AN;. 
 
 4<.,2 

 
 PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH.
 
 ' 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH: 
 
 A DIALECT OF SOUTH GERMAN WITH AN 
 
 INFUSION OF ENGLISH. 
 
 S. S. HALDEMAIST, A.M. 
 
 PROFESSOR OP COMPARATIVE PHILOLOOY IN THE UN1VKESITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 LONDON: 
 TRUBNER & CO., 8 AND 60, PATERNOSTER ROW. 
 
 1872. 
 All Rights reserved.
 
 HEKTFOBD t 
 FEINTED BY STEPHEN AtSTIN AND SONS.
 
 NOTICE. 
 
 WHILE I was engaged with the third part of my Early 
 English Pronunciation, Prof. Haldeman sent me a reprint 
 of some humorous letters by Rauch, entitled Pennsylvania/I 
 Deitsh. De Campain Breefa fum Pit Schicefflebrenner un de 
 Bevvy, si alty, gepublished oily woch in "Father Abraham" 
 Perceiving at once the analogy between this debased German 
 with English intermixture, and Chaucer's debased Anglo- 
 saxon with Norman intermixture, I requested and obtained 
 such further information as enabled me to give an account 
 of this singular modern reproduction of the manner in which 
 our English language itself was built up, and insert it in 
 the introduction to my chapter on Chaucer's pronunciation, 
 Early English Pronunciation, pp. 652-663. But I felt it 
 would be a loss to Philology if this curious living example 
 of a mixture of languages were dismissed with such a 
 cursory notice, and I therefore requested Prof. Haldeman, 
 who by birth and residence, philological and phonetic 
 knowledge, was so well fitted for the task, to draw up a 
 more extended notice, as a paper to be read before the 
 Philological Society of London. Hence arose the follow- 
 ing little treatise, of which I, for my own part, can only 
 regret the brevity. But the Philological Society, having 
 recently exhausted most of its resources by undertaking the 
 publication of several extra volumes, was unable to issue 
 another of such length, and hence the present Essay appears 
 independently. Owing to his absence from England and 
 my own connexion with the paper, which I communicated 
 and read to the Philological Society, on 3 June, 1870, Prof. 

 
 VI NOTICE. 
 
 Haldeman requested me to superintend the printing of his 
 essay, and add anything that might occur to me. This will 
 account for a few footnotes signed with my name. The 
 Professor was fortunately able to examine one revise him- 
 self, so, that though I am mainly responsible for the press 
 work, I hope that the errors may be very slight 
 
 Sufficient importance does not seem to have been hitherto 
 attached to watching the growth and change of living lan- 
 guages. We have devoted our philological energies to the 
 study of dead tongues which we could not pronounce, and 
 have therefore been compelled to compare by letters rather 
 than by sounds, and which we know only in the form im- 
 pressed upon them by scholars of various times. The form 
 in which they were originally written is for ever concealed. 
 The form in which they appear in the earliest manuscripts 
 has practically never been published, but has to be painfully 
 collected from a mass of various readings. The form we 
 know is a critical, conjectural form, patched up by men 
 distinguished for scholarship, but for the most part entirely 
 ignorant of the laws which govern the changes of speech. 
 The very orthography is medieval. We are thus enabled 
 to see as little of the real genesis of language, in form, in 
 sound, in grammatical and logical construction, in short in 
 the real pith of philological investigation the relation of 
 thought to speech-sounds as the study of a full-grown 
 salmon would enable us to judge of the marvellous develop- 
 ment of that beautiful fish. Such studies as the present 
 will, I hope, serve among others to stimulate exertion in 
 the new direction. We cannot learn life by studying fossils 
 alone. 
 
 ALEX. J. ELLIS. 
 
 KENSINGTON, 
 
 23 APRIL, 1872.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER. 
 
 I. People, History, Location, Condition, pp. 1-6. 
 
 II. Phonology, pp. 7-16. 
 
 1. Use of the Alphabet, p. 7. 
 
 2. Vowels, p. 8. 
 
 3. Dipthongs, p. 9. 
 
 4. Nasal Vowels and Dipthongs, p. 10. 
 
 5. Consonants, p. 11. 
 
 6. Stein or Schtein?p. 12. 
 
 7. Vowel changes, p. 13. 
 
 8. Dipthong changes, p. 14. 
 
 9. "Words lengthened, p. 15. 
 
 10. "Words shortened, p. 15. 
 
 III. Vocabulary (of peculiar words), pp. 17-23. 
 
 IV. Gender, pp. 24-27. 
 
 1. Gender of English "Words in Pennsylvania German, 
 
 p. 24. 
 2. The German Genders, p. 26. 
 
 V. 1. The English Infusion, p. 28. 
 2. Newspapers, p. 29. 
 
 VI. Syntax, pp. 34-40. 
 
 VII. Comparisons with other Dialects, pp. 41-48. 
 
 1. PG. not Swiss, p. 41. PG. Poem, p. 42. 
 2. PG. not Bavarian. Specimen, with PG. transla- 
 tion, p. 43. 
 
 3. PG. not Suabian, p. 44. Curious colloquy, p. 44. 
 4. PG. not Alsatian, p. 45. German-French example, 
 
 p. 46. 
 
 5. PG. is akin to several South German Dialects, p. 
 46. Examples, p. 47.
 
 Vlll CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTEE. 
 
 VIII. Examples of PG., pp. 49-56. 
 
 1 . "Wilder aa ( geschmiirt ! (Prose), p. 49. 
 2. Wii kummt as ? (Prose), p. 52. 
 3. Will widd'r Biiwali sei, (Verse), p. 55. 
 4. Anglicised German (Prose), p. 56. 
 
 IX. English influenced by German, pp. 57-63. 
 1. German words introduced, p. 57. 
 2. Family names modified, p. 60. 
 
 X. Imperfect English, pp. 64-69. 
 1. Broken English, p. 64. 
 2. The Breitmann Ballads, p. 66.
 
 PENNSYLVANISCH DEITSCH. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PEOPLE HISTORY LOCATION CONDITION. 
 
 The reciprocal influence of languages affords an interesting 
 subject of investigation, and it is the object of this essay to 
 present an outline of a dialect which has been formed within 
 a century, and which continues to be spoken, subject to the 
 influences which developed it. Of such languages, English, 
 Wallachian, and Hindustani, are familiar examples. 
 
 Like other languages, the dialect of German known as 
 Pennsylvania Dutch presents variations due to the limited 
 intercourse of a widely-scattered agricultural population, and 
 to the several dialects brought from abroad, chiefly from the 
 region of the Upper Rhine, and the Neckar, the latter furnish- 
 ing the Suabian or Rhenish Bavarian element. The language 
 is therefore South German, as brought in by emigrants from 
 Rhenish Bavaria, Baden, Alsace (Alsatia), Wurtemberg, Ger- 
 man Swisserland, and Darmstadt. There were also natives 
 from other regions, with certain French Neutrals deported from 
 Nova Scotia to various parts of the United States, including 
 the county (Lancaster) where the materials for this essay have 
 been collected. These, and probably some families with 
 French names from Alsace, are indicated by a few proper 
 names, like Roberdcau, Lebo, Deshong and Shunk (both for 
 Dejean), and an occasional word like juschtamtnnt (in German 
 spelling), the French justement, but which a native might take 
 for a condensation ofjiist-an-dem-ende.
 
 2 PEOPLE, HISTORY, LOCATION. CHAP. I. 
 
 Welsh names like Jenkins, Evans, Owen, Foulke, Griffith, 
 Morgan, and Jones occur, with the township names of Breck- 
 nock, Caernarvon, Lampeter, Leacock ('Lea' as lay}, and in 
 the next county of Chester Gwinedd and Tredyffrin; but 
 there seems to have been no fusion between Welsh and Ger- 
 man, probably because the Welsh may have spoken English. 
 Local names like Hanover, Heidelberg and Manheim, indicate 
 whence some of the early residents came. 
 
 The French-American mile appears in German Pennsyl- 
 vania, in Bechtelville, Engelsville, Greshville, Lederachsville, 
 Scherksville, Schwenksville, Silberlingsville, Wernersville, Zieg- 
 lerville ; paralleled by the English town in Kutztown, Mertz- 
 town, Schafferstown,Straustown; burg in Ickesburg, Landisburg, 
 Rehrersburg ; and the German dorf has a representative in 
 Womehdorf. 
 
 Pennsylvania German does not occur in the counties along 
 the northern border of the state, but it has extended into 
 Maryland, Western Virginia, Ohio, and farther west ; and it 
 has some representatives in western New York, and even in 
 Canada. In many of the cities of the United States, such as 
 Pittsburg, Chica'go, Cincinnati, and Saint Louis, recent large 
 accessions from Germany have brought in true German, and 
 to such an extent that the German population of the city of 
 New York is said to exceed that of every European city ex- 
 cept Berlin and Vienna. The newer teutonic population dif- 
 fers from the older in living to a great extent in the towns, 
 where they are consumers of beer and tobacco luxuries to 
 which the older stock and their descendants were and are but 
 little addicted. The numerous allusions to the ' Fatherland ' 
 to be met with, belong to the foreign Germans the natives 
 caring no more for Germany than for other parts of Europe, 
 for they are completely naturalised, notwithstanding their 
 language. 
 
 Several thousand Germans had entered Pennsylvania before 
 the year 1689, when a steady stream of emigration set in, and 
 it is stated that their number was 100,000 in 1742, and 
 280,000 in 1763. They occupied a region which has located 
 the Pennsylvania dialect chiefly to the south-east of the Alle-
 
 CHAP. I. PEOPLE, HISTORY, LOCATION. 
 
 ghenies, excluding several counties near Philadelphia. Ger- 
 mantown, six miles from Philadelphia, although settled by 
 Germans, seems to have lost its German character. The lan- 
 guage under the name of ' Pennsylvania Dutch ' is used by a 
 large part of the country population, and may be constantly 
 heard in the county towns of Easton on the Delaware, Read- 
 ing (i.e. red-ing) on the Schuylkill, Allentown on the Lehigh, 
 Harrisburg (the State capital) on the Susquehanna, Lebanon, 
 Lancaster, and York. 
 
 A fair proportion of the emigrants, including the clergy, 
 were educated, and education has never been neglected among 
 them. The excellent female boarding schools of the Mora- 
 vians were well supported, not only by the people of the in- 
 terior, but also by the English-speaking population of the large 
 cities, and of the Southern States a support which prevented 
 the German accent of some of the teachers from being imitated 
 by the native teutonic pupils for the education was in Eng- 
 lish, although German and French were taught. Booksellers 
 find it to their advantage to advertise the current German 
 and English literature in the numerous German journals of the 
 interior, and there is a Deutsch-Amerikanisches Conversations 
 Lexicon in course of publication, which gives the following 
 statistics of one of the German counties. 
 
 " The German element is strongly and properly represented in Allentown, and 
 in Lehigh county generally, where the German language has retained its greatest 
 purity, and so strong is this element, that in the city itself there are but few 
 persons who speak English exclusively- An evidence of this is found in the 
 fact that in seventy of the eighty Christian congregations in the county, some of 
 which are over one hundred years old, Divine service is conducted in the German 
 language. Allentown has seven German churches : (two Lutheran, one Re- 
 formed, two Methodist, one United Brethren, and one Catholic) ; and nine Ger 
 man journals, of which arc published weekly Der Uiuibhangige l Republikaner 
 (fifty-nine years old), Der Friedensbote (fifty-seven years old), Der Lecha County 
 Patriot (forty-three years old), Der Weltbote (fifteen years old, with 12,000 sub- 
 scribers), and Die Lutheriscfie Zeitschrift. The Stadl- tind Land-Bole is a daily, 
 the Jugendfreund semi-monthly, with twenty thousand subscribers ; and Pastor 
 Brobst's Theologischen Monatshefte is monthly. Since the beginning of the 
 year 1869, the German language has been taught in the public schools."* The 
 Reading Adler is in its seventy-fourth, and the Lancaster Volksfreund in its. 
 sixty-second year. Dec. 1869. 
 
 1 Un-ab-hang-ig, un-off-hang-ing, in-de-pend-ent, Polish nie-za-wis-ty. 
 z Allentown has just completed one of the finest public school buildings in 
 Eastern Pennsylvania. Newspaper, February, 1870.
 
 4 PEOPLE, HISTORY, LOCATION. CHAP. I. 
 
 The convenient quarto German almanacs (with a printed 
 page of about five and a half by seven and a half inches in 
 size), were preferred to the duodecimo English almanacs, even 
 among the non-Germans, until the appearance of English 
 almanacs in the German format about the year 1825. 
 
 The early settlers were extensive purchasers and occupiers 
 of land, and being thus widely scattered, and having but few 
 good roads, the uniformity of the language is greater than 
 might have been supposed possible. These people seldom be- 
 came merchants and lawyers, and in the list of attorneys 
 admitted in Lancaster County, commencing with the year 1729, 
 the names are English until 1769, when Hubley and Weitzel 
 appear. From 1793 to 1804, of fifty-two names, three are 
 German ; from 1825 to 1835, twenty-four names give Reigart 
 and Long (the latter anglicised). After 1860 the proportion 
 is greater, for among the nine attorneys admitted in 1866, we 
 find the German names of Urich, Loop, Kauffrnan, Reincehl, 
 Seltzer, and Miller. At the first school I attended as a child, 
 there were but three English family names, and in the play- 
 ground, English and German games were practised, such as 
 'blumsak'(G. plumpsack), ' Prisoner's base,' and 'Hink'1-wai 1 
 was graabscht du do ? ' which was never played with the col- 
 loquy translated. 
 
 Pennsylvania Dutch (so called because Germans call them- 
 selves Deutsch 2 ) is known as a dialect which has been corrupted 
 or enriched by English words and idioms under a pure or modi- 
 fied pronunciation, and spoken by natives, some of them know- 
 ing no other language, but most of them speaking or under- 
 standing English. Many speak both languages vernacularly, 
 with the pure sounds of each, as in distinguishing German tod 
 
 1 As if 'hiihn-kel weihe' chicken hawk, 'wai' rhyming with boy. 
 
 2 In an article on (the) "Pennsylvania Dutch" in the 'Atlantic Monthly' 
 (Boston, Mass., Oct., 1869, p. 473), it is asserted that "the tongue which these 
 people speak is not German, nor do they expect you to call it so." On the con- 
 trary, the language is strictly a German dialect, as these pages prove. The mis- 
 take" has arisen from the popular confusion between the terms Dutch and German, 
 which are synonymous with many. In Albany (New York) they speak of the 
 Double Dutch Church, which seems to have been formed by the fusion of a 
 'German Reformed' with a ' Dutch Reformed' congregation. These are different 
 denominations, now greatly anglicised. In 1867 the Rev. J. C. Dutch er was a 
 Dutch Reformed pastor in New York.
 
 CHAP. I. PEOPLE, HISTORY, LOCATION. 5 
 
 (death) from English toad; or English winter from German 
 mnter, with a different w, a lengthened , a flat t, and a 
 trilled r four distinctions which are natural to my own 
 speech. Children, even when very young, may speak English 
 entirely with their parents, and German with their grand- 
 parents, and of two house-painters (father and son) the father 
 always speaks German and the son English, whether speaking 
 together, or with others. The males of a family being more 
 abroad than the females, learn English more readily, and 
 while the father, mother, daughters, and servants may speak 
 German, father and son may speak English together naturally, 
 and not with a view to have two languages, as in Russia. 
 Foreign Germans who go into the interior usually fall into the 
 local dialect in about a year, and one remarked that he did so 
 that he might not be misunderstood. Some of these, after a 
 residence of fifteen or twenty years, speak scarcely a sentence 
 of English, and an itinerant piano-tuner, whose business has 
 during many years taken him over the country, says that he 
 has not found a knowledge of English necessary. 
 
 The English who preceded the Germans in Pennsylvania 
 brought their names of objects with them, calling a thrush 
 with a red breast a robin ; naming a bird not akin to any 
 thrush a blackbird ; and assigning to a yellow bird the name 
 of goldfinch, but adopting a few aboriginal names like racoon, 
 hackee and possum. The Germans did this to some extent, 
 for blackbird saying 'schtaar' (G. staar, 1 starling,) for the 
 gold/inch (oriole) ' goldamschl,' for the thrush (G. drossel) 
 ' druschl,' for a woodpecker t specht ' (the German name), and 
 for a crow ' krap.' 
 
 The ground-squirrel is named ' fensemeissli ' (fence-mouse- 
 lin, fence being English) j a large grey squirrel is called ' eech- 
 haas ' (for eich-hase, oak-hare) ; and in Austria a squirrel is 
 akatzel and achkatzel (oak-kitten). The burrowing marmot 
 (Arctomys monax), known as ground-hog, is called 'grun'daks' 
 (from a fancied analogy with the German dachs or badger) and 
 
 1 Words in single Quotations are Pennsylvania German. The system of spell- 
 ing is described in the next chapter. High German words are commonly in 
 italics, or marked G.
 
 6 PEOPLE, HISTORY, LOCATION. CHAP. I. 
 
 in York County ' grundsau,' a translation of the English name. 
 The English patridge (partridge, Dutch patrijs) is Germanised 
 into ' pattareesali ' also called ' feld-hinkli ' (little field- 
 chicken), hinkl being universally used for chicken or chickens. 
 
 The usual perversions by otosis occur, as in the city of Bal- 
 timore, where foreign Germans say ' Ablass ' for Annapolis 
 and ' Kalber Strasze' (Street of Calves) for Calvert Street but 
 the citizens themselves have replaced the vowel of what with 
 that of //, in the first syllable of this name ; and the people of 
 New York now pronounce ' Beekman Street ' with the sylla- 
 ble beak instead of bake according to the earlier practice. 
 
 A German botanist gave ' Gandoge ' as the locality of an 
 American plant ; a package sent by express to ' Sevaber' (an 
 English name), and a letter posted to the town of ' Scur E 
 Quss, Nu Yourck,' arrived safely ; and I have seen a hand- 
 board directing the traveller to the English-named town of 
 'Bintgrof.' As these present no special difficulty, they are 
 not explained. 
 
 English rickets for ' rachitis ' is a familiar example of otosis, 
 and it appears in the following names of drugs furnished by a 
 native druggist who speaks both languages, and who was able 
 to determine the whole from the original prescriptions. 
 
 Allaways, Barrickgorrick, Sider in de ment, Essig of Iseck, 
 Hirim Packer, Cinment, Cienpepper, Sension, Saintcun, Opien, 
 High cyrap, Seno and mano misct, Sking, Coroces suple- 
 ment, Bed presepeite, Ammeline, Lockwouth, Absom's salts, 
 Mick nisey, Corgel, Chebubs, By crematarter potash, Balder- 
 yon, Lower beans, Cots Shyneel.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 PHONOLOGY OF PENNSYLVANIA DUTCH. 
 1. Use of the Alphabet. 
 
 In his "Key into the Languages of America," London, 
 1643, Roger Williams says that " the life of all language is 
 pronuntiation" and in the comparison of dialects it deserves 
 especial attention. To enable the reader the more readily to 
 understand these pages, and to compare the words with literary 
 German, the principles of German orthography will be used 
 as far as they are consistent, but every letter or combination 
 is in every case to be pronounced according to the power here 
 indicated except in literal quotations, where the originals are 
 followed. A single vowel letter is always to be read short, 
 and when doubled it must have the same sound, but length- 
 ened but as a single vowel letter is often read long in Ger- 
 man, and as short vowels are often indicated by doubling a 
 consonant letter, this absurd mode is sometimes used to pre- 
 vent mispronunciation through carelessness. 1 The ' s ' is also 
 sometimes doubled to prevent it from becoming English ' z ' 
 with readers who, in careless moods, might rhyme * as ' (as) 
 with has instead of fosse. In a PG. poem of Rachel Bahn, 
 commencing with 
 
 " Wie soothing vocal music is ! 
 Wie herrlich un wie schoe !" 
 
 1 For example, as the vowel of German schaf is long, the PG. word ' schaf leit,' 
 which occurs in a quoted passage farther on, would be likely to be read ' schaaf leit' 
 (sheep-people or shepherds) instead of ' schaffleit ' (work-people), although it 
 is stated that in the spelling used, a vowel mutt not be made long unless its 
 letter is doubled. " This tendency, and a trick of reading words like nisbut, 
 relation, qismut, fortune, as if written nizbut, qizmut, should be carefully guarded 
 against. . . . Even is, as, rusm, will, in spite of the caveat, . . . become again 
 in his mouth iz, az, ruzin, rather than the iss, auss, russm, intended." Gilchrist, 
 1806.
 
 8 USE OF ALPHABET. CHAF. II. $ 1, 2. 
 
 most English readers would be likely to rhyme ' is ' with phiz 
 instead of hiss, which will be prevented by writing ' iss, 1 etc. 
 
 Although I have visited various counties of the State at 
 distant intervals, the facts given here pertain chiefly to a 
 single locality, so that if it is stated, for example, that 's' 
 with its English sound in ' misery ' does not occur, or that 
 ' kap ' (head) is used to the exclusion of haupt, it is not in- 
 tended to assert that such a sound as 2, or such a word as 
 haupt, have not a local existence. In fact, although they are 
 not recorded here, English 2, w, and v, may be common 
 enough. A German confounds met and mat, cheer and jeer, 
 and when he becomes able to pronounce them all, he not un- 
 frequently creates a new difficulty, and for cherry says jarry 
 (rhyming carry), and after he has acquired sounds like Eng- 
 lish z, w, and v, they might readily slip into his German 
 speech. 
 
 The letter b and its spirant (German w) both occur, and 
 the latter often replaces b, in one region ' ich haw ' (I have) 
 replaces ' ich hab,' German ich habe, and ' nit ' replaces ' net ' 
 (not), German nicht. The vowels of up and ope interchange, 
 as in ' kach' or ' koch' (cook) 'nach ' or ' noch * (yet) ; and it 
 is difficult to determine whether the prefixes ge- and be- have 
 the vowel of bet or but. Lastly, the nasal vowels are by 
 some speakers pronounced pure. Should discrepancies be 
 found upon these points, they are to be attributed rather to 
 the dialect than to the writer or to the two conjointly. 
 
 | 2. The Vowek. 
 
 E. indicates English; G. German; SG. South German; 
 PG. Pennsylvania German (or ' Dutch') 4 .a preceding dot 
 indicates what would be a capital letter in common print. It 
 is used where capital forms have not been selected, as for ae. 
 
 a in what, not ; PG. kat (G. gehabt) had ; kats cat. 
 
 aa (ah ') in fall, orb ; PG. haas hare ; paar pair ; haan (G. hahn) cock ; tsaam 
 (G. zaum) bridle. 
 
 a in a-isle, height, out. In a few cases it is written a. See under the dip- 
 thongs. 
 
 1 High German letters which represent PG. sounds are in parentheses.
 
 CHAP. II. M 2, 3. VOWELS, DIPTHONGS. 9 
 
 & (a, e 1 ) in fat ; hser (G. Herr) Sir ; dser (and d'r, G. der) the ; haern (G. 
 
 him) brain ; schtaern, pi. schtaerna (G. stern) star ; maer (G. mahre) 
 
 mare; aerscht (G. erst)Jirst; waerts-haus (G. wirtshaus) inn. 
 aeae (a, ah) in baa, the preceding rowel lengthened. 1 PG. baeser (G. bar) bear ; 
 
 kaeaer E. car. 
 e (a, b) in bet ; PG. bet bed ; net (G. nicht) not ; apnema (G. abnahme decline) 
 
 PG. a wasting disease ; het (G. hatte had), which, with some other words, 
 
 will sometimes be written with a (hatt) to aid the reader. In a few cases 
 
 it is lengthened (as in there), when it is written e, as in French, 
 ee (ii, ah, eh, b) in ale ; PG. meel (G. mehl) meal ; eel (G. bl) oil. 
 9 (e, o, a) in but, mention ; 2 PG. kap (G. kopf) head ; las (G. lasz) let, hawa 
 
 (a short, G. baben) to have. 
 i (ii, ie, b) in finny; niks (G. niehts) nothing; tsrik (G. zuriick) back; 
 
 miglich (G. mbglich) possible ; lit'rlich (G. liederlich) riotous. 
 ii (ih, ie, ii) in feel ; fiil (G. viel) much ; dii (G. die) the ; riiwa (G. rube) 
 
 turnip ; wiischt (G. wiist, ii long) nasty. It is the French i, which is 
 
 sometimes used in these pages. 
 
 o in o-mit ; los loose ; hofhung hope. English o pronounced quickly, 
 oo in door, home ; wool (G. wohl) well ; groo (G. grau) grey. 
 u in full, foot ; mus (G. musz) must ; fun (G. von) of. 
 uu (uh) in fool ; kuu (G. kuh) cow ; guut (G. gut) good. 
 
 The true * a' of arm does not occur, except approximately 
 in the initial of au and ei. The proper sounds of ii, 6, ii are 
 absent, and if these letters are used in a few cases to enable 
 the reader to recognise words, the two former will be restricted 
 to syllables having the vowel sound in met^ and ' ii ' to such 
 as have that in. fit. 
 
 3. The Dipthongs. 
 
 ei (eu) in h'ght, atsle, German ei, with the initial ' a ' (italic) of Mr. Ellis 
 (in his Early English Protiunciation), ' eu ' has the same power in PG. 
 
 ai in boy, oil ; somewhat rare, but present in the names Buyer, Moyer (from 
 Meyer), ai (G ei) egg ; ajar (aajar, aijar) eggs ; hai (G. heu) hay ; bai 
 (sounding like E. boy, and from E.) pie ; wai (G. weihe) hawk. Literary 
 German has it in ' baume ' trees, and eu ' (which is properly ai) is usually 
 confounded with it in German. 
 
 ai, which Mr. Ellis (ibid.) gives as the power of English 'ai' (aisle) in London, 
 occurs in the PG. exclamation ' hai,' used in driving cows, and naturalised 
 in the vicinal English. Slavonic has (in German spelling) huj, and Hun- 
 garian hii, used in driving swine. Compare Schmidt, "Westerwald. Idiot., 
 p. 276. 
 
