another; pi., some . . . others; longe aliam (alio) atque, very different from. Allectus, i, m., the chief officer of Carausius in Britain. Allia, ae, f., a small river flowing into the Tiber from the east about 11 miles north of Rome. Alma, ae, f., a mountain in Pan- nonia. Alpes, ium, f., the Alps. alter, altera, alterum, pron. adj., one of tivo, the other, the second; alter . . . alter, the one . . . the other. Altinum, i, n., a town of the Veneti in the north of Italy at the mouth of the river Silis. altitude, inis [altus, high], i., height, depth. amabilis, e [amo, to love], adj., ivorthy of love, lovely, amiable. Amandus, i, m., a leader of an in- surrection during the reign of Dio- cletian, ambo, ae, 6, adj., both. Ambrones, um, pi. m., a Celtic peo- ple defeated by Marius near Aquae Sextiae in 102 b.c. amicitia, ae [amicus], f., friendship. amicus, a, um [amo, to love], adj., friendly ; as subst. amicus, i, m., a friend. VOCABULARY 169 Amisus, i, Gr. ace. Amison, f., a coast city of Pontus, the residence of Mitliradates tlie Great. amitto, see mitto. amnis, is, m., river, torrent, stream. amoenitas, atis [amoenus], f., ])leasantness, agreeableness. amoenus, a, una [amo, to love], adj., pleasing, charming. amor, oris [amo, to love], m., love; a beloved object, one's love. amphitheatrum, i, n., amphitheater. ample [amplus], adv., largely. ampliflco, are, avi, atus [amplus -f-facio], to increas", enlarge. amplio, are, avi, atus [amplus], to enlarge, magnify. amplius [amplus], comp. of ample, more, further. amplus, a, um, adj., great, large; noble, distinguished. ancilla, ae, f., a maid-slave, maid. Ancus, i, m., see Marcius, Andriscus, i, m., a Persian wiio pre- tended to be the natural son of Per- seus and assumed the name of Philip. angustia, ae [angustus, narrow], i., narrowness ; pi., narrow places, a pass. Anicius, i, m., C Anicius, praetor in the Third Macedonian war, 176-168 B.C. Anien, enis or Anio, onis, m., a small tributary of the Tiber. animus, i, m., soul, mind; disposi- tion, feelings ; courage, spirit. Annius, i, m., see Antoninus. annus, i, m., a year. annuus, a, um [annus], adj., an- imal; lasting a year. ante, adv., of space, before, in front of ; of time, before, previously, ago ; prep, with accus., both of space and time, in front of, before. antea [ante], adv., before, formerly . Antemnates, um, pi, m., the in- habitants of Antemnae, a Sabine town at the junction of the Anio and the Tiber. Anthemusia, ae, f., a province of Mesopotamia. Antiochenses, ium, m., the inhabit- ants of Antioch. Antiochia, ae, f ., the capital city of Sj'ria on the river Orontes. Antiochus, i, m., kings of Syria. 1. Antiochus II., called Tlieos, 261- 246 B.C. 2. Antiochus III., called the Great, 223-187 B.C. 3. Antiochus IV., called Epipha- nes, 175-164 B.C. antiquus, a, um [ante], adj., old, belonging to a former time. Antoninianus, a, um, adj., of or be- longing to the Antonines. Antoninus, i, m., the name of a dynasty of Roman emperors. 1. T. Aurelius Antoninus Fulvius Boionius Pius, 138-161 a.d. 2. M. Aurelius Antoninus Verus, 161-180 A.D. 3. L. Annius Antoninus Verus, 161-169 A.D. 4. L. Antoninus Commodus, 180- 193 A.D. 5. M. Aurelius Antoninus Bassd- nius Caracalla, 211-217 a.d. 6. M. Aurelius Antoninus, Helio- gabalus, 218-222 a.d. Antonius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. C. Antonius, consul 63 B.C. 2. L. Antonius, consul 41 B.C. 3. M. Antonius, the friend of Caesar and member of the Second Triumvirate, consul 44 B.C. Anullinus, i, m., a Roman senator, anulus, i [dim. of anus, a circle], m., a ring. 170 VOCABULARY Aper, pri, m., Arrius Aper, praeto- rian praefect. He was put to death by Diocletian, 284 a.d. aperio, see *pario. Apollonia, ae, f., a city of Thrace on the Pontus Euxinus. Apollonius, i, m., Apollonius Chalce- donius, called Byacolus, "the ill- tempered." A rhetorician. apoplexis, Is, f., apoplexy. apparatus, us, m., equipment, prepa- ration ; ftplendor, pomp. appareo, see pareo. appello, see pello. appeto, see peto. Appi6n,6nis, ni., Appion Ptolemaeus, king of Cyrene, 117-% B.C. Appius,!, m., a praenomen especially common in the Claudian gens. Appius, a, um, adj., Appian ; espe- cially the via Appia, the famous road built by Appius Claudius the Censor, 312 B.C. appono, see pono. apprime [primus], adv., mo.'it of all. apud, prep, with ace, of place, near; of persons, ttrlth, among, in the presence of, at the house of; with the name of an author, in the loorks of. Apulia, ae, f ., a district in the south- eastern part of Italy. aqua, ae, f., loater. Aquileia, ae, f., a city in northern Italy on tlie Adriatic Sea. Aquilius, i, m., see Florus. Aquitania, ae, f., a province of Gaul between the Garonne and the Pyrenees. Arabes, um, pi. m., the inhabitants of Arabia. Arabia, ae, f., Arabia. Arabicus, a, um, adj., belonging to or pertaining to Arabia, cognomen of Septimius Severns. arbitrium, i [arbiter, judge], n., judgment; will; power. *arce6, ere, ui, — , to inclose ; pro- hibit. con — coerceo, ere, ui, itus, to shut in ; restrain, check. ex— exerceo, ere, ui, itus, to exercise, drill. Archelaus, i, m., (1) a distinguished general of Mithradates. (2) Called Cappadox, king of Cap- imdocia, 3(5 b.c.-M a.d. Ardea, ae, f., the capital city of the Rutuli, in Latium, about eighteeu miles south of Rome. ardeo, ere, arsi, arsus, to be hot, burn ; be eager, excited. argenteus, a, um [argent um] , adj ., of silver. Argentoratum, i, n., a city in Belgic Gaul. argentum, i, n., silver; money. Argi, orum, pi. m., the city of Argos in the eastern part of the Pelopon- nesus. Ariaratus, i, m., calleil Cappadox, king of Cappadocia, 220-1G2 b.c. Ariminum, i, n., a town in northern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. Arlobarzenes, is, m., king of Cap- padocia, 1)3-03 B.C. Aristarchus, i, m., made king of Col- chis l)y Pompey. Aristo, onis, m., an Athenian phi- losopher who surrendered Athens to Mithradates, 87 B.C. Aristobtilus, i, m., king of Judea, taken captive by Pompey, ($3 b.c. Aristonicus, i, m., a natural son of Eumenes II., king of Pergamus. arma, orum, pi. n., weapons ; loarfare. Armenes, is, m., son of Nabis, a tyrant of Sparta. Armenia, ae, f., a country of A.sia southeast of the Black Sea, VOCABULARY 171 Armenia Minor, the portion west of the Euphrates. Armeniacus, a, um, a lead around, draw around, surround. de — dediico, ere, diixi, ductus, to lead, loithdraw ; induce; launch, disembark. dls — diduco, ere, duxi, duc- tus, to draio apart, separate, relax. ex — educo, ere, daxi, ductus, to lead out. in — induco, ere, duxi, ductus, to lead in ; induce ; put on, cover. pro —produce, ere, duxi, duc- tus, to lead forward, or out; prolong. re — reduce, ere, duxi, ductus, to lead back ; draw back ; remove. ductus, us [duco], m., leadership. Dullius, i, m., C. Duilius, consul 260 B.C., commander of the Roman fleet in the battle of Mylae, 260 b.c. dum, conj., lohile, until. duo, ae, o, num. adj., two. duodecim [duo + decern], iudecl. num. adj., twelve. duodecimus, a, um [duo + deci- mus], num. adj., twelfth. duplex, icis [duo + plico, to fold] , adj., twofold, double. duplies, are, avi, atus [duplex], to double, repeat. durus, a, um, adj., hard, harsh, diffi- cult. dux, ducis [duco], m., a leader, guide, commander. B. e, see ex. Eboracum, i, n., a city in Britain, modern York. Edessa, ae,,f., a city in the western part of Mesopotamia, edictum, i [edico, to make known'], n., a proclamation, edict. editio, onis [edo], f., a statement, account. edo, see do. eddco, see diico. effero, see fero. eflacio, see facio. 188 VOCABULARY effringo, see frango. effugio, see fugio. ego, mei, pers. pron., /,- pi. nos, we. egredior, see *gradior. egregie [egregius], adv., excel- lenthj, exceedingly, strikingly. egregius, a, um [e + grex, herd], adj., select, distinguished y eminent. eicio, see *iaci6. elegans, antis [elego, for eligo], adj., select, elegant, polite. elementum, i, n., a first principle, simple substance; rudiments. elephantus, i, m., elephant. eligo, see lego. emineo, ere, ul, — , to stand out, he conspicuous. emo, ere, emi, emptus, to take; buy, purchase ; gain, acquire. ad — adimo, ere, emi, emptus, to take away, destroy, deprive of. inter — interimo, ere, emi, emptus, to take from the midst of, kill. per — perimo, ere, emi, emp- tus, to take away entirely; anni- hilate, destroy. re — redimo, ere, emi, emp- tus, to buy back, redeem, ransom. emptor, oris [emo], m., a buyer, purchaser. enim, conj., always postpositive, namely, in fact, you know, for, be- cause. eo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, to go or come, march. ab — abeo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, to go away, depart. circum — circumeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to go around, surround. inter — intereo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, to perish, die. Ob — obeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to go to meet ; attend to, perform ; die, perish. per — pere6,ire,ivi (ii), iturus, to perish, distppear, die. re — rede5, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, to go back, return. trans — transeo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, to go across, cross ; pass through or by ; desert. eo [is], adv., /or that reason, there- fore; to that place, thither; to that degree, ,07'tive], {., jollity. late [latus, broad], adv., broadly, widely; on all sides, far and loide. lateo, ere, ui, — , to lie hid, escape notice. Latine, adv., in Latin. Latinus, a, um, adj., Latin, pertain- ing to Latium; as subst., Latini, orum, pi. m., the Latins. latro, onis, m., a robber, brigand. latrocinor, ari, — [latro], to be a robber, commit piracy. latus, eris, n., a side ; flank. laudo, are, avi, atus [laus], to praise, commend. laurea, ae, f., the laurel tree. laus, laudis, i., praise, fame, glory; ability, merit. lavacrum, i [lavo], n., bath. lavo, are, lavi, lautus, to ivash, bathe. VOCABULARY 203 laxo, are, avi, atus, to loose, spread out, relax. lecticula, ae [dim. of lectica, conch], L, a litter; bier. lectio, onis [lego], f., a reading. legatiS, onis [lego], f., an embassy. legatus, i [lego], m,, an ambassador, legate; lieutenant, deputy. iegio, onis [lego], f., a legion. lego, ere, legi, lectus, to gather, colled ; select, appoint, choose ; read. con — conlego, ere, legi, lec- tus, to collect, gather; obtain, get, acquire. dls — diligo, ere, lexi, lectus, to single out, esteem, love, prize. ex — eligo, ere, legi, lectus, to pick out, choose, select. lenitas, atis [lenis, soft], f ., softness, smoothness, gentleness, mildness. leniter [lenis, soft], adv., softly, mildly, lightly. Lentulus, i, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. (L.) Cornelius Lentulus, conan] 275 B.C. 2. L. