I CLASSICAL DICTIONARY; CONTAINING A COPIOUS ACCOUNT OF ALL THE PROPER NAMES MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS: WITH THE VALUE OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES, USKD AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS ; AND A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Br J, LEMPRIERE, D.D. THE TENTH EDITION, CORRECTED. LONDON: PRINTED FOR T. CADELL AND W. DAVIES, IN THE STRAND. 1818. IVintt.l b> A. Su-alian, IVintcrs-Slrec-t, London OF r> L54c Sir THOMAS DYKE ACLAND, Bart. AS A PUBLIC MAN, INDEPENDENT, ENLIGHTENED, THE FRIEND OF HIS COUNTRY AND OF HER TRUEST. INTERESTSj AS A PRIVATE MAN, AFFABLE, BENEVOLENT, CHARITABLE; BY HIS NEIGHBOURS ADMIRED AND BELOVED AS AN EXEMPLARY PATTERN OF THE VIRTUES WHICH DIGNIFY DOMESTIC LIFE, THIS TENTH EDITION IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY THE AUTHOR. EXETER, OCTOBER 1818. A5> PREFACE. ¥N the following pages it has been the wish of the Author to give the -■■ most accurate and satisfactory account of all the proper names which occur in reading the Classics, and by a judicious collection of anec- dotes and historical facts to draw a picture of ancient times, not less in- structive than entertaining. Such a work, it is hoped, will not be deemed an useless acquisition in the hands of the pubhc ; and while tlie student is initiated in the knowledge of history and mythology, and familiarized with the ancient situation and extent of kingdoms and cities that no longer exist, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it not a contemptible com- panion, from which he may receive information, and be made, a second time, acquainted with many important particulars which time, or more laborious occupations, may have erased from his memory. In the prose- cution of his plan, the author has been obliged to tread in the steps of many learned men, whose studies have been directed, and not without suc- cess, to facilitate the attainment of classical knowledge, and of the ancient languages. Their compositions have been to him a source of information, and he tru»**j that their labors have now found new elucidation in his own, and that, by a due consideration of every subject, he has been enabled to imitate^ their excellences, without copying their faults. Many compositions of the same nature have issued from the press, but they are partial and unsatisfactory. The attempts to be concise, have rendered the labors of one barren and uninatructive, while long and vmconnected quotations of passages from Greek and Latin writers, disfigure the page of the other, and render the whole insipid and disgusting. It cannot, therefore, be a discouraging employment now, to endeavour to finish what others have left imperfect, and with the conciseness of Stephens, to add the diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, &c. After paying due attention to the ancient poets and historians, from whom the most authentic information can be received, the labors of more modern authors have been consulted, and every composition distinguished for the clearness and perspicuity of historical narration, or geographical descriptions, has been carefully examined. Truly sensiole of what he owes to modern Latin and English writers and commentators, the author must not forget to make a public acknowledgen^ient of the assistance he has likewise received from the labors of the French. In the Sifecles Parens of l'Abb6 Sabatier de Castres, he has found all the information which judicious criticism, and a perfect knowledge of heathen mytho- A 3 logy, vi PREFACE. logy, could procure. The compositions of I'Abb^ Banier have also been useful ; and in the Dictionnaire Historique, of a literary society, printed at Caen, a treasure of ori^nnul anecdotes, and a candid selection and arrangement of historical facts, have been discovered. It was the orFginal design of the author of this Dictionary to give a minute explanation of all the names of which Pliny and other ancient geographers make mention ; but, upon a second consideration of the subject, he was convinced that it would have increased his volume in bulk, and not in value. The learned reader will be sensible of the pro- priety of this remark, when he recollects, that the names of many places mentioned by Pliny and Pausanias, occur no where else in ancient au- thors ; and that to Knd the true situation of an insigniticant village men- tioned by Strabo, no other writer but Strabo is to be consulted. This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the use of schools, it h'xs i)een thought proper to mark the quantity of the penultimate of every word, and to assist the student who can receive no fixed and po- sitive rules for pronunciation. In this the authority of S nethius has been followed, Hi also Leedes's edition of Labbe's Catholic! Indices. As every publication should be calculated to facilitate literature, and to be serviceable to the advancement of the sciences, the author of this Dictionary did not pre?uin3 to intrude himself upon the public, before he was sensible that his hu n')le labors would be of some service to the lovers of the ancient languages. The undertaking was for the use of schools, therefore bethought none so capable of judging of its merit, and of ascertaining its utility, as those who preside over the education of youth. With this view, he took the liberty to communicate his inten- tions to several gentlemen in tiiat line, not less distinguished for purity of criticis.n, than for their classical abilities, and from them he received a'l the encouragement wnich the de)«ire of contributing to the advance- ment of learning can expect. To them, therefore, for their approba- tion and friendly co;nmunications, he publicly returns his thanks, and hopes that, now his labors are completed, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage, and that support, to which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed to be entitled. He has paid due at- tention to their remarks, he has received with gratitude their judiciou* observations, and ciinnot pass over in silence their obliging reconmenda- tions, and particularly the friendly advice he has received from the Rev. R. Valpy, master of Heading School. For the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated by the ancient inhabitants of Cireecc and Italy, he is particularly indebted to the useful collections of Archbishop Potter, of Godwyn, and Kennet. In the tables of ancient coins, weights, and measures, which he has annexed to th :• 'K)dy of the Dictionary, h-' has followed the learned calculations of Dr. Aibuthnot. The quoted a ithorities have been carefully examined, and iVeqacntly revised: and, it is hoped, the opinions of mythologist* will appear without confusion, and be found divested of all obscurity. Therefore, PREFACE. vii Therefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being useful can command, the author otters the following pages to the public, conscious that they may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A Dictionary, the candid reader is well aware, cannot he made perfect all at once ; it must still have its faults and omissions, however cautious and vigilant the author may have been ; and in every page there may be found, in the opinion of some, room for improvement and for addition. Before the candid, therefore, and the impartial, he lays his publication, and for whatever observations the friendly critic may make, he will shew himself grateful, and take advantage of the remarks of every judicious reader, should the favors and the indulgence of the public demand a second edition. PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD, NOVEMBER 1788. THE very favorable reception which the first edition of the Classical Dictionary has met from the public, fully evinces the utility of the per- formance. From the consciousness of this, the author has spared no pains to render this second edition more deserving of the same liberal patronage. The hints of friends, and the animadversions of critics, have been carefully adopted, and almost every article has been corrected and improved. Not only new names have been introduced, but the date of events has been more exactly ascertained; and therefore, to such as com- pare the two editions, the improvements will appear numerous and important in every page. In answer to those Gentlemen who have objected against the smallness of the print, and have recommended a larger type, the author begs leave to observe, that it has been found impracticable to remove the in- convenience : so much matter could not have been well compressed in one octavo : and it must be remembered, that the book is intended as a volume of occasional reference, and, therefore, that it cannot long fatigue the eye. It will be found not an unnecessary addition, to have an account of the best editions of each classic at the end of the respective character of the authors. Dr. Harwood's plan has in general been attended to, but the price has not been inserted, from its great fluctuation, which often depends more upon the caprice of opinion thap upon real value. The chronological table prefixed to the Dictionary will, it is hoped, be acknowledged universally useful. It has been compiled with great accuracy, and chiefly extracted from " The Chronology and History of the World, by Dr. J. Blair, foho edition, 1754 ;" and from Arch- bishop Usher's " Annales Veteris et Novi Testamenti," printed at Geneva, folio, 1724. LONDON, JULY 1792. A 4 THE viU PREFACE. THE improvements introduced into this third edition will be disco- vered to be numerous and essential. The author would have recom- mended his work to the same liberal patronage which the public have already extended to the two preceding impressions, without apology, did he not conceive that some answer is due to the preface of the Biblio- theca Classica, published at Daventer, in Holland, in the year 1794'. The anonymous editor, whose language proves his abiUties as a scholar, after reflecting with unbecoming severity upon the first edition of this work, has not only been guided by the same plan, he has not only literally translated and adopted as his own, verbatim, almost every ar- ticle, but he has followed the original so closely, as even faithfully to copy some of the errors which the second edition, published in 179C, corrected, and which, in a composition so voluminous and so complex, it is not possible for the most minute attention to avoid. Such an attack must, therefore, be deemed as illiberal as it is unfriendly ; but, however, far from wishing to detract from the merit of judgment and perseverance in the translator, the author considers himself indebted to him for the elegance and the correctness of the language in which he has made tlic Dictionary appear in a Latin dress, and consequently for the reconmicndation which he has given to his labors among the learned on the Continent. fEBRUARY 1797. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, FROM THE CREATION OF THE WORLD xo THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST, AND IN THE EAST. Before Christ.* THE world created in the 710th year of the Julian period 4'004' The deluge __ _ _ 2348 The tower of Babel built, and the confusion of languages 2247 Celestial observations are first made at Babylon — 2234 The kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun under Misraim, ) the son of Ham, and to have continued 1663 years, to the >- 2188 conquest of Cambyses — — — j The kingdom of Sicyon established — — 2089 The kingdom of Assyria begins — — 2059 The birth of Abraham — — — 1996 The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus — 1856 Memnon, the Egyptian, said to invent letters, 15 years before the") -.Qac, reign of Phoroneus — — 3 The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained waste above 1 ^^ , ,200 years, till the coming of Cecrops — j Joseph sold into Egypt by his brethren — 1728 The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins about this! time, fixing here the arrival of Cecrops in Attica, an epoch > 1582 which other writers have placed later by 26 years — j * In the following table, I have confined myself to the more easy and convenient eras of before, (B. C.) and after, (A. D.) Christ. For the sake of those, however, that do not wish the exclusion of the Julian period, it is necessary to observe, that, as the first year of the Christian era always falls on the 4714th of the Julian years, the number re- quired either before or after Christ will easily be discovered by the application of the rules of subtraction or addition. The era from the foundation of Rome (A. U. C.) will be found with the same facility, by recollecting diat the city was built 753 years before Christ; and the Olympiads can likewise be recurred to by the consideration, that the conquest of Co- roebus (B. C. 776,) forms the first Olympiad, and that the Olympic games were celebrated after the revolution of four years. ^ Moses X CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. B.C. Moses born — — — 1571 The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from"! Egypt with a colony of Saites. This happened about 780 >■ 1556 years before the first Olympiad — — J Scaraander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of / . Troy — — — 3 The deluge of Deucalion in Thcssaly — — 1503 The Panathenaea first celebrated at Athens — — 1495 Cadmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes li93 The first Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the Idaei Dactyli 1453 The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, where he 7 , .-o dies the following year, aged 110 ji " Minos florishes in Crete, and iron is found by the Dactyli by thel ,^^ accidental burning of the woods of Ida, in Crete — j Uo The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus 1356 The Isthmian games first instituted by Sisyphus, king of Corinth 1326 The Argonautic expedition. The first Pythian games celebrated 1 .^pq by Adrastus, king of Argos — — J Gideon florishes in Israel — — 1245 The Theban war of the seven lieroes against Eteocles — 1225 Olympic games celebrated by Hercules — 1222 The rape of Helen bv Theseus, and, 15 years after, by Paris 1218 Troy taken, after a siege of 10 years. /Eneas sails to Italy 1 184 Alba Longa built by Ascanius — — 1152 Migration of the jEolian colonies — — 11 2t The return of the Heraclidae into Peloponnesus, 80 years after") the taking of Troy. Two years after, they divide the ^'^'o- ( j|/vi ponnesus among themselves ; and here, therefore, begins the C kingdom of Lacedaimon under Eurysthenes and Procles J Saul made king over Israel — — 1095 The kingdom of Sicyon ended — — 1088 The kingdom of Athens ended in the death of Codrus 1070 The migration of the Ionian colonics from Greece, and their | . settlement in Asia Minor — — j Dedication of Solomon's temple — — 1004 Samos built — — — 986 Division (if the kingdom of Judah and Israel — 975 Homer and Hesiod florished about this time, according to thel g^^ Marbles — — — J " Elias the prophet taken up into heaven . — — 8% Lycurgus, 42 years old, establishes his laws at Lacedacmon, and,*! together with Iphitus and Cleosthenefi, restores the Olympic ( ^j, . games at Elis, about 108 years before the era which is com- f monly called the first Olympiad — — J Phidon, king of Argds, is supposed to have invented scales and ) measures, and coined silver. at. iEgina. Carthage built by > 869 Dido _ _ _ \ The Fall of the Assyrian empire by the death oi Sardanapalus, an er^ } f.^^ placed 80 years earlier by Justin — — 3 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xi B. C. The kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues 64<6 years, tiH") q, . the battle of Pydna — — I The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years — 797 The triremes first invented by the Corinthians — 786 The monarchical government abolished at Corinth, and the Pry- ) ^.^ tanes elected — — j Coroebus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the") institution of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first Olym- >■ 776 piad, about 23 years before the foundation of Rome J The Ephori introduced into the government of Lacedaemon by ) ^~^ Theopompus — — — J Isaiah begins to prophesy — • — — 757 The decennial archons begin at Athens, of which Charops is the first 7541 Rome built on the 20th of April, according to Varro, in the year 1 ^_q 3961 of the Julian period — — | 753 The rape of the Sabines — — 750 The era of Nabonassar king of Babylon begins — 747 The first INlessenian war begins, and continues 19 years, to the") ^^„ taking of Ithome — — — J Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony — — 732 The kingdom of Israel finished by the taking of Samaria by Sal-l raanasar king of Assyria. The first eclipse of the moon on > 721 record March 19th, according to Ptolemy — j Candaules murdered by Gyges, who succeeds to the Lydian throne 718 Tarentum built by the Farthenians — — 707 Corcyra built by the Corinthians — — 703 The second Messenian war begins, and continues 14 years, to the"} taking of Ira, after a siege of 1 1 years. About this time > 685 florished the poets Tyrtaeus and Archilochus — J The government of Athens intrusted to annual archons 684 Alba destroyed — — 665 Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and keeps it for 301 ^-q years — — — j- oo Byzantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians — 658 Cyrene built by Battus — — 630 The Scvthians invade Asia Minor, of which they keep possession") „^> for 28 years — — — j- Oi!4. Draco established his laws at Athens — — 623 The canal between the Nile and the Red Sea begun by king"? ^,« Necho — — — 3 Nineveh taken and destroyed by Cyaxares and his allies 606 The Phoenicians sail round Africa, by order of Necho. About") ^^. this time florished Arion, Pittacus, Alcaeus, Sappho, &c. J The Scythians are expelled from Asia Minor by Cyaxares 596 The Pythian games first established at Delphi. About this") time florished Chilo, Anacharsis, Thales, Epimenides, Solon, v 591 the prophet Ezekiel, ^Esop, Stersichorus — J Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 9th of June, after a siege | -07 of 18 months ' — — — j ^^^ The Isthmian games restored and celebrated every 1st and 3d ) -q^ year of the Olympiads — — \ Death CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Death of Jeremiah the prophet — — The Nemaean games restored — — The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens — Cyrus begins to reign. About this time florished Anaximenes, 1 Bias, Anaximandcr, Phalaris, and Cleobulus — | Croesus conquered by Cyrus. About this time florished Theognis / and Pherecydes — — j Marseilles built by the Phocaeans. The age of Pythagoras, Si- 7 monides, Thespis, Xenophanes and Anacreon — J Babylon taken by Cyrus — — The return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus, and tlie rebuilding") of the temple — — — J The first tragedy acted at Athens on the waggon of Thespis Learning encouraged at Athens, and a public library built Egypt conquered by Cambyses — — Polycrates, of Samos, put to death — — Darius Hystaspes chosen king of Persia. About this time flo-| rished Confucius, the celebrated Chinese philosopher J The tyranny of the Pisistratida; abolished at Athens — The consular government begins at Rome after the expulsion of ) the Tarquins, and continues independent 461 years, till the /- battle of Pharsalia — — J SarJis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became after- wards the cause of the invasion of Greece by the Persians. About this time florished Heraclitus, Parmcnides, Milo the wrestler, Aristagoras, &c. — — The first dictator, Lartius, created at Rome 421 though each continued at war with the other's allies j The scene of the Peioponnesian war changed to Sicily. The") Agrarian lav-- first moved at Rome — j- *lb Egypt revolts from the Persians, and Amyrtaeus is appointed king 414 The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus and 1 Himera, but they are repulsed by Hermocrates j ^ The battle of ^Egospotamos, The usurpation of Dionysius 405 Athens taken by Lysander, 24th of April, the end of the Pelcpon-' nesian war, and the appointment of 30 tyrants over the con- quered city. About this time florished Parrhasius, Protagoras, Lysias, Agathon, Euclid, Cebes, Telestes, &c. Cyrus the younger killed at Cunaxa. The glorious retreat of] the 10,000 Greeks, and the expulsion of the 30 tyrants from [■ 401 Athens by Thrasybulus — — J Socrates put to death — — 400 Agesilaus, of Lacedaemon's, expedition into Asia against the Per-T sians. The age of Xenophon, Ctesias, Zeuxis, Antistlenes, > 396 Evagoras, Aristippus of Cyrene, and Archytas — J The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians, 7 Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Lacedaemor j The Lacedaemonians, under Pisander, defeated by Coion atl Cnidus ; and a few days after, the allies are defeated rt Co- > 394 ronaea, by Agesilaus — — J The battle of AUia, July 17th, and the taking of Rome 3y the! ^^^ Gauls — — -- j- 390 Dionysius besieges Rhegium, and takes it after 11 months. Aboufl this time florished Plato, Philoxenus, Damon, Pythias Iphi- V 388 crates, &c. — — j 404 The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the peice of 1 „j,,_ Antalcidas, between the Lacedaemonians and Persians J " " ^1 385 The war of Cyprus finished by a treaty, after it had coitinued 1 two years — — j The Lacedaemonians defeated in a sea-fight at Naxos, Sep.enjter^ 20th, by Chabrias. About this time florished Philistus, Isaeus, V 377 Isocrates, Arete, Philolaus, Diogenes the cynic, &c. J Artaxerxes sends an army under Pharnabazus, with 20,«007 ^^, Greeks, commanded by Iphicrates — | 3/* The xlv CHRO^lOLOGICAL TABLE. B. c. The battle of Leuctra, July 8th, where the Lacedaemonians are | g-^ defeated by Epaminondas, the general of the Thebaiis j The Messenians, after a banishment of liOO years, return to Pe- J ^^^^ loponnesus — — — 3 One of the consuls at Rome elected from the Plebeians 367 The battle of Mantinea gained by Epaminondas, a year after the] ogq ■ death of Pelopidas — — j Agesilaus assists Tachos, king of Egypt. Some of the governors / gg,^ of Lesser Asia revolt from Persia — 3 " The Athenians are defeated at Mcthonc, the first battle that / r,^.^ Philip of Macedon ever won in Clrcece — 3 Dionysius 'he younger is expelled from Syracuse by Dion. The i second Sacred War begins, on the temple of Delphi being > 357 attacked by the Phocians — — J Dion put to death, and Syracuse governed seven years by tyrant*.") About this time florished Eudoxus, Lycurgus, Ibis, Theo- > 354 pompus, Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus, &c. J The Phocians, under Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly hy\ „-q Philip - - - j ^^' Egypt is coiquered by Ochus — — 350 The Sacred War is finished by Philip taking all the cities of thcl ^^^^ Phocians — — — J ' Dionysius r(covcrs the tyranny of Syracuse, after 10 years' ba- }" ^^ nishnient — — 3 Timoleon recovers Syracuse and banishes the tyrant — 343 The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum.! About this time florished Speusippus, Protogenes, Aristotle, ( ^^ ^Cschines, Zenocrates, Demosthenes, Phocion, Mamercus, C Icetas, Stlpo, Demades — — j The battle •f Cheronaja, August 2, where Philip defeats the| g^g Athenians and The bans — — j Philip of Mxedon killed by Pausanias. His son Alexander, onl ^^ the fuUoutig year, enters Greece, destroys Thebes, Sec. J The battle ol the Granicus, 22d of May - 334 The battle otissus in October — — 333 Tyre and Ejypt x:onquered by the MiU-edonian princi-. and ) ^_^ Alexandriii built — J " The battle of Arbela, October 2d 331 Alexander's expedition against Porus. About this time florished , Apeilcs, CMlisthenes, Bagoas, Parmenio, Philotas, Memnon, ( ^ Dinocrates Calippus, Hypcrides, Philetus, Lysippus, Mene- | demus, &c — — ' Alexander di.'S on Vie 21st of April. His empire is divided into") four kingdons. The Saniian war, and the reign of the Pto- 1- 323 lemics in Ei;ypt - — J Polyperchon publishes a general liberty to all the Greek cities, j The age of Praxiteles, Crates, Theophrastus, Menander, De- ( ^20 nietrius, Dinarchus, Polemon, Neoptoleraus, Perdiccas, Le- . osthenes — — ^ — 1 Sjrracase md Sicily usurped by Agathoclcs. Demetrius Phalereus 7 ^j., governs Athens far 10 years — J Eumenes CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xv B. c. Eumenes delivered to Antigonus by'his army — 315 Seleucus takes Babylon, and here the beginning of the era of the 1 g ^^ Seleucidse — — j The conquests of Agathocles in Africa — 309 Democracy established at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes 307 The title of kings first assumed by the successors of Alexander 306 The battle of Ipsus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed by ^ Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander. About this I ^^-^ time florished Zeno, Pyrrho, Philemon, Megasthenes, Cran- | tor, &c. — — J Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year's siege 296 The first sun-dial erected at Rome by Papirius Cursor, andthe| 293 time first divided into hours — 3 Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Asia, which he") peopled with different nations. The age of Euclid the ma- | thematician, Arcesilaus, Epicurus, Bion, Timocharis, Era- )■ 291 sistratus, Aristyllns, Strato, Zenodotus, Arsinoe, Lachares, | &c. — "T ■" ^ The Athenians revolt from Demetrius — 287 Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lysimachus — 286 The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint supposed to be 1 234, translated about this time — — J Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentinel war begins, and continues 10 years. The Achaean league >• 281 begins — — — J Pyrrhus, of Epirus, goes to Italy to assist the Tarentines 280 The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the temple of ^ Delphi. About this time florished Dionysius the astronomer, I ^^g Sostratus, Theocritus, Dionysius Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, j Lycophron, Persaeus, &c. — — J Pyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus — 274 The first coining of silver at Rome — — 269 Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years 268 The first Punic war begins, and continues for 23 years. The j chronology of the Arundelian Marbles coniposed. About this I ^g^, time florished Lycon, Crates, Berosus, Herraachus, Helenus, I Clinias, Aristotimus, &c. — — J Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergamus 262 The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius — 260 Regulus defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is restored to liberty 7 ^55 by Antigonus — — j Aratus persuades the people of Sicyon to join the Achaean league."] About this time florished Cleanthes, Homer junior, Manetho, Timseus, Callimachus, Zoilus, Duris, Neanthes, Ctesibius, } 251 Sosibius, Hieronymus, Hanno, Laodice, Lysias, Ariobar- | zanes — — — J The Parthians under Arsaces, and the Bactrians under Theodotus, 1 ^50 revolt from the Macedonians — — 3 249 243 Agis, The sea-fight of Drepanum — — 249 The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus, 12th of August 243 XVi CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. Agis, king of Sparta, put to death for attempting to settle an Agrarian law. About this period florished Antigonus Ca- rystius, Conon of Samos, Eratosthenes, ApoUonius of Perga, Lacydes, Ainilcar, Agesiiaus the epl)or, &c. — Plays first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus Anodlcar passes with an army to Spain, with Annibal his son The temple of Janus shut at Rome, the lirst time since Nuraa The Sardinian war begins, and continues three years — Original manuscripts of .'^.^chyius, Euripides, and Sophocles, lent by the Athenians to Ptolemy for a pledge of 15 talents The first divorce known at Rome, by Sp. Carvilius. Sardinia and Corsica conquered — — The Roman ambassadors first appeared at Athens and Corinth The war between Cleomenes and A ratus begins, and continues') for five years — — j The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The^ Romans first cross the Po, pursuing the Gauls, who had en- | tered Italy. About this time florished Chrysippus, Polystra- tus, Euphorion, Archimedes, Valerius MessaJa, C. Naevius, Aristarchus, ApoUonius, Philocorus, Aristo Ceus, Fabius Pictor the first Roman historian, Philarchus, Lysiades, Agro, &c. — — — The battle of Sellasia — — The Social War between the iEtolians and Achaeans, assisted by] Philip _ _ — 5 Saguntum taken by Annibal — — The second Punic'war begins, and continues 17 years — The battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and next year that of] Cannae, May 21 — ~~ . . . J The Romans begin the auxiliary war against Philip in Epirus,1 which is continued by intervals for 14 years — J Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siege of three years Philopcem n defeats Machanidas at Mantinea — Asdrubal is defeated. About this time florished Plautus, Archa- gathus, Evander, Telcclus, Hermippus, Zcnn, Sotion, En- nius, Hieronymus of Syracuse, Tlcpolcmus, Epicydes The battle of Zama — — The first Macedonian war begins and continues near 4 years The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Scopes — The battle of Cynoscephalc, where Philip is defeated — The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three") years — — — j Lacedaemon joined to the Achaean league by PhilopoEmen The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome in the spoils of Antiochus The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta by Philo- ) poemen — — — 3 Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About this time florished Aristophanes of Byzantium, Asclepiades, Te- gula, C. Laelius, Aristonymus, Hegesinus, Diogenes the stoic, Critolaus, Massifiissa, the Scipios, the Gracchi, Thoas, Ac. B. C 241 240 237 235 234 233 }- 1 228 227 ^ 224 222 220 219 218 217 214 212 206 207 202 200 198 197 192 191 189 188 } 187 A war CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xvu B. c. A war, which continues for one year, between Eumenes and") ,„ Prusias, till the death of Annibal — — j- 1»* Philopcemen defeated and killed by Dinocrates — 183 Numa's books found in a stone-coffin at Rome — 179 Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage — — 175 Ptolemy's generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle between") ,^^ Pelusium and mount Cassius. The second Macedonian war j The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian empire. \ About this period florished Attains the astronomer, Metrodo- [ ,^q rus, Terence, Crates, Polybius, Pacuvius, Hipparchus, Hera- f elides, Carneades, Aristarchus, &c. — — j The first library erected at Rome, with books obtained from the ) , ^w plunder of Macedonia — — — 3 Terence's Andria first acted at Rome — — 166 Time measured out at Rome by a water-machine, invented by ") , -^ Scipio Nasica, liji years after the introduction of sun-dials j Andriscus, the Psendophilip, assumes the royalty in Macedonia 152 Demetrius, king of Syria, defeated and killed by Alexander 1 , -^ Balas — — — — — S ^^ The third Punic war begins. Prusias, king of Bithynia, put to ) ..„ death by his son Nicomedes — — — 3 The Romans make war against the Achaeans, which is finished 7 . .„ the next year by Mummius — — — j Carthage is destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by Mummius 147 Viriathus is defeated by Laelius, in Spain — — 146 The v.ar of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years 141 The Roman army of 30,000, under Mancinus, is defeated by ") , „o 4,000 Numantines — — — — \ Restoration of learning at Alexandria, and universal patronage"] offered to all learned men by Ptolemy Physcon. The age of Satyrus, Aristobulus, Lucius A coins, Mhaseas, Antipater, ]> 137 Diodorus the peripatetic, Nicander, Ctesibius, Sarpedon, j Micipsa, &c. — — — J The famous embassy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and Panas- ? , ^ tius, into Egypt, Syria, and Greece — J The history of the Apocrypha ends. The Servile "War in Sicily") ,,,- begins, and continues for three years — — J Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire 135 Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristonicus defeated by") j,^„ Perpenna — — — — 3 ^ Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina 127 The Romans make war against the pirates of the Beleares."} ,^0 Carthage is rebuilt by order of the Roman senate — 3 C. Gracchus killed _ _ _ 121 Dalmatia conquered by Metellus — — 118 Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. The age of Erym-1 ngeus, Athenion, Artemidorus, Clitomachus, Apollonius, He- > 116 rodicus, L. Caslius, Castor, Menecrates, Lucilius, &c. j The Jugurthine war begins, and continues for five years — 111 The famous sumptuary law at Rome, which limited the expences") ,,q of eating every day .' — — ^ — 3 a ' The xvm CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. i The Teutones and Cimbri begin their war against Rome, andl continue it lor eight years — — j The Teutones defeat 80,000 Romans on the banks of the Rhone The Teutones defeated by C. Marius at Aquae Sextiae — The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus — Dolabella conquers Lusitania — — — Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans — The Social War begins, and continues three years, till finished) by Sylla — — — — j The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years — The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin, and continue six years Sylla conquers Athens, and sends its valuable libraries to Rome Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator — The death of Sylla. About this time florished PhiJo, Charmi- das, Asclepiadcs, Apellicon, L. Sisenna, Alexander Polyhis' tor, Plotius Callus, Diotimus, Zeno, Hortensius, Archias Posidonius, Geminus, &c. — — liithynia left by Nicomedes to the Romans — — The Servile War, under Spartacus, begins, and, two years after, } the rebel general is defeated and killed by Pompey and Crassus 3 Mithridates and Tigrants defeated by Lucullus — Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is" subdued by Metellus, after a war of two years — ' The reigii of the Seleucidaj ends in Syria, on the conquest of the country by Pompey — — — CatiJinc's conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates kilU himself — — — — j The first triumvirate in the person of J. Caesar, Pompey, and" Crassus. About this time tlorished Apollonius of Rhodes, Tcrentius Varro, Tyrannion, Ariitodemus of Nysa, Lucretius, Dionysius the grammarian, Cicero, Antiochus, Spurinus, An- dronicus, Catullus, Sallust, Timagenes, Cratippus, &c. Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next year — Caesar passes the Rhinr, defeats the Germans, and invades Britain Crassus is killed by Surena, in June — — Civil war between Cicsar and Pompey — — The battle of Pharsalia about May 12th — — Alexander taken by Caesar — — — The war of Africa. Cato kills himself. This year is called \ the year of confusion, because the calendar was corrected by \ Sosigenes, and the year made to consist of 15 months, or 445 | days — — — — J The battle of Munda — — — Caesar murdered — — — — The battle of Mutina. The second triumvirate in Octavius, Antony and Lepidus. Cicero put to death. The age of Sosigenes, C. Nepos, Diodorus Siculus, Trogus Pompey, Didynius the scholiast, \'urro the poet, tSi-c. — TJie battle of Pliilippi — — — Pacorus, general of Partliia, defeated by B.C. 109 105 102 101 99 97 91 89 88 86 82 78 75 73 69 66 63 60 5S 55 53 50 48 47 i6 45 44 43 42 39 Ventidius, 14 years 7 after the disgrace of Cra<>8ut<, and on the same day — ) Pompey ^ 31 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xix B. c. Pompey the Younger defeated in Sicily by Octavius — 36 Octavius and Antony prepare for war — — 32 The battle of Actium, 2d September. The aera of the Roman 7 emperors properly begins here — — J Alexander taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province 30 The title of Augustus given to Octavius — — 27 The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time florished ^ Virgil, Manillas, Dioscorides, Asinius Pollio, Maecenas, Agrip- I „ pa, Strabo, Horace, Macer, Propertius, Livy, Musa, Tibullus, | Ovid, Pylades, Bathyllus, Varius, Tucca, Vitruvius, &c. J The conspiracy of Mura^na against Augustus — 22 Augustus visits Greece and Asia — — 21 The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius 20 The secular games celebrated at Rome — — 17 Lollius defeated by the Germans — — 16 The Rhaeti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus — 15 The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius — — 12 Some of the German nations conquered by Drusus — 11 Augustus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 12 ensuing years to be without intercalation. About this time florished Da mascenus, Hyginus, Flaccus the grammarian, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dionysius the geographer — Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years — — 6 Our Saviour is born, four years before the vulgar era, in thel year 4709 of the Julian period, A. U. C 749, and die fourth > 4- of the 193d Olympiad ~ — J A. D. Tiberius returns to Rome — — — 2 The leap year corrected, having formerly been every 3d }ear 4 Ovid banished to Tomos — — — 9 Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius — 10 Augustus dies at Nola, August 19th, and is succeeded by Tibe-l rius. The age of Phaedrus, Asinius Gallus, Velleius Pater- >• 14 cuius, Gerraanicus, Cornel. Celsus, &c. — J Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake — 17 Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch — 19 Tiberius goes to Capreae — — ■ — 26 Sejanus disgraced — — — — 31 Our SAVIOUR crucified, Friday, April 3d. This is pui Jour 1 ^^ years earlier hy some Chronologists. — — j St. Paul converted to Christianity — — 35 Tiberius dies at Misenum near Baiae, March 16th, and is succeeded | by Caligula. About this time florished Valerius Maximus, I ^^ Columella, Pomponius Mela, Appion, Philo Judasus, Arta- j banus, and Agrippina — — — J Stv> Matthew writhes his Gospel — — 39 The name of Christians first given, at Antioch, to the followers ] .^ of our Saviour — — — — J Caligula murdered by Chaereas, and succeeded by Claudius 41 The expedition of Claudius into Britain — *— 43 St. Mark writes his Gospel — — — 44 a 2 Secular re of Sil.l :us, Soli- > SI XX CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. A. D. Secular games celebrated at Rome — — 4-7 Caractacus carried in chains to Rome — — .jl Claudius succeeded by N'cFo — — — 54- Agrippina put to death by her son Nero — — ,59 First persecution against the Christians — — 64- Seneca, Lucan, and others, put to death — — 65 Nero visits Greece. The Jewish war begins. The age of Per-1 sius, Q. Curtius, Pliny the elder, Josephus, Frontinus, Burrhus, > 66 Corbulo, Thrasea, Boadicea, &e. -,— — j St. Peter and St. Paul put to death — — 67 Nero dies, and is succeeded by Galba — — 68 Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills himself: 7 oq Vitellius is defeated by Vespasian's army — J Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus — — 70 The Parthians revolt — — — 77 Death of Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Herculaneum andl Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, No- > 79 vember 1st — — — — 3 Death of Titus, and succession of Domitian. The age of Sil Italicus, Martial, Apollon. Tyana.'us, \'aierius Flacc nus, Epictetus, Quintiliau, Lupus, Agricola, S:c. Capitoline games iiistitutctl by Domitian, and celebrated every 7 g- fourth year — — — — 3 Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begin?, and con- 1 ^^ tinues 15 years — — — .) Second persecution of the (.'hristians — — 95 Domitian put to death by Stephanus, 106 Plutarch, &-c. .-~ ~ ~ ^ Third persecution of the Christians — — 107 Trajan's column erected at Rome — — Ill- Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Adrian — — 117 Fourth persecution of t!ie Christians — — 118 Adrian builds a wall in Britain — — 121 Adrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years — P26 He rebuilds Jerusalem, and raises there a temple to Jupiter 130 The Jews rebel, and are defeated after a war of five years, and| ^^^ all banished — — — — 3 ' Adrian dies, and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius, In the reign j of Adrian llorished Teon, Phavorinus, Phlcgon, Trallian, I j^g Aristidcs, Aquila, Salvius Julian, Polycarp, Arrian, Ptolemy, j &c. — — — — J Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians — 145 The worship of Serapis brought to Rom« — — 146 Antoninus CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. x%\ A.D. Antoninus dies, and is succeeded by M. Aurelius and L. Verus,' the last of whom reigned nine years. In the reign of Anto- ninus florished Maximus Tyrius, Pausanias, Diophantus, Lu- ^ 161 cian, Hermogenes, Polyi3enus, Appian, Artemidorus, Justin the martyr, Apuleius, &c. — — A war with Parthia, which continues three years — 162 A war against the Marcomanni, which continues five years 169 Another which continues three years — — ^ 177 M. Aurelius dies, and Commodus succeeds. In the last reignl florished Galen, Athenagoras, Tatian, Athenaeus, Montanus, > 180 Diogenes Laertius — — J Commodus makes peace with the Germans — 181 Commodus put to death by Martia and Lcetus. He is succeeded"] for a few months by Pertlnax, who is murdered 193, and four j rivals arise, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger, Sever us, and ^ 192 Albinus. Under Commodus florished J. Pollux, Theodotion, ) St. Irenaeus, &c. — — J Niger is defeated by Sever us at Issus — — 194- Albinus defeated in Gaul, and killed at Lyons, February 19th 198 Severus conquers the Parthians — — 200 Fifth persecution against the Christians — 202 Severus visits Britain, and two years after builds a wall there ^ across from the Frith of Forth — — Severus dies at York, and is succeeded by Caracalla and Geta. In his reign florished TertuUian, Minutius Felix, Papinianus, Clemens of Alexandria, Philostratus, Plotianus, and Bulas Geta killed by his brother Caracalla — — The Septuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered by Macrinus. Florished Oppian — — Opilius Macrinus killed by the soldiers, and succeeded by Helio- gabalus — — — Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus. The Goths then ex- acted an annual payment not to invade or molest the Roman empire. The age of Julius Africanus — The Arsacidae of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes, king of Media, and their empire destroyed — Alexander defeats the Persians — — The sixth persecution against the Christians — Alexander killed and succeeded by Maximinus. At that time florished Dion Cassius, Origen, and Ammonius — The two Gordians succeeded Maximinus, and are put to eath by Pupienus, who soon after is destroyed, with Balbinus, by the soldiers of the younger Gordian — Sabinianus defeated in Africa — — 240 Gordian marches against the Persians — — 242 He is put to death by Philip, who succeeds, and makes peace"! with Sapor the next year. About this time florished Censorius, > 244 and Gregory Thaumaturgus — J Philip killed, and succeeded by Decius. Herodian florished 249 The seventh persecution against the Christians — '250 Decius succeeded by Gallus — — 251 a 3 A great 207 211 212 217 218 222 229 234 235 235 236 xxu CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. A. D. A great pestilence over the empire — — 252 Gallus dies, and is succeeded by -T!mi!ianus, \'alcrianus, and") Gallienus. In the reign of GaHus florishcd St. Cyprian and > 25i Plotinus — — — J The eighth persecution against the Christians — The cnij)ire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively — Valerian is taken by Sapor and flayed alive — Odenatus governs the east for (iallienus — The Scythians and Goths defeated by Clcodamus and Athena-us Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In this reign") florished Longinus, Paulus Samosatenus, «S:c. — j Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of thcni. Zeno- 151 258 260 264- 267 268 \ 2G9 270 272 273 27 1 :itub, who died after a reign") d by Florianus, and, two > 27. bia takes possession of Egypt Aurelian succeeds — The ninth persecution against the Christians Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the em[)eror Aurelian killed, and succeeded by Tacitus, who died after a rei of six months, and was succeedei months after, by I'robus Probus makes an expedition into Gaul He defeats the Persians in the east — — Probus is put to death, and succeeded by Carus, and his sons') ^,^ Carinus and Nunierianus — — j ""^ Dioclesian succeeds — — — The empire attacked by the Barbarians of the north. Dioclesian |^ takes Maxiniianus as his imperial colleague — \ Britain recovered, after a tyrant's usurpation often years. Alex- 7 andria taken by DioiKsian — — ^ The tenth persecution against the Christians, whicli continues ten 7 yoars — _ _ j Dioclesian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in retire-" nient. succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and CJalerius Maxi- mianus, the twi) Caesars. .Vbout this period florished J. Capi- tolinus, Arnobius, Gregory and Hermogenes, the lawyers, .'Elius Sparlianus, Hieroclos, Flavins Vopiscus, Trebellius Pollio, &c.^ Constantius diet:, and is succeeded by his son — At this time there were four emperors, Constantine, Licinius, ) Maximianus, and Maxentius — — j Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine — The emperor Constantine begins to favor the Christian religion Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine — The first general Council of Nice, composed of 3IS bishops, who") sit Irom June 19. to August Cj. — — j The seat of the empire removed from Home to Constantinople Constantinople solemnly didicated by the emperor on the eleventh! of May _ _ _ I Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed The death of Constantine, and succession of his three sons, Con-T stantinus, Constans, imd Constantius. In the reign of Con- > stantine florished Lactantius, Athanasius, Arius, and Eusebius J Const.;ntinc 280 282 284 286 296 303 304. 806 308 312 3iy 324 325 328 :vn 337 .1 340 350 354 . 358 "■ 360 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxiii A. D. Constantine the younger defeated and killed by Constane at' Aquileia — — — Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius — — Gallusput to death by Constantius — — One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruined by an' earthquake — — — Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war ; but the former dies the next year, and leaves the latter sole emperor. About this period florished iElius Donatus, Eutropius, Liba- nius, Ammian. Marcellinus, Jamblicus, St. Hilary, &c. Julian dies, and is succeeded by Jovian. In Julian's reign flo-7 „,.„ rished Gregory Nazienzen, Themistius, Aurelius Victor, &c. § Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens and Va- ) lentinian, the empire is divided, the former being emperor of > 364 the east, and the other of the west — — J Gratian taken as partner in the western empire by Valentinian 367 Firmus, tyrant of Africa, defeated — — 373 Valentinian the Second succeeds Valentinian the First — 375 The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, on being expelled by] „^„ the Huns ._ _ _ J -^76 Theodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire. The 7 „w„ Lombards first leave Scandinavia and defeat the Vandals j Gratian defeated and killed by Andragathius — 383 The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodosius 388 Eugenius usurps the western empire, and is two years after de- 1 qq^ feated by Theodosius — — j Theodosius dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Arcadius in the i east, and Honorius in the west. In the reign of Theodosius j „q- florished Ausonius, Eunapius, Pappus, Theon, Prudentius, St. j Austin, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, &c. — J Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself — 398 Stilicho defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fesulae — 405 The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi, permitted to settle in Spain and! ^^^ France by Honorius — — ) Theodosius the younger succeeds Arcadius in the east, havingl Isdegerdes, king of Persia, as his guardian, appointed by his > 408 father _ _ _ j Rome plundered by Alaric, king of the Visigoths, August 24th 410 The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain — 412 The kingdom of the Burgundians is begun in Alsace — 413 The Visigoths found a kingdom at Toulouse — 415 The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths — 417 The. kingdom of the French begins on the Lower Rhine 420 The death of Honorius, and succession of Valentinian the Third. ^ Under Honorius florished Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius, Ani- I ^^q anus, Panodorus, Stobaeus, Servius the commentator, Hypa- | tia, Pelagius, Synesius, Cyrill, Orosius, Socrates, &c. j Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantinople, and at- 7 ^ok tempts the restoration of learning — — 3 " The Romans take leave of Britain and never return — 426 a 4 Pannoni XXXV CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. )y Marcianus. 1 lu'oilont, S(»- > Pannouia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Van- ) dali pass into Africa — — j" The French defeated by .'Etius — — The Theodosiaii Code pui)lished ■ — — Gcnscric, the Vandal, takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom') of the Vandals in .Africa — — j The Britons, abandoned by the Romans, make tlieir celebrated! complaint to i^tius again»t the Picts and Scots, and three years ( after tlie Saxons settle in Britain, upon the invitation of Vor- J tigern — — — J Attila, king of the Huns, ravages Europe Tlnddosius the Second die>. and is succeeded by Marcianus. About this time tlorikhed Zozimus, Nestorius, Th zomen, Olympiodorus, Sec. •— The city of Venice first began to be known Death of Valcntinian the Third, who is succeeded by Maximusl for two months, by Avitus for ten, and, after an inter-regnum S- of ten months, by Majorianus — — J Rome taken by Genseric in July. The kingdom of Kent first? established — — — j The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro — Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Let), surnumed the Thracian. | Vortinier defeated by Hengist at C'rayford, in Kent j Scvcrus succeeds in the western empire — The paschal cycle of 532 years invented by Victorius of Aquitain — — — Anthemius succeeds in the western empire, after an intcr-rcgnuni of two years — — — Olybrius succeeds Anthen)ius, and is succeeded the next year, ^ by Glyccrius, and Glycerins by Nepos — J[ Nepos IS succecflled by .Augustulus. Leo junior^ son o( Ariadne, | though an infant, succeeds his grandfather Leo in the eastern | empire, and some months of^er, is succeeded by his father ( Zeno — — — — j The western empire is destroyed by Odoacer, king of the Hcriili,'i who assumes the title of king oP Italy. About thai time flo- • rished Eiityches, Prosper, Victorius, Sidonius Apoliinaris Constantinople partly destroyed by an earthquake, which lasted 4-0 days at intervals — — — — \ The battle of Soissons and victory of Clovis over Siagrius the ' Roman gtneral — — — — j After the death of Zeno in the cast, Ariadne married A nastasius surnanied the Silentiary, who ascends the vacant throne j Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, revolts about this time, and ' conquers Italy from the Hcruli. About tliis time Hori.shcd • Boethius and Symmaehus — — — Christianity embraced in Trance by the baptism of Clovis The Burgundian laws published by king (iondebaud — Alaric defeated by Clovis at the battle of V^orcill^ near Poitiers Paris made the capital of tJie French dominions 47*) «0 4S5 191 49<; 501 507 510 Constantinople A. D. 427 428 435 439 446 447 450 452 451. 455 45G 457 461 4G3 4(]7 472 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE- xxv A.D. Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, whose fleet is burned with 1 -, ^ a brazen speculum by Proclus — — J The computing of time by the Christian era, introduced first by 7 ^i^ Dionysius — — — j Justin the First, a peasant of Dalmatia, makes himself emperor 518 Justinian the First, nephew of Justin, succeeds. Under his glo-") rious reign florished Belisarius, Jornandes, Paul the Silentiary, > 527 SimpHcius, Dionysius, Procopius, Proclus, Narses, &c. J Justinian publishes his celebrated code of laws, and four years) -„„ after his digest — — — J Conquest of Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome, two years after 534- Italy is invaded by the Franks — — 538 The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian — 542 A great plague, which arose in Africa, and desolated Asia and ) - . „ Europe — — — j The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia — 545 Rome taken and pillaged by Totila — — 547 The manufacture of silk introduced from India into Europe byl p-, monks — — — — j "^ Defeat and death of Totila, the Gothic king of Italy 553 A dreadful plague over Africa, Asia, and Europe, which conti-l _-(, nues for 50 years — — — 3 Justin the Second, son of Vigilantia, the sister of Justinian,") ^^^ succeeds — — — y Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards from Pannonia, who 7 eec form a kingdom there — — — J Tiberius the Second, an officer of the imperial guards, is adopted, \ _^o and, soon after, succeeds — — j Latin ceases to be the language of Italy about this time 581 Maurice, the Cappadocian, son-in-law of Tiberius, succeeds 582 Gregory the First, surnamed the Gi'eat, fills St. Peter's chair at"] Rome. The few men of learning who florished the latter end j of this century, were Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of Tours }> 590 the father of French history, Evagrius, and St. Augustin the j monk — — — — J Augustin the monk, with 40 others, comes to preach Christi-1 -g^ anity in England — — — J About this time the Saxon heptarchy began in England 600 Phocas, a simple centurion, is elected emperor after the revolt of^ „„^ the soldiers, and the murder of Maurice and of his children J The power of the Popes begins to be established by the conces- f ^-y. sions of Phocas — — — I Heraclius, an officer in Africa, succeeds, after the murder of) ^,^ the usurper Phocas — — — 3 The conquests of Chosroes, king of Persia, in Syria, Egypt,! ^., Asia Minor, and afterwards, his siege of Rome — 3 The Persians take Jerusalem with the slaughter of 90,000 men, 7 ^.^ and the next year they over-run Africa — j Mahomet, in his 53d year, flies from Mecca to Medina, on Fri-1 day July 16th, which forms the first year of the Hegira, the > 622 era of the Mahometans — — — J Constantinople xxvi CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. .^ D. Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs — 626 Death of Mahomet — — — 632 Jerusalem taken by the Saracens, and three years after Alexan- ") dria and its famous library destroyed — — ) °'^' Constantine the Third, son of Heraclius, in partnership with He-"] racleonas, his brother by the same father, assumes the imperial purple. Constantine reigns 103 days, and after his death, his ! son. Constantine's son Constaiis is declared emperor, though ' Heracleonas, with his mother Martina, wished to continue in possession of the supreme power — — Cyprus taken by the Saracens — — 6-1-8 The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus — 653 Constantine the Fourth, surnaroed Pogonatus, succeeds, on thel -„„ murder of his father in Sicily — — 3 The Saracens ravage Sicily — — 669 Constantinople besieged by the Saracens, whose fleet is destroyed 7 „__ by the dreek fire — — — J bV3 Justinian the Second succeeds his father Constantine. In his") exile of 10 years, the purple was usurped by Leontius and Absimerus Tiberius. His restoration happened 704. The ! ^.^ only men of learning in this century were Secundus, Isidorus, [ '^ Theophylactus, Geo. Pisides, Callinicus, and the venerable | Bede — — — — J Pepin engrosses the power of the whole French monarchy 6r>0 Africa finally conquered by the Saracens — 709 Bardanes, surnamed Philippicus, succeeds at Constantinople, on") ^.. the murder of Justinian — — y ' Spain is conquered by the Saracens. Accession of Artemius, or ) w... Anastasius the Second, to the throne — j Anastasius abdicates, and is succeeded by Theodosius the Third,! who, two years after, yields to the superior influence of Leo > 715 the Third, the first of the Isaurian dynasty — j Second, but unsuccessful, siege of Constantinople by the Saracens 717 Tax called Peter-pence begun by Ina king of Wessex, to support 1 ^,^ a college at Rome — — — J "' Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and Poitiers 7 „„.^ in October ' — — — | /J- Constantine the Fifth, surnamed Copronymus, succeeds his father / ^ . , Loo — — _ _ j 741 Dreadful pestilence for three years over Europe and Asia 746 Tiic computation of years from the birth of Christ first used in 7 ^.^ historical writings — — — j Learning encouraged by the race of Abbas, Caliph of the Sara- 7 _ .g cens — — — y ' Tlie Merovingian race of kings ends in France — 7.10 Bagdad built, and made the capital of the Caliphs of the house 7 ^^^ of Abbas _ — — • j «t>- A violent frost for 150 days from October to February 76S Monasteries dissolved in the east by Constantine — 770 Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the kingdom of the ") -^ . Lombards;, after a duration of 206 years — 3 Leo CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxvii A. D. Leo the Fourth, son of Constantine, succeeds, and five years after, ") ^^ is succeeded by his wife Irene and his son Constantine the Sixth j ' Irene murders her son and reigns alone. The only men of learn-T ing in this century were Johannes Uamascenus, Fredegaire, > 797 Alcuinus, Paulus Diaconus, and George the monk j Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome and of the western") empire. About this time the Popes separate themselves from > 800 the princes of Constantinople — — J Egbert ascends the throne of England, but the total reduction ^^ «^. of the Saxon heptarchy is not effected till 26 years after j Nicephorus the First, great treasurer of the empire, succeeds 802 Stauracius, son of Nicephorus, and Michael the First, surnamed") Rhangabe the husband of Procopia, sister of Stauracius, as- > 811 "* sume the purple — — — j Leo the Fifth, the Armenian, though but an officer of the palace,") c,„ ascends the throne of Constantinople — j Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almamon, whol oit; made observations on the sun, &c. j Michael the Second, the Thracian, surnamed the Stammerer, \ ^(.. succeeds, after the murder of Leo — ' j The Saracens of Spain take Crete, which they call Candia 823 The Almagest of Ptolemy translated into Arabic by order of] ^.^w Almamon — — — j '^ Theophilus succeeds his father Michael — 829 Origin of the Russian monarchy — — 839 Michael the Third succeeds his father Theophilus with his mother 7 ^.^ Theodora — — — J " The Normans get possession of some cities in France 833 Michael is murdered, and succeeded by Basil the First, the Ma- ) q^^ cedonian — — — 3 Clocks first brought to Constantinople from Venice 872 Basil is succeeded by his son Leo the Sixth, the philosopher. In"| this century florished Mesne, the Arabian physician Eginhard, | Rabanus, Albumasar, Godcscalchus, Hincmarus, Odo, Pho- } 886 tins, John Scotus, Anastasius the librarian, Alfraganus, Alba- | tegni, Reginon, John Asser — — J Paris besieged by the Normans, and bravely defended by Bishop] 0C7 Goslin — ■ — — J Death of Alfred, king of England, after a reign of 30 years 900 Alexander, brother of Leo, succeeds with his nephew Constantine 1 g, . the Seventh, surnamed Porphyrogenitus — y The Normans establish themselves in France under Rollo 912 Romanus the first, surnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet,! usurps the throne, with his three sons, Christopher, Stephen, > 919 and Constantine the Eighth — — J Fiefs established in France — — 923 Saracen empire divided by usurpation into seven kingdoms 936 Naples seized by the Eastern emperors — 942 The sons of Romanus conspire against their father, and the tu-"l mults this occasioned produced the restoration of Porphyro- >- 945 genitus — — — 3 Romanus xxviii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. A.D. } Komanus the Second, son of Constantine the Seventh, by Helena, \^ „ -^ the daughter of Lecapcnus, succeeds Komanus poisoned by his wife Theophana, is succeeded by Ni- ) cepliorus Phocas the Second, whom the empress, unable to ( q^„ reign alone under the title of protectress of her young children | had married - — — J Italy conquered by Otho, and united to the German empire 964? Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophana, is murdered by") q^q John Zimisces, who assumes the purple — j Basil the Second, and Constantine the Ninth, the two sons of Ro-7 q^_ manus by Theophana, succeed on the death of Zimisces J The third or Capetian race of kings in France begins July 3d 987 Arithmetical figures brought into Europe, from Arabia by the") „, Saracens — — — 3 The empire of Germany first made elective by Otho III. The! learned men of this century were Eudes deCluni. Azophi, Luit- > 996 prand, Alfarabius, Uhazes. Gebcr, Abbo, Aimoin, Gerbert J A general massacre of the Danes in England, Nov. 13th 1002 All old churches about this time rebuilt in a new manner of 1 architecture — — — 5 ^^^ Flanders inundated in consequence of a violent storm 1014' Constantine becomes sole emperor on the death of his brother 1025 Romanus tiie Third, surnamed Argyrus, a patrician, succeeds by 7 marrying Zoe, the daughter of the late monarch j Zoc, after prostituting herself to a Paphlagonian money-lender,^ causes her husband Komanus to be poisoned, and, afterwards, ( ^^oj marries her favorite, who ascends the throne under the name f of Michael the Fourth — — J The kingdoms of Castile and Arragon begin — 1035 Zoe adopts for her son Michael the Fifth, the trade of whose father) (careening vessels) had procured him the surname of Calaphates j Zoe, and her sister Theodora, are made sole empresses by the po-l pulace, but after two months, Zoe, though 60 years old, takes > 101-2 for her third husband, Constantine the Tenth, who succeeds J The Turks invade the Roman empire — 1050 After the death of Constantine, Theodora recovers the sove-") reignty, and, 19 months after, adopts, as her successor, Michael > 1054- the Sixth, surnamed Stratioticus — J Isaac Commenus the First, chosen emperor by the soldiers 1057 Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed him, hel ,--,^0 appoints his friend Constantine the Eleventh, surnamed DucasJ Jerusalem conquered by the Turks from the Saracens 1065 The crown of England is transferred from the head of Harold by") the battle of Hastings, October the 14th, to William the Con- > 1066 queror, Duke of Normandy — J On the death of Ducas, his wife Eudocia, instead of protecting his' three sons, Michael, Andronicus, and Constantine, usurps the - 1067 sovereignty, and marries Romanus the Third, surnamed Diogenes _ 1 Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young" princes ascend the throne, under the name of Michael Parapi- ,-.-, naces the Seventh, Andronicus the First, and Constantine the | Twelfth _ _ _ The CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxix A. D. The general Nicephorus Botaniates the Third, assumes the purple 1078 Doomsday-book begun to be compiled from a general survey oi\ the estates of England, and finished in six years, — j lOoO Alexius Commenus the First, nephew of Isaac the First, ascends 1 the throne. His reign is rendered illustrious by the pen of his I ,_j.. daughter, the princess Anna Commena. The Normans, under f Robert of Apulia, invade the eastern empire — J Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks — 1084« Accession of William the Second to the English throne 1087 The first crusade — — — 1*096 Jenisalem taken by the crusaders 1 5th July. The only learned men "| of this century vi^ere Avicenna, Guy d'Arezzo, Giaber, Her- | mannus. Franco, Peter Damiani, Michael Celularius, Geo. Ce- }> 1099 drenus, Berenger, Psellus Marianus, Scotus, Arzachel, Wil- liam of Spires, Suidas, Peter the Hermit, Sigebert — J Henry the First succeeds to the throne of England — 1100 Learning revived at Cambridge — — 1110 John, or Calojohannes, son of Alexius, succeeds at Constantinople 1118 Order of Knights Templars instituted — ibid. Accession of Stephen to the English crown — 1135 Manuel, son of John, succeeds at Constantinople — 1143 The second crusade — — — 114-7 The cannon law composed by Gratian, after 24- years' labor 1151 The party names of Guelfs and Gibbehnes begin in Italy 1154' Henry the Second succeeds in England — — ibid. The Teutonic order begins — — 1164< The conquest of Egypt by the Turks — 1169 The famous council pf Clarendon in England, January 25th.') , ,^^ Conquest of Ireland by Henry II. — j ^^/^ Dispensing of justice by circuits first established in England 1176 Alexius the Second succeeds his father Manuel — 1180 English laws digested by Glanville — 1181 From the disorders of the government, on account of the minority of Alexius, Andronicus the grandson of the great Alexius, is named guardian, but he murders Alexius, and ascends the tiirone Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angelus, a de- scendant of the great Alexius by the female line, succeeds The third crusade, and siege of Acre — 1188 Richard the First succeeds his father Henry in England 11 89 Saladin defeated by Richard of England in the battle of Ascalon 1192 Alexius Angelus, brother of Isaac, revolts, and usurps the sove-7 reignty, by putting out the eyes of the emperor — j John succeeds to the English throne. The learned men of this~ century were Peter Abelard, Aniia Commena, St. Bernard Averroes, William of Malmesbury, Peter Lombard j Otho Tri- singensis, Maimonides, Humenus, Wernerus, Gratian, JeofFry ! -,(.q of Monmouth, Tzetzes, Eustathius, John of Salisbury, Simeon ^ ^ ^9 of Durham, Henry of Huntingdon, Peter Comestor, Peter of Blois, Ranulph Glanville, Roger Hoveden, Campanus, William of Newburgh — — — Constantinople is besieged and taken by the Latins, and Isaac isl taken from his dungeon and replaced on the throne with his > 1205 son Alexius. This year is remarkable for the fourth crusade J The 1183 1185 1195 I 1205 XXX CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. AD The fatlicr and son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle, and'' Constantinople is again besieged and taken bv the Trench and Venetians, who elect Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor of the east. In the mean time, Theodore Lascaris makes him- ^ V^Oi self emperor of Nice ; Alexius, grandson of the tyrant Andro- nicus, becomes emperor of Trebizond ; and Michael, an illegi- timate child of the Angeli, founds an empire in Epirus The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and, next year, is succeeded by his brother Henry — Reign and conquests of the great Zingis Khan, first emperor of) ,o/-i/- the Moguls and Tartars, till tJie time of his death 1227 j Aristotle's works imported from Constantinople are condemned) ,^„„ by the council of Paris — j- I/OJ Magna Charta granted to the English barons by king John 121.'> Henry the Third succeeds his father John on the English throne 1216 Ptter of Courtcnay, the husband of Yolanda, sister of the two") last emperors, Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor by the [-1217 Latins — — — "3 Robert, son of Peter Courtcnay, succeeds — 1221 Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the tlirone of Nice by his son- ") ^..^ in-law, John Ducas \ataces — — j John of Brienne, and Baldwin the Second, son of Peter, sue- ^ , ^^o ceeded on the throne of Constantinople — J — "^ The inquisition which had been begun 1204 is now trusted to thel ,„^n Dominicans — — — J ** Baldwin alone — — — 1237 Origin of the Ottomans — — — 12+0 The fifth crusade — — — 121-8 Astronomical 'tables composed by Alphonso the Eleventh of ) ,„.„ Castile — — | ^^^^ Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne uf Nic« by his son] .^.^ Theodore-Liiscaris the Second — " — j "^"* Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris a minor 1259 Michael Pala:ologus, son of the sister of the queen of Theodore") Lascaris, ascends the throne, after the murder of the young > 1260 prince's guardian — — J Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek em-7 ,«,,. perors of Nice — J^ l^l Edward the First succeeds on the English throne — 1272 The famous Mortmain act passes in England — 1279 Eight thousand French murdered iluringthe Sicilian vespers 30th ) .f^on of March - _ ' _ J1282 Wales conquered by Edward and annexed to England 1283 Michael Palajologus dies, and his son Andronicus, who had al- rer.dy reigned nine years conjointly with his father, a'^cends the throne. The learned men of this century are Gervase, Di- ccto, Saxo, Walter of Coventry, Accursius, Anthony of Padua, Alexander Halensis, William "of Paris, Peter de Vignes, Ma- \ 1293 thew Paris, Grossetestc, Albertus, Thomas Aquinas, Bona- ventura, John Joinville, Roger Bacon, Cimabue, Durandus, Henry of Ghent, Raymond Lulli, Jacob Voraginc, Albcrtet, Duns Scotus, Thebit — — A regular I CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxxi A. D. A regular succession of English parliaments from this time 1293 The Turkish empire begins in Bithynia — — 1298 The mariner's compass invented or improved by Flavio 1302 The Swiss cantons begin — — 1307 Edward the Second succeeds to the English crown — ibid. Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which alienation con- 1 , „„„ tinues 68 years, till the return of Gregory the Eleventh j Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel, and his grandson,! the younger Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus revolts > 1320 against his grandfather, who abdicates — j Edward the Third succeeds in England — 1327 First comet observed, whose course is described with exactness, ") , 007 in June — — — 3 About this time florished Leo Pilatus, a Greek professor at Flo- 1 rence, Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel Chrysoloras, I , o„q M'here may be fixed the era of the revival of Greek literature f in Italy — — — j Andronicus is succeeded by his son John Palsologus in the ninth ^ year of his age. John Cantacuzene, who liad been left guar- ( 1 04 7 dian of the young prince, assumes the purple. First passage j of the Turks into Europe — — J The knights and burgesses of parliament first sit in the same house 1342 The battle of Crecy, August 26. 1346 Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the tribuneship 1347 Order of the Garter in England established April 23d 1349 The Turks first enter Europe — — 1352 Cantacuzene abdicates the purple — 1355 The battle of Poictiers, September 19th — 1356 Law pleadings altered from French into English as a favor from ") , ^^^ Edward III. to his people, in his 50th year — ) Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand, and") 107/) his extensive conquests till his death, after a reign of 35 years J , Accession of Richard the Second to the English throne 1377 Manuel succeeds his father John Palaeologus — 1391 Accession of Henry the Fourth in England. The learned men"] of this century were Peter Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoldus j Villa, Nicholas Lyra, "William Occam, Nicephoras Gregoras, J> 1399 Leontius Pilatus, Matthew of Westminster, WicklifF, Froissart, j Nicholas Flamel, &c. J Henry the Fourth is succeeded by his son Henry the Fifth 1413 Battle of Agincourt, October 25th — — 1415 The island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese — 1420 Henry the Sixth succeeds to the throne of England. Constan-1 tinople is besieged by Amurath the Second, the Turkish em- > 1422 peror — — — J John Palaeologus the Second succeeds his father Manuel 1424 Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment, and rise of that fa-") , .„^ mily at Florence — — — 3 The famous pragmatic sanction settled in France — 1439 Printing discovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in 22 years 1440 Constantine, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the throne after] -t/L/va, his brother John — — — j Mahomet xxxii CHRO^OLOGICAL TABLE. A. D. Mahomet the Second, emperor of the Turks, besfeges and takes" Constantinople on the 29th of I^Iay. Fall of the eastern em- pire. The captivity of the Greeks, and the extinction of the imperial famihes of the Commcni and Pala.'ologi. About this time the House of York in England began to aspire to the crown, and, by their ambitious views, to deluge the whole kingdom in blood. The learned men of the 15th century were Chaucer, Lcorard Arctin, John Huss, Jerome of Prague, Poggio, Flavius Blondus, Theodore Gaza, Frank Philclphus, [> 14-53 Geo. Trapezuiitius, (icmistus Pletho, Laurcntius Valla, Ulugh Beigli, John (Juttcmbcrg, John Faustus, Peter Schoefter, Wesselus, Peurhachius, /Eneas Sylvius, Bessarion, Thomas a Kenipis, Argyropulus, Ucgiomoiitanus, Platina, Agricola, Pontanus, Ficinus, Lascaris, Tiphcrnas, Annius of X'iterbo, Merula, Savonarola, Picus, Politian, Ilcrmolaus, Grocyn, Manf.iaims, John Colet, Rcuchlin, Lynacre, Alexander ab Alexandre, Demetrius Chulcondyles, &c. — A CLAS- CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, &c. &c. &c. AB A B ABA & Abae, a towm of Phocis, famous for an oracle of Apollo, sumamed Abaeus. The inhabitants, called Abantes, were of Thracian origin. After the ruin of their country by Xerxes, they migrated to Eubcea, which from them was called Abantis. Some of them passed afterwards from Euboea into Ionia. HerodoU 8, c. 33. — Paus. 10, c. 55. A city of Caria. Another of Arabia Felix. A mountain near Smyrna. Plin. 5, c. 24. — Strab. 10. Abacene, a country of Sicily near Mes- sana. Diod. 14. Abacus, an island in the German ocean, where, as the ancients supposed, the amber dropped from the trees. If a man was drowned there, and his body never appeared above the water, propitiatory sacrifices were offered to his manes during a hundred years. Plin. 37, c 2. Abana, a place of Capua. Cic. contra Hull. Abantes, a warlike people of Pelopon- nesus, who built a town in Phocis called Aba, after their leafier Abas, whence also their name originate. They afterwards went to t* -'.jjaatis.] Herodot. I, c. 14' ^ ■- Y '^>. •< Al. a.des, a patronymic g>' 'T-.A} the descendaiiis of Abas king of / -^o?. -uch AS Acrisius, ''^ mae, Perseus, Ata- lant-i, &c. •' d- A.1ANTIDAS made himself master of Si- cyo;;. after he had murdered Cliniasthe father of Aratus. He was himself soon after assas- sinated, B. C. 251. Plut. in Arat. Abantis. or Abantias, an ancient nam.e of '''»'• island O't ' .hnea, receiv'* from tlie Aban- tts'who St- in it froiik P! ocis. Phn. 4, c 12. — Alh^ A country pf Es)iriiS. Paus. 5, ono of lii«; N'aiades, m ther ,, f*;,' by Bucolion, LaA>me- ^j id Hypst... r. 6. v. 23. ay with Jasoi AbarTmov, a country of Scythia, near mount Imaus. The inhabitants were said to have their toes behind their heels, and to breathe no air but that of their native country. Plin. 7, c. 2. Abaris, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5, V. 86. A Rutulian killed by Euryalus. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 344. A Scy- thian, son of Seuthes, in the age of Croesus, or the Trojan war, who received a flying ar- row from Apollo, with which he gave ora- cles, and transported himself wherever he pleased. He is said to have returned to the Hyperborean countries from Athens without eating, and to have made the Trojan Palla- dium with the bones of Pelops. Some sup- pose that he wrote treatises in Greek ; and it is reported, that there is a Greek manuscript of his epistles to Phalaris, in the library of Augsburg. But there were probably two persons of that name. Herodot. 4, c. 36. — Strab. 7. — Paus. 3, c. 35. Abarus, an Arabian prince, who perfi- diously deserted Crassus in his expedition against Parthia. Appian in Parth. — He is called Mezeres by Flor. 3, c. 11. and Ariam- nes by Plut. in Crass. Abas, a mountain in Syria, where the Euphrates rises. A river of Armenia Ma- jor, where Pompey routed the Albani. Plut. in Pomp. A son of Metanira, or Melaninia, changed into a lizard for laughing at Ceres. Ovid. Met. 5. fab. 7. The 1 1th king of Argos, son of Belus, some say of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, was famous for his ge- nius and valor. He was father to Proetus and Acrisius, by Ocalea, and built Abae. He reigned 23 years B. C. 1384. Paws. 2, c. 16. 1. 10, c. 35. — Hi/ain. 170, &c. — Apollod. 2, c. 2. One of ./Eneas's com- panions, killed in Italy. Virg. ^En. 10, v. 170. Another lost in tlie storm which drove JEni.'?'i to Carthage. Virg. ^Ett. 1, v. 125. A Latian chief, who assisted iEneas against Turnus, and was killed by Lau^us. ' B rirg. AB AB Virg. ^n. 10, r. 170, Sec. A Greek, son of Eurydamus, killed by ^neas during the Trojaa war. Hrg. JEn. 3, v. 286. — Homer. Ji. 5, V. 150. A centaur, famous for his skill in hunting, Ovid. Afet. 12, v. 306. A soothsayer, to whom the Spartans erected a statue in the temple of Apollo, for his ser- vices to Ly Sander, Paiis. 10, c. 9. A son of Neptune. Hi/gin. fab. 157. A sophist who wrote two treatises, one on liistory, tlie other on rhetoric. The time in which he lived is unknown. A man who wTote an account of Troy. He is quoted by Servius in Virg. jEn. 9. Abasa, an island in the Red Sea, near Ethiopia. Paus. 6, C. 26. Abasitis, a part of Mysia in Asia. Strab. Abassena or Abassinia. Vid. Abyssinia. Abassus, a town of Phrygia. Liv. 38, c. 15. Abastor, one of Pluto's horses. Abatos, an island in the lake near Mem- phis in Egypt, abounding witli flax and pa- pyrus. Osiris was buried there- Lucan. 10, T. 323. AbdalonTmus, one of the descendants of tlic kings of Sidon, so poor, that to maintain himself, he worked in a gardon. WTien Alexander took Sidon, he made him king, in the room of Strato tlie deposed monarch, and enlarged his possessions on account of the great disinterestedness of his conduct. Justin. II, c. \0 — Ourt. 4, c. \.—Diod. 17. Abdeka, a town of Hispania Baetica, built by the Carthaginians. Strab. 3. A maritime city of Tliracc, built by Hercules, in memory of Al>derus, one of his favorites. The Clazomeniaiis and Teians beautified it. Some suppose tliat Abdera, the sister of Dio- medes, built it. The air was so unwhole- some, and the inhabitants of such a sluggish disposition, that stupidity was cooimonly called Abderilica mens. It gave birth, however, to Dcoiocritus, Protagoras, Anaxarchus, and Hecataeus. Afe/a, 2, c. 2. — Cic. ad Attic. 4, ep. 16. — Herodot. I, c. 186. — Mart. 10, ep. 25. ■ Abderia, a town of Spain. Aj^llod. 2, ^ 5. Abdf-rTtes, a people of Pseonia, obliged %^ leave their country on account of the great number of rats and frogs which tnfested it. Justin. 15, c. 2. Abdkrus, a man of Opus in Locris, arm- bearer to Hercules, torn to pieces by the marcs of Diomedes, which the hero had entrusted to his care when going to war against the Bistones. Hercules built a city, which, in honor of his friend he called Al>dera. — Apollod. 2, c. 5. — PhUos/riif. 2, c. 25. Abe.Xt.u, a people of Achaia, probably the inhabitants of Abia. 'Paus. 4, c. 30. — Plin, 4, c. 6. AuEi.T.A, a town of Campania, whose in- habitants were called ' Abellani. Its nuts, called avellancE, and also its apples, were fa- mous. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 740. — Justin. SO, c. S.—Sil. 8, V. 544. Abelux, a noble of Saguntum, who favor- ed the party of the Romans again it Carthage. Liv. 22, c. 22. Abenda, a town of Caria, whose inhabit- ants were the first who raised temples to the city of Rome. Liv. 45, c. 6. ^ Abia, formerly In, a maritime town of Messenia, one of the seven cities promised to Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after Abia, daughter of Hercules, and nurse of Hyllus. Pau5. 4, C. 30. — Strab. 8. — Homer. II. 9, v. 292. Abii, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. They lived upon miik, were fond of celibacy, and enemies to war. Homer. II. 13, v. 6. According to Curt. 7, c. 6, they surrendered to Alexander, after they had been independent since the reign of Cjtus. Abii-a, or Abyla, a mountain of Africa, in that part which is ■ nearest to the opposite mountain called Calpe, on the coast of Spain, only eighteen miles distant. These two moun- tains are called the columns of Hercules, and were said formerly to be united, till the hero separated them, and made a communication between the IVIcditerranean and Atlantic seas. Strab. 3. — Mela, 1, c. 5. L 2, c 6L — Plin. 3. Abisares, an Indian prince, who oflTcred to surrender to Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 1 2. Abisaris, a country beyond the Hydaspes in India. Arrian. Abisontes, some inhabitants of the Alps. Plin. 3, c, 20. Abletes, a people near Troy. Strab. Abnoba, a mountain of Germany. Tacit. G. I. AbobrjTca, a town of Lusitania. — Plin. 4, c. 20. .•\nother in Spain. ABCErRlTus, a Boeotian general, killed with a thousand men, in a battle at Chaeronea, against the ^Etolians. Plut. in Aral. Abolaki, a people of Latium, near Alba. Plin. 5, c. 5. Abolus, a river of Sicily. Plut. »n Ti- mol. Aboniteichos, a town of Galatia Ar- rian in Pcrijtl. Aboraca, a town of Sarmatia. Aborigines, the original inliabitanls of Italy ; or, according to others, a nation con- ducted by .Saturn into Latium, where they taught the use of letters to Evander the king of the country. Their posterity was called Latini, from Latinus one of their kinp^. They assisted JEneas against Turnus. Rome was built in their countrj-. — The word signi- fies without origin, or whose origin is not knovm, and is generally applied to the origi- nal inhabitants of any country. /.«•. 1 , c. 1 . &c. — Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 10 — ' 43, c. 1. — P/m. 3, c 5 — Strab. ^ f Aborkas^ AB A C Aborras, a river of Mesopotamia. Stiab. 16. AbradItes, a king of Susa, who, when bis wife Panthea had been taken prisoner by Cyrus, and humanely treated, surrendered himself and his troops to the conqueror. He was killed in the first battle he undertook in the cause of Cyrus, and his wife stabbed her- self on his corpse. Cyrus raised a monument on their tomb. JCenopk. Cjrop. 5, 6, &c. Abrentius, was made governor of Ta- rentum by Annibal. He betrayed his trust to the enemy to gaio the favors of a beautiful woman, whose brother was in the Roman ar- my. Polycen. 8." Abrocomas, son of Darius, was in the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. He was killed at Thermopylae. Herodot. 7, c. 224 PlvU in Cleom. AbrodijEtus, a name given to Parrhasius the painter, on account of the sumptuous man- ner of his living. Vid. Parrhasius. Abron, an Athenian, whu wrote some treatises on the religious festivals and sacrifices of the Greeks. Only the titles of his works are presenred. Suidas. A grammarian of Rhodes, who taught rhetoric at Rome. Another who wrote a treatise on Theocritus. A Spartan, son of Lycurgus the orator. — Plut. in 10. Orat. A native of Argos, famous for his debauchery. Abronius, Silo, "a Latin poet in the Augustan age. He wrote some fables. Senec. Abronycus, an Athenian, very serviceable to Themistocles in his embassy to Sparta. — Thucyd. 1, c. 91. — Herodot. 8, c. 21. Abrota, the wife of Nisus, the youngest of the sons of >Egeus. As a monument to her chastity, Nisus, after her death, ordered the garments which she were to become the models of fashion in Megara. Pint. Quasi. Grcec. AbrotC^num, the mother of Themistocles. PhU. in Them. A town of Africa, near the Syrtes. Plifi. 5, c. 4. — >- A harlot of Thrace. PliU. in Arat. Abrus, a city of the Sapcci. Pav3. 7, c. 10. Abrypolis, an ally oi Rome, driven from his possessions by Perseus, the last king of Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 13 & 41. Abseus, a giant, son of Tartarus and Terra. ffygin. ]traf.fab. Absinthii, a people on the coasts of Pontus, where there is also a mountain of the same name. Herodot. 6, c. 34. Absorus, Absyrtis, Absyrtides, islands in the Adriatic, or near Istria, where Absyrtus was killed, whence their name- Strab. 7. — ApoUod. 1, c. 9. — LtLcan. 3, v. 190. Abstrtos, a river falling into the Adriatic sea, near which Absyrtus was murdered- Lucan. 3, v. 190. Abstrtus, a son of ^etes king of Col- chis and Hypsea. His sister Medea, as she fled away with Jason, tore liis body to pieces, and strewed his limbs in her father's wcy, to stop his pursuit. Some say that she murdered him in Colchis, otliero, near Istria. It is said, by others, that he was not murdered, but that he arrived safe in Illyricum. The place where he %vas killed has been called Tomos, and the river adjoining to it Absyrtos. Lucan. 5, V. 190 Sirab.1 Hygiti.fab. 23.—Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Flacc. 8, V. 261. — Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 9. — Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 19. — Piin. 3, c. 21 & 26. Abulites, governor of Susa, betrayed his trust to Alexander, and was rewarded with a province. Curt. 5, c. 2. — Diod. 17. Abybenus, a disciple of Aristotle, too much indulged by his master. He \vTote some historical treatises on Cyprus, Delos, Arabia, and Assyria. Phil. Jud. — Joseph, contr. Ap. Abydos, a town of Egj-pt, where was the famous temple of Osiris. Plut. de Isid. ^ Osir. A city of Asia, opposite Sestos in Europe, vfith which, from the narrow- ness of the Hellespont, it seemed, to those who approach it by sea, to form only one town. It was built ty the Milesians, by permission of king Gyges. It i« famous for the amours of Hero and Leander, and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont. The inhabitants be- ing besieged by Philip, the father of Per- seus, devoted themselves to death with tlieir families, rather than fall into the hands ot the enemy. Liv. 31, c. 18. — Lucan. 2, v. 674. — Justin. 2, c. 13. — Musesus in Her. arning has ever since 'been railed Jcadcnua. To exclude from it profancness and dissipation, it was even for- bidden to Irmgli there. It was called Aca- demifi veins, to distinguish it from thu second Acarteni/, founded by Arcesilaus, wlio made some few alterations in the Platonic philoso- ph}'. and from tlie third which was established by Carneades. Cic. df Div. 1, c. 3. — Diog. 3. — jElian V. H. 3, c. 35. Ar.vrKML's, an Athenian, who discovered to Castor and Pollux where Tlieseus had con- cealed their sister Helen, for wliich tljey amply rewarded him. Plut. in Thfs. AcALANDRus, or Acalyndrus, a river fall- ing into tlie bay of Tarentum. Plin. 3, ell. AcALi.E, a daughter of INIinos and Pasiphae. jlpoUod. 3, c. 1. AcAsiARcifis, one of the Oceanides. AcAMAs, son of Tlieseus and Ph.Tdra, went with Diomrdes to diinaiid Helen from tJie Trojans after her elopement from Menelaus. In his embassy he liad a son called Wiinitus, by Lao'pt near the Nile, called also Dulopolis. Plin. .5, c. 28. An island mentioned by Plin. 5, c. 32. AcXra, a town of Pannonia. Anotlicr in Italy. Acaria, a fountain of Corinth, where ilolas cut off the head of F.urj-stheus. Strab. 8. Acarnania, anciently Curetis, a country pf Epiru>, .it the north of the Ionian sea, divid- (Cdfrom if^tolia by tlie Achelous. 'Yhe inha- bitants reckoned only sis months in the year ; they were luxurious, and addicted to pleasure, ^o that pornis Arnrnas becimc proverbial. Their horses were famous. It received its (name from Acama.';. Plin. 2, c. 90. — Mela, 2, c. 3. —St rah. 7 & 9. — Paus. 8, c. 2-1. — X.ucian in Diiil. Merrtr. AcARNAs ?; Amphoterus, sons of Alc- ma:on & Callirhoc. Alcmaron being murder- ed by the brothers of Alphesiboea his former irife, Callirhije obtained from Jtipitcr, tliat her children, who were still in tlic cradle, might, ^y asTipcrnat'iral iwwcr, suddenly grow up to punish their fnth"r's murderers. Tliii wa^ 4 granted Vid. Alcmaeon. Paus. 8, c. 24. — Olid. Met. 9, fab. 10. AcARNAs, & Acarnan, a stony mountain of Attica. Saiec. in Hippol. v. 20. AcASTA, one of the Oceanides. Hcsiod. Theog. v. 556. AcASTUs, son of Pelbs, king of Tlies- saly, by .^naxibia, married Astydainia or Hip- polyte, who fell in love with Peleus, son of ^acus, when in banishment at her husband's court. Peleus, rejecting the addre^scs of Hip- polyte, was accused before Acastiis of at- tempts upon her virtue, and soon after, at a chace, exposed to wild beasts. \'ulcan, by order of Jupiter, delivered Peleus, who re- turned to Thesbaly, and put to death A castas and his wife. I'id. Peleus & Astydaniia. — Ovid. Met. 8, v. 306, Heroid. 13,' v. 25.— Apollod. I , c. 9, &c. The second archon at Athens. AcATHANTUs, a bay in the Red Sea. ^ Strab. IG. AccA Laurentia, the wife of Faustulus, shepherd of king Numitor's flocks, who brought up Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed on tlie banks of the Tiber. From her wantonness, she was called Lu/ta, pro>jtitute, whence the fable that Romulus was suckled by a she- wolf. Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 18.— Lii'. 1, c. 4.— -•/«/. Gdl. 6. c. 7— The Romans yearly celebrated certain festivals [ Vid. I.aurentalia] in honor of ano- ther prostitute of the same name, which arose from this circumstance ; the keeper of tlie temple of Hercules, one day playing at dice, made the god one of tlie nidniber, on condi- tion that if Hercules was defeated, he should make him a present, but if he conquered he should be entertained with an elegant feast, and share his bed witli a beautiful female. Hercules was victorious, and accordingly Acca was conducted to the bed of Herculfe, who in reality came to sec her, and told her in llie morning to go into tlie streets, and salute with a kiss tlie first man she met. This was Tamitius, an old unmarried vxan, who not displeased with Acca's liberty, loveil her, and made her the heires.s of all his possessions. I'hese, at her death, she gave to the Roman people, whence tlie honors paid to her memory. Plut. Quttnt. Rom. in Jiomul. ■ .\ companion of Camilla. I 'irg. JEn. 1 1 , V. 820. ArciA or Atia, daughter of Julia & M. Atius Palbus, was the mother of Augustus, and died about forty years B. C. Dio. — Suet. in Aii^. 4. Variola, an illustrious female, whose cause was eloijiicntly pleaded by Pliny. Plin. 6, ep. 33. AccTlx, a town of Sicily. Liv. 24, c. 35. I,. Ar( us. a Roman tragic poet, uhose roughness of style Quintilian ha? imputed to tlie unpolished age in which he lived. He transloted some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but of his numerous pieces only some of tlie n;une6 AC A C names arc known ; and among these his Nup- tiae, Mercator, Neoptolemus, Phoenice, Me- dea, Atreus, &c. The great marks of honor ■which he received at Rome may be collected from this circumstance : that a man was se- verely reprimanded by a magistrate for men- tioning his name without reverence. Some few of his verses are preserved in Cicero and in other writers. He died about 180 years B. C. Horat. 2, cp. 1, v. 56. — Ovid. Am. 1, d. 15, V. 19. — QuintU. 10, c. 1. — Cic. ad Att. ^ in Br. de Orat. 3, c. 16. A famous orator of Pisaurum in Cicero's age. La- beo, a foolish poet mentioned Pers. 1, v. 50. Tullius, a prince of the Volsci, very in- imical to the Romans. Coriolanus, when ba- nished by his countrymen, fled to him, and led his armies against Rome. Liv. 2, c. 37. •^Plut. in Coriol. Acco, a general of the Senones in Gaul. Os. bell. Gall. 6, c. 4, & 44. An old wo- man who fell mad on seeing her deformity in a looking-glass. Hesi/ch. AccuA, a town in Italy. Liv. 24, c. 20. AcE, a town in Phoenicia, called also Pto- lemais, now Acre. C. N't-}!, in Datum, c. 5. A place of Arcadia near Megalopolis, where Orestes was cured from the persecution of the furies, who had a temple there. Pmis- 8, v. 54. AcERATUS, a soothsayer, who remained alone at Delphi when the approach of Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants. Herodot. 8, c. 57. AcERBAs, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who married Dido. Vid. Sichaeus. — Justin. 18, c. 4. AcerTna, a colony of the Brutii in Magna Graecia, taken by Alexander of Epirus. Liv. 8, c. 24. AcERR^, an ancient town of Campania, near the river Clanius. It still subsists ; and the frequent inundations from the river which terrified its ancient inhabitants, are now pre- vented by the large drains dug there. Ti/-^. G. 2, V. 225 Liv. 8, c. 17. AcERSECOMEs, a sumamc of Apollo, which signifies unshorn. Juv. 8, v. 128. Aces, a river of Asia. Herodot. o, c. 117. AcEsiA, part of the island of Lemnos, which received this name from Philoctetes, whose wound was cured there. P/dlostr, AcEsiNEs, a river of Sicily. Thucyd. 4, c. 25. AcesInus or Aces!nes, a river of Persia falling into the Indus. Its banks produce reeds of such an uncommon size, that a piece of them, particularly between two knots, can serve as a boat to cross the water. Justin. 12, c. 9. — Plin. 4, c. 12. AcEsius, a surname of Apollo, in Elis and Attica, as god of metiicine. Paus. 6, c. 24. AcESTA, a town of Sicily, called after king Acestes, and known also by the name of Se- gesta. It was built by iEn6as, who left tliere 5 part of his crew, as he was going to Italy. Virg. JEn. 5, V. 746, &c. Acestes, son of Crinisus and Egesta, was king of the country near Drepanum in Sicily. He assisted Priam in the Irojan war, and kindly entertained jEneas during his voyage, and helped him to bury his father on mount Eryx. In commemor.ation of this, ^neas built a city there called Acesta, from Acestes. Virg. jEn. 5, v. 746. AcESTiUM, a woman who saw all her rela- tions invested with the sacred office of torch- bearer in the festivals of Ceres. I'uus. 1, c. 37. AcESTODORUS, a Greek historian, who men. tions the review which Xerxes made of hij forces before the battle of Salamis. Plut. in Themist. AcEsTORiDEs, an Athenian archon. A Corinthian, governor of Syracuse. Diod. 1 9» AcETEs, one of Evander's attendants, Virg. JEn. 11, v. 50. AcHABYTOS, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple. AcuMk, a surname of Pallas, whose tem pie in Daunia was defended by dogs whicf> fawned upon the Greeks, but fiercely attack- ed all other persons. Aristot. de Mirab. Ceres was called Acha:a, from her laruenta- tions (axid) at the loss of Proserpine. Plut, in Isid. ^ Osir. AcH-Ei, tlie descendants of Achaeus, at first inhabited tlie country near Argos, but being driven by the Ileraclidoe 80 years after the Trojan war, they retired among the lonians, whose 1 2 cities they seized and kept. The names of these cities are Pellene, jEgira, ^Eges, Bura, Tritaea, iEgion, Rhypae, Ole- nos, Helice, Patra?, Dyme, and Phax-ae. The inliabitants of these three last began a famous confederacy, 284 years B. C. which continued formidable upwards of 150 years, under the name of the Ac/iaan league, and was most illustrious whilst supported by the splendid virtues and abilities of Aratus and I'hilopcemen. Tlieir arms \^ere directed against the jEtolians for three years, with the assistance of Philip of Macedon, and they grew powerful by the accession of neighbouring states, and freed their country from foreign slavery, till at last they were at- tacked by the Romans, and, after one year's hostilities, the Achaean league vi-as totally destroyed, B. C. 147. The Achaans ex- tended the borders of their country by con- quest, and even planted colonies in Magna Graecia. Tlie name of Achm is generally applied to all the Greeks, indiscriminately, by the poets. Vid. Achaia. Herodot. I, c. 145. 1. 8, c. 36 Stat. Theb. 2, v. 164.— Poly b. — Liv. 1. 27, 32, &c. — Plut. in Philop Plin. 4, c. 5. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 605. — Paus. 7, c. 1, &c. Also a people of Asia on the bor- ders of the Euxine. Ovid, de Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 27. 6 3 AcHjsiuM, A C AC AcH-siujf, a place of Troas opposite Tt-ne- dos. Strab. 8. AcH^EMENES, a king of Persia, among the progenitors of Cyrus the Great ; whose de- scendants were called Achrcmenidcs, and formed a separate tribe in Persia, of which the kings were members. Cambyscs, son of Cyrus, on Iiis dcath-lied, charged his noble-;, and particularly the Aciiemenides, not to suf- fer the Medes to recover tlieir former power, and abolish the empire of Persia. Herodot. 1. c. 125. I. 3, c. 65. 1. 7, c. 11. — Horat. 2, od. 12, V. 21. A Persian, made governor of Egypt by Xerxes, B. C. 484. AcH^MENiA, part of Persia, called after Acliaemenes. Hence Achaemenius. Horat. jL'jiiid. 13, V. 12. Acit«MENrDEs, a naOve of Ithac.i, son of Adramastus, and one of the companions of Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, vliere yEneas, on his voyage to Italy, found him. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 6ii. Olid. lb. 417. AchjBorum i.irrrs, a liarbour in C^Tprus. Stral). In Troas, in JEolia, in Pe- loponnesus, on the F.uxine. Paus. 4, c. 34. AcH^ORUM STATio, SL place on the coast of the Tluacian Chersonesus, where Polyxena was sacrificed to the shades of Achilles, and where Hecuba killed Polymnestor, who had murdered her son Polydorus. AcH*i;s, a king of Lydia, hung by his sub- jects for his extortion. Ovid, t'l lb. .\ son of Xuthus of Thcssaly. He flud, after die accidental murder of a man, to Pelopon- nesus ; where the inhabitants were called from him, Acha?i. lie a.'"terwards returned to Thessaly. Stmb. ?. — Pnus. 7, c. 1. A tragic poet of Ere'ria, who wrote 45 tragedies, of which some of the titles arc preserved, such as Adrastits, Linus. Cycnus, Eumeuide*, Plii- loctetes, Pirithous, Theseus, (Iv.lipus. &t. ; of these only one o!)tamcd Uie prize. He lived some time after Sophocles. Another of Syracuse, autlior of 10 tragedies. A rirer which falls into tlie Euxine. Arrian. in Peripl. A rel.itioii of Antiochus the Great, appointed governor of all the king's provinces beyond Taurus. He aspired to sovereign power, which he disputed for 8 years with Antiochus, and was at last betrayed bv a Cretan. His limbs were cut off, and Iiis body, sewed in the skin of an ass, was ex- posed on a gibbet. Pulyb. 8. AcHAiA. called also HeUas, a country of Peloponnesus at the north of Elis on the bay of Corintii, which is now part of Livadia. It ■was originally called /Egialus {shore) from its situation, llie lonians called it Ionia, when they spttlcd there ; and it rereived the-name of Achaia, from the Acha-i, who dispossessed the lonians. Vitl. Achai. A small part of Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which Alos was the capital. 6 ArHAicuM BEttUM. Vid. Achrei. AciiARA, a town near Sardis. Strab. 14, AcuARENSEs, a people of Sicily mar Syra- cuse. Cic. in Ver. 3. AcHAs.njF., a village of Attica. 2'h.ucyd. 2, c. 19. Achates, a friend of j^neas, whose fide- lity was so exemplary that Fidus Achates be- came a proverb. Firg. uEn. 1, v. 516. A river of Sicily. AcHEi.oiDEs, a patronymic given to the Sirens as daughters of Achelous. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 15. AcuELORiUM, a river ot 1 hessaly. Pclyasn. S. AcHELoi's, the son of Oceanus or Sol by Terra or Tethys, god of the river of the same name in Epirus. As one of the numerous suitors of Dtjanira, daughter of (Eneus, he entered the lists against Hercules, and being inferior, changed himself into a terpent, and aftenvards into an ox. Hercules broke off one of his horns, and Achelous being defeat- ed, retired in disgrace into his bed of waters. ITie liroken liorn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled with fruits and flowers ; and after it had for some tune adorned tlie hand of the conqueror, it was presented to the goddess cf plenty. Some say that he was changed into a river after tlic victory of Hercules. Tliis river is in Epirus, and rises in mount Pindus, and after dividing Acar- nania from .'Etolia. falls into tlie Ionian sea. Tlie sand and mud which it carries down, have formed some islands at its mouth. This river is saiil l)y some to have sprung from the earth after the deluge. Herodot. '_', C. 10. — Strab. \0.—Ovid. Met. S, fab. 5. 1. 9. fab. 1. Amor. 3, cl. 6, V. 55. — AiK>llod. 1 , c. 3 and 7. 1. 2, c. 7. — Hygin. prtrf. fab. A river of Arcadia falling into the .Alphcus. Another flowing from mount Sipylus. Paus. 8, c. 38. AciiERDi-s, a tribe of Attica ; hence Acher- dusius. in Demoslh. AcHERiMi, a people of Sicily. Cic. 5, m Verr. Acheron, a river of Thesprotia, in Epirus, falling into the L*ay of Ambracia. Homer called it, from the dead appearance of itii waters, one of the rivers of hell, and the fable has been adopted by all succeeding poets, who m.ike the god of the stream to be the son of Ceres witliout a father, and say that he concealed himself in hell for fear of tJie Titans, and was changed into a bit- ter stream, over which tlie souls of tlie dead are at first conveyed. It receives, say they, the souls of the dead, because a deadly lan- guor seizes them at the hour of dissolution. Some make him son of Titan, and suppose that he wa? plungcd^into heil by Jupiter, for supplying the Tit.ins with water. 'l"he word Acheron is often tiiken for lieLl itself. Ho- rat. 1. od. 5, V. 56.— n^r. G. 2, T. 29i jEn. 2, V. 295, &c Slrab. 7. — Lvc. 3, 3, V. Ifi, A.C A C 5, V. 16. — Sif- 2. Silv. 6, v. 80. — Liv. S, c. 24. A river of Elis in Peloponnesus. Anotlier on the Ripiia;an mountains. Orj)heus. Also a river in the country of the JBrutii in Italy. Justin. 12, c. 2. AcHERONTiA, a town of Apulia on a mountain, thence called Nidus by Horat. 3, od. 4, V. 14. Ac HE Ru SI A, a lake of Egypt near Mem- phis, over which, as Diodorus, lib. 1, men- tions, the bodies of the dead were conveyed, and received sentence according to the actions of their life. Tlie boat was called Baris, and the fenynian Charon. Plence arose the fable of Charon and the Styx, &c. afterwards im- ported into Greece by Orpheus, and adopted in the religion of the country. There was a river of the same name in Epirus, and another in Italy in Calabria. AcHERusiAs, a place or cave in Cherso- nesus Taurica, where Hercules, as is report- ed, dragged Cerberus out of hell. Xenoph. Anab. 6. AcHETUs, a river of Sicily. Sil. 14. Achillas, a general of Ptolemy, who murdered Pcmpey the Great. Plut. in Pomp. — Lucan. 8, v. 538. Achillea, a peninsula near the mouth of tlie Borysthenes. Mela. 2, c. 1. — Herodot. 4, c. 55 & 76. An island at the mouth of the Ister, where was the tomb of Achilles, over which it is said that birds never flew. Plin. 1 0, c. 29. A fountain of Miletus, whose waters pise^salted from the earUi, and afterwards sweeten in their course. Athen. 2, c. 2. AcHiiLEUs or Aquileus, a Roman ge- neral in Egypt, in the reign of Dioclesian, who rebelled, and for 5 years niaintained the imperial dignity at Alexandria. Dioclesian at last marched against him ; and because he had supported a long siege, the emperor ordered him to be devoured by lions. Achilleienses, a people near Macedonia. Xenoph. Hist. Greec. 3. AcHiLLEis, a poem of Statins, in which he describes the education and memorable actions of Achilles. This composition is im- perfect. The poei'3 premature death deprived the world of a valuable history of the life and exploits of this famous hero. Vid. Sta- tius. Achilles, the son of Peleus and Tlietis, was the bravest of all tlie Greeks in the Trojan war. During his infancy, Tlietis plunged him in the Styx, and made every part of his body invulnerable, except the heel, by which she held him. His education was entrusted to the centaur Chiron, who taught him the art of w-ar, and made him master of music, and by feeding him with the marrow of wild beasts, rendered him vi- gorous and active. He was taught eloquence by Phoanix, whom he ever after loved and respected. Tlietis, to prevent liim from going to the Trojan war, where she knew he 7 was to perish, privately sent him to tlie court of Lycomcdes, -where he was disguised in a female dress, and, by his familiarity \nth tlie king's daughters, made Deulamia mother of Neoptolemus. As Troy could not be taken without the aid of Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of Lycomedes, in the ha- bit of a merchant, and exposed jewels and arms to sale. Achilles, chusing the arms, discovered his sex, and went to the war. Vul- can, at the entreaties of Thetis, made him a strong suit of arm.our, which was proof against all weapons. He was deprived by Agamem- non of his favorite mistress, Briseis, who had fallen to his lot at the division of tlie booty of Lyrnessus, and for this affront, he refused to appear in the field till the death of his friend Patroclus recalled him to action, and to revenge. [Vid. Patroclus.] He slew Hector, the bulwark of Troy, tied tlie corpse by the heels to his chariot, and tlraggc-d it three times round the walls of Troy. After thus appeasing the shades of his friend, he yielded to the tears and entreaties of Priam, and permitted the aged father to ransom and to carry away Hector's body. In the 10th year of the war, Achilles was charmed with Polyxena ; and as he solicited her liand in the temple of Minerva, it is said that Paris aimed an arrow at his vulnerable heel of which wound he died. His body was buried at Sigaura, and divine honors were paid to him, and temples raised to his memory. It is said, that after the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achil- les appeared to the Greeks, and demanded of them Polyxena, who accordingly was sa- crificed on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus. Some say that this sacrifice was voluntary, and that Polyxena was so grieved at his death that she killed herself on his tomb. The Thessalians yearly sacrificed a black and a white bull on his tomb. It is reported tliat he married Helen after the siege of Troy ; but others maintain, that this marriage hap- pened after his death, in the island of Leuce> where many of the ancient heroes lived, as in a separate elysium. [Vid. Leuce.] "VVheu Achilles was young, his mother asked him, whether he preferred a long life, spent in obscurity and retirement, or a few years of military fame and glory? and that to his ho- nor, he made choice of the latter. Some ages after the Trojan war, Alexander going to the conquest of Persia, offered sacrifices on the tomb of Achilles, and admired the hero who had found a Homer to publish his fame to posterity. Xenoph. de venal. — Plut. in. Alex. De facie in orbe Lun. De music. De amic. mult. Quast. Grcec. — Paxis. 3, c. 18, &c.— Diod. 17. — Stat. Achill. — Ovid. Met. 12, fab. 3, &c. Trist. 5, el. 5, v. 37, &c. — Virg. jEn. 1, v. 472, 488. 1. 2, v. 275. 1. 6, t. 58, &c. — Apollod. 3, c. 15. — Hy gin. fab. 96 and 110 Strab. 14 Plin. 35, c. 15. — Max. Tut. Orat. 27.— Horat. 8, 1, od. 1. 2, B 4 otL AC AC oti. 4 8c 10. 1.4, mI.6, 2<7). 2, v. 42. — Horn. II. cjf Od. — Dictvs Crel. 1, 2, 5, &c. Dares P/iri/g. — Juv.l, v. 210. Ajtollon. 4. Arnon. V. 80"9. There were other persons of the same name. The most known were a man who received Juno when she Hed from Jupiter's courtship the preceptor of Chiron the centaur a son of Jupiter and Lamia, declared by Pan to be fairer than Venus a man who instituted ostracism at Athens Tatius, anative of Alexandria, in the age of the emperor Claudius, but ori- ginally a pagan, converted to Christianity, and made a bishop. He wTOte a mixed Iiis- tory of great men, a treatise on the sphere, tactics, a romance on the loves of Clitophon and Leucippe, &c. Some manuscripts of his works are preserved in the Vatican and Pa- latinate libraries. The best edition of his works is that in 12mo. L. Bat. IGIO. AcHiLi.EiTM, a town of Troas near the tomb of Achilles, built by the Mityleneans. Plin. 5, c. 5f). Acnivi, the name of tlie inhabitants of Argos and I,aceda;mon before the return of ihe Heradidfc, by whom they were expelled from their possessions 80 years after the Tro- jan war. Being without a home, they drove the lonians from j'Egialus, seized their 12 cities, and called the country Achaia. TTic lonians were received by the Athenians. The appellation of j4clnn is indiscriminately ap- plied by the ancient poets to all the Greeks. Pa\is.1, c. 1, &c Vid. Achaia. AtHLA.njEus, a Corinthian general, killed by Aristomenes. Pans. 4, r. 19. AcHOf.uE, one of the Ifarpics. Hygin. 14. AcicHoRiis, a grnoral with Brennus in llie expedition which the Gauls undertook against Pwouia. Pans. 10, c. 10. AciDAi,i\, a surname of Venus, from a fountain of the same name in Bccotia, s;»cred to her. Tlie Graces bathed in tlie fountain. rirg. JEn. 1, V. 720. — Ovid. Fa.it. v. 4, 468. AciiMSA, a rivtr of Peloponnesus, for- merly called Jardanus. Paus. 5, c. 5. AciMA, a plebeian family at Rome, which traced its pedigree up to the Trojans. The mother of Lucan. Acii.iA I.KX was enacted, A. U. C. .'iSC, l)y Acilius the frilMine, for the plantation of five colonies in Italy. I.iv. 5'J, c. 29. Another called also Calpurnia, A. U. C. 684, which enacted, tliat no person convicted of amlniiis, or u^ing bribes at elections, should be admitted in the senate, or hold an office. — AnolliT ronccnung such as were guilty pf extortion in the provinces. M. AriML's Balbus, was consul with Porlius Cato, A. U. 640. It is said that during his consulship, milk and blood fell from hcrjvcM. Plin. 2. c 56. Glabrio. a tribimf' of the people, who with a li';_'ion quelled the insurgent sinves in Etruria. Be- ing consul will) P. Corn. Scipio Nasica, A. U. C. 5€5, he conquered Antiochus at Thermopylae, for which he obtained a tri- umph, and three days were appointed for public thanksgiving. lie stood for the cen- sorship against Cato, but desisted on account of the false measures used by his competitor. Justin. 31, c. 6. — Lit: 30, c. 40. 1. 31, c. 50, 1. 33, c. 10, &c. Tlie son of the preceding erected a temple to Piety, which his father had vowed to this goddess when fighting against Antiochus. 'He raised a golden statue to his father, the first that appeared in Italy. Ilie temple of piety was built on the spot where once a woman had fed with her miik her aged fatlicr, whom the senate had imprisoned, and excluded from all aliments. Vol. Max. 2, c. 5 The enactor of a law against bribery. A pra;for in the time tliat Verres was accused by Cicero. A man accused of extortion, and twice defended by Cicero. He was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Caesar in the civil wars. Cecs. bdl. Civ. 3, c. 15. A consul, whose son was killed by Do- mitian, because he fought with wild beasts. The true cause of this murder was, that young Glabrio was stronger than tlie emperor, and therefore envied. Juv. 4, v. 94. AciLLA, a town of .\frica, near Adrume- tum. Some read Acolla. Ctes. AJr. c. 33. Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus aid the nymph Simsrthis. Galatsea passion- ately loved him ; upon which his rival Poly- phemus, thro' jealousy, crus.ied him to death with a piece of a broken rook. The gods changed Acis into a stream which rises from mount vEtna. Ovid. Mit. 13, fab. 8. AcMON", a native of Ljthcssus, who ac- companied .'Eneas into Italy. His fatlier's name was Clytus. Virg. ..En. 10, v. 128. AcMONliirs, one of the Cyclops. Ovul. Fast. 4, V. 288. AccETEs, the pilot of the ship whose crew found Bacchus asleep, ajid carried him away. As they ridiculed the god, they were changed into sea monsters, but Acoetes was preserved. Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 8, &c. Vid. Acetes. AcoNTEs, one of Lycaon's 50 sons. ApoUod. 3, c. 8. AcoNTEi's, a famous himter changed into a stone by the head of Medusa, at the nup- tials of Perseus and Andromeda. Oi'id. Met. 5, V. .01. A person killed in the wars of JEnezs and Tumus, in Italy. Virg. JEn. 11, V. 615. AcowTius, a youth of Cea, who, when he went to Delos to see the sacrifice of Di- ana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful virgin, and being unable to obtain her, on account of the obscurity of his origin, wTOte these verses on an apple, which he tlirew into her bosom : Juro tibi sanctte per myslica sacra Diana, Me tibi venttiram conxitem, uponsamque fu- turam. Cydippe AC AC Cydippe read the verses, and being compelled by the oath she had inadvertently made, mar- ried Acontius. Olid. Htr. ep, 20. A mountain of Boeotia. Piin. 4, c. 7. AcoNTOBULus, a place of Cappadocia, under Hyppolyte queen of the Amazons. ApoUon. Arg, 2. AcoRis, a king of Egypt, who assisted Evagoras king of Cyprus against Persia. Died. 15. AcRA, a town in Italy, Euboea, Cyprus, Acarnania, Sicily, Africa, Sarmatia, &c. A promontory of Calabria, now Cape di Leuca. AcRADiNA, the citadel of Syracuse, taken by Marcellus the Roman consul. Plut. in Marcel. — Cic. in. Ver. 4. AcRiE, a mountain in Peloponnesus. Paus. 2, c. 54. AcRiEA, a daughter of the river Asterion. A surname of Diana, from a temple built to her by Melampus, on a mountain near Argos. A surname of Juno. Paus. 2, c. 17. Acrjephnia, 3 town in Bceotia ; whence Apollo is called AcrEephnius. Herodot. 8, c. 155. AcRAGALLJu^, a dishoncst nation living an- ciently near Athens. JEsch. contra Ctssiph. A CRAG AS. Vid. Agragas. AcRATus, a freed man of Nero, sent into Asia to plunder the temples of the gods. Tac. An. 15, c. 45. 1. 16, c. 25. AcEiAs, one of Hippodamia's suitors. Paus. 6, c. 21. He built Acrise, a town ofLaconia. Id. 3, c. 21. AcRiDOPHAGi, an Ethiopian nation, who fed upon locusts, and lived not beyond their 40th year. At the approach of old age swjUTns of winged lice attacked them, and gnawed their belly and breast, till the patient, by rub- bing himself, drew blood, which increased thei» number, and ended in his death. Diod. 3. — Plin. 11, c. 29.— Strab. 16. AcRioN, a Pythagorean philosopher of Lo- cris. Cic. de fin. 5, c. 29. AcKisiONEUs, a patronymic applied to the Argives, from Acrisius, one of their ancient kings, or from Acrisione, a town of Argolis, called after a daughter of Acrisius of the same name. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 410. AcRisioNiADEs, a patronymic of Perseus, from his grandfather Acrisius. Ovid. Met. 5, V. 70. Acrisius, son of Abas, king of Argos, by Ocalea, daughter of Mantineus. He was born at the same birth as Proetus, with whom it is said that he quarrelled even in his mother's womb. After many dissensions, Prcetus was driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by Eurydice daughter of Laccdwmon ; and being told by an oracle, tl\at his daughter's son would put him to death, he confined Danae in a brazen tower, to prevent her becoming a mo- ther. She however became pregnant, by Ju- 9 plter changed into a golden shower; and tho' Acrisius ordered her, and her infant call- ed Perseus, to be exposed on the sea, yet they were saved ; and Perseus soun after became so famous for his actions, that Acrisius, anxious to see so renowned a grandson, went to Larissa. Here Perseus, wishing to show his skill in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who proved to be his grandfatlier, whom he knew not, and thus the oracle was unhappily fulfilled. Acri- sius reigned about 51 years. Hygin. fah. 65. — Ovid. Met. \, fah. 16 Horat. 5, od. 16. — Apollod. 2, c. 2, &c. — Paus. 2, c. 16, &c. — Vid. Danae, Perseus, Polydectes. AcRiTAs, a promontory of Messenia, in Pe- loponnesus. Plin. 4, Co. — Mela. 2, c. 5. AcROATHON or AcROTHoos, a town on the top of mount Athos, whose inhabitants lived to an uncommon old age. Mda. 2, c. 2. — Plin. 8, c. 10. AcRocERAUNiuM, a promontory of Epirus with mountains called Acroceraunia, which project between the Ionian and Adriatic seas. The word comes from xxee;, high, and Kt^auvos, thunder; because, on account of their great height, they were often struck with thunder. Lucret. 6, v. 420 Plin. 4, c. 1. Virg. jEn. 3, v. 506. — Strab. 6. — Horat. 1, od. 3, v. 20. AcRocoRiNTHUs, a lofty mountain on the isthmus of Corinth, taken by Aratus, B. C. 243. There is a temple of Venus on the top, and Corinth is built at the bottom. Strab. 8. — Paus. 2, c. 4. — Plut. in Arat. — Stat. Theb. 7, v. 106. AcRON, a king of Cenina, killed by Ro- mulus in single combat, after the rape of the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated to Jupiter Feretrius. Plut. in Romid. A physician of Agrigentum, B. C. 459, educated at Athens with Empedocles. He wrote physical treatises in the Doric dialect, and cured the Athenians of a plague by lighting a fire near the houses of the infected. Plin. 29, c. 1. — Plut. i?i Isid. One of the friends of ^Eneas, kiUed by Me- zentius. Virg. ^n. 10, v. 719. AcROPATos, one of Alexander's officers, who obtained part of Media after the king's deatli. Justi?!. 13, c. 4. Acropolis, the citadel of Athens, built on a rock, and accessible only on one side. Minerva had a temple at the bottom. Paus. in Attic. AcROTATUs, son of Cleomenes, king of Sparta, died before his father, leaving a son called Areus. Paus. 1, c. 13. 1. 3, c. 6 A son of Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidonis wife of Cleonymus. This amour displeased her husband, who called Pyrrhus the Epirot, to avenge his wrongs. When Spar- ta was besieged by Pyrrhus, Acrotatus wa* seen bravely fighting in the middle of the enemy, and commended by the multitude, who congratulated Chelidonis on being mis- tress to such a warlike lover, l^lut. in Pyrrft. iicRO- AC AD AcKOTHOos. Vid. Acroathon. Acta or Acte, a country of Attica. This word signifies i'iorr', and is applied to Attica, as being near tJie sea. It is di'n'vcd by some writers from Actajus a kin;?, from whom the Athenian:! ha\e been called Actwi. Grid. Met. 1, y.3l'J. — rirg. Eel. 'i. v. 23. Acta, a place near mount Athos, on the ^gean Sea. Thucyd. 4, c. 109. AcT.KA, one of the Nereides. Hi'siod. Th. 2.50. — Homrr. II. 1 S, v. 4 1 . A surname of Cere<8. A daughter of Danauo. .//m/- lod.2, c. 1 . AcT/Kov, a famous huntsma.i, son of .\ri»- Ueus and Autonoe daughter of Cadmus, whence he is called Autonoeius hrrot. He saw Diana and her attendants hatliing near Gar- gapbia, for which he was changed into a stag, and doroured hy his own dogs. I'uus. 9, c. •_'. — Oil//, ^f(;t. 3, Jab. 3. A beautiful youth, son of Mi'lissus of Corinth, wliom Archia<, one of the Ileraclido:-, endeavoured to debauch and carry awuy. He was killed in the struggle which in consequence of tliis hajipened be- tween his father and ravislicr. Melissus com- plained of the insult, and drowned himself; and iioon aftt-r, the country being visited by a pestilence, Archias wa.,cxpt lied. I'lut. xnAmat. .\iT*:i;s, a powerful person who made himself master of a part of (Jrt-rce, which he called Attica. His daughter .Agraulos married Cecrops, whom the .Athenians calitd their first king, tliough Actarus reigned btfore him. Paui.X, c 2 & 14. Th»- word is oft he same signitication as Attxcus, an inhabitant of Attica. Acte, a mistress of Nero, descended from Attain*. Sueton. xn Ner. 'J8. One of the Horx. Huf^xn.fxb. \H3. AcTiA, ilic mother of Augustus. As she •lept in the temple of Apollo, she dreamt that ft dragon had lain with her. Nme months after she brought forth, having previously dr^mt that her bow clt were »< altered all over the world. Siirt. in Auf^. 94. Ciames sacred to Apollo, in commemoration of the victory of Augustus over M. Antony at Actium. Tlicy were celobr. .ed every third, K>metimcs Hfth, year, wi'h grcit pomp, and tiic Lacedc- tnonians h.-id the cntc of them. Plut. in Anton. — Strab. 7. — Vir^.jF.n. 3, v. 28dcs, conquerors at the Olympic garnet. The Greeks strewed flowers upon Diagoras their father, and called him happy in havir.g such worthy sons. Pavs. C>, c. 7. An histo- rian of .Argos often quoted by Josephus. He wrote on genealogies in a Uile simple and di-stitute of all ornament. Cic. de Orct. 2, c. '-'9. — SxiidiXi. .An Athenian who taught rhetoric at Rome under Cialba. M. AcitIccs, an ancient comic writer whose plays were known under the names of Leones, Gemini, Anus, Hccotia, &c. Ada, a sister of queen .Artemisia, who married Hidricus. After her husband's diath, she succeedi'd to the throne of Caria; but being expelled by her younger brothtr, she re- tired to .Alinda:, which she delivered to Alex- ander after adopting him as her ion. Cttrt. 2, c. f>.-~Strab. 14. AOAB. AD AD Adad, a deity among the Assyrians, sup- posed to be tlie sun. ADiEOs, a native of Mitylene, who wrote a Greek treatise on statuaries. Athen. 13. Adasiant^a, Jupiter's nurse in Crete, who suspended him in his cradle to a tree, that he might be feund neither in the earth, the sea, nor in heaven. To drown the in- fant's cries, she had drums beat, and cymbals sounded around the tree. Hygin. fab. 139. Adamas, a Trojan prince, killed by Me- rion. Homer. II. 15, y. 560. A youth who raised a rebellion on being emasculated by Cotyskingof Thrace. Arist. Pol. 5, c. 10. Adamasxus, a native of Ithaca, father of Achaemenides. Virg. jEn. 3, v. 614. Adaspii, a people at the foot of mount Caucasus. Juatin. 1 2, c. 5. Addephacia, a goddess of the Sicilians. JSiian. 1. V. H. c. 27. Addua, now Adda, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po near Cremona. Plin, 2, c. 105. Adelphius, a friend of M. Antoninus, whom he accompanied in his expedition into Parthia, of which he wrote the history. Strab. 11. Ademon, raised a sedition in Mauritania to avenge his master Ptolemy, whom Caligula had put to dcatli. Sueton. in Calig. 35. Ades, or Hades, the god of hell among the Greeks, tlie same as the Pluto of 'the La- tins. The word is derived from « & s/Ss/v, \non mdere] because hell is deprived of light. It is often used for hell itself by the ancient jjoets. Adgandestrius, a prince of Gaul who sent to Rome for poison to destroy Arminius, and was answered by the senate, that the Ro- mans fought their enemies openly, and never used perfidious measures. Tacit. An. 2, c. 88. A'Dherbal, son of Micipsa, and grandson of Masinissa, was besieged at Cirta, and put to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring the aid of Rome, B. C. 112. SaUust. in Jug. Adherbas, the husband of Dido. Vid. Sichsus. Aj5Iante, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 2, c. 11. Adiatorix, a governor of Galatia, who, to gain Antony's favor, slaughtered, in one night all the inhabitants of the Roman colony cf Heraclea, in Pontus. He was taken at Actium, led in triumph by Augustus, and strangled in prison. Strak. 1 2. AntMANTus, a commander of the Athe- nian fleet, taken by the Spartans. All the men of the fleet vvere put to death, except Adimantus, because he had opposed the de- signs of his countrymen, who intended to mu- tilate all the Spartans. Xsnop/i. Hist. Grac. Pausanias says, 4, c. 17. 1. 10, c. 9. that the Spartans had bribed him. A brother of Plato. Laert. 3. — — . A Corinthian general who reproached Themistocies with his exile. — 11 A king struck with thunder, for saying that Ju- piter deserved no sacrifices. Ovid, in lb. 331. AmiixA, a daughter of Exuystheus, was priestess of Juno's temple at Argos. She ex- pressed a wish to possess the girdle of the queen of the Amazons, and Hercules obtained it for her. Apollod. 2, c. 25. One of the Oceanides. Hesiod. Thtiog. v. 349. Admetus, son of Pheres and Clymene, king of PheriE in Thessaly, married Theone daughter of Thestor, and, after her death, Alceste daughter of Pelias. ApoUo, when banished from heaven, is said to have tended his flocks for nine years, and to have obtained from the Parca;, that Admetus should never die, if another person laid down his life for him ; a proof of unbounded affection, which his wife Alceste cheerfully exhibited by de- voting herself voluntarily to death. Admetus was one of the Argonauts, and was at the hunt of the Calydonian boar. Pelias promised his daughter in marriage only to him who could bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and a wild boar ; and Admetus effected this by the aid of Apollo, and obtained Alceste's liand. Some say tliat Hercules brought him back Alceste from hell. Senec. in Medea. — Hygin. fab. 50, 51, & 243. — Ovid, de Art. Am. 3.— Apollod. 1, c. 8 & 9, &c. — Tibul. 2, el. 3. — Paits. 5, c. 17. A king of the Molossi, t© whom Tliemistocles fled for protection. C. Nep. in Them. 8. — An officer of Alexander killed at the siege of I'yre. Diod. 1 7» Adonia, festivals in honor of Adonis, first celebrated at Byblos in Phoenicia. They lasted two days, t!ie first of which was spent in bowlings and lamentations, the second in joj'ful clamors, as if Adonis was returned tp hfe. In some towns of Greece and Egypt they lasted eight days ; the one half of which was spent in lamentations, and the other in rejoicings. Only women were admitted, and such as did not appear were compelled to pro- stitute themselves for one day ; and the money obtained by tliis shameful custom was devoted to the service of Adonis. The time of the celebration was supposed to be very unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed from Athens to Sicily on that day, whence many unfortunate omens were drawn. Plut. in Nicid. — Am- mian. 22, c. 9. Adokis, son of Cinyras, by his daughter My rha, [Fid. Myrrha] was the favorite of Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was often cautioned by his mistress not to hunt wild beasts, for fear of being killed in the at- tempt. This advice he slighted, and at last received a mortal bite from a wild boar which he had wounded, and Venus, after shedding many tears at his death, changed him into a flower called anemony. Proserpine is said to have restored him to life, on condition that h? should spend six months with her, and the rest of the year witFi Venus. Tliis implies the al- ternate return of summer and winter. Ado- AD AD nis it often taken for Osiris, because tiie festi> vals of both were generally begun with mourn- ful lamentations, and finished with a revival of joy as if they were returning to life agiin. Ado- nis had temples raised to his meniorj-, and is said by some to have been beloved by Apollo and Bacchus. — ApoUod, 3, c. 14. — Propert. '_', rl. 13, V. .^3. — Viri^. Ed. 10. v. 18. — Bion in Adnn. — Hi/^in. 58, 164, L'4H.&c. —Orid. Met. \0.fab. 10. — Afuseeusdf H>'r. — I'nus. 2. cr20. 1. 9, c. 41. A river of Phrt-nicia. which falls into the Mediterranean, below Byblus. ADRAM^'TTiu5t, an Athenian colony on the sea coast of Mysia, near the Caycus. Strab. 13. — Thucyil. 5, c. 1. AdrAna, a river in Germany. Tac. Ann. 1, C.56. Ai)r:\num, a town of .Sicily, near -Etna, with a river of the same name. 'ITie chief deity of tlic place was called Adranus, and his temple was guarded by If KX dogs. Plul. tn Ttmol. AnHASTA, one of the Oceanides who nurs- ed Jupiter. Ht/^ti./ab. \S2. Adrastia, a fountain of Sicyon. Pnus. 2, c. 15. A mountain. Plut. in J.ucvl. A country near Troy, called af>er .Adras- tus, who built there a temple to Nemi'sis. Here Apollo had an oracle. Sirab. 13. A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. She is called by some Nemesis and is the punisher of injustice. The Eg>7>tiBns place. Adrasti's. son of I'alaus and Lysimache, was king of Argos, I'olynices. being banished from Tliel)cs by his brother Etcocles, fled to Argos, where he married -Argia. daugh- ter of .\drastus. The king a/tsitted his son-in- law, and miirchcd against 'nu-l>cs with an army headed by seven of his most famous generals. All jierished in the war except Adrastus, who, with a few men saved from slaughter, fled to .Athens, and imploretl the aid of 'ITieseus against the Thtbans, who opposed tlie bur)-ing of the Argives slain in battle. Tlieseus went to his assistance, and was vic- torious. Adrastus, iifter a long reign, djed through grief, oci-asione, c. 67, Kc. A peripatetic phi- losopher, disciple to Aristotle. Jt is sii|iposed that a copy of his treatise on harmonics is pre- »erve wore a long beard, and this hy did to hide the warts on his face. His successors foll(jwcecame in- tolerable. Adrian attempted t< ' ' it- self; and when prev«nte«l, he r^ .t the lives of others were in his h„ .... it his own. He wrote an account ot' his life, and publi'-hed it under tlie name of one cf his domestics. He died of a dysentery at Baiir, July 10, -A. D. 138. in the 72d year of his iE A JED ,age, after a reign of 21 years. Dio. An officer of LucuUu^. Plut. in Luc. A rhe- torician of Tyre in the age of M. Antoninus, who wrote seven books of metamorphoses, besides other treatises now lost. Adrimetum, a town of Africa, on the Mediterranean, built by the Phoenicians. Sal- lust, in Jug. Aduataca, a town of Belgic Gaul, now Tongres, on the Maese._ Adula, a mountain among the Rhaetian Alps, near which the Rhine takes its rise, now St. Gothard. Adulis, a town of Upper Egypt. AdyrmachIdjE, a maritime people of Africa, near Egypt. Herodot. 4, c. 168. ^A, a huntress changed into an island of the same name by the gods, to rescue her from the pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis. It had a town called iEa, which was the capital of Colchis. Flacc. 5, v. 420. A town of Thessaly. Of Africa. A fountain of Macedonia near Amydon. JEacea, games at ^gina, in honor of JEacus. iEACiDAs, a king of Epirus, son of Neo- ptolemus, and brother to Olympias. He was expelled by his subjects for his continual wars with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus, only two years old, whom Chaucus king of Illyricum educated. Paus. I, c. 1 1. MxciDES, a patronymic of the descendants of jEacus, such as Achilles, Peleus, Te- lamon, Pyrrhus, &c. Virg. ^n. 1, v. 103, &c. ^. ..._ ^Eacus, son of Jupiter by ^gina daughter of Asopus, was king of the island of CEnopia, which he called by his mother's name. A pestilence having destroyed all his subjects, he entreated Jupiter to re-people his kingdom ; and according to his desire, all the ants which were in an old oak were changed into men, and called by ^acus myrmidons, from ftv^fCTi^, an ant. — ^acus married Endeis, by whom he had Telamon and Peleus. He afterwards had Phocus by Psamathe one of the Nereids. He was a man of such integrity that the ancients have made him one of the judges of hell, with Minos and Rhadamanthus. Horat. 2, od. 13. 1. 4, od. 8. — Paits. 1, c. 44. 1. 2, c. 29. — Ovid. Met. l,fab. 25. 1. 13, v. 25. — Propert. 4, el. 12. — Plut. de consol. ad Apoll. — Apollod. 5, c. 12. Diod. 4. Mje, JEdL, or JEiest, an island of Colchis, in the Phasis. Vid. Ma. Apollon. 5. ^iKA, a namegjvento Circe, because born at Mx. Virg. jEiVs, v. 386. ^Eanteum, a city of Troas, where Ajax was buried. Plin. 5, c. 50. An island near the Thracian Chersonesus. Id. 4, c. 12. ^ANTiDEs, a tyrant of Lampsacus, inti- mate with Darius. He married a daughter of Hippias, tyrant of Athens. Thucyd. 6, c. 59. One of the 7 poets, called Pleiades. .Mantis, an Athenkn tribe. Plut. Symp. 2. .^As, a river of Epirus falling into' the 13 Ionian sea. In the fable of lo, Ovid describes it as falling into the Peneus, and meeting other rivers at Tempe. This some have sup- posed to be a geographical mistake of the poet. Lucan, 6, v. 361 Ovid. Met. 1, v. 580. ^ATus, son of Philip, and brother of Po- lyclea, was descended from Hercules. An oracle having said that whoever of the two touclied the land after crossing the Achelous, should obtain the kingdom, Polyclea pretended to be lame, and prevailed upon her brother to carry her across on his shoulders. When they came near the opposite side, Polyclea leaped ashore from her brother's back, exclaiming that the kingdom was her own. ^atus joined her in her exclamation, and afterwards mar- ried her, and reigned conjointly vrith her. Their son Thessalus gave his name to Thes- saly. PolycPH. 8. -^CHMAcoRAs, a son of Hercules, by Phyllone, daughter of Alcimedon. When the father heard that his daughter had had a child, he exposed her and the infant in the woods to wild beasts, where Hercules, conducted by the noise of a magpye which imitated the cries of a child, found and delivered them. Paus, 8, c. 12. JEcHMis, succeeded his father Polymnestor on the throne of Arcadia, in the reign of Theo- pompus, of Sparta. Paus. 8, c. 5. ^DEPSUM, a town of Euboea. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Strab. 10. Odessa, or Edessa, a town near Pella. Caranus king of Macedonia took it by follow- ing goats that sought shelter from the rain, and called it from that circumstance (aiyus, caj^ras) ^geas. It was the burying place of the Macedonian kings; and an oracle had said, that as long as the kings were buried there, so long would their kingdom subsist. Alexander was buried in a different place ; and on that accoimt some authors have said that the king- dom became extinct. Justin. 7, c. 1. iEnicuLA Ridiculi, a temple raised to the god of mirth, from the following circumstance : after the battle of Cannae, Hannibal marched to Rome, whence he was driven back by the inclemency of the weather ; which caused so much joy in Rome, that the Romans raised a temple to the God of mirth. Tliis deity was worshipped at Sparta. Plut. in Lye. Agid. ^ Cleom. Pausanias also mentions a Stas yiXearos. .(Edilks, Roman magistrates, that had the care of all buildings, baths and aqueducts, and examined the weights and measures, that no- tliing might be sold without its due value. There were three different sorts ; the ^diles Plebeii, or Minor es ; the Majores jEdiles, and the .^diles Cereales. — The plebeian ediles were two, first created with the tribunes ; they presided over the more minute affairs of the state, good order, and the reparation of the streets. They procured all the provisions of the city, and executed the decrees of the peo- ple. The Majores and Cereales had greater privileges JEG JE G privileges, though they at first shared in the labor of the plebeian ediles ; tliey appeared witli more pomp, and were allowed to sit pub- licly in ivory chairs. The office of an edile was honorable, and was always the primary sitp to greater digriitics in the republic. The ediles were chosen from the plebeians for 127 years, till A. U. C. 336. Karrj d,: L. L. 4 c. 14. Cic. Legib. 3. ^Dipsus, a town in Eubcea, now Dipso, abounding in hot-baths. Val. Abituus, a Roman poet before the age of Cicero, successful in amorous poetry and epigrams. j£.rios, daughter of Pandanis, married Ze- thui, brother to Amphion, by whom she had a son called Itylus. She was so jealous of her sister Niobe, because she had more chil- dren than herself, that she rtsolved to mur- der the elder, who was educated with Itylus. Sha by mistake killed her own ton, and was changed into a goldfinch as she attempted to kill herself. Hirmer. Ud. 19, v. 518. JEdui, or Hedui, a powerful nation of Celtic Ciaul, known for their valor in the wars of Ca?sar. When their country was invaded by this oelebrated general, they •■• - ■ -■• •' • head of a faction in opposition t'> and their partisans, and tlit7 haJ _ J their supt-riority in frequent battles. To sup- port their cause, however, tiie Sequani ob- tained the assistance of .Ariovistus king of Germany, nnd soon defeated their opponents. The arrival of Ca>«ar ch.sni;i.>d the face of af- fairs ; t!ie ^EkIuI were restored to the sove- reignty of the c.-- ' •' •' ?' - by yi^iploying oi. enahled to coni]i ^ rection of Ambionx, and that morepowiTfully supported by Vercingetorix. sliook for a wliile the dominion of Rome in Gaul, and checked tlic career of the conqueror. Ctu tn bHl. (J. .■Ei-TA, or itote-,, king of Colchis, son of Sol and Persi-is daughter «if Oceanus, was father of Medea, Absyrtu« and Chalciope, by Idya, one of tlicOceaiiidi's. HekilKil I'hryxus .son of Athamas, who had Hi-d to his court on a golden ram. Tliis murder he comtiiitteen celebrated by all tlie ancient poets. [Vitl. Jason, Medea, .^- Phryxus.] AjioU.td. 1, c. 9.—Omd. Met. l.fab. 1. Ac — Paus. 2, c. 3. — Juitin. •I'i, c. '_'. — Ftacc. ^ Orpheus in Ar^on. ^CrriA^, a patronymic given to Medea, a* daughter of .Ketes. Oiirf- Med. 7, v. 9. /KcA, an island of t>ic iEgean sea between Tk-nedos and Chios. .EcKAs. a town whose inhabitants are called /Cgeatts. [Vid. vtdessa.1 j£.a-M, a city of Maceoniua, the sune as Edessa. i^me writers make them dilFcrrnt, 14 but Justin proves this to be erroneous, 7, c 1. — Plin. -}, c, 10. A town of Euboa, whence Neptune is called j^geeus. Strab. 9. JLc.r.x., a town aud sea port of Cilicia. Lucan. 3, v. 227. JEqxos, one of- Lycaon's 50 sons, jlpot- lod. 5, c. 8. Hie son of Coelus, or i . i'.-ig at JEgz, whence his name; i ;..e fable about liis 100 hands arises from hia having lOU men to manage his oars in his piratical excur- sions. I'irg. jJin. 10, Y. 565. — Hesiod. The 149. — Homer. II. 10, v. 404. — (Jiid. Met. 2, v. la 3iQMv» MARK, now Archipelago, part of the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from Asia Minor. It is full of islands, some of which are calltnl Cyclades, others Sporades, Ac. The word .figanma is derived by some from -lEgie, a town of Kulxea ; or from the nunrlKT of islands which it contains, tliat ap- pear above the sea, as msyu. ^oats ; or £rom the promontory .ilga, or fi^ "" * a queen of tlie Aniaions ; or fr<" who is supposed to have drowned i.,... ^ .; i-u ri. I'Uru 4. c. W.—Stral. 7. X.Ga.vs, a surname of Neptune, from yEg« in Euboea. Strab. 9. A riTor of Corcyra. ——A plain in I'hocis. ^c ALIOS, or i£galeum, a mountain of Attica opposite- Solamis, on which Xerxes sat during t*i> > -nt of his fleet with the Grecian atljacent sea. Hentdet. 8, c. 90.— y-. -', c. 19. iCuA.-*, [Grere. mty»f or mjym^f] the JF.gtMO sea. SttU. Theb. 5, v. 56. yEoAS, a place of Eubcaa. Another near Daunia in luly. F^^if: 3. iEcArrs, a 'v of iEolia. Tliro- if lands . ; hagc. called Arir by r ' . i.r.:r wnicii the Romans un- iliT • the first Punic war, defeated t?ic i _.;..-j.....an fieet under Hanno, 242, H. C. 1.U: 21. c. 10 and 41. h 22, c. 54 — Mela, 2, c. 7.— 5V. I. v. 61. iEor-LtoN, a town of Macedonia takra bj king Atulus. I.ir. 31, c. 46. A'^biaiA. Vvi. Egeria. J£.Qtrtk, the daughter of Hippotes. and mother of jEgestus called .\ceste«. Viri;. Aln. I, ▼. 55-\. An ancient town of Sicily near mount Eryx, destroyed hy Agathodes. It was sometimes called Segesta and Acesta. IXmL 10. iEcEcs. kin;» of .Athens, son of Pandion, being desirous of havin? children, went to con- sult the oraclo. . I '. stopped at the court dt" !• .riene. who gave him )iis i .>,,.... , . in marriage. He left her j'rtgn.-»nt. and told her, that if she had a son. to si nd him to Athens as soon aa be could lift a stone under which he had con- cealed hir. sword. Ily this sword he ww to he known to if)geus, who did pot wish to make any iEG M G any public discovery of a son, fur fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, who expected his crown, ^thra becjftne mother of Theseus, whom shs accordingly ssnt to Athens with his father's sword. At the time -lEgeus lived with Medea, the divorced vrife of Jason. When Theseus came to Athens, Medea at- tempted to poison him ; but he escaped, and upon showing ^geus the sword he wore, dis- covered himself to be his son. When The- seus returned from Qrete after the death of the Minotaur, he forgot, agreeable to tJie en- gagement made v/ith his father, to hoist up white sails as a signal of his success : and -lEgeus at the sight of black sails, concluding that his son was dead, threw himself from a high rock into the sea ; which, from him, as some sup- pose, has been caUed the iEgean. ^geus reigned 48 years, and died B. C. 1235. He is supposed to have first introduced into Greece the worship of Venus Urania, to render the goddess propitious to his wishes in having a son. \_Vid. Theseus, Minotaurus, ^ Medea.] Apollod. 1, c. 8, 9. 1. o, c. 15. — Paus. 1, c. 5, 22, 38. 1. 4, c. 2. — Flut. in Thes. — Hygin. fab. 57, 43, 79, and 173. ^aiALE, one of Phaeton's sisters changed into poplars, and their tears into amber. They are called Heliades. A daughter of Adras- tus, . by Amphitea daughter of Pronax. She married Diomedes, in whose absence, during the Trojan war, she prostituted herself to her servants, and chiefly to Cometes, whom the king had left master of his house. At his re- turn, Diomedes being told of his wife's wan- tonness, went to settle in Daunia. Some say that Venus implanted those vicious and lustful propensities in ^giale, to revenge herself on Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Tro- jan war. Ovid, in lb. v. 350. — Homer. II. 5, v. 412. — Ai)ollod. ], c. 9. — Stat. 3, St/lv. 5, V. 48. ^GiXtEA, an island near Peloponnesus, in the Cretaji sea. Another in the Ionian sea, near the Echinades. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Herodot. 4, c. 107. pThe ancient name of Pelopon- nesus. Strab. 12. — Mela, 2, c. 7. iEciALEUs, son of Adrastus by Amphitea or Demoanassa, was one of the EpigonI, i. e. one of the sons of those generals who were killed in the first Theban war. They went against the Thebans, who had refused ^o give burial to their fathers, and were victorious. They all returned home safe, except iEgialeus, who was killed. That expedition is called the war of the Epigoni. Paus. 1, c. 45, 44. I. 2, c. 20. 1. 9, c. 5 ApoUod. i, c. 9. 1, 3, 7 The same as Aljsyrtus brother to Medea. Jus- tin. 42, c. 5 Cic. de Nat. D. o.—Diod. 4. ^GiALus, son of Phoroneus, was entrusted with the kingdom of Achaia by king Apis going to Egypt. Peloponnesus was called .Egialea from him A man who founded the kingdom of Sicyon 2091 before the chris- tian era. and reigned 52 years. JEgiai-us, a name given to pait of Pelo- 15 ponnesus. \^Vid. Achaia.] Pans. 5, c. 1. 1. 7, c. 1. An inconsiderable town of Pontus. A city of Asia Minor. A" city of Thrace near 'the river Strymon. A mountain of Galatia. Another in iEthi- opia. ^GinES, a patronymic of Theseus. Ho- mer. II. 1, v. 265. ^GiLA, a place in Laconia, where Aristo- menes was taken prisoner by a crowd of reli- gious women whom he had attacked. Paus. 4, c. 17. ^GinA, an island between Crete and Pe- loponnesus. A place in Eubcea. Herodot. 6, c. 101. jEgimius, an old man who lived, according to Anacreon, 200 years. Plin. 7, c. 48. A king of Doris, whom Hercules assisted to conquer the Lapithse. Apollod. 2, c. 7. ^GiMORus, or iEciMURus, an island near Libya, supposed by some to be the same which Virgil mentions under the name of Arse. Plin. 5, c. 7. iEciNA, daughter of Asopus, had ^acus by Jupiter changed into a flame of fire. She afterwards married Actor, son of Myrmidon, by whom she had some children, who con- spired against their father. Some say that she was changed by Jupiter into the island wluch bears her name. PHn. 4, c. 12 Strab. 8. — Mela, 2, c. 7. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. 1. 3, c. 12. — Paus. 2, c. 5 and 29. — — An island formerly called ffinopia, and now Engia, in a part of the iEgeajj sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 22 miles in circumference. The inhabitants were once destroyed by a pestilence, and the country was re-peopled by ants changed. into men by Jupiter, at the prayer of king iEacus. They were once a very powerful nation by sea, but tliey cowardly gave themselves up to Darius when he demanded submission from all the Greeks. The Athenians under Pericles made war against them ; and after taking 70 of their ships in a naval battle, they expelled them from -iEgina. The fugitives settled in Peloponnesus, and after the ruin of Athens by Lysander, they returned to their country, but never after rose to their former power or consequence. Herodot. 5, 6, and 7. — Paus. 2, c. 29. 1. 8, c. 44. — Strab. 8.—^lian. V. H. 12, c. 10. JEgineta Paulus, a physician bom in -^■gina. He florished in the 3d, or, accord- ing to others, the 7th century, and first deserv- ed to be called man-midwife. He wrote De Re Medico., in 7 books. JEiGi'si.fES, a king of Arcadia, in whose age Lycurgus instituted his famous laws. Paus. 1, c. 5. iEciocHUs, a surname of Jupiter, from his being brought up by the goat Amalthaea, and using her skin instead of a shield, in the war of the Titans. Diod. 5. IEgitav, a name of Pan, because he had goat's feet. iEciBA, a town between JEtoIia and Pelo-. ponnesus. JEG JEG rnngsus. ' A town of Achaia. Paus.l, 26. Uerodot. 1, C. 14i i£ciROEssA, a town of .^toUa. Herodot. 1 , C. 149. JE.CIS, the shield of Jupiter ar» rr; aiyf^, a goat't skin. This was the poat AmaJtlura, witli whose skin he covered his shield. Ttte goat was placed among the constellafion.*. Ju- piter gave this shield to Pallas, who placed upon it Medusa's head, which turned into stones all those wljo fixed their ejcs upon it. Virs. jEn. 8, v. 352 & ^-J :. JEcmnva, king of Argos, was son of Tliyestes by his daughter Pelopca. Thyc»tes being at variance with his brother Atreus wa» told by tlie oracle, that his wrongs rould be revenged only by a son bom of himself and las daughter. To avoid such an incest, Pe- lopca had been consecrated to tlie service of Minerva by her fatiier, who some time after met her in a wood, and ravished her, without knowing who she waa. Pelupea kept the sword of iier ravisher, and finding it to be her Iktber's, ex|>o*ed the diild slit- h.ui brougtit forth. The child wa ■-. '•■■i and whin grown up prerd of hi-> iDother't ravisher. 1' i after tliis melancholy adveiUure, tiad niamed her uncle Alreiit, who received into bis house her na- tural son. As Thyestes had dirbauched the first wife of .\tr»us, .\treus sint .i-^pi-Jthus to |Mt him to death ; l.i.' •HMUnV sword, di' own son, and InM' '■ him back to nui. rnur- der ITiyestes as< , sniJi- ed .\gamemnon, and Mriii-laii*, liie mjiis, or as others say. tl.<- rn-nn.l^>'i» of Atmi*. T>»"-se diildren fled to 1 ' he dreaded the ] permitted the pi king of .-Ktoli.!. (bughtcrs of T} ■ were empowered to rii-oMr tiie kmgdoro of Argos. to which .\gameiiinonsucco«'de«l, while Menelaiii reij^ned in his father-in-law's place, -tgiithus had been reconciled to the sons of Atreus; and when tl !" i w«r, he was left ^u \ kinffdom, and of his U..V ,..,. gisthus fell in love wi(h Clytemnestra, atid Uved with hor. On Agamemnon's return, thaw two aduiten-rs ::Mtrdi-red him, and, by a public marriag" . strui ^tln nod !hemM-(hus, and resoWi-d to punish the murderers of his falhtr, in coniunrtion with I-lectra, wlin lived in dijgui-<' dlis more -. ' that her bic .. ^., .u. .-..-, — , ...»., ..,,..; i^gisthus and Clytemnestra went to the temple of Apollo to return thanks to the god for Uis death. Orestes who had secretly concealed himself in the temple, attacked Uiem, and put them boili to death, after a reign of seven years. Tliey were buried without the citf walls. [I'id. .\ pairicmnon, Tliyeste*, Orestes, Clytemnestra, Pyiades, ,^ Ekctra.] Otui- dr Rem. Am. 161. 'J rue. 2, v. .)96'. — Ilvjfl'i. fab. 87 &. 8S. — .Elian. V. H. 12, c 42. — Paut. 2, C 16, &c. — Sophucl. in Electra, — ^Suhyl. ra. Kir;;. Ec. 6, v. 20, A II htcr of Panopeus, beloved by llies^-us aiur lie luul left Ariadne. Ptml. I'l Thes. One of the Ilctperidcs. One of tlic Graces. — .\ prostitute. Martkil. I, q>. 95. tongue, through U»c desire ot speakmg, aiui ever after spoke with eaae- ^al. Uai. 1, C. 8. A'.c\jrt**, a surname of .Apollo. jTU:l6«k, a nurse of Nero. Sueton. in Srr. M. .tlr.osoLCs, a sumamc of Bacchus at Pot- ". , - "rrotia. '.OS, or Capryomus. an anim.il II Pan tranaformed hin.^lf "h^v living btfore Typbon in the • giants. Jupiter made him a i l.ucret. 1, V. 613. .toox, a shepherd. rirg. EcL — Tkeoerv. Jdi/l. A protnontory of Lemnos. —— -•^ name of the X,gt»n sea. Ftace. 1, v. 6128. A boxer of Zacriithus ; who dn^gvd a large bull by the heel from a moumam into tlio city. Tktorrit. Id^. U /EoosrorJI Mos, L e. (A< goal's ni.-r. i town in the Thradan Cbcnooesus, with » river of the cams name, where the .\tbeni«n flitt, consisting of lt«> ships, was dcfeat»-i bvLysanf^- »- '"•' '»•■<- " '" •' "• last year c2.'— i £cosAi..c. lus, witli who- '<^ whom he gave a sciti_iatiU .uar Use ll- ^'"»- ponL Pt/.'vA. 5. .r-.sa. JEG ML JEgusa, the middle island of the ^Egates near Sicily. JEar, a town near Sparta, destroyed be- cause its inhabitants were suspected by ths Spartans of favoring the Arcadians. Pans. 3, c. 2. ^GYPANEs, a nation in the middle of Africa, whose body is human above the waist, and that of a goat below. Mela, 1, c. 4 & 8. . -.Egypsus, a tovm of the Getje, near the Danube. Ovid, ex Pont. 1, ep. 8, 1. 4, ep. 7. -iEcYPTA, afreedman of Cicero. Ad. Attic. 8. ^GYPTii, the inhabitants of Egypt. [ Vid. JEgjTJtus.] ^GYPTiuM aiARE, that part of the Mediter- ranean sea which is on the coast of Egypt. ~ ^GYPTUS, son of Belus, and brother to Danaus, gave his 50 sons in marriage to the 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus, who had established himself at Argos, and was jea- lous of his brother, who, by following him from Egj-pt into Greece, seemed envious of his prosperity, obliged all his daughters to murder their husbands the first night of their nuptials. This was executed ; but H}'pei'TO- nestra alone spared her husband Lynceus. Even jEgyptus was killed by his niece Po- lyxena. Vid. Danaus, Danaides, Lynceus. — jEgyptus was king, after his father, of a part of Africa, whicli from him has been called JEgyptus. Hygin. fab. 168, 170. — ApoUod. 2, c. 1. — Ovid. Heruid. 14. — Pans. 7, c. 21. An extensive country of Africa, watered by the Nile, bounded on the east by Arabia, and on the west by Libya. Its name is de- rived from jEgyptus brother to Danaus. Its extent, according to modern calculation, is 180 leagues from north to south, and it mea- sures 1 20 leagues on the shore of the Medi- terranean ; but at the distance of 50 leagues from the sea, it diminishes so much as scarce to measure 7 or 8 leagues between the moun- tains on the east and west. It is divided into lower, which lies near the Mediterranean, and upper, which is towards the south. Upper Egypt -vas famous for the town of Thebes, but Lower Egypt was the most peopled, and contained the Delta, a number of large islands, which, from their form, have been called after the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. This country has been the mother of arts and sciences. The greatest part of Lower Egypt has been formed by the mud and sand carried down by tlie Nile. The Egyptians reckoned themselves the most ancient nation in the uni- verse, ( Vid. Psammetichus) but some authors make them of ^Ethiopian origin. They were remarkable for their superstition ; they paid as much honor to the cat, the crocodile, the bull, and even to onions, as to Isis. Rain never or seldom falls in this co-untry ; the fer- tility of the soil originates in the yearly inun- dations of l.'S Nile, which rises about 25 feet above the .surface of the earth, and exhibits a large plain of waters, in which are scattered 17 here and there, the towns and viLages, as the Cyclades in the iEgean sea. The air is not wholesome, but the population is great, and the cattle very prolific. It is said that Egypt once contained 20,000 cities^ the most remark- able of which were Thebes, Mempliis, Alex- andria, Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe, &c. It was governed by kings who have immortalized themselves by the pyramids they have raised and the canals they have opened. The priests traced the existence of the country for many thousand years, and fondly imagined that the gods were their first sovereigns, and that their monarchy had lasted 11,340 years according to Herodotus. According to the calculation of Constantine Manasses, the kingdom of Egypt lasted 1663 years from its beginning under Misraim the son of Ham, 21SS B. C. to the conquest of Cambyses, 525 B. C. Egypt revo.'ted afterwards from tlie Persian power, B. C. 414, and Amyrtseus then became king. After him succeeded Psammetichus, whose reign began 408 B. C. : Nephereus, 596 ; Acoris, 389 : Psammuthis, 376 : Nepherites, 4 months, and Nectanebis, 375 : Tachos, or Teos, 563 : Nectanebus, 361. It was con- quered by Ochus, 350 B. C. ; and after the conquest of Persia by Alexar.der, Ptolemy re- founded the kingdom, and began to reign 523 B. C. : Philadelphus, 284 : Evergetes, 246 : Philopater, 221 : Epiphnnes, 204 : Philoma- ter, 180 and 169, conjointly with Evergetes II. or Physcon, for 6 years : Evergetes II. 145 : Lathurus Soter, and his mother Cleo- patra, lie : Alexander of Cjpi-us, and Cleo- patra, 106 : Lathurus Soter restored, 88 : Cleopatra II. 6 months, with Alexander the second 19 days, 81 : Ptolemy, surnamed Alexander III. 80 : Dionysius, surnamed Auletes, 65 : Dionysius II. ^vith Cleopatra III. 51 : Cleopatra III. with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 50 B. C. it was reduced by Angus- tus into a Roman province. The history of Egypt, therefore, can be divided into three epochas ; the first beginning with the founda- tion of the empire, to the conquest of Cam- byses ; the second ends at the death of Alex- ander ; and the third comprehends tlie reign cf the Ptolemies, and ends at the death .of Cleopatra, in the age of Augustus, — Justin. 1. — Hirtius in Alex. 24. — Macrob. in somn. Scip. \,c. 19 & 21. — Herodian 4, c. 9.—Strab. 17. — Herodot. 2, 3 & 7. — Theocrit. Id. 1*7, v. 79.— Polyb. U.—Diod. l.—Plin. '5, c. 1. 1. 14, c. 7. — Marcell. 22, c. 40. — Justin.l. — C Nep. in Paus. 3, in Ipliic. in Datam. 3. — Curt. 4, c. 1. — Juv. 15. v. 175. — Paus. 1, c. 14. — Plut. de Fade in Orb. Lun. de Isid. ^ Osir. in Ptol. in Alex. — Mela, 1, c. 9. — ApoU lod. 2, c. 1 & 5. A minister of Mausolus, king of Caria. Polycen. 6. — The ancient name of the Nile. Homer Od. |, v. 258. — Paus. 9, c. 40. .^GTs. Vid. -^gy. ^GTSTHLs. Vid. ^gisthus. Mlix, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in SyU. C The JE L JE ^^ ■ Tne nain«? of some towns jaiit or re- paired l)y the emperor Adrian. ^tLiA LEX, enacted by /TLlius Tubero the tribune, A. U. C 559, to send two colonies into the country of the ISrutii. JLii'. 54, c. 55. Another A. U. C. .568, ordaining that in public affairs, the augurs bhouid observe the appearance of the sky, and the magistrates be empowered to postpone the business. — A>iotJKr called /IClia Sexta, by JEliui Scxlvs, A. U. C. T/)'), which enacted, that all slaves who bore any niarks of punishment received from their inaiters, or who had been imprison- ed, should Ijc set at liberty, but not rank as Roman citizens. ^i.iA PtTivA, of the family of Tubero, married Claudius Ca^sar, by whom she had a •on. The emperor divorced her to marry Messalina. Suftun. in Claud. 2G. -T-LiANt's Ci.AUDfs, a Roman sophist of Praeneste, in the reign of Adrian. He first taught rhetoric at Home ; but being disgusted with his profession, he J>ecame author, and published treatise; on animals in 17 liooks, on various history in 1-1 lK)oks, &c. in Grct.'k, a language which he preferred to Latin. In his writings he shews himself very fond of the marvellous, and rclati-j many stories whicli arc often devoid «f elegance and purity of style ; though Philostratus-has commended his lan- guage as superior to what could be expected from a person who was ncitht-r l)om nor edu- cated in Greece, itlian died in the fJOth year of his age, A. D. 140. Tlie best edi- tions of his works collected together are that of Tonrad fiesner, folio, j)rinted Tigurii, 1556, though now seldom to be met with, and that of Kuenius, •_' vols. Hvo. Lips. 1780. Somo attribute the treatise on tJie tactics of the Greeks to anotJier .•T-.li.in. JEi.ivi it -KnA, a family in Ilomc, so poor fliat U; lived in a Mnall house, and were m.-untiined by the pro, and the Roman arms wore soon attended with success. VaL Mar. 5, c. C Satuminus, 13 a satyrist, thrown doivn from the Tarpeian rock for wTiting verses against Tiberius. Sejanus J'H. Sej.anus. Sextus Catus, cen- sor w>th M. Cvthegus. He separated the senators froin the piople in the public spec- tacles. During his consulship, the ambassa- dors of the .^tolians found him feasting in earthen dishes, and offered him silver vessels, which he refused, satisfied with the eartiien cups, &c. wliich, for his virtues, lie had re- ceived from his father-in-law, L. Paulus. after tlic conquest of Macedonia. Pfin. 33, c. 11. — Cic. de Oral. 1. Spartianus, WTOte the lives of the emperors Adrian, Antoninus I*ius, and M. Aurelius. He florishcd A. D. 240. Tubero, grand- son of L. Paulus, was austere in his mu- rals, and a formidable enemy to tlie Gracchi. His grandson was accused before Ca-sar. and ably defended by Cicero. Cic. qu art Brut. \'erus C.Tsar, the name of L. C. Commodus Venis, after Adrian had adopted him. He was made pretor and oiinsul by the emperor, who was soon con- vinced of his incapacity in tlie discliarge of public duty. He killed himself by drink- ing an antidote; and Antoninus surnamed Pius, was adopted in his place. yKlius was fatlicr to Antoninus Verus whom Pius adoptcil. A physician mentionc-d by Ga- len. L. Gallus, a lawyer, who wrote I'i books conreniing the signification uf all law words .Sextus PkIus, a lawyer, consul at Home, .\. U. C. 5CG. He is greatly commended by Cicero for his learn- ing, and called cordulux home by Ennius for his knowledge of law. Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 48. in Brut. 2a Stilo, a native of Lanuvium, master to M. Ter. ^'arro, and author of some treatises Lamia, I'id. Laim's. AtiLo, one of the Harpies (from tX»i>tm ■>.A*, alienxim lolLti^, or atXXm, lemjttttas.) Fiac. 4. V. A30.—Heaod. Th. 267.— Owi. Met. 13, V. 710. — One of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. Mel. 3, t. 220. it MRUS, (rt cat,) a deity worshipped by the Egyptians ; and after death embalmed and buried in the city of Bubastis. Herodoi. 2, c. 66, &c.—I)ind. 1. — Cic. de Nat. D. 1. —A. Gel/. 20, c. -.—Plut. in Pr. ^'^fATMlo^, & /ICmathia. Vid. Emathion. .f^Mii lA Lex. was enacted by the dictator .'T.milius, A. U. C. 309. It ordained that thecensonJiip, wliich was before quinquerniial. should be limited to one ye;ir and a half. /,«•. 9, c. 33, Another in the second consulship of /Emilius Mamcrcus. A. U. C. 591. It gave power io the eldest pretor to drive a nail in tlK- capitol on the ides of Scpii-nlier. l.ii. 7, c. .7. Hie driving of a nail wasasuper- stitious ceremony, by which the Romans sup- posed that a pestilence could be stopped, or an impending calamity averted. -E.Mii.iAKi's, C. Julius, a natiVe of Mau- ritania, proclaimed emperor aAer the death of Deciuf, JEM .m^ Decius. He marched against Gallus and Va- lerian, but was informed that they had been murdered by their own troops. He soon after shared their fate. One of the thirty tyrants who rebelled in ihe reign of Gallienus. JEmihus. Vid. iEmylius. ^MNF.sTus, tyrant of Enna, was deposed by Dionysius the elder. Diod. 14. JEmos. Vid. Ha;mon. JEmona, a large city of Asia. Cic. pro Flacc JEmosia, a countiy of Greece which re- ceived its name from iEnion, or vEmus, and Was afterwards called Tliessaly. Achilles is called JEmonius, as being born there. Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 11, 1. 4. el. 1 Horat. 1, od. 51. It was also called Pyrrha, from Pyrrha, Deu- calion's wife, who reigned there. — The word has been indiscriminately applied to all Greece by some writers. Plin. 4, c. 7. ^MOiiDEs, a priest of Apollo in Italy, killed by ^neas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 537. iEMUS, an actor in Domitian's reign. Juv. 6, V. 197. vEmylia, a noble family in Ronje, de- scended from Mamercus, son of Pythagoras, who, for his humanity, was called AifiuXas, blcmdus. A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, wb.ich was extinguished, by putting her veil over it. Val. Max. 1, c. 1. — Dionys. Hal. 2. Tlie wife of Africanus the elder, famous for her behaviour to her husband, when suspected of infidelity. t^ah Max. 6, c. 7. LepTda, daughter of Lepidus, mar- ried DrusuF. the younger, whom she disgraced by her wantonness. She killed herself when accused of adultery with a slave. Tacit. 6, c. 40. A part of Italy, called also Flaminia. Martial. 6, ep. 85. A public road leading from Placentia to Ariminum ; called after the consul ^mylius, who is supposed to have made it. Martial. 3, ep. 4. ^MYLiANus, a name of Africanus the younger, son of P. .^mylius. In him the fa- milies of the Scipios and ^Emylii were united. Many of that family bore tlie same name. Juv. 8, V. 2. JEmylii, a noble family in Rome, descend- ed from ^mylius the son of Ascanius. — Plutarch says, that they are descended from Mamercus, the son of Pythagoras, surnamed j^mylius from the sweetness of his voice, in Num. ^ JEmyl. — The family was distinguish- ed in the various branches of the Lepidi, Ma- merci, Mamercini, Barbulae,Pauli, and Scauri. ^MYi.ius, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, whose wife met with tlie same fate as Procris. Vid. Procris. Censorinus, a cruel tyrant of Sicily, who liberaUy rewarded those who invented new ways of torturing. Paterculu^i gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor. PhiX. de Fort. Rom. — Lepidus, a youth who had a statue in the capitol, for saving the life of a citizen in a battle. Fed. Mar. 4, 19 c. 1. — A triumvir with Octavius. J^id. Le- pidus. Macer, a poet of Verona in the Augustan age. He wrote some poems upon serpents, bii-ds, and, as some suppose, on bees. Vid. Macer. Marcus Scaurus, a Roman who florished about 100 years B. C. and wrote three books concerning his own life. Cic. in, Brut. A poet in the age of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called Atheus, and destroyed himself. Sura, anotlier writer on the Ro- man year. Mamercus, three times dic- tator, conquered the Fidenates, and took their city. He limited to one year and a half, the censorship, which before liis time was exer- cised during five years. Liv. 4, c. 17, 19- &c. Papinianus, son of Hostilius Papini- anus, was in favor with the emperor Severus, and was made governor to his sons Geta and Cai-acalla. Geta was killed by his brother, and Papinianus for upbraiding hion, was mur- dered by his soldiers. From his school the Romans have had many able lawyers, who were called Papinianists. Pappus, a cen- sor, wl'o banished from the senate P. Corn. Iluffinus, who had been twice consul, because lie had at his ta'ole ten pounds of silver plate, A. U. C. 478. Liv. 14. Porcina, an elegant orator. Civ. in Brut. Rectus, a severe governor of Egypt under Tiberius. Dio. Regiilus, conquered the general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained a naval triumph. Liv. 37, c. 51 . Scaurus, a noble, but poor citi- zen of Rome. His father, to maintain him- self was a coal-merchant. He was edile, and afterwards pretor, and fought against Jugur- tha. His son Marcus was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileship he built a very magnifi- cent theatre. Plin. 36, c. 15. A bridge at Rome called also Sublicius. Juv. 6, v. 22. ^NARiA, an island in the bay of Puteoli, abounding with cj-press trees. It received its name from ^neas, who is supposed to have landed there on his way to Latium. It is called Pithecusa by the Greeks, and now Ischia, and was fam.ous once for its mineral waters. Liv. 8, c. 22. — Pliii. 3, c. 6. 1. 51. c. 2. — Stat. 3. Sylv. 5, v. 104. ^NARiuM, a forest near Olenos in Achaia sacred to Jupiter. ^NAsiDS, one of the Ephori at Sparta. Thucyd. 9, c. 2. ^?5nea or ^NEiA, a town of Macedonia. 15 miles from Thessalonica, founded by ^neas. Liv. 40, c. 4, 1. 44, c. 10. iENEADES, a town of Chersoncsus, built by ^■Eneas. Cassander destroyed it, and car- ried the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built. Dionys. Hal. 1. ^neadjE, a name given to the friends and companions of -.Eneas, by Virg. ^^n, \, V. 161. Mvixs, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus. The opinions of authors concerning his character are ditfereiif. C 2 His ^N X. N His infancy ^vas intrusted to the care of a njrmph, and at the age of 5 he was recalled to Troy. He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly undt-r Chiron, a venerable saj^e, who>e bouse was frc-quented by the young princes and heroes of the age. Soon after his rvtum home he married Creusa, Priam's daughter, by whom he had a son called Ascanius. During tlie Trojan war he behaved with great valor, in defence of his country, and came to an en- gagement with Diomedes and Achilles. Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of Hali- camassus. and Dares of Phrygia, accuse hiin of betraying his country to the Greeks, witli Antenor.and of preserving his life and fortune by this treacherous measure. He lived at variance witli Priam, iK-causc he received not sufficient marks of distinction from the king and his family, as Homer. II. 13, says, "lliis might liavc provoked him to seek re- venge by perfidy. Authors of credit report, that when Troy was in flames, he carried away upon his sli»>uldcrs, liis father .^nchisi-s, and the statues of his household gods, leading in his hand his son .\scanius, and leaving his wife to follow behind. Some say tliat he re- tired to mount Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 shij)s, and set sail in iiui-stof a settlement. Strabo and otliers maintain that .Eneas never left his loiintr)', but relmilt Troy, where he reigned, and his j><)sterity after him. Even Homer who lived -iOO years after the Trojan war, says, //. 20, v. TO, &c. Uiat the godi des- tined /Eneas and his posterity to reign over the Trojans, lliis passage Dionys. Hal. ti- plained, by saying that Homer meant tlie Trojans who li.-wl gone over lo Italy with ^ISncas. nnd not the act .lal inhabitants of Troy. According to Virgil and other Latin autiiors, who, to make their ^ourt to the Roman em- perors, traced their ori^rin up to .Eneas, and described liis arriTa) into Italy as indubitable, he with his licet first ciunp to the Thracian Chersoncsus, where Polymnestor, one of his allies, reigned. After visiting Delos, tlie Stro- phades, and Crotc, where he expected to find tlie empire promised him by the oracle, as in the place wh»re his proi^enitors were born, he landed in F.pinis, and Drepanum, the court of king Acestos, in Sicily, where he buried his father. From Sicily he sailed for Itily, but was driven on the coasts of Africa, and kindly received by Dido queen of Ciirthagc, to whom on his first .interview, he g.ive one of the gar- ments of the beautiful Helen. Dido being emi- roourid of him, wislieinonians to Athens, to treat of jK'ace, in the 8th year of tlie Peh>- ponnesiaii war. — An ancient author wlio wrote on tactics, liesides other treatises, which ac- cording to .Elian, were epitomised by Cincai> the friend of Pyrrlius A native of Gaza, who, from a Platonic philosofiher, became a Christian, A. D. 485, and wroU- a dialogue called The^jikmstus, on tlie immortality of the soul, and the resurrection. .Enkia. ot .Ekia. a place near Rome, afterwards called Janiculum. .