 1 The long vowel used by native speakers in Bath, Somersetshire, England. 
 
 2 These two powers are not quite the same.
 
 10 NASAL VOWELS AND DIPTHONGS. CHAP. II. 4. 
 
 au in house ; G. haus, PG. haus. English ' ou ' is thus pronounced in adopted 
 words like ' County,' or ' Caunty,' ' Township' or ' Taunschip.' 
 
 Care must be taken not to confound the initial of these pairs, for G. and 
 PG. 'eis' (ice) and *aus' (out) have the same initial vowel, while 'aistar' 
 would spell oyster. 
 
 4. Nasal Vowels and Dipthongs. 
 
 PG. is not a harsh dialect, like Swiss. It has, however, 
 the Suabian feature of nasal vowels, 1 but to a less extent. 
 They will be indicated with Q a modification of the Polish 
 mode. This nasality replaces a lost n (but not a lost m), and 
 it does not pervert the vowel or dipthong, as in the French 
 un, mn, as compared with une, vinaigre. Nor does it affect all 
 vowels which have been followed by n, for most of them remain 
 pure. Nasal ' ee ' (in they, French e) is very common, but 
 does not occur in French, and French un does not occur in PG. 
 Being unaware of the existence of this feature, the writers of 
 the dialect neglect it in the printed examples, which makes it 
 difficult for a foreigner to comprehend them, because a word 
 like ' aa ' (the English syllable awe) "would stand for G. auch 
 (also), and when nasal (aa,) for G. an (on) ; and ' schtee ' 
 would represent both the German slehe and stein, as in saying 
 ' I stand on the stone' 
 
 G. Ich stehe auf dem stein. PG. ich schtee uf m schtee { . 
 
 The following words afford examples : 
 
 aa,-fang-a (G. anfangen) to begin ; alee, (G. allein) alone ; schee, (G. schon) 
 handsome; bee, (G. bein, pi. beine) leg, legs; kee ( (G. kein) none; grii, (G. 
 griin) green ; duu, (G. thun) to do. "Was hat ssr geduu, P (G. Was hat er 
 gethan ?) what has he done? mei ( (G. mein, meine) my; dei ( (G. dein) thy; 
 nei, (G. hinein) within ; ei, being the only nasal dipthong. 
 
 The obscurity arising from a neglect of the nasal vowels 
 appears in the following lines 
 
 " Die amshel singt so huebsch un' feih, 
 
 Die lerch sie duht ihr lied ah neih;" . . . 
 " Awhaemle duht mich eppes noh." Rachel JSahn. 
 
 Final n is not always rejected, but remains in many words, 
 among which are 'in' in; 'bin' am; ' un 1 and; 'iin'(him) 
 
 1 Indicated in 1860 in my Analytic Orthography, 661-3, and in my note to 
 A. J. Ellis' s Early English Pronunciation, 1869, p. 655, note 2, col. 2. "The 
 lost final n is commonly recalled by a nasal vowel."
 
 CHAP. II. 5. CONSONANTS. 11 
 
 G. ihn (but hii, for G. hin thither) ; ' fun ' (from) G. von ; 
 'wan 1 (when) ; 'hen 1 (have) G. haben ; 'kan' (can) ; 'schun ' 
 (already) G. schon. 
 
 German infinitives in -en end in -a in PG., a vowel not sub- 
 ject to nasality, so that when G. gehen (to go) remains a dis- 
 syllable it is ' gee'a, 1 but when monosyllabised it becomes 'gee/ 
 this vowel being nasalisable. Similarly, G. zu stehcn (to 
 stand) becomes 'tsu schteea' and 'tsu schtee 4 ;' G. zu thun 
 (to do) may be ' tsu tuu t ' ' tsu tuua, 1 or (with n preserved) 
 ' tsu tuuua,' and G. gehen (to go) may have the same phases. 
 
 5. The Consonants. 
 
 The Germanism of confusing b, p ; t, d ; k, g, is present in 
 PG. and they are pronounced flat, that is, with more of the 
 surface of the organs in contact than in English a character- 
 istic which distinguishes German from languages of the Dutch 
 and Low-Saxon (Plattdeutsch) type. 1 This must be remem- 
 bered in reading the examples, in which the ordinary usage 
 of these letters will be nearly followed. 
 
 The consonants are b, ch, d, f, g (in <?et, <?ive), gh, h, j 
 (English y), k, 1, m, n, ng, p, r (trilled), s (in seal, not as in 
 miser), sch (ins/ap), t, w (a kind of v made with the lips alone). 
 ' ch 1 has the two usual variations as in recM and buch, and its 
 sonant equivalent 'gh 1 (written with 'g 1 in German) presents 
 the same two phases, as in G. regen and bogen. ' ng ' before a 
 
 1 The real physiologkal generation of these flat consonants is very difficult for 
 an Englishman to understand. Dr. C. L. Merkel, of Leipzig, a middle-German, 
 confesses that for a long time he did not understand the pure b, d, not having 
 heard them in his neighbourhood. He distinguishes (Physiologie der Mensch- 
 lichen Sprache, Leipzig, 1866, pp. 146-156), 1. The "soft shut sounds" or 
 media, characterized by an attempt to utter voice before the closure is released, 
 2. " the half-hard shut sounds" or tenues implosiva, characterized by a sound 
 produced by compressing the air in the mouth by the elevation of the larynx, the 
 glottis being closed, which " therefore acts like a piston," followed by the sudden 
 opening of the mouth and glottis, allowing the vowel to pass, (this is his descrip- 
 tion of thejlat sounds, which he says Briicke, a Low-Saxon, reckons among his 
 media;), 3. "the hard explosive shut sounds," characterized by a shut mouth 
 and open glottis through which the unvocalised breath is forced against the 
 closing barrier more strongly than in the last case, but without pressure from the 
 diaphragm ; 4. " the aspirated or sharpened explosive sound," in which the last 
 pressure occurs with a jerk. The compound English distinction, p, b ; t, d ; k, g, 
 seem almost impossible for a middle and south-German to understand. A. J. E.
 
 12 STEIN OR SCHTEIN ? CHAP. II. 6. 
 
 vowel as in singer, hence ' finger ' is fing-er and not fing-ger. 
 'n' before 'k' is like 'ng,' as in G. links (on the left), which 
 is pronounced like an English syllable. Vowels to be repeated 
 are indicated by a hyphen, as in ge-ennart (altered), nei-ich- 
 keit (novelty). 
 
 Should letters be wanted for English j, z, v, w, the first 
 may have dzh, and the others italic z, v, w, with ks for x. 
 
 As the reader of English who speaks PG. can learn the 
 German alphabetic powers in half an hour, PG. should be 
 written on a German basis, and not according to the vagaries 
 of English spelling, with its uncertainty and reckless sacrifice 
 of analogy. In print, PG. should appear in the ordinary 
 roman type, in which so many German books are now pub- 
 lished. 1 
 
 6. Stein or Schtein ? 
 
 The sequents sp, st, are perhaps universally converted into 
 ' schp ' and ' scht ' in PG., as in ' geescht ' for gehest, ' hascht' 
 for hast, ' KaschpV for Caspar, ' schtee/ for stein, and 'schpeck' 
 for speck, all of which are genuine German, as distinguished 
 from Saxon, Anglosaxon, and Hollandish, because S is incom- 
 patible before labials (w, m, p) and dentals (1, n, t) in High 
 German. Hence, where Dutch has zwijn, smidt, and speelen, 
 German has schwein, schmidt, and schpielen ; and for Dutch 
 forms like slijm, snee, and steen, German has schleim, schnee, 
 and schtein ; but as the German uses the conventional spell- 
 ings ' spielen ' and 'stein,' he is apt to fancy that a law of 
 speech is of less importance than the flourishes of a writing- 
 master, or the practice of a printing-office, even when his own 
 speech should teach him the law. 
 
 That German has this feature practically, is proved by the 
 fact that words apparently in sp-, st-, become schp-, scht-, 
 when adopted into Russian, although this language has initial 
 sp-, st-, a transfer of speech rather than of spelling, which is 
 as old as the thirteenth century, when the Old High German 
 
 1 On the inconsistencies of Kauch's Orthography on an English basis, see my 
 note 2, p. 655 of Ellis's Early English Pronunciation.
 
 CHAP. II. $ 7. VOWEL CHANGES. 13 
 
 ' spiliman ' (an actor) went into Old Slavonic as (using Ger- 
 man spelling) 'schpiljinan,* 1 where 'spiljman 1 would have been 
 more in accordance with the genius of the language. 
 
 ^ 7. Vowel Changes. 
 
 Altho the pronunciation of many words is strictly as in 
 High German, there are the following important variations. 
 German a becomes normally the vowel of what and fall, but it 
 has the Swiss characteristic of closing to * o,' as in ' ool ' (eel) 
 G. aal; 'ee, mool ' (once) G. ein mal\ 'woor' (true) G. wahr; 
 'joor"" (year) Q.jahr; 'froogha 1 (to ask) G. fragen ; 'frook' 
 (a question) Gr.frage ; ' doo ' (there) G. da ; * schloofa ' (to sleep) 
 G. schlafen ; ' schtroos ' (street) G. strasze ; ' nooch ' (towards) 
 G. nach ; * hoor' (hair) G. haar, but ' paar ' (pair) and others 
 do not change. 
 
 The vowel of fat occurs in ' kschaer ' (harness) G. geschirr ; 
 'hserpscht 1 (autumn) G. herbst ; faertl (fourth) Gr.viertel; keerl 
 (fellow) G. kerl. 
 
 German ' o ' becomes ' u,' as in ' kuma' (u short, see 2) 
 to come, Austrian kuma, G. kommen ; ' schun ' (already) G. 
 schon ; ' fun ' (of) G. von ; ' wuuna ' (to reside) G. wohnen ; 
 ' wuu ' (where) G. wo ; ' sun n (sun) Austr. sunn, G. sonne ; 
 ' suu/ and ' suun ' (son) G. sohn ; ' numitaag ' and ' nomidaak' 
 (afternoon) G. nachmittag ; 'dunarschtaag ' (thursday) G. don- 
 nerstag ; ' hunich' (honey) G. honig. 
 
 German ' ei ' is often ' ee,' as in ' heem ' (home) G. heim ; 
 'deel' (part) G. theil; 'seef (soap) G. wife; 'bleech' (pale) 
 G. bleich ; eens (one) G. eins; 'tswee' (two) G. zwei. 
 
 Irregular forms appear in 'maulwarf (mole) G. maulwurf; 
 'bles ' (pale, rhyming lace) Gr.blass ; 'siffer' (tippler) G. sdufer; 
 ' schpoot ' (late) G. spat, a long ; ' m'r wella ' (we will) G. wir 
 wollen ; ' dii umeesa ' (the ant) G. die ameise; ' ep,' ' eb ' (whe- 
 ther) G. ob ; ' daerfa ' (to dare) G. durfen ; ' fserichtarlich "" 
 (frightful) G. furchterlich ; ' ich faericht mich dat [or dart, 
 G. dort~\ ana tsu gee { .' I fear me to go yonder. 
 
 'Dat ana 1 is for G. dort hin, 'ana 1 being a Swiss adverb
 
 14 DIPTHONG CHANGES. CHAP. II. 8. 
 
 made of G. an (on, towards), 'dat 1 is not common in PG. 
 and it may have been brought from abroad, as it occurs in 
 Suabiaii 
 
 "Aepfel hott ma dott gsia, wie d' Kirbiss beyiiss;" (Radlof, 2, 10.) (Man 
 hat dort gesehen) Apples have been seen there like (G. Kurbisse, PG. kserapsa) 
 pumpkins with us. 
 
 The foregoing 'ana' appears in Swiss "ume und anne" 
 (thither and hither) where 'ume, 1 Austr. 'uma,' is from G. 
 um (about). Stalder refers ' anne 1 to G. an-hin, and Swiss 
 'abe 1 to ab-hin. Schmid (Schwab. Wb., p. 23) has ane, 
 dortane, dettane. Schmeller (Bayer. Wb. 1869, p. 91) cites 
 Graff (1, 499), for Ohg. ostana (from the East), and Grimm 
 (3, 205). 
 
 While PG. 'alt' and 'kalt' (old, cold, a in what) have 
 the comparatives 'eltar 1 'keltar, 1 the influence of r in ' karts' 
 (short), G. hurz, and 'hart' (hard), produces ' kaertsar ' and 
 ' haertar, 1 instead of G. kurzer and hdrter. Long a becomes 
 long u in G. samen (seed), PG. 'suuma.' 
 
 8. Dipthong Changes. 
 
 German 'au' sometimes becomes 'aa 1 (in call), as in PG. 
 'laafo' (to walk) G. laufen ; 'glaaba 1 (to believe) G. glauben; 
 'kaafa 1 (to buy) G. kaufen; ' tsaam 1 (bridle) G. zaum ; ' traam 1 
 (dream) G. traum ; ' fraa ' (wife, woman) G. frau, PG. pi. 
 ' weiwar,' because, as the German plural of frauen could not 
 well make 'fraaa,' the plural of weib was preferred. 
 
 German ' au ' remains in PG. ' plaum ' (plum) G. pflaume ; 
 ' daum ' (thumb) ; ' haufa * (heap) ; ' saufa ' (to sup) ; ' haus ' 
 (house) ; 'taub' (dove) G. taube ; 'aus* (out) ; 'ftiuscht' (fist). 
 
 German ' au ' becomes ' oo ' (Eng. floor) in PG. ' groo' (grey) 
 an earlier form of G. grau ; ' bloo' (blue) G. blau ; and the name 
 'Stauffer' is sometimes pronounced 'stoof'r.' 
 
 In the plural, ' au ' becomes ' ei,' as in PG. ' haus,' pi. 
 ' heiser ;' ' maus ' pi. ' meis ;' ' laus ' pi. ' leis j 1 ' maul ' (mouth) 
 pi. 'meiler' G. pi. mauler; 'gaul,' pi. 'geil,' G. pi. gdule 
 (horses) ; ' sau ' (sow, hog), pi. ' sei,' G. pi. sdue, sauen. 
 
 When 'au 1 has become 'aa 1 the German plural du becomes 
 ' ee/as in ' beem' (trees) G. bdume; 'tseem 1 (bridles) G. zdiime.
 
 CHAP. II. $ 9, 10. WORDS LENGTHENED AND SHORTENED. 15 
 
 ' Floo,' (jr. fah (flea) pi. 'flee' for G. flohe, is due to the 
 fact that German long 6 is replaced by ee. 
 
 German au is u in the earlier PG. ' uf ' (up) G. auf, found 
 in Swisserland and other localities ; but ' haus ' is not hus, and 
 ' maul ' is not mul as in Swiss. 
 
 9. Words lengthened. 
 
 Some monosyllables are dissyllabised under the influence of 
 trilled r, and of / (which is akin to r), as in ' Jar'ik ' (York) ; 
 ' Jaer'ik,' German Oeorg (George), perhaps the only example 
 of the Berlin change of G to (German) J. 
 
 PG. 
 
 G. 
 
 E. 
 
 PG. 
 
 G. 
 
 E. 
 
 schtar'ik 
 
 stark 
 
 strong 
 
 dar'ich 
 
 durch 
 
 through 
 
 mar'ikt 
 
 markt 
 
 market 
 
 kar'ap 
 
 korb 
 
 basket 
 
 aer'awat 
 
 arbeit 
 
 work 
 
 baer'ik 
 
 berg 
 
 hill 
 
 kaor'ich 
 
 kirche 
 
 church 
 
 mil'ich 
 
 milch 
 
 milk 
 
 karrich 
 
 karren 
 
 cart 
 
 kal'icb. 
 
 kalk 
 
 lime 
 
 geena 
 
 gehen 
 
 to go 
 
 genunk 
 
 genug 
 
 enough 
 
 reeghara 
 
 regnen 
 
 to rain 
 
 wammas 
 
 wamms 
 
 jacket 
 
 PG. g^seena (seen) G. gesehen, occurs in South German, as 
 in the following (Badlof 2, 100), which closely resembles PG. 
 
 .... vun der Zit an bet me niks me vun em g'sehne un g'hort. From that 
 time on, (' me" ' G. man) one (hat) has seen and heard nothing (' me ' G. mehr) 
 more of him. 
 
 G. Es fa'ngt an zu regnen und zu schneien. PG. es fangt (not fangt) aa, tsu 
 reeghara un tsu schneea. It begins to rain and to snow. 
 
 10. Words shortened. 
 
 Condensation is effected by absorption, as of d by n in 
 ' wunar ' (wonder) G. wimder ; and of f by p in ' kap * (head) 
 G. kopf; by the elision of consonants (an Austrian feature) 
 as in 'wet 1 (would) G. wo lite ; 'net" 1 (not) G. nicht. 
 
 By elision of vowels (particularly final e) as in 'schuul' 
 (school) G. schule, f tsamma ' (together) G. zusammen ; and by 
 shortening vowels, as in ' siw'o ' (seven) G. sieben ; ' gew'e ' 
 (to give) Gr.geben; G. heurathen (to marry), Suab. heuren, 
 PG. 'heiara'; G. gleich (like) PG. 'glei'; ' tsimlich 1 (toler- 
 able) G. zicmUch.
 
 16 
 
 WORDS SHORTENED. 
 
 CHAP. II. 10. 
 
 PG. 
 
 G. 
 
 E. 
 
 PG. 
 
 G. E. 
 
 niks 
 
 nichts 
 
 nothing 
 
 mr sin 
 
 wir sind we are 
 
 wet 
 
 wollte 
 
 would 
 
 gescht'r 
 
 gestern yesterday 
 
 set 
 
 sollte 
 
 should 
 
 nemma 
 
 nehmen to take 
 
 knap 
 
 knopf 
 
 button 
 
 nam'itag 
 
 naohmittag afternoon 
 
 knep 
 kich 
 
 knb'pfe 
 kiiche 
 
 buttons 
 kitchen 
 
 gebliwa 
 jets l 
 
 geblieben remained 
 jetzt now 
 
 kuucha 
 
 kuchen 
 
 cake 
 
 parr'a 
 
 pfarrer preacher 
 
 wach 
 
 woche 
 
 week 
 
 oowat 
 
 abend evening 
 
 wacha 
 
 wochen 
 
 weeks 
 
 weipsleit 
 
 weibsleute women 
 
 kiwi 
 
 kiibel 
 
 bucket 
 
 rei. 
 
 herein herein 
 
 bios 
 
 blase 
 
 bladder 
 
 nei, 
 
 hinein hither-in 
 
 meim 
 
 meinem 
 
 to my 
 
 draa, 
 
 daran thereon 
 
 anar 
 
 ander 
 
 other 
 
 eltscht 
 
 alteste oldest 
 
 nanar 
 
 einander 
 
 each other 
 
 tswiwla 
 
 zwiebeln onions 
 
 unar 
 
 unter 
 
 under 
 
 bend 
 
 hande hands 
 
 druna 
 
 darunter 
 
 ther' under 
 
 plets 
 
 platze places 
 
 nunar 
 
 hinunter 
 
 down there 
 
 numma J 
 
 nun mehr only 
 
 dro'wa 
 
 daroben 
 
 above 
 
 nimma 1 
 
 nimmer never 
 
 driw'a 
 
 dariiber 
 
 t her' over 
 
 mee 1 
 
 mehr more 
 
 drin 
 
 darin 
 
 ther' in 
 
 noo 
 
 darnach t her' after 
 
 ruff 
 
 darauf 
 
 there up 
 
 pluuk 
 
 pflug plow 
 
 nuff 
 
 hinauf 
 
 up there 
 
 pliigha 
 
 pfliige plows 
 
 sind 
 
 siinde 
 
 sin 
 
 kalelaar 
 
 kale"nder calendar 
 
 AsG. 
 
 ' ii ' becomes ' i ' in PG., G. h 
 
 Igen (to tell a lie) a 
 
 liegen (to lie down both having the first vowel long) might 
 be confused, but the latter is shortened in PG., as in ' aer likt ' 
 (he lies down) 'aer liikt' (he tells a lie). 
 
 PG. Was wi' t ? What wilst thou ? G. "Was willst du ? 
 
 Woo't weepe ? "Woo't fight P Woo't teare thy felfe ? 2 
 Ich wil fiscba gee,. I will go to fish. 
 Ich hab kschriwwa. / have (gescbrieben) written. 
 
 Sin mr net keiart ? Are we not married ? G. Sind wir nicht geheirathet ? 
 (or verheirathet.) 
 
 Infinitive -n is rejected, as in the Swiss and Suabian dialects. 
 In an Austrian dialect it is rejected when m, n, or ng precedes, 
 as in singa, rena, nehma, for sine/en, rennen, nehmen. Castelli, 
 Worterbuch, 1847, p. 31. 
 
 The length of some vowels is doubtful, as in 'rot' or 'root' 
 (red, like English rtite or rode), ' so ' or ' soo,' ' nochbar ' or 
 'noochbar,' ' amol ' or 'smool,' 'ja' or ' jaa," 1 'sii' or 'si' (she, 
 they, i in deceit, not in sit). Compare English ' See ! ' and 
 ' See there ! ' 
 
 Accent in PG. agrees with that of High German. When 
 indicated, as in danoot or danoot' (for the ' oo ' represent a 
 single vowel, as in Eng. floor), it is to afford aid to the reader 
 not familiar with German accent. 
 
 1 Swiss forms. 
 
 2 Hamlet, act 5, sc. 1, speech 106 ; folio 1623, tragedies, p. 278, col. 2.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 The vocabulary of PG. has but few synonyms, a single word 
 being used where High German has several, as ' plats ' (place) 
 for G. plafz and ort. Of the German words for horse (pferd, 
 ross, gaul, etc.), 'gaul 1 is universal in speech, ross seems not 
 to be known, and pferd is almost restricted to print. 1 A colt 
 is not called fullen as in German, but 'hutsch,' with a diminu- 
 tival ' hutschli ' (in Suabian hutschel, hutschele, Westerwald 
 husz, Lusatian huszche.} 
 
 A pig is not ferkel (Lat. porc-ell-us, Welsh porch-ell) but 
 ' seiir (from sau], and children call it ' wuts 1 (Suab. butzel) a re- 
 petition of this being used (as well in vicinal English) in calling 
 these animals. ' Kalb ' (calf, pi. 'kelwar ') is named by children 
 ' hamoli ' 2 when a suckling. Cows are called with ' kum see ! 
 see ! see hamali ! see P and when close at hand with 'suk suk 
 suk ' (as in forsook) used also in the English of the locality. 3 
 
 Of G. knabe (boy) and bube, pi. bnben, PG. takes the latter 
 as 'buu, 1 pi. 'buuwa;' and of the G. haupt and kopf (head) it 
 prefers the latter as ' kap.' Of the verbs schmeissen and icerfen 
 (to throw), kriegen and bekommen (to obtain), hocken and 
 sitzcn (to sit), schicctzen and sprechen (to talk), erzdhlen and 
 sagcn (to tell), PG. uses * schmeissa, 1 'kriigha,' ' haka," 
 ' schwetsa ' and 'saagha' almost exclusively. 
 
 The suffix -lein, condensed to -li and -1, is the universal 
 diminutival, as in Swisserland and South Germany a small 
 
 1 Of words not occurring in print, the Swiss, Bavarian, and Suabian form 
 bruntsen replaces harnen and its synonyms. 
 
 8 Seemingly akin to Swiss ammeli, tnammeli (a child's sucking-glass), whence 
 mammelen (to like to drink). G. amme (a wet-nurse), in Bavaria, also a mother. 
 
 s PG. des kalb sukt (this calf sucks,) G. saitgt.
 
 18 VOCABULARY. CHAP III. 
 
 house being called ' heissli ' and not hdus-chen, and a girl ' meedl ' 
 and nofc mddchen. It is, however, very often associated with 
 the adjective klee t (little) G. klein, as in PG. * 8 klee, bichli ' 
 (a little book). 
 
 German kartofeln (potatoes) is rejected for G. grundbirnen 1 
 under the form of ' krumpiira, 1 where ' krum ' is accepted by 
 some as krumm (crooked), while some regard the latter part 
 as meaning pears, and others as berries. 
 
 F'rleicht, Filefcht (perhaps, G. vielleicht) are in use, but the for- 
 mer seems the more common. 
 
 Sauarampl, G. sauerampfer (sorrel, Rumex). 
 
 Rewwar, Krik, Krikli (Eng. river, creek} have thrust aside G. flusz 
 and bach. 
 
 Laafa (to walk ; G. laufen to run, and to walk). 
 
 Schpring-9 (to run, a Swiss usage. G. springen, to leap, spring, gush). 
 
 Petsa (to pinch), Alsace pfetsa, Swiss pfatzen, Suab. pfetzen. 
 
 Tref (Suab., a knock, blow). PG. ' ich tref dich' (I strike thee). 
 
 Schmuts (a hearty kiss). Swiss, Suab., in G. schmatz. 
 
 Un'ich (under), G. unter, occurs in provincial German as unn-ig and 
 unt-ig ; hinnig occurs also, PG. ' hinnich,' as in 'hinnich d'r diir' 
 behind the door. 
 "Wii m'r donaus glaffa sin, bin ich hinnich iin nooch glaffa. As we walked out, 
 
 I walked behind him. 
 