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 237 B.C. 3. P. Cornelius Lentulus, consul 71 B.C. leo, onis, m., lion. Lepidus, i, m., M. Aemilivs Lepidus, a member of the Second Triumvi- rate, consul 46 B.C. Leptis, is, f , a Phoenician colony in the northern part of Africa. levis, e, adj., light, trivial, easy. lex, legis, f., a law, decree. libenter [libens, glad], adv., gladly, cheerfully. liber, era, erum, adj., free; as subst., liberi, orum, pi. m., chil- dren. liberalis, e [liber], adj., //-ee-ftom, 7ioble ; liberal, generous. liberalitas, atis [liberalis], f., gen- erosity, kindness ; a gift. libero, are, avi, atus [liber], to set free, release. libertas, atis [liber], f., freedom. libertinus, i [libertus], adj. used as subst., m., a manumitted slave, freedman. libertus, i [liber], m., a freedman. libido, inis [libet, it pleases], f., pleasure; lust, wantonness, passion. Libo, onis, m., L. Ifdius Libo, consul 2()7 B.C. libra, ae, f., a pair of scales ; a pound. Liburnus, a, um, adj., of or belong- ing to the Liburnians, an Illyrian peo- ple living between Histria and Dal- matia ; naves Liburnae, light gal- leys built after a model used by them. Libya, ae, f., the northern part of Africa, west of Egypt. Libyssa, ae, f., a city of Bithynia in Asia Minor. licet, licere, licuit or licitum est, impers., it is alloioed , permitted . Licinius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. 1. C. Fabius Licinius, consul 273 B.C. 2. (P. Flavins) Licinius, Roman emperor 307-324 a.d. See Crassus, Lucullus, Vale- rianus. Ligures, um, pi. m., the people of lAguria, a district on the western coast of Italy. Lilybaeum, i, n., a town in western Sicily. Lingones, um, Gr. ace. Llngonas, pi. m., a Celtic people of Gaul, lis, litis, f., a strife, dispute, quarrel ; a suit, action. littera, ae, f., a letter (of the alpha- bet) ; ^\.,ioriting, literature, letters ; a letter. 204 VOCABULARY litus, oris, n., a shore beach. Livius, i, in., the name of a Roman gens. See Salinator. loco, are, avi, atus [locus], to place. con— conloco, are, avi, atus, to place, arrange, station, establish. locupletator, oris [locupleto, to enrich], m., an enricher. locus, i, pi. loci and loca, m., a place, spot ; room ; position, rank, condi- tion. Lollius, i, m., M. Lollius, consul 21 B.C. longe [longus], adv., at a distance, far, by far. Longinus, i, m., 1. C. Cassius Longinus, consul 124 B.C. 2. C. Cassius {Longinus), mur- derer of Caesar. longus, a, um, adj., long, tall; dis- tant; tedious. lorica, ae [lorum, a strap], f., a corselet of leather, a coat of mail. Lorium, i, n., a town in Etruria. Lucani, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- tants of Lucania. Lucania, ae, f., a district in southern Italy. Liucretia,ae,f.,thewifeofCollatinus. Lucretius, i, ra., the name of a Roman gens. See Tricipitinus. luctus, us [luffeo], m., grief, sor- row, mourning. Lucullus, i, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. L. Licinius Lucullus, consul 74 B.C. 2. M. Licinius Lucullus, brother of(l). Iticus, i, m., a sacred grove, grove. Indus, i, m., play, game; place of training, school. Lugdunum, i, n., a city in Gaul, now Lyons. lugeo, ere, luxi, luctus, to mourn, bzwail. Lusitani, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- tants of Lusitdnia. Lusitania, ae, f., a province in the southwest of Spain. Lutatius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Catulus. luxuria, ae, [luxus, excess], f., lux- ury, extravagance. Lycia, ae, f., a division of Asia Minor. M. M., abbreviation of the praenomen Marcus. M'., abbreviation of the praenomen Manius. Macedo, onis, m., a Macedonian. Macedonia, ae, f., an extensive coun- try north of Greece, between Thes- saly and Thrace. Macedonicus, a, um, adj., Mace- donian ; a surname of Q. Caecilius Metellus,who conquered Macedonia ; also of L. Aemilius Paulus. machinor, ari, atus sum, to contrive skillfully, devise, scheme, plot. Macrinus, i, m., (3/.) Opilius Macri- nus, Roman emperor 217-218 a.d. Madena, ae, f., a part of Armenia. Maedi, orum, pi. m., a people of Thrace. maeror, oris, m., mourning, sad- ness, grief, sorrow, lamentation. mag-is, adv., comp., more, rather; eo magis, all the more; sup., maxime, greatly, chiefly, exceed- ingly. magister, tri, m., a master, ruler, teacher; magister equitum, mas- ter of the horse, aid-de-camp of the dictator. Magnentianus, a um, adj., belong- ing to or pertaining to Magnentius. VOCABULARY 205 Magnentius, i, m., Roman emperor, 350-353 A. D. Mag-nesia, ae, f., a city of Asia Minor near Mount Sipylus in Lydia. magniflcentissinae [mag-niflcus] , adv., sup. of magniflce ; splendidly, very magnificently . magnificus, a, um [magnus + facio], adj., sup. magniflcentis- simus ; splendid, magnificent,noble. magnitudo, inis [magnus] , t., mag- nitude, greatness, size. magnus, a, um, adj., comp. maior, sup. maximus; great, large, abun- dant, powerful. Mago, onis, m., tlie brother of Han- nibal, captured by Scipio in Spain. maiestas, atis [maiorj, f., great- ness, grandeur, dignity, majesty. maior, see magnus. Mains, i, m., the month of May; usu- ally as adj.. Mains, a, um, agree- ing with mensis, Kalendae, Nonae, idus. male [mains], adv., comp. peius, sup. pessime ; badly, ill, unhap- pily, unsuccessfully. malo, see volo. mains, a, um, adj., comp. peior, sup. pessimns; bad, evil, hurtful; as subst., malum, i, n., misfortune. Mamaea, ae, f., (lUlia) Mamaea, mother of Alexander Severus. Mancinus, i, m., C. Hostllius Mancl- nus, consul 137 B.C. mando, are, avi, atus [manns + do], to commission, command, send word. con — commendo, are, avi, atus, to commend or commit for protection, intrust, recommend. re— remando, are, avi, atus, to send back word (very rare). maneo, ere, mansi, mansus, to stay, continue, abide by. per — permaneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, to continue, remain. re — remaneo, ere, mansi, to remain behind. Manilins, i, m., M. Manilius, consul 149 B.C. Manlius, i, m., 1. A. Manlius, consul 241 B.C. 2. M. Manlius, consul 105 B.C. See Censorinus, Torquatus, Vulso. mansuetado, inis [mansnetus, tame], f., mildness, gentleness. manumitto, ere, misi, . missus [manus-t-mitto], to set free, emancipate ; enfranchise. manns, us, f., hand, arm; band, troop ; force ; combat ; manias con- 8erere,tojoin battle ; dare manus, to yield. Marcellus, i, m., the name of a famous Roman family. 1. M. Claudius Marcellus, consul 222 B.C. 2. (M.) Claudius Marcellus, con- sul ItKi B.C. 3. (M.) Claudius Marcellus, con- sul 51 B.C. Marcius, i, m., 1 . A ncus Marcius, the fourth king of-Rome, 640-616 B.C. 2. C. Marcius, consul 310 B.C. 3. Q. Marcius, surnamed Corio- lanus. See Coriolanus. Marcomannicus, a, um, adj., be- longing or pertaining to the Mar- comannl. Marcomedi, orum, pi. m., a people of western Asia. Mardi, orum, pi. m., a powerful, warlike people that dwelt on the southern shore of the Caspian sea mare, is, n., the sea. 206 VOCABULARY Margum, i, n., a town iu Upper Moesia. Marianus, a, um, adj., belonging or pertaining to Marius. maritimus, a, um [mare], adj., marine, maritime, on the seashore. maritus, i [mas, male], m., a hus- band. Marius, i, m., the name of a family at Rome.- 1. C. Marius, seveu times consul, leader of the democratic party in the Civil war between him and Sulla. See Notes, p. 137. 2. C Marius, son of (1) . Consul 82 B.C. 3. M. Aurelius Marius, one of the Thirty Tyrants. Mars, Martis, m., the Roman god of war. Marsi, orum, pi. m., a brave and Avarlike Sabellian people, who dwelt in the mountains of central Italy. Martius", a, um, adj., pertaining to Mars. Martius, i, m., the month of March ; usually used as an adj., Martius, a, um, agreeing with mensis, Kal- endae, Nonae, Idus. Masinissa, ae, m., a king of Nu- midia, an ally of the Romans. Massilia, ae, f ,, a city in Gaul, modern Marseilles. mater, tris, f , mother. maternus, a, um [mater], -adj., of a mother, mother's ; maternal, on the mother's side. matrimonium, i [mater], n., mar- riage ; pi. loives. matrona, ae [mater], f., a matron, looman. Mauretania, ae, f., a district on the northwestern coast of Africa, em- bracing iMirls of modern Morocco and Algiers. Maxentius, i, m. {M. Aurelius Va- lerius) Mdx.entius, Roman emperor 306-312 A.D. maxime, see mag-is. Maximianus, i, m., 1. Gdlerius ( Valerius) Maximia- nus, Roman emperor, 305-311 a.d. 2. {M. Aurelius Valerius) Maxi- mianus, surnamed Herculius, Ro- man emperor 28G-305 a.d. Maximinus, i, ni., 1. (C. laiius Verus) Maximinus, Roman emperor 235-238 a.d. 2. Gdlerius (Valerius) Mdximl- nus, Roman emperor 305-314 a.d. Maximus, i, m., 1 . Q. Fahius Mdximus, consul six times. 2. Q. Fabius Mdximus, defeated by the Samnites 292 B.C. 3. Q. Fabius Mdximus (Cunctd- tor), five times consul. maximus, see magnus. Mazaca, ae, f ., a city in Cappadocia, later called Caesarea ad Argaeum from Mount Argaeus upon which it stood. medicus, i [medeor, to heal], m., a ph ysician, su rgeon . medie [medius], adv., in the middle, modera telti , tolerably . medietas, atis [medius], f., the middle, place in the middle, midst. mediocris, ere [medius], adj., com- mon, moderate, mediocre. Medioianum, i, n., a city in Cisal- pine Gaul, modern Milan. medius, a, um, adj., in the middle, middle, midst of; as subst., me- dium, i, n., middle, midst, space be- tween. melior, see bonus. melius, see bene. Memmius, I, m., L. Memmius, con- sul 151 B.C. VOCABULARY 207 memorabilis, e [meniopo, to bring to mind], adj., ivorth telling, re- markable. memoria, ae [memor, jnindful], f., inemory ; report, record, time, age. mens, mentis, f., the mind; disposi- tion ; reason. mensis, is, m., a month. mentio, onis, f., mention. mentum, i, n., the chin. mereo, ere, ui, itus, to get, earn, deserve ; serve. merg-o, ere, mersi, mersus, to dip, plunge, sink. de — demerge, ere, mersi, mersus, to siiik. merito [meritum, desert], adv., de- servedly, justly. Mesopotamia, ae, f,, Mesopotamia, a division of Asia between tlie Eu- phrates and Tigris rivers. Messala. ae, m., ^f. (3/'.) Valerius (Messdla), consul 203 B.C. Messenii, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- tants of Messene, an island in the Tigris river. -met, an intensive enclitic particle, self. Metellus, i, ni., the name of a promi- nent family at Rome. 1. C. Caecilius Metellus, consul 113 B.C. 2. L. Caecilius Metellus, consul 251 B.C. 3. L. Caecilius Metellus, consul 123 B.C. 4. (Q. Caeciliu.^) Metellus Mace- donicus, consul 143 B.C. 5. Q. Caecilius Metellus {Numidi- cus), consul 109 B.C. 6. Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus, consul 69 B.C. 7. L. {Caecilius) Metellus, carried on war against Mithradates. 