\ city of Troas. Slriib. 17. A city of Macedonia. Diitiuf- Hnl. 1. /Ekeides, a patronj^ic given to Asca- nius. as son of .Eneas. Virg. jEn. 9. v. 65.3, /Ekkis. a poem of Virgil, which has for its subject the settlement of .Eneas in Italj. llie grcit merit of this poem is will known. The author has imitated Homer, i.:id. assume say, Honur is superior to l-.itn o:ily because he is more ancient, and is an origirud. Vir- gil died befrrr he ha.! corrected it, and at hts death desired it migJit be burnt. TTiis was h-ippily iEN ^O happily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from the flames, a poem which proved his family to be descended from the kings of Troy. ITie jEneid had engaged the attention of the poet for 1 1 years, and in the first six books it seems that it was Virgil's design to imitate Homer's Odyssey, and in the last the Ihad. The action of tlie poem comprehends eight years, one of vvliich only, the last, is really taken up by action, as the seven first are merely episodes; such as Juno's attempts to destroy the Trojans, the loves of ^Eneas and Dido, tlie relation of the fall of Troy, &c. — In the first book of the ^neid, the hero is mtroducc-d, in the seventh year of his expedi- tion, sailing in the Mediterranean, and ship- >\Tecked on the African coast, where he is received by Dido. In the second, iSEneas, at the desire of the Phoenician queen, relates the fall of Troy, and his flight through the general conflagration to mount Ida. In the third, the hero continues his narration, by a minute account of the voyage through the Cyclades, the places where he landed, and the dreadful storm with the description of which tlie poem opened. Dido, in the fourth book, makes public her partiality to ^neas, which is slighted by the sailing of the Tro- 'ans from Carthage, and the book closes with the suicide of the disappointed queen. In the fifth book, iEneas sails to Sicily, whore he celebrates the anniversary of his father's death, and thence pursues his voyage to Italy. In the sixth, he visits the Elysian fields, and learns from his father the fate which attends him and his descendants, the Romans. In the seventh book, tlie hero reaches the destined land of Latium, and concludes a treaty with the king of the country, wliich is soon broken by the interference of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enumerated ; and in the eighth book, ./Eneas is assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus a shield wrought by Vulcan, on which are represented the future glory and tri- umphs of the Roman nation. The reader is pleased, in the ninth book, with the account of battles between the rival armies, and the im- mortal friendship of Nisus and Euryalus. Ju- piter, in the tenth, attempts a reconciliation between Venus and Juno, who patronized the opposite parties ; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed, and Turnus saved from the avenging hand of jEneas, by the interposition of Juno. The eleventh book gives an account of the funeral of Pallas, and of the meditated recon- ciliation between jEneas and Latinus, which the suddea appearance of the enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and the combatants separated by the night. In the last book, Juno prevents the single combat agreed upon by Turnus and JEneas. The Trojans are defeated in the absence of their king ; but on the return of iEneas, the battle assumes a diflTerent turn, a single combat is fought by the rival leaders, 21 and the poem is concluded by the death of king Turnus. Piifi. 7, c. 30, &c. ^NESiDEMUs, a brave general of Argos. Lw. 32, c. 25. — A Cretan philosopher, who wrote 8 books on the doctrine of his master Pyrrho. Diog. in Pip: jEnesius, a surname of Jupiter from mount jEnum. ^NETus, a victor at Olympia, who, in the moment of victory, died through excess of joy. Pans. 3, c. 18. ^Enia. Vid. ^neia. jEnicus, a comic writer at Athens. iENiccHi, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. Lucan. 2, v. 591. ^NOBARBus, or Ahenobarbus, the sur- name of Domitius. When Castor and Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he discredited them ; upon which they touched his chin and beard, which instantly became of a brasen color, whence the surname given to himself and his descendants. JEnocles, a writer of Rhodes. Athen. iENOs, now Eno, an independent city of Thrace, at the eastern mouth of the Hebrus, confounded with /Eneia, of which ^Eneas was the founder. Mela, 2, c. 2. ^NUM, a town of Thrace — of Thessaly. — A mountain in Cephallenia. Strab. 7. A river and village near Ossa. A city of Crete buUt by /Eneas. JE'SYR.A, a town of Tliasos. Herodot. 6, C.47. -EoLiA, a name given to Arne. Sappho is called jEolia jmella, and lyric poetry Solium carmeii, because of Alcaeus and Sappho, natives of Lesbos, in ^olia. Horat. 4, od. 3, v. 12. and od, 9, v. 12. iEoLiA, or .Eolis, a country of Asia Minor, near the .^gean sea. It has Troas at the north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabit- ants were of Grecian origin, and were mas- ters of many of the neighboiu-ing islands. Tliey had twelve, others say thirty, consider- able cities, of which Cum® and Lesbos were the most famous. They received their name from ^olus son of Hellenus. They migrated from Greece about 1 1 24 B. C. 80 yeai-s before the migration of the Ionian tribes. Herodot. 1, c. 26, &c.—Strab. 1, 2 & 6.—Plin.5, c. 30. — Mela, 1, c. 2 & 18. Thessaly has been anciently called jEolia. Boeotus, son of Nep- tune, having settled there, called his followers Boeotians, and their country Boeotia. ^OLiJS and Moiades, seven islands, be- tween Sicily and Italy ; called Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phcenicusa, and Euonymos. They were the retreat of the winds : and Virg. uEn. 1 , v. 56, calls them jEolia, and the kingdom of yEolus the god of storms and winds. They sometimes bear the name of Vulcanite and Hcvhcestides, and are known now among the moderns under the general appellation of Lipari islands. Lucan. 5, V. 609. — Justin. 4, c. 1. C 3 JEOUDA^ ^Q JE S /EoLiDA, a city of Tenedos. Another near Thcnnopyl«. Herodot. 8, c 35. iEoLiDEg, a patronJ^nic of Ulysses, from .£olus ; because Anticlca, his niotlicr, was pregnant by Sisyphus, the son of .Kolus, when she niarritd Laortes. It is also given to Atliarnas and ^liseiuis, as sons of iEolus. Ovid. Met. 4, v. .51 1, 1. 13, v. 51. Virg. j£n. 6, V. 164 & 529. JEoLVs, the king of storms and winds, was the son of Hipixrtas. He reigned over ^olia; and because he was the inventor of sails, and a prcat astronomer, the poets have called him tlie god of the wind. It is said tliat he confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses all the winds that could blow against hi.i vi'!>. scl, when he returned to Itliaca. The com- panions of Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the winds their liberty. Aeolus was indebte .Ma- rareus and Canace, and a son of Ilellenus, often confoundefl with the god of the windi. 'ITiis last married Enaretta, by whom he hail seven sons and five daughters. ytp'Mod. 1, C. '•..— Ilnnu-r. Od. 10. v. \.— (hid. Met. 11. V. 478. 1. M, V. 224. — W;>otfon. 4. Ar^on.— J-'lacc. 1, v. 556.—Diod, 4&5.— Virg. ^n. 1, V. 5r,, &c. i'EoRA, a festival at Alliens, in honor of Erigone. j4£p.u.ii's, n king of Greece, restored to his kingiloiii by Htrcules, whose son HjUus he adopted. Stmh. O. ^TliEA. a town of Crete, called Soils, in honor of .Solon. J'l'ul. in SiJon. JF.ru ixt, a general of the Istrians who drank to exc»ss, after he ha/1 stoniied the camp of A. Manlius, the Roman general. Ui'ing attacked by n soldier, he fli-d to a nciglil)Ouring town, which the Romans took, and killed himself for fear of being taken. Flor. 1?, C. 10. i'EpT, a town of Elis, under tJie dominion of Nestor. Stat. 4. Theb. v. 180. ^PYTi's, king of Mycensp, son of Chres- phontes and IVIerope. was educated in .Ar- cadia witli Cyp»elus his motlier's father. To n-cover his kingdom, he killed Polyphontes, "111) had married his mother a!jain>.t her will, and usurped the crown. ^IjxUl.iJ. 'J, c. G. — Pnus. 4. c. 8. A king of Arcadia^ son of Elafus. .\ son of Hippotlious. wlio forci- bly entered the temple of Neptune, near Mantinea. and was struck blind by the sudden eruption of salt watir from the altar. He was killed by a seqienlin hunting. Pans. S, c. 4 & r.. AIqvi (tt iEoi'icoi.i. a people of I.aflum, near Tibur. lliey were great enemies tc Rome in its infant state, and were conquered with much dlftioiilty. i^/ir. I, c. 1 1 Li'-. 1. fc 32. 1. 2, c. 30. \.3, c. 2, iScc. — Plin. 3. c. I. 22 — I'tV^. yEH, 7, V. 747. 1. 9, v. C84. — Ond. Fast. 3, V, 93. — Diont/s. Hal. 2, c. 19. /Eql'Imelu'm, a place in Rome where the house of Melius stood, who aspired to sovereign power, for which crime liis habi- tation was levelled to the groun>l. Lit. 4, c. 16. ..Erias, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built the temple of Paplios. Tucit. Hist. 2, c. 5. .^ROPE, wife of Atrcus committed adul- tery with 'ITiypstes, her brotlicr-in law, and had by him twins, who were placed as f«»od before Atreus. Uind. Trist. 2, v. ."591. A daughter of Cepheus, ravished by Mars, She died in child-bed : her child was preserved, and called ..Erojius. Pans. 8, c. 44. -tatjPLs a general of Epinis in tlie reign of Pyrrhus. A person appointed regent to Orestes, the infant son of Archelaus king of Maccdoni.i. An officer of king Philip, banished for bringing a singer into his camp. PiUyitn. 4, c. 2. A mountain of Chaoiiia. l.iv. 31, c. 5. ^-EsAcus, a river of Troy, near Ida. .\ son of Priam by Alexirho<) : or according to others by Arisba. He became enamoured of I lesperia, whom he pursued into the wootis. 'ITie nymph threw herself into the sea, ar.d was changed into a bird. .Esacus followed her example, and was changed into a cormo- rant by Tethys, thid. Met. 1 1, fab. 1 1. jEsAPfs a riyer of Mysia, in .Asia, falling into the Hellespont. Plin. 5, c. 32. iEsAR, or .lEkAHAs, a river of Magna GriFcia, falling into the sea near Crotona. Oi'id. Met. 1.1, V. 28. -Esriiivrs an Atlir- '-- - - • r, who flo- rishcdahout .34:^ B.C. .. -iied him- self by his rivalship wiri < lies. His father's name was Atrometus, and he boasted of his descent from a noble family, tliough Dem«)sthenc-s reproached him as being tlie son of a courteian. The first open sig^s of en- mity between tlie rival orators appeared at the court of Philip, where they wire sent as ambassadors ; but the character of ^Escliines was tarnished by the accqitance of a bribe from the .Macedonian prince, whose tyranny had hitherto been the general subject of his declamation. When the Athenians wished to reward the patriotic labors of Demosthenes with a golden crown, .Eschines impeached Ctcsijihon, who proposed it ; and to their sub- stqiient dispute we arc indebted for the two celebrated orations de corona. ..Eschines was defeated by his rival's superior eloquence, and lianished to Rhodi-s ; but as he retircil from Athens, Demosthenes ran after him, and no- bly forceil him to accept a pri-sont of silver. Ill his banishment, the orat< r ' ' '".ithc Rhodians. what he had deli\ De- mosthenes; and after rccciviiij^ ., ^ .ause, he was desired to read the answer of his an- tagonist. It 'n as received with greater marks of JE S JE S of approbation; but, exclaimed iEschines, how much luoie would your admiration have been raise. ': had y:u heard Demosthenes himself spc::-, it! ^schines died in the 75th year of L's age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at Samos. He wrote, three crntions, and nine epistles, w'lich, from their number, received the name, the first of the graces, and the last of the muses. T!ie orations alone are extant, generally found collected with those of Lysias. An oration which bears the name of Deliaca lex, is said not to be his production, but that of ^schines, another orator of that age. Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 2-J, 1.2, c. 53. in Brut. c. 17. — Flut. in De- mosth. — Biog. 2 & o.— PHn. 7, c. 50. Dio- genes mentions seven more of the same name. A philosopher, disciple of Socrates, who wrote several dialogues, some of which bore the following titles : Aspasia, Phcedon, Alci- biades, Draco, Erycia, Polyaenus, Telauges, &c. Tiie dialogue intitled Axiochus, and ascribed to Plato, is supposed to be his composition. The best editions are that of Leovard, 1718, with the notes of Horraeus, in 8vo. and that of Fischer, 8vo. Lips. 1766. A man who \VT0te an Oratory. An Arcadian. A Mitylenean. A disciple of Melanthius. A Mile- sian writer. A statuary. ^SCHRION, a Mitylenean poet, intimate wkh Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic expedition. — An Iambic poet of Samos. Athen. — A physician commend- ed by Galen. A treatise of his on husbandry has been quoted by Pliiui. — A lieutenant of Archagatluis, killed by Hanno. Diod. 20. .^scHYLiDES, a man wlio wTote a book on agriculture. ^Elicn. H. An, 15. ^scHYXus, an excellent soldier and poet of Athens, son of Euphorion, and brother to Cynsegirus. He was in tlie Athenian army at the battles of Mai'athon, Salamis, and Plataa; But the most solid fame he has obtained, is the offspring less of his valor in the field of battle than of his writings. Of ninety tragedies, however, the fruit of his in- genious labours. 40 of which were rewarded with the public prize, only seven have come safe to us : Prometheus vinctus, Septem duces aprtd Thcbas, Persee, Aj/amemnon, ChcBphori, Eumeyiides, Sapplices. ^schylus is tlie first who introduced two actors on the stage, and clotfted them with dresses suitable to their character. He likewise removed murder from the stage. It is said, that, when he composed, his countenance betrayed the greatest ferocity ; and according to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides were repre- sented, many children died through fear, and several prtgnant women actually miscarried in the hou«e, at the sight of the horrible masks that were introduced. Tlie imagination of the poet was strong , and comprehensive but disorderly and wUd : fruitful in prodigies, but disdaining probabilities. His style is 25 obscure, and the labors of an excellent mo- dern critic, have pronounced him the most difficult of all the Greek classics. A few ex- pressions of impious tendency in one of his plays, nearly proved fatal to iEschylus; he was condemned to death, but his brother Amy- nias, it is reported, reversed his sentence, by uncovering an arm, of which the hand had been cut off at the battle of Salamis in the service of his country, and the poet was par- doned, ^schylus has been accused of drink- ing to excess, and of never composing except when in a state of intoxication. In his old age he retired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. Being informed that he was to die by the fidl of a house, he became dissatisfied with the fickleness of his countrymen, and withdrew from the city into the fields, where he sat down. An eagle, with a tortoise in her bill, flew over his bald head, and supposing it to be a stone, diopped her prey upon it to break the shell, and JJschylus instantly died of the blow in the 69th year of his age, 456 B..C. It is said that he wrote an account of the battle of Marathon, in elegiac verses. The best editions of his works are that of Stanley, fol. London, 1663, that of Glasg. 2 vols, ia 12mo. 1746, and that of Schutz, 2 vols. 8vo. Hals, 1782. — Horat. Art. Poet. 278. — Qmn- til. 10, C. 1. — Plin. 10, c. 3. — Val. Max. 9, c. 12. The 12th perpetual archon ot Athens. A Corinthian, brother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate with Timoleon. Plut. in Timol. A Rhodian set over Egypt with Peucestes of Macedonia. Curt. 4, c. 8, A native of Cnidus, teacher of rhetoric to Cicero. Cic. in Br%it. ^scuLAFiL's, son of Apollo, by Coronia, or as some say, by Larissa, daughter of Phlegias, was god of medicine. After his union witii Coronis, Apollo set a crow to watch her, and was soon informed that she admitted the ca- resses of Ischys, of ^monia. The god, in a fit-of anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning, but saved the infant from her womb, and gave him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him the art of medicine. Some authors say, that Coronis left her father to avoid the dis- covery 'of her pregnancy, and that she exposed her child near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks of Aresthanas gave him her milk, and the dog which kept the flock stood by him to shelter him from injury. He was found by the master of the flock, who went in search of his stray goat, and saw his head surrounded with resplendent rays of light. iEsculapius was physician to the Argonauts, and consider- ed so skilled in the medicinal power of plants, that he was called the inventor as well as the god of medicine. He restored many to life, of which Pluto complained to Jupiter, who struck jEsculapiuswith thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death of his son, killed the Cy- clops who made the thunderbolts. .S^sculapius received divine honors after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna, &c. C 4 Goat«» JES tET G«»ts, bulls, lambs, and pigs, were sacrificed on his altars, and the cock and the serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A.U. C. 462, was delivered of a plague, and built a temple to the god of medicine, who. as was supposed, had come there in the fonp of a serpent, and hid himself among the reeds in an island of tfie Tyber. jlilsculapius was repiwsented with a large bcnrd, holding in his hand a staff, round whicli was wreathed a serpent ; his other hand was supported on the head of a serpent. Serpents arc more particularly sa- cred to him, not only as the ancient physi- cians u?ed them in their prescriptions ; but because they were the symbols of prudence and foresight, so necessary in the medical profession. He married Epione, by whom he had two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, Machaun and Podalirus ; and four daughters; of whom I lygiea, goddess of health, is the most celebrated. Some have supposed that he lived a short time after the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention of him. Homer II. 4, V. 193. Hymn, in jF.sciii. — yipoll'id. 3, c. 10. — ApoUon. 4, Arf^on. — //y- gin.fab. 49.— Ovid. Met. 2, fuh. 8. — Paus. 2, c. 1 1 & 27. 1. 7, c. 25, &c. — Diod. 4. — PiniiaT. Pt/lh. 5. — Lurian. Dial, rff SiJtat. — Vol. Max. \, c. X.—Cic. df Xat. D. 3, c. 22, Miys there wore three of this name ; the 1st, a sun of .Apollo, worsliippcd in Arcadia; 2d, a brother of Mercury ; 3d, a man who first taught nuflicine. ytsKi-iis, a son of Kucolion. Homer. II. 6, T. 21. — A river. Vid. /Esapus. ^^SFRNiA, u city of the Somnites, in Italy. Liu. 27, c. I'J.—Sil. 8. 5^7. iKsioN, an Athenian, knowt; for his respect for the talents of IX>mosthenes. Plut. in Hemost. X.SIS, a riv(T of Italy, which separates Umbria from Picenum. jT^son. son of Cretheus, wns liom at tlie same birtJi a> IVlias. He succeeded his fa- ther in the kingdom of lolchos, but was soon exiled by liis brother. He married Alcimeeral, and were little known in Greece, till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they assumed consequence in the country, and af- terwards made themselves fonnidable as the allies of Rome, and as its enemies, till they were conquered by Fulvius. Liv. 26, c. 24, Scc.—Flor. 2, c. 9 Strab. 8 & 10.— Mela. 2, c. 3. — Plin. 4, c. 2. — Paus. 10, c. 18. — Plut. in Flam. vEtolus, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by whom he had Pleuron and Calydon. Having accidentally killed Apis, son of Phoroneus, he left his country, and came to settle in that part of Greece which has been called from hini ^tolia. Apollod. 1 , c. 7 & 9. Paus. 5, c. I. ^x, a rocky island between Tenedos and Chios. Plin. 4, c. 11. A city in the country of the Marsi. The nurse of Jupi- ter changed into a constellation. Afer, an inhabitant of Africa. An in- former under Tiberius and his successors. He became also known as an orator, and as the preceptor of Quintilian, and was made consul by Domitian. He died A. D. 59. Afrakia, a Roman matron, v/ho frequent- ed the forum, forgetful of female decency- Fa/. Max. 8, c. 5. Luc. Afranius, a Latin comic poet in the age of Terence, often compared to Menander, whose style he imitated. He is blamed for the unnatural gratifications which he mentions in liis writings, some fragmients of which are to be found in the C'or;msPoetorM»j. Quint. 10, c. I. — Sueton. Ner. 11. — Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 57. — Cic. defri. 1, C.3 J. Gcll. 13, c. 8. A general of Pompey, conquered by Cassar in Spain. Sueton. in Cas. 34. — Plut. in Pomp. Q. a man who wrote a severe satire against Nero, for which he was put to death in the Pisonian conspiracy. Tacit. Potitus, aplc- beian, who said before Caligula, that he would willingly die if the emperor could recover from the distemper he labored under. Caligula re- covered, and Afranius was put to death that he might not forfeit his word. Dio. Africa, called Libya by the Greeks, one of the three parts of the ancient world, and the greatest peninsula of the universe, is bounded on the east by Arabia and the Red Sea, AG AG Sea, on th» north by the Mediterranean, south and west by the ocean. In its greatest length it extends ^300 miles, and in its greatest breadth it is o'OO lulu's. It is joiiud on the east to Asia, liy an isthmus 60 miles long, wliicli some of the Ptolciiiies endeavoured to cut, in vain, to join the lied and MtdJtorrane.m seas. It is so immediately situate under the sun, that only the maritime parts are in>iabit- ed, and tlie inland country is mostly barren and sandy, and infested with wild l)easts. Tlie ancients, Uirou;^li ignorance, peopled the soutliem parts of Africa with raonsicrs, en- chanters, and chimeras; errors which begin to be corrected by modern travellers, fid. Libya. Mtla, 1. c. I, &c. —Diod. 3, 4 & '20. Herodot. 2, c. 17. 26. & 32, 1.4. c. 41, &c. P&Ti. 5, c. 1, &c. There is a pt.-t of Africa called Propria, which lies alwut the middle, on the IVIediterranean, and has Carthage for its capital. AfricXnts, a blind poet, commended by Ennius. A christian wriu-r, who florished A. D. 22'J. In his chronicle, ^*hich was uni- varsally csttcmed, he reckoned 5500 years from the creation of the world to the age of Julius CiBsar. Nothing remains of this work, but wlint Eusebius has preserved. In a letter to Origen, Africanus proved, that tlie liistorj- of Susanna is supposititious; and in another to Aristides, still exUnt, he endeavours to recon- cile the*eeming contratlictious that api^ar in the genealogies of Christ in St. Matthew and Luke. He is suppo^-d to be the same who wrote nine books, in which he treats cf physic, agriculture. &:c. A lav.yer, disciple to Pa- pinian, and intimate with the emperor Alex- ander. An orn'or mentioned by Quinti- lian. Tlie surname of ilie Scipios, from the conquest of Africa. Tu/. Scipio. Africlm MARr. is that part of the Me- diterranean which is on tlie coast of Africa. AcAGRi.vNr FORT.*:, gates at Syracuse, near which tJie dead were buried. Ck. in Tusc. AcALAssEs, a nation of India, conquered by Alexander. Did. 17. Agali.a, a woman of CorcyTa, who wrote a treatise upon j;rammar. AUieti. 1. AcAMKOEs and TKOfHOKius, two archi- tects wlio made the entrance of tlie temple t)f Delphi, for which they demanded of the god, whatever gift was most advantageous for a man to receive. Eight days after they were found dead in their bed. PliU. dr cons. cu ApoL — Cic. Tusc. I, c. 47. — Paut. 9, C.1 1. Sc 5T, gives a tliflercnt account. Agamemnon, kin^ of Mycenas and Ar- pos, w.-is brotlier to Menclaus, and son of Plisthenes, the son of Atreus. Homer calls them sons of Atreus which is false, upon tJie authority of Hesiod. ApoUodonis, &c. [ Vid. Plislhenes. ] When Atreus was dead, his bro- thciThyestes seized the kingdom of Argos, and remoTC-d Agamemnon and Mcoelaus, who 26 fled to Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and henc9 to CEneus, king of ^tolia, where they were educated. Agamemnon married Clytem- uestra. and Mentjaus Helen, botli dau^iiters of Tyndarus kiug of Sparta, who assisted them to rrcover tlieir fatiier's kingdom, .\ftcr the banishment of the usuqier to Cythera, Aga- memnon estabKshed hiuLself at Mycena;, whilst Menilaus succeeded his fadier-in-law at Sparta. When Helen was stolen by Paris, Apajnemnon was elected commander in chief of the Grecian forces going against Troy ; and he showed his zeal in tlie csuse by fur- nisliing 100 ships, and lending 60 more to the people of .\rcadia. The fleet was detained at .-\ ulis, where Agamemnon sacrificed his daugh- ter to appease Diana. [ I'id. Ipliigenia. ] Dur- ing tlie Trojan war, Agamemnon bthared with much valor; but liis quarrel witli Achilli-s, whose mistress he t'lok by force, was fatal to tlie C^rceks. [ Kid. Brisei,. ] After the ruin of Troy, Ca&>..'idra fell to his share, and foretold him that his wife would put him to death. He gave no credit to this, and re- turned to Argos widi Cassan'lra. Clytem- nestra, widi her adulterer .E^jisthus, [Kirf. ..Eglstlius,"' prepiared to murt! ''■'•" ; ""l as he caDie from the bath, to e: . -^Lo gave him ;; tunic, whose she ■ 1 to- gether, and while beattempted to put it on, slie brought him to the ground %vitli a stroke of a hatdiet, and .Egistlius seconded her blows. His deadi was '••jvengcd b; his son On-sles. [J'lW. Clvtemnestra, Menclaus, and Orestes.] Homer. II. I, 2. Slc. Od. i, &c. — Oud. d' Rem. Am. v. 777. Met. 12, v. 30. — Hi^gin. fab. 8S & 97. —Strab. S. — Thucyd. 1 . C. 9. — -tVian. y. H.4, c. QG.—Diciyt Cret. 1, 2, Ac. — Dares Pkryg. — SophocL in EUct. — Eu- npid. in Oral. — S>rnec. in Agam. — Pcus. 2, c. C. 1. 9. c 40, &.C. — Virg. ASn. C, v. 838. — .Vela, •:, c. 3. AcAMZMNoyifs, an epithet applied to Orestes, as son of Agamemnon. Vtrg. JEn~ 4, v. 471. AcAJniroR, an athlete of Mantinct. Pans. 6, c. 10. AcAMNEsTOR. a king of .Athens. AcAKirrr, a ceJel)rated fountain of Boeotia at the foot of mount Helicon. It flows into the Permcssus and is sacred to the muses, who, from it. were called .Vganippedes. Paus. 9, c. 29. — Prcpcrt. 2, j^3. — (kvL Met. 5, V. 312.— P/in. 4, c. 7. AcAFtNOR, the commander of Agamem- non's fleet. Homer. IL 2. — The son of A ncafus, and grandson of Lycurgus, who, after the ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into C .\-prus, where he built Paphos. Paus. 8, c. 5. Honxcr. II. 2. Agar, a town of Africa. IlirU bell. Jfr. 76. AoARKKl, a people of .\rabia. Trajan de:>troyed their cit)-, called Agarura. Strab. IC AnARISTJkr A G AG Agarista, daughter of Ciisthenes, was courted by all the princes of Greece. Siie manied IMegacles. ^lian. V. H. 12, c. 2-3. Herodot. 6, c. 126, &c. A daughter of Hippocrates, who nian-ied Xantippus. She dreamed tliat she had brought forth a lion, and some tune after became mother of Pericles. Flut. in Pericl. — Herodat. 6, c. 131. AgasTcles, king of Sparta, was son of Archidamus, and one of the Proclida;. He used to say that a king ought to govern his subjects as a father governs his children. Pans, o, c. 7. — Plut. in -/ipoph. Agass.e, a city of Tlieslaly. Liv. 45, c. 27. Agasthenes, father to Polyxenus, was, as one of Helen's suitors, concerned in the Trojan war. Homer, II. 2. — Apollod. 5, c. 1 1. — A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of Eiis. Paus. 5, c. 5, Agastrophus, a Trojan, wounded by Diomedes. Homer. II. II, v. 358. Agasthus, an archon of Athens. Agasus, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. Plin.3, ell. Agatha, a town of France neai' Agde, in Languedoc. Mela, 2, c. 5. Agatharchidas, a general of Corinth in tlie Peloponnesian war. Thucyd. 2, c. 83. A Samian philosopher and historian, who wi'ote a treatise on stones, and a history of Persia and Phoenice, besides an account of the Red Sea, of Europe and Asia. Some make him a native of Cnidus, and add that he florished about 177 B. C. Josq)h. cont. Ap. - ' Agatharchus, an officer in the Syracusan fleet. Thucyd. 7, c. 27. A painter in the age of Zeuxis. Plut. in Pericl. Agathias, a Greek historian of iEolia, — A poet and historian in the age of Justinian, of whose reign he published tlie history in five books. Several of his epigrams are found in the Anthologia. His history is a sequel of that of Procopius. The best edition is that of Paris, fol. 1660. Agatho, a Samian historian, who wrote an account of Scythia. A tragic poet, who fiorished 406 B. C. Tlie name of some of his tragedies are preserved, such as Telephus, Thyestes, &c. — A comic poet who lived in the same age. Plut. in Parall. — A son of Priam. Homer. II. 24. A governor of Babylon. Curt. 5, c. 1. A Pythagorean philosopher. JElian. V. H. 13, c. 4. A learned and melodious musician, who first introduced songs in tragedy. Aristot. in Poet. A youth of Athens, loved by Plato. Biog. Laert. 3, c. 32. Agathoclea, a beautiful courtezan of Egypt. One of the Ptolemies destroyed his wife Eurj'dice to many her. She, with her brother, long governed the kingdom, and at- tempted to murder the king's son. Plut. in Cleon. — Juitin. 30, c. 1, Agathocles, a lascivious and ignoble 37 youth, son of a potter, who, by entenng in the Sicilian army, arrived to the greatest honors, and made himself master of Syracuse. He reduced all Sicily under his power, but being defeated at Himera by tlie Carthaginians, he carried the war into Africa, wliere, for four years, he extended his conquests over his enemies. He afterwards passed into Italy, and made himself master of Crotona. He died in the 7i2d year, B. C. 289, after a reign of 28 years of mingled prosperity and adver- sity. Plut. in Apopth. — Justin. 22 & 25. — Polyb. 15. — Diod. 18, &c. A son of Lysi. machus, taken prisoner by the Getse. He was ransomed, and married Lysandra, daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, married Arsinoe, the sister of Lysandra. After her husband's death, Arsinoe, fearful for her children, attempted to murder Agathocles. Some say that she fell in love with him, and killed him because he slighted her. "When Agathocles was dead, 283 B. C. Lysandra ficd to Seleucus. Strub. 15. — Plut. in Pyrrh. S^- Dcmelr. — Paus.l,c. 9 & 10. A Grecian historian of Babylon, who wrote an account of Cyzicus. Cic. de div. 1, c. 24. A Chiaa who wrote on husbandry. Varro. A Sa mian writer. A physician. — — An Athe- nian archon. Agathon. Vid. Agatho. Aqathonymus, wrote an history of Persia. Pint, de Flum^, Agathosthenes, a poet, &c. Agathyllus, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. Dionys. Hal. 1. AoATirrNUM, a town of Sicily. Agathyrsi, an effeminate nation of Scy- thia, who had their wives in conunon. They received their name from Agathyrsus, son of Hercules. Herodat. 4, c. 10. — Virg. ./En. 4, V. 146. Agave, daughter of Cadmus and Her- mione, mamed Echion, by whom she had Pentheus, who %vas torn to pieces by the Bac- clianals. [ Vid. Pentheus. ] She is said to have kUied her husband in celebrating the orgies of Bacchus. She received divin" honors after death, because she had contributed to the education of Bacchus. Theocrit. 26. — Ovid. Met. 3, v. 725. — Lucdn. 1, v. 574. — Stat. Theb. 11, v. 318. — Apollod. 5, c. 4. One of the Nereides. Apollod. 1. A tragedy of Statius. Juv. 7, v. 87, &c. Agaui, a northern nation who lived upon milk. Homer. II. 13. Agavus, a son of Priam. Homer. II. 24. Agdestis, a mountain of Phrygia, where Atys was buried. Paus. 1 , c. 4. A sur- name of Cybele. Agelades, a statuaiy of Argos. Paus. 6. c. 8, 1. 7, c. 25. Agelastus, a surname of Crassus, the grandfather of the rich Crassus. He only laughed once in his life, and this, it is said, was upon seeing an ass cat tliistles. Cic. de Jin. AG AG Jill. 5. — Plin. 7, c. 19. llie word is also applied to Pluto, fronri the sullen and melan- choly appearance of his countenance. Agf.laus, a king ol' Corinth, son of Ixion. One of Penelope's suitors. IIoiiu r. Od. '■20. A son of Hercules and Oirt- phale, from whom Croesus was descended. — jlpoUod. 2, c. 7. A servant of IViam, who preserved Paris when exposed on mount Ida. Id. -, c. 1 2. AcENoTruii, now S-'iis, a town- of Gaul, the capital of tJie Senoilei. Cces. bcU. Gall. 6, c. 44. .Aghnor, king of Phn?nicia, was son of Neptune and Libya, and brotlier to liclus. He in;irrit'd Telephassa. by whom lie had Cadmus, Phoenix, Cilix, and Eiimpa. Hyjin. fah. 6. —Hat. \, v, 15, 1. 1 7, v. .iS. — JjhiI- lod.2, c. 1, 1.3, C.I. A son of Jasus and father of Argus. AjyoUod. 'J, c. 10. A son of ^'Egyptus, Jd. 2, c. I. A son of Phlcgcus. /./. Z, c. 7. A son of Pleuron. father to Pliineus. Id. 1, c. 7. A son of Aniphion and Niolhj. Id. ^, c. 4. A king of Argos, father to Crotopus A son of Anfenor. Iloniirr. IL'2\, v. 579. A Mi- tylencjn. wlio wrote a treativ on iiuijic. .AoKNc'iiiiDLs, a patronymic applicil to Cad- mus, and tlie otlier descendants of .Agenor. (hid. M.t. 3, V. 8. Agekim's, a freed man of Agrippina, ac- cused of attempting Nero's life. TacxS. Jnn. M, c. \G. AcESANntR, a sculptor of Rhodes under '\'espasian, who made a representation of I.aocoon's history, which now passes for the licst relict of all ancient sculpture. AcfsiAs, a I'latonicpliilosoplicr who taught the immortality of tlie s<»ul. One of tJie Pto- lemies forbade him to continue his lectures, f'ccause his doctrine was so prevalent that many of his auditors commiittMl suicide. AcKsiLAi's, king of Sparta, of the family of the Agida;, was son of Dorjssus, nrvl father of Archelaiis. During his reigu Lycurgus institutedhis famous laws. I{,-rodot. 7, c. *A)4. — Pans. 3, c. '2. A son of Areliidamus of the family of the Proclida?, made king in pre- ference to his nephew Leolychidi^. lie m.ide war against Artaxerxes king of I'ersia with Piiccess; but in the midst of his conquests in A Ma, he was recalled home to opjHJsc tiie Athenians anil Bwotians, who desolated his country; and his return was so cx|>cditious that he passed, in thirty days, over th.at tract of countiT which had t.alcn up a whole vcar of Xerxes' expedition, lie defeated his ene- mies at Con-'nta ; but sickne<.s i)revcnted tlie progress of his conquests, and the Spartans were licat in every eng.ngement, espcci.illy at Leuctra. till heappeartdattheirhead. 'lliuugh defonned, small of stature, and lame, he was brave, and a greatness of soul compensated all ♦he imperfections of nature. He wasar fond of sobriety as of military discipline ; and when be went, in his 8Ctli year, to asiiit lacLus '2S king of Egypt, the servants of the monarch could liardJy bo persuaded that the Laceds- moniriii g. neral was eating with his soldiers on tiiL- groiiud, b^ire-heaJed, and without any covering to re|joso upon. Agesilaus died on his return from Egypt, after a reign of 5b" years, 3(i'_' H. C. and his remains were embalmed and brought to Lacedjemon. JuUin. 6, c. 1. — Plui. ^ C. Xep. ill vU Paut. 3, c. 9. — Xrnn/th. (Jrat. pro Ages.— A brother of 'Ihc- mistocles, who was sent as a spy into tlie Per- sian camp, where he stablx-d Mardonius in- sti.-ad of Xerxes. Plut. in Parall \ surname of Pluto. A Greek who WToie a history of Italy. AcEsiroLis, 1st. king of I.aceda^mon, son of Pausanias, obtained a great riciory over tJic ^Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and was succeeded by his brother Cleombrotus, B. C. 3Si). I'aiu. 3, c. 5, 1. 8, c. 8. — Xtnoph. 3. lltst. Grerc. — 2d, son of Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, was succeeded by Clcomenes, 2d. U. C. 370. Paus. 1, C. 13,' 1. 3, c. 5. ■ AcEsisTRATA, the mother of king Agis. Plut. in Jgid. AcEsisTRATUs, a man who wrote a trea- tise intitled, Z)c arte macfitnali. .AccRAMMes, a cruel king of the Ganga- rides. His fatlier was a h.iir dresser, of whom the (juecn became enamoured, and whom she made governor of the king's children, to gr»> tify her passion. He killed them to rais« Aggroinmes, his son, by the queen, to the throne. Curt. 9, c. 2. AggrTna:. a people near mount RJiodope. CiV. in. L. Pis. 37. AgTu.*:, the descendants of Eurysthenes, who shared the throne of S[>arta with tlie Pro- clida'. The name is derived from Agis son of Eurystlienes. The family became extinct in the person of Cleomcnes son of Leonidai. — t'irg. jEit. 8. V. 6S2. Acii.AL's, kingof Corintli. reigned 3G ycan- One of tlie Epiiori, almost murdered by tlie paniians of Cleoineucs. Plut, in Clcom. Agis, king of Sparta, succeeded Ids father, Eurysthenes. and, after a reign of one year, was succeeded by his son Echestratus, B. C. lOJS. Paus.3, c. 2. — .Anothir kingof Sparta, who waged bloody war*, against Alliens and restored liberty to many (iretk citiis. He at- tempted to restore tlic laws of Lycurgus at Sparta, but in VEJn ; tlie jierfidy of friends who pretended to second his views, • brought him to difficulties, and he was at last dragged from a temple, where he had taken refuge, to a prison, wliere he was strangled by order of the Ephori. Jiut. in A'Ad. Another, son of Archidamus, who signalized himself in the war which the Sjjartans waged again.st Epi- daurus. He obtiiincd a victory at Mantinea, and was successful in the Pelopionnesian war. He reigned 27 years. Thucyd. 3 & 4. — Pavs. 5, c. SSc 10. Another, son of Archidamus, lung of Sparta, who endeavoured to deliver Greece AG AG Greece from the empire of Macedonia, with the assistance of the Persians. He was con- quered in the attempt, and slain by Antipater, Alexander's general, and 5,300 Lacedasmo- nians perished with him. Curt. 6, c. 1. — Diod. 17. — Justin. 12, c. 1, &c. Another son of Eudamidas, killed in a battle against the ?/Iantineans. I'aiis. 8, c. 10. — An Arca- dian in the expedition of Cyrus against 'his father Artaxerxes. PolycBn. 7, c. 18. A poet of Argos, who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and said that Bacchus and the sons of Leda would give way to his hero, when a god. Curt. 8, c. 5. A Lycian who fol- lowed iEneas into Italy, where he was killed. Virg. jEn. 10, v. 751. Aglaia, one of the Graces, called some- times Pasiphae. Her sisters were Euphro- syne and Thalia, and they were all daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome. Fmis. 9, c. 35. AglaonIce, daughter of Hegemon, was acquainted \vith astronomy and eclipses, whence she boasted of her power to draw down the moon from heaven. Plut. de Orac. direct. Aglaope, one of the Sirens. AoLAOPiioN, an excellent Greek painter. Plin. 55, c. 8. Aglaosthekes, wrote a history of Naxos. Strab. G. Aglauros, or Agraulos, daughter of Erechtheus, the oldest king of Athens, was changed into a stone by Mercurj-. Some make her daughter of Cecrops. Vid. Herse. —Quid. Met. 2, fab. 12. AcLAus, the poorest man of Arcadia, pro- nounced by the oracle more happy than Gy- ges king of Lydia. Plin. 7, c. 46. — Val. Max. 7, c. I. Agna, a woman in the age of Horace, who, tliough deformed, had m.any admirers. Horat. 1, Sat. 3, V. 40. Ac NO, one of the nymphs who nursed Ju- piter. She gave her name to a fountain on mount Lycasus. When the priest of Jupiter, after a prayer, stirred the waters of this foun- tain with a bough, a thick vapor arose, which was soon dissolved into a plentiful shower. Pans. 8, c. 31, &c. Agi*od'ice, an Athenian virgin, who dis- guised her sex to learn nicdicine. She was taught by Hierophil'as the art of midwifery, and when employed, always discovered her sex to her patients. This brought her into fio much practice, that the males of her pro- fession, who were now out of employment, accused her, before the Areopagus, of corrup- tion. She confessed lier sex to the judges, and a law was immediately made to impower all free-born women to laarn midwifery. Hi/- gin.fab.274. Agnon, son cf Nicias, was present at the taking of Sanws by Pericles. In the Pelopon- nesian war he went against Potida>a, but aban- doned his expedition through disease. He built Amphjpolis, whose inhabitants rebelled 23 to Brasidas, whom they regarded as their founder, forgetfid of Agnon. Tliucyd. 2, 5, &c. A writer. Quintil. 2, c. 17.- One of Alexander's officers. Plin. 35, c. 5. AcNONiDES, a rhetorician of Athens, who accused Phocion of betraying the Pnteus to Nicanor. \Mien the people recollected what services Phocion had lendered tliem, they raised him statues, and put to death his ac- cuser. . Plut. ^- Nep. in Phocion. Agonalia & iiiGosiA, festivals in Rome, celebrated three times a year in honor of Janus, or Agonius. Tliey v.-ere instituted by Numa, and on the festive days the chief priest used to offer a ram. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 317. — Varro, de L. L. 5. Agones CAriTOLiNi, games celebrated ever}' fifth year upon the Capitoline hill. Prizes were proposed for agility and strength, as well as for poetical and literaiy compo- sitions. The poet Statins publicly recited there his Thebaid, which was not received with much applause. Agonis, a woman in the temple of Venus, on mount Eryx. Cic. Verr. 1. Agonius, a Roman deity, who presided over the actions of men. Vid. Agonalia. Agoracritus, a sculptor of Pharos, who made a statue of Venus for the people of Athens, B. C. 150. Agoranomi, ten magistrates at Athens, who watched over the city and port, and in- spected whatever was exposed to sale. Agoranis, a river falling into the Ganges. Arrian. de Ind. Agor^a, a name of Minerva at Sparta. Pans. 3, ell. Agoreus, a surname of Mercury .-unong the Athenians, from his presiding over the markets. Pcus. 1, c. 15. Agra, a place of Bceotia where the Ilissus rises. Diana was called Agrsa, because she hunted there. A city of Susa of Ar- cadia, and of Arabia. Agr-^i and Agrenses, a people of Ara- bia. Plin. 6, c. 28. Of ^tolia. Liv. 42, c. 34. Agragas or AcRAGAs, a river, town, and mountain of Sicily ; called also Agrigentum. The town was built by the people cf Gela, who were a Khodian colony. Virg. JEn. 3, V. 703. — Diod. II. Agrakia lex was enacted to distribute among the Roman people all the lands \vhich they had gained by conquest. . It was first pro- posed A. U. C. 268, by the consul Sp. Cas- siusVicellinus, and rejected by the senate. This produced dissensions between the senate and the people, and Cassius, upon seeing the ill success of t])e new regulations he proposed, of- fered to distribute nraoag tlie people, the mo- ney which was produced from the corn of Si- cily, after it had been brought and sold ia Rome. This awtgof liberality the people re- fused, and tranquillity v,as soon after re-esta- blished AG AG Mlahed in the state. It was proposed a second rime A. U. C. 'J69, ]>y the tribune Licinius Stolo ; but with no better success ; and so great were the tumnUs which followed, that one of the tribunes of the people was killed, and many of the senators fined for their opposition. Mu- tius Sca-voia, A. L'. C. 6'iO, persuaded tlie tribune Tiberius Gracchus to propose it a tliird time ; and though Octavius, his colleague in tjie tribuncship, opposed it, yet Tiberius made it pass into a law, aftef much alte.cation, and commissioners were autiiorised to make a di- Ttiiion of the lands Tliis law at last proved fatal to the freedom of Rome under J. Casar. jFlor. 3, c. 3 He 13. — Cic. pro Lc;s. ^tp-. — Liv. 2, c. 41. AcRAULE, a tribe of Athens. Pint, in Them. AcKAV.Li.\, a fostiv.-d at Atlicns in honor of Agraulos. T\\e Cyprians also observed these festivals, by offering human victims. Agraulos, a daughter of Cecrops, fid. Aglauros. A surname of Min'.'rva. Agral'onit.k, a people of Illyria. Liv. 45, c. 26". Acar, one of Actseon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, V. yi3. AcRiAN'Ks, a river of Tliracc. ILrodot. ■\, c 9. A people that dwelt in the neigh- bourhood of that river. Id. 5, c. 16. AcRici'iLA, the fatlier-in-law of the histo- rian Tacitus, who wTote his life. He was eminent for his public and private virtue--.. He was governor of Hritain, and first discovered it to bo an island. Doiiiitian envied his vir- tues; he recalled hini from tiie province he had governed with equity and moderation, and or- dered him to outer Rome in the night, that no triumph might Ix.* gnmtetl htm. Agricola obeyed, and without Intniying any resent- mei.t. l;e retired to I'l'aceful Miiittide, and to the enjoyment of the society of a few friends. He died in his 56tli year, A. D. 93. Tacit, in ^giic. AcmcENTUM, now (Urf^enti, a, town of Sicily, 18 stadia from the sea, on mount Agra- gas. It was founded by a Rhodi.nn, or ac- cording to some, by an Ionian colony. Tlie inhabitants were famous for tJieir hospitality, and for their luxurious manner of living. In its fiorishing situation Agrigcntuni contain- ed '-'00,000 inhabitants, who submitted witli reluctance to the superior power of Syracuse. The government was monarchical, but al'ter- wards a democracy was ^tablished. 'Die fa- mous Phalaris usurped the sovereignty which was also for some time in the hands of tlie Carthaginians. Agrigentum can now boast of more venerable remains of antiquity tlian any otlicr town in Sicily. I'olyb. f. — StralK C. — Diod. 13. — I'irg. ^En. 3, v. 707. — Sil. It. 14, ▼. 211. AcRiNiD.M, a city of Acamania. Polyb. 6. AcKiuNiA, annual festivals in honor of Bacchus, celebrated generally in the night. 30 They were instituted, as soma suppose, be- cause the god was attended with wild beasts AcKioPAs, a man who wTote the history of all those who had obtained the public prize at OljTnpia. Plin. 8, c 1^2. AcRioPE, tlie wife of Agenor, king of Phoenicia. M. Agrippa Vipsanius, a celebrated Ro- man, who obtained a victory over S. Pom- pey, and favored the cause of Augustus attlic battles of Actium and Philippi, where he be- haved with great valor. He advised his im- perial fMend to re-establish die republican go- vernment at Rome, but he was over-ruled by Mecsnas. In his expeditions in Gaul and Germany, he obtained several victories, but refused the honors of a triumph, and turned his liberalitj-towardsthe embelhshing of Rome, and the raising of magnificent buildings, one of which, the Pantheon, still exists. After he had retired for two years to Mitylene, in con- sequence of a quarrel with Marcellus, Augu»> tus recalled him. and a<< a proof of his regard, gave him his daughter Julia in marriage, and left him the care of the empire during an ab- sence of two years employed in visiting the Roman provinces of Greece and Asia. He died universally lamented at Rome in tlie 5 1 st year of his age, 1 'J B. C. and his body was placed in the tomb which Augustus had pre- pared for himself. He had been married three times, to Pon:(ionia daughter of Atticus, to Marcella d.iu-.'liier of Ocuvia, and to Julia, by whom he had five children. Cuius, and Lu- cius C^>v5. IltU. 1, c 8. . -A consul who conquered the.Kqui.- .\ philosopher. Dioii. Herotlcs, a son of A- ristobulus, grandson of the Great Herod, who beijuiie tutor to the graiid-child of Tiberiiw, and AG AJ and was soon after imprisoned by the suspicious tyranr. When Caligula ascended the tlirone bis favorite was released, presented with a chain of gold as heavy as that which had lately confined him, and made king of Judaea. He was a popular character with the Jews : and it is said, that'while they were flattering him with the appellation of God, an angel of God struck him with the lousy disease, of which he died, A. D. 43. His son, of the same name, was the iist king of the Jews, deprived of his king- dom by Claudius, in exchange for other pro- vinces. He was with Titus at the celebrated siege of Jerasalem, and died A. D. 94. It vras before him that St. Paul pleaded, and made mention of his incestuous commerce with his sister Berenice. Juv. 6, v. 156. — Tacit. 2. Hist. C.81. Menenius, a Roman general who obtained a triumph over the Sa- bincs, appeased the populace of Rome by the well-known fable of the belly and the limbs, and erected the new ofEce of tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 261. He died poor, but universally regretted ; his funeral was at the expence of the .public, from which also his daughters received dowries. Liv. 2, c. 52. — JFlor. 1, c. 23. — A mathematician in the reign of Domitian ; he was a native of Bithynia. Agrippina, a wife of Tiberius. The em- peror r^udiated her to marry JuUa. Sueton. in, Tib. 7. — A daughter of M. Agrippa, and grand-daughter to Augustus. She married Germanicus, whom she accompanied in Syria ; and when Piso poisoned him, she carried his ashes to Italy, and accused his murderer, who stabbed himself. She fell under the displea- sure of Tiberius, who exiled her in an island, ■where she died A. D. 26, for want of bread. She left nine children, and was universally distinguished for intrepidity and conjugal af- fection. Tacit. 1, Ann. c. 2, &c. — Sueton. in Tib. 52. — Julia, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, married Doniitius iEnobarbus, by whom she had Nero. After her husband's death she married her uncle the emperor Claudius, whom she destroyed to make Nero succeed to the throne. After many cruelties and much licentiousness, she was assassinated by order of her son, and as she expired, she exclaimed, " strike the belly which could give birth to such a monster." She died A. D. 59, after a life of prostitution and incestuous gratifications. It is said that her son viewed her dead body with all the raptures of admi- ration, saying, he never could have believed his mother was so beautiful a woman. She left memoirs which assisted Tacitus in the composition of his annals. The town which ahe built, where she was born, on the borders of the Rhine, and called Agrippina Colonia, is the modem Cologne. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 75, L 12, c7, 22, &c. Agrisius. Vid. Acrisius. Agrisope or AeaiopE, the mother of Cadmus. H'/gitu fab. 6. Agiiius, son of Parthaon, drove his bro- their (Eneus from the throne. He was ef- terwards expelled by Diomedes, the grand- son of CEneus, upon which he killed hiraseli Ilt/gin. fab. 175 & 942— Apollod. 1, c. 7. — isomer. //. 14, V. 117. — A giant. — A cen- taur killed by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 5. — A son of Ulysses by Circe. Hesiod. Theog. V. 1015. — The father of Thersites. Ovid, ex Pont. 5, el. 9, v. 9. Agrolas, surrounded the citadel of Athens with walls, except that part which afterwards was rqiau-ed by Cimon. Taus. 1, c. 28. Agron, king of Illyria, who, after con- quering the jEtolians, ch-ank to such excess that he died instantly, B. C. 231. Polyb. 2, c. 4. Agrotas, a Greek orator of Marseilles. Agrotera, an anniversary sacrifice of goats oftered to Diana at Athens. It was in- stituted by Callimachus the Polemarch, who vowed to sacrifice to the goddess so many goats as there might be enemies killed in a battle which he was going to fight against the troops of Darius, who had invaded Attica. The quantity of the slain was so great, that a sufficient number of goats could not be procured ; therefore they were limited to 500 every year, till they equalled the number of Persians slain in battle. — A temple of iEgira in Peloponnesus erected to the goddess under this name. Pans. 7, c. 26. Agyleus and Agvieus, from ayvia, a street, a surname of Apollo, because sacrifices were offered to lum in the public streets of Athens. Hurat. 4, od. 6. Agylla, a town of Etruria, founded by a colony of Pelasgians, and governed by Me- zentius when j3Encas came to Italy. It was afterwards called C»re, by the Lydians, who took possession of it. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 6*52, 1. 8, v. 479. AGYLLiEus, a gigantic wrestler of Cleons, scarce inferior to Hercules in strengtli. Stat. Theb. 6, v. 837. Agyrium, a tov»Ti of Sicily, where Dio- dorus the historian was born. The inhabit- ants were called Agyrinenses. Diod, 14. — Cic. in Verr. 2, c. G5. Agyrius, an Athenian general who suc- ceeded Tlurasybulus. Diod. 14. Agyrtes, a man who killed his father. — Ovid. Met. 5, v. 148. A piper. Sd. 2, Acli. v. 50. Agyrus, a tyrant of Sicily, assisled by Dionysius against the Carthaginians. Jiiod. 14. Ahala, the surname of the Servilii at Rome. AiiENOSARBUs. Vid. JEnobarbus. Ajax, the son of Telamon by Pcribcea or Eriboea daughter of Alcathous, was next to Achilles the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan war. He engaged Hector, with whom at parting he exdianged arms. After tihe death of Achilles, Ajax and Ulysse? disputed cbeir claim to tJie arms of the dead heio. When AI AL When they were given to the latter, Ajax vra* so enraged that he slaughtered a whole flock of sheep, supposing t.'iem to be the sons of Atreus, who had given U»e preference to Ulysses, and stabbed Iiimself witli his sword. The blood which ran to the ground from the wuuad, was changed into the flower hyacinth. Some say that he was killed by Paris in buttle, others that he was murdered by Ulysst-s. His body was buried at .Sigseum. some s;iy on mount Uhoetus, and his tomb was visited and honored by Alexander. Hercules according to some autJiors, prayed to the gods tliat his friend Tclamon, who was childless, might have a son, with a skin as impenetrable as the skin of the Nnnsan lion which he then wore. His prayers were heard. Jupiter, under the form of an eagle, promised to grant tlie peti- tion ; and when Ajax was born, Hercules wrapped him up in the lion's skin, which ren- dered his body mvulnerable, except that part which was left untuvcred by a hole in tin- «kin, through which Hercuh-sbung his quiver. Tlu-s vulnerable part was in his breait, or a> some say behind the neck. Q. Culub. 1 & 4. — Apollod.3, c. 10& \3. — I'hiLslT. in //<- rojc. c. 11.'. — Piiular. Jtlhm. 6. — Homer. II. 1, &c. Od. 1 \.—DiclifS Cirt. 5. — Dares thry. 9. — Olid. Met. 13. — Horut. 2. sat. 3, v. 197. —II,/i,in^ab.]0-! & •.'4'2.— /'ju^. I. r. 35. 1. 5, C. 19. —The son of Oileus king of Locris, was sunmnicd Lvcrian, in contradistinction to the Mjn of Telamon. He went witli -JO ships to tlie Trojan war. »w iK-ing one of Helen's suitors. 'Ilie night \\\&\ Troy w.is taken, he ofl'ered violence to Ctt5s.indra, who Hod into Minerva's temple ; .u-d lor Uks ofl'tncc as he returned home, tlic jjoddcss, who had ob- tained rlie tliiindei'. ■ * ' ' ■' - of temiKsls from N' in a storm. .Ajax that he was safe in ;.prtc cl a!l tJ e god*. Smicu impiety oUVnded Neptune, wlio struck the rook with his trident, and .\jax tumbled into the Ma M itl) part of the rock and was drowned. Hisbo found by tiie Greeks, and black shiop offered on his tomb. .Ac- cording to Virjjil's account, ^liiierva seized him in a whirlwind, and dashed liim againvt a rock, where lie expired consuuiud by thun- der, r/r/f. yF.n. 1, v. J3, &c. — //uwirr. //. •_', J3, &c. Od. 1. — //v.ci/i. fub. WQtc 27.5. — Philitstr. Ico. J, c. 13. — Sctuc. in Agfim. — Hiirat. qhid. 10, v. \3.—Vaus. 10, c. '2t'>6c3\. The two .Ajaces were, us some supi»ofe, placed after death in the island of I.euce. a separate place re>erved only for the bravest heroes of antiquity. AiDoMAN. a bumanie of Pluto. — .\ king of Uie Molossi, who imprisonetl 'Jhi-scus, be- cause he and Piritl.ous attempted to ravish his daughter Proserpine, near the .\cliiron ; »»hence arose the well known fable of tlie de^ scent of Theseus and Pirithuus into heU- Plut- m Thts. — A river near Troy. Pnus. 10, c. 12. 3i AiMvLUs, son of Ascanius, was, according to some, the progenitor of the noble £unily of tlie iEmylii in Rome. AiL's LocuTius, a deity to whom the Ro> mans erected an altar, from tlie following circumstance : one of die ccninion jjcople, called Ceditius, informed tlie tribunt. j, tliat as he passed one night through one of the streets of the city, a \oice mere tlian human, issuing from above Vesta's temple, told him that Kotne would soon be attacked by the Cauls. His infonnadon wrs ni-giccted ; but his veracity va. Pans. 8, c. 4. 7. At.t:!, a number of islands in the Persian gulf, abounding in tortoises. Arrian. in Ptrifi. .\i..%.h\, a city on a mountain in Sicily. AuMisi, tlie father of Auge, who married Hercului. Alaouma, a city of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. i.M & il'J. AiJla, the goddess of war. sister to Mars. : city of Bflcotia, where ... ,, .■ '*linerva was bom. Plut. iitutst. U. — Stat. Tkfb. 7, V. 350. Alaua, a to>vn of Conica, built by a co- lony of riiocarans di-stroyod by Scipio, 262 11. C. and afterwanli rebuilt by Sylla. He- ri,dut. 1. C 10 J. — Fltrr. '2, C. 2. At.AMANES, a statuary at .\thcDS, disciple of I'hidias. .\lamas.vi or .\ij'.MANvi, a people of Ger- n'.any, near tlie Hercyniaii forest. 'They were very powerful and inimical to Rome .Vlam, a people of .S.uniiatia. ne.v the Pal us Ma-otiv who were siiid lo have 2G diti'crent languages. Plm. 4, c. 12. — i^rab. ALlaas, a people of Panr.onia. Tcr. 1 Ann. c. 10. Alaricl's, a famous kin^ of the Gotiis, who plundered Rome in tiie reign of Hono- rius. He wxs gn-atly re.',>' ou'd tor his mili- tarv valor, and during hi.-- ici^n 1m; kept the Roman empire in i-ontinual ai.irms. He died after a reign nf 13 years, .\. I). 410. AucRooii, a nation nc«r Pontus. Her^y. dot. 3, c. 94. AuASToa, AL AL Alastor, a son of Neleus and Chions. Apdlod. 1, c. 9. An arm-bearer to Sar- pedon, king of Lycia, killed by Ulysses. Horn. II. 5, V. 677. — Ovid. Met. 15, v. 257. One of Pluto's horses when he carried away Proserpine. Claud, de RajH. Pros. I, V. 286. Alaud^, soldiers of one of Caesar's legions in Gaul. Sueton. in Jul. 24. Alazon, a river flowing from mount Cau- casus, into the Cyrus, and separating Albania from Iberia. Flac. 6, v, 101. Alba Svlvius, son of Latinus Sylvius, suc- ceeded his father in the kingdom of Latium and reigned 36 years. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 612. Longa, a city of Latium, built by Asca- nius, B. C. 1 152, on the spot where ^Eneas found, according to the prophecy of Helenus, ( Firg. JEn. 5, v. 390, &c.), and of the god of the river, (^n. 8, v. 43), a white sow with 30 young ones. It was called longa because it extended along the hill Albinus. The descen- dants of ^neas reigned therein the following order : 1. Ascanius, son of ^Eneas, with little intermission, 8 years. 2. Sylvius Posthumus, 29 years. 3. jEneas Sylvius, 51 years. 4. Lati«us, 5 years. 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atys, or C«petus, 26 years. 7. Capys, 28 years. 8. Calpetus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus, 8 years. 10. Agrippa, 35 years. 11. Remulus, 19 years. 12. Aventinus, 57 years. 15. Procas, 15 years. 14. Numitor and Amulius. Alba, which had long been the powerful rival of Rome, was destroyed by the Romans, 663 B. C. and the inhabitants were carried to Rome. Liv. — Flo7: — Justin, &c. A city of the Marsi in Italy. Pompeia, a city of Liguria. Flin. 3, c. 5. Albaxi and Albenses, names applied to the inhabitants of the two cities of Alba. Cic. ad Her. 2, c. 28. Albania, a country of Asia, between the Caspian sea and Iberia. The inhabitants aie said to have their eyes all blue. Some main- tain that they followed Hercides from mount Albanus in Italy, when he returned from the conquest of Geryon. Dionys. Hal. 1 , c. 1 5. — Justin. 42, c. 3. — Strab. 1 1. — Plin. 8, c.40. — Mela, 3, c. 5. The Caspian sea is called Jllbanum, as being near Albania. Plin. Q, c- 15. ALBANtrs, a mountain with a lake in Italy, 16 miles /rom Home, near Aiba. It was on this mountain tJiat the LatincB fcrlcB were ce- lebrated with great solemnity. Horat. % ep. 1 . V. 27. The word taken adjectively, is applied to such as are natives of, or belong to, tlie town of Alba. Alma Terennia, the mother of Otho. Suet. Albici, a people of Gallia Aquitania. Ccbs. Bell. Civ. 1, c. 34. Albiet^, a people of Latium. Dionys. Hal. ALBtGAUNUM, a town of Liguria. Mela, 2, c. 4. 53 Albini, two Roman orators of great merit, mentioned by Cicero in Brut. This name-is common to many tribunes of the people. Liv. 2, c. 33. 1. 6; c. 50. — Salliist. de Jug. Bel. Albinovanus Celsus. Vid. Celsus. Pedo, a poet contemporary' with Ovid. He wTote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in a style so elegant that he merited the epithet of divine. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, ep. 10. — Quin- til. 10, c. 5. Albintemeliuji, a town of Liguria. Ta- cit. 2. Hist. c. 15. Albinus, was born at, Adrumetum in Africa, and made governor of Britain, by Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, he was elected emperor by the soldiers in Bri- tain. Severus liad also been invested with the imperial dignity by his own army ; and these two rivals, with about 50,000 men each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of the empire. Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the head of Albinus to be cut off, and his body to be thrown into the Rhone, A. D. 198. Al- binus, according to the exaggerated account of a certain writer called Codrus, was famous for his voracious appetite, and sometimes eat for breakfast no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches. 20 pounds of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400 oysters. A pretorian sent to Sylla, as am- bassador from the senate dming the civil wars. He was put to death by Sylla's soldiers. Plut. in Syl. An usurer. Horat. — — A Roman plebeian who received the vestals into his chariot in preference to his family when they fled from Rome which the Gauls had sacked. Val. Max. 1, c. 1. — Liv. 5, c. 40. — Flor. 1, c. 15. A. Posthumus, consul with Lucullus, A. U. C. 60S, wrote an his- tory of Rome in Greek. Albion, son of Neptune by Aniphltrite. came into Britain, vi^here he established a kingdom, and first introduced astrology and the art of building ships. He was killed at the mouth of the Rhone, with stones thrown by Jupiter, because he opposed tlie passage of Hercules. Mela, 2, c. 5. The greatest island of Europe, now called Great Britain. It is called after Albion, who is said to have reigned there ; or from its chalky white (all/us) rocks which appear at a great distance. Plin. 4, c. 16. — Tacit, in Agric. The ancients com- pared its figure to a long buckler, or to the iron of a hatchet. Albis, a river of Geixnany falling into the German ocean, and now called the Elbe. Lucan. 2, v. 52. Albius, a man, father to a famous spend- thrift. Horat. I, Sat. 4. A name of the poet Tibullus. Horat. 1, Od. 33, v. 1. Albucilla, an immodest woman. Tacit. An. 6, c. 47. Albula, the ancient name of the river Tiber. Virg. ASn. 8, v. 332. — Liv. 1, D AlbSksa, AL AL Albunea, a wood near Tibur, and the river Anio, sacred to the muses. It received its name from a Sibyl, called also Albunes., worsJuppcd as a goddess at Tibur, wliosc tem- ple still remains. Near Albunea tliL-re w^: n small lake of tlie same name, wlio'-.t; watirs were of a sulpliureous smell, and :ii- essed come medicinal properties. This lake fe!' by a small strear.i called Albula, into the ri* r Anio, widi which it soon lost itself in tlie Tiber. Hurat. 1, Od. 7, v. 12. — /'ir-. A'.n. 7, V. fi3. Albukni's, a lofty mountain of Lucania, where the Taiiager takes its rise. Virg, G. 3, V. 147. Albc^ Pagits, a place near .Sidon, where Antony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra. Alrutius. a prince of Celtiberia, to whom Scipio restored his wife. Arrian. A sordid man, father to CanidJa. He beat his servants before tlicy were puilty of any offence, lest, said he, I should iiavc no time to punish them when they offend. Jforni. '2, Sat. '2. A rhetorician in the a^e of .Senaid his adilrtsses. Of all his works nothinf; but a few fragments remain, found in Athenasus. — Quiiitil. 10, c. 1. — HrToJol. .5, c. 95. — Hor. 4, od. 9. — Cic. -i. Tusc. c. 33. A lH»et of Athens, said by Suidas to be the in- ventor of tragedy. A writer of epigrams. A comic poet. \ son of Androgeus. who went with Hercules into llirace, and vros made kin;; of pail of the country. AjxJ- lod. -, c. 'i. -A sou of Hercules by a maid of Oinphale. .K son of Perseus, father of Amphitryon and Anaxo. From him Her- cules has been called .\lcidcs. A)>oi. 2, c. 4. —Paus. «. c. 14. AiCAMKNfs, one of t!ie .Xpida?, king of Sparta, known by his apophthepms. He suc- ce«< B. C. and was distinguished for his statues of Venus and Vulcan. Paus. 5, c. TO. 'llic commander of a Spartan fleet, put to death by the Athenians. Thuri/d. 4, c. 5, &c. AtcANnER, an attendant of Sarpcdon, killed bv Ulysses. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 257 34 A Lacedemonian youth, who accidentally put out one of the eyes of Lycurgus, and was ge- nerously forgiven by tlie sage. Pint, in Lye. — Paus. 3, CIS. A Trojan killed by Tumus. Virg. ..En. 9, v. 767. -Alcakdre, the wife of Polybius, a rich Theban. Homer. Od. 4. v. C7'J. Alcanor, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose sons Pandarus and Bitias followed ^nea& into luly. Virg. jEn. 9, v. 672. A son of Phorus, killed by ..^neas. Ibid. 10, v. 338. Alcatiioe, a name of Mcgara, in Attica, because rebuilt by Alcatlious son of Pclops. Olid. Met. 8, v. 8. Alcathoi's. a son of Pelops, who. being suspected of murdering his brother ('hrysip- pus, came to Megara. where he killed a lion, which had destroyed the king's son. He suc- ceeded to the kingdom of Megara, and in coinnienioration of his ser\-ices, festivals called Alcathoia, were instituted at Megara. Pang. I. c. 41, Ac. -A Trojan who married Hip- podamia, daughter of Anchiscs. He wav killed in the Trojan war, by Idomcneus. Horn. II. 12, V. 93. A son of Pardiaon, killed by Tydeus. A poUod. I , c. 7,&c. A friend of .fneas killed in the RutuUan war. Virg. ASu. 10. V. 747. •Alck, one of ActJeon's dogs. (h/itL A town of Spain which surrendered to Grac* chus, no^v Alcaxar, a little above Toledo. Lit. 40, c. 47. AiXLNOR, an .Argive, who, along witli Chromius, survived the battle between 300 of his countr}-men and SCO I.diced)emunians. Herotiot. I,'c. 82. Alceste. or .Ai.crsTis, daughter of Pc- lias and .Anaxibia, married Admetus. .Slie. with her sisters, put to death her father, that he might be restored to yuudi and vigor by Medea, who, however, n4'uscd to perfonn her promise. Upon this the sisters fled to Ad- metus, who married Alceste. 'Hiey were soon pursued by an army headencr, was redeemed from deaUi, by the g^-nerous «>fl'cr of his wife, who wa» sacriticed in his stead to appease the shaoilod. 1, c 9. — Paus. 5, c IT. — Hygin. fab. 2.': I. — Furip. in Alcfst. ALcirrA«, a king of the Molossi, descended from PjTrhus, the stvi of AchilK-s. Paus. I, c. 11. — —A general of .Mexander's army. brother to Peroicca;. The eighth king of Macedonia, who reigned 29 years. An historian, who wrote an account of every thing AL AL tiling that had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi. Aihen. A son of Arybas, king of Epirus. Pans. 1, c. 11. Alchidas, a Rhodian, wlio became ena- moured of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles. Plin. 56, c. 5. Alchimachus, a celebrated painter. Flin. 55, c. 11. Alcibiades, an Athenian general, famous for his enterprising spirit, versatile genius, and natural foibles. He was disciple to Socrates, whose lessons and example checked for a while his vicious propensities. In the Pe- '.oponnesian war he encouraged the Athenians to make an expedition against Syracuse. He was chosen general in that war, and in his ab- sence, his enemies accused him of impiety, and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, and stirred up the Spartans to make war against Athens, and when this did not succeed he retii-ed to Tissapliernes, the Persian gene- ral. Being recalled by the Athenians, he ob- liged th<. Lacedaemonians to sue for peace, made several conquests in Asia, and was re- ceived in triumph at Athens. His popularity was of short duration ; the failure of an expe- dition against Cyme, exposed him again to the resentment of the people, and he fled to Phar- nabazus, whom he almost induced to make war upon Lacedaemon. This was told to Ly- sander, the Spartan general, who prevailed upon Pharnabazus to murder Alcibiades. Two servants were sent for that purpose, and they set on fire the cottage where he was, and kill- ed him with darts as he attempted to make his escape. He died in the 46th year of his age, 404 B. C. after a life of perpetual difficulties. If the fickleness of his countrymen had known how to retain among them the talents of a man who distinguished himself, and was ad- mired wherever he went, they might have risen to greater splendor, and to the sove- reignty of Greece. His character has been cleajped from the aspersions of malevolence, by the Tv-ritings of Thucydides, Timaeus, and Tlieopompus ; and he is known to us as a hero, who, to the principles of the debauchee, added the intelligence and sagacity of the statesman, the cool intrepidity of the general, and the humanity of the philosopher. .Ptut. ^ C. 2\''qi. in Aicib. — Tkucyd. 5, 6 & 7. — Xenopli. Hist. Greec. 1, &c. — Diod. 12. Alcidamas, of Cos, was father to Ctesilla, who was changed into a dove. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 12. A celebrated wTestler. Stat. Tlieb. 10, v. 500. A philosopher and ora- tor, who \vTote a treatise on death. He was pupil to Gorgias, and florished B. C. 424. Qiiintil. 3, c. 1. Alcidamea, was mother of Bunus by Blercury. _ AlcipamIdas, a general of the Messc- lu'ans, who retued to Rhegium, after the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, B. C. 125. Strab. 6. 35 Alcidamus, an Athenian rhetorician, who wrote an eulogy on death, &c. Cic. 1. Tusc. c. 48. — Plut. de Orat. Alcidas, a Lacedaemonian, sent with 25 galleys against Corcyra, in the Peloponntsian war. Tliucyd.5, c. 16, &c. Alcides, a name of Hercules, from his strength aXxos, or from his grandfather Al- casus. A surname of Minerva in Mace- donia. Liv. 42, c. 51. Alcidice, the mother of Tyro, by Sal- moneus. Apollod. 1, c. 9. Alcimachus, an eminent painter. Plin. 55, c. 11. Alcimede, tlie mother of Jason by JEson. Flacc. 1, V. 296. Alciwedon, a plain of Arcadia, with a cave tlie residence of Alcimcdon, whose daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules. Pans. 8, c. 12. An excellent carver. Virg. Eel. 3. A sailor, &c. Ovid. Mtt. 4, fab. 10, Alcimenes, a tragic poet of Megara. A comic writer of Athens. An at- tendant of Demetrius. Plut. in Dem. A man killed by his brother Bellerophon. Ajwl- lod. 2, c. o. Alcimus, an historian of Sicily, who viTote an account of Italy. An orator. Diog. Alcinoe, a daughter of Sthenelus son of Perseus. Apoliod. 2, c. 4. Alcinor. Vid. Alcenor. Alcinous, son of Nausitlious and Periboea, was king of Phzeacia, and is praised for his love of agriculture. He married his niece Arete, by ■\\hom he had several sons and a daughter, Nausicaa. He kindly entertained Ulysses, who had been shipwrecked on his coast, and heard the recital of his adventures ; whence arose the proverb of the stories of Alcinous to denote improbability. Homer. Od. 7. — Orph. in Argon. — Virg. G. 2, v. 87. — Stat. I. Syl. 5, V. Si.— Juv. 5, v. 151. — Ovid. Am. 1. el. 10, v. 56. — Plato de Rep. 10. — Apoliod. 1, c. 9.- A son of Hippocoon. Apoliod. 3, c. 10. A man of Elis. Pans. A phi- losopher in the second centm-y, who wrote a book de Doctrind Platonis, the best edition of which is the 12mo. printed Oxon. 1G67. Alcioneus, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5. fab. 4. Alciphron, a philosopher of Magnesia, in the age of Alexander. There are some epistles in Greek, that bear his name, and contain a very perfect picture of the customs and manners of the Greeks. They are by some supposed to be the pro'duction of a writer of the 4th century. The only edition is that of Leips. 12mo. 1715, cum notis Ber- gleri. AtciFPE, a daughter of tlie god JIars, by Agraulos. She was ravished by Halirrhotius. Apoliod. 3, c. 14. The wife of Metion and mother to Eupalamus. Id, 5, c. 16. D 2 The AL AL ■ TTie daughter of (Enomaus, and wife of Evenus, by whom she had Maqjessa. A woman who brought forth an clepliant, Piin. 7. A countrywoman. yi>:ii- Eel. 7. Alcippus, a reputed citizen of Sparta, ba- nished by his enemies. He married Demo- crite, of whom I'lut. in Unit. Alcis, a daughter of yKgyptus. Apotlud. AiciTHOE, a Theban woman, who ridi- culed the orgies of Bacclius. Slie was changed iato a bat, and tlie spindle and yarn with which she worked, into a vine and ivy. Oind. Met. 4, fab. 1. Alcm.ko.v, was son of the prophet Am- phiarauu and Eriphyle. His fallier going to the Tlieban war, where, according to an oracle, he was to perish, charged hiin to re- renge his death upon Eriphyle, who had be- trayed him. [ riJ. Eriphyle.^ As soon as he heard of his father's deatli, he murdered his mother, for which crime the Furies per- secuted him till I'hlegeus purifictl him and gave him his daugliter Alphwsiboea in mar- riage. Aicma-oii gave her tJie fatal collar whidi his mother had received to betray his ftkther, and afterwards divorced her, and mar- ried Callirlioc tlie daughter of Achelous. to whom he promised tlie necklace which he had given to Alphesiboci. W'hi-n he attempted to recover it, AljihesilKra's brotliers mur- dered him on account of tlie treatment wliich lie had sliewn tlieir sister, and left his botly r. prey to dogs and wild beasts. AIctohjoh's children by (!allirhoe revenged tlieir fatlier's deatli by killing his murderers. [ I'id. Al- jthctihoca, Amphiaraiis. ] Paus. 5, c. 1 7, 1. ft. c. 1«. 1. 8, c. '21. — riut. dc- Ilixl. — ApoiM. .-. c. 7. — Hygin. fab. 73 & '2A5. — Stat. Thd). '-' & A. — Onil. Fast. '_', v. 44. Mrt. !i, fab. 10. A son of /Kgyptus, tlic husband of Hippomedusa. A/hiUuJ. — — A philoso- pher, disciple to ■ I'ytlia^^ras bon» in Cro- tona. He wrote on pliysic, and he was tiie first who dissected animals to examine into the structure of the human frame. Cic. rf? Kat. 1). a, c. -7. A son of the poet -^achylus, the 13th arciion of Athens A son of Syllus, driven from Messenia with the rest of Nestor's family, by Uie He- racUds. He came to Atliens, and from him the Alcmax)nidaj were descended. J'aus. 1, c. 18. ALCM*oNin.«, a noble family of AtJiens, descended from Alcmnron. Tliey underto<.»k for 300 talents to rebuild the temple of Del- phi, which Jiad been burnt, and they finished tlie work in a more splendid manner tlian was required, in consequence of whicli they gained popularity, and by tlieir influence tlie Pytliia prevailed upon the Laccdaemcnians to deliver their country from the tjTanny of the Pi^istratida;. Hcrodot. 5 & 6. — Thucvd. 6, r. 59. — riut. in Solon. Alc.man, a vciy ancient lyric poet, bom in Sardinia, and not at I.acedxmon, as some tupposc. Tic wiote in llic Doric dialect, 6 36 books of verses besides a play called Coljrm- bosas. He florished B. C. 670. and died of the lousy disease. Some of his verses are pre- served by Athemus and others. I'ltn. 11, c. 33. — Paus. 1. c. 41, 1. 3, c.15. — Arislot. Hist. Anim. 5, c. 31. Alcmkn'a, was daughter of Electryon king of Argos, by Anaxo, whom Plul. dc Rcb. Gra:c. calls Lysidiie, and Diod. I. ■2, Eurymede. Her father promised his crown and his daughter to Ampliitryon, if he woulil revenge the deatli of his sons, who had been all killed, except Licyinnius. by tiie Telebo- ans, a people of -Etolia. While Amphitry- on was gone against tlie .Etolians, Jupiter, who wus enamoured of Alcinena, resolved to introduce himself into her bed. The more effectually to insure success in his aniour, he assumed tlic fonn of Amphitryon, declared tliat he hail obtained a viLtoiy over Alcme- na's enemies, and even presented her with a cup, which he said he had preserved from the spoils for htr sake. Alcmena yielded to her lover what slie had promised to her fu- ture husband ; and Jupiter, to delay tlie re- turn of Amphitryon, ordered liis messenger, -Mercury, to stop the rising of I'nocLus, o* the sun, so tliat the night he passed with Alcmena was prolonged to three long nights. .Vmphitryon. returned llie next day; and after complaining of the coldness witli which he was received, Alcmena acquainted him witli the reception of a false lover tiie pre- ceding night, and even showed him tiie tup which slie had received. Amphitryon was peq>lcxcd at tlie relation, and more so upon missing tlie cup from among his spoils. He went to tlie prophet Tiresias, who told hira of Jupiter's intrigue ; and he returned to hi> wife proud of the dignity of his rival. .Mcniena became pregnant by Jupiter, and afterwards by her husband ; and when slie was going to bring fortli, Jupiter boasted in heaven, that a child i4K to be bom that day, t«)whora he would give absolute power over his neighbours, and even over all the children of his own blood. Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter '• amours with Alcmena, made him swear by the Styx, and imme- iliately prolonged the travails of Alcmena, and hastened tlie bringing fortli of die wife of Stlienelus king of Argos, who, after a pregnancy of seven months, had a son called EurystJieus. Ovid. Met. 8, fib. 5, &c. say« tliat Juno was assisted by Lucina to put oir tlie bringing fortli of Alcmena, and diat Lucina, in die form of an old woman, sat before the door of Amphitryon with her legs and amis crossed. This posttire wa» the cause of infinite tor.nent to Alcmena, till her ser\anf, Galanlhis supposing the old woman to be a witch, and to bo the cause of the jiains of her mistress, tnid her that she had brought forth. Lucina re- tired from her posture, and immain. I'ul'/h. I(\ Af.Ei-Aii.K, a royal family of Lari.ss,^ ia Tliessaly, do:^en«lcd from Aleuas, king of tl»at country, 'lliey l)etrayed. IK. — Jftrodnt. 7, c. 0, 17-'. — I'mts. 5, c. 8. 1. 7, C. 10. — .-Elian. Anim. S, c. 11. Ai.EKs, a son of Aphidjis king of Arcadia, famous for his skill in building temples, i'aus. 8, c. 1 & 53. Alkx, a river in tlie country of the Brutii. JDionys. J'crir^. Alexamesi's, nn JT^toJian, who killed Nabis. tyrant of f^acetlarmon, and was Mxm after murdered by the people. J.it: 35, c. 31. Ai.FXANnKK 1st, son of Amyntns. was the tentlikingof Macciluni^u He kilK."by his youn;;cr brother ]'ioleni\. who held the kingdom t"or four years, and made way for Perdiccas and I'hUip. Justin. 7, c. ,'5, bJiys Kurydice, the wife of Amyntas, was the cause of his murder. Alexander 3d, sumameil the Great, was son of Philip and Dlympias. He was born B.C. 535, tliat nii;ht on which the fa- mous temple of Diana at Kphesus was burnt by Eiostratus. This event, accordin*^ to tbo magicians, was an early projjnostic of his fu- ture preatness, as well as the taming of Bu- cephalus, ,•» horse wliicli none of the kinp's courtiei-s could manage ; upon which Philip said, with te.trs in his eyes, that his son must •eek anotluT kingilom, as that of Macedonia would not be sutticientjy large for the display 38 of his greatness. Oiymplas, during her preg- nancy, declared tliat she was with child by a dragon ; and tlie day that Alexander was born, two eagles perched for sonu- thne on the house of Philip, :ts if foretelling' diat his son would become master of Europe and Asia. He was pupil to Aristotle during five years, and he received !.is learned preceptor's instructions witli becoming deference and pleasure, and ever respected hli abiliues. When Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 1.5tli year, was left governor of Macedorua, where he quelled a dangerous sedition, and soon after followed his father to the fi'.ld. and s.ived his life in a battle. He was highly offended when Philip divorced Olympias to marry Cleopatra, and he even causitl the death of Attains, tlic new queen's brother. .Vfter this he retired from court to his mo- ther Olympi.Ts, but was recallen of their god, a:id en- joined his army t«» pay him divine honors. He built a town which he called Alexandria, on the western side of tlie Nile, near the coast of the Mediterranean, an eligible situation which his jKiietrating eye marked as l>est en- titled to Inxoine tlie future capital of his im- mense dominions, and to extend tlie com- merce of his subjects t'roin ilie Meiliterranean to the Ganges. His conquests were spread over India, where he fought with Poms, a powerful king of the country ; and after he hail invwled Scythia, and visited the Indian 1 ocean, he retired to Babylon, loatled with the spoils of the cast. His entering the city wa» foretold by the magicians as fat.il, and their prediction w.is fulfilled. He died at Babylon die 21st of April, in the .j'_'d year of his ajJie, after a reign of T' years and 8 months of brilliant and continued success, o'25 B.C. His de.atli was so premature that some have .ittributed it to the effects of poi- son, and excess of drinking. Aniipater has l>een accused of causing the fatal poison to be given him at a fea.^t ; and perhaps llie resentment of the Macedonians, whose scr- Tice« AL AL vices he seemed to forget, by entrusting the guard of his body to the Persians, was the cause of his death. He was so universally regretted, that Babylon was filled with tears and lamentations ; and the Medts and Ma- cedonians declared, that no one was able or worthy to succeeii him. Many conspiracies were fonned against him by tlie officers of hio snny, but they were all seasonably sup- pressed. His tender treatment of the wife and mother of kirv^ Darius, who were taken prisoi5°rs, has been greatly praised; and the i'diter, who had survived the death of her son, kiiitd herself when she heard that Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity more than once endangered his life ; he always fouf!;ht as if sure of victoi^, and the terror of i)is name was often more power- fully effectual than his arms. He v.'as al- ways forward in evei'y engagement, and bore the labors of the field as well as tiie meanest of his soldiers. During his conquests in Asia, he founded ma:iy cities, which he called Alexandria, after his own name. When he had conquered Darius, he ordered himself to be worshipped g.s a god; and Callistbenes, v/ho refused to do it, was shamefully put to death. He also mur- dered, at a banquet, his friend Clitus, who had once s^ved his life in a battle, because he enh:yed upon the virtues and exploits of Phil p, and preferred tiiem to tliosc of his son. K's victories and success encreased his pride ; lie dressed himself in the Per- sian manner, and giving himself up to plea- sure and dissipation, he set on fire the town of Per-.epolis, in a fit of madness and in- toxicaticn, encouraged by the courtezan Thais. Yet among all his extravagancies, he was fond of candor and of truth ; and when one of his officers read to him, as he sailed on the Hydaspet, an history which tie had composed of his wars wit.'i Porus, and in which he had too liberally panegyiized him, Alexander snatched the book from his hand, and threw it into the river, saying, " what need is there of such flattery i' are not the exploits of Alexander sufficiently meritorious in themselves, without the co- lorings of falsehood." He in like manner rejected a statuary, who offered to cut mount Athos like him, and represent him as hold- ing a town in one hand, and pouring a river from the other. He forbade any statuary to make his statue except Lysippus, and any painter to draw his pictiu-e except Apelles. On his death-bed he gave his ring to Perdic- cas, and it was supposed that by this singular present, he wished to make him his successor. Some time before his death, his officei's asked him whom he appointed to succeed iiim on the throne ; and he answered, the worthiest among you ; but I am afraid, added he, n.y best friends vrill perform my funeral obse- quies with bloody hands. Alexander, with all his pride, was humane and liberal, easy 39 and familiar with his friends, a great patron of learning, as may be collected from his assisting Aristotle with a purse of money to effect the completion of his natural history. He was brave often to raslmcss ; he frequent- ly lamented that his father conquered every thing, and left him nothing to do ; and ex- claimed in all the pride of regal dignity, give me kings for com.petitors, and I will en- ter the lists at OljTnpia. All his family and infant clnldren were put to death by Cas- sander. The first deliberation that was made after his decease, among his generals, was to appoint his brother Philip Aridseus successor, until Roxane, who was then pregnant by him, brought into the world a legitimate heir. Perdiccas wished to be supreme regent, as Aridjsus wanted capacity ; ;>nd, more strongly to istablisL himself, he mairied Cleopatra, Alexander's sister, and made alliance with Etimenes. As he endeavoured to deprive Ptolemy of Egypt, he was defeated in a battle by Selcucus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river Nile, and assassinated by his owr. cavalry. Perdiccas was the first of Alexander's generals who took up arms against his fellow-soldiers, and he was the first who fell a sacrifice to his rashness and cruelty. To defend himself against him, Ptolemy made a treat}- of alliance with some generals, among whom was Antipatcr, who had strengthened himself by giving his daugh- ter Phila, an ambitious and aspiring woman, in marriage to Craterus, another of the ge- nerals cf Alexander. After many dissen- sions and bloody wars among themselves, the generals of Alexander laid the foundation of several great empire^ in the three quarters of the globe. Ptolemy seized Egypt, where he firrnly established himself, and where his suc- cessors were called Ptolemies, in honor of the founder of their empire, which subsisted till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his posterity reigned in Babylon and Syria. An- tigonus at first established himself in Asia Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The descendants of Antipater were conquered by the successors of Antigonus, who reigned in Macedonia till it v/as reduced by the Romans in the time of king Perseus. Lysimachus made himself master of Thrace ; and Leo- natus, who had talien possession of Phrygia, meditated for a while to drive Antipater from -Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in Cappadocia, but was soon overpowered by the combinations of his rival Antigonus, and stajTed to death. During his life-time, Eumenes appeared so fbi-midable to the sue-- 'cessors of Alexander, that none of them dared to assume the title of king. Curt. Ar- rian. ^- Plut. have wiitten an account of Alexanider's life. Diod. 17 Si 18. — Pnus. 1, 7, 8, 9 Justin. 11 & 12. —- FaZ. Max. — Strab. 1, &c. A son of Alexander the Great, by Ro.xane, put to deatli, with his motlier, by Cassander. Justin. 15, c. 'i. D. 4 A man. AL AL A man, whcs after the expulsion of Tele^tes, reigned in Corinth. Twenty-five years after, Telestc's dispossesbctl him, and put him to death. A son of Cassandir, king of Mace- donia, who reigned two years conjointly witli his l)r(>tJier Antipater, and was prevented by Lysiniachus from revenging his mother Thessalonica, whom Iiis lirotlier had murdered. Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, put him to death. Justin. 16, c. 1. — Paus.9, c. 7. A king of Epirus. brotJur to Olympias, and suc- cessor to Arybas. He lianished Timolaus to Peloponnesus, and made war in Italy against the Itoinar.s, and observed that he fought ■with men, wliiie his nephew, Alexander ilie Great, was ligliting with an army of women (meaning tlie Persians). He was siu-named Molossus. Juiiin. 17, c. 3. — JDiW. 16. — Liv. 8, c. 17 & 'J7.—Sirab. 16 A son of Pyrrhus, was king of Epirus. He con- quered Maci lioiiia, from wiiich he was ex- pelled by Dcmttrius. He recovered it by tlie assistaiue of tJic Acarnanians. Justin. as, C.3. — rhii.iii I'yrrli. A king of Syria, e llirone, in preference to his brother Ptolemy Latiiurus, and reigned conjointly with liim. • C.eo|>atra, however, expelled him, and soon after recalled him ; and Alexander, to prevent being expelled a second time, put h'*r to deuLii, and for tliis unnatural action was himself murdered by one of his subject-*. Joseph. 13. Ant. Jiid. c. 20, &c. — Justin. 39, c. 3& 4. — Piius. 1, c. 9 Ptolemy 2d, king of Egypt, wa.-. son of the preceding. He was educated in tlie island of Cos, and falling into the hands of Mifliridates, ese-aped to Sylla, who n'stored him to his kingdom. He was murdered Ijy his subjects a few days after his restoration. Appian. 1. LAI. Civ. Ptolemy 3d, was king of Egypt, after Lis brotlier Alexander the last mentioned. After a peaceful reign, he was banished by his subjects, and died at Tyre, B. C. 65, leaving his kingdom to the Roman people. Vid. jF.gifptua i\- I'tntr-merus. Cic. pro Hiitl. A yout!i, ordered by Alexander the Great to climb the rock .\ornus, witli thirty other youtlis. He was killed in Uie attempt. ' Curt. 8, c. 11 \n liistorian meii'ioned by Pint, in Mnrio. —— \n Epicurean philo- sopher. Plut. \ governor of ^Eolia, who assembled a nudtitude on pretence of slicw- ing tljein an uncommon spectacle, and con- fined thi-in till they had each bought their liberty with a sum of money. Vo'.yam. Q, c 10.— —A name given to Paris, son of Priam. Vid. Paris. Jannaeus, a kingof Judea, son of Hyrcanus, and brother of Aristobulus, who reigned as a tyrant, and died through excess of drinking, B. C. "H, after massacring 800 of his subjects for tlie entertainment of his con- cubines. A Paphlagonian, who gained di- vine honors by Us magical tricks and impo-. silions, and likewise procured the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. He died 70 years old. — A. native of Caria, in the 3d centnry, who wrote a commentary on the writings of Aris- totle, part of which is still extant.^ Tralii- anus, a physician and philosopher of tlie -Jih centur)', some of who^e works in Greek are still extant. A poet of -litolia, in tlie at^e of Ptolemy Philaiielphus. A peripatetic philosopher, said to have been preceptor to Nero. .An historian, called also Pdyhistor, who wrote five books on the Roman rejniblic. in wiiich he said iliat the Jews liad received their laws, not from God, but from a woman whom he calletl Moso. He also wrote treatises on tlie Pythagorean philosophy, li.C 88. — : — A poet of Ephesus w-ho wrote a poem on astro- nomy and geography. \ writer of Myn- dus, quoted by Atlien. and ^flluii}.——\ so- phist of Scleuria, in the age of .Antoninus.—— .\ physician in the age of Justinian. A. Tliessalian, who, as he was going to engage in a naval batde, gave to his soldiers a great num- l>cr of missile weapons, and ordered them to dart them continually upon the encmr, to render their numbers useles.s. Polifoif. 6, c. 27 .\ son of Lysimachus. Poly^n. €, c. 1 13. .\ governor of Lycia, who brought a reinforcement of troops to .-Mexander the Great. Curt. 7, c. 10 A son of Poly- perchon, killed in Asia by tlic Dynurans. Ihod. 18 & 19. .\ poet of PUuron, son of Satyrus and Stratock-a, who said that Theseus had a daugiiter called I]ihigetiia, by Helen. Paus. *i, c. i?2. .\ .Spartan, killed with two hundred of his soldiers by the At- gives, when he endeavoured to prevent their pa.ssing through the countrj- of Tegca. 7>W. 15 .\ cruel tjTjmt of Pherir, in Thes- ady, who made war against the Macedonians, and took Pelopidas prisoner. He was mur- dered, li.C. 357, by his wife called Thebe, whose room he carefidly guarded by a Thracian sentinel, and searchetl everj- night, fearful of some dagger that might be concealed to take awavhis life. Cic. dc Jni: 2, c. -19. de Off. 2, c. %—Val. Jl/rix. 9, c. \3.—Plut. S,- C. Krp. in Pel op.— Paus. 6. c. 5.—Diod. 15 c. 25. 'AuLiU* AL AL Alil-ei, a people of Arabia Felix. Alimevtl's, C. an hibtorinn in tlie second Punic ^^■;'.r. who wrote in Greek an account of Annilial, besides a treatise on niilitar)' atlairs. Liv. '-M & oO. Ai.iND.«, a town of Caria. Arrian. Alipheria, a town of Arcadia, situate on a hill. Polijb. 4, c. 77. Ai.iRROTimis, a son of Neptune. Hearing that bis father had been defeated by Minerva, in his dispute about giving a name to Athens, he went to the citadel, and endeavoure%ar. JiiltiT, Miirilinne, PannuniiP. Pen- niti/r, Pati/r, Hlurtitr, TriiLiidtitr. Vitteter. A traveller is generally five days in reach- ing tlie top in some parts. Tliey were sup- posed for a long time to be impassable. Hannibal marched bis army over them, and made hi> way tlirough rocks, by softening and breaking tlicm witli vinegar. They were inhabited by fierce uncivilized na- tions, wl'.o were unsubdued till the age of Augustus, who to eterniie tlie victorv wliich he liad AL A L had obtained over them, erected a pillar in their ten-itory. Slrab. 4 & 5. — Lio. 21, c. 55. — Juv. 10, V. 151. — Horat. 2, Sat. 5, v. 41. — Lucan. 1, v. 185. — Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 55. Alpheia, a surname of Diana in Elis, It was given her when the river Alpheus endeavoured to ravish her without success. A surname of tlie nym)jii Arethusa, because loved by the Alpheus. Ovid. Met. 5, V. 487. Ai-PHENOR, one of Niobe's sons. Ovid. Met. 6. fab. 6. ALPHE>fus. Vid. Aifenus. Alphesibcea, daughter of the river Phle- geus, married Alcmaion, son of Amphiai-aus, who had fled to her father's court after the murder of his motlier. [F/t/. Alcmaeon.] She received as a bridal present, the famous neck- lace which Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to induce her to betray her husband Amphiaraus. Alcmaeon being persecuted by the means of his mother, left his wife by order of the oracle, and retirjd near the Achelous, whose daughter Calliniioe had two sons by him, and begged of him, as a present, the necklace which was tht;n in the hands of Alphesibcea. He endeavoured to obtain it, and was killed by Temenus and Axion, Alphesiboea's bro- thers, who thus revenged their sister, ^vho had been so innocently abandoned. Hygin. fab. 244. — Propert. 8,' el. 15, v. 15 Fans. 8, c. 24. Alphesibceus, a shepherd, often men- tioned in Virgil's eclogues. Alpheus, now j4lplieo, a famous river of Peloponnesus, which rises in Arcadia,and after passing through Elis ftills into the sea. The god of this river fell in love with the njinph Arethusa, and pursued her till she was changed into a fo mtain by Diana. The fountain Are- thusa is in Ortygia, a small island near SjTa- cuse ; and tlie ancients affirm, that the river Alpheus passes under the sea from Pelopon- nesus, and without mingling itself with the salt waters, rises again in Ortygia, and joins the stream of Arethusa. If any thing is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, according to their traditions, it will re-appear, after some time, swimming on the waters of Arethusa, near Sicily. Hercules made use of the Alpheus to clean the stables of Augeas. Strab. 6. — Virg. jEn. 5, V. 694 — Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 10. — Lucan. 5, v. 176. — Stat. Theb. 1&4 Mela, 2, c. 7. — Pavs. 5, c. 7. 1. 6, c. 21 Marcellin. 25 — Plin. 2, c. 105. Alphius, or Alfeus, a celebrated usurer, ridiculed in Horat. Epod. 2. Alphius Avitus, a writer in the age of Severus, who gave an account of illustrious men, and an liistory of the Carthaginian war. AlpLvus, belonging to the Alps. Virg. jEn. 4, v. 442. Alpinus (Cornelius), a contemptible poet, whom Horace ridicules for the aukward manner in which he introduces the death of 45 Mcmnon in a tragedy, and die pitifid style with which he describes tlie Rhine, in an epic poem which he attempted on the wars in Germany. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 36. JuUus one of the chiefs of the Helvetii. Tacit. Hint. I, c. 68. Alpis, a small river falling into the Danube. Alsium, a maritime town at tlie west of the Tiber, now Statua. Sil. 8. Alsus, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, flovnngfiom mount Sipylus. Pans. 7, c. 27. A shepherd dm'ing the Rutulian wars. Virg. xEn. 12, V. 304. Althaea, daughter of Tliestius and Eu- rythemis, married CEneus, king of Calydon, by whom she had many children, among whom was IVIeleager. When Althaea brought forth Meleagci-, the Parcae placed a log of wood in the fire, and said, that as long as it was preserved, so long would the life of the child just born be prolonged. The mother saved the wood from the flames, and kept it very carefully ; but when Meleager killed Ids two uncles, Althaea's brothers. Althaea, to re- venge their death, threw the log into the fire, and as soon as it was burnt, Meleager expired. She was afterwards so soiTy for the death which she had caused, that she killed herself, unable to survive her son. Vid. Me- leager. Ovid. Met. S,fab. 4. — Homer. II. 9. — Pens. 8, c. 45. 1. 10, c. 31. — Apollod. 1, c. 8. .Alth^menes, a son of Creteus king of Crete. Hearing that either he or his bro- thers were to be their father's murderers, he fled to Rhodes, where he made a settlement, to avoid becoming a parricide. After the deadi of all his other sons, Creteus went after his son Altha-menes; when he landed in Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him, supposing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of his own son. When Althsemenes knew that he had killed his fa- tlier, he entreated the gods to remove him, and the earth immediately opened, and swal- lowed him up. Apollod. 3, c. 2. AltJnum, a florishing city of Italy, near Aquiieia, famous for its wool. Martial, 14, ep. 25. — Pli-n. 5, c. 18. Altis, a sacred grove round Jupiter's temple at Olympia, where the statues of the OljTnpic conquerors were placed. Pans. 5, c. 20, &c. Altus, a city of Peloponnesus. Xenoph, Hist. GrcBc. Aluntium, a town of Sicily. Plin. 5, c. 8. — Cic. in Verr. 4. Alus, Aluus, & Halus, a village of Arcadia, called also the temple of jEsculapius. Paus. 8, c, 25. Alyattes I. a king of Lydia, descended from the Heraclida?. He reigned 57 years. II. king of Lydia, of the family of the Merm- nada;, was father to Crcesus. He drove the Cimmerians from Asia, and made war against the Medcs. He died when engaged in a war against AM A >r against Miletus, after a reign of 35 years. A monument was raised on his gravo with the money which the women of Lydia had obtained by prostitution. An eclipse of the sun terminated a battle between him and Cyaxares. Herodot. 1, c. IG, 17, &c. — Strab. 13 Alyba, a country near Mysia. Homer. H. 2. Alycjra, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 27. Alycjf.vs, son of Sciron, was killed by Tlieseus. A place in Megara received its iiame from hini. Plut. in Thcs. Alymox, the liusband of Circe. Alyssus, a fountain of Arcadia, wliosc waters could cure tlie bite of a mad dog. I'aus. 8, c. 19. Ai.YXOTHOE, or Alkxirhoe, daughter of Djnnus, was mother of ^T2sacus by Priam. Ovid. Met. IJ, V. 765. Altzia, a touTi of Acarnania on the western mouth of tlie Achelous, opposite to the Echinades. Cic. ad Fnm. \6, rp. 2. AMADonrs, a king of Tlirace, defeated by his antagonist Seuthes. Aiiilot. 5. PoUt. 10. AMAc;r, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable for her justice and fortitude. Polyecn. H, c. 56. Amaltu.t.a, daughter of Melissus king of Crete, fed Jupittr with goat's milk. Hence some authors have called her a goat, and have maintained that Jupiter, to reward her kind- nesses, placed her in heaven as a constellation, and gave one of her horns to die njnnphs who had taken care of his infant years. This liorn was called the horn of plenty, and had tlie power to give the nymphs wliatevcr they desired, jyiod. 3, 4, iS: 5. — Oiid. Fast. 5, v. ] 13. — Strab. 10 Jli/giii. fab. 159. — Paus. 7, c. 20". A Sibyl of Cumap, called also Hierophiie and Demophile. tjhc is supposed to be the same who brought nine books of prophecies to Tarquin king of Rome, &c. Varro.—Tihul. 2, d. 5, v. 61. [ Vld. Sibylla.] Amaltheusi, a public place which At- ticus had opened in his country house, called Amalthea in Epirus, and provided with every thing which could furnisli entertainment and convey instruction. Cic. ad Attn: 1, <•/). 15. Amaka or Amani-s, part of mount Tau- rus in Cilicia. Lucan. 3, v. 244. Cn'. Sai,. Amandus, a rebel general un- der Dioclcsian, who assumed imperial honors, and was at last conquered by Dioclesian's col- league. Amaktes or Amantini, a people of Illy- ricum descended from tlic Abantes of ITiocia. Ca/Umach. Amanijs, one of the deities worshipped in Armenia and Cappadocia. Strab. 11. A mountain in Cilicia. Amaracus, an officer of CinjTas, changed into marjoram. Amardi, a nation near the Caspian sea. Hda, i, c. 5. 44 Amartis, a city of Greece. Uumr-. Hymn, in ApoU. Amarylms, the name of a country wo- man in A'irgil's eclogues. Some commentators have supposed, that tlie poet spoke of Rome under this fictitious appellation. Amary.vcei's, a king of the Epeans, buried at Buprasium. Strab. S.—Paiu. 8, c. 1. Amarynthi-s, a village in Eubeea, whence Diana is cidled Amarysia, and her festivals in that town Amar}nthia. Euboea is some- times called Ani.arynthus. Paus. I, c. 31. Am AS, a mountain of Laconia. Paus. 5. Amasknis, a small river of Latium fall- ing into the Tyrrhene sea. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 0-35. Amasia, a city of Pontus, where Mitliri- dates the great, and Strabo the geographer, were born. Strab. 13. — Plin. 6, c. 3. Amams, a man wlio, from a common sol- dier, became king of Egypt. He made war against Arabia, and died before the invasion of his country by Canibyses king of Persia. He made a law tliat every one of his sub- jects should yearly give an account to the public magistrates, of the manner in which he supportctl himself. He refused to continue in alliance with Polycratcs the tyrant of Sa- moa, on account of his uncommon prosperity. When Canibyses came into Egypt, he ordered the body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be insulted and burnt ; an action wliich was very oflenaive to the religious notions of the Egyp- tians. Herodot. 1, 2, 3. A man who led tlie Persians against the inhabitants of Barce. Herodot. 4, c. 201, &c. Amastkis, the wife of Dionysius tJie ty- rant of Sicily, was sister to Darius, whom Alexander conquered. Strab. Also, the wife of Xerxes, king of Persia. [ Vid. Ame- stris.] A city of Paphlagonia, on tlie Eus- ine sea. CatuH. Amastrus, one of the auxiliaries of Per- ses, against ^T^etes king of Colchis, killed by Argils, son of Phryxus. place, fl, v. 544. A friend of iEneas, killed by Camilla in tlie Rutulian war. Virg. jEn. 11. v. 613. " Amata, the wife of king Latinus. She had betrothed her daughter I.avinia to Tur- nus, before the arrival of -Eneas in Italy. She zealously favored the interest of Turnus, and when her daughter was given in marriage to JEneaa, she liung herself to avoid the sight of her son-in-law. Virg. ^'En. 7, &c. Amathts, (gen. untis) now Limisso, a city on the southern side of the island of Cj'prus. particularly dedicated to Venus. The island is sometimes called Amathusia, a name not iinfrequcntly applied to the goddess of the place. Virg. ^n. 10, v. 51. — Ptol. 5, c 14. Amaxampkcs, a fountain of Scythia, whose waters imbitter the stream of the riTer Hy- panis. Herodot. 4, c. 52. Amaxia or Amaxiia, an ancient town of AM A M of Troas. — A place of Cilicia abounding with wood fit for building ships. Plin. 5, c. 9.—Strab. 14. AsfAZKNES or Mazenes, a prince of the island Oaractus, who sailed for some time witb the Macedonians and Nuarchus in Alexander's expedition to tlie east. Arnan. in Indie. Amazones or Amazonides, a nation of famous women who lived near the river Ther- modon in Cappadocia. All their life was employed in wars and manly exercises. They never had any commerce with the other sex ; but, only for the sake of propagation, they visited the inhabitants of the neighbouring country for a few days, and the male children which they brought forth were given to the fathers. According to Justin, they were strangled as soon as bom, and Diodorus says that they maimed them and distorted their limbs. The females were carefully educated with their mothers, in the labors of tlie field ; their right breast was burnt off that they might hurl a javelin with more force, and make a better use of the bow ; from that «ircumstance, therefore, tlieir name is derived (« non, fix^a mamvia). They founded an ex-^ tensive empire in Asia Minor, along the shores of the Euxine, and near the lliermodon. TTiey were defeated in a battle near the Thermodon, by the Greeks ; and some of them migrated beyond the Tanais, and ex- tended their territories as far as the Caspian sea Themyscyra was the most capital of their towns ; and Smyrna, Magnesia, Thyatira, and Ephesus, according to jome authors, were built by them. Diodorus, 1. 3, mentions a nation of Amazons in Africa, more ancient than those of Asia. Some authors, among whom is Strabo, deny the existence of the Amazons, and of a republic supported and governed by women, who banished or extirpated all their males ; but Justin and Diodorus particularly support it ; and the latter says, that Penthesilea, one of their queenr,, came to the Trojan war on the side of Priam, and that she was killed by Achilles, and from that time the glory and character of the Amazons gradually decayed, and was totally forgotten. The Amazons of Africa fiorished long before tlie Trojan war, and many of their actions have been attri- buted to those of Asia. It is said, that after they had subdued almost all Asia, they invaded Attica, and were conquered by Theseus. Their most famous actions were their expe- dition against Priam, and afterwards the as- . sistance they gave him during the Trojan war ; and their invasion of Attica to punish The- seus, who had carried away Antiope, one of their queens. TTiey were also conquered by Bellerophon and Hercules. Among their queens, Hippolyte, Antiope, Lampeto, Mar- pesia, &c. are famous. Curtius says, that Thalestiis, one of their queens, came to Alex- ander, whilst he was pursuing bis conquests in Asia, for the sake of raisir.g- children from a 45 man of such military reputation ; and that after she had remained 13 days with him, she retired into her country. The Amazons were such expert archers, that, to denote the goodness of a bow or quiver, it was usual to call it Amazonian. Virg. JEn, 5, v. 311.— Jornand. de Reb. Get. c. 7. — Philostr. Icon. 2, c. 5. — Justin. 2, c. 4. — Curt. G, c. 5.—^Plin. 6, c. 7. 1. 14, c. 8. 1. 56', c. S.—Herodot. 4, C. 110. — Strab. 11. — Diod. 2. — Dionys. Hal. 4. — Pans. 7, c. 2. — Plut. in IVies — Apollod. 2, c. 3 & 5.—Hj/gin. fab. 14 & 163. Amazonia, a celebrated mistress of the emperor Commodus. The country of the Amazons, near the Caspian sea. Amazoniijm, a place in Attica, where Theseus obtained a victory over the Ama- zons. Amazonius, a surname of Apollo at La- cedaemon. Ambarri, a people of GalUa Celtica, on the Arar, related to the iEdui. Cces. beU. G. 1, c. 11. Amearvalia, a joyful procession round the ploughed fields, in honor of Ceres, the goddess of corn. There were two festivals of that name celebrated by the Romans, one about the month of April, the other in July. They went three times round their fields crowned with oak leaves, singing hjTnns to Ceres, and entreating her to preserve their corn. The word is derived ab ambiendis arvis, going round the fields. A sow, a sheep, and a bull, called ambarvalitx hostia;, were after- wards immolated, and the sacrifice has some- times been called suovetaurilia, from sus, ovis, zndtaurus. Virg. G. 1, v. 339 & 345. — Tib. "2, el. 1, V. 19.— Cato de R.P. c. 141. Ambenl's, a mountain of European Sar- matia. Flacc. 6, c. 85. Ambialites, a people of Gallia Celtics. Cecs. bell. G. 3, c. 9. Ambianuji, a town of Belgitmi, now Amiens. Its inhabitants conspired against J. Ca;sar. Cas. 2, bell. G. c. 4. Ambiatinum, a village of Germany, where the emperor Caligula was born. Sue- ton, in Cal. 8. Ampigatus, a king of the Celtae, in the time of Tarquinius Priscus. Seeing tlie great population of his country, he sent his tvfO nephews, Sigovesus and Bellovesus, with two colonies, in quest of new settle- ments ; the former towards the Hercynian woods, and the other towards Italy. Liv. 5, c. 54, &c. Ambiorix, a king of the Eburones in Gaul. He was a great enemy to Rome, and was killed in a battle with J. Caesar, in which 60,000 of his countrymen were slain. Ctss. bell. G. 5, c. 11, 26. 1. 6, c. 50. Ambivius, a man mentioned by Cicero de Senect. Amblada, a town of Pisidia. Slrab. Ambracia, a city of Epirus near the Acheron, tlie residence of king fyrrhiis. Augustus, A M A IM Augustus, after the battle of Actium, called it Nicopolis. Mela, 2, c. 3. — Pl'm. 4, c. 1. — Poli/b. -1, c. 6.3. — Strab. 10. Ambracius Sinus, a bay of the Ionian sea, near Ambracia. about 300 stadia deep, narrow at the entrance, but within near 100 stadia in breadth, and now called the gulph of Larta. Polyb. 4, c. 63. — Meia, i?, c. 5. — Ftor.A, C. U.—Strah. 10, Ambri, an Indian nation. Justin. 12, c, 9. Ambroses, certain nations of Gaul, who lost their posse-isions by the inundntioii of the sea, and lived upon rapine and plunder, whence the word Atiihrones implied a dis- honorable meaning. They were conquered by-Marius. I'lut. in Marin. Ambrosia, festivals observed in honor of Bacchus, in some cities in Vtrc^cz. They were the same as the Brunialia t>f the Romans. One of the daughters of Atlas, changed into a constellation after deatli The food of tlie gods was called amhroaii, and their drink nectar. The word signifies inunortal. It bad the power of giving immortality to all those who eat it- It wxs sweeter thiin honey, and of a most odoriferous srncll ; and it is said, that Berenice the wife of Ptoloiny Soter, was saved from death by eating ambrosia given her by Venus. Titonus was made immort.il by Au- rora, by eating am}>rosia ; and in like manner Tantalus and Pelops, who, on account of their impiety had been driven from heaven, and compelled to die upon earth. It hud the power of healing wounds, and therefore Apollo, in Homer's Iliad, savi-s .SaryK-don's body froni putref.icuon, by rubbing it witli ambrosia ; and Venus also heals the wuunds of her son, in Virgil's yf.neid, witli it. Tlie gods used generally to perfume their hair with ambrosia, as Juno when she adorned herself to captivate Jupiter, and Venu* when she appe.-ired to -tneas. Homer. It. 1. 14. I^, Sc 24. — Lucian. dc flfii Si/ri. 100. — Theocrit. Id. 15. — V'ir<:. .fin. I. v. 407. !. 12, V. 419. — Ovid. Met. 'J Pindar. 1, Olymp. Ambrosius, bishop of Milan, obliged the emperor Theodosins to maike penance for the nuirder of the people of Thessalonica, and di^ tinguished himself by Lis wTJtings, espo'-iailv against the Arians. His 3 books dr oj/iciis are still extant, besides 8 hymns on the creation. His style is not inelegant, but his dit*tion is sen- tentious, his opinions eccentric, though his subject is diversified by copiousness of tiiougtit. He died A. D. 597. The best edition of his works is tliat of the Benedictines, 2 vols. fol. Paris, leac. Ammryon, a man who wrote the life of Theocritus of Chio^. Diop. A»iBRYssi;s, a city of Phocis, which re- ceives its name from a hero of the same name. Pans. 10, c. 35. AmbC'baj.k, Syrian women of immnral Utcs, who in the eissolute period of lionie, 46 attended festivals .nnd assemblies as minstrels. The name is derived by some from Sj-riau words, which signify a flute. Hurat. 1, Sat. 2. — Suet, in Xer. 27. Amri'i.u, a surname of Castor and Pollux, in Sparta. Amki.es, a river of hell, whose waters no vessel could contain. Plut. 10. de Hrp. Amenancs, a river of Sicily, near mount JEtna, now GuiliceUo. Strab. .^. AjiEViDEs. a secretary- of Darius the last king of Persia. Alexander set him over the Arimaspi. Curt. 7. c. 3. A-MENorLEs, a Corinthisn, said to be the first Grecian who built a three-oared galley at Samos and Corinth. T/iuri/d. I, c. 13. Ameria, a ci^ of Unibria, whose osier, {amerituc snlict's) were famous for the binding of vines to the elm trees. Plin. 3, c. 14. — firff. G. 1. v. 265. .\mestbatiis, a town of Sicily, near the Halesus. The Romans besiegeil it for seven months and it yielded at last .ifter a third siege, and the inhabitants were sold as slaves. Polyb. 1, c. 24. AktzsTRis. queen of Persia, was wife to Xerxes. She cruelly treated the inotlier of Artiante, her husband's niistres«, and cut otf her nose, e;us, lips, bnast, tongue, and eye- brows. .She also buri.-Hi .alive 14 noble Per- sian youths, to appease the deitii's under the earth. JferodiU. 7, c. 61. 1. 9, c. 1 ! 1. A dauKhterof Oxyartes, wife to Lysimachus. JDiod. 2«X Am;i'A, a .ity of Mesopotamia, besieged ind takcTi by Sapor, king of Persia. .-im- niian. 19. Amilcar, a Carthaginian general of great eloquence and cunnir.g, siimamed Rhodanus. \Micn the .Athenians were afraid of Alex- ander, Amilcar went to his camp, gain«?d his cor.ridence, and secretly tronsmittrd an account of all his schemes to Athens. Trofnis. 21, c. S. A Carthaginian, whom the .Vyrarvsans called to their asuist.iuce against the t;,Tanf Agathocler., who l)esicged their city. Amilcar soon iifter favored llie interest of Agathocles, for whtch he was accuseellion of slaves, w-ho had besieged Carthage, and taken many towns of Atrica, and rendered themselves so fonnidable to the Cartliagirians that diey begged and obtained assislani"e from Rome. After tliis. he passed into Sp.iin with his son Annibal, who was but nine years of age, and laid the found.ition of the town of Barcelona. He was killed in a battle against the Vettones, B. C. 237. He had fonned the plan of an invasion of Italy, by crossing the Alps, which his son afterwards carrie. in Fit. — Liv. 21. c. 1. — Poli/b. 2.— Flut. in Annib A Carthaginian general, who assisted the Insubres against Rome, and was taken by Cnl Cornelius. Liv. 32, c. 30. 1. 33, c. 8. A son of Hanno, de- feated in Sicily by Gelon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated at Salamis by The- mistocles. He burnt himself, that his body might not be found among the slain. Sa- crifices were offered to him. Herodot. 7, c. 165, &c. AmIlos, or Amilus, a river of Mauri- tania, where the elephants go to wash them- selves by moonshine. Plin. 8, c. 1 A town of Arcadia. Pans, in Arcadic. Amimoke, or Amyjione, a daughter of Danaus, changed into a fountain which is near Argos, and flows into the lake Lerna. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 240. Aminea, or Amminea, a part of Cam- pania, whei'e the inhabitants are groat hus- bandmen. Its wine was highly esteemed. Virg. G. 2, V. 97. A place of Thessaly. Aminias, a famous pirate, whom Anti- gonus employed against Apollodorus tyrant of Cassandi-ea. PolycEu. 4, c. 18. Aminius, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 30. Aminocles, a native of Corinth, who florished 705 B. C. &c. Amisena, a country of Cappadocia. Strab. 12. Amisias, a comic poet, whom Aristo- phanes ridiculed for his insipid verses. Amissas, an officer of Megalopolis in Alexander's army. Curt. 10, c. 8. Amiterkum, a tovm of Italy, where Sal- lust was bom. The inhabitants assisted Tur- nus against ^neas. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 7 10. — Plm. 3, c. 5. — Liv. 28, c. 45. Amithaon, or Amythaon, was fatlier to Melampus the famous prophet. Stat. Theb. 3, V. 451. Ammalo, a festival in honor of Jupiter in Greece. Ammianus. Vid. Marcellinus. Ammon & Hammon, a ftame of Jupiter, worshipped in Libya. He appeared under tke form of a ram to Hercules, or according to others, to Bacchus, who, with his army, isuffered the greatest extremities for want of water, in the deserts of Africa, and showed him a fountain. Upon this Bacchus erected a temple to his father, under the name of Ju- piter Amnion, i. e. sandy, with the horns of a. ram. The ram, according to some, was made a constellation. The temple of Jupiter Ammon was in the deserts of Libya, nine days journey from Alexandria. It had a famous oracle, which, according to ancient tradition, was established about 18 centuries before tlie time of Augustus, by two doves which flew 47 away from lliebais in Egypt, and came, one to Dodona, and the otlier to Libya, where the people were soon informed of their divine mis- sion. The oracle of Hammon was consulted by Hercules, Perseus, and otlieis ; but when it pronounced Alexander to be rhe son of Jupiter, such flattery destro) ed its long esta- blished reputation, and in the age of Plutarch it was scarce known. The situation of the temple was pleasant ; and according to Ovid. Met. 15, V. 510. — Liicret. 6, v. 147 Herodot. in Melpom. — Curt. 4, c. 7. there was near it a fountain whose waters were cold at noon, and midnight, and warm in tlie morning and even- ing. There were above 100 priests in the temple, but only the elders delivered oracles. Tliere was also an oracle of Jupiter Ammon in ^Ethiopia. Plin. 6, c. 29. — Strab. 1, 11,& 17. — Plut. cur orac. edi desierint, ^; in Isid, — Curt. 6, c. 10. 1. 10, c. 5. — Herodot. 1, c. 6. 1. 2, c. 52 & 55. 1. 4, c. 44. — Pans. 5, c. 18. 1. 4, c. 25. — Hi/gin. fab. 133. Poet. Asl. 2, c. 20. — Justin. 1, c. 9. 1. 11, c. ]]. A king of Libya, father to Bacchus. He gave his name to the temple of Hammon, accord ing to Diod. 8. Ammon & Brotiias, two brothers fa- mous for their skill in boxing. Ovid. Met. 5, V. 107. Ammonia, a name of Juno in Elis, as being tlie wife of Jupiter Ammon. Pans. 5, c. 15. Ammonii, a nation of Africa, who derived their origin from the Egyjitians and jEtbiopi- ans. Their language was a rnixtm-e of that of the two people from whom they were de- scended. Herodot. 2, 3, &- 4. Ammonius, a christian philosopher, who opened a school of Platonic philosophy at Alexandria, 232 A. D. and had amongst his pupils Origen and Plotinus. His treatise Xli^i Oftoiuv was published in 4to. by Valc- kenaer, L. Bat. 1739. A wTiter who gave an account of sacrifices, as also a treatise on the harlots of Athens. Athen. 13. An Athenian general surnamed Barcas. Po- lyb. 5. AivrMOTiiEA, one of (he Nereides. Hesijd. Theog. Amnias, a river of Bithynia. Appian. dc hell. Mithr. AmnTsus, a port of Gnossus, at the north of Crete, wiUi a small river of the same name, near which Lucina had a temple. The nymphs of the place were called Amriisiades. Callirn. Amceb^us, an Athenian player of great reputation, who sung at'the nuptials of De- metrius and Nicaea. Polycsn. 4, c. C. AMOMJixus, a Greek historian. Plin. 6, c. 17. Amor, the son of ^''cnus, was the god of Love. Vid. Cupido. Amorges, a Persian general, killed in Caria, in the reigu of Xerxes. Herodat. 5, c. 121, Amorcos, AM AM Amorgos, an island among the Cyclades, Uhere Simonides was bom. litrab. 10. Ampelijs, a promontory of Samoa. A town of Crete, — Macedonia, Liguria,^-& Cyrene. .\ favorite of Bacchus, son of a satyr and a nymph, made a constellation after death. OvU. Fast. 5, v. 407. Ampei.Osia, a promontory of Africa, in Mauritania. Mi'la, 1, c. 5 & 6. Amphka, a city of Messenia, taken by tlie Lacedsmonians. I'aus. 4, c. 5. Amphial.^ls, a famous dancer in tlie island of the Phaeacians. Iljnier. (Jd. 8. Amphianax, a king of Lycia in the time of Acrisius and Proetu-i. ApoUod. 2, c. 2. Amphiakal's, soi\ of Oicleus, or accord- ing to otlicrs, of Apollo, by Hypermnestra, was. at the chace of the Calydonian boar, and accompanied the Argonauts in their ex- pedition. He was famous for his know- ledge of futurity, and thoncc lie is called by some son of Apollo. He married Eripliyle, the sister of Adrastus king of Argos, by whom he had two sons, Alcmicon and Aai- philochus. When Adrastus, at tlie request of Polynices, declared war against Thebes, Amphiaraus secreted himself, not to accom- pany his brother-ill-law in ai! expedition in which he knew he was to perisli. But Eri- phyle. who knew v.here he had concealed himself, was prevailed upon to betray him by Polynices, wiio gave lar as a reward for her perfidy a famous golden necklace set with diamonds. Amphiaraus being tlius diitcovered, went to tlie war, but previously charged his son Alcmacon to put to death his motlier Eriphyle. as soon as he was informed that he was killed. 'J'lu.- Theban war was fatal to tlie Argives, and .Vinphiaraus was swallowed up in his chariot by the eaitli a* he attempted to retire from the battle. Tlie news of his death was brought to Alcma?on, who imme- diately executed his father's cunmiand, and murdered Eriphyle. Amphiaraus received divine honors after dcatli, and had a cele- brated temple and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His statue was made of white marble, and near bis temple was a fount.-un, whose waters were ever held sacred. ITiey only who had consulted his oracle, or had been delivered from a disease, were permitted to bathe in it, after which tliey threw pieces of gold and silver into the stream. Tliose who consulted the oracle of Amphiaraus first purified them- selves, and abstained from food for "24 hours, and three days from wine, after which they sacrificed a mm to the prophet, and spread the skin upon the ground, upon wliich they slept in expect.ition of receiving in a dream tlic answer of tlie oracle. Plutarch, de orat. defect., mentions, that tlic oracle of Amphiaraus was once consulted in the time of Xerxes, by one of the servants of Mardoniu--, for his master, who was tlien with an army in Greece ; and tliat tlie ser\'ant, when asleep, WW in a dream the priest of the temple, who 48 upbraided Ixim, and drove him away, and even threw stones at his head when he refused to comply. Tliis oracle was verified in the deatli of Mardonius, who was actually killed by tlic blow of a stone whicli he received on tlie head. Cic. d'D'w.l, C.40. — PMislr. in vU. Apol/un.-J, c. 11. — Hoiimr. Od. 15, V. L>4.3, &C JIi/f.iit. fab. 70, 73. 12.", & i-O.—Diod. 4 — Odd. 9. fab. 10.— Pans. 1, c. 34. 1. 2, c. 37. 1. 9, c. K & 19. — ^.schtfl. S^pt. ante Tlwb. — AjioUod. t, C. 8 & 9. 1. .■>, c. G, &C. — Strcb. S. AMPHiARAinES, a patronymic of Alcmaeon as being son of Amphiaraus. Oiid. Fast. 2, V. 45. AmphicuXtss, an historian who wrote llic lives of illustrious men. JJiog. Amphictvon, ^n of Deucalion and Pyr- rha, reigned at Atliens after Cranaus, and first attempted to give the interpretation of dreams, and to draw omens. Some say, diat the deluge happened in his age. Juitin. 2, c. P. The son of Ilelcnus, wiio first e.-ita- blisJ.cd tlic celebrated council of the Jmphic- ti/ons, comjwsed of the wisest and niObi virtuous men of some cities of Greece 'Iliis august assembly consisted of 12 persons, originally sent by the following states ; the lonians, Do- rians, Perhaebians, Bieotians, IMagnCbians, Phthian;;, Locrians, Malians Pliocians, Thes- sftlians, Dolopes, and the people of CEta. Other cities in process of time sent also some of their citizens to tlie council of the Ampiiictyons, and in tlie age of Antoninus l*ius, they were increased to the number of 50. Tl.ey generally met twice every year at Delphi, and some- times sat at 'niennopylff. The) took into con- sideration all mattersofditTcTeace which might exist between tlie diflcrent states of Greece. When the Phocians plundered the temple of Delplii, the .\mphictyons declared war against them, and tliis war was supported by all the stales of Greece, and lasted 10 years. The Phocians with their allies, the Laced-xmonians, were deprived of die privilege of sitting in the council of tlie Ampiiictyons, and tlie Macedo- nians were admitted in their place, for their services in supjwrt of the war. About 60 years after, when Brcnnus, with tlic Gauls, invaded Greece, tlie Phocians beliave,- Achak. —Strab. 8. —•Siiidtts. — Hesi/ch. — ../?• r/dn. Amphiclea, a town of Phocis, where Bacchus had n temple. AmphidImus, a son of Aleus, brother to Lyciu-gus. He was of tlie family of the Ina- cliidiK. Pai/.s-. 8, c. 4. One of the Argo- nauts. F/or. 1, v. 57(;. A .son oi Busiris, lulled by Hercules. JpoUod. 2, c. 5. ' AuruuiKuyuA, AM A M AmphH>bomia, a festival observed by pri- vate families at Athens, the fifth day after the birth of every child. It was customary to run round the fire with a child in their anus; whence the name of the festivals. Amphigenia, a town of Messenia in Pe- loponnesus. Stat. 4. Theb. v. 178. Amphilochus, a son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. After the Trojan war, lie left Argos, his native country, and built Amphi- lochus, a town of Epirus. Strab. 7. —Perns. 2, c. 18. An Athenian philosopher who wrote upon agriculture, Varro de R. It. 1. Amphilytus, a soothsayer of Acarna- nia, who encouraged Pisistratus to seize the sovereign power of Athens. Herodot. 1, c. 62. Amphimache, a daughter of Amphida- mus, wife of Eurystheus. ApoUod. 2. Amphimachus, one of Helen's suitors, son of Cteatus. He went to the Trojan war. Apdlod. 3, c. 10. — Hi/gin.fab. 97. A son ' of Actor and Tlieronice. Paus. 5, c. 5. Amphimedon, a Libyan killed by Perseus, in the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, V. 75. One of Penelope's suitors, kil- led by Telemachus. Homer. Od. 22, v. 283. Amphinome, the name of one t. Amphissene, a country of Armenia. Ami'hissus, a son of Dryope. Ovul. Met. 9, fab. 10. A.MrnisTHESEK, a Lacedaemonian, who fell delirious in sacrilicing to Diana. Paus. ~. c. 16. AMrHisTiDEs, a man so naturally destitute of intellects, that he neldoni remembered that he O'er b:ui a fatlicr. lie \visliee ha, whose sons were killed in a battle iw the Teleboan-;. Electryon promised his crown and daughter Alcmena, to him who could revenge the de.nth of Lis sons upon the Teleboans ; and Amphi- tryon otFored himself and was received, on condition that he should not approach A Icmcna before he had obt-uncd a victoiy. Jupiter, who was captivated wnth tlie charms of Alc- mena, borrowed the features of Amphitryon, when he was gone to the wai", and introduced himself to Electryon's daughter, as her hife- band returned victorious. Alcmena become 50 pregnant of Hercules, by Jupiter, and o. Iphiclus by Amphitryon, after his return. [ fW. Alcmena.] When Amphitryon returned from the war, he brought bi^-k to Electryon, the herds which the Teleboans hail taken from him. One of Uie cows liaving strayed fro'.n the rest, Amphitryon, to bring them together, threw a stick, which struck the horus of tl:e cow^ and reboundetl with such violence upon PMcctryon, that he died on the spot. .At'ter this accidental murder, Sthenelus, Electryon's brother, seized tlie kingdom of ISIyccnaj. and obliged Amphitryon to leave .Argolis, and re- tire to Thebes with Alcmena. Creon, king of Thebes, purified him of the murder. AjkUimI. 'J, c. 4.— rirg. ..En. 8, V. 'il3. — PrujUTl. 4. ef. 10, V. 1. — Hcsiod. in Scul. Ilenul. — Hi/sdn.fab. 29. — Paus. 8, C 14. AMPHiiii.T6NMADEs, a sumaice of Her- cules, as the supposed son of Amphitryon. Virp. A^^ri. 8, v. ia3. Amphitus, a priest af Ceres, at the court of Cepheu^. (hid. Met. ^, fab. 5. A"iPU(iT>.Riis was appointed commander of a licet in the Ilellespoi'.t by Alexander. Ciiif. .", c. 1. .\ son of .\lcina?on. Ampiirvsl's, a river of Thessaly, near which Apollo, when Itanishcd from heaven, fed the Hocks of king Admetus. -From this circumstance the god has been called Ani- jiliri/ssius, and his priestess Aiiti>hn/s;nii. OiniL Met. 1, V. 580. — Lucan. tJ, v. bo7. — »'»>-. (,'. 3, v. 2. yf/i. C, V. 39«. .\ river ot* Phr\gi.i, whose waters rendered women liable to barrenness. Plin. 32, c. 2. .■Vmpia Laiiena Lex was en.icted by T. Ampins and A. I^abienus, tribunes of tlic people, A. U. C. C93. It gave Poinpey the (Jreat the privilege of appearing in triumphal rolios and w ith a goKIen crown at tlie Circen- siau games, and with a prxtexta and golden crown at Uieatrical plays. Ampracia. \_Vu1. Ambracix] AiiPYsiDFs, a patronymic of iSfopsus, son h. in ytri^on. — Pse waters are so sulphureous that they infect and destroy wh.itovcr animals come near the place. It was tlirough tliis ]ilace tliat Virgil made the fury Alccto descend into hell, after her visit to tlie upper regions. Virg. jEn. 7, v. 365. — Cic. de Die. 1, C. .16. Amui.h;s, king of Alba, was son of Proov, and youngest brother to Numitor. Tlie crown belonged to Numitor by right of birtli ; but Amulius dispossessed him of it, and even put to deaih his son I>ausus, and consecrated his daughter lUiea Sylvia to the service of Vest.1, to prevent her ever becoming a mo- ther. Yet, in spite of all these precautions. Rhea became pregnant by the god Mars, .-md brought AM AM brought forth twins, Romulus and Remus. Amulius, who was informed of tliis, ordered the mother to be buried aHve for violating die laws of Vesta, which enjoined perpetual elias- tity, and the two children to be thrown into the river. Tlicy were providentially saved by some shepherds, or as others say, by a siie- wolf; and when they had attained the years of manhood, they put to death the usuqser, Amulius, and restored the crown to tlieir grandfather. Ovid. Fust. 5, v. 67. — Liv. 1 , c. 3 & 4. — Plut. in Eonnd. — Flor. 1, c. 1. — IHcnys. Hal. A celebrated painter. Plin. 35, c. 10. A:myci Portus, a place in Pontus, fa- mous for fJie death of Amyciss king of the Bebryces. His tomb was covered with lau- rels, whose boughs, as is reported, when car- ried on board a siiip, caused uncommon dis- sensions among tha sailors. Plin. 5, c. 52. — Arrian. Ajiycla, a daughter of Niobe, who, with her sister Melibuja, was spared by Diana, ^\ hen her mother boasted herself greater than Diana. Paus. 2, c. 22. Homer says that all the daughters perished. //. £4. '[^Vid. Niobe.] The nurse of Alcibiades. Amycl^, a town of Italy between Caieta and Tarracina, built by the companions of Castor and Poll us. The inhabitants were strict followers of the precepts of Pythagoras, and tiierefore abstained from flesh. They were killed by serpents, which they thought impious to destroy, though in their own de- fence- Pliii. S, c. 29. Once a report pre- vailed in Amyclae, that \hQ enemies were coming to storm it j upon which the inliabit- ants made a law, that forbade such a report to be credited, ar.J when the enemy really ar- rived, no one mentioned it, or took up anns in his own defence, and the town was easily taken. From this circumstance the epithet of tacitcB has been give to Amycla?. Virg. jEn. 10, V. 564.—SU. 8, V. 529. A city of Pe- loponnesus, built by Amyclas. Castor and Pollux were bom tliere. The country was famous for dogs. Apollo, called Amycla'us, had a rich and magnificent temple there, sur- roimded with delightful groves. Pans. 3, c. 18.— Stat. Theb. 4, v. 2'23.—Strab. 8. — Virg. (k 3, V. 345. — Ovid, dc Art. Am. 2, V. 5. Ajivcl^us, a statuary. Paus. 10, c. 13. A surname of Apollo. Amtclas, son of Lacedsemon and Sparta, built the city of Amycla;. His sister Eurydice married Acrisius king of Argos by wliom she had Dauae. Paus. 3, c. 1, 1. 7, c. 18. The master of a ship in whicli Ca;sar em- barked in disguise. VVbeu Amyclas wisiicd to put back to avoid a violent siorm, Ca;sar unveiling his head, discovered himself and bidding the pilot pursue his voyage, exclaim- ed, Ceescrem vekis, CcBSarisque fortunani. Lu- can. 5, V. 520. 51 Amycus, son of Neptune by Melia, or Bithynis, according to others, was king of the Bebryces. He was famous for his skill in the iiianagement of the cestus, and he challenged all strangers to a trial of strength. Wlien the Argonauts, in tlieir expedition, stopped on hiscoasts, he treated thein with great kindness, and Pollux accepted his challenge, and killed him when he attempted to overcome liim by fraud. Apollon. 2. Argon. — Theoait. Id. 22. — Apollon. I, c. 9. One of the compa- nions of jEneas, wlio almost perished in a storm on the coast of Africa. He was killed by Turnus. Virg. uS^n. 1, v. 225. 1. 9, v. 772. Anotherlikewisekilledby Turnus. lb. 12, V. 509. A son of Ixion and the cloud. Ovid. Met. 12. v. 245. Amydon, a city of Paeonia in Macedonia, which sent auxiliaries to Priam during the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. AjivjiioNE, daughter of Danaus and Eu- ropa, mairietl Enccladus, son of .Egyptus, v.hom she murdered the first night of her nup- tials. She wounded a satyr witli an arrow which she had aimed at a stag. The satyr pursued her, and even offered her violence, hut Neptune delivered her. It was said that she v.as the only one of the 50 sisters who was not condemned to fill a leaky tub with water in hell, because she had been continu- ally employed, by order of hor fatlicr, in sup- ]3lying the city of Argos \\ith water in a great drought. Neptime saw her in this employ- ment, and was enamoured of h'.>r. He car- ried her away, and in the place where she stood, he raised a fountain, by striking a rock. Tlie fountain has been called Amymone. She had Nauplius by Neptune. Propcrt. 2, d. 26, V.4C. — Apollod. 2. — Strab. 8.—Paus.2, c. 57. — Oiiid. Amor. ], v 515. — Hi/ gin. fab. 169 -A fountain and rivulet of Pelopon- nesus, flowing through Argolis into the lake of Lerna. Odd. Met. 2, v. 240. Ajiyntas I. was king of' Macedonia after his father Alcetas. His son Alexander mur- dered the ambassadors of Megabj'zus, for their wanton and insolent behayiour to the ladies of his fatlier's court. TJubares, a Pei-sian general, ^\■as sent widi an army to revenge the death of the ambassadors ; but instead of making war, he married the king's daughter, and de- fended his possessions. Justin. 7, c. 3. — He- rodot. 5, 7 & 8. Tlie .second of that name was son of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia, aftvr his murder of Pausanias. He was ex- ix'lled by the lUyrians, and restored by the ThcsBalians and Spartans. He made war iigainstthe Illj'rians and Olynthians, and lived vo a great age. His wife Euiydice conspired against his life; but her snares were season- ably discovered by one of his daughters by a fonner wife. lie had Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, Alexander the Great's father, by his first wife ; and by tlie other be had Arche- laus, Aridaus, and Menelaus. He ivigned E 2 24 AN AN 24 years; and soon after his death, his son Philip murde* ed all liis brothers, and ascended the tlirone. Justin. 7, c. 4 .t 9. — Diod. 14, ^-r. — C. JVq>- ^ Pi'i^- '« Pdojnil. There is another king of Macedonia of the same name, but of his lift- few particulars are recorded in history. A man who succeeded Dcjotanis, in the kingdom of Gallograicia. After his death it became a Roman province undert Augustus. Strab. \2. One of Alexander's^ officers. Another officer who deserted to Darius, and was killed as he attempted to seize Egypt. Curt. 3, c. 9. A son of An- tiochus, who with; odes are still extant, and the imcommon sweetness and ele- gance of his poetry have been the admiration of every age and conntry. He lived to liis 85th year, and after every excess of pleasure and debauchery, choked himself with a grape stone and expired. Plato says, that he was descended from an illustrious family, and that Codrus, the last king of Athens, was one of his progenitors. His statue was placed in the citadel of Alliens, representing him as an old drunken man, singing, with ever)' mark of dissipation and intemperance. Anacreonflo- rished 532 B. C. All that he wrote is not extint ; his odes were first published by H. Stephens, with an elegant translation. T3ie best editions of Anacreon are tlint of Mait- taire. 4to. London, 1725, of which only one hundred copies were printed, and the very correct one of Barnes, 12mo. Cantab. 17:J1, to which may be added, that of Brunck, 1 2mo. Argentor. 1 778. Paus. 1, c, 2. 25. — Strab. 14. — .Elian. V. H. 9, c. 4. — Cic. in Tttic. 4, c. 33. — Horat. epod, 14, v. 20. — Plin. 7, c. 7. — Herodot. 3, c. 121. Anactoria & As'actoru'm. a town of £pirus, in a peninsula towards the gulph of Ambracia. It was founded by a Corinthian colony. AN AN colony, and was the cause of many quarrels between the Corcyreans and Corinthians. Augustus carried tlie inliabitants to the city of Nicopolis, after the battle of Actiu.m. Strub. 10. — Tliucyd. 1, c. 5!i. — Piin. 4, c. 1, 1. 5, c. 29. — — An ancient name of Miletus. Anactorie, a woman of Lesbos, wan- tonly loved by Sappho. Ovid. Her. 15, v. ]". Anadyomkne, a valuable painting of Venus, represented as rising from the sea, by Apelles. Augustus bought it and placed it in the temple of J. Csesar. The lower part of it was a little defaced, and there were found no painters in Rome able to re- pair it. Plin. 35, c. 10. Anagnia, now Anagni, a city of tlie Hernici in Latium, where Antony struck a medal when he divorced Octavia and married Cleopatra. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 684. — Strab. 5, — Ital. 8, V. 392. Anagogia, a festival, celebrated by the people of Eryx in Sicily, L^. honor of Venus. JElian. V.H. 1, c. 15. H. A. 4, c. 2. Anagykontum, a small village of Attica. Herodot. Anaitxs, a goddess of Armenia. The virgins who were consecrated to her service, esteemed theraselves more dignified by public prostitution. The festivals of the deity were called Sacarum Festa ; and when they were celcbratad both sexes assisted at the ceremony, and inebriated themselves to such a degree, that tl'.e whole was concluded by a scene of the greatest lasci\'iousness and intem- perance. They were first instituted by Cy- rus, when he marched against the Sacae, and covered tables with the most exquisite dainties, that lie might detain the enemy by Ae novelty and sweetness of food to which they Wt;re unaccustomed, and thus easily de- stroy them. Strab. Diana is also wor- shipped under this name by the Lydians. Plin. 33, c. 4. Ananias, an Iambic poet. Athen. Anaphe, an island that rose out of the Cretan sea, and received this name from the Argonauts, who, in the middle of a storm, suddenly saw the new moon. Apollo was worshipped tiiere, and called Anaphaeus. Apntlonius. Anaphlystus, a small village of Attica near the sea, called after an ancient hero of the same nsiine, who was son of Trcezen. A small village near Athens. Anapus, a river of Epirus. Thucyd. 2, c. 82 Of Sicily, near Syracuse. Id. 6, c. 96. Anartes, a people of lower Pannonia. Cces. bell. G. c. 25. Anas, a river of Spain, now called Gua- diana. Strab. 3. AsAToLE, one of the Ilorae. Hy.iiin. fab. 183 A mountain near the Ganges, where Apollo ravished a nymph called Anax- ibia. 55 Anauchidas, a Samian wrestler. Baus. 5, c. 21. Anaurus, a river of Thessaly, near tlie foot of mount Pelion, where Jason lost one pf his sandals. Callim. in Dian. A river of Troas near Ida. Coluth. Akausis, one of Medea's suitors, killed by Styrus. Val. Flacc. 6, v. 43. Anax, a [son of Coelus and Terra, father to Asterius, from whom Miletus has been called Anactoria. Pans. ], c. 36, 1. 7, c. 2. Akaxagoras succeeded his father Me- gapenthes on the throne of Argos. He shared the sovereign power with Bias and IMelampus, who had cured the women of Argos of madness. Pans. 2, c. 18 A Clazomenian philosopher, son of Hegesi- bulus, disciple to Anaximenes, and pre- ceptor to Socrates, and Euripides. He dis- regarded wealth and honors, to indulge his fondness for meditation and philosophy. He applied himself to astronomy, was acquainted with eclipses, and predicted that one day a stoTie V'ould fall from the sun, which it is said really fell into tlie river iEgos. Anax- agoras travelled into Egypt for improvement, and used to say that he prefeired a grain of wibdom to heaps of gold. Pericles was in the number of his pupils, and often coik- sulted him in matters of state; and once dissuaded Iiim from starving himself to death. The ideas of Anaxagoras, concern- ing the heavens, were wild and extravagant. He supposed that the sun was inflanmiable matter, about the bigness of Peloponnesus ; and that the moon was .inhabited. The heavens he believed to be of stone, and the earth of similar materials. Pie was accused of impiety and condemned to die ; but he ridiculed the sentence, and said it had long been pronoimced upon him by nature. Be- ing asked whether his body should be car- ried into his own country, he answered, no, as the road that led to the other side cf the grave was as long from one place as the other. His scholar Pericles pleaded elo- quently and successfully for him, and the sentence of death was exchanged for banish- ment. In prison, the philosopher is said to have attempted to square the circle, or de- termine exactly the proportion of its diame- ter to the circumference. ^\Tien the people of Lampsacus asked him before his death, whether he wished any thing to be done in commemoration of him, — Yes, says he, let the boys be allowed to play on the anniver- sary of my death. This was carefully ob- served, and that time dedicated to relaxa- tion, was called Anaxagoreia. He died at Lampsacus in his 72d year, 428 B.C. His writings were not much esteemed by his pupil Socrates. Diog. in Vita. — Plut. in Ni- cid Ss; Pericl.—Cic. Acad. Q. 4, c. 23. Tunc. 1, c. 43. A statuary of ^^-gina. Paus. 5, c. 25. A granunaiian, disciple to Ze- nodotus. Diog. An orator, disciple to E 3 Socrates, AN AN Socrates. Dios- A son of Echcanax, who, with liis ])rothers Codrus and Diodorus, de- stroyt'd ilegesias, tyrantof Ephesus. Anaxanuer, of" the family of the Ple- raclidae, was son of Eurycrates, and king of Sparta. Tlie second Messeiiiaii war began in liis reign, in which AristoineuL's so egrc- giously signalized himself. His son was called Eurycrates. Uerodot. 2, c. L'04. — Pint, in Apopk. — Paus. 3, c. 3, 1. 4. c. 15 & 16. A general of Megalopolis, taken by the Tlie- bans. Anaxandrides, son of Leon, and fatlier to Cleomencs 1st, and Lconidas, was kinif of Sparta. By the order of tlie Ephori, he di- vorced his wife, of whom he wiis t'Xtreni»ly fond, on account of her barrennt^s ; and lie •was the first Lacedaemonian who had two wives. Hcrodot. 1, 5&7. — P/m/. i« AjKiph/i. — Paus. 5, c. 3, &c. A son of Theoponi- pus. Herodot. 8, c. 1.31. A comic poet of Rhodes in tlie age of Philip and Alex- ander. He was the first poet who intro- duced intrigues and rapes upon tlie stage. He was of such a passionate disposition, that lie tore to pieces all his compositions ■which niL-t with no success. He compoi^d about a hundred plays, of which ten ob- tained the prize. Some fragments of his poetry remain in Atbenaeus. He was starved to death by order of the Athenians, for satirizing their government. ArisLot. 3, Rhet. Anaxarchits, a philosopher of Abdora, one of the followers of Democritus, and tlic friend of Alexander. When the monarch had been wounded in a battle, the philo- sopher pointed to the place, adding, that is human blood, and not the blood of a god. Tlie freedoin of Anaxarchus offended Ni- cocreon, and after Alexander's death, tlic tyrant, -in revenge, seized tlie philosopher, and pounded him in a stone mortar \nlh iron liammers. He bore this wit2i much resignation, and exclaimed, " Pound the body of Anaxarchus, for tliou dost not pound his soul." • Upon tliis Nicocreon thre3t4?ned to cut his tongue, and Anaxar- chus bit it off with his teeth, and spit it out into the tyrant's fate. Ovid, in lb. v. o7 1 . — PhU. ill S^/mp. 7. — Diog. in Vita. — Cic in Tusc. 2, c. 22. A 'Jlieban general. I'liu-. cyd. 8, c. 100. Anaxahkte, a girl of Salaniis, wlio so arrogantly despised tlie addresses of Iphis, a youtli of ignoble birth, that the lover hung liimself at her door. She saw tliis sad spec- tacle witliout emotion or pity, and w;vs changed into a stone. Ovid. Md. 14, v. 74.S. ANAxf:KoR, a musician, whom M. Antony greatly honortd, and presented with the tri- bute of four cities. Slrab. 14. Anaxias, a Theban general. Pa»«. 2, c. 22. Anaxisia, a sister of Agamemnon, mo- ther of seven sons and two daughters by Nestor. Pam, 2, c. 29 A daughter of 54 Bias, brother to the 'physician iVfclampuis She married Pelias, king of lolchos. bv whom she had Acastus, and four daughters, Pisidice, Pelopea, Hippotiioe, and Alceste. ylpulhd. 1, c. 9. She is called daugiiter of Dyraas, by Hi/gin. fab. 14. Anaxicrates, an Athenian archon. Paus. 10, c. 25. AxAXiDAMJTs, succeeded his father Zeuxi- damus on the throne of Spaita. Paus. 5, c. 7, 1. 4, c. 1.5. A.VAxTi.As & AvAxiLAi-s, a Messenian, tyrant of Rhegium. 1 Ic tiiok Zancle, and was so ii\ild and popular during his reign, that when he died, 476 15. C. he left his in- fant sons to the care of one of his servants, and the citizens chose ratlier to obey a slave tlian .revolt from their benevolent sovereign's children. Justin. 5, c. 2 — Pens. 4, c. i.3. 1.5, c. 27. — TImci/d. 6, c. 5. — Herod.U. G, c. 23, 1.7, c. 1G7. \ magician of Larissa, ba- nished from Italy by Augustus. A Pytha- gorean philosopher. A physician. P/iii. 19, c. 1. An historian, who began his history witli bitter invectives against fonner writei-s. Dinnt/s. Hid. A Laceda-monian. Plut^ Alcih. A comic writer, about the lOOth olympiad. Anaxii.ides, wrote some treatises concern- ing philosophers, and mentioned tliat Plato's motlicr became pregnant by a pliantom of the god Apollo, from wliich circumstance her son was called the prince of wisdom. Diog. in Plut. Anaximander, a IVIilesian philosopher, tlie companion and disciple of 'lliales. He was the first who constructed sjiheres, asserted tliat the earth was of a cylindrical form, and taught that men were born of earth and water mixed togetlier, and heated by the beams of the sun; that tlic earth moved, and tliat tlie moon received light from the sun, which he consi- dered as a circle of fire like a wiieel about 28 times bigger than tlie earth. He made the first gcograpliical maps and sun dials. He died in tlic ()4th year of his age, B.C. 547. Cic. Acad. Quast. 4, c. 37. — Ui tg. in vit. — Plin. 2, C.79. — JVt//. Ph. He had a son who bore his name. Stmb. 1, Anaxim£kes, a philosopher, son of Era- sistratus. and disciple of Anaximander, whom Jic succeeded in his school. I le said that tlie air w as the cause of every created being, and a self-existent divinity, and that the sun, the moon, ami tlie stars, liad' Ikiii made from tlie earth. He considered the earth as a plain, and the heavens as a solid concave figure, on which tlie stars were fixed like nails, an opi- nion prevalent at that time, and from which originated the proverb, ti h evpav®' iftxirti, if tlie heavens should fall ? to whidi Horace has alluded, 3 Od. 3, v. 7. He died 504 years B. C. Cic. Acad. Quesst. 4, c. 57, de Nat. I). 1, c.lO. — Plut. Ph.— Plin. 2, c.7C. A n.a- tive of Lampsacus, son of Aristocles. He was pupil to Diogenes the cynic, and preccptot to AN A N to Alexander tlie Great, of whose life, and that of Philip, lie wrote the history. When Alexander, in a fit of anger, threatened to put to death all the inhabitants of Lampsacus, because they had maintained a long siege against him. ' Anaximenos was sent by his countrymen to appease the king, who, as soon as he saw him, swore he would not grant the favor he was going to ask. 'Upon this, Anaxi- menes begged the king to destroy the city and enslave the inliabitants, and by tliis artful request the city of Lampsacus was saved from destruction. IJesidos the life of Philip and his son, he wrote an histor}' of Greece, in 12 books, all now lost. His nephew bore the same name, and wrote an account of ancient paintings. Paus. 6, c. 18. — Vd. Max. 1, c. .3. — nio^. in Fit. AxAxipoLis, a comic poet of Thasos. Plin. 14, c. 14. A writer on agriculture, like- wise of Thasos. Anaxippcs, a comic writer, in the age of Demetrius. He used to say, that philosopliers were wise only in their speeches, but fools in their actions. Athen. Anaxirrhoe, a daughter of Coronus, who married Epeus. Paus. 5, c. 1. An AXIS, a Bceotian historian, who wrote an history down to the age of Philip son of Amyntas. Diod. 25. A son of Castor and Hilaira. Akaxo, a virgin of Troezene cai-ried away by Theseus. Plut. in Tiies. A daugh- ter of Alceus, mother of Alcmene by Elec- tryon. Axc^us, the son of Lycurgus and An- tinoe, was in the expedition of tlie Argonauts. He was at tlie chase of tlie Calydonian boar, in which he perished. IJi/gin.fnb. 1 73 & 248. — Ovid. Met. 8. The son of Neptune and Astj'pala-a. He went with tlie Argonauts, and succeeded Tiphis as pilot of the ship Argo. He reigned in Ionia, where he manied S .inia. daughter of the ]\Ia?ander. by whom he ha J four sons, Perilas, Enudus, Samus, Alithersus, and one daughter called Parthenope. Orp/tfics Arson. He was once told by one, of his ser- vants, whom he pressed with hard labor in his vineyard, that he never would taste of the produce of liis vines. He had already the cup in his hand, and called the prophet to convince him of his falsehood ; when the ser- vant, yet finu in his prediction, uttei;ed this well known proverb, TltXXa ftira^u 9rtXii x.vXik& xai ;^;£/X£©^ ifulta cadnnt inter calieem supremaqne lalira. At that very moment Ancajus was told that a wild boar had entered his vineyard ; upon which he threw down the cup, and ran to drive away the -wild beast. He was killed in tlie attempt. AkcalItks, a people of Britain near the Trinobantes. C(ps. Jid. G. 5, c. 21. Ajjcarius, a god of the Jews. Vid. An- chialus. 55 Anchauia, a family of Rome. Tlie name of Octavia's motlier. Plut. in Anton. Anchakius, a noble Roman killed by the partizans of Marius during the civil wars with Sylla. Plut. in Mario. A.vcHEMOLus, son of Rhffitus, king of the Marrubii in Italy, ravished his motlicr-iii-law Casperia, for which he was expelled by his father. He fled to Tiirnus, and was killed by Pallas, son of Evander, in tlie wars of iEneas against the Latins. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 589. Anchesites, a wind which blows from Acliisa, a harbour of Epirus. Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. 1. Dionys. Hal. Anchessius, a mountain of Attica, where Jupiter Anchesmius had a statue. Anchiai.e & Anchiala, a city on tlie sea coast of Cilicia. Sardanapalus, the last king of AssjTia, built it, with Tarsus in its neigh- bourhood, in one day. Slrab. 14. — Plin. 5, c. 27. The founder was buried there, and had a statue, under which was a famous in- scription in the Syrian language, denoting the great intemperance and dissipation which dis- tinguished all his life. ITiere was a city of the same name in Thrace, called by Ovid the city of Apollo. There was another in Epirus. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 10, v. 56.— Plin. 4, c. 1 1.— Mela. 2, c. 2. Anchialus, a famous astrologer. A great wairior, fatlier of Mentes. One of the Phaeacians. Homer. Od. A god of the Jews, as some suppose, in Martial's epi- grams, 1 1 cp. 95. Anchimolius, a Spai-tan general sent against the Pisistratida;, and killed in the ex- pedition. Herodot. 5, c.6.>. A son of Rhoe- tus. Vid. Anchemolus. Anchinoe, a daughter of Nilus, and wife of IJelus. Apolkid. 2, c. 1. Anchion, Vid. Chion. AnciiIse, a city of Italy. Dionys. Hal. Anchises, a son of Capys by Tliemis, daughter of Ilus. He was of such a beautiful complexion, that Venus came down from hea- ven on mount Ida, in the form of a nymph, to enjoy his company. The goddess became pregnant, and forljade Anchises ever to men- tion the favors he had received, on pain of being struck with thunder, * The child which Venus brought forth, was called iEneas ; he was educated as soon as born by the nymphs of Ida, and, when of a ])roper age, was en- trusted to the care of Chiron the centaur. When Troy was taken, Anchises was become so infirm that JEneas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take away whatever he esteemed most, carried him through the flames upon his shoulders, and thus saved Ids life. He accom- panied his son in his voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicily, in tlic 80th year of his age. He was buried on mount Eryx, by iEneas ^nd Acestes, king of the country, and the anni- versary of his death was afterwards celebrated by his son and the Trojans on his tomb. Soinc E 4 authors AN AN authors have maintained, that Anchises had forgot the injunctions of Venus, and boasted at a feast that he enjoj-cd her favors on mount Ida, upon which he was killed with thunder. Others say, that the wounds he received from the thunder were not mortal, and that they only weakened and disfiy^ured his body. Virgil, in the 6th book of the iEneid, introduces him in the Elysian fields, relating to his son the fates that were to attend him, and the fortune of his descendants the Romans. [ Vid. JEnaas] Virg. JEii. 1, 2, &c.—Hi/gin. fab. 94, ■251, 260, ^lO.—Hesiod. Theog.\: \0\0.—ApoUod. 3. — Ovid. Fust. 4, V. 34. — Homer. 11. 20, & Hymn, in Vener. — Xenoph. Ci/neg. c. I. — Dionys. Hal, 1, de Antiq. Rom. — Pausanias, 8, c 12, says, that Anchises was buried on a mountain in Arcadia, which, from him, has been called Anchisia. An Atlienian ar- chon. Diont/s. Hal. 8. Anchisia, a mountain of Arcadia, at the bottom of which was a monument of Anchises. Paus. 8, c. 12 & 13. AnchTsiades, a patronymic of .Eneas, as being the son of Anchises. Virg. ^n. 6, v, 348, &c. Akciioe, a place near the mouth of the Cejjhisus, where there is a lake of the same name. Sirab. Anchora, a fortified place in Galatia. Anchijkus, a son of Midas, king of Phry- gia, who sacrificed himself for tJie good of his country when the earth had opened and swal- lowed up many buildings. Ilie oracle had been consulted, and gave for answer, that the gidf would never close, if IMidas did not throw into it whatever he had most precious. Though the king had parted with many things of im- mense value, yet thegulf continued open, till Anchurus, thinking himself the most precious of his father's possessions, took a tender leave of his w ife and family, and leaped into the earth, which closed immediately over his head. Midas erected there an altar of stones to Jupiter, and that altar was the first object which he turned to gold, when he had re- ceived his fatal gift from the gods. Tliis un- polished lump of gold existed still in the age of Plutarch. Pint, in Parall. Ancile & Ancyle, a sacred shield, which, according to the Roman autliors, fell from heaven in the reign of Numa, when the Roman people labored imdcr a pestilence. Upon the preservation of this shield depended 4he fate of the Roman em])ire, and therefore Numa ordered 1 1 of the same size and form to be inade, that if ever any attempt was made to carrj' them away, the plunderer might find ii difficult to distinguish the true one. They were made with such exactness, that the king promised Veteiius Manuirius, the artist, whatever reward he desired. [ Vid. Mamurius.] They were kept in the temple ot \'esta, and an order of priests wa;. chosen to watch over their safety. These prie.fs were called Sftlii, and were 12 ui number; tlicy 56 carried, every year on the first of March, the shields in a solemn procession round the walls of Rome, dancing and singing praises to the god Mars. This sacred festival continued three days, during which every important business was stopped. It was deemed unfortunate to be married on those days, or to undertake any expedition ; and Tacitus, in 1 Hist, has attri- buted the unsuccessful campaign of the em- peror Oiho against VitelUus, to his leaving Rome during the celebration of the Ancyli- orum fe^tum. These two verses of Ovid ex- plain the origin of tlie word Ancyle, which is applied to these shields : Jdtpie ancyle vocal, quod ab omni jiarte re- cisum est, Quem^ue notes oculis, angultis omnis abest. Fast. 3, v. 377, ij-c. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 6. — Val. Mar. ], c. I. —Juv. 2, V. 124 — Plut. in Num Virg. jEn. 8, V. 6«4 Dionys. Hal. 2. — Liv. 1, c. 20. Ancon & Ancona, a town of Picenum, built by the Sicilians, with a harbour in the form of a crescent or elbow, [xy^aiii) on tiie shores of the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous chapel of Loretto, supposed by monk- ish historians to have been brought tlirough the air by angels, August 10, A. D. 12!jI, from Judea, where it was a cottage, inhabited by the virgin Mary. The repiUed sanctity of the place has often brought 100)000 pilgrims in one day to Loretto. Plin. 3, c. l.^. — Lucan. 2, v. 402. — Ital. 8, v. 437. Ancus Martius, the 4tli king of Rome, was grandson to Numa, by his daughter. He waged a successful war against the Latins, Veientes, Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines, and joined mount Janicidum to the city by a bridge, and inclosed mount Martius and the Aventine within the walls of the city. .He extended the confines of the Roman territo- ries to the sea, where he built the town of Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber. He in- herited the valor of Romulus with the mode- ration of Numa. He died B. C. 616, after a reign of 24 years, and was succeeded by Tarquin the cldei-. Dionys. Hal. 3, c. 9. — Liv. I, c. 32, ^c.~Flor. \, c. 4 — Virg. JEn. 6, V. 815. AnctrjE, a town of Sicily. A to'wn of Phrygia. Pnus- 1. Anda, a city of Africa. Polyb. AndabatjE, certain gladiators who fought blindfolded, whence the proverb, Andaba- tariim more, to denote rash and incon- siderate measures. Cic. 6, ad Famil. cp. 10. Anbasia, a city of Arcadia, where Aris- tomenes was educateil. Pa ?«. 4, c. 1 , ^^r. It received its name from a gulph of tiie same name. Id. 4, c. 33. Andegavia, a country of Gaul, near the Tiuones and the ocean. Tacit. Ann- 5, c. 41. AndEba, a town of Phrygia. Akszc, A N A N Andes, a nation air.ong the Celtw, whose ciiitf town is novv Anjuu. Cces. 2, Bell. Gat!. c. 55. A village of Italy, near Mantua, wliere Virgil was bom, hence Andinus. Jtul. 8, V. 595. ANDocrDES, an Athenian orator, son of Leogoras. He lived in the age of Socrates the philosopher, and was intimate with tJie most illustrious men of his age. He was often haiiished, hut his dexterity always restored him to favor. Plut. has written his life in 10 07-at. Four of his orations aix- extant. Andomatis, a river in India, falling into the Ganges. Arrian. AKDnjiMON, the father of Thoas. Hi/gin. fab. 97. The son-in-law and successor of CEneus. Apollod. 1. Andkagathius, a tyrant, defeated by Gratian, A. D. 3S3, &c. Andrag\thus, a man bribed by Lysi- machus to betray his country, &c. Po/yarn. 4, c. 12. Andracoras, a man who died a sudden death. Martial. 6, ep. 53. AxDRAMYLES, a king of Lydia, who cas- trated women, and made use of them as eunuchs. Allien. AxDRiJAs, a statuary of Argos. Paus. 6, c, 16. A man of Panonnum, who wrote an account of all the remarkable events that had happened in Sicily. Alhcn. A son of the Penens. Part of Boeotia, especially where Orchomenos was built, was called Andreis after him. Paus. 9, c. 34, Sec. Andriclus, a mountain of Cilicia. Strah. 14. A river of Troas, falling into the Scamander. Plin. 5, c. 27. Andriscus, a man who wTote an history of Naxos. Atheii. 1. A wordder.s person called PseitdophUijypus, on account of the like- ness of his features to king Philip. He incited the Macedonians to revolt against Rome, and was conquered and led in triumph by Mctcl- lus, 152 B. C. Flor. 2, c. 14. AiTOROBius, a famous painter. Plin. 35, c. II. Androclea, a daughter of Antipcenus of Thebes. She, with her sister Alcida, sacrificed herself in tlie service of her countiy, when the oracle had promised the victory to her tx)untrymen, who were engaged in a w.-'.r against Orchomenos, if any one of noble hirtli devoted himself for the glory of his nation. Antipcenus refused to do it, and his daughters cheerfully accepted it, and received great ho- nors after death, Hercules, who fought on the side of Tliebes, dedicated to them the image of a lion in the temple of Diana. I'nus. 9, c. 17. Androci.es, a son of Phintas, who reigned in Messenia. Pnux. 4, c. 5, &c. A man who wrote an history of Cyprus. A>jDROc:i,ij>Es, a noble Theban, who de- fended tbf democratical, against the encroach- ments of the oligarchical, power. He was 57 killed by one of his cnenues. A sophist in the age of Aurelian, who gave an account of philosophers. Andkoclus, a son of Codrus, who reigned in Ionia, and took Ephesus and Samos. Paus. 7, c. 2. Androcydes, a physician, who wrote the following letter to Alexander: — Vinutn pota~ turits, Rex, memento te bibere sanguineni terra; sictUi veiienum est Iwmini ciciUu, sic ct vinum. Plin. 14, c. 5. Androdajius. Vkl. Andromadas. Androdus, a slave known and protected in the Roman circus, by a lion whose foot he had cured. Gell. 5, c. 15. Androgeos, a Greek, killed by iEneas and his friends, whom he took to be his countrymen. Virg. Ain. 2, v. 571. Androgeus, son of Minos and Pasiphae, was famous for his skill in wrestling. He overcame every antagonist at Athens, and be- came such a favorite of the people, that ^geus, king of the country, grew jealous of his popularity, and caused him to be assassi- nated as he was going to Thebes. Some say that he was killed by tlie wild bull of Mara- thon. Minos declared war against Athens to revenge the death of his son, and peace was at last re-established on condition that -•Egeus sent yearly seven boys and seven girls from Athens to Crete to be devoured by the mino- tanr. [ Vid. Minotaurus. ] The Athenians established festivals by order of Minos, in ho- nor of his son, and called them Androgeia. Hi/gin.fab.41. — Biod. 4. — Vii: jEn. 6, v. 20. — Paus. 1, c. 1 & 27. — Apollod. 2, c. 5, 1. 5, c. ] & 15.— Plut. in Tlies. Androgyn^?:, a fabulous nation of Africa, beyond the Nasamones. Ever)' one of them bore the characteristics of tlie male and female sex ; and one of their breasts was that of a man, and the other that of a woman. JLucrct. 5, V. 857. — Pltn. 7, c. 2. Andromache, a daughter of Eetion, king of 'ITiebes in Cilicia, married Hector son of Priam king of Troy, by whom she had As- tyanax. She was so fond of her husband, tluit she even fed his horses with her o^^Ti hand. During the Trojan war she remained at h.ome employed in her domestic concerns. Her parting witli Hector, who was going to a battle, in which he perished, has always been deemed the best, most tender and pathetic of all the passages in Homer's Iliad. She re- ceived the news of her husband's death with extreme sorrow ; and after the taking of Troy, she had the misfortune to see her only son Astyanax, after she had saved him from the flames, thrown headlong from the walls of the cit)-, by the hands of the man whose father had killed her husband. (Scncc. in Troad.) An- dromache, in the division of tlie jM-isoncrs by the Greeks, fell to the share of Xeoptolemus, who treated her as his wife, and carried her to Epirus. He had by her three sons, Molossus, Piclus, & Pcrgamus,and afterwards repudiated her. AN A N her. After this divorce she married Helenus son of Priam, who, as herself, was a captive of Pyrrhus. She reigned with him over pari of the country', and became mother by lilm of Ceslrinus. Some say that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and Euripides says that Menelaus put him to death. Home>: II- 6, 2'J & 24. — Q. Calah. 1. — 7'ir^. jEn. 3, v, 486. — //y^«. fab. 125. — Durcs Phri/g. — Ovid. Am. 1, el. 9, V. 5^. Trist. 5, d. G, v. 43. — ApoUod. 5, c, 12, — Paux. 1, c. 11. AN'nROMAriiiD^-, a nation who presented to tlieir king all the virgins wlio were of nu- bile years, and permitted him to use them as he pleased. ANnROJiACHUs, an opulent person of Si- cily, father to the historian Timaeus. J)h)d. Ifi. He assisted Timoleoa in recovering the liberty of the Syracusans. A general of Alexan- der, to whom Parmenio ga\ e the government of Syria. He was burnt alive by the Samari- tans. Curt. 4, c. 5 & 8. An otTicer of Se- leucus the younger. Polj/ani. 4. A poet of Byzantium. A physician of Crete in the age of Nero. A sophist of Naples, in tlie age of Diodesian. Andromadas or Andkodamus, a native of Rhegium, who made laws for the Thra- cians concerning the punishment of homicide, &c. . Aristot. Anhromeda, a daughter of Cephcus, king of ^Ethiopia, by Cassiope. She was promised in marriage to Phineus, her imclc, when Nep-^ tunc drowned the kingdom, and pent a sea monster to ravage the countni-, because Cassi- ope }>ad boasted herself fairer than Juno and the Nereides. Tlie oracle of Jupiter Amnion was consulted, and nothing could stop the re- sentment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not exposed to the sea monster. She was accord- ingly tied naked on a rock, and at the moment that the monster was going to devour her, Perseus, who returned through the air from the conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was captiv.ited with her beauty. He promised to deliver her and destroy the monster, if he re- ceived her in marriage as a reward for liis trouble. Cephcus consented, and Perseus changed the s^a monster into a rock, by shew- ing liim Medusa's head, and untied Andro- meda and married licr. He had by lier many cl)ildren, among whom were Sthenelus, Ancieus, and Electryon. The marriage of Andromeda witli Perseus was opposed by Phineus, who, after a bloody battle, was changed into a stone by Perseus. Some say that IMiner\Ti matle Andromeda a constellation in heaven after her death. Vid. Medusa, Perseus. Jli/giii.Jtib. 64. — Cic. de iV«/. D. 2, c. 45. — ApoUod. 2, c. 4. — Manil. 5, v. 553. — Propcrt. 3, el. 21. According to Plhii/, 1. 5, c. 31 , it was at Joppa in Judea that An- dromeda was tied on a rock. He mentions that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to which she had been exposed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus, and carefully preserved. 58 Tlic fable of Andromeda and the sea monster has been explained, by supposing that she was courted by tlie captain of a ship, who at- tempted to cari-y her away, but was prevented by the interposition of another more faithful lover. AnDROK, an Argive, who travelled all over tlie deserts of Libya without drink. Aristot. 1. de Ebriet. A man set over the citadel of Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised liim to seize it and revolt from the tyrant, which he refused to do. Tlie tyrant put him to death for not discovering that Hermocrates had incited him to rebellion. Poli/cen. 5, c. 2. A man of Ilalicarnassus, who composed some historical works. Pint, in Thes. A native of Ephesus, who wrote an account of the ^'ven wise men of Greece. T)iog. A man of Argas. Another of Alex- andria, Sec. Apollon. Hist. Mirab. c. 25. — At ken. AndroxTcus Livius. Vid. Livius. AxDRONicus, a peripatetic philosopher of Rhodes, who florished 59 years B. C. He was the first who publ ished and revised the works of Aristotle and Theophnistus. Hisperijihrasisis extant, the best edition of which is that of Heinsius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1 S17. PbU. in St/ll. A Latin poet in the age of Casar. A La- tin grammarian, whose life Suetonius has written. A king of Lydia, surnamed Al- pyus. One of Alexander's officers. One of tlie officers of Antiochus Epiphanes. An astronomer of Athens, who built a marble octagonal tower in honor of the eight principal winds, on the top of which was placed a Triton with a stick in liis liand, pointing al- ways to the side whence tlie wind blew. ANDRoniXci, a savage nation of Euro- pean Scythia. Herodot. 