 For 'hinnich,' Alsatian has hing-a, as in 'M'r geen hing-a 
 [nach den] noo da goorta noo' We go along behind the garden. 
 
 Uumat, oomat, Austr. omad, Swiss amet, G. das grummet (after- 
 math). Suab. a'mt, emt, b'md, aumad; Bavar. amad. 
 
 Arik, arrig (much, very), Swiss arig, G. arg (bad, cunning). 
 
 PG. Ich hab net gwist [Suab. gwest] dass es so arrik reeghart. / did not 
 suppose it to be raining so hard. 
 
 Artlich (tolerably) is the Swiss artlich and artig. 
 
 Ewwa, G. adv. eben (really, even, just), but it is PG. ' eewa ' when 
 it is the adj. even. 
 
 Ich hab ewwa net gwist for sure eb aer a fraa hat adar net. (Ranch.} I did not 
 even know ' for sure ' if he has a wife or not. 
 
 amanat, adv. metathesised and adapted from G. an einem Orte (at a 
 place), a dative for an accusative an einen Ort (in a place) as 
 
 1 This name seems to have been originally applied to the crooked tubers of the 
 Jerusalem artichoke, and humming-bird was probably applied to moths of the 
 genus Sphinx (named from the form of the larva) before the bird bearing this 
 name was known in Europe.
 
 CHAP. III. VOCABULARY. 19 
 
 used here. In the example, ' ana ' is G. an inflected, and ztt of 
 
 zu schicken is omitted, as sometimes done in PG. 
 
 . . . wan als a briif kummt f'r amanat ana schika . . . (Rauch.} When 
 
 ever a letter comes for to send on to be sent on. 
 
 Henkweida (weeping willow). G. Hangebirke, is hanging birch. 
 Tappar (quickly), as in Schpring tappar run quick ! be in a hurry 
 thus used in Westerwald, and as very in Silesia. G. tapfer (brave, 
 bravely), E. dapper. 
 
 Meenar (more), Meenscht (most), for G. mehr, meist, are referable 
 to mancher and a hypothetic mannigste. 'Mee' and 'mee/ 
 (more), Swiss "Was wett i meh?" What would I more. 
 "Nimme meh," nevermore. PG. 'Was wet ich mee ? Nimmi 
 mee.' (See Ellis, Early English Pronunciation, p. 663, note 39.) 
 Schtrublich, schtruwlich. G. struppig (bristly, rough), Swiss strub- 
 lig, PG. ' schtruwlich' (disordered, uncombed, as hair). English 
 of the locality stroobly. 
 
 Neewich; SG. nebemich, Wetterau (upper Hessia) n&big, G. neben 
 (beside). 
 
 " Naevvich der mommy ruht er now [Eng. now~\ 
 
 In sellem Gottes-acker ' dort, 
 
 Shraegs 2 fun der Kreutz Creek Kerrich nuf, [hinauf.] 
 Uft denk ich doch an seller ort !" Rachel Bahn. 
 
 Hensching, G. handschue (gloves, Sw. handscheri) becomes a new 
 word with ' hen ' for Jidnde (hands), the ii umlaut being used to 
 pluralise, but the word is singular also, and, to particularise, 
 a glove proper is 'fing-er hensching 'and a mitten 'fauscht- 
 hensching.' This termination is given to 'poersching' a peach. 
 
 Bidder (since), Swiss aider, sifter; Suabian and Silesian tider; 
 Scotch, etc., sithens. 
 
 Schpel (a pin), SG. die spelle (a better word than G. stecknadel) ; 
 Dutch speld (with d educed from 1} ; Lat. SPIcuLa. 
 
 Botsar (masc. a tail-less hen), Holstein, buttars. Provincial G. 
 butzig (stumpy). 
 
 Mallikap (i.e. thick-headed, a tadpole). Swiss mollig, molli (stout, 
 blunt) ; Suabian mollig (fleshy). Alsatian muurkrantl (tadpole) 
 from muur, G. moder, Eng. mud. The PG. of western New 
 York has taken the New England word polliwog. 
 
 Blech (tin, a tin cup) ; dim. ' blechli.' Blechiche Bool (a tin bowl, 
 i.e. a dipper, a convenient word which seems not to have been 
 introduced). In Pennsylvanian English, a tin cup is a tin. 
 
 1 Scarcely legitimate, the PG. word for a grave-yard being koerich-hof. 
 * Diagonally.
 
 20 VOCABULARY. CHAP. III. 
 
 In old English, ' than ' represented than and then, and PG. has 
 ' dann ' for both G. dann (then) and denn (for) ; and also ' wann' for 
 wann (when) and wenn (if), as in Eaehel JBahn's lines 
 " Doch guckt 's ah recht huebsch un' Doch gukt 's aa recht hipsch un 
 
 nice 'neis' 
 
 Wann all die Baehm sin so foil ice " "Wan al dii beem sin so fal eis 
 
 Yet it looks (auch) also right fair and' nice' WHEN all the trees are so full ofiee. 
 " Forn bild der reinbeit is 's dob, Pr 'n bild dar reinheit l iss as doo, 
 
 In fact, mer kenne sehne nob, ' in feekt,' m'r kenna seena noo, 
 
 Dass unser Hertz' 2 so rein muss seib, dass unser baerts so rein 1 muss sei,, 
 Wann in des Reicb mer welle neih." wann in des reicb m'r wella nei ( . 
 
 For a picture of purity is it (da) here, ' in fact ' (wir kb'nnen sehen darnach) we 
 can perceive therefrom, that our heart must be as pure, (wenn in das reicb wir 
 wollen binein) IF toe would enter into the kingdom. 
 
 Baschta (to husk maize), from 'bascht,' G. last (soft inner bark, 
 E. bast), applied in PG. to the husk of Indian corn. Rachel 
 Bahn (1869) thus uses it 
 
 " Die leut sie hocke's welsbcorn ab, Dii leit sii baeka 's welscbkarn ap, 
 'S is 'n rechte gubte crop, 's iss 'n recbte guute ' orap,' (fern.) 
 
 Un' wanu's daer genunk werd sei, un wan 's daerr genunk waert sei ( , 
 
 Nob basbte sies un' fabres eih." noo bascbta sii 's un faara 's ei ( . 
 
 The people they (ab-backen) chop off ('s, das) the maize, (es ist) it is a right 
 good ' crop,' and when (es) it becomes (diirr genug) dry enough, they (darnacb) 
 afterwards husk it and (fabren) haul it in. 
 
 Greisslich (to be disagreeably aifected). SG. griiselig, G. graszlich 
 (horrible), E. grisly. 
 
 Noo, danoo', danoot', nord, G. darnach (then, subsequently). 
 
 Bendl (a string), schuubendl (shoe-string). Swiss ba'ndel. 
 
 Schteiper, n. (Lat. stipes), a prop, as of timber. G. nautical term 
 steiper, a stanchion. Schteipera, v.t. to prop ; to set a prop. 
 
 Farhuttala, v. intrans. ' Ich bin f'r-huttlt,' (I am confused, per- 
 plexed.) ' Ich denk dii bissness iss 'n bissli f'r-huttlt.' (I think 
 the ' business ' is a bit mixed up.) G. verhudeln (to spoil, bungle.) 
 
 Paanhaas, as if, G. pfanne-hase (pan-hare). Maize flour boiled in 
 the metsel-soup, afterwards fried and seasoned like a hare. (Com- 
 pare Welsh rabbit.} The word is used in English, conjointly 
 with scrapple. 
 
 Zoos (a sow), as in Swiss and Suabian. 
 
 Xaad, fern, (coffin), toodlaad, toodalaad, as in Alsace. G. die lade 
 (chest, box, case). PG. bettlaad, Suab. bettlade, for G. bettge- 
 stell (bedstead). 
 
 1 By analogy tbese words sbould be rei, and rei.beit, but as they are scarcely 
 PG. they are g'iven as High German. 
 
 2 This word is correct without the elisive mark, which perverts the syntax.
 
 CHAP. III. VOCABULARY. 21 
 
 Schtreel, m. (a comb), Swiss, Alsatian, Suab. der strahl. But G. 
 
 striegel, PG. strigel, PG. strigl, is a currycomb. 
 Aarsch, the butt end of an egg, as in Suabian. 
 Falsch (angry), as in Swiss, Bavarian, and Austrian. PG. Sel hat 
 
 mich falsch g'macht. That made me angry. 
 Hoochtsioh, Alsat. hoochtsitt, G. hochzeit (a wedding). 
 Heemaln, Swiss heimeln (to cause a longing, to cause home feelings). 
 
 " Wie hamelt mich do alles a' f "Wii heemlt mich doo albs aa, ! 
 
 Ich steh, un denk, un guck ; ich schtee, un denk, un gukk ; 
 
 Un was ich schier vergessa hab, on was ich schiir frgessa hab, 
 
 Kummt wider z'riick, wie aus seim Grab, kummt widd'r tsrik, wii aus seim graab, 
 
 Un steht do wie e' Spook !" Harb. un schteet doo wii a schpukk ! 
 
 (G. Wie alles da anheimelt mich) How all here impresses me with home, I 
 stand, and think, and look ; and what I had almost forgotten, cornea back again 
 as out of its grave, and stands here like a ghost. 
 
 Drap, pi. drep (simpleton, poor soul). "0 du armer Tropff!" 
 (Suabian). Radlof, 1, 10. "Die anna Drep!" Harlaugh. 
 
 Schwalme (Swiss, for G. schwalbe, a swallow). 
 
 Jaa (0. Eng. yes), is used in answer to affirmative questions. 
 
 Joo (0. Eng. yea), is used in answer to negative questions. See 
 Ch. viii. 1, f 12, and 3, f 2. 
 
 " Sin dii sacha dei ( ? Jaa, sii sin." (Are the things thine ? Yes, they are.) 
 "Sin dii sacha net dei,P Joo, sii sin." (Are the things not thine. Tea, they 
 are.) " Bischt du net g'sund ? Joo, ich bin." 1 (Are you not well ? Tea, I am tccll.) 
 
 saagt, G. sagt (he says) : scent, as if G. sagt, for sagte (he said), as 
 
 if it were a strong verb. 
 Gleich, to like, be fond of, Eng. to like, but perhaps not Eng. 
 
 See Ch. viii., ^f 3. PG. sor gleicht s geld he loves money. 
 Glei, adv. (soon). ser kummt glei he comes (will be here) directly. 
 
 Swiss gly and gleich have the same meaning. 
 Abartich, bartich, Ch. viii., 3, ^f 6 (adj. unusual, strange) ; (adv. 
 
 especially). G. abartig degenerate. 
 
 " Der duckter sogt eara complaint waer . . . conclommereashen im kup, so 
 dos se so unfergleichlich schwitza mns in der nacht, abbordich wan se tsu 
 gedeckt is rait em fedder bet." Ranch, Feb. 1, 1870. The doctor asserts her 
 ' complaint ' to be . . . ' conglomeration ' in the head, so that the must sweat un- 
 commonly in the night, PAKTICULARLY when she is covered [tsu is accented] in 
 with the feather bed. 
 
 Biibi, piipi, biibali ; Swiss bibi, bibeli, bidli (a young chicken). 
 Used also to call fowls the second form in the vicinal English, 
 in which a male fowl is often called a he-biddy. 
 
 1 The Rev. D. Ziegler.
 
 22 
 
 VOCABULARY. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 The Swiss use in PG. of the genitive form des of the article, 
 instead of the neuter nominative das, causes little or no con- 
 fusion, because this genitive is not required, and its new use 
 prevents confusion between das and dasz. Where German 
 uses des, as in Der Gaul des (or meines) Nachbars (the horse 
 of the, or my, neighbor), PG. uses a dative form 
 
 . . . dem (or meim for meinem) nochbar sei ( gaul (the neighbor his horse). See 
 the quotation (p. 28) from Schb'pf. 
 
 PG. inflects most of its verbs regularly, as in ' gedenkt ' 
 for G. gedacht, from denken (to think). In the following list, 
 the German infinitive, as backen (to bake), is followed by the 
 third person of the present indicative (er) bdckt, PG. (aer) 
 'bakt 1 (he bakes). The PG. infinitive of blasen, braten, 
 fragen, rathen, diirfen, verderben, is ' bloosa, broota, froogha, 
 roota, daerfa, f 'rdaerwa.' ' bloosa "* (to blow) and ' nemma ' (to 
 take) occur below, in the extract from Miss Bahn. 
 
 G. G. PG. 
 
 G. G. PG. 
 
 blasen blow, blast bloost 
 
 lesen read, liest leest 
 
 braten bake, brat broot 
 
 lassen let, laszt lasst 
 
 brechen, break, bricht brecht 
 
 messen mtasure, miszt messt 
 
 dreschen thrash, drischt drescht 
 
 nehmen take, nimmt nemmt 
 
 durfen dare, darf dserf 
 
 rathen advise, rath Toot 
 
 fahren drive, fahrt faart 
 
 saufen tipple, sauft sauft 
 
 fallen fall, fallt fallt 
 
 schelten scold, schilt schelt 
 
 fragen ask, fragt frookt 
 
 schlafen sleep, schlaft schlooft 
 
 essen eat, iszt esst 
 
 schwellen swell, schwillt schwellt 
 
 fressen devour, friszt fresst 
 
 sehen see, sieht seet 
 
 geben give, giebt gept 
 
 stehlen, steal, stiehlt schteelt 
 
 graben dig, grabt graapt 
 
 tragen carry, tragt traagt 
 
 helfen help, hilft helft 
 
 verderben spoil, verdirbt f'rdserpt 
 
 laufen run, lauft laaft 
 
 vergessen forget, vergiszt f'rgesst 
 
 "Der "wind, boron ynsht, wie er drum D'r wint, harich juscht wii aer drum 
 
 bloss'd, . . . bloost, . .. . 
 
 Gar nix for ihm fersichert is, Gaar niks f 'r iim f 'rsichart iss, 
 
 Er nemmt sei aegner waek ser nemmt sei, eegnar week, 
 
 Dorch ennich'rissly geht er neih, darich ennich rissK geet ser nei, 
 
 Un geht ah nuf die staek." : un geet aa 'nuf dii schteek. 
 
 The wind, just listen how it therefore (an expletive) blows, . . . quite nothing is 
 secure for (on account of) him, he takes his (eigener weg) own way ; through 
 (einig, einiges) any crack he goes (hinein) in, and goes also (hinauf) up the (stiege) 
 stair. 
 
 The reader of PG. may be puzzled with * ma ' as used in 
 "ous so ma subject . . . mit ma neia Rail Road " (Rauch) ; 
 ' fun ma' or ' fun ama, 1 Ger. dative von einem, Old High Ger- 
 man ' vone einemo ;' G. dem, Ohg. ' demo ;' G. meinem, Gothic
 
 CHAP. III. VOCABULARY. 23 
 
 ' meinamma/ which accounts for the final PGK vowel. Miss 
 Bahn writes it ' in ah ' 
 
 ' 'S is noch so 'n anre glaener drup, 's iss noch so n anre gleenar drap, 
 
 Mit so mah grosse dicke kup, mit soo mo grossa dikka kap, 
 
 Der doh uf English screech-owl haest, daer doo uf eng-lisch ' skriitsch-aol ' 
 
 heest, 
 Der midde drin hut ah sei ncslit.' daer midda drin hat aa sei nescht. 
 
 There is yet such another little fellow, with such a large thick head, this here 
 in English is called ' screech-owl,' the middle therein [of the tree] has also its nut. 
 
 Remarking on " grosse dicke kup " in the second line, my 
 reverend friend Ziegler sends me the following declensions of 
 the united article and adjective. The dative is used for the 
 genitive, as will appear in the chapter on Syntax. 
 
 Norn., Accus. an ('n) grosser dicker kopp, 
 Dat., Gen. ama ("ma) grossa dicka kopp. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. der root wei, .... iss guut. The red wine is good. 
 Gen. dem roota wei, . . . sei, farb is schee ( . 
 Dat. . . . . hab ich 's tsu fardanka. 
 Ace. dii roota wei ( .... hat ;er gedrunko. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. dii roota wei sin guut. The red wines are good. 
 
 Gen. denna roota wei, . . . iir farb etc. (G. der rothen "Weine Farbe 1st 
 
 schb'n.) 
 
 Dat. . . . hab ich 's etc. (G. den rothen Weinen.) 
 Ace. dii rooto wei ( .... hat aer, etc.
 
 24 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 GENDER. 
 | 1. Gender of English Words in Pennsylvania German. 
 
 German gender and declension might be said to be in a 
 state of barbarism, were it not that some of the languages of 
 savages have refinements which are wanting in the tongues of 
 civilised people. German gender being in a high degree arbi- 
 trary and irrational, there seem but few principles applicable 
 to introduced words, and yet, the linguistic instinct produces 
 a measure of uniformity. The clear distinction in modern 
 English between a spring and a well, does not exist between 
 the German der quell (and die quelle, PG. 'dii qkel') and der 
 brunnen, but German has der spring also, which may be used 
 alone, or compounded in springquell or springquelle. Influ- 
 enced by English, PG. uses ' dii schpring ' for a natural spring 
 of water, keeping ' d'r brunna ' for a well, ' tsig-brunna ' for a 
 draw-well with a windlas and bucket but also 'laafanda 
 brunna ' for a spring. 
 
 As a German says ' dii ' for the English article the, which 
 he hears applied to everything singular and plural, and as this 
 die is his own feminine and plural article, he will be likely to 
 say 'dii fens 1 for the fence, 'dii set' (set, of tools, etc.), 'dii 
 faundri ' (foundry), ' dii bsenk ' (bank of a stream), ' dii fserm ' 
 (farm), ' dii plantaascha' (plantation), ' dii temati ' (timothy 
 hay), ' dii portsch, 1 ' dii schteemp (' stamp ' in print, for G. der 
 stempel), ' dii watsch ' (timepiece), ' dii bel hat geringt ' (the 
 ' bell ' has * rung'), " Stohrstube . . . mit einer offenen Front," 
 (Store-room with an open front), "die Fronte 1 des Hauses " 
 (the 'front' of the house)/" Die Sanitats Board" " Eine Lot 
 Stroh," " Eine Lotte Grund," etc. All of these are feminine 
 1 Such italics for English words are no part of the original.
 
 CHAP. IV. 1. GENDER OF ENGLISH WORDS LN PG. 25 
 
 in PG., together with the English nouns alley ', road, borough, 
 square (of a town) fair, forge, creek (a stream), climate, botcl, 
 vendue, court (at law), laic, lawsuit, jury, yard (of a house), 
 
 Als Herr Yost . . . einen groszen Neufundlander Hund in seiner Yard 1 
 anders anbinden wollte, fiel ihn das Thier an ... der Hund wieder an ihn 
 sprang, und ihn gegen die F e n z l drangte, . . . Der Pennsylvania, Lebanon, 
 Pa. Sept. 1, 1869. 
 
 Of the masculine gender are river (PG. ' rewar '), bargain, 
 crop, beef (but ' gedortes beef makes it neuter), carpet, turnpike 
 (or pike), store, gravel, shop, smith-shop, shed, and of course 
 words like squire, laivyer, and " assignie." 
 
 Of the neuter gender are " das f ram" (frame), " das flaur" 
 (flour, influenced by G. das mehl), das screen, das photograph, 
 das piano, das supper, das buggy. 
 
 Wishing to know the gender of the preceding English words 
 in another county, the list was sent to the Rev. Daniel 
 Ziegler, of York, Pa., who assigns the same genders to them, 
 adding der settee, die umbr^ll, die parasol, die bressdnt (prison), 
 das lampblack, das picter (picture), das candy, das cash, das 
 lumber (building timber), das scantling, das pavement, das 
 toicnshtp.* 
 
 German die butter (butter) is masculine in PG. as in South 
 Germany and Austria; and dieforelle (the trout) is PG. 'dsor 
 fare"!.' G. die tunke (gravy) is neuter under the form ' tunkas' 
 in PG., which makes the yard measure feminine, although 
 in Germany (and in print here), it has been adopted as 
 masculine. 
 
 Variations in grammatic gender are to be expected under 
 the degenderising influence of English, but at present the 
 
 1 This mode of indicating words is used to avoid corrupting the text with 
 italics. 
 
 2 As this essay is passing through the press, I add the following examples, 
 which are all in .print. 
 
 Der charter, deed (legal), humbug, lunch or lunsch, ein delikater Saurkraut- 
 Lunch. Revenuetarir, crowd, fight, molasses, Select-Council, crop (fern, with 
 Miss Bahn). Im Juli schreit der Whipper-will. 
 
 Die jail, legislator, Grandjury or grand Jury, ward (of a city), lane, toll, gate, 
 pike or peik, oill (legislative), Cornetband or Cornet Band, eine grosze Box (of 
 medicine), gefangniszbox, platform, manufactory, shelfing, counter. 
 
 Das County, committee or comite, picnic, screen (coal-screen), law (also fera.), 
 trial, verdikt, basin (reservoir), Groszes Raffle fur Turkeys und Ganse, .... 
 ausgeraffelt werden.
 
 26 THE GERMAN GENDERS. CHAP. IV. 2. 
 
 German genders usually remain, as in der stuhl (chair), der 
 pflug (plough, PG. ' plunk 1 ), cfer trickier (funnel, PQ-. 'trechtar 1 ), 
 der kork (cork, PG. karik), der indigo, der schwamm (spunge), 
 die egge (harrow, PG. ' eek,' sometimes ' ek 1 ), die lank (bench), 
 die wiese (meadow, PGr. 'wiss 1 ), die kiste (chest or chist, PG-. 
 kist), das tuch (cloth), das messing (brass, PG. ' mes, 1 like 
 Eng. mace), dasfullsel (stuffing, PGr. 'filtsl'). 
 
 2, The German Genders. 
 
 In various aboriginal languages of America there are two 
 genders, the animate and the inanimate with a vital instead 
 of a sexual polarity ; and while German can and does associate 
 gender and sex, its departure from this system is marked by 
 objects conspicuously sexual, which may be of the neuter 
 gender, and by sexless objects of the three genders. 
 
 It is easy to see why das kind (the child) is neuter, but 
 under the ordinary view of the rise of grammatic gender, it is 
 not easy to see why, in modern German, der leib (body) should 
 be masculine, and das weib (woman, wife) of the same gender 
 as the child why die liebe (love) should be feminine, and der 
 friede (peace) masculine. In German, the genders are incon- 
 gruous, in English they are congruous, the masculine and 
 feminine being correlatives, with correlative relations to the 
 neuter also, and by dropping the false nomenclature of the 
 German genders, we may be able to get a more philosophic 
 view of them as they now exist, independently of the Old 
 High German system of gender and declension, which accounts 
 for their later condition. 
 
 If we adopt strong for the German masculine gender, there 
 would be nothing gained if the feminine were called weak, 
 but with the first as strong, the second as soft, and the third 
 as dull, we would have three terms which do not suggest cor- 
 relation or sex, and we might see nothing irrational in the fact 
 that man might be of the strong, and woman of the dull 
 gender ; and that peace might be strong, and love soft. 
 
 Of the strong gender are mann, dieb, freund, mord, mund, base (of energetic 
 action), aal, salm, fisch, tiscli (SiV/cos), kase (CASEUS), schnee, klei, stock, fink
 
 CHAP. IV. 2. THE GERMAN GENDERS. 27 
 
 (a strong-billed bird), apfel (naturally harsh), stahl, stiefel, schuh, strnmpf, fusz, 
 keil, bart, baum, daum, dorn, 1 punkt, stich, begfnn, rubin, diamant, klamp, 
 kummer, verstand, name, tag, halm (a rough material), floh, krebs, skorpion, 
 hummer, hals, fels, saft, bau, rath, werth, zoll, flusz, Rhein, raub, acker, bogen. 
 
 Of the soft gender are birne, hand, historic (Lat. -IA), Hebe, hoffnung, woh- 
 nung, stadt, burg (implying also jurisdiction), sonne, gluth, milch, rahm, amsel, 
 drossel, butter, feder, gans, maus, ratte, luft, frucht, nacht, macht (as if personi- 
 fied), armuth, kraft, furcht, kunst, haut, frau, wurst, schnur, bahn, marech, welt. 
 
 Of the dull gender are weib, grab, brod, 2 blei, eisen, gold, silber, zinn, (but der 
 zink,) geld, feld, land, vieh, pferd (the type being agricultural), rind, joch, pech, 
 haar, auge, bein, dorf, ding, mensch, madchen, volk, him, leben, wort, buck, 
 gesetz, herz, gemach, loth, gliick, werk, beil, messer, schwert, glas, fenster, 
 feuer, licht, wetter, wasser, bier, malz, kraut, lamm, ei, haupt, kalb, loch. 
 
 1 From a Gothic masculine in -us, das horn being from a Gothic neuter in -n. 
 J Primitive bread was probably rather heavy than light if a mnemonic view 
 may be taken.
 
 28 
 
 CHAPTEE V. 
 
 1. THE ENGLISH INFUSION. 
 
 Pennsylvania German has long been recognised as a dialect 
 with certain English words, which are sometimes inflected in 
 the German manner. Sportive examples were quoted in the 
 last century, and one is occasionally cited as characteristic, 
 which occurs in Joh. Dav. Schopf s Travels (1783-4) pub- 
 lished at Erlangen, in 1788, and thus quoted by Radlof, 1 but 
 in German characters : 
 
 " Mem Stallion ist iiber die Fehnsz getscheumpt, und hat dem Nachbor sein 
 whiet abscheulich gedamatscht." (My stallion jwnped over the fence and horribly 
 damaged my neighbor's wheat.) 
 