8. M. {Caecilius) Metellus. metus, us, in., /ear, dread. Micipsa, ae, m., king of Numidia, the eldest of the sons of Masinissa. mig-ro, are, avl, atus, to migrate, remove. miles, itis, m. and f., a soldier. miliarium, i, n., a milestone, mite. militaris, e [miles], adj., military; assubst., a soldier; res militaris, the art of war, Tnilitary operations. militia, ae [miles], f., military ser- vice. milito, are, avi, atus [miles], to be a soldier, loage war. mille, indecl. num. adj., a thousand; as subst. with part, gen., milia, um, pi. n., thousand, thousands. millesimus, a, um [mille], num. adj., thousandth. minax, acis [minor, to threaten], adj., threatening. minime, see parum. minimus, see parvus. minister, tri, m., an attendant, ser- vant. minor, us, see parvus. Minucius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Rufus. minuo, ere, i, utus [minus], osteru.ia, finally ; as subst., posteri orum, pi. ni., descendants, pjosterity. postquam or post . . . quam [post + quam], conj., after, when. postremo [posterus], adv., at last, finally. Postumius, i, m., see Albinus. Postumus, i, m., (M. Cassidnus) Postiimus, one of the Thirty Ty- rants. potens, entis [possum], adj., poioer- ful. potestas, atis [possum], f., power, might ; opportunity, permission ; authority, sovereignty. potior, iri, itus sum [potis, able], to get j^os^'es.non, acquire. potius [comp. of potis, able], adv., sup. potissimum; rather, more, sooner. prae, prep, with abl., before, in front of, in comparison with. praebeo, see habeo. praecedo, see cedo. praeceps, cipitis [prae + caput], adj., headlong, hasty; steep, pre- cipitous. praecipio, see capio. praecipito, are, avi, atus [prae- ceps], to throw headlong, cast down ; rush doion. praecipufi [praecipuus], adv., chiefly, principally, especially. VOCABULARY 219 praecipuus, a, um [praeciplSj, adj., special, particular; eminent, prominent. praeclarus, a, um [prae + clarus], adj., very bright or brilliant, excel- lent, distinguished. praeda, ae, f., booty, spoil, plunder. praefectura, ae, f ., the office of over- seer, superintendence ; prae/ecture. praefectus, i, m., overseer, super in- tendent ; praefect. praefero, .see fero. praeflcio, see facio. praemium, i [prae + emo], n., re- vnird, prize. Praeneste, is, n., a town in Latium east of Rome, modern Palestrina. Praenestini, orum, pi. m., the in- habitants of Praeneste. praeparo, see paro, praepono, see pono. praesens, entis [praesum], adj.,a< hand, present. praeses, sidis [praesideo], m., a protector, guard, defender; presi- dent. praesidium, i [praesideo], n., help, aid, defense; defensive force, garri- son ; fort, station, post. praesto, see sto. praesum, see sum, praeter, prep, witli ace, past, be- yond; contrary to, against; besides, except. praeterea [praeter -|- is], adv., in addition to this, besides, moreover. praetermitto, see mitto. • praetexo, ere, ui, tus [texo, to weave], to provide with a border; tog-a praetexta, a (purple) bor- dered toga, worn by magistrates and freeborn children till the six- teenth or seventeenth year, when they became of age and assumed the toga virilis, which was wholly white; the girls wore the toga praetexta until they married. praetor, oris [orig. praeitor, from prae + eo], m., a leader, com- mander ; praetor, magistrate, judge. praetorianus, a, um [praetorium], adj., belonging to the bodyguard; praetorian ; as subst., praetoriani, orum, pi. m., thepraetoriaiis. praetorium, i, n., the imperial body- guard. praetorius, a, um [praetor], adj., of or belonging to the praetor or commander ; as subst., praetorius, i, m., a man of praetorian rank, an ex-praetor. praevenio, see venio. prandium, i, n., lunch. pravus, a, um, adj., crooked, lorong ; joerverse, wicked. *prehendo, ere, i, hensus, to grasp. de — deprehendo, ere, i, hen- sus, to seize, catch ; siwprise, de- tect, discover. re — reprehends, ere, i, hen- sus, to hold back, check; blame, criticise, reprove. premo, ere, pressi, pressus, to press ; press hard, crush. oh — opprimo, ere, pressi, pressus, to crush utterly, over- poioer, overwhelm. pretium, i, n., price, value; reward, money, ransom. prim5 [primus], adv., at first. primum [primus], d^dv., first. primus, see prior. princeps, cipis [primus + capio], adj., first, foremost; as subst. m., leading man, chief, leader. principatus, us [princeps], m., a chief authority (in the state) ; head- ship, leadership ; reign, sovereignty. principium, i [princeps], n., begin- ning, ongin. 220 VOCABULARY prior, us, gen. prioris, comp. adj., former y previous, first, prior ; sup. primus, first, foremost. priscus, a, um [prius], ad]., former, elder; primitive, strict. Priscus, i, m., see Tarquinius. pristinus, a, um [prius], adj., for- mer, old. prius [prior], adv., before, sooner, previously, first of all. privatim [privatus], 2id\., privately, as a single individual. privatus, a, um [privo, to set apart], did]., private, individual; as subst., privatus, i, m., a man in private life, a private citizen. privigna, ae, f., a stepdaughter. privig-nus, i, ni., a stepson. pro, prep, with abl., in front of, be- fore; in behalf of; in comparison with, in accordance with. probe [probus, estimable], adv., right, well, properly, correctly. probrdsus, a, um [probrum], adj., shameful, ignom,inions, infamous. probrum, i, m., a shameful act, base deed ; immodesty, lewdness ; insidt, reproach. Probus, i, m., {M. Aurelius) Probus, Roman emperor 276-282 a.d. procedo, see cedo. proclivus, a, um [pr5 -|- clivus, slope], adj., sloping, steep; liable, prone ; subject, ready. proconsul, is [pro, in place of + consul], ra., a proconsul, governor of a province. proconsulatus, a, um [proconsul], adj., the office of a proconsul, pro- consulate. procul, adv., at a distance, far from. Proculus, i, m., a famous Roman jurist. procumbS, ere, cubui, cubitus [pro + cumbo, to lie], to lie down. sink, fall forward ; fall, sink down, be beaten down. prodo, see do. produce, see duco. proelium, i, n., a battle, combat, en- gagement. proficiscor, i, fectus sum [pro + faciscor, from faci5], to set out, proceed; spring from. profligo, see *flig6. prdfluvium, i, n., a flowing forth; ventris profluvium, diarrhea. profugio, see fugio. progredior, see * gradior. promitto, see mitto. promptus, a, um [promo, to set forth], fid]., prepared, quick, prompt. pronuntio, see nuntio. pronus, a, um, adj., turned for- ward, inclined ; tendency ; disposed, prone. propalam [pro+palam], adv., openly, publicly, manifestly. prope, adv., near by ; nearly, almost. propensus, a, um, adj., hanging down; inclined, disposed, prone. propior, us [prope], comp. adj., nearer; sup. proximus, nearest, next ; latest, last ; next, following. proprius, a, um, adj., not common with others, own, special, individual. propter, prep, with ace, on account of. propterea [propter + is], adv., for this reason, therefore ; propterea quod, because. propugnator, oris [propugno, to defend], m., a defender. proscribe, see scribo. proscriptio, onis [proscribo], f., a public notice of sale, jn'o.^cription. prosequor, see sequor. prosper and prosperus, a, um [pr6 + spes], adj., according to one's hopes, favorable, prosperous. VOCABULARY 221 prospere [prosperus], adv., propi- tiously, successfully. prostituo, see *statu6. prosum, see sum. protraho, see traho, provide [provideo, to provide, fore- see], adv., carefully , prudently (very- rare). provincia, ae, f., an office, duty; province. provincialis, e [provincia], adj., of a province, provincial ; as subst., provincialis, is, m., a provincial. provisio, Qnis [provideo, to fore- see], f., a foreseeing , foreknowledge ; foresight, providence. provoco, see voco. proximus, see propior. prQdentia, ae [prudens, foresee- ing], i., foresight y practical wisdom, good sense. pruna, ae, f ., a burning coal, live coal. Prusias, ae, ra., king of Bithynia 228-180 B.C. Pseudoperses, ei, m,, a pretended son of Perseus. Pseudophilippus, i, m., a pretended son of Philip, king of Macedonia. Ptolemaeus, i, ni., a name borne by the kings of Egypt after the time of Alexander the Great. 1. Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, 285- 247 B.C. 2. Ptolemaeus JEuergetes, 247-222 B.C. 3. Ptolemaeus Philometor, 181- 146 B.C. 4. Ptolemaeus Auletes, 47-43 B.C. Ptolemais, is, f., a city in Libya, publice [publicusj, adv., in the name of (by order of) the state, pub- licly, officially. publicus, a, um [orig. poplicus], adj., belonging to the people, public ; official. Publicola, ae, m., L. (P.) Valerius Publicola, consul 509 B.C. pudicitia, ae [pudicus], f., mod- esty, virtue. pudicus, a, um [pudeo, to be ashamed], adj., modest, virtuous. puer, pueri, m., a child; boy; pugna, ae, f., a combat, fight, battle. pugnator, 6ris, m., a fighter, com- batant. pugrno, are, avi, atus [ptignaj, to fight ; oppose, resist. ex — expugno, are, avi, atus, to take by storm, capture ; over- power, prevail upon. ob — oppugno, are, avi, atus, to fight against, assault, besiege. Pulcher, chri, m., P. Claudius Pul- cher, consul 249 B.C. PuUus, i, m., L. Imiius Pullus, con- sul 249 B.C. Pulvillus, i, m., {M.) Horatius Pul- villus, consul 500 B.C. Punicus, a, um, adj., Phoenician, Punic; Carthaginian; Punicum bellum, Punic war, first, 264-241 B.C.; second, 218-202 B.C.; third, 149-146 B.C. punio, ire, ivi, itus [poena], to punish. Pupienus, i, m. {M. Clodius) Pupi- enus (Mdximus), Roman emperor 238 A.D. purgo, are, avi, atus [purus + ago], to make clear; clear away, excuse. purpura, ae, L, purple-color, pui^pte, purple garment. purpureus, a, um [purpura], adj., purple-colored; clothed in purple. purpura, are, avi, atus [purpura], to be clothed in purple. puto, are, avi, atus, to think, con- sider, suppose. 