4, c. 18, 102. Andropompus, a Theban who killed Xan- thus in a single combat by fraud. Paus. 2, c. 18. Andros. an island in the 2Ege&n sea, known by the different names of Epagiys, Antandros, Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nona- gria. Its chief town was called Andros. It liad a harbour, near which Bacchus had a tem- ple, with a fountain, whose waters, during the ides of January, tasted like wine. It received the name of Andros from Andros son of Anius, one of its kings, who lived in the time of the Trojan war. • Ovid. Met. 13, v. 648. — Viro. ^n. 3, v. 80.— J«r. 3, v. lO.—Plin. 2, c. \05.— Mi la, 1 & 2. Androsthenes, one of Alexander's ge- nerals, sent with a ship on the coast of Arabia. Arriav. 7, c. 10. — Strab. 16 A governor of Tlicssaly. who favored tlie interest of Pompey. He was conquered by J. Csrsar. Cccs. 3, Bell. Civ. c. 80 A statuary of lliebes. Pavs. 10, c. 19. A geographer in the age of Alexander. Androtbion, a Greek, who wrote a history of Attica, and a treatise on agriculture. Plin. —Paus. 10, c. 8. AlCXLOHIIS* AN AN Aneloktis, a river near Colophon. Pans. 9, c. 28. Anerasths, a king of Gaul. Anemoha, a city of Phocis, aftci-wards calkd Hyanipolis. Strab. Anejcosa, a village of Arcadia. Paiis. 8, c. 55. Anfi.vomus and Anapius, rather Amphi- nomns, which Vid. Akgkma, a daughter of Mercury. Angehok. a statuary who mada Apollo's statue at Delphi. Pims. 2, c. 32. Angeli's, a son of Neptune, bom in Chios, of a nymph whose name is unknown. Paus. 7, c. 4. AkgItes, a river of Thrace falling into the Strymon. Herodol. 7, c. 115. Akgi.i, a people of Germany at the north of the Elbe, from whom, as being a branch of the Saxons, the English have derived their name. Tacit. G. 40. Angrus, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a northern direction. Ilcrodot. 4, c. 49. Anguitia, a wood in tlie country of the Marsi, between the lake Fucinus and Alba. Serpents it is said could not injure the inha- bitants, because they were descended from Circe, -"Ahose power over those venomous crea- tures Jias been much celebrated. Sil. 8. — Virg. j'En. 7, v. 7,79. Ania, a Roman widow, celebrated for her beauty. One of her friends advised her to in.irry again. No, said she, if I marry a man as aflectionate as my first husband, I shall be apprehensive for his death; and if he is bad, why have him, after such a kind and in- dulgent one ? ANicihus, a son of Hercules, by Hebe the goddess of youth, yfpollud. 2. A freeilman who directed the education of Nero, and be- came the instrument of his crimes. Sact. in , Anicia, a family at Rome, which, in tlie fiorishing times of the republic, produced many brave and illustrious citizens. A relation of Atticus. C. Xepos. Aniciuji, a town of Gaul. Cces. Bell. Gal. 7. Anicil's Gali.us triumphed over the II- l)Tians and their king Gentius, and was pro- praetor of Rome, A.U.C. 585 A consul with Corn. Cethcgus, A.U.C. 594. Pro- bus, a Roman coiisul in the fourth centurj', famous for his liumanity. Anigri's, a river of Tliessaly, wiiere the Centaurs w.ished the wounds which they had roceivecj from Hercules, and made tlie waters uiiwliolesome. Ovid. Mel. 15, v. 28). The nymplis of tliis river are called Anigiiades. J 'rill s. 5, c. C. Anio and Anitm, now Taverone, a rjver of Tl.-i]y, llowiiig tlirough tJie country of Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber, about five miles at the nortli of Rome. It rcceivos its name, as some suppose, from Anius, a king of Etniria, who drowned himself there when 59 I he could not recover his daug ter, who had been carried away. Stat. I. S^lv. 3, v. 20.— Virg. yEn. 7, v. 683. — Strab. 5. — Horat. 1, od. 7, V. 13. — Pint, de Fort. Rom. Anitosgis, a city of Spain, near which a battle was fouglit between Asdrubal and the Scipios. * Liu. 25, c. ~3. Anius, die son of Apollo and Rhea, was king of Delos, and father of Andi-us. He had by Dorippe tliree daughters, Oeno, Spermo, and Elais, to wiioni Pacchus had given the power of changing, whatever they pleased into wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he wished to carrj- them with him to supply his army with pro- visions ; but they complained to Bacchus, who changed them into doves. Ovid. Met. 15, V. G42. — Dionys. Hal. 1. — Diod. 5. — Virg. jEh. 3, V. 80. Anna, a goddess, in whose honor the Ro- mans instituted festivals. She was, according to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister of Dido, who after her sister's deatli fled, from Carthage, which Jarbas had besieged, and came to Italy, where JEneas met her, as he walked on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an honorable reception, for the kind- nesses she had sliewn him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia, the wife of iEneas, was jealous of the tender treatment which was ■ shewn to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprized of this by her sister in a di'eam, and she fled to the river Numicus, of which she became a deity, and ordered the inhabitants of the country to call her Anna Perenna, because she^would remain for ever under the water. Her festivals were per- fonned with many rejoicings, and the females often, in tlie midst of their_, cheerfulness, for- got their natural decency. "Iliey were in- troduced into Rome, and celebrated the 15th of Maich. The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to obtain a long and happy life : and thence the words Annure ^- Pi^nymare. Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, (juia mensibns iniplcat anmnn ; others call her Tlicmis, or lo, the daughter of Inachus, and sometimes Maia. /.nother more received opinion maintains, that Anna was an old in- dustrious woman of PovilJa^. who when tlie Roman populace bad fled from the city to mount Sacer, brought them cakes every day ; i or which kind treatment the Romans, when peace was re-established, decreed immortal honors to her whom tlicy called Perenna, ab 2H'rc7init(ite niltiis. and who, as they supposed, was become one of their Deities. Quid. Fast. 3, V. 6n3, Sec. — Sil. 8, v. 79 Virg. yEn. 4, v. 9, 20, 421, & 500. Anna Commena, a princess of Constan- tinople, known to the world for the Greek history which she wrote, of her father Alexius emperor of the cast. The character of this liistory is not very high for authenticity or beauty of composition : the historian is lost in the daughter; and instead of simplicity of style AN AN style and narrative, as Gibbon says, an elabo- rate affectation of rhetoric and science betrays in every page the vanity of a female author. The best edition of Anna Conunena, is that of Paris, ft>lio, 1651. Annjeus, a Roman family which was sub- divided into the Lucani, Senecas, Flori, &:c. Ay nai.es, a chronological liistory which gives an account of all the important events of everj- year in a state, without entering into the causes which produced them. The annals of Tacitus may be considered in this light. In the first ages of Rome, the writing of the annals was one of tlie duties and privileges of the high-priest ; whence they have been called Annates Maximi, from the priest Pnatifex Maximus, who consecrated them, and gave them as truly genuine and authentic. Annalis lex settled the age at which, among the Romans, a citizen could be ad- mitted to exercise the offices of the state. This law originated in Athens, and was in- troduced in Rome. No man could be a knight before 1 8 years of age, nor be invested with the consular power befoije he had ar- rived to his 25th year. Annianus, a poet in the age of Trajan. Aknibal, a celebrated Carthaginian ge- neral, son of Aniilcar. He was educated in his fatlier's camp, and inured from his early years to the labors of the field. lie passed into Spain when nine years old, and at the request of his father, took a solemn oath that he never would be at peace with the Romans. After his father's deatli, he wiis appointed over the cavalry in Spain ; and some time after, upon the death of Asdrubal, he was in- vested with tlie command of all the armies of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year of his age. In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of Spain which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Saguutum after a siege of eiglit months. This city was in alliance with the Romans, and its fall was the cause of tlie second Punic war, which Annibal prepared to support, witli all the courage and prudence of a consum- mate general. He levied three large armies, one of which he sent to Africa, he left an- other in Spain, and marched at the head of the third towards Italy. This army some have calculated at 20,000 foot and 6,000 horse ; others say that it consisted of 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. Liu. 21, c. ."58. He came to the Alps which were deemed almost inaccessible, and had never been passad over before Mm but by Hercules, and after much trouble he gained the top in nine days. He conquered the uncivilized inhabitants that opposed his passage, and after the amazing loss of" 50,000 men, made his way so easy, by softening the rocks with fire and vinegar, that even his armed elephants descended tlie mountains without danger or difficulty, where a man disincumbcred of his arms, could not walk before in safety. 60 He was opposed by the Romans as soon xt he entered Italy ; and after lie had defeated P. Corn. Scipio and Sempronius, near the Rhone, the Po, and the I'rebia, he crossed the Apennines and invaded Etruria. He defeated the army of the consul Flaminius near the Lake Tlirasymcnus, and soon after met tlie two consuls C. Tcrentius and L. ^■Emilius at Cannas. His army consisted of 40,000 foot and 10,000 horse, when he en- gaged t!ie Romans at the celebrated battle of Cannae. The slaugliter was so great, that no less than 40,000 Romans were killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with the dead carcases ; and as a sign of his victorj', he sent to Cartilage tliree bushels of gold rings which had been taken from 5630 Roman knights slain in the battle. Had Annibal, immediately after the battle, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it must have yielded amid.st the general consternation, if we believe tlie opinions of some writers ; but his delay gave the enemy spirit and boldness, and when at last he approached the walls, he was informed tliat the piece of ground on which his army then stood, was selling at a high price in the Roman forum. After hovering for some time round the city, he retired to Capua, where tlie Carthaginiau soldiers soon forgot to conquer in the plea- sures and riot of tliis luxurious city. From that circumstance it has been said, and with propriety, that Capua wa.' a CanniE to An- nibal. After the battle of Canna? the Romans became more cautious, and when the dictator Fabius Maximus had defied tlie artifice as well as the valor of Annibal, they began to look for better times. Marcellus, who suc- ceeded Fabius in the field, first taught the Romans that Annibal was not invincible. After many important debates in the senate, it was decreed, tliat war should be carried into Africa, to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome ; and Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, was empowered to put it into execution. Wien Carthage saw the -enemy on her coasts, slie recalled Annibal from Italy ; and that great general is said to have left, with tears in his eyes, a country, which during sixteen years he had kept under continual alarms, and whicli he could almost call his own. He and Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, in wliich neither would give the preference to liis enemy, they determined to come to a general engagement. The battle was fought near Zama : Scipio made a great slaughter of the enemy, 20,000 were killed, and tlie same niunbi'r ma«>)uch had been sent to Carthage from tlie battle of Cannse. Annibal, when in Spain, married a woman of Castulo. The Romans entertained such a high opinion of him as a coiiimander, Uiat Scipio who conquered him, calls him tlie greatest genei'al that ever lived, and gives the second rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, and pliKes himself the next to these in merit and abili- ties. It is plain that the failure of Annibai's expedition in Italy, did not arise from his neglect, but from that of his countrymen, who gave him no assistance ; far from imi- tating their enemies of Rome, who even raised in one year 18 legions to oppose tlie fonnidable Cardiaginian. Eivy has jiaintcd the character of Annibal like an enemy, and it is much to be lamented that this celebrated historian has witliheld the tribute due to the merits and virtues of tlie greatest of generals. C. Nejt. in filu. — L'w.'il, ii2,&.c.—Phd. in Flamin. itc. — Justin. 32, c.-l. — Sil. Ita(.\,&i: — Appian.—Ftorus 2 & 5. — Polyh. — J)iod. — Juv. 10, v. 159, &c. — Vol. Max Hurat. 4, Od. 4, Epod. \6. The son of the great Annibal, was sent by Himilro to Lilyb;eiim, which was besieged by the Romans, to keep tlie Sicilians in their duty. Foli/b. 1. A Caitliaginian general, son of Asdrubal, com- monly called of Rhodes, above H-O years lie- forc the birtli of the great Annibal. Justin. 1!), c. 2. — Xeuopfi. Hist. Grerty ; but tlie birds lost with their slavery what they had been taught. ^lian. V. H. ult. lib. c. ^O. A Cartlia- ginian who wrote, in the Punic language, the account of a voyage which he liad made round Africa. This book was translated into Greek, and is still extant. Vossius, de Hist. Gr. 4. Another banished from Carthage for taining a lion for his own amusement, which was interpreted as if he wished to aspire to sovereign jjower. PUn. 8, c 16. — This name has been common to many Car- thaginians who have signalized themselves among their countrymen during the Punic wars'against Rome, and in their wars against the Sicilians. Lii: 2G, 27, &c ANOPiEA, a mountain and road near the rivor Asopus. Htrodot. 7, c. 216. Anser, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, Trist. 3, eL 1, V. 425, calls bold and impertinent. Virgil and Propertius arc said to have played upon his name witli some degree of severity. Aksirarii, a people of Germany. Tacit, jinn. 15, c. 55. ANTiKA, a wife of Proteus, called also Stenobaca. Homer. B. .V goddess wor- shipped by the inhabitants of .\ntium. Akt.eas, a king of Scythia. who said tliat the neighing of a horse was far preferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous mui>ician who had been taken captive. Pint. Antaeus, a giiint of Libya, son of Terra and Neptune. He was so strong in w rcstling, that he boasted that he would erect a temple to his fatiier with the skulls of his conquered antagonists. Hercules attacked him, and as be received new strength from his mother as often as he touched the ground, the hero lifted liim up in the air, and squeezed him to death in his arms. Lucan. 4, v. 5d^. — Slat. 6. Tkcb. V. 895. — Juv. 5, v. 88 A ser- vant of Atticus. Cic. ad Attic. 15, ep. 44. A friend of Tumus, killed by /Eneas. Virg. ^jEn. 10, v. 561. Antagokas, a man of Cos. Patis. 5, c. 5. A Rhodian poet, much admired by An- tigonus. Id. 1, c. 2. One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him wbetlier Homer ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of Agamemnon ? And 62 do you tliink, replied the poet, that he & Xcui ;nF.R, a general of Messenia, against the .Spartans. Pans. 4, c. 7. .\ brother of Agathocles. tjTant of Sicilv. Justin. 22, c. 7. Antandros, now St. Dimilri, a citv' of Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near which /Eneas built his fleet after tlie destruction of Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimnieris, .'\ssos, and Apollonia There is a hill in its neighbourhood called ^Vlexandria, where Paris sat, as some suppose, when the three rival goddesses appeared before him m hen contend- ing for tlie prize of beauty. Strab. 15. — Virg. yEn. 5. V. 6. — Mela. 1. c. 18. ANTK«BROCios,anamb.Tssadorto Ciesarfrom the Rhemi, a nation of Gaul. Cces. BtU. GiiU. 2, c. 5. Anteii's Pubi.ius, was appointed over Syria by Nero. He was accused of sedition and cunspirac}', and drank poison, which ope- rating slowly obliged hini to open his veins. Tacit. An. 15, &.C. AsTEMN/E, a city of the Sabines between Rome and the Anio, whence the name {ante amnem.) Vir^. .En. 7, v. 63l.—JJioni/s. Hal. -Antenob, a Trojan prince related to Priam. It is said that during the 'i'rojan war, he always kept a secret correspondence with the Greeks, and chiefly witli Menelaus and Llysses. In the council of IViam, Homer introduces him as advising the Trojans to re- store Helen and conclude tlie war. He ad- vised Llysses to c;ury away tlie Trojan pal- ladium, and encouraged die Greeks to make the wooden horse, which at his peivua&ion, was brought into the city of Troy by a breach made in tlie walls. .Eneas has l>eeu accused of being a partner of his guilt ; and the night that Troy was taken, they had a number of Greeks stationed at tlic doors of their houses to protect them from harm. After the de- struction of his country, Antcnor migrated into Italy near the Adriatic, where he built the ^own of Padua. His children were also concerned in tlie Trojan war, and displayed much valor against the Greeks, 'llieir names were Polybius, Acamas, Agenor, and accord- ing to others, Polydaiiias & Helicaon. Lit: I, c. 1. — Plin. 3, c. 15 Virg. JSn. 1, v. 242. Tacit. 16, c. 21.— Homer. II. 5, 7, 8, 11 — Ovid. Met. 15 Diclt/s. Cret. 5. — Bares Phnjg. 6. — Strab. 15. — BionifS. Hal. 1.— Pavs. 10, c. 27. .\ statuarj'. Paus. > A Cretan who wTotc a history of his country. .£lian. Aim« A N A N AvTENORinKS, a patronymic givon to tiiC three sons of Antenor, all killed during the Trojan war. Virg. jEn. 6, v. 484. Anteros, (avri i^tu;, against L>ve,) a son of Mars and Venus. He was not, as the deri- Tation of his name impiies, a deity that pre- sided over an opposition to love, but he was the god of mutual love and of mutual tender- ness. Venus had conipiained to Themis, that ner son Cupid always continued a child, and was tokl, that if he h.id another brother, he would grow up in a short space of time. As soon as Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strengtli increase, and his wings enlarge ; but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, he found himself reduced to his ancient shape. • From this circumstance it is seen, that return of passion gives vigor to love. Anteros had a temple at Athens raised to his honor, when Meles had experienced the cold- ness and disdain of Timagoras, ^^■hom he passionately esteemed, and for whom he had killed himself. [Vid. Meles.] Cupid and Anteros are often represented striving to seize a palm-tree from one another, to teach us that true love always endeavours to overcome by kindness and gratitude. They were always painted in tlie Greek academies, to inform the scholars that it is their immediate duty to be grateful to their teachers, and to reward their trouble with love and reverence. Cic. dc Nat.D.3, c. 23. — I'lnts. 1, c.50, 1.6, c.23. — A grammarian of Alexandria, in the age of the emperor Claudius. A freeman of Atticus. Ck. ad Attic. 9, ep. 14. Anthka, a town of Achaia. Pans. 7, c. 18. Of Messenia. Id. 4, c. 31.-^ Of Troezene. Id. 2, c. 50. Antheas, a son of Eumelus, killed in attempting to sow corn from the chariot of Triptoleraus drawn by dragons. Paus. 7, c. 18. Anthkdok, a city of Bceotia, which re- ceived its name from the flowery plains that surround it, or from Anthedon, a certain njrmph. Bacchus and Ceres had there tem- ples. Pans. 7, c. 10, 1. 9, c. 22. — It v.as formerly inhabited by Thracians. Homer. 11.2. — Ovid. Met. 13, v. 905. A port of Peloponnesus. Pliii. 4, c. 5. — Siat. 9, v. 291. Anthela, a town near the Asopus, near which Ceres and Amphictyon had a temple. Herodot. 7, c. 176. AxTHEMis, an island in the Mediterranean, the same as the Ionian Samos. Sirnb. 1 0. AxTHEMON, a Trojan. Homer. IL 4. Anthemus, a city of Macedonia at Tlicr- mee. A city of Syria. Strab. Anthemusia, the same as Samos. A city of Mesopotamia. Strab. Anthene, a town of Peloponnesus. Thu- cyd. 5, c. 41. Anthermus, a Chian sculptor, son cf Micciades, and grandson to Mai as. He and his brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet 65 Hipponax, which caused univerEal laughter, on account of the defonnily of its counte- nance. The poet was so incensed upon tliis, and inveighed with so uiuclj bitterness against the statuaries, that they hung tJiem- selves, according to the opinion of some au- thors. I'lin. 36, c. 5. Athkks, a native of Aiithedon, who nrst invented hymns. . 2'lut. dcMus. A son of Neptune. Athesi'horia, festivals celebrated in Si- cily in honor of Pioscrpine, who was carried away by Pluto as she was gathering flowers. Cl'audian. de Rapt. Pros. Festivals of the same name were also observed at Argos in ho- nor of Juno, who was called Antheia. Paus. Corinth. — 'Pollux. Unoni. 1, c. 1. Anthesteria, festivals in honor of Bac- chus among the Greeks. 'Tliey were cele- brated in the monfli of February, called An- thestcrion, whence the name is derived, and continued three days. The first was called Ili^oiyia, art rou TiBcv; oiyiiv, because they tapped their barrels of liquor. The second day was called Xos;, from the measure ;^«a, because every individual dr.«nk of his own vessel, in commemoration of tlie arrival of Orestes, who after the murder of liis mother, came without being purified, to Demophoon, or Pandion king of Athens, and was obliged with all the Athenians, to drink by himself, for fear of polluting the peojile by drinking with them before he was purified of the parri- cide. It was usual on tliat day, to ride out in chariots, and ridicule those that passed by. The best drinker was rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and with a cask of wine. Tlie .third day was called x"'''^" from Xwrpa, a vessel brouglit out full of all sorts t*f seeds and herbs, deemed sacred tc; JMcrcury, and therefore not touched. 'I'he slaves had the permission of tieing merry and free during these festivals ; and at the end of the solem- nity a herald proclaimed, QvQu^t, Kxp:;, ovK IT AvS^icrmQia, i. o. Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at an end. JElian. r. //. 2, c. 41. AxxHEus, a son of Antenor, much es- teemed by Paris. One of the companions of ^neas. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 514. Anthia, a sister of Pri.am, seized by the Greeks. She compelled the people of Pallene to burn their ships, and build Scione. Pob/cen. 7, c. 47. A town. Vid. Anthea. A daughter of Thespius, mistress to Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 7. Anthias, Vid. Antheas. ANTinrpii, a daughter of Thestius. Anthium, a town of Tlirace, afterwards called Apollonia. Plin. A, c. 11. A city of Italy. Anthius, (Jloiveiy,) a name of Bacchus worshipped at Atliens. He had also a statue at Patra;. Antho, a daughter of Amulius king of Alba. ANTiiCllES, A N A y Asthohes, a companion of Hercules, who followed Evander, and settled in Italy. He was killed in the war of Turnus against iEneas. rirg. JEn. 10, V. 778. Anthkacia, a nymph. Pans. 8, c. 31. Anthropinus, Tisarchus and Diodes, three persons wlio laid snares for Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. PolycBn. 5, c. 5. Anthropophagi, a people of Scytliia that fed on human tlesh. They lived near tlie country of the Massagette. Plin. 4, c. 12, 1. G, c.'sO.—Mtld, '2, c. 1. Anthyli.a, a city of Egypt on the Ca- nopic mouth of the Nile. It maintained the queens of the country in shoes, or accord- ing to AtlunieBus 1, in girdles. Hcrodot. 2, c. 98. Antia lex was made for the suppression of luxury at Home. Its particulars are not knoAVTi. The enactor was Antius Restio, wlio afterwards never supped abroad for fear of being himself a witness of the profusion and extravagance which liis law meant to destroy, but without effect. Macrob. 3, c. 17. AxtiamIra, the mother of Echion. Antias, the goddess of fortune, chiefly worshipped at Antium. A poet. Vid. Eurius. AsticlIa, a daughter of Aufolycus and Amphithea. Her father, who was a famous robber, permitted Sisyphus, son of -Eohis to e:ijoy the favors of his daughter, and Anti- cloa was really pregnant of l"lysses wlien she married Laertes king of Ithaca. Lru-rtes was nevertheless the reputed fjtlier of Ulys- ses. L'lysses is reproadied l.y Ajax in Ouid. Met. as being the son of Sisyphus. ]t is s.iid that .Anticlea killed herself \»hen she heard a false rti)ort of her son's death. Ho- mer. Od. 11, 19. — iij/^rt./i6. L'01,'245. — iViK.i 10, c. 2f). A womiin who had l'eriphet(.s by Vulcan. Apollod. 3. A daughter of Dlocles, who married Ma- chaon the son of /Ksciilapius, by whom she had Nicomadius and Gorgasus. Paus. 4, c. 30. Anticlfs. an Athenian archon. A man who conspired against Alexander witli Hermolaus. Curt. 8, c. 6. An Athenian victor at 01ymj)ia. Anticlidis, a Greek liistorian, whose works are now lost. They are often quoted by Alhciutus ^ Plut. in AUx. Anticuacus, a mountain of Lycia, oppo- site mount Cragus. Strab. 4. Antic RATES, a Spartan who stabbed Epa- minondas, the Theban general, at the battle of iVIantinea. Plut. in Ages. Anticyka, two towns of Greece, the one in Phocis, and the other near Mount Oeta, both famous for tlie ellebore which tJiey pro- duced. Tliis plant was of infinite service to cure diseases, and particularly insanity ; hence tlie proverb Nati^ct Anticyram. The Anli- cyr* of Phocis was ancientlv called C%-]3aiissa. 64 It had a temple of Neptune, who was reprc sented holding a trident in one hand and rest- ing the other on his side, with one of his feet on a dolphin. Some writers, especially Ho- race {Art. p. 500), speak of three islands of this name, but this seems to be a mistake. Patts. 10, c. 5C. — Horat. 2. Sat. 3, v. 16fi. Be Art. Poet. v. 300. — Pe-.sius, 4, v, 16. — Strab. 9. — MAa, 2, c 5. — Ovid. Pont. 4. ep. 3, V. 55. A mistress of Demetrius. Plut. in Demetr. AntidomuSi a warlike soldier of king Philip at the siege of Pcrinthus. AxTiDOTUS, an excellent painter, pupil of Eupbranor. Plin. 35, c. li. AvriGKNzs, one of Alexander's gefnerals, publicly rewarded for his valor. Curt. 5. c. 14. Antic vNiDAs, a famous musician of Tlicbe^, disdple to Pliiloxenus. He taught his pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment of tlie po- pulace. Cm;, in Brut. 97. Aktigoka, daughter of Berenice, was wife to king Pj-rrhus. Plut. in Pifrrh. Antigone, a daughter of (Edipus, king of Thebes, by his mother Jocasta. She buried by night, her brother I'ojynices, against the positive orders of Crcon, who when he heard of it, ordered her to be buried alive. She however killed herself before tlie sentence was executed; and Haemon. tlie king's son who was passionately fond of her, and had not been able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on her grave. Tlie death of Anti- gone is the subject of one of the tragedies of Sophocles. The Athenians were so pleased witli it at the first representation, tliat they presented tlie autlior with the government of Samos. This tragedy was represented 52 timesat -\thens without interruption. Sophocl. ill Antig. — Ilifgiii. fab. 67, 72, 243, 254. — ApoUod. 3, c. 5. — Ovid. Trist. 5, el. 5. — Philo- strat.2, c. 29.— Slat. Theb. 12, v. 5 JO. .\ daughter of Eurytion king of Phthia in Thessaiy. ApoUod. — -A daughter of Lao- iTiedon. She was the sister of Priam, and was changed into a stork for comparing her- self to Juno. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 93. .Antigojiia, an inland town o{ Epirus. Plin. 4, c. 1. One of Macedonia, founded by Antigonus son of Gonatas. Jd. 4, c. 10. One in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. Strab. 16. Another iu Uitliynia, calledalso Nic*a. Id. 12. Anotlier in ..Ar- cadia, anciently called 3Iantinca. Paus. 8, c. 8. One of Troas in Asia Minor. Strnb. 15. Antioovvs, one of Alexander's generals, universally supi)osed to be die illegitiinate son of Philip. Alexander's father. In tlie division of the provinces after the king's deatli, he received Pamphylia, Lycia, and Phrygia. He uniuxl with Antipatcrand Ptolemy, to destroy Perdic- cas and Eumenes ; and alter the death of Per- diccas,hc made continual war againstEumenes, whom, after three years of various fortune, he took prisoiUT, and ordered to be starved. He afterwards AN A N afterwards declared war against Cassander, whom he conquered, and had several engaafc- ments by his generals Mrith Lyslmaclius. lie obliged Seleucus to retire from Syria, and fly for refuge and safety to EgjiJt. I'tolemy, who had established himself in Egj-pt, pro- mised to defend Seleucus, and from tliat time all friendsliip ceased between Ptolemy and Antigonus, and a new war was begun, in which Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, conquered the fleet of Ptolemy, near the island of Cj^irus, and took 16,000 men pri- soners, and sunk 100 ships. After this fa- mous naval battle, which happened V6 years after Alexander's death, Antigonus and his son assumed the title of kings, and their example was followed by all the rest of Alexander's generals. The power of Anti- gonus was now become so fonnidable, that Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysima- chus, combined together to destroy him ; yet Antigonus despised them, saying that he would disperse them as birds. He attempted to , enter Egypt in vain, though he gained several victories over his opponents, and lie at last received so many wounds in a battle that he could not survive them, and died in the 80th year of his age, 301 B. C. During his life, he was master of all Asia Minor, as far as Syria ; but after his deatli, his son Demetrius lost Asia, and established himself in Macedonia after the death of Cassander, and some time after attempted to recover his former possessions, but died in captivity in tlie court of his son-in-law Seleucus. An- tigonus was concerned in the different in- trigues of the Greeks. He made a treaty of alliance ^■r^th the iEtblians, and was higlily re- spected by the Athenians, to whom he shewed himself very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus discharged some of his officers because they spent tlieir time in taverns, and he gave their commissions to common soldiers who perform- ed their duty with punctuality. A certain poet called him divine ; but the king despised his flatter\', and bade him go and enquire of his servants whedier he was really what he sup- posed him. Strab. 13. — Diad. n.i^-c.—Pnus. 1, c6, <$-c.—.Tnstin. 13, 14 & 15\—C. Nep. in Evme7i. — Plut. inDemetr. Eumen. c!(- Aral, Gonatas, son of Demetrius, and grandson to Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. He restored the Armenians to liberty, conquered the Gauls, and at last was expelled by Pyrrhus, who seized Ids kingdom. After the death of Pyrrhus, he recovered Macedonia, and died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his son De- metrius to succeed, B. C. 243. Juslin. 21 & S"!. — Poljfb — Plnt.inJDemetr. Tlie guar- dian of his nephew, Philip, the son of Deme- trius, who married tlie widow of Demetrius, and usurped tlie kingdom. He was called Doson, from his promising much, and giving nothing. He conquered Cleomcnes king of Sparta, and obliged him to retire into Egypt, because he favored the iEtolians against the 65 GreoKs. He died, B. C. 221, .after a reign of 11 years, leaving his crouhi to tlie lawful possessor, Philip, wlio distinguished himself by tiis cruelties, and the war which he made against tlie Romans. Justin. 28 & 29. — Pofyb. 2.— Pint, ill Cleom A son of Aristobulus king of .Judaea, who obtained an army from tlie king of Parthia, by promising him 1000 talents and .COO women. With these foreign troops he attacked his country, and cut the ears of Hvr- canus to make him unfit for tlie priesthood. Herod, witli tlie aid of the Romans, took him prisoner, and he was put to death by Antony. Joseph. 14. — Dio7i. <^- Plut. in Anio7i Car>-stius, an liistorian in the age of Philadel- phus, who wrote the lives of some of the an- cient philosophers. Diog. — AtheTi A wri- ter on agriculture A statuary, who ^vrote on his profession. Antilco, a tjTant of Chalcis. After his death, oligarchy prevailed in that city. Arist. 5, Polit. Antilibanus, a mountain of Syria oppo- site mount Libanus ; near which the Orontes flows. Strab. — Pli7u 5, c. 20. Antilochl-s, a king of Messenia The eldest son of Nestor by Eurydice. He went to the Trojan v.ar with his father, and was killed by Memnon, the son of Aurora. Homer. Od, 4. — Ovid. Hcruid. says he was killed by Hector. A poet who wrote a panegyric upon Lysander, and received a hat filled with silver. Plut. in Lys. An historian com- mended by Dioni/s. Hal. An'timachus, a lascivious person. An liistorian. A Greek poet ."and musician of loaia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a trea- tise on the age and genealogy of Homer, and proved him to be a native of Colophon. He repeated one of his compositions before a large audience, but his diction was so obscure and unintelligible that all retired except Plato ; on which he said Legam niJiilominvs, Plato enim mihi est unus ijisfar omniuin. He wa.s reckoned the next to Homer in excellence, and the emperor Adrian was so fond of his poetry that he preferred him to Homer. He Avrote a poem upon tlio Theban war ; and be- fore he had brought his heroes to the city of Tliebes, he had filled 24 volumes. He was surnamed ClariusWom Claros,a mountain near Colophon, where he was born. Puus. 9, c. 35. — Plut. in Lysand. ^ Timol. — Propert. 2, el. 34, V. 45. — Quinfil. 10, c. 1. Another poet of the same name surnamed Psecas, be- cause he praised himself. Suidas. A Trojan whom Paris Iiribed to oppose the re- storing of Helen to Menelaus and Ulysses, who had come as ambassadors to recover her. His sons, Hippolochus and Pisander, were killed by Agamemnon. Homer Tl. 11, v. 123, 1. '23, V. 188. A son of Hercules by a daughter of Thestiiis. Apollod. 2 & 3. A nalive of Helio]jolis, who wrote a poem on tlic creation of the world, in 3780 verses. ANTiMENES.asonof Deiphon. Paw».2, c.2K. F Antikob, A N A N Aktin'OE, one of the daughters of Pelias, whose wishes to restore her father to youthful vigor proved so fatal, ^pollad. 1. — Paus. 8, c. ]1. AxTiNOEiA, annual sacrifices and quin- quennial games ia lionor of Antiuous, insti- tuted by the emperor Adrian at Mantinea, ■where Antinous w as worshipped as a divinity. ANTiNoroi.is, a town of Egj-pt, built in honor of Antinous. Antinous, a youth of Bithynia, of whom the emperor Adrian was so extremely fond, that at his deatli he erected a temple to him, and washed it to be believed that he had been changed into a constellation. Some writers suppose that Antinous was drowned in the Nile, while others maintain that he offerefl himself at a sacrifice as a victim, in honor of the emperor. A native of Ithaca, son of Eupeithes, and one of Penelope's suitors. He was brutal and cruel in his manners ; and ex- cited his companions to destroy Telemachus, vthosc advice comforted his mother Penelope. When Ulysses returned home he came to the palace in a beggar's dress,and begged for bread, which Antinous refused, and even struck him. After Ulysses had discovered himself to Te- lemachus and Eumwus, he attacked the suit- ors, who yere ignorant who he was, and killed Antinous among the first. Homer. Od. 1, 16, 17 & 22. — Propert. 2, d. 5, v. 7. Antiochia, the name of a Syrian province. Mela, 1, c. 14. \ city of Syria, once the third city of the world for bi-autv, greatness, and population. It was built by Antiochusand Scleucus Nicanor, partly on a hill, and partly in a plain. It has the river Orontes in its neighbourhood, with a celebrated grove called Daphne ; whence, for the sake of distinction, it has been called .\ntiochia near Daphne. Dionys. Piereg. A city called also Nisibis, in Mesopotamia, built by Seleucus, son of An- Isochus. The capital of Pisidia 92 miles at the cast of Ephesus. A city on mount Cra- gus. Another near the river Tigris, 25 leagues from Seleucia on the west. An- other in Margiana, called Alexandria and Seleucia. Another near mount Taurus, on the confines of Syria. Another of Caria, on the river Meander. Antiochis, the name of the mother of Antiochus, the son of Seleucus. A tribe of Athens. Antiochus, sumamed Soter, was son of Seleucus, and king of SjTia in Asia. He made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Phi- ladclphus, king of Egypt. He fell into a lingering disease, which none of his father's physicians could cure for some time, till it ■was discovered that his pulse was more irre- gular than usual, when Stratonice his step- mother entered his room, and that love for her was the cause of his illness. This was told to the father, who willingly gave Strato- nice to his son, that his immoderate love might not cause his death. He died 291 B. C. 66 after a reign of 19 years. Justin. 17, c 2, &c. — Val. Max. 5. — Poiyb. 4. — ^j>]>ian The second of that name sumamed 'j ho^s ( God) by the Milesians, because he pat to doatli their tyrant Timarthus, was son -and successor to Antiochus Soter. He put an end to the war which had been begun with Ptolemy ; and, to strengthen the peace, he married Be- renice, the daughter of tlie jEgyptian king. This so offended his former wife Laodice, by whom he had two sons, that she poisoned him, and suborned Artemon, whose features were similar to liis, to represent Jiim as king. Ar- temon, subservient to her will, pretended to be indisposed, and as king, called all the ministers, and recommended to them Seleu- cus, sumamed CalLinicus, son of Laodice, as his successor. After this ridiculous imposture, it was made public that the king had died a natural death, and Laodice placed her son on the throne, and dispatched Beranicc, and her son, 246 years before the Christian era. A])pum. Tlie third of that name, surnamed the Great, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was king of Syria and Asia, and reigned 56 years. He was defeated by Ptolemy Phiiopater at Raphia, afliT which he made war against Per- sia, and took Sardes. .\ftor the death of Phi- iopater, he endeavoured to crush his infant son Epiphanes -. but his guardians solicited the aid of the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled to resign his pretensions. He conquered the greatest part of Greece, of which some cities implored the aid of Rome ; and Annibal, who had taken refuge at his court, encouraged him to make war against Italy. He was glad t» find himself supported by the abilities of such a general ; but his measures were dilatory, and not agreeable to the advice of Annibal, and he was conquered and obliged to retire beyond mount Taurus, and pay a yearly fine of 200O talents to the Romans. His revenues being unable to pay the fine, he attempted to plun- der tlie temple of Belus in Suaiana, which so incensed the inhabitants, that they killed him with his followers, 187 years before the Chris- tian era. In his character of king, Antiochus was humane and liberal, the patron of learn- ing, and the friend of merit ; and he published an edict, ordering his subjects never to obey except his coimnands were consistent with the laws of the country. He had three sons, Se- leucus Phiiopater, Antiochus Epiphai)es,.and Demetrius. The first succeeded him, and the two others were kept as hostages by the Ro- mans. Justin. 51 & 52. — Strab. 16. — Liv. 54, c. 59. — Flor. 2, e. X.—Appian. Hell. Si/r. The fourth Antiochus, sumamed Epi- phanes or lUustrious, was king of Syria, after the death of his brother Seleucus, and reigned eleven years. He destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to the Jews, that they called l»in\ Epimanes, or Furious, and not Epiphaiies. He attempted to plunder Pcrsepolis without effect. He was of a voracious appetite, .ind fond of childisli diversions ; he used for his pleasure to cmptj AN AN empty bags of money into the streets, to see the people's eagerness to gatJier it ; he bathed in the pubUo baths with die populace, and was fond of perfuming himself to excess. He in- rited all the Greeks he could at Antioch, and waited upon them as a servant, and danced with such indecency among the stage players, that even the most dissipate and shameless blushed at the sight. Polybius. — Justin. 34, c. 5. The fifth, surnamed Eupalor, suc- ceeded his father Epiphanes on the throne of Syria, 164 B. C. He made a peace with the Jews, and in the second year of his reign was assassinated by his uncle Demetrius, who said that the crown was lawfully his own, and that it had been seized from his father. Justin. 34. — Joseph. 12. 'fhe sixth king of Syria was surnamed Entheus or Noble. His father Alexander Bala, en- trusted him to the care of Malcus, an Ara- bian ; and he received the crown from Try- phon, in opposition to his broth-^r Demetrius, whom the people hated. Before he had been a year on the throne, Tryphon mur- dered him, 14.5 B. C. and reigned in his place for three years. Joseph. 13. The seventh called Sidcies, reigned nine years. In the beginning of his reign he was afraid of Trj'phon, and concealed himself, but he soon obtained the means of destroying his enemy. He made war against Phraates king of Par- thia, and he fell in the battle which was soon after fought, about 1 30 years before the Chris- tian era. Justin. 36, c. 1. — Airjrian. Bell. Syr. The eighth, surnamed Grypus, from his aquiline nose, was son of Demetrius Nicanor by Cleopatra. His brother Seleucus was de- stroyed by Cleopatra, and he him.self would have shared the same fate, had he not dis- covered his mother's artifice, and compelled her to drink the poison which v/as prepared for himself. He killed Alexander Zehina, whom Ptolemy had set to oppose htm on the throne of Syria, and was at last assassinated B. C. II ", after a reign of eleven years. Justin. 39, &c. — Joseph. — Appian The ninth, surnamed Cyzenicus, from the city of Cyzicus, where he received his education, was son of Antiochus Sidetes, by Cleopatra. He disputed the king- dom with his brother Grypus, who ceded to him Coelosyria, part of his patrimony. He was at last conquered by his nephew Seleucus near Antioch, and rather than to continue longer in his hands, he killed himself, B. C. 93. While ■ a private man, he seemed wortliy to reign ; liut when on the throne, he was (Kssolute and ty- rannical. He was fond of mechanics, and in- vented some useful military engines. Appian. — Joseph. — The tenth was ironically surnamed Pius, because he married Selena, the wife of his fatlier and of his uncle. He was the son of Antiochu.s ninth, and he expelled Seleucus the son of Grypus from Spia, and was killed in a battle which he fought against the Parthians, in the cause of the Galatians. Joseph. — Ap- pian. — After his death, the kingdom of Syria 67 was torn to pieces by the faction of the foyal family, or usui-pers, who, under a good or false title, under the name of Antiochus or his re- lations, established themselves for a little time as sovereigns either of Syria, or Damascus, or other dependent provinces. At last Antiochus surnamed Asiaticus, the son of Antiochus the ninth, was restored to his paternal throne by the influence of Lucullus the Roman general, on the expulsion of Tigranes king of AiTne- niafrom the Syrian dominions ; but four years after, Pompey deposed him, and observed, that he who had hid himself while an usurper sat upon his throne, ought not to be a king. From that time, B. C. i>5, Syria became a Roman province, and the i^ace of Antiochus was extinguished. Justin. 40. A philo- sopher of Ascalon, famous for his writings, and the respect with which he was treated by his pupils, Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus. Plut. in Lucid. An historian of Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, who wrote, besides other works, an history of Sicily, in nine books, in which he began at the age of king Cocalus. Strab. — Diod.\2. A rich king, tributary to the Romans in the age of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 81. A sophist who refused to take upon himself the government of a state, on account of the vehemence of his passions. -A king conquered by Antony, &c. Cees. 3, Bell. Civ. 4. A kingofMessenia. Paus. 4. A commander of the Athenian fleet, un- der Alcibiades, conquered by Lysander. Xenoph. Hist. Grcec. A writer of Alex- andria, who published a treatise on comic poets. Athen. A sceptic of Laodicea. Diog. in Pyrrh. A learned sophist. Phi- lostra. A ser\ant of Atticus. Cic. ad At- tic. 3, ep. S3. A hair-di'esser mentioned by Martial, 11, e]>. 85. A son of Hercules by Medea. Apollod. 2, c. 7. A stage player. Juv. 3, v. 98. A sculptor, said to have made the famous statue of Pallas, preserved in the Ludovisi gardens at Rome. Antiope, a daughter of Nycteus, king of Thebes, by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupiter, who, to deceive her, changed himself into a satyr. She became pregnant, and to avoid the resentment of her father, she fled to mount Cithseron, where she brought forth twins, Am- phion and Zethus. She exposed them, to pre- vent discovery, but they were preserved. After this she fled to Epopeus, king of Sicyon, who married her. Some say that Epopeus carried her away, for which action Nycteus made war against him, and at his death left his crown to his brother Lycus, entreating him to continue the war, and punish the ravisher of his daugh- ter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, killed Epo- ]>eus, and recovered Antiope, whom he loved, and married, though his niece. His first wife Dirce, was jealous of his new connection; she prevailed upon her husband, and Anti- ope was delivered into her hands, and confined in a prison, where she was daily tormented. Antiope, after many years' imprisonment, F -2 obtained AN AN obtained means to escape, and went after her sons, who undertook to avenge her wrongs upon Lycus and his wife Dirce. They took TTiebes, put the king to death, and tied Direc to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till she died. Bacchu> changed her into a fountain, and deprived Antiope of the use of her senses. In this forlorn situation she wan- dered all over Greece, and at last found relief from Phocus, son of Ornytion, who cured her of her disorder, and married her. Hyginus, Jab. 7, says that Antiope was divorced by Ly- cus, because she had been ravished by Epo- peus, whom he calls Epaphus, and that after her repudiation she became pregnant by Ju- piter. Meanwhile Lycus married Dirce, who suspected that her husband still kept the company of Antiope, upon which slie impri- soned her. Antiope however escaped from her confinement, and brought forth on mount Cithficron. Some auUiors have called her daughter of Asopus, because she was born on the banks of tliat river. The sclioliust on vVyn/- lon. 1, V. 7.3 J, maintains that there were two persons of the name, one the daughter of Nycteus, and the other of Asopus and motlier of Amphion and ZeUuis. Pans. 2, c. C, I. 9, c. n.~Ovid. 6, Mel. V. 1 lO.—ApolM. ."^,0. 5. rropert. 3, el. 15.— Horn. Od. 11. v. 25 i).— Hy^n. fab. 7, 8 8c 155. A d.iughter of Thespius or Thestius, mother' of Alopius by Hercules, ApnWMl. 2, c. 7. A daughter of Mars, queen of tlie Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules, and given in marriage to The- seus. She is also called Hippolyte. ViJ. Hip- polyte. A daughter of -^olus, mother of Boeotus and Hellen, by Neptune. Hi/gin. Jab. 157. A daughter of Pilon, who mar- ried Eurytus. Id. Jib. 14. Antiorus, a son of Lycurgus. Plut. m Lycurg. Antiparos, a small island in the iEgean 8ca, opposite I'aros, from which it is about six miles distant. Antipater, son of lolaus, was soldier un- der king Philip, and raised to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great. When Alexander went to invade Asia, he left Anti- pater supreme governor of Macedonia, and of all Greece. Antipater exerted himself in the cause of his king ; he made war against Sparta, and was soon after called into Persia witli a re- inforcement by Alexander. He has been sus- pected of giving poison to Alexander, to raise himself to power. After Alexander's death, his generals divided the empire among them- selves, and IVIacedonia was allotted to Anti- pater. The wars which Greece, and chiefly Athens, meditated under Alexander's life, now burst forth with imconimon fury as soon as the news of his death was received. The Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, and equipped 200 ships against Antipater, who was master of INIacedonia. Their expedition was attended ■with laufh success, Antipater was routed in Thessalv, and even besieged in the 68 town of Lamia. But when Leosthenes the Athenian general was mortally wounded under the walls of Lamia, the fortune of the war was changed. Antipater obliged the enemy to raise the siege, and soon after received a rein- forcement from Craterus from Asia, with which he conquered the .Athenians at Cranon in Theis.ily. After this defeat .\ntipater and Craterus marched into Ija^otia, and con- quered the -Etollan';, and granted peace to the Atheniafns, on the conditions which Leosthenes had proposed to Antipater wheu besieged in Lamia, i. e. tliat he should be absolute master over them. Besides this, hi.- demanded from their ambassadors, Demade^. Phociou, and Xenocrates, that they should deliver into his hands the orators Demostliene . and Hypcrides, whose eloquence had inflamed the minds of their countrymen, and had been the primary causes of the war. Tlie con- ditions were accepted, a Macedonian garrison was stationed in Athens, but the inhabitants still were pennitted the free use of their laws and privileges. Antipater and Craterus were the first who made hostile preparations against Perdiccas; and during that time Poly- perclion was appointed over Macedonia. Po- lyperchon defeated the ^Etolians, who made an invasion upon Macedonia. Antipater gave assistance to Eumenes in Asia against Anti- gonus, according to Justin. 14, c. 2. At his death, B. C. ."19, Antipater appointed Poly- perchon master of all his possessions; and as he was the oldest of all the generals and suc- cessors of Alexander, he recommended tliat he might be the supreme Yuler in their councils, that every thing nu'ght be done according to his judgment. As for his son Cassander, he left him in a subordinate station under Polyper- choii. But Cassanderwasof too aspiring a dis- po'iit ion tamely to obey his father's injunctions. He recovered Macedonia, and made himself absolute. Curt. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7& 10. — Justin. 1 1, 12, 13, Stc—Diod. 17, IS, &c.— C. Nep. in Phoc. fTiPHATEs, a king of the Lsestrygones, descended from Lamus, who founded Formiss. Ulysses returning from Troy, came ujKjn his coasts, and sent three men to examine the country. Antiphates devoured one of them, and pursued the otliers, and sunk tlie fleet of Ulysses with stones, except the ship in which Ulysses was. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 232. A son of Sarpedon. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 696. The grandfather of Amphiaraus. Homer. Od. A man killed in the Trojan war by Le- onteus. Homer. II. 12, v. 191. Antiphili Portus, a harbour on the Afri- can side of the Red Sea. Strab. 1 6. Antiphilus, an Athenian vviio succeeded Leosthenes at the siege of Lamia against An- tipater. Diod. 18. A noble painter who represented a youth leaning over a fire and blowing it, from which the whole house seem- ed to be illuminated. He \\a& an Egyptian by birth ; he imitated Apelles, and was dis- ciple to Ctesidemus. Plin. 55, c. 10. Antiphon, a poet. A native of Rham- nusia, called Nestor, from his eloquence and prudence. Tlie 16 orations that are extant under his name, are supposititious. An orator who promised Philip, king of IMace- donia, that he would set on fire the citadel of Atliens, for which he was put to death, at the instigation of Demosthenes. Cic. de Jjiv. 2. — Plut. in Alcib. ^ Dcmost. A poet who wrote on agriculture. At/ieru An author who wrote a treatise on peacocks. A rich man introduced by Xenophon as disputing 69 with Socrates. An Atlienian who inter- preted dreams, and wrote an history of his art. Cic. de Div. 1 & 2. A foolish rhetorician. A poet of Attica, who wrote tragedies, epic poems, and orations. Dionysius put him to death, because he refused to praise his com- positions. Being once asked by the tyrant, v/hat brass was the best? He answered, that v.ith which the statues of Ilannodius and Aristogiton are made. Pint. — Aristot. Antiphonus, a son of Priam, who went with his father to the tent of Achilles to re- deem Hector. Homer. II. 24. Antiphus, a son of Pn"am, killed by- Agamemnon during the Trojan war. A son of Tliessalus, grandson to Ilercides. He went to the Trojan war in 50 ships. Homer. II. 2, V. 185. An intimate friend of Ulys- ses. Homer. Od. 17. A brother of Ctime- nus, was son of Ganyctor the Naupactian. Tliese two brothers murdered tlie poet Hesiod, on the false suspicion that he liad offered vio- lence to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. The poet's dog discovered them, and they were seized and convicted of the murder. Plut. de Solcrt. Anim. AxTiPCENUs, a noble Theban, whose daugh- ters sacrificed themselves for the public safety. Vid. Androclea. Antipolis, a city of Gaul, built by the people of Marseilles. Tacit. 2. Hist. c. 15. Antirrhium, a promontory of ^tolia, opposite Rhiiim in Peloponnesus, whence the name. Antissa, a city at the north of Lesbos. An island near it. Ovid. Met. 15, t. 287 . —Plin. 2, c. 89. A:ntisth£nes, a philosopher, born of an Athenian father, and of a Phrj'gian mother. He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils the famous Diogenes ; but when he had lieard. Socrates, he shut up his school, and told his pupils, *' Go seek for yourselves a master; I have now found one." He was at the head of the sect of the Cynic philosophers. One of his pupils asked him what philosophy had taught him ? " To live with myself," said he. He sold his all, and preserved only a very ragged coat, which drew the attention of So crates, and tempted him to say to the Cynic, who carried his contempt of dress too far, " Antisthenes, I sec thy vanity tlirough the holes of thy coat." Antistlienes taught the unity of God, but he recommended suicide. Some of his letters are extant. His doctrines of austerity were followed as long as he was himself an example of the cynical character, but after his death, they were all forgotten. Antisthenes florished 596 years B. C. Cic. de Orat. 5, c. 55. — Diog. 6. — Plut. in Lye. A disciple of Heraclitus. An historian of Rhodes. Diog. Antistius Labeo, an excellent lawyer at Rome, who defended tJie liberties of hi^ country against Augustus, for which he is AN A N taxed with madness by Horat. 1, Sat. 3, v. S2. — Sueton. in Auf^. 54. IVtro of Gabii, was the author of a celebrated treaty between Rome and bis country, in the age of Tarquin the proud. Dimys. Hal. 4. ('. Jlo;j;inus, a lieutenant of C»sai in Gaul. Cces. Belt. G. a 8c 7. A soldier of Pouipey's army, so confident of his valor, that he challenged all the adherents of Caesar. Hiri. '25, IILip. BeU. AvriTAjRi's, one of the branches of mount Taurus, which rims in a north-east direction tlirougb Ca)>padocia towards Anne- nia and tlie Euphrates. Antitheus, an Athenian archon. Paus. 7, c. 17 Antium, a maritime town of Italy, built by Ascanius, or, according to others, by a son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32 miles east from Ostium. It wa* the capital of the Volsci, who made war against the Ro- mans for above '200 years. Camillus took it, and carrii-d all the beaks of their sliips to Rome, and placed them in the roruin on a tribunal, wliicli from tliencu was called Uos- tru'n. 'lliis town was dcilicate*! to the god- dess of Fortune, whose sf.itucs, when con- sulted, gave oracies by a nodding of the head, or other different signs. Nero was bom there. Cic. de Dw. 1. — Ilorat. 1, o(LZ5. — Liv. 8, c 14. A»rTO.\{ENE.s, the last king of Corinth. After his death, magistrates with regal autho- rity were chosen annually. Anto.sia i.kx was enacted by M. Antony, the consul, A. U. C. 710. It abrogated tJie lex Alia, anil rencwinl the hx Comelui, I>y taking away from the people the privilege of chusing priests, and restoring it to the college of priests, to which it originally belonged. Dio. 44. Another by the same, A. L'. C. 703. It ordainecury of judges should be added to the two fonncr, and that they sliould be chosen from tlie centurions. Cic. in Philip. 1 & .'>. Another, by the same. It allowed an appeal to the people, to those who wen' condemned (U mnjt-siate, or of perfidious measures against the state. Another by llio same, during his triumvirate. It made it a capital olVence to projiose ever after Uie election of a dictator, and for any person to accept of the office. Appinn. de BtU. Civ. 3. Antosia, 8 daughter of !VT. Antony, by Octavia. She married Domitius .tlnobarbus, and wa:; motJier of Nero and of two (bughters. A sister of Gcrmanicns. A daughter of Claudius and .Mia Petina. She wa-; of the family of tlie Tubcro's and was re])iHiiated for her levity. Snrtiook ia Greek, intitled. t« kiB' i«(/r«». conct-rning hrni- St-lf, the best editions of which are the 4to. Cantab. 165.2, and the .Svo. Oxon. 1704. After tlie war witli the Qiiadi had been fi- nished, Verus died of an apoplexy, and .Anto- ninus survived him eight years, and died in bis filst year, after a reign of t'!» years and ten days. Dio. Cassius. Bassianus CanicaDa, sop of (be emperor Septimus Sererus. was ce- lebrated AN AN lebratcd for his cruelties. H« killed his brother Geta. in his mother's arms, and attempted to destroy the wTitings of Aris- totle, observing that Aristotle was one of tliose who sent poison to Alexander. He married las mother, and publicly lived with her, which gcve occasion to thj people of Alexandria to say, that he was an G^dipus, and his wife a Jocasta. This jo):e was fatal to them; and the emperor, to punish their ill language, slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. After assuming the name and di-ess of Achilles, and styling himself ths conqueror of provinces which hs had never seen, he was assassinated at Edessa by Ma- crinus, April 8, in the 45d year of his sge, A. D. 217. His body was sent to his wife Julia, who stabbed her«eif at the sight. TTiere is extant a Greek itinerary, and another book called Iter Britamiician, which some have attributed to the emperor An- toninus, though it was more probably writ- ten by a person of that name whose age is unknown. Antoniopolis, a city of Mesopotamia. Mar cell. 8. M. Antonius Gnipho, a poet of Gaul, who taught rhetoric at Rome. Cicero and other illustrious men frequented his school. He never asked any thing for his lectures, whence he received more from the liberality of his pupils. Suetcm. delUust. Or. 7. An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the same name. He was killed in the civil wars of Marius, and his head was hung in tlie Forum. VcU. Max. 9, c. 2. — Lucan. 2, v. 121. Mm-cus, the eldest son of the orator of the same name, by means of Cotta and Cethegus, obtained from the senate the office of manag- ing the corn on the maritime coasts of the Mediterranean, with unlimited pow er. This gave him many opportunities of plundering the provinces and enriching himself. He died of a broken heart. Sallust. Frag.- Caius, a son of the orator of that name, who obtained a troop of horse from Sylla, and plundered Achaia. He was carried before the pretor M. LucuUus, and banished from the senate by the censors for pillaging the allies, and re- fusing to appear when summoned before jus- tice Caius, son of Antonius Caius, was consul with Cicero, and assisted him to destroy the conspiracy of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Macedonia as his province, and fought with ill success against the Dardani. He was accused at his return, and banished. Mar- cus, the triumvir, was grandson to the orator M. Antonius, aod son of Antonius, surnamed Cretensb, from his wars in Crete. He was augur and tribune of the people, in which he distinguished himself by his ambitious views. He always entertained a secret resentment against Cicero, which arose from Cicero's having put to death Corn. Lentulus, v/ho was concerned in Catiline's conspiracy. This Len- tulus had married Antonius's mother after his 71 fatlier's death. When the senate was torn by the factions of Pompey's and Casar's adhe- rents, Antony proposed that both should lay- aside the command of their armies in the pro- vinces ; but as this proposition met not with success, he privately retired from Rome to the camp of Cssar, and advised him to march his army to Rome. In support of his attach- ment he commanded the left wing of his army at Pharsalia, and, according to a premeditatecl scheme, offered him a diadem in the presence of the Roman people. When Caesar was assassinated in the senate house, his friend Antony spoke an oration over his body ; and to ingratiate himself and his party vsrith the populace, he reminded them of the liberal treatment they had received from Casar. He besieged Mutina, which had been allotted to D. Brutus, for which the senate judged him an enemy to the republic at the remonstration of Cicero. He was conquered by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and by young Caesar, who soon after joined his interest with that of An- tony, and formed the celebrated triumvirate, which was established with such cruel proscrip- tions, that Antony did not even spare his own uncle, that he might strike off the head of his enemy Cicero. The triumvirate divided the Roman empire among themselves; Lepidus was set over all Italy, Augustus had the west, and Antony returned into the east, where he enlarged his dominions by different conquests. Antony had married Fulvia, whom he repu- diated to marry Octavia the sister of Au- gustus, and by this connection to strengthen the triumvirate. He assisted Augustus at the battle of Philippi against the murderers of J. CfEsar, and he buried the body of M. Brutus, his enemy, in a most magnificent manner. During his residence in the east, he became enamoured of the fair Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia to marry her. This divorce incensed Augustus, who now prepared to deprive Antony of all his power. Antony, in the mean time, assembled all the forces of the east, and with Cleopatra marched against Octavius Caesar. These two enemies met at Actium, where a naval engagement soon began, but Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the battle, and ruin- ed his cause. After the battle of Actium, Antony followed Cleopatra into Egypt, where he was soon informed of the defection of all his allies and adherents, and saw the conqueror on his shores. He stabbed himself, and Cleo- patra likewise killed herself by the bite of an asp. Antony died in the 56th year of his age, B. C. 30, and the conqueror shed tears when he was informed that his enemy was no more. Antony left seven children by his three wives. He has been blamed for his great effeminacy, for his uncommon love of pleasures, and his fondness of drinking. It is said that he wroto a book in praise of drunkenness. He was fond of imitating Hercules, from whom, according to some accounts, he was desceodedj and b« F4 i» AN is oftiii riprciCntcJ as Hercules, widi Cleo- patra ill tlie fonn of Oniplinle, dressed in the arms of lier submissive lovir, and beating liim uitJi her Siuidals. In his public cha- racter, Antony was brave and courageous, Imt will) the intrepidity of CiBsar, he pos- sessed all his voluptuous inclinations. He was prodigal to a degree, anil did not scrui)le to call, from vanity. Ids sons by Cleojiatra, kings of kings. His fondness for low com- pany, anss boy. Liv. 4, c. 59. — Boral. 1, .'■int. 3, V. 26. — Lucan. 3, v. 84 Fire. j£n' 7, V. 79f». Anvta. a Greek woman, some of whose elegant verses are still extant. AsvTus, an Atlienian rhetorician, who with Melitus and Lycon, ati used Socrates of impiety, and was tlie cause of his condemna- tion. 'Hiese false accusers were afterwards put to death by tlie Athenians. iJiun .t:iiun. r. II. 2, c. 13 Uorat. 2, Sat. 4. V. 3 — Plut. ia Alcib One of tiie Ti- tans. -An^Xbi:, a river near tlie Tigris. Mur- ClU. IH. .\ot.Lws, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, afterwards called .■\bJllius. .'VoN, a son of Neptune, who came to Eu- btra and KoeotJa, f, om Apulia, where he col- lected tiie iniiabitanti into cities, and reignctl over tht.ni. Tljey were CiJied ..-/omcj, and tlic country Aonia, from hin\ Ao.st-, the ifUiabitant5 of Aonia, called afterwards Bceotia. They came there in tlie age of f athnus, and obtained his leave to het- tle with the Phoenicians. The muses have Ixen tailed Aonidfs, because .\onia was more particularly frequented by them. Pam, y, c. 3.— (hid. Afd. Z, 7, 10, 13. Tritt. A. 5, V. 10. Past. 3, V. 45C. 1. 4, t. 245 I'irg.G. 3. T. 11. AoMA, one of the ancient names of Boc- otia. .AoKis, a famous hunter, son of Aras king of Corinth. He was so fond of his wster Ara- thyrxa. that he called part of the country by her name. Paus. 2, c. 12.— —The wife of Xeleus, called more commonly Chloris. Jd. 9, c. 36. AoRNos. .\omus, .■\ornis, a lofty rock, supposed to be near the Ganges in India, taken by Alexander. Hercules hod besieged it, but was never able to conquer it. Curl. S. c. 11 ArriaVi. 4. — Strah. \5. — Plut. m AUi. A place in Epirus, witJi an oracle. Paus. 9, c. !;'0. ,\ certain lake near Tar- tessus. .Another near Bais and Puteoli. It was also called .Vvtrnus. Virg. ^fT/i. 6, V. 242. AoTi, a people of Thrace, near the Gctc, on tlie Ister. PUn. 4. APAir.E, a people of Asia Minor. Strah. .\PAMA. a daughter of .\rtaxerxcs, who married Pharnabazus. satrap of Ionia. A daughter of A ntiocJiiis. Paus. I.e. 8. Apame, the mother of Nicomedcs by Pru- sias king of Bithyniu. Tlie mother of An- tiochus Soter, by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter founded a city which he called ty his mother's naric. Atamia, A P AP Ai'AMiA or Apamea, a cify of Phiygia, on the JNIarsyas. A city of Eithynia, of Media, IMcsopotamia, Another neai- the Tigris. Apahxi, a nation of shcplierds near the Caspian sea. Strab. ApatOria, a festival of Athens which re- ceived its name from az^xTri, deceit, because it was instituted in memory of a stratagem by which Xanthus king of Bceotia was killed by Melanthus king of Adiens, upon the follow- ing occasion ; when a v.ar arose between the Eoeotians and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided their territories, Xan- thus made a proposal to the Athenian king to decide the battle by single combat. Thy- moetes, who was then on the throne of Athens, refused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the challenge. Wlien they began tlie engagement, Melanthus exclaimed, that his antagonist had some person behind him to support him ; upon which Xanthus looked behind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this success, Jupiter was called a'ra.TKvu^, de- ceiver, and Bacchus, who was supposed to be behind Xanthus, was called Mikxiaiyi;, clothed in the skin of a Unck goat. Some de- rive the word from a^aro^ia, i. e. o/mro^icc, because, on the day of the festival, tlie cliil- dren accompanied tlieir fathers to be re- gistered among tlie citizens. The festival lasted three days, the first day was called oc^yrmc, because suppers, Saairo;, were prepared for each separate tribe, llie second day was called ava^^viri; axt tov uvea s^viiv, because sacrifices were offtred to Jupiter and Mi- nerva, and tlie head of the victims was gene- rally turned up towaads the heavens. Tlie third was called Kou^imtif, from Kou^o;, a youth, or Kov^a,, shaving, because the young men had their hair cut off before they were registered, when their parents swore that they were freeborn Athenians. They gene- rally sacrificed two ewes and a she-goat to Diana. This festival was adopted by tlie lonians, except the inhabitants of Ephesus and Colophon. A surname of Minerva, of Venus. Apeauros, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Polyb. 4. Apella, a word, Uoral. 1, Sal. 5, v. 10, which has given much trouble to critics and commentators. Some suppose it to mean cir- cumcised, [sinepelle) an epitliet highly appli- cable to a Jew. Others maintain that it is a proper name, upon tlie authority of Cicero ad ylttic. 12, ep. 19, who mentions a person of the same name. Apelles, a celebrated painter of Cos, or as others say, of Ephesus or Colophon, son of Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the Great, who honored him so much that he forbade any man but Appelles to draw his picture. He was so attentive to his profes- sion that he never spent a day without cm- ploying his pencil, whence the proverb of 73 Nulla dies sine lined. His most perfcit picture was Venus iVnadyomene, which was Hot totally finished wlicii the painter died. Pie made a painting of Alexander holding thunder in his hand, so much like life, tiiat Pliny, who saw it, says that the hand of the king with the thunder seemed to come out of the picture. This picture was placed in Diana's temple at Ephesus. He made an- other of Alexander, but the king expressed not much satisfaction at the sight cf it ; and at that moment a horse, passing by, neighed at the horse which was represented in tlis piece, supposing it to be alive ; upon wliich the painter said, " One would imagine tha the horse is a better judge of painting than your majesty." When Alexander ordered him to draw the picture of Campaspe, one of his mistresses, Appelles became enamoured of her, and the king permitted him to marry her. He wrote three volumes upon painting, which were still extant in the age of Pliny. It is said that he was accused in Egypt of conspiring against tlie life of Ptolemy, and that he would have been put to death ha'pt, whence he went to Alexandria, of which he was deemed a citizen. He suc- ceeded l"heus in the profession of rhetoric in tlie reign of Til)erius, and wrote a book again<< the Jews, which Josephus refuted. He was at tlie head of an embassy which the people of Alexandria sent to Caligula, to compliiin of the Jews. Seneca, q>. 88 Plin. praf. Hist- ApicIta, married Sejanus, by whom she had three children. She was repudiated. Tadt. Ann. 4, c. 3. Apiciirs, a famous glutton in Rome. There were three of the same name, all famous for their voracious appetite. The first lived in the time of the republic, the second in the reign of Augustus and Tiberius, anrl the third under Trajan. The second was the most famous, as he «TOte a book on the pleasures and incitements of eating. He hanged him- self after he had consumed the greatest part of his estate. The best edition of Apicius Ca?lius rfc Arte Coquinaria, is that of Amst. 12mo. 1 709. Juv. 1 1, v. 3 Martial. 2, ej). C9. ApiniNis, one of the chief rivers of Thcs- saly, at the south of the Peneus, into which it falls a little .ibove Larissa. Lucan. 6. v. 372. ArivA, and Apinsr, a city of Apulia, de- stroyed with Trica, in its neighbourhood, by Diomedes ; whence came the proverb of Api- nu t|j- Trica, to express trifling things. Mar- tial.' 14, ep. 1 Plin. 3, c. 11. Apiola and .\piolfe, a town of Italy, taken by Tarquin the proud. 'Hie Roman capitol was begun with the spoils taken from that city. Plin. 3, c. 5. Apion, a surname of Ptolemy, one of tlie descendants of Ptolemy Lagus. A gram- marian. [riVf. Apianus.] Apis, one of the ancient kings of Pelopon- nesus, son of Phoroneus and Laodice. Some say that Apollo was his father, and that he was king of Argos, while others call him king of Sicyon, and fix the time of his reign above 200 years earlier, which is enough to show he is but obscurely known, if known at all. He was a native of Naupactum, and descended from Inachus. He received divine honors after death, as he had been munificent and hu- mane AP mane to his subjects. The country where he reigned was called Apia : and afterwards it receired the name of Pelasgia, Argia, or Ar- golis, and at last that of Peloponnesus, from Pelops. Some, amongst whom is Varro and St. Augustine, have imagined that Apis went to Egypt with a colony of Greeks, and that he civilized tlie inhabitants, and polished their manners, for which they made him a god af- ter death, and paid divine honors to him un- der the name of Serapis. This tradition, according to some of the moderns, is v»ithout foundation. jEschi/, in Siippl. — August, de Civ. Dei. 18, c. 5— Pans. 2, c. 5.—Apollod. 2, c. 1. A son of Jason, born in Arcadia; he was killedby the horses of ^tolus. Pans. 5, c. 1. A town of Egypt on the lake Ma- reotis. A god of the Egyptians, worship- ped under the form of an ox. Some ^y that Isis and Osiris are the deities worshipped un- der this name, because during their reign they taught the Egj'ptians agriculture. The Egyptians believed that the soul of Osiris was really departed into the ox, where it wished to dwell, because that animal had been of tlie most essential service in the cultivation of the ground, which Osiris had introduced into Egypt. The ox that was chosen was always distinguished by particular marks ; his body was black ; he had a square white spot upon the forehead, the figin-e of an eagle upon the back, a knot under the tongue like a beetle, the hairs of his tail were double, and his right side was marked with a whitish spot, resem- bling the crescent of the moon. Without these, an ox could not be taken as the god Apis ; and it is to be imagined that tlie priests gave these distinguishing characteristics to the animal on which their credit and even prospe- rity depended. The festival of Apis lasted seven days ; the ox was led in a solemn pro- cession by the priests, and every one was anxi- ous t^ receive him into his house, and it was believed that the children who smelt his breath received the knowledge of futurity. The ox was conducted to the banks of the Nile with much ceremony, and if he had lived to the time which their sacred books allowed, they drowned him in the river, and embalmed his body, and buried it in solemn state in the city of Memphis. After his death, which some- times was natural, the greatest cries and la- mentations were heard in Egypt, as if Osiris was just dead ; the priests shaved their heads, which was a sign of the deepest mourning. ITiis continued till another ox appeared witli the proper characteristics to succeed as the ^eity, which was followed witli the greatest ac- clamations, as if Osiris was returned to life. This ox which was found to represent Apis, was left 40 days in the city of the Nile before he was cairied to Memphis, during which time none but women were permitted to ap- pear before him, and this they performed, according to their superstitious notions, in a Wanton and indecent manner. There was 75 AP also an ox worsliipped at Heliopolis, under the name of Mnevis ; some suppose that he was Osiris, but others maintain that the Apis of Memphis was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis to Isis. When Cambyses came into Egypt, the people were celebrating the festivals of Apis with every mark of joy and triumpli, which the conqueror interpreted as an insult upon liimself He called the priests of Apis, and ordered the deity itself to come before him. MHien he saw that an ox was the object of their veneration, and the cause of such re- joicings, he wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to be chastised, and commanded his soldiers to slatTghter such as were found celebrating such riotous festivals. The god Apis had generally two stables, or rather tem- ples. If he eat from the hand, it was a fa- vorable omen ; but if he refused the food that was offered him, it was intei-preted as unlucky. From this, Gennanicus, when he visited Egj^pt, drew the omens of his ap- proaching death. When his oracle was con- sulted, incense was burnt on an altar, and a pieceof money placed upon it, after which the people that wished to know futurity applied their ear to the mouth of the god, and imme- diately retired, stopping their ears till they had departed from the temple. The first sounds that were heard, were taken as the answer of the oracle to their questions. Pans. 7, c. 22. — Herodat. 2 &3. Plin. 8, c. 38, ^c. — Strab. 1 Plut. in Isid. ^ Osir jipottod. I, c. 7. I. 2, c. 1. — Mela, 1, c. 9. — Plin. 8, c. 59, &c. Strab. l.—JElian. V. H. 4&6.—I)iod. 1. Apisaon, son of Hippasus, assisted IViam against the Greeks, at the head of a Paeonian army. He was killed by Lycomedes. Horn. II. 17, V. 548. Another on the same side. Apitius Galea, a celebrated buffoon in the time of Tiberius. Juv. 5, v. 4. Apollinares ludi, games celebrated at Rome in honor of Apollo. They originated from the following circumstance : an old pro- phetic poem informed the Romans, 'that if they instituted yearly games to Apollo, and made a collection of money for his service, they would be able to repel the enemy whose approach al- ready threatened their destruction. The first time they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed by the approach of the enemy, and instantly the people rushed out of the city, and saw a cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on the troops of the enemy. With this heavenly assistance they easily obtained the victory. The people generally sat crowned with laurel at tlie representation of these games, which were usually celebrated at the option of the pretor, till the year U. C. 545, when a law was passed to settle the celebratior yearly on the same day about the nones of July. When this alteration happened, Rome was infested with a dreadful pestilence, which, howcTcr, seemed to be appeased by this act of religion. Liv. 25, c. 12. Apolunaris, C. Sulpitius, a gramraarian oi AP AP of Cartilage, in tlie second century, who is supposed to be the author of the verses pre- fixed to Terence's plays as arguments. A writer better known by the name of Sidonius. Vid. Sidonius. Apollixidks, a Greek in the wars of Da- rius and Alexander, &c. Curt. 4, c. 5. Apoli.I.nis aux, a place at the entrance of the Sibyl's cave. Virg. JBn. 6. Pro- montorium, a promontoiy of Africa. Liv. 50, c, 24. Templum, a place in Tlirace, in Lycia. JElian. V. II. 6, c. 9. Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, called also Phttbus, is often confounded with the sun. According to Cicero. 5, de Nat. Dear, there were four persons of tliis name. The first was son of Vulcan, and tlie tutelary god of the Athenians. The second was son of Corj has, and was Iwrn in Crete, for the dominion of which he disputed even with Jupiter himself. The third was son of Jupiter and Lntona, and came from tlie nations of tlie Ilj-perborcans to Delphi, llie fourth was born in .\rcadia, and called Nomion, because he gave laws to the inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona all the actions of the others seem to have been attributed. The Apollo, son of Vulcan, was the same as tlie Orus of tlie Egyptians, and was the most ancient, from whom the actions of the others have been co- pied. The tliree others seem to be of Gre- cian origin. Tlie tradition that tlie son of Latona was born in the floating island of Dclos, is taken from the Egj-ptian mythologj-, which asserts that the son of Vulcan, which is supposed to be Orus, was saved by his motlier Isis from the persecution of Tj'phon, and en- trusted to the care of Latona, who concealed him in the island of Chemmis. When La- tona was pregnant by Jupit*;r, Juno, who was «ver jealous of her husband's amours, raised the serpent Python to torment Latona, who was refused a place to give birtli to her chil- dren^ till Neptune, moved at the severity of her fate, raised tlie island of Dclos from the bot- tom of the sea, where I^atona brought forth Apollo and Diana. Apollo was tlie god of all the fine arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and eloquence, of all which he was deemed the in- ventor, lie had received from Jupiter the power of knowing futurity, and he was the only one of the gods whose oracles were in general repute o^•cr the world. His amours with Leu- cothoc, Daphne, Issa, 13olina, Coronis, Cly- mcne, Cyrene, Chionc, Acacallis,Calliope,&c. are well known, and the various shapes he as- sumed to gratify his passion. I le was vei^ fond of young Ilyacintlius, whom he acciilentally killed with a quoit ; as also of Cyparissu^, who ■waschani^cdintoacj-presstrce. Whun his son jEsculapius had been killed with the tliunders of Jupiter.'for raising the dead to life, Apollo. in his resentment, killed the Cyclops who had fabricnted the thunderbolts. Jupiter was in- censed ^t this act of violence, and he banished Apollo from heaveu, and deprived hicu of his 76 dignity. The exiled deity came to Admetus king of Thessaly, and hired himself to be one of his shepherds, in which ignoble employ- ment he remained nine years ; from which circumstance he was called the god of shep- herds, and at his sacrifices a wolf was generally offered, as that animal is the declared enemy of the sheepfold. During his residence in Thessaly, he rewarded the tender treatment of Admctus. lie gave him a chariot drawn by a lion and a bull, with whicli he was able to obtain in marriage Alcestc the daughter of I'elias ; and soon ai'ter, the Parca; granted, at Apollo's request, that Admetus might be re- deemed from death, if another person laid down his life for him. He assisted Neptune in building the walls of Troy ; and when he was refused the promised reward from Lao- nicdon, the king of the country, he destroyed tlie inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon as he was bom, Apollo destroyed widi arrows the serpent Pytlion, whom Juno had sent to per- secute Latona ; hence he was called Pj'thius ; and he afterwards vindicated tlie honor of h^ mother by putting to death the children of the proud Xlobe. [ I'id. Xiobe. j He was not the inventorof the lyre, as some have imagined, but Mercurj' gave it him, and received as a reward the famous caduccus with which Apollo was w ont to drive the flocks of Admetus, His con- test with Pan and Marsyas. and the punishment inflicted upon Midas are well known. He re- ceived the surnames of Phoebus, Delius, Cyn- tliius, Pecan, Dclphicus, Nomius, LycJus, Clarius, Ismenius, Vulturius, Smintheus, Sec. for reasons whicli are explained under thost words. Apollo is generally represented with long hair, and the Romans were fond of imi- tating his figure, and therefore in tlieir yuutli llicy were remarkable for tlieir fine Ixads of hair which tliey cut short at the age of seven- teen or eighteen. He is always represented as a tall beardless young man, with a hanj^some shape, holding in his hand a bow. and some- times a lyre ; his head i-; generally iurroundtd witli beams of light. He was tlic deity who, according to the notions of the ancients, in- flicted plagues, and in that moment he appeared surrounded with clouds. His worship and power were universally acknowledged : he had temples and statues in ever)- country, particu- larly in Egvpt, Greece, and Italy. Hissfatue, wliich stood upon mount Actium, as a mark to mariners to avoid the dangerous coasts, was par- ticularly famous, and it appeared to a great dis- tance at sea. Augustus, before the battle of Ac- tium, af Antiochus. Poiyb. 5. \ comic poet. jfllLn. .Anim. 6. ApoMvios, a surname of Jupiter. AroMANA, an island near LilybKum. Hirt. Afric. 2. M. Apo.>ib's, a governor of Moesia, re- wartled with a trium]>hal statue by Otlio, for defeating 9000 barbarian^. Tacit, ilitt. 1, c. 79. Aponus, now Abano, a fountain with a vil- lage of the ^ame name near Patavium in Italy. The waters of the fountain, which were hot, were wholesome, and were supposed to have an oracular power. Lxtcan.1, v. 194. — Suet. \n Tiber. 14. AposTHoriiiA, a surname of Venus in Bceotia, who was distinguished under liiese namer., Venus Urania, Vulgaria and Aposiro- phia. The former was the patroni-.s of a pure and chaste lov e ; tlie second of canal and kcnsual desires ; and the last incited men to il- licit and unnatural gratifications, to incests, and rajies. ^'enus ,\postTophia. was invoki^d by the Tliebans, that they might be saved from such unlawful desires. She is the same as the Verticordia of the Romans. I'aus. 9, c. \G.— VaLMax.S, C IJ. AVoTiiEosis, a ceremony observed by tiic ancient nations of die world, by whicli tluy raised tlieir kings, heroes, and great men, to the rank of deities. The nations of the east were tlie first who paid divine honors to their great men, and the Romans followed their ex- ample, and not only deified tlie most prudent and humane of their emperors, but .ilso tlie most cruel and protlig.ate. Herotlian I, c. 2, has left us an account of the apotlieosis of a Roman emperor. After the body of the decease Naut. Rutilius, conquered the Celtiberians, and was defeated by Perseus, king of Mace- donia. Liu. Claudius Pulcher, a grand- son of Ap. CI. Cjecus, consul in the age of Sylla, retired from grandeur to enjoy the plea- sures of a private life. Clausus, a general of the Sabines, who, upon being ill treated by his countrymen, retired to Rome with 5000 of his friends, and was admitted into the senate in the early ages of the republic. Flut. in PopUc. Herdonius seized the capitol with 4000 exiles, A. U. C. 292, and was soon after overtlirown. Liv. 3, c. 15. — Flor. 3, c. 19. Claudius Lentulus, a consul with M. Perpenna. A dictator who conquered the Hernici. The name of Appius was common in Rome, and particularly to many consuls, whose history is not marked by any uncommon event. Appula, an immodest woman, &c. Juv. 6, V. 64. Apries & Aprius, one of the kings of Egypt in the age of Cyrus, supposed to be the Pharaoh Hophra of Scripture. He took Sidon , and lived in great prosperity till his subjects revolted to Amasis, by whom he was conquered and strangled. Herodot. 2, c. 159, &c. — Diod. 1. Apsinthii, a people of Thrace: they re- ceived their name from a river called Apsin- thus, which flowed tlirough their territory. Dionys. Perieg. Afsinus, an Athenian sophist in the third century, author of a work called Praceptor dc Arte Rhetoricd. A PS us, a river of Macedonia falling into the Ionian sea between Dyrrhachium and ApoUonia. Lucan. 5, v. 46. Aptera, an inland town of Crete. Ptol. — Plin. 4, c. 12. Apuleia lex, was enacted by L. Apuleias the tribune, A. U. C. 652, for inflicting a punishment upon such as were guilty of raising seditions, or showing violence in tlie city. Varilia, a grand-daughter of Augustus, con- victed of adultery with a certain Manlius, in the reign of Tiberius. Tacit. An. c. 50. Apulkius, a learned man, bornatMadauia in Africa. He studied at Carthage, Athens, and Rome, where he married a rich widow, called Pudentilla, for which he was accused by some of her relations of using magical arts to win her heart. His apology was a masterly composition. In his youth, Apuleius had been very expensive ; but he was, in a maturer age, more devoted to study, and learnt Latin with- out a master. The most famous of his works extant is the golden ass, in eleven books, an allegorical piece, replete with morality. The best editions of Apuleius aie the Delphin, 2 vols. 4to. Parts, 1688, and Pricaei, 8vo. Goudffi, 1650. Apulia, now Puglia, a country of Italy be- tween Daunia and Calabria. It was part of the ancient Magna Grsecia, and generally divid- ed AR AR ed into Apulia Daunia, and Apulia Peucctia. It was famous for its wool, superior to all the uroiluce of Italy. Some liuppose that it is called after Apuius, an ancient kin^ of the coisnrry before the Trojan war. Plin. 3, c. 11. — Cic. de Div. I, c. 4.3. — Strab. 0. — ^{cl'l, 2, c. 4. — Martial in Apopli. 1 5.". ArusciDAMUS, a lake of Africa. All bo- dies, however heavy, were said to swim on Uie surface of its waters. Plin. ."'J, c. 2. Aquaru's, one of the si:|ns of tlie zodiac, rising in January, and M-tting in February. Some suppose that Ganymede was changed into this sign. Virg. G. .", v. 504. Aquilaria, a place of Africa. Cas. 2, Bel. Civ. '23. AqiiiLEiA or Aquilf.gia. a town founded by a Roman colony, called from its grandeur, Roma secunda, and situate at the north of the Adriatic sea, on the confines of Italy. The Romans built it chiefly to oppose the frequent incursions of tJie bju-barians. The Roman emperors enlarged and beautified it, and often made it tlieir residence. Ital. 8, V. 605. — Martial. 4, ep. 25. — Melo, 2, c 4. Aquilius Nicer, an historian mentioned by Sucton. in Aus. 11. IMarnis, a Roman consul wliohadthegovernment of Asia Minor. Justin. ZG. C.4. Sabinus, a lawyer of Rome, sumained the Cato of his age. He was father to Aquilia Severa, whom Heliogabalus mar- ried. .Severus, a poet and historian in the age of Valentinian. Aquillia & Aquilia, a patrician family at Rome, from wtiich few illustrious men rose. Aquilo, a wind blowing from the north. Its name is derived, according to some, frpm AqnUa, on account of its keenness and velo- city. Aquilonia, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. Liv. 10, c. 38. Aqcixiiis, a poet of moderate capacity. Cic. 5. TiLsf. A(iuiNi;M, a town of I-atiuni, on tlie bor- ders of the Samnites, where Juv- dued. Alexander the Great expressed his wish to place the seat of his empire in their territo- ries. The soil is rocky and sandy, the inhabi- t.'ints are scarce, the mountains rugged, and the country without water. In Arabia, whatever woman was convicted of adultery was capitally punished. The Arabians for some time sup- ported tlie splendor of literature, which wa^ extinguislied by the tvTanny and superstition which prevailed in Eg^^)t, and to tliera we are indebted fur the inveation of Algebra, or the application of signs and letters to represent lines, numbers, and quantities, and also for the numerical characters of 1, 2, 5, &c. first used in Europe, A. D. 1255. — Heradot. 1, 2, 3, Sc Diod. 1 4-2 Plin. 12cJ- H.— 5/raA. 16. — Xenoph. — TibuU. 2, d. 2. — Cxtrt. 5, c. 1. — 'ilrg. G. 1, v. 57. — .Also the name of the wife of .-'Egyptus. AjiMod. ArabIcus sinus, a sea between Egypt and Arabia, different, according to some authors, from the Red sea, which they suppose to be between /Ethiopia and India, and the Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt and Arabia. It is about 40 days' sail in length, and not half a day's in its most extensive breadtli. Plin. 5, c. \1. —Strab. AiIbis, Arabius, Arbis, an Indian river. Curt. 9, c. 10. Arabs & Arabus, a son of Apollo and Babylone, who first invented medicine, and taught it in .Arabia, which is called after his name. Plin. 7, c. 56. Aracca &- .Arecca, a city of Susiana. Tibul. 4, .•/. 1. Arvchne, a woman of Colophon, daughter to IHmon a dyer. She was so skilful in work- ing with the needle, that she challenged Mi- nerva the goddess of the art to a trial of skill. She represented on her work the amours of Jupiter with Europa, .\ntiope, Lcda, .Asteria, Dnnae, Alcmcnc,&c. but though her piece was perfect and masterly, she was defeated by Mi- nerva, and hanged herself in despair, and was ch.Tnged into a spider by the goddess. Orid. Met. 6, fab. 1, &c. A city of lliessaly. Arachosia, a city of Asia, near the Mas- sageta;. It was bui]t by Semiramis.— ^Onc ot the Persian provinces beyond the Indus. Plin. 6, c. 23. —Strab. 11. ARAnioTjE & .Arachoti, a people of In- dia, who received their name from the river Arachotiis, whicJi flows down from mount Caucasus. Diov.>/f. Pcrirg. — Curt. 9, c. 7. Arachthias, one of the four capital ri- ven AR AR ▼ers of Epirus near Nicopolis, falling into the bay of Ambracia. — Strub. 7. Aracillum, a town of Hispania Tana- conensis. Flor. 4, c. 12. Aracosii, an Indian nation. Justin. 13. c. 4. Aracykthus, a mountain of Acarnania, between the Achelous and Evcniis, not far from the shore, and thence called Actaeus. Plin. 4, c. % — Virg. Ed. -2, v. i.','. Aradus, an island near Dioenicia, joined to the continent by a bridge. Dutnys. Perieg. Ar^, rocks in the midtUe of the Mediter- ranean, between Africa and Sardinia, where the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It was upon them that iEneas lost the greatest part of his fleet. They are supposed to be those islands which are connnonly called Agates. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 113. ARiE Phil.^norum, a maritime city of Africa, on the borders of Cyrcue. SaUiist. Jug. Bel. 19&79. Arar, now the Saone, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Rhone, over which Csesar's soldiers made a bridge in one day. Cces. IklL Gall. 1, c. 12.—^;/. 5, V. 452. Ararus, a Scythian river flowing through Armenia. Herodot. 4, c. 48. Arathyrea, a small province of Achaia, afterwards called Asophis, witti a city of the same name. Homer. II. 2. — Strab. 8. Aratus, a Greek poet of Ciiicia, about 277 B. C. He was greatly esteemed by An- tigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia, at whose court he passed much of his time, and by whose desire he wrote a poem on astronomy, in which he gives an account of the situations, rising avid setting, number and motion of the stars. Cicero represented him as unacquainted with astro- logy, yet capable of writing upon it in elegant and highly finished verses, whicli, liowever from the subject, admit oi' little variety. x\ratus wrotebesides, hymns and epigrams, ivc. and had among his interpreters and commentators many of the learned men of Greece wliose works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius, and Geitnanicus Casar, who, in their youth, or moments of relaxation, translated the phcp- nomena into Latin verse. The best editions of Aratus are, Grotius, 4to. apud Rapha- leng. 1600; and Oxon. 8vo. 1672. Cic. de Nut. D. 2, c, 41. — Pans. 1, c. 2. — Ovid. Am. 1, d. 15, v. 26. The son of Clinias and Aristodama, was born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the river Asopus. When he was but seven years of age, his father, who held the government of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas, who made himself absolute. After some revolutions, the sovereignty came into the hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murdered to restore his country to liberty. He was so jea- lous of tyrannical power, that he even de- stroyed a picture v liich was the representation of a tyrant. He joined the republic of Sicyon to the Achaean league, which he strengthened, by making a treaty of alliance with the Co- 81 rinthians, and with Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was chosen chief commander of the forces of the Achseans, and drove away the Mace- donians from Athens and Corintli. He made war against the Spartans, but was conquered in a battle by their king Cleomenes. To repair the losses he had sustained, he solicited the as- sistance of king Antigonus, and drove away Cleomenes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, where he killed liimself. The yEtolians soon after attacked the Achaans ; and Aratus, to supjjorthis character, was obliged to call to liis aid Philip king of Macedonia. His friendship with this new ally did not long continue. Philip shewed himself cruel and oppressive ; and put to death some of the noblest of the Achasans, and even seduced the wife of the son of Aratus. Aratus, who was now advanced in years, shewed his di-spleasure by withdrawing himself from the society and friendship of Philip. But this rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the power and influence of Aratus, and therefore he caused him and his son to be poisoned. Some days before his death, Aratus was observed to spit blood; and when apprised of it by his friends, he replied, " Such are tlie rewards which a connection witli kings will produce. " He was buried witii great pomp, by his countrymen ; and two solemn sacrifices were annually made to him, the first on the day that he delivered Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the day of his birth. During those sacrifices, wliich were called Arateia, the priests wore a ribljon bespangled with white and purple spots, and the public school-master ivalked in procession at the head of his scholars, and was alv.'ays accompanied by the richest and most eminent senators, adorned with gar- lands. Aratus died in the 6'2d year of his age, B. C. 213. He wrote a history of the Aclisean league, much commended by I'olybius. Plut. invita. — Fans. 2, c. 8. — Cic. de UJ/ic. % c. 25. — Strab. 14.— iu'. 27, c. 51. — Pdi/b. 2. Araxes, now Arras, a celebrated river which separates Armenia from INIcdia, and falls into the Caspian sea. Lucan. 1, v. 19. 1. 7, V. 1S8.— Strab. 8.— Virg. JEn. 8, v. 728. — Herodot. 1, c. 202, &c. Another which fcdls into tlie Euplirates. Another in Eu- rope, now called Wolga. Arbaces, a JSIede wlio revolted with Be- lesis against Sardanapalus, and founded the empire of Media upon the ruins of the Assyrian power, 820 years before the christian era. He reigned above fifty years, and was famous for the greatness of his undertakings, as well as for h.is valor. Justin. 1, c. 5. — Paterc. 1, c. 6. ARP.iiLA, (^oruni) now Irbil, a town of Per- sia, on the river Lycus, timious for a battle fought there between Alexander and Darius, the 2d of October, B. C. 551. Curt. 5, c. 1. — Pint, in Alex. Arkela, a town of Sicily, whose inhabit- ants were very credulous. Arbis, a river on the western boundaries oi India. Utrab. Q AxbocIla, AR AR Arbocala, a city taken by Annibal as be marcht'd a^^alnst Rome. Abbu »cOla, an actress on the Roman stage, who laughed at the liisses of the populace while sin.' received the applaus^^:: of the Lnights. l{;fr. 1. Sat. 10, v. 77. Arcadia, a country in the middle d' Pelo- ponnesus, surrounded on every side l>v land, fcituat*; betwcvn Achaia, Mcssenia, Klis and Argolis. It received its name from Areas son of Jupiter, and was anciently called Drj-mo- de^>, on account of tlie great numlicr of oaks (l^v.) which it produced, and afterwards Ly- caonia and Pelasgix 'Die country has been mucli celebrated by tlie poets, and was fan.ous for its mountains. Tlie inhabitants were for the most part all shepherds, who lived upon acorns, were skilful warriors, and able mu- sicians. 'Iliey thought thems«.-lves more an- cient than tlio mooti. Pun, the god of shep- herds, chiefly lived among tJiem. — Aristotle 4, de met. says, that the wine of .Vriudia, when placed in a goat's siun near a fi:v, will be- come chalky, and at last be turned into salt. Strab. 8. — I'lin. 1, c. 5. — Paus. S, c. I. 2, itc. .-tfhi-n. 11.— —A fortified village of Za- cyntlius. Arcadius, eldest son of Thcodosius , the Great, succecdeon one another with indifference ; and soon after, their inditference was dianged into jealousy, and contributed to hasten their mutual niin. In the reign of Arcadius, .Alaricus attacked the western empire, and plundered Rome. ^Vi- oadius married Kudoxia, a l>old and ambi- tious woman, and die yeais, in which he bore the character of an etl'eminato prince, who sidTered himself to be guvi-nied by fa- vorites, and who abandoned his subjects to the tyranny of ministers, while he lost him- self in the pleasures of a voluptuous couit. Akcanum. a villaof Cicero's neai- the Min- tumi. Cic. 7, rp. ,id Alt. 10. Arc AS. a son of Jupiter and Calisto. He nearly killed his mother, whom Juno had dianged into a bear. He reignetl in Pelasgia, which from him was called .Arcadia, and taught his subjects .igri culture, and the art of .s|>inninp wool. After his Uratli. .Iispiter made him a constellation with his mother. As he was one day hunting, he met a woixl nymph, who begged his assistance, because the tree over which she presided, and on whose pre- .servation her life depended, was going to be carried away In- the impetuous inn-ent of a river. Axcas changed the course of the waters, and preservt»d the tree, and married the nympb. by whom he had three .sons, Azan, 82 Aphidas, and ELatus, among whom he divided his kingdom. 'Ite desocndants of Azan planted colonies in Phrygia- .\phidas re- ceived for his share Tegea, which on tliat ac- count has been called tJie inheritance of .Aphidas ; and JOlatus became master of mount Cyllene, and snnie time after passed into Phocis. Paus. H, c. 4. — H;)gin, fall. \5j & 17G. — AiHtUod. 3, c. 8. — Strab. 8. — Ond. Fast. 1, v. 470. One of Actieon'sdogs. Ar( K. a daughter of Thaumas, son of Pon- tus and Terra. Ptoleni. Hcph. AacrvA, a town of Phoenicia, where Alex- ander .Severus was bom. .Ar(i»«s. a .Sicilian who permitted Ms son to accompany -Kneasinto Italy, where he was killed by Mczentius. Virg. yLu. 9, v. 58 1 . &c. Arclsilaus, son of Battus. king of C>- rcne, was driven ftwn his kingdom in a se- dition, and died B. C. 575. 'flie second of that name died B. C. ."".50. Polyarn. 8, c. 41. — Hfttxlol. 4, c. I.IO. One of .Alexander's generals, who obtained Mesopotamia at the general ilivision of the jirovinces after tlie king'i di-nth. .A chief of Catana, which he betrayd i<> Dionysius the elder. Ih?!. 14. A jihihrsopher «if Pitane in .iilolia. dis- ciple of Polemon. He visited Sardis and .Athens, and was the founder of the middle academy, as Socrates foundetl tl>e ancient, and Carntades the new one. He pretended -.o know nothing, and accused others of the same ignoi.Tiice. He acquireil many pupils in the cbiractcr of teacher ; but siime of them Ifft him for hlpicurus, though no Epicurean came to him; which gave him occasion to say. that it is easy to make an eunuch of a man, but impii-.->ible to make a man of an eunuch. He was very fond of Homer, and generally dividi-.l his time uiiumg the pleasuri-s of phi- lo^ojiliy. love, reading, and the table. He died in his 75tli year, B. ('. '-'41, or ."^tX) according tosome. Dio^. ini'Ua. — Persius5, v. 7t>. — Cic. dr J'inib. The name of two painters. — a statuary,^-* leader of the Hceotians during the Trojan war. A comic and elegiac poet. Arcesius, son of Jupiter, was grandfatliar to Ulysses, (hid. Mci. 13, v. 144. AucHjKA, a city of .Eolia. Arcii.*a;.a\ of Mityleno was intimatewith Pisistratus tyrant of .Athens. He fortifieti Sigsum with a wall from the ruins of an- cient Troy. Strab. 15. Arcii.«atIdas, a country of Peloponnesus. Poiyb. Archacathus, son of Archagathus, was slain in .Africa by his soldiers. B. C. 285. He killed his grandfather Agathocles, tyrant of SjTacuse. Jliod. 'JO. — Jii.\:in. 'J2, c. 5. ice. says, tliat he was put to death by .Ardiedlau.s. A physician at Rome. B. C. '219. Akchandeh, fatlier-in-law to Danaus. Hcrodnt. '2. c. 98. Archanobos, a town of Egypt. Akcuk, one of the muses, afcording to Cicero. AacHEcnn* AR AR Archeoetes, a surname of Hercules. Archelaus, a name common to some kings of Cappadocia. One of them was con- quered by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates. A person of that name married Berenice, and made hunself king of Egypt ; a dignity he enjoyed only six months, as he was killed by the soldiers of Gabinius, B. C. 56. He had been made priest of Comana by Pompey. His grandson was made king of Cappadocia by Antony, whom he assisted at Actium, and he maintained his independence under Au- gustus, till Tiberius perfidiously destroyed him. A king of Macedonia, who suc- ceeded his father Perdiccas the second : as he was but a natural child, he killed the legiti- mate heirs to gain the kingdom. He proved himself to be a great monarch ; but he was at last killed by one of his favorites, because he had promised him his daughter in marriage, and given her to another, after a reign of 25 years. He patronized the poet Euiipides. Diod. 14. — Justin. 7, c. 4. — JElian. F. H. 2, 8, 12, 14. A king of the Jev/s, sur- named Herod. He married Glaphyre, daugh- ter of Archelaus king of Macedonia, and wi- dow of his brother Alexander. Caaar l)a- nished him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, where he died. Dio. A king of Laceda;- mon, son of Agesilaus. He reigned 42 years with Charilaus, of the other branch of the fa- mily. Herodot. 7, c. 204. — Pans. 3, c. 2. A general of Antigonus the younger, appointed governor of the Acrocorinth, with the philoso- pher Persasus. Polycen. 6, c. 5. A cele- brated general of Mithridates against Sylla. Id. 8, c. 8. A philosoplier of Alliens or Messe- nia, son of Apollodorus, and successor to Anax- agoras. He was preceptor to Socrates, and was called Phi^sictis. He supposed that heat and cold were the principles of all things. He first discovered the voice to be propagated by the vibration of tlie air. Cic. Tusc. 5. — J->l'ig- in vita. — Augustin. de do. Dei, 8. -A man set over Susa by Alexander, with a gan-ison of 3000 men. Curt. 5, c. 2. A Greek phi- losopher, who wrote a history of animals, and maintained that goats breathed not through the nostrils, but through the ears. Plin. 8, c. 50. A son of Electryon and Anaxo. Apollod. 2. A Greek poet, who wrote epi- grams. Varro de R. R. 3, c. 16. A sculp- tor of Priene, in the age of Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, a piece of sculpture highly admired, and said to have been discovered under ground, A. D. 1658. A writer of Thrace. Archemachus, a Greek viriter, who pub- lished an history of Eul:oea. Athen. 6. A son of Hercules of Priam. Apollod. 2 & 3. Archemorus, or Opheltes, son of Lycur- gus, king of Nem;-ea, in Thrace, by Eurydice, was brought up by Hypsipyle, queen of Lcm- noa, who had fled to 'I'hrace, and was employed as a nurse in the king's family. Hyp'iipyle vras met by the army of Adrastus, who was go- 83 ing against Thebes ; and she was forced to shew them a fountain where they mightquench their thii-st. To do this more expeditiously, she put down the cliild on the grass, and at her return found him killed by a serpent. The Greeks were so afflicted at tliis rmsfortune, that they instituted games in honor of Ar- ch emorus, which were called Nemaan, and king Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and was victorious. Apollod. 2 & 3. — Paus. 8, c. 48. — Stat. Tlieb. 6. Archepolis, a man in Alexander's army, who conspired against the king with' Dymnus. Curt. 6, c. 7. Archkptolemus, son of Iphitus, king of Elis, went to the Trojan war, and fought against the Greeks. As he was fighting near Hector, he was killed by Ajax son of Tela- mon. It is said that he re-established the Olympic games. Homer. II. 8, v. 128. Archestratus, a ti-agic poet, whose pieces were acted during the Peloponnesian war. Plut. in Arist A man so small and lean, tliat he could be placed in a dish without filling it, though it contained no more than an obolus. A follower of Epicurus, who wrote a poem in commendation of gluttony. Archetimus, the first philosophical writer in the age of the seven wise men of Greece. Biog. Archetius, a Rutulian, killed by the Tro- jans. Virg. JEn. 1 2, v. 459. Aechia, one of the Oceam'des, wife to Inachus. Hy gin. fab. 145. Archias, a Corinthian, descended from Hercules. He founded Syracuse B. C. 732. Being told by an oracle to make choice of health or riches, he chose the latter. Dionys. Hal. 2. A poet of Antiocli, intimate with the Luculli. He obtained tlie rank and name of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, who defended him in an elegant oration, when his enemies had disputed his privileges of citi- zen of Rome. He v/rote a poem on the Cim- brian war, and began another concerning Ci- cero's consulship, which are now lost. Some of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. Cic. pro Arch. A polcmarch of Tliebes, assassinated in the conspiracy of Pelopidas, which he could have prevented, if he had not deferred to the moiTOw the reading of a letter which he had received from Archias the Athe- nian high priest, and which gave him infor- mation of his danger. Pint, in Pel op. A high priest of Athens, contemporary and inti- mate vyith the polemarch of the same name. Id. ibid. A Theban taken in the act of adultery, and punished according to the law, and tied to a post in the public place, for which punishment he abolished the oligarchy. Anstot. Akchibiades, a philosopher of Athens, who affected tlie manners of the Spartans, and was very inimical to tlie views and measures of Phocion. Plut. in Phoc. An ambassador of Byzantium, -S-c. Polycen. 4, c. 44. G 2 Archimius, AR All Arciiibius, tlie son of the geographer Ptolemy. Archidamia, a priestess of Ceres, who on account of her aflection for Aristomenes, restored him to liberty when he had been taken prisoner by her female attendants at tlie celebration of their festivals. Paus. 4, c. 17. A daughter of Cleadas, who, upon hearinj^ that her countrj-men, tiie Spartans, were debating whether they should send away their women to Crete against tJie hostile approach of Pyrrhus, seized a sword, and ran to the senate house, ex- claiming that the women were as able to fight as the men. Upon tliis the de- cree was repealed. Flut. in Pyrrh, — Polytm. 8, c. 8. Archidamus, son of Theopompus king of Sparta, died before his fatlier. Pans. Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxitlamus, succeeded by Agasicles. Anotlier, son of Agcsilaus, of the family of the Proclida-. Another, granilson of Leotycliidas, by his son Zeuxidamus. He succeeded liis grandfather, and reigned in conjunction with Plistoanax. He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and privately assisted the Phocians in plunder- ing tJie temple of Delpiii. He was called to the aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and killed there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. Dwl. \6. — Xcnnph. Anotlier, son of Ei!damid;is. Anotlier, who conquered die Helots, after a violent earthrjuake. J>iod. 11. A son of Agesilaus, who led tlie Spartan auxiliaries to Cleonibrotus at tlio battle of Leuctra, and was killed in a battle against tlie Lucaiiians, IJ. C. 33S.— ^— .\ son of Xeiiius Tlieopompus. Pans. Arc iiiDAS, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his troops. AiiciiiDEMrs, a stoic philosopher, who willingly exiled himself among tlie Partliians. Plut. de eril. ARniiDEfs, a son of Amyntas, kin;; of Macedonia. Justiti. 7, c. 'I. AarHiDii'M, a city of Crete, nametl after Archidius son of Tegeatcs. Paus. 8, c. .53. Archicallus, tlie high priest of Cybele's temple. [I'lV.'. Galli.] .\RrHicENrs, a physician, Iwni at Apamen, in Syria. ■ He lived in the reign of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in tlie 7.h1 year of his age. He wrote a treatise on adorning tlic hair, as also ten books on fevers. Jiiv. 6, T. 235. .\rchii.ochus, a poet of Pai OS, who wrote elegies, satires, os of the enemy from the bay liefore the city, and let tliein fall with such violence into the water tliat tliey sunk. He set them also on fire witli his burning glass- es. • \N"hen tlie town was taken, the Ro- man general gave strict orders to his soldiers not tu hurt Archimedes, and he even offeretl a reward to him who should bring him alive and safe into his presence. All these precautions were useless ; tlie philosopher was so deeply eng.-^^ed in stilving a problem, that he was even ignorant that the enemy were in possession of tliotowH; andasoldier, without knowing who he was, killed him, because he refused to fol- low him, IJ. C. 212. Marcellus raised a mo- nument over him. and placed upon it a cylin- der and a sphere ; but the place remained long unknown, till Cicero, during hisquestorship in Sicily, fouiul it near one of the gates of Syra- cuse, surrounded widi tlioms and brambles. Some suppose that .Archimeiles raised tlie site of the towns and villages of Egypt, and began tliosc mounds of earth by means of which coin- mtmication is kept from town to town during the inundations of tlie Nile. Tlie story of his burning glasses had always appeared fabulous to some of the moderns, till the experiments of Huffon demonstrated it beyond contradiction. Tliese celebrated glasses were supposed to be reflectors made of metal, and cap.il)le of pro- ducing their elVect at the distance of a bow- shot. Tlie manner in which he discovered how much brass a goldsmith had mixetl with gold in making a golden crown for the king is well known to every modern hydrostatic, as well as the pumping screw which still Invars his name. Among the wild schemes of Archi- medes, is his saying, that by means of his ma- chines, he could move the earth witn ease, jf placed on a fixed spot near it. Many of his works are extant, especially treatises df sjyfurr/l ft cylindro, cimili dini^-nnn, de linns tpirah- bus, de quadrntnra purabolrf, de nximfro arcvif, ijr. the best etiifionof which is that of David Rivoltiu-s, fol. Paris, 1615. Cic Tusc. l,c. 25. A R AR De Nat. D. 2, c. 54 Liu. 24, c. 34. — QiiinlU. I, c. 10. — Vilruv. 9, c. 5. — Polyb, 7. — Flat, in Marccll. — Val. Max. 8, c. 7. Archinus, a man who, when he was ap- pointed to distri!)ute new arms among the po- pulace of Argos, raised a inercenary band, and made himself absolute. Polyeeii. 3, c, 8. A rhetorician of Athens. Archipei.agus, a part of the sea where islands in great number are interspersed, such as that part of tlie Mediterranean which lies between Greece and Asia jNIinor, and is gene- rally called Mare /Egeum. Akchipoi-is, or AucnEroLis. a soldier who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus. Curt. 6, c. 7. AacHiprE, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an earthquake, and lost in the lake of Fii- cinus. Plin. 3, c. 1 9. AiicHiri'iis, a king of Italy, from whom pel haps the town of Archippe received its name. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 752. A philoso- pher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras. An archon at Athens. A comic poet of Athens, of whose 8 comedies only one ob- tained the prize. A philosopher in the age of Trajan. Architis, a name of Venus, worshipped on mount Libanus. Archox, one of Alexander's generals, who received the provinces of Babylon, at the gene- ral division, after the king's death. Diod. IS. Archontes, the name of the chief magi- strates of Athens. They were nine in num- ber, and none were chosen but such as were descended from ancestors who had been free citizens of the republic for three generations. They were also to lie without deformity in all the parts and members of their body, and were obliged to produce testimonies of their dutiful behaviour to their parents, of tlie ser- vices they had rendered their country, and the competency of their fortune to support their dignity. They took a solemn oath, that they would observe the laws, administer jus- tice with impartiality, and never suffer them- selves to be corrupted. If they ever received bribes, they were compelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi, a statue of gold of equal Weight with their body. They all had the power of punishing malefactors witli death. The chief among them was called Archon, the year took its denomina- tion from him ; he determined all causes be- tween man and wife, and took care of legacies and wills; he provided for ciiihans, pro- tected the injured, and punished drunkenness %vith uncommon severity. If he suffered him- self to be intoxicated during the time of his office, tlie misdemeanor was punished with dtath. The second of the Archons was called Basilevs : it was his office to keep good order, and to remove all causes of quarrel in the families of those who were dedicated to the service of the gods. The profane and the impious were brought before his tribunal j 8S and he offered public sacrifices for the good of the state. He assisted at tlie celebration of tlie Eleusinian festivals, and other religious cere- monies. His wife was to be related to the whole people of Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He had a vote among th« Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among them w ithout his crown. The Polcniarch %vas another archon of inferior dignity. He had the care of all foreigners, and provided a suf- ficient maintenance from the public treasury, for the families of those who had lost their lives in defence of their country. These three chief archons generally chose each of them two persons of respectable character, and of an advanced age, whose counsels and advice might assist and support them in their public capacity. The six other archons were indistinctly called Thesmoifietce, and received complaints against persons accused of impiety, bribery, and ill behaviour. T?iey settled all disputes between the citizens, redressed the wrongs of strangers, and forbade any laws to be enforced, but such as were conducive to the safety of the state. These officers of state were chosen after the death of king Codrus ; their power was originally for life, but afterwards it was limited to ten years, and at last to one year. After some time, tlie qualifications which were required to be aa archon were not strictly observed. Adrian, before he was elected emperor of Rome, v.as made archon at Athens, though a foreigner ; and the same honors were conferred upon Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the death of Codrus, were Medon, whose offic* began B. C. 1070 ; Acastus, 1050 ; Archip- pus, 1014; Thersippus, 995 ; Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923 ; Diognetus, 893 ; Pherecles, 865 ; Ariphron, 846 ; Thespius, 826 ; Aga- mestor, 799 ; J<^schylus, 778 ; Alcmaeon, 756 ; after whose death the archons were decennial, the first of whom was Charops, who began 755 ; iEsimedes, 744 ; Clidicus, 734 ; Hip- pomenes, 724 ; Leocrates, 714 ; Apsander, 704 ; Eryxias, 694 ; after whom the office" became annual, and of these annual archons Creon was the first. Aristoph. in Nub. ^ Avib. — Plut. St/mpos. 1. — Demost. — Pollux, — L,ysias. Archyi.us Thurius, a general of Diony- sius the elder. Diod. 14. Arciiytas, a musician of Mitylene, who wrote a treatise on agriculture. Diog. T\i(i son of Hestiaeus of Tarcntum, was a fol- lower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able astronomer and geometrician. He re- deemed his master, I'lato, from the hands of the tjTant Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven times chosen, by his fellow citizens, governor of Tarentum. ' He invented some mathematical instruments, and made a wooden pigeon which could fly. He perished in a ship- wreck about 594 years before the Christian era. He is also the reputed inventor of the screw and the pully. A fragment of his writ- C3 ing» AR AR ings has been preserved by Porphyry. IlurtU. 1, od. i!i;. — Cic.3, lie Oral. — Diu^. in vU. Akcite.vens, an epitliet applied to Apollo, from his bearing a bow, witli which, as soon a.4 born, he destroyed the serpent I'vUion, Virg. jEn. 3, v. 7.'>. Arctinus, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil to Homer. Diiiii/s. Hal. 1. AacropiivLAX, a star near the great bear, called also Uootes. Cic. de Nat. JJ. -, c 4'2. Arctos, a mountain near Propontis, inha- bited by giants and monsters Two celcs- tidi constellations near tlie north pole, com- monly called Ursa Major and .Minor, sup- posed to be Areas and his motlicr, who were made conitc'lliitioiis. ^'ir£. (J. l.—.lraiu*.— Quid. I'asl.Z, V. 107, AacTCmis, a star nc.ir the tail of the great bear, whose rising and setting %vere generally supposed to portend great tempebts. Jforat. 3, od. I. The name is derived from its situa- tion, KfitTa; iirsus, ou^a Cauda. It rises now about tlie beginning of October, and Pliny tells us it rose in his age on the 1 '.'th, or, accord- ing to Columella, on tlie ,'(th of September. AiiDAXus, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the first who invented the |upL\ He gave it to the Muses, wiio on tliat account have been called Ardalidt:s and Ardaliatida. Paxu. -'. c. 3 1 . Ardalia, a country of Kgypt Strnb. Ardaxanus, a small river of Iliyricum. Polyb. Ardka, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium built by Daiiac, or accorcLng to some, by a son of Uly»ses and Circe. It was the capital of the Rutuli. Some sohLers set it on fire, and the inhabitants publicly report'jd, tliat tlifcir city had bven clunj;^ d ii-.to a bird, callitl by the I^atias .Inlfa. It was rebuilt, and it b~-came a rich and niaguificcnt city, whose en- mity to Home rendered it famous. Tarquin the proud was pre^ssiag it witli a siege, when liib son ravislicd Lucretia. A road culled Jr- dt-atiiia, branched from the .\ppian road to Ardea. C. Nij>. in .Ittic. H. — I.iv. 1, c. 57. 1. .", c. 71. 1. -I, c. 9, ^c. — I'irg. .En. 7, v. 41:2. — Quid. Met. 11, V. J 75. — Struc. J. ^Vrsekicca, a .small town on tlie Euphra- tes, north of llubylon. Aiwi.Ki, a people of Iliyricum, whose capi- tal was called .Ardia. St rub. 7. Ardo.N£a, a town of Apulia. Liv. 24, c. '-'0. Ardua, an ancient name of Ardea. Virg, jEn. 7, V. 411. AuDLENNA, now Ard-nm, a large forest of Gaul, in the time of J. Csesar, wliich extended .50 miles from tlie Rhine to the borders of tlie Ner\ii. Tacit. S, Ann. c 4 J. — Ctes. BcU. Gall. G, c. 'Jy. Arduine, the goddess of hunting among the Gauls : represented with the same attri- butes as tlie Diana of the Romans. AuDVENsrs. a nation near the Rhone. Polyb. 3. 86 Ardvs, a son of Gyges, king of Lydia, who reigned 49 years, took Priene, and made war against Miletus. Jlcrodot. 1, c. IJ. .\rea. a surname of Minerva, from her temple on Mars' hill {a^ns) erected by Ores- tes. Pans. 1, c. i'y. AREACID.E, a nation of Numidia. Polyb. Arka«. a general clioscn by the Greeks against ^Etoha. Justin. 24, c. 1. Arecijnis, the mother of Mopsus by Ampyx. Orfih. in Argan. Arelatum, a town of Gallia Narfaonensis. Strab. 4 Mela, 'J. c 5. .\rxi.uus, a celebrated painter of Rome, in tlie age of Augustus. He jiainted th* goddesses in the form of his mistresses. Pint. 35, c. 10. .\ miser in Hornt. AremorIca, a part of Gaul, at the north of the Ivoire, now called Uritany. Plin. 4. Are.va and Arene, a city of Mcsscuia, in Peloponnesus. Homer. I!. 2. .Arcnacl'm, a town of Germany. Tacit. HiU. :„ c. '-'0. .Vreofacitj?:, tlie judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a small eminence near Athens, whose name is derivetl from Ajisf Ts)*,-, the hill iif Mars, because iNIars wis tlie first who was tried there, for the minder of Ilallirhotius who had ofTercd violence to his daughter .Mcippe. Some say tliat tlie place received the name of Areopagus. l)c-caiise liio .Amazons pitchinl their camp tlicro, ami offorod sacrifice', to tlieir progenitor Mars, v.iun they besie;;ed .\tliens ; and otliers maint^ir, tliat the name was given to tlie place. iK'caii-.o Mars is the god of blood.theti, war, and mur- der, which were generally punished by tliat court. The time in which tliis celebrated :j:a\ of justice wa.s institnteil is unknown. Some suppi>se that Cocrops, tlie founder of Adiens, first I'stablislie*! it, while otliers give the credit of it to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The number of judges that composed tlus august as. scmbly is not kno^jm. Theyh.ave been limited by some to 9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a greater number. The most wortliy and re- ligious of the Athenians w^-rc admitted as mem- l)ers, and such archims as had disch.-uged their duty witli care and faithfulness. In tlie latter ages of the republic, this observance was often violated, and we find some of tlieir meml>crs of loose and debauched morals. If anyof tliem were convicted of immorality, if Uiey were seen sitting at a tavern, or had use i>ti m AR A R mysteries. Tliey always sat in tlie open air, because they took cognizance of murder ; and by tlieir laws it was not permitted for the nnirdcrer and his accuser to be both uijder the same roof. This custom also inight originate because the persons of the judges were sacred, and they were afraid of contracting pollution by conversing in the same house with men who had been guilty of shedding innocent blood. Tliey always heard causes and passed sentence in the night, that they might not be prepossessed in favor of the plaintiff or of the defendant by seeing them. "Wliatever causes were pleaded before them, were to be divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest elo- quence should chann their ears, and con'upt theii- judgment. Plence arose the most just and most impartial decisions, and their sen- tence v/as deemed sacred and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant were equally con- vinced of its justice. The Areopagites gene- rally sat on the 27th, 28th, and 29th days of every montli. Tlieir authority continued in its original state, till Pericles, wlio was re- fused admittance among them, resolved to lessen their consequence, and destroy their power. From that time tlie morals of the Athenians were corrupted, and the Areopa- gites were no longer conspicuous for tlieir vir- tue and justice ; and when they censured the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of the family of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if they wished to make a refonn in Athens, they must begin at home. Areopagus, a hill in the neighbourhood of Athens. Vid. Areopagitse. Arest^, a people of India, conquered by Alexander. Justin. 12, c. S. Aresthanas, a countrynnan, whose goat suckled ^sculapius, when exposed by his mother. Pmis. 2, c. 26. Arestorides, a patronymic given to the hundred eyed Argus, as son of Arestor. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 584. Areta, the another of Aristippus, the phi- losopher. Laert. 2. A daughter of Dio- nysius, who married Dion. Slie was thrown into tlie sea. Plut. in Dion. A female philosopher of Cyrene, B. C. 377. Areta, a daughter of Rliexenor, descended from Neptune, who married her uncle Alci- nous, by whom she had Nausicaa. Homer. Od. 7 & 8.—Jpollod. 1. ARETiEus, a physician of Cappadocia, very inquisitive after the operations of nature. His treatise on agues has been much admired. The best edition of his works ^^•hich are extant, is that of Boerhaave, L. Bat. fol. 1755. AretaphTla, the wife of Melanippus, a priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her husband to marry her. She, however, was so attached to Melanippus, that she endeavoured to poison Nicocrates, and at last caused him to be assassinated by liis brother Lysander, whom she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his brotlier, upon which Aretaphila ordered liini . 87 to be thrown into the sea. After this she re- tired to a private station. Phu. de Virlut. Midicr. — Polycen. 8, c. 58. Aretales, a Cnidian, who wrote an his- tory of Macedonia, besides a treatise on islands. Phit. Arete. Vid. Areta. Aretes, one of Alexander's officers. Curt 4, c. 15. Arethusa, a njTnph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana's attendants. As she returned one day fi-om hunting, she sat near the Alpheus, and bathed In the stream. The god of the river was enamoured of her. and he pursued her over the mountains and all the countiy, when Arelliusa, ready to sink under fatigue, implored Diana, who changed her into a fountain. Tlie Alpheus imme- diately mingled his streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret passage under the earth and imder the sea, where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, and rose in the island of Ortygia, near S)Tacuse, in Sicily. The river Alpheus followed her also under the sea. and rose also in Ortygia : so that, as mytho- logists relate, v.hatcver is throvvii into the Alpheus in Elis. rises again, after some time, in the fountain Arethusa near Syracuse. Vid. Alj^hcus. — Ovid. Met. 5. fab. 10. — Athen. 7. — Paus. One of the Ilesporides. Apol- lod. 2, c. 5. A daughter of Plerileus, mo- ther of Abas, 'uy Neptune. Hi/gin.^fab. 157. One of Actaeon's dogs. Hi/gin. fab. 181. A lake of upper Armenia, near the foun- tains of the Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. Plin. 2, c. 105. A town of Thrace. Another in Syrin. Ai^ETiKuir, a Roman colony in Etruria. Ital. 5, V. 125. Aretus, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. Homer. Od. 5, v. 415 A Trojan against the Greeks. He was killed by Automedon. Homer. II. 17, v. 494. A famous warrior. whose only weapon was an iron club. He was treacherously killed by Lycurgus, kino- of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. II. Areus, a king of Sparta, preferred in the succession to Cleonjnnus, brother of Acrota- tus, who had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He assisted Athens when Andgonus besieged it, and died at Corinth. Pmis. 3, c. 6. — P/v.t. A king of Sparta, who succeeded his father Acrotatus 2d, and was succeeded by his son Leonidas, son of Cleonymus. A phi- losopher of Alexandria, intimate with Au- gustus. Sueton A poet of Laconia An orator mentioned by Quintil. Arg^us & Argeus, a son of Apollo and Cyrene. Justin. 15, c. 7. A son of Per- diccas, who succeeded liis father in the king- dom of Macedonia. Justin, 7, c. 1. A mountain of Cappadocia, covered witli perpe- tual snows, at the bottom of Avhicli is the ca- pital of the country called INlaxara. Claudian. —A son of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. Paus, 1.— — A son of Licymnius. ApotM.^. G 4 Akgaios, AR AR Arcalus, a king of Sparta, son of Amy- clas. Paus. 3, c. 1. Ak(;ath6va, a huntress of Cios in Bitliy- nia, whom Jlhcsus married before lie went to the Trojan war. U'iien she heard of his deatli, iJie died in despair. Parlhen. Eratic. c. 36. Arcathonii's, a king of Tartcssus, who, according to I'lin. 7, cIS, lived 11.'0 years, and 300 according: to Iln/. 3, v. 39G. Arcl, a hiiiitifid huntress changed into a stag by Apollo. Ifi/i^ia. fub. '205. One of the Cyclops. Jlcsixl. A daughter of 'llies- pius, by whom Hercules had two sons. ApiiUod. 2. .\ iiyuipli, daughter of Jupi- ter and Juno. Ajiollod. i. Ak(;ea, a place at Home where certain Argives were buried. Aii<;.EATHJE, a village of ArcatUa- Paxis. S, c. 23. Arcesncm. a promontory of Ionia. Aac.Es, a son of Cceius and Terra, who had only one eye in his forehead. Aj>cJiod. 1 , c. 1. .Vrcestratls, a king of Laccd.Tmon, who reigned 35 years. i\iu;f:i-s, a son of Perdiccos, king of Ma- cedonia, who obtained tlie kingdom when Ainyntas was deposed by the Illyri.in>. Justin. 1, c. 2. And, (^/tlur. masc.) f'iil. Argo.-. AhcIa, daughter of Adrastus, married Vd- lynices, whon* she loved with uncommon tendernes;. When he w;ui killed in the war, hhc buric. Id. fji. \A5. 'llie mother of .\igos, by Polybus. Id. fab. 11.5. A daughter of .Vutesion, who niarriwl Aristodomus, by whom she had two ^-ons, Kurysthenes, and iVocIes. Apj'JiKi. '_'. — PniLS. I, c. ,~. Arcias, a man wiio founded Chalccdon, A. U. ('. MS. Arc;ii KTi*!, a place at Home, near the Palalium, wliere the tradesmen generally kept their sliojis. I'lV;;. ^7^;. 8, v. 353. — Murtud. 1 , cp. A. .\Rc:ir.itis, a favorite youth of Pausania.s, who revealed his master's correspondence w ith the Pei-sian king, to tlie Ephori. C. Xcp. in I'll IIS. Argillcs, a mountain of Egj-nt near die Nile. ArgTi.ls, a town of Thrace, near the Stry- mon, built by a colony of Andri.ans. Thucyd. 4, c. 10" — ILrwhit. 7, c. 115. .Arc.inusj{, tlirce small islands near the continent, between Mitylcnc aitd Jleihyiuna, 88 where the Lacedaemonian fleet was conquered by Conon the Atltcnian. Slrcb. 15. Aroiopk, a nymph of mount Parnasstis, motlier of Thamyris, by Philammon tlie son of Apollo. Patis. 4, c. 35. Arciphontes, a surname given to Mer- cury, because he killed the hundred-eyed ^r- gus, by order of Jupiter. Arcipi'ki, a nation among the Sauroma- tians, born bald, and with flat noses. They lived upon trees. If:rodot. 1, c. 25. ArgIva. a sum.inu' of Juno, worshipped at .Argos. She had also a temple at Sparta, con- secrated to her by Eurydice, the daughter of Laceda?mon. Paui. 4, c. 15. — ''irg. uEn. 3, v. .547. AroIvi. the inhabitants of the city of Ar- gos and the neighbouring country. Tlie word is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all tlic inhabitants of Greece. Aiicifs, a steward of Gall)a, who privately interred the body of his mastar in his gardens. Tacit. Hist. 1, C.49. A rgo, the name of the famous ship which carried JasoUod.— Cic.de Xat. D.—Ptin. 7, c. 56. —Manil. 1. Argoi-icus sinus, a bay on tlie coast of Argoli.s. .Argolis and Argia. a country of Pelo- ponnesus between .Arcadia and the Mgenn sea. Its chief city was called .Argos, .Argon, one of die descendants of Hercu- les, who reignen on board the ship .Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the AR A R the taking of Troy, or 1263 B. C. The causes of this expedition arose from the fol- lowing circumstance : — Athamas, king of Thebes had married Ino, tlie daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry Nephele. by whom he had two children, Phryxiis and Helle. As Nephele was subject to certain fits of madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a second time Ino, by whom he had soon after two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. As the children of Nephele were to succeed to their father by right of birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred against them, and she caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a pesti- lence, by poisoning all the grain which had been sown in the earth. Upon this the oracle was consulted ; and as it had been corrupted by means of 'Ino, the answer was, that Ne- piiele's cliildren should be immolated to the gods. Phryxus was apprised of this, and he immediately embarked with his sister Helle, and fled to the court of jEetes, king of Col- chis, one of his near relations. In the voyage Helle died, and Phryxus arrived safe at Col- chis, and was received with kindness by the king. The poets have embellished tlie flight of Phryxus, by supposing that he and Helle fled through the air on a ram which liad a golden fleece and wings, and was endowed with the faculties of s]3eech. This ram, as tliey say, was the offspring of Neptune's amours, under the form of a ram, with the aiymph Theophane. As they were going to be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, and instantly disappcaj-ed in the air. On their way Helle was giddy, and fell into that part of the sea which from her was called the Hellespont. When Phn,'xu'i came to Colchis, lie sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or according to others, to Mars, to wliom he also dedicated llie golden fleece. He soon after married Chal- ciopK! the daughter of iEetes ; but his father- in-law cnvieil him the possession of the golden fleece, and therefore to obtain it he murdered him. Some tim.e after this event, when Jason the son of iEson, demanded of his uncle Pelias the crown which he usurjied, [ Jld. Pelias, Ja- !.on, iEspn,] Pelias said that he would restore it to him, provided lie avenged the death of their common relation Phryxus, whom jEetes had basely murdered in Colchis. Jason, who was in the vigor of youth, and of an ambitious soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and embarked with all the young princes of Greece in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island of Lemnos, where they remained two years, and raised a new race of men from the Lcm- nian women whohad murdered their husbands. [ Vid. Hypsipylc.] After they had left Lem- nos, they visited Samothrace, where they offered sacrifices to the gods, and thence passed to Troas and Cyzicum. Here they met with a favorable reception from Cy- zicus the king of the country. The night after their dei>arture, they were driven back by a storm again on the coast of Cvzicum, 89 and the inhabitants, supposing them to be their enemies, the Pelasgi, furiously attacked them. In this nocturnal engagement the slaughter was great, and Cyzicus was killed by the i)and of Jason, who, to expiate the murder he had ignorantly committed, burled him in a nia"- niflcent manner, and ottered a sacrifice to the mother of the gods, to whom he built a temple on mount Dindyinus. From Cyzicum tliey visited Bebrycia, otherwise called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted the challenge of Amy- cus king of the country in tlie combat of the cestus, and slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia by a storm, to Salmydessa, on the coast of Thrace, where they delivered Phineus king of the place, from the persecu- tion of the Iiarpies. Phineus directed their course through the Cyanean rock or the SjTn- plegades, [ Vid. Cyanea,] and they safely en- tered the Euxine sea. lliey visited the country of the Mariandynians, where Lycus rei^-ned, and lost two of their companions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot. After they had left this coast, they were driven upon the island of Arecia, where they found the children of Phryxus, whomjEetes their grandfather had sent to Greece to take possession of their fa- ther's kingdom. From this island they at last arrived safe in vEa, tlie capital of Colchis. Jason explained the causes of his voyage to iEetes ; but the conditions on which he was to recover the golden fleece, were so hard, that the Argonauts must liave perished in the attempt, had not Medea, the king's daughter, fallen in love with their leader. She had a conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths of fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herself to deliver the Argonauts from her father's hard concb'tions, if Jason married her, and cai-ried her witii him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls, which had ivrazen feet and horns, and which vomited clouds of fire and smoke, and to tie them to a plough inade of adamant stone, and to plough a field of two acres of ground never before cultivated. After this he was to sow in the plain, the teeth of a dragon, from which an armed mul- titude were to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his hands. lliis done, he was to kill an ever- watchful dragon, whicl) was at the bot- tom of the tree, on which the golden fleece was suspended. All these labors were to be performed in one day ; and Medea's assist- ance, whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and potions, was unparalleled, easily extricated Jason from all danger, to the astonishment and terror of his companions, and of iEetes, and tlie people of Colchis, who had assembled to be spectators of this w onderful action. He tamed tlie bulls w ith ease, ploughed the field, sowed the dragon's teeth, and when the armed men sprang from the earth, he threw a stone in the midst of them, and tliey immediately turned their weapons one against the other, till they all perished. After this he went to the dragon, and by means of enchanted hcrbss, AR AR hctbs, and a drauglit which Modea had given him, he lulled the monster to sleep, and ob- tained the golden fleece, and immediately set sail with Medea. He was soon pursued by Absyrtus, the king's son, who came up to them, and was seized and murdered by Jason and Medea. The mangled limbs of Absyr- tus were strewed in the way through which iEetes was to pass, that his farther pursuit might be stopped. After the murder of AbsjTtus, they entered the Palus M^potis, and by pursuing their course towards the left, •ifcordinf to the foolish account of poets who wore ignorant of geography, tliey came to the island Peucestes, and to that of Circe. Here Circe informed Jason, tliat the cause of all his calamities arose from the murder of Ab- syrtus, of which she refused to expiate him. Soon after, they enteretl the 3Ifcditerranean by the columii« of Hercules, and passed the straits of C'harjbdis and Scjli.i, where tliey must havf )Krislicd. had not Tethys. the mis- tress of Pi'lcus, one of the Argonauts, deli- vered them. They were preserved from the Sirens by the elo<]uence of Orpheus, and ar- rived in tlie island of the Ph.xacians, where they met the enemy's fleet, which had con- tinued their pursuit l)y a dificrent course. It was therefore resolved that Medea should be restored, if she liad not been actually mar- ried to Jason; but the wife of Alcinous, tlie king of tlie country, bcint; appointed umpire between the Colchians and Argonauts, had the marriage privately consum.Tiated by night, and declared that the claims of .Eetes to Medea were now void. From Ph;cacia the Argonauts c.ame to the bay of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a stonn upon the coast of Africa, and after many disasters, at lost came in siglit of the promontory of INIe- Ico, in the Peloponnesus, where Jason was purified of tlie murder of .\bsyn.us, and soon after arrived safe in Thcssaly. The imprac- ticability of such a voyage is well known. Apullouius Uhodius gives another account, equally improbable. He says, that they sailed from llie Euxine up one of the mouths of the Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering aiioliicr mouth of the river. After tliey had continued their voyage for '.ome leagues, the waters decreased, and they vere obliged to carry the ship Argo across tlie country to the .Adriatic, upwards of 1.50 miles. Here they met with Absyrtus, who had pursued the same measures, and conveyed his ships in Like manner over the land. Absyrtus was immediately put to death ; and soon after the beam of Dodona [ Vid. Argo,] gave an oracle, tliat Jason should never return home, if he was not previously purified of the murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of .l£a, where (?irce, who was the sister of ^-Eetcs, expiated him without knowing who he was. There is a third tra- dition which maintains, that they returned to Colohis a second time, and visited many places 90 of Asi.n. This famous expedition has been celebrated in the ancient ages of tiie world ; it has employed the pen of many writers, and among the historians, Diodorus Siculus, Stra- bo, Apollodorus, and Justin ; and among the poets, Onomacritus, more generally called Orpheus. Apollonius Rhuilius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, have extensively given an account of its most remarkable particulars. TTie number of the Argonauts is not exactly known. ApoUodorus and Diodorus say that they were 54. Tzetzes admits the number of ,50. but .\pollodorus mentions only 45. 'Die following list is drawn from the various au- thors who have made mention of the Argo- nautic expedition. Jason, son of ..Eson, as Is well known, was the chief of the rest. His companions were .-Vcastus son of Pelias, Ac- tor son of Hippasus, Admetus son of Phercs. .Esculapius son of Afwllo, .Etalides son of Mercury and Kupoleme, Aimenus son of Mars, Amphiaraus son of Qicleus, Amphida- nuisson of Aleus, Amphionsonof Hyperasius, Anceus a sou of Lycurgus, and anodier of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of tlie ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Anr.e- luis, Ascalaphus son of Mars, Asterion son of C"<>inetC"s, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas son of Sol, Atalanta daughter of Schoeneus, dis- guised in a man's dress, Autolycussonof Mer. cury. Azorus, Uuphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Calais son of Boreas, Canthus son of Abiu, Castor son of Jupiter, Ceneus son of Elatus, Cepheus son of Aleus, Cius, Ch'tius and Iphi- tusson->of Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion son of Miiios, Echion son of Mercury and Antia- nira, Ergynus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Neptune and Macionassa, Erihotes, Eurja- lus son of Cisicus, Eurydamus and Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus. Hercules son of .Jupiter, Idassonof Aphareus, lalmenus son of Mars, Idmon son of Abas, lo- laus son of Iphiclus, Iphiclus son of Thesdus, Iphiclus son of Philacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lynceus son of Aphareus, Iritus son of Nau- bolus. Laertes son of Arccsius, Laocoon, Lco- datusson of Bias, Leifus son of Alector, Mc- leager son of (Eneus, Menoetius son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphycus, Nauplius son of Neptune, Neleus tlie brother of Pelcus, Nestor son of Neleus, Oileus the father of Ajax, Or- pheus son of (Eager, Palemon son of jEtolus. Peleus and Telamon sons of /Eacus, Pericly- mencs son of Neleus. Peneleus son of Plipal- nuis, Philoctetcs son of Pcean, Phlias, Pollux son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates, Poeas son of TTiaumacus, Phanus son of Bacchus. Phalerus son of .\lcon, Phocas andPria.'ith die sound of his lyre. Juno put the eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her divinity. Mosckiis Idyl— Ovid. Met. I, fab. 12 & 13.— Propert. 1, v. 5S5, &c. el. 3. — Apollud. 1, c. 9. 1. 2, c. 1. A son of Agenor. Hi/^in. fab. 145. A son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. Id. 14. A son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first oliild which tlio father of the gods had by a mortal. Ho built ArgOK, and married Evadne the daughter of Strj'mon. Id. 145 A son of Pyras and Callirhoe. Id. 145 A son of Phryxus. Id. 3. A son of Polybus. Id. 14. One of Acton's (logs. ApoUod. A dog of Ulysses, which knew his master after an abuence of 20 years. Hoiner. Od. 17, v. 300. ARGYLLyE, an ancient name of Cajre, in Ktruria. Virg. ^n. 7, v. G52. 1. 8, v. 478. Arcvnn'is, a name of Venus, which she received from Argynnus, a favorite youth of Agamemnon, who was drowned in tlie Ce- phisus. Proper. 3, d. 5, v. 52. Argyra, a nymph greatly beloved by a shepherd called Selimnus. She was changed into a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the same name, whose waters made lovers forget the object of their affections. Vid. Se- limnus. Pans. 7, c. 23 A city of Troas. 91 ■ Also the native place of Diodorus Sicu- lus in Sicily. Argyraspidbs, a Macedoiuan legion which received this name from their silver helmets. Curt.'i, c. 13. Argyre, .an island beyond the mouth of the river Indus, abounding in metal. Mela, 3, c. 7. Argyripa, 3 town of Ajiulia built by Dio- medes after die Trojan war, and called by Po- lybius Argipana. Only ruins remain to show where it once stood, tJiough die place still pre- serves the name of Arpi. Virg. yEn. 1 1 , v. 246. Aria, a country of Asia, situate at the eay paying llie Romans a large sum of money remitted at the instance of tlie king of Pergtiir.us. His son, the Ctli of tiiat name, called I'/iUnputrr, from liis piety, succeeded him Ifi'j 15. C. .\n alliance with the Komaps nliiilded him against die lalse claims that were laid to his crown by one of the favorites of Demetrius, king of .Syria. He was maintaincti on his throne by Attalus, and assisted his friends of Rome against Aristo- nicus tlie usurjier of I'erganius; but he was kiHed in the war H. C 1.30. leaving six diild- ri.'n, five of whom were murdered by his sur- viving wife LaixHie.— 'ITie only one who eiicapwl, Ariaratljes Vt'i, was proclaimed king, and soon after married Laotlice, the sister of MitliridatesEupator, by whom he had two sons. He was murdered by an illegitimate brother, upon which his widow Lao3. — Lucuu. (t, V. 74. — yirg. JEu. 7, v. 7CI, iitc. .Vrkina, a surname of Diana, from her temple near .Aricia. [/7(/. Aricia.] The mother of Octavius. Lie. 5. Phil. c. 0'. .'Vrid.v.us, a comp.anion of Cyrus the youn- ger. .After the death of his friend, he rcconcilett himself to .Artaxerxes, by betraying to hhn the surviving Greeks in their return. J)uhL .An ille;;itimate son of Philip, who, afti-r tlie ileath of .Alexander, was made king of Mace- doiii:i, till Roxane, who was pregnant by .Alex- ander, brought into llie world a legitimate male successor. .Arida'us had not the free enjoy- ment of his senses ; and therefore I'erdiccas, one of Alexander's generals, declared himself his protector, and even married his sister to strengthen their connection. He was seven ye.irs in possession of the sovereign power. ani, a town of India, which .Alex- ander found burnt, and without inhabitants. Arrian. 4. ArTi, a savage people of India. of .Arabia. P/in. 6. of Scythia. Hcrodot. of Gennany. Tacii. A RIM A, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where Typhocus was overwhelmed under the ground. Ilomcr. 11. 'J. Arimaru's, a god of Persia and Media. Akimaspi, a people conquered by Alex- ander tlie Great. Curt. 7, c. 5. — Mtl/i. '2, c. 1. AniMAsriAs, a river of 5^cyth^a with golden sands. Tlie neighbouring inhabitants h;ul but one eye, in tlic middle of their forehead, and waged A R A R waged continual wais against tlie griffins, monstrous animals that collected the gold of the river. Piiii. 7, c. 5. Hcrudot. 5 & 4. — Strab. 1 & 15. Akimasth^, a people near tlie Iluxinc sea. Orpheus, Argon. Arimazes, a powerful prince of Soguiana, who treated Alexander with much insolence, and even asked, M-iietiicr he could fly to aspire to so extensive a dominion. He surrendered, and was exposed on a cross with liis friends and relations. Curt. 7, c. H. Arimi, a nation of Syria. Strah. Akihinuji, (now Bimiid) an ancient city of Italy, near the Rubicon, on the borders ot Gaul, on the Adriatic, founded by a colony of Umbrians. It was the cause of Ctesar's civil wars. Lucaii. l,v. 251. — Fan. 3, c. 15. Ariminus, a river of Italy rising in tlie Appennine mountains. Fliii. 3, c. 15. ARiMPHiEi, a people of Scythia, near the Riphaean mountains, who lived chiefly upon berries in the woods, ar.d were remafkable for their innocence and mildness. Flin. 6, c. 7. Arimits, a king of Mysia. Varro. Ariobarzanes, a man made king of Cap- padocia by the Romans, after the troubles which the false Ariarathes had raised, had subsided. IMithridates drove him from his kingdom, but the Romans restored him. He followed the interest of Ponipcy, and fought at Pharsalia against Julius Caesar. He and liis kingdom were preserved by means of Cicero. Cic. 5, ad Attic, ep. 29. — Horat. ep. 6, v. 38. — Flor. 3, c. 5.— —A satrap of Phrygia, who, after die death of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it for twenty-six years. He was succeeded by the son of Mithridates. Diod. 17. A ge- neral of Darius, who defended the passes of Susa witli 15,000 foot against Alexander. After a bloody encounter with the Mace- donians, he was killed as he attempted to seize the city of Persepolis. Diod. 17. — Curl. 4 & 5. A Mede of elegant stature, and great prudence, whom Tiberius ap- pointed to settle the troubles of Armenia. Tacit. An. 2, c. 4. A mountain between Parthia and the country of the Mas.sagetae. A satrap, who revolted from the Persian king. Ariomandes, son of Gobryas, was general of Athens against the Persians. Flat, in Cim. Ariomardu.s, a son of Darius, in the anuy of Xerxes when he went against Greece. Herodot. 7, c. 78. Ariomedes, a pilot of Xerxes. Arion, a famous lyric poet and musician, son of Cyclos of Methymna, in the island of Lesbos. He went into Italy with Periaiider, tyrant of Corinth, where he obtained immense riclies by his profession. Some time after, he wished to revisit his countiy ; and the sailors of the ship in which he embarked, resolved to murder him, to obtain the riches which he wa>i carrying to Lesbos. Arion seeing them iii- flexible in their resolution, (jcggcd that he might be permitted to play some melodious tune ; and as soon as he had finished it, he threw himself into the sea. A number of dolphins had been attracted round the ship by the sweetness of his music ; and it is said, that one of them carried him sale on his back to Tanarus, whence he hastened to the court of Periander, who ordered all the sailors to be cnacified at their return. Hijgin. fab. 194. — HerudoU 1, c. 23 & 24. — JElian. de Xat. An. 13, c. 45. — Ital. 11. — Fru]>ert. 2, cl. 2C, v. 17. — Flat, in Symp. A horse, sprung from Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she travelled over the world in quest of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the figure of a mare, to avoid the importuning addresses of Neptune. The god changed himself also into a horse, and from their union arose a daughter called Hera, and the horse Arion, which had the power of speech, the feet on the right side like those of a man, and the rest of the body like a horse. Arion was brought up by the Nereides, who often har- nessed him to his father's chariot, which he drew over the sea with uncommon swiftness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, who presented him to Hercules. Adrastus, king of Argos, received him as a present from Hercules, and with this wonderful animal he won the prize at the Nema-an games. Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of Adrastus. Paus. 8, c. 25. — Fropert. 2, el. 54, v. 57. — Apollod. 5, c. 6. Ariovistus, a king of Germany, who pro- fessed himself a friend of Rome. When Ca-sai- was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched against him, and was conquered with the loss of 80,000 men. Cees. 1. Bdl. Coll. — Tacit. 4. Hist. Aris, a river of Messcnia. Paus. 4, c. .31. Arisua, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an eartliquake. Flin. 5, c. 51. A colony of the INIitylcneans in Troas, destroyed by the Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. Virg. ^En. 9, V. ^64.— Homer. II. 7. The name of I'riam's first wife, divorced that the monarch might marry Hecuba. Arist^netus, a writer whose epistles have been beautifully edited by Abresch. Zwollte, 1749. ARisTiEUM, a city of Thrace at the foot of mount Hremus. Flin. 4, c. 11. Arist^us, son of Apollo and the nympli Cyrene, was born in the deserts of Libya, and brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nec- tar and ambrosia. His fondness for hunting procured him the surname of Nomus and Agreus. After he had travelled over the greatest part of the world, Aristseus came ttv settle in Greece, where he nsarried Autonoe. the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he h.id a son called Actseon. He fell in love with Eu- rydice, tlie wife of Orpheus, and pursued her in the fields. She was stimg by a serpent that lay in the grass, and died, for which the gods destroyed all the bees of ArisU-cus. In this calamity A R A R calamity he applied to bis mother, who directed him to seize the sea-god Proteus, and consult him how he might repair the losses he latl sus- tained. Proteus advised iiim to appeaic the manes of Eurjdicc by the sacrifice oi' four bulls and four heifers , and as soon as he had done it .md left them in tlie air, swarms of bees imme- diately sprang from the ronen carcases, and re- stored Aristaeus to his former prosperity. Some authors say, that Aristasus liad the care of Bacchus when youn^r. and that he was ini- tiated in the mysteries of this god. Aristaeus went to live on mount Ilamus, where he died. He was, after death, worshipped as a «.lemi-god. Arista-us is said to have learned rem the nj-mphs the cultivation of olives, and the management of bees, &c. which he afterwards communicated to the rest of man- kind. Virg. Cr. 4, V. 317. — IHod. -i.— Jus- tin. 13, c. 7. — OuiiL Fast. 1, v. 563. — Cic. dc Nat. D. i, c. 18.— Paiu. 10, c. \~.—lIysin. fab. 161, IHO, '217. — ApoUod. 3, c. 1. — Ile- r.^dot. 4, c. 4, ^c. — PaiytPti. 1, c. -'I. --V ge- neral who commanded the Corinthiaa forces at the siege of Potidtea. He %vas taken by the .\thenians, and put to deatli. AiusTACoRAs, a writer who composed an history of Egypt. Plin. 56, c. 1 '2. A son-in-law of Histia;us. tyrant of Mile- tus, who revolted from Darius, and incited the Athenians a;/ainst Persia, and burnt Sardis. This so exaspemted the king, that every evening before supfK->r he ordered his servants to remind him of puiiishing .'Xris- tagonus. He was killed in u battle against the Persians, B. C. 499. Uerodol. 5, c. 5(\ &c. I. 7, c. 8. — Poli/tm. 1, c. 14. A man of Cyzicus. A notlier of Cumte. Jfrn^dot. 4. .■\ristander, a celebrated stKjthsayer, greatly e^teeme. 11. ad ytttu: J, ep. 14. — Quintii. 10. c. 1. .A tragic poet of 94 Tegea in A.cadia, aboot 454 y«ai% B. C He composed 70 tragedies, of which twi/ only were rewardL-d with the prize. Om- of them, called Achilles, was translated into Latin verse by Ennius. Suidan. A phy- sician to queen Berenice, tlie widow of An- riochiis. Poli/een. 8. An orator of Am- bracia. An astronomer of Samos, who first supposed that tlie earth turned round its axis, and revolved round the sun. Tliis doc- trine nearly proved fatal to him, as he was accused of disturijing the peace of the pods Lares. He maintained that the sim waK nineteen times farther distaia from the e.irth tlian the moon, and that the moun was 56 semi-diameters of our globe, and little more tlian one third, and the diameter of die sun six or seven times more than tLat of the earth. The age in which he flori^lud is not preciiely known. His treatise on fiif lirgeness and the distance of the 'tm and moon is extant, of which the best edition 1 tliat of Oxford, 8vo. \GSP. .'\rintinn in Italy, and commanded them to raise him a statue near the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epi' poem on the Arimaspi in three l>ooks, an(^ some of his verses are quoted by Longinus. Herodol. 4, c. \o.—Stmb. 14.— Xfna. Tyr. '2'2. A phy^cian of Rliodes A geome- trician, intimate v. ith Euclid. A poet, son of DcnuHrh.ircs, in the age of ('ra-sus. \m.isnr.».A'. mi island on the coast of Pelo- ponnesus. Pons, i?, c. 34. Aristei;s, a man of Argo-;, who excited king I\-rrhiis to take up arms against his coun- trymen, die Argives. Pcit/im. S, c. f>S. ARibTiiisis a shepherd who found .^^ culapius, when he hat! been exposed in th* uoods by his mother C'oronis. .A nisriii's, an historian of Arcadia. DioHifs. Hal. 1. Aristirus, a riverof Pieonia- Poiy<9n. 4, c. IL'. Aju.sriDEs, a celebrated Atheniau, son of Lysimachns, uhosc qreat tcmjieraiice and vir- tue jirocured him the surname of ./f/,ublic charge, and his two daughters, on ac- count of theirfuther's virtues, received a dowry from the public treasury when they were come to marriageable years. Poverty, however, seemed hcrcditaryinthefamilyof Aristides, for the grandson was ; ocn in thepublic streets, get- ting A K A R ting his liveliliood by explaining dieams. The Athenians became more virtuous in imitating their great leader : and from tlie sense of his o-ood qualities, at the representation of one of the tragedies of JEschylus, on the mentioning of a sentence concerning moral goodness, tiie eyes of the audience were all at once turned from the actor to Arislides. When he sat as judge, it is said that tlie plaintiff, in his accusa- tion mentioned the injuries his opponent had done to Aristides, " Mention the wrongs you have received," replied the equitable Athe- nian, " I sit here as judge, and the lawsuit is yours, and not mine." C. Nep. c^" Pluf. in Vita. An historian of Miletus, fonder of stories, and of anecdcces, than of truth. He wTote an history of Italy, of which the 40th volume has been quoted by Pint, in Parcll. An athlete, who obtained a prize at the Olym- pian, Nemean, and Pythian games. Pans. 6. c. 16. A painter of Thebes in Boeotia, in the ago of Alexander the Great, for one of whose pieces Attains offered 6000 sesterces. P'in. 7, (^ 35.— —A Greek orator who wrote 50 orations, besides otlier tracts. Mlien Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake, he wrote so pathetic a letter to M. Aurelius, that tiie emperor ordered the city immediately to be rebuilt, and a statue was in conse- quence raised to the orator. His works con- sist of hymns in prose in honor of the gods, funeral orations, apologies, panegyrics, and harangues, the best edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vols. 4to. Oxon. 1722, and tliat in a smaller size in 12mo. 5 vols, of Canterus apud P. Step']. ICO-i. A man of Locris who died by the bite of a weazel. ASIian. V. H. 14. A philosopher of Mysia, inti- mate with M. Antoninus. An Athenian, who wrote treatises on animals, trees, and agriculture. Aristillus, a philosopher of the Alexan- drian school, who about 300 years B. C. at- tempted with Timocharis to determine the place of the different stars in the heavens, and to trace the course of the planets. Aristio, a sophist of Athens, who by the support of Archelaus, the general of Mithri- dates, seized the government of his countrj', and made himself absolute. He poisoned him- self when defeated by Sylla. Liv. 81, 82. Aristippus, the elder, a philosopher of Cyrene, disciple to Socrates, and founder of the Cyi-enaic sect. He was one of the flat- terers of Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished himself for his epicurean voluptuousness, in support of which he wrote a book, as likewise an history of Libya. When travelling in the desarts of Africa, he ordered his sei-vants to liirow away tlic money tliey carried, as too biu- densomc. On anoth er occasion, discovering that the ship in which he sailed belonged to pirates, he designedly threw his property into die sea. adding, that be chose rather to lose it than his life. Many of his sayings and maxims are recorded by Diogenes, in his life. Horat. 2, 95 S~it. 3, v. 100. His grandson of die same name, called the younger, was a warm defender of his opinions, and supported that the prin- ciples of all things were pain and pleasurt. He florished about 363 years B. C. A tyrant of Argos, whose life was one continued series of apprehension. He was killed bv a Cretan in a battle against Aratus, E. C. 242. Diog. — : — A man who wrote an history of Arcadia. Diog. 2. M. Aristius, a tribune of the soldiers in Cassar's army. Ca:s. Bell. Gall. 7, c. 42 Another. Vid. Fuscus. A satirist, who vsTote a poem called Cyclops. Aristo. Vid. Ariston. Aristobula, a name given to Diana by Tiiemistocles. Aristobulus, a name common to some of the high priests and kings of Judaea, &c. Joseph. A brother of Epicurus. One of Alexander's attendants, who wrote the king's life, replete with adulation and untrutli. • A philosopher of Juda;a, B. C. 150. Aristoclija, a beautifid woman, seen naked by Strato, as she was offering a sacrifice. She was passionately loved by Callisthenes, anrl was equally admired by Strato. 'Hie two rivals so furiously contended for her hand, that she died during theirquarrcl, upon which Strato killed himself, and Callisthenes v/as never seen after. Pint, in Amat. Aristocles, a peripatetic philosopher of Messenia, who reviewed, in a treatise on phi- losophy, tlie opinions of his predecessors. The 14th book of this treatise is quoted, &c. He also wrote on rhetoric, and likewise nine books on morals. A grammarian of Rhodes. A stoic of Lampsacus. An historian. St7-ab. 4. A musician. Athen. <5r. A prince of Tegjea, &c. Polycen. nds name is common to many Greeks, of whom few or no particulars are recorded. AristoclTdes, a tyrant of Orchomenes, who, because he could not win the affection of Stymphalis, killetl her and her fariier, upon whicli all Arcadia took up arms and destroyed the mtirderer. Auistocrates, a king of Arcadia, put to death by his subjects for offering violence to the priestess of Diana. Pmis. 8, c. 5. His grandson of the same name, was stoned to deatli for taking bribes, during the second Mcssenian war, and being the cause of the defeat of his Messenian allies, B. C. 682. /(/. Ibid. A Rhodian. A man who endeavoured to destioy the democratical power at Athens. An Athenian general sent to the assistance of Corcyra widi 25 gallies. Dind. 15. An Athenian who WAS punished witli death for flying from the licld of battle. A Greek historian, son of llipparchus. Pint, in Lye. Aristocreok, the writer of a book on geo- graphy. Aristocrjtus, wrote a treatise concerning Miletus. Abistod£m»> AR A R Aristodeme, a daughter of Priam. Aristodemus, son of Aristomachus, was OJie of the Heraclidap. He with Iiis Lrotiicrs Temenus and Crcsphontes, invaded Pelo- ponnesus, conquered it, and divided tlie country among themselves, 1104 years be- fore the Christian era. He married Arfjia, by whom he had tlie twins Procles and Eu- rystlienes. He was killed by a dmndirbolt at Naupactum, though some say tliat lie died at Delphi in Phocis. Pans. 2, c. 18. 1. 3, c, 1 & ] 6.— Hero Jot. 7, c. 204. 1. 8, c. 131. A king of Messenia, who main- tained a famous war against Sparta. ' After some losses he recovered his strength, and so ett'ectually defeated the enemy's forces, that they were obliged to ])rostitutc Uieir women to re-people their country, 'llie off- spring of this ))rosiitution were called Parthe- iii:c, and ZO years after their birth they left Sparta, and seized upon Tarentum. Aristode- mus put his daughter to death for tlie good of his country ; but being afterwards persecuted in a dream by her manes, he killed himself, ••ifter a reign of six years and some nionths, in which he had obtained much military glory, B. C. 7 '2-1. His death was lamented by his countrynien, who did not appoint him a suc- cessor, but only invested I)amis, one of his friends witli absolute power to continue the war, which was at last tcrniiiiated after nuich Lloodshed and many losses on botli sides. Paus. ill Messcit. .\ tyrant of Cumaf. A philosoplicrof ."Egina. An Alexandrian who wrote sonu- treatises, &c. \ Spartan who taiiglit the chililren of Pausanias, A man who was preceptor to the children of Pompey. A tyrant of Arcadia. A Carian who wVotc an history of painting. A i)hilosopher of Ny^a. I}. C. GS. AaisToiaiMs, a physician of Cnidos, who obtained great reputation by tlie cure of Demetrius Conatas, king of "Alacedonia. A Tljasian who wrote 'J-4 books on medicine. Aristoc;Iton & Hannodius, two cele- brated friends of Athens, who by their joint eist. lib. 1. A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, who wrolc All AR wrote concerning the course of the Nile. Strab. A v\Testler of Argoi, under whom riato performed some exercises. A mu- sician of Athens. A tragic poet. A peripatetic of Coe. A native of Pella, in the age of Adrian, who wrote on the rebel- lion of the Jews. Aristonautjs, the naval dock of Pellene. Pans, '2. AristonIcus, son of Eumenes, by a con- cubine of Ephesus, 126 B. C. invaded Asia and the kingdom of Pergamus, which Attains had left by his will to the Roman people. He was conquered by the consul Perpenha, and strangled in prison. Justin. 