 This example is probably spurious and a joke, because PG. 
 'hengscht' and 'weetso' (instead of stallion and wheat) are in 
 common use for the Pennsylvania farmer uses German terms 
 for introduced European objects, and if he calls rye 'karn' 
 (G. korn), instead of roggen, this itself is a German name for 
 what is in some localities regarded as corn by excellence. 
 Another example of Schopf has ' geklaret land ' (cleared land), 
 and ' barghen' (bargain), which are correct. 
 
 The German brings with him a vocabulary which is not 
 quite adapted to the objects around him, and he improves his 
 language by dropping such of his words as have an indefinite 
 meaning, replacing them with terms which have an exact and 
 scientific value, where High German is weak and indefinite 
 having failed to Latinise its vocabulary at the revival of learn- 
 ing. The Pennsylvanian uses 'fenss 1 or 'fonts 1 (not "fehnsz") 
 for the English fence, because the German zaun is equally a 
 hedge ; he uses ' flaur ' (or ' flauer ' Eng. flour) as well as the 
 German meM, because the latter is equivalent to English meal ; 
 he seizes upon bargain as better than anything in his vernacu- 
 
 1 Mustersaal aller teatschen Mund-arten, . . . Bonn, 1822, vol. 2, p. 361. 
 By a type error, m of getscheumpt was omitted. See also Dr. Mombert's History 
 of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1869, p. 373.
 
 CHAP. V. 2. NEWSPAPERS. 29 
 
 lar ; and he restricts G. wagen (with the sound of c wagha') to 
 wagon, adopting a variation like " bandwagen" for a vehicle 
 used by a musical band, using ' kerritsch ' (" carriagemacher") 
 for the English carriage, altho ' kutsch' (Q-. kutsche) is 
 also in use. He adopts English expressions for clearing land 
 and speaks of a clearing (which he makes feminine) because 
 the destruction of forests by chopping and burning is not a 
 European practice. Railroads were probably built in America 
 before they were in use in Germany, and in Pennsylvania, our 
 English name was imitated in ' reelroot ' (' Plankenroad ' is in 
 print) or, as in many other cases, the word was translated 
 into " riegelweg." At a later date the foreign name "eisen- 
 balm " was brought in by later immigrants and " Hegel-balm" 
 is in use. 
 
 2. Newspapers. 
 
 The Pennsylvania German appreciates humor, and to avoid 
 the humorous and often illegitimate use of English words, the 
 first examples in these pages will be selected from the adver- 
 tisements of about a dozen different newspapers, all printed 
 in the barbarous German character, and published at distant 
 points in Pennsylvania. In such compositions, the attention 
 of the public is called to common objects in a vocabulary which 
 can be accepted without hesitation, and in a style somewhat 
 above the colloquial, in which a horse is called ' gaul ' and not 
 pferd (' pfasrt ') as usual in print. The spelling is some- 
 times English and sometimes more or less Germanised, 
 without much affecting the pronunciation, as in " store" (a re- 
 tail shop 1 ) or "stohr" (buchstore, storehalter, stohrhaus), 
 which are equally ' schtoor 1 ; " frame," (frame, fram, frahm), 
 are equally the English frame ; " schap " (shap, schop, schopp, 
 shop, pi. schop) ; " township" (townschip, taunschip); " county" 
 and " caunty" ; " turnpike " and " turnpeik" j " cash " and 
 " casch." 
 
 In some localities, English names of streets like King, 
 Queen, High, Water, Chesnnt Street, are used in German 
 speech and print, and in others, Konigstrasze, Qnienstrasze, 
 BigMrt&te, Waxserstrasze and Chesnutstrasze, are preferred. 
 1 See note 1 on next page.
 
 30 NEWSPAPERS. CHAP. V. 2. 
 
 As parenthetic words like (Dry Goods) occur in the originals, 
 explanations will be [in brackets], and attention will be called 
 to strictly English words by putting them in italics. 
 
 The " Pennsylvanische Staats : Zeitung " (published at Har- 
 risburg, the State Capital) claims a larger circulation than any 
 English journal of that eity, and the number for Nov. 25, 
 1869, will be quoted here in the original spelling. Here, 
 where English introduced words might be expected through- 
 out, certain French words are adopted from the German dic- 
 tionaries, such as reparaturen, delikatessen, lagerbier salon (also 
 saloon)} etablissement, engagiren, quotiren, mstruiren, autorisiren, 
 ordonnanz. Others are rather English than French, as pave- 
 ments, arrangements, publikationspreisen, textbucher, jury, city, 
 controk (. . . so wie dasz die City alleinige Controle iiber 
 denselben Committee ....), connektion, construktion, order, 
 governor, provisionen, groceries. 
 
 Beste Familien-Mehl, in Fassern [in another journal Roggen/fawtfr per 
 barrel preim flaur] superfine per Barrel ; Prime weitzen / Roggen [rye] per 
 Buschel. Korn [maize or indian corn, properly called Welschkorn in the same 
 column under the quoted Lancaster prices, where " Korn" means rye.] Hafer ; 
 Middlings; Shorts. 
 
 In the Price-current we find 
 
 Fische ... Sock [Labrax lineatus] ; Pike [for Hecht, pi. Hechte, a known 
 term] ; Halibut ; Haddock ; Sturgeon ; Trout ; White Perch [Labrax albus, vel 
 mucronatus] ; Weisze Fische [Coregonus albus] ; Harringe ; Ctafische [Pimelo- 
 dus, more commonly called ' katsafisch']. 
 
 Fleische . . . Roast Beef per Pfund ; Rump Steaks ; Sttrloin ; Hammelfleisch ; 
 Schweinfleisch ; Gedorrtes Beef [Getrocknetes Eindsfleisch is quoted from Pitts- 
 burg] ; Beef Schinken ; . . . Mess Pork; . . . Schmalz in kegs ; Lard-Qel; 
 Butter (roll . . . print) [with ' roll ' and ' ' print ' in Roman type] ; Molasses 
 [commonly called malassich] ; Siiszkartoffeln [a translation of sweet-potatoes, 
 instead of bataten] ; Schettbarks [nuts of the shell-bark hickory] ; Aepfelbutter 
 (Latwerg) [G. Latwerge, PG. latwaerik, translated from E. apple-butter]. 
 
 In the humorous department we find 
 
 Ein ahnliches Rathsel wie sell eine, war scho [schon] friiher im Paper ; , . . 
 Sie sind gemuvt J 2 Very well, . . . Sell isch e guat's 3 Platzel . . . sellem 
 Joseph am Eck 4 lasse mer nix [lassen wir nichts] zu leids thun ; . . . 
 
 1 Any place where liquor is retailed is called a saloon, and in a certain town a 
 cabin with a single room is labeled DON JUAN CALLING'S SIGN EMPORIUM. 
 
 2 ' You have removed' (your residence), but the third person plural is not thus 
 used in PG. 3 G. ein gutes, but the Austrian extension guat is not PG. 
 
 4 Neuter for feminine, as in Bavarian and Austrian.
 
 CHAP. V. 2. NEWSPAPERS. 31 
 
 The next examples are condensed from journals of various 
 localities, all printed in the German character. The spelling 
 and use of italics as before. 
 
 Der Grosze Wohlfeile Dry Goodt Store. Jetzt eroffnet : Direkt TOU New 
 York ; Bdrgens in Weiszgiitern und Ellenwaaren (Dry Goods), Gemischtc 
 Mohairs ; Schone Dress Ginghams ; Long Cloth [another has Langes Tuch]. 
 
 Country Orders werden mit promptheit ausgefiihrt . . . Groszhandels oder 
 Wholesale Preisen zu Rctailcn oder einzelnen [others have " im groszen und 
 kleinen," "Groz und Klein- Yerkauf "] . . . Ingrain oder Blumiger Kdrpet; . . . 
 Entry und Treppen [stair] Carpets ; Cottage-Carpets ; Floor Oel-Tiicher [another 
 has Boden-Oeltucher] ; Marseilles und Honeycomb Quilts ; Matting, weisz und 
 bunt. 
 
 Allgemeine Stohrguier ; Tucher fur Ladiet Cloaks [another has Damen 
 C%>astoffe.] . . . Ladies Dress-Goods [others hare JDrmguter, 2)rm-Anzuge, 
 .Drazwaaren] ; JFawey- Waaren ; Ueberdecken ; Quilts und Tiisch- Diapers ; Nap- 
 kins ; Ticking beim Stiick ; Carriage Trimmings ; Extra grosze geguilte 
 comfortables ; Blankets ; Counter Paints [counterpanes] ; Dry Goods fur Friihjahr 
 und Sommer. Kein Humbug. 
 
 Millinery "Waaren ; Ladies-, Misses-, und Kinder Stroh und Fancy Bonnets 
 und Flats ; Corsetten ; Hoops [others have Hoopsrocke, and Hoopskirts in neuer 
 Shapes'] ; Haar Zopfen ; Rollen ; Braids ; Pu/s ; Dress- Trimmings. Unsere 
 "Fits" sind vollkommen. Yankee-Notions [another has Notionen]. Shelfing 
 und Counter fiir einen Stohr. 
 
 Pelzwaaren jeder Art, . . . Zobel ; Chinchilla; Ermin ; Siberian- Squirrel ; 
 Fitch; Wasser-Mink. 
 
 Wholesale und Retail Handler in Aechten Rye Whiskeys von verschiedenen 
 Brdnden, Auslandischen und Einheimischen Brandies, Weinen, Gin [G. Wach- 
 holderbranntwein], feiner Claret, Scotch Ale, Fancy Liquors, Pine Apfel Syrup, 
 Cherry Wein und Kirschen Brandy, Demijohns und Botteln von alien Groszen. 
 
 Neue Scale Pianoes, mit eisernen Gestellen, overstrung Base und Agraffe 
 Bridge. Ein schones Second Hand Piano. Instrumenten zu groszen Bdrgen . . . 
 Rotary Valve ' und Side Action l Instruraente [wind instruments]. 
 
 Eisen-Store [Eisen-Stohr, Hartewaaren, JTarrfwaaren, Eisenwaaren] Eiichen 
 Ranges; Extra Grates; Furnaces; Bar-Room-Oekn ; Air-Tight und alle 
 Sorten Parlor Oefen ; Heating-Oeten [also Heiz-Oefen] ; Brilliant Gas Burner ; 
 tragbare Heaters, und Gasbrenner ; Feuer-4rc* ; Springs ; geforged und 
 gerolltes eisen; Schdfting ; Safes; Meisel [properly meiszeln] in Setts; 
 Razor Straps und Hones ; puttys ; Carvingmesser, Butschtrme&ser ; Varniseh 
 [for Firniss] ; Neues Kdblenscreen ; Boiler von alien Sorten ; 2?ra*sarbeit ; 
 KafFeemiihlen . . . verschiedene Haushaltgerathschaften .... welche Retail 
 oder Wholesale zu den billigsten Preisen verkauft werden . . . Sie garantiren 
 vbllige Satisfaction. 
 
 Porzellan- Waaren Stohr : QwH*waaren ; Dinner Sets ; Toilet Sets ; Toy 
 Thee Sets ; Chamber Sets; Schiiszeln mit Deckel; Bowlen (Bowls) aller Arten ; 
 Pitchers aller Arten ; Suppen Tureens ... all die letzten Styles [Styl is also in 
 use]. Ein groszer Vorrath Waiters und Thee-7Vay . . . Haus- Furnisching 
 Waaren . . . Vasen . . . Chimney Tops. 
 
 1 These four words are printed in Roman type.
 
 32 NEWSPAPERS. CHAP. Y. 2. 
 
 Sch-ahstore : India-Rubber, Lasting und Button Schuhe ; hoch polisch Gaiters 
 fur frauen . . . Kid Schuhe . . . Schlippers. 
 
 Juwellen, Watschen und Uhren auf Hand [also ' an Hand ' for vorrathig] ; 
 Watschen. in goldenen und silbernen Cdsen [another has JRepeatinff-Taschermhr, 
 for Repetiruhr] ; Watschen-keiten ; Damen goldene Bracelet Setts ; Studs ; 
 Sleeveknopfe ; Messern [for Messer]. 
 
 Mobel-Waarenlager : Auswahl aller Arten Mobel . . . Bureaus [also Euros, 
 Euros, Biiros] ; Sideboards \_Seidbord, Desk] ; Dining-Tische ; Lounges ; Settees ; 
 [also Settles'] ; Wardrobes [also Garderobe-Artikel, and Kleiderschrank, the pro- 
 per term]. Canesitz Stiihle ; Fenster-blenden [and Blinds'] ; What-Nots ; 
 Spiegel mit Go\<l-Frams ; ^Spn'w^betten .... Parlor, Chamber, und Kiichen 
 Mbbeln . . . und alle andern Artikel welche in Wobel-Stohrs zu linden sind. 
 
 Bauholzhof [others have Lumber-yard and Bretterhof ] . . . Alle Sorten von 
 Bauholz wohl geseasonet [also vollkommen ausgetrocknet] ; "WetteTboarding ; 
 Weiszpein [for Fichte] und Hemlock [for Tanne] Joists und Scantling [another 
 has Hardwood Skantling] jeder Grosze; B ill- Stuffs ; Jfozzstoffen [for pi. stoffe, 
 others have Fensing and J^wspfosten] ; Flooring [also Flurbretter] ; Panel Lum- 
 ber ; Poplarboards [also Pappel] ; Pickets [also Palings, both for Pf able] von 
 alien langen. 
 
 Buchdruckerei . . . Job Schriften ; Programme ; Circulars; Tickets ; Karten ; 
 Blanks ; Handbills ; Pamphlete ; Billheads ; ... an seinem alten Stand. 
 
 Oeffentliche Vendu [andVendue " VendueCreier und Auktionar."] . . . Eine 
 Bauerie [also Farm, and Plantasche] zu verkaufen ... 110 Acker, 70 geklart 
 [and geklart'] gelegen in Londonderry Taunsehip, Lebanon [often Libanon] County, 
 an der Strasze fuhrend vom Palmyra Landing -Plaits nach der Jonestaun Road, 
 grenzend an den Lebanon Valley Biegelweg [and Rigehveg a verbal translation 
 of Railway. Others have "Es grenzt an die Libanon Valley Rail Road," and 
 "Libanon Thai Eisenbahn."] 2 meilen vom Stockyard [location for cattle]. 
 Die Verbesserungen sind ein groszes weddergebordetes [Eng. weather-boarded ; 
 another has " From Haus wettergebordet "] JFVdwjhaus [JVd'Azscheuer, Bank- 
 scheuer, Frame- Arbeitshop] neu tapezirt [papered] . . . mit fiinf Stuben auf 
 dem zweiten Floor ; Garret [others have Dachstube, and Dachzimmer] Kuche 
 und Keller. Eine Cisterne [also Cistern] mit 33 Hogsheads ; KohlenJz'w unter 
 dem pavement . . . Eine Baulotte [building lot of ground] 50 Fusz/ro [also 
 die Fronte, and frontirend.] SchmiedseAap [Wagenschoppen] ; Wagenscfied 
 [zwei WagenscAdWe] mit Cribs [and Krippen, Welscbkornkrieb, ~Korn.kribbe, 
 Kornkribb] ; io^scheuer [also Block-Wohnhaus, Logfrdmehans, blbckernes Haus] ; 
 mit Stein Basement [another has " Stallhoch Steinmauer" the height of the 
 stables of stone]. 
 
 Das Land ist vom besten Gravel [also <?rare/-Land, Flint, Kalkstein, Kalch- 
 stein, Feuerstein], und unter guten Fenzen [and Fensen, alles unter Fens, gut 
 einge/mztf]. Laufendes Wasser geht durch den Scheuerhof [also Scheueryarrf]. 
 Es ist bequem zu Posto$cn, Kirchen, Schulen, Miihlen, Stohres, und Hand- 
 werkem. 
 
 Ein 6-jahriger brauner Gaul ; ... ein junges BaypferA ; ein Sorrefyferd. ; 
 ein Fallingtop -Buggy ; ein Rockaway ; ein Sprinffiragen [huckstervragen] ; ein 
 $<o/rwagen mit drei Springs; eine Sweep Power Dreschmaschine ; eine Set 
 Stdgegescbirr ; F0M/h'geschirr ; J-Von^geschirre [for horses in front]. Welsch-
 
 CHAP. V. 2. NEWSPAPERS. 33 
 
 \ornscheller [also Welschkornschaler, Welschkonuerdp^r, Welschkornausmacher, 
 'ha&facheller'] ; Schneider ; W&genbox [and W&genbody'] ; Molottts-Foktry ; 
 Miickengeschirre [Fliegen-Geschirre, Fliegennetze] ; 1 Lot Hauten't [housings 
 for horses] ; Windmiihle, [translation of windmill, for Kornschwinge] ; 1 Sink 
 [kitchen sink - bench] ; Martingales ; CfteeArleinen ; Cirkel-Sage [another has 
 Circulars&ge'] mit Friim und Strap. 
 Einige Pflanzgrundbeeren von Prince Alberta Sorte.
 
 34 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 The confusion of forms in the declension of German articles, 
 pronouns, and adjectives, as given in print, is avoided in dia- 
 lects, and on the upper Rhine all classes use the masculine 
 nominative der for the accusative den, thus making a step 
 towards rational grammar the feminine die and the neuter 
 das being equally nominative and accusative. According to 
 Radlof, from Swisserland to Holland, on both sides of the 
 Rhine, there is scarcely a locality where the nominative is 
 distinguished from the accusative and the dative, and he cites 
 as examples " ich trinke rother Wein " (for rothen}; "ich 
 habe der Esel gesehen " (for den Esel}; "ich sitze auf der 
 Baum " (for dem Baum} .* In PGr. this rother for rothen is 
 sometimes cut down to ' root/ the common PGL neuter form, 
 particularly with the definite article, as in 
 
 Ich trink d'r root wei,. I drink the red wine. 
 
 Was f r wei ( wit [willst du] trinka ? What kind of wing willst drink ? 
 
 Ich trink tschenarli rooter wei,. 1 I ' generally ' drink red wine. 
 
 1 ..." Von der Schweiz an zu beiden seiten des Rheines hinab bis an Hol- 
 lands granzen, giebt es kaum einige Gegenden, wo man den Koch vom Kellner, 
 den Herrn vom Knechte, den Hammer vom Ambofze, d.i. den "Werfall (Nomi- 
 nativ] vom Wenfalle (Accusativ) und dem Wemfalle (Dativ) richtig zu unter- 
 scheiden vermochte. Bald hort man nehmlich : " ich trinke rother Wein " bald : 
 "ich habe der Esel gesehen" bald : "ich sitze auf der Baum." s.f." Dr. Joh. 
 Gottl. Radlof, Mustersaal aller teutschen Mund-arten, . . . Bonn, 1822; 2, 90. 
 
 Stalder (Schweiz. Idiotikon, 1812) gives the accusatives of der and ein as 
 agreeing with the nominative, and under ein (1, 37) he has Ace. wie der Norn., 
 welches uberhaupt zu bemerken ist. 
 
 [When I read extracts from this Treatise before the Philological Society on 
 3 June, 1870, Prof. Goldstiicker and Dr. E. Mall, the latter an Alsatian, both con- 
 sidered that this presumed substitution of the nominative for the accusative or 
 dative case must oe a misapprehension. Dr. Mall declared himself totally un- 
 aware of it. Both considered that it must have resulted from the disappearance 
 of the inflectional -m, -n (the latter of which is the rule certainly in the Rhine 
 region), and the degradation of the preceding e vowel into 3. This would account 
 for " ich trinke rother Wein," considering rother to mean ' roota,' but would not 
 account for "ich habe der Esel gesehen," in which the r must be taken as trilled, 
 unless we consider that first den was made into ' da,' and then the ' r ' evolved as 
 in the Cockney's ' idea-r of things.' Hence the original passages on which the 
 assertions in the text are founded, have been added. Alex, J. Ellis.']
 
 CHAP. VI. SYNTAX. 35 
 
 G. Wir geben guten Lohn. PG. M'r gewwa guuter loo ( . We give good wages. 
 
 .an guutar freind (n guuti fraa, n guut haus) is n guut ding. A good friend 
 (masc.), wife (fern.), house (neut.) it a good thing (neut.). 
 
 Sellar maim hat mei, liuut alias ufgebracha. That man hat broken (meinen) 
 my hat (alles auf ) all up, 
 
 Ich bin naus in d a r hoof un bin unsarar kats uf d a r schwants getretta, 
 selli hat mich gekratst. (Nap.) I went (hinaus) out, in (G. den Hof, m.) tht 
 yard, and trod on (G. den Schwanz) the tail of our cat, she scratched me. 
 
 . . . weil ich mich geschammt hab, bin ich uf d a r schpeichar geschniikt 
 oone an wart tsu saagha. (Nsp.) While I shamed myself, I ' sneaked' up to (den) 
 the loft without a word to say. 
 
 G. Das "Wetter ist den ganzen Tag schon gewesen. PG. s wetter iss d'r gants 
 (or gans) daak schee, gwest. The weather has been fine the entire day. 
 
 G. Ich gehe in den Keller. PG. Ich gee in dar kellar. I am going into the 
 cellar. 
 
 In the next, Stuhl being masculine, the nominative der is 
 used for the dative dem, but the accusative ihn ('n) is pre- 
 served 
 
 aer hat uf d'r schtuul k'hakt, un hat n f rbracha. He sat on the chair and has 
 broken it. 
 
 G. Liebe deinen Nachsten, als dich selbst. Love thy neighbor as thyself. 
 PG. Liib dei, nochbar ass wii dich selwer. 
 
 G. LegS das Buch auf den Tisch. Lay the book on the table. PG. Leeg s 
 buch uf d'r tisch. 
 
 Here, if ' den tisch ' were used in PG. it would rather mean 
 this table, 1 because there is a tendency to use articles as 
 demonstratives, saying ' daer ' for G. dieser, and ' seller ' (G. 
 selbiger) for G.jener, ' sel * (G. selbiges) being its neuter, and 
 ' selli ' (G. selbige) its feminine and plural. This ' sel ' is 
 found in Swisserland, and other parts of the Rhine region. 
 Its Alsatian form tsel, with initial t, shows that it is akin to 
 G. da,sselbe. Notwithstanding its resemblance in form and 
 function to Provensal sel or eel, French celui, celle, they are 
 without etymologic relation. See Ch. VII., 2. p. 43, and 4, 
 p. 45 ; and Ellis, Early English Pronunciation, p. 662, note 15* 
 
 ' Das ' (the) and ' es 1 (it) have a tendency to confusion under 
 the short form 's used for both. 'Dass 1 (that) remains, and 
 
 1 " Dii Jarik Kaunti leit, wann sii fum roota wei ( schwatza, saagha g'weenlich 
 "Ich trink rooter wci,.'* Wann aii awar kee rootar hen, dann trinka 8ii 
 weisser wann sii n kriigha kcnna." The Rev. I). Ziealer, letter of Jan. 16, 1870 
 (literatim).
 
 36 SYNTAX. CHAP. VI. 
 
 the neuter nominative article is changed from G. das to PG. 
 'des, 1 as in ' des buch' (the book) but as 'des buch' may 
 mean this book, the function of the article is performed by 
 reducing this ' des ' to 's, as in 
 
 .s buch iss mei, the book is mine des buch iss mei ( THIS book is mine. 
 
 " Bonn hah ich gedenkt [not gedacht], des is doch now ordlich plain 
 deitsch," . . . (Rauch. 1 ) Then I thought, THIS is at-any-rate ' now ' tolerably 
 ' plain' Dutch. 
 
 Dser mann iss krankar (not kranker) wie d'r annar. THIS man is sicker than 
 the other. (G. als der andere.) 
 
 G. Ein Mann und eine Frau waren hier diesen Morgen. A man and a woman 
 were here this morning. PG. Es war an mann un an fraa Mir den marigha. 
 There was a man and a woman here this morning. 
 
 G. Ich wiinsche dass er komme. / wish that he come. PG. Ich watt (or 
 wott, for wollte) dass ser deet [G. that] kumma. / would that he would come. 
 Swiss I wetl, asz er cham. Stalder, \, 112. 
 
 Swiss asz for dass is often used in PG., as in 
 
 Wann ich geglaabt hatt 'ass er mich net betsaalt (or betsaala deet), so hatt 
 ich 'm gar net gebarikt (or gebaricht). If I had believed that he would not pay 
 me, I would (gar nicht) not at all have (geborgt) trusted him. 
 
 Wann ich gedenkt [not G. g/edacht] hatt 'ass es net woor wseser, dann hatt ich 
 's net geglaabt. If I had not supposed it to be true, I would not have (geglaubt) 
 believed it. 
 
 G. "Ware er reich, er wiirde nicht betteln. Were he rich he would not beg. 
 G, "Wenn er reich ware, so wiirde er nicht betteln. PG. Wann ser reich weeaor, 
 deet ser net bettaln. If he were rich, he would not beg. 
 
 PG., like Swiss, 2 dislikes the imperfect tense, and prefers 
 G. Ich Jiabe gedacht (I have thought), to G. Ich dachte (I 
 thought), which gives forms like 
 
 Wii ich n gesee ( hab, hab ich gedenkt ser wsert k'sund. As I saw him (having 
 seen him) I thought he would get well. 
 
 Ich bin ganga / have gone ; not G. Ich gieng I went, nor gegangen ygone. 
 Whan myn houfbond is fro the world i-gon, Chaucer, ( Wright's ed.} 1. 5629. 
 With menftralcy and noyfe that was (y-)maked, 1. 2526. 
 Bet is to be (y-)weddid than to brynne. 1. 5634. 
 
 PG. has also ' kumma ' (has come) for G. gekommen, show- 
 ing a tendency to follow a law which caused ge- (y-, i-) to be 
 dropped in English, The practice seems to have started with 
 
 1 In a spelling based upon English, and not fully phonetic. See Ellis, Early 
 English Pronunciation, pp. 654-661. 
 
 9 Stalder (1, 46) says that the imperfects war, hatte, sagte, kam, rufte, kaufte, 
 would be scarcely understood in Swisserland.
 