222 VOCABULARY Pylaemenes, is, ra., king of Paphla- gonia. Pyrenaeus, a, um, adj. (sc. mons), the Pyrenees moiuitains. Pyrrhus, i, m., king of Epirus, waged war against Rome 281-272 B.C. Q., abbreviation of the praenomen Quintus. Quadi, orum, pi. m., a Suabian peo- ple. quadragesimus, a, um [quadra- ginta], num. a,d]., fortieth. quadriennium, i [quattuor + an- nus], n., a period of four years. quadrlngenti, ae, a [quattuor + centum], num. adj., /oar hundred. quadringenties [quadringenti], num. adv., /our hundred times. quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitus, to seek ; ask ; get, obtain. quaestor, oris [orig. quaesitor ; cf . quaero, quaeso], m., quaestor, quartermaster, a name given to cer- tain magistrates who had the care of public moneys and military sup- plies, both at Rome and in the prov- inces. quails, e, adj., (1) interrog., of lohat kind ? what sort off (2) rel., of such a kind, such as, as. quam [quis] , adv., how, hoxo much ; after a comp., than; with a sup., as possible; quam primum, as soo7i as possible ; quamdiu, as long as; tain . . . quam, as . . . so, not only . . . but also. quamquam, conj., although, even if. quam vis [quam -|- vis, from volo], adv. and conj., however much, al- though. quantus, a, um [quam] adj., (1) in- terrog., how great f how much? (2) rel., correl. to tantus, as great as, as. quantum, adv., hoio muchf how far? quare [qua -f re], adv., (1) interrog., why? (2) rel., for ichich reason, wherefore, therefore. quarto [quartus], adv., for the fourth time. quartus, a, um [quattuor], num. Sid]., fourth. quasi, adv. and conj., as if, just as if, as though ; on the ground that. quatenus, adv., (1) interrog., to what point f hoio far? (2) rel., as far as. quater [quattuor], num. adv., four times. quaterni, ae, a [quater], dist. num. ad]., four each, by fours, four at a time. quattuor, indecl. num. adj., /owr. quattuordecim [quattuor + de- cern], indecl. num. adj., fourteen. -que, conj. enclitic, and, and yet, but. queror, i, questus sum, to complain. qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., loho, ivhich, lohat, that; whoever, what- ever. qui, quae, or qua, quod, indef. pron. used adjectively, any, some. quia, conj., because, since. quicumque, quaecumque, quod- cumque, indef. rel. pron., whoever, whichever, lohatever. quidam, quaedam, quiddam, and as adj., quoddam, indef. pron., a certain one, somebody ; a certain. quidem, adv., indeed, in fact, to be sure; ne . . . quidem, not even, not at all. quiesc5, ere, evi, etus, to rest, re- pose, keep quiet. quietus, a, um [quiesco], adj., at rest, free from exertion; undis- turbed, quiet, peaceful. VOCABULARY 223 quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet (quidlibet) , iiidef . pron., any one you please, any one, who or whatso- ever. quin [qui, adv., how?-\-ne], conj., how not? why not? that, that not, hut that; quin et or etiam, nay more. quing-entesimus, a, um [quin- genti], num. adj.,^ve hundredth. quing-enti, ae, a [quinque + cen- tum], num. adj.,./7"i;e hundred. quini, ae, a [quinquej, dist. num. adj.j.^ye each, hy fives. quinquagesimus, a, una [quinqua- ginta], num. ad}., fiftieth. quinquaginta, indecl. num. adj., fi.fiy' quinque, indecl. num. adj., .^ve. Quinque g-entiani, orum, pi. m., a people of Libya. Quintillus,i, m. {M. Aurelius) Quin- tillus, brother of the emperor M. Aurelius Claudius. Quintius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Cincinnatus, Flamini- nus. quints [quintus], num. adv., /or the fifth time. quintus, a, um [quinque], num. ^d]., fifth. quippe, adv., indeed, as you see, surely. qui que = et qui. Quirinalis, is (sc. collis) m., the Qulrinal Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome, quis, qua, quid, indef. pron. used substantively, some one, any one, something, anything. quisquam, quaequam, quicquam, indef. pron., adj., or noun, any one, anything, any. quo [qui], adv., (1) rel., whither, where; (2) interrog., whither? where? (3) indef., to any place, any' where. quo [qui], conj., with comparatives, ill order that, that, that thereby; quo minus, that not. quod [qui], conj., because, suppos- i7ig that, in that, so far as ; quod si, but if. quondam, adv., once, formerly, some- time. quoque, conj., also, too. quousque, adv., till when? how long? until (late). Raetia, ae, f., a Roman province south of the Danube. rapio, ere, rapui, raptus, to seize and carry off, drag off; plunder, destroy. con — corripio, ere, ui, reptus, to seize, snatch up, grasp; collect, carry of, plunder. dis — diripio, ere, ui, reptus, to tear asunder, ravage, plunder. ex — eripio, ere, ui, reptus, to take or snatch away ; rescue; de- prive. ratio, onis [reor, to think"], f., reck- oning, calculation, account ; method, plan. rationalls, e [ratio], adj., of or he- longing to accounts ; as subst., rationalis, is, m., an accountant. ratus, a, um [reor, to think], adj., thought out, defined, fixed. Ravenna, ae, f., a city in Cisalpine Gaul. rebello, see bello. recedo, see cedo. recens, entis, adj., recent, late, fresh. receptor, oris [recipio], m., a har- borer, concealer. 224 VOCABULARY recipio, see capio. recog^nosco, see nosco. reconcilio, are, avi, atus, to procure again, regain ; reunite, reconcile. recorder, ari, atus sum [re + cor, heart], to remember, recall. rectus, a, um [rego], a,d]., straight, direct. recuse, are, avi, atus [re + causa], to refuse, object, decline, hesitate. redo, see do. redeo, see eo. redigo, see ago. redimo, see emo. reduco, see duco. refero, see fero. reformo, are, — , atus [re + forma] , to shape again, reform, change. refugid, see fugio. regina, ae [rex], f., a queen. regio, onis [rego], f ., a direction ; region, territory. regius, a, um [rex], adj., royal, kingly. regno, are, avi, atus [regnum], to be king, rule. regnum, i [rex], n., kingship, su- premacy ; kingdom, reign. rego, ere, rexi, rectus, to regulate, rule, conduct. ad — adrigo, ere, rexi, rectus, to set up, raise, erect ; rouse, en- courage. con — corrigo, ere, rexi, rec- tus, to straighten, correct, im- prove. per — pergo, ere, perrexi, per- rectus, to go .straight on, proceed, hasten; with ace, pursue with vigor, perform. regredior, see *gradior. Regulus, i, m., 1. M. Atilius Regulus, consul 267 2. M. Atilius Regulus, consul 25G B.C. religio, onis, f., sense of duty; re- ligion, devotion to the gods ; scruple. relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus [re + linquo, to leave], to leave behind, leave ; bequeath; appoint by loill. reliquiae, arum [relinquo], pi. f., remainder, remnant, residue. reliquus, a, um [relinquo], adj., remaining, rest. remando, see mando. remaneo, see maneo. remeo, are, avi, — ,to go back, re- turn. remittS, see mitto. removed, see moveo. remus, i, m., an oar. Remus, i, m., the brother of Romulus. renovo, are, avi, atus [re + novus], to renew. reparo, see paro. repente [repens, sudden], adv., sud- denly. repentinus, a, um [repens, sud- den], adj., sudden, unexpected. reperio, see *pari6. repetS, see peto. repono, see pono. reports, see *port6. reprehend©, see *prehend6. repressor, oris [reprimo, to check'\, m., a restrainer, represser. repudio, are, avi, atus, to cast off", divorce; reject, scorn. res, rei, f., thing, matter; affair, deed, exploit, event ; circumstance ; story: property, fortune; trouble; res familiaris, private property : res publica, the commonwealth, stale ; res gestae, exploits. reserve, see servo. resided, see sedeo. resists, see *sisto. responded, see spondeo. VOCABULARY 225 responsum, i [responded], n., an answer. res publica, see res. restituo, see *statuo. resume, see sumo, rete, is, n., a net, snare. retine5, see teneo. retro, adv., backward, behind. reus, 1, m., defendant, accitsed per- son ; prisoner. reveho, see veho. reverentia, ae [re + vereor] , f ., respect, aioe, reverence. revertor, see *vert5. revoco, see voco, rex, reg-is [rego], m., a king. Rex, Regis, m., Q, Mdrcins i?ex, con- sul 118 B.C. Rhea, ae, f., Rhea Silvia, tlie mother of Romulus and Remus. Rhenus, i, m., the Rhine. Rhodanus, i, m., the Rhone. Rhodii, orum, pi. m., the Rhodlans, the people of the island of Rhodes. Rhodopa, ae, f., a lofty mountain in Thrace. Rhodus, i, f., Rhodes, an island in the eastern part of the Mediterra- nean Sea. ripa, ae, f., the bank of a river. ripensis, e [ripa], adj., situated or stationed on the banks of a river ; Dacia ripensis, Dacia on the Danube. rog5, are, avi, atus, to ask, in- quire; request, implore. ab — abrogo, are, avi, atus, to appeal; annul, abrogate. Roma, ae, f., Rome. Romanus, a, um, adj., Roman; as subst., Romani, orum, pi. m., the Romans. Romulus, i, m., the son of Rhea Silvia and Mars, the founder of Rome. HAZ. EUTROPIUS — 15 rostratus, a, um [rostrum], adj., furnished with beaks. rostrum, i, n., the beak of a ship; pi., the Rostra or speaker's platform in the Forum (adorned with the beaks of captured ships). ruber, bra, brum, adj., red; Rub- rum mare, the Red Sea. Rufinus, i, m., P. Cornelius Ruflnus, consul 290 B.C. Rufus, i, m., the name of a Roman family. 1. M. Minucius Rufus, consul 221 B.C. 2. (Q.) Minucius Rufus, consul 110 B.C. 3. P. Sulpicius (Rufus), a parti- san of Marius. rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus, to break, destroy. con— corrumpS, ere, rupi, ruptus, to destroy; seduce, bribe, corrupt. ex — erumpo, ere, rupi, rup- tus, to break forth or out, burst forth. in — inrumpo, ere, rupi, rup- tus, to break in, fall upon ; inter- rupt. rursus or rursum [orig. revorsus ; cf. reverto], adv., back; again. rusticus, a, um [rus, the country], adj., of the country, rustic; as subst., rusticani, orum, pi. m., countrymen. Rutilius, i, m., P. Rutilius, consul 90 B.C. S. Sabini, orum, pi. m., the Sabines, a race in central Italy, adjoining Latium on the east. Sabinus, i, m., 1. Oppius Sabinus, a Roman gen- eral slain by Dacians during the reign of Domitian. 226 VOCABULARY 2. Q. Titurius {Sabinus), a lieu- tenant of Caesar. 3. (Flavins) Sabinus, brother of the emperor Vespasian. sacer, era, crum, adj., hohj, sacred ; as subst., .sacrum, i, n,, a holy thing, sacred vessel; pi. religious rites, sacrifices. sacerdos, otis [sacer], m. and f., priest, priestess. sacramentum, i [sacro] ,n.,an oath. *sacr6, are, avi, atus, to set apart; bless ; curse. con — consecro, are, avi, atus, to dedicate, consecrate, devote. ex — exsecror, ari, atus sum, to curse, abhor. Ob — obsecro, are, avi, atus, to implore, supplicate. saepe, adv., frequently, often. saevio, ire, ivi (ii), itus [saevus], to be fierce or cruel, rage ; punish cruelly. saevitia, ae [saevus], f., fury, cruelty. saevus, a, um, adj., raging, fierce, cruel. sagax, acis, adj., of quick perception, sagacious, keen-scented. sagltta, ae, f., arroiv. Sagittarius, i [sagitta], m., an archer, bowman. Saguntini, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- tants of Saguntum. Saguntum, i, n. , a city on the eastern coast of Spain, salarius, a, um [sal, salt], adj., of salt, salty ; via Saldria, the road from Rome to Reate. Salassi, orum, pi. m., a people living in the Alps. Salinator, 6ris, m., M. Livius Sali- nator, consul 210 B.C. Salle ntini, 6rum, pi. m., a people of Calabria in southern Italy. Salonae, arum, pi. f , a city in Dal- matia. salts, are, avi, atus, to dance, leap. saluto, are, avi, atus [salus, health], to wish one health, greet, salute, visit. Salvius, i, ra , see Itilianus. salvus, a, um, adj., loell, safe, sound. Samnites, um, Gr. ace. pi. Samni- tas, pi. m., the Samnites, a branch of the Sabine race inhabiting the mountains southeast of Latium. Samnium, i, n., a division of middle Italy. Samus, i, f ., an island in the Mediter- ranean Sea, near the coast of Asia Minor. sanguinarius, a, um [sanguis], adj., bloodthirsty, bloody, sangui- nary. sanguis, inis, m., blood. Sapor, oris, m., the name of several Persian kings. 