36, c. 4. — Flor. 2, c. 20. A musician of Olynthus. A grammarian of Alexandria, who wrote a commentary on Hesiod and Homer, besides a treatise on the niusa;um established in Alexandria by the Ptolemies. Aristonides, a noble statuary. Plm. 34, c. 14. Aristonus, a captain of Alexander's ca- valry. Curt. 9, c. 5. Abistonymus, a comic poet under Phila- delphus keeper of the library at Alexandria. He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th year. Athen. One of Alexander's mu- sicians. Pint, in Alex. Aristophanes, a celelirated comic poet of Athens, son of Philip of Rhodes, He wrote 54 comedies, of which only eleven are come dovm to us. He lived in the age of Socrates, Demosthenes, and Euripides, B. C. 454, and lashed the vices of his age vidth a masterly hand. The wit and excellence of his comedies are well known ; but they abound sometimes too much with obscenity ; and his attack upon the vene- rable character of Socrates has been always cen- sured, and vidth justice. As a reward for his mental greatness, the poet received a crown of olive, in a public assembly ; but if he deserved praise, he merited blame for his licentiousness, which spared not even the gods, and was so of- fensive to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made « law at Athens, which forbade the comic writers from mimicking or representing on the stage any living character by name. Aristo- phanes has been called the prince of ancient comedy, as Menander of the new. The play called Nubes is pointedly against Socrates, and the philosopher is exposed to ridicule, and his precepts placed in a most ludicrous point of new by the introduction of one of his pupils in the characters of the piece. It is said that St. Chrysostom used to keep the comedies of Aristophanes under his pillow, on account of the brilliancy of the composition. Plutarch has made a comparison between the princes of the new and old comedy, which abounds with many anecdotes concerning these original characters. The best editions of the works of Aristophanes are, Kuster's, fol. Amst. 1710, and the I2mo. L. Bat. 1670, and that of Brunck, 4 vols. 8vo. Argent. 1785, which would still be more per- fect, did it contain the valuable scholia. QutVi- 97 til. 10, c. l.—Paterc. 1, c. 16. — Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 1. A grammarian of Byzan- tium, keeper of the library of Alexandria un- der Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a treatise on the harlots of Attica. Diog. in Pint, et Epic. — Athen. 9 A Greek historian of Bceotia, quoted by Plut. de Herod. Malig. A writer on agriculture. AristophilIdes, a king of Tarentum in the reign of Darius son of Hystaspcs. Hero- dot. 3. Aristophon, a painter in the age of So- crates. He drew the picture of Alcibiades softly reclining on the bosom of the courtezan Nemea, and all the people of Athens ran in crouds to be spectators of the masterly piece. He also made a painting of Mars leaning cm the arm of Venus. Phit. in Ale — Athen. 13. — Plin.55, c. II. A comic poet in the age of Alexander, many of whose fragments are collected in Athenaeus. Aristor, the father of Argus the hundred- eyed keeper of lo. Aristorides, the patronymic of Argus. Odd. Met. 1, v. 624. Aristoteleia, festivals in honor of Aris- totle, because he obtained the restitution of his country from Alexander. Aristoteles, a famous philosopher, son of the physician Nicomachus by Festiada, born at Stagira. After his father's death he went to Athens to hear Plato's lectures, where he soon signalized himself by the brightness of his ge- nius. He had been of an inactive and dissolute disposition in his youth, but now he applied himself with uncommon diligence ; and after he had spent 20 years in hearing the instructions of Plato, he opened a school for himself, for which he was accused of ingratitude and ilUberality by his ancient master. He was moderate in his meals ; he slept little, and always had one arm out of his couch with a bullet in it, which by falling into a brazen bason underneath, early awakened him. He was, according to some, ten years preceptor to Alexander, who received his instructions with much pleasure and deference, and always respected him. According to Plu- tarch, the improvement that Alexander niade under Aristotle, was of more service to him than all the splendor and power which he re- ceived from Philip. Almost all his writings, which are composed on a variety of subjects, are extant : he gave them to Theophrastus at his deatli, and they were bought by one of the Ptolemies, and placed in the famous library of Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given us a very extensive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a deformed countenance, but his genius was a sufficient compensation for all his per- sonal defects. He has been called by Plato th» philosopher of trutli ; and Cicero compliments him wtli the title of a man of eloquence, uni- versal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of invention, and fecundity of thought, llie \*Titings of Aristotle have been compared with those of Plato ; but the one are the effusions H «f AR of? lively and fruitful imagination, whilst the philosopher of Stagira studied nature more tlian art, and had recourse to simplicity of expres- r.ion more than ornament. He neither wor- shipped nor cared for the divinity, coiicerning which his opinions were ever various and disso- nant ; and the more he disregarded the mytho- logy of the ancients, tlie greater was die credit he acquired over his less philosophical prede- cossors. He was so authoritative in his opinions, that, as Bacon observes, he wished to establish the same dominion over men's minds, as his pupil over nations. Alexander, it is said, wished and encouraged his learned tutor to write the listory of animals; and the more effectually to assist him. he supplied him with 800 talents, and in his Asiatic expedition employed above a thousand men to collect animals, either in fish- ing, hunting, or hawking, which were carefully transmitted to the philosopher. Aristotle's lo- gic has long reigned in the schools, and been re"j\rded as tlie perfect model of all imitation. As lie expired, the philosopher is said to have uttered the following sentiment : Ferde hunc Tiundumintrain, atiriui vui, pcrhirbaius cgre- r, causa causarum miserere vieL TTie letter wliich Philip wrote to Aristotle, has been pre- served, and is in these words ; •' I inform you I have a son ; I thank the gods not so much for making me a father, as for giving me a son in an age when he can have Aristotle for his in- structor. I hope you will make him a successor worthy of me, and a king worthy of IMace- I'onia." Aristotle wished to m.^ke his wife Py- thias adeit)', and to pay her the same worship :is was paid to Ceres. He died in the 65d year i>f his age, B. C. 3_'C. His treatises have been puhlislied separately ; but the best edition of the works collectively, is that of Duval. 2 vols, t'ol. Paris, lfiJ9. Tyrwhitt's edition of the Poetica, Oxon. 4to. 91. is a valuable ac- quisition to literature. Ho had a son whom he called Nicomachus, by tlie courtezan Hcr- pyllis. Some have accused him of being ar- c^sarj- to the death of Alexander, and said that he drowned himself in the Kuripus, be- cause he could not find out the cause of its flux and reflux. Tliere are, however, dif- ferent reports about the manner of his doath, and some believe that he died nt Athens of a cholic, two years after Alexander's cle.ith. Tlie people of Stagira instituted festivals in his honor, because he had rendered important services to their city. Divi. in vita.— Pint, in Alex. ^ de Alex. fort. ^'^c.—Cic. Acad. Qiupst. 4. de Oral. 3. de FiJiib. 5. — Quin- /(/. 1, 2, 5, 10.— .C/inn. V. H. 4 Justin. 12. — Justin. Martyr.^August. de Civ. Dei, 8. — Ptiti. 2, 4, 5, .'i-c. — Athen. — Val. ^fax. 5, c. 6, &c. There were besides seven of the same name. A magistrate of Athens. A commentator on Homer's Iliad. An orator of Sicily, who answered the pane- gyric of Isocrates. A friend of /Eschines. A man of Cyrcne who wrote on poetry. A schoolmaster mentioned in Plato's 98 AR life, written by Aristoxenus An obscure grammarian. ZWog. de Aristot. ARisTOTiMfs. a tyrant of Elis, 271 vears B. C. Puiix. .5, c. r,. ARisToxiSL's, a celebr.ited musician, dis- ciple of Aristotle, and bom at Tarentum. He MTOte 453 diflorent treatises on philoso- phy, history-. &c. and was disappointed in his expectations of succeeding in tlie school of Aristotle, for which he always spoke with in- gratitude of his learned master. Of all his works nothing remains but three books upon music, the most ancient on that subject ex- tant. A philosopher of Cyrene. A then. A physician whose writings are quoted by Galen. A poet of Selinus. A Pj-- thagorcan philosopher. Aristus, a Greek historian of Salamis, who wrote an account of Alexander's expe- dition. Sti-mli. 14. — Arrian.l. Aristvilis, an obscure poet. Aristoph. An astronomer of .Alexandria, '_'f)2 B.C. Arii's, a river of Gaul, and of Asia. The inhabitants in the neighbourhood are called Arii. A celebrated \»Titer. the origin of the Arian controversy, that denied tlie eter- nal divinitj- and consubstantialit}- of the Word. Though he was greatly persecuted for his opi- nions, he gained the favor of the emperor Con- stantine, and triumphed over his pow erful anta- gonist .\thanasius. Hedied tlie very uight he was going to enter the church of Constantin- ople in triumph. I^-ssed by n.iture he went aside to ease hinistJf; but his bowtlsguslii-d out, and he expirctl on the spot. A . D. 33i3. Athanas. .\rmesfs, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at Rome. Ial. 54, c. J. Armtnia, a large countr>' of Asia, divided into Upper and Lower Armenia. Upper .\r- menia, called also Major, lias Media on the tist, Iberia on th« nortli, and Mesopotami:i on the south. Lower .\rmeiiia, or Minor, is Iwunded by Cappadocia, Armenia M.ajor, Sy- ria, Cilicia, and the Euphrates. The Arme- nians were a long time under the dominion of the Medes and Persians, till they were con- <)uered with the rest of Asia, by Alexander and his successors. The Romans made it one of their provinces, and under some of the empe- rors, tlic Armenians had tlie privilege of choosing tlieir own kings, but they were af- terwards reduced. The country received its n."\me from Anmenus, who was one of the .\rgonaut5, and of Thessalian origin. They borrowed the names and attributes of their deities from the Persians. They paid great adoration to Venus .\naitis, antl tiie chiefest of the people always prostituted theirdaughtcrs in honor of this goddess. .-Vrmenia Major is now called Turcom.tnia. and Minor Ala- dulia. 7/(T,x/.>r. 1, c. 194. 1. J. c. 49. — Curl. 4. c. 12. 1. 5. c. \.—Strah. 1 & 11. — Mtla, 3, c. .5 & 8.—Plin. 6, c. 4, ^c. — Lucan. 2. Armf.ntarios, aCa'ww in Dioclesian's reign. .A.RMii,LATrs, one of Domitian's favorites. Jut'. 4, V.53. A RJ4ILUSTRIUM, 4 A R A R Armilustriutt, a festival at Romo on the 19th of October. When the sacrifices were offered, all tlic people appeared under arms. The festival has often been confounded with that of the Salii, though easily distinguished ; because the latter was observed the 2d of March, and on the celebration of the Armi- lustrium they always played on a flute, and the Salii played upon the trumpet. It was instituted A. U. C. 545. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3. — Liv. 27, c. 37. Arminius, a warlike general of the Ger- mans, who supported a bloody war against Rome for some time, and was at last con- quered by Gennanicus in two great battles. He was poisoned by one of his friends, A. D. 19,. in the 57th year of his age. Dio. 56. — Tact. Ann. 1, ^c. Armof.ic/e, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous for the warlike, rebellious, and inconstant dis- position of the inhabitants called Armorici. Annorica extended between the rivers Liger and Sequana, and comprehended those rich and populous provinces now called Britany and Normandy. Ceps. Bdl. G. Arne, a city of Lycia, called afterwards Xanthus. A town of Umbria in Italy. — A daughter of ^olus, who gave her name to tv,o towns, one in Thessaly, the other in Boeotia. Neptime changed himself into a Lull to enjoy her company. Strab. 1 & 2. — Faus. 9, c. 40. — Ovid. M-d. 6, fab. 4. Arni, a people of Italy, destroyed by Her- cules, Arniensis, a tribe in Rome. Liv- 6. Arnobilt, a philosopher in Dioclesian's reign, who became a convert to Cliristianity. He applied for ordination, but was refused by the bishops till he gave them a proof of his sincerity. Upon this he vvrote his ce- lebrated treatise, in v/hich he exposed the absurdity of irreligion. and ridiculed the heathen gods. Opinions are various con- cerning the purity of his stylo, though ail agree in praise of his extensive erudition. The book tiiat he wrote dc Riuioricd Ijistitu- tione is not extant, llie best edition of his treatise Adv.rsus Gcntes is the 4to. printed L. Bat. 16 1. Arnus, a river of Etruria, rising in tlie Appennine mountains, and falling into the Meditorranjan. Liv. 22, c. 2. Aroa, a town of Achaia. Pmis. 7. Aroma, a town of Caria of Cappa- docia. Arpani, a piople of Italy. Arpi, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes after the 'iVojan war. Justin. 20, c. 1. — Virg. JEr. Iv., v. i;8. Arpinum, a town of the Vo'sci, famous for giving 1 irth to Cicero and IMarius. The words AriiiiKt ch.irt ? are sometimes applied to Cicero's works. Mart. 10, e;). 19. — Juv. 8, V. 257. — Cic. liuU. 3. A town of Magna Craecia. Arrxi, a people of Thrace. PUn. 99 Arrhab.^oS, the king of a nation in the neigh bouriiood of Macedonia, who greatly dis- tressed Archelaus. Arislot. 5. Polit. c. 10. Arria. Vid. Aria. Arria Galla, a beautiful but immodest woman in the reign of the emperors. Tacit. 15, c. 19. Arriaxus, a philosopher of Nicomedia, priest of Ceres, and Piosei-pine, and disciple of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon, from the elegance and sweetness of liis diction, and distinguished for iiis acquaintance with military and political life. He wrote seven books on Alexander's expedition, the periplus of the Euxine and Red sea, four books on the dissertations of Epictetus, besides an ac- count of the Alani, Bithynians, and Par- thians. He florished about tlie 1 40th year of Christ, and was rewarded with tlie consulship and government of Cappadocia, by M. An- toninus. The best edition of Arrian's Ex- peditio Alcxandri, is thefol. Gronovii. L. Bat. 1704. and the 8vo. a Raphclio, 2 vols. 1757, and the Tactica, fcvo. Amst. 1685. A Greek historian. An Athenian who wTote a treatise on hunting, and the manner of keep- ing dogs. A poet whowTote an epic poem in tv.enty-four books on Alexander; also an- other poem on Attains, king of Pergamus. He likewise translated Virgil's Georgics into Greek verse. Arrius, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptu- ous feast 7/o?•a^ describes, 2 Sat. 3, v. 86. Aper, a Roman general who murdered the emperor, &c. AiiRius & Arius, a philosopher of Alex- andria, who so ingratiated himself witli Au- gustus, after the battle of Actium, tliat the conqueror declared tlie people of Alexandria owed the preservation of their city to three causes ; because Alexander was their founder^ because of the beauty of the situation, and be- cause Arrius was a native of the place. Pluf. in Anion. Arruntius, a' Roman consul. A fa- mous geographer, who, upon being accused of adultery and treason, under Tiberius, opened his veins. Tacit. Ann. 6. Arsaees, a satrap of Armenia. Of Persia. Polycsn. Arsaces, a man of obscure origin, who, upon seeing Seleucus defeated by the GavUs, invaded Parthia, and conquered the go- vernor of the province cidled Andragoras, and laid the foundations of an empire, 250 B. C. He added the kingdom of tlie Hyrcani to his newly acquired possessions, and spent his time in establishing hib power, and regu- lating tlie laws. After death i.e was made a god of his nation, and all his successors were called in honor of his name, Arsc.^iilcc. Justin. 41, c. 5 & 6.~-Slrub. 11 & li'. His son and successor bore the same name. He cai- lied war against Antiochus the son of Seleu- cus, who entered the field with 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He afterwards made ' H 2 peace A R A R peace with Antiochus, and died B. C. 21'i% Id. 41, c. 5. The third king of Parthia, of the family of tlie Arsacids, bore the same name, and was also called Priapatius. He reigned twelve years, and left two sons, Mith- ridates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as being the elder, and at his death he left his kingdom to his brother, though he had many children ; observing that a monarch ought to have in view, not the dignity of his family, but the jirosperity of his subjects. Justin. 31, c. 5. A king of Pontus and Armenia, in al- liance with the Romans. He fought long with success against the Persians, till he was de- ceived by the snares of king .Sapor, his enemy, who put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him of life. Afarc«Uin.—-T\ie eldest son of Artabanus, appointed over Armenia by his father, after the death of king .\rtaxias. Tacit. Hisi. 6. A sorvant of Tliemistocle*. ArsacTd.v, a name given to some of the monarchsof Parthia, in honor of Arsaces, tlie founder of tlie empire. Their power sub- sisted till the '2'29th year of the Christian era, when they were conquered by Artaierxes king of Persia. Justtn. 41. Arsamknes, a satrap of Persia, at the battle of the Granicus. A ns A METES, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Tacit. Ann. 15. Arsamosata, a town of .\rmcnia Major, 70 miles from the Euphratt-s. Tacit. Ann. 15. AasANEs, the son of Ochus, and father of Codomanus. .\rsanias, a river of Armenia, which, ac- cording to some, flows into the Tigris, and af- terwards into the r.uplirates. I'lm. 5, c. 24. .\R^^.^•A, a marsh of Armenia Major whose iislies are all ol die same sort. Stmb. Arkk.s, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the eunuch Bago.os raised to the throne of Persia, and destroyed with his children, after a reign of three years. D:od. 1 7. A RSI A, a wood of Ktruria. funous for a battle between the Romans and the Vcientes. riut. in I'oi>l. A small rivor l>ctween lUy- ricum and Istria, falling into the .Vdriatic. A river of Italy, flowing tlirough Cainpanix Aasio/Eus, a son of Datames, &c. Arsinoe, daughter of Lcucippus and Plii- lodice, was motl:i.T of ^Esculupius by Apollo, according to some authors. She received divine honors dfter deaili at Sparta. Apollod. 3. — Fans. '.', c. '26. 1. '5, c. 1-2 A daughter of Plilegeus, promised in maniage to AlcmKon. ApoUod. .", c. 7. A fountain of Pelopon- nesus. Firus. Mestcn. The sister and wife of Ptolciiiy Philadelpus, worshippetl after death under tlie name of Venus Zephvritis. Dinochares began to build her a temple with loadsU>nes, in which there stood a sLitue of Arsinoe suspendi'd in the air by the power of the magnet ; but the dcatli of the .architect prevented it- being perfected. Phn. 7^4, c. 11. .\ daughter of Ptokmy Lagus, who mar- ried Lydmachus king of Macedonia. After 1 100 her husband's deatb, Ceraunus, her own bro- ther, married her, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. He previously murdered Lysima- chus and Philip, the sons of Arsinoe by Lysi- machus, in their mother's arms. Arsinoe was some time after banished to Samothrace. Justin. 17, c. 1 , &c ,\ younger daughter cf Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra. Antony dispatched her to gain the good graces of her sister. Hirt. Alex. 4. — Appian The wife of Magas king of Cyrene, who committed adultery with her son-in-law. Justin. 26, c. 5. .K daughter of Lysimachus. Paus A town o( Eg}7)t, situated near the lake of Moerls, on tlie western shore of the Nile, where the inhabitants paid the highest vene- ration to the crocodiles. They nourisherl them in a splendid manner, and embalmed them after death, and buried them in the sub- terraneous cells of the labyrinth. Slrab. — A town of Cilicia of if^olia— — of Syria ——of Cyprus— —of Lycia, &c. .\rsitks, a satrap of P.iphlagonia. Artabanus, son of Hystaspes, was brother to Darius the first. He dissuaded his ne- phew Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, and at his return, he a.ssassinated him with the hopes of ascending tlie throne. Da- rius the son of Xerxes, was munlered in a si- milar manner; and Artaxerxes, his brother, would have shared the same fate, had not he discovered the snares of the assassin, and punished him witli death. Diod. 1 1 Justin. 3, c 1, &c. — Herod^t. 4, c. 3a. 1. 7, c. 10. 6cc. .\ king of Parthia, after the death of his nephew Phraates 2d. He undertook a war against a nation of Scytliia, in which he pe- rished. His son Mithridates succeeded him. and merited die appellation of Great. JusUn. 42, c. 2. .\ king of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the expulsion of Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king there. He invatled Armenia, from whence he was driven away by one of the generals of Tiberius. He was expelled from his throne, which Tiridatcs usurped ; and some time after he was re- stored again to his ancient power, and died A. D. 48. Tacit. Ann. 5, &c. A king of Parthia, vcr^- inimical to the interest of Ves- pasian. .\nother king of Parthia, whomadc war against the emperor Caracalla, who had attempted his life on pretence of courting his daughter. He was murdered, and the power of Parthia abolished, and the crown translate*! to the Persian raonarchs. Dio. — Ht-rodian. Aktabazakes or Artamenes, the eldest son of Darius when a private person. He at- tempted to succeed to the Persian dirune, in preference to Xerxes. Justin. Artabazus, a son of Phamaces, general in the array of Xerxes. He fled from Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. Hcrodnt. ~. SSc 9 A general who made war against .Artaxerxes, and was defeated. He was after- wards reconciled to his prince, and l>ocamc the familiar friend of Darius 3d. .\fter the miir- litf Alt AR «3er of tills prince, he surrendered himself up with his sons to Alexander, who treated him with much humanity and confidence. Curt. 5, C.9&C 12. 1. 6, c. 5. i. 7, c. 3 & 5. I. 8, c. 1. An officer of Artaxerxes against Datames. Diad. 15. Artaeri & Artabrit^, a people of Lu- sitania, who received their name from Arta- brum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, now called Finisterre. Sil. 3, v. 362. Artac^as, an officer in the army of Xerxes, the tallest of all the troops, the king excepted. Artac^na, a city of Asia, near Aria. Artace, a town and sea-port near Cy- zlcus. It did not exist in the age of Pliny. There was in its neighbourhood a fountain called Artacia. Herodot. 4, c. 14. — Procop. de Bell. Pers. 1, c. 25. — Strab. 13. — Plin. 5, c. 32. A city of Phrygia. A fortified place of Bithynia. Artacene, a country of Assyria near Ar- bela, where Alexander conquered Darius; Strab. 16. Artacia, a fountain in the country of the Laestrygones. Tibull. 4, el. \, v. 60. Art^i, a name by which the Persians were called among their neighbours. Hero- dot. 7, c. 61. Artageras, a town of Upper Armenia. Strah. Artagerses, a general in the army of Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger. Plut. in Artax. Artanes, a king of the southern parts of Annenia. Strab. 1 1. A river of Thrace flowing into the Ister. Herodot. 4, c. 49.—— A river of Colchis. Artaphernes, a general whom Darius sent into Greece with Datis. He was con- quered at the battle of Marathon, by Miltia- des. Vid. Datis. C. Nep. in. Milt. — Herodot. Artatus, a river of Illyria. Liv. 43, c. 1 9. Artavasdes, a son of Tigranes king of Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, and shone as an elegant orator and faithful histo- rian. He lived in alliance vnth the Romans, but Crassus was defeated plartly on account of his delay. He betrayed M. Antony in his ex- pedition against Parthia, for which Antony re- duced his kingdom, and carried him to Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the con- queror led in golden chains. He was some time after murdered. Strab. 11. The crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a person of the same name, who was expelled. Augustus had also raised to the throne of Armenia, a person of the same name. Tacit. An. 2. Artax A & Artaxias, a general of An- tiochus the Great, who erected the province of Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on the friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was one of his successors. Strab. 1 1 . Artaxata, {orum,) now Ardesh, a strongly fortified town of Upper Armenia, the capital 101 of the empire, wherei the kings generally resided. It is said that Annibal built it for Artaxias, the king of the country. It was burnt by Corbulo, and re-built by Tiri- dates, who called it Neronca, in honor of Nero. Strab. 11. Artaxerxes 1st, succeeded to the king- dom of Persia, after his father Xerxes. He destroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes, and attempted to cut off the whole royal family to raise himself to the throne. He made war against the Bactrians, and re- conquered Egypt that had revolted, with the as • sistance of the Athenians, and was remarkable for his equity and moderation. One of his hands was longer than the other, whence he has been called Macrochir or Long^manus. He reigned 39 years, and died B. C. 425. C. Nep. in Reg. — Plut. in Artax. The 2d of that name, king of Persia, was surnamed Mnemon, on account of his extensive me- mory. He was son of Darius the second, by Parysatis the daughter of Artaxerxes Longi- manus, and had three brothers, Cyrus, Os- tanes, and Oxathres. His name was Arsaces, which he changed into Artaxerxes when he. ascended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of such an ambitious disposition, that he re- solved to make himself king, in opposition to Artaxerxes. Parysatis always favored Cyrus ; and when he had attempted the life of Ar- taxerxes, she obtained his pardon by her entreaties and influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, assembled a large army under various pre- tences, and at last marched against his brother at the head of 100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was killed, and his forces routed. It has been reported, that Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of the honor, that he put to death two men for saying that they had killed him. The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother, though at the distance of above 600 leagues from tlieir country, made their way through the territories of the ene- my ; and nothing is more famous in the Grecian history, than the retreat of the ten thousand. After he was delivered &om the at- tacks of his brother, Artaxerxes stirred up a war among the Grecian states against Sparta, and exert^ all his influence to weaken the power of the Greeks. He married two of his own daughters, called Atossa and Amestris, and named his eldest son Darius to be his successor. Darius however conspired against his father, and was put to death ; and Ochus, one of the younger sons, called also Artaxerxes, made his way to the throne, by causing his elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to be assassinated. It is said that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in consequence of his son's unnatural behaviour, in the 94th year of his age, after a reign of 46 years, B. C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 H 3 children AR AR cliildren by his .350 concubines, and only four legitimate sons. Plut. in vita. — C 2\'fp. in Reg. — Justin. 10, c. 1, &c Diod. 1", &c. — The 3d, surnamed Ochus, succcctled his father Artaxcrxes 2d, and established him- self on hib tlu-one by murdering above 80 of his nearest relations. He punished witli death one of his officers who conspired ayCainst him, and recovered Egypt, wlilcli had re- volted, destroyed Sidon, and ravaged all Syria. He made war against the Cadusii, and greatly rewarded a private man called Codomanus for his uncommon valor. But his behaviour in E^ypt and Iiis cruelty towards the inha- bitants, offended his subjects, and Eagoa-; at last obliged liis physician to poiion him, B. C. 337, and afterwards gave his flesh to be devoured by cats, and made handles for bwords with liis bones. Codomanus, on ac- count of his virtues, was soon after made king by the people ; and that he might seem to possess as much dignity as the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under the name of Darius the third. Justin. 10, c. 3. — Diod. 17. ^jElian. V. H. 6, c. 8. Artaxerxes or Artaxares 1st, a com- mon soldier of Persia, who killed Artabanus, A. D. 228, and erected Persia again into a kingdom, which had been extinct since the death of Darius. Sevenis the Roman empe- ror conquered him, and obliged him fo remain within his kingdom. Htn-^xli'Mi 5. One of liis successors, son of Sapor, bore Iiis name, and reigned eleven years, during which he distin- guished himself by his cruelties. Artaxias, son of Artavasdcs, king of Ar- menia, was proclaimed king by Iiis father's troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he wa.s defeated, and became so odious that the Romans, at the reijuest of the Armenians, raised Tigrancs fo tlie throne. .Another, son of Polemon, whose original name was Zero. After the expulsion of Vonones from Armenia, he was made king by Germanicus. Tacit. 6, Ann. c. 31. .\ general of .\n- tiochus. Vid. Artaxa. .\rtayctes, a Persian appointed f^ovemor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was lumg on a cross by tlie Athem'ans for his cruelties. HerMl. 7 & 9. Artaynta, a Persian lady whom Xerxes gave in marriage to his son Darius. She was one of tlie mistresses of her father-in-law. Herodot. 9, c. 105, &c. Artayktes, a Persian appointed over a fleet in Greece, by Xerxes. Herodot. 8, c. 13. 1. P. c. 107. .\rtembares, a celebrated Mede in the reign of Cyrus tlie Great. Ilcrodnt. 1 & 9. Artemidorus, a native of Ephesus, who wrote an history and description of the earth, in eleven books. He florished about 104 years B. C. A physician in the age of Adirian. A man in the reign of .\ntoninus, who wrote a learned work on the interpretation of drf;aiTis. still extant ; the best edition of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, -Ito. 1604, to which 102 is annexed Achmelis oneirocritica. A iiiaii of Cnidus, son to the historian Theoponnpus. He had a school at Rome, and he vrrote a book on illustrious men, not extant. As he was the friend of J. Ca;sar, he wrote down an account of the conspiracy which was formed against him. He gave it to the dictator from among the croud as lie was going to the senate, but J. Gajsar put it with otiier papers which he held in hi;, hand, thinking it to be of no ma- terial consequence. Plut. in C(es. Artl.mis, the Greek name of Diana. Her festivals, called Artemisia were celebrated in several parts of Greece, particularly at Del- phi, where they otTered to the goddess a mullet, which, as was supposed, l)ore some affinity to the gotldess of hunting, because it is Siiid to hunt and kill the sea hare. There was a so- leninitv of tlie same name at Syracuse ; it lasted three days, which were spent in ban- quctinp and diversions. Atlwn. 7. .\rt£M1sia, daughter of Lygdamis of Ha- licamassus, reigned over ^alicamassus and the neif'hbouring country. She assisted Xerxes in his expedition against Greece with a fleet, and her valor was so great tliat the monarch observed that all his men fought like women, and all his women like men. The .•\thenians were so ashamed of fighting against a woman, that they offered a reward of 10,0(X> drachms for her head. It is said that she was fond of a youth of Abydos, called Dardami^. and that to punish his disdain, she put oi;t his eyes while he was asleep, and afterwards leaped down tlie promontory of Leucas. Hc- rodat. 7, c. 99. 1. 8, c. 68, Sec. — Justin. 2, C. 1 2. There was also another queen of Caria of tl'.at name, often confounded with the daugh- ter of Lygdamis. She w.is daughter of Hc- catomnus king of Caria or Halicamassus and was married to her own brotlier Mausoliis, famous for hi-, personal beauty. She was so fond of her husband, tliat at his n no- thing in the kingdom of Pluto, Ascalaphus «liscovered that slie had eaten some pomegra- nates from a tree ; upon wliich Proserpine was ordered by Jupiter to remain six months with Pluto, and tlie rest of the year with lier mother. JVoserpine was so displeas'^d with Ascalaphus, tiiat she sprinkled water on his head, and imux^diately turned him into an owl. ApoUvd. 1, c. 5. 1. 2, c 5 — Odd. Mtl. 5. fab. 8. AscALov, a town of Syria, near the Me- ditorraiican, about 520 stadia from Jerusalem, still iu being. It was anciently famous for its onions. Josfjtfi. de BtU. Jud. 3, c 2. — Theojtiirast. H. PI. 7, c. 4. As'.'ANiA, an island of the i^gean sea. A city of Troas. built by Ascanius. AsCANius, son of ^'Eneas by Crcusa. was saved from the flames of Troy by his father, whom he accompanied in his voy:ige to Italy. He was afterwards called lulus. He behaved with gnat valor in the war which his father carried on against the Latins, and succeeded .^''neas in tiie kmgdom of I.atinus, and built Alba, to which he tr.insferrtd the seat of his empire from I.avinium. The descendants of Ascanius reigned in ,^iba for above 420 years, under 14 kings, till the age of Numitor. Ascanius reigned 58 years ; ,30 at Lavinium, and 8 at .Mba ; and wa-; succetdee emperor ordered him to be put to death, and his body carefully secured ; but as soon as he was set on the burning pile, a sudden storm arose which put out the flames, and the dogs came and tore to pieces the mathematician's body. Suelon. in 2).'>- mit. 15. AscLi s a town of Italy. I:al. R. AscoLiA, a festival in honor of Bacchus, celebrated al)out December, by the Athenian husbanilmcn, who generally sacrificed a goat to the god, because that animal is a great enemy to the vine. They made a bottle with the slcin of the victim, which they filled witli oil and wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He who could stand upon it first was victorious, and re- ceived tlie liottle as a reward. This was called affKvXiot^iit -raj* T» iwi arx5» aX.X-tS^i, /rap- ing ujton tlu- hntllc, whence the name of the festival is derive.5S. — I'liyi.l, <;). 4. Marcellus, grand- son of Asinius Pollio, was accused of some misdemeanors, but acquitted, &c. Tacit. 14. Ann. Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and historian, intimate with Augustus. He triumphed over the J)almatians, and wrote an account of tlie wars of Cresar and Pompey, in 17 books, besides poems. He refused to answer some verses against him by Augustus, " because," said he, " you have tlie power to proscribe me, should my answer prove of- fensive." He died in tlie 80tli year of his age, A. D. ■\. He was consul with Cn. Do- mitius Calvinus, A.U. C. 714. It is to him that the fourtli of Virgil's Bucolics is in- scribed. Quiiilil. — Siwlou. in Cres. 50 & 55. — Dio. 57, 49, ,).i. — Sfiiec. dc Tranq. Ani. ^-cp. 100.— Piin. 7, c. 50. — TacU. 6. — Futcrc. 2 Plul. inCecs. .\ commander of Maurita- nia, under the fir.-.t emperors, iv-^-. Tacit. Hist. 2. An his'orian in the age of Pompey. \nother in the third century. Q,ua- dratus, a man who published the history of Parthia, Greece, and Home. lOG AsiLE, a son of DjTnas, brother of Hecuba- He assisted Priam in tlie Trojan war, and was killed by Idomeneus. Homer. It. Q, v. c>\'z 1. 12, V. ^5. 1. 13, V. 384 A poet of Sa- mos, who ^vrote aJx>ut the genealogy of an- cient heroes and heroines. Pans. 7, c. 4 A son of Imbracus, wlio accompanied j^neas into Italy. Virg. JLn. 10, v. 125. Asifs Camplis, a place near the Caystcr. Asnaus, a. mountain of Macedonia, near, which the river Aous flows. Liv. 52, c. 5. AsoPHis, a small country of Peloponnesus, near the Asopus. AsopiA, the ancient nameof Sicvon. Puns. 2, c. 1. AsopiADEs, a patronymic of ^Eacus, son of ^Egina, tlie daughter of Asopus. Oiid. Mil 7, V. 4K4. Asoi'is, the daughter of tlie Asopus. A daughter of Thespius, mother of Mentor. AjioUod. 2, c. 7. Asopcs. a river of Thessaly, falling into tJie hay of Malia at the north of Thermopyl.-r. Strcb. Ti. .\ river of Uaeotia, rising nc;ir Platsa, and flowing into the Euripus, after it has separated the country of the Thebans and Plattcans. P.ius. 'J, c. 1. .\ river of Asia, flowing into the Lycus, near Laodicea. A river of Peloponnesus, passing by Sicyon. Another of ?>Iacedonia, flowing near Heraclea. Strab. ict. A river of Phoo- >iicia. A son of Neptune who gave his name to a river of Peloponnesus. 'ITiriii of his daughters are particularly celebrated, iEgina, Solamis, and Ismene. Apollod. 1, c.9. 1. 5, c. \2.—Puus. 2, c. 12. Aspa, a town of Parthia, now Ispahan, the capital of the Persian empire. AsPAMiTHiiES, a favorite eunuch of Xerxes, who conspired with Arta)>anus t« destroy the king, and the royal family, &c. Clesias. AsPARACicM, a town near Dyrrhathium. Cats. BclL Civ. 5, c. 50. .VspAsiA, a daughter of Hermotimus of Phocaea, famous for her personal charms and elegance. She was priestess of the sun, mis- tress to Cyrus, and afterwards to his brother Artaxerxes, from whom .she passed to Darius. She was called MUlo, vermiUion, on account of ilie beauty of her complexion. jEiitAn. V. H. 12, c. 1. — Plut. in Arlax. Another woman, daughter of Axiochus, bom at Mi- letus. She came to Athens where she taught eloquence, and .Socrates was proud to be among her scholars. She so captivated Peri- cks, by her mental and personal accomplish- ments, that he became her pupil, and at last took her for his mistress and wife. He was so fond of iivr, that he made war against Samos at her instigation. The behaviour of Pericles towards Aspasia greatly corrujited the morals of the Athenians, and introduced dissipation and lasciviousnese into tlie state. She however possessed tlie merit of a superior excellence in mind as well as person, and htr instructions heip<.d AS AS helped to form the greatest and most elo- quent orators of Greece. Some liave con- founded the mistress of Pericles with Aspasia the daughter of Hermotimus. Flitl. in Perid. Quinlil. 11. The wife of Xenophon was also called Aspasia, if we follow the improper interpretation given by some to Cic. de Inv. 1 C.31. AsPASius, a peripatetic philosopher in the 2d century, whose commentaries on different subjects were highly valued. A sophist, who wrote a panegjTic on Adrian. AsPASTEs, a satrap of Carmania, suspected of infidelity to his trust while Alexander was in tlie east. Cui-t. 9, c. ao. AsPATHiNEs, one of tiie seven noblemen of Persia, wiio conspired against the usurper Smerdis. Herodot. 5, c. 70, &c. A son of Prexaspes. Id. 7. AsPENDUS, a town of Famphylia, at the mouth of the river Eurymedon. Cic- in Vcrr. 1, c. 20. The inhabitants sacrificed swine to Venus. AsPHALTiTEs, a lake. Vid. Mare Mor- tuum. Aspis, a satrap of Chaonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. He was reduced by Da- tames. Coi: JVt'/;. in D,it. A city and mountain of Africa. One of the Cyclades. A city of 3Iacedonia. AsPLEDOK, a son of Neptune by the nymph Midea. He gave his name to a city of Boeotia, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. Honit": II. 2, v. 13. — Pans. 9, c. 38. AspoRENus, a mountain of Asia Muior, near Pergamus, where the mother of the gods was worshipped, and called Asporcnu. Slrab. 13. ■ AssA, a town near mount Athos. AssABiNus, the Jupiter of the Arabians. AssAKACUs, a Trojan prince, son of Tros by Callirhoe. He was father to Capys, the father of Anchises. The Trojans were fre- quently called the descendants of Assaracus, Gens Assaraci. Horn. II. 20. — Virg. JEn. 1. Two friends of ^neas in the Rutulian war. Virg. ^En. 10, v. 124. AsseiiIni, a people of Sicily. AssoRus, a town of Sicily, between Enna and Argyrium. Assos, a town of Lycia on the sea coast. AssYuiA, a large country of Asia, whose boundaries have been different in its florishing times. At first it was boimded by the Lycus and Caprus ; but the name of Assyria, more generally speaking, is applied to all that ter- rhory which lies between Media, Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Babylon. Tlie Assyrian empire is the most ancient in tlie world. It was found- ed by Ninus or Belus, B. C. 20J9, according to some authors, and lasted till the roi^n of Sardanapalus, tlieolst sovereign since jN'iniis. B. C. ^;20. According to Eusebius, it llo- rished for 1240 years; according to Justin, 1500 years; but Herodotus ssvs, that its du- 107 ration was not above 5 or 600 years. Among the different monarchs of the Assyrian empire, Semiramis greatly distinguished herself, and extended the boundaries of her dominions as far as ^Ethiopia and Libya. In ancient au- thors the Assyrians are often called Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians. » The AssjTians assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and sent him Memnon with an amiy. Tlie king of Assyria generally styled himself king of kings, as a demonstration of his power and greatness. The country is now called Cur- distan. f^id. Syria. Slrab. 16. — Herudd. I & 2. — Justin. 1. — Plin. 6. c. 13 Sc 26. — Ptol. 1, c. 2.—IHod. 2.— Mela. 1, c. 2. AsTA, a city in Spain. AsTACCENi, a people of India, near the Indus. Stnib. I^. AsTAcus, a town of Eithynia, built by Acastus, son of Neptune and Olbia, or rather by a colony from IMegara and iVthens. Ly- simachus destroyed it, and carried the inha- bitants to the town of Nicomcdia, whicii was then lately built. Pans. 5, C. 1 2. — Arrian. — Slrcb. 17. A city of A cai'nania. Piin. 5, AsTAPA, a town of Ilispania Bastica. Liv. 58, c. 20. AsTAPUs, a river of iEthiopia, falling into the Nile. AsTARTE, a powerful divinity of Syria, the same as the Venus of the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, which was served by 500 priests, who were always employed in offering sacrifices.' She was re- presented in nicdals with a long habit, and a mantle over it, tucked up on the left arm. •Slie had one hand stretched forward, and held in the other a crooked staff in the form of a cross. Lucian. de Dm Syria. — Cic. de Nat, D. 3, c. 25. AsTER. a dextrous archer of Amphipolis, who ofi:ered his service to Philip king of IMa- cedonia. Upon being slighted, he retired into the city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, who pressed it with a siege. The arrow, on which ■\«is written " aimed at Philip's right eye," struck the king's eye, and put it out ; and PhiUp to return the pleasantry, threw back the smnc ari'ow, ■with these words, " if Philip takes the town, Aster shall be hanged." The conqueror kept his word. Lucian. de Hist. Scrib. AsTi:iii.\, a daughter of Ceus, one of the Titans, by Phcebe, d.iughter of Coelus and 'J>rra. She married I'erses son of Crius, by whom she had the celebrated Hecate. She enjoyed for a long tune the favors of Jupiter, under the form of an eagle; I ut falling under his displeasure, she was changed ivlo a quail, c;d!ed Ortyx by the Greeks ; m iieuce the name of UrlM^ia, giv^.n to that island in the Archi- pelago, where she retired. Odd. Met. 6, Jab. 4.-—IIi/!iin. fab. oS.—Apollod. 1, c. 2, ^c— A to^vn of Greece, whose inhabitants went to tlie Trojan war. Homer. II. 2, v. 782. One of t!ic dauj^'iters of Danaus, who mar- ried A S AS ried Chstus, son of iEgyptus. ApoUod. 2. One of the daughters of Atlas, mother of Ginomaus, king of Pisa. Hygin. fab. 250. A mistress of Gygos, to whom Horace wrote threy odos to comfort her during her lover's absence. AsTKBioN- & AsTERius, a river of Pelo- ponnesus, which flowed through the country of Argolis. This river had three daughters, Kubcea, Prosymna, and Acrnea. who nursed tke goddess Juno. Pans. 2, c. 17. A son of Cometcs wiio was one of the Argonauts. Apollon. 1. ■.\ statuary, son of /Es- chylus. Pans. A son of Minos 2d, king of Crete, by Pasiphae. lie was killed hy Theseus, tiiough he was thouglit the strongest of his age. ApoUodorus supposes him to be tl'.e same as the famous Minotaur. According to some, Astcrion was son of Teutarnus, one of the descendants of yEolus, and they say that. he was surnamed Jupiler, because he had carried away Europa, by whom he had Minos the 1st. Diod. 4. — /IpMod. 3 Pans. 2, c. 31. A son of Neleus and Chloris. ApoUod. 1, c. 12. AsTERODiA, the wife of Endymion. Paus. 5, c. 1. .\STE110PE & AsTEROPEA, OUC of thc Plji- adcs, who were beloved by the gotls and most illustrious heroes, and made constella- tions after death. .\ daughter of Pclias, king of lolchos, who assisted her sisters to kill her father, whom Medea promised to re- store to life. Her i^rave wa^ seen in .•V'ci- dit. in the time of l'iui.-<'i/ii(is, 8, c. 1 1. A daughter of iJcion by Diomcde. ApoUod. 1. The wife of ji*>sacus. Id. 5. AsTEROP.si's, a king of Pa-onia, son of Pelegon. He assisted Priam in the ; .ojan war, and was killed after a brave resistance, hy Achilles. Jlomfr. II. 17, tjc AsTERUsitrs, a mountain at the south of Crete. A town of Arabia Felix. AsTiNOME, the wife of Hipponous. AsTiocHus, a general of Laceda!mon, who conquered the Atlienians near Cnidus, and took Phocaea and Cumae, B. C. 411, AsTR.«A, a daughter of Astra;us, king of Arcadia, or, according to others, of Titan, Saturn's brother, by Aurora. Some make her daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and others consider her to be the same as Uhea, wife of Saturn. Slie was called Justice, of which virtue she w,ls the goddess. She lived upon the eartli, as the poets mention, during the golden age, which is often called the age of Astra;a ; but the wickednc-s and impiety of mankind drove her to heaven in the brazen and iron ages, and she was placed among the constellations of the zodiac, under the name of Virgo. She is represented as a virgin, xrith a stern, but majestic countenance, hold- ing a pair of scales, in one hand, and a sword in the other. Sinec. in Octnv. — Odd. M^t. 1, X. 149. — Aral. 1, Pheenom. v. 98. — Ilcsiod. Theog. 108 AsTR^us, one of the Titans who made war against Jupiter. A river of Macedonia, near Thermae. uElian. V. H. 15, c. 1 . AsTi-, a Greek word which signifies city, generally applied by way of distinction, to Atlicns, which was tlie most capital city of Greece. The word urhs is applied with the same meaning of superiority to Rome, and voXi; to Alexandri:;, the capital of ^ligj-pt, as albo to Troy. AsTCR, an Etrurian who assisted ^Eneas against Turnus. i'irg. jEn. 10, v. 180. AsTuRA, a small river and village of La- fium, where Antony's soldiers cut off Cicero's head. AsTiJRES, a people of Hispania Tarraco- nensis, who spent all tlieir lives in digging for mines of ore. Lucan. 4, v. 298. — Ital. 1, V. 2.31. AsTYAGE, a daughter of Hypseus, who married Periphas, by whom she had some children, among whom was Antion, the father of Ision. AsTVAGEs, son of Cyaxares, was the last king of IVIedio. He was father to Mandane, «hom he gave in marriage to Cambyscs, an ignoble person of Persia, because he was told by a dream, that his daughter's son woidd dispossess him of his crown. From such a marriage he hoped that none but mean and ignorant children could be raised; but he was disappointed, ;uid though he had eiiwsed his daughter's son by the effects of a second ''• <\vn, he was (?eprived of his crown by Iiis grandson, after a reign of .j5 years. Astyages was Vi'ry cruel and oppressive ; and Haqiagus ore of his otHcers, whose son he had wantonly murdered, encouraged 3Iandane's son, who was called Cyrus, to take up arms aguinst his grandfather, and he conquered him and took him prisoner, 559 B. C. Xcnophon, in his Cyropa;dia, relates a different story, and asserts tliat Cyrus and Astyages lived in the most ;:n-listurbcd friendship together. Juslin. 1, c. , &.c.—ILrudjl. 1, c. 74, 75, &c \ grammarian who wrote a commentary on Callimachus. A man changetl into a store by Medusa's head. Ovid. Mel. 5, fab. 6. AsTYALis, a Trojan killed by Neoptole- mus. Homer. I!. 6. AsTYA.vAX, a son of Hector and Andro- mache. He was very young when tlie Greeks besieged Troy ; and when the city was taken, his motlier saved liim in her anns from the flames. Ulysses, wlio was afraid lest the young prince should inlicrit the virtues of his father, and one day avenge tlie ruin of his country upon tlie Greeks, seized him, and threw him down from the walls of 'i'roy. According to Euripides, he was killed by Menelaus ; and Seneca says, that Pyrrhus the son of .\chilles put him to death. Hector had given him tlie name of Scamandrius ; but the Trojans, who hoped he might prove as great as his father, called him Astyanax, or the bulwark of the city. A S AT city. Homer, 11. 6, v. 400. 1. 22, v. 500 — Virg. ^n. 2, v. 457. 1. 3, v. 489. — Ouid. Met. 13, V. 415. An Arcadian, who had a statue in the temple of Jupiter, on mount Lyceus. Paus. 8, c. 38. A son of Her- cules. Apollod. 2, c. 7. A writer in the age of Gallienus. AsTvcKATiA, a daughter of j^.ohis. Ho- m(Tr. II. A daughter of Amphion and Niobe. AsTYDAMAs, an Athenian, pupil to Iso- crates. He wrote 240 tragedies, of which only 15 obtained the poetical prize. A Milesian, three times victorious at Olympia. He was famous for his strength, as well as for his voracious appetite. He was once in- vited to a feast by king Ariobarzanes, and he eat what had been prepared for nine persons. Athen- 10. Two tragic writers bore the same name, one of whom was disciple to So- crates. ' - A comic poet of Athens. AsTYDiMiA, or AsTTADAMiA, daughter of Amyntor, king of Orchomenos in JBocotia, married Acastus, son of Pelias, wlio was king of lolchos. She became enamored of Peleus, son of jEacus, who had visited her husband's court, and because he refused to gratify her passion, she accused him of attempting her virtue. Acastus readily believed his wife's accusation ; but as he would not violate the laws of hospitality, by punishing his guest with instant death, he waited for a favor- able opportunity, and dissembled his resent- ment. At last they went in a hunting party to mount Pelion, where Peleus was tied to a tree by order of Acastus, that he might be devoured by wild beasts. Jupiter wss moved at the innocence of Peleus, and sent Vulcan to deliver him. When Peleus was set at liberty, he marched with an anny against Acastus, whom he dethroned, and punished with death the cruel and false Astydaniia. She is called by some Hij)- polyte, and by others Cretheis. Apollod. S, c. 13. — Pindar. N'em. 4. A daughter of Ormenus, carried away by Hercules, by whom she had Tlepolemus. Ovid. Heroid. 9, V. 50. AsTYLUs, one of tlie Centaurs, who had the knowledge of futurity. He advised his brothers not to make war against the Lapithas. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 358. A man of Crotona, who was victorious three successive times at the Olympic games. Paus. AstymedOsa, a woman whom CEdipus married after he had divorced Jocasta. AsTVNojtE, the daughter of Chryses the priest of Apollo, sometimes called Chri/seis. She fell to the share of Achilles, at the division of tlie spoils of Lyrnessus. A daughter of Amphion, of Talaus. Hygin. AsTYNOus, a Trojan prince. Homer. II. 5, V. 144. AsTYOCHE & AsTYOCHiA. a daughter of Actor, who had by Mais, Ascalaphus, ai\d lalmenus, wko were at the Trojan war. Hj- 109 vier. II. 2, v. 20 A daughter of Phylas king of Ephyre, who had a son called Tlepo- lemus, by Hercules. Hygin. fah. 97, 1G2. A daughter of Laoinedon, by Strymo. Apollod. 3. A daughter of Anii)hion and Niobe. Id. 3, c. 4. A daughter of the Simois, who married Erichthonius. Id. ~, c. 12. The wife of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon. AsTYPALiEA, one of the Cyclades, be- tween Cos and Carpathos, called after Asty- palasa, the daughter of Phcenix, and motlier of Ancaeus, by Neptune. Paus. 7, c. 4. — Strab. 14. AsTYPHiLus, a sootnsayer, ivell skilled in the knowledge of futurity. Plut. in Cim. AsTYRcx, a town built by the Argonaut ;, on the coast of lUyricum. Strab. AsYCHis, a king of Egypt, who succeedeef Mycerinus, and made a law, that whoever borrowed money, must deposit his father's body in the hand of his creditors, as a pledge of his promise of payment. He built a mag- nificent pyra»nid. Herodot. 2, c. 13C. AsYLAs, a friend of iEneas, skilled in auguries. Virg. jTln. 9, v. 571. 1. 10, V. 175. AsYLLUs, a gladiator. Juv. 6, v. 266. Atabulus, a wind which was fre(juent in Apulia. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 78. Atabyris, a mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple, whence he was surnamcd Atabyris. Strab. 14. Atace, a town of Gaul, whence the ams in the age of Alexander. There was a fountain in their territorities, whose waters, about the last quarter of the moon, were so sulphureous that they would set wood on fire. Oi-id. Met. 15, V. 3\\.— Strab. T.—Plin. 2, c. 103.— Mela. 2, c. 3. Athamas, king of Thebes, in Boeotia, was son of ^tolus. He m.-u-ried 'Iliemisto, whom Eomc call Nephele, and Pindar, De- motice, and by her he had Phryxus and Helle. Some time after, on pretence that Nephele was subject to fits of madness, he married Ino, the tLiughtcr of Cadmus. b\ whom he had two sons, Learchus and Me- licerta. Ino became jealous of the cliildren of Nephele ; l>ecause they were to ascend their father's throne in preference to her own, therefore she resolved to destroy them ; but they escaped from her fury to Colchis, on a -golden ram. [ Vid. Phrj'xus & Argo- nautse. ] According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, v. 'i2, Ino attempted to de- stroy the corn of the country ; and as if it were the consequence of divine vengeance, the sootlisayers, at her instigation, told Athamas, that before the earth would j-icld her usual increase, he must sacrifice one of the children of Nephele to the gods. The credulous father led Phryxus to the altar, where he was saved by Nephele. The prosperity of Ino was displeasing to Juno, and more particularly because she was de- scended from Venus. 'ITie goddess therfr- fore sent Tisiphone, one of the furies, to the house of Athamas, who became inflamed Avith such sudden fury, that he took Ino to be a lioness, and her two sons to be whelps. In this fit of madness he snatched Learchus from her, and killed him airainst a wall ; upon which, Ino fled with Melicerta, and. with him in her arms, she threw herself into the sea, from a high rock, and was changed into a sea deity. After diis, Atha- mas recovered the use of his senses : and as he was without children, he adopted Coronus and Aliartus, the sons of Thersaiider his ne- phew. Hi/^ii>. fab. 1, 2, 5, '2oO.--/i]H)llod. 1. c. 7 &' 9.— 0»'iV/. Met. 4, v. 467, , V. 4 1 9. — Paux. 9, c. 34 A ser- vant of Atticus. Cic. ad Attic. 12, ep. 10. A stai^c dancer. Id. Pis. 36. A tragic poet. Id. Pis. 20^ One of the Greeks, concealed in the wooden horsB at A T A T at the alege of Troy. Virg. JE)l. 2, v. ses. Athamantiabes, a patronyinic of iVIeli- ceita, Phryxus, or Helle, childi-en of Atha- uias. • Ovid. Mel. 15, v. 519. Fast. 4, v. 905. Athakasius, a (ijisliop of Alexandria, celebrated for his su'i'crings, and the deter- irJned opposition he maintained against Arius and his doctrines. His writings, which were numerous, and some of which have perished, contain a deft 'ice of the mystery of the Tri- nity, the divinity of the Word and of the Holy Ghost, and an apology to Constantinc. Tlie creed whicli bears his name, is supposed by some not to be his composition. Atha- nasius dieil 2d May, S7^ A. D. after filling the archiepisccpal chair 47 years, and leading alternately a life of exile and of triimiph. The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, 3 vols. fol. Paris, 1698. Athanis, a man wko wrote an account of Sicily. Athen. 5. Atiieas, a king of Scythia, who im- plored the assistance of Philip of filacedonia against the Istrians, and laughed at him when he had furnished him with an army. Justin, 9, c. 2. Atrena, the name of Minerva among the Greeks ; and also among the Egyptians, be- fore Cecrops had introduced the worship of t!.e goddess into Greece. Paus. 1, c. 2. AiHtNJE, a celebrated city of Attica, founded about 153G years before the ChrJK- tiau era, by Cecrops and an Egyptian cc looyJ It was called Cecropia from it'; founder, and afterwards Athena; in honor of Minerva, who had obtained tlie right of giving it a name in preferenca to Neptune. yVi/i. Minerva.] It was governed by 17 kings in the following order: — After a reign of 50 years, Cecrops Mac succeeded by Cranaus, who began to reign 1 50G B. C. , Amphictyon, 1497 ; Erichthonius, 1487 ; Pandion, 1457; Erichthetis, 1597; Cecrops ad, 1547 ; Pandion 2d, 1307 ; iEgeus, 1283; Tlieseus, 1235; Menestheus, 1205; Demophoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 1149; Aphi- das, 1137; Thymoetes, 113S; Mclanthus, 1128; and Codrus, 1091, who was killed after a reign of 21 years. Tlie history of the twelve first of these monarchs is mostly fabulous. After the death of Codrus the monarchical power was abolishad, and the state was governed by 13 perpetual, and 317 years after, by seven decennial, and lastly, B. C. 684, after an anarchy of three years, by annual magistrates, called /nchons. [Ftrf. Archontes.] Under this democracy, the Athenians signalized themselves by t.eir Talor in the field, their muiiificence, and tlie •(ultivation of the fina arts. They were deemed so iwwerful by the Persians, that Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms against Athens, which ho took and burnt. 'Hieir military character 111 wa; chieHy displayed in the battles of Maja- thon, of Salami:^, of Platxa, and of Mycale. After these immortal victories, thoy rose in consequence and dignity, and they demanded the superiority in the affairs of Greece. The town was rebuilt and embellished by Tlie- misrtocles, and a new and magnificent har- bour erected. Their success irade them arrogant, and they raised contentions among the neighbouring states, that they might aggrandize tlicmselves by their fall. I'he luxury and intemperance, which had been long excluded from die city by the salutary laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, crcepcd by degrees among all ranks of people, and soon after all Greece united to destroy that city, which claimed a sovereign power over all the rest. The Pcloponnesian war, though at first a private quarrel, was soon fomented into an universal war ; and the arms of all the states of Peloponnesus, {^Vid. Peloponntsiacum Bellum] were di- rected against Athens, which, after 28 years of misfortunes and bloodshed, was totally ruined, the 24th April, 404 years before the C!;ri;>tian era, by Lysandcr. After this, the Athenians ^vere oppressed by 50 tyrants, and for a while labored under the weight of their own calamities. They recovered something of their usual spirit in tlie ao-e of Philip, and boldly opposed his ambitious views; but their sliort-livcd ciForts were not of great service to the interest of Greece, and they fell into the hands of the Romans, E. C. 86. The Athenians have been ad- mired in all ages for their love of liberty, and for the great men that were boni among them ; but fasor there, \a as attended with danger ; and there are very few instances in the histoiy of Athens, tJiat can prove that the jealousy and frtnxy of the people did not p5rsecute and disturb the peace of the man wlio had fought tlieir battles and exposed his life in tiie defence of lils country. Per- haps, not one single city in tlie world can boast in such a sliort space of time, of sucli a nuirher of truly illustrious citizens, equally celebrated for their humanity, their learnino', and their military abilities. The Romans, in the more poU-jhed ages of their republic, se*it their youths to finish their education at Athens, and retpocted the learning, while they despised the military character of the in- habitants. Tlie reputation which tlie Athe- nian schools had acquired under Socrates and Plato, was maintained by their degenerate and less leained successors : and they fiorished with diminished lustre, till an edict of the em- peror Justinian suppressed, -witli the Roman consulship, flie philosophical meetings of the ;icademy. It has been said by Phitarch, that the goftd men %vhom Athens produced, were the most just and equitable in the world ; but that its bad citizens could not be surpassed in any age or country, for their impiety, perfi- diousness, or cruelties. Their criminals were always A T A T always put to deatli Ijy drinking tlie juice of benilook. The ancients, to distinguisti Alliens in a more particular niannt-r, called it Astu, one of the eyes of Greece, the lewned city, tlie school of die world, the coininon patroness of Greece. Tlie Athe- nians thou{;bt themselves the most ancient iiation of Greece, and supposed themselves tlie original inhabitants of Attica, for which reason they were called aura^^onf pro- duced from the jamli-s and public edifices none was more cele- brated than that of Minerva, which alW being bunit by the Persians was re-built by Pericli-s, with the finest marble, and still exists a venemlile monument of the hero's patriotism, and of the abilities of the ar- chitect. Cic. lid Attic, m I'err. <5Jc, — Thu- cyd. 1. ^c.—Juttin. '2, ". A turner of Mitylcne. Ptin. 34. Ath£S'oi>6hl's, a philosopher of T.irsus, intimate with Augustus. The emperor oft«n profited by his lesaons, and was advised by him always to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet, before he gave way to the impulse of anger. Athenodorus died in his 82d year, much lamented by his coim- trymeii. Suft. A poet who wrote co- medy, tragedy, and elegy, in the .ige of Alexander. Plut. ci .tiei .V stoic phi- Uvsopher of Cana, near Tarsus, io die age of Augustus. He was intimate with Strabo. Strab. 14. \ philosopher, disciple to Zeno, and keeper of the royal librarj- at Pergamus. A martile sculptor. .\ man asvis&inated at i3actra for making him- self absoliilc. Atmeos, li surname of Diagor.os and TTieo- dorus, because diey denied the existence of a doity. Vie. dt Xat. Z). 1, c 1. Arnisis, now Adige, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, near the Po, falling into the .Adriatic sea. Virg. ..En. f). v. 680. .Atuob, a mountain of Macedonia, I.^O miles in circumference, projecting into the .£gean sea like a promontory. It is so high that it overshadows the island of Lenmos, though Ht the distance of ^«7 mMes ; or ac- cording to modem calculation, oidy eight leagues. AMien Xerxes invaded Grc-cco, he made a trench of a mile and a half in length at the foot of the mountain, into which he brought the sea watir, and conveyed his fleet AT AT fleet 6ver it, so that two ships could pass one another, thus desirous either to avoid the danger of sailing round the promon- tory, or to show his vanity and the extent of his power. A sculptor, called Dino- crates, offered Alexander to cut mount Athos, and to make with it a statue of the king holding a town in his left hand, and in the fight a spacious bason to receive all the waters which flowed from it. Alexander greatly admired the plan, but objected to the place ; and he observed, that the neigh- bouring country was not sufficiently fruitful to produce corn and provisions for the inha- bitants which were to dwell in the city, in the hand of the statue. Athos is now called Monte Santo, famous for monasteries, said to contain some ancient and valuable manu- scripts. — Herodot. 6, c. 44. 1. 7, c. 21, &c. — Lucan. 2, v. 672. — JElian de Atiim. 13, c. 20, &c. — Plbu 4, c. 10. — ^schin. contra Ctesiph. Athrulla, a town of Arabia. Strab. Athymbra, a city of Caria, afterwards called Nyssa. Strab. 14. Atia, a city of Campania. A law enacted A. U. C. 690 by T. Atius Labienus, the tribune of the people. It abolished the Cornelian law, and put in full force the Lex Domitia, by transferring the right of electing priests from the college of priests to the people The mother of Augustus. Vid. Accia. Atilia lex gave the pretor and a ma- 'ority of the tribunes power of appointing guardians to those minors who were not pre- viously provided for by their parents It was enacted about A. U. C. 560. Ano- ther, A. U. C. 445, which gave the people power of electing 20 tribunes of the soldiers in four legions. Liv. 9, c. 30. Atilius, a freed man. who exliibited combats of gladiators at Fidenae. The am- phitheatre, which contained the spectators, fell during the exliihition, and about 50,000 persons were killed of mutilated. Tacit. 4, Ann. c. 62. Atilla, the mother of the poet Lucan. Slie was accused of conspii'acy by her son, who expected to clear himself of the charge. Tacit. Aim. 15, c. 56. Atina, an ancient town of the Volsci, one of the first which began hostilities against ^neas. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 630. Atinas, a friend of Turnus. &t. Virg. JEn. 1 1, V. 869. Atinia lex, was enacted by the tribune Atinius. It gave a tribune of the people the privileges of a senator, and the right of sit- ing in the senate. Atlaktes, a people of Africa, in tlie neighbourhood of mount Atlas, who lived chiefly on the fruits of the earth, and were said not to have their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. They daily cursed the sun at his rising and at his setting, because his exces- 115 sive heat scoix-hed and tormented them. Herodot. Atlantiades, a patronyniic of Mercury as grandson of Atlas. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 639. Atlantides, a people of Africa, near mount Atlas. They boasted of being in possession of the country in which all the gods of antiquity received their birth. Ura- nus was their first king, whom on account of his knowledge in astronomy, they inrolled in the number of their gods. Diod. 3. The daughters of Atlas, were seven in number, iVIaia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, Merope, Alcyone, and Celano. They married soine of the gods, and most illustrious heroes, and their children were founders of many nations and cities. The Atlantides were called nymphs, and even goddesses, on account of their great intelligence and knowledge. Tlie name of Hesperides was also given them, on account of their mothei- Hesperis. They were made constellations after death. Vid. Pleiades. Atlantis, a celebrated island nffentioned by the ancients. Its situation is unknown, and even its existence is doubted by some writers. Atlas, one of the Titans, son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was brother to Epimetheus, I'roinetheus, and Menoetius, His mother's name, according to Apollodorus, was Asia. He married Pleione, daughter of Oceanus, or Hesperis, according to others, by whom he had seven daughters, called Atlantides. ( Vid. Atlan- tides. ) He was king of Mauritania, and master of a diousand flocks of every kind, as also of beautifid gardens, abounding in every species of fruit, which he had en- trusted to the care of a dragon. Perseus, after the conquest of the Gorgons, passed by the palace of Atlas, and demanded liospi- tality. The king, who was informed by an oracle of Themis that he shoidd be de- throned by one of the descendants of Jupiter, refused to receive him, and even oflfered him violence. Perseus, who was unequal in strength, showed him Medusa's head, and Atlas was instantly changed into a large mountain. This mountain, which runs across the deserts of Africa east and west, is so high that the ancients have imagined that the heavens rested on its top, and that Atlas supported the world on his shoulders. Hy- ginus says, that Atlas assisted the giants in their wars against the gods, for which Jupiter compelled him to bear the heavens on his shoulders. The fable tliat Atlas supported the heavens on his back, arises from his fond- ness for astronomy, and his often frequenting elevated places and mountains, whence he might observe the heavenly bodies. The daughters of Atlas were carried away by Busiris king of Egypt, but redeemed by Hercules, who received as a reward from the father, the knowledge of astronomy, and a I celestial A T A T celestial globe. This knowledge Hercules conununirated to the Greeks ; whence the fable has furtJier said, that he eased for some tinu- the labors of Atlas, by taking upon his shoulders the weight of the heavens. Ac- cording to some authors there were two other persons of that name, a king of Italy, father of Elcctra, and a king of Arcadia, fatJier of Maia the motlier of Mcrcurj'. yir/;. -En. 4, V. 4S1. 1. 8, V. 18G. — 0vid. ^fLt. ^, fab. 17. — Dvtd. 3. — Lucaii. 9, V. G6T. &c. — Vcd. Flacc.5. — Hi/gin. 83, 125, 15.i, 157. 192. — Aratus in Astrmi. — ylpoUod. 1. — Ht-siod. Thfog. V. 508, &c. .\ river flowing from mount Haemus into the Ister. Ht-rodot. 4, c. 49. Atoss.\, a daughter of Cyrus, who was one of the wives of Cambyses, of Smerdis, and afterwards of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes. She was cured of a dangerous can- cer by Democcdes. She is supposed by some to be tlie \'ashti of scripture. Ilerodol. 3, C. 68, &c. ATRicis, a people of .^tolia. who re- ceived their name from Atrnx, son of /Etolus. TTicir country was called Atracia. .^TRAMVTTii'M, n town of ."Vlysia. Atrates, an officer of Alexander, who. at the general division of the provinces, received Media. I)mI. 18. Atbax, son of i^toIiM, or, according to others, of the river Pcneus. He was king of Thessaly, and built a town which he called Atrax or Atracia. This town became so famous tJiat the word Atracias has been ap- [il'fd to any inhabitant of Tlic^«ialy. He was father of Hippodamia, who married Pirilhous, and whom we must not confound with the wife of Pelops, who bore the same name. Proiiert. I, el. R, v. 25 — Stat. 1, T/ufb. v, 10«. — Ovid. Afet. 12, v. 209. A city of lliessaly, whence the epitliet of .\tracius. A river of .Etolia, which falls into the Ionian sea. AxKEBATJt, a pcoplo of Hrltain, who were in possi-ssion of tlie modern counties of Berks, Oxford, &c. ATiiiruATEs, now Ard^is. a people of Gaul, who together with the Nervii. opposed J. Ca?sar with 15,0nly from the hand of a son will) should lie born of himself and his OW11 daughter. Pelopta brought fortli a son whom she called .'Egistlnis, and soon after slie married Atreus, who had lost hLs wife. Atreus adopted iEgisdius, and sent him to iiiurder Thyestes, who had been seized at Delphi, and imprisoned. Thyestes knew his son, and made himself known to him ; he made liiin espouse his cause, and instead of becoming his father's murderer, he ratlicr avenged his wrongs, and r^urned to .Atreus whom he assa&sitUted, Vid. ITiyestes, .Egi»- thus, Pelopea, Agamemnon, 8t Menelaus. — Hi/sin. fib. 83, 8«, S7, 83, & 258. — Fitti- jtid. in fhi'st. inlphig. Xaur. — Plui. in ]'iira/l. — Pans. 9, c. 40. — AjKUod. 3, c. 10. — Si-ncc. in Atr. ATRin.c, a patronj-mic given by Homer to •Agamemnon and ^lenelaus, as l>eing tlic sons of Atreus. This is false, upon the authority of HesiiKl, Lact.intius, Dictys of Crete, &i. who maintain th.it tlie<»e princes were not the sons of Atreus, hut of Plisthenes and tJiat they were bvou;i;ht up in the house and under the eye of their grandfather. I'id. Plisthenes, AraoNirs, AT AT Atronius, a friend of Turnus, killed by the Trojans. Virg. JEn. 10. Atropatia, a part of Media. Strab. Atropos, one of the Pai'cas, daughters of Nox and Erebus. According to the deriva- tion of her name (a 7wn t^i'ttcj muto) she is inexorable, and inflexible, and her duty among die three sisters is to cut the thread of life, without any regard to sex, age, or qua- lity. She was represented by the ancients in a, black veil, with a pair of scissars in her hand. Vid. Parcae. T. Q,. Atta, a writer of merit in the Au- gustan age, who seems to have received this name from some deformity in his legs or feet. His compositions, dramatical as well as sa- tirical, were held in luiiversal admiration, though Horace thinks of them with indiffer- ence. Horat, 2, ep. I, v. 79. AttaUa, a city of Pamphylia, built by king Attalus. Strab. Attalicus, Vid. Attalus 3d. Attalus, 1st, king of Pergamus, suc- ceeded. Eumenes 1st He defeated the Gauls who had invaded bis dominions, extended his conquests to mount Taurus, and obtained the assistance of the Romans against Antiochus. Tlie Athenians rewarded his merit with great honors. He died at Pergamus after a reign of 44yeai-s, B. C. 197. Liv. 26, 27, 28, &c. —Polyb. 5. — Strab. 13. The 2d of that name was sent on an embassy to Rome by lus brother Eumenes the 2d, and at his return was appointed guardian to his nephew Attalus 3d, who was then an infant. Prusias made suc- cessful war against him, and seized his capital ; but the conquest was stopped by the inter- ference of tlie Romans, who restored Attalus to his tlu-one. Attalus, who has received the name of Philadelphus, from his fraternal love, was a munificent patron of learning, and the founder of several cities. He was poisoned by his nephew in the 82d year of his age, B. C. 138. He had governed tlie nation with great prudence and moderation for 20 years. Strab. 13. — Folyb. 5. The 5d, succeeded to the kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder of Attalus the 2d, and made himself odious by his cruelty to his relations, and his wanton exercise of power. He was son to Eumenes 2d, and surnamed Philopater. He left the cares of government to cultivate his garden, and to make experiments on the melting of metals. He lived in great aiuity with the Romans; aud as he died witliout issue by his ■wife Berenice, he left in his will the words P. JR. meu-Mw hixres esto, which the Romans interpreted as themselves, and therefore took possession of his kingdom, B. C. 135, and made of it a Roman province, which they go- verned by a proconsul. From this circum- stance, whatever was a valuable acquisition, or an ample fortune, was always called by the epithet Attalicus. Attalus, as well as his predecessors, made themselves celebrated for the valuable libraries which they collected at 115 Pergamus. and for the jDatronage which merit and virtue always found at their court. IAl: 24, &c. — Flin. 7, 8, 33, &c. — Juslin. 59. — Horat. 1, od. 1. An officer in Alex- ander's army. Curt. 4, c. 15. Anotlier very inimical to Alexander. He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alexander was ac- cused of the murder. Curt. 6, c. 9. 1. 8, c. 1. A pliilosopher, preceptor to Seneca. Senec. ep. 108. ——An astronomer of Rhodes. Attarras, an officer who seized those tliat had conspired witli Dymnus against Alex- ander. Curt. 6. Attkius Capito, a consul in the age of Augustus, who ^\Tote treatises on sacerdotal laws, public courts of justice, and the duty of a senator. Vid. Ateius. Atxes, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was born impotent. He introduced the wor- ship of Cybele among the Lydians, and be- came a great favorite of the goddess. Ju- piter was jealous of his success, and sent a wild boar to lay waste the counti-j' and destroy Attes. Fans. 7, c. 17. Atthis, a daughter of Cranaus the 2d, king of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, according to Jpollod. 5, c. 14. Attica, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at the south of Eceotia, west of the ^Egean sea, north of the Saronicus Sinus, and east of Megara. It received its name fiom Atthis the daughter of Cranaus. It was originally called Ionia, from tlie lonians, who settled there ; and also Acte, which signifies shore, and Cecropia, from Cecrops the first of its kings. The most famous of its cities is called Athens, whose inhabitants sometimes bear the name of Atlid. Attica was fa- mous for its wold and silver mines, which constituted the best part of the public re- venues. The face of the country was partly level and partly mountainous, divided into the 15 tribes of Acamantis, yEautis, Aiitiochis, Attalis, ^geis, Erechtheis, Adrianis, Hippo- thoontis, Cecropis, Loontis, ^Eneis, Ftole- mais, and Pandionis ; whose inhabitants were numbered in the II 6th olympiad, at 31,000 citizens, and 400,000 slaves, within 174 vil- lages, some of which were considerable towns. Vid. Athena-. Atticus, one of Galba's servants, who entered his palace with a bloody sword, and declared he had killed Otho. Tacit, in Hist. 1. (T. Pomponius) a celebrated Roman knight to whom Cicero wrote a great number of letters, which contained the general his- tory of the age. They are now extant, and divided into 1 7 books. In the time of i\Ia- riiis and Sylla, Atticus retired to Athens, \vhere he so endeared himself to the citi- zens, tliat after his departure, they erected stntues to him in commemoration of his munificence and liberality. lie was such a perfect master of the Greek wn-iters, and spoke their language so fluently, tliat he 1 2 was AT AT was surnained jiuicus, and as a proof of his learning, he favored the world witli sonic of his t'omposilions. lie behaved in such a disinterested manner, that lie offended neitlier of the inimical parties at Ilome, and both were e. Aucahus, an Arabian, who for his good officer, obtained the favors of Poinpey, whom he vilely deceived. f)to. A king of Os- roeiie, wlmin Caracaila imprisoned, after he )iad given him solemn proinises of friendship and support. iZ/i''. 78. AfGKJk:, a town of Laconio. Paus.3, c. 21. AnotJier of Locris. Ai'GiAs & .\uGEAs, son of Eleus, or £lius, was one of the Argonauts, and af- terwards ascended tlie thror.e of Elis. He had an immense number of oxeu and goats, and tlje stables in which tliey were kept had never l)een cleaned, ^o that the task seemed an impossibility to any man. Her- rtlles undertook it, on promise of receiving a-t a reward tlic tenth part of the herds of Au- gias, or something equivafont. 'ITie hero changed tlie course of Uic river Alpheus. or, acconiing to others, of tlie Feiicuit, which immediately carried away the duog and filtl) from the &tal)les. Augias refusctl the promised recompence on pretence that Her- cules had made use of artifice, and had i^ot experienced any lal)Or or trouble, and he farther drove his own son Phyleus from his kiugdom. because he supported the claims of the hero. 'ITie refusal was a de- claration of war. Hercult;s coiujuered Elis, put to death Augias, and gave tlie rrowm to Phyleus. Fnu-ntiiiai says, 5, c. 2 & 3, tli.it Jlircules spared the life of Augias for tlie sake of his son, and that Phyleus went to settle in Dulichium ; and that at the deatlt of Augias, his other son, Agaitrienes succeeded to the tiirone. Augias received, after his death, tlie honors whicli were ge- , neraliy paid to a hero. Augias has been called tlie son of ,S<>1. because Elius sig- nifies the sun. The proverb of ^iugean stable is now applied to an impo^^sibility. Hygbi. fjb. I!, 50, 157. — Flin. 17, c. 9. — Slrab. 6. — AuciLiC, a people of Africa, who sup- posed that there were no gods except the manes of the dead, of whom they sought oracles, il/.'/fj, 1. .\i'aiNUs, a mountam of Liguria. I.iv. 59, C. '2. .^U6'JA»~s. certain officers; at Rome who foretold future events, whence their name, lis ab avium garrilu. They were first created by Komidus, to tlic number of tlirte. Ser- vius Tullius added a fourth, and tiie tribunes of the people A. U. C. 454, increased the number to nine ; and Sylla added six more, during his dictatoi-bhip. They had a particu- lar college, and tlie chief amongst them was called .{[agister cdl^i. 'I"heir office wa« honorable ; and if any one of thern was con- victed of any crime, he could not be deprived of his privileges ; an indulgence granted to no othtu' sacerdotal body at Home. The augur generally sg Ills head with his vestment. There wtre geueraJly five tilings from whicii the augurs rirew omens: the first consisted in observing tiic phtenomena of the heavens, such as tliuiider. lightning, comets, &c. 'Ilie second kind oT uium was drawn from tiie chirping or flviii^ tiirown to d>em, was looked upon as lucky or unlucky. 'llie tburth was fiom quatl- rupeds, from their crossir>g or appearing in some unaccustomeon a table, or wine upon one's clot.ies, hearing strange noises, stumbling or sneezing, meetmg a wolf, liare, fox, or progiiaiit bit<:h. From such su- perstitious notions did the Uonuns draw their prophecies ; ilie sight of birds on the left hand wa.s always deemed a lucky object, and tlie words siiiisltT ..y Usvus, though generally -up- posetl to be terms of ill luck, were always used by die augurs in on auspicious sense. Cu: (L- Div- — Liv. I, ^c. — Dionif*. Hal. — OlU. last. At'ousTA, a name given to seventy cities in tlie llomaii provinces in lionor of Au- gustus Caesar. London, as capital of the country oi' the Trinobantes. was called Au- gusta TriiioiianUna. Mc>ssalina, famous for her ilcbaiuheries, was called .-Vugusta, as wife of the emperor Claudius. Jut: C, V. 118. .AuGusTAUA, a festival at Rome, in com- meiiioration of tlic day on which .\ugustus returned to Rome, aiUr lie had estal)lished peace over the different parts of tlie em- pire. AuGi-'.TiN! s, a bishop of Hippo, in Africa, distinguished hiniseif by his writings, as well as by tlie austerity of his life. In his works, whicli are numerous, he displayi.-d the powers of a great genius, and an extensive actol7C3, 12 vols. Ai'ccsTODCyi'M, AU A U AucusTODuNUJ.r, now Autun, a town of Gaul, tlie capital of the ancient ^Edui. AwousTULUs, the last Konian emperor of the west, A. D. 475, conquered by Odoacer, king of the Heruli. Augustus Octavianus Cesar, second emperor of Rome, wivi son of Octavius a senator, and Accia, daughter of Julius, and sister to Julius Casar. He was adopted by his uncle Ca?sar, and inherited the greatest part of his fortune. Hj lost his father at the age of four ; and though only eighteen when his uncle was murdered, he hastened to Rome, ivhere he ingratiated himself with the senate and people, and received the honors of the consulship two years after, as the reward of his hypocrisy. Though his youth and his inexperience were ridi- culed by his enemies, who branded him with Uie appellation of buy, yet he rose in con- sequence by his prudence and valor, and made war against his opponents, on pre- tence of avenging the death of his mur- dered uncle. But \vhen he perceived that by making him fight against Antony, the senate wished to debilitate both antagonists, he changed his views, and uniting himself with his enemy, soon formed the second trium- virate, in which his cruel proscriptions shed the innocent blood of 3CX) senators and 200 knights, and did not even spare the life of his friend Cicero. By the divisions which were made among the triumvirs, Augustus retain- ed for himself the more important provinces of the west, and banished, as if it were, his colleagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more distant territories. But as long as the mur- derers of Caesar were alive, the reigning ty- rants had reasons for apprehension, and therefore the forces of the triumvirate were directed against the partizans of Brutus and the senate. The battle was decided at Phi- lippi, where it is said that the valor and con- duct of Antony alone preserved the combined armies, and effected the defeat of the repub- lican forces. The head of the unfortunate Brutus was carried to Rome, and in insolent revenge tlirown at the feet of Caesar's statue. On his return to Italy, Augustus rewarded his soldiers with the lands of those that had been proscribed ; but among the sufferers were many who had never injured the con- queror of Philippi, especially Virgil, whose modest application procured the restitution of his property. The friendship wliiclv subsisted Ijetween Augustus and Antony was broken as soon as the fears of a third rival vanished away, and the aspiring heir of Csesar was easily induced to take up arms by the little jealousies and resentment of Fulvia. Her death, however, retarded liostilities ; the two rivals were reconciled; their united forces ■were successfully directed against the younger Pompey ; and to strengthen their friendship, Antony agreed to marry Octavia, the sister of Augustus. But as this step was political, 119 and not dictated -by affection, Octavia wa3 slighted, and Antony resigned himself to the pleasures and company of tlie beautiful Cleo- patra. Augustus was incensed, and imme- diately took up arms to avenge the wrongs of his sister, and perhaps more eagerly to remove a man whose power and existence kept him in continual alarms, and made him dependent. Both parties met at Ac- tium, B. C. 51, to decide tlie fate of Rome. Antony was supported by all the power of the east, and Augustus by Italy. Cleopatra fled from the battle Mitu GO ships, and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, 'who followed her into Egypt. Tlie conqueror soon after passed into Egypt, besieged Alex- andria, and honored, with a magnificent funeral, the unfortunate Roman and the celebrated queen, whom the fear of being led in the victor's triumph at Rome had driven to commit suicide. After he had established peace all over the world, Au- gustus shut up the gates of the temple of Janus, the year our Saviour was born. It is said he twice resolved to lay down the su- preme power, immediately after the victory obtained over Antony, and afterwards on ac- count of his ill health ; but his friend Mecae- nas dissuaded him, and observed, that he tvould leave it to be the prey of the most pow- erful, and expose himself to ingratitude and to danger. He died at Nola, in the 76th year of his age, A. D. 14, after he had held the sovereign power during 44 years. Au- gustus was an active emperor, and consulted the good of the Romans with the most anxious care. He visited all the provinces except Africa and Sardinia, and his consummate prudence and experience gave rise to many salutary laws: but it may be said, tliat he finished with a good grace, wiiat he began with cruelty. Wliile making himself abso- lute, he took care to leave his countrymen the shadow of liberty; and if, under the charac- ter and office of perpetual tribune, of priest and imporator, he was invested with all tlie power of sovereignty, he guarded against of- fending the jealous Romans, by not assuming the regal title. His refusal to read the letters he found after Pompcy's defeat, arose more from foai- than honor^, and he dreaded the disco- very of names which woul d have perhaps united to sacrifice his ambition. His good qualities, and many virtues he perhaps never pos- sessed, have been tiansmitted to posterity by the pen of adulation or gratitude, in the poems of VirgiJ, Horace, and Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscurity of the Octavii, and, if possible, to suppress the re- membrance of his uncle's violent fate, he as- pired after a new title ; and the submissive senate yielded to his ambition, by giving him the honorable appellation of Augustus. He has been accused of licentiousness and adul- tery, by his biographer ; but the goodness of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship, I 4 which A U AU which ill some instances he possessed, made some amends for his natural foibles. He was ainhitious of bcinf^ thought liaiidsomc; and as he was publicly reported to l)e the son of Apollo, according to his mother's declara^ tion, he wished his flatterers to represent him with the figure and attributes of that god. IJke Apollo, his eyes were clear, and he aft'ected to have it thought Uiat tliey jwssessed some divine irradiation; and w;ls well pli-ase. He reignesite Tarentuin, famous for its wine, whicli, ac- conling to Hiirat. y, od. C, v. IS, is superior to that of Falemum. Martial. 13, <•;». 1'25. — Strab. 6. .\ place of Messenia. Pans. -\ui.osit s, a surname of ^Esculapius. Ati.u.s, a pr;eiiomcn, common among tlic Romans (jellius. /'///. Gellius. .\lras, an Kuro|)ean river, flowing into the Istcr from mount Hainus. Herodot. 4, c. 49. Ai'aELiA LEX, was enacted A. U. C. 653, by the prctor L. Aurelius Cotta, to invest the .Senatorian and Kquestrian orders and the Tribuni iErarii, with judicial pc.» ir. Another, A. U. C. tJTH. It abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia, .and permitted tlie tribunes to hold other ofliices after the expiration of tlie tribuneship. .\i'ECLiA, a town of Hispania Bartica. 'Die motlier of J. Ca?sar. Suet, in Ctes. 74. .\ fish woman. Jtti. 4, v. itS. Ai HEi.iANi's, emperor of Rome after I-'laviuTa, gained him great honors. He beautified Home, was charitable to the piKir. and the autlior of many salutary laws. He wa* natiir:dly brave, and in all the battles he fought, it is said, ho killed no le-ented of their ingratitude and cruelty to Aurelian, and tlirew Mnestheus to be de- voured AU AU voured by wild beast-,. A pliyslciau of the fourth centurj-. AuREHUs, emperor of Rome. Vid. An- toninus Bassianus. A painter in the age of Augustus. PUn. 55. Victor, an historian in the age of Julian, two of whose composi- tions are extant, an account of illustrious men, and a biography of all the Casars to Julian. The best editions of Aurelius are the 4to. of Artuzenius, Amst. 1733, and the 8vo. of Pi- tiscus, Utr. 1696. Antoninus, an emperor. Vid. Antoninus. AuREOLus, a general who assumed the purple in the age of Gallienus. AuiiiNiA, a propht^tess held in great vene- ration by the Germans. Tacit. Germ. 8. Aurora, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion and Thia or Thea, or according to others, of Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son of Crius, and brother to Perseus, was her fa- ther; hence her surname of P(7//a?!fias. She married Astraeus, by whom she had the winds, the stars, &c. Her amours with Tithonus and Cephalus are also famous ; by the former she had Memnon and ^mathion, and Phaeton by the latter. \_Vid. Cephalus and Tithonus.] She had also an intrigue with Orion, whom she carried to the island of Delos, where he was killed by Diana's arrows, Aurora is ge- nerally represented by the poets drawn in a rose colored chariot, and opening with her rosy fingers the gates of the east, pouring the dew upon the earth, and making the flowers grow. Her chariot is generally drawn by white horses, and she is covered \\{i\\ a veil. Nox and Soionus fly before her, and the constellations of heaven dis- appear at her approach. She always sets out before the sun, and is tlie forerunner of his rising. Tlie Greeks call her Eos. Homer. II. 8, Od. 10. Hymn, in Vener. — Odd. Met. 3. 9. 15 Apollod. 1. 3 ■ Virg. ^En. 6, V. 555. — Varro. de L. L. 5, Sec. — Hesiod. ' Tkeog. — Hygin. pref. fab. AuRUNCE, an ancient tow-n of Latium, built by Auson, the son of Ulysses by Calypso. Virg. JEn. 7, ^.121, &c. Au6CHTs.a;, a people of Libva. Herodot. 4, c. 171. Ausci, a people of Gaul. AusER, AusERis, and Anser, a river of Etruria, which joins the Arnus before it falls into the Tyrrhene sea. AusEs, a people of Africa, whose virgins yearly fight with sticks in honor of Mmerva. She who behaves with the greatest valor re- ceives unusual honor, &c. Herodot. 4, c. 180. AusoN, a son of Ulysses and Calj'pso, from whom the Ausones, a people of Italy, are de- scended. AcsoNiA, one of the ancient names of Italy, which it received from Auson the son of Ulysses. If Virgil makes iEneas speak of Ausonia, it is by anticipation. Virg. JEn. 3, V. 171. 121 Decim. Magnus Ausonius, a poet, born at Bordeaux in Gaul, in the 4th century, pre- ceptor to Gratian, son of the emperor Valen- tinian, and made consul by the means of his pupil. His compositions have been long ad- mired. The thanks he returned the emperor Gratian is one of the best of his poems, which were too often hurried for publication, and con- sequently not perfect. He wTote the consular fasti of Rome, an useful performance, now lost. His stile is occasionally obscene, and he has attempted upon the words of Virgil, \vhat revolts every thing against his indelicacy. The best edition is that of ToUius, 8vo. I.. Bat. 1671 ; or that of Jaubert, with a French translation, 4 vols. 12«no. Paris, 1769. Auspices, a sacerdotal order at Rome, near- ly the same as the Augurs. Vid. Augures. AusTER, one of the winds blowing from the south, whose breath was pernicious to flowers as well as to health. He was parent of rain. Virg. Eel. 2, V. 58. Vid. Venti. AusTESioN, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. His son Theras led a colony into an island which, from him, was called Tliera. Herodot. 4. — Pans. AiTOBULUs, a painter. Plin. 55. Autochthones, the original inhabitants of a country who are the first possessors of it, and who never have mingled with other na- tions. The Athenians called themselves Au- tochthones, and boasted that they were as old as the country which they inhabited. Pans. 1, c. 14. — Tacit, de Germ. — Cic. de Oral. 3, c. 85. AuTOCLES, an Athenian, sent by his coun- trymen -with a fleet to the assistance of Alex- ander of Pherae. AuTOCKATEs, ail historian mentioned by Athen. 9& II. AuTOLOL^, a people of Mauritania, de- scended from the Gaetuli. Tliey excelled all their neighbours in running. Lucan. 4. V. 677. AuTOLYCus, a son of Mercury by Chione. a daughter of Dsdalion. He was one of the Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been greatly celebrated. He stole the flocks of his neighbours, and mingled them with his own. after he had changed their marks. He did the same to Sisyphus son of iEolus ; but Sisyphu* was as crafty as Autolycus, and he knew his own oxen by a mark which he had made under theirfeet. Autolycus was so pleased with the artifice of Sisyphus, that he immediately form- ed an intimacy ^vith him, and even permitted him freely to enjoy the company of his daugh- ter Anticlea, who became pregnant of Ulyssesi, and was soon after married to Laertes. Vii. Sisyphus, Laertes. Hyain.fab. 200, &c. — Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 8. — Jpollod. 1 Hovter. Od. 14. A son of Phryxus and Chalciope. Hygin. fab. 14. - Automate, one of the Cyclades, called also Hera. Plin. 2, c. 57. A daughter of Danaus. AUIOJIEDOU, AX A Z AuTOMEDOK, a son of Dioreus, who went to tlie Trojan war with ten ships. He was the charioteer of Achilles, after wlinse death he served Pyrrhus in the same capacity. Homer. Id. 9, IG, &C. — Virg. j-En. L', v. 477. AuTOMEDUsA, a daughter of Alcathous, killed by Tydeus. JpoUod. 2. Ai:tomenes, one of tlie Ileraclidae, king of Corinth. At his death, B. C. 779, annual magistrates, called I'rytanes. were chosen at ('orintli, and tlieir power continued SXJ years, till Cypselusand his son Periandermade them- selves absolute. AuTOMOLi, a nation of ^Ethiopia. Hero- dot. 2. AiiTONOE, a daughter of Cadmus, who married Arista-us, by whom slit had Acta-on, often called Anion :ius A, to?. 'I"he deatii of her son [ Vid. .Vctajon] was so painful to her, that she retired from Boeotia to Megara, where she soon after died. Paus. 1, c. 44. — Hygin. fah. 179. — Olid. Met. 3, v. 7*20. One of the DanaiJes. JpolM. 2, One of tlie Nereides. Hesiod. Tlicog. A female ser- vant of I'enelope. Homer. Od. 1 8. Ai'TOPHRADATEs, 3 satrap of Lydia, wRo revolted from Artaxerxes. Diod. AurDiiA, tlie Eurc, a river of Gaul which falls into the Seine. AuxEsiA & Damia, two virgins who came from Crete to TrcEzene, where the inhabit- ants stoned them to death in a sedition, 'llie Kpiduirrians raised them statues by order of the oracle, \shcn tlieir country was become barren. They were held in great veneration at Trrt- zene. Herodat. :>, c. S'2. — Paus. 2, c. 30. AxENus, the ancient name of tlie Euxino sea. T^ic word signifies iiJiospitttble, which wns highly applicable to flie manners of the anr.ieiit inhabitants oi tlie coast. (Jvid. 4. Trut. I, V. 56. AxiocHus, a philosopher, to wliom Plato dedicated a treatise concerning death. AxioN, brother of Alphesibrea, murdered Alcmason, his sister's husband, because he wished to recover from her a golden necklace. Fid. Alcma^on & Alphesiboea. AxioTEA, a woman who regularly went in a man's dress to hear the lectures of Plato. AxiornEA, tlie wife of Nicocles, king of Cj-prus. Poti/ceii. 8. Axis, a town of Umbria. Prop. 4. Axius, a river of Macedonia. Herodot. 7, c. 125. AxoxA, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls into the Seine below Paris.' ITie inliabitants of the neighbourhood were called Axones. Ax in. iSc Anxuii, a surname of Jupiter, who had a temple at Tnichis in Tliessaly. He was represented as a beardless youth. Axes, a town .ibout the middle of Crete. jipoUod. AzAK, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Cybele. A r,on of Areas, king of .\rcadia, by Erato, one of the Dryadcs. He divided his fatlier's kingdom with his brodiers Aphidasand Klatus, and callcil his share Azania. 'lliere was in Azania a fountain called C'/i/on'/ts, whose waters gave a dislike for wine to those who drank them Vitruv. 8, c. 3. — Ovid. Met.15, v. 52J. — Paus. 8, c. 4. AziKis, a place of Libya, surrounded on both sides by delightful hills covered with trees, and watered by a river where Battus built a town. Herodot. 4, c. 157. AzoNAX, a man who taught Zoroaster tlie art of magic. Plin. 30. AzoRi's, one of tlie Argonauts. AzoTts, now Asdod. a large town of Syria, on' the borders of the Mediterranean. J»- ieph. Aut. Jud. 15. B A R A BABILIUS, a Roman, who, by the help of a certain herb, is said to have passed in six days from the Sicilian sea to Alcxamlria. Plin. prtrm. I'j. Babilus, an astrologer in Xero's age, who told tlie emperor to avert tlie danger wliich seemed to hang upon his head, from the appear- ance of an hair>' comet, by putting all the lead- ing men of Rome to deatli. 1 lis advice was fahlifully foUowgtl. Svcion. in Ker. c. 50. Babylon, a son of Belus, wlio, as some sup- pose, founduda city which bears his name. A celebrated city, the capital of the Assyrian empire, on the banks of tlie Euphrates. It had 100 brazen gites ; and its walls, which were cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlarged and embellislitd by the atlivity of Semir;uiiis, measured 'I'-U stadia in circumfciencc, JO cu- 12-' bits in thickness, and 200 in height. It was taken by Cyrus, B. C. 558, al'ter he had drain- ed the waters of tlie Euphrates into a new channel, and marched lus troops by night into tlie town, through the dried bed ; and it is said that the fate of tlie extensive capital was un- known to the inhabitants of tlie distant sab- urjs till late in tlie evening. Babylon became famous for the death of Alexander, and for the new empire which was afterwards esta- blished there under tlie Seleucida.\ [ Vid. Sj-ria. ] Its greatness was so reduced in succeeding ages according to Pliny's observations, that in his time it was but a desolate wilderness, and at present tlie place whei-e it stood is unknown to travellers. Tlie inliabitants were early ac- quainted with astrology. Plin. 6, c. 26. — He- rodot. 1, 2, 3 — Justin. 1, &c. — IHcd. 2. — Xenoph, B A B A Xen'jph. Cifro}). 7, &;c. — Propert. 3. el. 11, V. 21. — Ovid. Met. 4, fab. '2.~Mariial 9, gp, 77, There is also a town of the same name near the Bubastic branch of the Nile, in Egypt- ^ X • Babylonia, a large province of Assyria, of which Babylon was die capital. The in- liabitants shook, off the Assyrian yoke, and afterwards biicame very powerful. — The sur- name of Seleucia, which arose from the ruins of Babylon, under tlie successors of Alexan- der. Flm. 6, c. 26. Bab^'Lonij, the inhabitants of Babylon, famous for tiieir knowledge of astrology, first divided the year into 12 months, and the zodiac into 12 signs. Babyrsa, a fortified castle near Artaxata. Strab. II. Babytace, a city of Armenia, whose in-' habitants despise gold. Plin. 6, c. 27. Bacabasi s, betrayed the snares of Arta- banus, brother of Darius, against Artaxerxes. Justin. 3, c. 1. Bacch^, the priestesses of Bacchus. Pans. 2, c. 7. Bacchanalia, festivals in honor of Bac- chus at Rome, the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. Vid. Dionysia. Bacchantes, priestesses of Bacchus, who are represented at the celebration of the orgies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, with a thyrsus and dishevelled hair. Their- looks are wild, and tliey utter dreadful sounds, and clash different musical instruments together. They were also called Thyades and Menades. Oi'ul. Met. 6, V. 592. — Herat. 3, od. 25. — Pro- pert. 3, el. 21. — Lucan. I, v. 674. Bacchi, a mountain of Thrace, near Phi- lippi. Appian. Bacchiad^, a Corinthian family de- scended from Baccliia, daughter of Dionysiiis. In their nocturnal orgies, they, as some re- port, tore to pieces Actsson, son of Melissus, which so enraged the father, that before the altar he entreated the Corinthians to revenge the death of liis son, and immediately threw himself into llie sea. Upon this the Bacchi- ada; were banished, and went to settle in Sicily, between Pachynum and Pelorus. Ovid. Met. 5, V. 407 Scrab. 8. Bacchides, a general who l^etrayed the town of Sinope to LucuUus. Strab. 1 2. Bacchis or Balus, king of Corinth, suc- ceeded his father Prumnides. His successors were always called Bacchidie, in remembrance of the equity and moderation of his reign. The Bacchidse increased so much, that they chose one of their number to preside among them with regal autliority, and it is said that the sovereign power continued in their hands near 200 years. Cypselus overturned this in- stitution by making himself absolute. Strob. 8. — Pans. 2, c. 4 — Hcrodot. 5, c. 92 Ovid. Mel. 5, V. 407. Baccuium, a small island in the iEgean &ea, opposite Smyrna. Plin. 5. c. 3. 123 Bacchi'os and Bituls, two celebrateliing all want of respect to his eucw of Corinth. -An B A B A ease, and suffered slaves and strangers to take whatever liberties they pleased with their wives. They were conquered by Alexander the Great. . Curt. 4, c. 6", &c. Plin. 6, c. 23. — PltU' in vitios. ad infd. suff. — Herodot. 1 &3. Bactriana, a country of Asia, fruitful as wall as extensive. It formed once paJ-t of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts of which it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient king of this counti-y, who taught his subjects the art of magic and astrology. Diod. 2. — Juitin. 1, c. 1. Bactros, now Dahesh, a river on the borders of Asiatic Scythia, from which Bactriana receives its name. Lucan. 3, V. 267. Bacuntihs. a river ot Pannonia, which falls into the Save above Sirmium. Badaca, a town of Media. Diod. 1 9. Bacia, a town of Spain. Vcd. Max. 5, c. 7. Badius, a Campanian, who challenged T. Q. Crispinus, one of his friends, by whom he was killed. Liv. 35, c. 18. BvDUHENN^, a place in the country of the Frisii^ where 900 Romans were killed. Tacit. 4, Jnn. c. 73. BiSBiA LEX was enacted for the election of 4 pretors erery other year. Liv. 40. — Another law by M. Baebius a tribune of the people, which forbade the division of the hvnds, whilst it substituted a yearly tax to be paid by the possessors, and to be divided among tiie people. Appian. 1. M. BjEbius, a Roman, in whose consul- ship th^omb of Numa was discovered. Plut. in Num. — Val. Max. 1, c. 1. Lucius, a Roman pretor, who, being surprized by the Liguriaus, fled to Marseilles, where he died three days after. Liv. 37, c. 57. Bjetis, a river of Spain, from which a part of the country has received the name of Bcetica. It was formerly called Tartessus, and now bears the name of Guadalquiver. The wool produced there was so good that BcEtica was an epithet of merit, applied to garments. Martial. 12, ep. 100. B^TON, a Greek historian in the age of Alexander. Bagistame, a delightful country of Media. Diod. 17. Bagistanes, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he murdered Darius. Curt. 5, c. 13. Bagoas & Bagosas, an Egyptian eunuch in the court of Artaxerxes Ochus, so power- ful that nothing could be done wthout his consent He led some troops against the Jews, and profaned their temple. He poi- •oned Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made knife handles with liis bones, because he had killed tiie god Apis. He placed on the throne Arses, the youngest of the slaughtered prince's children, and afterwards put him to death. He was at last killed, B. C. 553, bv 125 Darius, whom, after raising to the crown, he liad attempted to poison. Diod. 16 8c 17. Another, greatly esteemed by Alexan- der. He was the cause that one of the satraps was put to death by the most excru- ciating tonnents. Curt. 10, c. 1. Pint. in Alex. The name of Bagoas occurs very frequently in the Persian history ; and it seems that most of the eunuchs of the monarchs of Persia were generally known by that appellation. Bagodaiies, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he attempted the life of Darius. Diod. 17. Bagophanes, a governor of Babylon, who, when Alexander approached the city, strewed all the streets and burned incense on the al- tars, &c. Curt. 5, c. 1. Bagrada, now Megerda, a river of Africa near Utica, where Regulus killed a serpent 120 feet long. Plin. 8, c. 14. Bai^, a city of Campania near the sea, founded by Baius, one of the companions of Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful situation and baths, where many of the Ro- man senators had country houses. Its ancient grandeur, however, has now disappeared, and Baise, with its magnificent villas, has yielded to the tremendous earthquakes which afflict and convulse Italy, and it is no longer to be found. Martial. 14, ep. 81. — JTurat. 1, ep. 1. — Strab. 5. Bala, a surname of Alexander king of Syria. Justin. 35, c. 1. Balacri;s, an officer in Alexander's army, who took Miletus. Curt. 4, c. 15. Ano- ther officer, who commanded some auxiliaries. Id. 4, c. 5. Balakagr^, a town of Cyrene. Paus. 2, c. 26 Balanka, a town between Syria and Phoe- nicia. Plin. 5, c. 20. Balajjus, a prince of Gaul, who assisted the Romans in tlieir Macedonian war, A. U. C. .581. —Liv. 44, c. 14. Balari, a people of Sardinia. Liv. 41, c. 6. C. Balbillus, a learned and benevolent man, governor of Egj-pt, of which he WTOte the history, under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 22. Balbinus, an admirer of Agna, mentioned Horai. 1, Sat. 5, v. 40. A Roman, who after governing provinces witli credit and honor, assassinated the Gordians, and seized the purple. He was some time after mur- dered by his soldiers, A. D. 233. Baleus, a mountain of Africa, famous for tlie retreat of Masinissa, after he had fought a battle against Syphax. L. Balbus, a lawyer, &c. one among the pupils of Scanola. A man killed by the assassins of the triumvirs. Baleares, three islands in the Mediter- ranean, moilernly called Mnjorca, Minorca, and Yuica, on the coast of Spain. The word B A B A is derived from GaXXm to throw, because the inhubitants were expert archers and slingers, besides great pirates. ^Ve are told by Florus, that the mothers never gave their childien breakfast before they had struck wth an arrow a certain mark, in a tree. When a woman was married, she was not admitted to her husband's bed before she liad received the embraces of all her relations. The inhabit- ants were naturally of a lascivious propensity, and in their wars tliey required notliing but females and wine, and often exchanged four men for one woman. Strab. 14. — Flor. 3, c. 8. — Diod. 5. Baletus, a son of Hippo, who first founded Corinth. Patercul. l,c. 3. Balius, a horse of Achilles. Ilomer. II. IG, V. 14C. Baljsta, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 40, c. 41. Ballonoti, a people of European Sar- mada. Ftacc. 6, v. 160. BALNKiV (bathi) were very numerous at Rome, private as well as public. In the an- cient times simplicity was observed ; but in the age of the emperors they became expen- sive, they were used after walking, exercise, or labor, and were deemed more necessary tJian luxurious. Under the emperors it be- came so fashionable to bathe, tliat without this the meanest of the people seenied to be deprived of one of the necessaries of life. There were certain hours of the day appointed for bathing, and a small piece of money ad- mitted the poorest, as « I'll .-us the most opu- lent. In the baths there were separate apart- ments for the people to dress and to undress ; and .ifter they had bathed, they commonly covered tliemselves, the hair was plucked out of tlie skin, and the body rubl)ed over with a pumice stone, and perfumed to render it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors generally built baths, and all endeavoured to eclipse each other in the ma;^nificenco of the building. It is said tliat Dioilo-iian employed 40,000 of his soldiers in building his baths; and when they were finished, he destroyed all the workmen. Alexander Sevenis first per- mitted the people to use them in tlie night, and he himself often batlicd witJi the common people. For some time botli sexes bathed promiscuously and witliout shame, and tlic edicts of the emperors proved abortive for a while in abolishing that indecent custom, which gradually destroyed the morals of the people. They generally read in batiuiig, and we find many compositious written in tlie midst of tiiis luxurious enjoyment. Balvkntics, a centurion of great valor in Caesar's army, killed by Ambiorix. Cas. BeU. Gall. 5, c. 53. Balyras, a river of Peloponnesus. Paus. 4, c. 33. BamchCiE, a people of Libya. Jttil. 3, V. 303. Bantpia, now Si. Maria de Va.iss, a town 126 of Apulia, whence Baniinus. Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 1.5. L. Bantius, a gallant youth of Nola. whom Annibal found, after the battle of Canna;, almost dead amongst the heaps of slain. He was sent home with great hu- manity, upon which he resolved to betray his country to so generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman general heard of it. and rebuked Bantius, who continued firm and faithful to the interest of Home. Liv. 3'>. c. 15. Baphyrus, a river of ^Macedonia. Liv. 44, c. 6. B»PTiE, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess of lasciviousness and debauchery at .Athens. Her festivals were celebrated in the night ; and so infamous and obscene was the be- haviour of tlie priests, that they disgusted even Cotytto herself, though the goddess of obscenity. The name is derived from StfTTtiv to wash, because the priests bathed themselves in the most effeminate m-mner. .Juv. ", V. 91. A comedy of Eupolis, on which men are introduced dancing on the stage, with all the indecent gestures of common prostitutes. Bar^hi. a people of Cholcis and ri>eria, who burnt the bodies of tlieir friends who died by disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such as fell in war. JElinru de Anitn. 10, c. 22. BarXtrri'si, a deep and obscure gulf at Athens, where criminals were thrown. — — The word is applied to the infernal regions by Val. FUicc. 2, v. 86 & 192. Barbahi, a name originally applied to those who spoke inelegantly, or with harsh- ness and difficulty, 'ilie Greeks and Romans generally called all nations, except their own, by the despicable name of Barbarians. Barbaria, a river of .Mace 1721. Basilus, a general who assisted Antony. Lucan. 4, v, 416. An insignificant lawyer. Juv. 7, v. 14G. A prator who plundered the provinces. Id. 10, v. 222. Bass^, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo had a temple. Paus. 8, c. 30 & 41. Bassania, a town of Macedonia near Illy- ricum. LiiK 44, c. SO. Bassareus, a surname of Bacchus, from the dress or long robe, called Hassans, which his priests wore. Horn'. 1, od. IS. Bassarides, a name given to the votaries of Bacchus, and to Agave by Ptrsius, whicli/ seems derived from Bnssara, a town of Libya siicred to the god, or from a particular dress worn by his priestesses, and so called by the 'iliracians. Pcrsius, 1, v. 101. Bassus Aunnius, an historian in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Germanic war. Quintil. 10. c. 1. Caesius, a lyric poet in Nero's age, to whom I'ersius address- ed his 6th satire. Some of his verses arc ex- tant. Julius, an orator in the reign o- Augustus, some of whose orations have been preserved by Seneca. A man spoken of by Horace 1, od. 56, v. 14, and described as fond of wine and women. BaSTARN^E & BASTERNiE, 3. pCOplc of European Sarmatia, destroyed by a sudden storm as they pursued tlie Thracians. Liv. 40, v. 58. — (Md. Prist. 2, v. l9S.—Stiiab. 7. Bastia, tlie ^vife of Metellus. Liv. epit. 89. Bat A, a sea-port of Asia, on the Euxine, opposite Sinopc. Slrab. 6. Batavi, ^ people of Germany who inha- bited tJiat part of the continent known under the modern name of Holland, and called by tlie ancients, Batavorum insula. Liv. 4, c. 15. — Lucan. I, v. 451. BATao(> B A B E Bathos, a river near the Alpheus. Paus. 8, c. 29. Bathycles, a celebrated artist of Magne- sia. Paus. 3, c. 1 9. BATinrjLLUs, a beautiful youth of Samos, greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyrant, and by Anacreon. Horat. ep. 1 4, v. 9. Me- C£Pnas was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, of the same name. Juv. 6, v. 63. The poet who claimed as his own Virgil's disticli, Node ptuit told, ij-c. bore also the same name. A fountain of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 31, I^ENT. Batiatus, a man of Campania, who Lept a house full of glatliators who rebelled against him. Plut. in Crai. Batia, a naiad who married Gilbalus. v//)o/- lucl. 3, c. 10. A daughter of Teucer, who married Dardanus. Id. Batina tk BantIna. I'id. Bantia. Batis, an eunuch, governor of Gaza, who upon being unwilh'ng to yield, was dragged round the city tied by the heels to Alexan- der's chariot. Curt. 4, c. C. Bato, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome from king Philip. Liv. 31, c. '2S. Baton of Sinope, wrote commentaries on the Persian oifairs. Slrab. 1 2. A cha- rioteer of Amphiaraus. Paus. 5, c. 17. BATR>riioMYOMACHiA, a pocni, descril>- iug ti}c Jighl between yV ;^'s and inicr, written by Homer whidi has been printed sometimes separately from the Iliad or Odyssey. Tlie best edition of it is Maittaire's, 8vo. London, 1721. Battiaois, a patronymic of Callimachus, from his father Battus. Ovid, in Ibin. v. 53. .\ name given to the pL>ople of Cyrene from king Battus. hid. 3, v. 2j.3. Battis, a girl, celebrated by Philetus tlie elegiac poeL Ovid. 'Prist. 1, el. 5. Battus 1st, a Laceti.xMnonian, who built the town of Cyrene, B. (". (;.30, with a colony from the island of Thci a. I le was son of Po- lymnestus and Pliroiiime, and reigned in the town he had founded, and after deatli received divine honors. The difficulty with which he spoke first procured him the name of Battus. Herodot. 4, c. IS.J.cSv. — Paus. 10, c. Ij. The '_'d of that name was grandson to Battus 1st, by Arcesilaus. He succeeded his father on the throne of Cyrene. and was surnamed Fi^ix, and died .'554 B. C. Herodot. 4, c. 159, Ac.—: — A shepherd of Pylos, who promised Mercury that he wo^!(l not discover his having stolen the flocks of Admetus, which Apollo tended. He violated his promise, and was turned into a pumice stone. Ovid. Mtt. 2, V. 702. A general of Corint*i against Athens. Thuci/d. 4, c. 43. A bufloon of Cffsar's. Plut. Sijmp. 6. Batulum, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants assisted Turnus against .Eneas. Virg. .^n. 7, v. 739. BatOlus, a xuniame of Demosthenes, from his effeminacy when young. Phit. in Be- most. 128 Batvi.lvs, a celebrated dancer in Domi- tian's reign. Juu. 6, v. 05. Baubo, a woman who received Ceres when she sought her daughter all over the world, and gave her some water to quench her tliirst. Olid, ^fi't. 5, fab. 7. Baltis, an old woman of Phrygia, who with her husband Philemon, lived in a small cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupiter and Mercury travelled in disguise over Asia. The gods came to the cottage, where they re- ceived tlie best things it afforded ; and Jupiter was so pleased witli their hospitality, that he metamorphosed their dwelling into a magnifi- cent temple, of which Baucis and her husband were made priests. After they had lived hap- py to an extreme old age, they died both at the same hour, according to their request to Jupiter, that one might not have tlie sorrow of following the other to the grave. Their bodies were changed into trees before tlic doors oi the temple. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 631, &c. Bavius & M^.vius, two stupid and male- volent poets in the age of Augustus, who at- tacked tlie superior talints of the contempo- rary writers, f'irg. Eel. 5. Bauu, a small town of Latiura, near Baiv. tal. 12, V. 155. Bazaentes, a friend of Bessus, &c. Bazaria, a country of Asia. Curt. 8, c. 1. Bebius, a famous informer in Vespasian's reign. Juv% 1, v. 35. Vid. Ba?bius. Bebriacl'M, now Cancto, a village be- tween Cremona and Verona, where Vitellius OYcrcame Otlio. Juv. 2, v. lOo. — 2'acit. 3, IPtst. I, c. 15. Bebryce, a daughter of Danaus, who is said to have spared her husband. IVIo^t au- thors, however, attribute tliat character of hu- manity to Hj-permnestra. Vid. Dan.iides. Bkurvces & Bebrvcii, a nation of Asia near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and accord- ing to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. They were expert in the battle of the cestui Tlie Argonauts touclicd on their coasts in their expedition to Colchis. ^j^oUod. I. — Strab. 7 & 12. Bebrvcia, an ancient name of Bithynia, from Bebryce the daughter of Danaus. Slrab. I3.^yirg. ^n. 5, v. 373. Bkli^iina, a town of Laconia. Patis. 3, c 21. Belekus, a divinity of the Gauls, tlie same as the .Apollo of the Greeks, and the Orus or the /Egyptians. Belephantjs, a Clialdean, who, from his knowledge of astronomy, told Alexander tliat his entering Babylon would be attended vrith fatal consequences to him. JJiod. 17. Bei-ksis, priest of Babylon, who told Ar, baces governor of Media, that he should reig» one day in die place of Sardanapalus. Hit prophecy was verified, and he was rewarded by die new king with the government of Ba- bylon, B. C. 826. Diod. 2. BSLfiA BE BE Belgjk, a waiiike people of ancient Gaul, separated from the Celtae by the rivers Ma- tiona and Sequana. Their country, according to Strabo, extended from the Rhine to the river modernly called tlie Loire. Cces. de Bell Gall. 1 & 2. Belgica, one of the four provinces of Gaul near the Rhine. Belgium, the capital of Gallia Belgica. The word is often used to express the whole countrj'. Cces. Bell. Gal. 5, c. 24. Belgius, a general of Gaul who destroyed an army of Macedonians. Justin. 23, c. 2. — Poli/b. 2. Belides, a surname given to the daughters fit Belus. Oi/id. Met. 4, v. 465. Belides, a name applied to Palamedes, as descended from Belus. Firg. jEn. 2, v. 82. Belisama, the name of INIinerva among the Gauls, signifying queen of heaven. Cces. Bell. Gall. 6. Belisarius, a celebrated general, who, in a degenerate and an effeminate age, in the reign of Justinian emperor of Constantinople renew- ed all the glorious victories, battles, and tri- umphs, which had rendered the first Romans so distinguished in the time of their republic. He died after a life of military glory, and the trial of royal ingratitude, in the 5G5th year of the Christian era. Tlie story of his begging charity, with date obolum Bclisario is said to be a fabri<;ation of modern times. Belistida, a woman who obtained a prize at Olympia. I'aus. 5, c. 8. Belit^, a nation of Asia. Curt. 4, c. 12. Bellerophon', a son of Glaucus king of Ephyre, by Eurymede, was at first called Hipponous. l"he murder of his brother whom some call Alcimenus or Beller, procured him the name of Bellerophon, or murderer of Bel- ler. After this murder, Bellerophon tied to the court of Proetus king of Argos. As he was of a handsome appearance, the king's wife called Antaea or Stenobcea, fell in love with him ; and as he slighted her passion, she accus- ed him before her husband of attempts upon her virtue. Proetus unwilling to violate the laws of hospitality, by punishing Belleroplion, sent him away to his father-in-law Jobates king of L.ycia, and gave him a letter, in which he beg- ged the king to punish witli death, a man wlio had so dishonorably ti-eated his daughter. From that circumstance, all letters which are of an unfavorable tendency to the bearer, have b<>cn called letters of Bellerophon. Jobfttes, to sa- tisfy his son-in-law, sent Belleroplion to con- quer a horrible monster called Chima;ra, in which dangerous expedition he hoped, anil was even assured, he must perish. [ Vid. Clii- maera. ] But the providence of Minerva sup- ported him, and, with the aid of tlio winged horse Pegasus, he conquered the monster, :md returned victorious. After this Jobates sent him against tlie Solymi, in hopes of seeing him destroyed; but he obtained another vic- tory, and conquered afterwards the Amazons, ] 129 by the king's order. At his return from this third expedition, he was attacked by a party sent against him by Jobates ; but he destroyed all his assassins, and convinced the king that innocence is always protected by the gods. Upon this, Jobates no longer sought to de- stroy his life ; but he gave him liis daughter in marriage, and made him his successor on the throne of Lycia, as he was without male issue. Some authors have supported, that he attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pegasus, but that Jupiter sent an insect, which stung the horse, and threw down the rider, who wandered upon the earth in the greatest melancholy and dejection till tlie day of his death, one generation before the Tro- jan war. Bellerophon had two sons, Isander, who was killed in his war against the Solymi, and Hippolochus, who succeeded to the throne after his death, besides one daughter called Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon by Jupiter. The wife of Bellerophon is called Philonoe by Apollodorus, and Achemone by Homer. Homer. II. 6, v. 156, &c. — Juv. 10. — Apol- lod. 2, c. o. 1. 3, c. I. — Hygin. fab. 157 & 243. P. A. 2, c. 18.— Hesiud. Theog. v. 325. — Herat. 4, od. II, v. 26. — Pa7iS. 9, c. 51. Bellerus & Beller, a brother of Hippo- nous. Vid. Bellerophon. Bellienus, a Roman whose house was set on flames at Caesar's funeral. Cic. 2, Phil. c. 58. Bellona, the goddess of war, daughter to Phoicys and Ceto, was called by the Greeks Enyo, and often confounded with Minerva. She was anciently called Duelliona, and was the sister of Jlars, or according to others, his daughter, or his wife. She prepared the cha- riot of Mars when he was going to war ; and she appeared in battles armed with a whip to animate the combatants, with dishevelled hair, and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid great adoration to her ; but she was held in the greatest veneration by the Cappadocians, and chiefly at Comana, wliere she had about 3000 priests. Her temple at Rome was near the Porta Carmentalis. In it the senators gave audience to foreign ambassadors, and to gene- rals returned from war. At the gate was a small column called the column ofiuur, against which they threw a spear whenever war was declared against an enemy. The priests of this goddess consecrated tlicmselves by great incisions in tlieir body, and particularly in the thigh, of which they received the blood in their Iiands to offer as a sacrifice to the goddess. In their wild enthusiasm they often predicted bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or the besieging of tovrns. Juv. 4, v. 124. — Varro dc L. L. 5. — Htsiod. Tlicog. v. 270. — Pans. 4, c. 30. — Virg. jEn. 8, v. 703, — Stai. Theb. 2, V. 718. 1. 7, \. 73.— Hal. 5, v. 231. Bellonarii, the priests of Bellona. Bellovaci, a people of Gaul conquered by J. Caesar. They inhabited the modern Beauvais in the isle of France. Cas. Bell. 2, c. 4, K, BttLOVEeVSi B E BE Bellovkscs, a king of the Callx, who, in tfic rei'^n of Tarquiu Priscus was sent at the head of a colony to Italy by his uncle Ambi- gatus. Liv. 5, c. 34. BtLOx, .1 general of Alexander's. Ciirt. 6, c. 11. A cily and river of Hispania Bas- tica. Strab. 3. Bflus, one of the nvost ancient kings of Babylon, about 1 80(3 years before Uie age of .Semiramis, was made a god after death, and worshipped with much ceremony by the As- syrians and Babylonians. He was supposed to be the son of the Osiris of the Egyptians. The temple of Bclus was the most ancient and most magnificent in the world. It was originally the tower of Batiel, which 'was con- verted into a temple. It had lofty towers, and it was enriched by all the succeeding monarchs till the age of Xerxes, who, after his unfor- tunate expedition against Greece, plundered and demolished it. Among the riches it con- tained, were many statues of masKy gold, one of which was 40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was a magnificent bed, where tlie j)ricsts daily conducted a woman, who, as they said, was honored with the company of the god. Joseph, ylnl. Jud. in. — Ilcrodot. ], c. 181, Scc.—Slrah. I'J.— ./rnViri. l.—Diod.\. &c. A king of Kgypt, son of Epaphus and Libya, and fadier of .\genor. An- ollier son of Phoenix the son of Agenor, who reigned in Phoenicia. A river of Syria, where tlie making of glass was first invented. riin. 5, c. 19. Henacus, a lake of Italy, now Lagn di Garda, from which the Mincius flows into the Po. Vii;;. G. '2, v. l(i"0. jEn. 10. V. i:05. BcNDiDiuM, a temple of Diana Bcndis. Liv. 38, c. 41. Bcndis, a name of Dtana among the Thra- cians and tlieir northern neighbours. Strah, ;). — Her festivals, calked UrnluUa, were intro- duced from Thrace into Atiiens. Benevkntum, a town of tlie Hirpini, built by Diomedcs, 28 miles from C'iipua. Its ori- ginal name was Maleventum, changed into Uie moro auspicious word of Jinuxcntum, when tlie Romans had a colony tliere. It a)x>unds in rtniaiiis of ancient sculpture above any Othor town in Italy. I'lin. 3, c. 11. BrMTiiKsu v.MK, a daughter of Neptune, tlie nur»c of Eumolpus. Jpollod. 3, c, 15. BKfOi.iT.XNUs, a youth whose life was savecp..t;A, a town of Syri% r»0 miles from the sea, find 100 from the Euphrates now called Aleppo. BEaEcii-NTHiA, a surname of Cybele, from mount Bcrecynthus in Phrygi.i, where she ■was oarticularly worsUiupod. She has been 13C poem by Catullus. Diod. 5. 4, V. 782. — yirg. jEn. 9, celeljrated in a — Stat. Thcb. V. 82. BsREKif E & Bero? power, and put htr to deatli B. C. 55 Tbt wife of Mithridaies, who, when conquered bv Lucullus, ordered all his wives to destro\ themselves, for fear the conqueror should ofl^er violence to them. She accordingly drank poi- son, but tliis not operating soon enough, she was strangletl by an eunuch. The mother of Agrippa, who shines in the history of tlie Jews, as daughter-in-law of Herod the Great. — — .\ daughter of .\grippa, who married her uncle Herod, and afterwards Polemon kin^'of Cilicia. She was accused by Juvenal of com- mitting incest with her brother .\grippa. It is said tliat she was passionately loved by Titus, who would have made her empress but for fear of the people. .\ wife of king At- talus. .\nnther. daughter of Piiilajielpln;3 and Arsinoc, who married her own brotl.er Evergetes, whom she loved with much tender- ness. When he went on a dangerous expedi- tion, she vowed all the hair of her head to the goddess Venus, if he returned. Some tii.ic after his victorious return, the locks which were in die temple of Venus disiippcared ; and Co- non, an astronomer, to make his court to the queen, publicly reportetl that Jupiter had i-.u- rietl them away, and had made them a con- stellation. She was put to deadi by her >*n, B. C. 221. CiUuU. 61. — Hupin. P. J. 2, c. 24. — Justitu 26, c. 3. Tliis name is common to many of the queens and princesses in the Iholemean family in Egypt. .\ city of I.iby.-i. Strab. — }ffla. .", c. R Two towns of .Vraliix Strab. 16. One in Egypt on the Ued .Sea, where the ships from India generally landed their cargoes. Flin. 6, c. 23. Anotlier near the Smes, &c. Id. 17. BEKEviris, a part of .\frica, near the totcn of Berenice, l.ucan. 9, v. 523. Bergion & Alkiov, two giants, sons of Neptune, who opposi-d Hercules as he at- tempted to cross the Hhone. and were killed with stones from heaven, ^f(.•la. 2, c. 5. Bebgist-^m, a people of S{]{^, at the east of the Iberus. J.iv. 3i, c. 16. Beris & Baris. a river of Cappadocia.— ^ A mouutain of Amicuia. B E BI Ber3!ius, a mountain of Macedonia. He- rodot. 8, c. 15S. r>KftOE, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to Scniele. Juno assumed her shape when she persuaded Semeie not to grant her favors to Jupiter, if lie did not appear in the majesty of a god. Gvid. Met. 3, v. UTS. The wife of Dorj'clus, whose form was assumed by Iris at the instigation of Juno, when she advised the Trojan women to burn the fleet of iEneas in Sicily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 620. One of tlie Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene. Virg. G. 4, V. 541. Bercea, a town of Thessaly. Cic. Pis. oG- Beronice. Vid. Berenice. Berosus, a native of Babylon, priest to Belus. He passed into Greece, and remained a long time at Athens. He composed an his- tory of Chaldsea, and signalized liimself by his astronomical predictions, and was re- warded for his learning with a statue in the gymnasium at Athens. The age in which he lived is not precisely known, though some fix it in the reign of Alexander, or 268 years B.C. Some fragments of his Chaldaean history are preserved by Josephus, contra Ap- vion. 4" 2« Antiq. Jud. 105. The book that is now extant under his name, and speaks of kings that never existed, is a supposititious fa- brication. Berrhcea, a town of Macedonia. Thucyd. 1, c. 61. Berytus, now Berut, an ancient town of Phoenicia, on the coast of the Mediterranean, famous in the age of Justinian for the study of law. Plin. 5, c. 20. Besa, a fountain in Thessaly. Strab. 8. Besidlie, a town of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19. Besippo, a to^vn of Hispania Bastica, where IVIela was born. Mela, 2, c. 6. Bessi, a people of Thrace, on the left side of the Strymon, who lived upon rapine. Ovid. Trist. 4, eH, v. 67. — Herodot. 7, c. HI. Bessus, a governor of Bactriana, who, after the battle of Arbela, seized Darius, his sovereign, and put him to death. After this murder, he assumed the title of king, and was some time after brought before Alex- ander, who gave him to Oxatres, the brother of Darius. The prince ordered his hands and ears to be cut otF, and his body to be exposed on a cross, and shot at by the soldiers. Justin. 12, c. 5. — Curt. 6 & 7. A parricide who discovered the murder he had committed, upon observing a nest of swallows, which, as he observed, reproached him with his crime. Flut. L. Bestia, a seditious Roman, who con- spired with Catiline against his countrj'. Cic. 2, in Phil. Betis, a river in Spain. Vid. Batis. A governor of Gaza, v\ho bravely defended him- self against Alcxandei-, for which he was treated with cruelty by the conqueror. Beturia, a country in Spain. 151 BiA, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. Apollod. 1,0.2. BiANOR, a son of Tiberius and Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who received the surname of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He built a town which he called Mantua, after his mother's name. His tomb was seen in the age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and Andes. Virg. Eel. 9, v. 60. A Trojan chief killed by Agamemnon. Homer. 11. 11, V. 92. A centaur killed by Theseus. Ovid. Met. 12, V. 542. Bias, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was king of Argos, and brother to tJie famous sootlisayer Melampus. He fell in love -with Perone, daughter of Neleus king of Pylos ; but the father rifused to give his daughter in marriage before he received the oxen of Iphiclus. Melampus, at his brother's request, went to seize the oxen, and was caught in the fact. He, however, in one year after re- ceived his liberty from Iphiclus, who pre- sented him with his oxen as a reward for his great services. Bias received the oxen fi-om his brother, and obliged Neleus to give him his daughter in marriage. Homer. Od. 1 1. — Paus. 2, c. 6& 18. 1. 4, c. 34. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. A Grecian prince, who went to tlie Trojan' war. Hotncr. 11. 4, v. 13&20. A river of Peloponnesus. Paus. 4, c. 3'k. One of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Teutamidas, born at Priene, which he long saved from ruin. He florished B. C. S&a, and died in tlie arms of his grandson, who begged a favor of him for one of his friends. — Diog. 1. — PLut. in Si/mp. — Val. Max. 7, c. 2. — Paus. 10, c. 24. BiBAcuLus, (M. Furius) a Latin poet, in the age of Cicero. He composed annals in iambic verses, and wi'ote epigrams full of wit and humor, and other poems now lost. Horat. 2. Sat. 5, v. 41. — QidntiL 10. A pretor &c. Val. Max. 1, c. 1. BiBOA & BiLLiA, a Roman lady famous for her chastity. She married DuiUius. BiBUs, a woman who became enamoured of her brother Caunus, and was changed into a fountain near Miletus. Ovid. Met. 3, V. 662. BiBLiNA, a country of Tlirace. BiELus, a city of Phoenicia. Curt. 4. BiBRACTE, a largo tovirn of the iEdui in Gaul, where Caesar often wintered. Cars. Bell. G. 7, c. 55, &c. BiBULus, a ron of M. Calpurl^ius Bibulua by Portia, Cato's daughter. He was Caesar's colleague in the consulship, but of no conse- quence in the state, according to tiiis distich mentioned by Sueton. in Jul. c. 20. Nun Bibulo quicquam nupcr, sed CcBsare "actuin est : Na7n Bibulo Jisri consulc nil memini. One of tlie friends of Horace bore that name. 1 Sat. 10, V. 86. BiCES, a marsh near the Palus Mceotis. Flacc. 6, V. C8. K 2 Eicon, \fi Bl BL Bicox, a Greek who assassinated Atlieno- dorus, ht'cause he made himself master of a colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. Curt. 9, c. 7. BicoRNiGER. a surname of Bacchus. Bicoiixis, the name of Alexander among the Arabians. BiFORMis, (twoforms,) a surname of Bac- chus and of Janus. Bacchus received it be- cause he changed himself into an old woman to fly from the persecution of Juno ; or per- haps because he was represented sometimes as a young, and sometimes as an old man. BiFRONs, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with Iwj faces among tlic Romans, as acquainted with the past and fu- ture. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 180. BilbIms, a town of Celtiberia, where Mar- tial was l)orn. Mart. 1, ep. 50. A river of Spain. Justin. -M, c. .". BiH.vTER, a surname of Bacchus, which signitics that he had two mothers, because when he wiLS taken from his mother's womb, he was placed in the thigh of his fatiier Jupiter. Ouiil. Mft.4, V. 12. Bjngium, a town of Germany. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 70. Bio.v, a philosopher and sophist of Bo- rysthcnes in Scythia, who rendered himself fa- mous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and philosophy. He made every body tlie object of his satire, and rendered his compositions distinguished for clearness of expression, for faccti()u-;ness, wit, and pleasanfr)'. He died 241 B.C. Ditg. in vitd. A Greek poet of Smyrna, who wrote jjastorals in an elegant stylo. !\Iosi-hus his friend and disciple, men- tions in an elegiac poem that he dieictt. 15, ^nn. c. 71. Bluciim, a castle where king Dejotarus kept his treasures in Bithynia. Strab. 12. BoADiCEA. J'id. Boudicea. Bo^ & BoEA, a town of Laconia. Paus, 3, c. 21. BoAGRius, a river of Locris. Strab. 9. BocAi-iAs, a river in the island of Salamis. BoccAR, a king of Mauritania. Juv. 4, V. 90, applies the word in a general sense to any native of Africa. BoccHORis, a wise king and legislator of Egypt. Diod. 1. BoccHUs, a king of Gaetulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously delivered Ju- gurtha to Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. Sallmt. Jug. — Paterc. 2, c. 12. BonUAGNATi's, a leader of the Nervii, when Caesar made war against them. Ccbs. Sd. G. 2, v. 25. BoDUNi, a people of Britain who suiTen- dered to Claudius. Dio. Cass. 60. BoEA. Vid. Boas. BcEBE, a town of Tliessaly. Ovid. Met, 7, fab. 5. A lake of Crete. Strab. 9. BoiBEis, a lake of Thessaly, near mount Ossa. Lucan. 7, v. 176. BoEBiA LEX was enacted to elect four pre- tors every year. Another to insure pro- prietors in the possession of their lands. Another, A. U. C. 571, against using bribes at elections. BoEDROMiA, an Athenian festival instituted in commemoration of the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign of Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when their country was invaded by Eumolpus son oft Neptune. The word is derived a-ro Tou (ien'iBo//,'.iy, coming to help. Plutarch en Tkes. mentions it as in commemoration of the victory which Tlieseus obtained over the Amazons in a month, called at Athens, Boedromion. Bceotarchje, the chief magistrates in Boeotia. Liv. 42, c. 43, BcEOTiA, a country of Greece, bounded on the north by Phocis, south by Attica, east by Euboea, and west by the bay of Co- rinth. It has been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeis, and now forms a part of Livadia. It was called Boeotia, from Boeotus son of Itonus ; or, according to others, a bove, from a cow, Ijy which Cadmus was led into the country where he built Thebes. The inliabitants were reckoned rud* and illiterate, fonder of bodily strengtJi than of mental excellence ; yet their country produced many illustrious men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. llie mountains of Boeotia, particulai-ly Helicon, were frequented by the Muses, to whom also many of their fountains and rivers were 133 consecrated. Herodot. 2, c. 49. 1. 5, c. 57. — Ovid, Met, 3, v. 10. — Paus. 9, c. 1, &c. — C. Nep. 7, c. 11. — Strab. 9. — Justin. 3. c. 6. 1. 8, c. 4.—Horat. 2, ej). 1, v. 244. — Diod. 19. Liv. 27, c. 30, &c. BcEOTUs, a son of Itonus by Menalippa. Paus. 9, c. 1 BcEOROBisTAS, a man who made himself absolute among the Getsc, by the strictitess of his discipline. Strab, 7. BoETHtus, a celebrated Roman, banished and afterwards punished with death, on a suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths, A. D. -525. It was during his imprisonment that he ^vrote his celebrated poetical treatise de consolatione philosophicB in five books. The best edition of his works is that of Hagenau, 4to. 1491, or that of L. Bat. 1671, with the notis variorum. BoETus, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who wrote a poem on the battle of Philippi. Strab. 14. A river of Spain, more properly called Baetis. Vid. Bsetis. BoEUs, one of the Heraclidae. BoGES & BoEs, a Persian who destroyed himself and family when besieged by the Athe- nians. Herodot. 7, c. 107. — Paus. 8, c. 8. BoGUB, a king of Mauritania in the interest of Caesar. Ccesar. Alex. 59. Bogus, a king of the Maurusii, present at the battle of Actium. Strab. 8. Boil, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migrated into Cisalpine Gaul, and the north of Italy on the banks of tlie Po. Cas. Bell, G, 1, c. 28. 1.7, c. n.—Sil.4, V. 158. BojocALus, a general of the Germans in the age of Tiberius, &c. Tacit, Ann, 13, c. 55. BoLA, a town of the ^Equi in Italy. Virg. j^n. 6, V. 775. BoLANus. Vid. Bollanus. BoLBE, amarshnearMygdonia. Thucyd. 1, c. 58. BoLEiTiNUM, one of the mouths of the Nile, with a town of the same name. Nau- crautis was built near it. Herodot. 1, c. 17. BoLGius, a general of Gaul, in an expe-r dition against Ptolemy king of Macedonia. Pans. 10, c. 19. BoLiNA, a virgin of Acliaia, who rejected the addresses of Apollo, andtlirew herself into the sea to avoid his importunities. Tlie god made her immortal. Tliere is a city which bears her name in Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 23. BouNJEUs, a river near Bolina. Paus. 7, c. 23. BoLissus, a town and island near Chios. Tliiicj/d.8, c. 24. BoLi.ANus, aman whom Horace represents, 1 .S',(/. 9, V. 1], as of the most irascible temper and the most inimical to loquacity. Bolus, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a Roman ambassador. Liv. ep. 67. BoMiENSES, a people near iEtolia. Thuajd. o, c. 96. K 3 BOMILCAR, BO BO BoMiLCAR, a Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was suspected of a conspira< y with Agatliocles, and hung in Uic forum, where he had received all his dignity. Diod. 26.— Justin. 2i.', c. 7. An African, for some time the instrument of all Jugurtha's cruelties. He conspired against Jugurtlia, who put him to death Sailust. Ju!^. BoMONicJE, youths tliat were whipt at tlie altar of Diana Orthia during the festivals of the goddess. He who hore the lash of the whip widi the greatest patience, and without uttering a groan, was declared victorious, and received anhonorahle prize. Paus. 3, c. 16. — FliU. in Lye. Bona Dea, a name given to Ops, Vesta, Cybele, and Rhea, by the Greeks; and by the Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua. Tliis god- dess was so chxste tliat no man but her husband saw her after her marriage ; from which reason, her festivals were celebrated only in the night by tlje Roman matrons in the housos of the highest officers of the state, and nil the statues of the men were oarcfuUy covered with a veil where the cere- monies were observed. In tlie latter ages of tlie republic, however, the sanctity of these mysteries was profaned by tlie intrusion of men, and by llie introduction of lasci- viousness and deb;»uchery. Jiiv. (>, v. 31.~. — Fropert. 4, el. 10, v. 25. — Ovid, de Art. Am. 3, T. 637. BonGnia, called also Frlsina, a town on tlie bordersofllie Rhine, or Rheno, which falls in- to tlie Po. f'u/. .Urtr. 8. c. \.~ltid. 8, v. 599. BoNosifs, an officer of Probus, who as- sumed the imperial purple in Gaul. BoNi s EvKNTi 8. a Roman deity, whose worship was first introerl>orcan mountains. According to the poets, he was son of Astraeus and Aurora, but others make him ton of the Slrvnion. He was pas&ioiutely 134 fond of Hyacinthus [ Vid, Hyaclnthus] and carried away Orithyia, who ret'used to receive his addresses, and by her he had Zetes and Calais, Cleopatra and Cliione. He was wor- shipped asa deity, and represented witli wings and white hair. The .Athenians dedicated altars to him, and to the winds, when Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas changed himself into a horse, to unite himself with tl.e mares of Dardanus, by which he had twelve mares so swift, tliat they ran or rather flew over the sea, without scarce wetting tl.eir feet. Homer. II. 20, v. 222. — Haiod. Tlieog. ». 379. — ApoUod. 3, c \5.—Hcrodot. 7, c. 189.— Oiid. Met. 6, V. 700. BoREASMi, a fevtival at Athens, in honor of Boreas, who, as the -Athenians supposed, was rel.-.ted to them on account of his mar- riage witli Orithyia, the daughter of one of their kings. They attributed tlie ovcrtlirow of the enemy's fleet to the respect which he paid to his wife's native country. Tliere were also sacrifices at Megalopolis in Arcadia, ill honor of Boreas. Pans. Attic, cj- Arcad. BoREi's, a Persian, &c. PJiftrn. 7, c. 40. BoRGEs, a Persian who burnt himself ratlier than submit to the enemy, &c. Pi.,- lifonu 7, c. 24. lioRNos, a place of Tlirace. C. A'irp. in Alcib. c. 7. BoRsippA, a town of Babylonia, sacred to Apollo and Diana. The ioliabitjnts cat bats. Strah. 16. BoRi s, a son of Pcrieres, who married Polydora the daughter of Peleus. Ajyottod. 5, c. 13. — IIi,nui. li. 16, v. 177. BoRTsTiiiisr.s, a large river of Srythie, falling into the Euxine sea, now called the Jinvprr, and inferior to no other European river but the Danube, according to Hero- dotus, 4, c. 45, &c. There was a city of tlie same name on tJie Iwrders of the tiycr, built by a colony of Milesians, 655 years before the christian era. It was also called OIha Salvia. .\hta, 2, c. I A 7. A liorse witli which die emjKTor Adrian used to hunt. At his death he was honored with a monu- ment. Diod. IJosPHoRiTs & BosvoRis, two narrow straits, situate at the confines of Europe and ;\sia. One was called Cimmerian, and joini-d the PaJus Mceotis to the Euxine. now known by the name of the straits of Cafla ; and the other which w.is called the Tliraciaii Bosphorus. and h\ tlie modems the siraits of Constantinople, made a cotnmu- nication between the Eii\iiie sea and the Propontis. It is sixteen miles long, and one and a half broad, and where narrowest 500 paces or 4 stadia, according to He- rodotus. The word is derived from P»^ irij^ bnvis meatus, because, on account of its narrowness, an ox could easily cross it. Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to bark, from the opjiosite banks, and in a calm day persons could talk one to the other Ptm. B R BR Plin. 4, c. 12. 1. 6, c. 1. — Ovid. Tnst. 3, el. 4, V. 49. — Mela, 1, c. 1. — Strab. 12. — Herodot. 4, c. 85. BoTEB, a freedman of Claudius. Suet. Claud. BoTTiA, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace. The people were called HoUuei. Plin. 4, C. 1. — Herodot. 7, c. 185, &c. — TImcyd. 2, c. 99. BoTTi^is, a country at the north of ]\Iace- donia, on the bay of Therma. Herodot. 7, c. 123, &c. BouDicEA, a queen in Britain, who re- belled upon being insulted by the Romans. She poisoned herself when conquered, A. D. 61. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 31. BouiANUM, an ancient colony of the Sam- nites, at the foot of tlie Appenines not far from Beneventum. Liv. 9, c. 28. BoviLL^, a town of Latium near Rome. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 607. Anotlier in Cam- pania. Brachmanes, Indian philosophers, who derive their name from Brahma, one of the three beings whom God, according to their theology, created, and with whose assistance he formed the world. They devoted them- selves totally to the worship of the gods, and were accustomed from their youth to endure labors, and to live with frugality and abstinence. Tliey never eat flesh, and ab- stained from the use of vidne, and all car- nal enjoyments. ; After they had spent 37 years in the greatest trials, they were permitted to marry, and indulge themselves in a more free and unbounded manner. According to modern authors, Brahma is the parent of all mankind, and he produced as many worlds as there are parts in the body, which they reckoned 14. They believed that there were seven seas, of water, milk, curds, butter, salt, sugar and wine, each blessed witli its particular paradise. Strab. 15. — Diod. 17. Br^sia, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- tharme. Apollod. 3, c. 14. Branciades, a surname of Apollo. BranchJd^, a people of Asia, near the river Oxus, put to the sword by Alexander. They were originally of Miletus, near the temple of Branchus, but had been removed from thence by Xerxes. Strab. 1 1. — Cxirt. 7, c 5. The priests of Apollo Didymaeus, who gave oracles in Caria. Plin. 5, c. 29. Branchyllides, a chief of the Boeotians. Paus. 9, c. 15. Branchls, a youtli of Miletus, son of Smicrus, beloved by Apollo, who gave him the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme, which became inferior to none of the Grecian oracles, except Delphi, and which exchanged the name of Didymean for that of Branchida;. The temple, according to Strabo, was set on fire by Xerxes, who took possession of the riches it contained, and transported the people into Sogdiana, where 135 they built a city which ^as afterwards de- stroyed by Alexander. Strab. 15. — Stat. Theb. 3, v. 479. Lucian. de Homo. BnAsi-as. a town of Laconia. Paus. S, c. 24. Erasidas, a famous general of Laxfe- doemon, son of I'eUus, who, after many great victories over Athens and other Gre- cian states, died of a wound at Amphipolis, wliich Cleon, the Athenian, had besieged, B. C. 422. A superb monument was raised to his memory. Paus. 5, c. 24. — TImcyd. 4 & 5 — Diod. 5. A man of Cos. Theo-^ crit. Id. 7. Brasideia, festivals at Lacedsemon, in ho- nor of Brasidas. None but freemen born Spartans were pennitted to enter the lists, and such as were absent were fined. Brasilas, a man of Cos. Thcocr. 7. Braxjre, a Woman who assisted in the murder of Pittacus, king of tlie Edoni. Thucyd. 4, c. 107. BRAt'RON, a town of Attica, where Diana had a temple. Tire goddess had three festivals called Brauronia, celebrated once every fifth year by ten men, who were called h^a^reioi. They sacrificed a goat to the goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the books of Homer's Iliad. The roost remarkable that attended were young vir- gins in yellow gowns, consecrated to Diana. They were about ten years of age, and not under five, and therefore their consecration was called hxanuuv, from hxa, decern; and sometimes a^xvii/uv, as the virgins themselves, bore the name of u^ktoi bears, from this circumstance. There was a bear in one of the villages of Attica, so tame, that he ate with the inhabitants, and played hannlessly with them. This familiarity lasted long, till a young virgin treated tlic animal too roughly, and was killed by it. The virgin's brother killed the bear, and the country was soon after visited by a pestil'ence. The oracle was consulted, and the plague removed by consecrating virgins to the service of Diana. Tliis was so faith- fully observed, that no woman in Athens was ever mairied before a previous conse- cration to the goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, which had been brought into Greece by Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of Brauron. Xerxes carried it away when he invaded Greece. Paus. 8, c. 46..— Strab. 9. Brenni & Breuni, a people of Noricum. Horat. 4, od. 14. BiiENNus, a general of the Galli Seno- nes, who invaded Italy, defeated the Ro- mans at the river Allia, and entered their city without opposition. The Romans fled into the capitol, and left tlie whole city in the possession of the enemies. The Gauls cb'mbed the Tai-peian rock in the night, and the capitol would have been taken had not tiic Romans been awakened by the noise of K 4 ■ . geese B R BR geese which were before tlie doors, and im- mediately repelled the enemy. Camillus, who was in banishment, marched to the relief of liis country, and so totiiUy defeated I the Gauls, that not one remained to carry the news of their destruction. Liv. 5, \ c. 36, 8iC.—Plut. in Camill. Another] Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece ' with 150,000 men, and 15,000 horse, and en- deavoured to plunder the temple of Apollo | at Delphi. He was destroyed, with all | his troops, by the god, or more properly, , he killai himself in a fit of intoxication, B. C. 278, after Ijeing defeated by the Del- I piiians. Pans. 10, c. 22 & ■25.— Justin. 24, c. 6, &c. BRENTHr, a ruined city of Arcadia. Pans. 8, C. 28. Brescia, a city of Italy, which had gods peculiar to itself. BiiETTii, a people of Italy. Slrab. 6. BiiiARKus, a famous giant, son of Coelus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 head-,, | and was called by men Tt^geon, and only by the pods T.riareus. When Juno, Nep- tune, and ^lintrva conspired to detlirone Jupiter, Briareus ascended the heavens, and seated himself next to him, and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and tlireatening looks that tliey desistetl. He assibUxi the giants in their war against the gods, and was thrown under mount .Etna, according to some accounts. ILsiod. Theof;. y. 148. — Apollod. 1, c. \.— Homer. II. 1, t. 403.— f'irg. jEn. 6, V. 287. I. 10, v. 565.— A Cy- clops, made judge between Apollo and Nep- tune, in their dispute about the istlimus and promontory of Corinth. He gave tiie former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo. Paus. ~, c. 1. Brias, a town of Pisidia. BaiGANTES, a people in the northern parts of Britain, juv. 14, v. 196. — Pnvs. 8, c. 4.3. BrigantInus, a lake of Uhretia between tlie Alps, now the lake of Constance. The town on its eastern banks is now Bregentz in the Tyrol, anciently called Brigantium. Plin. 9, c. 17. BaiLrssus, a mountain of Attica. T/iu- cyd. 2, c. 23. Brimo. (terror) a name given to Proser- pine and Hecate. Propcrt. 2, el. 2, v. 11. BRisiiis, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also Hippodamia. When her country was taken by the Greeks, and her husband IVIines and brotlicr killed in the fight, she fell to tlic sliare of Achilles in tlie division of the spoils. Agamemnon took her away some tiinc after from Achilks, who maile a vow to .absent himself from the field of battle. Briseis was very faitliful to .\chilles; and when Agamemnon restored her to him. he swore he had never offended lar chastity. Homer. If. I, 2, .Jr. — Ot/'/. 'loC Ileroid. 5. dc Art. Am. 2 & 5. — Propert. 2, cL 8, 20 & 22.— jPaui-. 5, c. 2A.—Horat. 2, od. 4. Brises, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the priest Chni-ses. His daughter Hippoeared quite black, and discovered llie effects of poison. Tucii. .Inn, — Sudon., in Xtrr. c. 33. Britosiartis, a beautiful nymph of Crete, daughter of Jupiter and Cliarme, who de- voted herself to hunting, and became a great favorite of Di.-ma. She was loved by ^linos, who pursued her so closely, that to avoid his im|>ortunities, she threw hery*'lf into the sea. Paui. 2, c. 50. I. 3, c. 14. A surname of Diana. BiuTOMARi's, a chief of the Galli In- subres conquered by .Emilius. flor. 2, c. 4. Bkitunes. the inhabitants of Britain. .Jur. \.->, v. 124. BiuxEi.i.uM, a town in Italy near Mantua, where Otho slew himself when defeated- Tacii. Hiit. 2, c. 52. Brixi.x, a town of Italy beyond the Po, at Uie north of Cremona, now Brescia. Jus- tin. 20, c. 5. Biuzo, the goddess of dreams worshipped in Delos. liRocuai'.Lus, a governor of Syria, who fled to Alexander, when Darius was murdered by Bessus. Curt. 5, c. 15. Bromius, a surname of Bacchus, from 3;is^iiv frcndcrr. alluding to tlic groans wliifh Semele uttered «hcn consumed by Jupiter's fire. Olid. Met. 4, v. U,— A son of ^EgjT>tus. Aj>ollod. 2, c. 1. Bro-mus, BR BR Bromus, one of the Centaurs. Ocul. Mi't. V2, V. 459. Brongus, a river falling into tlie Ister. Jlerodot. 4, c. 49. Brontes, {thunder J one of the Cyclops. Virg. jEn. 8, v. 425. Br.oNTiNus, a Pj-thagorean philosopher. The father of ITieano, the wife of Py- thagoras. Diog. Eroteas & Ammon, two men famous for their skill in the ccstus. Ovid. Met. 5, V. 107. One of the Lapithse. Brotheus, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, who burned himself to avoid the ridicule to which his deformity subjected him. Ovid, in lb. V. 517. Bructeri, a people of Germany, inha- biting the country at the east of Holland. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 51. Brumalia, festivals celebrated at Rome in honor of Bacchus, about the montli of December. They were first instituted by Romulus. Brcndlisium, now Brundisi, a city of Calabria, on the Adi-iatic sea, where the Appian road was tcmiinated. It was founded by Diomedes after the Trojan war, or ac- cording to Strabo, by Theseus, with a Cretan colony. ITie Romans generally em- barked at Brundusium for Greece. It is famous ■ for the birth of tlie poet Pacuvius, and the death of Virgil, and likewise for its harbour, which is capacious, and sheltered by the land, and by a small island at the en- trance, against the fui-y of the winds and waves. Little remains of the ancient city, and even its harbour has now been choaked up by the negligence of the inhabitants. Justin. 3, c. 4. 1. 12, c. 2. — Slrab. 5. — Cess. Bell. Civ. I, c. 24. — Cic. ad Attic. 4, cp. I. BiiUTiDius, a man draggea to prison in Juvenal's age, on suspicion of his favoring Sejanus. Juv. 10, v. 82. Bri'tii, a people in the farthest parts of Italy, who were originally shepherds of the Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of a settlement. They received the name -of Brulii, from their stupidity, and cowardice in submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in the 2d Punic war. They were ever after held in the greatest disgrace, and employed in evei-y servile work. Justin. 23, c. 9. — Strab. 6. — Uiod. 16. BrL'Tulus, a Samnite, who killed himself, upon being delivered to the Romans for violating a treaty. Liv. 8, c. 39. Brutus, L. Junius, a son of M. Junius and Tarquinia, second daughter of Tarquin Priscus. The father, with his eldest son, .were murdered by Tarquin the proud, and Lucius, unable to revenge their death, pretended to be insane. The artifice saved his life; he was called Brutus for his stupidity, wliich he however soon after 157 showed to be feigned. When Lucrefi« killed herself, B. C 509, in consequence of tlie brutality of Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger from the wound, and swore, upon the reeking blade, immortal liatred to the royal family. His example animated the Romans, the Tarquins were pro«;i.ril>ed by a decree of the senate, and tlie royal au- thority vested in the hands of consuls chosen from patrician families. Brutus, in his consular office, made the people swear they never would again submit to kingly autho- rity ; but the first who violated their oath were in his own family. His sons con- spired wth the Tuscan ambassador to restore the Tarquins; and when discovered, they were tried and condemned before their fa- ther, who himself attended at their execu- tion. Some time after, in a combat that was fought between the Romans and Tar- quins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and so fierce was tlie attack that they pierced one another at the same time. The dead body was brought to Rome, and received as in triumph ; a funeral oration was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed their grief by mourning a year for the father of the republic. Flor. 1, c. 2 — Liv. I, c. 5S. 1. 2, c. 1, &c. — JDinnys. Hal. 4, & 5. — C Nep. in Attic. 8. — Eufrop. de Tarq. — Vii-g. jEn. 6, V. 818. — Phtt. in Brut, i'ji; Cces. Marcus Junius, father of Cajsar's murderer, wrote three books on civil law. lie followed tlie party of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. After tlie death of SyUa, he wa« besieged in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he surrendered, and by wliose orders he was put to death. He had married Servilia, Cato's sister, by whom he had a son and two daughters. Cic. dc Orut. c. 55. — Plut. in Brut. His son of tlie same name by Servilia, was lineally descended from J. Brutus, who expelled tlie Tarquins from Rome. He seemed to inherit the re- jiublican principles of his great progenitor, and in the civil wars joined himself to the side of Pompey, thougli he was his father's murderer, only because he looked upon him as more just and patriotic in his claims. At tlie battle of Pharsalia, Casar not only spared t;:e life of Brutus, but he made njm one of his most faithful friends. He however forgot tlie favor because Caesar aspired to tyranny. He conspired with raxay of the most illustrious citizens of Rome against the tyrant, and stabbed him in Ponw pey's Basilica. The tumult which this mur- der occasioned was great; the conspirators fied to tlie Capitol, and by proclaiming free- dom and liberty to the populace, they re- establislied tranquillity in the city. Antony, whom Brutus, contrary to tlie opinion of his associates, refused to seize, gained ground in behalf of his friend Cffisar, and the mur- derers were soon obliged to leave Rome, Brutui B R BU Brutus retired into Greece, where lie gained himself many friends by his arms, as well as by persuasion, and he was soon after pursued thither by Antony, whom younfj Octavius accompanied. A battle was fought at Phi- lippi. Brutus, who commanded the right wing of the republican army, defeated the enenjy ; but Cassiu^, who had tJie care of Uie left, was overpowered, and as he knew not the situation of his friend, and. grew desperate, he ordered one of his freed-meo to run him through. Brutus deeply deplored his fall, and in the fulness of his grief, called him the last of the Romans. In another battle, the wing which Brufu«; commanded obtained a victory ; but the other was de- feated, and he found himself surrounded by the soldiers of Antony. He however made bis escape, and soon after fell upon his sword, B. C. 42. Antony honored him with a magnificent funeral. Brutus is not less celebrated for his literary talents, than his valor in the field. When he was in tiie oarap, the greatest part of his time was employed in reading and writing ; and the day which preceded one of his most bloody battles, while the rest of his army was under continual appreliensions, Brutus calmly spent his hours till the evening, in vrriting an epitome of Polybius. He was fond of imitating tlie austere virtues of Cato, and in reading the histories of nations he imbibed those principles of free- dom which were so eminently displayed in his political career. He was intimate ■with Ocero, to whom he would have com- municated his conspiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his great timidity. He scvcrfly reprimanded him in his letters for joining the side of Octavius, who me- ditated the ruin of the republic. Plutarch mentions, lliat Ca-sar's ghost made its ap- pearance to Brutus in his tent, and told him that he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus married Portia, die daughter of Cato, who killed herself, by swallowing burning coals when slie heard the fate of her hus- band. C. Xep. in Attii'. — Pnterc. '_', c. 4S. — Plut. in Brut. ^c. Ca-s. 1. — F/or. -i. D. Jun. Albinus, one of Caviars murderers, who. after the battle of Mutin.-i, was de- serted by the legions, with which he wished to march against Antony. He was put to death by Antony's orderr„ though con- sul elect — • — Jun. one oC the first tribunes of the people, r/iit One of Carbo's generals. Brt.\s, a general of the Argives against Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom he had offered violence. Pans. 2, c. 20. A general in the army of Xerxes. Hrrodot. 7, C. 72. Bbvaxis, a marble sculptor, who assisted in making tlie Mausolpum. Pans. I. c. 40. Bryce. a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. ^jiollod. 2, c. 1 1.38 BavGKs, a people of Thrace, afterwards called Phryges. Strab. 7. Barci, a people e( Macedonia, conquered by Mardonius. Jlrrodot. 6, c. 45. Bryse.v, a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 20. BuBACE.vE, a town of Asia. Curt. 5. BuBACEs, an eunuch of Darius, &c. Cu-rt. 5, c 11. UubXris, a Persian who married the daughter of Arrynta.s, against whom he had been sent with an army. Justin. 7, c. 13. BtBASTiAcrs, one of the mouthsof the Nile. BiBASTis, a city of Egypt, in the eastern parts of tlie Delta, where cats were held in great veneration, because Diana Bubastis who is the chief deity of the place, is said to have transformed herself into a cat when the gods fled into Egypt. Herodot. 2, c. 59, 137, & 154. — Ovid. Met. 9. v. 690. BuBASL's, a country of Caria, whence Bubasides applied to the natives. Ovid. Mzt. 9. V. 645. Bl'bos, an inland city of Lycia. Plin. 5, c. 27. BucEPHALA, a city of India, near the Hydaspes, built by Alexander, in honor of his favorite horse Bucephalus. Curt. 9, c. 5. — Justin. 12, c. 8 Diod. 17. Bi-CEPHALCfc, a horse of Alexander's, whose head resembled that of a bull, whence his name {itot Ki^aXrt, bovis caput). Alex- ander was the only one who could mount on his back, and he always knelt down to take up his master. He was present in an engage- ment in Asia, where he received a heavy wound, and hastened immediately out of the batde, and dropped down dead as soon as he had set down the king in a safe place. He wns thirty years old when he died, and Alex- ander built a city which he called after his name. Plut. in Ales. — Curt.—Aman. 5, c. 3. — Plin. 8, c. 42. BuciUANus, one of Caesar's murderers. 04-. ad Attic. 14. BucoLJCA, a sort of poem which treats of the care of the flocks, and of the pleasures and occupations of the rural life, with simpli- city and elegance. The most famous pa&toral writers of antiquity are Moschus, Bion, llie- •Hrittis and Virgil. The invention of Buco- lics, orfiastoral poetry, is attributed toaslirp- herd of .Sicily. BicoLiiiM, one of the mouths of ilic Nile, situate between the Scbennytican and Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, Phatniticum. Herodot. 2, c. 17. BctoLios, a king of Arcadia, after Laias. Paus. 8, c. 5. A son of Laomedon and the nymph Calybe. A son of Hercules and Praxithea. He was also called Bucolus. A son of Lycaon. king of Arcadia. A}M>llod. 2 & 5. Bi'coi I s. a s<-n of Hercules and Marse. .\ son of Hippocoon. Apollod. 2 St 3. Bmii, BU B Y BuDii, a nation of Media. Herodot. BuDiKi, a people of Scytliia. Jd. BuBORUBi, a promontory of Salamis. Thuajd. 2, c. 94. BuLBUS, a Roman senator, remarkable for his meanness. Cic. in Ver. BuLis, a town of Phocis, built by a co- lony from Doris, near tlie sea, above the bay of Corinth. Pans. 10, c. 37 A Spartan given up to Xerxes, to atone for the offence which his countrymen had done in putting tue kincr's messengers to death. Herodot. 7, c. 154, &c. BuLLATius, a friend of Horace to whom t;:e poet addressed, 1. ep. 11, in conse- quence of his having travelled over part of Asia. BuLLis, a towTi of Illyricum, near the sea, south of Apollonia. Liv. 36, c. 7. 1. 44, c. .30. BuMELLus, a river of Assyria. Curt. 4, c. 9. BuNEA, a surname of Juno. BaNUs, a son of Mercury and Alcida- mea, who obtained the government of Co- rinth when jEetes went to Colchis. He built a temple to Juno. Paus. 2, c. 3 & 4. BupALus, a statuary of Clazomense. Vid. Antliermus. BuPHAGus, a son of Japetus and Thor- nax killed by Diana whose virtue he had attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his name. Paus. 8, c. 24. A surname of Hercules, given him on account of his glut- tony. BuPHoNiA, a festival in honor of Jupiter at Athens, where an ox was immolated. Paus. 1, c. 2^.—^lian. V. H. 8, c. 3. BupRAsiuM, a city, country, and river of Elis. Homer. BcRA, a daughter of Jupiter, or accord- ing to otliers of Ion and Helice, from whom Bura or Biiris, once a florishing city in the bay of Corinth, received its name. This city %vas destroyed by the sea. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 293. — Paus. 7, c. 25. — Strab. 1 & 8. — Diod. 15. BuRAicus, an epithet applied to Hercu- les, from his temple near Bura. A river of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 25. BuRRHirs Afraxius, a chief of the pratorian guards, put to deatli by Nero. ^\ brother-in-law of the emperor Commo- dus. Bursa, a capital city of Bithynia, supposed to !iave been called Prusa, from its founder Prusias. Strab. 12. Buksia, a town of Babylonia. Justin. 12, C.-I3. Busa, a woman of Apulia who entertained 1000 Romans after the battle of Canna;. Val. Max. 4, c. 8. Bus^, a nation of Media. Herodot. 