 CHAP. VI. SYNTAX. 37 
 
 geJtommen and gegangen, because they are much used, and 
 their initial guttural absorbs the guttural g- or k- of the prefix. 
 In an Austrian dialect, 1 ge- disappears before b, p, d y t, z, as 
 in " Ih bin kumma" (I have come), PG. Ich bin kumnia. 
 
 PG. Ich hab s [G. gekauftf] kaaft ira schtoor. / bought it at the ' store.' 
 Hascht mei, briif krikt ? Hast (G. gekriegt) received my letter ? Ich schreib n 
 briif. I write a letter. 
 
 " Der Charle hat jung geheiert un D'r ' Tschajrli ' hat Jung k'eiart un 
 hat e fleiszige Fra krickt," Wollen- hat a fleissigha fraa krikt. 
 weber, p. 78. 
 
 ' Charley ' married young and got an industrious wife. 
 
 G. Es regne. It may rain. PG. s maak (G. mag) reeghara. 
 
 G. Es regnete. It might rain. PG. s kennt (G. konnt) reeghara. 
 
 G. Es babe geregnet. It may have rained. PG. s kennt reegha hawwa. 
 
 PG. has the Swiss ah (hitherto, formerly, always), a form 
 in which it is not shortened into a's, as in 
 
 ncr hat als ksaat aer waer (or waeter) miir niks schuldich. (Ziegler). He has 
 hitherto said he is to-me nothing indebted. 
 
 Mr. Rauch, in his partly English spelling, has 
 
 "Er hut aw behawpt das mer set .ssr hat aa behaapt dass mar set 
 sich net rula lussa bi seiner fraw, sich net 'ruula' lassa bei seinar fraa, 
 un das de weiver nil wissa fun un dass dii weiwar niks wissa fun 
 denna sacha, un das es kens fan eara denna sacha, un dass es kens fun eera 
 bisness is we an monn vote odder ' bissnaas' iss wii an raann ' woot,' adar 
 we oft er als drinkt." wii aft aer als drinkt. 
 
 He (has) maintained that one should not (lassen) let (sich) one's-self be ' ruled ' 
 by one's wife, and that the (weiber nichts wissen) women know nothing of such 
 things, and that it is (keines von ihre) none of their ' business ' how a man ' votes,' 
 or how oft he (als) ALWAYS drinks. 
 
 In the following Suabian example (Radlof 2, 17) als is a 
 form of G. alles (all), and schmieren is used as in PG. for to 
 pay off, to trick. 
 
 Kurz I i will oils eba macha In short,. I will make all so even 
 
 Dm/ <>im 's Herz im Leib mu'z lacha; that the heart in one's body must laugh ; 
 I will au de Tuifel fchmiera, I will also trick [den] the devil 
 
 Dafz er Niemd ka verfiihra, that he none can lead astray 
 
 Hack' ihm boyde Homer 0, chop for him both his horns off 
 
 Dafz er nimma ftecha ka-. that he cannot thrust again. 
 
 PG. ' dass' for als (with the sense of as\ and 4 dass wan ' 
 G. als wenn (South German of Breisgau as icenn) for as if, 
 seems peculiar. The German adverbial particles admit of a 
 1 Castelli, Worterbuch, Wien, 1847, p. 30.
 
 38 SYNTAX. CHAP. VI. 
 
 wide range of meaning, and in Low Austrian certain inver- 
 sions occur, as aussa (aus-her) for Q-. heraus; aussi (aus-hin), 
 also in old Bavarian, for G. hinaus, which would allow PG. 
 'dass 'to be referred to als dasz or da(r)als. 1 But indepen- 
 dently of this surmise, the cutting down of the pronouns des 
 (G. das) and es to 's, and als to ass, makes it as easy to accept 
 dass for als, as 'd of English 'I 'd rather,' for had instead 
 of would. Farther, as da has als for one of its meanings, 
 this dass may be da with the adverbial suffix -s. 8 
 
 'des land is aw frei for mich so goot . . . des land is aa frei f r mich soo 
 das for dich." Rauch, p. 32. guut dass f r dich. 
 
 This (not the) country if (auch) also free for me as well AS for thee. 
 
 " net wennicher dos sivva hunnert . . . net wennichar dass siwa hunart 
 for dich un mich" . . . Hauch, 1869. f'r dich un mich. 
 
 Not less THAN seven hundred for thee and me. 
 
 "Er will hawa dos ich bei earn .aer will hawa dass ich bei iim 
 
 aw roof in Filldelfy, un dut dos aa ( ruuf in Fildelfi, un duut dass 
 
 w a n n s tsu meiner advantage wser wann s tsu meinar ' atfsentitsch ' waer 
 
 waun ich kumm." Rauch, Aug. 16, '69. wann ich kumm. 
 
 He will have that I (bei) at-the-house-of him [G. anrufen, perverted to an 
 English idiom] call-on in Phildelphi [the common pronunciation] and (he) does 
 AS IP it (were) would be to my ' advantage ' if I come. 3 
 
 " Selly froke hut mich awer sheer gorly Selli frook hat mich schtr gaarli 
 schwitza macha, un ich hob g'feeld schwitsa macha, und ich hab kfiilt 
 yusht. grawd das wann ieh mich juscht graad dass wann ich mich 
 full heaser hulder tae g'suffa het un fal heesar huldar tee ksaffa het un 
 g'mixd mit tansy, katzakraut un beb- ' gmikst ' mit ' taensi' [s not as z] kat- 
 bermint." Rauch, Aug. 9, 1869. sakraut un ' bebbarmint.' 
 
 [Dieselbe Frage] That question however almost [G. gar] quite made me sweat, 
 and I felt just exactly AS IF I had (G. gesoffen) drunk myself full of hot (G. 
 Holder) elder tea, and 'mixed' with 'tansy' catnip and 'peppermint.' 
 
 " 's scheint m'r wserklich as wan n du im sinn hatscht in deina alta daagha 
 noch n Dichter tsu gewa (tsu waerra). Awar ich faerricht 's iss tsu schpot ; du 
 hatscht a paar joor friiar aa ( fange solla, dann wser viileicht ebbas draus [G. 
 worden] warra." 4 It appears to me really AS IF you intended in your old days 
 yet to become a poet. ut I fear it is too late ; you should have commenced a few 
 years earlier, then perhaps something might have come^ of it. 
 
 1 Suabian condenses da unten to dunda. The Eev. D. Ziegler suggests that 
 this ' dass ' may have arisen from a d, as of ' grad ' (G. gerade) before ' as ' of 
 als, as in ser schwatzt grarf as wann [G. wenn] ser reich waer. (He speaks 
 just as if he were rich.) z See Raid. Affixes, p. 213. 
 
 3 The present tense ('wann ich kumm') is used here for the G. subjunctive 
 wenn ich karne. 
 
 * The Eev. D. Ziegler, transliterated by himself.
 
 CHAP. VI. SYNTAX. 39 
 
 The next is from the description of a willow-tree with the 
 ' nesht* (pi. of G. nast 1 ) branches broken by ice. 2 
 
 " Er guckt net gans so stattlich raeh, .aer gukt net gans soo schtattlich mee 
 
 Er guckt net gans so gross un' schoe ser gukt net gans soo gross un schee, 
 
 Das wie er hut die anner woch dass wii ser hat dil anar woch 
 
 Wu'r all sei nesht hut katte noch." wuu 'r all sei, nescht hat katta noch. 
 
 It (nicht mehr) no more looks quite to stately, it looks not (ganz) quite to large 
 and fine, AS THAT it did the (andere) other week, (wo er where he) when it (hat 
 gehabt) has had all its boughs, 
 
 At present PG. is exhibiting a tendency to drop G. zu (to), 
 the sign of the so-called infinitive, altho in the following ex- 
 amples perhaps most speakers would use it. 
 
 Wann fangscht aa, [tsu] schaffa ? When do you begin [to] work f 
 Ich hab aa/anga schaffa. I have begun (to) work. 
 . . . fiil annari hen hart prowiirt sich farna naus schaffa. (Hauch.) 
 Many others (have) tried hard (to) work themselves (G. vorn) forward. 
 
 1 The usual German is ast, pi. dste. Schmeller (Mundarten Bayerns, art. 610) 
 notices the following examples of this initial n in Bavarian dialects ; his pho- 
 netical spelling is given in italics, and interpreted into the present in brackets : 
 der Nd'n [Noon] 'AHhen: Ndst [nost] Ast; die Naf-n [noozn] 'A x sen; Najf-l 
 [nassl] Assel ; Ndrb [norb] Arb ; Neichtt [neichte] Eichte ; Nusra' [Nuara] 
 Urhab ; Nuefch [Nuesch] Uesch. In art. 545 he also gives the form 9 Lue/sch, 
 and in art. 636, the form 9~Rdu/-n. for Uesch, a gutter, and 'A'sen, a beam or 
 joist. Ndrb is the staple on the door, which carries the padlock ; Eicht is a little 
 while. The following are examples of omitted initial n, (ib. art. 611) ; dw 
 'Apoleon Napoleon ; 'ids' nider, 'Ankinet Nanquinet ; 'Impfo~burg Nymphen- 
 burg ; ganz 'aturli' natiirlich ; 'Men, 'wbm neben ; 'achr, 'achy' nachher ; E"st t 
 'w/t Nest. St. Antwein und St. Nantwein, Aventin Chron. Edit v. 1566, fol. 
 470. Compare the English added initial n in nieknatne (nekename for ekename, 
 see Pr. Parv.), niggot, nugget for ingot ; newt for eft, ewt ; nawl for awl ; nunkle 
 for uncle ; Nan, Ned, Noll, for Anne, Edward, Oliver : and the omitted initial 
 n in adder (old edres and neddres), apron for napron, eyas for nias. A. J. Ellis. 
 
 3 Poems. By Rachel Bahn. York, Pa. 1869. Containing twenty pages of 
 " Poems in Pennsylvania Dutch." Noticed by me in Triibner's American and 
 Oriental Literary Record, Jan. 24, 1870, p. 634. The following may be con- 
 sulted also : 
 
 Gemalde aus dem Pennsylvanichen Volksleben .... von L. A. Wollenweber. 
 Philadelphia und Leipzig. Schafer und Koradi, 1869. 
 
 Harbaugh's Harfe. Gedichte in Pennsylvanisch-Deutscher Mundart. Phila- 
 delphia, Heformed Church Publication Board, 1870. 
 
 On the German Vernacular of Pennsylvania. By 8. S. Haldeman. Trans. 
 Am. Philological Association, 1869-70. 
 
 Lancaster Pa. WEEKLY ENTERPRISE (newspaper), with a weekly article by 
 Mr. Ranch. 
 
 Der Waffenlose "Wachter (monthly newspaper). Gap P.O., Lancaster Co. Pa. 
 
 Early English Pronunciation, ... by Alexander J. Ellis, F.R.S., F.S.A. 
 London, 1871. Twelve pages (652-65) are devoted to Pennsylvania German. 
 
 P'iilzische G'schichte' . . . von Franz von Eobell. Miinchen, 1863. In the 
 main, this little volume of ' Palatinate Stories ' comes nearer to Pennsylvania 
 German than any other I have seen.
 
 40 SYNTAX. CHAP. VI. 
 
 "De msed . . . hen kea so kleany Dii meed hen kee, soo klee ( ni 
 bonnets g'hat di nix sin for hitz ' bannats ' katt dii niks sin fr hits 
 odder kelt ; es wara rechtshaffene ad'r kelt ; 9s waara rechtschaffana 
 bonnets, das mer aw sea hut kenne ' bannats,' dass m'r aa seea hat kenna, 
 ohna de brill uf du." Nsp. oone dii brill uf [tsu] duu,. 
 
 The girls (haben gehabt) had no such small ' bonnets ' (die) which are nothing 
 for heat or (kalte) cold ; there were honest ' bonnets ' that (mir) one (auch) also 
 could see without putting the spectacles on. 
 
 PG. Sometimes distinguishes between the present tense and 
 the aorist, as in Swiss " er thuot choh" (he does come) 
 
 Sellar hnnd knarrt. That dog growls (has a habit of growling). 
 
 Sellar hund tuut (G. thut) knarra. That dog is now growling. 
 
 D'r mann tuut essa ser iss am essa. The man is eating he is at eating. 
 
 PG. does not use equivalents to neither and nor. 
 
 G. Er ist weder reich noch arm. He is neither rich nor poor. PG. ser iss net 
 reich un net aarm. 
 
 E. He is either sick or lazy. PG. a?r iss krank adar faul. (Or, adopting 
 either and its idiom) ser iss ' iitar* krank adar faul. 
 
 In a case like the last, no matter how well the speaker 
 knows English, he must not pronounce a word like ' either ' 
 in the English mode, because it would be an offense against 
 the natural rhetoric of the dialect.
 
 41 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 COMPARISONS WITH OTHER DIALECTS. 
 
 1. PG. not Swiss. 
 
 PG. is not Swiss, altho it has a number of Swiss charac- 
 teristics, and the line (Radlof, 2, 68) 
 
 " Was isch sail fur e sufere karli ?" 
 is very near its PG. form 
 
 "Was isch sel fr o saubar kaerli ? What sort of cleanly fellow is that ? 
 
 PG. has both ' ser iss ' and * aer isch ' (he is) according to 
 the locality, of which the latter may be less common. The 
 Rev. D. Ziegler (a native, like myself) refers the ' isch ' variety 
 to the Mennonite and Dunker population, and as there were 
 many Dunkers (or Tunkers) where my early years were passed, 
 I heard more of this than of the other. 
 
 The indicative mood present tense of haben and sein are, 
 with some variations, as follows (Stalder, 1, 47-50) 
 
 Swiss. 
 
 PG. 
 
 Siciss. 
 
 PG. 
 
 i hah; 
 
 ich hah, hap, / have. 
 
 i bi; 
 
 ich bin, 1 am. 
 
 de hest; 
 
 du hoscht, thoit hast. 
 
 de bisch, hist ; 
 
 du bischt, thou art. 
 
 er hed, hett ; 
 
 ;i T hat, he has. 
 
 er isch, 1st ; 
 
 tar iss, isch, he is. 
 
 mer hend ; 
 
 m'r hen, we have. 
 
 mer sind ; 
 
 m'r sin, we are. 
 
 der hend ; 
 
 d'r hent, you have. 
 
 der sind ; 
 
 d'r Miit, you are. 
 
 sj hend ; 
 
 sii hen, they have. 
 
 sj sind ; 
 
 sii sin, they are. 
 
 Here the dative singular mir (to me) is used in the nomina- 
 tive plural instead of wir (we), and also in impersonal expres- 
 sions ; and the dative singular dir (to thee) is similarly used 
 for Ihr (you), as in 'd'r sint* for G. Ihr seid (you are). G. 
 Ihr habet (you have) has forced its t upon the first and third 
 persons plural of the Swiss forms ; and in PG. the second 
 person is sometimes forced upon the third, as in the following, 
 from the Wollenweber's Geiniilde (in the German character), 
 1869, p. 124,
 
 42 PG. NOT SWISS. CHAP. VII. 1. 
 
 For about 32 Johr z'rick, ' Fr abaut' tswee-un-dreissich joor tsrik, 
 do hent unsre . .. Schaffleut do hent unsre . . . schaffleit . . . 
 . . . im Stenbruch geschafft, un sten im schtee.bruch geschafft, un schtee, 
 gebroche, for de grosze Damm zu gebracha f'r di grosse ' damm ' tsu fixa. 
 fixe. 
 
 ' For about ' thirty-two years back, here have our laborers worked in the quarry, 
 and quarried stone to l jix ' the biy ' dam.' (Here the English Jix and dam are 
 used, instead of G. Jlxiren, and der damm.) 
 
 Here the first for may be regarded as English, but the 
 second occurs in the Palatinate "for den Herr Ring sehr 
 ungiinschtig " (Kobell), for Mr. Ming very unfavorable " for 
 sei Liigerei," for his truthlessness. 
 
 The next is extracted from a poem by Tobias Witmer, dated 
 from the State of New York, June 1, 1869, printed in the 
 'Father Abraham' English newspaper, in roman type, and 
 reprinted Feb. 18, 1870. The original spelling is that of Mr. 
 Rauch, and is not reproduced. Dialectic words are spaced, 
 and English words are here put in italics. The translation is 
 rather free. 
 
 Geburts-Daak An mei, Alti. Birthday To my "Wife. 
 
 00 wass is schennar uf dar welt Oh what is finer in the world 
 d a s s blimlin, root un weiss ? than flowrets red and white ? 
 
 un hloo un g e e I, 1 im serbla 2 felt and blue and yellow in the field 
 
 wass sin sii doch so neis ! how beautiful and bright. 
 
 Ich wees noch guut, in seller tseit I know yet well that in that time, 
 
 hab ich niks liiwars duu ( 3 nought would I rather do, 
 
 d a s s in dii wissa lang un breit than in the meadows long and wide 
 
 so blimlin ksuucht wii duu. such flowrets seek as you. 
 
 Doch iss as schun a lang-i tseit Yet it is quite a lengthened time, 
 
 sid'r ich dart in dem felt, since I in yonder field, 
 
 dii blimlin ksuucht, uf lang un breit, sought out the flowers far and wide, 
 
 un uf dei, bussam kschpellt. and on thy bosom pinned. 
 
 D' r hent amool a gsertl kat You also had a garden bed 
 
 mei, schwestarli un duu ; . [schpaat you and my sister fair, 
 
 ich hab s pripeerd mit hak un which I prepared with hoe and spade 
 
 dii blumma nei, tsu duu, ; to set the flowers there ; 
 
 un wuu ich hab im grossi schweel, and where I in the ample vale* 
 
 dii kii dart h i n n a ksuucht, the cattle there had sought, 
 
 1 G. gelb, Ohg. gelo, Swiss, etc., gal yellow. 
 
 3 Not PG. serpsa, G. erbsen (peas), but a form of erdbeere (strawberry). 
 
 3 G. Ich habe nichts lieber gethan. (G. adj. and adv. lieber, adverbialised 
 with -s.) Nothing would I rather have done. 
 
 4 The word is " schwcehl" in the original probably borrowed from the local 
 English word swale. Wuu, G. wo, whtre. The author was born in 1816, at 
 Niagara, in a small colony which had emigrated from Lancaster county, Penn- 
 sylvania his father in 1811. The colony received additions about the year 1830.
 
 CHAP. VII. 2. PG. NOT BAVARIAN. 43 
 
 dii leedi-schlipparss, weiss un g e e 1, the lady-slippers, gold, and pale, 
 
 hab ich rait, lieera gebracht, with me I homeward brought, 
 
 un hab sii in s e 1 gtertl plantit and in that garden bed at night 
 
 bei nacht, in muundas licht : [w antst * I set them when the moon was light. 
 
 d* r h e n t s net gwist, bis juscht eet You did not know who it could be, 
 
 h e n t diir s gcgest s war mich. but all at once you thought of me. 
 
 2. PG. not Bavarian. 
 
 PG., Bavarian, Austrian and Suabian have the vowel of 
 fall, and nasal vowels. In Pangkofer's Gedichte in Altbayer- 
 ischer Mundart, are the PG. words ' aa ' also ; ' bissel ' a little ; 
 'ebbas,' G. etwas something; 'do is' there is; 'glei 1 (also 
 Austrian) soon; 'sunst,' G. sonst besides; 'frumm, 1 G. fromm 
 kind; 'kloo' claw; 'kumma,' G. gekommen come; Ohg. 
 'coman' and 'cuman' to come; 'mir' we, for G. wir; ' sei, 1 G. 
 dasselbe that-same ; but PG. has not ' mi ' me; ' di ' thee ; 
 ' hoarn ' horn ; ' hout ' has ; ' thuan ' to do ; ' g'spoasz,' sport ; 
 'oamal* once; 'zvvoa' two, G. zwei, PG. 'tswee 1 ; wei, PG. 
 ' weip ' ivife ; zon, PG. ' tsum ' to the. 
 
 The following example of upper Bavarian is given by Klein, 8 
 beside which a PG. version is placed for comparison. 
 
 " Schau, nachbe', was mei' freud" is, Sii nochbar wass mei, freet iss ! 
 
 In suntae', in der frue, Am sundaak marrgha frii, 
 
 Gern lus' i' in mei'n gaart'l Gaern haeser 3 ich in mei t m gsertli 
 
 'n kirchelaut'n zue. Dii ksercha-fotffo hii,. 4 
 
 " Da is 's so still und haemli', Do 's iss so schtill un heemlich, 
 
 Kae' larm. kae g'schrae kimmt 'nei' : Kee, jacht, kee ( kschrei kummt nei. ; 
 
 In'n himmi ka's nit schoner Im himml kann s net schee,nar 
 
 W as in mei'n gaart'l sei'." Wii s in mei ( m gsertl sei. 
 
 See neighbor, what my joy is, on Sunday in the morn ; I listen in my gardtn, 
 to the church-bell ring. Sere it it so still and calm, no turmoil, no strife comes 
 within ; in heaven (kann es uicht) it cannot be fairer than (es) it is in my little 
 garden. 
 
 1 = at once. Dr. Jones. 1701, gives 'wsens, wsenst' as the English pronun- 
 ciation in Shropshire and some parts of Wales. Buchanan, 1766, gives ' it-sens ' 
 as correct English. A. J. Ellis. 
 
 2 Die Sprache der Luxemburger. Luxemburg, 1855. 
 
 3 This word varies to heer, and horch may be used. 
 
 4 Here hii, is given for the rhyme, the proper word being G. da, PG. ' doo.' 
 On this account the llev. D. Zicgler makes the following variation on my 
 version Sii noochbar was mei, freet iss, 
 
 Wann ich im gaertli schtee, 
 Giurn heer ich frii am suudaak 
 Dii kserchabella geh.
 
 44 PG. NOT SUABIAN. CHAP. VII. 3. 
 
 3. PG. not Suabian. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Germans have traditional stories against 
 the Suabians, although their population is in part derived from 
 the upper (Pfalz) Palatinate ; and some Suabians settled in 
 Northumberland County, Pa., the evidence of which remains 
 in the name of a stream, Schtcaben (or Swope) Creek. 
 
 PGr. resembles Suabian in using ' e, ee ' for o, and ' ii ' for 
 ii in the loss of infinitive -n,'m turning final -n into a nasal 
 vowel (as in sei < for seyri), and in saying ' du bischt,' ' du 
 kanuscht,' etc. (for G. du bist), f du witt ' for du willst ; 
 ' nimme ' for nicht mehr ; ' glei ' for gleich in the sense of soon 
 but the adjective 'gleich' (similar) remains. PG. does not 
 turn o into au, as in Suabian ' braut,' ' hauch,' for brot, hoch ; 
 nor cut down G. ich habe to '' ha' ; it does not add elements, 
 as in l bois' for G. bos, PG. ' bees,' l bluat' for G. blut, ' reacht' 
 for recht, ' kuine ' for keine, and ' stuinige fealder ' for steinige 
 /elder, a peculiarity of Suabian, Alsatian, Swiss, Bavarian and 
 its kin Austrian. PG. has archaic ' hees ' (hot) for G. heisz, 
 but nothing like Bavarian hads. 
 
 Difference of pronunciation causes confusion of speech be- 
 tween speakers of different dialects, as shown by Dr. Rapp in 
 his Physiologie der Sprache, 4, 131. In the 'Fliegende Blatter' 
 (13, 158) there is a dialogue called 'Em Deutsch-Bohme ' 
 (a German Bohemian), between a Bauer and a Stddter but a 
 Swiss speaker is now added, with the rejoinder to his remark. 
 
 Bauer. Wie is de Suppe so hasz ! 
 
 Stddter. Man sagt ja nicht hasz, sondern heisz. Has [G. base, PG. haas 
 hare] nennt man das Thier. . . . 
 
 Bauer. Dos haszt bei uns Hos ! 
 
 Stddter. Das ist wieder falsch. Hos bedeutet jenes Kleidungsstiick, womit 
 Eure langen Beine bedeckt sind. 
 
 Bauer. Dos haszt Hus ! 
 
 Schweitzer. Aber mer sind jets im Huus. 
 
 Bauer. Dos iss 'n Haus \ 
 
 Diminutives in PG. and Suabian are made with -Ii ; both 
 use ' des ' for das, ' uffm ' for auf dem, ' biira ' for birnen, ' g'hat' 
 or 'kat' for gehabt, 'suu/ for sohn, 'schoof for schdf, 'Schwop' 
 for Schwdbe, ' als ' for alles, and ' as' for als.
 
 CHAP. VII. 4. PG. NOT ALSATIAN. 45 
 
 4. PG. not Alsatian. 
 
 In the very German county of Berks there is an Elsass 
 township, which indicates an Alsatian influence. As a Ger- 
 man province of France, 1 two languages are in use, and are 
 taught in the schools, but the French is Germanised in pro- 
 nunciation, as may be verified among the Alsatian and Ger- 
 man servants of Paris. Being akin to Swiss and Suabian, PG. 
 has some points in common with this dialect, without being 
 influenced by French. 
 
 Alsatian differs from PG. in having i haa for ' ich hab,' 
 tselfor 'sel' (G. derselbe), bhidt for 'bluut,' uss for 'aus,' hus 
 for ' haus,' tsiit for ' tseit,' bisch for ' bischt, 1 biim for ' befm,' 
 morje for ' marrgha.' 
 