1. Sapor I., 240-273 a.d. 2. Sapor II., 310-381 a.d. Sardi, orum, pi. m , the Sardinians, inhabitants of the island of Sardinia. Sardica, ae, f., a city in Lower Moesia. Sardinia, ae, f., Sardinia, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, west of Italy. Sardinienses, ium, pi. ni., the Sa?^ dijiians, inhabitants of the island of Sardinia. Sarmatae, arum, pi. ni., the in- habitants of Sarmatia. Sarmatia, ae, f., Sarmatia, now the eastern part of Poland and the southern part of Russia in Europe. Saturninus, i, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants. saucid, are, avi, atus [saucius], to wound. VOCABULARY 227 Sauromatae, arum, pi, m., a people of Asia dwelling on the Tana'is. Saxones, um, pi. m., the Saxons. saxum. i, u., a stone, rock, boulder. *scand.6, ere, — , — , to climb, mount. ad — ascendo, ere, i, scensus, to climb up, mount, ascend. con — conscendo, ere, i, scen- sus, to mount, a.scend ; go on board. Scaevola, ae, m., Q. Milcius Scae- vola, consul 117 B.C. sceleratus, a, um [scelus], adj., ivicked, infamous. scelus, eris, n., a sin, crime. scena, ae, f., a stage. scientia, ae [scio], f., knoivledge, skill. scilicet [scire + licet], adv., p^«i?t^?/, of course, doubtless. scio, ire, scivi, scitus, to know, understand Scipio, onis, m., the name of one of the most illustrious families of Rome. 1. Cornelius Scipio, consul 83 B.C. 2. Cn. Cornelius Scipio, consul 222 B.C. 3. L. (Corneliu.s) Scipio, consul 259 B.C. 4. P. Cornelius Scipio, consul 218 B.C. 5. P. Cornelius Scipio, consul 191 B.C. G. P. Cornelius Scipio, praetor 94 B.C. 7. P. Cornelius Scipio Africdnus, consul 205 B.C., the conqueror of Hannibal in the First Punic War. 8. P. Cornelius Scipio Africdnus {Minor) , consul 147 B.C. He brought the Third Punic War to a close by capturing and destroying Carthage. 9. L. Cornelius Scipio Asldyenes, consul 83 B.C. 10. P. {Cornelius) Scipio Ndsica, consul 91 B.C. Scordisci, orum, pi. m., a Thracian people. scriba, ae [scribo], f., a clerk, sec- retary. scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, to IV rite. de — describe, ere, scripsi, scriptus, to copy off, sketch, de- scribe. pro — proscribe, ere, scripsi, scriptus, to offer for sale ; pro- scribe, outlaw. Scribonius, i, m., see Curio. scrinium, i,\\.,a case, box (especially for books and papers) . Scythae, arum, pi. m., a wandering tribe of Europe and Asia north of the Black and Caspian Seas. se, see sui. sectio, onis, f., a sale at auction of confiscated property . secundo [secundus], adv., for the second time. secundus, a, um [sequor], adj., second ; favorable, successful. Secundus, i, m., Petrdnius Secundum, a partisan of Nerva. securitas, atis [securus, free from care], f., freedom from care, secur- ity. sed, conj., but ; yet. sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus, to sit, settle, remain, be encamped. ob — obsideo, ere, sedi, sessus, to besiege, occupy ; watch closely. re — reside©, ere, sedi, — , to sit back, remain sitting, be left behind, remain. sedes, is [cf . sedeo] , f., seat, chair ; residence, abode. seditio, onis [sed + itio, from eo], f., dissension, rebellion, revolt. seditiose [seditio] , adv., seditiously. Seleucia, ae, f., 1. A city in Assyria. 228 VOCABULARY 2. A city in Cilicia. 3. A city in Syria. sella, ae [sedeo], f., a seat, chair. semel, adv., once. semlbarbarus,i, m., semi-barbarian. semper, adv., always. Sempronius, i, m., P. Semprdnius, consul 268 B.C. See Blaesus, Gracchus. Sena, ae, f., a city in Umbria in Italy. senator, oris [senatus], m., a sen- ator. senatus, us [cf. senex], m., council of elders, senate, in the time of the kings a mere advisory body, called together by the king when he de- sired advice, but later the chief power in the Roman state. senectus, utis f senex], f., old age. senesco, ere, senui,—, [senex], ^o grow old. con — c5nsenesc6, ere, senui, — , to groio old. senex, gen. senis, adj., old: comp. senior, elder; sup. maximus (natu), eldest. As subst., senex, senis, m., an old man; seniores, um, pi. m., the elders (men over 45). senior, see senex. Senones, um, pi. m., a people of Celtic Gaul. Senones, um, pi. m., the chief city of the Senones. sententia, ae [senti5], f ., anopinion, ji(dgment ; sense, senti6,ire, sensi, sensus, to discern by sense, feel ; see, perceive. ad — adsentor, S.r!, &tus sum, to assent, Jiatter, fawn. con — c5nsenti6, ire, sensi, sensus, to agree; conspire, plot. Sentlus, i, m., Cn. Sejitius, a Roman general during the reign of the em- peror Claudius. sepelio, ire, ivi (li), sepultus, to bury, inter. septem, indecl. num. adj., seven. September, bris, m., September, the seventh month of the year begin- ning with March, septendecim [septem + decem] , indecl. num. adj., seventeen. septennium, i [septem + annus], n., the space of seven years. Septimius, i, m., see Severus. Septimus, a, um [septem], num. adj., seventh. septingentesimus, a, um [septin- genti, seven hundred], num. adj., seven hundredth. septuagenarius, a, um [septua- ginta], num. adj., of or belonging to the number seventy. septuagesimus, a, um [septua- ginta], num. adj., seventieth. septuaginta [septem], indecl. num. adj., seventy. sepultara, ae [sepeliS], f., burial, funeral. Sequani, orum, pi. m.,an important tribe in eastern Gaul north of the Rhone, sequor, i, seciitus sum, to follow, pursue ; ensue. con — consequor, i, secQtus sum, to pursue, overtake ; arrive; obtain. in — insequor, i, secutus sum, to pursue, folloio up. Ob — obsequor, i, secutus sum, to submit to, indulge in, assist. per — persequor, i, secQtus sum, to pursue, prosecute ; relate. pr6 — prOsequor, i, secatus sum, to follow after, pursue, ad- dress. Serfipium, i, n., SerCipium, the temple of Serapis. VOCABULARY 229 Serdica, ae, f., a town in Upper Moesia, the modern Sofia. Sergius, i, m., see Catilina. sericus, a, um, adj., of silk, silken. sermo, onis, m., talk, conversation, discourse. *ser6, ere,— , tus, to bind together. ad — adserS, ere, ui, tus, to claim, lay claim to. con— consero, ere, ui, tus, to join in battle ; conserere manus, to fight hand to hand. de — desero, ere, ui, tus, to leave, abandon, desert. in — insero, ere, ui, tus, to fasten into; insert. Sertorius, i, m., Q, Sertorius, an officer in the army of Marias. He went to Spain as propraetor in 82 B.C. and maintained an independent command until his death in 72 B.C. Servilius, i, m., Q. Servlliiis, consul 305 B.C. See Caepio, Casca, Vatia. servio, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to be the slave of, devote one's self to; have regard to. Servius, i, m., see Tullius. servitium, i [servus], n., slavery; slaves. servitus, utis [servus], f., slavery. servo, are, avi, atus, to save, pre- serve, watch. con- conserve, are, avi, atus, to keep safe, preserve. re — reserve, are, avi, atus, to keep back, reserve, preserve. servus, i, m., a slave, servant. sese, see sui, sestertius, i [semis, /ia(/",+tertius], m., (sc. nummus), a sesterce, a small silver coin equivalent origi- nally to two and one-half asses, but later worth about four cents. In naming large sums the Romans spoke of "so many times a hundred thousand sestertii" {centena mllia sestertium) . severe [severus], adv., sup. seve- rissime; strictly , severely . severissime, see severe. severitas, atis [severus], f., strict- ness, severity, sternness. severus, a, um, adj., serious, strict, harsh. Severus, i, m., 1. (L.) Septimius Severus, Roman emperor 193-211 a.d. 2. (Flavins Valeriiis) Severus, Ro- man emperor 306-307 a.d. sex, indecl. num. adj., six. Sex,, abbreviation of the praenomen Sextus. sexagenarius, a, um [sexaginta], num. adj., belonging to sixty ; maior sexagenario, older than sixty years. sexagesimus, a, um [sexaginta], num. adj., sixtieth. sexaginta [sex] , indecl. num. adj., sixty. sexcentesimus, a um [sexcenti], num. adj., six hundredth. sexcenti, ae, a [sex + centum], num. adj., six hundred. sexdecim or sedecim [sex + de- cern], indecl. num. adj., sixteen. sexies [sex], num. adv., six times. Sextus, i, m., Sextus Chaeronensis, a teacher of Antoninus Pius, sextus, a, um [sex], num. adj., sixth. si, conj., if whether ; quod si, but if. sic, adv., so, thus; sic . . . u.t, just as. Sicilia, ae, f., the island of Sicily. Siculi, orum, pi. m., the inhabitants of Sicily. sicut [sic + ut], Sidy., just as. sido, ere, — , — , to seat one's self, sit down. 230 VOCABULARY con — consido, ere, sedi, ses- sus, to sit down; settle, encamp, take a position. sig-niflcS, are, avi, atus [signum + faci6J, to make sigjis, shoio ; point out, indicate. signuiu, i, n., sign, signal; military standard, ensign ; statue, image. Silanus, i, m., a celebrated Roman family. 1. D. lunius Silanus, consul 62 b.c. 2. M. lunius Silanus, consul 10<) B.C. Silvanus, i, m., a Roman who revolted in Gaul during the reign of the em- peror Constantius. Silvia, see Rhea, similis, e, adj., sup. simillimus ; like, similar. simul, adv., at the same time ; simul atque or ac, as soon as. sine, prep, with abl., without. Sing-ara, ae, f ., a city in Mesopotamia, on the Tigris. singularis, e [singuli], adj., one by one, single, individual ; remarkable, singular, unparalleled. singuli, ae, a, adj., one at a time, one apiece, single. sinister, tra, trum, adj., left. sino, ere, sivi, situs, to put, place; permit, let. de — desino, ere, sivi (ii), situs, to cease, stop. Sinope, es, f., a city in Paphlagonia, on the Black Sea. Sipylus, i, m., a mountain in Lydia. Sirmium, i, n., a city in Lower Pan- nonia. ♦sisto, ere, stiti, status, to cause to stand, place, set ; stand. con — consists, ere, stiti,—, to stand, take position (of an army).; stop, halt ; be firm, endure, continue. ex — exsisto, ere, stiti, — , to I make come out ; appear, arise, pro- I ject, exist. I re — resists, ere, stiti, — , to op- pose, loithstand, resist. situs, a, um [orig. part, of sino], ml}., placed, situate, lying. Smyrna, ae, f., one of the most flourishing and important sea-ports of Asia Minor. socer, eri, m.., father-in-law. socialis, e [socius], adj., social. socius, i, m., a comrade, ally, con- federate. socordia, ae, f., dullness, careless- ness ; laziness, indolence. sol, solis, m., the sun ; Sol, Soils, m., the Sun-god. solitudo, inis [solus], f., loneliness; lonely place, ivilderness. sollers, ertis, adj., skillful, expert. sollicito, are, avi, atus [soUicitus, agitated], to urge, incite, tempt, solicit. sollicitudo, inis [sollicitus, agi- tated], f ., uneasiness of miml, care, anxiety. solum, i, n., the ground, soil. solum [solus], adv., only. s51us, a, um, gen. solius, dat. soli, adj., 0)1 ly, alone. solvo, ere, solvi, solutus, to loose ; set sail ; a^inul : pay ; unseal, open. Sophanene, es, f., or Sophene, a division of Armenia Maior. soror, oris, f., a sister. Sp., abbreviation