1. BusiRis, a king of Egypt, son of Nep- tune and Libya, or Lysianassa, who sacri- ficed all foreigners to Jupiter witli the 159 greatest cruelty. Wlien Hercules visited Egj'pt, BusLris carried him to the altar bound hand and foot. The hero soon disen>r ' tangled himself, and offered the tyrant, his son Amphidamas, and the ministers of his cruelty, on the altar. Many Egyptian princes have borne tlie same name. One of them built a town called Busitis, in the middle of the Delta, where Isis had a famous tem- ple. Herodot. 2, c. 59 & 61.— Strab. 17 Ovid. Met. 9, V. 152. Heroid. 9, v. 69. — Plut. in Tlies. — Virg. G. 3, v. 5. — Apollod. 2, c. 5. BuTA, a town of Achaia. Diod. 20. BuTEO, a surname of M. Fabius. Liv. 50. c. 26. A Roman orator. Seneca. BuTEs, one of the descendants of Amy- cus, king of the Bebryces, very expert in the combat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where "he was received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, by whom he had a son called Eryx. Lycaste, on account of her beauty was called Venus ; hence Eryx is often called the son of Venus. — Virg. ^n. 5, V. 572. One of tlie Argonauts. Apollod. 1, c. 9. A Trojan slain by Ca- milla. Virg. JEn. 11, v. G'90. A son of Boreas who built Naxos. 3iod. 5. A son of Pandion and Zeuxippe, priest of Minei-va and Neptune. He marriad Chthonia, daughter of Erechtheus. Apol- lod. 5, c. 14, &c. An arm-bearer to An- chises, and aftertvards to Ascanius. Apollo assumed his shape when he descended from heaven to encourage Ascanius to fight. Butes was killed by Turnus. Virg. jEn. 9, v. 647. 1. 12, V. G52. A governor of Darius, besieged by Conon the Athen- ian. BiiTHROTUM, now Butrinto, a sea port to^^Ti of Epirus, opposite CorcjTa, visited by jEneas, in his way from Troy to Italy. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 295 Plin. 4, c. 1. Ei-thr6tus, a river in Italy near Locri. BuTUTREus, a noble statuary, disciple to Myron. Plin. 34, c. 8. BuTOA, an island in the Mediterranean, near Crete. Pli^i. 4, c. 12. BuTORiDEs, an historian, who wrote con- cerning the pyramids. Plin. 36, c. 1 2. BuTos, a town of Egypt, where there was a temple of Apollo and Diana, and an oracle of Latona. Herodot. 2, c. 59 & 63. Bltuxtuji, an inland town of Apulia. Plin. 3, c. 11. BuTus, a son of Pandion. Bi'zYGES, an Athenian who first ploughed with harnessed oxen. Demophoon gave him tlie Palladium \rith which Diomedes l^d in- trusted him, to be carried to Athens. Po- lyeen. 1 , C. 5. Byslesia & Btbassia, a country of Caria. Herodot. 1, c. 174. Byelia, a name of Venus. Byblii, a people of Syria. AjtoUod. 2, c I. Br8Lis> BY B Y Byblis, ■■» daughter of Miletus and Cya- ne». Slie fell in love with her brother Caunus, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus became enamoured of- her, and fled from his country to avoid incest ; and others report, tiiat he fled from his bister's importunities, who sought him all over Ly- cia and Caria, and at last sat down all bathed in tears, and was cliaiiged into a fountain of the same name. Oviil. de Art. Atn. 1 , v. 284. Met. 9, V. 451. — Hygin. fab. 243. — Paus. 7, c. 5. A small island in the Mediter- ranean. BvBLUs, a town of SjTia, not far from tlie sea, where Adonis had a temple. Scrub. IG. BvLLiosEs, a people of Illyricum. Byrhhus, a robber, famous for his diMipa- tion. Horat. 1, Sul. 4, v. 69. Uyrsa, a citadel in the middln of Car- tilage, on whicli was the temple of .Tlscula- pius. Asdruljal's wife burnt it when the city was taken. When Dido came to Africa, slie bought of the inhabitants as much land as could Ix' encompassed by a bull's hide. .•Vfler the agreement, slie cut the hide in small thongs, and inclrwed a large piece of territory, on which she built a citadel whidi she called Byrsa (Bt;»r« a hide). I'trfi. jEn. J, v. 371. Strab. \7. -Austin. 18, c. 5. — Flor. 2, c. 1 j.— /,«c. 34, c. 62. BvzAcii'M, a country of Africa. BvzANrir.M, a town situate on the Tlira- rian Iios])horus, founded by a colony of Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before the christian era. I'aterculus Mivs it was founded bv the Milesians, and bv I the Lacedemonians according to Justin, and I according to Anunianus by the Athenians. The pleasantness and convenipnce of its wish to fonn an ac- quaintance witli the revolutions of tlic lower empire, were publisheil in one large collec- tion, in 30 vols, folio, 164S, &c. at Paris, and recommended themselves by the notes and supplements of du Fresnc and du Cange. TTiey were likewise printed at Venice, \~'J9, in 28 vols, though perhaps tliis edition is not so valuable as that of the French. Strab. 1. — I'att-rc. -, c. 15.— r'. AV;». in Paus. AUib. •J- TimMh Justin. 9, c. 1. — Tant. 12. Aun. C. 62 & 63.—.yffia, 2, c. 2.— .VarcW. 22, c. 8. Byzas, a son of Neptune, king of ThnuT, from whom it is said Uysantium receives its name. DimL 4. BYzrkis, a people of Pontus between Cap|i.idu«.'ia and Colchis. ZHonys. Perteg — Flare.-,, V. 153. Hvirs, a celebrated artist in the age of .\styages. Pant. 5, c. lO. Uv/iA, a town in tlie poksetaion of the kings of Thr»ce, hated by swallows, on ac- count of the horrible crimes of Tereut. Phn.l, c. 11. C A C .\ C1.\.WTHUS, a son of Oceanus and / Tethys, He was ordoied by his father to seek his sister Malia. whom AjmjIIo had carrietl awny, and he burnt in revenge the rarislier's temple, near Uie Kthmus. He was killed for tliis impiety by tlie god, and a mo- luiment was raised to his memory. Paus. 9, c. 10. Cabades, a king of Persia. &-c. Cabala, a place of Sicily where the Carthaginians were conquered by Dionysius. Dtod. 15. CabAles, a people of Africa. Ibrodot. Cabalii, a people of .\sia Minor. Id. Cabalinus, a clear fountain on mount Helicon, sacred to the muses, and called also HipjHXTiiu; as raised from tlie ground by llie foot of Pegasus. Pen. Cab-vllinum, a town of the jTldui, now Chalons, on the Saonc. Ctn. Bell. G. c. 42. Caballio, a town of Gaul. Cabarnos, a deity worshipped at Paros. nil i)riesis were called Cabanu. no Cabassis. a town of Cappadocia. ■ A vilKige near Tarsus. CabIra, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she had three aotts. .\ town of Paphla- goni.i. CAtiKi, certain deities held in the greatest veneration at Tliebes, Lemnos, Mac>.-donia. anil Phrygia, but more p.irticulurly in the islands ol Satnoihrace and Iiiibros. The number of these deities is uncertain. Some say there were only two, Jupiter and Baw- dius ; otliers mention three, and some four. AschicroB, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and Camillus. It is unknown whore their wor- ship was first establishoH ; yet Phoenicia seems to Ik> the place according to the authority of Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was in- troduced into Greece by tlie Pclasgi. The festivals or mysteries of the Cabin, were celebrated witli the greatest solemnity at Sa- mothracc, where all the ancient heroes and princes were gerkcrally initiated, as tlicir power seemed to be great in protecting pcr- •oot C A C A sons from shipwreck and storms. The ob- scenities which prevailed in the celebration have obliged the authors of every country to pass over them in sQence, and say that it was unlawful to reveal them. These deities are often confounded with the Corybantes, Ana- ces, Dioscuri, &c. and according to Herodo- tus, Vulcan was tlieir father. This author mentions the sacrilege which Cambyses com- mitted in entering their temple, and turning to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were supposed to preside over metals. Herodot. 2, c. 5l.—Strab. 10, &C. — Paxis. 9, c. 22, &c. —Cic. de Nat. D. 1. Cabiria, a surname of Ceres. The fes- tivals of the Cabiri. Vid. Cabiri. Cabura, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where Juno bathed. Plin. 31, c. 3. Caburus, a chief of the Helvii. Cas. Caca, a goddess among the Romans, sister to Cacus, who is Said to have discovered to Hercules where her brother had concealed his oxen. She presided over the excrements of the body. The vestals offered sacrifices in her temple. Lactant. 1, c. 20. Cachales, a river of Phocis. Paus. 10, C.32. CajCus, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a three-headed monster, and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy, and the avenues of his cave were covered witli human bones. He plundered the neighbouring country ; and when Her- cules returned from the conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows, and dragged them backwards into his cave to prevent dis- covery. Hercules departed without perceiv- ing the theft ; but his oxen having lowed, were answered by the cows in the cave of Ca- cus, and the hero became acquainted with the loss he had sustained. He ran to the place, attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him in his arms, though vomiting fire and smoke. Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter Servator, in commemoration of his victory ; and an an- nual festival was instituted by the inhabitants in honor of the hero, who had delivered them from such a public calamity. Ovid. I , Fast. v. 551. — Virg. JEn. 8, v. 194 Propert. 4, el. 10. — Juv.5, v. 125 Liv. I, c. 7. — Bio- nys. Hal. 1, c. 9. Cacuthis, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges Arrian. Indie. Cacyparis, a river of Sicily. Cadi, a town of Phrygia. Strab. 12 of Lydia. Propert. 4, el. 6, v. 7. Cadmea, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus. It is generally taken for Thebes itself, and the Thebans are often called Cad- means. Stat. Theb. 8, v. 601. — Paus. 2, c. 5. Cadmeis, an ancient name of Boeotia. Cadmus, son of Agenor king of Phoe- nicia, by Telephassa or Agriope, was ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Eu- ropa, whom Jupiter had carried away, and 141 he was never to return to Phoenicia, if he did not bring her back. As his search proved fruitless, he consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass, and to call the country Boeotia. He found the heifer according to the directions of the oracle ; and as he wished to thank the god by a sacrifice, he sent his companions to fetch water from a neighbouring grove. The wa- ters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a di'agon, which devoured all the Phoenician's attendants. Cadmus tired of their seeming delay, went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh. He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva, and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they instantly turned their arms, one against another, till all perished except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after he married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son, Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno perse- cuted these children ; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus and Her- mione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief, and infirm with age. They in- treated the gods to remove them from the misfortunes of life, and they were imme- diately changed into serpents. Some explain the di-agon's fable, by supposing that it was a king of the country whom Cadmus con- quered by war ; and the armed men rising from the field, is no more than men armed wdth brass, according to the ambiguous signi- fication of a Phoenician word. Cadmus was the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece ; but some maintain, that the alpha- bet which he brought from Phoenicia, was only different from that which was used by the an- cient inhabitants of Greece. This alpha- bet consisted only of 16 letters, to which Pa- lamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same number. The worship of manr of tlie Egj^ptian and Phoenician deities was also introduced by Cadmus who is sup- posed to have come into Greece 1493 years before the Christian era, and to have died 61 years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built at the sound of Am- phion's lyre, Cadmus built only a small cita- del which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city which was finished by one of his successors. Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 1, 2, ^c. — Herodot. 2, c. 49. 1. 4, c. 147. — Hi/gin. fab. 6, 76, 155, ^c. —JDiod. 1. ,^c.—Paus. 9, c. 5, ^c. — Hesiod. Theog. v. 937, ^c. A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an historian in the age of Croesus, and as the writer of an account of some cities of Ionia, in 4 books. He is called the ancient, in con- tradistinction from anotlier of the same name and c^ CJE and place, son of Archelaus, who wrote an history of Attica in 16 books, and a treatise on love in 14 l)ooks. Diufl. 1. — Dioni/s. Hal. a. — Clemens Alexand. 5. — Scrab. 1. — Plin. 5. c. 29. A Roman executioner, mentioned Horut. 1, Sat. 5, v. 59. Cadra, a hill of Asia Minor. Tacit. Caduceus a rod entwined at one end by two serpents, in the form of two equal semi- circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and tha emblem of power, and it had l)c?cn en lessened by P. Ciodius the tribune. ftp- otlier called also Oabinia, A. U. C. 685, against usury. 14:2 C^cilianus, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero. CjecIlii, a plebeian family at Rome, de- scended from Csecas, one of the companions of ..Eneas, or from Cieculus, the son of Vul- can, who built Prsnestc. 'JTiis family gave birth to maiiy illustrious generals and pa- triots. C.£cTlius Claudius Isinoaus, a man who left in his will to liis heirs, 4116 slaves, 5500 yokes of oxen, 2j7,0OO small cattle, 600,000 pounds of silver. 2'liii. ."3, c. 10. Epirus, a freedman of Atticus, who opened a school at Rome, and is said to have first taught reading to Virgil and some other growing poets.— .\ Sicilian orator in tlie age of Augustus, who wrote on tii-j Servile wars, a coniparisfHi between Demosthenes and Ci- cero, and an account of the orations of De- mostlienes. Metellus. Vid. Metellus.—. .Statins, a comic poet, deservedly commended by Cicero and Quintilian, though the orator ad Attic, calls him Malum Laiitiitatis auc- liircm. Above 30 of his comedies are men- tioned by ancient historians, among which are his Nauderus, Phocius, Kpiclerus. Syra- cusa?, Foenerator, FiiUacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native of Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B. C. and was buried an the Janiculum. Horat. '2, ep. 1. C/KcisA, Ttscrs, a son of Nero's nurse, made governor of Egypt. S%ut. in Krr. A Roman who wrote some physical treatises. A citizen of Volaterra; defended by Cicero. C.fccOiL'M, a town of Campai;ia in Italy, near tlie bay of Caieta, famous for the ex- cellence and plenty of its wines. Strab. 5. — Jlorat. 1, od. 20. l. '2. od. 14, &c <^\*.'.C:.as, a son of Vulcan, conceived, aa some say, by lus mother, when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called Coxoilus because his eyes wore small. After a life spent in plundering and rapine, he built Prc- nestc ; but being unal)le to find inhabitants, he implored Vulcan to show whether he really v.as his fattier. L'pon tliis a flame suddenly shone among a multitude who were assembled to see ^A)mc spectacle, and tlicy were im- medla'jjly persuaded to become the subjects of Ca-culus. Vtr^. ^f.-i. 7. v. 680, saj-s th.it he was found in fire by sliepherds ami on that account called son of Vulcan, who is the god of fire. Q. CiDicjus, a consul, A. U. C. 498, another, A. U. C. 46.>. — — A mili- tary tribune in Sicily, who bravely dcvot«' himself to rescue the Roman army from thi Carthaginians, \\. C. ;?54. He escajjed will his life. A rich person, &c. Virg,. jEn. 9 v. 362. A friend of Tumus. Virg. jEn. 10, V. 7, 47. C.«LiA LEX, was cnacteey's sons in S-pain, he entered Rome, and triumphed over five different nations, Gaul, Ale.\andria. Pontus, Africa, and Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But now his glory was at an end, his ua- common success created him enemies, ani tlie chiefest of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend, con- spired against him, and stabbed him in th^ senate house on the ides of Mardi. He died, pierced with 'J5 wounds, the I5tli of March, B. C. 44, in the 5Cth year of his age. Cosca gave him the first blow, and im- mediately he attempted to make some re- sistance ; but when he saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and fell down at their feet, muffling up his man- tle, .ind exclaiming, Tu i/uo^ue Bniie .' C'se- wr might have escaped the sword of the con- spirators, if he had listened to tlie advice of his wife, whose dreams on tlie night pre- vious to the day of his murder, were alarm- ing. He also received, as he went to the senate-house, a paper from Artemidorus. which discovered the whole conspiracy to him ; but he neglected tlie reading of what might have saved his life. When he was hi lii-s lir^t campaign in Spain, he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander, and even shed tears at the recollection tliat that hero had couquered tlie world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. The learning of Cae^u-, deserves commendation, as well as his military character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries on llie Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles ; and the composition has been admired for tlie elegance as well as the cor- rectness of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost ; and when Ca*sar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obligc-d to swim from his sliip, wiUi his amis in one hand and his commentaries in the other. Besides the Gallic and Civil wars, he wTote other pieces, which are now lost. 'Ilie history of the w.ir in ,\lexandria and Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. Cs^ar has been blamed for his debaucheries and expences ; and the first year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 8.50 talents, which his friends discharged : yet, in his public character, he must be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could not but be con- queror, and in even,- republic, master ; and to his sense of his superiority over tlie rest of tlie world, or to his ambition, we are to attribute his saying, tliat he wished rather to be first in .i little village, tlian second at Rome. It was after his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, tliat he made use of these rein.vk- able I C M C A able words, to express the celerity of his ope- rations ; Ve7ii, vidi, vici. Conscious of the services of a man who, in the intervals of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with public buildings, libraries, and porticos, the senate permitted the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head ; and it is said, that to reward his benevolence, they were going to give him the title or au- thority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy, when he was murdered. Tn his private character, Cscsar has been accused of seducing one of the vestal virgins, and sus- pected of being privy to Catiline's conspiracy ; and it was his fondness for dissipated plea- sures which made his countrymen say, that he was the husband of all the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. It is said tliat he conquered SOO nations, took 800 cities, and defeated three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle. Plin. 7, c. 25, says that he could employ at the same time, his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his mind to dictate. His death was pre- ceded, as many authors mention, by uncom- mon prodigies ; and iinmediately after his death, a large comet made its appearance. Tlie best editions of Caesar's commentaries, are the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, fol. Lend. 1712; that of Cambridge, widi a Greek translation, 4to. 1727; thatofOuden- dorp, 2 vols. 4to. L. Bat. 1757 ; and that of Elzevir, 8vo. L. Bat. 1635. Sueton. S^ Fhd. in vita. — Uio. — Appian. — Orosius. — Uijcl. 16 and ed. 31 and 57. — Jl>-g. C. 1, v. 466. — Ovicl. Met. 15, v. 7S2. — Marcdl. — FL,r. 3 & 4. Lucius, was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his shoes. — — Octavianus. Vid. Augustus. Caius, - a tragic poet and orator, commended by Cic. in Brut. His brother C. Lucius was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla. They were both put to death by order of Marius. Lucius, an uncle of M. Antony, who followed the interest of Pom- pey, and was proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero, the friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by J. Casar in his youth. Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of Caesars, Caius, and Lucius. Vid. Agrip- pa Augusta, a town of Spain, built by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now called Saragossa. CjEsarea, a city of Cappadocia,— — of Bithynia, of Mauritania, of Palcs- .tine. lliere are many small insignificant towns of that name, either built by the em- perors, or called by their name, in compliment to them. C^sARioN, the son of J. Caesar, by queen Cleopatra, was, at tlie nge of 13, proclaimed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus, Egypt, and C^losyria. He was put to death five years aiVer by Augustus, iiuet. in Aug. 17,^ C^s. 52. M5 Ctesennius P^tus, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. Tadt. 15, Ann. 6 & 25. C^sETius, a Roman who protected his childien against Csesar. Vol. Max. 5, c. '7. C^siA, a surname of Minerva A wood in Germany. Tadt. I, Ann. c. 50. ■; C^sius, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy. CniuU. 14. - A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero. Persius. CiEso, a son of Q. Cincinnatus, who re- volted to the Volsci. CiEsoNiA, a lasciviotis woman who mar- ried Caligula, and was murdered at the same time with her daughter Julia. Sud. in Calig. c. 59. CvEsoNius Maximus, was banished from Italy, by Nero on account of his friend- ship witli Seneca, &c. Tadt. 15, Ann. c. 71. CiETULUM, a town of Spain. Strah. 2. Cagaco, a fountain of Laconia. Pans. 5, c. 24. Caicinus, a river of Locris. Thucud. 3, c. 103. Caicus, a companion of Mneas. Virg. JEn.\, V. 187. 1. P, V. 35. A river of Mysia, falling into the --Egean sea, opposite Lesbos. Virg. G. 4, v. 570. — Ovid. Met. 2, V. 245. Caieta, a town, promontoiy, and harbour of Campania, which received its name from Caieta the nurse of iEneas, wlio was buried there. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 1. Cails & Caia, a pranomon very com- mon at Rome to both sexes. C, in its natu- ral position, denoted the man's name, and when reversed ^ it implied Caia. Quiniil. 1, c. 7. Cail's, a son of Agrippa by Julia. Vid. Agrippa. Q. Calaber, called also Smyrnaeus, wrote a Greek poem in 14 books, as a continuation of Homer's Iliad, about the beginning of the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well written book, are, that of Rhodoman, 12mo. Hanover, 1604, with the notes of Dausqueius ; and that of Pauw, 8vo. L. Bat. 1734. Calabria, a country of Italy in Magna Gracia. It has been called Messapia, Japy- gia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. ^rg. G. 3, V. 425,. — Horat. 1, od. 31. Epod. 1, v. 27. 1. 1, c]). 7, V. 14 Strab. 6. — Mela, 2, c. 4. I'Hn. 8, c. 48. Calabrus, a river of Calabria. Paus. 6. Calagurihtaxi, a people of Spain, who af« their wives and children, rather than yield to Pompey. Val. Max. 7, c. 6. Calais & ^inrs. Vid. Zethes. Calagutis, a river of Spain. JTlor. 5, c. 22. L Calamis, C A C A Calamis, an excellent carver. Propert. 3, el 9, V. 10. C A LAM ISA, a place of Samos. Hero^ dot. 9. Calamos, a town of Asia, near mount Li- banus. Plin. 5, c. 20. A town of Phoeni- cia,^— another of Babylonia. Calamus, a son of the river Mxander, •who wa^ tenderly attached to Carpo, &c. Pans. 9, c. 35. Cai.an' s. a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the gymnosophists. He followed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and being sick, in his 83d year, he ordered a pile tn be raised, upon which he mounted, decked with flower^ and garlands, to the astonishment of the king and of the army. When the pile was fired, Alexander asked him whetlier he had any thing to say : " No," said he. " I shall meet yon again in a very short time." ••\lexander died tJirec months after in Babylon. Strnb. 15. — Cic. de Div. 1, c. 23. — Arrian .J- Plut. in Alex. — jElian.1, c. 41. 1. r,, c'c—Va!. Mas. 1. c. 8. CAf.Aojf, a river of Asia, near Colophon. Pni/.t. 7, c. 3. Calaris, a city of .Sardini.-j. Flor. '2, c. '-. Calathama, a town of Macedonia. J.ii: 32. c. 15. Calathes, a town of Thraco near To- mus on tlie Euxinc sea. .S7rollo. and afterwards Neptune, was tlio chief deity of the place. The tomb 'of Dcmostlicnes w.is ■ecn there, who poisoned himself to lly from tlie persecutions of Antipater. Ovid. Mrt. 7, V. 334 Paus. 1, C. 8, &c. — Strab. 8. — Mela, 2, c. 7. Calbis, a river of Caria. Mt^la, 1, c, 16. Calce, a city of Campania. Strab. 5. Calchas. a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He accompanied the Greeks to Troy, in the office of high priest ; and he informed them that the city could not l)c token without the aid of Achillea, tliaf their floet could not sail from Aulis before Iphi- genia was sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague Ci>uld not be stopped in the Grecian army, before the restoration of Chryseis to her iithcr. lie told them also tliat Troy 146 could not be taken before ten years' siege. He had received tlie power of divination from Apollo. Calclias was informed, tiiat as soon as he found a man more skilled than himself in divination, he must perish ; and this happened near Colophon, after tlic Trojan war. He was unable to tell how many figs were in the branches of a certain fig-tree ; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact number, Calchas died tiirough grief. [Fid. Mopsus.] Homer. II. 1, v. 69. — Jii- chi/l. in A gam. — Eurip. in fphig.—Paus. 1, c. 45. Calchedonia. Vid, Chalcedoii. Calchivia, a daughter of Leucippus. She had a son by Neptune, who inherited his grandfather's kingdom of Sicyon. Paus. 2, c. 5. Cat.dcs C.cuus, a Roman who killed himit-lf when detained by the Germans. Pat--rc. 2, c. 120. ' • Cale. (es.) C*LEs, (ium.) & CAirxcM, now Caiii, a town of Campania. Herat. 4, od. 12 Jhv. 1, V. 69.— &/. 8, v. 413.— Tirg. yErt.7. V. 728. Calf.doxia, a cotmtry at the north of Britain, now called Scotland. The reddish hair and lofty stature of its inhal>itant< seemed to dcnotmce a German extniction, according to Tacit, in vita Agric. It was so little known to the Romans, and its inhabit- ants so little civilized, tliat they called it Jtritunnia Barbara, and tliey never pcne- lratcuntr>' cither for curiosity or conquest. Xlartitl. 10, ep. 44. — Sit. 3. V. 598. Cai EST! »i. a place of Spain, where it i» said they made bricks so light that they swam on the surface of the water. Piin. 3j, c. 14. Ca LINUS, a famous soothsayer of Etru- riii in the a^e of Tanjuin. Plin. 2R, c. 2. A lieutenant of Cxsar's army, .\fter Ca-sar's murder, he concealed some that batl bei-n prosi-rilu'd by the {riumvirs, and be-- haved *vith great honor to them. PliU. in Cus. Cales. Vid. Cale. A city of Bithy- nia on the Euxine. Arrian. CAirsirs, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by Diomedes in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 1(7. T. IC. Calkt.*, a petipic of Belgic Gaul, now Pai/s de Caiix, in Normandy. Cas. Belt. G. 2, c. 4. Their town was called Caletum. Caletor, a Trojan prince, slain by .Ajax as he was going to set fire to the ship of Pro- fesilaus. Hcumr. II. 15, v. 419. Calex. a river of Asia Minor, fallmg into the Euxinc sea. Thuci/d. 4, c. 75. Caliadke, the wife of iSgyptus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. Camceni, a people of ■Macedonia, M. Caliph s, an or.itor and prxtonan who died in tlw civil wars &c. Cttf. BfU- Civ. 1, c, 2. L. Julius, a man remark- able CA CA able for iiis riches, the excellency of his character, his learning and poetical abi- lities. He was proscribed by Volumnius, but delivered by Atticus. C. Nq>. in Attic. V2. C. Caligula, the emperor, received this surname from his wearing in the camp, the Caliga, a militaiy covering for the leg. He was son of GeiTnanicus by Agrippina, and grandson to Tiberius. During the first ciglit months of his reign, Rome expected univer- sal prosperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remitted, and profligates dismissed ; but Caligula soon became proud, wanton, and cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered his head to be placed on the images of the gods, while he wished to imitate the thimders and power of Jupiter. The sta- tues of all great men were removed, as if Rome would sooner forget their virtues in their absence ; and the emperor appeared in pub- lic places in the most indecent manner, en- couraged roguery, committed incest with his three sisters, and established public places of prostitution. H'e often amused himself with putting innocent people to death ; he at- tempted to famish Rome, by a monopoly of corn ; and as he was pleased with the greatest disasters vFhich befel his subjects, he often wished the Romans had but one head, that he might have the gratification to strike it off. Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace with human victims, and a favorite horse was made high priest and consul, and kept in marble apartments, and adorned with the most valuable trappings and pearls v.hich the Roman empire cculd furnish. Caligula built a bridge upwards of three miles in the sea : and would perhaps have shewn himself more tyrannical had not Chasreas, one of his servants, formed a conspiracy against his life, with others equally tired with the cruel- ties and the insults that were offered with impunity to the persons and feelings of the Romans. In consequence of this, tiie tyrant was murdered Janucry 24th, in his L'Sth year, after a reign of three years and ten months, A. D. 41. It has been said that Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; l;ut his love of learning is better understood from his attempts to destroy the writings of Homer and of Virgil. Dio. — Sucton. in vita. — Tacii. Ann. Calipus, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B.C. 350. Calis, a m.an in Alexander's army, tor- tured for conspiring against the king. Curt. 6, c. 11. Call^scherus, the father of Cricias, Pint, in Alcib. Callaici, a people of Lusitania, nov/ Gallicia, at the north of Spain. Ovid. 6, Fast. v. 461. Callas, a general of Alexander. Diod. 17. Of Cassander against PoK-perchon. Id. 19. A river of Eiibcea. 147 Callatebus, a town of Caria. Herodot. 1, c. 32. Calle, a town of ancient Spain, norw Oporto, at the mouth of the Douro in Por. tugal. Calleteria, a town of Campania. Calleni, a people of Campania. Callia, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 27. Calliades, a magistrate of Athens when Xerxes invaded Greece. Ilerodot. 8, c. 51. Ca llias, an Athenian appointed to make peace between Artaxerxes and his country. Biod. 12. A son of Temenus, who mur- dered his father with the assistance of his brothers. ApoUod. 2, c. 6. A Greek poet, son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost. He was surnamed Schcenion, from his twisting ropes, (irxoiv&',) through po- verty. Allien. 10. A partial historian of SjTacuse. He wrote an account of the Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded by Agathocles, because he had shewn him in a favorable view. Athen. 12. — Dionys. ■ An Athenian greatly revered for his patrio- tism. Herodot. 6, c. 121. A soothsayer, — — An Athenian conunander of a fleet against Philip, whose ships he took, &c. — • A rich Athenian, who liberated Cimon from prison, on condition of marrying bis sister and wife Elpinice. C. Nep. \ Plut. in Cim. A Iiistorian, who wTote an explanation of the poems of Alcseus and Sappho. Callieius, a general in the war between ?vlantinca and Sparta. Xcnopk. Hist. G. CalliciEkus, a Greek poet, some of whose epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. Callichorus, a place of Plioris, v/here the orgies of Bacchus were yearly celebrated. Callicles, an Athenian, whose house was not searched on account of his recent marriage, wlien an inquiry was made after the money given by Harpalus, &c. Plut. in De- mostli. A statuarj' of Megara. Callicolona, a place of Troy, near the Simois. Callicuates, an Athenian, who seized upon the sovereignty of SjTacuse, by imposing upon Dion when he had lost his popularity. He was expelled by tlie sons of Dionysius, after reigning tldrteen months. He is called Ccdippus by some authors. C. Nep. in Dion. An officer entrusted witli the care of the treasures of Susa by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2. An artist, who made, with ivory, ants and other insects, so small that they could scarcely be seen. It is said that he engraved some of Homer's verses upon a grain of millet. Plin. 7, c. 2\.—^Elian. V. H. 1, c. 17. An Athenian, who, by his perfidy, constrained the Athenians to submit to Rome. Pmts. 7, c. 10 A Syrian, who ^vrote an account of Aurelian'a life. A brave Athenian, killed at the battle of Platsea. Herodot. 9, c. 72. CallicratIdas, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in tlie command of the fleet. He took iMethymna, and routed the Athenian 1. 2 fleet C A C A fleet under Conon. He 'vas defeated and killed near the Arginusae, in a naval battle, li. C. 406. Utod. 15. — X.nop/u Hist. C One of the four ambassadors sent by the Lacedajmonians to Darius, upon the rupture of their alliance v.ith Alex- ander. Curt. 3, c 13. A Pythagorean writer. Callidi' s, a celebrated Roman orator, contemporary with Cicero, who speaks of his abilities with conunendation. Cic. in Brut. 274.—Paterc. 2, c. 56. Callidhomis, a place near Thennopyla;. Thucyd. S, c G. Callicetls, a man of Mcgara, received in his banishment by Phamabazus. Thucyd. 8, c. 6. CALLiJtACHcs, an historian and poet of Cyrene, sonof Battusand Mesatma, and pupil to Hermocratcs tlie grammarian. He had, in the age of Ptolemy Philadtlphus, kept a school at Alexandria, and had Aptollonius of Rhodes among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged Callimachus to lash him severely in a satirical poem, under the name of Ibis. (Ktc/. ApoUonius.) The Ibis of Ovid is in imitation of this piece. He wTote a work in 120 books on famous men, besidi-s treatises on birds ; but of all his numerous composi- tions, only 31 epigrams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are extant; tlie best edi- tions of which are, that of Erncstus, 2 vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 1761, and tliat of Vulcanius r/nio. Antwerp, 1 )''-t. Propertius styled himself the H'tman CaUinuichus. The precise time of his death, as well as of his birth, is unknown. Propcrt. 4, d. 1, v. 63. — Cic. Tttsc. 1, C 8-1. — Hiirnt. 2, qi. 2, v. 109. — Quintil. 10, c. 1. An AUienian general killed in tlie battle of .Marathon. His body was found in an erect posture, all covered with wounds. Pint. A Colophonian, who wrote the life of Homer. 7'/^.'. Callimcoon, a pariizan of Phocion, at Alliens, condemned by the populace. Callimelks, a youth ordered to be killed and served up as meal by ApoUodorus of Cas- saniirca. Potyicn. 6, c. 7. Callints, an orator, who is said to have first invented elegiac poetry, B.C. 776. Some of his verses arc to be found in Stobsus. Athcn. — Strab. 15. Caluoi-e, one of the Muses, dau^jhter of Jupiter and JIneniosyne. who presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Ho- race supposes her able to play on any musical instrument. She whs represented with a trum- pet in her rigiit hand, and witli books in tlie other, which signified that her office was to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, as Clio was employed in celebrating them; and shu held the tlirt* most famous epic poems of antiquity, nnd appeared gcri'jmJly crowned with Uurcls, Ailie .settled th" di. put^' between Venus nnd iVoicrpitie, conccrnin- Adonis. viio>'. ip.n. 143 pany tlicse two goddesses wished both perpa* tually tc enjoy. Hcdjd. Theo^. — A}ioU>xl. 1, c. 3. — Hnrai. od. CALLrPATliiA, daughter of Diagoras, and wifeof Callianax tlieatlilete, went disguised in man's clothes with her son Pisidorus, to the Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declar- ed victor, siie discovered her sex tlirou^^h excess of joy. and was arrested, as won»en were not permitted to appear tlierc on pain of death. The victory of her son obtained her release ; and a law was instantly made, which forbade any wrestlers to appear but naked. Pans. 5, c 6. 1. <;. c 7. Caluchon, a painter of Samos, famous for his historical pieces. Pljn. 10, c. 26. A philot'iopIiLr who made the sumntum bonurn consist in pi jasure joined to tlie love of honesty. This system was opposed by CL-crj. Qutest. Acad. 4, c 131 & 131). de i>jJL\ 3, c. 119. CAitiruHON, a celebrated dancing master, who had £p>aminondas amonj his pupils. C. -Vt';'. in EjHiiit. Ca lufIoj::, a people of Scythia. HcroJot. 4, c. 17. CALLipriLis, a city of Thrace on t'le Hellcs- pont SU. 14, V. 2.50. A town of Sicily. nL-ar .Etna. A city of Calabria on tliecoa>t of Tarenttim, on a rocky iiiland, joined by a brid;;e to llie continent. It is now called (kiuij'oii. and contains 6000 iahabit.-uits, who trade in oil and cotton. Callipls or Calipphs, an .Athenian, disciple to Plato. He destroyed Dion. &c. Vid. Callicrates. C. Xcp. in Diju. A Corinthian, who wrote an history of Orcho- menos. Paut. 6, c. i|i. .\ philosopher. Ditian, whose beauty procuretl her many atlmirers. Her father behavetl with such coldness to her lovers tliat tliey murdor- e. — Horal. 1. Sat. 10, V. 19. Calybe, a town of Tliracc, Strab. 17. The motlicr of Bucolion by Laometlon. ApoUod. 3, c. VJ. An old woman, priestc-ss in the temple which Juno had at Ardca. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 419. Calvcadsi's, a river of Cilicia. ^ Calyce, a dau;.;hter nf ^^£olus, son of Hclcnus and Enaretta daughter of Dei- miifhus. She had EndjTiiion king of Elis, by Althlius tlie son of Jupiter. Apullod. 1, c. 7. — Vitus. 5, c. 1. .\ Grecian girl, who fell in love with a youth called Evath- lus. As she was unable to gaun the ob- ject of her love, she threw lierself from a precipice. This tragical story was made into a song by StCi.icl)orus, and was still extant in tlie age of At/iena-us, H A daughter of Hecaton motlicr of C-ycnus. Ili/gin. 157. Calvdium, a town on the Appian way. Calydna, an island in the iVIyrtoan sea. Some suppose it to l>e near Ki.odes, others near Tcnedos. Ovid. Met. 8, v. '203. Calydon, a city of .i^tolia, where CBneus, the father of Mei eager, reigned. The Evenus flows through it, and it receives its name from CalyJon the sou of ^Etolus. During tlie reign of (Eneus, Diana sent a wild boar to ravage tlie country, on account of the neglect which had been shown to her 150 divinity by tlie king. .\11 the princes of the age assembled to hunt this boar, which is greatly celebrated by the poets, under the name of the chacc of Calydon, or tlic Calydo- dian boor. iVIclcagcr killed the animal with his own hand, and gave the head to .\talanta, of whom he was enamoured. The skin of tiie boar was preserved, and was still seen in the age of Pausanias, in die temple of Mi- nerva Alca. nie tusks were also preserved by the Arcadians in Tegea, and Augustus carried tliem away to Home, because tlie people of Tegea had followed the party of .Vntony. These tusks were shown for a long time at Rome. t)ne of them was about half an ell long, and the other was broken. [Fid. Meleager and Atalanta.) ApoUod. 1. c. 8. — Pau*. 8. c. 45. — Strab. 8 Homer. 9, V. 577. — Hifsin. fab. 174. — Ovid. Met. 8. fab. 4, .J-f. A son of iEtolus and Pronoe daughter of Phorbas. He gave his name to a town of .Etolia. Calyoonis, a name of Deianira, as living In Calydon. OvUl. Mt. 9, fib. 4. Calydoniis, a surname of Bacchus. Calymxe, an island near Leybnthos. OiHd. Art. Am.'2,y. 81. Calysda, a town of Caria. Pt«l. 5, c 3. Calyiso, one of the Ocoanides, or one of the daughters of Atlas, according to some, was goddess of silence, and reigned in the island of O'.rygia, who^e situation and even existence is doubted. When Ulysses was shipwrecked on her coasts, slie received him with great hospi- tality, and oll'ered him immortality if he woi\ld remain with her as a husbiind. The hero re- fused, and after seven years' delay, he was per- mitted to depart from tlie island l>y order of Mercury tlie messenger of Jupiter. During his stay, I lysseshad two sons by Calypso, Nau- sitliousand Nausinous. Calypso was incon- solable at the departure of Ulysses. Homer. Od. 7 .y l5.—Hesiod. TIteog. v. 3G0.—0vid. de Pont. 4, ep. 18. Amor. 2, el. 17. — Pro- jt^ri. 1, el. 15. Camaloduxl'm, a Roman colony in Bri- tain, supposed Maiden, or Colchester. Camantium, a town of Asia Minor. Camarisa, a town of Italy. A lake of Sicily, with a town of the same name, built B. C. 552. It was destroyed by the Syracu- sans, and rebuilt by a certain Hipponous. The lake was drained contrary to the advice of Apollo, as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence was the consequence ; but the low- ness of tlie lake below the le%'el of the sea pre- vents its beingdrained. 'Ilie words Camarinam mtivt-re are become proverbial to express an unsuccessful and dangerous attempt, Virg. jEn. 5, V. 701. Strab. G. — Hcrodot. 7, C. 134. Camrai LEs, a general of some Gauls who invaded Greece. Pans. 10, c. 19. Cambes, a prince of Lydia of such vora- cious appetite that he ate his own wife, &c. ^lian. 1, r. H. c. 27. Ca.mbre. a place near I\iteolJ. Juv. 7, ▼• 1 54. Cajuunu, C A C A CaMbunii, mountains of Macedonia. Liv. 4, c. 53. CAsiBysEs, a king of Persia, was son of Cyrus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and was so offended at tlie superstition of the Egyi>tians, that he killed their god Apis, and plundered their temples. When he wished to take Pelusium he placed at the head of his army, a number of cats and dogs ; and tlie Egyptians refusing, in the attempt to defend themselves, to kill animals whicli they re- verenced as divinities, became an easy prey to the enemy. Cambyses afterwards sent an army of 50,000 men to destroy Jupiter Am- nion's temple, and resolved to attack tlie Car- thaginians and iEthiopians. He killed his brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and flayed alive a partial judge, whose skin he nailed on the judgment seat, and appointed his son to succeed him, telling him to re- member where he sat. He died of a small wound he had given himself with his sword as he mounted on horseback ; and the Egyptians observed that it was the same place on which he had wounded their god Apis, and that therefore he was visited by the hand of the gods. His death happened 521 years before Christ. He left no issue to succeed him, and his throne was usurped by the magi, and ascended by Darius soon after. Herodot. 2, o, S(C. — Justin. 1, c. 9. — Val. Max. 6, c. 3. A person of obscure origin, to whom king Astyages gave his daughter Mandane in marriage. The king, wlio had been terrified by dreams which threatened the loss of his crown by the hand of his daughter's son, had taken this step in hopes that the children of so ignoble a bed would ever remain in ob- scurity. He was disappointed, Cyrus, Man- dane's son, dethroned him when grown to manhood. Herodot. 1, c. 46, 107, t^c. — Justin. 1, c. 4. A river of Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. Mela, 3, c. 5. Camelani, a people of Italy. CAMELiT^iE, a people of Mesopotamia. Camera, a field of Calabria. Quid. Fast. 3, V. 582. Camerinum & Camertium, a town of Umbria, very faitliful to Rome. The inhabi- tants were called Camertes. Liv. 9, c. 56. CamerInus, a Latin poet who wrote a poem on the taking of Troy by Hercules. 0>)id. 4, ex Pont. d. 16, v. 19. Some of the family of tlie Camerini were distinguished for their zeal as citizens, as well as for their abilities as scholars, among whom was Sulpi- cius, commissioned by the Ptoman senate to go to Athens, to collect the best of Solon's laws. Juv. 7, V. 90. Camerium, an ancient town of Italy near Rome, takvn by Romulus. Plut. in Rom. Camertes, a friend of Turnus killed by iEneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 5G2. Vid. Came- rinum. Cajiilla, queen of the Volsci, was daugh- \5l ter of Metabus and Casmilla. She was edu- cated in the woods, inured to the labors of hunting, and fed upon the milk of mares. Her father devoted her, when young, to the service of Diana. When she was declared queen, she marched at the head of an army, and accompanied by three youthful females of equal courage as herself, to assist Turnus against iEneas, where she signalized herself by the numbers that perished by her hand. She was so swift that she could mn, or rather fly, over a field of corn without bending the blades, and make her way over the sea vnth- out wetting her feet. She died by a wounil which she had received from Aruns. Virg-. JEn. 7, V. 803. 1. IJ, v. 455. Cajulli & Camilla, the priests instituted by Romulus for the service of the gods. Camillus, L. Furius, a celebrated Roman, called a second Romulus, from his services to his counti-y. He was banished by the people, for distributing, contrary to his vow, the spoils he had obtained at Veii. During his exile, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under Brennus. In the midst of their misfortunes, the besieged Romans elected him dictator, and he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the relief of his country, which he delivered, after it had been for some time in the possession of the enemy. He died in the SOtli year of his age, B. C. 365, after he had been five times dictator, once censor, three times interrex, twice a military tribune, and obtained four triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, and Etrurians, and dissuaded his coun- trymen from their intentions of leaving Rome to reside at Veii. When he besieged Falisci, lie rejected, with proper indignation, the of- fers of a schoolmaster, who had beti-ayed iato his hands the sons of the most wordiy citizciK. Pint, in Vita. — Lit'. 5. — Fior. I, c. 15. — Biod. 14. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 825 A name of Mercury. An intimate friend of Cicero. CamIro & Clytia, two daughters of Pan- darus of Crete. When their parents were dead, they were left to the care of Venus ; who, with the other goddesses brought them up with tenderness, and asked Jupiter to grant them kind husbands. Jupiter, to punish upon them the crime of tlieir father, who was accessary to the impiety of Tantalus, or- dered the harpies to carry them away and deliver them to the furies. Pans. 10, c. 3C. — Homer. Od. 20, v. 66. Camircs & Camira, a town of Rhodes, which received its name from Camirus, a son of Hercules and lole. Homer. II. 2, v. 1 65- Ca>iissares, a governor of part of Cilicia, fatlier to Datames. C. Nep. in Hat. Camma, a woman of Galatia, who avenged the deadi of her husband Sinetus upon his murderer Sinorix, by making him drink in a cup, of which the liquor was poisoned, on prutence of marrying him, according to tiie custom of tlieir country, which required that the bridegroonj and his bride should drink L 4 out C A C A out of the same vessel. She escaped by refusing to drink on pretence of illness. Polyden. 8. CAMCENJi, a name given to the muses from the sweetness and melody of their songs d cantu amoeno, or, according to Varro, from carmrn. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 7. Campana lex, or Julian agrarian law, was enacted by J. Casar, A. U. C. 691, to di\idc some lands among the people. Campania, or countr)- of Italy, of which Capua was tlie capital, bounded by Latiuni, Samnium, Picenum, and partof tJic IVfoditer- ranean sea. It is celebrated for its delightful views, and for its fertility. Capua is often called Campana urbs. Strab. 5. — Cic. de Leg. Ag. c. 35. — Justin. 20, c. ). 1. 2'.'. c. 1. — Plin.o,c.5.—Mda, 2, c. 4. — Ftor. 1, c 16. Campe, kept the 100 handed monsters con- fined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, because bhe refused to give llieni tlicir liberty to come to his assistance against tlie Titans. Jlesiod. Theog. 500. — JpollMi 1 , c. 2. Campasvk or Pantaste, a beautiful con- cubine of Alexander, whom tlie king gave to Apelles, vvlio had fallen in love with her, as he drew her picture in her naked channs. It is said that from this beauty llie painter copied the thousand charms of liis Venus Anady- omene. Vim. 3,'>, c. 10. Campi DioMEDis, a plain situate in Apulia. Mart. 13, (•;). 03. Camfsa, a town near Pallcnc. Hcrodot. 7, c. 123. Camfus Mabtics, a large plain at Rome, ■witliout the walls of the city, where the Roman youths performed their exercises, and learnt to wrestle and box, to llirow the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse, drive a chariot. &c. Tlie public assemblies were held tliere. and the officrrs of state chosen, anil audience given to tunign aml)assadors. It was adorned with statues, columns, arches, and jwrticocs. and its pleas;iiit situation made it verj- fre- quented. It was called Martins because de- dicated to Mars. It was sometimi-s called Tiberinus, from its clostness to the Tiber. It was given to the Roman people by a vestal virgin ; but they were deprivctl of it by Tar- quin the Proud, who made it a prixate field, and sowed corn in it. ^\ hen Tarquin was driven from Rome the peojile recovered it, and threw away into the Tiber, tlie com which had grown there, deeming it unlawful for any man to eat of the produce of that land. The sheaves which were thrown into tlie river, stopped in a shallow ford, and by tlie accu- mulated collection of mud became firm ground, and formed an island, which was called the Holy Island, or tlic island of -Esculapius. Dead carcases were generally burnt in the Campus Martins. Strab. 5 Lio. 2, c. 5. 1. 6, c. 'JO. Cajmulogim's. a Gaul raised to great ho- nors by Caesar, for his military abilities. Car%. £eU. G. 7, c. 57. 152 Camulus, a surname of Mars among the Sabines and Ktrurians. Cana, a city and promontory of .^olia. Mela, 1, c. 18. Cakace, a daughter of .^oIus and Enaretta, who became enamoured of her brother Maca- reus, by whom she had a child, whom she ex- posed. The cries of the child discovered tlie mother's incest ; and ..^--olus sent his daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill herself. Ma- careus fled, and became a priest of Apollo at Delphi. Some say that Canacc was ravished by Neptune, by whom slie had many children, among whom were Epopeus, Triops, and Alous. Apollod. 1 . — Hygin. fab. 238, & 242.— Ovid. Hcroid. 11, Trist. 2, V. 384. Canachk, one of Action's dogs. Cakacuus, a statuary of Sicyon. Pans. 6, c 9. Cavje, a city of Locris.-^— of iEoIia. Canarii, a people near mount Atlas in Africa, who received this name because they fed in common w ith their dogs. The islands which they inhabited were called Fortunate by tlie ancients, and are now known by the name of the Canaries. Plin. 5, c. 1. Canathos, a fountain of Kauplia, where Juno yearly washed herself to recover her infant purity. Pau». 2. c. 38. Candace, a queen of .Ktliiopia, in the age of -Augustus, so prudent and meritorious tliat her successors always bore her name. She was blind of one eye. Plin. 6, c. 22,—D\o. 54. — Strab. 17. CANnAviA, a mountain of Eplrus, which separates Illyria from Macedoni.i, Lucan. 6, v. 331. Cakdaules, or Myrsilus. son of Myrsus, was the last of the Heraclida; who sat on the throne of Lydia. He shewed his wife naked to Gyges, one of liis ministers ; and die queen was to incensed, that she ordered Gyges to murder her husband, 718 years before the Christian era. After tliis murder, Gyges married tlie queen and .iscended the tlirone. Justin. 1, c. 7. — Hcrodot. I, c. 7, &c Plut. Sipup. Candu, a people of .Arabia who fed on serpents. Candiupe, a daughter of Qi)nopion, ravish- ed by her brother. Candvba, a town of Lycia. Canens, a nymph called also Venilia, daughter of Janus, and wife to Picus king of tlie Laurentes. When Circe had changed her husband into a bird, she lamented him so much, that she pined away, and was changed into a voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the inhabitants. Ovid. Met. 14. fab. 9. Canephuria, festivals at .Athens in honor of Bacchus, or, according to otlicrs, of Diana, in which all marriageable women offered small baskets to the deity, and received tlie name of Cancphoree, whence statues representing wo- men CA C A men in that attitude were called by the same appellation. Cic. in Vcrr. 4. Canethum, a place of Euboea. A mountain in Bceotia. Caniculares dies, certain days in the summer, in which the star Canis is said to in- fluence the season, and to make the days more warm during its appearance. Mauilius. Canidia, a certain woman of Neapolis, against whom Horace inveighed as a sorceress. Horat. Epod. Canieius, a tribune, who proposed a law to ' empower Pompey to go only with two lictors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians. Pint, in Pomp. Caninefaies, a people near Batavia, where modern Holland now is situate. Tacit. Hist.4,c.l5. C. Caninius Rebilus, a consul with J. Caesar, after the death of Trebonius. He was consul only for seven hours, because his predecessor died tlie last day of the year, and he was chosen only for the remaining part of the day ; whence Cicero observed, that Rome was greatly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had not slept during the whole time of his consulship. Cic. 7, ad Farn. ep. S3. — Plut. in CcBS. Lucius, a lieutenant of Cffisar's array in Gaul. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c. 85. Rufus, a friend of Pliny tlie younger. Plin. 1, ep. 3. Gallus, an in- timate friend of Cicero. Canistius, a Lacedaemonian courier, who ran 1200 stadia in one day. Plin. 7, 0.20. Cani0s, a poet of Gades, cotemporary with Martial. He was so naturally nieny tliat he always laughed. Mart. 1, ep. 62. A Ro- m^an knight who went to Sicily for his amuse- ment, where he bought gardens well stocked ■with fish, which disappeared on the moiTow. Cic. 3. de Ojfic. I'l. Cann^, a small village of Apulia near the Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the Ro- man consuls, P. JEmylius and Terentius Var- ro, and slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, B. C. 216. The spot where this famous battle was fought is now shown by the natives, and denominated the field of blood. J.iv. 22, c.44. — Flor. 2, c.6. — Plut. in Annib. Canopicum ostium, one of the mouths of the Nile, twelve nailes from Alexandria. Paus. 3, c. 21. Canopus, a city of Eg)-pt, twelve miles from Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of Serapis. It was founded by the Spartans, and therefore called Amyclaea, and it received its name from Canopus, the pilot of tlic vessel of Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The inhabitants were dissolute in their manners. Virgil bestows upon it the epitht.t of PellcBus, because Alexander, who was born at Pella, built Alexandria in the neighbourhood. Ital. 11, v. 453. — Mela, 1, c. 9. — Utrab. 17. — Plin. 5, c. 51. — Virg. G. 4, v. 287. The pilot of the sliip of iMenclaus. \:ho died in his 1 Z5 youth on the coast of Egypt, by the bite of a serpent. Mela, 2, c. 7. Cantaera, a river falling into the Indus. Plin. 6, c. 20. Cantabri, a ferocious and warlike people of Spain, who rebelled against Augustus, by whom they were conquered; their country is now called Biscay. Ital. 5, v. 3:26. — Horat. 2, od.6& 11. Cantabri^ laciis, a lake in Spain, where a thunderbolt fell, and in which twelve axes were found. Suet, in Galb. 8. Caktharus, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. Paus. 6, c. 17. A comic poet of Athens. Canthos, a son of Abas, one of the Ar- gonauts. Cantium, a country in the eastern parts of Britain, now called Kent. Ct^s. Pell. G. 5. Canuleia, one of the first vestals chosen by Numa. Plut. A law. Vid. Canuleius. C. Canuleius, a tribune of the people of Rome, A. U. C. 510, who made a law to render it constitutional for the patricians and plebeians to intermarry. It ordained also, that one of the consuls should be yearly chosen from the plebeians. Liv. 4, c. 5, <^c. — Flor. 1, c. 17. Cakulia, a Roman virgin, who became pregnant by her brother, and killed herself by order of her father. Plut. in Parall. Canusium, now Canosa, a town of Apulia, whither the Romans fled after the battle of Cannse. It was built by Diomedes, and its inhabitants have been called bilingues, because they retained the language of their founder and likewise adopted that of tlieir neighbours. Horace complained of the grittiness of their bread. The wools and the cloths of the place were in high estimation. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, V. 50. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Plin. 8, c. 11. Caxusius, a Greek historian under Pto- lemy Auletes. Plut. Canutius Tiberinus, a tribune of the people, who, like Cicero, furiously attacked Antony, when declared an enemy to the state. His satire cost him his life. Pa- tercul. 2, c. 64. A Roman actor. Plut, in Brut. Capaneus, a noble Argive, son of Hippo- nous and Astinome, and husband to Evadne. He was so impious, that when he went to the Theban war, he declared that he would take Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such contempt provoked the god, who struck hini dead with a thunderbolt. His body was burnt separately from tlie others, and his wife threw herself on the burning pile to mingle her ashes with his. It is said that .Esculapius restored him to life. Oiid. Met. 9, v. 404. — Stat. Theb. 3, Sec. — Hygin. fab. 68 & 70.— Euripid. in Pkceniss. tj Supp. — JEschyl. SejU. ante Theb. Capella, an elegiac poet in the age of J. Caesar. Ovid, de Pont. 4, d. 16, v. 56. Martianus, a Cartliaginian, A. D. 490, who wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury and C A C A and philology, and in praise of the liberal arts. I'he best edition is that of Walthardus, 8vo. Berna;, 1763. A gladiator. Juv. 4, v. 155. Cap£na, a gate of Rome. Oi'id. Fast. 5, V. 192. Cafen'as, a small river of Italy. Stat. Tht-b. 15, V. 85. CAPtNi, a people of Etrnria, in whose territory Feronia had a grove and a temple. yir^. ^n. 7, V. 697. — Liv. 5, 22, tJJ-c Capek, a river of Asia Minor. Capktc's, a king of Alba, who reigned 36 years. Diotii/s. A suitor of Hippodamia. J'aia. 6, c 21 . CAi'iiAKErs, a lofty mountain and pro- montory of Eubtca, where Naupliu-i king of tlij country, to revenge the death of his son Palamedes, slain by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the darkness of night, which caused the Greeks to b* shipwrecked on the coast rir::;. yEn. 11, v. 2iiO.—Ovul. iht. 14, v. 481. — Fropcrt. 4, el. 1 , v. 115. C A viiY^:, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 23. Capio, a Roman, famous for his fricndsliip with Cato. PInI. dc Put. Am. CapIto, the uncle of Paterculus, who join- ed Agri])pa against Crassus. PatrrcuL 2, c. C9. i'onteius, a man sent by Antony to settle his disputes witli Augustus. Ilorat. 1. Sat. 5, v. 32. A man accused of extortion, in Cilicia, and severely punished by tlie senate. Juv. 8, v. y3. An epic poet of Alexandria. who wrote on love. An lii-.torian of Lycia, vho wrote an account of Is.-iiiri;i in eight books. A poet wlio wrote on illustrious men. CAPiiOLiNi i.iTi, games yearly celebrated at Rome in honor of Jupiter, «ho pri-served the cnpitol from tlie Gauls. CAPiToi.iNi's, a surname of Jupiter, from Ills temple on mount Capitolinus. .\ sur- name of M. INlnnlius, who, for his ambition, was thrown down from tlie 'I'arpeian rock which lie had so nobly defended. A moun- tain at Rome, called also ."Nlons 'I'arpeius, and Mons Saturni. The Capitol was built upon it. A man of lascivious morals, consul with Warcellus. Ifut. in Marcel. Julius, an author in Dioclesian's reign, who wiote an ac- count of the life of ^'crlls, Antoninus I'ius, the Gordians, &c. most of which are now lost. Capjtolum, a ceKbrated temple and ci- tadel at Rome on the Tarpeian rock, the plan of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It was begun by ServiusTidlius, finished by Tarquin Supcrbus, and consecrated by the consul Ho- raliiis after tlie expulsion of tlie Tarquins from Rome. It was built upon 4 acres of ground, the front was adorned with tliree rows of pillars. and tlie other sides witli two. The ascent to it iVom the ground wiis by an hundred steps. The inagnificence and richness of tliis temple are almost incredible. All the consuls successively made donations to tlie capitol, and Augustus Ijestowed upon it at one time 2(XX) pounds weight of gold. Its thresholds were made of brass, and its roof was gold. It wasacm, and witli tliese they paid tlieir tributes to tlie king of Persia, while under his power, for want of money. TTie kings of Cappadoeia mostly bore the name of Ariarathcs. Horat. 1, ./;. 6, V. ."9. — I'Un. 6, c. 3. — Curt. 3 & 4. — Mrah. I 1 & 16. — Herodtil. 1, C. 73. 1. 5, C. 4!). —Mela, 1, c2. 1.3,08. CAPPADox.a river of Cappadoeia. Piin. 6, C.3. Capraria, now Cabrera, a mountainous island on the coast of Spain, famous for its goats. PUn. 3, c. (j. CApREiE, now Ciipri, an island on tlie coast of Campania, abounding in quails, and famous for the residence and debauciieries of the emperor Tiberius, during tlie seven last years of his life. Tlie island, in whiiii now several medals are dug up expressive of the licentious morals of the emperor, is about 40 miles in circumference, and surroundt-d by steep rocks. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 709 — Suet, in Til: — Siat. SyL 3, v. 5. Catrje C A CA Capre^ Palus, a place neai- Rome where Romulus disappeared. Plut. in Rom. — Ovid. Fast. 2, V. 491. Capricornus, a sign of the zodiac, in which appear 28 stars in the form of a goat, supposed by the ancients to be tlie goat Amal- thaea, which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that it is Pan, who changed himself into a goat when frightened at the approach of Typhon. When the sun enters this sign it is the winter solstice', or the longest night in the year. Manil. 2 & 4. — Horat. 2, od. 17, V. 19.— Ht/gi7i. fab. 196. P.J. 2, c. 28, Caprificialis, a day sacred to Vulcan, on which the Athenians offered him money. Plin. ll,c. 15. CaprIjia, a town of Caria. Capkipedes, a surname of Pan, the Fauni and the Satyrs, from their having goats' feet. Caprias, a great informer in Horace's age. Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 66. CaprotIna, a festival celebrated at Rome in July in honor of Juno, at which women only officiated. [Vid. Philotis. ) Va7-ro. de L. L. 5. Capris, a harbour near mount Athos. Capsa, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast deserts full of snakes. Flor. 5, c. 1. — Sail. Bell. Jug. Capsage, a town of Syria. Ciirf. 10. Capl'a, the chief city of Campania in Italy, supposed to have been founded by Capys, the father, or rather the companion of Anchises. This city %vas very ancient, and so opulent that it even rivalled Rome, and was called altera Roma. The soldiers of Annibal, after the battle of Cannae, were enervated by the plea- sures and luxuries which powerfully prevailed in this voluptuous city and under a soft cli- mate. Virg. uEn. 10, v. IA5.—Liv. 4, 7, 8, Sfc. — Paterc. 1, c. 7. 1. 2, c. 44. — Flor. 1, c. \6. — Cic. in Philip. 12, c. 3. — Pint, in Ann. Capys, a Trojan who came with iEneas into Italy, and founded Capua. He was one of those who, against the advice of ThjTnoetes. wished to destroy the wooden horse, which proved the destruction of Troy. Virg, JEn. 10, V. 14.5 A son of Assaracus by a daughter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises by Themis. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 33. Capvs Sylvius, a king of Alba, who reigned twenty-eight years. Dionys. Hal. — Virg. JEn. C, V. 768. Car, a son of Phoroneus, king of IMegara. Pans. 1, c. 59 & 40. A son of Manes, who married Callirhoe, daughter of the Mseander. Caria received its name from him. Herodot. 1, c. 171. Carabactra, a place in India. Carabis, a town of Spain. Caracalla. Vid. Antoninus. Caracates, a people of GermanJ^ Caractacus, a king of the Britons, con- quered by an officer of Claudius Csesar, . .7A 4D. Tacit. Ann. c. 12, 33 & 57. 155 CaruE, certain places between Susa and the Tigris, where Alexander pitched his camp. Carpus, a surname of Jupiter in Boeotia, — in Caria. Caralis, (or ^s, ium) the chief city of Sardinia. Pans. 10, c. 17. Carambis, now A'ercmpi, a promontory of Paphlagonia. Alela 1 , c. 19. Caranus, one of the Heraclidae, the first who laid the foundation of the Macedonian empire, B. C. 814. He took Edessa, and reigned twenty-eight years, which he spent in establishing and strengthening the government of his newly founded kingdom. He was succeeded by Perdiccas. Justin. 7, c. 1. — Paterc. 1, c. 6". A general of Alexander. Curt. 7. An harbour of Phoenicia. Carausius, a tyrant of Britain for seven years, A. D. 295. Carbo, a Roman orator, who killed himself because he could not curb the licentious man- ners of his countrymen. Cic. in Brut Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who em- braced the party of 3Iarius, and after the death of Cinna succeeded to the government. He was killec' in Spain in his third con- sulship, by ortlcT of Pompey. Vcl. Max. 9, c. 13. An orator, son of Carbo the orator, killed by the army when desirous of re- establisliing the ancient military discipline. Cic. in Brut. CARCHiiDON, the Greek name of Car- thage. Carcinus, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in the age of Philip of Macecion. He wrote on the rape of Proserpine. I)iod. 5. An- other of Athens. Another of Naupactum. A man of Rhcgium, who exposed liis son Agathocles on account of some uncommon di-eams during his wife's pregnancy. Aga- thocles was preserved. Diod. 19. An Athenian general, who laid waste Peloponne- sus in the time of Pericles. Id. 12. Carcinus, a constellation, the same as the Cancer. Lucan. 9, v, 536. Cakdaces, a people of Asia Minor. Slrab. 15. Cardajiyle, a town of Argos. Cardia, a town in the Thracian Cherso- nesus. Plin. 4, c. 1 1. Carduchi, a warlike nation of IMedia, along the borders of the Tigris. Diad. 1 4. Cares, a nation which inhabited Caria, and thought themselves the original possessors of that countiy. They became so powerful that their country was not sufficiently extensive to contain them all, upon which they seized the neighbouring islands of the jEgean sea. These islands were conquered by Minos king of Crete. Nileus son of Codrus invaded their country, and slaughtered many of the inhabit- ants. In this calamity, the Carians, surrounded on every side by enemies, fortified them- selves in the mountainous parts of the country, and, soon after, made themselves terrible by sea. They were anciently called Leleges. Herodot C A C A Herodot. 1, c. 146 & \ll. — Paus. 1, c. 40. Slrab.\o. — Curt. 6, C.3. — Justin. \5, C. 4. Virg,. jJin. 8, V. 725. Caresa, an island of the jEgean sea, op- posite Attica. Caressus, a river of Troas. Carfisia, an immodest woman, mentioned .Tuv. 2, V. 69. Caria, now Aldinelli, a country of Asia Minor, whose boundaries have been different in different ages. Generally speaking, it was at the south of Ionia, at the east a;id north of the Icarian sea, and at the west of Phrygia Ma- jor, and Lycia. It lias been called Phoenicia, because a Phoenician colony first settled there : and aftenvards it received the name of Caria, from Car, a king who first invented the augu- ries of birds. The chief to^-n was called HiUi- carnassus, where Jupiter was the diief deity. {Vid. Cares.) A poet of Thrace. Mda, 2, c. 2. Cabias. a town of Peloponnesus. A general. Vid. Laches. Cariate, a town of Bactriana, where Alex- ander imprisoned Callisthcnes. Cahii.la, a town of tlie Piceni, destroyed by Anniljal, for its great atlachmcnl to Rome. iV/. Ital. «. Carina, a virgin of Caria, &c. Vcbicpn. 8. Carin.k, certain edifices at Home, built in the manner of ships, whicli were in the temple of Tcllus. Some suppose that it was a street in which Pompey's house was built. Virg. jEn. 8, V. 561. — Horat. 1, t7>. 7. Cai'.i.nk. n lown near the Caicus in Asia Minor. HtTudit. T, c. A'l. Caiu.vis, (."Nl. Aureliiisl a Roman who attemptetl to succeed liis fjther Cams as em- peror. He was fnmons for his debaucheries and cruelties. Dioclesian defeated him in Da!in<>', c. 25. CARMANOK,a Crvtim, who piwified .Apollo of slaughter. Pans. 2. c. 50. Caumk, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and motlier of Hritomartis by Jupiter. She was one of Diana's attendants. Paus. 2, c. 50. CAR^tELfs. a god among the inhabitants of mount Carmel, situate between Syria and Ju- d.Ta. Tncit. Hist. 2, c. 7S. — Snrton. I'ltp. 3. Carmexta & Cabmi.ntis, a prophetess of Arcadia, mother of Kvander, with whom she came to Italy, and was received by king Fau- nus al)out 60 years before the Trojan war. Her name was 2\'icostralti, and slie received that of Carnitiitts from the wildness of her looks when givmg oracles, as if cartas mnttii. She was the oracle of the peopleof Italy during 1J6 her life, and after death she received divine honors. She had a temple at Rome, and the Greeks offered her sacrifices under the nanu- of Themis. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 467. 1. 6, v. 5" . — Pint, in Jioniul. — Fir^.^n.S, y. 339.— Liv. 5, c. 47. Carmestales, festivals at Rome in honor of Carmenta, celebrated the 1 1th cf Janua near the Porta Carmentalis, below the Capi* This goddess was entreated to render the lii man matrons prolific, and tlieir labors ea- . Liv. 1, c. 7- Carmentalis forta, one of the gates Rome in tlie neighbourhood of tlie Capi' It wasat'terwards called ScclercUa, because t Fabii passed through it on going to that i tal expedition where they perished. T.-. JCn. 8, v. 338. Cakmides, a Greek of an uncommon n.c- morj'. Plin. 7, c. 24. Carna & Cardinea, a goddess at Ro.. • who presided over hinges, as also over tlie i. trails and secret parts of the human body. S was originally a nymph called Grane, wl. Janus ravished, and, for the injury he gave ! the power of presiding over the exterior m houses and of removing all noxious birds from the doors, Tlie Romans offered her beans, bacon, and vegetables, to represent the simplicity of their ancestors. Ovid. Fast. 6, T. 101, &c. Carxashs, a village of Messcnia in Pt;> ponnesus. Paus. 4, c. 33. CARNtinrs, a philosopher of Cyrene in Africa, founder of a «ect called the tliird or new academy. TTie Athenians sent him with Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripa- tetic, as ambassadors to Rome, U. C. 155. The Roman youth were extremely fond of the company of dicse learned philcopliers; and when Cameadcs, in a speech, had given an accurate and judicious dissertation upon justice, and in another speech confuted a'! the arguments he had advanced, and apparently given no existence to tlie virtue he had so much commended, a report prevailed all over Rome, that a Grecian was come who had so captivated by his words the rising ge- neration, that they forgot their usual air.u-ie- rrents, and r.in mad after philosophy, ^\'hen t! ■ •• ' ■' •'■- — '" Cato the censor, he J- . • to the Atiicnian a; , ;ind riismisbcd them in haste, expressing his apprehensions of their corrupting the opinions of the Roman people, whose only profession, he st< mly ol>served, was arms and wnr. Carneades denied tlial any thing could be perceived orunderstootl in the world, and he v.-as the first ul.o introduced an universal suspension of assent. He died in the 90\h year of his age, B. C. 128. Cic. ad Attic. 12, eju 25. de drat. 1 & 2. — Kin. 7, c. 30. — Lactr.iitius 5, C. 14. — Vol. Max. 8, c. 8. Carneia, a festival observed in most of the Grecian cities, but more particularly at Spart-i, where C A C A where it was first instituted, about 675 B. C. in honor of ApoUo surnained Carneus. It lasted nine days, and was an imitation of the manner of living in camps among the ancients. Carnion, a town of Laconia. A river of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 34. Carnus, a prophet of Acarnania, from whom ilpollo was called Carneus. Pans. 3, 13. CarnCtes, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cos. i £ell. G. 6, c. 4. Carpasia & Carpasiubi, a town of Cyprus. J Carpathus, an island in the Mediterra- nean between Rhodes and Crete, now called Scapanto. It has given its name to a part of the -neighbouring sea, thence called the Car- pathian sea, between Rhodes and Crete. Carpatlms was at first inhabited by some Cretan soldiers of Minos. It was 20 miles in circumference, and was sometimes called Tetrapolis, from its four capital cities. Pan. 4, c 12. — Herodot. 3, c. 45. — Diod. 5. — Strab. 10. Carpia, an ancient name of Tartessus. Pav^.6, c. 19. Carpis, a river of Mysia, Herodot. Carpo, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of the Seasons. She was loved by Calamus the son of Mreander, whom she equally admired. She was drowned in the Maeander, and was changed by Jupiter-into all sorts of fruit. Pavs. 9, c. 35. Carpophora, a name of Ceres and Pro- serpine in Tegea. Pans. 8, c. 55. Carpophorus, an actor greatly esteemed by Domitian. Mortiul. — Juv. 6, v. 198. Carrie & Carrh^, a town of Mesopota;- mia, near which Crassus was killed. Lucan. 1, ■V. \05. — Plin.5, c 14. Carrinatjes Secundus, a poor but inge- nious rhetorician, who came from Athens to Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, especially against tyrannical power, exposed him to Caligula's resentment, who banished him. Juv. 7, v. 205. Carruca, a town of Spain. Hi)-t. Htsp. 27. Carseoli, a town of the j^Lqui, at the west of the lake Fucinus. Oirid. Fast. 4, v. 683. Cartalias, a town of Spain. Carteia, a town at tlie extremity of Spain, nfear the sea of Gades, supposed to be the same as Calpe. Cartena, a town of Mauritania, now Tenez, on the shores of the Meditenanean. Carth^a, a town in the island of Cea, whence the epithet of Carthcius. Odd. Met. 7, V. 368. Carthacinienses, the inhabitants of Car- thage, a rich and commercial nation. Vid. Carthago. Carthago, a celebrated city of Africa, the rival of liome, and long the capital of the counti-y, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia. The precise time of its foundation is unknown, yet moot writers seem to a^-rce 157 '.that it was first built by Dido, about 869 years before the Christian era, or, according to others, 72 or 95 years before the founda- tion of Rome. This city and republic flo- rished for 737 years, and the time of its greatest glory was under Annibal and Amil- car. During the first Punic war, it con- tained no less than 700,000 inhabitants. Tt maintained three famous wars against Rome, called the Punic wars, [ Vid. Punicum Bel- lum.] in the third of which Carthage was totally destroyed by Scipio the second Afri- canus, B. C. 147, and only 5000 persons were found within the walls. It was 23 miles in circumference, and when it was set on fire by the Romans, it burned incessantly during 1 7 days. After the destruction of Carthage, Utica became powerful, and the Romans thought themselves secure ; and as they had no rival to dispute with them in the field, they fell into indolence and inactivity. Caesar planted a small colony on the ruins of Car- thage. Augustus sent there 5000 men ; and Adrian, after tlie example of his imperial predecessors, rebuilt part of it, which he called AdrianopoUs. Cailhage was con- quered from tlie Romans by the arms of Genseric, A.D. 439; and it was for more than a century the seat of the Vandal empire in Africa, and fell into the hands of the Saracens in the 7th century. The Cartha- ginians were governed as a republic, and had two persons yearly chosen among them with regal authority. They were very supersti- tious, and generally offered human victims to their gods ; an umiatural custom, which their allies wished them to aboUsh, but in vain. They bore the character of a faithless and treacherous people, and the proverb Punica JidcS is well known. Strab. 17. — Virg. jEn. 1, &c. — Mela, 1, &c. — Ptol. 4. — Justin. — Liv. 4, &c Pulerc. 1 & 2. — Plut. inAnnib. &c. — Cic. Nova, a town built in Spain, on the coasts of the Mediten-anean, by Asdrubal the Carthaginian general. It was taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered himself after a heavy loss. It now bears the name of Car- tkagcna. Polyb. 10. — Liv. 26, c. 45, &c. — Sil. 13, V. 220, &;c. A daughter of Her- cules. Carthasis, a Scythian, &c. Curt. 7, c. 7. Carthea, a town of Cos. Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 9. Carvilius, a king of Britain, who attacked Caesar's naval station by order of Casnivelaunus, &c. Ops. Bull. G. 5, c. 22. Spurius, a Roman, who made a large image of the breast- plates taken from the Sanmites, and placed it in tlie capitol. Plvt. 54, c. 7. — — The first Roman who divorced his wife during the space of about 600 years. Ihis was for bar- renness, B. C. 251. Dionys. Hal. 2. — Vol. Max. 2, c. 1. Carus, a Roman emperor who succeeded Probus. He was a prudent and active gene- ral; CA C A ral ; he conquered the Samnatians, and con- tinued the Persian war which hi-; predtctssor had commenced. He reigned two years, and died on tlie hanks of the Tijrris as he was going in an expedition against Persia, A. D. 285. He made his two son;. Carinus and Numerianiis. Casars ; and as his many virtues had proniise(i the Romans happiness, he was made a god after death. Ktitrop. One of those who attempted to scale the rock Aomus, hy order of Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 1 1. Carta, a town of .Arcadia. -A city of Laconia. 7'(/».'. •>, c. I<>. Here a festival was oljsurved in honor of Diana Cart/atis. It was then usual for virgins to meet at the cele- bration and join in a certain dance, said to have been first instituted by Castor and Pol- lux. When Greece was invaded l)y Xerxes, the Laconians MA not appear before die enemy for fear of displeasing the goddess, by not celebrating her festival. At that time the peasants assembled, at the u»sual place, and saeig i)astor!ds called Bsux •>.(-"■<. from B'vx*- >.ef, a neutlwrd. From this circumstance, some suppose that Bucolics originated. Stat. 4. Tlub. -J'-'.". Carvanda, a town and island on the coast of Caria, now Karacoion. Carvat.k, a people of ,\rcadia. Carvstils AsTiiiosu^. an historian, dc. B.C. *J1S. Carvstls, a maritime town on the soudi of £uba-a, still in existence, famous for its marble. Slat. 2, Syii: 'J, v. 95. — Martial. 9, <•/>. 76. Caryum, a place of Laconia. where Ari- stomenes preserved some virgins, &c. Paus. •!, c. 16. Casca, one of Carsar's assassins, who gave liim tlie first blow. I'lut. in Cers. Casckllius .\i i.i;s, a lawyer of great merit in tlie Augustan age. Horat. Art. Poet. 371. CA8ii.iM M, a town of Campania. Hlien it was besieged by Hannibal, a mouse sold for 2(X) denarii. The place was defended by 540 or .'■>T0 natives of I*r.xneste, who. when half their number had perished either by war or famine, surrendered to die conqueror. Liv.23, c. l!1. — Sirak 5. — Cic. de Im: '2, C.5. — Plin. 5, c. 5. CasIna & CAsisiM, a town of Campania. Sii. 4, v. 2'J7. Casius, a mountain near the Euphrates. — — .'Xnothcr .it the east of Pelusium, where Pompey's toml> was raisetl by .Adrian. Ju- piter, surnamed Cnsius, had a temple tliere. Lucan. 8, v. 858. .Anotlicr in Syria, from vrhose top the sun can be scion rising, tliough it be still the darkness of night at the bottom of the mountain. P/in. 5, c. 'i'J. — ^fl^a, 1 ft 3. Casmt.kx. a town built by the 3yracusaiis in Sicily. Thucyd. 6, c. 5. ' Casmili.a, tl>e mother of Camilla. Firg. -Z'n. II, v. 545. 138 Caspkria, wife of Rhortu» king of the Marrubii, committed adultery with her son- in-law. Virg. JEn. \0, v. 588 A town of the Sabines. Virg. jEn. 7. v. 714. Casi£kula, a town of the .Sabines. SH.^. V. 416. Caspia; TOKtx, certain passes of -Asi:!, which som« place about Caucasus, and the Caspian sea, and others between Persia and the Caspian sea, or near mount Taurus, cr .Armenia, or Cllicia. Diod. 1. — Plhu 5, c. V? 1. C, c 15. Caspiaxa, a country of Armenia. Caspii, a Scythian nation near the Caspi.-in sea. .Such as had liveil beyond their Tm year were starred to death. Their dogs wir. remarkable for tJieir fierceness. Herodot. ~, c. 92, &c. I. 7, c. 67, &c,— C. Kejt. 14, c. 8. — llrg. Aln. 6, v. 79S. Caspium marc, or HtrcImum, a large sea in the form of a lake, which ha.s no communication with other seas, and lies be- tween tlie Caspian and Hyrcaniaii moun- tains, at die north of Parthia, receiving in its capacious betl the tribute of several large river;. .Ancient authors assure us, that it produced enomious serpents and ttslies, different in color and kind from those of all other waters. The eastern jwirts are more particularly called the Hi/rcaninn stki, and the western the Casyian. It is now called the sea of SaJa or Baku. The Cas- pLin is about 680 miles long, and in no part more tlian 260 in breadth. There lire no tides in it, and on account of its numerous shoals, it is navigable to vessels drawing only nine or ten feet water. It h.TS strong currents, and, like inLuid seas, i^ lial>le to violent storms. Some navigators examined it in 1708, by order of the Czar Peter, and after the labor of three years, a map of its extent was publishear's murder lie dined at the housi' of Antony, who askiil him whether he had tlien a dagger con- cealed in his bosom ; yes, replied he, if you aspire to tyranny. Sucton. in Cas. tj- Aug. — TliU. in Brut. ^- CiW. 11. — Val. Max. 6, c. 3. Brutus, a Rorqan wlio be- trayed his country to Uie Latins, and (led to tho temple of I'allas, where his father confined him, and he was starved to death. I^onginus, an olKcer of Cicsar in Spain, much disliked. Cees. AU-z. c. 48. A con- sid, to whom Tiberius married Drusilla, fbiughter of Gennauicus. Hu'-ton. in Gai. c. 57. A lawyer whom Nero put to deatli, because he bore tliename of J. Ca-sar's murderer. Sii^t. in Ncr. 57. L. Hemina, the most ancient writer of annals at Ronij. He lired A. U. C. 608 Lucius, a Ro- man lawyer, wliosc severity in tJic execution of the law has rendered the words Cassiaiu judicfs applicable to rigid judges, Cic. pro ICO Rase c. 30. Longinus, a critic. 17./- Lon- ginus. Lucius, a consul widi C. Planus, slain witli his army by the GauL Senones. Apj'ian. in Cei'. M. Sca;va, a soldier of uncommon valoi in Ca?sar's army. I'al. Mill. 5, c. 2. An officer under Aurelius made emperor by his soldiers, and mur- dered three months after. Felix a phy- sician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote on anJmuLs. Sevcrus, an orator wlio wrote a scvu'c treatise on illustrious men and women. He died in exile, in his 'J.')tli year. Vid. Se- verus. Tlic family of the Cassii brandied into the surname of Longinus, Visccllinus, Brutus, &c. Cassotis, a nymph and fountain of Pho- cis. Paus. 10, c. 24. Castauala, a city of Cilicia, whose in- habitants mode war with tlieir dogs. Ptin. 8, c. 40. Castabi's, a to»*Ti of Chcrsonesus. Castalia, n town near Phods. A daugliter of the Achelous. Castalii's pons, or Castalia, a foun- tain of Parnassus, sacrexl to the Muses. Hie waters of this fountain were cool and excel- lent, and they had tlie power of inspiring those who drank of tlicm with the true fire of poetry. 'Hjc muses h.ivc receive.- lena ; and from tlic other, Castor and C.y- tenmesfra. The two former were the ofi- spring of Jupiter, and the latter were be- lieved to be the children of T^-rdarLS, Some supjjose that Leda brought forth o;ily one egg, firom which Caster and Pollux qjrung. Mercury, immediately after their birth, CA CA birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, where they were educated : and as soon as they had arrived to years of maturity, they embarked with Jason to go in quest of the golden fleece. In this expedition botli be- haved with superior courage : Pollux con- quered and slew Amycus in the combat of the cestus, and was ever after reckoned the god and patron of boxing and wrestling. Cas- tor distinguished himself in the manage- ment of horses. The brothers cleared the Hellespont, and the neighbouring seas from pirates, after their return from Colchis, from which circumstance they have been always deemed the friends of navigation. During the Argonautic expedition, in a violent storm, two flames of fire were seen to play around the heads of the sons of Leda, and immediately the tempest ceased and the sea was calmed. From this occurrence their power to protect sailors has been more firmly cre- dited, and the two before mentioned fires, which are very common in sterms, have since been known by tlie name of Castor and Pollux ; and when they both appeared, it was a sign of fair weather ; but if only one was seen it prognosticated storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was consequently solicited. Cas- tor and Pollux made war against the Athe- nians to recover their sister Helen, whom Theseus had caiTied away ; and from their clemency to the conquered, they acquired the surname of Anaces, or benefactors. They were initiated in the sacred mysteries of the Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of Eleusis. They were invited to a feast when Lynceus and Idas were going to celebrate their mar- riage with Phcebe and Talaira, the daughters of Leucippus, who was brother to Tyndarus. Their behaviour after this invitation was cruel. They became enamoured of the two women whose nuptials they were to celebrate, and resolved to carry them away and marry them. This violent step provoked Lynceus and Idas : a battle ensued, and Castor killed Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux revenged the death of his brother by killing Idas ; and, as he was immortal, and tenderly attached to his brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore him to life, or to be deprived him- self of inunortality. Jupiter permitted Cas- tor to share the immortality of his brother ; and consequently as long as the one was upon earth, so long was the other detained in the infernal regions, and they alternately lived and died every day ; or, according to others, every six months. This act of fraternal 7ove Jupiter rewarded by making the two brothers constellations in heaven, under the name of Getnini, which never appear toge- tlicr, but when one rises the other sets, and so on alternately. Castor made Talaira mo- ther of Anogon, and Phcebe had Mnesileus by Pollux. They received divine honors after death, and were generally called Dioscuri, sons of Jupiter. White lambs were more particu- 161 larly oflTered on their altars, and the ancients were fond of swearing by the divinity of the Dioscuri, fay the expressions of uEdepol and ^castor. Among the ancients, and especially among the Romans, there prevailed many public reports, at different times, that Castor and Pollux had made their appearance to their armies ; and mounted on white steeds, had marched at the head of their troops, and furiously attacked the enemy. Their sur- names were many, and tliey were generally represented mounted on two white horses, armed with spears, and riding side by side, with their head covered with a bonnet, on whose top glittered a star. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 109. Fast. 5, c. 701. Am. 3, el. 2, v. 54. — Hi/gin.fab. 77 ^ 78. — Homer. Hymn, in Jov. puer. — Eurip. in Helen. — Plut. in Thes, — Virg.uEn. 6, v. 121. — Manil. Arg. 2. — Liv. 2. — Dionys. Hal. 6. — Justin. 20, c. 3. — Herat. 2, Sat, 1, v. 27. — Flor. 2, c. 12 Cic. deNat. B.% c. 2. — Apollon. 1 Apollod. 1, c. 8, 9. 1. 2, c. 4. 1. 5, c. 11. — Pavs. 5, c. 24. 1. 4, c. 3 & 27. An ancient physician. — — A swift runner. A friend of -^ne- as, who accompanied him into Italy. Virg. Mn. 10, V. 124. An orator of Rhodes, related to king Dejotarus. He wrote two books on Babylon, and one on the Nile. — — A gladiator. Horut. 1 , ej). 1 8, v. 1 9. Castra Alexandri, a place of Egypt about Pelusium. Curt. 4, c. 7. » Corne- lia, a maritime town of Africa, between Car- thage and Utica Mela, 1, c. 7. Anni- balis, a town of the Brutii, now Rocella. — — Cyri, a country of Cilicia, w here Cyrus encamped when he marched against Crcesus. Curt. 3, c. 4. Julia, a town of Spain. Posthumiana, a place of Spain. Hirt. Hisp. 8. Castratius, a governor of Placentia during the civil wars of Marius. Fal. Max. 6, c. 2. Castrum Novum, a place on the coast of Etruria. Liv. 36, c. 3, — Truentinum, a town of Picenum. Cic. de Attic. 8, ep. 12. Inui, a town on the shores of the Tyr- rhene sea. Firg. JEn. 6, v. 775. Castulo, a town of Spain, where An- nibal married one of the natives. Thd. in Sert.—Liv. 24, c. 41. — Ital. 3, v. 99 & 591. Catabattimos, a great declivity near Cy- rene fixed by Sallust as the boundary of Afri- ca. Sallust. Jug. 17 & 19. — Plin. 5, c. 5. CATADurA, the name of the large "cata- racts of the Nile, whose immense noise stims the ears of travellers for a short space of time, and totally deprives the neighbouring inhabi- tants of the power of hearing. Cic. de Somn. Scip. 5. Catagogia, festivals in honor of Venus celebrated by the people of Eryx. Vid. Ana- gogia. CATAiviFTJTEfeES, a king of tlie Sequani, in alliance with Rome, &c. Ctzs. Bell. G. 1, c. 3. M CATAMAi CA CA 'CataKa, a town of Sicily at the foot of moant ^tna, founded by a colony from Chalcis, 753 yean, before the christian era. Ores had there a temple, in which none but ¥r;men were permitted to appear. It was large and opulent, and it is rendered remark- able for the dreadful overtlirows to which it baa been subjected from its vicinity to ^tna, which has dischaiged in some of its eruptions, a stream of lava 4 miles broad and 50 feet deep, advancing at tJie rate of 7 miles in a day. Catana contains now about 90,000 inhabitants. Cic in Vcrr. 4, c. 53. I. 5, c. 84. Diod. 11 & 14.— Sfro*. 6.— 'thucyd. 6, c. 3. Cataonia, a country above Cilicb, near Cappadocia. C- Nej). in Dat. 4. Cataract A, a city of the Samnites. Cataractes, a river of Pamphylia. now Dodensnui. Catenes, a Persian by whose means B»s- sufi was seized. Curt. 7, c. 43. Cath^sa, a country of India. Cathari, certain gods of the Arcadians. All Indian nation, where the wives ac- company tlieir husbands to the burning pile, and arc burnt witli them. Diod. 17. Catia, an immodest woman, mentioned Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 95. Catiena, a courtezan in Juvenal's age. Juv. 3, v. 133. Catiknus, an actor at Rome in Horace's age, 2, Sat. 3, v. 61. L. Sergius CATiLiNA, a celebrated Ro- man descended of a noble family. \Vhen he had S(|uandercd away his fortune by his debaucheries and extravagance, and been refused the consulship, he secretly meditated tiie ruin of his country, and conspired willi many of the most illustrious of the Ro- mans, as dissolute as liimsclf, to extirpate the senate, plunder tl»e treasury, and set Rome on fire. This conspiracy was timely discovered by the consul Cicero, whom he had resolved to murder ; and Catiline, after ho had declared his intentions in die full se- nate, and attempted to vindicate himself, on seeing five of his accomplices arrested, re- tired to Gaul, where his partizans were as- sembling an army ; while Cicero at Rome punished tlie condemned conspirators. Pe- tarclus, the other consul's lieutenant, attacked Catiline's ill disciplined troops, and routed them. Catiline was killed in the engapje- raent, bravely fighting, about the middle of December, B. C. 63. His character has been deservedly branded with the foulest infamy ; and to the violence he offered to a vestal, he added the more atrocious mur- der ot" his own brother, for which he would have suffered death, had not friends and bribes prevailed over justice. It has been reported that Catiline and die otiier conspirators drank human blood, to make their oatlis more finn and inviolable. Sal- lust has written an account of the con- 162 spiracy. Cic. in Catii. •— Virg. JEn. 8, v 668. Catilli, a people near the river Amo. Sil. 4, V. 225. Catilius, a pirate of Dalmatia. Cic. Dir. 5. c. 10. Catillls or Catflus, a son of Amphia- raus, who came to Italy with his brothers Co- ras and Tiburtus, where ho built Tibur, and assisted Turnus against .I'-neas. Virg. uEn. 7, V. 672. — Horat. 1, od. 1h, v. 2. Catina, a town of Sicily, called also Catana. [ Vid. Catana. ] A nother of Ar- cadia. M. Catius, an epicurean pliilosopher of Insubria, who wTote a treatise in four books, on the nature of things, and the summum bonum, and an account of the doctrine and tenets of Epicurus. But as he was not a sound or faithful follower of the epicurean philosophy, he has been ridiculed by Horat. 2, Sat. 4. — Quinlil. 10, c. 1. Vestinus, a military tribune in M. Antony's army. Cic. Dii. 10, c. 23. Catizi, a people of the Pj-gma-ans, sup- posed to have been driven from their country- by cranes. Ptin. 4, c. 11. Cato, a surname of tlie Porcian family, rendered illustrious by M. Porcius Cato, a celebratetl Roman, afterwards called Censo- rius, from his having exercised the office ot censor. He rose to all the honors of the state, and the first battle he ever saw was against Annibal, at the age of seventeen, where he behaved with uncommon valor. In his qu.Tstorsliip, under Africaiius against Carthage, and in h'* exi>edition in Spain against die Celtiberians, and in Greece, he displayed e<]ual proofs of his courage and prudence. He was remarkable for his love of temperance ; he never drank but water, and was always satisfied witli whatever meats wore laid upon his table by his servants, whom he never reproved with an angr)' word. During his censorsliip, which he ob- tained, tliough he had made many declara- tions of his future severity if ever in oflict, he Ix-haved with die greatest rigor and im- partiality, shewed himself an enemy to oil luxury and dissipation, and even accused his coUoague "of embezzling tlie public money. He is famous for the great oj)position which he made against the introduction of tlie finer arts of Greece into It.aly, and his treatment of Carneades is well known. This prejudice arose from an apprehension that llic learning and luxury of AUiens would destroy tjie valor and 'simplicity of the Roman people; and he otien observed to his son, that the Romans would be certainly ruined whenever they be- gan to be infected with Greek. It appears, however, that he changed his opinion, for he made himself remarkable for the knowledge of Greek, which he acquired in his old age He himself educated his son, and instructed him in writing and grammar. He taught hlin dc7tcrously CA CA dexterously to" throw the javelin, and imirsd him tp the labors of the field, and to bear cold and heat with the same indifference, and to swim across the most rapid rivers with ease and boldness. He was universally deemed so strict in his morals, that Virgil makes him one of the judges of hell. He repented only of three things during his life ; to have gone by sea when he could go by land, to have passed a day inactive, and to have told a se- cret to his wife. A statue was raised to his memory, and he distinguished himself as much for his knowledge of agriculture as for his political life. In Cicero's age there were fifty orations of his, besides letters, and a celebrated work called Origines, of which the first book gave a history of the Roman mo- narchy ; the second and third an account of the neighbouring cities of Italy ; the fourth a detail of the first, and the fifth of the se- cond Punic war ; and in the others the Roman history was brought down to the war of the Lusitanians, caiTied on by Sen Galba. Some fragments of the Origines re- main, supposed by some to be supposititious. Cato's treatise, De Re rustica, was edited by Auson. Pompna, 8vo. Ant. Plant. 1590; but the best edition of Cato, &c. seems to be Gesner's, 2 vols. 4to. Lips. 1755. Cato died in extreme old age, about 150 B. C. ; and Cicero to shew his respect for him, has intro- duced him in his treatise on old age, as the principal character. Plin. 7, c. 14. Plu- tarch ^ C. Nepos have viTitten an account of his life. Cic. Acad. ^ de Senect. cfc. Marcus, the son of the Censor, married the daughter of P. ^mylius. He lost his sword in a battle, and though wounded and tired, he went to his friends, and, wth their assist- ance, renewed the battle, and recovered his sword. Plut. in Cat. A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato the censor. He had five horses killed under him in battles. Plut. in Cat. Valerius, a grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the time of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many noble pupils, and wrote some poems. Ovid. 2, Ttist. I, v. 436. Marcus, sumamed Uticensis, from his death at Utica, was great grandson to the cen- sor of the same name. The early vii-tues that appeared in his childhood, seemed to promise a great man ; and, at the age of four- teen, he earnestly asked his preceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla. He was austere in his morals, and a strict follower of the tenets of the Stoics ; he was careless of his dress, often appeared barefooted in public, and never travelled but on foot. He was such a lover of discipline, that in whatever ofRce he was employed, he always reformed its abuses, and restored the ancient regula- tions. When he was set over the troops in the capacity of a conunander, his removal was universally lamented, and deemed almost a public loss by his afiectionate soldiers. His fondness for candor was so great, that the 165 veracity of Cato became proverbial. In his visits to his friends, he wished to give as little molestation as possible ; and tlie importuning civilities of king Dejotarus so displeasetl him when he was at his court, that he hastened away from his presence. He was very jea- lous of the safety and liberty of the republic, and watched carefully over the conduct of Pompey, whose power and influence were great. He often expressed his dislike to sei-ve the office of tribune ; but when he saw a man of corrupted principles apply for it, he ofTcred himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtained the tribuneship. In the con- spiracy of Catiline, he supported Cicero, and was the chief cause tliat the conspirators were capitally punished. When the provinces of Gaul were decreed for five years to Cssar, Cato observed to the senators, that they had introduced a tyrant into the Capitol. He was sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy, who had rebelled, by his enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the expedition woidd injure his reputation. But his prudence extricated him from every danger. Ptolemy submitted, and after a successful campaign, Cato was received at Rome with the most distinguish- ing honors, which he however, modestly de- clined. When the first triumvirate was formed between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with all his might, and with an independent spirit, foretold to the Roman people all the misfortunes which soon after followed. After repeated applications he was made pretor, but he seemed rather to disgrace than support the dignity of that office, by the meanness of his dress. He applied for the consulship, but could never obtain it. WTien Caesar had passed the Rubicon, Cato advised the Roman senate to deliver the care of the republic into the hands of Pompev •, and when his advice had been complied with, he followed him with his son to Dyrrachium, where, after a small victory there, he was en- trusted with the care of the ammunition, and of fifteen cohorts. After the battle of Phar- salia, Cato took the command of the Corcy- rean fleet ; and when he heard of Pompey 's death on the coast of Africa, he traversed the deserts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. He refused to take the command of the army in Africa, a circumstance of which he after- wards repented. When Scipio had been de- feated, partly for not paying regard to Cato's advice, Cato fortified himself in Utica, but however, not with the intentions of support- ing a siege. When Cassar approached near the city, Cato disdained to fly, and rather than fall ahve into the conqueror's hands, he stabbed himself after he had read Plato's treatise on the immortality of the soul, B. C. 46, in the 59th year of his age. He had first married Attilia, a woman whose licentious conduct obliged him to divorce her. After- wards he united himself to Martia, daughter of Philip. Ilortensiiis, his friend, wished Wo M 2 raisQ C A C A raise children by Martia, and therefore ob- tained her from Cato. After the death of Hortensiiis, Cato took her again. This con- duct was ridiculed by the Romans, who ob- served tliat ^Ia"tia had entered tlie house of Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed of Cato loaded witli treasures. It was observed that Cato always appeared in mourn- ing, and never laid liimsclf down at lii^ meals since the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, contrary to the custom of the Romans, as if depressed with tlu- recollection that the sui)portcrs of republican liberty were decaying. IHutarch has written an account of liis life. Lucan. 1, v. l-iS, &c. — l\U. Max. 2, C. 10. — Horat. 5, od. 21. — Virg. JEn. 6. V. 841. 1. 8, v. 670. .A son of Cato of Utica, who was killed in a battle after he had acquired much honor. Hut. in Cat. Afin. Catrea, a town of Crete. I'au Catrel's, a king of Crete, killed by his son at Rhodes, unknowingly. Diod. .5. Catta, a woman who had the gift of jirtv phery. Siict. in Vttet. 14. Catti, a people of Gaul and Germany. Tacit. Ann. 15, v. 57. Catlliana, a surname of Minena. from L. Catulus, who dedicated a standaid to her. riin. 34, c. 8. Catullus, C. or Q. Valerius, a poet of Verona, whose compositions elegant and simple, are the offspring of a luxuriant ima- gination. He was acquainted with the most distinguished people of his age, an«l directed his satire against Cncsar, whose only revenge was to invite the poet, and hospitably enter- tain him at his tabic. Catullus was the first Roman who imitated witli success the Greek writers, and introduced their numbers among the Latins, lliough the pages of the poet are occasionally disfigured with licentious ex- pressions, the whole is written with great purity of style. Catullus died in the 46th voar of his ar^e, B. C. 40. Tlie best editions of his works, which consist only of epigrams, are that of Vulpius, 4to. Patavii, 1757, and that of Barbou, I'imo. Paris, 17j4« 3/nr- ti^l. 1, qy. 62. — Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 427. A man Gumamed Urbicarius, was a inimo- grapher. Juv. 13, v. 111. Q. Loctatius CatClus, went with 300 ihips during the first Punic war against the Carthaginians, and destroyed jccts. Cander arose in this park. Xerxes built a famous citadel there after his defeat in Greece. Tiie inhabitants of Celaena; were carried by Antiochus Soter to people Apamea when newly founded. Strab. 1'-'.— Liv. 3S, c. 15. — XfHoji/i. Aiiab. 1.— Mar- syas is said to have contended in its neighbour- hood against Apollo. Harodot. 7, c 26.— L\ican. 3, v. '_'06". Gel a; NO, one of the daughters of Atlas, ravished by Neptune. Ovid. 4, Fast. v. 173. On« of tlie Harpyes, daughter of Nep- tune aiul Terra. ^'iri;. ^n. 5, v. 245 One of the Danaides. Apollod. 2, c 1. A daughter of Neptune and Ergea. J/v,ct;'- A daughter of Hyamus. mother of Del- fhus by Apollo. Paut. 10, c 6. 166 CsLz,«, a town of Peloponnesus. Faus, 2, c. 14. CsLEiA & Cela, a town of Noricum. Plin. 5, c 24. Celelates, a people of Liguria. Liv. 32, c 29. Celendr^, CEi.ENnRis, & Celenderis, a colony of the Somians in Cilicia, with a har- bour of the same name at the mouth of the Selinus. Lucan. f^, v. 259. Celeneus, a Cimmerian, who first taught how persons guilty of murder might be ex- piated. Flacc. 5. V. 406. Cele-nma or CeljKna, a town of Campania, where Juno was worshipped. Virg. ^n. 7, V. 739. Ckler, a man who with Severus undertook to rebuild Nero's palace after the biuning of Rome. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 42. A man called Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped over the walls of Rome, by order of Romulus. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 857. — FltU. in Romul. Melius, a noble youtli to whom Statins dedicated a poem. Cflerbs, 300 of the noblest and strongest youtlis at Rome, chosen by Romulus to be his IkkIv guards, to attend him wherever he went, and to protect his person. The chief or captain was called Tribunus CeUrum. Lit'. 1, c. 15. Celetrl'm, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 51, c. 40. Celeus, a king of Eletisis, father to Trip- tolemus by Metanira. He gave a kind re- ception to Ceres, who taught his son the ctil- tivation of the earth. ( r«oHod. 1, c. 5. — Pans. 1, c 14. A king of Cephallenia. Celmus, a man who nursed Jupiter, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was changed into a magnet stone for saying that Jupiter was mortal. Ovid. Met. 4, V. 281. Celon^, a place of Mesopotamia. Diod. 17. Celscs, an epicurean pliilosopher in the second century, to whom Lucian dedicated one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise against the Christians, to which an answer was returned by Origen. Com. a physician, in the age of Tiberius, who >*Tote eight book« on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs. The best editions of Celsus de nudicind are the 8vo. L. Bat 1 746, and that of Vallart, 1 2mo. Paris apud Didot, 1772. Albinovanus, a friend of Horace, warned against plagiarism, 1, cju 3, v. 15, and pleasantly ridicided in the 8th epustle, for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been preserved.^— Juventi us, a lawyer who con- spired against Domitian. Titus, sman pro- oUiincd CE CE claimed emperor, A. D. 265, against his will, and murdered seven days after. Celt^, a name given to the nation that inhabited tlie country between the Ocean and the Palus Ma'otis, according to some authors mentioned by Plut. in Mario. This name, though anciently applied to the in- habitants of Gaul, as well as of Germany «nd Spain, vi'as more particularly given to a part of the Gauls, whose country, called Gallia Celtica, was situate between tlie rivers Sequana and Garumna, modernly called la Seine and la Garonne. Tlie Celtae seemed to receive their name from Celtus, a son of Hercules or of Polyphemus. The pro- montory which bore the name of Celticum is now called Cape Finisterre. Cas. Bell. G. I, c. 1, ^c. —Mela, 3, c. 2. — Herodot. 4, c. 49. Celtiberi, a people of Spain, descended from the Celtae. Tliey settled near the Ibe- rus, and added the name of the river to that of their nation, and were afterwards called Celtiberi. They made strong head against tlie Romans and Carthaginians when they invaded their country. Their country, called Celtibcria, is now known by the name of Arragon. Diod. 6 Flor. 2, c. 17. — Strab. 4. — Lucan. 4, v. 10. — SU. It. 3, V. 359. Celtica, a well populated part of Gaul, inhabited by the Celt*. Celtic!, a people of Spain. The pro- montory which bore tlieir name, is now Cape Finisterre. Celtillus, the father of Vercingetorix among the Arvemi. Ctes. Belt. G. 7, c. 4. •Celtorii, a people of Gaul, near tire Senones. Plut. Celtoscyth^e, a northern nation of Scy- tiiians. Strab. 10. Cemmenus, a lofty mountain of Gaul. Slrab. Cempsi, a people of Spain at the bottom of the Pyrenean mountains. Dionys. Perieg. V. 558. Cenabum or GenXbum. VU. Genabum. Centum, a promontory of Euboea, where Jupiter Caneus had an altar raised by Her- cules. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 156. — Thucyd. 3, c. 93, Cenchre^, now Kenhri, a town of Pe- loponnesus on the isthmus of Corinth. A harbour of Corinth. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 9, V, 9. — Plin. 4, c. 4. Cenchreis, the wife of Cinyras king of Cyprus, or as others say, of Assyria. Hygin. fab. 58. Cenchreus. a son of Neptune and Sa- lamis, or as some say of Pyrene. He killed a large serpent at Salamis. Pans. 2, c. 2. — Diod. 4. Cenchrius, a river of Ionia near Ephe- sus, where some suppose that Latona was washed after she had brought forth. Tcdi. Ann. 3, c. 61. 167 Cenepohs, a town of Spain, the same as Carthago Nova. Polyb. Cenetiu-vi, a town of Peloponnesus. Strab. Cenneus. Vid. Caenis. Cenimagni, a people on the western part* of Britain. Cenina. Vid. Casnina. Cenon, a town of Italy. Liv. 2, c. 65. Censores, tvvo magistrates of great au- thority at Rome, first created B. C. 445. Their office was to number tlie people, esti- mate the possessions of every citizen, reform and watch over the manners of the people, and regulate the taxes. Their power was also extended over private families : they punished irregularity, and inspected the management and education of the Roman youth. They could inquire into the ex- pences of every citizen, and even degrade a senator from all his privileges and honors, if guilty of any extravagance. This pun- ishment was generally executed in passing over the offender's name in calling the list of the senators. ITie office of public censor was originally exercised by the kings. Ser- vius Tulhus, the sixth king of Rome, first established a census, by which every man was obliged to come to be registered, and give in writing the place of his residence, his name, his quality, the number of his children, of his tenants^ estates, and do- mestics, &c. The ends of the census were very salutary to the Roman republic. They knew their own strength, their ability to support a war, or to make a levy of troops, or raise a tribute. It was required that every knight should be possessed of 400,000 sesterces to enjoy the rights and privileges of his order ; and a senator was entitled to sit in the senate, if he was really worth 800,000 sesterces. This laborious task o. numbering and reviewing the people, was, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, one o- the duties and privileges of the consuls. But when tlie republic was become more pow- erful, and when the number of its citizens was increased, the consuls were found unable to make the census, on account of tlie mul- tiplicity of business. After it had been neglected for 16 years, two new magistrates called censors were elected. They remained in office for five years, and every fifth year they made a census of all the citizens in the Campus Martins, and offered a solemn sa- crifice, and made a lustration in the name of all the Roman people. This space of time was called a lustrum, and ten or twenty years were commonly expressed by two or four lustra. After the office of the censors had remained for some time unaltered, the Ro- mans, jealous of their power, abridged the duration of their office, and a law was made A, U. C. 420, by Mamercus jEmilius, to limit the time of the censorsliip to l^months. After the second Punic war, they were always M 4 chosen CE CE chosen from such persons as had been con- suls ; their otfice was more honorable, though less powerful, than that of the consuls ; the badges of their office were the same, but the censurs were not allowed to have lictors to walk before them as the consuls. AVTien one of the censors died, no one was elected in his room till the live years were expired, and his colleague immediately resigned. 'ITiis circumstance originated from the dcatli of a censor before the sacking of Rome by Bren- nus, and was ever after deemed an unfortu- nate event to the republic. The emperors abolished the censors, and took upon them- selves to execute their office. Censokinus, Ap. CI. was compelled af- ter many services to the state, to assume the imperial puq)le by the soklicrs, by vrtiom he was murdered some days after, A. D. 270. — •^ Martins, a consul, to whom, asapartitu- lar friend, Horace addressed his 4 od. x A. grammarian of the 3d century, whose book, Br- Die Natali, is extant, best edited in 8vo. by Ilavercamp, L. Bat. IT'JV. It treats of the birth of man, of years, months, and days. Census, the numbering of the people at llome, performed by the censors, d ccn^en, to value. Vid. Censores. X god worship- ped at llome, tlie same as Consus. Centauetus, a Calatian, who, when An- tiochus was killed, mounted his horse in tlie greatest exultation. The horse, as if con- scious of disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, and killed himself and his rider. PUn. K, c. 42. Cestal'ri, a people of Thessaly, half men and half horses. They were tlie oft- spring of t^entaurus, son of Apollo, by Stil- bia, daughter of the Peneus. .According to some, the Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion's adventure with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or as others assert, of the union of Centaurus with the mares of Magnesia. This fable of the existence of the Centaurs, monsters supported upon the four less of a horse, arises from tlie ancient people of Thes- saly having tamed horses, and having ap- peared to their neighbours mounted on horss- back, a si^iiit very uncommon at tliat time, and wliich, when at a distance seems only one bfuly. and consequently one creature. Some derive the name iti ru »!v7-u» r^vaeuf, goading bulls, because they went on horse- back after their bulls \vhich had strayed, or because they hunted wild bulls witli horses. Some of the ancients have maintained, that mons'ers Hke the Centaurs can have existed in the natural course of things. Plutarch in Sympos. mentions one seen by Periander ty- rant of Corinth ; and Pliny 7, c. .3, says, that he saw one embalmed in honey, which had !)een brought to Rome from Kgypt in the reign of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs widi die Lapithae is famous in his- tory. Ovid has elegantly described it, and 168 it has also employed the pen of Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus, &c. and Pausanias in Eliac. says, it was represented in the tem- ple of Jupiter at Olyinpia, and also at Athens by Phidias and I'arrhasius according to Pliny, 56, c. 5. The origin of the battle was a quarrel at the marriage of Hippo- damia with Pirithous, where die Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with rude- ness, and even offered violence to the wo- men that were present. Such an insult irritated Hercules, Theseus, and tlie rest oi the Lapithae, who defended the women, wounded and defeated Uie Centaurs, and obliged them to leave their country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their insolence was a second time punished by Hercules, who, when he was going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus was kindly entertained by the Centaur Pholus, who gave him wine which belonged to the rest of the Cen- taurs, but had been given them on condi- tion of tlieir treating Hercules with it when- ever he passed through their territory. They resented the liberty which Hercules took with their wine, and attacked him widi un- common fury. Tlie hero defended himstl. with his arrows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled for safety to tlie Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, and therefore they hoped tliat he would de- sist in his presence. Hercules, though awed at the sight of Chiron, did not desist, but in tlie midst of the engagement, he wounded his preceptor in die knee, who, in the excessive pain he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. The deadi of Chiron irritated Hercules the more, and die Cen- taurs that were present were all extirpatetl by his hand, and indeed few escaped the com- mon destruction. 'ITie most celebrated of the Centaurs were Chiron, Eurytus, Amy- cus, Gryneus Caumas, Lycidas, Ameus Medon, Rhcetus, Pisenor, Mermeros, I*ho- lus, &c. Diod. A. — Tsetses Chil. 9. Hist. "^7. — HesiiHi. in Srut. Hrrcul. — Hoimr. II. 4" Od. — Ovid. Met. 12. —Strab. 9. — Pans. 5, c 10, &c—yElian. V. H. 11, c. 2. — Apolloil. 2, c 3, 1. 5. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 286. — Hygin. fab. 33 & 62. — Pindar\ P;/th. 2. CENTAuars, a ship in the fleet of iEneas which had the figure of a Centaur. Virg. JEn. 5, V. 122. CEyroBRicA, a town of Celtiberia. VaL Max. 5, c. 1. Centores, a people of Sc3rthia. Place. Centoripa, or Centl'Ripa. Vid. Cen- turipa. Centrites, a river between Armenia and Media. Cevtroxes, a people of Gaul, severely beaten by J. Ca;sar when they attempted to obstruct his passage. They inhabited the modern country of Tarautais: in Savoy. There was a horde cf Gsuls of the same CE CE name subject to the Nervii, now supposed to be near Courtray in Flanders. Cess. B. G. 1, c. 10. 1. 5, c. 3S. — Plin. o, c. 20. Centronics, a man who squandered liis immense riches on useless and whimsical buildings. Juv. 14, v. 86. Centumviri, the members of a court of justice at Korae They were originally chosen, three from die 35 tribes of the people, and though lO.?, they were always called Centumvirs. They were afterwards in- creased to the number of 1 80, and still kept their original name. The pretor sent to their tribunal causes of die greatest import- ance, as their knowledge of the law was extensive. They were generally summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed to be the chiefest among them ; and they assembled in the Basilica, or public court, and had their tribunal distinguished by a spear with an iron head, whence a decree of their court was called Hastee judicium : their sentences were very impartial, and widiout appeal. Cic. do Orat. 1, c. 3S. —QuintU. 4, 5,8c 1 1. — Plin. 6, if. 33. Centum cellum, a sea-port town of Etru- ria built by Trajan, who had there a villa. It is now Ciiita Vecckia, and belongs to the Pope. Plin. 6, ep. 51. Centuria, a division of the people among the Romans, consisting of a hundred. The Roman people were originally divided into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 curia?. Servius Tullius made a census ; and when he had enrolled the place of habitation, name, and profession of every citizen, which amounted to 80,000 men, all able to bear amis, he divided them into six classes, and each class into se- veral centuries or companies of a hundred men. The first class consisted of SO cen- turies, 40 of which were composed of men from the age of 45 and upwards, ap- pointed to guard the city. The 40 others were young men, from 17 to 45 years of age, appointed to go to v/ar, and fight the enemies of Rome. Their ;u-ms were all the same, tliat is, a buckler, a cuirass, a helmet, cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a javelin ; and as diey were of the most illustrious citizens, they were called by way of eminence, Classid, and tlieir inferiors infra classcm. Tliey were to be worth 1,100,000 nsses, a sum equiva- lent to ISOO pounds English money. The second, third, and fourth classes, consisted each of twenty centuries, ten of which were composed of the more aged, and die odiers of the younger sort of people. Then- arms were a large shield, a spear, and a javelin ; they were to be worth in die second class, 75,000 asses or about V2\l. In the diird, 50,000 or about 80/. ; and in the fourth, 25,000 or about 40/. The fifth class consisted of 50 cen- turies, tliree of which were carpenters by trade, and the others of different professions, 6uch aswere necessary in the camp. They were 169 all armed with slings and stones. They were to be worth \\, 000 asses, or about 18/. The sixth class contained only one centuria, comprizing the whole body of the poorest citizens, who were called Prolutarii, as their only service to the state was procreating children. They were a.ho caWLd copiCc censi, as the censor took notice of their person, not of their estate. In the public assem- blies in the Campus Martins, at the election of public magistrates, or at die trial of capital crimes, the people gave their vote by centuries, whence die assembly was called comiliu ceiituriala. In these public assemblies, which were never convened, but only by the consuls at the pennission of the senate, or by the dictator, in the absence of die con- suls, some of the people appeared under aims, for fear of an attack from some fo- reign enemy. "When a law was proposed in the public assemblies, its necessity was explained, and die advantages it would pro- duce to the state were enlarged upon in a harangue ; after which it was exposed in tlie most conspicuous parts of die city three market days, that the people might see and consider. Exposing it to public view, was caWnd proponere legem, and explaining it, promulgare legem. He who merely proposed it, was called lator legis ; and he who dwelt upon its importance and utility, and wished it to be enforced, was called auctor legis. When the assembly was to be held, the auguries were consulted by the consul, who, after haranguing the people, and reminding them to have in view the good of the republic, dismissed them to their respective centuries, diat their votes might be gathered. They gave their votes lira voce, till the year of Rome A. U. C. 615, when diey changed the custom, and gave their appiobation or ch'sapprobation by ballots throA\n into an urn. If the first class was unanimous, the others were not consulted, as the first was superior to all the others in nimiber ; hut if they were not unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, and the majority decided the question. This advantage of the first class gave offence to the rest ; and it was af'terw ards settled, diat one class of the six should be diawn by lot, to give its votes first, without regaid to rank or priority. After all the votes had been gathered, the consul declared aloud, that the law wliich had been proposed was duly and constitu- tionally approved. I'he same ceremonies were observed in the election of consuls, pre- tors, &c. The word Centuria is also applied to a subdivision of one of the Roman legions which consisted of an hundred men, and was the half of a manipulus, die sixth part of a coliort, and the sixtieth part of a legion. The commander of a centuria was called centurion, and he was distinguished from the rest by die branch of a vine which he carried in his hand. Centukipa, (es, or <^, arum,) now Ce^i- torlu, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount JEtna. CE CE JEtna. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 25. — Ital. 14, v. 205. — Plin.5, c. 8. Ceos & Cea, an island. Vid. Co. Cephalas, a lofty promontory of Africa near tlie Syrtis iMajor. Strab. Cephaledion, a town of Sicily, near the river Himera. Plin. 3, c. 8. — Cic. in Verr. 2, c. 52. Cephali-en, a noble musician, son of Lam- pus. Pnus. 10, c. 7. Cephalena & Cephallekia, an island in the Ionian sea, below Corcyra, whose in- habitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan ■war. It abounds in oil and excellent wines. It was anciently divided into four different districts, from which circumstance it received the name of Tctrapolis. It is about 90 miles in circumference, and from its capital Samo, or Samos, it has frequently been called Same. — Strab. 10. — Plin. 4, c."l2 Mela, 2, c. 7. — Homer. II. 2. — TItucyd. 2, c. 30. — Paus. 6, c. 15. Cepiialo an officer of Eumencs. Diog. 19. Cephai.oedis &• Cephau'dium, now Ce- jihalu, a town at the north of Sicily. Sil. H, V. 2';3. — Cic. '.?, in I'err. 51. CephAlox, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote an history of Troy, bosidc an epitome of universal history from the age of Ninus to Alexander, which he dirided into nine books, inscribt'd with the uame of the nine muses. He afiected not to know the place of his birth, expecting it would be disputed like Homer's. He Uvcd in the reign of Adrian. Ci^piiXn's, son of Deioneus, king of TTics- saly. by Dioniede, daughter of Xuthus, mar- ried Procris, daughter of Erechthcus, king of Athens. Aurora fell in love with him, and carried liiiu away ; but he refused to Msten to her addre^ses, and was impatient to return to Procris. 'llic goildess sent him back ; and to tr)' the fidelity of Iiis w ife, she made liim put on a dilliTent form, and he arrived at the house of Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf to every offer ; but she suffered herself to be se- duced by the gold of tliis stranger, who discovered himself the very moment that Procris had yielded up her virtue. • This circumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled from her hu:band, and devoted herself to hunting in the island of Eubaa, where she was admitted among die attendants of Diana, who presented her with a dog al- ways sure of his prey, and a dart which never missed its aim, and always returned to the hands of its mistress of its own accord. Some say that the dog was a present from Minos, because Procris had cured his wounds. After this Procris returned in disguise to Ce- phalus, who was willing to disgrace himself by some unnatural concessions to obtain the dog and tlie dart of Procris. Procris discovered herself at the moment that Cephlilus showed 170 himself faithless, and a reconciliation was easily made between them. They loved one another with more tenderness than before, and Cephalus received from his wife the presents of Diana. As he was particu- larly fond of hunting, he every morning early repaired to the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down in the cool shade, and earnestly called for Aura, or the refreshing breeze. This eunbiguous word was mistaken for the name of a _ mis- tress ; and some informer reported to the jealous Procris, that Cephalus daily paid a visit to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris too readily believed the information, and secretly followed her husband into the woods. According to liis daily custom, Cephalus retired to the cool, and called after Aura. At the name of Aura, Procris eagerly lifted up her head to see her ex- pected rival. Her motion occasioned rust- ling among the leaves of a busli that concealed her : and as Cephalus listened, he thought it to be a wild beast, and he let fly his unerring dart. Procris was struck to the lieait, and instantly expired in the arms of her husband, confessing that ill-grounded jealousy was the cause of her death. According to Apollo- dorus, there were two persons of the name of Cephalus ; one. son of Mercurj' and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with whom he dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a son called Tithonus. The other married Procris, and was the cause of tlie tragical event, men- tioned above. Ceplialus was father of Arce- fius by Procris, and of Phaeton, according to Hesiod, by Aurora. Oind. Met. 7, fab. 26. — Hi/gin. fab. 189. — Apollod. 3, c 15. A Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Ti- molcon in regulating the republic of Sy- racuse. Diod. 1 6. — Plut. in Tim. A king of Epirus. I.iv. 43, c. 18. An ora- tor frequently mentioned by Demosthenes. CfiPHiis, a name given to Andromeda as daughter of Cepheus. Ovid. A. A. \, V. 193. Cephknes, an ancicTit name of the Per- sians. Herodot. 7, c. 61. A name of the .Ethiopians, from Cepheus one of their kings. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 1. Cepheus? a king of ^Ethiojiia, father of Andromeda, by Cassiope. He was one of the Argonauts, and was changed into a constellation after his death. Ovid. Met. 4, V. 669. 1. 5, V. 12. — Paus. 4, c. 35. 1. ?, c. 4. ApoUod. 1, c. 9. 1. 2, c. 1, 4 & 7. L 5, c. 9. mentions one, son of Alcus, and an- other, son of Belus. Tlie former he makes king of Tegca, and father of Sterope ; and says, that he, with his twelve sons, as sisted Hercules in a war against Hippo coon, where they were killed. The lattei he calls king of Ethiopia, and father of An dromeda. A son of Lycurgus present at the chace of the Calydonian tear. Apol lod. 1, e. 8. CxraiuA, CE CE Cephisia, a part of Attica, through which «he Cephisus flows. Plin. 4, c. 7. Ckpbusiades, a patronymic of Eteodes, son of Andreus and Evippe, from the sup- position of his being the son of the Cephisus. Pans. 9, c. 34. Cephisidori s, a tragic poet of Athens in the age of iEschylus. An historian who wrote an account of the Phocian war. Cephisiox, the commander of some troops sent by tlie Thebans to assist Megalopolis, &c. Diod. 16. Cephisodotus, a disciple of Isocrates, a great reviler of Aristotle, who wrote a book ^ of proverbs. At hen. 2. Cephisus & Cephissus, a celebrated river of Greece, that rises at Lilaa in Phocis, and after passing at the north of Delphi and mount Parnassus, enters Bceotia, where it flows into the lake Copais. The Graces were particularly fond of this river, whence they are called the goddesses of the Cephisus. There was a river of the same name in Attica, and another in Argolis. Strab. 9. — Plin. 4) c. 7. — Paus. 9, c. 24. Homer. 11. 2, V. 29. — LiLcan. 3, v. 175. — Ovid. Met. 1, V. 369. 1. 3, v. 19. A man changed into a sea monster, by Apollo, when lamenting the death of his grandson. Ovid. Met. 7, V. 388. Cephren, a king of Egypt, who built one of the pyramids. Biod. 1. Cepio or CjSEpio, a man who by a quarrel with Drusus caused a civil war at Rome, &c. Servilius, a Roman consul, who put an end to the war in Spain. He took gold from a temple, and for that sacrilege the rest of his life was always unfortunate. He was conquered by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly confiscated, and he died at, last in prison. Cepion, a musician. Pluf. de Mus. Ceraca, a town of Macedonia. Pohjb. 5. Ceracates, a people of Germany. Tacit. 4. Hist, c. 70. Cerambus, a man changed into a beetle, or, according to others, into a bird, on mount Parnassus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9. Ceramic us, now Keramo, a bay of Caria, near Halicarnassus, opposite Cos, receixdng its name from Ceramus. — Plin. 5, c. 29. — Mela, 1, c. 16. A public walk, and a place to bury those that were killed in de- fence of their country, at Athens. Cic. ad Att. 1, ep. 10. Cf.rXjuusi, a place of Rome, where Ci- cero's house was built. Cic. ad Attic. Ceramus, a to\vn at tlie west of Asia ^Jinor. Ceras, a people of Cyprus metamorphosed into bulls. Cerasus, (uwiis) now Kcresoun, a mari- time city of Cappadocia, from which cher- ries were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. 171 Marcel L22, c. 15.— Plin. 15, c. 25. L 16, c. 18. 1. 17, c 14. —Mela, 1, c. 19.-— Another, built by a Greek colony from Si- nope, Diod. 14. Cerata, a place near Megara. Ceratus, a river of Crete. Cekai'nia, a town of Achaia. Ceraunia & Ceraumi, lai-ge mountains of Epirus, extending far into the sea, and forming a promontoiy which divides tht Ionian and Adriatic seas. They are the same as the Acroceraunia. Vid. Acrocerau- nium. Mount Taurus is also called Ce- raunius. Plin. 3, c. 27. Ceraunii, mountains of Asia, opposite tiie Caspian sea. Alcla, 1, c. 19. Ceraunl's, a river of Cappadocia. . A surname of Ptolemy the 2d, from his boldness. C. Ne]). Peg. c. 3. Cerai sius, a mountain of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 41. Cerbalus, a river of Apulia. Plin. 3, ell. Cerberion, a town of the Cimmerian Bos- phorus. Plin. G, c. 6. Cerberus, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of Echidna's union witli Typhon. He had 50 heads according to Hesiod, and three ac- cording to other mythologists. He was stationed at the entrance into hell, as a watchful keeper, to prevent the living from entering the infernal regions, and the dead from escaping from their confinement. It was usual for tliose heroes, who in tlieir life- time visited Pluto's kingdom, to appease the barking moutlis of Cerberus with a cake. Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre ; and Hercules dragged him from hell when he went to redeem Alceste. Virg. ^n. 5, v. 154. 1.6, V. 417. — Homer. Od. 11, v. 622. Paus. 2, c. 31. 1. 3, c. 25.— Hesiod. Theog. 312. — Tibull. 1, el. 10, v. 5.5. Cercaphus, a son of iEolus. A son of Sol, of great power at Rhodes. Diod. 5. Cercasorum, a town of Egypt, wheri the Nile divides itself into the Pelusian and Canopic mouths. Herodot. 2, c. 15. Cerceis, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. Theog. V. 555. Cercene, a country of Africa. Diod. 2, Cercestes, a son of ^gyptus and Phoe- nissa. Apollod. 2, c. 1. Cercides, a native of Megalopolis, who wrote Iambics. At hen. 10. — jElian. V. H. 13. Cercii, a people of Italy. Cercina & Cercinna, a small island of the Mediterranean, near the smaller Syrtis. on tlie coast of Africa. Tacit. 1. Ann. 53. — Strab. 17.— Lit). 33, c. 48. — Plin. 5, c. 7. A mountain of Thrace, towards Mace- donia. Thucyd. 2, c 98. Cercinium, a town of Macedonia. Lki. 31, c. 41. Cercius & RBEirus charioteers of Castor and Pollux. CzRcons. CE CERCorE-i, a people of Kpliisus, niade pri-, sonen l»y I lorcules. ApoUod. 'J, c. *j. The inhabitants of the island Pithecusa changed into monkies on account of their dishonosty. Uiid. Met. 14, v. 1»1. Cehcois, a Milesian, author of a fabulous history, mentioned by Atlieiixus. A l*y- thagorcan philosopher. CEarvos & CtitcrojiEs, a king of Elcusis, son of Neptune, or atcordiiij; to others, of Vulcan. He oblij;>^tl all stran^eri to wrestle with him ; and as he was a dexterous wrestJer, they w».'re ca-sily conquered and put to deatli. After many cruelties, he challenged Thi'seus in wrestling, and he was conquered and put to deatli by his antago- nist His daughter, Aloi>c, was loved by Neptune, by whom she had a child. L'it- cyon exposed tlie child, callc-d Hippotlu»jn ; but he was preserved by a mare, and after- wards placed u|>on his grandfatlicr't throne by niesous. Ovid. \fcl. 7, v. 439. — Hypin. fttb. 187. — Plul. in Tkti. — Paus. I, C 5 & 39. CcHc^EA & Cotcfaa, an island in tlic Ionian sea, which receive* its name from C'ercyra, daughter of Asopus, IHtd. i. Cranvu; M, a place near Aniphipolis. Thuc'jd. .'), c. fi. CeRrALiA, festivals in honor of Cere« ; first instituted at Home by .Menimius the edile, and celebrati-d on tJic ITth of .\pril. Persons in mourning were not permitted to appear at the c-'lebration ; tJierefore they were not observed after the battle of Cannaf. TlKy are the ^aine ;vs the 'ITiosmophori* of the Grcekv I't I. Thi-smophoria. Craes, tJie goddess of com and of har- vests was daughter of Saturn and Vc^ia. She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called Pherephata, frutl btnriite. and after- wards Prosirpin^'. I'l. ried away by Pluto, flower.-i in the pli'"- ■ .. . .» . ., of Proserpine w lo Ceres, who sought her all c ■. , uul when night came, site lighted ino tuiches in the flames of mount .I'.tnii, to contiiiue her search by niglit all o\-i:t tlie world. She at last found her veil nt>ar the fountain Cyane; but no intelligence could be received of the place of her concealment, till at last die n\mph Arelliusa inl'i>nued her tJiat her daughter had been carried away by Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard tliis. than she flew to hea- ven with her chariot drawn by two dragons and dem-anded of Jupiter tlie restoration of her daughter. The cndeavDurs of Jupi- ter to soften her by icpr>.-senti!ig Pluto as a powerful god, to Ixcome her son-in-law. proved fruitless, and die restoration was grantol, provided Proserpine hatl not eaten any tiling in the kingdom of Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired to Pluto, but Prwserpine had eaten the grains of a pomegranate which 172 CE she had gathered as she walked o%er the Elysion fields, and Ascalaphus, the only one who had seen her, discovered it to ir.i.',ve his court to Pluto. The return of Proser- pine upon earth was therefore iiTiprooticaL-. ; b»t Asc.-ilaphus, for his unsolicit '.'■'■ aiion, was changed into an owl. calaphus. ] 'ITie grief of Ceres : of lur d.iughter was so great, v granted I*roserpine to pass six iiu a her mother, and the n-st of the year with Pluto. During the enquiries of Ceres for h r daughter, the cultivation of the eurJi was neglected, and tlie gri'und became barren ; ti' " ' ' repair the loss which m.-inkind I ■ ^y her absence, ;!.e ■ • I- ■■ .,.',;. ,, 55 l,....... :^.e,.f ■hcr- ' _ ■ irtli. I i id. i'nptoleiiius. J Her bi:nv(icer.ce to man- kind made Ccre« respected. Sicily wa«. sup- poaed to be the favorite retreat of the god- dess, and Diixlorus says, tiuu she and her ' ■' "" * nearance to nrun- ccivcd as a nup- i I,.. n-.rTi.H Vr<^ serpine. 1 :u . to Cere*, v. ■ ..' t,.- , and the founUun uf ( ' ugh which Pluto opened himself . > itli his tri- dent, when carrj'ing awny Proserpine, was publicly honored with an otfering of bulls, and ilie blood of tlie victim* was shed in tlie water* of the fountain. Besides these, other ccr..- monies were observed in honor of the god- desses who tiad ;o peculiarly favored the island. The commemoration of the rape waa cele- brated about tiie beginning of the harvest, and the search of Ceres at the time that com it sown in the earth. Tht LlI^ " > onti- nuetl six successive days ; an r cele- bration, the votaries of C< -e of some free and waiiton expre r lan- guage liad made the goddess ^ ''lan- choly for the loss of her daughtc. ^ttica. which had been so eminendy (listinguislied by the goddess, gratefully remeiiiberetl her favors in Uie celebration of Uie Eleusiiiian mystexics. [ Vid. Eleusinia.] Ci duties of a legislator, .i advantages of h« r si surname of 'nu-^u. : as the I sis of tlie 1 _•% ;• . .1 tte lid tlie , .*. her She is the same .md her worship. it is said, was hrst brought into Greece by Ercchtheus. She met inth different adven- tures when she travelled over the cartii, and the C E the impudence of^ Stellio was severely punish- ed. To avoid the importunities of Neptune, she dianged herself into a mare ; but the god took advantage of the metamorphosis, and from their union arose the horse Arion. [ Vid. Arion. ] The birth of this monster so offended Ceres, that she withdrew herself from the sight of mankind; and the earth would have perished for want of her assist- ance, had not Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given information of it to Jupiter. The Parcae were sent by the god to comfort her, and at their persuasion she retiu-ned to Sicily, where her statues represented her veiled in black, with the head of a horse, and hold- ing a dove in one hand, and in tlie other a dolphin. In their sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant sow, as that animal often injures and destroys the productions of the earth. WTiile the corn was yet in the grass, tliey offered her a ram, after the victim had been led three times round the field. Ceres was represented with a garland of ears of corn on her head, holding in one hand a lighted torch, and in the other a poppy, which was sacred to her. She ap- pears as a country-woman mounted on tlie back of an ox, and carrying a basket on her left arm, and holding a hoe ; and sometimes she rides in a chariot drawn by winged dra- gons. She was supposed to be tlie same as Rhea, Tellus, Cybele, Bona Dea, Bere- cyntliia, &c. The Romans paid her great adoration, and her festivals were yearly ce- lebrated by the Roman matrons in the month of April, during eight days. These matrons abstained during several days from the use of wine and eveiy carnal enjojinent. They always bore lighted torches in commemora- tion of the goddess; and whoever came to these festivals without a previous initiation, was punislied with death. Ceres is metapho- rically called bread and com, as the word Bacchus, is frequently used to signify wine. ApMod. \, c. 5, 1. 2, c. 1, 1. 3, c. 12 & 14. Pans. 1, c. 51, 1, 2. c. 34, 1. 3, c. 25, 1. 8, c. 25, cfc—Diod. 1, 8fc. — Hesiod. Theog.— Ovid. Fast. 4, t. 417. Met. fab. 7, 8, ^c. — Claudian. da Rapt. Pros. — Cic. in Verr. — CaUimach. in Cer, —~ Liv. 29 & 31.— Stat. Tiled. 12. — Diomjs. Hal. 1, c. 35. — Hygin. P. A. 2. Ceressus, a place of Boeotia. Paus. 9, c. 14. Ceret^, a people of Crete. Ceriaxis Anicius, a consul elect, who wished a temple to be raised to Nero, as to a god, after tlie discovery of the Pisonian con- spiracy, &c. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 74. Cerii, a people of Etruria. Cerilli or Carill^, now Cirella, a town of the Brutii near the Laus. Strab. 6. Cerillum, a place of Lucania. Strab. 6. — SiI.Ital.8, V. 580. CsBiNTHUs, now Zero, a town of Euboea, 173 C E whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war, headed by Elphenor, son of Chalcedon. Homer. II. 2, v. 4.5. — Strab. 10 A beau- tiful youth, long the favorite of the Roman ladies, and especially of Sulpitia, &c. Horat. 1, Stat. 2, v. 81 One of the early here- tics from Christianity. Cermanus, a place where Romulus was exposed by one of the servants of Amulius. Plut. in Romul. Cerne, an island without the pillars of Hercules, on the African coast. Strab. 1 Plin. 5 & 6. Cernes, a priest of Cybele. Ceron, a fountain of Histiaeotis, Avhose waters rendered black all the sheep that drank of them. Pliti. 3, c. 2. Ceropasades, a son of Phraates king of Persia, given as an hostage to Augustus. Cerossus, a place of the Ionian sea. Cerpheres, a king of Egypt who is sup- posed to have built the smallest pjTamid. Cerrh^i, a people of Greece, who pro- faned the temple of Delphi. Plut. in Soi. Cebketani, a people of Spain that in- habited the modern district of Cerdana in Catalonia. Plin. 3, c. 5. Cersobleptfs, a king of Thrace conquered by Pliilip king of Macedonia. Pulycen. 7, c. 31. Certima, a town of Celtiberia. Liv. 40. c. 47. Certonium, a town of Asia Minor. Cervarius, a Roman knight who con- spired ■svitli Piso against Nero. Tudt. Ann. 15, c. 50. P. Cervius, an officer under Verres. Cic. in Verr. 5, c. 44. Ceryces, a sacerdotal family at Athens. Thucyd. 8, c. 55. Cerycius, a mountain of Boeotia, PauSn 9, c. 20. Cerymica, a tovni of Cyprus. Diod. Cerynea, a town of Achaia. A moun- tain of Arcadia. Paus. 7, c. 25. Cerynites, a river of Arcadia. Paus. 7, c25. Cesellius Balsus, a turbulent Cartha- ginian, who dreamt of money, and persuaded Nero that immense treasures had been depo- sited by Dido in a certain place, which he described. Enquiry was made, and when no money was found, Cesellius destroyed him- selfl Tacit. Ann. 16, c. 1, &c. Cesevnia, an infamous prostitute bom of an illustrious fanaily at Rome. Juv. 6, v. 135. Cestius, an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in the age of Cicero. A governor of Syria. Tacit. H. 5. Severus, an informer under Nero. ^Tacit. H. 4. Proculus, a man acquitted "of an accusation of embezzling the public money. Jd. Ann. 30. A bridge at Rome. Cestrina. C H C H CisTiiiNA, a part of Epirus. Paus. 2, c. 23. CestrInus, a "ion of Helenus and Andro- marhe. After bii father's deatli he settled in Epirus, aboTe the river TliyaiTus, and called the country Cestrina. Pans. I, c. 11. Cetes, king of Egj'pt, the same as Proteus. Jjiod. I. Ckthegus, the surname of one of the branches of the Comelii. — Marcus, a consul in the second Punic war. Cic. in Brut. A tribune at Rome, of tlie most cor- rupted morals, who joined Catiline in his conspiracy against the state, and was com- missioned to murder Cicero. He was ap- prehended, and, witli Lentulus, put to death by the Roman senate. Ptut. in Cic, crifice to his excessive courage, and d««pised to fly from his ship, when he had it in his power to save his Life hke his companionsv B. Coin. C. Ncp. m vita Diod. 16.— Pint, in Phoc. Chabryis, a king of Egypt. Diod. 1. CH.£ANiTiE, a people at the foot of Cau- casus. Choreas, an Athenian who wrote on agriculture. An officer who murdered Caligula, A. D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which wxs prcpued against lilmself. An Athenian, \c. Thucyd. 8, c 74, &c. Cii^RXDEMUs, a brother of Epicurus &c. DiiS- CiiAREMOK, a comic poet, and disciple of Socrates. A stoic, who wrote on the Egyptian priests. CiLsannioN, a tragic poet of Athens in the age of Philip of >lacedonia. Ch^restrata, the raotlier of Epicurus descended of a noble family. Ch^brikthus, a beautiful youth, &c. Horat. 1. Strm. '.', v. 81. CHiBRiprut,, au extortioner, &c. Jui\ 8, V. 96. Cu«RO, tlie founder of Charonea. y/u/. in Hyll. CHiSRONiA, CtiiCRONEA, & Chcrrovea, a city of Bcrotia, on the Ctphisus celebrate. I'id. PanatlK'n-Ta. Chalcedon & Chalcedoma, now A'adi- Keni. an ancient city of Biiliynia, oppo- site Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, headt-d by Argi^ts B. C. 6S5. It was first called Procerastis and afterwards Colpusa. Its situation, howiver, was so im- properly chosen that it was called the city of blind men, intimating tlie inconsiderate plan of tlie founders. Strub. 7. — Plin. 5, c 32. — Mda, 1, c. 19. Ckalcidkne, a part of Svria, very fruitftiL Ptin. 5, c 23. CuALCinRNsKs. the inhabitants of the isthnms betw^vii T»ong the noblest; but as a poor little girl, called Charila, begged the king %vitli more than common earnestness, lie beat her with his shoe, and tlie girl unable to bear his treat- ment, hanged licrself in her girdle, 'i'he famine increased ; and the oracle told the king, that to relieve his penple, he must atone for the murder of Cluuila. Upon this a festival was instituted, witli expiatory rites. The king presided over thi's institution, and distributed pulse and corn to such as attended. Charila's image was brought iK'fore the king, who struck it with his slioe ; alter which it was carried to a desolate pLice, where tliey put a halter round its neck, and buried it where Charila was buried. Plut. i/i QueFst. Grac. Charilaus & Ckarillus, a son of Poly- dectes, king of Sparta, educated and pro- tected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken prisoner, and relea.yl, and Charon was im- prisoned for one year, because he had ferried over, against his ovrn will, Hercules, with- out this passport. Charon is represented as an old robust man, with a hideous counte- nance, long wliite beard, and piercing eyes. His garment is ragged and filthy, and his forehead is covered \vith virrinkles. As all the dead were obhged to pay a small piece of money for their admission, it was always usual, among the ancients, to place under the tongue of the deceased, a piece of money for Charon. This fable of Charon and his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians, whose dead were carried across a lake, where sentence was passed on them, and according to their good or bad actions, they were honored with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed in the open air. Vid. Acherusia. JDiod- 1. -St"- nec. in Her. Fur. act. 3, r. 765. — Vi>-g. jEn. 6, V. 298, &c. Charondas, a man of Cattna, who gave laws to the people of Thurium, and made a law that no man should be permitted to come armed into the assembly. He inadvertently broke this law, and when told of it he fell upon his sword, B. C. 446. Val. Max.G, v. 5. Ckaronea, a place of Asia, &c. Charonia scrobs, a place of Italy emit- ting deadly vapors. Plin. 2, c. 25. Charonium, a cave near Nysa, where the sick were supposed to be delivered from Ifaeir disorders by certain superstitious solem- nities. Charops & Charopes, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. Homer. II. A powerful Epi- rot who assisted Flaminius when making w.ar against Philip the king of Macedonia. Plut. in Flam. The first decennial aichon at Athens. Paterc. 1, c. 8. Charybdis, a dangerous whirlpool on the 177 coast of Sicily, opposite another whirlpool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was very dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part of the fleet of Ulysses. Tlie exact si- tuation of the Charybdis is not discovered by the moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently tre- mendous is now found to correspond with the descriptions of the ancients. The words Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitarc C/iarj/bdim, became a proverb, to shew that in our eager- ness to avoid one evil, we often fall into a greater. The name of Charybdis was properly bestowed on mistresses who repay affection and tenderness with ingratitude. It is sup- posed tliat Charybdis was an avaricious woman, who stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft slie was struck with thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirlpool. Lycophr. in Cass. — Homer. Od. ] 2. — Propert. 5, el. 11. — Ital. 1 4. — Ovid, in Ibin. de Ponto, 4 el. 10. Amor. 2 el. 16. — Virg. ^En. 3, v. 420. Chauki & Cha uci, a people of Germany, supposed to inhabit the countiy now called Friesland and Bremen. Chaula, a village of Egypt. Chauros. Vid. Caurus. Chel^, a Greek word, {x'"^'^'') signifying claws, which is applied to the Scoi^pion, one of the signs of tlie zodiac, and lies according to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. Jlrg. G. I , V. 55. Cheles, a satrap of Seleucus, &c. Chelidok, a mistress of Verres. Cic. in Verr. 1, c. 40. ChelIdonia, a festival at Rhodes, in which it was customary for boys to go begging from door to door and singing certain songs, &c. Athen. The wind Favonius was called also Chelidon'ui, from the Cth of the ides of February to the 7th of the calends of March, the time when swallows first made their appearance. Pliyi. 2, c. 47. Chelidoni^, now Kdidoni. small islands opposite the promontory of 'laurus of the same name, very dangerous to sailors. Dionys. Pcrieg. V. 506.— Min. 5, c. 27 & 31. -mLiv. 33, c. 41. CiiELinuNis, a daughter of king Leoty- chides, who married Cleonynms, and com- mitted adultery with Acrotatus. Plut. in Pyrr, Chelidojjium, a promontory of mouot Taurus, projecting into the Painphylian sea. Chelone, a nymph changed into a tor- toise by Mercury, for not being present at the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to perpetual sUence for having ridiculed these deities. Chelonis, a daughter of Leonidas king of Sparta, who married Clcombrotus. t3ie accompanied her fatlier, whom her hubband had expelled, and soon after went into banish- ment with her husband, who had in his turn liecn expelled by Leonidas. Plut. in Aidd. ^- Cleovu N Chklo- CH CH CHFr.oNorHAGi, a people of Carmania, who fed upon turtle, and covered their habitations with the sliells. Plin. 6, c. 24. Chei.vdoria, a mountain of Arcadia. Chemmis, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. Herodot. 2, c. 156. CuENA, a town of Laconia. CuEN^, a village on mount CEta. Paus. 10, c. 24. Chemon, a mountain in Asia Minor, from which the 10,000 Greeks first saw the sea. Diod. 14. CiraNius. a mountain near Colchis. CffEOi-s & CHEOiPEs, a king of Egj-pt, after Rhampsinitus, who built famous pyra- mids, upon which 1060 talents were expended only in supplying tlie workmen with leeks, paisley, garlick, and other vegetables. Hrro- dot. 2, c. 124. Chephrev, a brother of Ciioops, who also built a pyramid. The P'gyptians so invete- rately hated these two royal brothers, that they publicly reported, that the pyramids wliich they had built, had l>een erected \>y a shep- herd. Herodot. 2, c. 127. Cheremocrates, an artist who built Dia- na's temple at Ephesus, &r. Strnb. 14. Cherisopiii's, a commander of 800 Spar- tans, in the expedition which Cyrus undertook against his brotlier Artaxerxes. Dh>d. 14. Cheron.ea. Vid. Charonea. Cherophok, a tragic writer of Athens, in the age of Philip. I'/iiiostr. in vUis. Cherronesl's. Fid. Chersonesus. Chersias, an Orchomenian, reconciled to Periander by Chilo. Patuanias praises some of his poetry, y, c. 58. Chersidamas, a Trojan killed by Ulys- ses in the Trojan war. Ovid. Mtl. 13, v. 259. Chersifuro, an architect, &c. Plin. 36, c 14. Chersonesus. a Greek word, rendered by the Latins Peninsula. There were many of tliese among the ancients, of which these five were the most celebrated : one called Pe- lojHyiwiesus ; one called Thradun, in the south of Thrace and west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades led a colony of Athenians, and built a wall across the istliraus. From its isthmus to its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, extending between the bay of Melas and the Hellespont. The third, cal- led Taurica, now Crim Tartan/, was situate near the Palus IVIa'otis. The fourth called Cimhrica, now Jutland, is in the northern parts of Germany ; and the fifth, sumamed Aurea, lies in India, beyond the Ganges. Herodot. 6, c- 33. I. 7, c. 58 Liv. 31, c. 16. — Cic. ad Br. 2. Also a pcnin- aula near Alexandria in Egj^t. Hirt. Alex. 10. Cheri sri, a people of Germany, who long maintained a w.-y against Rome. Tliey inha- bited tlie country between the Weser and the Elbe. Tacii. — Cs, sprung tlie Sphinx, and the lion of Nemaea. llovwr. II. 6, v. 1 8 1 . — Hesiad. Theog. v. 322. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. 1. 2, c. 3. — Lucret. 5, v. 903. — Otnd. 9. Met. V. 64G. — Virg. jEn. 6, v. 288. — One of the ships in the fleet of ^neas. f'ir/;. jEn. 5, V. 118. Crimarl's, a river of Argolis. Paus. 2, c 36. CantCRiuM, a mountain of Fhtliiotis, in Thessaly. Plin. 4, c. 8. Chiomara, a woman who cut off the head of a Roman tribune when she had been taken prisoner, &c. Pint, de Virt. Mul. Chiov, a Greek writer, whose epistles were edited cum notis Cobergi, 8vo. Lips. 1765. ^ Chioxe, a daughtor of Da?dalion, of whom Apollo and jMcrcury became enamoured. To enjoy her ooinp.uiy. IVIercurj* lulled her to sleep wth his Caduccus, and .\pallo, in the night, under the form of an old woman, retained CH CH obtained the same favors as Mercury. From this embrace Chione became mother of Phi- lammon and Autolycus, the former of whom, as being son of Apollo, became an excellent musician ; and the latter was equally noto- rious for his robberies, of which his father Mercuiy was the patron. Cliione grew so proud of her commerce with the gods, that she even preferred her beauty to that of Di- ana, for which impiety she was killed by the goddess, and changed into a hawk. Ovid. Met. 11. fab. 8. A daughter of Boreas and Orithya, who had Eumolpus by Nep- tune. She threw her son into the sea, but he was preserved by his father. Apollod. 5, e. 15. — Paus. I, c. 38. A famous prosti- tute. Martial. 3, ep. 34. Chionides, an Athenian poet, supposed by some to be the inventor of comedy. Chionis, a victor at Olympia. Faus. 6, c 13. Chios, now Scio, an island in the ^gean sea, between Lesbos and Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some suppose, from Chione, or from ^iu», snow, which was very frequent there. It was well inhabited, and could once equip a hundred ships ; and its chief town called Chios had a beautiful harbour, wliich could contain 80 ships. The wine of this island so much celebrated by the ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios was anciently called ^thalia, Macris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery committed there for the space of 700 years. Pint, de Virt. Mul. — Horat. 3, od. 19, V. 5, 1, sat. 10, v. ^4.— Paus. 7, c. 4. — Mela, 2, c. 2. — Strab. 2. Chikon, a centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra and Saturn, who had changed himself into a horse, to escape tlie inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was fa- mous for his knowledge of music, medicine, and shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants and medicinal herbs : and he instruct- ed in all the polite arts, the greatest heroes of his age ; such as Achilles, ^sculapius, Hercules, Jason, Peleus, jEneas, &c. He was wounded on the knee by a poisoned arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew to his assistance ; but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged Ju- piter to deprive him of immortality. His prayers were heard, and he was placed by the god among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. Hesiod. in Scuto. — Homer. II. 11. — Paus. 3, c 18. 1. 5, c. 19. 1.9, c. 31. — Ovid. Met. 2, v. 676. — Apollod. 2, c. 5. L 3, c. 13. — Horat. epod. 13. Chloe, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festivals called Chloeia, were cele- brated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram was always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is supposed to be.ar the same signifi- cation as Flava, so often applied to the god- deas of com. Tlie name, from its signiiica- 17» tion, (;t;X«»j herba virens) has generally been appUed to women possessed of beauty, and of simplicity. Chloreus, a priest of Cybele, who came with JEneas into Italy, and was killed by Tumus. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 768. An- other, &c. Chloris, the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. She is the same as Flora. Ovid. Fast. 5. A daughter of Amphion, son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Neleus king of Pylos, by whom she had one daughter, and twelve sons, who all, ex- cept Nestor, were killed by Hercules. Homer, Od. 11, V. 2m.— Vans. 2, c. 21. 1. 9, c. 36. A prostitute, &^c. Horat. 3, od. 15. Chlorus, a river of Cilicia. Plin. 5, C. 27. Constanline one of the Csesars, in Dioclesian's age, who reigned two years after the emperor's abdication, and died July 25, A. D. 306. Choarina, a country near India, reduced by Craterus, &c. Choaspes, a sou of Phasis, &c. Flacc. 5, V. 585. An Indian river. Ctirt. 5, c, 2, A river of Media, flowing into the Ti- gris, and now called JTarnn. Its waters are so sweet, that the kings of Persia drank no otlier, and in their expeditions they always had some with them which had been previously boiled. Herodot. 1, c. 188. — yElian. V. H. 12, c. 40.— Tibidl. 4, el. I, v. 141.— Plin. 6, c. 27. Chobus, a river of Colchis. Arrian. Chcerades & Pharos, two islands oppo- site Alexandria in Egj-pt. Thucyd. 7, c. 33. Others in the Euxine sea. An island in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. Theocrit. Id. 13. Chcerilus, a tragic poet of Athens, who wTote 150 tragedies, of which 13 obtained the prize. An historian of Samos. Two other poets, one of whom was very inti- mate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the victory which the Athenians had ob- tained over Xerxes, and on account of the excellence of the composition, he received a piece of gold for each verse from the Athe- nians, and was publicly ranked with Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alexander's flatterers and friends. It is said the prince promised him as many pieces of gold as there should be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps on his forehead as there were bad ; and in consequence of this, scarce six of his verses in each poem were entitled to gold, while the rest were rewarded with casti- gation. Plut. in Alex. — Horat. 2, e}i. I, V. 232. CuffiRE^, a place of Boeotia. Chonnidas, a man made preceptor to Tlieseus, by his grandfather Pittheus king of Troezene. ITie Athenians instituted sacrifices to him for the good precepts which he had inculcated into his pupil. Pint, in Thcs. N 2 ChonCfhi)!^ CH C H Chonuphis, an Egyptian prophet. Pint, dc Socrat. gen. CiioHASMi, a paople of Asia naar the Oxus. Herodol. 3, c. 93. Chohineus, a man killed in the RutiJian war. J'irg. ^£n. 9, v. 571. Another. Jd. 12, V. 298. A priest with .l^neas. Id. Chorcebus, a man of EUs, who obtained a prize tlie iirst olympiad. VUi. Coroebus. A you til of Mygilonia, who was ena- moured of Cassandra. yirg. jUn. 2, v. 341. Chokomn-^1, a people subdued by Ninus. Diod. 1. Choskom, a king of Persia, in Justinian's reign. CtUEMEs, a sordid old man, mentioned in Terence's Andria. IL>rat. ui Art. v. y4. Chremktes, a river of Libya. Chresij-hos, an architect of Diana's tam- ple in Ephesus. Plin. 36, c. It. Chresj-iiontes, a son of Aristomachus. Vid. .\ristodemiis. Chrestis, an approved writer of Athciw, ice. Colum. 1. , c. 1. Chromios, a son of Neleus and Chloris. who, with 10 brotliers was killed in a battle by Hercules. A son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. Apollod. 3, c. 1 '2. Cuuo.Mis, a captain in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. .\ young shepherd. Vir^:. £cl. 6. A Phrygian kilktl by Camilla. Id. JFn. 11, V. 675. .-V son of Hercules. Stat. 6, V. 346. CuROMit's, a son of Ptcrilaus. AjxiUod. 2, c. 4. An Argive, who alone with Alce- nor, survived a battle between 3lK) of his countrymen and 300 Spartans. Hcrodot. 1, c. 82. ' Chronus, a man wlm built a temple of Diana at Orchomenos. Paus. 8, c 48. Chronos, the Greek name of Saturn, or time, in whose honor festivals called Chronia were yearly celebrated by tiie Hhoilians, and some of the Greeks. Chkyas^s, a king of Argos, descended from Inachus. Chrtsa & Chrysje, a town of CUicia, famous for a temple of A]k>11o Sraintheus. Homer. II. i, v. 37. — Strab. \3. — Ovid. Met. 1 5, T. 1 74. A daughter of Hal- mus, mother of Phlegias, by )Mars. Paus. 9, c. 36. ChrvsIsie, a TTiessaliiUi, priestess of Diana Trivia. Slie fed a bull with poison, which she sent to the enemies of her countrj', who eat tlie tle^tt, and became delirious, and were an easy conquest. Polytru. Chrvsantas, a man who refrained from killing another, by hearing a dog bark. Plut. QuiEsl. Kotn. CiiRvsA.vTHiis, a philosopher in the age of Juliiui, known for the great number of vglumes which he wrote. 180 Chkvsantis, a nymph wlio told Ceres when she wm at .•Vrgt>s widi Pelasgus, that her daughter had been carried away. Paus. I. Chrysaor, a son of IMedusa by Xeptune. Some report that he sprung from the bhx)d of Medusa, amieu with a gulden S'cttrd, whence his name xi"''' ^"'- ^^'^ married Callirboe, one of the Oceanides. by whom he had Geryon, Echidna, and the ('himacra. He- siod. I'heog. v. '295. \ rich king of Ibe- ria. Diod. 4. .\ son of Glaucus. Paui. r>, c. 21. CiiRTSAOREis, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice, where all the Ca- rians assembled upon any public emergency. iitrab. 4. Chrtsaoris, a town of Cilicia. Paus. 5, c. 2. Crtsas, a river of Sicily, falling into tJie Siratethus and worshipped as a deity. Cic. in Ifr. 4, c. 44. Chryseis, the daughter of Chrys^ Vid. Chryses. CiiRYsERMus, a Corinthian, who wrote an history of Peloponnesus, and of India, besides a treatise on rivers. Plut. in Parall. Chryses, the priest of .\pollo, father of .Vstynome, called from him Chryseii. When L)'messus was taken, and the spoils divided among tlie conquerors Chryseis who was tJie witV of Eetion, tlie sovereign of tJie place, fell to the stiare of .\gamemnon. Chrj-ses, up>on this, went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter's restoration ; and when his prayers were fruitle;», he implored tlie aid of .Apollo, who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obbged them to restore Chrj-seis. Homer. 11. 1, v. II, &C. A daughter of Alioos. Ajmllod. 3, c. 1. CiiRYsirnr, a daughter of Danaus. Apol- lod. 2. c. 1, CHRYsirpi's, a natural son of Pelops, higlily favored by his fattier, for wliich Hip- l>odamia, liis step-mother, ordered her own sons, .Atreus and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his body into a well, on account of which they were banislied. Some say that Hippodamia's sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and tliat she did it herself. They furtJier say, that Chrysippus had been carried away by Laius, king of The- bes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his arms when Ilippodamia killed liim. Ht//pn. Jab. 85. — PlcUo de Ixg. 6. — Apol/iul. 3, c. 5. — Paus. 6, c. 20. A stoic pliilosophcr of Tarsus, who wTotc about 3 1 1 treatises. Among his ciu-jous opinions was his approbation of a parent's marriage with his child, and his wish tliat dead bodies should be eaten ruUier than buried. He died through excess of wine, or as others say, from laughing ton much on seeing an ass eating figs on a silver plate, 2U7 11. C. in the 80th year of his age. Vol. Max. 8. c 7. — Diod. — Horat. 2, Hat. 3, T. 40. There w«re aUo CH CI also others of the same name. Laert. A freedmon of Cicero. Chrtsis, a mistress of Demetrius. Plut. in Demet. A priestess of Juno at Mycenae. The temple of the goddess was burnt by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar of Minerva. Taus. 2, c. 17. Chrysoaspides, soldiers in the armies of Persia, whose amis were all covered with sil- ver, to display the opulence of the prince whom they served. Justin. 12, c. 7. Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sylla. Cic. vro Ros- A celebrated singer in Domi- tian's reign. Juv. 6, v. 74. Chrysolaus, a tyrant of Metliymn^ &c. €urt. 4, c. 8. Chrysondium, a town of Macedonia. Polt/b. 5. Chrtsopolis, a promontory and port of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now Scutari. Chryborhoas, a river of Peloponnesus. Paus. 2, c. 51. Chrysorrho^, a people in whose country are golden streams. Chrysostom, a bishop of Constantinople, who died A. D. 407, in his 53d year. He was a great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing the vices of his age, he procured him- self many enemies. He was banished for opposing the raising of a statue to the empress, after having displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a sound theologian, and a faithful interpreter of Scripture. Chrysostom's works were nobly and correctly edited, without a Latin version, by Saville, 8 vols. fol. Etonas, 1613. They have appeared with a translation, at Paris, edit. Benedict. Montfaucon, 13 vols, fol. 1718. Chrysothemis, a name given by Homer to Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. A Cretan, who first ob- tained the poetical prize at the Pythian games. Paus. 10, c. ". Chryxus, a leader of the Boil grandson to Brennus who took Rome. Sil. 4 v. 148. Chthonia, a daughter of Erechtheus, who married Butes. ^pollod. 3, c. 15. — — A sur- name of Ceres, from a temple built to her by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival there called by the sam* name, and celebrated every summer. During the celebration, the priests of the goddess marched in procession, accompanied by the magistrates, and a crowd of women and boys in white apparel, with gar- lands of flowers on their heads. Behind was dragged an untamed heifer, just taken from the herd. ^Vhen they came to the temple, the victim was let loose, and fourfold women armed with scythes, sacrificed the heifer, and killed her by cutting her throat. A second, a third, and a fourth victim, were in a like manner dispatched by the old women ; and it was ob- servable, that they all fell on the same side. Patts. 2, c. 55. 181 Chthonius, a centaur, killed by Nestor ii. a battle at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, V. 441 One of the soldiers who sprang from the dragon's teeth, sown by Cad- mus. Hygin. fab. 1 78. A son of ^gyp- tus and Calliadne. Vlpollod. 