 PG. and Alsatian turn some b-s to w, they have the vowels 
 of fall, what, up, and have ' prowiira ' for probiren, ( ass ' for 
 ah, ' do' for da, 'joo 1 format, 'joor 1 for j'ahr, 'hoor' for hoar, 
 'fun' for von, 'isch' for ist, 'jets' for jetzt, 'uff' for auf, 
 'druff' for dorauf, 'uff'm' for auf dem, 'raus'for daraus, 
 ' draan ' for daran, ' iwwar ' for tiber, ' dno ' for darnach ; 
 PG. 'affa,' Alsat. 'offa,' G. of en; 'bal' for bald, 'm'r' for 
 wir, ' m'r muss ' for man muss, ' mee ' for mehr, ' welli ' for 
 welche ; 'was batt s' (what boots it). 
 
 The following lines (Radlof, 2, 110) are extracted from a 
 piece of Alsatian which well illustrates the concurrent use of 
 two languages. The French should be read in the German 
 mode. Other French words occur in Radlof's examples, such 
 as allong allons, tur tour, schalu jalouy, anterpoo entrepdt, 
 bangenet ba'ionnette. The original of the following is in Ger- 
 
 o o o 
 
 man (gothic) and French (roman) print according to the lan- 
 
 1 This was written before the Franco-German war which re-annexed Alsatia 
 to Germany. When I read out the first example in Chapter VIII. (Wiidtr 
 aa^eschmiirt), to the Philological Society, on communicating this paper, 3 June, 
 1870, Dr. E. Mall, an Alsatian, who was present, remarked that it reminded him 
 throughout of his native dialect, of which he thoroughly recognized the pronun- 
 ciation. I may remark that I have never heard PG. pronounced, although I 
 have heard Austrian, Saxon, Rhenish, Bavarian, and Swiss dialects, and read 
 solely by the phonetic orthography here given. A. J. Ellis.
 
 46 PG. NOT ALSATIAN. CHAP. VII. 4. 
 
 guage, here imitated by roman and italic types. The speaker 
 is telling a friend how she was addressed by a stranger : 
 
 So kummt a Walscher her, und macht mit Kumblemente, 
 
 Und redt mich gradzu an. Mach er kein Spargemente, 1 
 
 Hab i glich zu ihm g'sait. Losz Er, was ich 'ne bitt, 
 
 Mich mine Waih fortgebn ; ich kenn de Herre nit. 
 ,,Sans avoir, frout er mich, fhonneur de vous connaitre, 
 ,,Vous etes seule id, voulez-vous me permettre 
 ,,De vous offrir mon bras pour vous accompagner ? 
 
 Allez, Mousie, sa ich, allez-vous promener, 
 
 Und spar Er sich die miih ; Er musz sich nit trumpire, 
 
 Ich bin yon dene nit die mer am Arm kann fiihre. 2 
 
 ,,Fbs etes bien cruette, arretez un moment, 
 
 Sait er, und kummt soglich mit sine Santimang. . . . 
 
 Zu diene, hab i g'sait ; losz Er mich aber gehn, 
 
 Min Ehr erlaubt mir nit noch langer do zu stehn. 
 ,,Je n' insisterai pas, mats veuillez bien m'apprendre, 
 ,,Si demain en ces lieux vous daignerez vous rendre. 
 
 Behiit mich Gott davor ! i gib kein rendez-vus. 
 
 Adie, mousie, adie,je ne vus [sic] verrai plus. 
 
 Translation. Thus comes a Frenchman up and proceeds with compliments, 
 and (an-redet) accosts me (gerade zu) directly. Make no formalities, 1 I said 
 to him at once. Let me, what I beg ('ne, G. ihn) him, continue (meinen weg) 
 my way I know not the (herren) gentlemen. " Without having," he (fragt) 
 asked me, " the honor of knowing you, you are alone here, will you permit me to 
 offer you my arm to accompany you ?" Go, sir, (sagte) said I, Proceed with your 
 walk and spare himself the trouble ; he must not deceive himself, I am not of 
 those who can be conducted on the arm. 2 " You are very cruel, stay a moment," 
 says he and comes at once with his sentiment. ... At your service, I said, 
 he should let me go, my honor would not allow me to stand there longer. " I 
 do not insist, but will you kindly inform me, if to-morrow in these places you will 
 deign to return" Preserve me heaven from it ! I give no rendez-vous ; adieu, 
 sir, adieu, I will not see you more. 
 
 5. PG-. is akin to several South German Dialects. 
 
 Like Sudbia, the name of Pfah has disappeared from the 
 map of Europe, and what was once the Lower Palatinate, is 
 now to be looked for chiefly in Baden, Bavaria, and Darmstadt. 
 
 1 F. E. Petri (Handbuch der Fremdworter, 1845) explains Spargiment or 
 Spargement as "ein ausgestreutes Geriicht, Ausgesprenge, Getratsch oder Gerede; 
 Aussprengsel," in short, gossip or idle talk, evidently from Latin spargere. 
 A. J. Ellis. 
 
 2 Compare Goethe's Faust 
 
 Faust. Mein schones Fraulein, darf ich wagen, 
 
 Meinen Arm und Geleit Ihr anzutragen ? 
 Margarete. Bin weder Fraulein, weder schb'n, 
 
 Kann ungeleitet nach Hause gehn. A. J. E.
 
 CHAP. VII. 5. PG. AKIN TO SOUTH GERMAN. 47 
 
 It was partly bounded by Alsatia, Baden, and Wiirtemberg, 
 and Maiiheim was the chief city. A few examples, condensed 
 from Kobel, will show the nearness of its dialect to PG. 
 
 So nehmt er dann desz Album desz uff 'm Tisch gelege is. So takes he then 
 the album that is laid on the table. So is 'm glei' ei'gfalle". So it soon happened 
 to him. Guck emol, do is er, met kennt 'n. Look once, here he is, one knows 
 him. Wei is er dann do drzu kumme ? How then has he come ? Desz will ich 
 Ihne sage. That I will tell you. Mer hot nix mehr run 'm g'hort. Nothing 
 more has been heard of him. Mir babe [PG. mr hen] alls minanner "gesse. We 
 ate all together. Juscht am selle Tag is e' Gascht a' kumme. Precisely on that 
 day a guest arrived. Mit erne finscntre' Gesicht. With a dark face. Sacha 
 macha for die Leut. To make things for people. Bsunners especially; ghat had ; 
 drbei thereby; schun already ; sunscht nix besides nothing; drvun thereof; eens 
 one; zwee two; keens none; unner wider; druff on; johr year ; wohr true; 
 kummt rei [PG. reij come in; ne no; jetz' now ; gedenkt supposed ; fraa woman; 
 kopp head ; weesz knows ; tneeschter master ; e' gut' kind a good child. 
 
 The South German dialect of Breisgau has G. er hilft (he 
 helps, PG. ser helft), g'seit (as in Alsatia) for gesagt, PG. 
 ' ksaat/ us for G. and PG. * aus,' for ich, lierrli for herrlich, 
 (PG. hserrlich), won for wollen, sit (as in Alsatia) for zeit, aue 
 for augen (eyes, PG. augha, Alsat. aua), de for du, gen for 
 gegeben (given, PG. gewwa, sometimes suppressing ge-, to 
 which attention has been called). Besides gen, the following 
 Allemanic example (E-adlof, 2, 99) contains wore for geicorden, 
 and uskratzt for amgekratzt 
 
 " Se ban kurzwilt un Narrethei triebe, un am End isch der flirt keck wore, 
 un bet em Miimmele e Schmiitzle gen, un se bet em seldrum d' Aue nit uskratzt." 
 
 They trifled and fooled, and finally the shepherd (ist keck geworden) became 
 bold, and (hat gegeben) gave (dem) to the water nymph a kiss, and she did not 
 (dasselbe darum) on-that-accowit (' em ' for ihm) scratch out his eyes. 
 
 In the following examples, the Breisgauish and PG. are 
 probably more nearly allied than might be supposed from a 
 comparison of the spelling. The Alsatian and PG. are in the 
 same alphabet. 
 
 German. 
 
 Breisgau, 
 
 Alsace. 
 
 PG. 
 
 English. 
 
 regenbogen, 
 
 regeboge, 
 
 rajabau-a, 
 
 reeghaboogha, 
 
 rainbow. 
 
 wo, von, 
 
 wu, vun, 
 
 wuu, fun, 
 
 wuu, fun, 
 
 where, of. 
 
 da, mal, 
 
 do, mol, 
 
 doo, mool, 
 
 doo, mool, 
 
 here, times. 
 
 schaf, 
 
 scbof, 
 
 schoof, 
 
 schoof, 
 
 sheep. 
 
 schlafen, 
 
 schlofe, 
 
 schloofa, 
 
 schloofo, 
 
 to sleep. 
 
 und, gelt, 
 
 un, gel, 
 
 un, gel, 
 
 un, gel, 
 
 and, truly ! 
 
 wohnen, 
 
 wuhne, 
 
 woona, 
 
 wuuna, 
 
 to reside. 
 
 kommen, 
 
 kumme, 
 
 kiiiuiii i, 
 
 kumma, 
 
 to come. 
 
 gesehen, 
 
 g'sehne, 
 
 g'sen, 
 
 kseena, 
 
 seen. 
 
 jahr, auch, 
 
 johr, au, 
 
 joor, au, 
 
 joor, aa, 
 
 year, also. 
 
 nachbar, 
 
 nochber, 
 
 nochbar, 
 
 nochbar, 
 
 neighbor. 
 
 nicht, nichts, 
 
 nit, nix, 
 
 net, niks, 
 
 net, niks, 
 
 not, nothing. 
 
 selbiger, 
 
 seller, 
 
 tselbr, 
 
 sollor, 
 
 that one.
 
 48 PG. AKIN TO SOUTH GERMAN. CHAP. VII. 5. 
 
 German. 
 
 Breisgau. 
 
 Alsace. 
 
 PG. 
 
 English. 
 
 ea 1st jetzt, 
 
 'a isch jetz, 
 
 as isch jets, 
 
 s isch jets, 
 
 it is now. 
 
 etwas, 
 
 ebbes, 
 
 eppas, 
 
 ebbas, eppas, 
 
 something. 
 
 nunmehr, 
 
 nummee, 
 
 (nimma), 
 
 nummi, 
 
 now. 
 
 darunter, 
 
 ranter, 
 
 (nuntar), 
 
 runtar, 
 
 under. 
 
 als, einem, 
 
 as, erne, 
 
 as, ama, 
 
 as, ma, 
 
 as, to a. 
 
 man kann, 
 
 mer kann, 
 
 m'r kann, 
 
 mar kann, 
 
 one can. 
 
 sie haben, 
 
 sie hen, han, 
 
 sii haan, 
 
 sii hen, 
 
 they have. 
 
 wir sind, 
 
 mer sin, 
 
 m'r sin, 
 
 m'r sin, 
 
 we are. 
 
 weiszt, 
 
 wescht, 
 
 weischt, 
 
 weescht, 
 
 knowest. 
 
 das, hat, 
 
 des, het, 
 
 des, hot, 
 
 des, hat, 
 
 the, has. 
 
 In the next three lines of Breisgauish (Radlof, 2, 95) words 
 which agree more or less with PGK are in italic 
 
 " Do isch au kei Pldtzle meh, Here is also no spot more, 
 
 Wit i konnt mi Haupt * hinlege, where I might my head repose, 
 
 Wenn i vun der Arbet geh." when I from my work depart. 
 
 The following (Radlof, 2, 92) is also in the Breisgau dialect : 
 
 Siehsch de, Kind, de Regeboge, . . . Seest thou child the rainbow, . . . 
 
 Gel, das isch e Pracht vun Farbe, . . . truly it is a glory of color, . . . 
 Noeh het jetz mit de Sine Noah has now with (the) his [people] 
 
 E Johannisfirle g'macht, made a (midsummer) Johannes-fire 2 
 
 Un in Herrlikeit un Pracht and in splendor and glory 
 
 Isch der Herr debi erschine, the Lord (dabei) thereat appeared, 
 
 Un zum Noeh het er g'sproche : and to Noah has he spoken : 
 
 Guck, e Zeiche setz i fest, Behold, a sign I firmly set [me, 
 
 Wil de Fride mit mer hest, whilst thou (hast) keepst peace with 
 
 's Wort des hab i niemol broche the word that have I never broken 
 
 Un de Herr het's "Wort au g'halte, and the Lord has the word also kept, 
 
 Den der Regeboge steht, for the rainbow stands 
 
 "Wenn Gott au im "Wetter geht, whenever God goes in the tempest, 
 
 Un er loszt de Zorn nit walte. and he (laszt) allows not (den) the 
 
 [anger to rule. 
 
 1 Scarcely PG., ' kap ' (G. kopf) being used. 
 
 2 See Pulleyn's Etym. Compendium, 1853, at BONE-FIRES. [See also, Jacob 
 Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, pp. 567-597, for fires generally, and pp. 583-593, 
 for these Midsummer fires in particular. A. J. Ellis.]
 
 49 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 1. Wilder aa t geschmiirt. 
 
 ^f 1. Dass dii meed an wunnarbaarar schtaff sin, wen [wann?] 
 sii f ' r menna ausgruka, wffird iir aa schun ausgefunna hawa. Sii sin 
 so schlipparich wii an fisch, un wan m'r meent m'r hatt eens fescht, 
 dan knabbart 's schun an nar annara ang'l. 
 
 TRICKED AGAIN. That the maidens are a wondrous matter if they 
 (ausgucken) look out for husbands (werdet Ihr) will you (auch) also 
 have (schon) already discovered. They are as slippery as a fish, and 
 when one supposes (subjunctive er ha'tte) he might-have one fast, (it 
 nibbles) there is already milling at (einer andern) another hook. 
 
 ^[ 2. Ich hab eich do schun foor ' sam' tseit tsrik f'rtseelt, wii 
 ich mit d'r ' Ha3nna' ei t kumma bin, un was f'r ' kffilkaleesch'nss' 
 dass ich gemacht hab f'r n 'schtoor' uftsusetsa an dem alti 
 Schniipikl seinar kreits-schtross. 
 
 I have recounted (euch) to you here 'some 1 time ago, how I paid 
 attentions to 'Hannah,' and the 'calculations' that I made to set up 
 [an English idiom] a ' store ' at old SchniepickeV s Crossroads. 
 
 ^f 3. ' Well,' selli tseit hab ich mich bei d'r ' Hasnna ' wiischt 
 aa 4 geschmiirt gefunna (kfunna), Fr ich hab gemeent, dass sii nii- 
 mand sunscht ' gleichd,' un liiwar drei moonat lang gebrootona ratta 
 fressa deet, wii an eenighar annarar kserl tsu denka 
 
 ' Well,' that time I found myself ladly 1 tricked with 'Hannah,' 
 for I lelieved that she ' liked ' nobody else, and (that lieber fressen) 
 would rather devour fried rats three months long, than to think on any 
 other fellow ; 
 
 ^f 4. un dii ' seem ' tseit hat sii dem ' Sa3m ' Hinnarbee, ' kum- 
 panii ' gewwo, un tsu annari ksaat, sii watt sich liiwar ufhenka un 
 
 1 A Swiss use of the G. wiist (waste, confused, wild). 
 
 4
 
 50 EXAMPLES. CHAP. VIII. 1. 
 
 d'r hals mit d'r hals-seeg apschneida, as so an alt ' griinharn ' wii 
 mich heiara. 
 
 and the ' same' time she gave ' Sam ' Hinterbein 'company,' and said 
 to others, she would rather hang herself and cut off the neck with the 
 wood-saw (als) than to marry such an old greenhorn as me. 
 
 ^[ 5. Du kamischt diir denka, dass mich sel f rtsernt hat un dass 
 ich mei { ' plaens ' weegha schtoorhalta an dem kreitsweek pletslich 
 ge-ennart hab. 
 
 You can imagine to yourself that that (verziirnt) angered me, and 
 that (plotzlich) suddenly I (hahe geandert) changed my plans about 
 storekeeping at the Crossway. 
 
 ^f 6. Ich hab mich dann an bissl rumgegukt un gefunna dass 
 drawa an d'r 'Passam krik' an 'neisi opning' f'r n tichtighar 
 ' schmsertar' ka&rl wii ich eenar bin, wser. 
 
 I then looked me (ein biszchen herum) a little round and (gefunden) 
 found that (droben) up on l Possum creek ' was a ' nice opening ' for a 
 (tiichtig tight} capable ' smart ' fellow, as 1 am one. 
 
 ^f 7. Dart am ek wuunt d'r alt ' Eeb ' Windbeissar uf m groosi 
 schtik land ; dem sei < ' Meeri ' hat m'r ' abaut ' aa ( kschtanna, un 
 alias sunscht dart rum hat m'r recht guut gefalla (kfalla), juscht 
 hat dii c Meeri ' so gaar eewich fiil schweschtar un briidar, dass als 
 kee 4 plats f'r uns tswee im haus "waar, un in dii scheir geea mussta, 
 wann m'r mit an-annar schwetsa watta. 
 
 There on the corner lives old 'Abe' Windbeisser on a large piece (of) 
 land ; whose ' Mary about ' pleased me, and all (sonst dort herum) 
 besides there-about pleased me right well, only Mary had (gar ewig so 
 viel) quite ever so many sisters and brothers, that (there} was always 
 no place for us two in the house, and (we] must go in the barn when 
 we would speak with oneanother. 
 
 ^f 8. Sell hat m'r 'af-koors' net so arik aa^schtanna, awar 
 (aawar) dii Meeri hat gemeent des waer niks, m'r misst sich ewwa 
 tsu helfa wissa. 
 
 That ' of-course ' was not so very agreeable to me, but Mary con- 
 sidered that to be nothing ; one must know (eben) exactly how to help 
 one's self. 
 
 ^f 9. En tseit lang iss ' nau ' alias guut ganga, meini ' kaelka- 
 leeschanss' waara wiidar 'reddi' un dii Meeri hat mir tsu 
 f rschteea gewwa, dass ich eenicha tseit mit iiram daadi schwetsa 
 un dann d'r parrar [and parra] beschtella kennt.
 
 CHAP. VIII. 1. WIID3R AA ( GESCHMIIRT. 51 
 
 (For] some time 'now' 1 all icent well, my 'calculations' were again 
 'ready,' and Mary had given me to understand that any time I could 
 speak with her (Swiss dadi) father, and then engage the minister. 
 
 ^ 10. ' Well,' d'r neekscht sundaak, ich hab iim ksaat dass ich 
 un sei, Meeri unsar mcind ufgemacht hatta tsu heiara, un froog 
 iin ep aer eenich eppas [or ebbas^} dageegha hatt. Nee<, secht aer, 
 ich hab niks dageegha^. aawar hascht du dann dii ' Msenda ' heit 
 kseene ? 
 
 ' Well' the next Sunday I told him that I and his Mary hid 
 (English idiom) made up our l mind ' to marry, and asked him (ob) if 
 he had (einiges etwas) any (something there-against. No, (sdgt, for 
 G. sagte) said he, I have nothing against it but have you seen 
 1 Amanda 1 today? 
 
 ^f 11. " lir hen mich lets Frschtanna," saag ich, "ich will dii 
 Meeri heiara, net dii Maenda." (Du muscht wissa, dii Maenda 
 iss ' abaut ' seks joor eltar wii dii Meeri un net neekscht soo 
 guutgukich.) 
 
 " You have understood me [Swiss and SG. letz] wrongly," say I, 
 "I wish to marry 'Mary' and not 'Amanda'." (You must know, 
 'Amanda ' is ' about ' six years older than ' Mary,' and not (next) near 
 so goodlooking.} 
 
 ^f 12. " Joo, ich hab dich recht guut f'rschtanua, aawar du bischt 
 noch net ' ufgepooscht.' Geschtar marigha iss dii Maenda nooch 
 ' Hen ' Greifdaalars ' schtoor ' un hat sich eppas kaaft ' Griischan ' 
 Bendor glaab ich heescht sii des ding. 
 
 " Yes, I have understood you right well, but you are not yet 'posted' 
 up. Yesterday morning ' Amanda' went to ' Hen. ' Gripedollars ' store' 
 and bought herself something ' Grecian r Bend (pun on bend and 
 bander, ribbons,) / believe she calls the thing. 
 
 ^f 13. " Wii dri Meeri sel geseena (or kseena) hat, waerd sii gans 
 (or gants) narrisch dofoor 7 , un fangt aa ( mit d'r Maenda tsu handla, 
 weil d'r ' schtoorkiipar ' juscht dii eentsigha maschiin' katt hat. 
 
 When Mary saw it she becomes quite silly, (dafiir) for it, and 
 begins to bargain with Amanda, as the ' storekeeper' (hat gehabt) 
 had but the singU machine. 
 
 ^[14. " Well, sii sin net eenich [geworden] warro bis geegha 
 oowat, un dann hen sii 'agriid,' das dii Meeri dich tsu d'r Maenda 
 ufgept, un dii Meeri dii Griischan Bendar kriikt !"
 
 52 
 
 EXAMPLES. CHAP. VIII. 2. 
 
 " Well, they were not (einig) in accord till (gegen abend) towards 
 evening, and then they ' agreed ' that Mary would give you up to 
 Amanda, and she should get the Grecian Bend." 
 
 If 15. ^rschwappt? Mich uf den 'Griischan' Bendar 'frschwappt,' 
 oone mich serscht tsu froogha ? ! 
 
 ' Swapped ' / Me ' swapped ' on the Grecian Send, (ohne mich erst 
 zu fragen) without first asking me ? ! 
 
 If 16. "So schteet s *nau,' dii Ma3nda is drunna im kuuschtall, 
 wann du fileicht aerscht mit iir darweegha schwetsa witt." 
 
 " So stands it ' now,' Amanda is (darunter) down there at- the 
 stable, if you perhaps (willst) will first speak with her about it." 
 
 ^f 17. Ich? mit iir darweegha sehwetsa? Iss gaar net noot- 
 wennich ! Wann mich deini meed kaafa, f 'rkaafa un f'rschwappd 
 kenna, dann solla sii aa seena, dass sii mieh kriigha. ' Guutbei.' 
 
 I? speak with her about it? (It] is quite unnecessary. If your 
 girls (kb'nnen kaufen) can buy, sell, and l swap ' me, then (sollen sie 
 auch sehen) shall they aho see that they get me. ' Goodby.' 
 
 ^y 18. Ich wees net was dii Windbeissar meed 1 mit un oone 
 Griischan Bendar fun miir denka, aawar was ich fun iina denk 
 wees ich, waerd diir s aawar ' ennihau' net saagha. 
 
 1 know not what the Windbeisser girls with and without Grecian 
 Bend think of me, (aber ich weiss) but I know what I think of them 
 but will ' anyhow ' not tell it to you. 
 
 ^f 19. *Nau' hab ich im sinn noeh ee ( mool 2 tsu prowiira, sobal 
 ich n ' tschsenss ' ausfinn, un wann m'r s aa dann net glikt, geb ich 
 s uf un wserd an altar ' baetschalar.' z 
 
 I now have in mind (zu probiren) to try yet (einmal) once, as soon 
 as I find out a ' chance,' and if it also prospers not then with me, I 
 will give it up and be an old ' bachelor.' 
 
 2. Wii kummt 98 ? 
 
 ^f 1. Ich lees eiar tseitung ' reglar ' alii woch, un weil ich alsfart 
 so fiil nei-ichkeit'n drin lees, do bin ich schun oft (aft) uf dii 
 'nosch'n' [gekommen] kumma iir [mu'sset] misst alias wissa. 
 
 1 This 'meed' is singular and plural, but the singular is more commonly 
 meedl, SG. maidle, G. madchen. It differs from maad (sing, and pi. G. magd), a 
 female servant. 
 
 1 Being emphasised, the accent is on the first syllable, while in ' amool ' 
 (below 2, IF 3) it is on the second. 
 
 3 Condensed and transliterated from the (German) Bucks County Express, 
 Doylestown, Pa. July 20, 1869.
 
 CHAP. VIII. 2. WII KUMMT 3S ? 53 
 
 How COMES IT ? I read (euer) your journal ' regular ' every week, 
 and as I constantly read so many novelties in it, (da then} have I 
 indeed often come to the ' notion ' you must know everything. 
 
 ^ 2. "Warm e p p e r sich uf hengt, adar heiart, adar e p p a s 
 schteelt, adar gsern an guuti 'affis' hatt, adar in dii ' tscheel ' kummt, 
 adar sich n fing-er apschneidt, adar sei, 'plats' f'rkaaft, adarnhinkl 
 schteelt, adar 'guuf'rniir" wserrawill, adarim 'gattar' kfunna waert, 
 odar seini tseitung net betsaalt, dann kann m'r sich druf f rlassan, 
 dass as in dii tseitung kummt. 
 
 If (Swiss epper, masc. of G. etwas,) anyone Jiangs himself, or 
 marries, or steals (G. etwas) anything, or would like to have a good 
 'office,' or gets into 'jail,' or cuts himself a finger off, or sells his 'place' 
 (or farm}, or steals a chicken, or wishes to become 'governor,' or i* 
 [gefunden] found in the 'gutter,' or does not pay for his journal, then 
 one can depend upon it that it gets into the newspaper. 
 
 ^[ 3. Ich bin an altar bauar un f 'rschtee net fiil, un weil iir alles 
 tsu wissa scheint, doo will ich eich amool an paar sacha froogha, dii 
 ich gaern wissa deet. 
 
 I am an old farmer and do not understand much, and as you seem 
 to understand everything, I will here ask you once several things, which 
 I would like to know. 
 