of the praenomen Spurius. Spartacus, i, m., a Roman gladiator who led an insurrection of gladiators and slaves, 73 b.c. spatiSsus, a, um [spatium, space] , adj., roomy, of great extent, ample, extensive. *speci6, ere, spexi, — , (obsolete), to look. VOCABULARY 231 ad — adspicio, ere, spexi, spec- tus, to look at, examine, inspect. con — conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus, to catch sight of, spij; see. spectaculum, i [specto, to look at], n., a shoiv, spectacle. specto, are, avi, atus [freq. of *speci6], to look at, loatch, behold. ex — exspecto, are, avi, atus, to look out for, wait for, await. speculator, oris, m., a spy. spes, ei, f., hope, exspectation. spolium, i, n., spoil, booty. spondeo, ere, spopondi, sponsus, to promise. re — responded, ere, i, spon- sus, to answer, reply ; corre.'tpond to, agree ivith. sponte [abl. of spons, obs.], f., vol- untarily ; with mea, tua, or sua, of t'ly, your, or his own free will. stadium, i, n., a stade, stadium, fur- long, G065 English feet; a course for foot races ; race course ; Stadium, the race course built by Domitian. statina [sto], adv., instantly, at once. static, onis [sto], f., a picket, guard. stativus, a, um [sto], adj.,penn«- 7ient, stationary ; castra stativa, a permanent camp. statua, ae [sto], a statue, image. *statu6, ere, i, utus [sto], to cause to stand, set up, place ; determine ; determine on; ai^ange, appoint. con — ^ constituo, ere, i, utus, to set up, erect ; set in order, organ- ize ; arrange, appoint ; resolve. de — destituo, ere, i, utus, to set doion, deposit. in — instituo, ere, i, utus, to set in place, arrange ; found, establish ; determine, undertake, begin ; train, teach. pro — prostituo, ere, i, utus, to set forth in public, expose; dis- honor, prostitute, offer for sale. re — restituo, ere, i, utus, to set up again, replace, restore, re- instate ; repair, remedy, save. status, us [sto], m., state, position, rank. Stella, ae, f., a star. stercus, oris, n., dung, excrement, manure. sterno, ere, stravi, stratus, to lay loio, scatter ; pave. stilus, i, m., stilus, pen. stipendiarius, a, um [stipendium] , adj., tributary , paying tribute. stipendium, i [stips, gift + pendo], n., a payment ; salary, pay ; cam- paign. stipes, itis, m., a log, stock, post, trunk. *st6, are, steti, status, to stand, take the part of, staiid firm ; con- tinue. ad — asto, are, stiti, — , to stajul at, be at hand. in — insto, are, stiti, staturus, to draw near, be present; press on, pursue. prae — praesto, are, stiti, sti- tus, to show ; bestow, supply ; sur- pass ; be preferable ; do, perform. Stoicus, a, um, adj.. Stoic. stolide, adv., stupidly, stolidly, strangulo, are, avi, atus, to stran- gle, throttle, kill. Stratonice, es, f., a city in Caria in Asia Minor. strenue [strenuus], adv., sup. strenuissime, vigorously . strenuissime, see strenue. strenuus, a, um, adj., brisk, active, vigorous. strictim, adv., superficially, summa- rily, briefly. 232 VOCABULARY stude5, ere, ui, — , to be eager, take pains about, pay attention to ; wish, try ; favor. studiose [studiosus, eager"], adv., eagerly, zealously. studium, i [studeo], n., zeal, enthu- siasm ; desire, pursuit, study ; good will, affection. stupro, are, avi, atus [stuprum], to debauch, dishotior. stuprum, i, n., debauchery, defile- ment, dishonor. suadeo, ere, suasi, suasus, to ad- vise, urge, exhort. sub, prep, with ace, under, towards, until, after; with abl., under, be- neath, at the foot of, close to; in the reign of. subiciS, see *iaci6. subigo, see ag5, subito [subitus], adv., suddenly. subitus, a, um [subeo], adj., sud- den, unexpected. subiugo, are, avi, atus [sub + iugum], to bring under the yoke; subject, subjugate. sublatus, see tollo. submoveo, see moveo. subtilis, e, adj., nice, precise, accu- rate, subtle. suburbanus, a, um [urbs], adj., near the city, suburban. subvenid, see venio. succedo, see cedo. successor, oris [succedS], m., a follower, successor. successus, us [succedo], m., fa- vorable outcome, success. sudor, oris [sudo, to sweat], m., sweat ; fatigue. Suessa, ae, f., Suessa Pometia, a city of the Volsci, in Latiura. Suevi, 5rum, pi. m., a confederacy of German tribes. Sue via, ae, f., Suevia, the laud of the Suevi, modern Bavaria and Wurtemberg. sui, gen., sibi, dat., se (sese), ace. and abl., reflex, pron., sing, and pi., himself, herself, itself, themselves. Sulla, ae, m., L. Cornelius Sulla, sur- named Felix, consul 88 B.C. Sulpicius, i, m., 1. C. Sulpicius, dictator 304 B.C. 2. P. Sulpicius, consul 279 B.C. 3. P. Sidpicius, consul 211 B.C. See Rufus. sum, esse,fui, futurus, to be, exist, live; with gen., belonging to, be a part of; be true, be so ; happen, take place; with dat., /laye, possess. ab — absum, esse, afui, — , to be away or absent, be far from; prope abesse, to be at no great distance, be near. in — insum, inesse, infui, — , to be in or on ; belong to. inter— intersum, esse, fui, — , to be present at, take part in. prae — praesum, praeesse, fui, — , to be over or before ; rule, gov- ern,, be in command of. pro — prosum, prodesse, pro- fui, — , to benefit, profit, aid. super — supersum, esse, fui, — , to be over and above, remain; survive, outlire. summus, see superus. sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, to use up, spend. con — consume, ere, sumpsi, siimptus, to use up ; devour, waste ; destroy; spe7id, pass ; use, employ . re — resume, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, to take up again, take back, resume. siimptus, as [silmS], m., outlay, expense. supellex or supellectilis, is, f., household stuff, furniture. VOCABULARY 233 super, prep, with ace, over, above, upon, in addition to; with abl., over, above, upon, on ; about, of, concerning. superbia, ae [superbus], f ., haugh- tiness, pride. superbus, a, um, adj., haughty, proud, august. superfluus, a, um [super + fluo], adj., running over, superfluous; un- necessary. superior, see superus. supers, are, avi, atus [super], to pass over or around, overcome, con- quer ; survive. supersum, see sum. superus, a, um [super], adj., above, on high; comp., superior, ius, upper, higher, earlier, superior; victorious ; elder ; sup. summus, a, um, highest, chief, utmost. supervenio, see venio. supplicium, i [supplex, a suppli- ant], n., punishment y execution, torture. supra, adv. and prep, with ace, above, over, before, on. Surena, ae, m., a general of the Parthiaus who defeated Crassus in 54 B.C. suscipio, see capio. suspectus, a, um [orig. part, of suspicio], adj., mistrusted, sus- pected. suspicio, onis [suspici5, to suspect], f., distrust, suspicion. sustineo, see teneo. sustuli, see tollo. Sutrini, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- tants of Sutrium, a city in Etruria in Italy. suus, a, um [sui], pron. adj., his oion, her oion, its own, their own; his, her, its, their; as subst., sui, orum, pi. m., his (their) friends. followers, soldiers or fellow-citi- zens. Symiasera, ae, f., the mother of Heliogabalus. Syphax, acis, m., a king of Nu- midia. Syracusani, orum, pi. m., the in- habitants of Syracuse, a Greek city in Sicily. Syracusanus, a, um, adj., belong- ing to Syracuse ; urbs Syractl- sana, the city of Syracuse. Syria, ae, f ., Syria, a country of Asia, on the eastern coast of the Medi- terranean Sea. Syriacus, a, um, adj., belonging to Syria, Syrian ; Syriacumbellum, Syro-Aetolian war, 192-189 b.c. T. T., abbreviation of the praenomen Titus. tabula, ae, f., a board, plank; pic- ture (sc. picta, painted); writing tablet; record, list. Tacitus,!, m., {M. Claudius) Tacitus, Roman emperor 275-276 a.d. Taifali, orum, pi. m., a tribe of Dacia. talentum, i, n., a talent, a Greek money measure worth about SHOO. talis, e, adj., swc^, of such a kind; talis . . . qualis, such, . . . as. tam, adv., to such a degree, so much, as much, so ; tam . . . quam, as . . . so, not only . . . but also. tamen, adv., yet, still, for all that, all the same, however, neverthe- less. tamquam, adv. and conj., as, as if, as though. tandem, adv., at length, at last, finally. 234 VOCABULARY *tang6, ere, tetigi, tactus, to touch; reach to. ad — attingo, ere, tigi, tactus, to border 07i, touch, attain. con — contingo, ere, tigi, tac- tus, to touch, reach ; occur, happen to. tantum [tantus], adv., so much (and no more), only, merely. tantus, a, um, adj., so great, such. Tarentini, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- tants of Tarentum. Tarentum, i, n., a flourishing Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. Tarquinius, i, m., the name of a gens in early Rome, said to have come from Etruria. 1. {L.) Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome, 616-578 B.C. 2. L. Tarquinius Superbus, the son of Priscus, the last king of Rome, 534-510 B.C. 3. {Sextus) Tarquinius, son of (2). 4. (L.) Tarquinius Colldtinus, cousin of (3), and husband of Lu- cretia, consul 509 B.C. Tarraco, onis, f., a city in Spain. Tarsus, i, f ., a city in Cilicia in Asia Minor. Tauromenitani, 6rum, pi. m., the inhabitants of Tauronienium, a city on the eastern coast of Sicily. Taurus, i, m., a mountain range in Asia Minor. taxo, are, avi, at us [freq. of tango] , to touch sharply, harass, vex. tectorium, i [tego, to cover] n., a covering, cover; plastering. Telesinus, i, m., Pontius Teleslnus, commander of the Samnites in the war against Sulla. See Notes, p. 162. temeritas, atis [temere, rashly], f., rashness, heedlessness, temerity. tempestas, atis [tempusj, f., point of time, period of time ; storm, tem- pest. templum, i, n., a sacred spot ; temple. tempto, are, avi, atus [freq. of tendo], to touch, handle; try, at- tempt ; sound, try to win over. tempus, oris, n., time, period, seor son ; opportunity, occasion. tenax, acis [teneo], adj., holding fast, tenacious ; firm, steadfast, per- sistent. tendo, ere, tetendi, tentus, and tensus, to spread out, stretcli ; in- sidias tendere, to lay a trap for, plot against. con — contends, ere, i, tentus, to stretch; exert one's self, strive, insist ; hasten, march quickly. ob(s) — ostendo, ere, i, tentus, to stretch out, show; produce, fur- nish ; disclose, make known. teneo, ere, ui, tentus, to hold, keep, possess; maintain, guard, defend; seize. ab — abstineo, ere, ui, tentus, to hold back or from; keep aloof from; refrain from, abstain. con — contineo, ere, ui, tentus, to hold, keep, contain; restrain, rule, curb. ob — obtineo, ere, ui, tentus, to hold, possess ; rule, govern. re — retineo, ere, ui, tentus, to hold or keep (back) ; retain, detain. sub(s) — sustineo, ere, ui, ten- tus, to hold up, support, sustain; bear, endure, holdin check, restrain. ter, num. adv., three times. Terentius, i, m., see Varro. tergum, i, n., the back; tergum vertere, to flee. terminus, i, n., the