2, c. 1. Chitrium, a name given to part of the town of Clazomense. CiBAL^, now Swilei, a town of Pannonia, where Licinius was defeated by Constantine. It was the birth place of Gratian. Eutrop. 10, c. 4. — Marcell. 30, c. 24. CiBARiTis, a country of Asia, near the Mfeander. CiBYRA, now Burun, a town of Phrygia of which the inhabitants were dexterous hunters. Horat. 1, ep. 6, v.'55. — Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 13. Attic. 5, ep. 2. of Caria. C. CicEREius, a secretary of Scipio Afri- canus, who obtained a triumph over th« Corsicans. Liv. 41 & 42. M. T. Cicero, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight, and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His mother's name was Helvia. After displaying many promising abilities at school, he vras taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mu- tius Scaevola. He acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired from Rome, which was divided into factions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. He was natu- rally of a weak and delicate constitution, and he visited Greece on account of his health ; though,,perhaps tlie true cause of his absence from Rome might be attributed to his fear of Sylla. His friends, who were well ac- quainted with his superior abilities, were anxious for his return ; and when at last be obeyed their solicitations, he applied liimself with uncommon diligence to oratory, and was soon distinguished above all the speal:ers of his age in the Roman forum. "Wlien he went to Sicily as qucEstor, he behaved with great justice and moderation ; and Uie Sicilians remembered with gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had deli- vered them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate for the consulship, A. U. C. 691 ; and the patricians and plebeians were equally anxi- ous to raise him to that dignity, against the efforts [and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and required circum- spection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate Romans had conspired against their country, and combined to murder Cicero him- self. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused Catiline of treason against the state ; but as his evidence was not clear, his efibrts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon his guard, and by the information of his friends and the discovery of Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus, whom Catiline had sent to assassinate liim. N3 Aftec CI CI After this, Cicero commanded Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city ; and this despe- rate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet the 20,000 men who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of C. Antony, the other consul, defeated them in Gaul ; and Cicero, at Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators with death. Tliis capiul punishment, though inveighed against by J. CsBsar as too severe, was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and confirmed by tiie whole senate. After this memorable deliverance, Cicero received the thanks of all the people, and was stiled The father of his count ri/ and n sernwl fmindi^ of Rom^. The vehemence "ith which he had attacked Clodius, proved injurious to him ; and when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished from Rome, thnugli 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was not, however, deserted in his banishment. Wherever he went, he was received with the highest marks of ap- probation and reverence ; and when the fac- tion had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and people were unanimous for his return. After sixteen months' absence, he entered Rome with universal sativfaction ; and when he was sent, with the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made him successful against the enemy, and at his return he was honored with a triumph which the factious prevented him to enjoy. After mudi hesitation during tlie civil commotions between Ca;sar and Ponipey, he joined liimsclf to tlie latter and followed him to Grpece. ^Vhen victory Iwd declared in favor of Cflps.v, at the battle of Pharsalia, Cicero went to Brundu- sium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, wlio treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into the countr)-, and seldom visited Rome. ANTien Caesar liad been stabbed in the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was tiie most earnest to decree the provinces to Rrutus and Cassius. But when he saw the interest of Cirsar's mur- derers decrease, and Antony come into power, he retired to Atliens. He soon after re- turned, but lived in perpetual fear of assassi- nation, .\ugustus courted the approbation of Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his col- league in the consulship. But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his former professions of friendship ; and when the two consuls had been killed at ZVIutina, Augustus joined his interest to tliat of Antony, and the triumvirate was soon after formed. The great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony was fatal to him ; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs, to destroy all cause of quarrel and eacli to dispatch his enemies, produced their lists of proscription. About two hundred were doomed to death, and Cicero was among the. nmnber uj>on the list of Antony. Augus- tus yielded a man to whom he partly owed his 182 greatness, and Cicero was pursued by th« emissaries of Antony, among whom was Po- pilius, whom he had defended upon an accusa- tion of parricide. He had fled in a litter towards the sea of Caieta ; and when the as- sassins came up to him, he put his head out of tlie litter, and it was severed from the body by Herenm'us. This memorable event happened in December, 43 B. C. after the enjoyment of life for Go years, 11 months, and five days. The head and right hand of the orator were carried to Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum, and so inveterate was Antony's hatred against tlic unfortunate man, that even Fulvia the triumvir's wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue out of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold lK>dkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity what Cicero had once observed, that no animal is more rcfcngtj'ut than a wo- rnan. Cicero has acquired more real fame by his literary compositions than by his spi- rited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the abilities which he possessed, have been the admiration of ever}- age and country, and his stile has always l)cen ac- countetl as the true standard of pure latinity. The words nascitur jtoeta have been verified in his attempts to write poetrj' ; and die satire of ^lartial, Carmina quod scribit musts rt jlpoUine nu/ln, though severe, is true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country, but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers, poets as well as hi--torians. for his own improvement. >Vhen he travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of his age ; and his stay at Rhmles in the school of the famous Molo, conduced not a little to perl'ect his judg- ment. Like his countrymen he was not desti- tute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with which he returned from his qu.Tstorship in Sicily are well known. He was of a timid disposition ; and he who shone as the father of Roman eloquence, never ascended tiie pulpit to harangue, witliout feeling a secret emotion of dread. His conduct during the civil wars, is far from that of a patriot ; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute, sorry not to follow Pompey, and yet afraid to oppose Cirsar, the judgment would almost brand him with the name of coward. In his private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition ; and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by adver- sity, the aflfability of the friend conciliated the good grates of all. He married Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by whom he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards married a young woman, to whom he was guardian ; and because she seemed elateermittcd to take any money as a gift or a fee in judging a cause. I.iv. 54, c. 4. L. (I. CiNciKviTUs, a celebrated Roman, who was informed, as he ploughed his fii'ld, that the senate had chosen him dic- tator. I'pon this he left his ploughed land with regret, and rejiaircd to the field of Itatde. where his countrymen were chisely besieged by the \'olsci and ^Iqui. He conquered the enemy and returned to Rome in triumph; and lf> days after his apiK>intment, he laid down his office, and retired Iwck to pK.ugh his fieKls. In his 80th year he was again summoned against l*r;piieste as tlictator, and after a successful campaign, he resigned tlie absolute power he had enjoyed only 21 days, nobly disregarding the rewards that were oflcred him by the senate. He florished about 4(;o years before Christ Liv. 3, c. 26. — Ftor. 1 , c. 1 1. — Cic. de Finib. 4 — Plin. 1 8, c. .■>. I.. CiM'iis Alimentis, a pra-tor of Sicily in tiie second punic war, who wrote annals in Greek. JJiunys. Hal. 1. — Marcus, a tribune of the people, A. U. C. 549, author of the Cincia lex. CiNHAs, a Thessalisn, minister and friend to I'yrrhus king of Kpiriis. He was sent to Rome by his mahter to sue for a peace, which he, however, could not obtain. He told Pvnhus, that the Roman senate were a ve- nerable assembly of kings ; and observed, that to fight with them, was to fight against iiiiother Hydra. He was of such a retentive memon,-, tliat the day after his arrival at Rome, he could salute every senator and kniglit by his name. Plin. T, c. 24. — Cic. ad Fam. 9. (7). 25. A king of 'fhessaly. Hcr.'dol. 5, c. 63. — — An Athenian, fee. Poly.E.«iAs, a Greek poet of Tliebcs in Brr- otia, who composed some dithyrambic verses. Athen. CiNETHos, a Spartan, who ■wTote genealo- gical poems, in one of which he asserted that Medea had a son by .I.-uson, called Medus, and a daughter called Eriopis. Paut, 2, c. 18. ClKOA, CI c r CiKGA, 110-w Cinea, a river of Spain, flow- ino' from the Pyrenean mountains into the Ibenis. Lucan. 4, v. 21. • — Cces. B. G. 1, c. 4S. CiNGETORix, a prince of Gaul, in alliance with Rome. Cas. Bell. G. 5, c. 3. A prince of Britain, who attacked Casar's camp, by order of Cassivelaunus. Id. ib. cl 22. CingClum, now Cingoli, a town of Pi- cenum, whose inhabitants are called Cingxi- lani. Pliii. 3, c. 13. — C'cbs. Bell. Civ. 1, c. \5.—Sil. It. 10, V. 34. — Cic. Alt. 7, ep. 11. CiNiATA, a place of Galatia. CiNiTiui, a people of Africa. L. Corn. Cinna, a Roman who oppressed the republic with his cruelties, and was ba- nished by Octavius, for attempting to make the fugitive slaves free. He joined liim- self to Marius ; and with him at the head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated his enemies, and made himself con- sul even to a fourth tmie. He massacred so many citizens at Rome, that his name be- came odious ; and one of his officers assassi- nated him at Ancona, as he was preparing war against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia married Julius Caesar, and became mother of Julia. Plut. in Mar. Pomp. ^- Syll. — Lu- can. 4, V. «22. — Apjrian. Bell. Civ. 1. — Flor. S, c. 21. Pata-c. 2, c. 20, &c. — Plut. in Cees. One of Casar's murderers. C. Helvius Cinna, a poet intimate with (^jesar. He went to attend the obsequies of Cajsar, and being mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, he was torn to pieces. He had been 8 years in composing an obscure poem called Smyrna, in \vhich he made men- tion of the incest of Cinyras. Plut. in Cces. A grandson of Pompey. He conspired against Augustas, who pardoned liim, and made him one of his most intimate friends. He was consul, and made Augustus his heir. Dio. — Seneca de Clem. c. 9. A town of Italy taken by the Romans from the Sam- nites. CiNNADON, a Lacedaemonian youth, who resolved to put to death the Ephori, and seize upon the sovereign power. His con- spiracy was discovered, and he was put to death. Aristot. • CiNNAMus, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridi- culed by Martial, 7, ep. 63. CiNNiANA, a town of Lusitania, famous for the valor of its citizens. Vul. Max. 6, c. 4. CiNxiA, a surname of Juno, who presided over marriages, and was supposed to untie the girdles of new brides. - CiNYPs and Cinyphus, a river and country of Africa near the Garamantes, whence Ci- nyphius. Virg. G. 5, v. 312. — Herodot. 4, c. 198. — Plin. 3, c. 4 Martial, 7, ep. 94. — Odd. Met. 7, v. 272. 1. 15, v. 155.— Lucan. 9, v. 787. 185 Cinyras, a king of Cyprus, son of Paplius, who married Cenchreis, by whom he had a daughter called Mynlia. IMyrrha fell iii love with her father ; and, in the absence of her mother at the celebration of the festivals of Cei-es, she introduced herself into his bed by means of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Adonis ; and when he knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, wiio escaped his pursuit and fled to Ai'abia, where, after she had brought forth, she was changed into a tree which still bears her name. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed himself. He was so rich, that his opulence, like that of Croesus, became proverbial. Ovid. Met. 10, fab. 9, — Plut, in Parall. — Hi/gin. fab. 242, 248, &.C. A son of Laodice. Apollod. 5, c. 9. A man who brought a colony from Syria to Cyprus. Id. 5, c. 1 4. A Ligurian, who assisted ^neas against Turnus. Virg. JEn. 10, V, 186. Cios, a river of Thrace. Plin. 5, c. 32. A commercial place of Phrygia The name of three cities in Bithynia. Cippus, a noble Roman, who, as he re- turned home victorious, was told that if he entered the city he must reign there. Un- vnlling to enslave liis country, he assembled the senate without the walls, and banished himself for ever from the city, and retired to live upon a single acre of ground. Ozid. Met. 15, v. 565. CiRCiEUM, now Circello, a promontory of Latium, near a small town called Circeii, at the south of the Pontine marshes. The peo- ple were called Circeienses. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 248. — Virg. ^n. 7, v. 799. — Liv. 6, c. 1 7. — Cic. N. I). 3, c. 1 9. Circe, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, cele- brated for her knowledge of magic and ve- nomous herbs. She was sister to ^etes king of Colchis, and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was expelled by her subjects, and cai-ried by her father upon the coasts of Italy, in an island called jEsea.. Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war, visited the place of her residence ; and all his companions, who ran headlong into pleasure, and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe's potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all enchantments by an herb called moly, wliich he had received from Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration of his companions to their for- mer state. She complied, and loaded the hero with pleasures and lionors. In this voluptuous retreat, Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, or fvo according to Hesiod, called Agrius r.nd Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses forgot liis glory in Circe's arms, and at his departure, the njTiiph advised him to descend into hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias, concerning the CI CL the Cues that attended him. Circe sliewed herself" cniel to ScvUa her rival, and to Picus, [fid. Scylla& Picus.] Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 1 & 5 Horat. 1, qi. 2. 1. 1, od. 17 •" Virg. Ed. 8, V, 70. ^n. 5, v. 386. 1. 7, v. 10, &c. — Ht/gin. fnb. 1 25. — Apollon. 4, Arg. — Homer. Od. 10, v. 136, &c. — ApoUod. 1, c. 9 Hesiod. Tk. 956 Sfrab. 5. CiRfENSKs LiTDi, games performed in the circus at Rome. They were dedicated to the god Consiis, and were first established by llomulus at the rape of the Sabines. They were in imitation of the Olympian games among the Greeks, and by way of eminence, were often called the great games. Their original name was consiiulia, and they vere first called Circensians by Tarquin tlie elder after he had built the Circus. They were not appropriated to one partictdar exhi- bition ; but were cijii.illy celebrated for leap- ing, wrestling, throwing the quoit and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, and box- ing. Like tlie Greeks the Romans gave the name of Pentatlilum or Quinquertium to these five exercises. Tlie celebration con- tinued five days, beginning on the 15tli of September. All games in general that were exhibited in the Circus, were soon after called Circensian games. Some sea-fights *nd skiniiishcs, called by the Romans Nau- machisB, were afterwards exhibited in the Circus. Virg. Mn. 8, v. 636. CiRCii s, a part of mount Taurus. Plin. 5, c. 'J7 \ rapid and tcmi)estuous wind frequent in Gallia Nari)onensis, and un- known in any other countiT. Lucan. 1, Y. 408. CiRcuM PAflAxi AORi, the country around the river Po. lAv. i.'J, c. 3r>. Circus, a large and elegant building at Rome, where plays and shews were ex- hibited. There were about eight at Rome ; the first, called .Maxhnus Circus, was die grandest, raised and embellished by Tarquin Priscus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round with benches and could con- tain, as some report, about ,"00.000 sjiecta- tors. It was about 2187 feet long, and 960 broad. All the emperors vied in beautifying it, and J. (^lesar introduced in it large can:ds of water, which, on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite number of vessels and represent a sea-fight. Ciris, the name of Scylla daughter of Ni- sus, wh» was changed into a bird of the same name. Oiid. Mel. 8. v. 151. CiRRjKATL'M, a placc near Arpinum, where C. Marius lived when voung. Plut. in Mar. CiRPHA & Cyrrha, a town of Phocis at the foot of Parnassus where Apiollo was worshipped. Lucan. 3, v. 172. CiRTiiA & Cirta, a town of Nuniidia. !^al>. 7. CisalpIva Gallia, a part of Gaul, called also Citerior and Togata. Its farthest bound- 186 ary was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps on the Italian side. Cispadana Gallia, part of ancient Gaul, soudi of the Po. CisRHENANi, part of the Germans who lived nearest Rome, on die west of the Rhine. Cas. B. G. 6, c. 2. CissA, a river of Pontus. — ^— An island near I stria. CissEis, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter of Cisseus. CissEi s, a king of Thrace, fatlier to He- cuba, according to some authors. Virg. jiEiu 7, V. 520. A son of Melampus, killed by .tineas. Id. Mn. 10, v. 317 A son of /Egypt us. ApoUod. '2, c. I. CisMA, a country of Susiana. of which Susa was the capital. Herodot. 5, c. 49. CissiJE, some gates in Babylon. Id, 3, c. 155. CissiDEs, a general of Dionysius sent witli nine gallies to assist the Spartans, &c. Diod. 15. CissoF.ssA, a fountain of Hoeotia. Plut. Cissi's, a mountain of Macedonia. A city of 'ITirace. A man ^vho acquainted Alexander with die tlight of Harpalus. Plul. in Alex. CissL'SA, a fountain where Bacchus was waslieJ when young. PItit. in I.ys. C\irt.KM, a town of JiLoMa. A town of Lyda. Mela, 1, c. 18. CiTir.T.RoN, a Ling who gave his name to a mountain of Ha>otia, situate at tlie south of the river A'opus, and sacred to Jupiter and the Muses, /.cta-on was torn to pieces by his own dogs on this mountain, and Hercules killed there an immense lion. Virg. J^n. 4, v. 303. 4}>oUod. 2, c. 4. — Mela, 2. c. 3. — Strab. 9. — Pans. 9, c. 1, &c. — Plin. 4, c. 7. — Ptol. 5, c. 15. CiTHAiisTA, a promontory of Gaul. CiTiuM, now Chiiti, a town of Cyprus where Cimon died in his expedition against Egypt. Plut. in dm. — Tliucyd. 1, c. 112. Cius, a town of Mysia. ApoUod. I, c 9. J. CiviLis, a poweijful Batavian, who raised a sedition against Galba, &c. Tacit, Hist. 1 , c. 59. CizYCUM, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the same as Cyzicus Vtd. Cizycus. Cladevs, a river of Elis. passing near Olympia, and honored next to the Alpheus. Paxis. 5, c. 7, Clanes, a river falling into the Ister. Clanis, a centaur killed by Tlieseus. Olid. Met, 1 2, v. 379. Clanius or Clanis a river of Cam- pania. Virg. G. 2. v. 225. — ^ of Etmria, now Chianu'. Sil. 8, t. 454. — Tadt. 1, An. 79. Clarvs or Claros, a town of Ionia, fa- mous for an oracle of Apollo. It was built by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Tliebcs, after it hail been destrojred by the CL CL the Epigoni. She was so afflicted with her misfortunes, tliat a lake was formed witli her tears, where she first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence surnamed Clarius. Strab. 14. — Paus. 7, c. 3. — Mela, 1, c. 7. — Ovid. Met. 1, v. 516 An island of the JEgean, between Tenedos and Scios. Thu- cyd, 3, c. 33.— -One of the companions of iEneas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 126. Clastidium, now Schiatezzo, a town of Liguria. Strab. 5. — Liv. 32, c. 29. A village of Gaul. Plut. in Marcel. Claudia, a patrician family at Rome, de- scended from Clausus a king of the Sabines. It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the republic; and it was particularly recorded that there were not less than 28 of that family who were invested with the consulship, 5 with the office of dictator, and 7 with that of censor, besides the honor of six tiiumphs. Sueton. in Tib. 1. Claudia, a vestal Tirgin accused of in- continence. To shew her innocence, she of- fered to remove a ship which had brought the image of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the shallow places of the river. This had already baffled the efforts of a number of men ; and Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the goddess, untied her girdle, and with it easily dragged after her the ship to shore, and by this action was honorably ac- quitted. Val. Max. 5, c. 4. — Propert. 4, el. 12, V. 52.— ltd. 17, v. 34. —0^^. Fast. 4, V. 515, ex Ponto. 1, ep. 2, v. 144. A step-daughter of M. Antony, whom Augustus married. He dismissed her un- defiled, immediately after the contract of marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with her mother Fulvia. Sueton. in. Aug. 62. The wife of the poet Statius. Slat. 3, Sylv. 5. A daughter of Appius Claudius, betrothed to Tib. Gracchus. The wife of Metellus Celer, sister to P. Clodius and to Appius Claudius. An inconsider- able town of Noricum. Plin. 5, c. 14. A Roman road, which led from the INIilvian bridge to the Flaminian way. Ovid. 1, ex Pont. el. 8, v. 44. A tribe which re- ceived its name from Appius Claudius, who came to settle at Rome with a large body of attendants. Liv. 2, c. 16. — Halic. 5. Quinta, a daughter of Appius Cfecus, whose statue in the vestibulum of Cybele's temple was unhurt when that edifice was reduced to ashes. Val. Max. 1, c. 8. — Tacit. 4, Ann. c. 64 Pulchra, a cousin of Agrippina, accused of adulte:-y and criminal designs against Tiberius. She was condemned. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 52. Antonia, a daughter of the emperor Clau- dius, married Cn. Pompey, whom Mcs- salina caused to be put to death. Her second liusband, Sylla Faustus, by whom she had a son, was called Nero, and she shared his fate, when she refused to marry his mur- derer. 187 Claudia lex, de comitiis, was enacted bv M. CL Marcellus, A. U. C. 702. It or- dained, that at public elections of magistrates, no notice should be taken of the votes ot such as were absent. Another, de usura, whicli forbade people to lend money to minors on condition of payment after the decease of tlieir parents. Another, de negolialione, by Q. Claudius the tribune, A. U. C. 535. It forbade any senator, or fatlier of a senator, to have any vessel con- taining above 300 amphorae, for fear of their engaging tliemselves in coinniercial schemes. Tlie same law also forbade tlie same thing to the scribes and the attendants of the quaestors, as it was naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connections, could not be faitliful to their trust, nor promote the interest of the state. Another, A. U. C. 576, to permit the aUies to return to their respective cities, after their names were inrolled. Liv. 41, c. 9. Another, to take away the freedom of the city of Rome from the colonists, which Csesar had carried to Novicomum. Sueton. in Jul. 28. Claudia aqu^, the first water brought to Rome by means of an aqueduct of 1 1 miles, erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A. U. C. 441. Eutrop. 2, c. 4.— Liv. 9. c. 29. Claudianus, a celebrated poet, born at Alexandria in Egypt, in the age of Hont'rius and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the majesty of Virgil, witliout being a slave to the corrupted style which prevailed in his age. Scaligcr observes, that he has supplied the povtrty of his matter by the purity of his language, the happiness of his expressions, and the melody of his numbers. As he was the favorite of Stilicho, he removed from the court, when his patron was disgraced, and passed the rest of his hfe in retirement, and learned ease. His poems on Rutinus and Eu- tropius, seem to be the best of his compositions. The best editions of his works are that of Burman, 4to. 2 vols. Amst. 1 760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips, 1758. Claudiopolis, a town of Cappadocia. Pliti. 5, c. 24. Claudius 1, (Tiber. Drusus Nero) son of Drusus, Livia's second son, succeeded as em- peror of Rome, after the murder of CaUgula, whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. He made himself popular for awhile, by taking particular care of the city, and by adorning and beautifying it with buildings. He passed over into Rritain, and obtained a triumph for victories which his generals had won, and suf- fered liimself to be governed by favorites, ■^^■hose licentiousness and avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He mar- ried four wives, one of whom, called Messa- lina, he put to death on account of her lust and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by ano- ther called Agrippina, who wished to raise her son CL CL son Nero to the throne. The poison w:is conveyed in iniishrooiiis ; but as it did not operate fast enough, his physician by order of the empress made bim swallow a poiooiieil feather. He died in the C jd year of his age, ]3 October, A. D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; distinguished neitlier by humanity nor courage, but debased by weakness and irresolution. lie was succeeded by Nero. TacU. Ann. II, &c. IJio. 60. — Jiiv. 0", V. 019. — Suet, in vita. Tlic second em- peror of that name, was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallicnus. He conquered the Goths, Scythians, and Hcruli, and killed no less th.in SOCCXX) in a battle ; and after a reign of about two years, died of tlie plague in Painionia. The excellence of liis character inarkL-d witli bravery, and tompcriHl with justice and benevolence, is well known by tliese words of the senate, addressed to him : Cttiudi Aunuitc, tufrater, tu )mter, tit amicus, III bonus senator, tu v<-r<' princqts. Nero, a consul, witli Liv. Salinator, wlio defeated and killed Asdrubal, near tlie river Metaurum, as lie w.is passing from Spain into Italy, to go to the assistance of liis brother Annibal. Liv. '27, &c. — Ilural. 4, od. 4, v. 57. — Su,t. in Tib. The father of the emperor Til>crius, quaestor to Cicsar in tlie wars of Alexandria. Polios, an historian. Plin. 7, ep. 51. Pontius, a general of the Samnites, wlio conquered tlie I tomans at rurae Caudina', and made them i>a';s under the yoke. Liv- 9, c. l,&i. Pclilius, a dictator, A. U.C. Ml.'. Appius, an orator. Cic. in Unit. I'ul. Appius. App. Caucus, a Roman censor, who built an aqueduct A. U. C. 4-11, which brought water to Home from Tusculum. at the distiuice of seven or eight miles. The water was colled Appia, and it was the first that was brought to the city from tiie countn-. Hetbie his age tJie Romans were satisfied with tlie waters of the TilKT, or of the fountains and wells in tlie city. [ Vid. Appius.] — Liv. 9, c. 29. — Ovid. Fast. G. V. 203 Cic. de Sai. 6. A pra«tor of Si- cily. Publius, a great enemy to Cicero. Fid. Clodius. Marcellus. Vid. Mar- cellus. I'ulcher, a consul, who, when con- sulting til ; siurod chickens, ordered tliem to be dipi>e(' in water because they would not eat. Lir. cp. 1l>. He was unsuccessful in his ex- pedition against the Carthaginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Rome. Tiberius Nero was elder brother of Drusns, and son of Livia Dnisilla, who married Au- gustus, .after Ids divorce of Scribonia. He mar- ried Livi,i,t!!cemperor'sdaughterby Scribonia. and siicceeiU'l in the empire by the name of Tiberiu,. Vid. Tiberius. Honit. 1, cp. 5, v. 2. The name of Claudius is common to many Roman consuls, and other officers of sta*'-' ; but iiotliing is recorded of them, and their name is but barely mentioned. Liv. CLA.vif.NUs, an obscure poet in Juvenal's age, 1, V. S. 188 Claviger, a sum.aine of Janus, from bis being represented witli a A-'v/. Uvid. l-'wt. 1, V. '■I^S. — Hercules received also that surname, as he was armed with a club. Ottd. Met. 15, V. 2d4. Clausus or Clusius, a surname of Janus. Clauscs or Ci.Aunius, a king of the Sabines, who assisted Tnmus against -iliieas. He was the progenitor of that Ap. Claudius, who migr.ated to Rome, and became the founder of the Claudian family. Virg. ..£«. 7, V. 707. I. 10, V. 345. CLAZOMENiS & Cl.AZOMENA, UOW Vourla, a city of Ionia, on the coasts of tJie yEgean sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded .A. U. C. 9^^, by the lonians, and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other illustrious men. Mela, 1, c. 11— Plin. 5, c. 29.— Strab. 14. — Liv. 3K, c. 39. Cleadas, a man of Platiea, who raised tombs over those who had been killed in die battle against Mardoiiius. Hcrodot. 9, c. h.l. Clfascek, one of Alexander's officers, who killed Parmenio by tlie king's command. He was pnnibhed with death, for olfering \io- lence to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prostitute to his servants. Curt. 7, c. 2. 1. 10, c. 1. 'Hie first tyrant of Gela. Aristot. 5, Polit. c. 12. A soothsayer of Arcadia. Hcrodot. 6, c. 85. \ favorite of the em- peror Commodus, who was put to death, .\. D. 190, after abusing public justice, and his master's confidence. Ci.E.vNDRin.vs, a Sjiartan general, &c. A man punished witli death for bribing two of the Epiiori. Cleanthks, a stoic philosopher of Assos in Troas successor of Zeno. He was so poor, that to nuiintain himself he used to draw out water for a gardener in the night, and study in tlie day time. Cicero calls him the fatlier of the stoics ; and out of respect for his virtues, the Roman senate raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said that he starved himself in his 90th year, B. C. 240. Strab. 15. — Cic. dc Finib. 2, c. C9. 1. 4, c. 7. Ci.EARrHis, a tjTant of Heraclca in Pon- tus, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, Plato's pupils during the celebration of the festivals of Bacchus, after tlie enjoj-ment of the sovereign power during \i years, 355 B. C. JusHn. 16, c. 4.—LHod. 15. The second tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died B. C. 288. A Laccda;moni.an sent to quiet the Byzantines. He was rec;dled, but re- fused to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who made him captain of 1.3,000 QiTcek sol- diers. He obtained a victory over Artaier- xes, who was so enraged at the defeat, tliat when Clearclius fell into his hands by the treachery gf Tissaphemes, he put him to im- meiUate death. Jh^xi. 14. A disciple of Aristotle, who w rote a treatise on tactics &c. Xmojih, Clea.]iu>xs» CL CL Clkarides, a son of Cleonymiis, go- vernor of Amphipolis. Thucyd. 1, c. 152. L 5, c. 10. Clemkns Romanus, one of the fatliers of the church said to be contemporary with St. Paul. Several spurious compositions are ascribed to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle to tlie Corinthians, written to quiet the disturbances that had arisen there. It has been much admired. Tlie best edition is that of Wotton, 8vo. Cantab. 1718. Another of Alexandria, called from thence Alexandrinus, who florished 206 A. D. His works are various, elegant, and full of eru- dition ; the best edition of which is Potter's, 2 vols, folio, Oxon. 1715 A senator who favored the party of Niger against Severus. CuEMENTiA, one of the virtues to whom tbe Romans paid adoration. Clso, a Sicilian among Alexander's flat- terers. Curt. 8, c. 5. Clkobis & BiTON, two youths, sons of Cydippe, the priestess of Juno at Argos. When oxen could not be procured to draw their mother's chariot to the temple of Juno, they put themselves under the yoke, and drew it 45 stadia to tlie temple, amidst the acclamations of the multitude, who congra- tulated the mother on account of the filial af- fection of her sons. Cydippe entreated the goddess to reward tlie piety of her sons with the best gift that could be granted to a mortal. They went to rest, and awoke no more ; and by this the goddess showed, that death is the only true happy event that can happen to man. The Argives raised them statues at Delphi. Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 47. Val. Max. 5, c. 4. — Herodot.l, c. 31. — Ptut. de Cons, ad Apol. Cleobula, the wife of Amyntor, by whom she had Phoenix. A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, called also Cleopatrx She married Phineus son of Agenor, by whom she had Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus repu- diated her to marry a daughter of Dardanus. Apollod,5, c. 15. ——A woman, mother of a son called Euripides, by Apollo. — — An- other who bore Cepheiis and Amphidamus to iE^eus. ■ The mother of Pithus. Hygin. fab. 14, 97, &c. Cleobulina, a daughter of Cleobulus, remarkable for her genius, learning, judg- ment, and courage. She composed aenigmas, some of which have been preserved. One of them runs tlius : " A father had 12 children, and these 12 children had each 30 white sons and 30 black daughters, who are immortal, though they died every day. " In this there is no need of an (Edipus to discover that there are 12 months in the year, and that everj- month consists of 30 days, and of the same number of nights. Laert. Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Eva^oras of Lindos, fa- mous for the beautiful shape of liis body. He 189 wrote some few verses, and died in the 70th year of his age, B. C. 564. Diog. in vita. — Pint, in Symp. An historian. Plin. 5, c. 31. One of the Ephori. Thucyd, Cleochaees, a man sent by Alexander to demand Porus to surrender. Curt, 8, c. 13. Cleocharia, the mother of Eurotas, by Lelax. Apollod. 3, c. 10. Cleoii.eus, a son of Hyllus. Herodot. 6, c. 52. 1. 7, c. 204. 1. 8, c. 131. He endea- voured to recover Peloponnesus after his father's deatli, but to no purpose. Cleodamus, a Roman general under Gal- lienut. Cleodemus, a physician. Plut. de Symp. Cleodoka, a njTiiph, mother of Parnassus. Paus. 2, c. 6. One of the Danaides who married Lyxus. Apollod. 2, c 1 . Cleodoxa, a daughter of Niobe and Am- phion, changed into a stone as a punishment for her mother's pride. Apollod. 3, c. 5. Cleogekks, a son of Silenus, &c. Pain. 6, c. 1. Cleolaus, a son of Hercules, by Argele, daughter of Thestius, who upon the ill buc« cess of the HeracUdae in Peloponnesus, re- tired to Rhodes with his wife and children. Apollod. 2. Cleomachus, a boxer of Magnesia. Cleomantes, a Lacedaemonian sootlisayer, Plut. in Alex. Cleombrotus, son of Pausanias, a king of Sparta al'ter his brother Agesipolis 1st. He made war against the Boeotians, and lest he should be suspected of treacherous coia- munication with Epaminondas, he gave that general battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvan- tageous place. He was killed in the engage- ment, and his army destroyed, B. C. 371. Diod, 15. — Paus. 9, c. 15. — Xenoph. A son-in-law of Leonidas king of Sparta, who, for a while, usurped the kingdom, after the expulsion of his father-in-law. When Leonidas was recalled, Cleombrotus was ba- nished ; and his wife, Chelonis, who had accom- panied her father, now accompanied her hus- band in his exile. Pans. 3, c. 6. — Plut. in Ag. ^- Cleo?n. A youth of Ambracia who threw himself into the sea, after reading Plato's treatise on the immortality of the soul. Cic, in Tusc. 1, c. 34. — Ovid, in lb. 493. Cleomedes, a famous athlete of Ast)'pa- laea, above Crete. In a combat at Oljinpia, he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with his fist. On account of this accidental murder, he was deprived of the victory, and he became delirious. In his return to Asty- palaea, he entered a school and pulled down the pillars which sujiported tlie roof, and crushed to death 60 boys. He was pursued with stones, and he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose doors he so strongly secured, that his pursuers were obliged to break them for ac- cess. Wlien the tomb w as opened, Cleomedes could not be found either dead or alive. Tlie oracle CL CL oracle of Delphi was consulted, and gave this answer, UUiimis hToum Cleomedes Asty- paLeus. Upon this they offered sacrifices to him as a god. Paui.6, c. 9.—Plut. in Roiru Cleomeses 1st, king of Sparta, con- quered the Argivcs and burnt 5000 of them by setting fire to a grove where tliey had fled, and freed Athens from tlie tyranny of the Pisistratidae. By bribing tlie oracle, he pro- nounced iJemaratus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate, because he had refused to punish the people of .Egina, who had de- serted the Greeks. He killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B. C. Hcrodot. 5, 6, & 7. — Paus. 8, c. 5, i< c. The 2d, succeeded his brother Agesipolis 2il. He reigned 61 years in the greatest tranquillity, and was father to Acretatus and Cleonymus, and was succeeded by Areus 1st, son of Acrotatus. Paxis- 3, c 6. — — The 3d, succeeded his father Leonidas. He was of an enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the ancient discipline of Lycurgus in its full force, by banishing luxury and in- temperance. He killed the Ephori, and re- moved by poison his royal colleague Euryda- midas, and made his own brother, Euclidas, king, against the laws of the state, whicli forbade more than one of the same family to sit on the throne. He made war against the Achaeans, and attempted to destroy their league. Aratus, the general of the Ach«ans, who supposed himself inferior to his enemy, caQed Antigonus to his assistance ; and Clet>- menes when he had fought the unfortunate battle of Sellasia, B. C. 22i.', retired into Egj-pt, to the court of Ptolemy Evergete*, where his wife and children had Hcd before him. Ptole- my received him with great cordiality ; but his successor, weak and suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this noble stranger, and imprisoned him. Cleomenes killed himself, and his body was dead and ex- posed on a cross, B. C. 219. Polyh. 6. — Plut. in vita. — Juitin.'ZS, c. -i. A man appointed by Alerander to receive the tri- butes of Egypt and Africa. Curt. 4, c 8. A man placet! as arbitrator between the Athenians and the people of Megara. .\u historian. A dithvrambic poet of Rhegium. — — A Sicilian contemporary with Verres, whose licentiousnew and ava- rice he was fond of gratil'ying. Cic. id Verr. 4, c. 12. A Lacedceinonian ge- neral. Cleox, an Atlienian, who, though ori- ginaliy a tanner, became general of the armies of the state, by his intrigues and eloquence. He took Thoron in Thrace, and after distinguishing liimsclf iii several en- gagements, he was killed at Amphipolis, in a battle widi Bra'udas the Spartan gene- ral, 422 B. C. Thua/d. 3, 4. ^-c. — Dioil. I 2. A general of Mesaeiiia, vshi) cli-i))utcation. Juslin. 12, c. 6. — Ptut. inAlea. -—Curt. 4, &c. — — A commander of Poly- jR-rchon's ships, defcatctl by .\ntigonu6, Di'Hl. 18 An ofliccr sent by .\ntipatcr, witli 240 ships againsf tlie Adienians, ^^hora he conquered near tlie Ediinadcs. Diud. 18. A Trojan prince killed by Tcucer. — — A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a book on Miletus. Ci.oacIna, a goddess at Rome, who pre- sided over the Cloacse. Some suppose her to be Venus, whose statue \>as found iu the Cloacre, whence the name. The Cloacae were large receptacles for tlie fildi and dung of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the elder, and finished by Tarquin the Proud. They wore built all under die city ; so that, according to an expression of Pliny, Rome soeincd to be suspended between heaven and earth CL CL earth. The building was so strong, and the stones so large, that though they were conti- nually washed by impetuous toiTents, they remained unhurt during above 700 years. There were public officers chosen to take care of the Cloacse, called Curatores Cloacarum urbis. Liv. 5, c. 48.— P/J«. 5, c. 29. CtoANTHas, one of the companions of .ffineas, from whom the family of the CIu- entii at Rome were descended. Virg. JEn. 5, V. 122. Clodia, the wife of LucuUus, repudiated for her L-isciviousness. Plut, in Lucid An opulent matron at Rome, mother of D. Brutus. Cic. ad Altk. A vestal virgin. Vid, Claudia. Another of the same fa- mily who successfully repressed the rudeness of a tribune that attempted to stop the pro- cession of her father in his triumph through the streets of Rome. Cic. pro M. Cal. A woman who married Q. MetelUis, and af- terwards disgraced herself by her amours with Cffilius, and her incest with her brother Publius, for which he is severely and elo- quently arraigned by Cicero. Ibid. Clodia lex de Cypro, was enacted by the tribune Clodius, A. U. C. 695, to reduce Cyprus into a Roman province, and expose Ptolemy king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. It empowered Cato to go with the praetorian power, and see the auction of the king's goods, and commissioned him to return the money to Rome. An- other, de Magistratibus, A. U. C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade the censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon any person who had not been actually accused and condemned by both the censors. Another, de Religione, by the same, A. U. C. 696, to deprive the priest of Cybele, a na- tive of Pessinus, of his office, and confer the priesthood upon Brotigonus, a Gallogre- cian. Another, de Proviticiis, A. U. C. 696, which nominated the provinces of Sy- ria, Babylon, and Persia, to the consul Gabinius ; and Achaia, Thessaly, Macedon, aad Greece, to his colleague Piso, with pro- consular power. It empowered them to de- fray the expences of their march from the public treasury. Another, A. U. C. 695, which required the same distribution of corn among the people gralis, as had been given them before at six asses and a triens the bushel. Another, A. U. C. 695, by the same, de Judlciis. It called to an account such as had executed a Roman citi- zen without a judgment of the people, and all t!ie formalities of a trial. Another, by the same, to pay no attention to the ap- pearances of the heavens, while any affair was before the people. Another to make the power of the tribunes free, in making and proposing laws. Anotlier, to re- establish the companies of artists, which had been instituted by Numa; but since his time abolished. 195 Clodii forum, a town of Italy. PUiu 3, c. 15. Pb. Clodius, a Roman descended from an illustrious family, and remarkable for his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He committed incest with his three sisters, and introduced himself in women's clothes, into the house of J. Caesar, whilst Pompeia, Cse- sar's wife, of whom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries of Ceres, where no man was permitted to appear. He was ac- cused for this violation of human and divine laws ; but he corrupted his judges, and by that means screened himself from justice. He descended from a patrician into a plebeian family to become a tribune. He was such an enemy to Cato, that he made him go with praetorian power, in an expedition against Ptolemy, king of Cj'prus, that, by the diffi- culty of the campaign, he might ruin his re- putation, and destroy his interest at Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by his uncommon success, frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also an inveterate enemy to Cicero ; and by his influence he banished him from Rome, partly on pretence that he had punished with death, and without trial, the adherents of Catiline. He wTeaked his vengeance upon Cicero's house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to sale j which however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. In spite of Clodius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods restored to him. Clodius was some time after murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero took upon himself. Plut. in Cic.~Appian. de Civ. 2.— Cic. pro Milo. ^ ]rro domo. — Dio. A certain au- thor, quoted by Plut. Licinius wrote an history of Rome. Lio. 29, c. 22. Quiri- nalis, a rhetorician in Nero's age. Tacit. I, Hist. c. 7. Sextus, a rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with M. Antony, whose preceptor he was. Suet, de Clar. Orat. — Cic. in PhUip. Clcelia, a Roman virgin, given with other maidens, as hostages to Povsenna king of Etruria. She escaped from her confine- ment, and swam across the TibeV to Rome. Her unprecedented virtue was rewarded by her countrymen, with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. Liv. 2, c. 15. — Virg. jE)i. 8, V. 651. — Dionys. Hal. S. — Juv. 8, v. 265. A patrician family descended from Clcelius, one of the companions of iEneas. Dionys. Clcelia fossae, a place near Rome. Plut. in Coriol. Clcei.ius Gracchus, a general of the Volsci and Sabines against Rome, conquered by Q. Cincinnattis th. '2, c. 10. — Vol. Max. 3, c. 2. — Virg. jEn. 8, v. 650. CocTiie. & CoTTi-f:, certain parts of the Alps, called after Coctius, tlie conqueror of the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augus- tus. Tacit. Hist. CocYTus, a river of Epirus. The word is derived from xuxutty, lu weeji and to lament. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of its water, and above all, its vicinity to the Ache- ron, have made Uie poets call it one of the rivers of hell, hence Coci/tia vir^o, applied to Alecto, one of the furies. Virg. G. 3, v. 38. 1. 4, V. 479. JSn. 6, v. 297, 323. 1. 7, v. 479. —Paus. 1, c. 17. A river of Campania, flowing into the Lucrine lake. Coda N us sikus, one of the ancient names of the Baltic. Plin. 4, c. 13. CoDOMANus, a surname of Darius the third, king of Persia- CoDRiDjm the descendants of Codrus, who vrent from Athens at the head of several colo- nies. Pans. 7, c. 2. CoDHOpoLis, a town of lUjTicum. CoDRL-s, the 1 7th and last king of Athens, eon of Melanthus. WTien the Heraclidjc made war against Athens, the oracle declared that the victory would be granted to that nation whose king was killed in battle. The Heraclids upon this gave strict orders to spare the life of Codrus ; but the patriotic king disguised himself, and attacked one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained the victory, and Codrus was deservedly called the father of his country. He reigned 21 years, and was killed 1070 years before the Christian era. To pay greater honor to his memory, tlie Athenians made a resolution tliat no man after Codrus sliould reign in Atljcns under the name of king, and therefore the government was put into the hands of perpetual archons. Puterc. 1 , c 2. — JuMui. 2, c. K &; l.— Paus. I, c 19. 1. 7, c. 25. — Veil. .l/njT. 5, c. fT. A man who, with his brothers, kil.'ed Hegcsias, tyrant of Ephesus, &c. Polttem. n, c 49. •.\ I-atin poet contemporary witli Virgil. Virg. Eel. 7. Anotlicr in the reign of Domitiau, wljose poverty became a proverb. Jnv. 3, V. 2a". CcEciLius, a centurion. Ceps. Civ- Pell. CtEi.A. a place in tlie bay of Euba-a. Lie. 0], c. 47 Apart of .Vttica. Strab. 10. Ca?i.Ai,rT-K, ;i people of Tliraee. CcEiFsvRiA & CcELOsYRiA, a coutttry of Syria, between mount Lilwnus and Anti- lil>anus. where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capital was D.imnjous Antioihus Cy- zicenu« pave this up.rue to that part of Syria. lite which he obtained as his share when he dl. vided his fatlier's dominions witli Grypus, B.C. 11 2. Dionys. Perieg. CcELiA, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in SyO. The Coelian family, which was plebeian, but honored witli the consulship, was de- scended from Vibenna Coeles, an Etrurian, who came to settle at Rome in the age of Romulus. CcTLifs, a Roman, defended by Cicero. Two brothers of Tarracina . :iccused of having murdered their father in his bed. Th*y were acquitted when it was proved tliat they were both asleep at the time of the murder. Vat. Mar. 8, c. 1. --Pint, in Cic A ge- neral of Carbo. An orator. Id. in Pomp. A lieutenant of Antony's.— —Cursor, a Roman knight, in the age of Tiberius. A man who. after spending his all in dissipation and luxun.-. became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. Horat. 1. Sat. 4, v. 69. A Roman historian, who florished B. C. 121. A liill of Rome. Vid. CkHus. CcELUs or Uranus, .in ancient deity, supposed to be the father of Saturn, Occanus, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra, wlion\ he afterwards married. The number of his children, according to some, amounted to forty-five. They were called Titans, .ind were so closely confined by tlieir father, that they conspired against him, and were supported by their mother, who provided them with a scytlie. Saturn armed himself with this scythe, and deprived his fattier of the organs of generation, as he was going to unite hinv- sclf to Terra. From the blood which issued from the wound, sprang the giants, furies, and nymphs. Tlic mutihited ports were thrown into the sea, and from them, and the foam which they occasioned, arose Venus, th* goddess of beauty. Ilesiod. &c. CcENfs, .-ui otiicer of Alexander, son-in- law to Pannenio. He died of a distemper, in his return from India. Curt. 9, c. 3. — Dkd. 17. CocRANi s, a stoic philosopher. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 52. — A person slain by Ulysses. I hid. Met. 13, v. 157. A Greek, chario- teer to Merion. He was killed by Hector. Homer. 11. 17, v. 610. CoEs, a man of Mitylenc, made sovereign master of his country, by Darius. His coun- trymen stoned him to deatli. Herodot. 5, c. 1 i & 3S. CoEis, a son of Coclus and Terr;u He was father of Latona, Astcria, &c. by Piicebe. Hcsiod. Til. 13.5 & 405. Virg. G. 1, v. 279. A river of Messenia, flowing by Klectra. Pa us. 4, c. 33. CoGA.Mis, a river of Lydia. Plin. 5- c. 29. CoGisiJNt-s, a king of Britain, faithful tu Rome. T.eit. Aerig. c. 14. CoHiBi's. a river of Asix near Pontus. ConoRs, a division in the Roman aimies, consisting of about 600 men. It ^\.is the tentli c o CO tenth part of a legion, and consequently its number was under the same fluctuation as tljat of the legions, being sometimes more, and sometimes less. CoL^Nus, a king of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to some accounts. Pans. 1, c. 31. CoLAXAis, one of the remote ancestors of the Scythians. Herodot. 4, c. 5, &c. CoLAXEs, a son of Jupiter and Ora. FIacc.6, V. 48. CoLCHi, the inhabitants of Colchis. Colchis & Coi.chos, a country of Asia, at the soutli of Asiatic Sarmatia, east of the Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of Jberia, now called Mingrelia. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, and as the birth-place of Medea. It was fruitful in poi- sonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants were originally Egyptians, who settled there when Sesostris king of Egypt extended his conquests in the north. From the country arise the epithets of Col- ckus, Colchicus, Colchiachits, and Medea re- ceives the name of Colchis. Jiiv. 6, v. 640. — Flacc. 5, V. 418. — Horat. 2, od. 13, v. 8 Strab. 11. — Ptol. 5, c. 10. — Ovid. Met. 13, V. 24. Amor. 2, el. 14, v. 28. — Mela, 1, c. 19. 1.2, C.3. CoLENDA, a town of Spain. CoLiAS, now Jgio Nicolo, a promontory of Attica, in the form of a man's foot, where Venus had a temple. Herodot. 8, c. 96. CoLLATiA, a town on the Anio, built by the people of Alba. It was there that Sext. Tar- quin offered violence to Lucretia. Liv. 1, 37, &c.—Strab. 5.— Virg. jEn. 6, v. 774. L. Takquinius Coi.LATixus, a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lu- cretia, to whom Sext. Tarquin offered vio- lence. He, with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and were made first consuls. As he was one of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all the Roman people, he laid do\vn his office of consul, and retired to Alba in voluntary banisliment. Liv. 1, c. 57. 1. 2, c. 2. — Flor. 1, c. 9. ' ■ ■ One of the seven hills of Rome. CoLLiNA, one of the gates of Rome, on mount Quirinalis. Ovid. 4. Fast. v. 871. — A goddess at Rome, who presided over hills. One of the original tribes established by Romulus. CoLLUciA, a lascivious woman, &c. Juv. 6, V. 306. JuN. Colo, a governor of Pontus, who brought Mithridates to the emperor Claudius. Tacit. 12. Ann. c. 21. Colons, a place of Troas. Niejpos. 4, c. 3. CoLONE, a city of Phocis of Erythraea — — of Thessaly of Messenia. A rock of Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus. CoLONiA, Agrippina, a city of Germany on the Rhine, now Cologne. Equestris, 197 a town on the lake of Geneva, now Noyon. Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now Tei- rouen, in Artois. Norbensis, a town of Spain, now Alcantara. Trajana, or Ulpia, a town of Germany, now Kellen, near Cleves. Valentia, a town of Spain, which now bears the same name. CoLONOs, an eminence near Athens, where Qlldipus retired during his banishment, from which circumstance Sophocles has given the title of (Edipus Coloncus to one of his tra- gedies. Colophon, a town of Ionia, at a small dis- tance from the sea, first built by Mopsus the son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of Codrus. It was the native country of Mim- nemius, Nicander, and Xenophanes, and one of the cities which disputed for the honor of having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a temple there. Strab. 14. — Plln. 14, c. 20. — Pans. 7, c. 3. — Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 54. — Cic. pro Arch. Poet. 8. — Ovid. Met. 6, V. 8. CoLOssE & CoLossis, a large town cf Phrygia, near Laodicea, of which the govern- ment was democratical, and the first ruler called archon. One of the first Christian churches was established there, and one of St. Paul's epistles was addressed to it. Plin. 21, c. 9. Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the two moles which formed the entrance of the harbour, and ships passed full sail between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and every thing in equal proportion, and few could clasp round its thumb. It was the work of Chares, the disciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 years in making it. It was begun 300 years before Christ ; and after it had remained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was partly demolished by an earthquake, 224 B. C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from which could easily be discerned the shores of Syria, and the ships that sailed on the coast of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which were hung on the neck of the statue. It remained in ruins for the space of 894 years ; and the Rhodians, who had received several large contributions to repair it, divid- ed the money among themselves, and frustrated the expectations of the donors, by saying that the oracle of Delphi forbade them to raise it up again from its ruins. In the year 672 of the Christian era, it was sold by the Saracens, who were masters of the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose value has been estimated at 36,000 pounds English money. CoLOTEs, a Teian painter, disciple of Phi- dias. Plin. 33, c. 8. A disciple of Epic- tetus. A follower of Epicurus, accused of ignorance by Plut. A sculptor, whomade a statue of jEsculapius. Strab. 8. o 3 Coim CO CO Cotn, a city of loaia. Plin. 5, c. 29. CoLUBRARiA, now Montc Colubre, a sm al l islaad at the east of Spain, supposed to be the same as Ophiusa. Plin. 3, c. 5. Coi.i'MBA, a dove, the s)Tiibol of Venus among the poets. This bird was sacred to Venus, and received divine honors in Syria. Doves disappeared once every year at Eryx, where Venus had a temple, and they were said to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither she went to pass nine days, after which they returned. Doves were supposed to give oracles in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. Ttbull. 1, el. 7, v. n.—JBlinn. V. H. 1, c. 15. Columella, (L. Jun. Moderatus), a na- tire of Gades, who wTote, among other works, twelve books on agriculture, of which the tenth, on gardening, is in verse. TTie style is elegant, and the work displays the genius of a naturalist, and the labors of an accurate ob- server. The best edition of Columella is that of Gesner, 1? vols. 4to. Lips. 1735, and re- printed there 1772. CoLUMN.B Hehculis, a name given to two mountains on the extrcmest parts of Spain and Africa at the entrance into tlie Mediterranean. They were called Calpc and Ahyla, the fonner ou the coast of Spain, and the latter on the side of Africa, .it the dis- tance of only IS miles. Tiiey are reckoned the boundariea of the labors of Hercules, and they were supposed to have been joined, till the hero separated them, and opened a com- munication between the Mediterranean and Atlantic se-.is. Protei, the boundaries of Egypt, or the extent of the kingdom of Pro- teus. Alexandria was supposed to be built rear them, tliough Homer places them in tlie island Pharos. Odyt.'\, v. 551. — Vi^g. JEn. 11, v. 202. CoLOTHUs, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who wrote a short poem on the rape of Helen, in imitation of Homer. Tlie composition re- mained long unknown, till it was discovered at Lycopolis in the IJiIi century, by the learned cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, ae some suppose, a contemporary of Trypbio- dorus. CoLVTTL's, a tribe of Athens. Comaci';na, a part of Syria, above Cilicia, extending on the east, as far as the Euphrates. Its chief town was called Samosata. the birtli- place of Lucian. Strab. II & 17. CoMANA {. M. Fabius Vibulanus ; Postumius iEbutius C'omicen. ' 313. C. Furius Pacilus; M. Papirius Cra^isri. 314 P. nus ; L. at Rome. king. Geganius IMaceri- Mencnius Lanatus. A famine Mxlius attempts to make himself 315. T. Quintius Capitolinus fi ; Agrippa Menenius I^anatus. 316. Mamcrcus ilimilius ; T. Quintiuii ; I« Julius. Military tribunes. 317. M. fJcganius Maceriims; Sergius Fidenas. Tolurnnius, king of the Veientes, killed by Co^sus who takes the second royal spoils calieI. ("ornclius Malugi- nensLs ; L. Papirius Crassus. 310. C. Julius; L. Virgi- nius. 320. C. Julius 2 ; h. Virgi- nius 2. Tlie duration of die censorship li- mited to 18 months. 321. M. Fabius Vibulums; M. Fi)ssius ; L. Sergius Fidenas. M.lJLary tribunes. 322. Ij. Pinorius Mararrcus ; Ii. Furius ]\Iedullinus; Sp. Postumius .Mbus. Militan,- tribunes. 323. T. Quintius Cincinna- tus ; C .Tulius Manto ; cunsuls. A victor)' over the Veientes and Fidenates by tlie dic- tator Postliumius. 324. C. Papirius Crassus ; L. Julius. 325. I^. Sergius Fidenas 2 ; Host. Lucret. Tritipitinus. 32b". A. Cornelius Cossus ; T. Quintius Pennus 2. 327. Ser^ ilius Ahala ; L. Pa- pirius ISIugillanus 2. 328. T. Quintius Pennus: C. Furius ; M. Posthumius ; A. Com. Cossus. Military tribunes, all of patrician families. Victor)- over the Veientc;. 329. A. Scmpronius Atrati- nus ; L. Quintius Cincinnatus ; L. Furius iVIedullinus ; L. Uorat. Barhntus. 350. A. Claudius Crassus, &c. Military tribunes. 204 A. V. C. 331. C. Setnpronius Atrati- nus ; Q. Fabius Vibulanus. Consuls who gave much dissatisfaction to the people. 352. L. Manlius CapitoUnus, &c. Military tribunes- 333. Numerius Fabius Vibu- lanus; T. Q. Capitolinus. 554. L. Q. Cincinnatus 3; L. Furius Medullinus 2 ; M. Manlius ; A. Sempronius Atratinus. Military tri- bunes. 535. A. Menenius Lanatus, &c. Military tribunes. 336. L. Sergius Fidenas ; M. Papirius Mugillanus; C. Servilius. 537. A. IMenenius Lanatus 2. &c. 33S. A. Sempronius Atratinus 339. P. Cornelius Cossus, &c. 540. Cn. Com. Cossu.^, &c. One of the military tribunes stoned to death by the army. 541. M. Corn. Cossus ; L. Furius Medullinus, consuls. Domestic se- ditions. Q. Fabius Ambustus; C. M. Papirius Atratinus ; 3, &c. 342. Furius Pacilus. 343. C. Naulius Rutilus. 344. Mamercus yEmilius ; C. Valerius Politus. .545. Cn. Com. Cossus; L. Furius .Medullinus 2. Plebeians for the first time qu.xstors. 346. C. Julius, &c. Military tribunes. • 347. L. Furius Medullinus, Ac. Military tribunes. .548. P. & Cn. Comelii Cofcsi, &c. Military tribune?. This year the Roman soldiers lirst received pay. 349. T. Quintius Capitolinus, Sec. ^lilitary tribunes. The seige of Veii begun. ' 350. C. Valerius Potitus, Ac. Militar)' tribune;. 35!. Manlius .-Emilius Ma- mercinus, &c. The Roman cavalry begin t« receive pay. 352. C. .Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at Veii, occa-sioned by a quarrel between two of the military tribunes. 555. L. Valerius Potitus 4 ; M. Furius Camillus 2, &c. A milif.iry tri- bune chosen from among the plebeians. 554. P. Licinius Calvus, &c. 355. ^1- Vcturius &c. 3.56. L. Valerius Potitus 5 ; M. Furius Camillus 5, &c- 357. L. Julius lulus, &c. 55S. P. Licinius, Ac. C"a- millus declared dictator. The city of Vrii taken l>y means of a mine. Camillus ohuins a triumph. A. U. C. CO CO A. U. C. 359. P. Corn. Cossus, &c. T)ie people wished to remove to Veil. 560. M. Furius Camillus, &c. ; Falisci surrendered to the Romans. — .- 561. L. Lucret. Flaccus ; Ser- vius Sulpicius Camerinus, Consuls, after Rome had been governed by military tribunes for 15 successive years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing to Veii, and it is rejected. 562. L. Valerius Potitus ; M. Manjius. One of the censors dies. ^— — — 563. L. Lucretius, &c. Mili- tary tribunes. A strange voice heard, which foretold the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes to banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, and soon after march to- wards Rome. 564. Three Fabii military tri- bunes. The Romans defeated at Allia, by the Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire. Camillus declared dictator by the senate, who had retired into the Capitol. The geese save the Capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes and defeats the Gauls. 365. L. Valerius Poplicola 5 ; L. VLrginius, &c. Camillus declared dictator, defeats the Volsci, . or military tribunes 38 1 . I elected, but only for 582. J that time, L. Sextinus ; C. Licinius Calvus Stolo, Tribunes of the people. 583. L. Furius, &c. 384. Q. Servilius ; C. Vetu- rius, &c. Ten magistrates are chosen to take care of the Sibylline books. 585. L. Q. Capitolinus ; Sp. Servilius, &c. ters, Camillus this year was sole dictator, without consuls or tribunes. A. U. C. 587. A. Cornelius Cossus , L. Vetur. Crassus, &c. The Gauls de- feated by Camillus. One of the consuls for the future to be elected from among the plebeians. 588. L. jEmilius, patrician ; L. Sextius, plebeian ; consuls. The offices of pra2tor, and curule sedile, granted to the senate by the people. 389. L. Genucius ; Q. Servi- lius. Camillus died. 390. Sulpicius Peticus ; C. Li- cinius Stolo. ^— — ^ 591. Cn. Genucius; L. ^mi- 592. Q. Serv. Ahala 2; L. Genucius 2. Curtius devotes himself to the Dii inanes. 593. C. Sulpicius 2 ; C. Lici- nius 2. Manlius conquers a Gaul in single battle. 394. C. Petilius Balbus ; M. Fabius Anibustus. 595. ]\L Popilius Laenas ; C. Manlius. 396. C. Fabius; C. Plautius. Gauls defeated. 397. C. Marcinus ; Cn. Man- lius. 205 386. According to some wri- lius 2. 598. M. Fabius Ambustus 2 ; ]^. Popilius La-nas 2. A dictator elected from the plebeians for the first time. 599. C. Sulpicius Peticus S; i\I. Valerius Poplicola 2. both of Patrician families. 400. M. Fabius Ambustus 3 ; T. Quintius. 401. C. Sulpicius Peticus 4; M. Valerius Poplicola 5. 402. M. Valerius Poplicola 4 j C. Marcius RutUus. 405. Q.. Sulpicius Peticus 5 ; T. Q. Pennus. A censor elected for the first time from the plebeians. 404. M. Popilius Laenas 3 ; L. Com. Scipio. 405. L. Furius Camillus; Ap. Claudius Crassus. Valerius surnanied Cor- vinus, after conquering a Gaul. 406. M. Valer. Coi-vus ; M. Popilius Lajnas 4. Corvus was elected at 25 years of age, against the standing law. A treaty of amity concluded with Carthage. 407. T. Manlius Torquatus ; C. Plautius. C. Pffitilius. 408. M. Valerius Corvus 2 ; 409. M. Fabius Dorso; Se:. Sulpicius Camerinus. 410. C. Marcius Rutilus; T. Manlius Torquatus. 411. M. Valerius Corvus 5; A. Com. Cossus. T>io Romans begin ta make CO CO make war against the Samnites, at the re- quest of the Campanians. They obtained a ictory. A. U. r. 412. C. Marcius Rutilus 4; Q, Scrvilius. 413. C. Plautinus; L. iEmi- lius Mamercinus. ——~— 414. T. Manlius Torquatusj; P. Decius Mus. The victories of Alexander the Great in Asia. ' Manlius puts his son to dealli for figluing against his order. Decius devotes himself for the army, wliich obtains a great victory over tlic Latins. 415. T. .'Emilius Mamercinus ; Q. Publilius Philo. 416. L. Furius Camillus ; C. !VRenius. The Latins conquered. —..^-— 417. C. Sulpicius Longus ; P. jElius Paetus. Tlic prastorship granted to a l)Iebeu-.n. — — — ^ 418. L. Papirius Crassus ; Caeso Duillius. 419. M. Valerius Corvus; M. .^tilius Regulus. 4t'0. T. Veturius ; Sp. Post- humius. — — — 42 1 . L. Papirius Cursor ; C. Patilius Libo. 422. A. Cornelius 2 ; Cn. Do- A. U. C. 438. Sp. Nautius ; M. Popi- lius- 439. L. Papirius 4 ; Q. Pub- lilius 4. 440. M. Partilius; C. Sulpi- 441. L. Papirius Cursor 5; C. Jun. Bubulcus 2. 442. M. Valerius ; P. De- cius. The censor Appius makes the Appiau way and aqueducts. The family of the Po- titii extinct. 443. C. Jun. Bubulcus 3 ; Q. .^milius Barbiila 2. 444. Q. Fabius 2 ; C. Martius, Rutilius. 445. According to some au- thors, there were no consuls elected this year, but only a dictator. L. Papirius Cursor. 44C. Q. Fabius 3. P. De- — ^— ^ 425. >I. Claudius 3Iarcellus ; C. Valerius Potitus. 42 ;. L. Papirius Crassus ; C. Plautius Venno. 125. L. .lilmilius Mamercinus 2; C. Plautius. 426. P. Plautius Proculus ; P. Corn. Scapula. — — ^— ^ 427. L. Corn. Lcntulus ; Q. PubUlius Philo 2. 42S. C. Pactilius ; L. Papirius Miigillaiuis. — 429. L. Furius Camillus 2 ; D. Jun. Ilrutus Scaeva. Tlie dictator Papi- rius Curso is for putting to dcatli Fabius his master of liorsc, because he fought in his ab- sence, and obtained a famous victory. He pardons him. 430. According to some .luthors, there were no consuls elected tliis yaar, but «ftly a dictator, L. Pi^irius Cursor. — ' ■ — 431. L. Sulpicius Longus; Q. Aulius Cerretunus. — — — 432. Q. Fabius : L. Fulvius. ^— ^— — 433. T. Veturius Calvinus 2 ; Sp. Posthumius Albinus 2. C. Pontius, the Samnite, takes the Uoman consuls in an am- buscade at Caudium. 434. L. Papirius Cursor 2 ; Q. Publilius Philo 3. 435. L. Papirius Cursor 3 ; Q. AuliuB Ccrretanus 2. 436. M. Fossius Flaccinator ; L. Plautius Venno. 437. C. Jun. Bubulcus ; L. JEmiKus Barbula. 20C cius 2. 447. Appius Claudius ; L. Vo- lumnius. 448. P. Corn. Arvina ; Q. Marcius Tremulus. 449. L. Posthumius ; T. Mi- 450. P. Sulpicius Saverrio ; Sempronius Sophus. The iEqui conquered. 451. L. Genucius ; Ser. Cor- nelius. 452. M. Livius; M. ^milius. 453. Q. Fabius Maximus Rul- lianus; M. \'al. Corvus; not consuls, but dictators, according to some authors. ___^_ — 454. M. Valerius Corvus ; Q. .\puleius. The priesthood made common to tlie plebeians. 455. M. Fulvius Patinus ; T. 3Ianlius Turquatus. 456. L. Cornelius Scipio ; Ca. Fulvius. 457. Q. Fabius Maximus 4 ; P. Decius Mus 5. Wars against tlie Sara- nites. 458. L. Volumnius 2 ; Ap. Claudius 2. Conquest over the Etruriani* and Saranites. 459. Q. Fabius 5 ; P. Decius 4. Decius devotes himself in a battle against the Sainnitcs and the Gauls, and the Romans obt.-un a victor)'. 4tJ0. L. Posthumius Megellus; M. .\tilius Regulus. 461. L. Papirius Cursv; Sp. Carvilius. Victories over the Samnites. 4152. Q. Fabius G urges; D. Jun. Brutus Scaeva. Victory over the Sam- nite s. 463. L. Posthumius 3 ; C. Jun. Brutus. .Ssculapius brought to Rome in the form of a servient from Epidaurus. 464. 1'. Com. Rufiniis ; M. Curius Dcntatus. 465. M. Valerius Corvinus ; Q^ Caedicius Noctua. A. U. C. CO CO Q. Maicius Tremulus ; M. Claudius Marcellusj M. Valerius Potitus ; C. C. Claudius Csenina; M. A. U. C. 466. P. Corn. Arv'ina. 467. C. Nautius. 468. JElius PiEtus. 469. JEmilius Lepidus. _ 470. C. Servilius Tucca ; Cae- cilius Metellus. War with the Senones. 471. P. Corn. Dolabella; C. Domitius Calvinus. The Senones defeated. 472. Q. ^Emilius; C. Fabri- cius. War with Tarentum. 473. L. ^milius Biu-bula ; Q. Murcius Pyrrhus comes to assist Tarentum, — 474. P. Valerius Laevinus ; Tib. Coruncanius. Pyrrhus conquers tlie consul Laevinus, and though victorious sues for peace, which is refused by the Roman se- nate. The census was made, and 272,222 citizens were found. 475. P. Sulpicius Saverrio ; P. Decius Mus. A battle with Pyrrhus. 476. C. Fabricius Luscinus 2 ; Q,. ^llmilius Papus 2. Pyrrhus goes to Si- cily. The treaty between Rome and Car- tilage renewed. 477. P. Corn. Rufinus ; C. Jun. Brutus. Crotona and Locri taken. 478. Q. Fabius Maximus Gur- ges 2; C. Genucius Clepsina. Pyrrhus re- turns from SicUy to Italy. 479. M. Curius Dentatus 2 ; L. Corn. Lentulus. Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius. 480. M. Curius Dentatus 5 ; Ser. Corn. Merenda. 481. C. Fabius Dorso ; C. Claudius Csenina 2. An embassy from Phi- ladelphus to conclude an alliance with the Romans. L. Papirius Cursor 2 ; Tarentum surrenders. L. Genucius ; C. Quin- 482. Sp. Carvilius 2. 483. tilius. 484. C. Genucius ; Cn. Cor- nelius. 485. Q. Ogulinus Gallus ; C. Fabius Pictor. Silver money coined at Rome for the first time. 486. P. Sempronius Sophus ; Ap. Claudius Crassus. 487. M. Attilius Regulus ; L. Julius Libo. Italy enjoys peace universally. 488. Numerius Fabius ; D. Junius. 489. Q. Fabius Gurges 5 ; L. Mainilius Vitulus. The number of the qucestors doubled to eight. 490. x\p. Claudius Caudex ; M. Fulvius Flaccus. TIic Romans aid the Maraertines, wWch occasions the first Punic war. Appius defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of gladiators first insti- tuted. 207 A. U. C. 491. M. Valerius Maximus; M. Otacilius Crassus. Alliance between Roma and Hiero king of Syracuse. A sub dial first put up at Rome, brought from Catana. 492. L. Posthumi us Gemellus; Q. IMamilius Vitulus. The siege and taking of Agrigentum. Tlie total defeat of the Car- rtiaginians. 493. L. Valerius Flaccus ; T. Otacilius Crassus. 494. Cn. Com. Scipio Asina ; C. Duillius. In two months tlie Romansbuild and equip a fleet of 1 20 gallies. The naval victory and triumph of Duillius. 495. L. Corn. Scipio ; C. A- quQius Florus. Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica. 496. A, Attilius Calatinus ; C, Sulpicius Paterculus. The Cartliaginians defeated in a naval battle, — 497. C. Attilius Regulus ; Cn. Corn. Blasio. 498. L. Manlius Vulso ; Q. Caedicius. At the death of Caedicius, 31. At- tilius Regulus 2, was elected for the rest of the year. The famous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land in Africa, 499. Serv. Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior ; M. ^milius Paulus. Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is defeated and taken prisoner by Xantliippus. j^grigentura. retaken by the Carthaginians. 500. Cn, Corn. Scipio AsLna 2 ; A. Attilius Calatinus 2. Panormus taken by the Romans. 501. Cn. Servilius Ca?pio; C. Sempronius Blaesus. The Romans, discou- raged by shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the seas. 502. C. Aurelius Cotta ; P. Servilius Geminus. Citizens capable to bear arms, amounted to 297,797. 503. L. Caicilius Metellus 2 ; C. Furius Pacilus. The Romans begin to recover theii' power by sea. ■ . 504. C. Attilius Regulus 2 ; E. Manlius Volso 2. The Carthaginians defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One hun- di-ed and forty-two elej>hants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus advises the Romans not to exchange prisoners. lie is put to death in the most excruciating torments. 505. P. Clodius Pulcher ; L. Jun. PuUus. The Romans defeated in a na^ val battle. Tlie Roman fleet lost in a storm. 506. C. Aurelius Cotla 2; P. Servilius Geminus 2. 507. L. Csecilius Metellus 5 ; Num. Fabius Buteo. The number of the citizens 252, 222. 508. ]M. Otacilius Crassus ; INI. Fabius Licinius, 509. M. Fabius Buteo ; C. Attilius Balbus. A. U. C. c o CO A. U. C. 510. A. Manlius Torquatus 2; C. Sempronius Blaesus. 511. C Fundanius Fundulus ; C. Sulpicius Gallus. A fleet built by indi- viduals at Rome. 51 12. C. Lutatius Catulus; A. Posthumius Albinus. The Carthaginian fleet defeated near the islands Agates. Peace made between Rome and Carthage. The Cartha- ginians evacuate Sicily. 51". Q. Lutatius Cerco ; A. Manlius Atticus. Sicily is made a Roman province. The oDtli census taken. The ci- tizens amount to '200,000. r>14. C. Claudius Centho ; M. Sempronius Tuditanus, 5 1 5. C. Mamilius Turinus ; Q. Valerius Falto. 5 1 6. T. Scrapronius Gracchus ; P. Valerius Falto. 'ITic Carthaginians give up Sardinia to Rome. 517. I.. Com. Lontulus Cau- di-nus ; Q. Fulvius Flaccus. The Romans oH'cr Ptolemy Evcrgctes assistance against Antiochus Thcos. 518. P. Corn. Lentuius Cau- dinus ; Licinius Varus. Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia. 519. C. Attilius Balbus 2; T. ZVIaniius Torrjiiatus. The temple of Janus shut for the fir>t time since the reign of Nu- ma about 440 years. An universal peace at Rome. ■ 520. L. Postumius Albinus ; Sp. Carvilius Maximus. 521. Q. Fabius Maximus Ver- rucosus ; M. Pomponius ^latho. Differences and jealousy between Rome and Carthage. 522. M. i^milius Lepidus ; M. Publicius Malleolus. 523. M. Pomponius ^latho 2; C. Papirius Maso. 'Jlie first divorce known at Rome. 524. ^r. .^milius Barbula ; M. Junius Pera. War «itli the IlhTians. 525. L. I'ostumius Albinus 2 ; Cn. Fulvius Centumalus. 'ITie building of new Carthage. 526. Sp. Canilius Maximus 2 ; Q. Fabius Maximus. 527. P. Valerius Flaccus ; M. .Altilius Regulus. Two new prstors added to the other pra'tors. 528. .M. V.-xlerius ^Icssala ; L. Apulius Fullo. Italy invaded by the Gauls. The Romans could no" lead into the field of battle 770,000 men. 529. L. /Emilius Papus; C. .\ttilius Regulus. The Gauls defeat the Itomans near Clusiuin. 'Ihe Romans ob- tain a victory near Telamon. 530. T. ^lanlius Torquatus 2 ; Q. Fulvius Fluccus 2. Tlie Boii, part of the Gauls, surrender. 551. PhiJus. C. Flaminius ; P. Furius 20S A. U. C. 532. M. Claudius Marcellus ; Cn. Com. Scipio Calvus. A new war with the Gauls. Marcellus gains the spoils called ojyima. 533. P. Cornelius ; M. Minu- cius Rufus. Annibal takes the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain. • 534. L. Veturius ; C. Luta- tius. TTie Via Flaminia built 535. M. Livius Salinator ; L. .^milius Paulus. War with Illyricum. 536. P. Com. Scipio ; P. Sempronius Longus. Sijge of Saguntum, by Annibal, the cause of the second Punic war. Annibal marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. ITie Cartliaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. Sempronius defeated near Tre- bia, by Annibal. 557. Cn. ServUius ; C. Flami- nius 2. A famous battle near the lake Thra- symenus. Fabius is appointed dictator. Suc- cess of Cn. Sk'ipio in Spain. 53S. C. Terentius Varro ; L. .'Emilius Paulus 2. The famous battle of Cannae. Annibal marches to Capua. Mar- cellus beats Annib.al near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards Italy, and Ids army is totally defeated by tlie Scipios. 539. 'i"i. Sempronius Gracchus ; Q. Fabius Maximus 2. Philip of Macedoni.i enters into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia revolts, and is reconquered by Manlius. The Cartliaginians twice beaten in Spain by Scipio. 540. Q. Fabius Maximus 3 ; M. Claudius Marcellus 2. Marcellus be- sieges SvTacuse by sea and land. 541. Q. Fubius Maximus 4; T. Sempronius Gracchus 3. TTie siege of Syracuse continued. 542. Q. Fulvius Flaccus; Ap. Claudius Pulcher. Syracuse taken and plun- dered. Sicily made a Roman province. Ta- rentum treacherously delivered to .\nnibal. The two Scipios conquered in Spain. 545. Cn. Fulvius Centumalus. P. Sulpicius Galba. Capua besieged and taken by the Romans. P. .Scipio sent to Spain with proconsidar power. 544. M. Claudius Marcellu-i ■1 ; M. Valerius La?vinus 2. Tlie Carthagi- nians driven from Sicily. Cartliagena taken by young Scipio. 545. Q. Fabius Maximus 5 ; Q. Fulvius Flaccus 4. Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius takes Tarentum. .Asdru- bal defeatv^^d by Scipio. . 54G. M. Claudius Marcellus 5 ; T. Quintius Crispinus. Marcellus kil- led in an ambuscade by Annibal. The Car- thaginiaji fleet defeated. 547. M. Claudius Nero; Bf. Livius 2. Asdrubal passes the Alps. Nero obtains some advant.ige over Annibal. The two consuls defeat .Asdrubal, who is killed, and his beatl thro\\'n into AnnibaJ's camp, llic Romans make war against Philip. A. u. a CO c o A. U. C. 5-iS. L. Vetuiius; Q. Caeci- lius. Scipio obtains a victoiy over Asdrubal, the son of Gisgo, in Spain. Masinissa sides with the Romans. 549. P. C^ornelius Scipio ; P. Licinius Crassus. Scipio is empowered to invade Africa. 550. M. Cornelius Ccthegus ; P. Semproiiius Tuditaniis. Scipio lands in Africa. The census taken, and 215,000 heads of families found in Rome. 551. Cn, .Servilius Ca;pio ; C. Servilius Geminus. Scipio sj)reads general consternation in Africa. Annibal is recalled from Italy by the Carthaginian senate. •'— 552. M. Servilius ; Ti. Clau- dius. Annibal and Scipio come to a parley ; they prepai'e for battle. Annibal is defeated at Zaraa. Scipio jirepares to besiege Car- thage. ■' — 553. Cn. Corn. Lentulus; P. ^lius Partus. Peace granted to the Cartlia- ginians. Scipio triumphs. 554. p. Sulpicius Galba 2 ; C. Aurelius Cotta. War with the Macedo- L. Corn. Lentulus ; P. The Macedonian war con- Villius Tapulus. tinned. 556. Sex. vElius Patus; T. Quintius Fiaminius. Philip defeated by Quintius. 557. C. Corn. Cethegus; Q. Philip is defeated. Quin- Minucius Riifus. tins grants him peace, 558. L. Furius Purpureo ; IM. Claudius iMarcellus. The independence of Greece proclaimed by Fiaminius, at the Isth- mian games. , 559. L. Valerius Flaccus ; IM. Porcius Cato. Quintius regulates the affairs of Greece. Cato's victories in Spain, and triumph. The Romans demand Annibal from the Carthaginians. •^— — — 560. P. Corn. Scipio Africa- nus 2 ; T. Sempronius Longus. Annibal ■flies to Antiochus. 561. L. Cornelius Merula ; Q. IMinucius Thermus. Antiochus prepares to make war against Rome, and Annibal en- deavours in vain to stir up the Carthaginians to take up arms. ^^— — 562. L. ^uintus Flamininus ; Cn. Domitius. The Greeks call Antiochus to deliver them. — 56.5. P. Corn. Scipio Nasica ; The success of Manlius Acilius Glabrio. Acilius in Greece against Antiochus. 564. L. Corn. Scipio; C Lw- lius. Tlie fleet of Antiochus under Annibal defeated by the Romans. Antiochus de- feated by Scipio. — — — ^ 565. M. Fulvius Nobilior; Cn. IMaalius \'uIso. War with the Gallo- greciaiis. 209 A. U. C. 566. M. Valerius IMessala ; C. Livius Salinator. Antioc-hus dits. 1 567. M. iBmihus Lcpidus ; C. Fiaminius. The Ligurians reduced. 56S. Sp. Postuinius Albinus ; Q. Marcius Pliilippus, The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome. 569. Ap. Claudius Pulcher ; L. M. Sempronius Tuditanus. V'ictories in Spain and Liguria. 570. P.. Claudius Pulcher ; L. Porcius Licinius. Philip of Macedon sends his son Demetrius to Rome. 571. M. Claudius Marcellus ; Q. Fabius Labeo. Death of Annibal, Sci- pio, and Philopoemen. Gauls invade Italy. 572. M. Biubius Tamphilus ; L. iEmilius Paulas. Death of Philip. 573. P. Cornelias Cethegus ; M. Ba-bius Tamphilus 2. Expeditions against Liguria. The first gilt statue raised at Rome. ■' ' 574. A Postumius Ali)iiuis Lnscus ; C. Calpurnius I'iso. Celtiberians defeated. ■— — — 575. Q. Fulvius Flaccus; L. Manlius Acidinus. Alliance renewed with Perseus the son of Philip. 576. M. Junius J>rutus ; A. Manlius Vulso. 577. C. Claudius Pulcher ; T. Sempronius Gracclms. The Istrians defeated. — ^— — 57S. Cn. Corn. Scipio Hispa- lus ; Q. Petillius Spurinus. 579. P. Mucius; M. iEmilius Lepidus 2. Q. Mucins Sceevoia. 581. L 580. Sp. Po-^tumius Albinus ; Postumius Albinus ; M. Popilius Laenas. 582. C. Popilius Lffinas; P. ^Elius Ligur. War declared against Perseus. 583. P. Licinius Crassus ; C. Cassius Longinus. Perseus gains some ad- vantages over the Romans. — 584. A. Hostilius Mancinus ; A. Atilius Serranus. 585. Q. Marcius Philippus 2; Cn. Servilius Caepio. The campaign in Ma- cedonia. 586. L. JEmilius Paulus 2 ; Perseus is defeated C. Licinius Crassus, and taken prisoner by I'aulus. 5S7. Q. iElius Psetus ; M. Ju- nius Pennus. 588. M. Claudius Marcellus ; C. Sulpicius Galba. 5S9. Cn. Octavius Nepos ; T. Manlius Torquatus. ' 590. Aldus Manlius Torqua- tus ; Q,. Cassius Longus. ' 591. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus; M. Juvencius Phalna. ■ 502. P. Corn. Sripio Nasica; C. Miircius Figulus. Denieti-ius Hies from Rome, and is made king of Svria. P ' A. U. C CO c o A. V. C. 593. M. Valerius Messaia ; C. Fannius Strabo. ^—— 594. L. Anicius Callus j M. Corn. Ccthcgus. _^— 595. C. Cornelius Dolabclla ; M. FulWus Nobilior. —— — ,J9fi. M. iEmilius Lepidus ; C. I'opilius Lxnas. 597. Sex. Jul. Caesar ; L. Aurelius Orestes. War against the Dalma- tians. 59R. L. Com. Lentulus Lupus; C. .Marcius Figulus 'J. 599. V. Com. Scipio Naaica 2 ; M. Claudius jVlarcellus 1'. »i(X). Q.. Opimius Nepos ; I.. Postumius Albiiius. — — — (iOl. Q. I'ulvius Nobilior; T. Annius Luscus. The false Philip. Wars in Spain. ——— 60*2. M. Claudius Marcdlus .~ ; L. Valirius Flaccus. fiCi. L. Licinius Lucullus ; A. Posthumius Albinus. — ^-^ 601. r. Quintius Flainiiiinus ; M. Acilius Baibus. War between the Car- thajfinians and .Masinissa. 605. Ij. Marcius Censorinus ; M. Manilius Nepos. Tlie Honians declare war ag.iinst Carthage. J'lie C.iriliii^iniaus wish to accept tJie hard contlitions wiiich are imposed upon them ; but the lluinans say that Carthage nm»t Ik- destroycil. fJOO". Sp. Postumius Alliinus ; L. Calpurnius Piso. Carthage iHJsiegi-d. . 6X)7. P. Com. Scipio ; C. I.i- yius Drusua. The siege of Cartilage conti- nued will) vigor by Scipio. «>U.S. Cn. C\>rneliu> Lentulus ; L. Mummias. Carthage hurri.nidcrs, and is destroyed. Muniinius takes and bums Co- rinth. — — 609. H. Fabius ^lilmilianus ; T.. Ilostilius Mancinius. 610. Ser. SulpiciuH Calba; L. Aurelius Cotta. -^— — — 611. Ap. Claudius Pulcher ; Q. Caxilius MeU-llus RIacedonicus. War against the Celtibcri:uis. CI 2. L. Metcllus Calvus; Q. Fabius JVlitxinius Seryilianus. • — GI5. ti. Pompeius ; C Servi- lius Ca?pio. 614. C. Lxlius Sapiens; tj. Servilius Ca'pio. The wars with V'irialus, 615. M. Popilius Lxnas; C. Calpurnius Piso. ■ ■ 616. P. Conu Scipio Nasica; D. Junius Brutus. The two coasuls impri- son(^d by the tribunes. ^^—— 617. M. /Emiliu3 Lcpidus ; C. Ilostilius Mandnus. Wais agaiust Nunian- tia. 618. P. Furius Pbilus; Sex. Atiliut Scrraiius. 210 A. I'. C. 610. Ser. Fulvius Flaccus ; Q. Calpurnius Piso. 6 JO. P. Corn. .Scipio 2; C. Fuivius I'lacciis. 621. P. Mucins Sca>vola ; L. Calpurnius I'iso Fmgi. Numaniia surren- ders to Scipio. and is entirely dcniolished. The Seditions of Ti. Gracchus at Koine. • 6_'2. P. I'opilius Lanas ; P. Kupillus. 6-5. P. Licinius Crassus ; I.. Valerius Flaccus, 624. C. Claudius Pulcher; M. Pirpcnna. In the census are found 3U,8i.'3 citi/i-n^. 625. C. Sempronius Tuditanus ; M. Aijuilius Nepos. 626. Cn. Oc-taviu Nepos ; T. Annius Luscus. 627. I>. Cassius Longus ; L. t'orneiii.s Ciiina. A rsvolt of slaves in .Sicily. 62M. L. .'Enulius Lepidus ; L. Aurelius Orestes, — 629. M. Plautius Ilypssus ; M. Fulvius FI.-ICCUS. 6.30. C. Cassius Longinus ; L. Sextius Calvinus. — — — e.jl. Q. CsBcUius Metellus; T. Quintius Fiamiiiinus. 39. M. Canrilius Metellus ; M. .Emilius Scaurus. 640. M. Acilius Balbus ; C. Fortius Cato. 64 1 . C. Cccilius Metellus ; Cn. Papirius Carbo. — — — 642. M. Livius Drusus ; L. Calpiujiiiis I*iso. The Komans declare war ag-ainst Jugurthx — ^^— - 645. P. Scipio Nasica ; L. Calpurnius Bestia. Calpurnius bribed and defeated by Jugurtha. — — — 644. M. Mlnuciiu Rufus ; Sp. Postumius .Ubinus. ■ 645. Q. Caecilius Metellus ; M. Junius Silanus. Success of Metellus ag.iinst Jugurtlia. ——— — 646. Serriui Sulpicius Galba ; M. .Vurelius Scaurus. Metcllus continues the war. A. U. C. c o CO A. U. C. C47. C. IMaiius; L. Cassias. The war against Jugurtha continued with vigor by Marius. 648. C. Atilius Serranus ; Q. Servilius Caepio. Juguvtlia betrayed by Eoc- dius into the hands of Sylhi, the lieutenant of Marius. 649. P. Rutiliu3 Ilufus ; Corn. ?vlanlius INIaxinuis. Marius triumphs over Jugurtha. Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones. 650. C. Marius 2; C. Fla- vius Fimbria. The Cimbri march towards Spain. 651. C. Marius 3; L. Au- relius Orestes, Tlie Cimbri defeated in Spain. 65-2. C. lilarius 4; Q Luta- tius Catulus. The Teutones totally defeated by Marius. 653. C. Marius 5; M. Aqui- iius. The Cimbri enter Italy, and are de- feated by Marius and Catulus. 654. C. Marius 6; L. Vale- rius Flaccus. Factions against Metellus. 655. M. Antonius ; A, Pos- tumius Albinus. Metellus is gloriously re- called. 656. L. Csecilius Metellus Nepos ; T. Didius. 657. Cn. Corn. Lentulus ; P. Licinius Crassus. 658. Cn. Domitius Ahenobar- bus ; C. Cassius Longinus. llie kingdom of Cyrene left by will to the Roman people. 659. L. Licinius Crassus; Q. Mucins Scasvola. Seditions of Norbanus. 660. C. Coelius Caldus ; L. Do- mitius Ahenobarbus. 66 J. C. Valerius Flaccus; M. Herennius. Sylla exhibited a combat of 100 lions with men in the Circus. 662. C. Claudius Pulcher ; M. Perpenna. The allies wish to be admitted citizens of Rome. 663. L. Marcius Phdippus ; Sex. Julius Caesar. The allies prepare to revolt. 664. M. Julius Ca;sar; P. Ru- tulius Rufus. Wars witii the Marsi. 665. Cn. Pompeius Strabo ; L. Fortius Cato. The great valor of Sylla sur- named the Fortunate, 666. L. Cornelius Sylla; Q. Pompeius Rufus. Sylla appointed to conduct the Mithridatic war. Marius is empowered to supersede him ; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and takes it, and has Marius and his adherents judged as enemies. ' 667. Cn. Octavius ; L. Corne- lius Cinna. Cinna endeavours to recal Ma- rius, and is expelled. Marius returns, and with Cinna marches against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter, 668. C. Marius 7 ; L. Corne- lius Cinna 1?. Marius died, and L. Valerius 211 Flaccus was chosen in his room. The !Mi- thridatic war. A. U. C. 669. L. Cornelius Cinna 3; Cn. Papirius Carbo. Tlie IMithridatic war continued by Syila. 610. L. Cornelius Cinna 4 ; Cn. Papirius Carbo 2. Peace with Mithri- dates> 671. L Corn. Scipio Asiaticus; C. Norbanus. Tlie capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla. 672. C. Marius; Cn. Papi- rius Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome between Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizen* by order cf Sylla, who makej liimself dic- tator. ■ 675. M. Tullius Decula; Cn. Cornelius Dolabella. Sylia weakens and cir- cumscribes the power of the tribunes. Pom- pey triumphs over Africa. ' 674. L. Corn. Sylla PY-lix 2; Q. Caecilius Metellus. Pius. War against Mithridates. 675. P. Servilius Vatia ; Ap. Claudius Pulcher. Sylla abdicates the dicta- torship. 676. M. iEinilius Lepidus ; Q. Lutatius Catulus. Syila dies. ■ 677. D. Juniits Rrutus ; Tvla- mercus ^'Emilius Lepidus Livianus. A civil war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against Sertorius in Spain. 678. Cn. Octavius; M. Scri- bonius Curio. Sertorius defeated. • 67.V. Cn. Octavius; C. Aurelius Cotta. jMithridates and Sertorius make a treaty of alliance together. Sertorius mur- dered by Pei"pcnna. 680. L. Licinius Lucullus ; M. Aurelius Cotta. Lucullus conducts the I\li- thridatic war. 681. I\I. Terentius Viuro Lu- cullus; C. Cassius Varus Spartacus. 'i'hc gladiators make head against the Romans with much success. i 682. L. Gellius Poplicola ; Cn. Corn, Lentulus Clodianus. Victories of Spar- tacus over three Roman generals. 68J. Cn. Aufidius Orestes; P. Corn. Lentulus Sura. Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus near Apulia. ■ • 684. M, Licinius Crassus ; Cn. Pompeius Magnus. Successes of Lucullus against; Mithiidates. The census amounts to above 900,000. ■ • 685. Q. Hortensius 2; Q. Caecilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Armenia, and meditates the invasion of I'arthia. 686. Q. Marcius Rei ; L. Cs- cilius Metellus. Lucullus defeats tlie united forces of Mithridates and Tigranes. 687. M. Acilius Glabrio; C. Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus falls under the displeasure of his troops, who part ly desert him. Pompey goes against the pirates. P 2 A. U. C CO CO A. U. C. 6R8. M. ^oiiliiis Lepidiis ; L. Volcatiis TuUiis. PompL-y succeeds Lucullas to finish the Mitliridatic « ar, and defeats Uic enemy. ■ G89. L. Aurelius CotU ; L. Manlius Torquatus. Success of Poinpey in Asia. 690. L. Julius Cesar ; C. IVIar- tius Figulus. Poinpoy goes to Syria. His conquests there. »;9I. M. Tullius Cicero ; C. Antonius. Mithridates poisons himself. Ca- tiline conspires against the state. Cicero dis- covers tlie conspiracy, and punislic-; tlie ad- herents. G92. D. Junius Silanus ; L. Licinius Murteiia. Poinpey triumphs over the Pirates, and over Mithriilates, Tigranes, and Aristohulus. r,93. M. Puppius Piso ; M. Valerius .Messala Niger. . (,'3 1. L. Afranius; Q. Metel- lus Celer. A reconciliation between Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar. r,95. C. Jul. Caesar ; M. Cal- purnius Bibulus. Caesar breaks the fiisces of his collea.jue, and is sole consul. He obtains the government of Gaul for five years. »>9fi. C. C:Upurnius Piso; .V. Gabinius Paulus. Cicero banished by means of Clodius. Cato goes a^jainst Ptolemy king of Cypms. .Successes of Ca-s-ir in CJaul. • 697. P. Corn. Lentulus Spin- ther; Q. Cscilius Metellus Xejios. Cicero recalled. Cajsar's success and victories. (>i)S, Cn. Corn. Lentulus >Iar- cellinus; L. Marcius I'hilippus. The trium- rirate of Ca*sar, Pompey, and t'rassus. ()99. Cn. I'ompeius Magnus 2 ; AI. Licinius Crassus '_'. Crassus goes against Parthia. Coesar continued for five years more in the administration of Gaul. His con- quest of Britain. 7(X\ L. Domitius Ahenobar- bus ; Ap. Claudius Pulche^. Great victories of Ca;sar. 701. Cn. Domitius Calvinus ; M. Valerius Messala. Crassus difeatetl and slain iu Parthia. Milo kills Clodius. 70'J. Cn. Pompeiu.i !!Magnus ." ; the only consul. He afterwards took for colleague, Q. CaKrilius Metellus Pius Scipio. Revolt.s of the Gauls crushed by Cajsar. 70). Ser. Sulpicius Rufus ; ^I. Claudius Marcelhis. Riso of the jealousy betiveen Coesar and Pompey. ~04. L. .Emilius Paulus ; P. CLiudius Marcellus. Cictro pro-tonsul of Cilicia. Encrease of the dilVerenccs between Caesar and Pompey. ' 70j. C. Claudius IVIarcelius ; L. Cornelius Lentulus. Ca>sar begins tlic civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. Cffisar made dictator. . 706. C. Jubus Cecsar 2; P. 212 Servilius Isauricus. Cxsar defeats Pompejr at Pharsalia. Pompey murdered in £gypt. The wars of Ca»sarin Kgvpt. A. U. C. 707. Q. Fusius Calcnus; P. Vatinius. Power and influence of Cxsar <»t Rome. He reduces Pontus. TOS. C Julius Cssar 3 ; I\L .^miiius Lepidus. Ca^^ar defeats Pompey's partizans in Africa, and takes Utica. 709. C. Julius Caesar 4 ; Con- sul alone. He conquered the partizans of Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual Dictator and Imperator, &c. 710. C. Julius Caesar 5; ^f. Antonius. Caesar meditates a war against Parthia. Above tJOO Romans conspire against Caesar, and murder him in tlie senate house. Antony raises himself to pov*-cr. The rise of Octavius. 711. C. Vibius Pansa; A. Hirtius. .Vntony judged a pubL'c enemy. He joins Augustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus. 712. L. Minucius Plancus ; M. .I'^milius Lepidus 2. Cireat honors paid to tlio luemory of J. Caesar. Brutus and Cassiusjoin their forces against Augustus and Antony. 713. L. Antonius; P. Servi- lius Isimricus 2. Battle of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and Cassius. 714. Cn. Domitius Calviuus ; C. Asinius Pollio. Antony joins the son of Pompey against .Vugustus. 'Die alliance of short duration. 7 IJ. L. Alarcius Censorinus ; C. Calvisius .Sabinus. Antony marries Octa- via tlie sister of Augustus, to strengthen tlieir mutual alliance. 716. Ap. Claudius Pulcher ; C. Norbanus Maccus ; to whom were suljsti- tuU'd C. Octavianus, and Q. Pedius. Sext. Pompey, the son of Poinpey the Great, makes himself powerful by sea to oppose Au- gustus. 717. M. Agrippa; L. Caiii- nius Gallus. Agrippa is appointed by Augiia lus to oppose Sext. Pompey witli a fleet He builds tlie famous harbour of Misenum. 718. L. Gellius PopUcola ; :\r. Cocceius Xcr\a. .Vgrippa obtains a naval victory over Pompey, who delivers himself to Antony, by whom he is put to death. 71!'. L. Cornificus Xepos; Sex. Poinpeius Ncpos. Lentulus removed from power by Augustus. 720. L. Scribonlus Libo; IM. Antonius 2. Augustus and .\ntony, being sole masters of the Roman empire, make an»- tlier division of the provinces. Caesar obtains the west, and Antony tlie east. 721. C. Ca.'sar Octavianus 2 ; L. Volcatius Tullus, Octavia divorced by Antony, who marries Cleopatra. 7--'. Cn. Domitius Ahciiobar- bus; c o c o bus ; C. Sosius. Dissentions between Au- gustus and Antony. A. U. C. 725. C. Casar Octavianus 3 ; M. Valor. Messala Corvinus. Tlie battle of Actium, vfhich, according to some authors, happened the year of Rome 7^21. — The end of the common wcaltli. CoNsus, a deity at Rome, who presided over councils. His temple was covered in the Maximus Circus, to shew that councils ought to be secret and inviolable. Some sup- pose that it is the same as Neptunus Equcs- tris. Komulus instituted festivals to liis honor, called Consualia, during the cele- bration of which the Romans carried away the Sabine women. (Vid. Consuales ludi.) Flut. in Rom. — Auson. 69. et eleg. defer. li. 19. — Diomjs. Hal. I. — Liv. 1, c. 9. CoNsYGNA, the wife of Nicomedes king of Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs for her lasci- vious deportment. Plin. 8, c. 40. CoNTADESDus, a rivcr of Thrace. Hero- dot. 4, c. 90. CoNTUBiA, a town in Spain. Flor. 2, c. 17. Coon, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. Coos, Cos, Cea, and Co, an island of the .Sgean sea. Vid. Co. Cop-E, a place of Greece near the Ceplii- sus. Plin. 4, c. 7. CoPAis LACus, now lAmne, a lake of Boe- otia, into which the Cephisus and other rivers empty themselves. It is famous for its ex- cellent eels. Paus. 9, c. 24. CoPHAs, a son of Artabazus. Curt. 7, c. II. A river of India. Dionys. Pe- rieg. CoPHONTis, a burning mountain of Bac- triana. Plin. 2, c. 106. CoPiA, the goddess of plenty, among the Romans represented as bearing a horn filled M-ith grapes, fruits, &-c. CopiLLus, a general of the Tectosaga?, taken by the Romans. Plut. in Syll. C. CopoNius, a commander of the fleet of Rhodes, at Dyrracchium, in the interest of Pompey. Cic. 1, de Div. c. 8. — Pater c. 2, c. 85. CoPRATES, a river of Asia, falling into the Tigris. Biod. 19. CopREus, a son of Pelops, who fled to Mycenae at the death of Iphitus. Apollod. 2, C.5. CoPTUS & CoPTOs, now A'l/pt, a town of Egypt, about 100 leagues from Alexandria, on a canal which communicates with the Nile. Plin. 5, c. 9, 1. 6, c. 2o. — Strab. 16. — Juv. 15, v. 28. Cora, a town of I,atium, on the confines of the Volsci, built by a colony of Dardanians before the foundation of Rome. Lucan. 1, V. 592, Virg. ^En. 6, v. 775. CoRACEsiuM & CoHACENsiuM, 3 maritime town of Pamphylia. Liv. 33, c. 20. 215 CoRAcoNAsus, a toM-n of Arcadia, where the Ladon falls into the Alpheus. l^aus. 8, c. 25. CoraletjH, a people of Scythia. Fkicc, 6, V. 81. CoRALLi, a savage people of Pontus. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 2, v. 57. CoRANUs, a miser. Vid. Nasica. Coras, a brotlicr of Calillus and Tybui+us, who fought against iEneas. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 672. CoRAx, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who first demanded a salary of his pupils. Cic. in Brut. 12, de oral. 1, c. 20. — Atd. Cell. 5, c. 10. — Quinlil. 5, c. 1.- A king of Sicyon. A mountain of iEtolia. Lii. 36, c. 50. CoRAXi, a people of Colchis. Plin. 6, c. 5. CoRBEus, a GauJ, ^c. Cas. Bell. G. 8, c. 6. CoRBis & Orsua, two brothers, who fought for the dominion of a city, in the presence of Scipio, in Spain. Liv. 2S, c. 21. — Vnl. Max. 9, c. II. CoRBtJLo, Domitius, a prefect of Bel- gium, who, when governor of Syria, routed the Parthians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, ordered him to be murdered ; and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming, I have well deserved tliis ! A. D. 66. His name was given to a place (3/owm- mentiim) in Gennany, which some suppose to be modern Groningen. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 18. CoRc^RA, an island in the Ionian sea, about 12 miles from Buthrotum, on the coast of Epirus ; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and the gardens of Alcinous. It has been successively called Drepane, Scheria, and Phceacia, and now bears the najne of Corfu. Some Corinthians, with Chersicrates at their head, came to settle there, wlieu ba- nisl'.ed from their coimtry, 705 years before the christian era. A colony of Colchis had settled there 1549 years before Christ. The war which was carried on by the Athenians, against the Corcyreans, and was called Corrt/- rcan, became but a preparation for the Pelo- ponnesian war. The people of Corcyra were once so hated by the Cretans, that such as were found on the island of Crete wore al- ways put to death. Ovid. lb. 512. — Homer. Od. 5, c^-c. —Lucan. 9, v. 52. — Mt'a, 2, c. 7. — Plin. 4, c. 12. — Strab. G. CoRDUBA, now Cordova, a famous city of Hispania Baetica, die native place of both the Senecas, and of Lucan. Martial, 1, cp, 62. — Mela, 2, c. 6. — Cces. Bell. Alex, 57, — Plin. 3, c. 1. CoRDYLA, a port of Pontus, supposed to give its name to a peculiar sort of fishes caught there (Cordylce). Plin, 9, c. 15, -— Martial, 13, ep. 1. P 3 Cork, c o c o Corf, a dauglitrr of Ceres, the same as ProseriMiie. Festivals called Corcia, were instituted to her honor in Greece. CoREssu.s, a hill near Ephesus. Herodot. 5, c. 100. CoREsus, *a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in Bceotia, who Avas deeply enamoured of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with distlain. He conipl:uried to Bacchus, who visited the country with a pestilence. The Calydonians were directed by the oracle, to appease the j^od by sacrificing Calllihoe on his altar. Tim nymph was led to the altar, and Coresus, who was to sacrifice Iier, forgot his resentment, and stabbed liimseif. Cal- lirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to the love of Coresus, killed lierself on the brink of a fountain, ivhich afterwards bore her name. Pans. 7, c. 'Jl. CoRKTAs, a man who first gave oracles at Delphi. rii(t. de ornc. drf. CoRFiNiU-M, now Smpeiitor ; hut it must be acknowledged, that her beauty greatly contributed to defeat her rivals. She had composed 50 books of epigrams and odes, of whicli only some few verses remain. Propert. 2, c/. •l. — Puns, f), c. 22. A ■woman of Ther.pis, celebrated for lier be.auty. — Ovid's mistress was also called Corinna. Amor. 2, el. 6. CoRiKNus, an ancient jHJet in flic time of the Trojan war, on which he wrote a poem. Homer, as s*me suppose, took his subject from the poem of Corinnus. CoRiNTuiACUs SINUS, js uow Called the gulph of Lcpanto. CoRFNi^us, an ancient city of Greece, now called Corifo, situated on the middle of tlie isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 60 stadia on either side from the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus son of ^olus, A. M. 2()"16', and received its name from Corinthus the son of Pelops. lis original name was Kphurr ,- and if is called liimarjs, because situated between the Saronicus Sinus, and the Crisseus Siiuis. The inhabit.uits were once very powert'ul, and had jrreat influence .among the Grecian states, 'lliey colonized Syr.iCMse in Sicily, and delivered it from the fyrannv of its oi)pressors, by the means of Timoleon. Co- rindi was totally destroyed by I,. IVtummius, tJie Bonian consul, and burnt to the ground, 146 B. C. 'T\\c riches whicli the Romans found there, were immense. Diuing the 214 conflagration, all the metals which were in the city melted and mixed together, and fonned that valuable composition of metals, which has since been known by the name of Corinthiiim jEs. This, however, appears iinprob.able, especially when it is remem- bered that tlie artists of Corinth made a mixture of copper with small quantities of gold and silver, and so brilliant was the composition, that the appellation of Co- rinthiiin brasx afterwards fctampeil an extra- ordin;u^- value on pieces of inferior worth. Tliere was tJicre a famous temple of Venus, where lascivious women resorted, and sold their pleasures so dear, that many of their lovers were reduced to poverty ; whence the proverb of A'>» cuii'is homini coiUingit adire Corinthum, to shew tliat all voluptuous indulgences are attended with much cxpcnce. .T. C»sar planted a colony at Corinth, and endea- voured to raise it from its ruins, and restore it to its fonner grandeur. The government of Corinth was monarchical, till 779 years B. C. when otiiccrs called Prytanes were instituted. Tlie war which has received the name of CoriiUhuin irar, because the battles were fought in the neighbourhood of Corinth, was Itcgun B. C. ."95, by the com- bination of the Athenians. Thebans, Co- rinthians, and Argivcs, against Lacedsemon. J'isiindcr and .Agesjlaus diNtinguished them- selves in Ibat war ; the former in the first year of hostilities, was defeated with th« r.aced.xmonian fleet, by Conon near Cni- dus ; while a few days after .\gesilaus slaughtered 10.000 of tlie enemy. The most famous battles were fought at Coro- lu-a and I.euctra ; but Agesilaus refused to bi-siege Corinth, lamenting that the Greeks instead of destroying one another, did not turn their amis against the Persian power. Miirtinl. 9, cp. 5S. — Suctotu Auji. 70. — l.h: "5, c. 28. — Flor. 2, c. 16. — Oiid. Met. 2, V. 240. — Horat. 1, ep. 17, v. 36. — Plin. .■>4, c. 2. — Stat. Thub. 7, v. 106. — Pans. 2, c. l,&c. — Strab. 8, &c. — Ht- mer. 11. 15. — Cic. Ttisc. 4, c. 14, in Vcrr. 4, c. 44, df N. D. 3. ——— An actor at Rome, Juv. S, v. 197. Couioi.ANM-.;, the surname of C. Martins from bis victory over Corioli. where, from a private 'oldicr, he gained the amplest ho- nors. When master of the place, he accepted as the only reward, the surname of Corio- lanus, a horse, and prisoners, and his ancient host, to whom he immediately gave hit lilK-rty. After a number of military exploits, and many services to his country, he was refused the consulship by the people, when his scars had for a while influenced them in his favor. This raised his resentment ; and when tlie Romans hail received » present of corn from Gelo king of .Sicily. CoriolanuB insisted that it should be sold for money, and not CO CO not be given gratis. Upon this the tribune* raised the people against him for his impiu- tlent advice, and even wishetl him to be put to deatli ITiis rigorous sentence was stop- ped by the influence of the senators, and Co- riolanus submitted to a trial. lie was ba- nished by a majority of three tribes, and he immediately retired among the Volsci, to Attius Tullus, his greatest enemy, frna whom he met a most friendly reception, lie advised him to make war against Rome, and he marched at the head of .the Volsci as general. The approach of Coriolanus greatly alarmed the Romans, who sent him several embassies to reconcile him to las country, and to solicit his return. He was deaf to all proposals, and bade them pre- pare for war. He pitched his camp only at the distance of five miles from the city ; and his enmity against his country would have been fatal, had not his wife Volimmia, and his mother Vcturia, been prevailed upon by the Roman matrons, to go and appease his resentment. 'ilie meeting of Coriola- nus with his family was tender and affect- ing. He remained long inexorable; but at last the tears and entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed over tlie stern and obstinate resolutions of an enemy, and Cori- olanus marched the Volsci from tlic neigh- bourhood of Rome, To shew their sense of Volumnia's merit and patriotism, the Romans dedicated a temple to Female For- tune. The behaviour of Coriolanus, how- ever, displeased the "S^olsci. He was sum- moned to appear before the people of Antium ; but the clamors which his enemies raised, were so prevalent, that lie was murdered at the place appointed for his trial, B. C. 488. His body was honored with a mag- nificent funeral by the Volsci, and the Ro- man matrons put on mourning for his loss. Some historians say that he died in exile, in an advanced old age. Plut in vita. — Flor. 2, c. 22. CoRioLi & CoRiOLLA, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci, taken by the Romans under C. I\Iartius, called from thence Coriolanus. Piiit. 3, c. 5. — I'lut. — Lie. 2, c. 33, CoRissus, a town of Ionia. CoRn'us. Vid. Corytus. CoRMASA, a town of Pamphylia. Liu. 38, c. 15. CoRMUs, a river neai- Assyria. Tacit. 12, Ann. c. 14. CoRxicLiA LEX, dc Civilate, was enacted A. U. C. G70, by L. Corn. Sylla. It con- ftrined the Sulpician law, and required that tlie citizens of the eight newly elected tribes, shoold be divided among the 55 ancient tribes. Another, de Judiciis, A. U. C. 675, by tlie same. It ordained tliat the praetor should always observe the same inva- riable metliod in judicial proceedings, and 215 thfSt tiie process should not depend upon his will. Another, deSumptilnn:, by the same. It limited the expences which gene- rally attended funerals. Another, de Re- ligionc, by the same, A. U. C. 077. It re- stored to the college of priests, the privilege of chusing the priests, whicii by the Domi- tian law, had been lodged in the hands of the people. Another, de Municijnu;, by the same ; which revoked all the privileges which had been some time before granted to the several towns tliat had assisted Marius and Cimxa in the civil wars. Another, de ]\iagistralibus, by the same; ^^hich gave the power of bearing honors and being pro- moted before the legal age, to those who had followed the interest of Sylla,. while the sons and partizans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were deprived of the privilege of standing for any office of the slate. Anotlier, dc Magistratihus, by the same, A. U. C. G73. It ordained that no person should exercise tlie same office within ten years' distance, or be invested with two different magistracies in one year. An- other, de Magistratibus, by the same, A.U.C. 6J73. It divested the tribunes of the pri- Ivjlege of making laws, interfering, holding assemblies, and receiving appeals. All such as had been tribunes were incapable of holding any other office in the state by that law, ■ Another, dc Mnjestate, by the same, A. U. C. 670. It made it treason to send an army out of a province, or engage in a war without orders, to Inflti- ence the soldiei-s to spai-e or ransom a captive general of the enemy, to pardon the leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the absence of a Roman citizen, to a foreign court, with- out previous leave. The punishment was, aqua; et igiiLt inlerdictio. Anotlier, by the same, which gave the power to a man accused of murder, either by poison, weap- ons, or false accusations, and the setting fire to buildings, to chuse whether, the jury that tried him should give their verdict dam or jmlani, viva voce, or by bcdlot. Another, by the same, which made it M/u^e et igjiis iiUerdiclio to such as were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering of Mills, corruption, false accusations, and the debasing or coun- terfeiting of the public coin; all such as were accessary to this offence, were deemed as guilty as the offender. Another, dc pecuniis rcpetundia, by which a man convii-ted of peculation or extortion in the provinces was condemned to suffer the aquecn praised for her great virtues. When lier husband left her in the bay of Alexandria, to goon sliore in a small lx)at, she snw liiiu stabbed by Achillas, and heard his dying groans without the possi- bility of aidjng him. She attributed all his misfortunes to his connection witJi her. I'.'nt. in J'ljmji. A daughter of Si-ipio Africanus, who married Sempronius Grac- chus, and was tlic mother of Tiberius and Cftlus Gracchus. She was courted by a king ; but she preferred being the wife of a Itonian citizen, to that of a monarch. Her virtues have been deservedly commended, a.s Well as the wholesome principkb which she in- culcated in her two sons. \Vhen a Campaniau lady made once a shew of her jewels at Cornelia's house, and entreated her to favor lier with a sight of her own, Cornelia pro- duced her two sons, saying. These arc the only jewels of wliich I can l>oast. In her lifetime, a statue was raised to her. %vith tiiis inscription, Conwlia malfr Gnica'ionnn. Some of her epistles are preserved. Pint, in Cracc/i. — Juv. 6, \. 1G7 I'a/. Mar. 4, C. 4. — Cic. in Brut. 58. de cl. Or. .58 A vestal virgin, buried alive in Domitian's age, as guilty of incontinence. Sue/on. in J)om. CoRxiiui, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most distinguished were, Caius Cornelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who fore- told the beginning and issue of the battle of Piiarsiilia Uolabella, a friend and ad- mirer of Cleopatra. lie told her that Au- gustus intended to remove her from tlie mo- nument, where she hail retired. An officer of Sylla, whom J. Ca's;u- briiiod to escape the proscription which tlireatened his life Cethegus, a priest, degraded from his office for want of attention Ciu a man chosen by 3Jarcellus to he his colleague in the consulsliip Balbus, a man who liiu- 216 dered J. Caesar from rising up at tlie arrival of the senators. Cossus, a military tri- bune during tlic time that there were no con- suls in the republic. He offered to Jupiter the spoils called opima. Uv. 4, c. 19. Balbus, a man of Gades, intimate with Ci- cero, by whom he was ably defended when accused. A freed rnan of Sylla the dic- tator .Scipio. a man appointed master of the horse, by Camillus, when dictator. Gallus. an elegiac poet. Vid. G alius. Merula, was made consul by Augustus, in tiie room of Cinna. ^Jarccllus, a man killed in Spain by Galba. C. Nepos, an historian. I'id. Nepos. Merula, a consul sent against the Roii in Gaid. He killed ]400oftlicm. His grandson followed the interest of Sylla ; and when Mariub entered the city he killed liiniself, by opening his veins Gallus, a man who died in the act of copulation. VuL Mux. 9. c. 12. Sevc- rus, an epic poet in the age of .Augustus, of great genius. He wrote a poem on mount yEtna, and on the death of Cicero, kiuinlil. 10, V. 1 Thuscus, a mischievous person.— — Lcniulus Cethegus, a consul. Aur. Ctl- sus, wrote eight books on medicine, still ex- tant, and higidy viilueJ. Cn. and Publ. Scipio. ]'id. Scipio. Lentulus, a high priest, &c. Liv. — Plul I'al. Max, — Tccit. Suct.—Polifh.—C. Nqi. ^c. CoRNici/LBM, a town of Latium. Ditm^'s. Hal. CoRNiriciL's, a poet and general in tlic ;ige of Augustus, employed to aecu.se Bru- tus, &c. liis sister Cornificia, was also blessed with a poeticid genius. Plut. in Jtnit. .\ lieutenant of J. C.tsar. Id. in Cics. A friend of Cicero, and his col- league in the office of augiu'. CoKNiuEK, a surname of Bacchus. CoRNUTi's, a stoic philosopher of Africa, preceptor to Persius the satirist. He wrote some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric. Pcrs. 5. V. .10". \ praetor of Rome, in tlic age of Cicero. Cic. 10, <;;. 12. A Roman, saved from the proscription of Marius, by his servants, who hung up a dead man in hi.s room, and said it was Uieir master. Plut. in. Mart]. CoRCEKCs. a Phrygian, son of IMygdoii and Anaximcna. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, with the hopes of being re- warded with the hand of Cassantba for his services. Cassandra advised him in vain to retire from the war. He was killed by Pe- neleus. Pans. 10. c. 57. — 'to;, ^iin. 2, v. .>tl, &c. A courier of Elis, killed by N'eoptolemus. He obtained a prize at Olym- pia, B. C 776, in the J.'-th olympiad, from the institution of Ipliitus; but this year has generally ln?en called the first olympiad. Paus. 5, c. «. A hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent called I'oene. sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and placed by some auUiors in the CO CO the number of tlie furies. His country was afflicted with the plague, andhe consulted the oracJe of Delphi, which commanded him to build a temple, where a tripod which was given him, should fall from his hand. Paus. 1, V. 4.5. CoRON'A, a town of Messenia. Plin. 4, c 5. CoRONEA, a town of Boeotia, where, in the first year of the Corinthian war, Agesilaus defeated tlie allied forces of Athens, 'i'hebes, Corinth, and Argos, B. C. ,"94. C. J\r}). m ^fres. — Pans. 9, c. 34. — Mod. 12. A town of Peloponnasus. — of Corinth. — of Cy- prus. — of Ambracia. — of Phthiotis. CoRONis, a daughter of I'hlegias, loved by Apollo. She became pregnant by lier lover, who killed her on accoinit of her criminal partiality to Iscliys the Thessalian. According to some, Diana killed her, for her infidelity to her brother, and jNIercnry saved the child from lier womb, as she was on the burning pile. Others say, that she brouglit forth her son and cxj)osed him, near Epidaurus, to avoid he;- father's re- sentment ; and they further mention, that Apollo had set a crow to watch her beha- viour. The child was preserved, and called JEsculapins ; and tiie mother after death, received divine honors, and had a statue at Sicyon, in l;er son's temple, which was ne- ver expo--:ed to public view. Paus. '2, c. 26. The daughter of Corona-us, king of Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when flying before Xcptune. Odd. Met. 2, V. 545. One of the daughters of Atlas and Pleione. CoRoxiA, a towTi of Acarr^nia. Thuct/d. 2, c. 102. CoRONCs, a son of Apollo. Pavs. 2, c. 5. A son of Phoroneus king of tlie Lapi- thfe. Diod. 4. CoRRHAGii'M, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31, c. 27. CoRsi, a people of Sardinia, descended from the Corsicans. CoRsiA, town of Bopotia Patis. 9, c. 24. Corsica, a niountainuus island in tlie Mediterranean, on the coast of Italy. Its inhabitants were savage, and bore the cha- racter of robbers, liai's, and aiheists, accord- ing to Seneca, who was exiled among them. Tliey lived to a great age, and fed on honey, ■which was produced in great abundance, though bitter in taste, from the number of yew trees and hemlock which grew there. Corsica was in the possession of tlie Cartha- ginians, and was conquered by the liomans, B. C. 231. The Greeks called it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was considered as in a florishing state, as it cont.iined no less than 33 towns, a number far exceeding its j)resent population. — Strab. — Martial. 9, cp. 27. — Plin. 3, c. 6, I. 7. c. 2 — Ovid. 1, Amor. d. 12, ▼. 10.-^ Virg. Ed. 9, V. 30. 217 CoRsoTE, a fowni of Annenia. CoRsuHA, an island in the bay of Car- thage. CoRWNA, an ancient town of Efruria, called Corytum by Virgil. It was at the north of tlie Tlirasymene lake. JJioiiys. H. \. c. 20 & 26'. — Liv. 9, c. 37, 1. ^2, c. 4. CoRviNCs, a name given to M. Valerius fiom a crouu which assisted him when he wat fighting against a Gaul. An orator. Pa- tcrc. 2, c. 36. 3Iessala, an eloquent orator, in the Augustan age, distinguished for in- tegrity and patriotism, yet ridiculed for his frequent quotations of Greek in liis orations. In his old age, he became so forgetful as not even to remember his own name. One of this family became so poor, that he was obliged, to maintain himself, to be a merce- nary shepherd. Juv. 1, v. 108. T. CoRUNCANiiTs, the first plebeian who was made high-priest at Rome. The fa- mily of the Coruncanii was famous for the mnnber of great men which it supplied, for the service and honor of the Roman republic. Cic. pro DoTtio. CoRUs, a river of Arabia, falling into tlie Red sea. Herodot. 3, c. 9. CoRTBANTEs, tlic pHcsts of Cvbclc, Called also Galli. In the celebration of their festi- vals, they beat their cymbals, and behaved as if delirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, and from thence passed into Crete, and secretly brought up Jupiter. Some suppose that they received their name from Corybas son of Jasus and Cybele, who first introduced the rites of his mother into Plnygia, There was a festival at Cnossus in Crete called Corybanliea, in commemoration of the Corjbantes, who there educated Jupiter. Paus. 8, c. 37. — JDiod. 5. — Horat. 1, od. 16.— Virg. jEn. 9, v. 617. 1. 10, v, 250. CoRYBAS, a son of Jasus and Cybele. Diod. 5. A painter, disciple to Nicoma- clius. Plin.o5,c.\\. CoRYBAssA, a city of Mysia. CoRYBus, a promontory of Crete. CoRYCiA, a nympli, motlier of Lycoiiis, by Apollo, Paus. iO, c. 6. CoRYciDEs. the nymphs who inliabited the foot of Parnassus. This name is often applied to the Muses. Ovid. Met. 1, v. .i20, CoRvcus, an old man of Tarentum, whose time was happily employed in taking care of his bees. He is represented by Virgil, G. 4, V. 12, Ac. as a contented old man, whose assiduity and diligence are exemplary. Some supijose that the v\ord Ccri/cius, implies not a person of that name, but a native of Corj'cus, who had settled in Italy. CoKYcis, now Curco, a lofty mountain of Cilicia, witli a town of the same name, and also a cave, with a grove which pro- duced excellent saffron. Horat, 2, Sat. 4, V. 68 Lucan. 9, v. 809 Plin. 5, c. 27- -Cfc CO c o — Cic. ad. Fam. 12, ep. lo. — Slrab. 14. Another of Ionia, long the f.iinous retreat of robbers. Anotlier at the foot of Parnassus, sacred to the miiscs. Slat. Theb. 7. — Strab. 9. CoRVDOx, a fictitious name of a shepherd, often occurring ni the pastorals of 'J'heocritus and Virgil. Co.iYi.A 8c CoRYLEi'.M, a village of Paph- lagonia. CoRY.vA, a town of Ionia, ^[ela, 1 , c. 17. CoRYJiBiFER, a surname of Bacchus, from his wearing a crown of cort/mbi, certain beiTies that grow on the ivy. Ovid. 1, Fast. V. 393. CoRVNETA & CoRYSKTEs, a fanious robber, son of Vulcan, killed by Theseus. Flut. in Thes. CoRTPHAsii'M, a promontory of Pelopon- nesus. Paus. 4, c. 30". CoRYPHE, a daughter of Oceanus. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. '23. CoRYTHENSEs, a placc of Tegea. Fans. S, c. 4.5. (\iRYTHUS, a king of Corinth. Diod. 4. (."oKYTUs, a king of Etruria, father to Jasius, whom Dardanus is said to have put to deatli, to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town and mountain of Etruria, now Cor- tuna, near wliicii Dardanus was born. Vin;. JEn. 3, V. 170. 1. 7, v. '_'09. — 67/. 5, v. 125. 1. 4, V. 721. Cos, an island. Vid. Vo. CosA & CossA, or Cos.E, a town of Etruria. Vir^. JF.n. 10, v. 1C8. — Liv. 22, c. 11. — Cic. !», .///. (). — Ovs. Ji. C. 1, C. 54. Coscoxics, a Latin writer. Varro. de L. X. 5. ■ A wrelclied epigram ■writer. Mar- tial. 2, ep. 77. CosiNGAs, a Tlir.ician priest of Juno, &c. Poli/ani. 7, c. 22. Costs, a brother to the king of Albania, killed by Pompey. F/itt. in I'omji. CosMus, an eft'eminate Roman. Jiiv. 8. CossEA, a part of Persia. Uiod. 17. Cossus, a surname given to the family of the Cornelii. A Roman who killed Volumnius, king of Veil, and obtained the Sj)olia Opi?na, A. U. C. 517. t'irg. ^n. 6, V. 841. CossuTii, a family of Rome, of which Cossutia, Casar's wife, was descended. Suet, in Crt'S. 1. — One of the family was distin- guished as an architect about 'JOO IJ. C. He first introduced into Italy the more perfect models of Greece. CosTOBCtt, robbers in Galatia. Faus. 10, c. 54. CosYRA, a barren island in the African sea near Melita. Chid. Fast. 3, v. 567. CoTEs & CoTTEs. a promontory of Mau- ritania. CoTiiON, a small island nc;!r die citmlel of Carthage, with a convenient bay which served 218 for a dock-yard. Servius' in Virg. JEn. 1, v. 43l.—I)iod. a. CoTHONEA, the motlier of Triptolemus. Ifyiiin. fab. 147, CotTso, a king of tlie Daci, whose anny invaded Pannonia, and was defeated by Corn. Lentulus, tlie lieutenant of Augustus. It is said that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. Suet, in Aug. 63. — Horat. 3, od. 8, v. 18. CoTosis, an island near the Echinades. Flin. 4, c. 1 2. CoTTA M. Alrei.ius, a Roman who opposed 3farius. He was consul with Lu- cullus ; and when in Asia, he was defeated by sea and land, by IVIithridates. He was surnanied Fmiticus, because he took Heraclea of Pontus by treacherj-. Pint, in LuculL An orator, greatly commended by Cicero de Oral. A governor of Paphlagonia, very faitliful to Sai-danapalus. F)i,^d. 2. A spendthrift, in the age of Nero, &c. Tacit. All officer of Cipsar, in Gaul. A poet mentioned by Ovid in Fp. de Pont. CoTTi.*: Alpes, a certain part of the Alps, by which Italy is separated from Gaul. Svet. Tib. 57, Ner. 18. CoTTUs, a giant, son of Coclus and Terra, who had 100 hands and 50 heads. Hcsiod. Theog. V. 147. A man among the ^EduL Cres. BeU. CoTY^UM, a town of Galatia. Flin. 5, c. 32. of Phrygia. Cotyl^ecs, a surname of jEsculapius, worshipped on the borders of the Eurotas. His temple was raised by Hercules. Faus. 3, c. IP. CoTTLii s, a mountain of .\rcadia. Faus. 8, c. 41. Cotyora, a city of Asia Minor, founded by a colony from Sinope. Diod. 14. CoTYs, the father of Asia. Herodot. 4, c. 45. A son of Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his father on the tlirone of IVIaeo- nia. A king of Thrace. C. Xep. in Iphic. Another, who favored the interest of Pompey. He was of an irascible temper. I.KCiiii. 5, v. 54. AnoUier, king of 'llirace, who divided the kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is tlie same to whom Ovid writes from his l)anish- ment. Tacit. 2, Ann. 64 Ovid. 2, de Font. ep. 9. A king of the Odrysae. ill. 42, c. 29. A king of Armenia Minor, who fought against Mitliridates, in the age of Claudius. Tacit. Ann. 11 & 15. Another, who imagined he should marry INIinerva, and who murdered some of his servants who wished to dissuade him from expectations so frivolous and incon- sistent. Athcn. 12. CoTrrro, the goddess of all 'debauchery, whose festivals called Cott/ttia. were cele- brated by tlie Athenians, Corindiians, Tlira- cians, Ac during the night Her priesu were CR CR were called Baptae, and nothing but div baucliory and tvantonness prevailed at tlie cekbralion. A festival of tlie same name was observed in Sicily, where the votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung •with cakes and fruit, which it was lawful for any ])erson to pluck off. It was a ca- pital punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done at these sacred festivals; and it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable reflection upon them. The goddess Co- tytto is sui)posed to be the same as I'ro- »eq)iiie or Ceres. Hurat. epod, 1 7, v. 58. — Jhv.'2, V. 91. Ckacus, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part of mount 'I'aurus, sacred to Apollo. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 6-\'j. — Horat. 1, od. i-'l. CuAJiDosA, a town of Lycia. Cranai, a surname of the Athenians, from their king Cranaus. Herodot.S, c. 44. C'RANArEs, a Persian, &c. Herodnt. Cravai s, the second king of Athens, who succeeded Cecrops, and reigned nine years, B. C. 1497. Paiu. 1, c. '2. A city of Caria. Plin. 5, c. 29. Crane, a nymph. Vid. Carna. A town of Arcadia. Cbanklm, a gymnastic school at Corinth. Liog. Cranii, a town of Cephallenia. Thucyd. 2, c. 30. Cranon & Crannon, a town of Thes- saly on the borders of Macedonia, wliere Antipater and Cratcrus defeated the Athe- nians after Alexander's death. Lii\ 26, c. 10. 1. 42, c. 64. Grantor, a philosopher of Soli, among the pupils of Plato, E. C. .510. Dioff. An armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by Denio- leon. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 5f51. Crassipes, a surname of the family of the Furii, one of whom niarried Tidlia, Cicero's daughter, whom he soon after divorced. Cic Att. 4. ep. 5. — Lit: 58, c. 42. L. Crassitius, a man who opened a school at Home. Suet, de Gram. 18. Crassi's, the grantlfather of Crassus the Rich, who never laughed. Plin. 7, c. 19. • Publ. Licinius, a Roman high priest •bout 1.31 years E. C. who went into Asia with an anny against Aristonicus, where he was killed and buried at Smyrna. M. Li- cinius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed Rich, on account of his opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in his circumstances ; but, by educating slaves, and selling them at a high price, he soon enriched himself. The cruelties of C'inna obliged him to leave Rome ; and he retired to Spain, where he remained concealed for eight months. After Cinnas deatli he passed into Africa, and thence to Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated himself in his favor. When the Gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, had spread an universal alann in Itiily, and defeated some of the Roman generals, Crassus was sent against 219 them. A battle was fought, in whidi Crassus slaughtered 12,0(X) of the slaves, .^nd by this decisive blow, be soon put an end to the war, and was honored with an oialio at his return. He was soon after made consul with Pompey ; and in this high ofKce he displayed his opu- lence, by entertaining tlie populace at 10,000 tables. He w-as afterwards censor, and formed the first triumvirate with Pompey and Cesar. As' his love of riches was more pre- dominant tlian that of gloiT, Crassus never imitated the ambitious conduct of his col- leagues, but was satisfied with the province of Syria, which seemed to promise an in- exhaustible source of wealth. \Vith hopes of enlai'ging his possessions, he set off from Rome, though the omens proved un- favorable, and every thing seemed to threaten his ruin. He crossed |the Eu- phrates, and, forgetful of the rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he hastened to make himself master of Parthia. He was be trayed in his march by the delay of Arta- vasdes, king of Armenia, and tlie perfidy of Ariamnes. He was met in a large plain by Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes, the king of Parthia; and a battle was fought in which 20,000 Romans were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of the night favored the escape of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treachery of his guides, trusted himself to the general of the enemy, on pretence of proposing terms of accommodation, and he was put to death, B. C 53. His head was cut oil", and sent to Orodes,! who poured melted lead down liis throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The firmness with which Crassus received the news of his son's death, who perished in that expedition, has been deservedly com- mended ; and the words that he uttered when he surrendered himself into the hands of Su- rena, equally claim our admiration. He was wont often to say, that no man ought to be accoxinted rich if he could not maintain an army. Tliough he has been called ava- ricious, yet he showed himself always ready to lend money to his friends without in- terest. He was fond of philosophy, and his knowledge of history was great and ex- tensive. Pliitarc/i has written his life. Flor. 5, c. II. I'ublius, the son of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with his father. V'hen he saw himself surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope of escape, he ordered one of his men to run him through. His head was cut oft', and shown with inso- leute to his father by the Partiiians. Plut. in Crass. — L. Licinius. a celebrated Ro- man orator, commended by Cicero, and in- troduced in his book dc oratorc as the prin- cipal speaker. A son of Crascus the Rich, killed in the civil wars, after Caesar's death. CHA.wiNtjs, a man in Caesar's arroy. killed C R CR killed at the battle of Tharsalia. Cai. BcU. G. 5, c. 99. Cratais, the mother of Scylla, supposed to be the same as Hecate. H»m. Od. 12, v. 124. Crat^ls, conspired against Archclaus, &c. Aristot. Crater, a bay of Campania near Misenus. Ckaterus, one of Alexander's generals. He rendered himself conspicuous by his literary fame, as well as by his valor in tlie field, and wrote the history of Alexander's life. He was greatly respected and loved by tlie Macedonian soldiers, and Alexander always trusted him m ith itiuisual confidence. After Alexander's deatii he sulnhied Greece with Antijiatcr, and pa^^scd with his col- Ic.igue info .Asia, wliere he was killed in a battle against Eumeues, K. C. 3l'I He had received for his share of .Vlexander's king- doms, Greece and F.pirus. Ni-p. in Kumen. '_'. ^Justin. i'J Si \3.—Curt.o.> — Arrian. — Pint, in ALt. A physician of Atticus, mentioned by Cic. I'i, ad Attic, cp. 13. — Jf«rat. 2. Sat. .~, v. Ifil. — .'\ ]):unter whosi- pieces adorned tlic public l)uildings of .Atliens. Plin. 3.', c. 11. .\n .Athenian, who col- lected into one body all the decrees whicli had passed in the public assemblies at Athens. A famous sculptor. Crates, a philosopher of Breotia, son of Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenes the C'jTiic, 15. C. o24. He sold his estates, and gave tlie money to liis fellow citizens. He 'Aas naturally defonned, and he rendered hinisf If more hideous by sewing shcvps' skins to his mantle, and by the singularity of his manners. He cloathed himself as w.nnn as possible in the summer : but in the winter, his garments weretmcommonly thin, and incapable to resist the inclemency of the season. Hip[>iU'chia, the sister of a phih)-(>pher, Iwcaine enamoured of him ; and as he could not check her passion by representing himself as poor and deformed, he married her. 1 Ic had by lu r two daughters, whom he gave in marri.ige to bis disciples, after he liad permitted Uiem their company for 30 days, by way of trial. Some of his letters are extant. Ding, in lita A stoic, son of Timocrates, who opened a school at Rome, where he taught grammar. Suetov. A native of Pergamus, who wrote an account of the most striking events of every age, 13. C. 165. AHfian. de Anim. 17, c. 9. A philosopher of .Athens, who succeeded in the school of his master Polcmon. — An Athenian comic poet. Cratesiclea, the motlier of Cleomenes, who went to Egypt in hopes of serving her country, &c. I'lut. in Cleon. Cratesipous, a queen of Sicyon, who severely yunished some of her subjects, who had revohid at the death of Alexander, her husband, .*vc. Poli/wn. 8. c. 5K CnATEstrpinxs, a commander of the Lace- daemonian fleet, against the Athenians, 4c. Diod. 15. S20 Cratevas, a general of Castander. Diod. 19. Cratkis, astm of Miuos. Crathis, a river of Achala, falling into the bay of Corinth. Strab. 8. Another in Magna (ira-cia, whose waters were sup- posed to give a yellow color to the hair and beard of those tliat drank them. (hid. 1 4. Met. V. 315. — Paus. 7, c. 25. — Plin. 51, c. 2. CratFki's, a native of Athens, celebrated for his comic writings, and his fondness for drinking. He died at the .ige of 97, B. C. •131 years. Quintilian greatly commends liLs comedies, which the little remains of his poetry do not seem fully to justify. Horat. 1, S..t. 4. — Quintil, A wrestler of aii uu- conunon beauty. Paus. 7, c. 25. — A river of -Asia. P/in. 37, c. 2. Cratippl's a philosopher of Mitylene, who, among otliers, titught Cicero's son at .\thens. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pom- pey visited the house of Cratippus, wliere their discourse was chiefly turiit-d upon Pro- vidence, wiiicli the warrior blamed, and llie philosopher defended. Plot, in Pomp. — i'ic. in . US. — Diod. 4. A son of Mcnoetius, father of Jocasta, the wife and mother of CEdipus. At the death of Lai us, wlio married Jocasta, Creon ascended the vacant throne of Thebes. As the ravages of the Sphinx (Vid. Sphinx) were intolerable, Creon oflfercd his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could explain the scnigmas which tlie monster proposed. CEdipus w-as happy in his ex- planations, and he ascended the throne of Tliebes, and married Jocasta witliout know- ing that she was his mother, and by her he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles. Tliese two sons mutually agreed, after their father's death to reign in the kingdom each alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority ; but when he was once in power, he refused to resign at the appointed time, and his brother led against him an army of Argives to support his right. The war was decided by single combat between the two brothers. They both killed one ano- ther, and Creon ascended the throne, till Leo- damas the son of Eteocles should be of suffi- cient age to assume the reins of government. In his regal capacity, Creon commanded that the Argives, and more particularly Polynices, who was the cause of all the bloodshed, should remain unburied. If tliis was in any manner disobeyed, the offenders were to be buried alive. Antigone, the sister of Polynices, transgressed, and was accordingly punished. Haemon, the son of Creon, who was passionately fond of Antigone, killed himself on her grave, when his father refused to grant her pardou. Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who had made war against him at the request of Adras- tus, because he refused burial to the Argives. Vid. Eteocles, Polynices, Adrastus, CEdipus. — Apollod. 3, c. 56, &c. — Pans. 1, c. 39. 1. 9, c. 5, cj-c-. — Stat, hi Theb. — Sophocl. in Antig. — JEschyl. Sept. in Theb. — Hygin. fab. 67 & 76. — Diod. 1 &4. The first annual archon at Athens, 684 B. C. Pater. 1, c. 8. Ceeontiades, a son of Hercules by .Megara daughter of Creon, killed by his father because he had slain Lycus. Creophilus, a Samian who hospitably entertained Homer, from whom he received a poem in return. Some say that he was tliat poet's master, &c. Slrab. 14. Anhistorian. Atken, 8. Creperius Pollio, a Eoman, who spent his all in the most extravagant debaucherj-. Juv. 9, V. 6. Cres, an inhabitant of Crete. — Tlie first king of Crete. Paus. 8, c. .53. 221 Cres-v & Cressa, a town of Caria. Cresius, a hill of Arcadia. I'am. 8, c. 44. Crkspmontes, a son of Aristomachus, who, with his brothers Tememis and Ari^to- deraus, attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. Pavs. 4, c. 5, &c. Cressius, belonging to Crete. Virg. JEn. 4, V. 70. L 8, 294'. Creston, a town of Thrace, capital of a part of the country called Crestonia. Tlie in- habitants had each many wives; and when the husband died, she who had received the greatest share of his affection was cheerfully slain on his grave. Hei'odot. 5, c. 5. Cresus & Ephesus, two men who built the temple of Diana at Ephesus. Pam. 7, c. 2. Creta, now Candia, one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean sea, at the south of all the Cyclades. It was once famous for its hundred cities, and for the laws which the wisdom of Minos established tliere. The inhabitants have been detested for their unnatural loves, their falsehood, their piracies, and robberies. Jupiter, as some authors report, was educated in that island by the Corybantes, and the Cretans boasted that they could show his tomb. There were different colonies from I'hrj'gia, Doris, Achaia, &c. that established themselves there. . The island, after groaning under tlie tyranny of democratical usurpation, and feel- ing the scourge of frequent sedition, was made a Koman province, 13. C. 66, after a war of three years, in which the inhabitants were so distressed that they were even compelled to drink the water of their cattle. Chalk was produced there and thence called Creta, and with it the Romans marked tlieir lucky days in their calendar. Horat. 1, mL 36, v. 10. epod. 9. — Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 444. Epist. 10. V. 106. — Val. Max. 1, c. 6.—Slrab. 10. — iw- can. 5, V. 184. — Virg. jEn. o, v. 104 Mela, 2, c. I.—Plin. 4, c. 12. Cret^us, a poet mentioned by Propcr- tius. 2, el. 34, v. 29. Crete, the wife of IMinos. Apollod. 3, c. 1. A daughter of Deucalion. Id.3,c.3. Cretea a c»untry of Arcadia, where Jupiter was educated, according to some tra- ditions. Paus. 8, c. 38. Cretes, inhabitants of Crete. Virg.^n. 4, V. 146. Creteus, a Trojan, distinguished as a poet and musician. He followed ^Encas, and was killed by Turnus. Virg. ^En. 9, v. 774. Another, killed by Turnus. Id. 12, V. 538. Crexheis, the wife of Acastus king of lolchos, who fell in love with Peleus, son of iEacus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, because he refused to comply with her \nshes, &c. She is galled by some Hippolyte or Astyadamia. Pindar. A.m. 4. Cretheus, a sou of yEolus, fatJier of iEson, C R C R JEson, by Tyro liis brother's daughter. Ap<>/- loJ. 1, c. 7, &c. Crethon, a son of Diodes, engaged in the Trojan war on the side of Greece. He was slain with his brother Orsiloi-hus, by -l^neas. Homer. 77. 5, v. 540. Creticus, a certain orator. Jur. 2, v. G". A surname of ]\r. Antony's fatlier. Cressas, a famous boxer. Pauf. 2. Creusa, a daughter of Crcon king of Corinth. As she was going to marry Jason, who had divorced Medea, slie put on a poisoned garment, which immediately set b£r body on fire, and she expired in the most excruciating tonncnts. Slie had re- ceived this gown as a gift from Medea, who wished to take that revenge upon the infi- delity of Jason. Some call her Glauce. Ovid, de Art. Am. 1, v. 3.35. A tliughter of Priam, king of Troy, by IIecul)a. She married iEneas, by whom she had some children, among which was .Ascanins. Wlien Troy was taken, she fled in the night, with her husband; but they were separated in the midst of the confusion, and /Eneas could not recover her, nor hear wliere she was. Cybele saved her, and carried lier to her temple, of which she became priestess ; according to the relation of Virgil, who makes Creusa appear to her husband in a vision, while he was seek- ing her in tlie tunmlt of war. She pn-ditted to iEneas the calamities that attended him, tlic fame he should acquire when lie came to Italy, and his conse(juent marriagi' with a princess of the country. I'uus. Ri, c. \i>. — >•'/;•;;. JEn. 2. V. 5o'2, &c. A (laugliterofErech- theus king of Athens. She was motlicr of Janus by Apollo. A town of Uoeotia, — Stnih. 9. Palis, fl, c. 32. Ckeosis, a naval station of tlie Tlicspians. Paus. 9, c. 32. Criasus, a son of Argos king of Pelopon- nesus. ApoUod. 2, c. 1. Criniitus, a general of Dionysius the elder. Chims, a stoic philosopher. Laert. A priest of Apollo. Crinisus & CrimIscs, now CaUabcUotu, a river on the western parts of Sicily near Sc- gesta, where Timoleon defeated the Cartliagi- niaa forces. C. Ncji. in Tim. — Vir^. ^En. 5, V. 38. The word in the various editiwisof Virgil, is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus. Cri- misus, Crimcsus, C'rinisus. Crimnisus. The Crinisuswas a Trojan prince, wlio exposed his daughter on the sea, rather tlian suH'er her to be devoured by tlie sea monster which Nep- tune sent to punish the infidelity of Laoniedon. [ Vid. Laomedon. ] The daughter came safe to the shores of Sicily. Crinisus some time after went in quest of his daughter, and was so dis- consolate for her loss, that the gods changed him into a river in Sicily, and granted him tlie power of metamorphosing himself into what- ever shape he pleased. He made use of this privilege to seduce the neighbouring uyinphs. Criko, a daughter of Ar.tcnnr. Paus. 10, c. 27. One of the Danaides. Apollod. Crisok, a man of Himera, who obtained a prize at Olyinpia, &c. Paus. 5, c. 23. Crispina, a Roman matron, &c. Tacii. 1. Hist. 47. CnispiNa's, a prsetorian, who, though originally a slave in Eg'.'pt, was, after the ac- quisition of riches, raised to the honors of Ro- man knightliood by Dcmiitian. Jitv. 1, c. 26". A stoic philosopher, as remarkable for his loquacity as for the fooliL-h and tedious poem which he wrote, to expl.iin the tenets of itis own sect, to which Horace alludes in the last verses of 1, Sat. 1. Crispus Sallustius. Vid. Sallustius Virio. a famous orator. Qninlil. 10, c. ]. The second huslKind of Agrippiiia. Flav. Jul. a son of the Great Constanthie, made Ca»sar by his father, and distinguished for valor and extensive knowledge. Fausta, his step mother, wislied to seduce him ; and when he refused, she accused him before Con- stantine. who believed tiie crime, and caused his son to be poisoned, A. D. 326. Crissa:i;s si.nl^, a bay on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Corinth, now tJie bay of Saloria. It received its name from Crisxii, a town of Phocis, situate on the bay and ne»r Delphi. CbitAla, a town of Cappadocia. Hero- dot. 7, c. 20". Cmrntis, a daughter of Mtlanippim. who became pregnant Iiy an unknown jk-i-sou, and afterwards married Phemicis of .Smyma, and brought forth the poet Homer, according to Hrrodjt. in vita. Crithote, a town of the lliracian Chcr- sonesus. C. Xc-p. Critias. one of the "0 tyrants svt over Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent and wi'll-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he cnielly persecuted his enemies, and put them to deatli. He was killed in a battle against thi»se citizens whom his op- pression had banished. lie had been among tlie disciples of Socrates, and had ^^•ilten elegies and other compositions, of which some fragments remain. Cic. 2, d; Orat. A philosopher. — .\ man who \»TOte on republics .\nother w:ho ad- dressed an elegy to Alcibiadcs. Crito one of the disciples of Socr«tes, who attended his learned preceptor in his last moments, and composed some dia'oguea. now lost. Dio*. A physitian in tlic age of Artaxerxes Lon^iiranus. An historian of Naxus, who wrote an account of all that had happened during eight par- ticular years of his life. \ IMacedonian historian, who wrote an account of PaWcnc, of Persia, of tlie foundation of Syracuse, of the Get£c, &c. Critobulus, a general of Phocis, at tlie Iwttle of Thermopylae, between Antiochu* and the Romans. Paus> 10, c. 20. .V physician CR CR physician in the age of PhiHp king of Mace- donia. I'lhi. 7, c. 57. A sou of Crito, disciple to Socrates. Diog. in Crit. Critodemi s, an ancient historian. Plin. 5, c. 7S. Critognati's, a celebrated M'arrior of Alesia, when Csesar was in Gaul. Cees. Bell. Gall. Critolaus, a citizen of Tegea in Ar- cadia, who, with two brothers, fought against the three sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, to put an end to tlie long war be- tween their respective nations. The brothers of Critolaus were both killed, and he alone remained to withstand his three bold an- tagonists. He conquered them ; and when, at his return, his sister deplored the deatli of one of his antagonists to whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit of resent- ment. The offence deserved capital punish- ment J but he was pardoned, on account of the services he had rendered his country. He was afterwards general of the Acli£eans, and it is said that he poisoned himself, be- cause he had been conquered at Thenno- pyla; by the Romans. Cic. de Nat. D. A peripatetic philosopher of Athens, sent ambassador to Rome, &c. 140 B. C. Cic. 2, de Oral, An historian who wrote about Epiinis. Crius, a soothsayer, son of Tlieocles. Paus.5, c. 13. A man of yEgina, &c. — Herodot. 6, c. 50 A river of Achaia, called after a giant ofthe same name. Paus. 7, c. 27. Crobialus, a town of Paphlagonia. Crobyzi, a people of Thrace. Crocale, one of Diana's attendants. Otnd. Met. 3. Croce^, a town of Laconia. Paus. 3, Y. 21. Crocodilopolis, a town of Egypt, near the Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles were held there in the greatest veneration j and they were so tame, tliat they came to feed from the hand of their feeders. It was afterwards called Arsinoe. Herodot. 2, c. 69. — Strab. 17. Crocus, a beautiful youth enamoured of the nymph Smilax. He was changed into a flower of the same name, on account of the impatience of his love, and Smilax was metamorphosed into a yew tree. Ovid. 4, Met. V. 283. Crcesus, the fifth and last of the Mcrm- nadae, who reigned in Lydia, was son of Al- yattes, and passed for the richest of mankind. He was the first who made tJie Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians. His court was tlie asylum of learning ; and JEsop tlie famous fable-writer, among others, lived under his patronage. In a conversation with Solon, Crcsus wished to be tliought the happiest of itiankind ; but the philosopher apprised him of his mistake, and gave the preference to poverty and domestic virtue. Croesus undertook a war 223 against Cyrus the king of Persia, and marched to meet him with an anny of 4i?0,000 meh, and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 1 4 years, he was defeated, 13. C. 548 ; his capital was besieged, and he fell into the conqueror's hands, who ordered him to l)e burnt alive. The pile was already on fire, when Cyrus heard the conquered monarch three times exclaim, So- lon ! with lamentable energy. He asked him the reason of his exclamation, and Croesus repeated the conversation wliich he had once with Solon on human happiness. Cjtus was moved at the recital, and at the recol- lection of the inconstancy of human aflairs, he ordered Croesus to be taken from the burn - ing pile, and he became one of his most inti- mate friends. The kingdom of Lydia be- came extinct in his person, and the power was transferred to Persia. Croesus survived Cyrus. The manner of his death is un- known. He is celebrated for the immensely rich presents which he made to the temple of Delphi, from which he received an obscure and ambiguous oracle, wliich he interpreted in his favor, and which was fulfilled in the destruction of his empire. Herodot. I, c. 26, ^c. — Pint, in Solonls, c. 24. — Justin. f , c. 7. Cromi, a people of Arcadia. Cromitis, a country of Arcadia. Cromjiyon & Chomyon, a place of At- tica, where Perseus killed a large sow that laid waste the neighbouring country. Ovid. Met. 7. — Xen. A town near Corinth. Paus. 2, c. 1. Cromna, a town of Bitbynia. Cromts, a son of Neptune. Paus. 2, c. ]. A son of Lycaon. Jd. 8, c. 3. Cronia, a festival at Athens in honor of Saturn. Ilie lihodians observed the same festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a condemned malefactor. CaoNiuM, a town of Elis— — of Sicily. CnorHi, a mountain of Egypt, near which were tlie sources of the Nile, according to some traditions, in the city of Sais. Herodot. 2, c. 28. Cuoss^A, a country situate partly in Tlirace, and partly in Macedonia. Hero., dot. 7, c. 123. Croxai-us, a navigable river of Italy. Plin. 3, c. 10. Croton, a man killed by Hercules, by whom he was afterwards greatly honored. Diod. 4. Crotona, a town of Italy, still known by tlic scune name, in tlio bay of Tarcntum, founded 7J9 years before the Augustan age, ^y a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants were excellent waiTiors, and great WTestlers. Democedes, Alcmaon, Milo, &c were na- tives of this place. It was bUiTounded with a wall twelve miles in circumference, before the arri\ al of Pjrrhus in Italy. Crotona stiuggled in vain against tlic attacks of DJonysius of Sicily, who took it. It suffered likewise in the CT C U wars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received ample gUrcy, in being the place where Pytlm- ^oraii established his school. Hi^iKdot. S, c. »;. — Strab. C. — riin. 'J, c. V(j Liv. J, c. 18. 1. _'4, c. 3. — Justin. 'JO, c. 2. CuoTOxiAT.t:, t!ie iiiliiibitants of Crotona. Ci:. de In v. ", c. I. CitOTONiATis, a jjart of Italy, of uliich Crotona is the capita!. J huci/d. 7, c. 35. CiioTOPiiDEs, a patrouyiuic of Linus, as grandson of Crotopus. CiiotGpias, the patronynuc of Linus, grandson of Crotopiis. Ucid. in lb. 480. C ROTO PIS, a king of Argos, son of Age- nor, and father to I'sainathe the mother of Linus by Apollo. Oiid. in lb. 4S0. CiioTL's, a son of Luinenc the nurse of the Muses. He devoted his life to the labors of tlie vhuce, and after death Jupiter placed liini anionj^ the constellations under tlie name of Sagift;uriiis. I'mis. H, c. "'J. Cklnos, a town of Peloponnesus. Mela, 2, c. 'J. Cbcsis. aplacenear Olynthos. Cm stOmkjul'M Sc Ckusti'mfhia, atowii of the Sabines. Lii>. 4, c. 9. 1. 41.', c. 31. — yi'g. Ain. 7, V. G3\. CausTiiMiKUM, a town v( Etruria, near Veil, famous for pears ; whence tlic adjective Crmlumui. f'irg. (1. 'J, v. K8. CuustOmk m, Cbcstunls .t Chlsti-r- NE.Nii's, now Conca, a river liuwing from the Apennines by ' Ariminum. Lucan. -, V. 4<.)f;. Ckynis, a river of Billiynia. Ckvpta, a passage tli rough mount Pausi- lypus. rid. Pausilypus. Ctkatcs, one of tlie Grecian chiefs before Tniy. J'aiii. :>, c. 4. Ctf.mcne, a town of Thessaly. Ctknos, a harur of Chersonesus Tau- rica. (-TtsiAs, a (ireek historian and physician of Cnidi)s, taken prisoner by Artaxerxe? 3Inemon at the battle of Cun.ixa. He cured tiic king's wounds, and was his phy- sician for 17 years. He wrote an history of the .Assyrians and Perv.inns, «liich Justin and Diodonis have partially preferred to that of Herodotus. .Some fragments of his com- jiositions have been preserved \jy Photius, and are to be found in VVcsseling's edition of Herodotus. Strnb. 1 Athen. 1 iJ. — Pttit. in Jrtar. A sycophant of Alliens. An historian of Kpliosus. CtEsiBit s, a mathematician of Alexandria, who florLshed 135 years U. C. He was the inventor of llie pump and other hydraulic instruments. He also invented a clepsi/dra. or water clock. This ijivontion of measuring time by water was wonderful and ingenious. Water was made to drop ujjon wheels, which it turned. The wheels communicated thiir regular motion to a small woo s. A large village of .\ssyria, now 7.'/— - dain, on the banks of the Tigris whcri tne kings of Partliia generally resided in winter on account of tlie mildness of the climate. St nib. l.i. — Piin. 6, c. 26. CrrsippLS, a son of Cha!>rias. After his fatlur's death he was received into the house of Iliocion, tlie friend of Chabrias. Phocion atteiiijifed in ^ain to correct his natural foibles and eitravagiuicies. Ptut. in Phuc. A man w)jo WTOte an histor)' of .Scythia. One of the descendants of Hercules. Ctimene, tlie youngest daughter of La- ertes by Anticlea. Homer. Ud. 15, v. 334. CuLARO. a town of the Xllobroges in Gaul, called afterwards OratianupvJis, and now Grf- tiobi<;. Cic. rj>. CuMA & Cum.*, a town of .Eolia, in Asia Minor. The inhabitants have been accused of stiipidit\- for not layinga tax upon all the goods which entered their harbour during oiVJ years. They were called Cumant. Strab. 13. — Pa- terc. 1. c. 4. .\ city of Campania, near Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chaldsand C'umap, of -Eolia, before the Trojan war. 'Ilie inliabitants were called Cumni and Cfi- viani. There was one of die Sibyls, that fixed her residence in a chvc in the neighbourhood, and was called tiie Cuirueun Sibyl. Vid. Si- bylLx. — yiiJ. Met. 15, v. 71i. Ftxst. 4,t.158. Pon.2, el. 8, v. 41. — Cic. RulL2, c 26.— Paterc. 1, c. 4. — J'ir^. ^En. 3, v. 441 Lit. 4. — Ptot. 3. — Strob. 5. CiMASCM, a country house of Pompcy, near Cuiiuc. Cic. ad Attic. 4, q[t. 10. Another of Varro. Id. Acad, I, c 1. Cdwaia. cu cu CuKAXA, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from Babylon, fi-.mous for a battle fought tliere betweea Artaxerxes and his brotlier Cy- rus the younger, B. C. 401. Tlie latter en- tered the field of battle with 1 1 3,000 men, and tlie former's forces amounted to 900,000 men. The valor and tlie retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, who were among the troops of Cyrus, are well known, and have been celebrated by the pen of Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and who had tlie principal care of the retreat. Plut. in Artai: — Ctesias. CuNEus, a cape of Spain, now Algarve, extending into the sea in tlie form of a wedge. Mela, 5, c. l.~PHn. 4, c. 22. CuPAVo, a son of Cycnus who assisted JEneas against Tumus. Virg. ^n. 10, v. 1 86. CuPENTUs, a friend of Turnus, killed by .Sneas. Virg. ^n. 1 2, v. 559. CuPiDO, a celebrated deity amoTl^ the an- cients, god of love, and love itself. Tliere are different traditions concerm'ng his parents. Cicero mentions three Cupids ; one, son of Mercury and Diana; another, son of Mercury and Venus ; and the third, of Mars and Ve- nus. Plato mentions two ; Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist, speaks only of one, who as he says, was produced at the same time as Chaos and the eartli. There are, according to tlie more received opinions, two Cupids, one of whom is a lively ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and Venus ; whilst.the other, son of Nox and Erebus, is distinguished by his debauchery and riotous disposition. Cupid is represented as a winged infant, naked, armed with a bow and a quiver full of arrows. On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, he is represented as amusing himself with some childish diversion. Sometimes he ap- pears driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, play- ing witli a nymph, catching a butterfly, or trying to bum with a torch ; at other times he plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely embraces a swan, or with one foot raised in the air, he, in a musing posture, seems to meditate some trick. Sometimes, like a conqueror, he marches triumphantly, with a helmet on his head, a spear on his shoulder, and a buckler on his ami, intimating that even Mars himself owns the superiority of love. His power was generally known by his riding on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the ancients he was ^^orshipped witli the same solemnity as liis mother Venus, and as his influence was extended over the heavens, the sea. and die earth, and even the empire of the dead, his divinity was universally acknow- ledged, and vows, prayers, and sacrifices were daily offered to him. According to some ac- counts, tlie union of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit the eaith, and even the gods themselves were the offspring of love, before the foundation of the world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed different shapes ; and we find him in 225 the iEneid putting on, at the request of Lis mother, the form of Ascanius, and going to Dido's court, where he inspired the queen with love. Virg. Mn. 1 , v. 695, &c. — Cic. de Nat. D. 3. — Ovid. Met. 1. fab. 10. — Hesiod. Theog. v. 121, &:c. — (yp^,ian. IMi. 4. Cxj- neg. 2. — Bion Idyll. 3.—Moschus. — Eurip. in Hippol. — Theocrit. Idyll. 3, 1 1, &c. CupiENNius, a fiiend of Augustus, who made himself ridiculous for the tiicety and ef- feminacy of his diess. Horat. I, Sat. 2, v. 36. : Cures, a town of the Sabines, of which Tatius was king. The inhabitants, called Quirites, were carried to Rome, of which they became citizens. Virg. JEn. ],v. 292 1. 8, V. 638. — Liv. 1, c. 13. — Macrob. 1, c. 9. — Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 477 & 480. 1. 3, v. 94. CuRETEs, a people of Crete, called also Corybantes, who, according to Ovid, were produced from rain. Their knowledge of all the arts was extensive and they communicated it to many parts of ancient Greece. I'hey were entrusted with the education of Jupiter, and to prevent liis being discovered by liis fa- ther, they invented a kind of dance, and drov^ned his cries in the harsh sounds of tlieir shields and cjinbals. Asa reward for their attention, they were made priests and favo- rite ministers of Khea, called also Cybele, who had entrusted them \^ ith tlie care of Ju- piter. Dimiys. Hal. 2. Virg. G. 4, v. 151. — Strab. 10. — Pans. 4, c. S3. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 282. Fast. 4, v. 210. CuRjETis, a name given to Crete as being the residence of the Curetes. Ovid. Met. 8, V. 136. CcRiA, a division of the Roman tribes. Romulus originally divided the people into three tribes, and each tribe in^o 10 Curiae. Over each Curia was appointed a priest, who officiated at the sacrifices of his respective as- sembly. The sacrifices were called Cur!o7i!a and the priest Curio. He was to be above the age of fifty. His morals were to be pure and unexceptionable, and his body free from all defects. The Curiunes were elected by their respective Curise, and above them was a su- perior priest called Curio viaximvs, chosen by all tiie Curiae in a public assembly The word Curia, was also applied to public edificts among the Romans. These were genera/ly of two sorts, divine and civil. In the former were held the assemblies of the prief ts, and of every religious order, for die regulation of re- ligious sacrifices and ceremonies. ITie other was appointed for the senate, where they as- sembled for the «lispatch of public business. The Curia was solemnly consecrated by the Augurs, before a lawfuLasscmbly^iould be con- vened there. There were tfiree at Rome, which more particularly c\»'J^ our attention ; Curia HoslUia, built by king Tullus Hostilius ; Curia Pempeii, where Julius Caesar was mur- dered; and Curia Avgtisti, the palace and coiut of the emperor Augustus. A town of the Rhoeti, now Coire, the capital of the Grisons. Q CcRi.\ cu C Y CuKiA I.ET, de amtiiis, was enacted by M. Curius Dentatus, the tribune. It forbade the convening of the Comiiia, for the election of magistrates, without a previous permis- sion from the senate. Curias. Vid. rurium. CaaiATii, a fimily of Alba, which was carried to Rome by TuUus Hostilius, and entered among the patricians. The three Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, and lost the victory, were of this family. Flor. 1, c. S. —Dionyt. Hal. 5. — Liv. 1, c. 24. Q, Curio, an excellent orator, who called Ceesar in full senate, Omnium muli^rum viruvi et omninm virorum mulicrem. Tacit. 21, Ann. c. 7. — Suet, in Ccbs. 49. — Cic. in Brut. His son C. Scribonius, was tribune of the people, and an intimate friend of Casar. He saved Ctesar's life as he returned from the se- nate-house, after tlie debates concerning the punishments which ought to bo inflicted on tlie adherents of Catiline. He killed himself in Africa. Fhr. 4, c. 2. — Plut. in Pomp. ^ Catrician family, which migra- ted with Tatius to Rome. CirRTiLLus, a celebrated epicure, &c. H^at. 2, Sat. 8, v. 52. M. CuRTitJS, a Roman youth who de- voted liimself to the gods manes for (he safety of his coiffitry about SCO years B C. A wide gap called rftcrwards Curtius lacus, had sud- denly opened \xi the forum, and the oracle had said that ii never would close before Roaic threw into it whatever it had most pre- cious. Curtius i!(piediat«ly perceived that no less than a human sacrifice v»%s required. He armed himself; mounted his horse, and solsmnly threw hiiiuelf into the gulph, whi*^ 22« instantly closed over his head. liv. 7, c 6.^ Vol. Max. 5, c. 6. Q. Rufus. Vid. Quin- tus. — — Nicias, a grammarian, intimate with Pompey, &c. Suet, de Gr. Montanus, an orator and poet under Vespasian. Tacit. 4. Ann. ■ Atticus, a Roman knight, who ac- companied Tiberius in his retreat into Cam- pania. Tacit. An. 4. Lacus, the gulph into which Curtius leaped. Vid. M. Curtius. — — Fons, a stream which convened water to Rome from the distance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct so elevated as to be distributed through all the hills of the cit)-. Prt«- 36, c. 15. Clrulis MAGisTRATi's, a State officer, at Rome, who had the privilege of sitting in an ivory chair in public assemblies. The dic- tator, the consuls, the censors, the praetors, and ediles, claimed that privilege, and there- fore were called curulet nuigistratus. The se- nators who had passed through the above- mentioned offices, were generally carried to tlie senate house in ivory chairs, as also all gene- rals in their triumphant procession to the Capi- tol. When names of distinction began to be knotvn among the Romans, the de-^cendants of curule magistrates were called nobdes, the first of a family who discharged that office were known by the name of noti, and those that had never been in office were called ignobiles. ClssjKI, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Alexander to appease the manes of Hephses- tion. Plut. in Alex. Cusus, a river of Hungary falling into the Danube, now the Vag. CiTiLivM, a to«-n of the Sabines, near a lake which contained a floating island ; and of which the water was of an unusually cold quality. Plin. 3, c. 12, 1. 31. c. 2. — Seneca. Q. N. 3, c. ■25.— Liv. 26, c. 1 1. Ctamosorus, a river of Sicily. CvAN'K, a nymph of SjTacuse, to whom her father offered violence in a fit of drunk- enness. She dragged her ravisher to the al- tax, where she sacrificed him, and killed her- self to stop a pestilence, which, from that circumstance, had already begun to afflict the countn,. Plut. in Parall. — — A nymph of Sicily, who endeavoured to assist Proser- pine when she was carried away by Pluto. Tlie god changed her into a fountain now called Pisme, a few miles from Sjrracuse. (hid. Met. 5, v. 1 12. — A town of Lycia. Plin. 5, c. 27. An innkeeper, &c Juv. 8, V. 162. CyXnejK, now the Pavorane, two rugged islands at the entrance of the Euxine eca, about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thracian Bosphorus. One of them is on the side of Asia, and the other on the Eurof>can coa<;t, and, according to Sfrabo, there is only a space of 20 furlongfs between them. TTie waves of the sea, which continually break against them with a violent noise, fill the air with a darkening foain, and render the pas- sage extremely dangerous. The ancients supposed CY CY supposed that these islands floated, and even sometimes united to crush vessels into pieces when they passed through tlie straits. This tradition arose from their appearing, like all other objects, to draw nearer when naviga- tors approached tliem. They were sometimes called Symplegades and PlanetcE. Their true situation and form was first explored and ascertained by the Argonauts. rUn. 6, C. 12. — Herodnt. 4, c. 85. — Apollon. 2, v. 317 & 600. — Lycoph. 1285. — Strab. 1 & 3. — Mela, 2, c. 7.— Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 9, v. 34. Cyanee & Cyanea, a daughter of tlie I\Ise- ander, mother of B}'blis and Caunus, by Mi- letus, Apollo's son. Ovid. Met. 9, v. 451. Ctaneus, a large river of Colchis, Gyanippe, a daughter of Adrastus. CyANiPPtis, a Syracusan, who derided the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god so inebriated him, that he offered violence to his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed him on the ahar. Plut. in ParalL A Thessalian, whose wife met \\i\h the same fate as Prociis. Plut. in Parnll. Ctaraxes, or Cyaxares, son of Phra- ortes, was king of Media and Persia. He bravely defended his kingdom, which the Scythians had invaded. He made war against Aiyattes, king of Lydia, and sub- jected to his power all Asia beyond the river Halys. He died after a reign of 40 years, B. C. 585. Biod. 2 Herodot. 1. c. 73 & 103. -^— Another prince, supposed by some to be the same as Darius the Mede. He was the son of Astyages, king of Media. He added seven provinces to his father's domi- nions, and made war against the Assyrians, whom Cyrus favored, Xen. Cyrop. 1. Ctbebe, a name of Cybele, from KvSfifitiy, because in the celebration of her festivals men were driven to madness. Ctbele, a goddess, daughter of Coelus and Terra, and wife of Saturn, She is sup- posed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Berecyn- thia, DindjTnene, &c. According to Dio- dorus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince called Menos, by liis wife Dindy- mene, and he adds, that as soon as she was bom she was exposed on a mountain. She was preserved and suckled by some of the wild beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the mountain whcie her life had been preserved. When she re- turned to her father's court, she had an in- trigue with Atys, a beautiful yOuth, whom her father mutilated, &c. All the mytho- logists are unanimous in mentioning the amours of Atys and Cybele, The partiality of the goddess for Atys seems to arise from his having first introduced her worship in Phrygia. She enjoined him perpetual celi- bacy, and tlie violation of his promise was expiated by voluntary mutilation. In Phry- gia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatett Mlemnitjr. Her priests 227 called Corybantes, Galli, &c. were" not ad- mitted in the service of the goddess with- out a previous mutilation. In the celebra- tion of the festiviJs, they imitated the man. ners of m:n'men, £«jd filleu the air with dreadful shneks and bowlings, mixed with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, buck- lers, and spears. This was in commemo- ration of the soiTow of C^bek for the loss of her favorite Atys. Cybele was generally represented as a robust woTiian, far advanced in her pregnancy, to intimate tlie fecundity of the eartli. She held keys in her hand, and her head was crowiied widi rising turrets, and sometimes with the leaves of an oak. She sometimes appears riding in a diariot drawni by two tame lions; Atys follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting himself, upon a fir-tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes Cybele is represented with a sceptre in her hand, with her head covered with a tower. She is also seen with many breasts, to show that the earth gives aliments to all living aeatures; and she generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship of Cybele passed into Greece, and was solemnly esta- blished at Eleusis, under the name of the Eleu- sinian mysteries of Ceres. The Romans, by order of tlie Sibylline books, brought the sta- tue of the goddess from Pessinus into Italy j and when tlie ship which carried it, had run on a shallow bank of tlie Tiber, the virtue and innocence of Claudia were vindicated in re- moving it viatli her girdle. It is supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 1580 years B. C, The Romans were particidarly superstitious in washing every year, on the Cth of the calends of April, the shrine of this goddess in the wat'frs of tlie river Almon, > Tliere prevaileil 'iiany obscenities in the observation of the fLitivals, and the priests themselves were the most eager to use indecent exjiressions, and to shew their unbounded licentiousness by the impu- rity of their actions, rid. Atys, Eleusis, Rhea, Corybantes, Galli, &c Augustiti. de Ciw- D. ^c. — Lactant, — Liician, inDca Syr. — Dixtd. 