 ^f 4. "Wii kummt as, dass dii jung-i bauarabuuwa graad brillan 
 un schtak traagha missa, wann sii in dii ' kallitsch ' [geschickt werden] 
 kschikt wserra ? Ich hab als gemeent ich wollt mei, ' Saem ' aa in 
 dii 'kallitsch' schika, aawar wann dii leit graad schlechti aagha 
 kriigha un laam waerra, dann behalt ich mei, ' Seem ' liiwar daheem 
 un laern iin selwar als oowats. 
 
 Sow comes it, that the young farmer-boys must immediately carry 
 spectacles and (stb'cke) sticks when they are sent to 'college'? Ihavt 
 hitherto thought I would send my ' Sam.' to 'college,' but if people 
 immediately get bad eyes and become lame, I will rather keep him at 
 home and teach him myself of evenings. 
 
 ^f 5. Wii kummt as, dass deel weipsleit in eiram .iistan (Easton) 
 soo aarm [sein wollen] sei, wella un doch soo lang-i frackschwente 
 uf'm ' peefmant ' noochschleefa ? [Werden] woerre 1 selli weipaleit 
 betsaalt f'r s 'peefmant' [sauber] sauwar tsu halta, odar wii [kon- 
 nen] kenna sii ' affoorda ' soo aa^tsugeea ? 
 
 Sow comes it, that (theil) part (of the} women in your Easton (sein 
 wollen) pretend to be so poor, and yet (nach-schleifen) drag along 
 1 G. worden becomes ' warro.' See 1, U 14.
 
 54 EXAMPLES. CHAP. VIII. 2. 
 
 such long frock (schwanze) tails on the 'pavement ' ? Will those 
 women be paid for keeping the ' pavement ' clean, else how can they 
 ' afford ' to proceed thus ? 
 
 ^] 6. Wii kummt as, dass dii jung-i buuwa sellimeed, woo reichi, 
 daadis [Swiss dadi] hen, liiwar noochschpringa als dii aarmi? 
 Gukt sel net als wii wann sii meer uum s geld gewwa [thaten] 
 deeta als wii uum dii meed ? Wann ich an meedl waer un hatt so 
 en 'boo,' dann deet ich iin mit d'r feiartsang fartschtewara. 
 
 How comes it, that the young men (lieber nachspringen) sooner run 
 after those girls who have rich [the plural -s is English] fathers, than 
 the poor ones ? Looks it not just as if they would give more for the 
 money than for the maid? If I were a girl and had such a ' beau,' 
 (then) I would [stobern, 6 long] drive him forth with the fire-tongs. 
 
 ^f 7. "Wii kummt as, dass n deel jung-i leit nimmi deitsch leesa 
 un schwetsa kenna, wann sii mool 'jes ' un * noo ' saagha kenna ? 
 Meim [dative for genitive] nochbar, dem Maardi Halsbendl sei, 
 eltast'r [sohn] suu <} daer so deitsch waar wii saurkraut des schun 
 siwwa mool ufgwaermt iss, waar kaertslich amool in d'r schtatt, un 
 wii aer wiid'r heem kumma iss, do waar aer so eng-lisch, dass aer 
 schiir gaar nimmi mit seim daadi un mammi schwetsa kann. Sii 
 sin ' nau ' arik im ' truwl ' un sei, daadi meent, sii misst'n iin naus 
 nooch Kniphaus'n schikka, f'r iin wiid'r (widr) deitsch tsu macha. 
 
 How comes it that some young people are no longer able to read and 
 speak German if they only know how to say ' yes ' and ' no ' ? The 
 eldest son of my neighbor Martin Neckband, who was as Dutch 
 as sourcrout which has been warmed up seven times, was once re- 
 cently a week in town, and when he had returned home again, there 
 was he so English that he could scarcely speak anymore with his father 
 and mother. They are ' now" 1 greatly in 'trouble,' and his father thinks 
 they must send him out to Kniphausen to make him German again. 
 
 If 8. "Wie kummt as, dass dii aarmi leit geweenlich dii 
 meerschtan hund un katsa hen? Do bei uns wuunt n familja, 
 dii als bettala muss, un dii fiir groosa hund un siwwa katsa 
 hat. Sii selwar saagha, sii misst'n so f iil hund hawa f'r dii diib 
 aptsuhalta. 1 
 
 How comes it, that poor people (gewb'hnlich haben) commonly have 
 the most dogs and cats ? Here near us lives a family which must 
 always beg, and which has four large dogs and seven cats. They them- 
 selves say, they (miiszten haben) were obliged to have so many dogs to 
 keep away the thieves. 
 
 1 Condensed from the (German) Correspondent & Democrat, Easton, Pa. 
 Aug. 25, 1869.
 
 CHAP. VIII. 3. 
 
 WILL WIDD R BIIW3LI SEI,. 
 
 55 
 
 3. 
 
 Will toidd'r Biiwali* sei t . 
 
 f 1. 
 
 .as reeghart heit, mr kann net naus 
 ua B iss so ' loonsam ' doo im haus ; 
 
 mr wees net wii mr f iilt. 
 ich will mool duu, als wsoaer ich klee ( 
 un uf d'r e"warscht schpeichar gee, 
 
 dart hab ich uftmools kschpiilt. 
 
 IT 2. 
 
 .an biiwli bin ich widdar jets, 
 wu sin mei, k r u t s a un mei, klets ? 
 
 nau waert n haus gebaut ! 
 os schpiilt sich doch net guut ale"e, 
 ich bin joo doch kee ( biiwli mee ! 
 
 was kluppt mei, harts so laut ! 
 
 f 3. 
 
 Harrich ! was 'n wunnarbaara sach ! 
 d'r reegha rapplt uf 'm dach 
 
 gaar nimmi wii aer hat ! 
 ich hab 's als kscaert mit leichtam haerts, 
 nau gepts m'r arik heemwee schmaarts, 
 
 kennt heila wan ich wat. 
 
 ITS. 
 
 Des schpiila geet net, sal ich fart ? 
 was iss uf selli balka dartP 
 
 ' nau ' bin ich widdar buu ! 
 dart hen m'r keschta ausgeschtreit, 
 tsu da3rra uf dii Krischdaak tseit 
 
 deet 's gleicha widdar duu ! 
 
 IT 6. 
 
 .an biiwli sei, sell iss d'r waert 
 dii keschta 'rooschta ' uf d'r haert 
 
 was hat des als gekracht ! 
 Sell iss forbei. Ich fiil 's im gmiid, 2 
 es schpiilt 'n rechtas heemwee liid, 
 
 d'r reegha uf 'm dach ! 
 
 H 7. 
 
 Dort schteet dii ' seem ' alt walnus kischt, 
 ich wunnar ' nau ' was dart drin isch ? 
 
 's muss eppas 'bartich sei,. 
 Kalle'nar, tseitung, bichar hoo ! 
 dii alti sacha hen sii doo 
 
 all sunnarscht-sewarscht 3 nei,. 
 
 Will be a Soy again. 
 
 1. 
 
 It rains to-day, one cannot out, 
 and t is so ' lonesome ' in the house ; 
 
 one knows not how one feels, 
 I will once do as were I small 
 and in the highest garret go 
 
 there have I ofttimes played. 
 
 2. 
 
 An urchin am I now again, 
 where are my corn-cobs and my blocks ? 
 
 ' now ' will a house be built ! 
 one plays indeed not well alone 
 I am in fact no urchin more ! 
 
 my heart how loud it beats ! 
 
 3. 
 
 And hark ! how wonderful it is ! 
 the rain now rattles on the roof 
 
 no more as it once did ! 
 I heard it once with buoyant heart, 
 but now it gives a home-sick smart, 
 
 I could weep if I would. 
 
 5. 
 
 The play succeeds not, shall I forth ? 
 what is upon that timber there ? 
 
 4 now ' I 'm a boy again ! 
 there did we spread the chesnuts out 
 to have them dry for Christmas time 
 
 would ' like ' to do t again! 
 
 6. 
 
 To be a boy that is worth while 
 to ' roast ' the chesnuts on the hart h 
 
 what crackling that produced ! 
 t is gone I feel that in my soul 
 it plays a real home-sick tune 
 
 the rain upon the roof! 
 
 7. 
 
 There stands the ' same ' old walnut chist 
 I wonder ' now ' what may be in t, 
 
 it must be something (abartig) rare. 
 Books calendars newspapers oh 
 the olden objects have we here 
 
 all upside down within. 
 
 1 The spelling of the original is ' Buwelle,' without the umlaut, which others 
 use. The original has ' pwerscht ' in the fifth line, but the umlaut is in use, and 
 seems to be required, as in Bavarian. For notes 3 and 8 see next page.
 
 56 ANGLICISED GERMAN. CHAP. VIII. 4. 
 
 1 8. 8. 
 
 ' Nau ' bin ich aawar recht an buu, But ' now ' I truly am a boy 
 
 well ich do widdar seena duu because I now again behold 
 
 des alt bekannta sach. this old familiar thing. 
 Harrich ! heeserscht d'r reegha ! ' Jes Hark ! Hearst the rain ! ' Yes, yes 
 
 indiid ' indeed,' 
 
 er schpiilt an rechtas heemwee liid it plays a proper home-sick air 
 
 dart oo wa uf 'm dach ! up there upon the roof ! 
 
 If 13. 13. 
 
 Sii henka net am balka mee They hang not on the cross-beams more 
 
 dii bindla fun dem kreitar tee, the bundles of botanic tea, 
 
 un allarlee gewserts ; and every kind of root ; 
 
 ' nau ' will ich widdar biiwli sei, ' now ' I will be a boy again 
 
 ich hool sii f'r dii mammi rei, and for my mother bring them in 
 
 sell ' pliist ' mei, biiwli haerts. 4 that ' pleased ' my boyish heart. 
 HARBAUGH. 
 
 2 G. gemiith. 
 
 3 G. das unterste zu oberst (topsy-turvy). Compare PG. ' hinnarscht-feddarscht ' 
 (wrong end foremost). 
 
 4 Transliterated extract from a longer poem in the Father Abraham, Lancaster, 
 Pa. Feb. 1869. 
 
 4. Anglicised German. 
 
 The following factitious example, full of English words and 
 idioms, is from a New York German newspaper, and purports 
 to be written by a German resident in America. The spelling 
 recalls the name HEYFLEYER over a stall in the stables of the 
 King of Wurtemberg. The writer of the letter spells his 
 name in three ways, instead of ' Schweineberger,' as given in 
 the tale. 
 
 Landkasder, Penfilvenia, North-Amerika, 32. Dezr. 62. 
 Dheire Mudder ! Du "Wiirft es nit begreife kenne, alfz ich dort week bin, 
 hawen alle Leit gefacht, der Hannes werrd nit gud ausmache, das ich jet/t fo gut 
 ab binn. Awer, well, jetzt g'hor' ich zu de Tfchentel-Leit in unfre Zitti unn 
 eeniger Mann, wo in lurop en werri fein Mann is, dhat lachche, bikahs er 
 gleichte fo gut auszumache, als der John Swinebarker. 
 
 Obfchon, ich unterftehe des Biiffeneff beffer as die andre Dotfchmann, wo 
 eweri Teim fo fchlecht edfchukadet bleibe, as fe in lurop ware ; Wer hier gleicht, 
 gud auszumache, mufz fich zu de amerikanifche Tfchentel-Leit halte, wo eweri 
 Mann Something lerne kann. 
 
 Du kannft auch zu mein dheires Elianorche fage, das es kommen kann ; fie 
 kann der hohl Day im Eockel-Schar fitze, ich fend hir inkluded fixtig Dollars, 
 mit das kann fie iiber Liwerpuhl und Nujork zu mich komme, und verbleibe 
 Dein moft zankvoll Son John Swineberger. 
 
 Bofchkrippt : Du muft die Monni for des Bordo auslege ; ich will fend es Dir 
 mit dem nachfte Letter. John Schweinebarker.
 
 57 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 ENGLISH INFLUENCED BY GERMAN. 
 
 1. German Words introduced. 
 
 If the Germans of Pennsylvania adopted many words from 
 English, the English speaking population applied the appel- 
 lation of German or Dutch to unfamiliar varieties of objects, 
 such as a Dutch cheese, a German lock ; or they adopted the 
 original names, as in calling a form of curds smearcase (G. 
 schmierkase) in the markets and prices current. German 
 forms of food have furnished the vicinal English with sourcrout, 
 mush, shtreisslers, bretsels, fawstnachts, 1 tseegercase, knep (G. 
 Knopfe, the k usually pronounced), bower-knep, noodles ; and 
 in some of the interior markets, endive must be asked for 
 under the name of 'sentiifi, 1 even when speaking English. 
 Dutch gives crullers, but stoop (of a house) is hardly known. 
 In English conversation one may hear expressions like " He 
 belongs to the freindschqft " (he is a kinsman or relation) ; 
 " It makes me greisslich to see an animal killed " (makes me 
 shudder and revolt with disgust turns my stomach). A 
 strong word without an English equivalent. 
 
 The German idiom of using einmal (once) as an expletive, 
 is common, as in "Bring me a chair once," and when a person 
 whose vernacular is English says, " I am through another " 
 (I am confused), he is using a translation of the German 
 durch einander, PG. 'darich Qnanuar. 1 * Of such introduced 
 words, the following deserve mention. 
 Metsel-soup, originally pudding broth, the butcher's perquisite, 
 
 but subsequently applied to a gratuity from the animals he has 
 
 slaughtered. 
 
 1 Shrove-tide cakes with the PG. pronunciation, except st.
 
 58 GERMAN WORDS INTRODUCED. CHAP. IX. 1. 
 
 SMnner, G. schinder (a knacker, 1 ) an objurgatory epithet applied 
 by butchers to farmers who compete with them in the market. 
 
 Speck, the flitch of salt bacon, particularly when boiled with sour- 
 crout, hence, ' speck and sourcrout.' 
 
 Tsitterly, calf s-foot jelly. 
 
 Hartley, a hurd-le for drying fruit. 
 
 Snits, a snit (G. schnitz, a cut), a longitudinal section of fruit, 
 particularly apples, and when dried for the kitchen. The term 
 is in use in districts where German is unknown. 2 
 
 Hootsle, PG. hutsl, G. hotzel, a dried fruit j Bavar. and Suab. 
 hutzel, a dried pear. In Pennsylvania, a peach dried without 
 removing the stone. 
 
 Dumb (G. dumm) is much used for stupid. 
 
 Fockle (G. fackel), a fisherman's torch. 
 
 Mother (PG. from G. mutter- weh, not parturition, but) a hysterical 
 rising in the throat. The word occurs in old and provincial 
 English. 3 
 
 Chipmunk, a ground-squirrel (Tamias) ; chip probably from its 
 cry, and Swiss munk, a marmot. 
 
 Spook (G. Spuk), a spectre; and the verb, as "It spooks there," 
 " The grave-yard spooks." 
 
 Cristkintly (PG. Krischtkintli, G. Christ Kindlein), the Christ 
 Child who is supposed to load the Christmas trees and bring pre- 
 sents at Christmas. Perverted in the Philadelphia newspapers 
 to Sriss Kringle, Kriss Kingle, and Kriss RinTde. 
 
 Christmas-tree, a well-known word for a well-known and much 
 used object, but absent from the American dictionaries. 
 
 Bellsnickle, PG. beltsnikkl (G. Peh a pelt, skin with hair, as a 
 bear-skin, here used as a disguise, and perhaps associated with 
 peltzen, to pelt,) and Nickel, Nix, in the sense of a demon. (Suab. 
 Pelzmarte, as if based on Martin}. A masked and hideously 
 disguised person, who goes from house to house on christmas 
 eve, beating (or pretending to beat) the children and servants, 
 and throwing down nuts and cakes before leaving. A noisy party 
 
 1 G. Knochen (bones). 
 
 3 A teacher asked a class If I were to cut an apple in two, what would you 
 call one of the pieces ? "A half." And in four ? "A fourth." And if 1 cut 
 it in eight equal pieces, what would one of them be P "A snit .'" 
 3 Compare 0, how this mother swells up toward my heart ! 
 Hysterica passio, thou climbing sorrow, 
 
 Thy element's below. King Lear, act 2, sc. 4, speech 20, v. 54. 
 
 A. J. Ellis.
 
 CHAP. IX. 1. GERMAN WORDS INTRODUCED. 59 
 
 accompanies him, often with a bell, which has influenced the 
 English name. 
 
 These, I suppose, were Christmas mummers, though I heard them called 
 " Bell-schnickel." Atlantic Monthly, October, 1869, p. 484. 
 
 Gounsh, n. and v,i. As to seesaw implies reciprocal motion, so to 
 gounsh is to move up and down, as upon the free end of an 
 elastic board. PG. ' Kumm, mr wella gaunscha.' (Come, let us 
 gounsh.) Suab. gautschen; Eng. to jounce. 1 
 
 Hoopsisaw (PG. huppsisaa, also provincial German). A rustic or 
 low dance, and a lively tune adapted to it. Inferior lively music 
 is sometimes called ' hoopsisaw music,' ' a hoopsisaw tune.' 2 
 
 Hoove, v.i. a command to a horse to back, and used by extension 
 as in " The men hooved (demurred) when required to do more 
 work." Used in both senses in the Swiss hufen, imperative huff 
 and Schmeller (Bayr. Worterl. 2, 160) gives it as Bavarian. 
 
 Hussling-, or Hustling-match, PG. hossl-msetsch (with English 
 match], a raffle. From the root of hustle, the game being con- 
 ducted by shaking coins in a hat and counting the resulting heads. 
 
 Sock up, "to make a man sock up," pay a debt, produce his sack 
 or pouch. This is uncertain, because, were a PG. expression to 
 occur like " Du muscht ufsakka " (you must sock up), it might 
 be borrowed from English. 
 
 Boof, peach brandy. In Westerwaldish, buff is water-cider, cider 
 made by wetting the pomace and pressing it a second time. 
 
 Sots, n. sing. G. satz, home-made ' yeast ' as distinguished from 
 ' brewer' s-east.' 
 
 Sandman, " The sandman is coming," said when children get 
 sleepy about bedtime and indicate it by rubbing the eyes. Used 
 thus in Westerwald and Suabia. 3 Children are warned against 
 touching dirt by the exclamation (bteaetschi). 
 
 Snoot, for snout, a widespread teutonic form. 
 
 1 The German word appears to be gautschen without the w. So Schmeller 
 (Bayerisches "Worterbuch, 2, 87) "gautschen, gelschen, schwanken, schaukeln." 
 Adelung (Worterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart, 2, 439) explains it as a 
 technical paper-maker's word for taking the sheets out of the mould and laying 
 them upon the press-board, GautscJibret. He adds that a carrying chair was for- 
 merly called a Gautsche, and refers it to Kutsche and French coucher. A. J. E. 
 
 2 Compare Papageno's song in Mozart's Zauberflbte : 
 
 Der Vogelfanger bin ich ja 
 
 Stets lustig, heisa, hopsasa. A, J. Ellit. 
 
 3 Known probably throughout England. Known to me, a Londoner, from 
 earliest childhood. A. J, Ellis,
 
 60 FAMILY NAMES MODIFIED. CHAP. IX. 2. 
 
 2. Family Names Modified. 
 
 With several concurrent languages, the deterioration of 
 names is an obvious process. Among the mixed population of 
 Baltimore, the name ' Bradley ' is to a Frenchman Bras-de- 
 long ; for ' Strawberry ' (alley) and ' Havre-de-grace ' (in 
 Maryland) the Germans say Strubbel, and Hasel-im-gras ; and 
 the Irish make the following changes 
 
 Carron (French) Scarron Schoffeler Scofield 
 
 Coquerelle Corcoran van Dendriessche Driscol 
 
 de Vries Freezer van Emstede Hampsted 
 
 Giessen Gleason "Winsiersski Winchester 
 
 Grimm Grimes Fayette Street Faith St. 
 
 Henning Hannon Alice Ann St. Alexander St. 
 
 Eosier Eosetree Happy Alley Apple Alky 
 
 A German with a name which could not be appreciated, was 
 called John Waterhome because he attended a railroad tank 
 a name which he adopted and placed upon his sign when he 
 subsequently opened a small shop. A German family became 
 ostensibly Irish by preferring the sonant phase of their initial 
 calling and writing themselves Grady instead of Krady ; a 
 name ' Leuter ' became Lander ; ' Amweg ' was tried a while 
 as Amwake and then resumed ; and in a family record, the 
 name ' George ' is given as Schorts. A postoffice ' Chickis ' 
 (Chikiswalungo place where crayfish burrow) received a 
 letter directed to SchicJcgets, another Schickens Laenghaester 
 Caunte, and 'Berks County' has been spelled Burgix Caunte} 
 
 The following German and Anglicised forms may be com- 
 pared, 
 
 Albrecht 
 Bachman 
 Becker 
 Dock 
 
 ' Eberhardt 
 Eberle 
 Eckel 
 Ege* 
 Ewald 
 Fehr 
 
 1 The geographical names at the close of Chapter I. p. 6, are Kentucky, Safe 
 Harbor, Syracuse, and Pinegrove. The drugs are aloes (pronounced as in Latin!), 
 paregoric, citrine ointment, acetic acid, hiera picra, cinnamon, Guiana pepper, 
 gentian, cinchona, opium, hive syrup, senna and manna mixed, sulphate of zink, 
 corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, aniline, logwood, Epsom salts, magnesia, 
 cordial, cubebs, bichromate of potash, valerian (G. Baldrian), laurel berries, 
 cochineal. 2 Rhymes plaguey, even in English localities. 
 
 3 As if from the plant elder, instead of Swiss halde, a steep or declivity the 
 name being Swiss. 
 
 A Ibrtght 
 
 Frey (free) 
 
 Fry 
 
 Baughman 
 
 Friiauf 
 
 Freeauf 
 
 Baker, Pecker 
 
 Fusz (foot) 
 
 Foose 
 
 Duck 
 
 Geisz (goat) 
 
 Gise 
 
 Everhart 
 
 Gerber 
 
 Garber 
 
 Everly 
 
 Giebel 
 
 Gibble 
 
 Eagle 
 
 Graff 
 
 Graff, -o, -ae 
 
 Hagy ? 
 
 Guth 
 
 Good, Goot 
 
 Evalt 
 
 Haldeman 
 
 Eolderman s 
 
 Fair 
 
 Herberger 
 
 Harberger
 
 CHAP. IX. 2. 
 
 FAMILY NAMES MODIFIED. 
 
 61 
 
 Hinkel 
 
 Hinkle 
 
 Pfautz 
 
 Fonts, Pouts 
 
 Hofman 
 
 Hoofman 
 
 Pfeiffer 
 
 Pyfer 
 
 Huber 
 
 Hoover 
 
 Reif (ripe) 
 
 Rtf 
 
 Kaufman 
 
 Coffman 
 
 Reisinger 
 
 Rietinger 
 
 Kaufroth 
 
 Ouffroot 
 
 Riehm 
 
 Ream 
 
 Kebler 
 
 Kaylor 
 
 Roth (red) 
 
 Roath, Rote 
 
 Kochenauer 
 
 Gouffhnour 
 
 Ruth 
 
 Root 
 
 Koick 
 
 Cowhawk 
 
 Schellenberger 
 
 Shallyberger l 
 
 Krauskopf 
 
 Erosskop 
 
 Schenk 
 
 Shank 
 
 Kreider 
 
 Crider 
 
 Scheuerman 
 
 Shireman 
 
 Kreybil 
 
 Oraypeel 
 
 Schnebele 
 
 Suavely 
 
 Kiihnlein 
 
 Coonly, -ley 
 
 Schneider 
 
 Snyder, Snider 
 
 Kutz 
 
 Kutts 
 
 Seip 
 
 Sype, Sipe 
 
 Leitner 
 
 Lightner 
 
 Seipel 
 
 Seiple, Sible 
 
 Leybach 
 
 Libough 
 
 Seitz 
 
 Sides 
 
 Mayer 
 
 Moyer 
 
 Senz 
 
 Sense 
 
 Meyer 
 
 Mire 
 
 Spraul 
 
 Sprowl 
 
 Mosser 
 
 Muster 
 
 Stambach 
 
 Stambough 
 
 Mosseman 
 
 Musselman 
 
 Strein 
 
 Strine 
 
 Neumeyer 
 
 Narmire? 
 
 Valentin 
 
 Felty 
 
 Noll ' 
 
 Xull 
 
 WeltzhuBer 
 
 Beltzhoo Ver* 
 
 Niissli 
 
 Nicely, Nissly 
 
 Wetter 
 
 Fetter 
 
 Oberholtzer 
 
 Overholser 
 
 Wild 
 
 Wilt 
 
 So ' Schleyermacher ' passed thro Slaremaker to Slat/maker ; 
 and by a similar process, farther changes may take place, like 
 Mutsch to Much, Bertsch to Birch, Brein to Brine, Schutt to 
 Shoot or Shut, Riippel to Ripple, Knade (gnade grace) to Noddy 
 Buch to Book, Stahr to Star, Fing-er to Fin-ger, Melling-er 
 to Mellin-jer, Stilling-er 3 to Stillin-jer, Cover to Cdver, Fuhr- 
 man to Foreman, Rohring 4 to Roaring, Gehman to Gayman. 
 
 Names are sometimes translated, as in Stoneroad for 
 ' Steinweg,' Carpenter for both ' Schreiner' and 'Zimmermann,' 
 and both Short and Little for ' Kurz ' or ' Curtius.' 
 
 Part of a name may be anglicised, as in Fink6m<?, Espen- 
 shade, Trautwm<? where the first syllable has the German 
 sound. Fentzmaker is probably a condensation of Fenster- 
 macher. 
 
 It is remarkable that speakers of German often use English 
 forms of baptismal names, as Mary for Maria, Henry for 
 
 1 And Sbellabarger, American Minister to Portugal, 1869. 
 
 2 The ' b ' and ' v ' of the two forms have changed place. 
 
 3 These names, with Rauch, Bucher, the Scotch Cochran, etc., are still pro- 
 nounced correctly in English speaking localities in Pennsylvania ; and at Harris- 
 burg, ' Salade ' rhymes holiday. 
 