end, boundary. terra, ae, f., the earth; land; terri- tory, country. terrester, trls, tre [terra], adj., of the earth or land. VOCABULARY 235 terribilis, e [terreo], a.d]., frightful, dreadful. territorium, i [terra], n., a terri- tory, domain. terror, oris [terred], m.,fear, terror. tertio [tertius] , num. adv., the third time. tertius, a, um [cf. tres], num. adj., third. Tervingi, orum, pi. m., a people of Dacia. testamentum, i [testis, a witness], n., a will, testament. Tetricus, i, m., (C Pesuviu^) Tetri- cus, one of the Thirty Tyrants. Teutobodus, i, m., a leader of the Cimbri. Teutones, um, pi. m., the Teutones, a Germanic people which with the Cimbri invaded Italy, but were de- feated by Marius, 102 B.C. Theodora, ae, f., the wife of Con- stant i us. thermae, arum, pi. f., warm baths. Thessalia, ae, f., Thessaly, a large district in the northeastern part of Greece. Thessalonica, ae, f., a city in Mace- donia. Thracia, ae, f., Thrace, a large dis- trict in the southeastern part of Europe, between the Aegean Sea, Macedonia, and the Black Sea. Tiberis, is, ra., the river Tiber. Tiberius, i, m., Tiberius (Claudius Nero), Roman emperor 14-37 a.d. Tigranes, is, m., king of Armenia, son-in-law of Mithradates, 96-56 B.C. Tigranocerta, ae, f., the capital city of Armenia Maior. Tigris, idis, m., the Tigris, a river in Mesopotamia. timeo, ere, ui, — , to fear, be anxious. timor, oris [timeo] , m.,fear, a cause of fear. tiro, 6nis, m., a recruit; beginner. Titurius, i, m., see Sabinus. Titus,!, m., T. Flavius Sabinus Ves- pasidnus, Roman emperor 79-81 a.d. toga, ae, f., the toga, the character- istic outer robe of the Romans. togatus, a, um [toga] , adj., clad in the toga ; i7i peaceful garb, unarmed. toUo, ere, sustuli, sublatus, to lift, raise, take up ; remove, abolish. Tolumnius, i, m., (Lar) Tolumnius, leader of the Veientes. Tomi, 5rum, pi. m., a city in Lower Moesia. Torquatus, i, m., 1. (T.) Mdnlius Torquatus, dicta- tor 353 B.C. 2. T. Mdnlius Torquatus, consul 235 B.C. torquis, is, m., a twisted collar, neck- lace. tot, indecl. adj., so many. totus, a, um, gen. totius, dat. toti, adj., all, all the, the whole, entire. tracts, are, avi, atus [freq. of traho] , to treat. tractus, as [traho], m., a stretch, tract. trado, see do. tragicus, a, um [tragoedia], adj., of tragedy, tragic. tragoedia, ae, f., tragedy. traho, ere, traxi, tractus, to draw, drag; detain. con— contrahS, ere, traxi, tractus, to draw together, collect, assemble. de — detraho, ere, traxi, trac- ' tus, to draw or strip off, remove; drag. dis— distraho, ere, traxi, trac- tus, to pull asunder, part, separate. ex — extrahS, ere, traxi, trac- tus, to draw or pull out ; prolong, waste. 286 VOCABULARY pro — protraho, ere, traxi, tractus, to draw forth, bring for- ward, produce ; discover, disclose. traicio, see *iaci5. Traianus, i, m., (M.) Ulpius Grlnitus Trdidnus, Roman emperor 98-117 a.d. tranquille [tranquillus], adv., calmly, tranquilly. Tranquillina, ae, the wife of the emperor Gordianus. tranquillitas, atis [tranquillus] , f ., calmness, stillness ; Tranquillitas, atis (as title of emperor), Serene Highness. tranquillus, a, una, 2k&]., calm, peace- ful, tranquil. trans, prep, with ace. , across, beyond, over. transalpinus, a, um [trans + Alpes] , adj., across the Alps, trans- alpine. transeo, see eo. transfers, see fero. transfug-a, ae [transfugiS, to flee over], m,, a deserter. transgredior, see *gradior. transigo, see ago. transitorius, a, um [transeo], adj., adapted for passing through, hav- ing a passage way ; forum Transi- torium. transmarinus, a, um [trans + mare], adj., beyond the sea. Trebellianus, i, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants. Trebia, ae, f., a river in Cisalpine Gaul, where the second battle of the Second Punic War was fought. trecentesimus, a, um [trecenti], num. adj., three hundredth. trecenti, ae, a [tres -f centum] , num. adj., three hundred. Tremellius, i, m., a Roman quaestor who conquered Pseudoperses. tres, tria, num. adj., three. Triballi, orum, pi, m., a Thracian people of Lower Moesia. tribunus, i [tribus], m., chief of a tribe, tribune ; tribunus militum or militaris, military tribune, cap- tain, one of the minor officers of a legion, six in number; tribunus plebis, tribune of thepeople, elected from the plebeians. The office was created in 494 b.c. to protect the plebeians from the patricians. Ten tribunes were elected annually. Their persons were sacred. tribuo, ere, i, utus [tribus], to as- sign, grant, give. dis — distribuo, ere, i, utus, to divide, distribute, apportion. tribus, us [cf. tres],f., a tribe (orig. a third part of the people). tributum, i [tribuo], n., a tax, trib- ute. tricesimus, a, um [triginta], num. adj., thirtieth. tricies [triginta] , num. adv., thirty times. Tricipitinus, i, m., Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus, consul 509 B.C. triclinium, i, n,, a couch for three persons reclining at meals, a dinner sofa. triduum, i [tres + dies], n., the space of three days, three days. triennium, i [tres + annus], n.,the space of three years, three years. triginta, indecl. num. adj., thirty. Tripolitanus, a, um. adj., belonging to Tripolis; tripolitana provincia, the province of Tripolis, in northern Africa. tristis, e, adj., sad, sorroiofid; stern, strict, severe. triticum, i, n., icheat. triumphs, are, avi, atus, to cele- brate a triainph. triumphus, i, ra., a triumph, a VOCABULARY 237 splendid procession in which the victorious general entered the city- accompanied by his soldiers and the spoil and captives he had taken. The procession passed around the Capitoline Hill into the Via Sacra, then into the Forum, and up to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Troia, ae, f., Troij, a city in the northwestern part of Asia Minor, renowned for its ten years' siege by the Greeks. trux, trucis, adj., wild, savage, stern. tu, tui, pi. vos, vestram or vestri, pers. pron., thou, you. tueor, eri, tatus or tuitus sum, to look at, watch ; defend, protect. in — intueor, eri, itus sum, to look closely at or upon, gaze at. Tugurini, or Tigurini, orum, pi. m., a Helvetian people who invaded Italy with the Cimbri and Teutones. TuUius, i, m., Servius Tullius, the sixth king of Rome, 578-534 B.C. TuUus, i, m., see Hostilius. turn, adv., then, at that time ; there- upon. tumultuor, ari, atus sum [tumul- tus], to make a disturbance, riot. tumultus, as, m., a disturbance, up- roar ; rebellion, riot. tumulus, i [tumeo, to sweW], m., a hillock, mound, hill. tunc, adv., then, at that time; accord- ingly, thereupon. turbo, are, avi, atus [turba, a croivd], to disturb, confuse. turpis, e, adj., ugly ; base, dishonor- able. turris, is, f., a tower. Tusci, orum, pi. m., the Etruscans, inhabitants of Etruria. Tuscia, ae, f., Etruria, a division of central Italy. Tusculum, i, n., an old town in La- tium, about ten miles southeast of Rome, tutor, oris [tueor], m., a guardian, tutor. tdtus, a, um [tueor], adj., safe. tuus, a, um [tu], pron. adj., your, yours. tyrannicus, a, um [tyrannus], adj., tyrannical. tyrannis, idis [tyrannus], f., the sway of a tyrant, arbitrary power, despotic rule. tyrannus, i, m., a ruler, tyrant. U. ubi, adv., where, when ; ubi primum, as soon as. ubicumque, adv., wherever. ubique [ubi + que], adv., anywhere. uUus, a, um, gen. ullius, dat. tllli, adj., any. Ulpianus,i, m., (Domitius) Ulpidnus, a celebrated Roman jurist. Ulpius, 1, m., see Traianus. ulterior, ius, gen. oris [ultra], adj., further, remoter; sup. ultimus, farthest, last, utmost, greatest. ultio, onis [ulciscor, to avenge], f., revenge. ultra, prep, with ace, on the further side, beyond. umquam, adv., at any time, ever; usually with a negative, undecimus, a, um [undecim, eleven], num. adj., eleventh. ung-uentum, i [unguo, to anoint], n., ointment, unguent, perfume. unguis, is, m., a nail, hoof, claw. unic§ [Unicus], adv., alone, singly, uniquely. Gnicus, a, um [unus], adj., only, sole, single ; uncommon. universus, a, um [unus -{- *verto], adj., all in one, whole, entire. 238 VOCABULARY unus, a, um, gen. anius, dat. uni, adj., one, only, sole, alone. urbs, urbis, f., a city ; The City (Rome). urna, ae [iiro, to burn], f., a vessel, nrn (of baked clay). Uscudama, ae, f., a city in Thrace. usque, adv., all the loay, right on, continuously, even. asurpo, are, avi, at us [usus + rapio], to make use of, enjoy ; usurp. usus, us [utor], m., use, employ- ment; experience, training; profit, advantage, convenience. usus, a, um, see utor. ut, adv., interrog., howf in what way? rel., as, just as ; since, seeing that; ut . . . ita,, just as . . . so. ut, conj., (1) with ind., lohen; ut primum, as soon as; (2) with subj. of purpose, in order that, that ; of result, so that, that. uterque, traque, trumque [uter + que], adj., each (of two), both. utor, uti, usus sum, to make use of, employ ; enjoy ; have, possess ; associate with, be intimate with. utrimque [uterque], adv., from or on both sides, on either hand. uxor, oris, f., a wife. uxorius, a, um [uxor], adj., of a wife. V. V. = 5. vacuus, a, um [vaco, to he empty], adj., empty, unoccupied. *vad6, ere, — , — , to go, rush. ex — evado, ere, vasi, v§.sus, to go forth or aioay ; get away, escape; get to be, become. in— invado, ere, vasi, vasus, to enter ; attack; seize, take posses- sion of. vagor, ari, atus sum, to loander. Valens, entis, m., 1. (F.) Valens, consul 96 a.d. 2. Valens, emperor of the East, 364-378 A.D. Valeria, ae, f., daughter of Diocle- tian and wife of Galerius. Valerianus, i, m., 1. (P.) Licinius Valerianus, Roman emperor 253-260 a.d. 2. (P.) Licinius Valerianus, son of (1). Valerius, i, m., the name of a Roman gens. See Corvinus, Laevinus, Messala, Publicola. valetudo, inis [valeo, to he weW], f., health (good or bad), sickness, weakness. validus, a, um [valeo, to be welt], adj., strong, healthy, effective. vallum, i, n., stockade, rampart, wall. Vandali, orum, \i\. ra., Vandals, a confederacy of German peoples that invaded Italy in the fifth cen- tury A. D. varie [varius], adv., variously. varius, a, um, adj., diverse, various. Varro, onis, m., 1. M. (Terentius) Varro, a. legate of Pompey in Spain, where he was defeated by Caesar. 