5. — Virg. JEn. 9, v. 617. 1. 10, v. 252. — Lucan. 1, v. 566. — Ovid. Trijt. 4, V. 210 & 561. — Plut. de Loquac. — C'ic ad Attic — Cesl. Mod. 8, c. 17, &c. CvBtLE & Cybela, a town of Pbygia, ApoUod. 3, c. 5. Cybelus, a mountain of Phrygia, where Cybele was worshipped. Cyhira, a town of Phrygia, vhcnce Cybi- raticus. Horal. 1, cp. 6, v, Z3. Cybistria, a town of CVippadocia. Cic. Div. 15. CvcEsitJM,atownof I'eloponncsuSjnearPisa. Cychrdus, a &on Jjf Neptune and Sala- rtiis. After death h^^as honored as a god in Salamis and Attica. As he left no chil- dren, he made Telamon his successor, because he had freed the country from a monstrous ser- Q 2 pent. C Y C Y pent. Paus. 1, c 55. — Plut. in The*. — Apollod. 3, c. 12. Ctclades, a name given to certain isl&nds of the iEgean sea, those particularly that sur- round Delos as with n circle; whence tJje naine (Kuxi.'Sf circuli s). They were about 55 in number, the principal of which were Ceos, Naios, Andres, Paros, Melos, Seri- phos, Gyarus, T«iedos, Stc. The Cyclades were reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades ; but during tlie invasion of Greece by the Persians, they revolted from their an- cient and natural sillies. C. Xq>. in Mil. i.-'Plin. 4, c V2.—Mela, 2, c 7, — Plol. 3, c. 15. — Slrab. 10. — Dionys. Perieg Olid. Met. 2, v. 64. — Virg. jEn. 3, v. 127. 1. 8, T. 692. —5t/. 4, r. 247. ' CtclSpis, a certain race of men of gi- ^antic stature, suppoeed to be the sons of CobIus and Terra. They had but one eye, in tLe middle of the forehead ; whence their oamc (itvuKS^ circtdui, •■(^ oculm). They were tiiree in number, according to Hesiod, called Armies, Brontes, and Stcropes. Thair number w;is greater according to other my- thulogists, and in the age of Ulysses, Poly, phcnius was tliiir kinj^. [ Fid. Polyphe- mus. ] They inhabited the western parts of the island of Sicily; and because Uiey were tmcivilized in their manners, the poets speak of them as men-caters. The tradition of their having only one eye originates from their custum of wearing small bucklers of steel which coTtred their faces, and had a small aperture iu the middle, which corres- ponded exactly to tlie eye. From tlieir yici- nity to mount .litna, they hare been sup- posed to be the workmen of Vulcan, and to have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupi- ter. The most solid walls and impregnable fortresses were said, among the ancient*, to be tlie wTork of the Cyclops, to niider them more respectable ; and we find that Jupiter was armed with what they had fabricated, and tliat the shield of Pluto, and die trident of Neptune, were the produce of thcii- la- bor. The Cyclops were reckoned among th« gods, and we find a temple dedicated to \heir service at Corinth, where sacrifices were solemnly olfered. - Apollo destroyed them all, because tlioy had made Uie thunder- bolts of Jupiter, witii which his son >Escu- lapiu& had been killed. From the dilTerent accounts given of the Cyclops by the an- cienu, it may be concluded that they were all the ssme people, to whom various func- tions have 'leen attributed, which cannot be reconciled on» to the other, witliout drawing the pencil of hniuD or mytliology. Ajtol- lod. I, c. 1 St'l.'-Honur. Ud. 1 & 9. — Hetiod. Thfog. v. IW. — JTicocnt. Id. 1, 4;c.~Slr«h. H.— Virg. G. 4, v. 17a jEn. 6. V. 630. 1. 8, V. 41^, Jyc. 1. 11, v. 263.— (hid Met. !.■>, V. 780. 1. 14, v. 249. A people of .Asia. ■• Cycwus, a son of Mars by Pdopca, kill- 228 ed by Hercules. The manner of his deatli provoked Mars to such a degree, that he re- solved severely to punish his murderer, but h« was prevented by tlic diunderbolts of Jupi- ter. Hygin. fal. 31 & "iGl.—Hfsitd. in Scut, Here. A son of Neptune, invulne- rable in every part of his body. Achilles fought against him ; but when he saw that his darts were of no effect, he tlirew him on the ground and smothered him. He striiq>ed him of his armour, and saw him suddenly changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid. Met. 1 'J, fab. 5. .\ son of 1 1 y rie. changed into a swan. A son of .Stlienelus, king of Liguria. He was deeply afflicted at tlie death of his friend and relation Phaeton, and in tlie midst of his lamentationi, he was me- tamorphosed into a swan. Ovid. Met, 2, r. 367 Virg. A:n. 10, v. 189. — Paus. I, c 30. .\ horse's name. Stat. C. Theb. T. 524. Ctdas, a profligate Cretan, made judge at Rome by Antony. Cic. in Phil. .'< & 8. Ctdias, an Athenian of great valor. &c. Paus. 10, c 21. .V painter who made a painting of the Argonauts. Tliis celebrated piece waa bought by Uk' orator Hortensius, for 1 64 talents. Pt'in. 34. CvDifpr, the wife of Anaxilaus, &c. Herodot. 7, c. 16.'. The mother of Cleo- bis and Biton. Viil. Cleobis. .\ girl be- loved by Acontiu*. Vid. Acontius One of Cyrcnc's attendants. Virg. G. 4, v. 329. Cvo.s'cs, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, where Alexander bathed when covered with sweaL The coniwquences proved almoit fatal to the monarch. Curt. 3. c. 4. — Justin. 1 1 . c. 8. Ctdon, a friend of Tumus against .tneas. Virg. jEn. 10, V. 355, Ctdom A: Cydonia, now Canea, a town of Crete, built t-y a colony from Samos. It was sup}>osed that Minos generally resided there. Hence Cyduneus. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 22. — Vtrg. .-En. 12, V. 858. SU. 2, T. 109.— £». 37, c 60. Lucan. 7. v. 229. CvDoyiA, an island opposite Lesbos. Plin, 2 A 4. Cydb A«a, a city of Phr7gia.'.fffr(xi)<. 7, c. 30. CvDaoLAUs, a man who led a colony to Sam OS. Diod. X ' CrcNcs. Vid. Cycnus. Ctlabi's, a place near Argos in Pelopon- nesus. Plut. in Ptfrrh. Cylbiahi, mountains of Phrygia wher« the Cayster takts its rise. Plin. 5, c. 21'. Cyliccs, a people among the Fllyrians. There was in tlicir country a monument in honor of Cadmus. Atlu-n. Cylindus, a son of Phryxus and Calliope. Ctllabakjs, a public place for exercises at Argos, where was a statue of Minerva. Paus. in Cor. CTLLABxaus, a gallant of the vife of Dio- mcdes, &c. CvLLARDS, the most beautiful of all tlis Centaurs, passionateJy fond of Hylonome. They CY ITrey perished both at the same time, Oaid. 12. Met. V. 408. A celebrated horse of Pollux or of Castnr, according to Seneca. Tirg. G. 5, V. 90. Ctllin, a son of Elatus. Faus. 8, c. 4. Cyli-ene, tlie mother of Lycaon, by Pe- lasgus. Jpollod. 5, c. 8. A naval station of Ells in Peloponnesus. Pans. 4, c. 23. A mountain of Arcadia, with a small town on its decUvity, which received its name from CyUen. Mercury was born there ; hence his surname of Cyllendus, which is indiscrimi- nately appUed to any thing he invented, or over which he presided- Lucan. I, v. 663. —Horal. ej). 13, v. \5.—Paus. 8, c. 17 Virg. jEn. 8, v. 139.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 146. A. A. 3, V. 147. CvLLKNEius, a surname of Mercury, from his being bom on the mountain of Cyllene. Ctllyrii, certain slaves at Syracuse. He- rodot. 7, c. 155. Ctlon, an Athenian who aspired to tyran- ny. Herodot. 5, c. 71. Ctma, or Ctm^, the largest and most beautiful town of iEolia, called also Phrico- nis, and Phncintis, and Cuma;. Vid. Cum^. Liv. 37, c. 11. — Ck. Flacc. 20. — Herodot. 1, c. 149. Ctmodoce, Cyme, and Cymo, one of the Nereides. ■- Henod. Theog. v. 253.— Virg. G. 4, V. 588. Cymolus, & CiMOLUs, an island of the Cretan sea. Ovid. 7. Met. v. 463. Cymothoe, one of the Nereides, repre- sented by Virg. JEn. 1, v. 148. as assisting the Trojans with Triton after the storm with which iEolus, at the request of Juno, had af- flicted the fleet. Cynara, one of Horace's favorites. 4 Od. I, V. 4. CVN^GiRus, an Athenian, celebrated for his extraordinary courage. He was brother to the poet iEsthylus. After the battle of Marathon, he pursued the flying Persians to their ships, and seized one of their vessels with his right hand, which was immediately severed by the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel with his left hand, and when he had lost that also, he still kept his hold with his teetli. Herodot. 6, c 114. — Justi)i. 2, c. 9. Cyn^thium, a town of Arcadia, founded by one of the companions of ^neas. Dhni/s. Hat. Cynane, a daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, who married Amyntas, son of Perdiccas, by whom she had Eurydice. Fo- It/een. 8. Ctmafes, a river falling into the Euxine. Ovid 4, Pont. el. 10, v. 49. Ctnaxa. Vid. Cunaxa. Cymeas. Vid. Cineas. Cynesu & Cynet^, a nation on the re- motest shores of Europe, towards the ocean. Herodot. 2, c. 33. Cynkthu'ssa, an island in the iEgean sea. llin. 4,c. 12. 229 CY Cynia, a lake of Acarcania. Strah. 16, Cynici, a sect of philosophers founded by Aniisthencstbe Athenian. They received this name a canind mordacitate, from their canine propensity to criticise the lives and actions of men, or because lilce dogs, they were not ashamed to gratify their criminal desires publicly. They were famous for their contempt of riches, fortlieir negligence of their dress, and the length of their beards. Dio- genes was one of their sect. Tliey generally slept on the ground. Cic. 1. 0^. 35 & 41. Cynisca, a daughter of Archidamus, king of Sparta, who obtained the first prize in the chariot races at the Olympic games. Faus. S, c. 8. Cyno, a woman who preserved the life of Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 110. CYNocEPHAtE, a town of Thessaly, where the proconsul Quintius conquered Philip of Macedon, and put an end to tlie first Mace- donian war, B. C. 1 97. Liv. 5.3, c. 7. Cynocephali, a nation of India, who have the head of a dog, according to some tradi- tions. Plin. 7, c. 2. Cynophontis, a festival at Argos, observed during the dog days. It received its name aTD Tov xvwi . — Flol. 5, c. 14. • — Flor. 3, c. 3. — Justin. 18, c. 5. — Plin. 12, c. 24. 1. 53, c. 3. 1. 36, C 26 Mela, 2, c. 7. Cyvskudes, the name of three princes as dcscttidants of Cypselus, who reigned at Corinth during 73 years. Cypselus was suc- ceeded by his son Periander, who left his kingdom after a reign of forty years, to Cyp- selus II. Cvisi^i.t 3, a king of Arcadia, who mar- ried the daughter of Ctesiphon, to strengtlien himself .against the Heraclidae. Faus. 4, c. 3. A man of Corinth, son of Eetion, and father of Periander. He destroyed the Bac- cliiada, and M.-Liod u^n the sovereign power, about 659 years befort Chrisu He reigneil ."50 years, and was succeeded by his son. Pe- riander had two sons, Lycophron and C>-p- Mclus who was insane. Cypselus received his name from th« Greek word xv\f>t>.^ a coffer, 230 because when the Baochiadff attempted to kill him. his mother saved his litis by concealing him in a coffer. Paus. 5, c. 17. — Cic. Tiac 5, c. 37.— Herodot. 1, c. 114. 1. 5, c. 92, &C. —Aristot. Polit. The father of jVIiltiades. Herodot. 6, c. 35. Ctraunis, an island of Libya. Id. 4, c. 195. Ctrbiava, a pronnCe of the Elymjeans, Ctke, a fountain near Cyrene. Ctrenaica, a country of Africa, of which Cyrene b the capital. Vid. Cyrene. Ctre.naici, a sect of philosophers who fol- lowed the doctrine of Aristippus. They placed their summum bonum in pleasure, and said that virtue ought to be commended I)ecause it gave pleasure. Laert. in Arist. — Cic. de Nat. />. 3. CvRENi, the daughter of the river Peneus, of whom Apollo became enamoured. He carried her to that part of Africa wliich is called Cyrcnaica, where she brought forth Aristajus. She is called by some daughter of Hypseus, king of the Lapitliiie, and son of the Peneus. Vir^. G. 4, v. 321. — Justin. 13, c. 7. — Pindar. Pifth. 9. A celebrated city of Libya, to which Aristaus, who was the chief of the colonists settled there, gave his mother's name. Cyrene was situate in a l^eautiful and fertile plain, about eleven miles from tlie Mediterranean sea, and it lK>came the capital of the countrj', which was called Pcntapolis, on account of tlie five cities which it contained. It gave birtli to many great men, among whom were Callimachus, Eratosthenes. Cameades, .\ristippiis, &c. Tlie town of Cyrene was built by Uattus, B. C. (>3<), and the kingdom was be<]ueathed to the Komans, B. C. 97, by king Ptolemy Appion. Hi-rodot. 3 ij- 4. — Pavs. 10, c. 13. — Strab. 1 7. — Mela', 1, c 8 PUn. 5, c. 5. — Tadt. Ann. 3, c. 70. Cyriabes, one of the thirty t)Tant» who harassed the Roman empire, in the reign of Gallienus. He died A. D. 259. Ctriliis, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died A. D. 386. Of his writings, composed in Greek, there remain 23 cntiJwses, and a letter to the emperor Constantine, the best edition of which is by Milles, fol. Oxon. 1703. A bishop of Alexandria, who died A. D. 444. The best edition of his writings, which are mostly controversial, in Greek, is that of Paris, foL 7 vols. 163S. Ctrne, a place of Euboea. Cyrnis, a driver in the games which Scipio exhibited in Africa, &c. Ilal. 16, v. 342. A man of Argos who founded a city of Chcr- sonesus. Divd. 5. A river that falls into the C-aspian sea. Plut. in Pomp. An island on the coast of Liguria, the s.ime as Corsica ; and called after Cyrnus, the son of Hercules. Virg. Eel. 9, v. 30. — Paiu. 10, c 17. ^ - CYRR.AJ, a people of .Ethiopia. CTRKHJLS.S, an Indian nation. CuKUita, CY C Y Ctrrhes, a people of Macedonia, near Pella. CvRRHKSTicA, a ' country of Syria near CUici^^ of which tlie capital was called Cyrr- hum. Plin. 5, c. 23. — Cic. Att. 5, ep. 18. _ Cyrrhus & Cyrus, a river of Iberia, in Asia. Ctrsilus, an Athenian, stoned to death by his countrymen, because he advised them to receive the army of Xerxes, and to submit to the power of Persia. Demoath. de Cormia. — Ck.S.deOffic. ell. Cyrus, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Aatyages, king of Media. His fatlier was of an ignoble family, whose marriage with Mandane had been con- summated on account of the apprehensions of ■ Astyages. ( Vid. Astyages. ) Cyrus was ex- posed as soon as born j but he was preserved by a shepherdess, who educated him as her cwn son. As he was playing with his equals in years, he was elected king in a certain di- version, and he exercised his power with such an independent spirit, that he ordered one of his play companions to be severely whipped fur disobedience. The father of the youth, who was a nobleman, complained to the king of the ill treatment which his son had received from a shepherd's son. Astyages ordered Cyrus before him, and discovered that he wa« Mandane' s son, from whom he had so much to apprehend. He treated him with great coldness; and Cyrus unable to bear his ty- ranny, escaped from his confinement, and began to levy troops to dethrone his grand- father. He was assisted and encouraged by the ministers of Astyages, who were.displeased with' the king's oppression. He marched against him, and Astyages was defeated in a battle, and taken prisoner, B. C. 559. From this victory the empire of Media became tri- butary to the Persians. Cyrus subdued the eastern parts of Asia, and made war against Croesus, king of Lydia, whom he conquered, B. C. 548. He invaded the kingdom of Assyria, and took the city of Babylon by drying the channels of the Euphrates, and marching his troops through the bed of the river, while tlie people were celebrating a grand festival. H e afterwards marched against Tomyris, the queen of the Massagetse, a Scy- thian nation, and was defeated in a bloody battle, B. C, 530. Tlie victorious queen, who had lost her son in a previous encounter, was so incensed against Cyrus, that she cut off" his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with human blood, exclaiming, Satiu te san- guine quern sitisti. Xenophon has written the life of Cyrus ; but his history is not perfectly authentic. In the character of Cyrus he delineates a brave and virtuous prince, and often puts in his mouth many of the sayings of Socrates. The chronology is false; and Xwiophon, in his narration, has given exist- ence to persons whom no other historian ever mentioned. The Cyroptedia, therefore, is 231 not to be looked upon as an authentic history of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it as shewing what every good and virtuous prince ought to be. Biod. 1. — HerodoU 1, c. 15, SiC— Justin. 1. c. 5 & 7 The younger Cyrus was tht younger son of Da- '. rius Nothus, and the brwlier of Artaxenes, He was sent by his father, at tlie age of six- teen, to assist tlie Laceda;monians against Athens. Artaxerxes succeeded to the throne at the death of Nothus ; and CyruSj who wa» of an aspiring soul, attempted to assassinate him. He was discovered, and would have been punished with deatli, had not his mother, Parysatis, saved him from the hands of the executioner by her tears and entreaties. Tl:i9 circumstance did not in the least check the ambition of Cyrus; he was appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, where he secretly fomented rebellion, and levied troops under various pretences. At last he took the field with an army of 100,000 barbarians, and 13,000 Greeks, under the command of Cle- archus. Artaxerxes met him with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. Tlie battle was long and bloody, and Cyrus might have perhaps ob- tained the victorj-, had not his uncommon rashness proved his ruin. It is said that the two royal brothers met in person, and en- gaged with the most inveterate fury, and their engagement ended in the death of Cyrus, 401 years B. C. Artaxerxes was so anxious of its being universally reported that his brother had fallen by his hand, that he put to death two of his subjects for boasting that they had killed Cyrus. - ITie Greeks, who were en- gaged in the expedition, obtained much glory in the battle ; and after the death of Cyrus, tliey remained victorious in the field without a commander. They were not, however, discouraged, though at a great distance from their countiy, and surrounded on every side by a powerful enemy. Tliey unanimously united in the election of commanders, and traversed all Asia, in spite of the continual attacks of the Persians ; and nothing is more truly celebrated in ancient history than the bold retreat of the ten thousand. l"he journey tliat they made from the place of tlieir first embarkation, till their return, has been calcu- lated at 1 155 leagues, performed in the space of 15 montlis, including all the time wiiich was devoted to take rest and refrebhment. lliis retreat has been celebrated by Xeno- phon, who was one of their leaders, and among tlie friends and supporteis of C yrus. I It is said, that in the letter he wrote to Lace- d:cmon, to solicit auxiliaries, Cyrus boast£d I his philosophy, his royal blood, mid his ability j to drink more wine than his brother without being intoxicated. Plut. irtArtax. — l/iod. 14. I — Jvslin. 5, c. 11. A rival of Horace, in theaffections of one of his mistresses, 1. od. 17. V. 24. —— A poet of Panopolis, in the age of Theodosjus. Ctbiw & Ctrofolis, a city of Syria, built Q4 by C Y C Y by the Jews in honor of Cyrus, whose huma- nity in relieving them from their captivity they wished thus to commemorate. Cyrvs, a river of Persia, now Kur. Ctta, a town of Colc.'iis, famous for the poisonous herbs which it produced, and for the birth of Medea. Fl^cc 6, v. 695. — Propert. 2,el.l, v. 73. Cytjkis, a surname of Medea, from her being an inhabiunt of C>ta. Propert. 2, el. 4, T. 7. CTTHFr.A, now Cerigo, an island on the coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus- It was particularly sacred to the goddess Venus, who was from thence surnamcd Ci/thercea, and who rose, as some suppose from the sea, near its coa6t5i. It was for some time under the power of the Argives, and always considCTed as of the highest importance to maritime powers. The Phoenicians had built there a famous temple to Venus. Virg. JE.n.. 1, v. 262. L 10. ▼. 5. — Fans. 5, c. 35. — Ovid. Met. 4, V. 288. L 15, V. 386. Fast. 4, v. 15. — He- rodot. 1, c. 29. CttherjKa, a surname of Venus. Cythzbis, a certain courteran, much re- spected by tlic poet Gallus, as well as by Antony. Cttherok. lid. Cithaeron. Ctthirun, a place of Attica. Cttherus, a river of Elis. Paus. 6, c. 22. CvTHNos, now Thermia, an island near Attica, famous for its cheese. It has been called Ophiousa and Dryo}ns. Otii. Met. 5, T. 2j2. CrriNEiM, one of tlic four cities called Tetrapolis, in Doris. Strab. 9. — Thucyd. 1 , c. 107. Cttissobus, a son of Phryxus, &c He- rodot. 7, c. 197. Cttorus, now Kudros, a mountain and town of GolHtia, built by Cytorus, son of Fbryxus, and abounding in box-wood. CaliU. i, T. 13. — Ovid. Met. 4, V. 311 Strab. U. — Virg. G. 2, V. 437. Ctzicdm, or Cyzicus, an island of the Propontis, about 530 stadia in circtimforence, with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander join- ed it to tlie continent by two' bridges, and from that time it was called a peninsula. It had two harbours called Panormus and Chy- tus, tlie first natural, and the other artificial. It became one of the most considerable cities of Asia. It was besieged by Mithridates, and relieved by Lucullus. Flor. 3, c 5. — Pliru 5, c. 32 Diad. 18. Cyzicus, a son of CEneus and Stilba, who reigned in Cyzicus. lie hospitably received the Argonauts, in their expedition against Colchis. After their departure from the coast of Cyzicus, they were driven back in the night, by a storm, upon the coast ; and the inhabitants seeing such an unexpected number of men, furiously attacked them, supposing tlitm«to be the Pelasgi, their an- cient enemies. In tliis nocturnal engage- ment, many were killed on both sides, and Cyzicus perished by llic hands of Jason him- self, who honored him with a splendid funeral, and raised a stately monument over his grave. AjKiUod.l, c. 9. — Flacc.—'Apolloti. — Orj)heus. The chief town of the island of Cyncum, built where tlie island is joined by the bridge* to the continent. It has two excellent har- bours called Panormus and Chytus. Tha former is naturally large and beau tii'ul, and the other owes all its conveniences to the hand of art. Tlie town is situate partly on a moun- tain, and partly in a plain. 'Fhc .Argonauts built a temple to Cybele, in the neighbour- hood. It derives its name from Cyzicus, who was killed tlierc by Jason. The Athenians defeated near this place, tlicir enemieti of L»- oedaeraon, assisted by Phamabazus, B. C". 410. jFfor. 3, c. 5, &c. — Strab Apolton. 1. — Propert. 3, el. 22. —FUicc. 2, v. 636. D A DA^, TtAMX. or Dai, now the Dahistan, a people of Scythia, who dwelt on the borders of tlie Caspian Sea. SU. 13, v. 764. — Lucari. 7. v. 429 Virg. JEn. I, v. 72S. Daci & Dac^, a warlike nation of Ger- many, beyond tlie Danube, whose country, called Daciu, was conquered by the Romans under Trajan, after a w ar of 1 3 years, A. D. 105. The emperor joined the country to Majsia, by erecting a magnificent bridge ocrossthe Danube, considered as the best of his works, whicli however tlie envy of his succes- sor Adrian dLinoHshcd. Dacia now forms the modern countries of Walachia, Transyl- vania, aud Moldavia. Lucan. 2, v. 5S. Dacicus, a surname assumed by Domitian on his pretended victory over the Dacians. Jiao, 6, V. 204. 232 T> JE Dactyli. a name given to the priests of Cybele, which some derive from iaxrukts finger, because they were ten, the same num- ber as the fingers of the bands. Pa%ts. I, c. 8. • ^ Dadic^, a people of Asiatic Scythia. He- rodot. 5, c. 91. DjedIla, a mountain and city of Lycia, where Daedaljs was buried according to Pliny 5, c. 27. A name given to Circe, from her being cunning, (iaiinXtf), and like D«- dalus, addicted to deceit and artifice. Virg. JEri. 7, V. 282. Two festivals in Bceotia. One of tliese was observed at Alalcomcnos by the Plataeans, in a largo grove, where they exposed in the open air, pieces of boiled flesh, and carefully observed whither the crows that came to prey upon them directed their D JE D their .flight. All the trees upon which any of these birds alighted, were immejdiately cut down, and with them statues were made called Dadala, in honor of Daedalus. — — ITie other festival was of a more solemn kind. It was celebrated eveiy sixty years by all the cities of Boeotia, as a compensation for the intermission of the smaller festivals, for that number of years, during the exile of the Pla- taeans. Fourteen of tlie statues, called Dadala, were distiibuted by lot among the Plataeans, Lebadaeans, Coroneans, Orchome- nians, 'rh^spians, Thebans, Tanagraans, and Chaeroneans, because they had effected a reconciliation among the Plataeans and caused them to be recalled from exile, about the time that Thebes was restored by Cassan- der, the son of Antipater. During this fes- tival, a woman in the habit of a bride-maid accompanied a statue, which was dressed in female garments, on the banks of the Euro- tas. This procession was attended to tiie top of mount Cithseron, by many of the Boeo- tians, who had places assigned them by lot. Here an altar of square pieces of wood ce- mented together like stones, was erected, and upon it were thrown large quantities of combustible materials. Afterwards a bull was sacriticed to Jupiter, and an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one of the cities of Boeo- tia, and by the most opulent that attended. The poorest citizens oft'ered small cattle ; and all these oblations, together with the Dsedala, were thrown in the common heap and set on fire, and totally reduced to ashes. They originated in this : WJien Juno, after a quar- rel with Jupiter, had retired to Eubcea, and refused to return to his bed, the god, anxious for her return, went to consult Cithajron king of Plataea, to find some effectual measure to break her obstinacy. Cithseron advised him to dress a statue in woman's apparel, and carrv' it in a chariot, and publicly to report that it was Plataea, thedaughter of Asopus, whom he was going to marry. Tlie advice was followed, and Juno, informed of her husband's future mar- riage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, and was easily united to him, when she discovered the artful measures he made use of to effect a reconciliation. Pausan. c^ Plii(. DjEdalion, a son of Lucifer, brother to Ceyx, and father of Philonis. He was so afflicted at the death of Philonis, whom Diana liad put to death, tliat he threw himself down from the top of mount Parnassus, and was changed into a falcon by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 29.5. DiEnSus, an Athenian, son of Eupala- mus, descended from Erechtheus, king of Athens. He was the most ingenious artist of his age, and to him we are indebted for the invention of the wedge, the axe, tlie wimble, the level, and many other mecha- nical instruments, and the sails of ships. He made statues, which moved of themselves, and aeemed to be endowed vritb life. Talus, his 233 sister's son, promised to be as great as himself, by the ingenuity of his inventions ; anc" therefore, from envy, he threw him down from a window and killed him. After the murder of tliis youth, Djedalus, with his son Icarus, fled from Athens to Crete, where Minos, king of the country, gave him a cordial reception. Daedalus made a famous labyrinth for Minos, and assisted Pasiphae, the queen, to gratify her unnatural passion for a bull. For this action, Dredalus incurred the displeasure of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in the labyrinth which he had con- structed. Here he made himself wings with fcatliers and wax, and carefully fitted thera to his body, and to that of his son, who was the companion of his confinement. Ther took their flight in the air from Crete ; hue the heat of the sun melted tlie wax on tlie wings of Icarus, whose flight was too high, and he fell into that part of the ocean, which from him has been called the Icarian sea. The father, by a proper management of his wings, alighted at Cumae, where he built a temple to Apollo, and thence directed his course to Sicily, where he was kindly re- ceived by Cocalus, who reigned over part of the country. He left many monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily, wliich still existed in the age of Diodorus Siculus. He was dis- patched by Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, who had declared war against him, because he had given an asylum to Dae- dalus. The flight of Daedalus from Crete, with Tidngs, is explained, by observing tliat he was the inventor of sails, which in his age might pass at a distance for wings. Faus. 1, 7 & 9. — Diod. 4. — Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 3. Ileroid. 4. Dc Art. Am. 2. Triit. 3, el. 4. — Hygin. fab. 40. — ViriX. Mn. 6, v. 14. — Apollod. 3, c. 1, &c. — Herodi^t. 7, c. 170. There were two statuaries of the same name, one of Sicyon, son of Patroclus, the other a native of Bithynia. Pavs. 7, c. 14. — Anian. DiEMON, a kind of spirit which, as the ancients supposed, presided over the actions of mankind, gave tliem their private counsols, and carefully watched over their most secret intentions. Some of the ancient philosophers maintained that every man had two of these Daemons ; the one bad and the odier good. These Daemons had the power of changing themselves into wh.atcvtr they pleased, and of assuming whatever shapes were most sub- servient to their intentions. At tlie moment of death, the Daemon delivered up to judg- ment the person with whose care he had been entrusted; and according to the evidence he delivered, sentence was passed over the body. The Daemon of Socrates is famous in history. That great philosopher asserted that the ge- nius informed him when any of his friends was going to engage in some inifortunate en- terprize, and stopped him from the commission of all crimes and impiety. These Genii oi- Dxmoas, though at first reckoned only as the subor- DA DA »ubor(linate ministers of the superior deities, received divine honor in length of time, and wc f^nd altars and statues erected to a Cinio loci, Genio Augusti, Junonibus, &c. Cic. Tusc. J . — Plut. de Gen. Socr. DAHiS. Vid. Daap. Dai, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. H-rodot. 1, C. 125. Daicles, a victor at Olympia, B. C. 755. Dasdis, a solemnity obsen'ed by the Greeks. It lasted three days. The first was in conunemoration of Latona's labor. The fiecond in memory of Apollo's birth ; and the third in honor of the marriage of Podal- irius, and the mother of Aleiander. Torches were always carried at the celebration ; whence the name. Dai>iacuus, a master of horse at Syracuse, &c. Poh/cen. 1. Daimenes, a general of the Achaeans. Tins- 7, c. 6. An officer exposed on a cross, by Dionysius of Syracuse. Diod. 14. Daiphron, a son of ^gyptus, lulled by his wife, &c. ApoUod. 2, c. 1. Daira, one of the Oceanides, mother of Eleusis by Mercury. Pous. 1, c. 5S. Daldia, a town of Lydia. Dalmatii s, one of the Caesars, in the age of Constantinc, wlio died A. D. 337. Dalmatia, a part of lUyricum, at the east of the Adriatic, near Libumia on the west, whose inhabitants, called Dalmatie, were conquered by MetcUus, 13. C. 118. They chiefly lived upon plunder, and from their re- bellious spirit were troublesome to the Roman empire. They wo»e a peculiar garment called Dalmatica, afterwards introduced at Rome. IIorat.2, od. 1, v. 16. — Lamjyrid. in Commod. 8. — Strab. 7 Ptol. 2. Dalmium, the chief town of Dalmatia. Strab. 7. D\MAGETL'c, a man of Rhodes, who en- quired of the oracle what wife he ought to jiian-y ? and received for answer Uie daughter of the bravest of the Greeks. He applied to Aristomenes and obtained his daughter in marriage, B. C. G70. Paus. 4, c. 24. Da.mai.is, a courtezan at Rome, in the age of Horace, 1 od. 56, v. 13. Damas, a SvTacu-san in the interest of Aga- thocles, J)iod. 1 9. ..- DamascjZna, a part of Syria near mount LilKinus. Damasc'iits, a stoic of Damascus, who\^TOte a philosophical history, the life of Isidorus, and foor l)ooks on extraordinary events, in the age of Justinian. His works, which arc now lost, were greatly esteemc 1 according to Photius. Damaschs, a rich and ancient city of Z)a- maxcoic, in Syria, where Deinetiius Nicanor was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the modem Dnmas or Sham, inhabited by about 80,000 souls. Lnran,5, v. 215. — Justin. 36, c.±— Mela,}, c. 11. y. Damasia, a town called also Augusta, now Ausburg, in Swabia, on the Leek. 234 Damasichihok, a king of lliebefc Paw, 9, c. 5. Damasippus, a captain in Philip's army. A senator who accompanitd Juba when he entered Utica in triumph. Cos. Bell. C. A great enemy of Sylla. Patere. 2, c. 22 An orator. ,. Juv. 3, v. 1 85. A merchant of old seals and vessels, who after losing his all in unfortunate schemes in com- merce, assumed the name and habit of a stoic philosopher. Horat. 2, Sat. 3 One of Niobe's sons. Damasistratus, a king of PlataBa, who buried Laius. ApoUod. 3, c. 5. DAMASiTHTNcs,a sonof Candaules, general in the army of Xerxes. Jlerjdot. 7, c. PR. A king of Calynds, sunl in his ship by Artemisia. Id. 8, c. 87. Damastes, a man of Sigacum, disciple of Hellanicus about the age of Herodotus, 4c. Dioni/s. A famous robber. Fii. Procrustes. Dahastor, a Trojan chief, killed by Pa- troclus at the siege of Troy. ' Homer. H. 1 6, V. 416. , Damia, a siu-name of Cybele. ■ A wo- man to whom the Epidaurians raised a statue. Herodot. 5, c. 82. Dasiias, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, in' the age of Lysander. Paris. 10, c. 9. Damippl's, a Spartan taken by Marcellus as he sailed out of the port of Syracuse. He discovered to the enemy that a certain part of the city was negligently guarded, and in con- sequence of this discovery Syracuse was taken. Poli/een. Damis, a man who disputed with Aristode- musthe right of reigning over theMessenians. Paus. 4, c. 10. Damnu, a people at the north of Britain. Damnonu, a people of Britain, now sup- posed Devonshire. Damnorix, a celebrated Gaul in the ia- terest of Julius Caesar, &c Damo, a daughter of Pjthagoras, who, bf order of her father, devoted her life to perpe- tual celibacy, and induced others to follow her example. Pytliagoras at his death entrusted her with all the secrets of his philosophy, and gave her the unlimited care of his compositions, under the promise that she never would part with them. She faithfully obeyed his injunc- tions ; and though in tlie extremest poverty, she refused to obtain money by the violation of her father's commands. Laert. in Pythag. Damocles, one of tlie flatterers of Dio- nysius, the elder, of Sicily. He admired the tyrant's wealth, and pronounced him the hap- piest man on earth. Dionysius prevailed upon him to undertake for a while the charge of royalty, and be convinced of tlie happiness which asovereign enjoy etra, i^gius ; Evippe, Arigius ; Anaxiliia, Arche- laus ; Nelo, Melathus ; Clite, Clitus ; Ste- neJe, Stenelus ; Chrysippc, Chry.sippu* ; Au- toRoe, Eurylochus ; Theano, I'hantes ; Elec- tra, Peristliencs ; Eurydice, Dryas ; Glau- cippe, i'otamon ; Autboles, Cisscus ; Clco- dora, Lixus ; Evippe, Imbrus ; Erata, Bro- mius ; .Stygne, Polyctor; Bryce, Chthonius ; Actea, Periphas ; Pcnlarce, Qilncus ; Dio- xippe, /Egyptus; Adyte, Menalces; Ocypete, Lampus ; Pilarge, Idmon ; Hippodice, Idas; Adiante, Daiphron ; Caliidia, Paiidion ; CEme, Arbelus ; Celena, Hixbius; Hyperia, Hip- pocoristes. The heads of the sons of .V.gyp. tusi were buried at Argos ; but their bodies were left at Iverna, where the murder had b«en conunitted. A]*Mod. 2, c. 1. — H^rrai. 3, od. 11. — Strah. 8. — Paus. 2, c. 16 Hifgin. fab. 168, &c. DanAla, a castle of Galatia. Danatris, now the Xirpcr, a name given in the iniddlu iiges to the Borysthencs. as Da- natttrr tlic NtistrT, was applied to the Tyras. DinAis, n son of Belus and Ancliinoe. who, after his father's death, reigned con- jointly with his brother /Egyptus on the tlironc of Egypt Some time lifter, a differ- ence arose between tlie brothers, and Danaus set sail with his fifty dau;^hter^ in quert of a settlement He visite«l Rhodes, where he con- secrated a statue to Minerva, and arrived safe on the coast of Peloponnesus, when- he was hospitably received by (ielanor, ting of .Ar- gos. Gelanor had lately ascended the throne, and tlie first years of his reign were marked with dis-sensions wiUi his subjects. Danaus took advantige of Gelanor's unpopularity, and obliged him to alxlicatc the crown. In Gelanor, the race of die Inachiltr was extin- guished, and tlie Ba'i-h-s began to reign at Argos ra Dannus. Some authors say, that Gelanor voluntarily resigned tlic crown to Da- naus. on account of the wTath of Neptune, who had dried up all the waters of Argolis, to puoisli the impiety of Inachus. The success of Danaug. invited the fifty sons of .f.gyptus to embark fur Greece. They were kindly received by their uncle, who, either apprehensive "of their number, or terrified by an orade which tlireatened his ruin by one of his sons-in-law, caused his daughters, to whom they were pro- mised in marriage, to murder them the first night of their nuptials. His fatal orders were executed, but Hypermnestra alone spared the life of Lynceus. ( Vid. Danaides. ) Danans at first persecuted Ljmccus widi unremitted fury, but he was afterwards reconciled to Irim, and he acknowledged him for his son-in-law, and successor, after a reign of 50 years. He died about 1425 years before the christian era, and after death he was honored with a splendid monument in the town of Argos, which still existed in the age of Pausanias. According to .l'L»<'hylus Danaus left E;;ypt not to be pre- sent at tlic marriage of his daughters, with the sons of his brotlier, a connection wlu'ch he deemed unlawful and impious. The fhip in which Danaus c.ime to Greece, was called Jr- mais, and was the first tJiat had ever appcirtd Uiere. It issaid th.nt theuse of pumpswa< "ir?.t introduced into Greece by Danaus y/ .od. •2, c. 1. — Paus. 2, c. 19. — H-igin. fuu. i6^, &c Ihro'l.it. 2, c. 91. Ac. 7c. 94. Dan«ahi& Danuauda, certain inhabitants lu-ar mount Caucasus. Tad/. 12, jinn. c. 18. Danbov, a man of Illyricum, who, as Plinv 7, c. 48, reports, lived 500 years DANLBirs, a celebrated river, the greatest In Europe, which rises, according to Herodotus, near the town of F*yrcnc, in the country of the Celt*, and after flowing through the greati^t part of Europe, falls into the Euxine sc.-u Tlic Greeks called it Ist-r , but the Romans dis- tinguislied it by the appellation of the Danube, from its source till the middle of its course, and from thence to its moudis. they called it liter, like the Greeks. It falk into the Eux- ine through seven mouths, or six according to others. Herodotus mentions five, and modem travt'Ucrs discover only two. The Danube was generally supposed to be the northern boundary of tlie Roman empire in Europe ; and therefore, several castles were erected on its banks, to check the incursions of the bar- barians. It was worsJiippi'd as a deity by the Scythians. According to modern geography, the Danube rises in Suabia, and after receiv- ing about -10 navigable rivers, finislies a course of 1600 miles, by emptying itself into the Black Sea. Dionya. Pericg. — Hrrodjt. '2, c. 55, L 4, c. 48, &c. — StriA. 4. — Pftn. 4, c. \^. — Aw\mian. 23. Daocui's, an officer of Philip, Ac. Plui. in Drmosth. DArHNic, a town of Egypt on one of the mouths of the Nile, 16 miles from Pclusium. " Ucrodot. 2, c. 50. ,• Dai'hn.ki's, a general of Syracuse, ag^ainst Carthage. Polt/^os, laurel-bearer, and at that tirae he executed the office of priest uf Apollo. He was preceded by one of his nearest relations, bearing a rod adorned with garlands, and be- hind him followed a tiaiii of virgins, with branches in their hands. In this order tlie pro- cession advanced as far as the temple of Apollo, . surnamed Ismenius, where supplicatory hymns were sung to tlie god This festival owed its OTigin to the following circumstance ; when 237 an oracleadvised the iEtolians, who inhabited Arne and the adjacent country, to abandon their ancient possessions, and go in quest of a settlement, tliey invaded the Theban territo- ries, which at that time were pillaged by aa army of Pelasgians. As tlie celebration of Apollo's festivals was near, both nations, who religiously obsened it, laid aside all hostilities, and according to custom, cut down laurel boughs from mount Helicon, and in the neigi*- bourhood of the river Melas, and walked in procession in honor of the divinity. The day that this solemnity was observed, Polemates, the general of the Boeotian army, saw a youth in a dream that presented him with a complete suit of armour, and commanded the Boeotians to offer solemn prayers to Apollo, and walk in procession with laurel boughs in their hands every ninth year. Three days after this dream, the Boeotian general made a sally, and cut off the greatest part of the besiegers, who were compelled by this blow to relinquish their en- terprize. Polemates immediately instituted a novennial festival to the god who seemed to be the patron of the Boeotians. Paus. Boeotic. ^c. Daphnis, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Mer- cury by a Sicilian nymph. He was educated by the nymphs, Pan taught him to sing and play upon the pipe, and the muses inspired hina with the love of poetry. It is supposed that he was the first who wrote pastoral poetry, in which his successor Theocritus so happily excelled. He was ex tremely fond of hunting ; and at his death, five of his dogs, from their attachment to him, refused all aliments, and pined away. From the celebrity of this shep- herd, the name of Daphnis has been ap- propriated by the poets, ancient and mwdern, to express a person fond of rural employ- ments, and of the peaceful innocence which accompanies the tending of flocks. JElian. V. H. 10, c. 18.— Diod. 4. There vwk another shepherd on mount Ida of the same name changed into a rock, according to Ovid. Met. 4, v. 275. A servant of Ni- cocrates, tyrant of Cyrene, &c. Poly. The two castles built on each side of the strait by the em- peror Maliomet IV. A. D. \r,.':9, gave the name oi Dardanelles to tlie place. Strab. 13. Dardanus, a son of Jupiter and Electra, who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the kingdom of Etruria after tlie death of his re- puted father Corytus, and fled to Samothracc, and thence to Asia Minor, where he married Batia, the daughter of Teucer, king of Teu- cna. After the death of his father-iii-bw he ascended the throne, and reigned 62 years. He built tlie city of Dardania, and was reckoned the founder of the kingdom of Troy. He was succeeded by Erichthonius. According to some, C'orybas, his nephew, accompanied liim to Teucria, where he introduced the worship of Cybele. Dardanus taught his subjects to worship Minerva; and he gave tliem two statues of the goddess, one of which is well known by the name of Palladium. Vir^. JEn. 5, V. 167. — Patu. 7, c 4. — Hi/- giri.fub. 155 <^ 275. — ApoUod. 3. — Homer. II. 20 A Trojan killed by Achillea. Hifiner. II. 20, v. 460. Da,rdarii, a nation near the Palus Mcotis. Piut. in Lucull. Darzs, a Phrygian, who lived during the Trojan war. in which he was engaged, and of which he wrote the history in Greek. This history was extant in the age of /Elian ; the Latin translation, now extant, is universally beKeved to be spurious, though it is attri- buted by some to Cornelius Nepos. The beet edition is that of Smids cum not. var. 4to. & 8vo. Amst 1 702. — Homer. II. 5, T. 10 & 27. — One of the coinpanionj of ^neas, descended from Amycus, and cele- brated as a pugilist at the funeral games in honor of Hector, where he killed Butcs. He was killed by Tumus in Italy. Firj. yEn, 5, V. 369. 1. 12, v. 363. Daki^tis, a country of Macedonia. Dakia, a town of Mesopotamia. Dariaves, the name of Darius in Persian. Slrab. 16. Dariobiugum, a town of Gaul, now fenries in Britanny. DakIt^, a people of Persia. Herodot. 3, c. 92. Dauii s, a noble satrap of Persia, son of Hvstaspes, who conspired with six otlier noble- men to destroy Smcrdis, who usurp>ed the crown of Persia after the death at Cambyses. On the murder of tha usurper, the seven conspirators universally agreed, that he whose hone neighed first should be appointed king. In consequence of this resolution thegrooraof Darius previously led his master's horse to a mare at a place near which the seven noblemen were to pass. On the morrow before sun- rise, when they proceeded all together, the horse recollecting the mare, suddenly neighed ; and at tlie same time a clap of thunder wu heard, as if in approbation of the cboict. The noblemen dismounted from tlieir horses, and saluted Darius king ; and a resolution was made among them, that the king's wives and concubines should Ije taken from no other family but tliat of the conspirators, and tliat they should for ever enjoy the unlimited privilege of being admitted into the king's presence without previous introduction. Da- rius was 29 years old when he ascended the tlu-one, and he soon distinguished himself by his activity and military accomplishments. He besieged Babylon, which be took after a si^e of 20 months, by the artificet of Zopyrus. From thence he marched against the Scythians, and in his way conquered Thrace. This expedition was unsuccessful ; and, after several losses and disasters in the wilds of Scythia, the king retired with shame, and soon after turned his arms against the Indians, whom he subdued. The burning of Sardis, wliich was a Grecian colony, in- censed the Athenians, and a war was kindled between Greece and Persia. Da- rius was so exasperated against the Greeks, that a servant every e%ening, by his order, repeated these words : " Keniember, O king, to punish the Athenians." ALudo- nius the king's sou-in-Law, wxs entrustid with the care of the war, but his iinny was destroyed by the Thracians ; and Darius, more animated by his loss, sent a more coj*- siderable forci'. under tlie command of Datis and Artaphernes. They were conquered at the celebrated battle of Maratlion, by 10,000 Adieniaus ; and the Persians lost in tliat ex- pedition no less than 206,000 men. Darius was not disheartened by this severe blow, but he resolved to carry on the war in person, and immediately ordered a still larger army tu be levied. He died in the midst of hit preparations, B. C. 485, after a reign of 36 years, in the 65th year of his age. He- rjdot. 1, 2,&c. —Diod. 1. — Justin. I. c. 9. — Piut. in Arist. — C Nq>. in Miltiad. Th* second king of Persia, of that name, was also called Ochus or Notlius, because he was th« illegitimate son of Artaxerxes by a concubine. Soon after the murder of Xerxes he ascended tlie throne of Persia, and married Pary satis his sister, a cruel and ambitious woman, by whom he had Artaxcrxes Memnon, Ames- tris, and Cyrus tlie younger. He carried oa many wars with success, uiidcr the conduct of his generaLs and of his son Cyrus. He died B. C. 404, after a reign of 19 years, and was succeeded by his son Artaxerxc.s, who asked him on his deaXii4Komiuan. He was cunnucretl by 'I'nij.ui, Duniitiitir^ successor, and he obtained peace. His active spirit aj^ain kindled rebellion, and Uie Iloman emperor marched against liim, and defeated him. He destroyed himself, and his head was brought to Rome, and Dacia became a Roman province, A. D. 103. Uio. 68. Deceleom, or ea, now BiaJa Castro, a *mall village of Attica, north of Athens ; which, when in the hands of the Spartans, proved a vurj' galling garrison to the Aliieni- ans. The Pelopounesian war has occasiou- ally been called DeceUan, because for some time hostilities were carried on in its neigh- bourhood- C. Xi]). 7, c. 4. Deoelis, a man who informed Castor and Pollux, that tlicir sister, whom Theseus had carried away, was concealed at Aphidns. Herodot. 9, c. 73. Decemviri, ten magistrates of absolute authority among the liomans. The privi- leges of the patricians raised dissatisfaction among the plebeians ; wlio, tliough freed j from the power of the Tarquins, still sa'v \ that the administration of justice depcndcJ , upon the will and caprice of their superioir, 1 240 without any written statute to direct them, and convince tliem that they were governed with equity and impartiality. The tribunes complained to the senate, and demanded that a code of laws might bt framed for tlie use and benefit of the Roman people. Tliis petition was complied with, and three ambassadors were sent to Athens, and to all the other Grecian states, to collect the laws of Solon, and of the other cele- brated legislators of Greece. Upon the re- turn of the commissioners, it was univer- sally agreed, that ten new magistrates, called dccemvin, should be elected from the senate, to put tlic project into execution. Their power was absolute ; all other offices cease«l after their election, and they presided over tlie city with regal authority. ITiey were invested with the badges of the consul, in the enjoyment of which they succeeded by turns, and only one was preceded by the fas- ces, and had the power of assembling the senate, and confirming decrees. Tlie first deceinvirs were Appius Claudius, T. Genu- tius, P. Sextus, Sp. Veturius, C. Julius, A. ^lanljus, Ser. Sulpitius Pluriatiux, T. Romulus, .Sp. Posthumius, A. U. C. 303. Under them, the laws which had been ei- poseti to public view, tliat every citizen might speak his sentiments, were publicly approved of as constitutional, and ratified by the priests and augurs in the most solemn and religious manner. TTiese laws were ten in number, and were engravetl on tables of brass ; two were afterwards added, and they were called the laws of the twelve tables, Uffcs ilwydt-cim tubidarum, and leges decemvi- ralts. "Hie decemvirai power, which was belield by all ranks of people with tlie great- est suuslaclion, was continued ; but in the third year after their creation, the decemvira bec^unc odious, on account of their tyranay ; and the attempt of Ap. Claudius to ravish \'irgii.ia, was followed by tlie total abolition of the otice. The people were so exasperated against them, that they demanded diem frixa tiie senate, to burn them alive. CoiMuis were again appointed, and tranquillity re- established in die state. Tliere were oUier oflicers in Rome^ called licatTinVt, wl>o were originally appointed, in the absence of the prjetor, to administer justice. Tlicir ap- pointment became afterwards iiecess.vy, and tliey generally assisted .at sales called siibhatta- tioiies, bec^U!^e a spear, hasla, was fixed at the door of tlie place where the goods were ex- posed to Side. They were called dicemxnri litibiis judiivindis. TJie oflictTS whom Tarquin api-ointfd to guard the Sibylline books, were t.jo called decemvui. They wire originally tv> in number, called duumviri, till tlie year 01 ilome 388, when their number was in- cr.. -.'d to ten, live of which were clioson :V. . , he plebeians, and five from the patn- ciju=. Sylla increased their number to fif- teen, called quindfccmmn. Dtcrtix, D E D E Decetia, a towii of Gaul. Cas. Decia lix, was enacted by M. Declus tlie tribune, A. U. C. 442, to empower the people to appoint two proper persons to fit and repair the fleets. L. Decidius Saxa, a Celtiberian in Csesar's camp. Cas. Bell. Civ. 1. Dkcineus, a celebrated soothsayer. Strab. 16. Decius Mus, a celebrated Roman consul, who, after many glorious exploits, devoted himself to the gods manes for the safety of his country, in a battle against the Latins, 338 years B. C. His son Decius imitated his example, and devoted himself in like manner in his fourth consulship, when fight- ing against the Gauls and Samnites, B. C. 'J96. His grandson also did the same in the •war against Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, B. C. 280. Tliis action of devoting oneself, was of infinite service to the state. The sol- diers were animated by the example, and in- duced to follow with intrepidity, a com- mander, who, arrayed in an unusual dress, and addressing himself to the gods with so- lemn invocation, rushed into the thickest part of the enemy to meet his fate. Liv. S, 9, &c. — Vol. Max. 5, c. 6. — Poli/b. 2. — Virg. jEn. 6, V. 824. Brutus, conducted Casar to the senate-house the day that ho was mur- dered. Cn. Metius Q.. Trajanus, a na- tive of Pannonia, sent by the emperor Phi- lip, to appease a sedition in Moesia. Instead of obeying his master's command, he assumed the imperial purple, and soon after marched a^nst him, and at iiis death became the only emperor. He signalized himself against the Persians ; and when he marched against the Goths, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, from which he could not extricate himself, and he perished with all his army by the darts of the barbarians, A. D. 251, after a reign of two years. This monarch enjoyed the charac- ter of a brave man, and of a great disciplina- rian ; and by iiis justice aqd exemplary life merited the title of Optimus, which a servile senate had lavished upon him. Decurio, a subaltern officer in the Roman armies. He commanded a tlecuria, which consisted of ten men, and was the third part of a tui-ina, or the thirtieth part of a legio of hors"_', « liich was composed of 500 men. The I'.ad^e of the centurions was a vine rod or saplinj.^, and each had a deputy called optio. TTiere were certain magistrates in tlie pro- vinces, called dccurioiics mimicipales, who formed a body to represent the Roman senate in free and corporate towt-.s. They consisted of ten, whence tlie n^uno ; and their duty extended to watch ov jr tlie interest of their fellow-citizens, and to increase the revenues of the commouweaat'i. Tiicir court was called cvria rlrcurionnm, and minor aenatus ; and their decrees called dccreln decnrionum, were marked with two D. D. at the top. 241 They generally styled themselves cidtatum patres curialcs, and honomti nmnicipioritvi. senatores. They were elected with the same ceremonies as' the Roman senators ; they were to be at least 25 years of age, and to be possessed of a certain sum of money. The election happened on tlie calends o March. Decumates agri, lands in Germany which paid the 1 0th part of their value to tlie Ro- mans. Tadt. G. 20. Deditamenes, a friend of Alexander, made governor of Babylonia. Curt. 8, C. 3. Degis, a brother of Decebalus king of the Daci. He came as ambassador to the court of Domitian. Martial, 5, ep. 3. Dejanira, a daughter of CEneus, kino- of iEtolia. Her beauty procured her many admirers, and her father promised to give her in marriage to him only who proved to be the strongest of all his -competitors. Hercules obtained the prize, and married Dejanira, by wnom he had three children, the most known of whom is Hyllus. As Dejanira was once travelling with her hus- band, they were stopped by the swollen stieams of the Evenus, and the centaur Nessus offered Hercules to convey her safe to the opposite shore. The hero consented; but no sooner had Nessus gained the bank, than he attempted to offer violence to Deja- nira, and to carry her away in the sight of her husband. Hercules, upon this, aimed from the other shore, a poisoned arrow at the seducer, and mortally wounded him. Nessus, as he expired, wished to avenge his death upc^ his murderer; and lie gave Dejanira his tunic, which was covered witli blood, poisoned and infected by the arrow, observing that it had the power of re- claiming a husband from unlawful loves. Dejanira accepted the present; and when Hercules proved faidiless to her bed, she sent him the centaur's tunic, which instantly caused his death. ( Vid. Hercules. ) Dejanira was so disconsolate at the death of her hus- band, which she had ignorantly occasioned, that she destroyed herself. Ovid. Met. 8 & 9. — Diod. 4. — Sen.ec. in Hercul. — Hygin. fab. 54. Deicoon, a Trojan prince, son of Perga- sus, intimate with JEneas. He was killed by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 5, v. 534. A son of Hercules and Megara. Ajiollod. 2, c. 7. Deidamia, a daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scyros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus, or Ncoptolemus, to Achilles, who was dis- guised at her father's court in woman's cloaths, under the name of Pyrrha. Propert. 2, el. 9. — ApMod. 3, c. 13 A daughter of Pyr- rhus, killed by the Epirots. Polycen. • A daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos, called also HippodamiS. Deileon, a companion of Hercules in his K expedition D E D E exp«>dition against the Amazons. Flacc. 5, V. 115. Deilochus, a son ol Hercules. DEisiACHf >, a son of Neleiis and Cbloris, was killed, with all his brothers, except Nestor, by Hercules, ^ipollod. I , c. 9. ITie fa- ther of Enarette. Id. 1 , c. 7. Deiocxs, a son of Phraortes, by whose means the iMedes delivered themselves from the yoke of the Assyrians. He presided as judge among his countrymen, and his great popularity and love of equity raised him to the throne, and he made himself absolute, B. C. 700. He was succeeded by his son Phraortes, after a reign of 55 years. He built Ecbatana according to Herodotus, and surrounded it with seven different walls, in the middle of which was the royal palace. Herodot. 1 , c. 96, &c. — Polyeen. DEiocHirs, a Greek captain killed by Paris in the Trojan war. Homer. U. 15, V.341. Deione, the mother of Miletus by Apollo. Miletus is often called Daonidcs, on account of his mother. Quid. Met. 9, v. 442. DiciusEus, a king of Phocis, who married Diomede, daughter of Xutluis, by whom he had Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in marriage to Ixiou, who promised to make a present to his fatiier-in-law. Dei- oneus accordingly visited the house of Ixion, and was thrown into a large hole filled with bumin'^ coal, by his ^on -in-law. Hygin. /oA. 48, & 2l\.—Apollod.\, C.7&9, 1.2, c. 4. DuopKiA, a nymph, the fairest of all the fourteen nymphs that attended upon Juno. The goddess promised her in marriage to ^olus die god of the winds, if he would destroy the fleet of ^neas, which was sailing for Italy. Virg. JEn. 1 , v. 76. — One of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. Virg, G. 4, V. 34?. DRioriRus, a governor of Galada, made king of that province by the Roman people. In the civil wars of Pompev and Caesar, Ceiotarus followed tlie interest of the former. After Uie battle of Ph.irsalia, Caesar severely reprimanded Dciotarus for his attachment to Pompey, deprived him of part of his king- dom, and left him only the bare title of royalty. When he was accused by bis grand- son, of attempts upon Ca-sar's life, Cicero ably defended hiui in the Iloinan senate. He joined Brutus with a large army, and faith- fully supported the republican cause. His wife was barren ; but fearing that her hus- band might die witliout issue, she presented bim with a beautiful slave, and tenderly edu- cated, as her own, the children of this union. Deiotarus died in an advanced old age. Strab. VI. — Lucan. 5, v. 55, Dkiphila. Vid. Deipyle. Deiphobe, a syhyl of Cumje, daughter of 242 Glaucus. It i'; supposed that she led JEneas to the infernal regions. ( /W. Sibyllae. ) Virfi. JEn. 0, v. 36. Deipiiobls, a son of Priam and Hecuba, who, alter tlie death of his brother Paris, mairied Helen. His wife unworthily be- trayed him, and introduced into his cham- ber her old husband Menelaus, to whom she wished to reconcile herself. He was shame- fully mutilated and killed by Menelaus. He had highly distinguished himself during the war, especially in his two combats with Mo- rion, and in tliat in which he slew Ascalaphus son of Mars. Firg. JEn. 6, v. 495 Homer. II. 13. A son of HippoUtus, who puri- fie»l Hercules afiter the murder of Iphitus. Apoliid. 2, c. 6. Deipmon, a brother of Triptolemus, son of Celeus and Metanira. When Ceres travelled over the world, she stopped at his fatlier's court, and undertook to nurse him and bring him up. To reward the hos- pitality of Celeus, tlie goddess began to make his son immortal ; and ever)- evening she pl.-iced him on burning coals to purify him from whatever mortal particles he still posscssetl. 'ITie uncommon growth of Dei- phon astonislK>d Metanira, who wished to see what Ceres did to make him so vigorous. Slie was frightened to see her son on burn- ing coals, and the shrieks that she uttered, disturbed the mysterious operations of the goddess, and Deiphon perished in the flames. AjtoUod. 1 , c. 5 'fhe husband of Hyr- netho, daughter of Temenus, king of Argos. Id. 2, c 7. DerPHoyTrs, a general of Temenus, who took Epidauria, &c. Pout. 2, c. 12. A general of the Dorians, &c. Polvarn. DixPYi-B, a daughter of Adrastus, who married Tydeus, by whom she had Diomedes. AjxiUod. 1, c. 8. DtiPYLL's, a son of Sthenelus, in the Tro- jan war. Homer. II. 5. Deipyeus, a Grecian chief, during the Tro- jan war. Hortier. It. 8, Delj>on, a king of Mysia, defeated by Craasus. Delia, a festival celebrated every fifih year in Uie island of Delos, in honor of Apollo. It was tir>t instituted by Theseus, who, at his return from Crete, placed a sta- tue there, M-hicli he had received from Ari- adne. At the celebration, they crowned the statue of tlie goddess with garlands, ajipointed a choir of music, and exhibit4-.S Strab. 9. DtLMfirus, a surname of .Vpollo. from the worUiip paid to lus divinity at Delphi. DairfiiMv. fotivals at -Egina, in honor of Apollo of Delphi. Dsi.¥«4ih-im'., a place in Bceotia, opposite £uboea. DiLfHis, the priestess of Dclplii. Martial. S, cp. 4j. Dii.PHt'b, a son of Apollo, who built Delphi, and consecrated it to his f.ither. The name of his mother is differently mentioned. She is called by some C'elwno, by o'hers Mel«ne daughter of Cephis, and by others Thya^ daughter of Castalius. the first who wa» priestess of Bacchus. Hifgin. 161. — Paul, la c 6. 244 DcLriiYKr, a serpent which watcbrd over Jupiter. Apollod. 1, c. 6. Delta, a part of Egypt, which received that name from its resemblance to the form of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. It lies between the Canopian and I'elusian mouths of the Nile, and begins to be fonned where the river divides itself into several streams. It has been formed totally by the mud and sand, which are washed down from the upper parts of Kgypt by the Nile, accord- ing to ancient tradition. Ctes. AUx. c 27. — Strab. 15 & 17.— Herodot. 2, c. 13, &c — Plin.3, c. 16. Demades, an Athenian, who, from a tailor, became an eloquent orator, and obtained much influence in the state. He was taken prisoner at the battle of Cheronsea, by Philip, and ingra- tiated himself into tlje favor of that prince, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He wm put to death, witli his son, on suspicion of treason, B. C. oii'J. One of his orations is extanL Dint. 16 & \1.—Plut. in Hem. DtM xyrrus, a rhetorician of Syracuse, enemy to Timoleon. C. A'iy>. in Tim. 5. Demacokas, one of Alexander's fiatterers. An historian who wrote concerning the foundation of Home. Dmiys. Hal. 1. Dkmakata, a daughter of Iliero, &c. Iav. 24, c. 22. Demaratl's, the son and successor of Ariston on the tlirone of Sparta, B. C. 526. He w;is banishi-d by the intrigues of Cleu- mcncs, his royal colleague, as being illegi- timate. He retired into .Vsiii, and was kind- ly received by Daiius son of Ilystaspes king of Persia. When the Persian monarch mad* preparations to invade Greeco, Demaratus. though persecuted by the Lacedaemonians, informed tliem of the hostilities which hung over tlieir head. Hcrodol. 5, c. 15, &c. 1. 6, c. 50, &c. .\ rich citizen of CoriutB, of the family of the liacchiado;. WTien Cypseluu had usuryed the sovereign power of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family migrated to Italy, and setdetl at Tarquinii, 6.58 years be- fore Christ. His son Lucumon. was king of Rome under tlie name of Tanjuinius Priscus. Dio)iys. IJiil. A CorintJiiaii exile at the court of Philip, king of Macedonia. PUu. in Alex. DzMARCHis, a Syracusan put to death bj Dionysius. DuiARKTA, the wife of Gelon. Diod. 15. Demariste, the mother of Timoleon. Dematma, a Spartan modier, who killed her son, because he returned from a batde with- out glory. Pint. Lac. lust. Demetria, a festival in honor of Cerea called by the Greeks Demetcr. It was then custoinar}' for the votaries of the goddess to lash themselves with whips made with the bark of trees. The Atlienian?^uid a solemnity of the same name, in honor of Demetrius Polior- cetes. DiiiiraiAa, D E DE Dkmetrias, a town of Thessaly. — The name was common to other places. DImetrius, a son of Antigonus and Stratonice, surnamed Poliorcetes, destroyer of towns. At the age of 22, he was sent by his father against Ptolemy, who had invaded Syria. He was defeated near Gaza, but he soon repaired his loss by a victory over one of the generals of the enemy. He af- terwards sailed with a fleet of 250 ships to Athens, and restored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them from the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and expelling the garrison, which was stationed there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this success- ful expedition, he besieged and took Muny- chia, and defeated Cassander at Thermo- pylae. His reception at Athens, after these victories, was attended with the greatest servility ; and the Athenians were not ashamed to raise altars to him as to a god, and to consult his oracles. This uncom- mon success raised the jealousy of the suc- cessors of Alexander ; and Seleucus, Cas- sander, and Lysimachus, united to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hostile ar- mies met at Ipsus, B. C. 501. Antigonus was killed in the battle; and Demetrius, after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His iU success raised him many enemies; and the Athenians, who lately adored him as a god, refused to admit him into their city. He soon after ravaged the territories of Lysimachus, and reconciled himself to Seleucus, to whom he gave his daughter Stratonice in marriage. Athens now labored under tyranny ; and Demetrius relieved it, and pardoned the inhabitants. The loss of his possessions in Asia, recalled him from Greece, and he established himself on the throne of Macedonia, by the murder of Alexander the son of Cassander. Here he was continually at war with the neigh- bouring states ; and the superior power of his adversaries obliged him to leave Mace- donia, after he had sat on the throne for seven years. He passed into Asia, and at- tacked some of the provinces of Lysimachus with various success ; but famine and pes- tilence destroyed the greatest part of his army, and he retired to the court of Seleu- cus for support and assistance. He met vnth a kind reception, but hostilities were soon begun; and after he had gained some advantages over his son-in-law, Demetrius was totally forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and became an easy prey to the enemy. Though he was kept in confinement by his son-in-law, yet he maintained himself like a prince, and passed his time in hunting and in every laborious exercise. His son Antigonus offered Seleucus all his posses- sions, and even his person, to procure his father's liberty ; but all proved unavailing, and Demetrius died in the 54th year of his age, after a confinement of three years, 286 245 B. C. His remains were given to Antigo- nus, and honored with a splendid funeral pomp at Corinth, and thence conveyed to Demetiias. His posterity remained in pos- session of the Macedonian throne till the age of Perseus, who was conquered by the Romans. Demetrius has rendered himself famous for his fondness of dissipation when among the dissolute, and his love of virtue and military glory in the field of battle. He has been commended as a great warrior, and his ingenious inventions, his warlike engines, and stupendous machines in his war with the Rhodians, justify his claims to that perfect character. He has been blamed for his voluptuous indulgences ; and his bio- grapher observes, that no Grecian prince had more wives and concubines than Poli- orcetes. His obedience and reverence to his father have been justly admired ; and it has been observed, that Antigonus ordered the ambassadors of a foreign prince par- ticularly to remark the cordiality and friend- ship which subsisted between him and his son. Plut. in vita. — Diod. 17. — Justin. I, c. 1 7, &c. — A prince who succeeded his father Antigonus on the throne of Mace- donia. He reigned 11 years, and was suc- ceeded by Antigonus Doson. Justin. 26, c. 2. — Poli/b. 2, A son of Philip king of Macedonia, given up as an hostage to the Romans. His modesty delivered his father from a heavy accusation laid before the Ro- man senate. When he returned to Macedo- nia, he was falsely accused by his brother Perseus, who was jealous of his popularity, and his father too credulously consented to his death, B. C. 180. Liv. 40, c. 20. — Justin. 32, c. 2. A Magnesian. A servant of Cassius A son of Demetrius of CjTene. A freed man of Pompey. A son of Demetrius, surnamed Slender. A prince surnamed Soter, was son of Seleucus Philo- pater, the son of Antiochus the Great, king of Syria. His father gave him as a hostage to the Romans. After the death of Seleucus, Antiochus Epiphanes, the deceased monarch's brother, usurped the kingdom of Syria, and was succeeded by his son Antiochus Eupator. This usurpation displeased Demetrius, who was detained at Rome ; he procured his Uber- ty on pretence of going to hunt, and fled to Syria, where the troops received him as their lawful sovereign, B. C. 162. He put to death Eupator and Lysias, and established himself on his throne by cruelty and oppres- sion. Alexander Bala, the son of Antiochus Epiphanes, laid claim to the crown of Syria, and defeated Demetrius in a battle, in the 12th year of his reign. Slrab. 16. — Appian. — Justin. 34, c. 5. The 2d, surnamed Nicanor, or Conqueror, was son of Soter, to whom he succeeded by the assistance of Ptolemy Philometer, after he had driven out the usurper Alexander Bala, B. C. 146. He married Cleopatra, daughter of Ptoleiny ; R 3 who DE DE who was, before, the wife of the expelled monarch. Demetrius gave himself up to luxury and voluptuousness, and suffered hj> kin<^(lom to be governed by his favorites. At that time a prcteniled son of Bala, called Ulodoru-i Tryphon, seized a part of Syria ; and Demetrius, to oppose his antagonist, made an alliance with tl»e Jews, and marched into t!ie cast, where he was taken by the Parthians. Phraates, king of Parthia, gave him his daughter Rhodogyne in marriage ; and Cleopatni was so incensed at this new Connection, tlir.t she gave herself up to An- tiochus Sidetes, her brother-in-law, and married him. .Sidetes was killed in a battle against the Parthians, and Demetrius re- gained the possession of his kingdom. His jjride and oppression rendered him odious, and his subject:: asked a king of the hrtuse of Seleucus, from Ptolemy Physcon, king of Egypt; and Demetrius, unable to resist tlie power of his enemies, fled to Ptolc- niais, which was then in the hands of his wife Cleopatra. The gates were sluit up against his approach, by Cleopatra ; and he was killed by order of the governor of Tyre, whither he had fled for protection. He was succeeded by Alexander Zcbina, whom Pto- lemy had raised to the throne, B. C. 127. Justin. 36, &c. — Appian. de Bell. Syr, — Joarpk. The 3d surnamed Z,';asian was displeased with his insolence, and banished him to an island. The Cynic derided the punishment, and bit- terly inveighed against the emperor. He died in a great old age ; and Seneca observes. that nature had brought htm fitrth, to sJiow iniinkirid., tluit an exalted genius can lins se- currly wiihout being corruj)ted by the I'ices of the surrounding world. Senec. — Philostr. in AjHill. One of Alexander's flatterers. A native of Byzantium, who wTOte on the Greek poets. An .\thenian killed at Mantinea, when fighting against the The- bans. Polytm. A writer who published an history of tlie irruptions of the Gauls into Asia. A philological writer, in the age of Cicero. Cic. ad Attic. 8, e]). 11. A stage player. Juv. 3, v. 99. Syrus, a rhetori- cian at Athens. Cic. in Brut. c. 174. .V geographer surnamed the Calatian. Strab. 1. Df.mo, a .Sibyl of Cunia?. Demoanansa, the mother of .^gialeus. Democedes, a colebrate:t part of his pos- sessions. His education was totally neglect- ed ; and for wiiarcver advances he made in learning, ho was indebted to his oh n indus- try and application. He became the pupil of Isteu.s and Plato, and applied himself to study the orations of Isocrates. At tlie age of 17 he gave au e;ir)y proof of his eloquence and abilities against his ;^uar.lians, from whom he obtained 3k» reti-ib.ition of the greatest part of his estate. His rising talents were however impeded by weak lungs, and a dif- ficulty of proii'.mciation. especially of the letter e, but tlie^e obstacles were soon con- quered by u:i wearied application. To cor- rect the stammering of his voice, he spoke with pebbles in his mouth ; and removed the distortion of his features, which accompa- mied his utterance, by watching tlie motions of his countenance in a looking glass. Tliat his pronunciation might be loud and full of emphasis, he frequently ran up the steepest and most uneven walks, where his voice ac- quired force and energy ; and on tlie sea shore, when the waves were violently agitated, he declaimed aloud, to accustom himself to the noise and tumults of a public assembly. He also confined himself in a subterraneous cave, to devote himself more closely to stu- dious pursuits; and to eratlicnte all curiosity of appearance in public, he shaved one half of his livad. In this solitary retirement, by the help of agliminering lamp, he composed thegreat- est part of his oration*, which have ever been the admiration of ewry ago, though his con- temporaries and rivals severely inveighed against them, and observed that tlicy smelt of oil. Hi^ abilities, as an orator, raised him to conseEus, of Megalopolis, a general of the Achaeans, who killed himself when his affairs became desperate. Pans. 7, c. 16. DiADUMENiANus, a son of Maerinus, who enjoyed the title of Caesar during his father's life-time, &c. DiAGON & DiAGUM, a river of Pelopon- nesus, flowing into the Alpheus, and sepa- rating Pisa from Arcadia. Pans. 6, c. 21. DiAGo.vDAS, a Theban who abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. Cie. de Leg. 2, c. 15. DiAGuRAs, an Athenian philosopher. His father's name was Teleclytu?. From the greatest superstition, he became a most ur»- conquerable atheist; because he saw a man who laid a false claim to one of his poems, and who perjured himself, go unpunishetl. His great impiety and blasphemies provoked his countrymen, and the Areopagites pro- mised one talent to him who brought his head before tlieir tribunal, and two if he were produced alive. He lived about 416 years before Christ. Cic. de Nat. I). 1, c. Q3. 1. 5, c. 37, &c. — VaL Max. 1, c. 1. .An athlete of Rhodes, 460 years before the Christian a>ra. Pindar celebrated his merit in a beau- tiful ode still extant, which was written in golden letters in a temple of Minerva. He saw his three sons crowned the same day at Olympia, and died through excess of joy. Cic. Tusc. 5. — Plut. in Pel. — Paus. 6, c. 7. DiALis. a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first instituted by Numa. He was never permitted to swear even upon public trials, i'arro, L. L. 4, c. 15. — Dioni/s. '_' Liv. 1, c. 20. DiALius, an Athenian who wrote an history of all the memorable occurrences of his age. DiAMASTicosis, a festival of Sparta in honor of Diana Ortliia, which received tliat name i-rt nv fi.af,y:-^t. from ivhi]>jring, be- cause boys were whipped before the altar of the goddess. These boys, calletl Bomonicac, were originally free-bom Spartans: but, in the more delicate ages, they were of mean birth, and generally of a slavish origin. 'Diis operation was performtd by an officer in a severe and unfeeling manner; and that no compassion should be raised, the priest stood near the altar with a small light statue of the goddess, which suddenly became heavy and insupportable if tlie lash of the whip was more lenient or less rigorous. The parents of the children attended the solemnity, and ex- horted them not to commit any tiling eitlier by fear or groans, that might be unworthy of Laconian education. These fl:igellationswere so severe, that tlie blood guslied io profuse torrents, and many expired under the lash of tlie whip without uttering a groan, or betraying any marks of fear. Such a death was DI DI was reckoned very honorable, and tlie coi"pse was buried with much solemnity, with a garland of flowers on its head. ITie ori- gin of this festival is unknown. Some sup- pose, that Lycurgus first instituted it to inure tlie youths of Lacedamon to bear la- bor and fatigue, and render them insensible to pain and wounds. Others maintain that it was a mitigation of an oracle, which or- dered that human blood should be shed on Diana's altaf; and according to their opinion, Orestes first introduced that barbarous cus- tom, after he had brought the statue of Diana Taurica into Greece. There is an- other tradition which mentions, that Pau- sanias, as he was offering prayers and sa- crifices to the gods, before lie engaged with Mardonius, was suddenly attacked by a number of Lydians who disturbed the sa- crifice, and were at last repelled with staves and stones, the only weapons with which the Lacedaimonians were provided at that moment. Iti commemoration of this there- fore, the whipping of boys was instituted at Sparta, and after that the Lydian pro- cession. Diana, was the goddess of hunting. Ac- cording to Cicero, there were three of this name ; a daughter of Jupiter and Proser- pine, who became mother of Cupid ; a daughter of Jupiter and Latona ; and a daugh- ter of Upis and Glauce. The second is the most celebrated, and to her all the ancients allude. She was born at the same birth as Apollo ; and the pains which she saw her motlier suffer during her labor, gave her such an aversion to marriage, tliat she ob- tained from her father the permission to live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside over the travails of women. To sliun the society of men, she devoted herself to hunting, and obtained the permission of Jupiter to have for her attendants 60 of the Oceanides. and 20 other nymphs, all of whom, lilce herself, abjured the use of marriage. She is repre- sented with a bent bow and quiver, and at- tended with dogs, and sometimes di"awn in a cliariot by two white stags. Sometimes she appears with wings, holding a lion in one hand, and a panther in the otlier, with a chariot drawn by two heifers, or two horses of different colors. She is represented taller by the bead than her attendant nymphs, her frice has something manlj-, her legs are bare, well shaped, and strong, and her feet are covered with a buskin, worn by hun- tresses among the ancients. Diana received many surnames, particularly from the places where her worship was established, and from the functions over which she presi- ded. She was called I.ucina, llythia, or Juno Pronuba, when invoked by women in childbed, and Trivia when worshipped in the cross-ways, where her statues were generally erected. She was supposed to be the same as the moon, and Proserpine 251 or Hecate, and from that circumstance she was called I'riformis : and some of her sta- tues rcijresented her with three heads, that of a horse, a dog, and a boar. Her power and functions under these three characters have been beautifully expressed in tliesc two verses ; Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, Diana, I ma, suprema, feras, sceptro, fidgore, sagittd. She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Tau- rica, Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She was supposed to be the same as the Isis of the Egyptians, whose worsliip was introduced into Greece with that of Osiris under tlie name of Apollo. When Typhon waged war against the gods, Diana is said to have metamorphosed herself into a cat, to avoid his fury. The goddess is generally known in the figures that represent her, by the crescent on her head, by the dogs which attend her, and by her hunting habit. The most famous of ker temples was that of Ephesus, which was one of the seven won- ders of tlie world. [J 77. Ephesus.] She was there represented with a great number of breasts, and other sj-mbols which signi- fied the earth, or Cybele. Tliough she was the patroness of cliastity, yet she forgot her dignity to enjoy tlie company of Endymion, and the very familiar favors which, according to mythology, she granted to Pan and Orion are well known. [ Vid. Endymion, Pan, Orion.] Tlie inliabitants of Taurica were particularly attached to the worship of this goddess, and they cruelly offered on her ;iltar all the strangers tliat were shipwrecked on their coasts. Her temple in Aricia. was served by a priest who had always murdered his predecessor, and the Lace- daemonians yearly offered her human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who changed this barbarous custom for the sacrifice of fla- gellation. Tlie Athenians generally offered her goats, and others a w hite kid, and some- times a boar pig, or an ox. Among plants tr.e poppy and the ditamy were sacred to lier. She as well as her brother Apollo, had some oracles, among which those of Egj-pt, Cilicia, and Ephesus ai-e the most known. Oiir/. Fust. 2, v. 155. Met. 3, v. 156. 1. 7, V. 94 & 194, Scc — Cic. de Nat. D. 5. — Horat. 5, od. 22. — Virg. G. 3, V. 502. jEn. 1, V. 505. — Homer. Od. 5. — Pmis. 8, c. 5 1 & 57 CatuU. — Stat. 5, Silv. I, V. 57. — Apollod. J, c. 4, &c. 1.3, c. 5, &c. DiANASA, the mother of Lycurgus. Plut. in Lye. DiANiuM, a town and promontory of Spain, now cape Alarliii, where Diana was worshipped. DiAsiA, festivals in honor of Jupiter at Athens, 'ITicy received tlieir name atra t»v lil^ xoci Tr,s arr,;, from Jupiter and niLifor- tune, because, by making applications to Jupiter, men obtained j elief from their mis- fortunes DI D I ftfrtunes, and were delivered from dangers. During this festival things of all kinds were exposed to sale. OiBio, a town of France now Dijon in Burgundy. Dir^A & DiCiEARCHEA, a town of Italy. Ilal. 13, V. 385. DicjEvs, an Athenian who vras supema- turaliy apprised of the defeat of the Per- sians ill Greece. Iferodol. 8, c. 65. Dick, one of the Ilorae, daughters of Ju- piter. Apollim. J , c. 5. UiCEARCHL's, a .Messenian famous for his knowledge of philosophy, history, and mathematics. He was one of Aristotle's disciples. Nothing remains of his numerous compositions. He had composed an history of the Spartan republic, which was publicly read over every year by order of the n.agi- strates, for the improvement and instruction of youth. DicEjrri's, an Egyptian philosopher in the age of Augustus, who travelled into Scytliia, where he ingratiated himself with the king of the country, and by his instruc- tions softened tlic wildness and nrticity of his manners. He also gained such an in- fluence over the multitude, tliat thiy de- stroyed all tlie vines which grew in tlieir country, to prevent tlie riot and dissipation which the wine iHxasiontd amon,^ them. He wrote all his inatims and bis laws in a book, that tliey migl)t not lose tlie be- nefit of them after his death. DicoMAs, a king of the Getae. I'lut. in Jintm. Dictx, & DicT.«is MONs, a mountain of Crete. TTie island is often known by the name of Diclera arva. Viriz. I'd. 'J. jEh. 3, V. 171. — Jupiter was called JJL- ttrus, because worshipped tliere, and tlio same epithet was applied to Minos. ''/r?. G. 2, V, 536. — OiM. Met. 8, v. 13. — Ptol. 3, c. 17. — Strab. 10. DlCTAMNL'M Ik DiCTYNNA, 8 tOWn of Crete, where the herb called tUctnmuvs chiefly grows. yirg. ^Eu. 1'.', v. 41i.'. — Ck. dc Not. D. 2. c. 50. DicT.vTOK, a magistrate at Rome, in- vested with regal authority. This officer, whoso magistracy seems to have been bor- rowed from the customs of tlie .\lbans or Latins, was first chosen during the Roman wars against thj Latins. The consuls boinir imable to raise forces for die dtftncc of the state, because the plebeians refused to in- list, if they were not iischarged from all the debts tliey had coi.tnicti.d with the pa- tricians, tlie senate found it necessary to elect a new magistrate with absolute and incontrolable power to take care of the state. The dictator rem:uni.d in office for six months, after which he was again elected, if the alTiurs of tlie state scewicd to be desperate; but if tranquillity was rc-e.sta- bli&hed. he generally laid down his power 252 before the time was expired. He knew no superior in the republic, and even the laws were subjected to him. He was called dictator, because dictus, named by the cousol, or (/uonuivi dictis fjui jyarebat po- jiulus, liecause the people implicitly obeyed his command. He was named by the con- sul in tlie night, ma voce, and his elec- tion was confirmed by the auguries, though sometimes ho was nominated or recom- mended by tlie people. As his power was absolute, he could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct them against an enemy, and disband tlicm at pleasure. He punistied as he pleased ; and from his decision tliere was no appeal, at least till later times. He was preceded by '24 lictors, with the fr.sces : during his administration, all other offices, except tlie tribunes of the people Were suspended, and he was the master of tlie republic. But amidst all his inde- pendence he was not permitted to go be- yond the borders of Italy, and he was always obliged to march on foot in his expi-ditions; and he never could ride in difficult and laborious marches, without previously obtaining a formal leave from the people. He was chosen only when llie state was in iiiimincnt dangers from fo- reign enemies or inward seditions. In tlie time of a pestilence, a dictator was some- times elected, as also to hold die comUui, or to celebrate tlic public festivals, to hold trials, to chuse senators, or drive a nail in Uie Capitol, by which superstitious cere- monies the Romans Ix-licvetl tliat a plague could be averted, or tlie progress of an enemy stopped. This office, so respectable and illustrious in tlie first ages of the repuli- lic, became oe dcatli of the latter tlie Roman senate, on the motion of the consul .\ntoiiy, passed a de- cree, which for ever aftf r fori-? Je a dictator to exist in Rome, 'flic dictator, .as soon as eiecti?d, chose a subordinate officer, called his master of horse, magistcr f'jtiUum. This officer wxs rcspccUible, but he was totally subservient to the will of the dictator, and could do nothing without his express or- der, though he enjoyed the privilege of using a horse, and had tlic same insignia as tlie pra;tors. Tliis subordination however, was some time after removed ; and during the se- cond punic war the master of tlie horse was invested with a power erjual to that of the dictator. A second dictator was also chosen for the election of magistrates at Rome, after the battle of Canm. Tlie dictatorship was originally confined to the patricians, but the plebeians were afterwards admittc-d to share it. Titus Lartius Fla\-us was the first dictator, A. U. C. 233. Dimys. Hal. — Cu. de Leg. 3. — Die. — Plut. in Fab. — Appian. 3. — Pniyb. 3. — ralfrc. 2, C. 28. — Liv. 1. c. 23. 1. 2, CIS 1. 4, c. 57. 1. 9, c. .18. DlCTI- DI DI DiciiDitNSES, certain inhabitants of mount Atfaos. Thuci/d. 5, c. 82. DiCTTNNA, a nymph of Crete, who first invented hunting nets. She was one of Diana's attendants, and for that reason the goddess is often called Dictynnia. Some have supposed that Minos pursued her, and that to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea, and was caught in fisher- men's nets, "iiKTUK, whence her name. There was a festival at Sparta in honor of Diana, called Dictynnia. Pans. 2, c. 30. 1.3, c. 12. — — A city of Crete. DicTYs, a Cretan, who went with Ido- meneus to the Trojan war. It is supposed that he wrote an history of this celebrated war, and that at his death he ordered it to be laid in his tomb, where it remained till a violent earthquake in the reign of Nero opened the monument where be had been buried. This convulsion of the earth tlu-ew out his history of the Trojan war, which was found by some shepherds, and afterwards carried to Rome. This myste- rious tradition is deservedly deemed fabulous ; and the history of the Trojan war, which is now extant, as the composition of Dictys of Crete, was composed in the 15th cen- tury, or according to others, in the age of Constantine, and falsely attributed to one of the followers of Idomeneus. The edi- tion of Dictys is by Mascellus Venia, 4to. Mediol. 1477. A king of the island of Seinphus, son of Magnes and Nais. wHe married the nympli Clymene, and was made king of Seriphus by Perseus, who deposed Polydectes, because he behaved with wan- tonness to Danae. Vid. Polydectes. Apol- lod. 1, c. 9. 1. 2, c. 4. A centaur, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, V. 334. DiDAs, a Maceclonian who was employed by Perseus to render Demetrius suspected to his father Philip. Liu. 40. DiDiA LEX, de Sumptibus, by Didius, A. U. C. 606, to restrain the expences that attended public festivals and enter- tainments, and limit the number of guests which generally attended them, not only at Rome, but in all the provinces of Italy. By it, not only those who received guests in these festive meetings, but the guests themselves, were liable to be fined. It was an extension of the Oppian and Fannian laws. DiBius, a governor of Spain, conquered by Sertorius. Pint, in Sert A man who brought Cajsar the head of Pompey's eldest son. Plut A governor of Britain under Claudius. Julianus, a rich Roman, who, after the murder of Pertinax, bought the empire which the pretorians had exposed to sale, A. D. 192. Plis great luxury and extravagance rendensd hun odious ; and when he refused to pay the money which he had 353 promised for the imperial purple, tlie soldiers revolted against him, and put Wm to deatli, after a short reign. Severus was made em- peror after him. Dido, called also Elissa, a daughter of Belus king of Tyre, who married Sicliaeus, or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of Hercules. Pygmalion, who succeeded to the throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered Sichseus, to get possession of the immense riches which he possessed ; and Dido, dis- consolate for the loss of a husband whom she tenderly loved, and by whom she was equally esteemed, set sail in quest of a settle- ment, with a number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty of the tyrant became odious. According to some accounts, she threw into the sea the riches of her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly desired ; and by that artifice compelled the ships to fly with her, that had come by order of the tyrant to obtain the riches of Sichseus. During her voyage, Dido visited the coast of Cyprus, where she carried away 50 women, who prostituted themselves on the sea shore, and gave them as wives to her Tyrian followers. A storm drove her fleet on the African coast, and she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could be covered by a bull's hide, cut into thongs. Upon tliis piece of land she built a citadel, called Byrsa, [^Vid. Byrsa,] and the increase of population, and the rising commerce among her subjects soon obliged her to enlarge her city, and the boundaries of her dominions. Her beauty, as well as the fame of her enter- prire, gained her many admirers ; and her subjects wished to compel her to marry larbas, king of Mauritania, who threatened them with a dreadful war. Dido begged three months to give her decisive answer ; and during tliat time, she erected a funeral pile, as if wishing, by, a solemn sacrifice to appease the manes of Sichaeus, to whom she had promised eternal fidelity. When all was prepared, she stabbed herself on the pile in presence of her people, and by this uncommon action obtained the name of Dido, valiant woman, instead of Elissa. Ac- cording to Virgil and Ovid, tlie death of Dido was caused by the sudden departure ot ^neas, of whom slie was deeply enamoured, and whom she could not obtain as a husbancL This poetical fiction represents ^neas as living in the age of Dido, and introduces an anachronism of near 500 years. Dido left Phoenicia, 247 years after the Trojan war, or the age of iEneas ; that is, about 955 years B. C This chronological error proceeds not from the ignorance of the poets, but it is supported by the authority of Horace, " Aut famam sequcn; aiU siM convenientia While Virgil describes, in a beautiful epi- sode, the desperate love of Dido, and the submission D I DI submission of --Eneas to the will of tlie gods; he at the same time gives an ex- planation of the hatred which existed be- tween tlie republics of Rome and Carthage, and infom^v his readers that their mutual enmity originated in tlieir very first found- ation, and was apparently kindled by a more remote cause diaii tlie jealousy and rivalship of two florisliing empires. Dido, after her death, was honored as a deity by her subjects. Justin. 18. c. -i. &c. — Paterc. 1, c. 6. — Vir-^. jEii. — OiiL Met. 14, fab. 2. Heroid. 6. — Apitian. AUs. — Oroi. 4. — He- rodian. — Dionys. Hid. DiDifMA, a place of Mifttus. Paua. 2, c. 9. An island in tlie Sicilian sea. Paus. 10, c. 11. Dii>T>i^i s, a surname of Apollo. DiDrMAos, an excellent artist, famous for making suits of armour. Virg. ^f'n. 5, V. 359. Diofsie. one of the Cycl.-ides. Oi-id. Met. 7, V. 469. .\ iity of Sicily. Id. Fast. 4, V. 475. On« of the Lipari isles, now Salhw, A place near Miletus, where the Branchidae hod their famous oracle. DIdvmum, a mountain of Asia Minor. DiuY.Mis, a freed man of Tiberius, &c. T(tc. Ann. 6, c. '2A .\ scholiast on Ho- mer, sumained X«X«i»«p^, florished B. C. 40. He wrote a number of books which are now lost. The editions of his conimentarres are, tliat in J vols. Venet. apud .\ld. 15'J8, and that of Paris, 8vo. 1530. DiENEcc, a Spartan, who, upon hearing;, before the battle of niermopyla-, that the Persians were so numerous that their arrows would darken the light of the sun, observed, that it would be a great convenience, for tlicy tlien i>hoiiId fight in the shade. Htrodol. 7, c. 22C. DiE.sriTEK, a surname of Jupiter as being the father of light. DiGENTiA, a small river which watered Horace's farm, in the country of the Sabines. Horat. 1, eft. 18, v. 104. DiGMA. a part of tlie Piraus at Athens. Dii, the divinities of the ancient inha- bitants ot the earth were very numerous. Every object which causes terror, ins-pircs gratitude, or bestows aifluence, received the tribute of veneration. Man saw a superior agent in the stars, the elements, or the trees, and supposed that the waters which commu- nicated fertility to his fields and possessions were under the inHuence and direction of some invisible power, iiuiinwl to favor and to benefit mankind. Tlius arose a train of divinities, which imagination arrayed in dif- ferent forms, and armed widi different powi-rs. They were endowed with understanding, and were actuated by the >«»nie passions which daily afflict tlie human raci ; and tliose chil- dren of superstition were appeased or pro- voiced as the imperfect being which gaw them birth. Their -wTath was mitigated by sacrifices and incense, and sometimes hunnan victims bled to expiate a crime which super- stition alone supposed to exist. Hie sun from its powerful influence and animating nature, first attracted the notice, and claimed the adoration, of the uncivilizetl inhaliitants of tlie earth. The nnx)n also was honored with sacrifices, and addressed in prayers ; and after immortality had been liberally be- stowed on all the heavenly bodies, mankind classed among their deides the brute creation, and the cat and the sow shared equally with Jupiter himself, the father of gods and men, the devout vaneration of their votaries. This immense number of deities have been di- vided into different classes, according to the will and pleasure of the mythologists. Tlie Romans, generally speaking, reckoned two cla.vses of tlie gods the dii ntajorum t^^ntium, or dii connUmU's, and the dii mi- tiorum ^nttiMm. The former were twelve in number, six males and six females. [ Vid. Consontes. ] In the class of the latter, were ranked all the gods who were won»hippe mankind. Among these were Priapus Vertumnus, Hercules and those whose parvnts were some of the immortal gods Besides these, there were some called tofiu-i, whose worship was established at particular places, such as Isis in Egj-pt, Astarte in Syria, Uranus at Carthage, Ac. In process of time also, all tiie passions and the moral virtues were reckoned as powerful deities and temples were raised to a goddess of concord, peace, &C, According to the authority of Hesiod. Uiere were no less tlian 30,000 gods that in- habited die earth, and were gtiardians o. men, all subservient to the power of Jupiter. To these succeeding ages have added an al- most equal number ; and indeed they were so numerous and theii" functions so various diat we find temples erected, and sacrifices offeref Euclid, in the age oi' Plato. IHig. in uitd. A comic poet. A son of Kche- anax, who, witli his brotliers Codrus and Anaxagoras, murdered Hegesias, the tyrant of Ephesus &c. Pu/i/a-n. (S. .\n Ephe- sian, who wrote an account of the life of .\nax inlander. Diog. An orator of .Sivrdis in the time of tlie Mithridatic war. A stoic philosopher, preceptor to Cicero. He lired and died in the house of his pupil, whom he instructed in the various brandies of Greek literature. Cic. in Unit. A ge- neral of Demetrius. ■ A writer, sumamed FcTiegitts, who wTote a description of tlie earth, riut. in Them An African, &c. &c. Plut. DioETAs, a general of Acliaia, &c. Po- lyeen. '-'. DioOKNEs, a celebrated Cynic philosopher of Sinope, banished from his country for coining false money. From Sinope, be rc- 356 tired to .Athens, where he became the disciple^ of Antisthenes, who was at the head of thv Cynics. Antisthenes, at first, refused to ad- mit him into his house, and even struck iiim with a stick. Diogenes calmly bore the re- buke, and said, " Strike me, Antistlienes, but never shall you find a stick sufficiently hard to remove me from your presence, whikt there is any tiling to be learnt, any information to be gained from your conversa- tion and acquainumce. " Such firmness re- commended him to .\ntisthenes, and he became his most devoted pupil. He daessed himself in the garment which distinguished tlie Cynics, and walked about the streets with a tub on his head, whicli served him as a house and a place of repose. Such singu- larity, jouied to tlie greatest'^ontempt for riches soon gained him reputation, and .\lexander the Great condescended to visit the philosopher in his tub. He asked Dio- genes if there was any diing in which he could gratify or oblige him. Get out of my sun-shine, was the only answer which thie philosopher gave. Such an indcpiendence of mind so pleasexoi. Tlie worship- pers imitated in their dress and actions the poetical fictions concerning Bacchus. They clothed themselves in fawn's skins, fine linen, and mitres, they carrie ter for the sacrifice. In this manner botli sexes joined in the solemnity, and ran about the hilU and country, nodding their heads, dancing in ridiculous postures, and filling the air with hideous shrieks and shouts, and crying aloud, Evoe Bacche I lo ! lo ! Evoe ! lacche ! lo Bacche I Ero- he ! V«'ith such solemm'ties were the fes- tivals of Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, particularly the Atlienians. In one of thece there followed a number of persons carrying sacred vessels, one of which contained wa- ter. After these came a select numl.>er of noble virgins, carrjing little baskets of gold tilled with all sorts of fruits. This was the must mysterious port of the solemnity. Ser- pents were soiaetimes put in tlie baskets, and by their wreathing and crav\'ling out they amused and astonished the beholders. After the virgins followed a company of men carrying poles, at tlie end of whicli were fastened ipaXXui. The heads of these men, who were called ^AX»^ij»i, were crowneil witJi ivy and violets, and their faces covered with other herbs. They marcliett siiigjng songs upon the occasion of the fes- tivals, called ^xXXiKcc ae-fmrx. Next to the (p/tXXo^t«»i followed the iBvfuXXei in women's .apparel, with white stripod gar- ments reaching to the ground ; tlit-ir heads were decked witJi garlands, and on their hands they wore gloves composed of flow- ers. Their gestures and actions were like those of a drunken man. Besides thcM;, there were a number of persons called X/«- \e^afi>i who carrietl the Xinyet or musical van of Bacchus ; without their attendance noae of the festivals of Bacchus were cele- brated with due solemnitj', and on tliat ac- count the gofl is often Cftlled Xixv.to;. llie festivals of Bacchus were almost innumer- able. Tlie name of the most celebrated were the Dionysia a^y^^cuti-nfOL, at Limnc in Attica. The chidf persons that ofli- ciated were fourteen women called yi^m^ni vcntrnblt. ITiey were appointed by one of the archons, and before their nprpoint- ment they solemnly took an oath bcfme the arclioii or his wife, that tlieir bofiy was free from all pollution. The greater Dionysia, sometimes called kr-rina, or ra. Ko-r ifru, as being celebrated teith- in the city, were the most famous. They were supposed to be the same at the pre- ceding. The less Dionysia, sometiHias called Tx xar ay^eu;, because celebraMd in the country, or Xn>xia. from Xn>e;, u urine jn-ess, were, to all appearance, a prepara- tion for the greater festivals. They were celebrated in autumn. Tlie Dionysia ^Bduoatut, observed at Brauron, in Attica, were a scene of l^vdaess, wrtraragance, ami debauchery. D I DI debauchery. The Dionysia ■jvKr:;:.M were observed by tlie Athenians in honor of liai- chus Nyctelius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever was seen or ri( -.ic during the cele- bration. The Dionysia caHled. uui^aytt, because human victims were offered to the god, or because the priests imitated the eating of raw fesh, were celebrated v :th much solemnity. The priests put serpents in their hair, and by the wildness of their locks, and the oddity of their actions, they feigned insanitj-. The Dionysia «gx«J/xa were yearly observed in Arcadia, and the children who had been instructed in the music of I'hiloxenus and Timotheus, were introduced in a theatre, ^vhere they celebrated the festi- vals of Bacchus by entertaining the specta- tors with songs, dances, and different exhi- bitions. There were besides these, others of inferior note. iTiere was also one observed every three years called Dionysia r-^i^rtj^.xx, and it is said that Bacchus instituted it him- self in commemoration of his Indian ex- pedition, in which he spent three years. ITiere is also another, celebrated every fifth year, as mentioned by the scholiast of Aristo- phanes. All these festivals in honor of the god of wine, were celebrated by tlie Greeks with great licentiousness, and they contributed much to the corruption of morals among all ranks of people. They were also introduced into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. Among the Romans, both sexes promiscuously joined in the celebration dur- ing tlie darkness of night. Tlie drunkenness, the debauchery, and impure actions and in- dulgencies, which soon prevailed at the so- lemnity, called aloud for the interference of the senate, and tlie consuls Sp. Posthumius Albinus, and Q. IVIartius Philippus, made a strict examination concerning the propriety and superstitious forms of the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution which was prac- tised with impunity by no less than 7,000 votaries of either sex, were beheld witli hor- ror and astonishment by the consuls, and the Bacchanalia were for ever banished from Rome by a decree of the senate. They were again reinstituted there in length of time, but not with such licentiousness as before. Ewip. in. Save. — rirg. ^Tln. 1 1, v. 757. — Diod. 4. — Ovid. Met. S, V. 553. 1. 4, v. 391. 1. 6, V. 587. DioNvsiADEs, two small islands near Crete. " Festivals in honor of Bacchus. Fans. 3 c. 13. DioNYsiAs, a fountain. Paus. 4, c SG. DioNYsiMEs, a tragic poet of Tarsus. Di6nvsiod6rus, a famous geometer. Plin. 2, c. 109. A Boeotian historian. Divd. 1 5. A Tarentine, who obtained a prize at Olympia in the looth Olympiad. DioNYsioN, a temple of Bacchus, in At- tica, raus. 1 , c. 43. DioNYsiPuLis. a town of Thrace. Mela, 2, C. 2. 259 DroNYsius, 1st, or the elder, was son of Hermorratcs. He signalized liinis^lf in the wars which the Syracusans canieil on against the Carthaginians, and taking advantage of the power lodged in his hands, he made himself absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself in his usurpation, and actjuire popu- laiity, he encreased the pay of tht soldiers, and recalled those that liad been lianished. He vowed eternal enmity against Cartilage, and experienced various success in his wars against that republic. He was ambitious of being thought a poet, and his brotlier Theo- dorus was commissioned to go to Olympia, and repeat there some verses in his name, with otlier competitors for the poetical prizes. His expectations were frustrated, and his poetry was received with groans and hisses. He was not however so unsuocessful at Athens, where a poetical prize was pub- licly adjudged to one of his compositions. This victory gave him more pleasure than all the victories he had ever obtained in the field of battle. His tyranny and cruelty at home rendered him odious in the eyes of his subjects, and he became so suspicious that he never admitted his wife or children to his private apartment, without a jtrevious ex- amination of their garments. He never trusted his head to a barber, but always burnt his beard. He made a subterraneous cave in a rock, said to be still extant, in the form of a human ear, which measured 80 feet in height and 250 in length. It was called the ear of Dionysius. Tlic smuids of this subterraneous cave were all necessarily directed to one common tympanum, which had a communication with an adjoining room, where Dionysius spent the greatest part of his time to hear whatever was said by those whom his suspicion and cruelty had confined in the apartments above. 'Hie artists that had been employed in making this cave were all put to deatl) by order of the tyrant, for fear of their revealing to what pui"poses a work of such uncommon, construction was to be appropriated. His impiety and sacrilege were as conspicuous as his suspicious credulity. lie took a golden mantle from the statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of Satin-n had a covering too warm for the summer, and too cold for tlie winter, and he placed one of woul instead. Ho also robbed iEscuIapius of his golden beard, and plundered the temple of Pro- serpine. He (hed of an indigestion in tlie ()5d year of his age, B. C. So'S, after a rejgn of 58 ye;irs. Authors, however, are divided about the nmnuLr of his deatii, and some are of opinicn t^at he died a violent death. Some suppose that tlie tyrant invented tlic caiajnilf", an e-ii,.'ne which proved of infinite service for the discharging of showers of darts juid stones in the time of a siege. Died. 13, 14, ^c. — Juslhi. HO, c. 1, A-c. — Xenojifi. Hist. Crac. — C. Nep. S 2 Tirnol. DI DI Timol. — riut. in DM. The second of that name, surnamed the younger, was son of Dionysius the 1st, by Doris. He sue ceedetl his father as tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice of Dion his brother-in-law, be invited die phdo^opher Plato to his court, under whom he stmlied for a while. The philosopher advised him to lay aside the supreme power, and jn his admonitions he was wannly seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused to consent, and soon after Plato was seized and publicly sold as a slave. Dion likewse, on account of his great po- pularity, was severely abused and insulted in his family, and his wife given in mar- riage to another. Such a violent behaviour was highly resented ; Dion, who was ba- nished, collected some forces in Greece, and in three days rendered himself master of Syracuse, and expelled the tyrant B. C. 357. [Vid. Dion.] Dionysius retired to Locri, where he behaved with the greatest oppression, and was ejected by the citizens. He recovered Syracuse ten years after his expulsion, but his triumph was short, and the ("orinthians, under tlie conduct of Timoleon, obliged him to abandon the city. He fled to Corinth, where to support himself he kept a scliool, as Cicero observes, that he might still continue to be tyrant; and as he could not command over men, tliat he might still exercise his power over boys. It is said tliat he died from an excess of joy, when he heard that a tragedy of his own composition had been rewarded with a poetical prize. Dionysius was as cruel as hift fatlier, but he did nut, like him, pos- sess the art of retaining his power, 'iliis was seen and remarked by the old man. who, when he saw his son attempting to debauch the wives of some of his subjects, asked him with the greatest indignation, whether he hail ever heard of his having acte. in Diftn.~—Cic. Tiisc. 5, c. 'J. An historian of Hcilicaniassus, who left liis country and came to reside at Rome, that he might carefully study ail tl>e Greek and Latin writers, whose compositions treated of the Ilonvin L. 'story. He formed an ac- quaintance with all tlie learnid of the age, and ile/ived much intormation from their comp.iny and conversation. After an un- remitted application, during ^4 years, he gave to the vorld his llomaii antiquities in 20 books, of which only tlie 1 1 first are now extant, nearly containing ilie account of o 111 years. His composition has been gieatly valued by the ancients as well as tlie modems for the easiness of his style, the fidelitv of 260 his chronolog^i-, and the judiciousness of his remarks and criticism. Like a faithful his- torian, he never mentioned any thing, but what was authenticated, and he totally dis- regarded the fabulous traditions which fill and disgrace the pages of both his prede- cessors and followers. To the merits of the elegant historian, Dionysius, as may be seen in his treatises, has also added the equally respectable character of the eloquent orator, the critic, and the politician. He lived during the Augustan age, and came to Rome about 50 years before the Christian era. The best editions of his works arc that of Oxford, 2 vols. fol. 1 704, and that of Reiske, 6 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1774. "A ty- rant of Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the Great. After the death of the conqueror and of Perdiccas, he married Amestris, the niece of king Darius, and assumed the title of king. He was of such an uncommon corpulence that he never exposed his person in public, and when he gave audience to foreign ambassadors, he always placed himself in a chair which was conveniently made to hide his face and person from the eyes of the spectators. When he was asleep, it was impossible to awake him ^vitliout boring his flesh with pins. He died in the 55th year of his age. As his reign was remarkable for mildness and popularity, his death was severely la- mented by his subjects. He left two sons and a daughter, and appointed his widow queen regent.- .\ surname of Bacchus. A disciple of t'h.-eremon. A native of Chalcis. who wTote a book entitled KTiftif or the origins of cities. A com- mander of tlic Ionian fleet against the Persians, who went to plunder Phoenicia. Hn-odot. 6, c. 17. A general of An- tiochus Hierax. A philosopher of He- raclea, disciple to Zeno. He starved him- self to death. 1). C. ti7f), in the 81st year of his age. Dioi:. — — An epic poet of Mitylene. — — A sophist of Pcrgamus. f Strab. 13. A writer in the Augustan age called Periegetes. He wrote a very va- luable geographical treatise in Greek hex- ameters, still extant. Tlie best edition of his treatise is that of Henry Stephens, 4to. 1577, with the scholia, and that of Hill, 8vo. Lond. 1688. A Chrisuan writer, A. D. 49'J, called Areopa'tita. Tlie best edition of his works, is that of Antwerp. '2 vols. fol. 1 C34. — The music master of Epaminondas. C. Nqy. A celebrated critic. [ rirf. Longinus.] A rhetorician of Magnesia. A Messenian madman, &c Pint, ill Alrx. A native of Thrace, gene- rally called the Rhodian, because he lived diere. He wrote some grammatical treatises and commentaries, B. C. 64. Sirab. 14, A painter of Colophon. DioFHANis, a man who joinoJ Pelopon- nesus D I DI nesus to the Achaan league- Pans. 8, c. 30. A rhetorician intimate with Tib. Grac- chus. Pliil. in Gracch. DioFHANTus, an Athenian general of the Greek mercenary troops in the service of Nectanebus king of Egypt. Died. 16. A Greek orator of 3Iitylene, preceptor to "Kb. Gracchus. Cic. in Brut. A native of Alexandria in the fourth centuiy. He wrote 13 books of arithmetical questions, of which 6 are still extant, the best edition of wliich is that in foUo, Tolosa;, 1670. He died in his 84th year, but the age in which he lived is uncertain. Some place him in the reign of Augustus, others under Nero and the Antonincs. DioPCENUs, a noble sculptor of Crete. Plin. 36, c. 4. DiopoLis, a name given to Cabira, a town of Paphlagonia, by Pompey. Strab. 12. DioRES, a friend of ^neas, killed by Tumus. He had engaged in the games exiiibited by iEneas on his father's tomb in Sicily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 297. 1. 12, v. 509. DiORTCTUs, a place of Acarnania, where a, canal was cut (Sia opvirersa) to make Leu- cadia an island. Plin. 4, c. 1. DioscoiUDEs, a native of Cilicia who was physician to Antony and Cleopatra, or lived as some suppose in the age of Nero. He was originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied himself to study, and wrote a book upon medicinal herbs, of which the best edition is tliatof Saracenus, fol. Francof. 1598. A man who wrote an account of the republic of Lacedaemon. A ne- phew of Antigonus. Diod. 1 9. A Cy- prian, blind of one eye, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. A disciple of Isocrates. An astrologer sent ambassador by J. Caesar to Achillas, &c. Cas. Pelt. Civ. 3, c. 109. DioscoRims INSULA, an island situate at the south of the entrance of tlie Arabic gulph, and now called Socotra. Dioscuri, or sons of Jujriter, a name given to Castor and Pollux. Tliere were festivals in "their honor, called l)i)scuria, celebrated by tlie people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the LacodaEinonians. They were observed with much jovial festivity. The people made a free use of tlie gifts of Bac- chus, and diverted themselves with sports, of which wrestling matches always made a part, DioscuRiAs, a town of Colchis. Plin. 6, c. 28^. DiosPAGE, a town of Mesopotamia. Plin. 6, c. 26. DiosPOLis, or Theb^e, a famous city of Egypt, fonnerly called Hecatompylos. Vid, Thebse. DioTiME, a woman who gave lectures i!61 upon philosophy, which Socrates attentkd. Plvt. in Symp. DiOTiMis, an Athenian skilled in ma- ritime affairs, &c. Polycen. 5 A stoic, who florislied 8.5 B. C. DiOTREPiiES, an -Athenian officer, &c. Thncyd. 3, c. 75. DioxippE, one of tlie Danaides. ulpollod. 2, c. 1. Dioxippus, a soldier of Alexander, who killed one of his fellow-soldiers in a fury, &c. JEliun. — An Athenian boxer, &c. Diod. 17. A Trojan killed by Tuinus. Virg. jEii. 9, V. 574. T)ivxj&, a place of Peloponnesus, where a battle was fought between the Arcadians and Spartans. Hcrodot. 9, c. 35. DiPHiLAs, a man sent to Rhodes by the Spartans, to destroy the Athenia/i faction there. Diod. 14. A governor of Babylon in the interest of Antigonus. Id. 1 9. An historian. DipHiL0s, an Athenian general, A. U. C. 311. An architect so slow ^n finishing his works, that Diphilo tardior became a proverb. Cic. ad fratr. 3. A tragic writer. DiPHORiDAs, one of the Ephori at Sparta. Plut. in .Ages. DiPCEN^, a town of Arcadia. Paut. 8, c. 31. DiPOLis, a name given to Lemnos, as hav- ing two cities, Hephasstia and IMj-rina. DiPSAS (antis), a river of Cilicia, flowing from mount Taurus. Lucan. 8, v. 255. (adis), a profligate and incontinent woman mentioned by Ovid. ^m. 1, v. 8. A kind of serpent. Lucan. 9. DiPVLOv, one of the gates of Athens. DiR^, tlie daughters of Acheron and Nox, who persecuted tha souls of die guilty. They arc the same as the furies, and some suppose that they are c.illed Furies in hell, Ilarpyies on earth, and Diraj in heaven. They were represented as standing near the throne oi Jupiter, in an attitude which expressed their eagerness to receive his orders, and the power of tormenting tlie guilty on earth with the most excruciating punislmients. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 473. 1.8, V. 701. DiRCE, a woman whom Lycus, king of Thebes, married after he had divorced An- tiope. AVhen Antiope became pregnant by Jupiter, Dirce suspected her husband of infidelity to her bed, and iiiipri>oned An- tiope, whom she tormented with the greatest cruelty. Antiope escaped from her confi»6- ment, and brought forth Amphion and Zethus on mount Citliaoron. Wlien these children were informed of the cnielties to which their mother had been exposed, they besieged Thebes put Lycus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her over rocks and precipice^ and exposed her to the most poignant pains S3 tin DO DO till th« godn, pitying her fate, changed her into a fountain, in the neighbourhood of Thebes. According to some accounts, An- tiope was mother of Ampliiou and Zethus, before she was confined ajid exposed to the tyranny of Dirce. ( ni. Amphion, Antiope. ) ProperU 3, el. 15, v. 37. — Paus. 9, C. 26. — uElian. V. H. 12, c. 57. — Lucan. 3, v. 175. 1. 4, V. 550. DiRCF.NNA, a cold fountain of Spain, near Bilbilis. Marlhl. 1, cp. 50, v. 17. DiitrnTiA, a surname of Juno, from ZHrphya, a mountain of Breotia, where the goddesj had a temple. Dis, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto the god of hell. 'fhe inliabitants of Gaul supposed thcmsclvesdescended from that deity. Ctrs. BeU. G. <:. — TacU. -1. IJist. c. 84. DiscoaniA, a malevolent deity, daugh- ter of Nox, and sister to Nemesis, the I'arcae, and death. She was driven from heaven by Jupiter, because she sowed dissensions among the gods, and was the cause of continual quar- rels. When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were celebrated, the goddess of discord was not invited, and this seeming neglect so ir- ritated her, tliat she threw an apple into the mitist of the a-.;icmbly of the gods with the in- scription of drtur pulcliriori. Tliis jpple was the cau.-e of the ruin of Troy, and of infinite misfortunes to the Greeks. (Tk/. Paris.) She is representotl with a pale ghastly look, her garment is torn, her eyes sparkle with fire, ■,nd slie holdsa dagger conceried in her Intsom. .f er head is generally entwined with serpfUts, uid she is attended by Hellona. She is sup- posed to he tlie cause of all dissensions, mur- ders, wars, and quarrels, wliich arise upon earth, public as well as private. firg. .Kn. 8, V. 702 Hisiod. Theasn. 225 Pe;/ro- nius. DiTHynAMBUs, a surname of Bacchus, whence the hymns sung in his honor wxre called DithjTambics, ILiml. 4, od. 2. DiTTAM, a people of Spain. Divi, a name chiefly appropriated to tliuse who were made gods after death, such as he- roes, and warriors, or the Lares, and Penates, and other domestic gods. DiviTiAcus, one of tlie £dui, intimate with Caesar. Cic. 1, een profusely iieafK-d upon liim, and even his b«nly was left in tlie open air without the honors of a funer.ol. I'his disgrace mi-ht jiroceed from tlie resentment of the scnatore, whom he h.-id exjKjsed to terror as well as to ridicule. He once ass<.niblelack, and lightetl with a few glimmering taiK'rs. In the middle were pl.-iC4> in.scrilM.d the name of some one of tlie in\ited siiiators. On a sudden a number of men burst into the room, clot!ieus. Cn. .I'nobar- bu.s a IJoman consul, who conquered Bitui- tus die Gaid. and left ilO.cXX) of the enemy on the field of battle, and took ."O0() prisoners. ■V granmarian in the reign of Adrian. He wa-s remarkable for his virtues, .ind his melancholy disposition. A Roman who revolted from .\ntony to Augustus. He was at tlie hatde of Pharsalia, and forced Pompev 264 to fight by the mere force of his ridiciJc. The father of Nero, famous for his cruelties and debaucheries. Suvt. in Xt-r. A tri- bune of the people, who conquered the Al- lobroges. Pint. A consul during whose consulate peace was concluded with Alexan- der king of Epirus. Lit. 8, c. 17. A consul under CaliguLi. He wrote some few things now lost. .\ Latin poet called also Marsusin the age of Horace. He wrote epi- grams, rem-arkable for litde besides their in- delicacy. Ovid, de Pont. 1. rl. .'j, v. 5. Afer, an orator, who was preceptor to Quin- tilian. He disgraced his talents by his adula- tion, and by practising the art-, of an infor- mer under Tiberius and his successors. He was made a consul by Nero, and died A. D. 59. -Elics Donatls, a grammarian who tlorishcd A. D. 353. -A bishop of Nu- raidia, a promoter of the Don.itisf s, .^ . D. ,i 11 . A bishop of Africa, Iwiiislicd from Car- thage, A. I). 356. UoMtAus, a prince of Gallograjcia, who assisted Pompey with 300 horsemen against J. Ca?sar. DoNUCA, a mountain of Thrace. Liv. 40, e. 57. DoNfsA, one of the Cyclades, in the -Egean, where green marble is found. Vir^. .£,1.3, v. 1'25. DoRAtTE, an island in the Persian gulph. DoREs, the inhabitants of Doris. I'ld. Doris. DoRi & DoRicA, a part of Achaia near Athens. DoRicrs, an epithet applied not only to Doris, but to all the Greeks in general. I'iru. .i'n. «, V. '^7. DoRiKKSES, a people of Crete. Of Cyrene. DoRiKirs, a son of Anaxandridas, who went with a colony into Sicily, because he could not bear to be under his brother at home. Herodot. 5, c. 42. &.c.—Faus. 3, c 3 it 16, &c A son of Diagoras of Rhodes. Paus. 6, c. 7. DoRiLAs, a rich Libyan prince, killed in the court of Ccpheus. Ovid. Met. 5, fob. 4. DoRiLAus, a general of the great Mithri- dates. DoRiov, a town of Thessaly where Thamvras the musician challenged die muses to a trial of skill, atal. Ttub. 4, v. 182. — Propert. 2, eL 22, v. 19. — Lucan. 6, V. .^jS. Doris, a country of Greece, between Pho- cis, Thess.aly, and Acarnania. It received its name from Donis die son of Deucalion, who made a settlement diere. It was called Tetrapolis. from the four cities of Pindus or Dryopis, Erineum. CyUnium, Boriura, which it contained. To these four some add Lil»- I um and Car^ihia, and therclore call it Uexa- polls. DO DR poiis. The name of Doris has been common to many parts of Greece. The Dorians, in tlie Aire of Deucalion, inhabited Phtliiotis, •which they exchanged for Histiseotis, in the age of Dorus. From thence they were driven by the Cadmaeaus and came to settle near the town of Pindus. From thence they passed into Dryopis, and afterwards into Pelopon- nesus. Ilercules having re-established -5Cgi- miiis king of Phthiotis or Doris, who had been driven from his country by tlie Lapitha;, the grateful king appointed Hyllus, the son of his patron, to be his successor, and the Heraclidae marched from that part of the country to go to recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians sent many colonics into different places, which bore the s;une name as their native country. The most famous of these is Doiis in Ada Minor, of which Halicar- iiassus was once tlie capital. This pait of Asia Minor was called Hexapolis, and after- wards Pentapolis, after the exclusion of Hali- carnassus. Strab. 9, &c. — Virg, j^n. 2, V, 27. — Plin. 5, c. 29. — ApoUod. 2. — He- rodot. 1, c. 144. 1. 8, c. 31. A goddess of the sea, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married her brother Nereus, by whom she had 50 daughters called Nereides. Her name is often used to expi-ess the sea itself. Fropert. I, el. 17, v. 25. — Firg. Eel. 10. — Htsiod. Tlieog. 240. — A woman of Locri, daughter of Xenetus, whom Dionysius tlie elder, of Sicily, married the same day with Aristomache. Cic. Tus. 3. One of the 50 Nereides. Ilesiod. Th. 250. — Homer. II. 18, v. 45. DoRiscus, a place of Thrace near the sea, ■where Xerxes numbered his I'orces. Jlerodot. 7, c. 59. DoRiUM, a town of Peloponnesus. Paus. 4, c. 53 One of the Danaides. Apollod. DoRius, a mountain of Asia Minor. Paus. 6, c. 5. DoasENNus, a comic poet of great merit in tlie Augustan age. Plin. 14, c. 15. — Ho- rat. 2, ep. 10, v. 173. DoRso, Cv Fabius, a Roman who when Rome was in the possession of the Gauls, issued from tlie Capitol, which was then besieged, to go and offer a sacrifice, which was to be offered on mount Quirinalis. He dressed himself in sacerdotal robes, and carrying on his shoulders the statues of his country gods, passed through the guards of tlie enemy, without betraying the least signs of feai". When he had finished his sacrifice, he re- turned to the Capitol unmolested by the enemy, who were astonished at his boldness, and did not obstruct his passage or molest his sacrifice. JAv. 5, c. 4fi. DoKirs, ;i son of Hellcii and Orseis, or according to others, of Deucalion, who left Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and went to make a settlement with some of his com- panions neai- mount Ossa. Tlie countiy was called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. 265 Hei-odot. 1, c. 56. &c A city of Phor- nicia, whose inhabitants are called Dorienses, Paus. 10, c. 24. DoRYASLs, a Spartan, father to Agesilaus. DoRYCLus, an illegitimate son of Priam, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. Ilonicr. II. 11. A brother of Pliineus king of Thrace, who married Beroe. Virg. JEn. 5, v. 620. DoRYL^iM & DoRYLJEus, a citv of Phry- gia, now Eski Shehr. Plin. 5, c. 29. — Cic. Flacc. 17. DoRVLAs, one of the centaurs killed by Theseus. Ouid. Met. 12, v. 180. DoRYT.AUs, a warlike person intimate with Mithridates Evergetes, and general of the Gnossians, B. C. 125. Slrcih. 10. DoRYssus, a king of Laceda;mon, killed in a tumult. Paus. 3, c. 2. Dosci, a people near the Euxine. DosiADAs, a poet who wrote a piece of jioetry in the form of an aitar {fiufi^s) which Theocritus has imitated. DosiADEs, a Greek, who ■wrote an liistory of Crete. Dlod. 5. DosoN, a surname of Antigonus, because he promised and never periormed. DossENUs or DoKSENNUs. Vid. Dorsen- nus. DoTADAS, a king of Messenia, &'C. Paus. 4. c. 3. DoTO, one of the Nereides. Virg. JEn. 9, V. 102. DoTus, a general of the Paphlagonians, in the army of Xerxes. Herudol. 7, c. 72. DoxANDER, a man mentioned by Arist. 5 Polit. Dracanus, a mountain where Jupiter took Bacchus from his thigli. Theocrit. Draco, a celebrated la^wgiver of Athens. When he exercised die office of archon, he- made a code of laws, B. C. 0'J5, for the use of the citizens, which, on account of their severity, were said to be written in letters, of blood. By them, idleness was punished V, itli as much severity as murder, and deafii was denounced against the one as well as the other. Such a code of rigorous laws gave occasion to a certain Athenian to ask of the legislator, why lie was so severe in his punishments, and Draco gave for answer, that as the smallest transgression had ap- peared to liim deserving death, he could not find any punishment more rigorous for more atrocipus crimes. These laws were at first enforced, but tliey were often neglected on account of their extreme severity, and (Solon totally abolished them, except tliat one which punished a murderer with death. The popu- larity of Draco was imcominon, but the gratitude of his admirers proved fatal to him. When once lie appeared on the theatre, he was received wth repeated applauses, and the people according to the custom of the Athenians, shewed their respect to their law- giver, by throwing garments upon liinu This. DR D R was done in such profusion, tliat Draco was soon hid under them, and smothered by the too great veneration of his citizens. Plul. in Sol. •• A man who instructed Plato in music. Id. de Music. Dracontides, a wicked citizen of Athens. Tint, in Soph. Draci s, a general of the Achasans, con- quered by Mummius. Dran(es, a friend of I^atinus, remarkable for his weakness and eloquence. He showed himself an obstinate opponent to the violent measures which Turnus pursued against the Trojans. So-ut- have ima seined tliat the poet wiKhed to delineate the cliaracter and tlic elo- quence of Cicero under this name. Virg. ^■Ev. 11, V. 122. Drangina, a province of Persia. DicxL 17. Drapes, a seditious Gaul, &c. Ccrs. Bell. Call. 8, c. ~A\ Dhapiis, a river of Noricum, which falls into the Danube near Mursa. Drepana Sc Drkpamim, now Trajtani, a town of Sicily near mount Erj'X, in tlie form of a scytlie, whence itr> name ("itixxtn fnli.) Anchiscs died tliere, in his voyage to Italy with liis son it nests. The Romans under CI. I'ulcliiT were defeated near the coast. B. C. 249, by tlie Cartliaginian general Adherbal. Virn. A:n. 5, v. 707. — Cic. IW. 2, c. 57— (hfid. Fast. 4, V. 47 I. A promontory of Peloponnesus. DiiiLo, a river of Macedonia, which falls into the .Adriatic at Lissus. Dkimachi's, a famous roljber of Chios. 'When a price was set upon his head, he ordered a young man to cut it off and go and receive tlio money. Such an uncommon in- stance of generosity m« plca.ed tiie Cliians, that they raised a temple to his memory, and honored luin iii; a goil. At'uii. \3. Drini '., a small river falling into the Save and l^aniibc. ' DriopTres, an Athenian ambassador sent to Darius when tlie peace with Alexander had been violated. Curl. 3, c. 13. Drios, a mountain of Arcadia. Dkoi, a people of Thrace. Thucyd. 2, c. 101. Drom^us, a surname of Apollo in Crete. Dbopici, a people of Persia. Herodot. 1, c. V25. Dropion", a king of Pwonia. Paus. 10, c. 15. Drientiis & Drtentia, now Durance, a rapid river of Gaul, which falls into the Rhone between Aries and Avignon. SiL Ital, 3, V. 468. — Strab. 4. DRUGtKi, a people of Thrace. Plin. 4, c. 11. Driid J , the ministers of religion among the ancient Gauls and IJritons. Tliey were divided into (litlerent classes, called the Rardi. Eubages, tlie Vates, tlic Semnothei, the Ssu-- ronidcs, and the Samothei. They were 266 held in the greatest veneration by the people. Their life was austere and reclube from the world, their dress was peculiai- to themselves, and they generally appeared with a tunic which reached a little below the knee. As the chief power was lodgad in their hands, they punished as they pleased, and could declare war and make peace at their option, llieir power was extended not only over private families, but they could depose magistrates and even kings, if their actions in any manner deviated from the laws of the state. Tliey had the privilege of naming the magistrates which annually pre- sided over tlieir cities, and the kings were created only with their apprubati<«n. Thvy were entrusted with the education of youtli, and all religious ceremonies, festivals, and sacrifices were under their peculiar care. They taught the doctrine of tlic nietcnjpr«y- chosis, and lielieved the immortality of the soul. They were professionally acquainieti with the art of magic, and from their kno»- Ictlgc of astrology, they drew omens and saw futurity revealed before their eyes. In tlieir siicritices thev often immolated human vic- tims to their gods, a barbarous custom which continued long .imong tliem, and which the Roman emperors attempted to abolish to little purpose. The power and privileges which they enjoyed were beheld with aihiur- ation by their countrjnnen, and ai their office was open to every rank and every station, there were many who daily proposed them- selves as candidates to enter U|H>n Uiis i»\- portant function. The rigor, however, and severity of a long noviciate deterred many, and few were willing to attempt a labor, which enjoined thcin during 1 J or lU years to load their memory with the long and tedious maxims of druidical religion. ITieir name is derived from the Greek word ifut an oak, be- cause the woods and solitary retreats were the places of their residence. Ctes. Jiell. G. 6, c. 15. — Plin. 16, c. 14. —Diod. 5. Dkuna, the Dr,y/uc, a river of Gaul, fall- ing into the Rhone. Drcsilla Livia , a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, famous for her debaucheries and licentiousness. She committed incest with her brother Caiigul.% who was so ten- derly attached to her that in a dangerous ill- ness he made her heiress of all his posse«i«MiB, and commanded that slie should succeed him in the Roman empire. She died A. D. 58, in tlie L'3d year of her age, and was deified by her brother Caligula, who survived her for some time. A daughter of Agrippa king of Juda'ii. &c. Dkumj. an unskilful historian and mean usurer, who obliged his debtors, when they could not pay him, to hear him read his com- positions, to draw from tbem praises and flat- tery. Hi'vct. 1. Sd DR DU and courage in the provinces of Illyricum and Pannonia. He was raised to the greatest honors of the state by his father, but a blow which he gave to Sejaiius, an audacious liber- tine, proved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Li- via the wife of Drii-^us, and in conjunction witli her he caused liiin to be poisoned by an eunuch, A. D. 25. • A son of Gennanicus mnd Agrippina, wlio enjoyed offices of the greatest trust inider Tiberius. His enemy Sejanus, however, effected Ids ruin by his insi- nuations ; Drusus was confined by Tiberius, and deprived of all aliment- He was found dead nine days after his confinement, A. D. 53. A son of tlie emperor Claudius, who died by swallowing a pear thrown in the air. An ambitious Roman, grandfather to Cato. He was killed for this seditious conduct. ' Faterc. 1, c. 13. Livius, father of Julia Augusta, was intimate with Brutus, and killed himself with him after the battle of Pliilippi. Patera 2, c. 71. M. Livius, a celebrated Roman, who renewed the proposals of the Agrarian laws, which had proved fatal to the Gracchi. He was murdered as he entered his house, though he-was attended with a number of clients and Latins, to whom he had proposed the privilege of Roman citizens, B. C. 1 90. Cic. ad Her. 4, c. 12. Nero Claudius, a son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, adopted by Augustus. He was brother to Tiberius, who was afterwards made emperor. He greatly signalized himself in his wars in Germany and Gaul against tlie Rhceti and Vindelici, and was honored with a triumph. He died of a fall from his horse in the 50th year of his age, B. C. 9. He left three children, Germanicus, Livia, and Claudius, by his wife Antonia. Dion. M. Livius Salinator, a consul who conquered Asdrubal with his colleague Clau- dius Nero. Horat. 4, od. 4. — Virg. uEn. 6, V. 824. Caius, an historian, who being one day missed from his cradle, was found the next on the highest part of the house, with his face turned towards the sim. Marcus, a prae- tor, &c. Cic. ad Her. 2, c. 15. The ple- beian family of the Drusi produced eight con- suls, two censors, and one dictator. The sur- naune of Drusus was given to tlie family of the lavii, as some suppose, because one of them killed a Gaulish leader of that name. Virg. in 6. JEn. V. 824, mentions the Drusi among the illustrious Romans, and that perhaps more particularly because the wife of Augustus was of that family. Dryades, nymphs that presided over the woods. Oblations of milk, oil, and honey, were offered to them, and sometimes the vota- ries sacrificed a goat. . They were not gene- rally considered immortal, but as genii, whose lives were terminated with the tree over which tliey were supposed to preside. Virg. G. 1, V. 11. Dryavtiades, a patronymic of Lycurgus, king of Thrace, son of Drj'as. He cut his legs as he attempted to destroy the vines, that 267 no libations might be made to Bacchus. Ovid, in lb. V. 545. Drtas, a son of Hippolochus, who Was father to Lycurgus. He went w ith Eteocles to the Theban war, where he perished. Stat. Theb. 8, V. 555. A son of Mars, who went to the chace of the Calydonian boar. Apollod. 1, c. 8. A centaur at the nuptials of Piri- thous, who killed Rhatus. Omd. Met. 12, v. 296. A daughter of Faunus, who so hated the sight of men, that she never appeared in public. A son of Lycurgus killed by his own father in a fury. Jlpnllod. 5, c. 5. A son of .32gyptus, murdered by his wife Eurydice. Id. 2, c. 1. DRYM.a;A, a town of Phocis. Paus. 10, c. 33. Drytvio, a sea nymph, one of the attendants of Cyrene. Virg. G. 4, v. 536. Drymus, a town between Attica and Bceotia. Dryope, a woman of Lemnos, whose shape Venus assumed, to persuade all the females of the island to murder the men. place. 2, v. 174. A virgin of OLchalia, whom Andrae- mon maiTied after she had been ravished by Apollo. She became mother of Amphisus, who, when scarce a year old, was with his mother changed into a lotus. Ovid. Met. 10, V. 551. A nymph, mother of Tarquitus by Faunus. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 551. A nymph of Arcadia, mother of Pan by Mer- cury, according to Homer, lii/mn. in Pan. Dryopeia, an anniversary day observed at A sine in Argolis, in honor of Dryops the son of Apollo. Dryopes, a people of Greece, near mount ffita. They afterwards passed into the Pelo- ponnesus, v/here they inhabited tlie towns of Asine and Hermione, in Argolis. When they were driven from Asinc, by the people of Argos, they settled among the Messenians, and called a town by the name of tlieir an- cient habitation Asinc. Some of their de- scendants went to make a settlement in Asia I\Iinor, togetlier with the lonians. Hcrodot. 1, c. 146. 1. 8, c. 52. — Paus. 4, c. 34. — Strab. 7, S, 13.—Plin. 4, c. 1 Virg JSn. 4, V. 146. — Lucan. 5, v. 179. Dryopis & Dryopida, a small country at the foot of mount CEXa. in Thessaly. Its true situation is not well ascertained. Ac- cording to Piiny, it bordered on Epirus. It was for some time in the possession of die Hellenes, after they were driven from His- tiasotis by the Cadnieans. Hcrodot. 1, c. 56. Dryops, a son of Priam. A son of Apollo. Paus. 4, c. 54. A friend of .'Eneas killed by Clausus in Italy. Virg. A-,7i. 10, V. 546. Drypetis, the younger daughter of Darius given in marriage to Hephastion by Alex- ander. Diod. 18. DuBis, or Alduadvbis, the Daux, a river of Gaul fdling into the Saone. DuBaJs, DU D\ DuBRis, a town of Britain, supposed to be Dover. DncETius, a Sicilian general, who died B. C. 440. DuiLLiA LEX, was enacted by M. Duil- lius, a tribune, A. U. C. 504. It made it a capital crime to leave the Roman people without its tribunes, or to create any new magistrate without a sufficient cause. • Liv. 3, c. 5'). .\nother, A. U. C. 592, to re- gulate what interest ought to be paid for money lent. C. DuiLHus Xepos, a Roman consul, the first who obtained a victory over the naval power of Carthage, B. (,'. -60. He took 50 of the enemy's sliips, and was lionored with a naval triumph tlie first that ever appeared at Rome. 'J'lie senate rewarded his valor by permitting ! iui to have music playing and torches lighted, at the public expei:cc, every day while lie was at supper. There were some medals struck in commemoration of tills victory, and there still exists a column at Koine which was erected on the occasion. Cu: dc Sener. — Tctcit. Ann. I, c. 12. DuLicHii;!!, an island of the Ionian sea, opposite the Achelous. It was part of the kingdom of Ulysses. Ovid. Trist. 1, el, 4. c. 67. Met. 14, v. 22fi. li. A. 272. — Martial. 1 1, ep. 70, V. S.— Virs- Ed. 6, v. 7fi. DuMNonix, a powerful chief among the ^klui, Cas.BU. G. 1, c. 9. DuNAX, a mountain of Thrace. DuR.Mius Pirxo, a Gaul, who remained in perpetual friendship with the Roman pccple. Cc Capitol, and secured in a chest under the ground. They were con- sulted but seldom, and or.ly by an crrler of the senate, when tlie armies had been di-fi -ited in ■war, or when Rome seemed to be tlirtatened by an invasion, or by secret seditions. These priests continued in tlieir ori'^inal institution, till the year U. C. 388, when a law was pro- posed by the tribunes to encrcase the number to ten, to be chosen promiscuously from patri- cian and plebeian (amilies. They were from 268 their number called Decemviri, and some time after Sylla encreased them to fifteen, known by the name of Qidndecemviri. There were also certain magistrates at Rome, called Duumviri 2ierdueUiones sive cajntales. They were first created by Tullus Hostilius, for tn,-ing such as were accused of treason. This office was abolished as unnecessary, but Cicero complains of their revival by Labienus the tri- bune. Oral, pro Babir. Some of the com- manders of tlie Roman vessels were also called Duum\'iri, especially when there were two to- gether. Tliey were first created A. U. C. 542. There were also in tlic municipal towiib in the provinces two magistrates called Duumvin municipales. ITiey were chosen from the centurions, and their office was much the same as that of the two consuls at Rome. Tliey were sometimes preceded by two lictors with the fasces. Their magistracy continued for five years, on which account tliey have been called Quinquennales magis- tratus. Dtagokdas, a Theban legislator, who abo- lished all nocturnal sacrifices. Cic. de Ltg. 2, c. 15. DvARDENSEs, a rivcr in the extremities of India. Curl. 8, c. 9. DvM^, a town of Achaia. Liv. 27, c. 31. I. 32, c. 22. — Faus. 7, c. 17. Dym^i, a people of yEtolia. Diod. 19. DvJiAs, a Trojan, who joined himself to ^•Fncas when Troy was taken, and was at last killed by his countrymen, who took him to be an enemy because he had dressed himself in the armour of one of the Greeks whom he had slain, ririr. jEn. 2, v. 540, and 428. The fatlier of Hecuba. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 761. DvMNi's, one of Alexander's officers. He conspired with many of his fellow soldiers against his master's life. The conspiracy was discovered, and Dymnus stabbed himself be- fore he was brought before the king. Curt. 6, c. 7. DvNAMENE, one of the Nereides. Homer. II. 18, V. 43. Dtnaste, a daughter of Thespius. Jpol- lod. Dyras, a river of Trachinia. It rises at the foot of mount (Eta, and falls into the bay of Malia. " Herodot. 7, c 1 98. Dyraspes. a river of Scythia. Ovid. Pont. 4, cl. 10, v. 54. Dyris, the name of mount Atlas among the inliabitants of that neighbourhood. Dyrrhachium, now Durazzo, a large city of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea, founded by a colony from Corcyra, B. C. 623. It was anciently called Efndammus, which the Romans, considering it of ominous meaning, changed into Dyrrhachium. Cicero met with a favorable reception there during his exile. McUi, 2, c. o. — Paus. 6, c 10.— Plut.— Cic. 3. Alt. 22. Dtsaules, a brother of Celcus, who in- stituted D Y D Y Btituted tlie mysteries ol' Ceres at Celeae. Piius. 2, c. 14. Dyscinetus, an Athenian archon. Paus. 4, c. 27. Dysokum, a mountain of 'llirace. Hero- dot. 5, c. 2-2. Dyspontii, a people of Elis. Paus. 6, c. 22. E C EANES, a man supposeil to have killed Patroclus, and to have iled to Peleus in Tliessaly. Strab. 9. Eanus, the name of Janus among the an- cient Latins. Earinus, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Do- niitian. Stat. 3, Sylii. 4. Easium, a town of Achaia in Peloponne- sus. Pavs. 7, c. 6. Ebdome, a festival in honor of Apollo at Athens on the seventh day of every lunar month. It was usual to sing hymns in ho- nor of the god, and to cany about boughs of laurel. There was also another of the same name celebrated by private fa- milies the seventh day after the birtli of every child. Ebon, a name given to Bacchus by the people of Neapolis. Macrob. 1, c. 18. Ebora, a town of Portugal, now Evora. EborXcum, York in P^ngland. Ebudje, the western isles of Britain now Hebrides. Eburones, a people of Belgium, now the country of Liege. Ctes. B. G- 2, c. 4. 1. 6. c. 5. The Eburovices Aulerci were the people of Evreux in Normandy. Ctrs. ib. 5, c. 17. Ebusus, one of the Balearcs, 100 miles in circumference, wliich produces no hurtful animals. It is near the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, and now bears the name of Yvica, and is famous for pasturage and for figs. Plin. 5, c. 5. A man en- gaged in the Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 12, V. 299. EcBATANA (orum) n«w Hamedan, the ca- pital of Media, and the palace of Deioces king of Media. It was surrounded with se- ven walls, which rose in gradual ascent, and YKTe painted in seven diflerent colors. The most distant was the lowest, and the inner- most, which was the most celebrated, con- tained the royal palace. Parmenio was put to death there by Alexander's orders and Hephaestion died there also, and received a most magnificent burial. — Herodot. I , c. 98. — Strab. 2\.—CuTt. 3, c. 5. 1. 5, c. 8. 1. 7, c. 10 Diod. 17. A town of Syria, where Cambyses gave himself a mortal wound when mounting on liorseback. Hero- dot. 3. — Plol. 6, c. 2 CuH. 5, c. 8. EcEcuiKiA, the vnfe of Iphitus. Paus. 5, c. 10. EcETRA, a town of the Volsci. Liu. 2, c. 25, 1. 3, c. 4. EcHECRATES, a Thcssalian who offered 269 E C violence to Phoebas the priestess of Apollo's temple at Delphi. From this circumstance a decree was made by which no woman was admitted to tlie office of priestess before the age of fifty. Died. 4. EcHEDAMiA, a town of Phocis. Paus. 10, c. 3. EcHELATUs, a man who led a colony to Africa. - Strab. 8. EcHELTA, a fortified town in Sicily. EcHELUs, a Trojan chief killed by Patro- clus. Another son of Agenor, killed by Achilles. Homer. II. 16 & 20. ; EcHEMBROTUs, an Arcadian, who ob- tained tlie prize at the Pythian games. Paus. 10, c. 7. EcHEMON, a son of Priam killed by Di- omedes. Ho7iier. II. 5, v. 160. EcHE.iius, an Arcadian, who conquered the Dorians when they endeavoured to re- cover Peloponnesus under Hyllus. Paus. 8, c. 5. A king of Arcadia, who joined Aristonienes against the Spartans. EcHENEi's, a Pheacian. Homer. Od. 7. EcHEPHRON, one of Nestor's sons. Apol- lod. 1, c. 9. A son of Priam. Id. A son of Hercules. Paus. 8, c. 24. EcHEPOLis, a Trojan, son of Thasius, killed by Antilochus. Homer. II. 4, v. 458. EcHESTKATUs, a SOU of Agis first, king of Sparta, who succeeded his father, B. C- 105». Herodot. 7, c. 204. EcHEVETHE.vsEs, a pcoplc of Tcgca in Ar- cadia. Paus. 8, c. 45. EcuinNA, a celebrated monster sprung from the union of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, tlie daugther of Oceanus. She is repre- sented as a beautiful woman in the upper part of tlie body, but as a serpent belo>* the waist. She was mother by 'I'^phon, of Orthos, Geryon, Cerberus, the 11 ydra, &c. According to Herodotus, IK-rcu- les had three children by her, Agathyr- sus, Gelonus, and Scytha. Herodot. 3, c. 108. — Hesiod. Theog. — Jpollod. 2. — Paus. 8, CIS. — Ovid. j\iel. 9, v. 158. EcHiDORus, a river of Thrace. Pl^>l. 3. EcHiNADEs or EcHiN.K, fivc small islands near Acarnania, at the moutli of die river Achejous. They have been I'onncd by the inundations of that river, and by the sand and mud which its waters carry down, and now l)ear the name of Curio!aru PHn, 2, c 85. Ilerodit. 2, c. 10. — Ovid. Met. 8, v. 588. — Slrah. 2. £0HiMOM> ED ED EcuiNON, a city of Tarace. Mela, 2, c. 3. Echinus, an island in the .Egean. — — A town of Acarnania of Phthiotis. JLif. 32, c. 3j. EcHiNLssA, an island near Eubaa, called afterwards Cimolus. Flin. 4, c. \2. ElhIon, one of those men who sprung from tlie dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus. He was one of the five who survived the fate of his brothers, and assisted Cadmus in building the city of Tht'jes. Cadmus re- garded his services by giving him his daugh- ter Agave in marriage. He was father of Pentheus, by Agave. He succeeded his father-in-law on the tlirone of Thebes, as some have imagined, and from tliat circum- stance 'ITiebes has been called Echionitp, and the inhabitants Echionidce. Ovid, ^ft■t. 3, V. 511. Triit. 5, cl. 5. V. 53. A son of Mercury and ,\ntianira, who was the herald of the Argonauts. Flacc. 1. v. -WO. \ man who often obtained a prize in running. Olid. Met. 8, v. 29'.'. A musician at Rome, in Domitiun's age. Juv. (j, T. 7G. .\ statuary. A painter. EcHioNiDES, a patronymic giv^-n to Pen- theus as descended from Eciiion. Otnd. ^fc■t. 3. EciiioNus, an epithet applied to a person born in Thebes, founded with the assistance of Echion. Tir^'. ^Eu. 12, v. 515. Echo, a daughter of the .\ir, and Tellus. who chiefly resided in the vicinity of the Ce- phisus. SJie was onct- one of Juno's attend- ants, and became the confidant of Jiiiiitir's amours. Her Icxjuacity however disi)l».a.sed Jupiter; and she was deprived of the jjower of speech by Juno, and only permitted to answer to the questions which were put to J>er. Pan had formerly been one of her ad- mirers, but he never enjoyed her favors. Echo, iifttiT she had been punished by Juno, fell in Kivu with Narcissus, and on Ix'ing despised by him, she pined away, and was changed into a stone, which still retained the power of voice. Oiid. Mel. 3, v. 358. EcNoMOs, a mountain of Sicily, now Li- cata. Edessa &. Edesa, a town of Syria. Edessjb portls, a harbour of Sicily near Pachynus. tic. ferr. 5, c, 34. Edeta or Leuia, a town of Spain along the river Sucro. Plin. 3, c. 3. — Liv. 28, c •»4. — Sil. 3, v. 371. Edissa & .Edfssa, a town of Macedonia taken by Caranus, and called .Egx, or .Kgeas. Vid. -Odessa. Edon, a mountain of Thrace, called also Edonus. From this mountain that part of Thrace is often called Kd^mia, whidi lies be- tween the Strymon and tlie \essus, .ind the epitliet is ■generally applied not only to Thrace but to a cold nortljeru clim.^c. Virg. jEn. 12, \. 325.-~IHin. 4, c. U. Lu- can. 1, V. 674. 270 EnoKi or EnoNKs. a people of Thra*», near the Strymon. Ajtollod. 3. c. 5. Eno SIDES, a name given to the priestesses of Bacchus, because they celebrated the festi- vals of the god on mount Edon. Ovid. Met. II, V. 69. Edtuus. a mountain which Sylla seized to attack the people of Cheroneea. Plut. in Syll. Eetios, the father of Andromache, and of seven sons, was king of Thebes in Cilicia. He was killed by Achilles. From him the word Eetumetts is applied to his relations or descendants. Honter. II. 1 2. The com- mander of the Athenian fleet conquered by tlie ISIacedonians imder Clytus, near the Echinades. JHod. 18. EctxiBi s, a river of Etruria. Virg.'jEn. 8, V. fiia EoLBtA, A nymjih of Aricia in Italy, where Diana wa-; parficidarly worshipped. Egcria was courted by Numa, and according to Ovid she became his wife. This prince fre(|uently visited her, and tliat he might more successfully introduce his laivs and new regulations into the stnte, he solemnly declared before the He/man i)eople t.'iat thej- were previously sanctiticfl and approved by tlie nymph Kgeria. Ovid says that Egeria was so disconsolate at the deatli of Numa. that she melted into tears, and was changed into a fountain by Diana. She is reckoned by many as a goddess who presided over the pregnancy of women, and some main- tain tliat she is the same as Lucina, or Diana. Lit. I, c. in. — Ovid. Mfl. X.u v. .547. — Virg. jEn. 7, V. 775. — Martini. 2, q>. fi, v. 16. Egesarktcs, a Thcssalian of Larissa, who favored the interest of Ponipey during the civil wars. Cvi» of Phocis, near the Cephisus. Paua. 10, c. 34. Elatia, a town of Phocis. Liv. 28, c. 7. Of Thessaly. Id. 42, c. 54. Elatus, one of the first Ephori of Sparta, B. C. 760. Plut. in Lye. The father of Ceneus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 497 A moun- tain of Asia. Of Zacynthus The fa- ther of Polyphemus the Argonaut, by Hipseia. ApoUod. 3, c. 9. The son of Areas king of Arcadia, by Erato, who retired to Phocis. Id. ib. — Paus. 8, c. 4. A king in the anny of Priam, killed by Agamemnon. Ho- mer. H. 6. One of Penelope's suitors, killed by Eumeus. Homer. Od. 22, v. 267. Elaver, a river in Gaul falling into the Loire, now the Allier. Ei-EA, a town of Campania, whence the followers of Zeno were called the Eleatic sect Cic. Acad. 4, c. 42. Tusc. 2, c. 21 & 22. X. D. 3, c, 55. of ^olia. Electra, one of the Oceanides, wife of Ad*s, and mother of Dardanus, by Jujliter. 271 Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 31. A daughter of At- las and Pleione. She was changed into a constellation. Apollrid.5,c. 10 & 12. — One of the Danaides. Id. 2, c. 1. A daugh- ter of Agamemnon king of Argos. She first incited her brotlier Orestes to revenge his father's death by assassinating his mother Clytemnestra. Orestes gave htr in nianiage to his friend Pyladcs, and she became mother of two sons, Strophius and Medon. Her adventures and misfortunes form one of the interesting tragedies of the poet Sophocles. Hygin.fab. 122.— Paus. 2, c. 16. — ^lian. V. H. 4, c. 26, &c. A sister of Cadmus. Paus. 9, c. 8. A city and river of iles- senia in Peloponnesus. Paus- 4, c. 55. One of Helen's female attendants. Id. 10, c. 25. ELECTR-a;, a gate of Thebes. Paus. 9, c. 8, Electrides, islands in tlie Adriatic sea, which received their name from the quantity of amber {electruvi) which they produced. They were at the mouth of the Po, according to Apollonius of Rhodes, but some historians doubt their existence. Plin. 2, c. 26. 1. 37, c, 2. — Mela, 2, c. 7. Electryon, a king of Argos, son of Per- seus and Andromeda. He was brother te Alcaeus, whose daugjiter Anaxo he mar- ried, and by her he had several sons, and one daughter, Alcmene. He sent his sons against the Teleboans, who had ravaged his country, and they were all killed except Licymnius. Upon this Electryon promised his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could undertake to punish the Tele boans for the death of his sons. Amphitryon offered himself and succeeded. Electryon inadvertently perished by the hand of his son-in-law. [ Vid. Amphitryon, Alcmena. ] ApoUod. 2, c. 4. — Paus. Elei, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. They were formerly called Epd. In their country was the temple of Jupiter, where also were celebrated the Olympic games, of which they had the superintendance. Their horses were in great repute, hence Elei egui and Eleapalma. Propert. 5, el. 9, v. 18. — Paus. 5. — Lucan. 4, v. 295. Eleleus, a surname of Bacchus, from the word iXiXiv, which the Bacchanals loudly repeated during liis festivals. His priestesses were in consequence called Eleleis, ides. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 15. Eleox, a village of Boeotia. — — Another in Phocis. Eleontum, a town of the Thracian Cher- sonesus. Elephantis, a poetess who wrote las- civious verses. Martial. 1 2, ep. 43. — A princess by whom Danaus had two daughters. ApoUod. 2. — — An island in the river Nile, in Upper Egypt, with a town of the same name, which is often called Elephantina by some authors. Strab, 17 Herodot, 2, c. 9, &c. Elephan- BL EL Etii-HANTOPHAGi, a people of /Ethio- pia. Elph^mor, son of Clialccdon, was one of Helen's suitors. Hottun-. It. i>, v. 47. Klepokus, a river of Magna Grascia. EteuciiiA, a daughter of Thespius. Apol- lod. Ei.Eis, a city of 'i'hrace. A river of Media. A king of Elis. Pans. 5, c. 5. Eleisisia, a great festival observed every fourth year by the Celeans, Phliasians, as also by the Pheneatx, I-) which slie sufferctl for the loss of her daughter, lliis mysterious secrecy was solemnly observetl, and enjoined to all thevotaries of the goddess ; anil if any one eviT appeared at the celebration, either intention- ally, or througii ignor.ince, witliout proper in- troduction, he was iinmi-oth sext>s and all ages wire initiated at this solemnity, and it was looted upon as so heinous a rrime to neglect this sa- cred part of religion, that it was one of the heaviest accusati»)ns which contributed to tlie condemnation of .Socrute-.. 'Ilie iniliateii were under the more particular care of the deities, and tlierefore their life was sup|K>sed to Ix- attended wiUi more huppiness and real security tliun that of other men. This benetit was not only granted during life, but it ex- tended beyond the grave, and they were lionored witli the Hrst places in tlie Elysiaii fields, while others were left to wallow in |)er- petual tilth and ignominy. .As tlie benelits uf expiation were so extensive, particular care was taken in examining tlie character of such as were presenteil for initiation. Such as were guilty of murder, though against their will, and such as were convicted of witchcral't, or any heinous crime, were nut adiiiitled, and the Athenians suffered none to be initialed but such as were members of llieir city. lliis regulation, which compelled Hercules, Castor, and Pollux, to become citizens of Alliens, was strictly observed in the first age* of tJie instltntioii, but tJ'terwards all persons, barb.-i- rians e\ce])lod, were fn eiy initiateil. The festivals uvre divided into i>, water, which was used at tlie purification, and Uiey tiiem- selvi-s were called f^-.s*-'. the iniimud. A year after the initiation at tlie less mysteries they s;icrihcert. 'llie institution was performed in the following manner. The candidates, crowned witli myrtle, were admitted by night into a place called ^t/(/«»( 'ii»«; the mysticnl tftiijiU, a va5t an5, tfcT^-. 'Die ganr.ents in which they were initiated, were held vtcri'd, and of no less efficacy to avert evils than charms and incantations. From this circumstance. therefore, EL E L 'iherefore, ^ey were never left off before they were totally unfit for wear, after which tliey ■were appropriated for children, or dedicated to the goddess. The chief person that at- tended at the initiation was called 'Ujio^avrr;, the revealer of sacred t/iings. He was a citi- zen of Athens, and held his office during life, though among the Celeans and Phliasians it was limited to the period of four years. He was obliged to devote himself totally to the service of the deities ; his life was chaste and single, and he usually anointed his body with the juice of hemlock, which is said, by its extreme coldness, to extinguish in a great de- gree, the natural heat. The Hierophantes had three attendants ; the first was called ^aievxiSt torch bearer, and was permitted to marry. The second was called xv^u^, a cryer. TTie third administered at the altar, and was called Wi (iM/ny. The Hierophantes is said to have been a type of the powerful creator of all things, d^x^ouxo; of the sun, Knov^ of Mer- cury, and iTTi liaifiM of the moon. There were besides these other inferior officers who took particular cai-e that every thing was per- formed according to custom. Tlie first of these, called (iairtXiu;-, was one of the Archons ; he offered prayers and sacrifices, and took care that there was no indecency or irre- gularity during the celebration. Besides him there were four others called iwiiJt.iXnra.i curators, elected by the people. One of them was chosen from the sacred family of tlie Eumolpidae, the other was one of the Cery- ces, and the rest were from among the ci- tizens. There were also ten persons who assisted at this and every other festival, called Itoc^aioi, because they (ffered sacrifices. Tnis festival was observed in the month Boedromion or September, and continued nine days from the 15th till the 25d. Du- ring that time it was unlawful to arrest any man or present any petition, on pain of for- feiting a thousand ckachraas, or, according to others, on pain of death. It was also unlaw- ful for those who were initiated to sit upon the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, or weazels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a chariot, she was obliged by an edict of Lycurgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The design of this law was to destroy all distinction between the richer and poorer sort of citi- aens. — The first day of the celebration was called ayo^fAost assembly, as it might be said that the worshippers first met together. The second day was called aXccSt (jlutcci, to the sea, you that are iiiitiated, because they vrere com- manded to purify themselves by bathing in the sea. On the third day sacrifices, and chiefly a mullet, were offered ; as also barley from a field of Eleusis. These oblations were called Qvx, and held so sacred that the priests theuiselves weje not. as in other sacrifices, permitted to partake of them. On the fourth day they made a solemn p,rocessioii, ia which the *aA.«^/»», holy basket of Ceres, 275 was carried about in a consecrated cart, while on every side the people shouted x'^i^t Afiy.riT!^, Hail Ceres .' After these followed women, called Kiro(piont \\ho carried baskets, in which were sesamum, carded wool, grains of salt, a serpent, pomegranates, reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The fifth was called h ruv Xa.fji.'jrahwi ri^ipa.,the torch day, be- cause on the following night the people ran about with torches in their hands. It was usual to detlicate torclies to Ceres, and con- tend which should offer the biggest in com- memoration of the travels of the goddess, and of her lighting a torch in the flames of mount ^tna. The sixtli day was called 'luKX's, from lacchus, the son of Jupiter and Ceres, who accompanied his mother in her search of Proserpine, witli a torch in his hand. From that circumstance his statue had a torch in its hand, and was carried in solemn procession from the Ceramicus to Eleusis. The statue with those that accompanied it, called luKX'-^y^y'^'' were crowned with myrtle. In the way nothing was lieai'd but singing and the noise of brazen kettles, as the vota- ries danced along. The way through which they issued from the city was called 'upa o$c;, the sacred way ; the resting T^\acQ 'Ufa ffvx-/i, front a^g- free which grew in the neighbour- hood. They also stopped on a bridge over the Cephisus, where they derided those that passed by. After they had passed this bridge they entered Eleusis by a place called fiverjixti EiVaSoj, the mystical entrance. On the seventh day were sports, in which the victors were rewarded with a measure of barley, as that grain had been first sown in Eleusis. The eighth day was called 'E'rt^a-vpiav ^/te^a, because once ^sculapius, at his return from Epidau- rus to Athens was initiated by the repetition of the less mysteries. It became customary, therefore, to celebrate them a second time upon this, that such as had not hitherto been initiated might be lawfully admitted. The 9th and last day of the festival was called UXfi/x.iixoai, earthen vessels, because it was usual to fill two such vessels widi wine, one of which being placed towards the east, and th« other towards the west, which after the repeti- tion of some mystical words were both thrown downi, and the wine being spilt on the ground was offered as a libation. Such was the man- ner of celebrating the Eleusinian mysteries, which have been deemed the most sacred and solemn of all the festivals observed by the Greeks. Some have supposed them to be ob- scene and abominable, and tliat from thence proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They v,'ere carried from Eleusis to Kome in the age of Adrian, where they were observed with the same ceremonies as before, though perhaps with more freedom and licentiousness. They lasted about 1800 years, and were at last abo- lished by Theodosius the Great. jElian. V. H. 12, c. 24. — ac de Leg. 2, c. 14. -— POW4.10, c. 31, &c. — P^Mf., '£ Elkusis, EL EL EtELsis, or Eleusin, a town of Attica, equally distant from Megara anil the Piraeus celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. ( Vid. Eleusiuia.] It was founded by Triptolemus. Ovid. 4, Fast. ',, V. 507. — Paus. 9. c. 24. Elei'thf.r, a son of Apollo. -^— One of the Curetes frcm whom a town of Boeotia, and another in Crete, received their name. Faus. 9. c L' & 1 9. ■» Elp.uther^e, a village of Boeotia, between Megara and Thebes, where Mardonius was defeated with 500,000 men. Plin. 4, c. 7. 1. 34, c. 8. ELEUTifKRtA, a festival celebrated at Platca in honor of Jupiter Eleutherius, or the asserttr of liberty, by delegates from almost all the cities of Greece. Its institu- tion originated in tliis ; after the victory obtained by the Grecians under Pausania.s over Rlardonius the Persian general, in the country^of Plataea, an altar and statue vrere erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the Greeks from the tyranny of the bar- barians. It was -further agreed upon in a general assembly, by the advice of Aristides the Athenian, that deputies should be sent every fifth year from the different cities of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria festivals of liberty. The Platjwins celebrated also an annivcrsarN- festival in memory of those who had lost their lives in that famous battle. The celebration was thus : At break of diiy a procession was made with a tnnnpeter at the head, sounding a signal for battle. Af- ter him followid chariots loaded with myrrh, garlands, and a black bull, and certain free young men, xs no signs of servility were to appoar during the solcmnify. because they in whose honor the festival nas instituted had died in the defence of their cnuntrv. They caiTied libations o/ wine and milk in large eared vessels, wth jars of oil and precious ointments. Last of all api>earcd the chief magistrate, who tliougli not pei-mitted at cither times to touch iron, or wear garments of any color but white, yet appeared clad in purj)le ; and taking a water pot out of the city chamber, proceeded through the middle of tlie town with a sword in his hand, towards the sepulchres. There he drew » a- ter from a neighbouring spring, and washed and anointed tlie monuments; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a pile of wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal Mercurj', and inviting to the entertainment the souls of those happy heroes who had perished in tlie defence of their country. After this he tilled a bowl with wine, saying, I drink to tliose wJio lost their lives in the defence of the liberties of Greece. 