 4 The organists Thunder and Rohr gave a concert in Philadelphia some years 
 ro. In New York I have seen the names ' Stone and Flint, and ' Lay and 
 
 latch,' where the proper name takes precedence.
 
 62 FAMILY NAMES MODIFIED. CHAF. IX. 2. 
 
 Heinrich, and John (tschan, shorter than the medial English 
 sound) for Johannes. 1 
 
 Of curious family names without regard to language, the 
 following may be recorded premising that proper names are 
 especially subject to- be made spurious by the accidents of 
 typography. 8 
 
 Ahl, Awl, Amraon, Anne 1 , Barndollar, Baud, Bezoar, Bigging, Blades, Bohrer, 
 Boring, Book, Bracken, Bricker (bridger), Buckwalter, Burkholder and Burch- 
 halter (burg-holder), Byler, Candle, Candour, Care, Case, Channell, Chronister, 
 Condit, Cooher, Cumberbus (Smith's- Voyage to Guinea, 1744), Curgus or Circus, 
 Behoof, Dialogue, Ditto, Dosh, Eave, Eldridge (in part for Hildreth), Erb, Eyde, 
 Eyesore (at Lancaster, Pa.), Fassnacht (G. fastnacht shrovetide), Feather, Ferry 
 (for the "Walloon name Ferree 3 ).; Friday, Fornaux, Furnace, Gans (goose,. 
 Gansert, Gensemer, Grossgensly), Gift (poison), Ginder, Gruel, Gutmann (good- 
 -man) Hag (hedge), Harmany, Hecter, Hepting, Herd, Heard, Hergelrat (rath 
 counsel), Hinderer, Hock, Holzhauer and Holzhower (woodchopper), Honnafusz 
 (G. hahn a cock), Kash, Kitch, Koffer, Landtart, Lawer, Leis, Letz, Licht, Line, 
 Lipp, Loeb (lion), Lcewr (at St. Louis), Mackrel, Manusmith, Matt, Marrs, 
 Mehl, Mortersteel, Mowrer (G. maur a wall), Napp, Neeper (Niebuhr ?), Nohaker, 
 Nophsker, Ochs, Over, Ox worth, Peelman, Penas (in Ohio), Pfund, Popp, Poutch, 
 Quirk, Rathvon (Rodfong, Rautfaung), Road, Rottenstein (in Texas), Rutt, 
 Sangmeister, Scheuerbrand, Schlegelmilch, Schlong (snake), Schcettel, Segar, 
 Seldomridge. Senn, Service (iu Indiana), Shaver, Shilling, Shinover, Shock, 
 Shot, Showers, Skats (in Connecticut), Smout, Spoon, Springer, Steer (in Texas), 
 Stern, Stetler, Stormfeltz, Strayer, Stretch, Stridle, Sumption, Surgeon, Swoop 
 (a Suab-ian), Test, Tise, Tice (Theiss ?), Tittles, Towstenberier, Tyzat (at St. 
 Louis), TTmble, Venus, Venerich, -rik, Vestal (in Texas), Vinegar('s Ferry, on 
 the Susquehanna), Vogelsang, Wallower, "Waltz, Wolfspanier, "Wonder, "Wool- 
 rick (for Wulfrich ?), Work, "Worst, Yaffe, Tecker, Ycisley, Yordea, Zeh, 
 Zugschwerdt. 
 
 1 In the following inscription on a building, 'bei' instead of ' von' shows an 
 English influence. The author knew English well : was a member of the state 
 legislature, had a good collection of English but not of German books and 
 yet preferred a German inscription 
 
 ERBAUET BE! JOHN & MARIA HALDEMAN I79O. 
 
 Inscriptions are commonly in the roman character, from the difficulty of cutting 
 the others. 
 
 2 As in ' Chladori ' for Chladni, in the American edition of the "Westminster 
 Review for July, 18G5. The name Slyvons stands on the title-page as the author 
 of a book on Chess (Bruxelles, 1856), which M. Cretaine in a similar work (Paris, 
 1865) gives as Solvyns. Upon calling Mr. C.'s attention to this point, he pro- 
 duced a letter from the former, signed Solvyns. 
 
 3 The forms of this name are Ferree, Ferrie, Fuehre, Ferie, Verre, Fiere, 
 Firre, Ferry, Feire, Fire ; and as ' Ferree ' is now pronounced Free, this may be 
 a form also. In the year 1861, when in Nassau, 1 observed that the English 
 visitors pronounced the name of a building in four modes, one German and three 
 not German Badhaus, Bath-house, Bad-house, and Bawd-house.
 
 CHAP. IX. 2. FAMILY NAMES MODIFIED. 63 
 
 Among the following curious, incompatible, or hibrid 1 
 names, titles (except that of ' General ') have been mistaken 
 for proper names Horatio Himmereich, Owen Reich, Caspar 
 Reed, Dennis Loucks, Baltzer Stone, Addison Shelp, Paris 
 Rudisill, Adam Schuh, Erasmus Buckenmeyer, Peter Pence, 
 General Wellington H. Ent, General Don Carlos Buel, Don 
 Alonzo Cushman, Sir Frank Howard, Always Wise (probably 
 for Alois Weiss). In November, 1867, Gilbert Monsieur 
 Marquis de Lafayette Sproul, asked the legislature of Tennes- 
 see to cut off all his names but the last two. 
 
 1 Latin HIBRIDA. I have marked the first English syllable short to dissociate 
 it from the high-breed of gardeners and florists, which 'hybrid* suggests.
 
 64 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 IMPERFECT ENGLISH. 
 
 1 . Broken English. 
 
 Specimens of English as badly spoken by Germans who 
 have an imperfect knowledge of it, are common enough, but 
 they seldom give a proper idea of its nature. The uncertainty 
 between sonant and surd is well known, but like the Cockney 
 with h, it is a common mistake to suppose that the misappli- 
 cation is universal, 1 for were this the case, the simple rule of 
 reversal would set the speakers right in each case. 
 
 It is true that the German confounds English t and d, but 
 he puts t for d more frequently than d for t. In an advertise- 
 ment cut from a newspaper at Schwalbach, Nassau, in 1862 
 
 Ordres for complet Diners or simples portions is punctually attented to and 
 send in town 
 
 there seems to be a spoken reversal of t and d, but I take 
 ' send ' to be an error of grammar, the pronunciation of the 
 speaker being probably attentet, and sent. " Excuse my bad 
 riding" (writing) is a perversion in speech. A German 
 writes ' dacke ' take, ' de ' the, * be ' be, ' deere ' deer, ' contra ' 
 country, and says : 
 
 I am cebple [able] to accommodeted with any quantity of dis kins of Ruts 
 [kinds of roots]. Plies tirectad to ... Sout Frond Stread . . . nort america. 
 
 Here there is an attempt at the German flat p (p. 11) in the 
 bp of ' able ' ; the surd th of ' north ' and ' south ' becomes t, 
 and the sonant th of ' this ' becomes d ' with ' remaining under 
 the old spelling. The p of ' please ' remains, but d of ' direct' 
 becomes t ; and while final t of ' front 1 and ' street ' becomes 
 
 1 A boy in the street in Liverpool (1866) said to a companion " 'e to 
 'old up my 'ands an' I 'eld em up." He did not Bay Aup, Aan' AI, Aem. 
 
 told me to
 
 CHAP. X. 1. BROKEN ENGLISH. 65 
 
 (I, the first t in ' street/ and that in ' directed,' are kept pure 
 by surd s and cay. The rule of surd to surd and sonant to 
 sonant is neglected in most of the factitious specimens of 
 broken English. 
 
 The next is an instructive and a genuine example, being 
 the record of a Justice of the Peace in Dauphin County (that 
 of Harrisburg, the State Capital). It will be observed that 
 the complainant bought a house, and being refused possession, 
 makes a forcible entry and is resisted. The spelling is irregular, 
 as in 'come' and 'com,' 'the' and 'de,' 'did' and 'dit,' 'then' 
 arid 'den,' ' nothin and 'nosing,' ' house " and 'hause,' 'put' 
 and ' but, 1 ' open ' and ' upen.' 
 
 The said . . . sait I dit By de hause and I went in de hause at de back winder 
 and den I dit upen de house and Dit take out his forniture and nobotty Dit 
 disstorbe me till I hat his forniture out ; I did but it out in de streat Before the 
 house ; and then he dit Com Wis a barl and dit nock at the dore that the Dore 
 dit fly open and the molding dit Brack louse ' and then I dit "Wornt him not to 
 come in the hause and not to put anneysing in the hause and he dit put in a barl 
 Into the hause and I did put it out and he dit put it in again and then he did put 
 In two Sisses z and srout the barl against Me ; and then I dit nothin out annez- 
 more and further nosing more ; Sworn & Subscript the Dey and yeare abore 
 ritten before me . . . . J.P. Newspaper. 
 
 The beginning and close follow a legal formula. The PG. 
 idiom which drops the imperfect tense runs through this, in 
 expressions such as ' I did open,' 'I did put,' ' I did warned,' 
 etc. ; but as might be expected, the English idiom is also 
 present, in 'I went' and 'he throwed.' Making allowance 
 for reminiscences of English spelling, and the accidents of 
 type, this is an excellent specimen of the phasea of English 
 from German organs. It shows that sonants and surds do not 
 always change place, as in did, nobody, disturb, out, that, not, 
 
 1 Compare with a word in the following note sent to a druggist in Harrisburg, 
 Pa. " Plihs leht meh haf Sohm koh kohs Peryhs ohr Sahmting darhts guht vohr 
 Ah lihttel Dahg Gaht lausse vor meh." [Louse for loose is common in the north 
 of England. Thus in Peacock's Lonsdale Glossary (published for the Philological 
 Society, 1869) we find: "Lome, adj. (1) loose. O.N. laut, solutus. (2) Im- 
 pure, disorderly. v.t. to loose. "To lowse 'em out on t' common "=To let 
 cattle go upon the common. To be at a louse-end. To be in an unsettled, dis- 
 sipated state. Lous-ith'-heft, n. a disorderly person, a spendthrift."- A. J.Hllit.'] 
 
 2 The two shows that this is a plural. When recognised, it will be observed 
 that the law of its formation is legitimate.
 
 66 THE BREITMANN BALLADS. CHAP. X. 2. 
 
 come, which are not necessarily turned into tit, nopotty, 
 tisdurp, oud, dad, nod, gum. 1 
 
 In the foregoing example, the final t of went (where some 
 might have expected 'wend'), dit for 'did/ hat for 'had,' 
 streat, wornt for 'warned/ put, srout for 'throwed/ and 
 subscript, is for Latin -AT-US, English -ed, and as this is t 
 in German, it is retained by the language instinct, even when 
 represented by * d/ as in gol-d. Were there not something 
 different from mere accident here, Grimm's Law would be a 
 delusion. The t of out, disturb, and the first one in street, is 
 due to the surd s beside it, or in the German aus and strasze. 
 
 In the, de ; then, den ; wis ; anneysing, nosing ; srout, the 
 sonant th becomes d by glottosis, 2 and the surd one s by otosis, 
 or t by glottosis also, and 'noting' is more likely to become 
 nossing or noting, than noting and English z is not known 
 to many German dialects. On the other hand, z as the 
 representative of sonant th, is legitimate in the broken English 
 of a Frenchman. 
 
 The p of ' open ' and the g of ' against ' are influenced by 
 the German forms offnen and gegen. 
 
 In " I dit nothin out annezmore " any is made plural, and 
 'did out' (for the previous 'put out 1 ) seems to be a re- 
 miniscence of the German austhun. 
 
 2. The Breitmann Ballads. 
 
 In these ballads Mr. Leland has opened a new and an in- 
 teresting field in literature which he has worked with great 
 success, for previous writers wanted the definite, accurate know- 
 ledge which appears in every page of Hans Breitmann, and 
 which distinguishes a fiction like the Lady of the Lake from a 
 
 1 For the word ' twenty-five/ the speaking and singing machine of the German 
 Faber said tventy-Jife, in imitation of its fabricator, using t and f because they 
 occur in the German word. Similarly, feif for Jive appears in the following joke 
 from an American German newspaper : 
 
 " Ein Pennfylvanifch - Deutfcher hatte zwei Pferde verloren und fchickte 
 folgende An nonce : Ei loft mein til Horfes ! Der wonne ift a Sarrelhors, langen 
 Schwanzthal, fchort abgekuthet, aber weederum ausgrown ; der annerwonn is 
 blacker, aber mit four weiht Fieht un en weifzen Strich in his Fahs. Hu will 
 bring mein tu Horfes back to mi, will rezief feif Thalers reward." 
 
 2 Said. Analytic Orthography, 294.
 
 CHAP. X. 2. THE BREITMANN BALLADS. 67 
 
 figment like Hiawatha. Here we have an attempt to re- 
 present the speech of a large class of European 1 Germans who 
 have acquired English imperfectly, and who must not be 
 confounded with the Pennsylvania German, altho the language 
 of the two may have many points in common. 
 
 Apart from their proper function, and under their present 
 spelling, the Breitmann ballads have but little philologic 
 value. Instead of being the representative of an average 
 speech, they contain forms which can hardly occur, even when 
 influenced by the perversity of intentional exaggeration, such 
 as shbeed, shdare, shdory, ghosdt, exisdt, lefdt, quesdions, 
 excepdion, and where the sonant d occurs beside the surd sh, 
 f, and t, in the lines : 
 
 ' De dimes he cot oopsetted l l oopsettet. 
 
 In shdeerin lefdt und righdt. 8 2 G. rechtf. 
 
 Vas ofdener 3 as de cleamin. shdars * 3 G. ofrer. * shtarrss. 
 
 Dat shtud de shky 8 py 6 nighdt.' 9 sky. 6 G. iei. 
 
 In these pages an average speech is assumed as the basis of 
 comparison, and also the average German who does one thing 
 or avoids another in language. In such examples of bad 
 English, surd and sonant (p,b ; t,d; k,gay~) must be confused, 
 and German words like ' mit ' for with, and ' ding ' (rather 
 than ' ting ' or ' sing ') for thing, may be introduced at dis- 
 cretion, as in Mr. Leland's use of ding, mit, blitzen, erstaunished 
 (for -isht), Himmel, shlog, and others. 
 
 When German and English have the same phase, it should 
 be preserved, book (G. buch] has a sonant initial and a surd 
 final in both languages ; a German therefore, who brings his 
 habits of speech into English, will not be likely to call a book 
 a boog, poog, or pook ; and Mr. Leland's habits as a German 
 
 1 This accent is not wanted for Englishmen of the present day. Nonh 
 Webster (Dissertations on the English Language, Boston U.S. 1789, p. 118) says: 
 " Our modern fashionable speakers accent European on the last syllable hut one. 
 
 This innovation has happened within a few years Analogy requires 
 
 European and this is supported by as good authorities as the other." He adds 
 in a footnote. " Hymenean and hymeneal are, by some writers, accented on the 
 last syllable but one ; but erroneously. Other authorities preserve the analogy." 
 Milton has hymendan, P. L. 4, 711. Milton's line " Epicurean, and the Stoic 
 severe," P. Reg. 4 280, is strange, however the word may be accented ; Shak- 
 spere's " keep his brain fuming ; Epici'irean cooks," A. and C., act 2, sc. 1, sp. 9, 
 v. 24, is distinct enough. If the long diphthong or vowel in Latin were a proper 
 guide, we should have to say inimTcaf, doclrl'nal, amY cable. These words are 
 accented on the same plan as those taken from the French. And this would give 
 the common European, which is now strictly tabooed. A. J. Ellis.
 
 68 
 
 THE BRE1TMANN BALLADS. 
 
 CHAP. X. 2. 
 
 scholar have led him to write book, beer (and bier) fear, free, 
 drink, denn, trink, stately, plow, born, dokter, togeder, hart 
 (hard), heart, lead (dead), fought, frolic, goot, four, hat (had, 
 hat,-^but in the latter sense it should have been het), toes, 
 dough (though), tousand, pills, etc. Under this rule, his 
 ' ploot ' and ' blood ' (G. blut) should have been blut : 
 
 benny 
 
 penny 
 
 dwice 
 
 tvice 
 
 pefore 
 
 before 
 
 prown 
 
 brown 
 
 blace 
 
 place 
 
 fifdy 
 
 fifty 
 
 pegin 
 
 begin 
 
 py 
 
 by 
 
 blaster 
 
 plaster 
 
 giss 
 
 kiss 
 
 pebind 
 
 behinl 
 
 prow 
 
 brow 
 
 breest 
 
 priest 
 
 led 
 
 let 
 
 plue 
 
 blue 
 
 sed 
 
 to set 
 
 creen 
 
 green 
 
 mighdy 
 
 mighty 
 
 pone 
 
 bone 
 
 streed 
 
 shtreet 
 
 deers 
 
 tears 
 
 pack n. 
 
 back 
 
 prave 
 
 brafe 
 
 veet 
 
 feet 
 
 dell 
 
 tell 
 
 pall 
 
 ball 
 
 pranty 
 
 brandy 
 
 vifdeen 
 
 fifteen 
 
 den 
 
 ten 
 
 peard 
 
 beart 
 
 preak 
 
 break 
 
 vine 
 
 fine 
 
 dwelve 
 
 tvelf 
 
 pecause 
 
 becauss 
 
 prings 
 
 bringss 
 
 wide 
 
 vite 
 
 ding ting 
 dirsty tirsty 
 done tone 
 
 dream tream 
 drop trop 
 fader fater 
 
 said set 
 saddle sattle 
 drink trink 
 
 In cases where the two languages do not agree in phase, 
 either phase may be taken, as in ' troo ' or ' droo ' for English 
 through with a surd initial, beside German durch with a 
 sonant ; but as German cognate finals are more likely to be 
 surd than sonant (as in lockwouth for lo^rwoo^ at the end of 
 Ch. I. p. 6), goot, hart and. holt, as breitmannish forms, are better 
 than good, hard, and hold. Mr. Leland practically admits 
 this, as in ' barrick ' (G. berg, a hill), which, however, many 
 will take for a barrack. 1 The following have a different phase 
 in German and English 
 
 day tay door toor -hood -hoot red ret 
 
 hund- buntert 
 middle mittle 
 pad path 
 
 but &, and the pure final German s would turn d to t in 
 ' bridges,' ' brackdise,' ' outsides,' 'holds,' 'shpirids;' it would 
 turn g to k in ' rags,' and it makes ' craps ' (crabs) correct. 
 The power of English z can scarcely be said to belong to 
 average German, or to the breitmannish dialect ; it should 
 therefore be ss in ' doozen,' 'preeze' (breeze), and 'phaze.' 
 When it is present it occurs initial, and we have ' too zee ' 
 once, against numerous s initials like see, sea, say, so, soul, six. 
 The ballads have many irregularities in spelling like as, 
 ash ; is, ish ; one, von ; two, dwo ; dwelf, dwelve, twelve, 
 zwolf (for tvelf) ; chor, gorus ; distants, tisaster ; dretful ; 
 tredful ; eck (the correct form), egg ; het, head, headt ; 
 
 1 The probable breitmannish form of scythes is given in these pages. Com- 
 pare " Pargerswill, Box [Parkersville, Bucks] Kaundie Pensilfani."
 
 CHAP. X. 2. THE BRE1TMANN BALLADS. 69 
 
 groundt, cround, croundt ; land, lantlord, Marylandt; shpirid, 
 shpirit, shbirit ; drumpet; trumpet; foorst, foost, first, virst ; 
 fein, vine ; went, vent ; old, olt, oldt ; teufel, tyfel, tuyfel. 
 
 English J is placed in soobjectixe, objectified, jail, jammed, 
 juice, jump (shoomp, choomp) ; it is represented by sh in shoost, 
 shiant, shinglin ; by ch (correctly) in choin, choy, choke, 
 enchine ; by g, dg in change, hedge j and by y in Yane and 
 soobjectifly which is not objectionable. English Ch remains 
 in catch, child, chaps (and shaps), fetch, sooch, mooch ; and 
 it becomes sh in soosh (such), shase, sheek. 
 
 English Sh is proper in shmoke, shmile, shplit, shpill, 
 shpoous, shtart, shtick, shtrike, shtop, shvear ; it is omitted in 
 smack, stamp, slept ; and it is of doubtful propriety in ash 
 (as), ashk, vash (was), elshe, shkorn, shkare, shky. 
 
 English D final is often written dt that the word may be 
 recognised and the sound of t secured, as in laidt, roadt, 
 shouldt, vouldt, findt, fouudt, roundt (and round), vordt (and 
 vord), obercoadt. English ed and its equivalents should be 
 et or t in broken English, as in loadet, reconet, pe-markt, 
 riset, signet, rollet, seemet, slightet, declaret, paddlet, mate 
 (made), kilt ; -ed being wrong, as in said, coomed, bassed, 
 scared, trinked, smashed, rooshed, bleased. 
 
 English F, F, W t receive the worst treatment, and are 
 judged by the eye rather than by speech. German folgen and 
 English follow are turned into 'vollow'; German well is 
 'vhile' and 'while.' Other examples are wind and vindow ; 
 vhen, vhene/er (turning not only German v, but English v 
 into /), fery for very, but svitch, ve (we), veight, vink, 
 are proper. The following example is from ' Schnitzerl's 
 Philosopede ' 
 
 ' Oh vot ish all l dis cartly pliss ? l ol in fully. 
 
 Oh, vot ish * man's soocksess ? a * sooccess. 
 
 Oh, vot is various kinds * of dings ? s * turns d into t. 
 
 Und vot is * hoppiness P * ist or iih, not both. 
 
 Ve find a pank node in de shtreedt, 5 ' shtreet. 
 
 Next[-sht] 6 dings 6 der pank ish 7 preak ! dingss. ' d requires b. 
 Ye foils ' und knocks our outsides 8 in, 8 6. seil, and final *, 
 
 Yen ve a ten-shtrike make.' require t. 
 
 CHICKIS, near COLUMBIA, PENNSYLVANIA, 
 Feb. 16, 1870.
 
 TRUBNER & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 A DICTIONAEY OF ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY. 
 By HENSLEIGH WEDGWOOD. 
 
 Second Edition, thoroughly revised and corrected by the Author, and extended to 
 the Classical Roots of the Language. With an Introduction on the Formation of 
 the Language. Imperial 8vo. pp. Ixxii. and 744, double columns, cloth. 26s. 
 
 AMEEICANISMS : THE ENGLISH OF THE 'NEW WORLD. 
 
 By M. SCHELE DE VERB, LLD., 
 Professor of Modern Languages in the Univ. of Virginia. 8vo. pp. 685, cloth. 12s. 
 
 STUDIES IN ENGLISH: 
 
 OR, GLIMPSES OF THE INNER LIFE OF OUR LANGUAGE. 
 
 By M. SCHELE DE VERB, LL.D., Professor of Modern Languages in the 
 
 University of Virginia. 8vo. cloth, pp. vi. and 365. 10s. 6d. 
 
 A DICTIONAEY OF THE OLD ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 Compiled from Writings of the xn., xin., xiv., and xv. Centuries. By FRANCIS 
 HENRY STRATMANN. Second Edition. 4to. Part I. pp. 160. 10s. 6d. 
 Part II. pp. 160. 10s. 6d. 
 
 THE WOEKS OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEAEE. 
 
 Edited according to the first printed copies, with the various readings, and Critical 
 Notes, by F. H. STRATMANN. I. The Tragicall Historic of Hamlet, Prince of 
 Denmarke. Demy 8vo., pp. vi. and 120, sewed. 3s. 6d. 
 
 AN OLD ENGLISH POEM OF THE OWL AND THE 
 NIGHTINGALE. 
 
 Edited by F. H. STRATMANN. 8vo. cloth, pp. 60. 3s. 
 
 LANGUAGE AND THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE. 
 
 Twelve Lectures on the Principles of Linguistic Science. By WM. DWIGHT 
 WHITNEY, Professor of Sanskrit, etc., in Yale College. Second Edition, aug- 
 mented by an Analysis. Crown 8vo., cloth, pp. xii. and 504. 10s. 6d. 
 
 THE HOMES OF OTHEE DAYS. 
 
 A History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments during the Middle Ages. By 
 THOMAS WRIGHT, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. With illustrations from the Illumina- 
 tions in Contemporary Manuscripts and other Sources. Drawn and engraved by 
 F. W. Fairholt, Esq., F.S.A. One vol., medium 8vo., 350 Woodcuts, pp. xv. and 
 512, handsomely bound in cloth. II. Is. 
 
 VOLUME OF VOCABULAEIES, 
 
 Illustrating the Condition and Manners of our Forefathers, as well as the History of 
 the forms of Elementary Education, and of the Languages Spoken in this Island, 
 from the Tenth Century to the Fifteenth. Edited by THOMAS WRIGHT, Esq., 
 M.A., F.S.A., etc., etc. {In the Press.] 
 
 THE CELT, THE EOMAN, AND THE SAXON. 
 
 A History of the Early Inhabitants of Britain down to the Conversion of the Anglo- 
 Saxons to Christianity. Illustrated by the Ancient Remains brought to Light by 
 Recent Research. By THOMAS WRIGHT, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., etc., etc. Third 
 Corrected and Enlarged Edition. [/ the Press.] 
 
 LONDON : TRUBNER & Co., 8 AND 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.

 
 ir SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 A 000 035 130 4 
 
 r 
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 
 
 Return this material to the library 
 
 from which it was borrowed. 
 
 mOIU-REMABU 
 
 MAY 01 
 
 UCLA URUTLL