2. P. (C.) Terentius Farro, consul 219 and 21(5 b.c. Varronianus, i, consul 363 a.d. varus, i, m., Q. Varus, one of the leaders of the Pompeian party at the battle of Thapsus. vas, vasis (pi. vasa, orum), n., a vessel, dish. vastitas, atis [vasto], f., devasta- tion. vasts, are, avi, atus, to lay waste^ devastate, destroy. Vatia, ae, m., P. ServiUus Vatia, surnaraed Isauricus, consul 79 B.C. VOCABULARY 239 Vecta, ae, f,, an island off the south- ern coast of England, now the Isle of Wight. vehementer [vehemens, earnest], adv., earnestly, seriously, severely ; exceedingly. vehiculum, i [veho], n., a vehicle, carriage. veho, ere, vexi, vectus, to bear, carry, convey ; in pass, with navi or equo, to sail, ride. ex — eveho, ere, vexi, vectus, to lift, raise, elevate. in — inveli5, ere, vexi, vectus, to carry in or to ; in pass., ride into, sail into. re — reveho, ere, vexi, vectus, to carry hack, bring back, return. Veientani, orum, pi. m., the inhabi- tants of Veil. Veientes, ium, pi. m., the people of Veil. Veii, orum, pi. m., Veil, a powerful town in Etruria, about twelve miles from Rome. vel [old. imperative of volo], adv. and conj., even; or, or else; vel . . . vel, either . . . or. venditio, onis [vendo], f., an auction sale, auction. vendo, ere, didl, ditus [contr. from venumdo] , to sell. venenum, i, n., poison. venerabilis, e [veneror], adj., ven- erable, reverend. veneratio, 5nis [veneror], f., ven- eration, reverence. veneror, ari, atus sum, to loorship, revere, respect, honor. Venetia, ae, f., a district at the head of the Adriatic Sea. venia, ae, f., favor, grace, kind- ness. veniS, ire, veni, ventus, to come, go. con— convenio, ire, veni, ven- tus, to come together, assemble ; be agreed upon, be suitable. ex — evenio, ire, veni, ventus, to turn out, come to pass. in — invenio, ire, veni, ventus, to come upon, find, discover. inter — interveniS, ire, veni, ventus, to come upon, appear, in- tervene. per — pervenio, ire, veni, ven- tus, to come to, reach; penetrate, attain to. prae — praevenio, ire, veni, ventus, to come before, get start of, anticipate, outstrip. sub — subvenio, ire, veni, ven- tus, to come to help, aid, assist. super — supervenio, ire, veni, ventus, to come to the rescue, ar- rive; surpass. venter, tris, m., the stomach; appe- tite. Ventidius, i, m., see Bassus. verbero, are, avi, atus [verber, lash], to whip, scourge, beat. vere [verus, true], adv., truly, really. vereor, eri, itus sum, to fear, dread, respect. Vergilianus, a, um, adj., Vergilian; Vergilianus versus, a verse from the Aeneid of Vergil. Verona, ae, f., an important town in Cisalpine Gaul. *vert6, ere, i, versus, to turn, change ; in pass., turn about, return. ab— averts, ere, i, versus, to turn away or aside, avert, divert. con— converts, ere, i, versus, to turn round, change ; turn, direct ; divert, misuse. ex — everts, ere, i, versus, to overturn, destroy, ruin. re— reverter, i, reverti or (less 240 VOCABULARY often) reversus sum, to return ; revert, recur. versus, us [verto], m., a line, verse. verum [verus, true'], adv., truhj, certainly ; hut. Verus, i, m., see Antoninus. Vespasianus, i, m., {T. Flavins) Vespasidnus, Roman emperor 70-79 A.D. vespera, ae, f., evening. vespillo, onis, m., a corpse hearer. Vestalis, e, adj., pertaining to the goddess Vesta. vester, tra, trum, pron. adj., your, yours ; Vestra (as title of emperor) , ^^Your Serene Highness.'^ vestis, is, f., clothing, garments; a rohe. veto, are, ui, itus, not allow, forhid. Vetranio, onis, m., a commander of the legions in Illyria who was pro- claimed emperor by the troops. Vettius, i, m., T. Vettivs, a leader of the Marsi in the Marsic war. Veturia, ae, f., the mother of Cori- olanus. Veturius, i, m., 7\ Veturius, consul 321 B.C. Vetus, eris, m., consul with Valens, % A.D. vetus, eris, adj., old, aged; of a former time, ancient. Via, ae, f., a way, road, journey; passage. (Vibulanus, i), m., C. Fahius (Vihu- Idnus) consul for the third time 479 B.C. His praenomen is generally given as Kaeso. vicesimus, a, um [viginti], num. adj., twentieth. vicinus, a, um [vicus], adj., near, neighboring . vicissim [vicis, alternation], adv., in turn. Victoali, orum, pi. m., a West Gothic people. victor, oris [vinco] , m., a conqueror ; as adj., victorious. victoria, ae [vinco], f., victory. Victorinus, i, m., one of the Thirty Tyrants. victrix, icis [vinco], f., a victress, a female conqueror ; as adj., victori- ous. vicus, i, m., a town, village. video, ere, vidi, visus, to see, per- ceive, understand ; in pass., .seem. in— invideo, ere, vidi, visus, to look askance at, envy. viginti, indecl. num. adj., twenty. vilis, e, adj., cheap, common, worth- less. vilissime, see viliter. viliter [vilis], adv., sup. vilissime; at a low price, cheaply. villa, ae, f., a country house, farm, villa. Viminacium, i, n., a town in Upper Moesia. Viminalis, e [vimen, an osier], adj., of osiers ; as subst., Viminalis, is, m. (so. collis), the Viminal Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus, to hind, fetter. vinco, ere, vici, victus, to conquer, defeat; surpass: intrans., p?'e- vail. con— convince, ere, vici, vic- tus, to overcome ; convict, refute ; expose. de — devinc5, ere, vici, victus, to conquer completely, subdue. Vindelici, orum, pi. m., a people dwelling in the Roman province of Vindelicia, south of the Danube. vindico, are, avi, atus [vis + dico], to claim; liberate; avenge, take vengeance on. VOCABULARY 241 vinea, ae, f., a plantation of vines, vineyard ; vine. vir, viri, va.,a man; hero; husband. vires, see vis, virga, ae, f., a rod. Virginius, i, in., 1, L. (T.) Virginias, consul 479 B.C. 2, (L.) Virginius, father of Vir- ginia, a maiden wliose attempted enslavement by Appius Claudius led to the overthrow of the decemvirs ; consul 449 b.o. Virgo, inis, f., a young girl, maiden, virgin. Viriathus, i, m., a celebrated Lusita- nian chief who maintained a sepa- rate command against the Romans for several years, viridis, e, adj., green, fresh, new. Viridomarus, i, m., a leader of the Gauls who was slain by Marcellus. viritim [vir], adv., man by man, separately, individually. virtus, utis [vir], f,, manliness, valor; goodness; virtue. vis, gen. and dat. ^'anting, ace. vim, abl. VI, f., strength, force ; hostile force, violence ; quantity, number; pi. vires, energy, vigor, resources; vim facere, to use violence. Viscellinus, i, m., Sp. Cassius {Vis- celllnus), the first master of the horse at Rome, vita, ae [vivo], f., life, conduct. Vitellius, i, m., 1. {A.) Fi^e/^iMS, Roman emperor, 69 A.D. 2. (//.) Vitellius, hroihev oi iX). vitio, are, avi, atus [vitium], to make faulty, taint, corrupt, defile, dishonor. vitiosus, a, um [vitium], ?iA].,full of faults, faulty ; wicked, depraved. vitium, i, n., a fault, vice. vivo, ere; vixi, — , to live. vivus, a, um [vivo], adj., living, alive. vix, adv., with difficulty, hardly, scarcely. voco, are, avi, atus [vox], to call, summon ; rouse ; name. ex — evoco, are, avi, atus, to call out, suminon. pro — provoco, are, avi, atus, to challenge. re — revoco, are, avi, atus, to recall, recover. volo, velle, volui, — , to be willing, tcish. magis — malo, malle, malui, — , to wish, rather, prefer. ne — nolo, nolle, nolui, — , to be unwilling, not to wish, not to want. Volsci, orum, pi. m., an ancient tribe living in the south of Latium. Volumnia, ae, f., the wife of Corio- lanus. voluntarius, a, um [voluntas], {idj., of free will, voluntary. voluntas, atis [vol6], f., will, desire, inclination. Volusianus, i, m., son of the em- peror Gallus. His father conferred the title of Caesar upon him in 251 A.D. and Augustus in 252 a.d. voracitas, atis, f., greediness, rav- enousness. vox, vocis, f., voice,-sound, tone; cry, call; saying, speech. vulnero, are, avi, atus [vulnus,], to wound, hurt, injure. vulnus, eris, n., a wound ; blow, mis- fortune. Vulso, onis, m., L. Mdnlius Vulso, consul 256 B.C. vultus, us, m., the expression of the face, features, countenance. HAZ. EUTROPIUS- 16 242 REFERENCES X. = 10. Xanthippus, i, m., a Lacedaemonian who commanded the Carthaginians against the Romans under Regulus. Xerxes, is, m., a king of the Persians who was conquered by Alexander Severus. Z. Zenobia, ae, f., queen of Palmyra. REFERENCES TO HARKNESS' NEW LATIN GRAMMARS (1898) p. 7. N. 1. 600, II. 2. 417. 3. 489. 4. 444. 5. 590. 6. 598. P. 8. N. 1. 483. 2. 429. 3. 485, 2. 4. 238. p. 9. N. 1. 442. 2. 425, 4. p. 10. N. 1. 428, 2. 2. 646. 3. 568. 4. 564, II. p. 11. N. 1. 462. 2. 418. P. 12. N. 1. 507, 4. 2. 570; 550. 3. 440, 2. 4. 628. P. 13. N. 1. 638, 3. 2. 579. P. 14. N. 1. 440, 3. 2. 598. 3. 238. 4. 428, 2. I P. 15. N. P. 16. N. P. 17. N. P. 18. N. P. 19. N. P. 20. N. P. 21. N. P. 22. N. P. 23. N. P. 25. N. 1. 463. 2. 426, 3. 1. 487. 1. 479, 3. 2. 468. 3. 591, 1. 4. 425, 4, N. 1. 564, 1. 2. 456, 2. 3. 238; 588.11. 4. 473, 3. 1. 411. 1. 652. 2. 476. 3. 475. 4. 629. 5. 480. 1. 646. 2. 643. 1. 462, 3. 2. 568. 1. 440, 3. 2. 434. 3. 485, 2. 1. 426, 1. 2. 135. 3. 448, 1. 4. 643, 3. P. 27. P. 28. P. 29. P. 30. P. 31. P. 32. P. 33. P. 31. P. 35. P. 36. P. 37. P. 38. N. 1. 2. N. 1. 2. N. 1. 2. 3. N. 1. N. 1. N. 1. 2. 3. 4. N. 1. 2. N. 1. 2. N. 1. 2. N. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. N. 1. 2. 3. N 628. 440,3. 628. 473, 1. 434. 426, 3. 485, 3. 630. 425, 2. 488,2. 440,2. 475. 473, 3. 483. 639. 476. 429. 603, 2. 642. 643. 417. 567. 433. 489. 485,2. 636,1. 531. 480. REFERENCES 243 p. 39. N. 1. 564, III. 4. 434. P. 71. N. 1. 427. 2. 425, 4, N. 5. 426, 6. 2. 450. 3. 447. P. 57. N. 1. 568, 7. P. 72. N. 1. 442, 1. P. 40. N. 1. 439. 2. 440, 2. 2. 628. P. 73. N. 1. 426, 4. 3. 628. p. 58. N. 1. 630. P. 74. N. 1. 630. 2. 417. 2. 469,2. P. 41. N. 1. 467. • 3. 426, 1. P. 75. N. 1. 626. P. 42. N. 1. 479, 3. 4. 473, 2. 2. 588, II 2. 639. 5. 570. 2. 471. 3. 440, 2. P. 59. N. 1. 621. P. 77. N. 1. 591, 1. P. 43. N. 1. 475, 3. 2. 392. P. 78. N. 1. 508, 3. P. 44. N. 1. 588, II. P. 60. N. 1. 591, 1. 2. 468,3. P. 45. N. 1. 598. 2. 647. P. 79. N. 1. 479, 1. 2. 600, II. 3. 579. P. 80. N. 1. 486, 1. 3. 426, 3. 4. 477. P. 81. N. 1. 430. P. 46. N. 1. 533. P. 61. N. 1. 488, 2. P. 83. N. 1. 425, 2. 2. 567. 2. 3. 420, 2. 498. P. 84. N. 1. 475. P. 47. N. 1. 462. P. 85. N. 1. 622. 2. 425, 2. P. 62. N. 1. 426, 3. P. 86. N. 1. 447. 3. 430. 2. 426, 1. 2. 440,3. 4. 444. 3. 458, 3. 5. 570. P. 87. N. 1. 477. P. 63. N. 1. 425, 4, N. 2. 456, 3. P. 48. N. 1. 638, 3. 2. 571, 3. 3. 475. 2. 468, 3. P. 89. N. 1. 434. P. 64. N. 1. 598. P. 90. N. a. 458, 3. 4. 463. 2. 429. P. 91. N. 1. 450. 5. 649, II. P. 65. N. 1. 488, 2. P. 92. N. 1. 592, 1. P. 49. N. 1. 442. 2. 434. P. 93. N. 1. 591, 1. 2. 533. 3. 471. 2. 598. P. 50. N. 1. 462. 3. P. 66. N. 1. 473, 2. P. 94. N. 1. 476, 1. 2. 418. P. 67. N. 1. 591, 1. P. 95. N. 1. 584. P. 51. N. 1. 434. P. 68. N. 1. 440,3. P. 96. N. 1. 479, 2. P. 52. N. 1. 442. 2. 434. 2. 238. P. 54. N. 1. 626. P. 69. N. 1. 579. P. 98. N. 1. 430, 1. P. 55. N. 1. 440, 2. 2. 480. P. 99. N. 1. 481. 2. 444. 3. 175, 4. 2. 591, 1. P. 56. N. 1. 440, 3. 4. 448, 1. 3. 579. 2. 427. P. 70. N. 1. 477. P. 100. N. 1. 434. 3. 588, II. 2. 598, 1. P. 101. N.l. 456,3. TYPOGRAPHY BY J. 6 . CU8HINQ & CO., NOR^ VOOD, MASS. Cicero^s Laelius De Amicitia EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY JOHN K. 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