'ITiere was also a festival of tlie same name observed by the Saraians in honor of the god of love. Slaves also, when tliey obtainotl their liberty, kept a holiflay which they called Eleutheria. Eleutho, a surname of Juno Lucina 274 from her presiding over the delivery of preg* nant women. Ptndar. Oli/mp. 6. Eleutherocilices, a people of Cilfcia, never subject to kings. Cic. 15, ad Fam. ej>. 4. 1.5, ad Alt. 20. Eleutueros, a river of Syria, falling into the aiediterrancan. Pliri. 9, c. 10. Elicius, a surname of Jupiter, worshipped on mount Aventine. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 328. Elieksis & Eliaca, a sect of philosophers founded by Phaedon of Elis, ^\ ho was origi- nally a slave, but restored to liberty by Alci- biades. Diog. — Strab. EumLa, or EtiMioTis, a district of Ma- cedonia, or of lUyricum according to other*. Liu. 42, c. 53. 1. 45, c. 50. Eus, a country of Peloponnesus at the west of Arcadia, and north of Messenia, ex- tending along the coast, and watered by the river Alpheus. The capital of the country c;dled Elis, now Belvidere, became large and populous in the age of Demosthenes, though in the age of Homer it did not exist. It was originally governed by kings, and received its name from Eleus, one of its monarchs. Elis was famous for the horses it produced, whose celerity was so often known and tried at the Olympic games. Strab. S. — Plin. 4, c. 5. — Paus. 5 Ovid. Mel. 5, v. 494. — Cic. Fam. 15, ep. '2Q. de Div. 2, c. 12.— Liv. 27, c. 32 Virg. G. 1, v. 59. 1. 3, r. 202. Eliphasii, a peopl* of Peloponnesus. Poli/b. 11. Elissa, a queen of Tyre, more com- monly known by the name of Dido. Vid. Dido. Eussus, a river of Elis. Ellopia, a town of Euboca. An an- cient name of that island. Elosus a river of Sicily on the eastern coast, called after a king of the same name. Microdot. 7, c. 145. Elos, a city of Achaia, called after a ser- vant maid of Athamas of the same name. Elot^k, Vid. Helota;. Elpenor, one of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a hog by Circe's potions, and afterwards restored to his former shape. He fell from tke top of a house where \ye was sleeping, and was killed. Ovid. Met. 14, v. a^2. — Homer. Od. 10, v. ES-i. 1. 1 1, v. 51. ElfinIce, a daughter of Miltiades, who married a man that promised to release from confinement her brotherand husband, whom the laws of Athens had made responsible for the fine imposed on his father. C. Nejy. in dm. EluIna, a surname of Ceres. Elyces, a man killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. Elymais, a country of Penui, between the Persian Gulf and INIedia. Tlie capital of the country was called Elymais, and was fa- mous for a rich temple of Diana, which An- tiochua E M E N tiochus Epiphanes attempted to plunder. The Elymeans assisted Antiochus the Great in liis wars against the Romans. None of their kings are named in liistory. Strabo. Elymi, a nation desccndc-d from the Tro- jans, in alliance with the psople of Caithage. Pnus. 10, c. 8. Eltmus, a man at the court of Acestes in Sicily. Virg. .'En. 5, v. 75. Eltru s, a town of Crete. Id. 10, c. 16. Eltsium & Elysii Campi, a place or island in the infernal regions, where according to the mythology of the ancients, the souls of the virtuous were placed after deatli. There happiness was complete, the pleasures were innocent and refined. Bowers for ever green, delightful meadows with pleasant streams, were tlie most striking objects. The air was wholesome, serene, and temperate ; the birds continually warbled in the groves, and the inhabitants were blessed with another sun and other stars. The employment of the heroes who d«'elt in these rc_,ions of bliss were various ; the manes' of Achilles are represented as waging war with the wild beasts, while the Trojan chiefs are innocently exercising themselves in managing horses, or in handling arms. To these innocent gmuse- ments some poets have added continual feast- ing and revelry, and they suppose tliat the Elysian fields were filled with all the incon- tinence and voluptuousness which could gra- tify the low desires of the debauchee. The Elysian fields were, according to some, iti th« Fortunate Islands on tiie coast of Africa, in the Atlantic. Others place thtin in the island of I^euce ; and, accoriiing to the au- thority of Virgil, they were situate in Italy. According to Lucian, they were near the moon ; or in the centre of the eartli, if «e believe Plutarch. Virg. JEr. 3, v. 638. — Homer. Od. 'i.— Pindar. — Tihdl. I, el. 5, V. 57. — Lucian. — Plut. de Cmsid. Emathia, a name given anciently, and particularly by the poets, to the countries which formed the empires of Macedonia and Thessaly. Virg. G. 1, v. 492. 1. 4. v. 590.— Lucan. 1, v. 1. 1. 10, V. 50. 1. 6, v, 620. 1. 7, V. 427. — Ovid. Met. 5, v. 514. EmXtiiion, a son of Titim and Aurora, who reigned in Macedonia. The country was called Emathia from his name. Some suppose that he was a famous robber destroy- ed by Hercules. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 513. — Justin. 7, c. 1. A man killed at the nup- tials of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, V. 1 -..X , Ematuios, a man killed in the wars of Tumus. Fir^'. ^n, 9, V. 571. EMiiXruM, a place of Asia, opposite Chios. Embolima, a town of India. Curt. 8, C. 12. Emekita, a town of Spain, famous for dying wool. F/in. 9, c. 41. Emessa & EiJissA, a town of Phoenicia. E&iooA, a mountain of India. 275 Empekocles, a philosopher, poet, and historian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flo- rished 444 B. C. He was the disciple of Telauges the Pythagorean, and warmly adopted the doctrine of transmigration. He wTOte a poem upon the opinions of Pythago- ras, very much conmiendcd, in which he spoke of the various bodies which nature had given him. He was first a girl, af tenvai-ds a l)oy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and lastly Em- pedocles. Hfs poetry waff bold and ani- mated, and his verses were so imiversally esteemed, that they were publicly recited at the Olympic games .vitli tliose of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocies was no less remark- able for his humanity and social virtues than for his learning. He showed himself an in- veterate enemy to tyianny, and refused to become the sovereign of his country. He taught rlietoric in Sicily, and often alle- viated the anxieties of his mind as well as the p:iins cf iiis body with music. It is re- jjorted tnat his curiosity to visit the flames of ti:o crater ci" iEtna, proved f'.tal to him. Sume maintain that lie wished it to be be- Jisved that he was a god, and that his death miglit be iznknown, lie threw^ himself into the crater and perished in tlie flames. His expectations, however, were frustrated, and tje volcano, by throwing up one of his san- dals, discovered to the world tliat Empedocies had perished Ijv fire. Others report that he lived to an extreme old age, and that he was drowTied in the sea. Ilorat. 1, ep. 12, v. 20, — Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 50, &c. — Diog. in vitd._ E.mpekamls, a Lacedaemonian general in the second Messenian war. Emp6ci.i!s, an historian. Emporia Punica, cci-tain places near tlie Syrtes. Empoki.^, a town of Spain in Catalonia no-.v Ampurias. Liv. 54, c 9 and 16. 1. 26, c. 19. Enceladus, a son cf Titan and TeiTa. the most powerful of all the giants who con- spued against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter's thunders, and overwhelmed under mount A<'AnaL. Some supjjosed tl>at he is the same as Tj-phon. According to t!ie poets, the fiamcs of ^Etna proceeded from the liieath of Enceladus ; and as olttn as he turned his ^veary side, the whole island of Sicily tVlt the motion, and shook from its very foundations. Virg. ^En. 3, v. 578, cjf A son of -Egyptus. Enciieleje, a town of Tllyricum, where Cadmus was changed into a serpent. Lucan. 5, V. lE9.—StroK 7. En DEIS, a nymph, daui^hter ol Chiron. She married /Eacus king of JEghn, by whom she hati Pelcusand Tclainon. Faii^. 2, c. 29. —JpoUod.3, c. 12. Esdera, a place of .T.tJiiopia. Endvmion, a sheFhcrd, son of iEthlius and Calyce. It is said that he required of Jupiter to grant to him to be always youn^ aud EN EO and to sleep as much as l:e would ; wfaenee come the proverb of Endyrnioms somnum darmire, to express a long sleep. Diana saw him naked as he slept on mount Latmos, and was so struck witli his beauty that she came down from heaven every night to en- joy his company. Endyniion married Clu-o- mia, daughter of Itonus, or according to some, Ilyperipne, daughter of Areas, by whom he had three sons, Paeon, Epeus, and ./Eolus, and a daughter called Eurydice ; and so little ambitious did he show him'>elf of sovereignty, that he made his crown the pri>e of tJie best racer among his sons, an honorable distinction which was gained by £peus. TTie fable of Endymion's amours with Diana, or the moon, arises from his knowledge of astronomy, and as he passed ihc night on some high mountain, to ob- serve the heavenly bodies, it has been re- ported that he was courted by the moon. Some suppose that there were two of that name, the son of a king of P-lis, and the shepherd or astronomer of C'aria. The people of Henidea maintained that Endy- mion died on mount Latmos, and the Eleans pretended to shew his tomb at Olympia in Peloponnesus. Pro'>ert. 2, el. 25..— C'ic. Tusc. 1 — Juv. lO. — T?ieocrit. 3. — I'aus. 5, c. 1. 1. 6, c. 20. Enkti, or Hencti, a people near Paphla- gonia. Enoyvm, now Gangi, a town of Sicily freed from tyranny by Timolcon. Cic. Vcr. .T, c. 43. 1. 4, c. 14. — Iinl. 14, v. 250. ErnENsm, a people of Greece. Enioffis, a ch:u-iote*r of Hector, killed by Diomedes. Homt-r. 11. 8, t. 120. EnTpkus, a river of Thessaly flowing near Fharsalia. Lucan. 6, r. 37.3. .\ river of Elis in Peloponnesus, of which Tyro tlic daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. Neptune assumed the shape of the river god to enjoy tlie company of 'J'jto. Oi id. Am. 5, el. 5. — Strab. Enispe, a town of Arcadia. Pnui. 8, c. 25. Enna, now Castro Jnnni, a town in the middle of Sicily, with a beautiful plain, whence I'roserpine was carried away by Pluto. Meta, 2, c. 7 Cur. Tt-r. 3, c. 49. 1. 4, c. 104. — Ovid. Fast. 4, v. .';22. — Liv. 24-, c. 37. Ennia, was tlje wife of Macro, and after- wards of the emperor Caligula. Tacit. Ann. €, c. 43. Q. EsNii's, an ancient poet bom at Rudii in Calabria. He obtained the name and privileges of a Roman citizen by his genius and the brilli.incy of his learning' His style is rough and unpolished, but his defects which are more particularly .ittrihuted to the age in which he lived, have luen fully com- pensated by the energy of his expressions and the fire of his poetry. Quintilian warmly ooounends him, and Virgil ha* shown his 276 merit by introducing many whole lines from his poetry into his own compositions, which he calls pearls gathered from the dunghill. Ennius %vTote in heroic verse 1 8 books of the annals of the Roman republic, and displayed much knowledge of the world in some dra- matical and satirical compositions. He died of the gout, contracted by frequent intoxica- tion, about 169 years before the Christian aera, in the 70th year of his age. Ennius was in- timate with the great men of his age ; he accompanied Cato in his questorship in Sar- dinia, and was esteemed by him of greater value tlian the honors of a triumph; and Scipio, on his death-bed, ordered his body to be buried by the side of his poetical friend. This epitaph was said to be written upon him : Asjncite, o civet, senis Ennii imagiimjbrmam .' 7/ic vesirum piniit maxima facta patrum. A'f/fiu me lacrymis decoret, neque funera Jietu J-'unt : cur ? volUo vivus per ora rirvim. Conscious of his merit A the first epic poet of Rome, Ennius bestowed o» himself the appel- lation of the Homer of Latium. Of the tra^ gedies, comedies, annals, and satirc-s which he wTote, notliing remains but fragments happily collected from the quotations of ancient au- tliors. The best edition of these is by Hesse- lius, 4to. Amst. 1707. Ovid. 2. Trist. v. 4i:4. — Cic. dejinib. 1, c. 4. de OJJic. 2. c. 18.— QMxntil. 10, c. 1. — Lucret. I, v. 117, &c. — C Nc]K in Catonc. £MyoMrs,a Trojan prince killed by Achilles. Homer. II. 2, v. 365. 1. 1 1, v. 422. ' Eysosiccis, tcrrer concHiior, asumaioeof Neptune. Juv. 10, v. 182. Emope, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pjlos. Faits. 5, c. 26. Enopr, a shepherd loved by the n)mph Neis, by whom he l»ad Satnius. Homer. H. 1 4. Tlie father of Tliestos. — — A Trojan killed by Patroclus. 11. 16. Enos, a maritime town of Thrace. Enosichtiion", a surname of Neptune. EsoToccETit;, a nation whose ears are de4cril>ed as hanging down to their beds. Strab. Enteila, a town of Sicily inhabited by Campanians. Ital. 14, v. 205. — Of. K«r. 3, c. 43. Entellus, a famous athlete among the friends of yEneas. He was intimate with Eryx, and entered the lists against Dares, whom he conquered in the funeral games of Anchiscs, in Sicily. Virg. j£n. 5, v. 387, && Env.vlius, a surname of Mars. Envo, a sister of Mars, called by the La- tins Bellona, supposed by some to l)e daughter of Phonys and Ccto. Ital. 10, v. 203. EoNE, a daughter of lliespius. AjxMod. EoRD.«A, a district at tlie west of Mace- donia. Liv. 31, c. 39. L 33, c 8. 1. 42, c. 53. Eos, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, whenc* EP EP whence the epithet Eous is appliad to all the eastern parts of the world. Ovid. Fast. 3, V, 406. J. A. o, V. 537. 1. 6, v. 478. — Virg. G. 1, V. 288. 1. 2, V. 115. E5us, one of" the liorses of the sun, Ovid. Met. 2, V. 153, &c. Epagris. one of the Cyclades, called by Aristotle Hydrussa. Plin. 4, c. 12. Epaminondas, a famous Theban descended from the ancient kings of Bceotia. His father's name was Polymnus. He has been celebrated for his private virtues and military accomplishments. His love of truth was so great that he never disgraced himself by false- hood. He formed a most sacred and in- violable friendship with Pelopidas, whose life he saved in a battle. By his advice Pelopidas delivered Thebes from the power of Lace- daemon. This was the signal of war. Epa- minondas was set at the head of the Theban armies, and defeated the Spartans at the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about 571 years B. C. Epaminondas made a proper use of this victorious campaign, and entered the territories of Lacedsemon with 50,000 men. Here he gained many friends and paxti2ans ; but at his return to Thebes he was seized as a traitor for violating the laws of his country. While he was making the Theban arms victorious on every side, he neglected the law wliich forbade any citizen to retain in his hands the supreme power more than one month, and all his eminent sendees seemed unable to redeem him from death. He paid implicit obedience to the laws of his country, and only begged of his judges that it might be inscribed on his tomb that he had suffered death for saving his country from ruin. This animated reproach was felt ; he was pardoned and invested again with the sovereign power. He was successful in a war in Thessaly, and assisted the Eleans against the Lacedaemonians. The hostile ar- mies met near Mantinea, and while Epami- nondas was bravely fighting in the thickest of the enemy, he received a fatal wound in the breast, and expired exclaiming that he died unconquered, when he heard that the Boeo- tians obtained the victory, in the 48th year of his age, 563 years before Christ. The The- bans severely lamented his death ; in him their power was -xtinguished, for only during his life they had enjoyed freedom and inde- pendence among the Grecian states. Epami- nondas was frugal as well as virtuous, and he refused with indignation the rich presents which were offered to him by Artaxerxes the king of Persia. HeT is represented by his biographer as an elegant dancer and a skQful musician, accomplishments highly esteemed among his countrymen. Plat, in Parall. — C. Nep. in vita. — Xenop. Queest. Grisc. — Diod. 15. — Poli/b. 1. Epaiwelii, a people of Italy. EpaphrodItus, a freed man punished with death for assisting Nero to destroy himself. 277 Suet, in Ncr. A freed man of Augustus, sent as a spy to Cleopatra. Plut. A name assumed by Sylla. Epaph! s, a son of Jupiter and lo, who founded a city in Egypt, which he calkd Mempliis, in honor of his wife, who was the daughter of the Nile. He had a daughter called Libya, who became motlicr of Mgyip- tus and Danaus by Neptune. He was wor- shipped as a god at Memphis. Herodot. 2, c. 153. — Ovid. Met. 1, v. fJ99, &c. Epasnacxus, a Gaul in alliance with Romc^ &c. CeBS. Bell. G. 8, c. 44. Epebolus, a soothsayer of Messenia, who prevented Aristodemus from obtaining the sovereignty. Pans. 4, c. 9, &c. Epei and Elei, a people of Peloponnesus. Plin. 4, c. 5. Epetium, now Viscio, a town of lUyricum. Epeus, a son of Endymion, brother to P«on, who reigned in a part of Pelopon- nesus. His subjects were called from hira Epei. Pans. 5, c. 1. A son of Panopeus, who was the fabricator of the famous wooden horse, which proved tlie ruin of Troy. Virg. jEn. 2, v. 264.— Justin. 20, c. 2 Pans. 10, c. 26. Epuesiis, a city of Ionia, built as Justin mentions, by the Amaxons, or by Androchus, son of Codrus, according to Strabo ; or by Ephesus, a son of the river Cayster. It is famous for a temple of Diana, wliich was rec- koned one of the seven wonders of the world. This temple was 425 feet long and 200 feet broad. The roof was supported by 1 27 co- lumins, sixty feet high, which had been placed there by so many kings. Of tliesc columns, 56 were carved in the most beautiful manner, one of which was the work of tlie famous Scopas. This celebrated building was not totally completed till 220 years after its foundation. Ctesiphon was the chief archi- tect. Tliere was above tlie entrance a huge stone, which, according to Pliny, had been placed there by Diana herself. The riches which were in the temple were immense, and the goddess who presided over it was wor- shipped with the most awful solemnity. This celebrated temple was burnt on the night that Alexander was born, \_Vid. Erostratus] and soon after it rose from its ruins %vith more splendor and magnificence. Alexanderoffered to rebuild it at his own expence, if the Ephe- sians would place upon it an inscription wliich denoted tlie name of the benefactor. This generous offer was refused by the Ephesians, who observed in the language of adulation, that it was improper tliat one deity shoukl raise temples to the other. Lysiniachus or- dered the town of Ephesus to be called Af- sinoe, in honor of his wife ; but after his death the new appellation \^'as lost, and the town was again known by its ancient name. Though modern auUiors are not agreed about the ancient ruins of this once famed city, some have given the barbarous nan^.. of Ajn- T 3 talouc EP EP talouc to what they conjecture to be the re- mains of Epbesus. The words lilcra; Ephedte are applied to letters coutainin}; magical powers. Flin. 36, c. 14. — Strab. 12 & 14. — Mela,\, c. n. — Paus.7, c.2 I'lut. in Alex Justin. 2, c. 4. — Callim. in Diaru — Plot. 5. — Cic. de Nat. D. 2. Ephet.k, a nunibiT of magistrates at Athens first instituted by Deuiophooii, the son of Theseus. Tlicv were reiluced to t]je number of 51 bv Draco, who according to some, first establisbf d them. 'Ilicy were superior to the Areopagites, and their privilcgci were great an applied to Dyrrhachium, founded by a Grecian colony. Fir^. G. 2, v. 264. — O-iV. i\fcf. % v. 239 278 Lucan. 6, v. 17. — Slal. Tkeb. 4, v. 59. — Ilal. 14, V. 181 A cityof Threspotiain Epirus. ^^Anothfrin Elii. .^tolia. One of Cyrene's attendanis. Virfi. (i. 4, v. 543. Epicaste, a name of Jocasta the mother and wife of CEdipus. Pat . 0, c. 5. A daughter of jEgeus, mother of TTiestalus by Hercules. Epicerides, a man of Cyrene, greatly esteemed by the Athenians for his benefi- cence. Demost. Epicharis, a woman accused of conspiracy against Nero. She refused to confess the associates of her guilt, though exposed to the greatest torments *c. Tod:. 15, Ann. c. 51. EpicHARMfs, a poet and Pytliagorean phi- losopher of .Sicily, who intrmluced comedy at Syracuse, in the reign of Hiero. His com- po^itions were imitateil by Plautus. He wrote some treatises u\wn philosophy and medicine, and observed that the gods sold all their kindnesses for toil and labor. Accord- ing to .Aristotle and Pliny, he adde. I, v. 58 n'ios- 3 A «.— Cic. ad Attic. 1, <7>. 19. EricLKs, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. JlmniT. It. 12, v. 378. Epiclides, a I^acedxmonian of the family of the Eurysthenida*. He was raised to the tlirone !>y his brother Cleorneiies .Id. in the place of .Agis, against the laws and constitu- tion of Sparta. Pans. 2, c. 9. Epicra rrs. a \rilesian, servant to J. Ctesar. .A poet of .Ambracia. jF.lian. ITie rame is applied to Pompey, as expressive of supreme authority- CiV. ad At'.. .", ejt. 3. Eputeti's, a stoic philosopher of Hiero- polis in Phrygia, originally the slave of Epa- phroilitus, the freetl man of N'ero. Though driven from Rome by Domitian, he returned aAer the emperor's death, and gained the esteem of Adrian and M.irciis .Aurelius. Like the Stoics he siipporteil the doc-trine of the immortalitv of the soul, but he declared him- self strongly against suicide, whidi was s<> warmly adoptitl by his sect. He diet! in a very adv:iiicees and others ; the most valuable of which, porhap, will be found EP EP found to be that of Reland, Trajcct. 4to. 1711; and Arrian's by Upton, 2 vol. 4to. Lend, 1739. Epicurus, a celebrated philosopher, son of Neocles and Cherestrata, born at Gargettus in Attica. Though his parents were poor and of an obscure origin, yet he was early sent to school, where he distinguished himself by the brilliancy of his genius, and at the age of 1 2, when his preceptor repeated to him this verse from Hesiod, Ht«( /iiv ■r^unfic ^«'&' yutr, &C. In the beginning of things the Chaos was created. Epicurus earnestly asked him who created it? To this the teacher answered that he knew not but only philosophers. " Then," says the youth, "philosophers henceforth shall in- struct me." After having improved himself, and enriched his mind by travelling, he visited Athens, which was then crowded by the fol- lowers of Plato, the Cynics, the Peripatetics, and the Stoics. Here he established himself, and soon attracted a number of followers by the sweetness and gravity of his manners, and by his social virtues. He taught them that the happiness of mankind consisted in plea- sure, not such as arises from sensual gratifi- cation, or from vice, but from the enjoyments of the mind, and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine was warmly attacked by the philoso- phers of the different sects, and particularly by the Stoics. They observed that he dis- graced the gods by representing tliem as in- active, given up to pleasure, and uncon- cerned with the affairs of mankind. He re- futed all the accusations of liis adversaries by the purity of his morals, and by his frequent attendance on places of public worship. When Leontium, one of his female pupils, was reused of prostituting herself to her master and to all his disciples, the philosopher proved the falsity of the accusation by silence and an exemplary life. His health was at last impaired by continual labor, and he died of a retemtion of urine, which long subjected him to the most excruciating torments, and which he bore with unparalleled fortitude. His death happened 270 years before Christ, in the 72d year of his age. His disciples showed their respect for the memory of their learned preceptor, by the unanimity which prevailed among them. Wliile philosophers in every sect were at war with mankind and among themselves, the followers of Epicu- rus enjoyed perfect peace, and lived in the most solid friendship. The day of his birth was observed with universal festivity, and during a month all his admirers gave themselves up to mirth and innocent amuse- ment. Of all the philosophers of antiquity, Epicurus is the only one whose writir»gs de- serve attention for their number. He wrote 279 no less than 300 volumes, according to Dio- genes Laertius; and Chrysippus was so jealous of the fecundity of his genius, that no sooner had Epicurus published one of his volumes, than he immediately composed one that he might not be overcome in the number of his productions. Epicurus, however, advanced truths and arguments unknown before; but Chrysippus said, what others long ago had said Mfithout showing any thing which might be called originality. The followers of Epicurus were numerous in every age and country, his doctrines were rapidly disseminated over the world, and when the gratification of the sense was substituted to the practice of virtue, the morals of mankind were undermined.and des- troyed. Even Rome, whose austere simpli- city, had happily nurtured virtue, felt the at- tack, and was corrupted. When Cine^ spoke of the tenets of the Epicureans in the Roman senate, Fabricius indeed intreated the gods that all the enemies of the republic might become his followers. But those were the feeble efforts of expiring virtue ; and when Lucretius introduced the popular doctrine in his poetical composition, the smoothness and beauty of the numbers contriliuted with the eflfeminacy of the Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of the world. Diog. in vit&. — ^liaji. V. H. 4, c. 13. — Cic. de Nat. D. i, c. 24 & 25. Tus. 3, 49. de jinib. 2, c. 22. Epictdes, a tyrant of Syracuse, B. C 213. Epidamnus, a town of Macedonia on the Adriatic nearly opposite Brundusium. The Romans planted there a colony which they called Dyrrachium, considering the ancient name (ad damnum) ominous. Paus. 6, c. 10. — Flin. 3, c. 25. — Plavtus, Men. 2, ect. 1, V. 42. Epidaphne, a town of Syria, called also Antioch. Germanicus, son of Drusus, died there. Tadt. jinn. 2, c. 83. Epidauria, a festival at Athens in honor of ^sculapius. A country of Pelopon- nesus. Epidaueus, a town at the north of Argo- lis in Peloponnesus, chiefly dedicated to the worship of ^sculapius, who hail there a fa- mous temple. It received its name from Epi- daurus, son of Argus and Evadne. Itds now called Fidaura. Strah. 8. — Virg. G. 3, v. 44. — Paus. 3, c. 21.— Mela, 2, c.3 A town of Dalmatia, now jRagusi Vecchio. Of Laconia. EptDiuM, one of the western isles of Scot- land, or the MuU of Cantyre according to some. Ptolem. Epidius, a man who wrote concerning un- usual prodigies. Plin. 16, c. 25. EpiDOT^ffl, certain deities wlio presided over the birth and growth of children, and sfeie known among the Romans by the name of Dii Avemjcnd. They were worshipped by the Lacedaemonians, and chiefly invoked by those who were persecuted by tlie ghosts of tl>e dead. &c. Paus. 3, c. 17, &c. T 4 EriasKn, EP EP EwGKNFs, a Babylonian astrologer and historian. Plin. 7, c. 56'. Episei s, a Greek killed by Hector. Epigoni. tlic sons and descendants of the Grecian heroes who were killed in the first Theban war. The war of the Epigoni is fa- mous in ancient history. It was undertaken ten years after the tirst. The sons of those who had ptrished in the first war, resolved to avenge the d^ath of their fathers and marched against Thebes, under the command of Ther- sander; or, according to others, of Alcmaon the son of Amphiaraiis. The Argives were assisted by the Corinthians, the people of Mesienia. Arcadia, and Mcgara. The The- bans had engaged all tlieir neighbours in their quarrel, as in one common cause, and the two hostile armies met and engaged on the banks of the Glissas. The fight was obstinate and bloody, but victory declared for the Epi- goni, and some of the Thebans Hed to Iliy- ricum with I.eodamas their general, while others retired into Thebes, where they were soon besieged and forced to surrender. In thii war ytgialeus alona was killed, and his father Adrastus was the only person who escaped alive in the first war. This whole war, as I'aiisanias observes, was written in Yerse; and Callinus, who quotes some of the verses, ascribes them to Homer, which opi- nion has been adopted by many writers. I'or n>y part, continues the geographer, I own tliat next to tlie Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, 1 have never seen a finer jwem. Paur.. 6, c. y and '25. — ^pol/ixL 1 and 3. — J)ind. 4. — Tliis name has been applied to the sons of those Macedonian veterans, rvho in the age of Alexander formed connections witli the women of Asia. EriGoNLfs, a mathematician of Ambracia. Et'iGHANEA, a fountain of Bceotia. Plin. 4, c. 7. Epii and Etki, a people of Elis. Epilaaus, a daughter of Thespius. — ylpol- lod. Epimelides, tlie founder of Corone. Pans, ■i, c. 54. Eplmknes, a man who conspired against Alexander's life. Curt. 8, c. 6. EpimenIdes, an epic poet of Crete, con- temporary with Solon. His father's name with Agiasarchus and his raotlier's Blasta. He is reckoned one of the seven wise men, by those who exclude Periander from the num- ber. While he was tending his flocks one day, he entered into a cave, where he fell asleep. His sleep continued for 'M or 47, or according to Pliny, .07 ye;u-s, and when he awoke, he found every obji'Ct so considerably altered, that he scarce know where he was. His brother apprized him of the length of his sleep to his great astonishment. It is sujiposed that he lived 289 years. After death he was revered as a god, and greatly honored by die Atlienians, whom he had delivered from a plague, and to whom he had given many good 280 and usefiil counsels. He is said to be the first who built temples in the Grecian communi- ties. Cic. de Div. 1, c. 54.. — Diog. in vita. — Pavs. 1, c. 14. — Plut. in Solrni. — Vol. Max. 8, c. 15. — Strab. 10. — Plin. 7, c. 12. EpIsiethei s, a son of Japetus and Cly- mene, one of the Oceanides, who inconside- rately man-iod Pandora, by whom he had Pyrrha, the wife of Deucalion. He had the curiosity to open the box which Pandora had brought with her, [ Vi/l. Pandora] and from thence issued a train of evils, which from that moment have never ceased to afflict the hu- man race Hope was the only one which re- mained at the bottom of the box, not havinp sufficient time to escape, and it is she alone which comforts men under misfortunes. Epi- metheus was changed into a monkey by the gods, and sent into the island of Wthecusa. Apnllod. I, c. 2 & 7.— Hi/an. fab. — He- nod. T/wnn, [Vid. Prometheus.] Epi-dETHis, a patronymic of Prrrha, the daughter of Epinietheus. Oviil. Met. 1 , v. 390. Epiocms, a son of Lycurgus, who received divine honors in .\rcadia. Epione, the wife of ^Esculapius. Pata. 2, c. 29. Efiphanea, atown of Cilicia, near Jssus, now Surpendkar. Pliti. 5, c. 27. — Cic. ail Fam. \.'i, cp. 4. Another of Syria on the Euphrates. PUn. .'>. c. 24. Epifhanes, {Ulusirious,) a surname given to Uie Antiochi, kings of Syria. A sur- name of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the house of the Lagids. Hirab. 1 7. Epiphanii's, a bishop of Salamis, who was active in refuting tlie writings of Origen ; but his compositions are more valuable for the fragments whicli tliey preserve than for tlieir own intrinsic merit, llie only edition is bv JJioni/s Fetatiits. 2 vols. Paris, 1622. The bishop died A. D. 405. Epip6i,.k, a district of Syracuse, on the north side, surrounded by a wall by Dionysius, who to complete the work expeditiously, em- ployed r;i),(X)Omen upon it, so that in 30 days he finishetl a wall 4.^ miles long, and of great height and thickness. EpiRtrs. a country situate between Mace- donia, Achaia, and the Ionian sea. It was formerly governed by kings, of whom Neoptoleinus, son of Achilles, was one of the first. It was afterwards joined to the empire of Macedonia, and at la^t became a part of the Roman dominions. It is now called Larta. Strab. 7. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Ptol. 3, c. 14, — P^?t. 4, c. 1 Fi/g. G. 3, V. 121. Epistrophis, a son of Iphitus, king of Phocis, who went to the Trojan war. Honur. II. Epitades, a man who first violated a law *of Lycurgus, which forbade laws to be made Plut. in Agid. Epitds. Vid. Epytua. Em'M. ER E R Epium, a town of Peloponnesus on tlie borders of Arcadia. Epona, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it is said, of a man's iinion with a mare. Epopeos, a son of Neptune and Canace, who came from Thessaly to Sicyon, and car- ried away Antiope, daughter of Nicteus king of Tliebes. This rape was followed by a war, in which Nycteus and Epopeus were both killed. Paus. 2, c. 6. — Jpullod. 1, c. 7, &c. A son of Aloeus, grandson to I'hoebus. He reigned at Corinth. Pans. 'J, c. 1 and ,~. One of the Tyrrhene sailors, who at- tempted to abuse Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, V. 619. Eporedorix, a powerful person among the jEdui, who commanded his countrymen in their war against the Sequani. Cas. Bell. G. 7, c. 67. Epulo, a Rutulian killed by Achates. Virg. .En. 12, v. 459. Epytides, a patronymic given to Peri- phas the son of Epytus, and the companion of Ascanius. f'ifg. ^n. 5, v. 547. Epytus, a king of Alba. Ovvl. Fast. 4, V. 44. A king of Arcadia. A king of Messenia, of the family of the Heraclidjc. I llie father of Periphus, a herald in the Trojan war. Homer. 11. 1 7. Equajusta, a town of Thessaly. Eqiicolus, a Rutulian engaged in the wars of xEneas. Virg. jEn. 9, v. 684. Equiria, festivals established at Rome by Romulus, in honor of Mars, when horse races and games were exhibited in the Campus Martius. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3. — Ovid. Fast. 2, V. 859. Eqiiot(iticum, now Castel Franco, a little town of Apulia, to which, as some suppose, Horace alludes in this verse, 1 , Sat. 5, v. 87. " Mansuri opjiidulo, versu quod dicere non est. " Eracon, an officer of Alexander, impri- soned for his cruelty. Curt. 10. Era;a, a city of Greece, destroyed in the age of Strabo, 5. Erana, a small village of Ciliciaon mount Amanus. Cic. Fani. 15, ep. 4. Erasenus, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing for a little space under the ground, in Argolis. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 275 Plin. 2, e. 13. Erasifpus, a son of Hercules and Ly- sippe. Erasistratus, a celebrated physician, grandson to the pl.ilosopher Aristotle. He discovered by the motion of the pulse the love which Antiochus had conceived for his mother- in-law Stratonice, and was rewarded witii a. 100 taUiils for the cure by the father of Antiochus. He was a great enemy to bleed- ing and violent physic. He died 13. C. 257. Val. Max. 5, c. 7. -^ Plut. in Dcmctr. Erato, one of the muses who presided over lyric, tender, and amorous poerty. She 281 is represented a.s crowned witli roses and myrtle, holding in her right hand a 1}T8, and a lute in her left, musical instruments, of which she is considered by some as the in- ventress. Love is sometinies placed by her side holding a lighted flambeau, while she herself appears with a thoughtful but oftener with a gay and animated look. She was in- voked by lovers, especially in the month of April, which, among the Romans, was mora particularly devoted to love. Apollod. 10.— Virg. uEn. 7, V. 57. — Ut'id. de Art. Am. 2, v. 425. One of the Nereides. Apnllod. I, c. 2 One of the Dryadcs, wife of Areas, king of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 4. — One of the Danaides wlio married Bromius. A queen of the Armenians, after tlie death of Ariobarzanes, &c. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4. Eratosthenes, soli of Aglaus, was a native of Cyrene, and the second entrusted with the care of the Alexandrian library. He dedicated his time to grammatical criticism and philosophy, but more particularly to poetry and mathematics. He has been called a second Plato, the cosmograplier, and th* geometer of tlie world. He is supposed to be the inventor of the armillary spliere. With the instruments with which the munificence of tlie Ptolemies supplied the library of Alex- andria, he was enabled to measure the obli- quity of the ecliptic, which lie called 20|' •degrees. He also measured a degree of the meridian, and determined the extent and cir- cumference of the earth witli great exactness, by means adopted by the moderns. He starved himself after he had lived to his 82d year, B. C. 194. Some few fragments re- main of his compositions. He collected the annals of the Egyptian kings by order of one of the Ptolemies. Cic. ad Attic. 2, ep. 6. — Varro de P. li. 1, c. 2. Eratostratus, an Ephesian who burnt the famous temple of Diana, the same night that Alexander the Great was born. This burning, as some writers have observed, wa» not prevented or seen by the goddess of the place, who was then present at the labors of Olympias, and the birth of the conqueror of Persia. Eratostratus . C. 1547. According to some .iccounts, he first introduced die mysteries of Ceres at Eleusis, Ovid. Met. 6, v. 877. — Pans. 2, c. 25. — /tpolLd. 5, c. 1 5. — Cic. pro Sext. 2 1 . Tu.^c. 1, c. 4S. Nat. I). Z, c. 15. EkechthTdes, a name given to the Athe- nians, from their king Erechtheus. Ovid. Met. 7, V. 430. EaEMBi, a people of Arabia. Eremos, a country of >Ethiopia. ErenTa, a village of Megara. Paus. 1, c. 44. Eressa, a town of ^Eolia. ErIsl's, a to^^ u of Lesbos, where Theo- phrastus was born. ERtiTiuv, a city of Euboeaonthe Euripus, anciently called Mttanch and Arotria, It was destroyed by the Persians, and the ruins were hardly visibic in the age of Strain). It received its name from 11 'riiis, a son of Phaeton. Vans. 7, e. H. Sec. - Mda, 2, c. 7. — Plin. 4, c. li?. — C. N.p. in Milt. 4. EaJTi'M, a town of the Sabines near the Tiber, whence came tlie adjective Ereti- nus. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 71 1 'l%uU. 4. el. 8, V. 4, Eruthauon, a man killed by Nestor in a war between the Pylians and Arcadians. Homer. II. Ergane, a river whose waters intoxicated as wine. A surname of Minerva. Paus. 5, e. 14. Ergenna, a celebrated soothsayer of Etru- ria. Pers. 2, v. 2(). Ergias, a Rhodian who wrote a history of his countr)'. Erginus, a king of Orchomenos, son of Clymenus. He obliged the Thebans to pay him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his father had been killed by a Theban. Hercules attacked his servants, who came to raise tlu- tribute, and mu- tilated them, and he afterwards killed Er- ginus, who attempted to avenge their death by invading Ewotia with an army. Paus. 9, c. 17. A river of Thrace. Mela, 2. r. 2. A son of Neptune. 282 — — One of the four brothers %vho kept the Aciocorinth, by order of Antigonus, Polyeen. 6. E.iGiNNt's, a man made master of the ship Argo by the Argonauts, after the death of Typhis. Eribcea, a s'imame of Juno. Homer. IL 5. — — The mother of Ajax Telamon. Sophocl. Eribotes, a man skilled in medicine, &c. Orpheus. Ericexes, a nian of Lycaonia, killed by Messapus in Italy. Virg. jEn. 10, V. 74 y. Erichtho, a Thessalian woman famous for her knowledge of poisonous herbs and medicine. Lucan. 6, v. 507 One of the furies. Ovid. — Hesi>d. 2, v. 151. Erichthonius, tie fourth king of Atlicns, sprung from tlie seed of Vulcan which fell upon the ground when that god attempted to offer violence to Minerva. He was very defonncil, and had the tails of ser- pents instead of legs. Jlincrva placed him in a basket, which she gave to the daughters of Cecrops, with strict injunction* not to examine its contents. Aglauros, one of the sisters, had the curiosity to ojjen the basket, for which the goddess punished her indiscretion by making her jealous of her sister Herse. [ Vid. Ilei se. ] Erichthon was young when he a-sccnded the throne of Athens. lie reigned 50 years, and died B. C. H37. Tlie invendon of chariots is attributed to him, and the manner of har- nessing horses to draw them. He was made a constellation after death under the name of Bootes. Uvid. Met. 2, v. 553. — Hygin. fab. VSC. — JpoUod. 3, c. 14. —Paw. 4, c. 2. — Virt^. G. 3, V. 113. A son of Dar- danus who reigned in Troy, and died 1374 B. C. after a long reign of about 75 years. JpoUod. 3, c. 10. Ehicinium, a town of Macedonia. Ehicusa, one of the Lipari isles, now Alundi. Erldanus, one of the largest rivers of Italy, rising in the .A.Ips and falling into the Adriatic by several mouths ; now called tlie r^. It was in its neighbourhood that the Heliades, the sisters of Phaeton, were cliangcd into poplars, according to Ovid. Virgil calls it the king of all rivers, and Lucan compare* it to the Rhine and Danube. An Eridanus is mendoned in heaven. Cic. in Arat. 145. — Claudian de Cons. Hon. 6, v. 175. — Ovtd. Met. 2, fab. 3 Paus. 1, c. 3. — Sitnb. 5. — Lucan. 2, y. 409. — Virg. G. 1, ▼. 482. ^n. 6, V. 659. Ekigone, a daughter of Icarius, who hung herself when she heard that her father had been killed by some shepherds whom he had intoxicated. She was made a constellation, now known under the name of Virgc. Bac- chus deceived her by changing himself into a^ beautiful grape. Oiid. Met. 6, fab. 4. — Slat. ER ER Stat. 1 1. Thcb. v. 644. — Virg. G. 1, v. 35. — jij)oUo(]. 5, c. 14. — Hy gin. fab. I & 24. A daughter of iEgisthus and Clytem- pestra, wl;o had by her brother Orestes, Pen- thihis. who shared the regal power with Tiniasenus, the legitimate son of Orestes and Hermione, Paus. 2, c. 18. — Paterc. 1, c. 1. EuiGOKEius, a name applied to the Dog- star, because looking towards Erigone, &c. Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 725. ErTgoncs, a river of Tlirace. A pain- ter. Plin. 35, c. 11. Erigyus, a itylenean, one of Alex- ander's officers. tCurt. 6, c. 4. Erii.h's, a philosopher of Carthago, con- temporary with Zeno. Diog. Erindes, a river of Asia, near Parthia. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 16. Erinna, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with Sappho. Plin. 34, c. 8. Erinnys, the Greek name of the Eume- nides. The word signifies tlie furi/ of the viind, if /5 vovi. [ Vid. Eumenides. ] Virg. jEn. 2, V. 537. A surname of Ceres, on account of her amour with Neptune un- der the fonn of a hoi-se. Paus. 8, c. 25, & 42. Ehiopis, a daughter of Medea. Paus. 2, c. 3. Eriphanis, a Greek woman famous for her poetical compositions. Sh(^was extremely fond of the' hunter Melarapus, and to enjoy his company she accustomed herself to live in the woods. Atlun. 14. Eriphidas, a Lacedaemonian, who being sent to suppress a sedition at Heraclea, as- sembled the people and beheaded oOO of the ringleaders. Diod. 14. Eriphyle, a sister of Adrastus, king of Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She was daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. WTien her husband concealed himself diat he might not accompany the Argives in their expedi- tion against 'fhebos, where he knew he was to perish, Eriphyle suffered herself to be bribed by Polynices with a golden necklace, which had been formerly given to Hermione by the goddess Venus, and she discovered whe^e Amphiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle compelled him to go to the war ; but before he departed, he charged his son Alanajon to murder his mother as soon as he was infoniud of his death. Aniplu'araus pe- rished in the expedition, and his death was no sooner known than his last injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle was murdered by the hands of her son. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 445. — H inner Od. 11. — Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 18. -^Apnllod. 1. c. 9. 1. 3, c. 6 & 7.— Ill/gin. fhh. 15. — Pans. 5, c. 1 7. Eris, tJ'c goddess of discord among the Greeks. She is the same as the Discordia of the Latins. Vid. Discordia. Erisichthox, a Thessalian, son of Tri- ops, who derided Ceres and cut down her 285 groves. This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted him with continual Imnger. He squandered all his possessions to giatify tlie cravings of his appetite, and at last he devoured his own limbs for want of food. His daughter Metra had the power of transforming herself into whatever animal she pleased, and she made use of that ar- tifice to maintain her father, who sold her, after which she assumed another shape, and became again his property. Ovid. Met. fab. 18. Erithi s, a son of Actor, killed by Per- seus. Ovid. Met. 5. Erixo, a Roman knightcondemned by the people for having whipjied liis son to death. Senec. 1. de Ctern. 14. Erocuus, a town of Phocis. Paus. JO, c. 3. Eropus or ..T^ropes, a king of Macedo- nia, who when in the cradle succeeded his father Pliilip 1st B. C. 602. He made war against tlie lUyrians, whom he conquered. Justin. 7, c. 2. Eros, a servant of whom Antony de- manded a sword to kill himself. Eros pro- duced the instrument, but instead of giving it to his master, he killed himself in Ins pre- sence. IHut. in Anton. A comedian. Cic. pro Rose. 2. A son of Chronos or Saturn, god of love. Vid. Ciipido. Erostratus. Vid. Eratostratus. Erotia, a festival in honor of Eros the god of love. It was celebrated by the Thes- pians every fifth year with sports and games, wlien musicians and all others contended. If any quan-els or seditions had arisen among the people, it was then usual to ofier satri fices and prayers to the god, tliat he would totally remove them. ErrCca, a town of the Volsci of Italy. Erse, a daughter of Cecrops. Vid. Herse. Ebxias, a man w-ho wrote an history of Colophon. He is perhaps the same as the person who wrote an history of Rhodes. Eryalus, a Trojan chief killed by Pa- troclus. Horn. II. 16, v. 411. Erybium, a town at tlie foot of moimt Parnassus. ErycIna, a surname of Venus from mount Eryx, vihere she had a temple. She was also worshipped at Rome under this appella- tion. Ovid. Fast. 4, V. 874. — Horat. 1 , od. 2, V. 55. Erymanthis. a surname of Callisto, as an inhabitant of Erv'manthus. Arcadia ii> also kno^vn by that name. Erymanthus, a mountain, river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a prodigious boai-, which he carried on his shoulders to Eurystlieus, wlu) M-as so terrified at the sight tliat he Lid himself in a brazen vessel. Paus. 8, c. 24. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 802. — Plin. 4, c 6. — Cic. Tiisc. 2, c. 8. L 4, c 22. — Ovid. Met. 2, ▼. 499. Erymas, ES ET Erymas, a Trojan killed by Turnuf. Virg. ^n. 9, V. 702. Ertmn^, a town of Thessaly. Paus. 8, a. 24. Of Magnesia. Ertmneus, a peripatetic philosopher who florished B. C. 126. Eryjits, a huntsman of Cyzicus. Erythea, an island between Gades and Spain, where Geryon reigned. Plin. 4, C. 22 Mela, 3, c. 6. — Propert. 4, d. 10, ▼.1. — Sil. \C„ V. 195. — Ovid. Fast. 5. V. 6 19. A daughter of Cicrvon. Paus. 10, c. 37. ErythIni, a to%vn of Paphlagonia. Erythr,*:, a town of Ionia opposite Chios, once the residence of a Sibyl. It was built by Ncleus the son of Codrus. Paus. 10, c. 12. — Liv. 44, c. 28. 1. 38, c. 39. .\ town of Bceotia. Id. 6, c. 21. One in Libya, another in I^ocris. ErythrjKum mare, a part of the ocean on the coast of Arabia. As it has a commu- niottion with the Persian gulf, and that of Arabia or the Red Sea, it has often been mistaken by the ancient ivritcrs, who by the word Erifthrean, understood indiscriminately either the Red Sea or the Persian gulf. It received this name either from Erythras, or from the redness (i^vS^es, ruber) of its sand or waters. Curt. 8, c. 9. — Plin. 6, c. 23. — Herodot. 1, c. 180 & 189. 1. 3, c. 93. 1. 4, c. 37. — Afela, 3, c. 8. Ekythras, a son of Hercules. ^4poUod. A son of Perseus and Andromeda, drowned in the Red Sea, which from him was called Krxjthrceum,. Anion. Ind. 6, c. 10. — .Afelii, 3, c. 7. Erythrion, a son of Athamas and The- mistone. Apollod. Erythros, a place of Latium. Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, who re- lying upon his strength, challenged all stran- gers to fight will) him in the combat of the ccstus. Hercules accepted his challenge after n»any had yielded to his superior dextcritj-, and Erj'x was killed in the combat, and buried on tlie mountain, where he had built a temple to Venus. Virg. jEn. 5, v. 402. An Indian killed by his subjects for opposing Alexander, &c. * Curt. 8, ell. A mountain of Sicily now Ginliano near Drepanum, which received its name from Eryx, who wa.s buried there. 'i"his mountain was so steep that the houses which were built upon it seemed every moment reedy to fall. Daedalus had enlarged tlie top, and enclosed it with a strong wall. He also consecrated thereto Venus Erycina a golden heifer, which so much resembled life, that it seemed to ex- ceed the power of art. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 478. Hygin. fab. 16 & 260 Liv. 22, c. 9 if da, 2. c. 7. — Paus. 3, c. 16. Eryxo, the mother of Battus, who artfully killed the tyrant Learchus who courted her. Herndot. 4, c. 160. EsKRNf s, a famous gladiator. Cic. S84 EsQuiLLs & EsquilInus moks. one of the seven hills of Rome, which was joined to the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey generally came to devour the dead bodies of criminals who had been executed there, and thence they were called EsquUinee alites. Liv. 2, c. 1 1. — Horat. 5, epod. v. 100. — Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 32. EssEDoxzs, a people of Asia, above the Palus Maotis, who eat the flesh of their pe- rcnts mixed with that of cattle. They gilded the head and kept it as sacred. Mela, 2, c. 1 . — Plin. 4, c. 1 2. Essri, a people of Gaul. EsTi^oTis, a district of Tliessaly on the river Peneus. EsuLA, a town of Italy near Tlbur. Ho.at. 3, od. 29, V. 6. EsTiAiA, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of which it was unlawful to carry away any tiling or communicate it to any body. Etearchvs, a king of Oaxus in Crete. After the death of his wife, he married a woman who made herself odious for her tyranny over her step-daughter Phroniraa. Etearchus gave ear to all the accusations which were brought against his daughter, and ordered her to be thrown into the sea. She had a son called Battus,- who led a colony to Cyrene. Hcrvdol 4, c. 154. EteScles, a son of QEdipus and Jocasta. After his father's deatli, it was agreed be- tween him and his brother Polynices, that they should both share tlie royalty, and reign alternately each a ye:u". I^teoclcs by right of seniority first ascended the throne, but after the first year of his reign was ex- pired, he refused to give up the crown to his brotlier according to their mutual agree- ment. Polynices, resolving to punish such an open violation of a solemn engagement, went to implore the assistance of Adrastus, king of Argos. He received tliat king's daughter in marriage, and was soon after assisted with a strong army, headed by seven famous generals. These hostile prepar- ations were watched by Eteocles, who oh his part did not remain inactive. He chose seven brave cliiefs to oppose the seven leaders of tlie Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates of the citj-. He placed him- self against his brother Polynices, and he opposed IMenalippus to Tydeus, l'olyi>hontes to Capaneus, Hegareus to Eteoclus, Hyper- bius to Parthenopaeus. and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus. IVIuch blood was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, and it was at last agreed between the two brothers that the war should be decided by single combat. They both fell in an engagement conducted with the most inveterate fury on eitlier side, and it is even said that tlic ashes of these two brothers, who had been so inimical one to the other, separated themselves on tlie burning pile, as if even after death, sensible of re- sentment, and hostile to reconciliation. Stat. Tkth. E V E V Theb. — Apollod. 3, c. 5, &c. — JEsckyl. Scj/t. ante Theb. — Eurip. in Plicenis. — Paws. 5, c. 9. 1. 9, c. G. A Greek, the first who raised altars to the Graces. Pavs. Eteoclus, one of the seven chiefs of the asniy of Adrastus, in his expedition against Thebes, celebrated for his valor, for his disin- terestedness and magnanimity. He was killed bv Megareus, the son of Creon, under the walls of Thebes. Eurip. — Apollod. 5, c. 6. A son of Iphis. Eteocret.*:, an ancient people of Crete. Eteones, a town of Boeotia, on the Aso- piis. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 266. Eteoneus, an officer at the court of Me- nelaus, when Telemachus visited Spaita. . He was son of Boetlius. Ilomcr. Od. 4, ■v. 22. EteonIcus, a Lacedremonian general, who upon hearing that Callicratidas was con- quered at Arginusae, ordered the messengers of this news to be crowned, and to enter ]Mi- tylene in triumph. This so tenified Conon, ■who besieged the town, that he concluded that the enemy had obtained some advantageous victory, and he raised the siege. Diod. 13. — Poli/een. 1. ExEsiiE, periodical northern winds of a gentle and mild nature, verj* common for five or six weeks in the months of spring and au- tumn. Lucret. 5, v. 741. Ethalion, one of the TjTrhene sailors changed into dolphins for carrying away Bacchus. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 647. Etheleum, a river of Asia, tlie boundary of Troas and Mysia. Strab. Etuoda, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe. Ethemon, a person killed at the marriage of Andromeda, (hid. Met. 5, ▼. 165. Etias, a daughter of .flineas. Paits. 5, c. 22. Etis, a town of Peloponnesus. Id. lb. Etruria. Vid. Hetruria. . Etrusci, the inhabitants of Etruria, fa- mous for their superstitions and enchantments. Vid. Hetruria. Cic. ad Fam. 6. ep. 6. — Liv. 2, c. 54. Etylus, the father of Tbeocles. Id. 6, e. 19. EvADNE, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who slighted the adchesscs of Apol- lo, and married Capancus, one of the seven chiefs who went against Thebes. When her husband had been struck with thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his ashes had been sejiarated from those of the rest of the Argives, she threw herself on his burning pile, and perished in the flames. Virfr. jEn. 6, v. 447. — Propert. I, d. 15, V. 2\.—Stal. Theb. 12, v. 800. A daugh- ter of the Strymon and Neajra. She married Argus, by whom she had four children. jlpoltod. 2. EvAGEs, a poet, famous for his getiius but not for his learning. 285 EvXooRAs, a king of Cj-prus who retock Salamis, which had been taken from his fa- ther by the Persians. He made war against Artaxerxcs the king of Persia, with the as- sistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and Ty- rians, and obtained some advantage over the lleet of his enemy. The Persians however soon repaired their losses, and Evagoras saw himself defeated by sea and land, and obliged to be tributary to the power of Artaxerxes, and to.be stripped of all his dominions, except the town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon after this fatal change of fortune, by an eunuch, 574 B. C. He left two sons, Ni- cocles, who succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived his nephew Evagoras of his possessions. Evagoras deserves to be com- mended for his sobriety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty of any political error in the management of his kingdom, it may be said that his love of equity was a full compensation. His grand- son bors the same name, and succeeded his father Nicocles. He shewed himself op- pressive, and his uncle Protagoras took ad- vantage of his unpopularity to deprive him cf his power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a government more extensive than that of Cyprus, but his op- pression rendered him odious, and he was accused before his benefactor, and by his orders put to death. C. Nep. 12, c. 2. — Diod. 1 4. — Pans. 1 , c. 3. — Justin. 5, c. 6. A man of Elis, who obtained a priae at the Olympian games. Pans. 5, c. 8. A Spartan famous for his services to the people of Elis. Id. C>, c. 10. A son of Ncleus and Chloris. Apollod. I, c. 9. A son of Priam. Id. 5, c. 1 2. A king of RJiodes. An histo- rian of Lindos. .Another of Thasos, whose works proved serviceable to Pliny in the con^pilation of his natural history. Plin. 10. Ev.Xgore, one of the Nereides, jljtol- hd. I'jVAN, a surname of Bacchus, which he received from the wild ejaculation of Evan ! Euan ! by his priestesses. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 15. — Virg. J£ii. 6, V. 517. EvANUEu, a son of the prophetess Car- mente, king of Arcadia. An accidental murder obliged him to leave his country, and he came to Italy, where he drove the Abori- gines from their ancient possessions, and reigned in that pait of the country where Home was ai'terwards founded. He kindly received Hercules when he returned from the conquest of Geryon ; and he was the first who raised him altars. He gave /Eneas assistance against the Ilutuli, and distinguished hiuibelf by his hospitality. ■ It is said that he first brought the Greek alphabet into Italy, and introduced there tlie worship of the Greek deities. He was hoiiond as a god after death, by his subjects, who raised him EU EU an altar on mount Ayentinc Paus. 8, c. 45. — Liv. 1, c. 7. — Ital. 7, v. 18. — Dionys. IM. 1, c. 7. — Odd. Fust. 1, V. 500. 1. 5, r. 91 . — Virp. ySn. 8, v. 100, &c.. A philoso- pher of the 2d academy, who ilorished B. C. EvANGELL's, a Greek historian. A comic poet. EvANooRiDEs, a man of Ells, who wTote an account of all those who had obtained a prize at Olympia, where he himself had been victorious. Paus. 6, c. 8. EvANTUES, a man who planted a colony in Lucania at the head of some Locxians. A celebrated Greek poet. An histo- rian of Miletus. A philosopher of Samos. A writer of Cyzicus. A son of (Eno- pion of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. Fans. 7, c. 4. EvAHCHUs, a river of Asia Minor flowing into the Euxine on the confines of Cappado- cia. Flac. 6, v. 102. Evas, a native of Phrygia who accompa- nied -Eneas into Italy, where he was killed by Mcztntius. Virg. jEn- 10, v. 70'J. EvAX, an Arabian prince who wrote to Nero concerning jewels. Plin. 25, c. 2. EuBAGEs, certain priests held in great ve- neration among tlie Gauls and Britons. Vid. Druidic. EuBATAs, an athlete of Cyrene, whom the courtezan Lais in vain endeavoured to seduce. Paus. Eliac. 1. El'bils, an obscene ^vriter, &c. Ovid. Trist. 2, V. 415. EuB(ZA, the largest island in the .£gean sea after Crete, now called Kegropont. It is sepjiraled from the continent of Bceotia by tlie narrow straits of the Euripus, and was an- cisntly known by the dili'erent names of Mdcrif, Oche, EUopia, Chuliis, Abantii, Aso- jtis. It is 150 miles \o\vy, and 57 broad in its most extensive parts, and oti5 in circum- ference, 'riie principal town was Clialcis ; and it was reported that in tlu- neighbourhood of Chalcis, the islapd had bet n formerly join- ed to the continent. Euboca was subjected to the power of the Greeks ; some of its cities, howc-vu, remained for some time independ- ent. P/i/t. 4, C. 12. — Strab. 10. — Ovid. Met. 14, V. 155. One of the three daughters of the river Astcrion, who was one of the nurses of Juno. Paus. 2, c. 17. One of MerciU7s mistresses. -^— A daughter of Thespius. ApuUod. 2. A town of Sicily near Hybla. EuBoicHS, belonging to Euboea. The epithet is also applied to the country of Cu- nue, because that city was built by a colony from Chalcis a town of Eutxca. Ovid. Fast. 4, V. 257. — Virg. ^n. «, v. 2. 1. 9, V. 710. EuBOXE, a daughter of Thespius. Apol- lud. EusoTss, a soQ of Hercules. Jd. 2. 286 EuBi/LE, an Athenian virgin, daughter of Leon, sacrificed with her sisters, by order of the oracle of Delphi, for tlie safety of her country-, which labored under a famine. yElian'. V. H. 12, c. 18. EuBULiDEs, a philosopher of Miletus, pu- pil and successor to Euclid. Demosthenes was one of his pupils, and by his advice and encouragement to perseverance he was en- abled to conquer the difficulty he felt in pro- nouncing the letter It. He severely attack- ed the doctrines of Aristotle. Diog. An historian who wrote an account of Socrates. and of Diogenes. JLaertius. A famous statuary of Athens. Paus. S, c. 14. EuBiJLUs, an Athenian orator, rival to Demosthenes. .'\ comic poet. An historian who ivrote a voluminous account of Mitluras. A philosopher of Alexan- dria. EucERi's, a man of Alexandria, accused of adultery with Octavia, that Nero might have occasion to divorce her. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 60. Et CHPNOR, a son of -Egyptus and Arabia. Apollnd. EocHiDEs, an Athenian who went to Del- phi and returned the same day, a jouriiey of about lO'T miles. The object of his journey was to obtain sacred fire. EucLiDEs, a native of 3regar.3, disciple of Socrates. B. C. 104. When the Athenians had forbidden all the jieoplo of Megara on pain of death to enter their city, EucUdes disguised himself in women's cloaths to intro- duce himself into the presence of Socrates. Diog. in .Socratf. A matliematician of Alexandria, who florishetl ."(K) B. C. He distinguished himself by his writings on mu- sic and geometry, but particularly by 15 books on the elements of matliematics. whicli consist of problems and theorems with demonstrations. This work has been greatly mutilated by commentators. Euclid was so respected in liis life time, that king Ptolemy became one of his pupils. Euclid established a school at Alexandria, which became so fa- mous, that from liis age to the time of the Siuraccn conquest, no mathematician was found but what hail studied at .Alexandria. He was .so respected that Plato, himself a mathema- tician, being asked concerning the building of an altar at .\theiis, referred his enquiries to the mathematician of Alexandria. The latest edition of Euclid's wTitings is that of Gregory', fol. Oxon. 1705. I'ol. Mux. 8, C. 12. — Cic. de Onil. 3, c. 72. EucLi.s, a prophet of C)-prus. who fore- told the birth and greatness of tlie poet Ho- mer, according to some traditions. Paus. 10, c. 12. EccRATE, one of the Nereides. Apol~ lod. EucRATEs, the fatlicr of Procles the his- torian. Fans. 2, c 21. £0CRITIJS, E V E V EucRiTUS. [Vid. Evepheiius. ] EucTEMON, a Greek of Cuina?, exposed to great barbarities. Curt. 5, c. 5. An astronomer who florished B. C. 431. EucTRF.^u, a people of Peloponnesus. EuDiEMOx, a general of Alexander. EuDAMiDAs, a son of Archidaraus 4tli, brotlier to Agis 4th. He succeeded on the SiKirtan throne, after his brotlier's death, B. C. 5.30. Pan a. 5, c. 10. ^ A son of Ar- cbidamus, king of Sparta, -v^ho succeeded B. C. 2fj8. 'file commander of a garrison stationed at Trcezene by Crateriis. EuDAMUs, a son of Agesilaus of the He- raclidae. He succeeded his fatlier. A learned naturalist and philosopher. El'demls, the physician of Livia, the wife of Drusus, &c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 3. Au orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to Pliilopoe- men. An historian of Naxos. EuDociA, the wife of the emperor Theo- dosius die younger, who gave the public some compositions. She died A. D. 460. EunociMus, a man who appeased a mutiny among some soldiers by telling them that an hostile army was in sight. Polt/cen. EuDORA, one of the Nereides. One of the Atlantides. EuDORUs, a son of Mercury and Polimela, who went to the Trojan war with Achilles. Honier. 11. 16. EitDoxi SvECULA, a place in Egypt. EuDOXiA, the wife of Arcadius, &c. — A daughter of Theodosius the younger, who marcied the emperor Maximus, and invited Genscric the Vandal over into Italy. Euroxus, a son of ^schines of Cnidus, who distinguished l-.imself by his knowledge of astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was the fu-st who rjjrulated the year .-imong tlje Greeks, among whom he first brought from Egypt the celestial q)here and regular astrouomy. He spent a great part of his life on the top of a mountain, to study the motion of the stars, by whose appearance he pretended to foretel the events oi futuritj'. He died in his 53d year, B. C. 3[)-J. LucMi. 10, V. \H-;.—_Diog. — Petron. 8H. A native of Cyzicus, wlu> sailed all round tlie coast of Africa from the Hed Sea, and en- tered tlie Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, ■ A Sicilian, son of Agathoclcs. A physician. Diog. EvELTHON, a king of Salamis in Cyprus. EvKsjBsiDAs, an historian of Cnidus. EvEMERUs, an ancient hinorian of Messe- nia, intimate with Cassander. He travelled over Greece and Arabia, and wrote an history of the gods, in which he proved that they all had been upon earth, as mere mortal nieru Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now lost. EvENOB, a painter, father to Parrhasius. Ptin. 35, c. 9. Even lis, an elegiac poet of Paros A river running tlu-ough .rEtolia, and falling into 287 the Ionian sea. It receives its name "frinn Evenus, son of Mars and Sferope, who beinw unable to overcome Idas, who had promised him his daughter Miupessa in marriage, if he surpassed iiim in running, grew so desperate, that lie threw himself into the river, which afterwards bore his name. Ovid. 2fet. 9, V. 104. — St rub. 7 A son of Jason and Hypsipyle queen of Leninos. Home): II. 7, v. 467. EvEPHENiJS, a Pythagorean philosopher, whom Dionysius condemned to death because he had alienated the people of iMetapontum from his power. The philosopher begged leave of the tyrant to go and marry his sister, and promised to return in six months. Diony- sius consented by receiving Eucritus, who pledged himself to die if Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus returned at tlie appointed moment, to the astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered his friend Eucritus from the death which tiireatened him. Tiie ty- rant was so pleased with these two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus, and begged ;o share their friendship and confidence. Polycen. 5. ' EvEREs, a son of Pteralaus, the only one of his family who did not perish in a battle against Electryon. Apollod. iJ. A son of Hercules and Parthenope. The father of Tiresias. Apollod. EveroetjE, a people of Scythia called also Arimaspi. Curt. 1, c. 5. EvERGETEs, a Surname signifying lenefuc- tor, given to Philip of Macedonia, and to An- tigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also commonly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, and we often see among tlie former an Alexander Evtrgetes, and among the latter a Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also claimed that epitliet, so expres- sive of benevolence and humanity. P>\-k':perides, a people of Africa. Mero- dof. 4, c 171. ti GANEi, a people of Italy on the borders of the Adriatic, who, upon being expelled by the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps. SiL 8, v. 604. — lAO. 1, c. 1. EuGEON, an ancient historian before the Pcloponnesian war. EuGENius, an usurper of tlie imperial title after the death of Valentinian the Vd, A. D. 392. EuHEMERus. {_Vid. Evemerus.] EuHYDRUM, a town of Thessaly. Ltv. 32, c. 15. EunyLs & Evius, a suniame of Bacchus, given him in tlie war of the giants against Jupiter. Horat. 2, Od. 11, v, 17. EvippE, one of the Danaides who married end murdered Imbras. Anotlier. Apol- lod. '2, c. 1. The mother of the Pierides, who were changed into magpies. OviS. Met. 5, V. 5a5. Evippus, a son of Thestius, king of Pleu- ron, killed by his brother Iphiclus in the chacc of the Calydonian boai-. Apollod. 1,c 7. A Tro- EU EU A Trojan killed by Patroclus. Honicr. II. 1 6, V. 417. EuLiMENE, one of the Nereides. EuMACHiL's, a Campanian who wrote an history of Annibal. EL'Mjf:us, a herdsman and steward of Ulysses, who knew his master at his return home from die Trojan war, after 20 years' ab&ence, and assisted him in removing Pene- lope's suitors. He was originally the son of the king of Scyros, and upon being carried away by pirates, he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded his tidelity and services. Homer. Od. 15, v. 405. 1. 14, v. 3, 1. 15, V. «88. 1. IG & 17 EuMEBEs, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came to Italy] with .Eneas, where he was killed by Turnus, yir^. jEn, 12, v. 346.— Ovi'l. Tnst. 3, cl. 4, 27. EuMKLis, a famous augur. Stat. 4. Sylv. 8, V. 49. EuMtLus, a son of Admetus, king of Plierae in Thessaly. He went to the Trojan war, and had the fleetest horses in tlie Grecian array. He distinguished himself in the games made in honor of Patroclus. Homer. It. 2 Sc '23. A man whose daughter was changed into a bird. Oiid. Met. 7, v. 590 A man contemporary witii Triptoleinus, of whom he learned the art of agriculture. Paus. 7, c. 18. One of the followers of .Eneas, who first informed his friend that Ids fleet had been set on fire by the Trojan women. f'irg. JUn. 5, V. 6G5 One of the Bacchiadae, who wrote, among otlier things, a poetical history of Corintii, B. C. 750, of which a small fragment is still extant. Pans. 2, c. 1. A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, who died B. C. 30 1. EuMtNEs, a Greek officer in the army of Alexander, son of a charioteer. He was the most wortliy of all the oHicers of Alexander to succeed after the death of his master. He conquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of which he obtained the government, till the power and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined liis forces to tliose of Perdiccas, jind defeated Craterus and Xeop- tolemus. Neoptolemus j)crished by tlie hands of Eumenes. \\'hen Craierus had been killed during the war, his remains received an honorable funeral from the hand of the con- queror ; and Eumenes, after weeping over the ashes of a man who once was his dearest friend, sent his remains to his relations in Macedonia. Eunrenes fought against Anti- pater and conquered him, and after the death of Perdiccas, his ally, his arms were directed against Antigonus, by whom he was con- quered, chiefly by the fre.ichcrous conduct of his oflicers. 'lliis faUl battle obliged liim to disband the greatest part of his army to se- cure himself a retreat, and he flid witii only 700 faithful attendants to Nora, a fortified place on the confines of Cappadocia. wheie he was soon besieged by the conqueror. He 288 supported the sitge for a year with courage and resolution, but some disadvantageous skir- mishes so reduced him, that his soldiers, grown desperate, and bribed by the offers of the enemy, had the infidel ify to betray him into the hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, from shame or remorse, had not tlie courage to visit Eumenes ; but when he was asked by his officers, in what manner he wished him to be kept, he answered, keep him as carefully as you would keep a lion. This severe com- mand was olieyed ; but the asperity of Anti- gonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes, delivered from the weight of chains, was per- mitted to enjoy the company of his friends. Even Antiji;onus hesitated whether he should not restore to his liberty a man with whom he had lived in the greatest intimacy while both were subservient to tlie command of Alexander, and these secret emotions of pity and humanity were not a little increased by tlie petitions of his son Demetrius, for the release of Eumenes. But the calls of am- bition prevailed ; and when .\ntigonus re- collectt'd what an active enemy he had in his power, he ordered Eumenes to l)e put to death in the prison ; though some imagine he was murdered without the knowledge of his conqueror. His bloody commands were executed B. C. 315. Such was the end of a man who raised himself to power by merit alone. His skill in public L'xercis«s first recommended him to the notice of Philip, and under .\lexander his attachment and fidelity to tlie royal pcn.on, and particularly his military accomplishments, promoted hira to die rant of a general. Even his enemies revered him : and .Vntigonus, by who8« orders he perished, honoretl his remains with a splendid funeral, and conveyed his ashes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. It has been observed that Eumenes had such an universal influence over the successors of Alexander, that none during his life-time dared to assume the title of king ; and it does not a little reflect to his honor to consider that the wars he carried on were not from private or interested motives, but for Uie good and welfare of bis deceased benefactor's chil- dren. Pint. <^ C. N'jy. in vita. — JJiod. 19. — Juslin. 15. — Curt. 10 — jirriun. \ king of Pergamus, who succeeded his uncle Phi- leta;rus on die dirone, B. C. 2<.5. He made war against Andochus the son of .Seieucus, and enlarged his possessionii by seizing upon many of the cides of die kings of Syria. He lived in alliance with the Romans, and made war against Prusias, king of Bidiynia. H« was a great patron of learning, and given much to wine. He died of an excess in drinking, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by .Attalus. Sirvb. IT. The second of that iKuiie succeeded his father .Xttalus on tUe throne of .\Mia and Pergamus. His kingdom was small and poor, but he rendered it pjwcr- ful and opulent, and bis alliance vnth the Roinana EU EU Romans did not a little contribute to the en- crcase of his dominions after the victories ob- tained over Antiochus the Great. He carried his arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and died B. C. 1.59, after a reign of 38 years, leaving the kingdom to his son Attains 2d. He has been admired for his benevolence and magnanimity, and his love of learning greatly enriched the famous library of Pergamus, which had been founded by his predecessors in imitation of the Alexandrian collection of tlie Ptolemies. , His brothers were so at- tached to him and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted among his bodyguards to show their fraternal fidelity. Strab. 15. — Justin. SI 8c 34. — Poli/b. A celebrated orator of Athens about the beginning of the fourth century. Some of his harangues and orations are extant. A historical wiiter in Alexander's anny. EuJiENiA, a city of Phrygia, built by At- tains in honor of his brother Eumenes. A city of Thrace, of Caria. * Plin. 5, c. i!9. of Hyrcania. EcjmenTdes & Eumenes, a man men- tioned, Ovid. 3. Trist. el. 4, v. 27. EuMENiDES, a name given to the Furies by t])e ancients. They sprang from the drops of blood which flowed from the wound which Ccelus received from his son Saturn. Accord- ing to others they were daughters of the earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make them daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos and Terra, according to Sophocles, or as Epi- menides reports, of Saturn and Evonyme. According to the most received opinions, they were three an number, Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, to which some add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one, called Adrasta, daughter of Jupiter and Necessity. They were supposed to be the ministers of the vengeance of the gods, and therefore appeared stern and inexorable ; always employed in punish- ing the guilty upon earth, as well as in the infernal regions. Tliey inflicted their ven- geance upon earth l)y wars, pestilence, and dissentions, and by the secret stings of con- science ; and in hell they punished the guilty by continual flagellation and torments. They were also cniled Fwice, Eiimii/cs, and Dira:, and the apellation of Eumenides, which sig- nifies benevolence and compassion, they re- ceived after they had ceased to persecute Orestes, who in gratitude offered them sa- crifices, and erected a temple in honor of tiieir divinity. Their worship was almost universal, and people presumed not to men- tion their names or fix theu eyes upon their temples. They were honored with sacri- fices and libations, and in Acliaia, they had a temple, which when entered by any one guilty of crimes, suddenly rendered him furi- ous, and deprived him of the use of his reason. In their sacrifices, the votaries used branches of cedar and of alder, hawthorn, sailion, and 289 juniper, and the victims were generally turtle doves and sheep, with libations of wine and honey. They were generally represented with a grim and frightful aspect, with a black and bloody garment, and serpents -wreathing round their head instead of hair. They held a burning torch in one hand, and a whip of scorpions in the other, and were always at- tended by terror, rage, paleness, and death. In hell they were seated around Pluto's throne as the ministers of liis vengeance. JEscliyl. in Eumen. — Sophocl. in CEdip. Col. EuMENiDiA, festivals in honor of the Eu- menides, called by the Athenians o-s/xvai ^tat, venerable goddesses. They were celebrated once eveiy year with sacrifices of pregnant ewes, with offerings of cakes made Ly the most eminent youths, and libations of honey and wine. At Athens none but free-born citi- zens were admitted, such as had led a life the most virtuous and unsullied. Such only were accepted by the godJosses, who punished all sorts of wickedness in a severe manner. EuMENius, a Trojan killed by Camilla in Italy. Virg. JEn. 11, v. CGG. EuMOLPE, one of the Nereides. Apollod. EuMOLPiDiE, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her festivals of Eleusis. All causes relating to impiety or profanation were referred to their judgment, and their decisions, though occasionally severe, were considered as generally impartial. The Eumolpidte were descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. Ho became so powerful after his appointment to the priesthood, tbat he maintained a war against Erechtheus. This war proved fatal to both ; Erechtheus and Eu- molpus were both killed, and peace was re- established among their descendants, on con- dition that the priesthood should ever remain in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal power in the house of Erechtheus. The priest- hood continued in the family of Eumolpus for 1200 years; and this is still more remarkable, because he who was once appointed to the holy oflSce, was obliged to remain in perpetual ce- libacy. Paus. 2, c. 14. Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, son of Nep- tune and Chione. He was thrown into the sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her shame from her father. Neptune saved his life, and carried him into .32thiopia, where he was brought up by Amphitrite, and aftcrvvards by a woman of the country, one of whose daughters he married. An act of violence to his sister in-law obliged him to leave iEthio- pia, and he fled to Thrace with his son Isma- rus, where he married the daughter of Tegyrius tlie king of the country. This connection with the royal family rendered him ambitious; he conspired against his fathtr in-law, and fled, when the conspiracy was discovered, to Attica, where he was initiated in the mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis, and made Ilierophantes or high priest. He was afterwards reconciled U to E U EU to Tegyrids, and inheriterl his kingdom. He made war against Erechtlieus, the king of Athens, who had appointed him to the offioe of liigh priest, and perished in battle. His descendants wt-re also invested with tlie priest- hood, which remained for about 12(X» years in that family, fi,/. Eumolpida-. Apo/lod. '2. c. fi, &c. — H>/gi>i. fob. lo.—Diod. 5. — Faus. 2, c. \\. EuMoNiuEs, a Theban. &c. Plut. EuN.«i.s, a son of Jason by Hypsipjrle, daughter of 'ITioas. Horner. II. 7. EuNArit's, a physician, sophist, and histo- riai>, born at Sardis. Me floriihed in tlie reign of X'alentinian and his successors, and wrote a history of the C'.x'sars, of which few fragments remain. His life of the philosO])hers of his age is still extant. It is comi)osed with fide- lity and elegance, precision and correctness. EuNOMiA, a daugliter of Juno, one of the Horas. .IpMotl. EuNOML's, a son of I'rytanes, who sue ceeded his fatlier on the throne of Sparta. Pnus. % c. .K). .K famous nmsician of J.ocris, rival to .Vriston, over whoni he ob- tained a musical prize at Delplii. Slrui. 6. A man killed by Hercules. ApoUod. A Thracian, who advised Uemosthenes not to be discouraged by his ill success in his first attempts to speak in public. Pint, in Dem The father of I.Tcurgus killed by a kitchen knife. I'lul. in Ia/c. Ei'Nis, a Syrian slave, who intlamed the minds of the servile multitude by pretended inspiration and eiitlmsiasm. He tilled a nut with Bulphur in his moiUh, and t>y artfully conveying ftrc to it. he breatlied out flames to the a.stonishuient of tlie people, who believed him to \tc a god, or something more tlian human. Oppression and misery compelled 2(XK) slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw himself at the liead of .50,000 men. Willi such a forcf he defeated the Romau) aniiies, till I'erpeima obliged him to surrender by fa- mine, and exposed on a cross the great- est part of his followers ; B. C. 152. Plu*. in StTt. El'onvmos, one of the Lipari isles. EuORAs, a grove of Lacooix Pans. S, c. la EupAGiUM, a town of Peloponnesus. EupALAMON, one of tlie hunters of tlie Calydonian boar. (h>id. Mrt. 8, v. 360. Ei'PALAMus, tlie father of Daedalus and of Metiadusa. Apollod. .", c. 15. El PATOR, a son of .\ntiochus. Tlic surname of KupaUir was given to many of tlic Asiatic princes, such as IMitliridates, 4c Strnb. 12. Et'vATORiA, a town of Paphlagonia, built by ^Mithrid.itc!,, and called afterwards Ponv- pi-iopolui by Ponipcy. Plin. f>, c. '2. Another called .^fnf^iopo/is in Pontus, now Tt'hntikrh. Strnb. 12. FIirEJTHKs. a prince of Ithaca, father to Antinous. In the former part of his life he S90 had fled before the vengeance oftheTlies- protians, whose territories he had laid waste in tlie pursuit of some pirates. During the absence of Ulysses he was one of tlie most importuning lovers of Penelope. Jlomcr. Od. 16. EuvHAEs, succeeded Androcles on the throne of Messenia, and in his reign the first Messcnian war began. He dietl B. C. 730. l^aus. 4, C. 3&: 6. EupuANTt's, a poet and historian of OWn- tlius, son of Eubulides, and preceptor to Autigonus, king of .Macedonia. ZJiix/. in Euct. ErpniME, a woman who was nurse to tlie Muses, and mother of Crocus by Pan. Paus. Eiii'Hj.Mts, a son of Neptune and Kurojia. who was among the Argonauts, and tlie hun- ters of the Calydonian boar. He was so swift and light tliat he could run over the sea witli- out scarce wetting his feet Pindar. Pyth. 4. — Jiyolhd. 1, c 9. — Fa%u. 5, c. 17. One of the Greek captains before Troy. Uo~ iiur. II. 2, V. Z55. ErriioRBi's, a famous Trojan, son of Pan- tliotis, the tirst who wounded Patioclus, whom Hector killed. He perishereat. I'iberiiui took hiii\ for his model for correct writing, an^tli year, B. C. 2^. Cic. de Xat. D. 2. c. G\, calls him Obscurmn. The fatlier of i£schylus bore the same name. EuPHK-vNOK, a famous painter and sculp- tor of Corintli. Plin. 34, c. 8. This name was common to many Greeks. Euphrates, a disciple of Plato, who go- verned Macedonia widi absolute autliority in the reign of I'enliccas, and rendered himself odious by his cruelty and pedantry. After tlic death of Perdiccas, he was murdered by Pamicnio. .V stoic {Jiilosopher in the :^ge of Adrian, who desti'oyed himself wiUi the emperor's leave, to escape the miseries of old age, A. 1). 118. i?M. A large and cele- brated river of ^lesopotauiia, rising from mount Taurus in .Armenia, and disdiargiag it-sclf witli tlie Tigris into the Persian gulf. It is very rapid in its course, and passes tlirough the middle of the city of Babylon. It E U EU It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a certain season of the year, and, like the Nile, in Egypt, happily fertilizes the adjacent fields. Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and changed the course of the waters when he besieged Babylon. Strab. 11. — Meld, 1, c. 2. 1. •', c. S. — Plin. 5, c. 24. — Virg. G. 1, V. 509. 1. 4. V. 560. EuPHROM, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who enslaved his country by bribery. Diod. 15. Euphr5s\na, one of the Graces, sister to Aglaia and Thalia. Pans. 9, c. 35. EuPL^A, an island of the T}TThene sea, near Neapolis. Stat. 5, Silv. 1. 149. EupoLis, a comic poet of Athens, who florished 4.35 years before the Christian era, and severely lashed the vices and immoralities of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 dramatical pieces at the age of 17. He had a dog so attached to liim, that at his death he refused all aliments, and starved himself on his tomb. Some suppose that Al- cibiades put Eupolis to death, because he had ridiculed him in a comedy Tvhich he had written against the Baptse, the priests of the goddess Cotytto, and the impure ceremonies of their ^rorship ; but Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea tight between the Athe- nians and the Lacedsemonians in the Helles- pont, and that on that account his country- men, pitj'ing his fate, decreed that no poet ^ould ever after go to war. Horat. 1. Sat. 4. 1. 2. Sat. 10. — Cic. ad Attic. 6, ep. 1. — ^lian. EupOmpus, a geometrician of Macedonia. — — A painter. Fi'm. 34, c. 8. EuRiANAssA, a town neai* Chios. Plin. 5, c. 31. EirRipiBES, a celebrated tragic poet born at Salamis the day on which the army of Xerxes was defeated by tlie Greeks. He studied eloquence under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, and philosophy under AnaVa- goras. He applied himso]f to dramatical composition, and his writings became so much the admiration of his countrymen, that the unfortunate Greeks, who had accom- panied Nicias in his expedition against Sy- racuse, were freed from slavery, onlj by repeating some verses from the pieces of Euripides. The poet often retired from the society of mankind, and confined himself in a solitary cave near Salamis, where he WTOte and finished his most excellent tragedies. The taknts of Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides with jealousy, and the great enmity which ahvays reigned between the two poets, gave an opportunity to the comic muse of .Aristophanes to ridicule them both on the stage with success and humor. During the representation of one of the tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeased with some lines in the composition, desired the writer to strike tlieni olf. Euripides heard the re- proof with indignation ; he advanced forward on the stage, and told the spectators, (hat he 291 came there to instruct them, and net to re- ceive instruction. Another piece, in which he called riches the summu/n bonum. and the admiration of gods and men, gave equal dissatisfaction, but the poet desired the audi- ence to listen with silent attention, for the conclusion of ihe whole would show them the punishment which attended the lovers of opulence. Tlie ridicule and envy to which he was continually exposed, obliged him at last to remove from Athens, He retired to the court of Archelaus king of i\Iacedonia, where he received the most conspicuous marks of royal munificence and friendship. His end was as deplorable as it was uncommon. It is said that the dogs of Archelaus met him in his solitary walks, and tore his body to pieces 407 years befoi'e the Christian era, in the 78th year of his age. Euripides wrote 75 tragedies, of which only 19 are extant ; the most approved of which are his Phoenissse, Orestes, Medea, Andromache, Electra, Hip- polytus, Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules and the Troades. He is peculiarly happy in expressing the passions of love, especially the more tender and ani- mated. To the pathos he has added sublimity, and the most common expressions have re- ceived a pei-fect polish from his pen. In his person, as it is reported, he was noble and majestic, and his dtportffient was always grave and serious. He was slow in com- posing, and labored with difficulty, from which circumstance a foolish and malevolent poet once observed that he liad written 100 verses in three days, while Euripides had written only three. Trii^, says Einipides, but there is this difference between your poetry and 7nine ; yours will ecipire in three days, but mine shall live for ages to come. Euripides was such an enemy to the fair sex that some have called him fiiiroyvvn; ivoman-hater, and perhaps from this aversion arise the impure and diabolical machinations which appear in his female characters, an observation, how- ever, which he refuted, by saying he had faithfully copied nature. In spite of all tliis antipathy he was married tvs'ice, but his con- nections were so injudicious, that he was. compelled to divorce both his wives. The best editions of this great poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols. 4to. Oxon. 177S; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo. 2 vols. 1597; and that of Barnes, fol. Cantab. 1694. There are also several valuable editions of de- tached plays. BlHi. 13. — Val. Max. 3, c. 7. — Cic. In. 1, c. 50. Or. 3, c. 7. Acad. 1, 4. OJic. 3. Finib. 2. Tits. 1 & 4, &c. El hIpus, a narrow stiait which separates the island of Eubaa from the coast of Boeotia. Its flux and reflux, which continued regular during 18 or 19 days, and were commonly unsettled tlie rest of the month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the;incients, and it is I said that Aristotle threw himself into it because I he was unable to find out tlie causes of tliat U 2 phi$uomenon. EU EU phanomenon. Liv. 28, c. 6. — Mela, 2, c. 7. — Plin. 2, c. 95. — 5'^^. 9. EuRisTHENEs. Vul. Eunsthencs. EikOMi s, a city of Caria. lAi: 52, C. 33. 1. 35, c. 30. EuRorA, one of the three grand divisions of the cartJi, known among thu ancients, extending according to modern surveys, about 30OJ miles from nortli to south, and 2500 from east to west. Though inferior in extent, yut it is superior to the others in the learning, power, anete. Here he assumed bis original shape, and declared his love. The nymph coTisonted, though she bad once made vovrs of perpetual celibacy, and she became motlier of Minos, Sarpedon, and Ilhadamantlius. .After tliis distinguistied amour with Jupiter, shemnTJcd Asteriusking of Crete. This monarch seeing himself witli- out clxildren by Eu'opa, adopted the fruit of her amours with Jupiter, and always esteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Kha'lauianthus, as his own children. Some suppose that Eu- ropa lived about 1552 years before the Chris- tian era. Ovid. Met. 2, /ah. 13 Af.McA. Idyl. — Ajyoiid. 2, c 5. 1. 3, c. 1. One of the Oceanides. Hesiod. Th. 33G. A part of Thrace near mount IIkiuus. Justin. 7, c. 1. Ei;K6piii's, a patronymic of Minos the son of Europa. Ovid- Met- 8, v 23. Emops, a king of Sicyon, son of .Sgialeus, who died B. C. 1993. Paus. 2, c. 5. EuRon s, a king of Macedonia, &c. Justin. 7, c. 1. A town of Macedonia on the Alius. Plin- 4. c. 10. ErmoTAs, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta who married Lacedwmon. He was one of the first king^ of Laconia, and gave his name to the river which flows near Sp.irta. Api. 4. c. 8. Elroto, a daughter of Danausby Polyxo. Ajmllod. EuRus, a wind blowing from the eastern parts of the world. The Latins sometimes called it Vultumus. Ovid. Trist. 1, el. 2. Mtt. 11, &c. EuHTALE, a queen of the Amazons, who assisted .Eetes, &c. Flacc. 4. A daugh- ter of Minos, mother of Orion by Nep- tune. A daughter of Proetus, king of Argos. One of the Gorgons who was immortal. Hesiod. Theo^. v. 207. El RTALUS, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs who went to the Trojan war witli 80 ships. Homtr. II. 2. .\n illegitimate son of Ulysses and Evippe. Sophod. A son of Melas, taken prisoner by Her- cules, &c. Apollod. 1, c. 8. A TVojan who came with .£neas into Italy, and renderad himself famous for his im- mortal friendship with Nisus. Vid. Nisus. llrg. JEn. 9, V. 179. —A pleasant place of Sicily near Syracuse. liw 25, c. 25. A Lacedarmonian general in the second Messenian war. ERYuiTEs. a herald in the Trojan war who took Hriseis from Achilles by order of Agamemnon. Homer. II. I, v. 32. — Oi-id. Hcroid- 3. A warrior of -Argos, often victorious at the Nemean games, &c. Paus. 1, c. 29. One of the Argonauts. EuRTBiA, the motlier of Lucifer and all the stars. Hr.ri^. A daughter of Pontus and Terra, mother of Aibtra-ut>, Pallas, and Perscs, by Crius. A daughter of Tlies- pius. Ajfollod. Ei'rybiXdes, a Spartan general of the Gre- cian fleet at the battles of .Artemisium and Salamis ajainst Xerxes. He has been charged with want of courage, and with ambition. He offered to Ntrikc Themistocles when he wished to speak about the manner of attacking the Persians, upon which the .Athenian said, strike me, but hear me. Hcrodot. 8, c. 2, 74. &c. — pint, ill Them. — C Kq>. in Them. EfBTBirs, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, killed in a war between his country- men and the Athenians. ApoUixl. 2, c. 8. A son of Nereus and Chloris. Id. \, c. 9. E' RvcLEA, a beautiful daughter of Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 20 oxen. and gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated her with much tenderness and atten- tion. Hnmrr. Oi. 19. EvBTCLEs, an oiator of Syracuse who projioicd EU EU proposed to put Nicias and Demosthenes to death, and to confine to hard labor all the Athenian soldiers in the quarries. Plut. A Lacedaemonian at the battle of Actium on the side of Augustus. Id. in Anton. A soothsayer of Athens. EuRYCRATEs, a king of Sparta, descended from Hercules. Herodot. 7, c. 204. EuRYCRATiDAS, a son of Anaxander, &c. Herodot. 1, c. 204. EuRYBAMAS, a Trojan skilled in the in- terpretation of dreams. His two sons were killed by Diomedes during" the Trojan war. Homer. II. 5, v. 148. One of Penelope's suitors. Od. 22, v. 283. A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed to pieces by his antagonist, which he swallowed without showing any signs of pain, or discontinuing the fight. JEHan. V. H. 10, c. 19. A son of iEgyptus. A])oUod. EuRYDAME, the wife of Leotychides, king of Sparta. Herodot. EuRYDAM^DAs, a king of Lacedasmon, of the family of the Proclidae. Paus. 5, c. 10. EuRYuicE, the wife of Amyntas, king of Macedonia. She had by her husband, Alex- ander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter called Euryone. A criminal par- tiality for her daughter's husband, to whom she offered her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infidelity had not Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her. Alexander ascended the throne after his father's death, and perished by the am- bition of his mother. Perdiccas who suc- ceeded him shared his fate ; but Philip, who' was the next in succession, secured himself against all attempts from liis mother, and ascended the tlirone with peace and universal satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphi- crates the Athenian general for protection. The manner of her death is unknown. C. Nep. in Iphic. 5. A daughter of Amyntas, who married her uncle Aridaeus, the illegitimate son of Philip. After the death of Alexander the Great, Aridaeus ascended the throne of Macedonia, but he was totally governed by the intrigues of his wife, who called back Cassander, and joined her forces with his to march against Polyperchon and Olympias. Eurydice was forsaken by her troops. Ari- daeus was pierced through with arrows by order of Olympias, who commanded Eurydice to destroy herself either by poison, the sword, or the halter. She chose the latter. The wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled before Aristasus, who -wished to ofTer her violence, she was bit by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound. Orpheus was so disconsolate that he ventured to go to hell, where, by the melody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the restoration of his wife to life, provided he did not look behind before he came upon earth. He violated the condi- 295 tions, as his eagerness to see his wife rendered him forgetful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was for ever taken from him.. [ Vid. Orpheus.] Virg. G. 4, v. 457, &c. — Paus. 9, c. 30. — Ovid. Met. 10, v. 30, Ac. — — A daughter of Adrastus. Apollod. 5, c. 1 2. One of tlie Danaides who married Dyas. Id. 2, c. 1. The wife of Lyciir- gus,^king of Nemaea in Peloponnesus. Id. I , c. 9. A daughter of Actor. Id. A. ■wife of .^neas. Paus. 10, c. 26. A daughter'of Amphjaraus. Id. 3, c. 1 7. — — A daughter of Antipater, who married one of the Ptolemies. Id. 1, c. 7. A daugh- ter of king Philip. Id. 5, c. 17 A daughter of Lacedaemon. Id. 3, c. 15 A daughter of Clymenus, who married Nes- tor. Homer. Od. A wife of Deme- trius, descended from Miltiades. Plut. in Demetr. EuRYOANiA, a wife of CEdipus. Apollod. EuRYLEON, a king of the Latins, called also Ascanius. EuRYLocHus, one of the companions of Ulysses, the only one who did not taste the potions of Circe. His prudence however forsook him in Sicily, where he carried away the flocks sacred to Apollo, for which sacri- legious crime he was shipwrecked. Homer. Od. 10, V. 205, 1. 12, V. 195. -Ovid. Met. 14, V. 287. A man who broke a conduit which conveyed water into Cyrrha3, &c. Polycen. 3. A man who discovered the conspiracy which was made against Alexan- der by Hermolaus and others. Curt. 8, c. 6. EuRYMACHUs, a powcrful Theban, who seized Platsea by treachery, &c. One of Penelope's suitors. A son of Antenor. A lover of Hippodamia. Paus. EuRYMEDE, the wife of Glaucus king of Ephyra. ApoUod. EuRYMEDON, the father of Peribcea, by whom Neptune had Nausithous. Homer. Od. 7. A river of Pamphylia, near which the Persians were defeated by the Athenians un- der Cimon, B. C. 470. Liv. 35, c. 41. !. 37, c. 23. A man who accused Aris- totle of propagating profane doctrines in the Lyceum. EuRYMENEs, a son of Neleus and Chloris. Apollod. EuRYNOME, one of the Oceanides, mother of the Graces. Hesiod. — »— A daughter of Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle. A woman of Lemnos, &c. Flacc. 2. \. 136.- The wife of Lycurgus son of Aleus. ApoUod. 3, c. 9. The mother of Asopus by Jupiter. Id. 3, c. 12. One of Penelope's female attendants. Hotyier. Od. 17, V. 515. An Athenian sent with a reinforcement to Nicias in SicUy. Plut. in A'^ic. EuRYNOMus, one of the deities of hell. Paus. 10, c. 28. Euryone, a daughter of Amyntas king of Macedonia, by Eurydice. U 3 EuayyoH, EU EU Euhypon, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His reign was so glorious that his descendants were called Eurypnnlida: I'aus. 3, c. 7. Ei-nYPii.K, a daugiiter of 1'liespius. Ei:»vi"vi.iis, a son of Teleplius " and As- tyochc, was killed in tlie Trojan war by Pyrrhus. lie made his court to Ciissandra. Homer. It. 11. A Grecian at the Trojan war. Homer. Jl. 2. A prince of Olc- nus who went with Hercules against Lao- medon. Paus. 7, c. 19. A son of Mecisteus who signalized himself in the war of the Ei)igoni against Ti>el)L-s. A/mllod. o. A son of Temeniis king of ]Messenia, who conspired against his father's life. Id. .3, c. 6. A son of Neptune killed by Hercules. I(L 2, c. 7. One of Pene- lope's suitors. Id. 3, c. 10. A 'ITies- salian who became delirious for looking into a box which fell to his share after the plun- der of Troy. Pans. 7, c. 19. A sooth- sayer in the Grecian camp before Troy, sent to consult tho oracle of Apollo, how his countrymen could return safe home. The result of his enquiries was tlie injunction to otf'er an human sacrifice. Virg. Jt'.n. '2, v. IM. —Ovid. Ei'RvsTiiKNES, a son of Aristodemus, who lived in perpetiuil tlissention with his twin bro- ther Procles, while tliey both siit on the Spartan throne. It was unknown which of the two was l)orn first, the mother, who wished to see both her sons nu'sed on the throne, refused to declare it, aiul tliey were both appointed kings of Spar- t;i. by onlcr of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1 10'-'. After the death of tlie two brothers, the Lace- daemonians, w ho knew not to what family tlie right of seniority and succession belongeil, per- mitted two kings to sit on Uie tlirone, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes were called Euryxlkcnidie ; and those of Pro- cles, Prodidce. It was inconsistent widi the laws of Sparta for two kings of Uie same family toa-scendthe throne together, yet that law was sometimes violated by opprc«ion and tyranny. Eurysthenes ha. 7, T. 5'2 A vestal virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero's wife. Fabia M, some of the Lupcrci at Rome, instituted in lionor of the Fabian family. Fabu, a noble and powerful family at Rome, who derived tlieir name from Jhba, a bean, because some of tlieir ancestors culti- Tatcd this pulse. They were said to be de- scended from Fabius, a supported son of Her- cules by an Italian nymph ; and they were once so numerous that they took upon themselves to wage v.;ir against Uic Vtieiites. Thcycaine to a (^ener.il eiifjiogemint near the Cremera, in wliich all tlie I'amily, consisting of 3<')tl men, were totally rlain, 15. C. 177. There only remained one whose tender age had dctiined him at Rome, and from him arose the noble Fabii in the following •I'^es. The family was divided intt> six difl'erent branches, the ^-iin- dusli, the ,l/axi,)ii, liie Vibulani, the JiiiUoms, the Dorscitvs, and tlie Piftons, the three first of which are f"et]iicntly mentioned in the Ro- man history, but ti e otliers seldom. Dioni/s. 9, c. 5 Lir. 2, c. 43, See. — Flnr. 1, c. i?. — Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 235. — ' Virg. ^En. 6. v. iA5. Fabius, IMaximus Rullianus, was the first of the Fabii who obtained the surname of Maxiinus, for lessening the power of the popu- lace at elections. I!e was master of horse, . and his victories over the Samnites in that ) capacity, nearly cost him his life, because he i engaged tlit- enemy without tlic command of , the dictator. He w.-is live tinit-s consul, twice i dictator, u.ul mice censor. lie triu.nphed ( over seven different nations in the ncJ;i;iibour- i hood of Iton- "•, :'..i.l rentlcvod liimstif ilhistrious by hij patriot.. .. l'ust'--us, an historian in tl:c iij^e of Claudius and N^ro. He was in- timate with Seneca, and tlicencomiuin:' which I TViciiMS p.Lsses upon his style, make us regret the loss of hisooiiipositions. MarccUirius, a histori.-m in the .econd century. A Ro- man lawyer whom IloraC. 1, i\j.'. 2, v. I HA, ridicules as having boen caught in adulters'. 296 Q. M aximus, a celebrated Roman, first surnanicd Verrucosus from a wart on his lip, and Apitcula from his inoffensive nr.anners. From a dull and unpromising childhood be b;!rst into deeds of \'alor and heroism, and was gradually raised by merit to the highest oflRces of the state. In hisfir.;t consulship, he obtained a victory over Liguria, and tlie fatal battle of Thrasymenus occasioned his eiccrion to the dictatorsliip. In this important office he began to oppose AnniVial. not by fighting him in Uie ojicn field, like his predecessors, but he continually harassed his arniy by coun- termarches and ambuscaties, for which he re- ceived the surname of Cunctator or dclnyer. Such operations for tlie commander of the Roman armies, gave oflfencc to some, and Fa- bius was even accusetl of cowardice. Ho. however, still pursued the measures wiiich pru- dence and redection seemed to dictate as most salutary to Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master of horse raised to share the dic- tatorial dignity with himself by means of his enemies at home. When he had laid down his office of dictator, hi i successors for a while followed Us plan ; but tlic rashness i>f Varro, and his contempt for tlie opcniions of Fabius, occasioned the fatal battle of C'anna-. Taren- tum was obliged to surrender to his arms after the battle of Caniia;, and on that occasion the Carthagiidan I nemy observed that Fabius was tiie Annibat of Rome. When he had made ;in agrcment with -Annibal for the ransom of the captives, wiiich was totally disnpp'oved by the Roman senate, he sold all his estates to pay the money, r:ilhcr than forfeit his word to the enemy. The bold proposal of young Scipio to go and carry the war from Italy to Africa, w.is rejected by Fabius as chimerical and dangerous. He did not, howcvi-r, live to see the success of the Roman amis under Sci- j.io, and tlie coni|ue^t of Caitliage, by measures which he troaletl «ith tontempt and heard v.ith indignaiiiiii. He dieil in Uie 10-Otli year of his age, :ifter he had been five times consul, and twice honored with a triumpli. Tlie Ro- mans v.-ere so sensible of his great merit and services, that the expences of his funeral were defrayed from the public tre;isury. Pint, in Hid. — 7-7o7. -2, c. 6. — I.ir. — Pofi/h. His son bore tin. same nan^.e, and shewed himself worthy of his noMe father's virtues. During his consulship he received a visit from his father on horseback in the camp ; the son or- dered the father to dismount, and tlie old man che-ertully obeyed, embracing his son, and say- ing, I wislied to know whether you knew what it is to be consul. He died before his fatlier. and FA FA an;l the Cunctator, ■with tlie moderation of a pliUosopher, delivered a funeral oration over the dead body of his son. Plut. in Fabio. Pictor, the first Roman, who wrote an historical account of his country, from the age of Romulus to the year of Rome, 556. He florishcd B. G. 225. The work which is now^ extant, and which is attributed to him, is a spurious composition. A loquacious per- son mentioned by Horat. 1, Sat. 1, v. 14. A Roman consul, surnamed Ambustus, because he was struck witli lightning. A lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul. Fabri- cianus, a Roman assassinated by his wife Fabia, that she might more freely enjoy the compatiy of a favorite youth. His son was saved from his, mother's cruelties, and \\hen he came of age he avenged his father's death by murdering his mother and her adulterer. TJie senate took cognizance of the action, and patronized the parricid-e. PhU. in Parall. — — A chief priest at Rome when Brennus took the city. Plut. A Roman sent to consult the oracle of Delplii while Annibal was in Italy. Another chosen dictator merely to create new senators. A lieutenant of Lucullus defeated by Mithri- dates. A son of Paiilus vEmilius, adopted into the family of the Fabii. A Roman surnamed AUobrogicus from his victory over the Allobroges, &c. Flor. 2, c. 17. Another chosen general against the Car- thaginians in Italy. He lost ail his forces in a battle, and fell wounded by the side of An- nibal. Plut. in Parall. A consul with J. Caesar, who conquered Pompey's adherents in Spain. A high priest who wrote some annals, and made war against Viriathus in Spaiiv Liv. 50, c. 26. — Flor. 3, c. 2. Dorso. Vid. Dor so. Fabrateria, a colony and town of the Volsci in Latium. Jtal. 8, v. 39S. — Cic. Fam. 9, ep. 24. Fabricius, a Latin writer in the reign of Nero, who employed his pen in satirizing and defaming the senators. His works were burnt by order of Nero. Caius Lus- cinus, a celebrated Roman who, in his first consulship obtained several victories over the Samnites and Lucanians, and was honored with a triumph. The riches which were ac- quired in those battles were immense, the soldiers were liberally rewarded by the con- sul, and the treasury was enriched with 400 talents. Two years after, Fabricius went as ambassador to Pyrrhus, and refused with con- tempt the presents, and heard with indigna- tion the offers which might have corrupted the fidelity of a less virtuous citizen. Pynhus had occasion to admire the magnanimity of Fabricius ; but his astonishment was more powerfully awakened when he opposed him in the field of battle, and when he saw him make a discoveiy of the perfidious offer of his phy- sician, who pledged liimself to the Roman genetal for a sum of money to poison his royal 297 master, lo this greatness of soul were added the most consummate knowledge of military affairs, and tlie greatest simplicity of manners. Fabricius never used rich plate at his ta!)le, a small salt-cellar, whose feet were of horn, was the only silver vessel which appeared in his house. This contempt of luxury and useless ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire among the people ; and during his cen.^jrship he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufi- nus, who had been twice consul and dictator, because he kept in his house more than ten pounds weight of silver plate. Such were the manners of the conqueror of Pyrrhu.s, who observed that he wished rather to command those that had money than possess it himself. He lived and died in the greatest poverty. His body was buried at the pubhc charge, and the Roman people were obliged to give a dowry to his two daughters, when they had ar- rived to marriageable years. Val. Max. 2, c. 9. 1. 4, c. 4. — Flor. 1, c. 18. — Cic. 3, dc Offic. — Plut. in Pyrrh. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 844. A bridge at Rome, built by the consul Fabricius over the Tiber. Horat. 2, Scr. 3, V. 36. Fabulla, a prostitute, &c. Juv. 2, v. 68. Facelina, a small place on tlie north of Sicily, where Diana had a temple. Servius ad Virg. ^n. 9, v. 117. — Hygin. 261. Fadus, a Rutulian killed in the night by Euryalus. Virg. ^n. 9, v. 344. F.EsuLiE, now Fissole, a town of Etruria, famous for its augurs. Cic. Mur. 24. — Ital. 8, V. 478. — Sallust. Cat. 27. Falcidia lex, was enacted by the tribune Falcidius, A. U. C. 713, concerning wills and the right of heirs. Faleria, a town of Picenum, now Fal~ lerona, of which the inhabitants were called Falerienses. Plin. 3, c. 13. Falerii, (orJMwi,) now Palari, a town of Etruria, of which the inhabitants are called Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of their laws from Falerii. The place was famous for its pastures, and for a peculiar sort of sausage. Vid. Falisci. Martial. 4, ep. 46. — Liv. 10. c. 12 & 16. — Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 84. Pont. 4, el. S, v. 41. — Cato R. E. 4 & 14. — Servius in Virg. JEn. 7, v. 695. — Plin. 3. c. 5. Falerina, a tribe at Rome. Liv. 9, c. 23. Falernus, a fertile mountain and plain of Campania, famous for its wine, which the Roman poets have greatly celebrated. Lit). 22, c. 14. — Martial. 12, ep. 51. — Virg. G. % v. 96. — Horat. 1, od. 20, v. 10. 2 Sat. 4, v. 15. —Strab. 5— Flor. 1, c. 15. Falisci, a people of Etruria, originally a IMacedonian colony. When they were be- sieged by Camillus, a school master went out of the gates of the city witli his pupils, and betrayed them into the hands of the Roman enemy, that by such a possession he might easily oblige the place to surrender. Camilius heard FA FE he.ord the proposal with indignation, an(\ ordered the man to be stripped naked and whipped back to the town by those whoni his perfidy wished to betray. This instance of generosity operated upon the people so power- fully that they surrendered to the Romans. riiil. in Ciimil. Fai-isci's Grath's. Vi'l. Gratius. Fajia, (fame,) was worshipped by the an- cients as a powerful goddess, and generally re- presented blowing a tnjinpct, &c. SUrt. 3. Thch. 427. Fannia, a woman of IMinturnae, who hospitably entertainwl ]\Iarins in his flight, thoiii^h lie had formerly sat in judgment upon her, and divorced her from her hns- bancL Fannia i.fx, dc su7n})tibus, by Fannius llie consul, A. U. C. .'>93. It enacted that no person should spend more than 100 oiSM a day at tlie great festivals, and .10 asses on other days, and ti'U at all other times. Fannii, two orators of whom Cicero sjieaks in Tirut. Fannius, an inferior poet ridiculed by Horace, because his poems and picture were consecrated in the library of Apollo, on mount Palatine at Home, as it was then usual for such as possessed merit. Hiirat. 1, Sat. 4. v. 21. V person who killed himself when ap- prehended in a conspiracy against Augustus. Mart. 12, cjt. 80. Caius, an author in Trajan's reign, whose history of the cruelties of Nero is greatly regretted. Fanl-.m VacOn^k, a village in the countrj- of tJie Sabincs. Jlorat. 1. q>. 10, v. 49. Farfarvs, a river of the Sabines, falling into the Tiller above Capena. Grid. Mei. 14, V, 330. Fascei.is, a surname of Diana, because her statue was brought from Taurica by Iphi- genia in a bundle of sticks, (fascis,) and placed at Aricia. Fascellina, a town of Sicily near Panor- mus. SU. 14, V. 2G1 FaucOi.a, a prostitute who prirately con- veyed food to the Roman prisoners at Capua. JAv. 2G, c. 35. Fa\'kntia, a town of Spain, riin. .'5, c. 1. Of Italy. Ital. 8, v. 597. — Flin. 1 4, c. 1.5. — Martini. 2. cp. 74. Faveria, » town of Istria. Liv. 41, c. 11. Fauijv, a mistress of Hercules. Fauna, a deity ainong tlie Romans, daugh- ter of Picus, and originally called Murica. Her marriage with Faunus proc\ired her f!ie name of Fauna, and her knowledge of futu- rity that of Fdttia and Fatidica. It is said that she r.tfver saw a man .ifter her m.Trriagc ■>vith Faunus, and that her uncommon chastity occasioned her being ranked .imong the gods after death. She is the same, according to some, as lunt'i ^!atet: S<ularity and his fondnevs for agriculture, made his subjects revere him as one of their country deities after dead). He was represented witl> all the equip.age of the satyrs, and was con- sulted to give oracles. Diont/s. I, c. I.— Vtrg. jKn. 7, V. 47. 1. 8, v. 514. 1. 10. v. oS.—IJo-- rat. 1, od. 17. Favo, a Roman mimic, who at the fu- neral of Vespasian imitated the manners and gestures of the deceased emperor. Suet, in Vcsp. 19. Favorim's, a philosopher and eunuch un- der Adrian, Sec. Fal'sta, a daughter of .Sylla, &c. Ilorat. 1. Sat. 2. V. 64. Tne wife of the emjieror Constantine, disgraced for her cruelties and vices. Faustina, the vrife of the emperor An toninus. famous for her debaucheries. Her tlaughter of ilie same name, blessed with iK'auty, lovoliness, and wit, became the most abandoned of her sex. She married M. .\u- relius The tliird wife of the emperor Hcliogabalus bore that name. FALsTftrtS, a goddess among the Romans suppowd to preside over cattle. Horat. 4, od. .5, V. 17. Faustulus a shepherd ordered to expose Romulus and Remus. He privately brought them up at home. lAv. 1, c. 4.— Justin. 45, c. 2. — Plut. in Rom. Faust us, an obscure poet under the first Roman emperors, two of whose dramatic pieces, Thebae and Tereus, Juvenal mentions, 7, V. 12. Februus, a god at Rome, who presided over purifications. The Feralia sacrifices whicJi the Romans offered to the gods manes. were also called Fcbrua, whence the name of tlie mouth of Februan,-. during wliich the ob- lations were made. Fkciales, a number of priests at Rome. employed in declaring war and making peace. When the Romans thought themselves in- I jured, one of this sacerdotal body was cm- I powered FE FE liowered to demand redress, and after the allowance of 33 days to consider the matter, war was declared if submissions were not made, and the Fecialis hurled a bloody sjjeai- into the territories of the enemy in proof of intended hostilities. Liv. 1, c. o. 1. 4, o. 30. Felginas, a Roman knight killed by Pom- pey at Dyrracchium. Ccrs. 3, Bell. Civ. Felix, M. Antonius, a freed man of Clau- lilus Caesar, made governor of Judaea, Sa- , .ia and Palestine. He is called by Sueto- >;s the husband of three queens, as he mar- li the two Drusillce, one grand-daughter of . iiony and Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish jiiuuess, sister of Agrippa. The name of iiii. third wife is unknown. Suet in CI. 18. — Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 14. Feltria, a town of Italy at the nortli of Venice. Fenestella, a Roman historian in the age of Augustus. He died at Curase. One of the gates at Rome. Ovid. Fast. 6, V. 578. Fenni or FiNNi, tlie inhabitants of Fin- iiingia or Eningia, now considered as Finland. Tacit. G..46. — Pliti. 4, c. 13. Feralia, a festival in honor of the dead, observed at Rom.e the 1 7th or 21st of Fe- bruary. It continued for eleven days, during which time presents were carried to the graves of the deceased, marriages were forbidden, and the temples of tlie gods weue shut. It was universally believed that the manes of their departed friends came and hovered over their graves, and feasted upon the provisions that the hand of piety and affection had procured for them. Their punishments in the infernal regions were also suspended, and during tliat time they enjoyed rest and liberty. Ferentixum, a town of the Hernici at the east of Rome. The inhabitants were called Fercnlinatcs or Ferentini. Sil. 8, v. 394. — Lin. 1, c. 50. 1. 9, c. 43 & 44. Ferentuji, or Forentum, a town of Apulia, now Forenza. Horat. 3, od. 4, v. 15. — Liv. 9, c. 16 & 20. Feretjiius, a surname oi' Jupiter, afcrendo, because he had assisted the Romans, or a _feriendo, because he had conquered their ene- mies under Romulus. He had a temple at Rome built by Romulus, where the spoils called opinia were always carried. Only two generals obtained these celebrated spoils after tlie age of Romulus. Liv. 1, c. 10. — I'litt. in Horn C. Nep. in Att. 20. Feri.e Latin.f,, festivals at Rome insti- tuted by Tai-quin the Proud. The princi- pal magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually assembled on a mount near Rome, where they altogether with the Roman magistrates oflered a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of whicli they carried home some part after the immo- lation, after tliey had sworn mutua-i friend- ship and alliaiHx. It cimtinued but one day originally, but in process of time four days were dedicated to its celebration. I)ior>^-s. 299 Hal. 4, c.4d.—Cic. Fp.C.—Liv. 21, &c. The feriiE among the Remans were certain days set apart to celebrate festivals, anddurino- that time it was unlawful for any person to work. They were eidier public or private. The public were of four dillcrent kinds. The fi'ria; staiivcc were certain immoveable days always marked in the calendar, and ob- served by the whole city with much festivity and public rejoicing. The JWi(c conceptivee were moveable feasts, and the day appointed for the celebration was always previously fixed by the magistrates or priests. Among these were the fa-iie Lulincc, which were first established by Tarquin, and obsei-ved Ijy the consuls regularly before they set out for the provinces ; the Compilalia, &c. The ferids iinperatires were appointed only by tlie com- n)and of the consul, dictator, or prjetor, as a public rejoicing for some important victory gained over the enemies of Rome. The ferite NundincB were regular days in which the people of the country and neighbouring towns assembled together and exposed their respective commodities to sale. They were called Nundinte, because kept every ninth day. The fericB privatfe were observed only in families, in commemoration of birth-days, marriages, funerals, and the like. The days on which the fcria; were observed were called by the Romans /I'.s/z dies, because dedi- cated to mirth, relaxation, and festivity. Fejionia, a goddess at Rome, who pre- sided over the woods and groves. The name is derived aferendo, because she gave a^ist- ance to her votaries, or perhaps from the town Feronia, near mount Soracte, wUere she had a temple. It was usual to make a yearly sacrifice to her, and to wash the face and hands in the waters of the sacred foun- tain, wliicli flowed near her temple. It is said that those who were filled with the spirit of this goddess could walk bare- footed over burning coals without receiving any injury from the flames. The goddess liad a temple and a grove about three miles from Anxur, and also another in the district of Capena. Liv. 35. c. 20. — — Virg. JFm. 7, v. 697 & SOO. — Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10, — Ilal. 15. — Strab. 5. — Horat. 1. Serf. 5, V. 24. Fescennia, fionim or ium,J a town of Efruria, now Galese, where the Fescemiine i\ rses were first invented. These verses, the name of which conveys an idea of vulgar ob- scenity, were a sort of rustic dialogue spoken extempore, in which the actors exposed bi^fore their audience the failings and vices ot their adversaries, and by satirical l-.umor and raer^^ riment endeavoured to raise the laughter of the company. They were often repeated at nuptials, and many lascivious expressions were used for the general diversion, as also at liarvesu home, when gestures were made adapted to the sense of the unpolished verses that were used. ThCy were proscribed by Augusttis F L 1' L Augustus as of immoral tendency. Pliii. 5, c. 5. — Firg. ^n. 7, v. 695. — Moral. 2, ep. 1, V. 115. Feiulve, or Fi«suL*, a town of Etruria, where Sylla settled a colony. Cic. Cat. 3, c. C. I'ESTCs, a friend of Domitian, who killed himself in an illnetis. Martini, 1, ep. 19. Porcius, a proconsul who succeeded Felix as governor of Judaea, under CInudiu*. FiBRKNL'R. a rivir nf If.ily, falling info the I, iris through Cicero's f.iriii at Arpinum. Sil. «, T. 400. — Ci". Lr-g. 2, c. 1. FiCANA, a town of Latiuni, at the south of Rome, near til c Tiber. J.ir. 1, c.33. Fir ARIA, a small island on tlic east of Sar- dinia, now Si'rj>rn!rr(i. Piin. 3, c. 7. Fici i.EA or FiriLNKA, a town of Latium l)eyond mount Saccr at the nortli of Home. Cicero had a villa lliere, anil the road that led to file town was caiiotl Ficuinrnsis, aften«ards \oriientana Via. Cic. 12, Att.3A. — Liv. \, c. 3H. I. 3, c. 5'2. FioiNA, an inland town of Latium, who*c inhahit.ints are called FiJ'nates. Ilw place was cun(|ucre, c. 1 r>. — (\c. In. 2, c. 51. Fides, tlir goddess of faith, oaths ■nd ho- nesty, worshipjjvd by tlie licmans. Numa was the first who paid her divine honors. FiDidSt.*, a place of Italy. IW. Max. 7. «. r,. Finjrs Dk's, a divinity by whom the Ui>- mans generally s\vore. Hi- was ciso called Sancus or .Sanctusand .Semipaler, and he was solemnly addressed in prayers the .5th of June, which wits yearly consecrated to his service. Some suppose him to be Hercules. />iier of RiJii:uns, B.C. 2i7. Tlie conqueror wished to giv» a burial to hi* body hut it was iiu'. found in the heaps of slain. While tribune of the peojile he proposed an agrarian law ag:tinst the *. He was t^ailu^l in the art of war a^.iinst .\imibal. and he sliowed himself c.ipabic ill every respect to discharge witli lu.iior the grv-at office with wliich he was entrusted. He was sent at ilie head of tlie Roman troops against Iliilip. king of .Mace- donia, and in his expedition he met with uncommon succcvs, 'Hie Gr«.-ks graduaJly derl.orvd themselves his firmest supporters, and he totally defi-ati-d I*hilip on tlie confine* c't F.pirus, and m.ide all Locris, Phocis, and TTiessaly tributary to the Rottuut power. He granted peace to the conquered monarch, and pnxrlaimeil all Greece free and indepen- dent at the Istlimian games. This cele- brated action proi-ured the name of father ami deliverer of Greece. He was aAerwards sent amliassador to jking Prusias, who h.id given refuge to Annibal. and there his prudence and artifice h.istrned out of the world a man who had long Ix-en the terror of tlie Romans. Flaminius was found dead in his bed. after a life spent in the greatest glory, in which he b«d imitated with I II FL FO with success the virtues of his model Scipio. Plut. in vita. — Flor. Lucius, the brother of the preceding, signalized himself in the wars of Greece. He was expelled from tlie senate for killing a Gaul, by Cato his bro- ther's colleague in the censorship, an action which was highly resented by Titus. Phit. in Flam. Calp. Flamma, a tribune, who at the head of 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily, B, C. 258, by engaging the Cartliaginians and cutting them to pieces. Flanaticus sinus, a bay of the Flanates, in Liburnia on the Adriatic, now the gulph of Camera. Plin- 5, c. 19 & 21. Flavia lex agraria, by L. Flavius, A. U. C. 695, for the distribution of a certain quantity of lands among Pompey's soldiers and the commons. Flavianum, a town of Etruria, on the Tiber, called also Flavinium. Virg. jEh. 7, V. 696. — Sil. 8, V. 492. Flavinia, a town of Latium, which as- sisted Turnus against .^neas. Vv-^. JEn. 7, V. 696. Flavius, a senator who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c. Tacit. A tribune of the people deposed by J. Caesar. A Ro- man who informed Gracchus of the violent measures of the senate against him. A brother of Vespasian, &c. A tribune who wounded one of Annibal's elephants in an engagement. A schoolmaster at Rome in the age of Horace. 1 Sat. 6, v. 72. One of the names of the emperor Domitian. Juh. 4, V. 57. Flevus, the right branch of the Rhine, which formed a large lake on its falling into the sea called Flevo, now Zidder-Zee. It was afterwards called Helium, now Ulie, when its breadth became more contracted, and a fort erected there, obtained the name of Flevum Frisioru?!!. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. G. 1. 4, V. 72. — Plin. 4, c. 15. — Mela, 5, c. 2. Flora, the goddess of flowers and gar- dens among the Romans, the same as the Chloris of the Greeks. Some suppose that she was originally a common courtezan, who left to the Romans the immense riches which she had acquired by prostitution and lasci- viousness, in rememt)rance of which a yearly festival was instituted in her honor. She was worshipped even among the Sabines, long before the foundation of Rome, and likewise among the Phoceans, who built Marseilles long before the existence of the capital of Italy. Tatius was the first who raised her a temple in the city of Rome. It is said that she married Zephyrus, and that she received from him the privilege of pre- siding over fiowei-s, and of enjoving perpetual youth, [rjf/. Floralia.] She was represented as crowned with flowers, and holdiiio' in her hand the horn of plenty. Ovid. Fast. 5, V. 195, .de of the Laestrygoaes, and it be- came known for its excellent wines, and was called Mamurrarum nrbs, from a family of consequence and opulence wiio lived there. Uv. 8, c. 14. I. 38, c. .36. — Jlorat. 1, ofl. '20, .11. 1. 3, od. 17. Sat. 1, 5, v. 37. — Ftin. 36. C.6. FoRMiANL'M, a villa of Cicero near For- mia, nexir which tlie orator was assassinated. Cic. Fam. 11, ejt. 27. 1. 16, ep. 10. — Tacit. .■Inn. 16, c 10. FoR.Mio, now Jiisnno, a river of Istria, the ancient boundary of Italy eastward, after- wards'extended to the Arsia. Fliu. 3, c. 18 & ly. FoRSAX. a goddess at Rome, who presided over the baking of bread. Her festivals, calktl Foniacalta, were first instituted by Numa. Otid. Faxt. 2, v. 525. FoKO April, a people of Italy, whnje capital was called Forum Appii. Plin. 3, c. 5. FortH-va, a powerful deity among tlic antisnts, daughter of Oceanus according to Homer, or one of the P.ircfc according to Pindar. She was the go. 30. .\l8o a town of Venice callea Fonijulictms urbi, now Friuli. Cic F R FU Ck. Fam. 1'2, ep. 26. Julium, a town of Gaul Narbonensis, now Frejus, in Provence. Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 17. — Strub. 4. Leb- norum, a town of Insubria. Polyb. Sempronii, a town of Umbria, &c. Many other places bore tl.e name of Forum whore- ever there was a public market, or rather where the pra;tor held his court of justice, (forum I'd conventns,) and thence they were called sometimes conventns as well as fora, into which provinces were generally divided under the administration of a separate go- viernor. Cic. Verr. 2, c. 20. 1. 4, c. 48. 1. 5, c. II. Vatin. 5. Fam. 3, ep. 6 & 8. Jttic. 3, ep. 21. Fosi, a people of Germany near the Elbe, considered as the Saxons of Ptolemy. Tacit. G. 56. Fossa, the straits of Bonifacio between Corsica and Sardinia, called also Taphros. Pliii. 3, c. 6. Drusi or Drusiana, a canal 8 miles in length, opened by Dnisus from the Rhine to the Issel, below the separation of the Waal. Stiet. Claud. 1. — Tacit. Hist. 5, c. '23. Mariana, a canal cut by Marius from tlie Rhone to Marseilles during the Cimbrian war, and now called Galejou. Sometimes the word is used in the plural, Fosscc, as if more tlian one canal had been formed by Marius. Fliii. 5, c. 4. — Slrab. 4. —Mela, 2, c. 5. Foss^ Philistine, one of the mouths of the Po. Tacit. Hist. 5, c. 9. Franci, a people of Germany and Gaul, whose country was called Francia. Clau- dian. Fraus, a divinity worshipped among the Romans, daughter of Orcus and Night. She presided ovei- treachery, &c. Fhegella, a famous town of the Volsci in Italy, on the Liris, destroyed for revolting from the Romans. Ital. 5, v. 452. — Liv. H, c. 22. 1. 27, c. 10, &c Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 16. Fregenje, a town of Etruria. riin. 3, c. S. Frentani, a people of Italy, near Apu- lia, who received their name from the river Frento, now Fortore, which runs through tlie eastern part of their country, and falls into the Adriatic opposite the islands of Diomede. PUn. 5, c. 11 Liv. 9, c. 45. — Sil. 8, V. 520. Fretum, [the sea), is sometimes applied by eminence to the Sicilian sea, or the straits of Messina. C/es. C. 1, c. 29. — Flor. 1, c. 26. — Cic. 2. Att. 1. Fricikus, a river of Tuscany. Fxisii, a people of Geniiany near the Rhine, now the Frisoris of Friesland. Tacit. J. ] , c. 60. Hist. 4, c. 15 & 72. G. 34. Sex. Jul. FuontInus, a celebrated geo- metrician, who made himself known by the books which he wrote on aqueducts and Stratagems dedicated to Trajan. He ordered 505 at his death that no monument should be raised to his memory, saying memotia iwstri durabit, si vitain meruimus. The best edition of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, 8vo. L. Bat. 1779. Fronto, a preceptor of ISl. Antoninus, by whom he was greatly esteemed. Julius, a learned Roman, who was so partial to the company of poets, that he lent tliem his house and gardens, which continually re- echoed the compositions of his numerous vi- sitors. Juv. 1, Sat. V. 12. Frusino, a small town of the Volsci on one of the branches of the Liris. Juv. 3, v. 223. — Liv. 10, c. 1. — Sil. 8, V. 399. — Tic. All. 11, ep. 4& 13. FtJciNus, a lake of Italy in the country of the Marsi, at the north of the Liris, at- tempted to be drained by J. Cffisar and after- wards by Claudius, by whom 50,000 men were employed for eleven years to perforate a mountain to convey the water into the Liris, but with no permanent success. The lake surrounded by a ridge of high mountains is now called Celano, and is supposed to be 47 miles in circumference, and not more than 12 feet deep on an average. PUn. 36, c. 15. — Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 50'. — Virg. yEn. 7, V. 759. FiiFiDius, a wretched usurer, &c. Horal. I, Sat. 2. FuFius Geminus, a man greatly pro- moted by the interest of Livia, &c. 2'acit. Ann. 5, c. 1 & 2. FuGALiA, festivals at Rome to celebrate the flight of the Tarquins. FuLGiNATEs, (siiig. Fulginos) a people of Umbria, whose chief town was Fulginum, now Foligno. Sit. It. 8, v. 462. — PUn. 1, c. 4. 1. 3, c. 14. Q. FuLQiNus, a brave officer in Ctesar's legions, &c. Ccrs. Bell. Civ. FuLGOKA, a goddess at Rome who pre- sided over lightning. She was addressed to save her votJiries from the effects of vio- lent storms of tliunder. Aug. de Civ. D. 6, c. 10. FuLi-iNUM & Fulginum, a small town of Umbria. FuLviA LES was proposed but rejected A. U. C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius. It tend- ed to make all the people of Italy citizens of Rome. FuLviA, a bold and ambitious woman who married the tribune Clodius, and after- wards Curio, and at last M. Antony. She took a part in all the intrigues of her hus- band's triumvirate, and shewed lierself cruel as well as revengeful. When Cicero's head had been cut off by order of Antony, Fulvia ordered it to be brouglit to her, and witli all the insolence of liarbarity, she bored th« orator's tongue with her golden bodkin. Antony divorced her to marry (^k'oi)atra, upon which she attemptetl to avenge her wrongs, FU FU wrongs, by persuading Augustus to take up arms against her husband. When this scheme did not succeed, slie raised a faction against Augustus, in which she engaged L. Antonius her brother-in-law, and when all her attempts proved fruitless, she retired into the east, where her husband received her with great coldness and indifference. Tliis unkindness totally broke her heart, and she soon after died, about 40 years before the Christian era. Plut. in Cic. ^ Anton. A woman who discovered to Cicero the designs of Catiline upon his life. PLiit. in Cic. FuLvius, a Roman senator, intimate with Auguitus. He disclosed the emperor's se- crets to his wife, who made it public to all tke Roman matrons, for wliich he received so severe a reprimand from Augustus, that he and his wife hanged themselves in des- pair. — — A friend of C. Gracchus, who was killed in a sedition with his son. His body was thrown into tlie river, and his widow was forbidden to put on mourning for his death. I'lut. in Gracch. Flaccus Censor, a Roman who plundered a marble temple of Juno, to finish the building of one which he had erected to Fortune. He was always unhappy after tliis sacrilege. Liv. H5, c. 'J. Ser. Noljilior, a Roman consul who went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus. After he had acquired much glory against the Cartliaginians, he was ship- wrecked at his return with 200 Roman ships. His ;j;randson Marcus was sent to Spain, where he greatly signalized himself lie was afterwards rewarded witli tlie con- sulship. FuNCANUs, a lake near Fundi in Italy, which discharges itself into tlie Mediterranean. Tacit. Hisl. 3, c. 9G. Fundi, a town of Italy near Caieta, on the Appian road, at the bottom of a small deep bay called I.acus Fundanus. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, V. .34.— Lw. 8, c. 14 & 19. 1.58, c. 5G.—riin. 3, 5.— Cic. Rail. 2, c. ■ilS.— Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 59. — Strab. 5. FijRi.«, the three daughters of Nox and Acheron, or of Pluto and Proserpine, accord- ing to some. I'id. Eumenidcs. Fuiui, a family which migrated from Medullia in I.atium, and came to settle at Rome under Romulus, and was admitted among tile patricians. Ciunillus was of this family, and it was he who first raised it to distinction. Plnc. in Cainil. FuHiA LEX dc- Tiituincntis, by C. Furius tlie tribune. It forbad any person to leave as a legacy more than a tlioasand asses, except ,104 to the relations of the master who manu- mitted, with a few more exceptions. Cic. 1. Verr. 42. — lAv. 35. FiRiNA, the goddess of robbers, wor- shipped at Rome. Some say that slie is the same as the Furies. Her festivals were called Furinalia. Cic. de Nat. S, c. 8. — Varro de L. L. 5, c. 3. FijRius, a military tribune with Camillus. He was sent against tlie Tuscans by his colleague. A Roman slave who obtained his freedom, and applied himself with un- remitted attention to cultivate a small portion of land which he had purchased. Tlie uncommon fruits which he reaped from his labors rendered his neighbours jealou.s of his prosperity He was accused before a Roman tribunal of witchcraft, but honor- ably acquitted. M. Bibaculus, a Latin poet of Cremona, who wrote annals in Iam- bic verse, and was universally celebrated for tlie wit and humor of his expressions. It is said that ^'i^gil imitated his poetrj", and even borrowed some of his lines. Horace however has not failed to ritlicule his verses. QuintU. i>, c. G, &c. — Horat. 2. Sat. 5, v. 40. FuRMUS, a man accused of adultery with Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, &c Tacit. Hist. 4, v. 5-2. A friend of Horace. wlio was consul, and distinguished hiaiself by his elegant historical wTitings. 1 Sat. 10, V. SCy. Arist. FiscLs, a friend of Horace as conspicuous for the integrity and propriety of his manners, as for his learning and abilities. The poet addressed his 22d (),!. Lib. 1 & 1 Ep. 10, to him. Corn, a praetor sent by Domitian against the Dad, where he perish- ed. Juv. 4, V. 1 12. FusiA LEX de Comitiis, A. U. C. 527, forbad any business to be transacted at the public a.sscmblies on certain days, though among the /rtiYi .Another, .\. U. C 690, which ordained that the votes in a public as- sembly should be given separately. Cani- iiia, another by Camillus & C. Caninius Gal- bus, A. U. C. 751, to check the manumission of slaves. Fir SI us, a Roman orator. Cic. 2. tfc Orat. c. 22. A Roman, killed in Gaul, whUe he presided there over one of the provinces. O.V. £fU. G. 7, c. 3. .\ Roman actor, whom Horace ridicules, 2. 5^^. 3, v. GO. He intoxicated himself; and when on the stage he fell asleep whilst he personated Ilione, where he ought to have been roused and moved by tlie cries of a ^;hobt ; but in v.-un. GA G A GAB ALES, a people V Aquitain. Plm. 4, c. 19. Gabaza, a country of Asia, near Sogdiana. Curt. 8, c. 4. Gabellus, now La Secchia, a river falling in a northern direction into the Po, opposite the Mincius. Plln. 5, c. 16. Gabene & Gabiene, a country of Persia. Diod. W. Gabia & Gabina. Vid. Gabina. Gabienus, a friend of Augustus, beheaded by order of Sext. Pompey. It is maintained that he spoke after death. Gabii, a city of the Volsci, built by the kings of Alba, but now no longer in existence. It was taken by the artifice of Sextus, the son of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the inhabitants by deserting to them, and pretend- ing that his father had ill-treated him. Ro- mulus and Remus were educated there, as it ■was the custom at that time to send there the young nobility, and Juno was the chief deity of the place. Tlie inhabitants had a peculiar nnode of tucking up their dress, whence Ga- binus cinctus. Virg. jEn. 6, v. 775, 1. 7, v. 612 & 682. — Liu. 5, c. 46. 1. 6, c. 29.1. 8, c. 9. 1. 10, c. 7. — Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 709. — Piut. in Bomul. Gabika, the name of Juno, worshipped at Gabii. Virg. uEn. 7, v. 682. GabInia lex da Comiliis, by A. Gabinlus, the tribune, A. U. C. 614. It required that in the public assemblies for electing magistrates, the votes should be given by tablets, and not viva. voce. Another for convening daily the senate from the calends of February to those of March. Another de Comiliis, which mzule it a capital punishment to convene any clandestine assembly, agreeable to the old law of the twelve tables. Another de Militid, by A. Gabinius the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It granted Pompey the power of carrying on the war against the pirates, during three years, and of obliging all kings, governors, and states, to supply him with all the necessaries he wanted, over all the Mediterranean sea, and in the maritime provinces, as far as 400 stadia from the sea. Another de Usurd, by Aul. Gabinius the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It or- dained that no action should be granted for the recovery of any money borrowed upon small interest, to be lent upoH larger. This ■was an usual practice at Rome, which ob- tained the name of versur am facere. Ano- ther against fornication. Gabinianus, a rhetorician in the reign of Vespasian. Gabinius, a Roman historian. — — Aulus, a Roman consul, who laade war ia Judxa, 305 and re-established tranquillity there. He suffered himself to be Ijribed, and replaced Ptolemy Auletes on the throne of Egypt. He was accused, at his return, of receiving bribes. Cicero, at the request of Pompey, ably defended him. He was banished, and died about 40 years before Christ, at Salona. A lieutenant of Antony A consul, who behaved with uncommon rudeness to Cicero, Gades (ium), Gadis [is), & Gadira, a small island in the Atlantic, on the Spanish coast, '2o miles from the columns of Hercules. It was some time called Tarlessus and Ery- thia, according to Pliny, and is now known by the name of Cadiz. Geryon whom Her- cules killed, fixed his residence there. Her- cules, surnamed Gadilanus, had tlicre a cele- brated temple, in which all his labors were engraved with excellent workmanship. The inhabitants were called Gadilani, and their women were known for their agility of body, and their incontinency. Horat. 2, od. 2, v. \\.~Slat. 3. Sylv. 1, v. \h5.—Liv. 21, c. 21. 1. 24, c. 49. 1. 26, c. 43. — Plin. 4, c. 23. — Strab. 3. — Cic. pro Gab. — Justin. 44, c. 4. — Pans. 1, c. 35. — Ptol. 2, c. 4. — Pater c. 1, c. 2. Gaditanus, a surname of Hercules, from Gades. Vid. Gades. G^SAT^, a people on the Rhone, who assisted the Scnones in taking and plundering Rome under Brennus. Strab. 5. GvETUtiA, a country of Libya, near the Garamantes, which formed part of king Ma- sinissa's kingdom. The countrj' was the fa- vorite retreat of wild beasts, and is now called Bildidgerid. Sallust. in Jug. — Sil, 3, v. 287. — Plin. 5, c. 4. GiETULiciis, Cn. Lentulus, an oflicer in the age of Tiberius, &c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 42. A poet who wrote some epigrams in which he displayed great genius, and more wit, though he often indulged in indelicate expressions. Gala, father of Masinissa, was king of Numidia. Galabrii, a nation near Thrace. Galactophagi, a people of Asiatic Scy- thia. Homer. II, 3. Gal.4:sus. Vid. Galesus. Galanthis, a servant maid of Alcmena, whose sagacity eased the labors of her mistress. When Juno resolved to retard the birth of Hercules, and hasten the labore of the wife of Sthenelus, she solicited the aid of Lucina; who immediately repaired to the house of Alc- mena, and in the form of an old woman, sat near the door witb her legs crossed, and her X fingers G A G A fingers joined. In this posture she uttered some magical words, which served to prolong the labors of Alcmena, and render her state tile more miserable. Alcmena had already patiAod some days in the most excruciating; tor- ments, when Galanthis began to suspect tJie jealousy of Juno ; and concluded that the old woman, wiio continued at tlie door always in tlic t^me unchanged posture, was the instru- tnent of the anger of the goddess. With such suspicions Galaiitliis ran out of the house, and witli a countenance expressive of joy, she in- formed th(* old wotnan that her mistress had juit brought forth. Lucina, at the words, rose from her posture, and that instant Alcmena wa» fcafely delivered. Tlie uncommon laugh which Galanthisraiiea was iucansulalile for tlie loss of Acis, and as site could not re- store him to life, sho changed hiiu into a fountain. Ond. M't. 1.3, v. 78i». — t'ir^. .<£it. 9, v. lu";. Tlicdaughter of a Celtic king, from whom the Gauh were called Ga- latc Ainniian. 15. A country gitl, 9ctween Phrygia. the Euxiue, Cappadocia, and Hitliynia. It received its name from tlie Gauls, who migrated theve under Brennus, some time after the sacking of Rome. .S/ra6. 12.—Ju.ttin. 37, c -1. — Liv. 58, c 12, 40. — Lucan. 7, v. .540. — Cic. G. Att. 5. — PliH. 5, c. r,-2. — Ptol. J, c 4. Tlie aame of ancient Gaul among the (creeks. Gal&xia. a festival, in wliich they boiled a mixture of barley, pulsa» and milk, called TaXa^'x by the Greeks. 306 Galba, a surname of i!ie first of the Sul- picii, from the smallness of his stature. The word signifies a small worm, or according to some, it implies, in the language of Gaul, fatness, for which the founder of the Sulpiciaii faaiily was remarkable. \ king among the Gauls, who made war against J. Cicbar. Cas. BcU. G^ill. '2, c. 4. A brother of the ere- peror Galba, who killed himself, &c. A mean buffoon, in the age of Tiberius. Juv. 3, V. 4 Scrvius, a lawyer at Rome, who defended the cause of adulterers with great warmth, as being one of the fraternity. Ho- race ridicules him I . Sat. 2, v. 46. Servius Sulpicius, a Koman who rose gradually to tlie greatest offices of the state, and exercised his power in tlie provinces with equity and unre- mitted diligence. He dedicated the greatest part of his time to solitary purkuits, chietiy to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His disappro- bation of the emperor's oppressive command iu the provinces, was the cause of new disturb- ances. Nero ordered hiin to be put to dcatli, but be escaped from the hands of the execu- tioner, and Wiis publicly saluted eoiperor. NV'hen he was seated on tlie throne, he suffered himself to be governed by favorites, who ex- posed to sale tlie goods of the citizens to gratify their avarice. Exemptions were sold at a high price, and the crime of murder was blotted out, and impunity purchased with a large sum ol' money. Sudi irregularities iiillic emperor's ■linisters, greatly displeased tlie people ; and when Galba refused to pay the soldiers the money which be had promiked them when he was raiiie4 to the tlirone, they assa-ssinated him in tlie 7.3d year uf-hi» age, and in tlie eighth of his reign, and proclaimed Otho emperor in his room, January li.th, .\. U. 69. ibe virtues which had shone so bright in Galbu, wbea a private man, totally diNappeored when he as- cended the tlirono; and he who sliowe«l liinl- sell the most im|iartiul judge, forgot the duties of an enipi-iur, and of a father of his people. SucUm. ly iVi//. j(i vitii. — TacU. A learn- ed man, grandfatlier to the emperor of the same name. Suet, in Gulb. 4. Sergiua, a celebmted orator liefore the age of Cicero. He showed his sons to the Roman people, and implored their protection, by which means he saved luuKself from tlie punislmient whidi either lii.s guilt or tlie persuasive eloquence of his adversaries. IM. Cato and L. Scribooiiu, urged as due to liiin. Cic. de Oral. I, c. 53. act Her. 4, c .0. Gai.£m;s Claldus, a celebrated phy- sician in the age of 31. Antoninus and bis successors, born at Pergamus. tlie son of aa arriiitect. He applied himself witli unretnit- ted labor to the study of philosophy, mathe- matics, and cliielly of physic. He visited the most learned seminaries of tJreece and Eg5Trt ; and at last came to Kome. where he soon ri'n- (hred himself famous by his profes-sion. Many astonished at his cures, attributtxl Uiem toraa- gic, aad said that he had received all his know- ictlge G A G A ledge from enchantments. He was very In- timate with Marcus Aurelius, the emperor, after whose death he returned to Pergamus, where he died, in his 90th year, A. D. 1 93. He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the greatest part of which were burnt in the temple of Peace at Rome, where they had been deposited. Galenus confessed him- self greatly indebted to the writings of Hip- pocrates, for his medical knowledge, and bestowed great encomiums upon him. To tiie diligence, application and experiments of these two celebrated physicians, the mo- derns are indebted for many useful discove- ries ; yet often their opinions are ill-grounded, their conclusions hasty, and their reasoning false. What remains of the works of Galen, has been published, without a Latin transla- tion, in 5 vols. fol. Basil. 1538. — Galen was likewise edited, together with Hippo- crates, by Charterius, 15 vols. fol. Paris 1679, but very incorrect. Galeol^, certain prophets in Sicily. Cic. Galeria, one of the Roman tribes. The wife of Vitellius. Cas. — Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 60. Faustina, the wife of the em- peror Antoninus Pius. Galerius, a native of Dacia, made em- peror of Rome, by Diocletian. Vid. Maxi- miahus. Galesus, now Galeso, a river of Calabria flovnng into the bay of Tarentum. The poets have celebrated it for the shady groves in its neighbourhood, and the fine sheep which feed on its fertile banks, and whose fleeces were said to be i-endered soft when they bathed in the stream. Martial. 2, e^J. 43. 1. 4, ep. 28. — Firg. G. 4, v. 126. — Horat. 2, od. 6, V. 10. — — A rich person of Latium, killed as he attempted to make a reconcili- ation between the Trojans and Rutulians, when Ascanius had killed the favorite stag of Tyrrheus; which was the prelude to all the emnities between the hostile nations. Virg. JEn. 7, V. 335. Gauljea, a celebrated country of Syria, often mentioned in Scripture. Gai,int,hiadia, a festival at Thebes, in honor of Galinthias a daughter of Proetus. It was celebrated before the festival of Hercules, by whose orders it was first instituted. Galii, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce, and inclined to war. ITiey were very superstitious, and in their sacrifices they often immolated human victims. In some places they had large statues made with twigs, which they filled with men, and re- duced to ashes. They believed Uiemselves descended from Pluto ; and from that cir- cumstance tl)ey always reckoned their time not by tlie days, as other nations, but by the nights. Tlieir obsequies were splendid, and not only the most precious things, but even slaves and oxen, were, burnt on the funeral pile. Children, among them, never ap- peared in the presence of their fathers, be- 3Q7 fore tliey were able to beai- arms in' "tlie de- fence of their country. Ctes. Bell. G. — Strab. 4. — Tacit. Vid. Gallia. The priests of Cybele, who received that name! from the river G alius, in Phrygia, where they celebrated the festivals. They muti- lated themselves, before they were admitted to the priesthood, in imitation of Atys, the favorite of Cybele. (Fid. Atys.) The chief among them was called Archigallus, who in his dress resembled a woman, and carried suspended to his neck, a large collar witli two representations of the head of Atys. Vid. Corybantes, Dactyli, &c. Diod. 4. — Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 36. — Lucan. 1, v. 466. — Ludan. de JDea Syria. Gallia, a large country of Europe, called Galatia by the Greeks. The iiihabitants were called Galli, Celtiberi, and Cdtoscythce, by themselves Celta, by the Greeks Galatte. Ancient Gaul was divided into four different parts by the Romans, called Gallia Belgica. Narbonensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gal- lia Belgica, was the largest province, bounded by Germany, Gallia Narbonensis, and the German ocean ; and contained the modern country of Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy vnxh part of the Low Countries, and of Cham- pagne, and, of the Isle of France. Gallia Narbonejuis, which contained the provinces now called Languedoc, Provence, Dauphin^, Savoy, was bounded by the Alps and Pyre- nean mountains, by Aquitania, Belgium, and the Mediterranean. Jf/7dtania Gallia, now called the provinces of Poitou, Santonge, Guienne, Beny, Perigord, Quercy, Limosm, Gascony, Auvergne, &c. was situate between the Garumna, the Pyrenean mountains, and the ocean. Gallia Celtica, or Lugduneniu;, was bounded by Belgium, Gallia Narbonen- sis, the Alps and the ocean. It contained the country at present known by the name of Lyonnais, Tour.-iine, Franche Corate, Sene- nois, Switzerland, and part of Normandy. Besides these great divisions, there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpina, or Cite- Transalpina or Ulterior, which refers to that part of Italy which was conquered by 9om.e of the Gauls who crossed the Alps. By Galha Cisalpina, the Romans understcod that part of Gaul which lies in Italy ; and by Transalpina, that which lies beyond the Alps, in regard only to the inhabitants of Rome. Gallia Cispadana, and Transpadaua, is applied to a part of Italy, conquered by some of the Gauls, and then it means tiie country on this side of the Po, or beyond the Po, with respect to Rome. By Gallia 'Foga- ta, the Romans understood Cisalpine Gaul, where the Roman gowns, togce, were usiially worn, as the inhabitants had been admitted to the rank of citizenship at Rome. Gallia Narbonensis, was called Braccata, on account of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants for tiieir thighs. ITie epithet of Comata, is ap- plied to Gallia Celtica, because the people X 2 suffered G A G A suffered their hair to grow to an uncommon length. The inhabitants were great warri- ors ; and their Talor overcame the Roman amnies, took the city of Home, and invaded Greece, in different ages. Tliey spread themselves over the greatest part of the world. Tliey were very superstitious in their religious ceremonies, and revered the sacerdotal order as if they had been gods. ( FtW. Druidic. ) 'Iliey long maintained a bloody war against the Romans ; and C«sar resided 10 years in tlieir country before he could totally subdue them. Ca:s. BcU. Gall. — Paus. 7, c. 6.—Slrab. 5, &C. GallicXnus mons, a mountain of Cam- pania. Gai.lIcus aoer, was applied to tlie coun- try between Picenum and Ariminum, whence the Galli Senones were banisheil, and which was divided among the Roman citizens. Lbi. 23, c. 14. 1. 39, c. 44. — Cic. Cat '2. — Ccet. Civ- ) , c. 29. Sinus, a part of the Meditenaiiean on the coast of Gaul, now calUd the (rulph of Lyons. Oai.i.ikxl's, Publ. Lucinius, a son of the enivKiror Valerian. He reigned conjointly widi his father for seven years, and asccnd-d the throne as st»le emperor, A. D. i.'60. lii bis youlli he showed his activity and mili- tary character, in ' an expedition against the Germans and 5arni;ita" : but when lie came to tlie puqile, lie delivered himself up to pleasure and indolence. His time w.t-. ^ent in the greatest debaucheni- ; and he in- dulged himself in the grossest and most lascivious manner, and liiii ])alace displayed a scene, nt once uf effeminacy and sliaine, Toluptuousncss and innnorality. He often appeared with his hair powdered with golden dust ; and enjoyed truncjuillity at home, while his provinces abroad were toni by civil quarrels and seditions. Ho heard of the loss of a rich province, and of tlic execu- tion of a malefactor, with the same indiffer- ence ; and when he was apprised that Egypt had revolted, he only observed, that he could live without tlie pro<^lucc of Egyjit. He was of a disposition naturally inclined to laillery and the ridicule of others. When his wife had been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered tlie malefactor to be placed in tlie circus, in expectation of l>eing exposed to the ferocity of a lion. Wliile tlie wretch trembled at the expectation of instant death ; the executioner, by order of die emperor, let loose a capon upon him An uncommon laugh was raisetl upon this, and the emperor ob- servecl, tliat he who had deceived otliei-s, atiould expect to be deceived himself. In the midst of these ridiculous diversions, Qallienus was alarmed by tlie revolt of two of his officers, who had assumed the imperial purple. This intelligence roused him from his letliargy • he marched agaiast his antagonists, and put all the rebels to tilt ^wurd, without showing the least favor 303 either to rank, sex, or age. TTiese cruelties irritated the people and the army ; emperors were elected, and.no less than thirty tyrants aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus re- solved boldly to oppose his adversaries j but in the midst of his preparations he was assas- sinatctl at Milan by some of his officers, in the 50th year of his age, A. D. 26S. Gallinaria stlva, a wood near Cunue in Italy, famous as being the retreat of rob- bers. Juv. 3, v. 307. Gallipolis, a fortified town of the Sa- lentines, on the Ionian sex Gallogr.scia, a country of Asia Minor, near Bithynia and Cappadocia. It was in- habited by a colony of Gauls, who assumed the name of Gallograci, because a number of Greeks had accompanied thorn in tlieir emigration. Strab. 2. C Gallonius, a Roman knight appointed over Gadcs, Sec. V. Gallomi's, a luxurious Roman, who, as was observed, never dined 'well, because he was never hungr)-. Cic. de Fin. 2, c 8 & £s. G ALU'S. Viil. Alcctrjon. A general of Otho, &c. Plut. A lieutenant of Sylla. .\n officer of M. Antony, &c. ■ Caius, a friend of the great Africanus famous for his knowledge of astronomy, and his exact calculation of eclipsi>s. Sic. de Si lUTt. — — .1-^lius the 3d governor of Egypt in tlie age of .\ugustus, Cornelius, a Roman knight, who rendered hinwelf tamous by his ]x>etical, as well as military talents. He was passionately fond of the slave Lycoris or CytJieris, and celebrated her l>cauty in his poetrj'. She proved un- grateful, aiul forsook him to follow ^I. .Antony, which gave occasion to ^'irgil to write his tenth eclogue. Gallus as well as tlic other poets of his age, was in the favor of .Augustus, !>y whom lie was ap- pointed over Egypt. He became forget- ful of the favors he received ; he pillaged tlie province, and even conspired against his benefactor, according to some accounts, for which he was banislied liy the em- peror. Tliis disgrace operated so power- fully upon him that he killed himself in desp.air, A. D. 26. Some few fragments remain of his poetry, and it seems that he particularly excellcii in elegiac composi- tions. It is said tliat Virgil wrote an eu- logium on his poetical friend, and inserted it at the end of his Georgics ; but that he totally suppressed it, for fear of ofl'ending his imperial patron, of whose favors Gallus had shown himself so undeserving, and in- stead of that he substituted the beauti- ful episode about Arist.tus and Eurydice. This eulogium, according to some, was suppressed ut the p.-uticulor desire of Au- gustus. Qitiiilil. 10, c 8. — f'irg. Eel. 6 & 1 0. — Quid. Amat. 3, rl. 1 5, v. 99. Vibius Gallus, a celebrated orator uf Gaul GA GA in the age of Augustus, of whose orations Seneca has preserved some fragments. A Roman who assassinated Decius, tlie em- peror, and raised himself to the throne. He shewed himself indolent and cruel, and be- held with the greatest indifference the revolt of his provinces, and the invasion of his em- pire, by the barbarians. He was at last assassinated by his soldiers, A. D. 253. Flavins Claudius Constantinus, a brother of the emperor Julian, raised to the imperial throne under the title of Caesar, by Con- stantius his relation. He conspired against his benefactor, and was publicly condemned to be beheaded, A. D. 354. A small river of Phrygia, whose waters were said to be very efficacious, if drunk in moderation, in curing madness. Plin. 32, c. 2. — Ovid. Fast. 4:, v. 361. Gamaxus, an Indian prince, brought in chains before Alexander for revolting. Gamelia, a surname of Juno, as Game- lius was of Jupiter, on account of their pre- siding over marriages. A festival pri- vately observed at three different times. The first was the celebration of a man-iage, the second was in commemoration of a birth-day, and the third was an anniversary of the death of a person. As it was observed ge- nerally on the 1st of January, marriages on* that day were considered as of a good omen and the month was called Gemelion, among the Athenians. Cic, tie Fin. 2, c. 51. GAKDARix.*, an Indian nation. Gangama, a place near the Palus Maeotis. GangXrid^e, a people near the mouths of the Ganges. They were so powerful that Alexander did not dare to attack them. Some attributed this to the weariness and indolence of his troops. They were placed by Valer. Flaccus among the deserts of Scythia. Justin. 12, c. 8 Curt. 9, c. 2. — Virg. JEn. 3, v. 27. — Flacc. 6, v. 67. Ganges, a large river of India, falling into the Indian ocean, said by Lucan to be the boundary of Alexander's victories in the east. It immdates the adjacent country in the summer. Like other rivers, it was held in the greatest veneration by the inhabi- tants, and this superstition is said to exist still in some particular instances. The Ganges is now discovered to rise in the moun- tains of Thibet, and to run upwards of 2000 miles before it reaches the sea, receiving in its course the tribute of several rivers, 1 1 of which are superior to the Thames, and often equal to the great body of the waters of tlie Rhine. Lucan. 3, v. 230. — Strab. 5. — Flin. 6, c. 87. — Curt. 8, c. 9. —Mela, 3, c. 7. — Virg. jEn. 9, v. SI. Gannascus, an ally of Rome, put to death by Oorbulo, the Roman general, &c. Tacit, uinn. 11, c. 18. Gantmkdi, a goddess, better known by 309 the name of Hebe. She was worshipped un- der this name in a temple at PhUus in Pelo- ponnesus. Pans. 2, c. 13. Ganymedes, a beautiful youth of Phry- gia, son of Tros, and brother to Ilus and Assaracus. According to Lucan, he was son of Dardanus. He was taken up to heaven by Jupiter as he was hunting, or ra- ther tending his father's flocks on muunt Ida, and he became the cup-bearer of the gods in the place of Hebe. Some say that he was carried away by an eagle, to satisfy the shameful and unnatural desires of Jupiter. He is generally represented sitting on the back of a flying eagle in the air. Paus. 5, c. 24. — Homer. 11. 20, v. 231. — Virg. JEn. 5. V. 252. — Ovid. Met. 10, v. 155. — Horat. 4, od. 4. Gar^ticum, a town of Africa. Garamantes, (sing. Gnramas), a people in the interior parts of Africa, now called the desarts of Zara. They lived in com- mon, and acknowledged as their own only such children as resembled them, and scarce clothed themselves, on account of the warmth of their climate. Virg. ^n. 4, v. 1 98. 1. 6, V. 795. — Lucan. 4, v. 334. — Strab. 2. — Plin. 5, c. 8.—SU. It. I, v. 142. i. 11, v. 181. Garamantis, a nymph who became mother of larbas, Phileus, and Pilumnus, by Jupiter. Virg. ^n. 4, v. 1 98. Garamas, a king of Libya, whose daughter was mother of Ammon by Jupi- ter. Garatas, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, on the banks of which Pan had a temple. Paus. 8, c. 44. Gareat^, a people of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 45. Gareathyra, a town of Cappadocia. Strab. 12. Garganus, now St. Angela, a lofty moun- tain of Apulia, which advances in the form of a promontory into the Adriatic sea. Virg. JEn. 11, V. 257. — Lucan. 5, v. 880. Gargaphia, a valley near Plataea, with a fountain of the same name where Actson was torn to pieces by his dogs. Ovid. Met. 5, V. 156. Gargaris, a king of the Curetes, who firrt found the manner of collecting honey. He had a son by his daughter, whom he attempted in vain to destroy. He made him his successor. Justin. 44, c. 44. Gargarus, (plur. a, orum), a town and mountain of Troas, near mount Ida, famous for its fertility. Virg. G. 1, v. 103. — Macrob. 5, c. 20. — Strab. 13. — Plin. 5, c. 30. Gargettus, a village of Attica, the hvrth place of Epicurus. Cic, Pam. 15, ep. 16. Gargilius, Martialis, an historian. A celebrated hunter. Horat. I, ep. 6, V. 57. X 3 Giisonmc^ GE G E GARGfTTio's, a dog which kept Geryon's Hocks. He was killed by Hercules. Garites, a people of Aquitain, in Gaul. Garumxa, a river of Gaul, now called Gnrunne, rising in the Pyrenean mountains, and separating Gallia Celtica from Aquita- nia. It falls into the bay of Biscay, and has, by tlie persevering labors of Lewis 14th, a comniuiiicatiou witl> the Mediterranean by the canal of Languedoc, carried upwards of 100 miles through hills, and over vallies. Mela, 3, c. 2. Gastron, a general of Lacedaemon, &c. Pnlt/cen. 2. Gatheje, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8, C. 34. Gatheatas, a river of Arcadia. Id. lb. Gaugamela, a village near Arbela, be- yond the Tigris, where Aleitander obtained his third victorj' over Darius. Citrt. 4, c. 9. Strab. 2& IG. Gauliis & Gavtlfon, an island in the Me- diterranean sea, opposite Libya. It produces no venomous creatures. Plin. Z, c. 8. Ga URL'S, a mountain of Campania, famous for its wines. Lucan.2, v. 667. — SU. 12, V. 1 60. — Stat. 3, Si/h. 5, v. 99. Gaus, Sc Gaos, a man who followed the interest of Artaxerxes, from whom he r2- Tolted, and by whom he was put to death. Diod. 15. Gaza, a famom ttwn of Palestine, once well fortified, as being the frontier place on the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it af- ter a siege of two months. Diud. 1 7. Gedenna< a town and mountain of Gaal. Lucan. 1, v. 45."i. GeohOsia, a barren province of Persia near India. Strab. 2. Gegami, a family of Alba, part of wliich migrated to Rome, under Rrimulus. One of the daughters called Gcgania was the first of the vestals created by N'uma. Plut. in tiJ^iim. G£la, a town on the southern parts of Sicily, about ten miles from the sea, ac- cording to Ptolemy, which received ^ its name from a small river in the neighbour- hood, called Gt'lan. It was built by a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 713 years be- fore the Christian era- After it liad con- tinued in existence 404 years, PhLntias, tyrant of Agrigentum, carried the inhabi- tants to PhinLuis, a town in the neigh- bourhood, which he had founded, and he ennploycd the stones of Gela to beautify his own city. Phinti;is was also called Gela. The inhabitants were called Gflenses, Geloi, and Gdani. f'ir^. ^En. 3, v. 702. — Pa\is. 8, c. 46. Gelanou, a kingof Argcs, who succeeded Ids father, and was deprived of his kingdom by Danaus tlie Egj-ptian. Paus. 2, c. 16. Vid, Danaus. Gei.lia Cornelia i.ex, de Ckiiate, by L GelliusandCn. Cornel. Lcntulus, A.IJ.C. 510 692. It enacted that all tliosc who had been presented with tlie privilege of citizens of Rome by Pompey should remain in the possession of that liberty. Gellias, a native of Agrigentum, famous for his munificence and his hospitality. Diod. 13. — Val. yfax. 4, c. 8. Gelul's, a censor, &c. Plut. in Pomp. A consul who defeated a party of Germans, in the interest of Spartacus. Plut. AvLus Gellics, a Roman grammarian in the age of M. Antonius, about 150 A. D. He .published a work which he called Ixodes Atticic, because he composed it at .\tliens du- ring the long nights of the winter. It is a collection of incongruous matter, which con- tains many fragments from the ancient writers, and often serves to explain antique monu- ments. It was originally composed for die improvement of his cliildren, and abounds with many grammatical remarks. The best editions of A. Gollius are. tiiat of Gronovius, 4to. L. Bat. 1700. and that of Conrad, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1762. GrLo & Gelon', a son of Dinomcnes, who made himself absolute at Syracuse, 491 years before the Christian era. He conquered the Carthaginians at Himera, and made his oppres-ion popular} by his great equity and moderation. He reigned seven years, and his death was universally lamented at Syracuse. He was called tlie father of his people, and the patron of liberty, and honoreerrniUatio, to express a foolisli purcliase. He l>ehaved with much courage and was killed by Ajax. ^irg. ^iln. 6, v. 4S.". — Marti'd. 9, rj>. ;»6. — Hor/i. H. 6.——.\ fisliermanof Anthcdon in Boeotia son of Neptune and Nais, or according to otlier* of I'olybius the son of Mercury. As he was fisliing. he obser\'ed that all the fishes which he laid on the gra^s received fresh vigor as they touched the ground, and imme- diately escaped from him by leaping into the sea. He attributed the cause of it to the grass, and by tasting it, he found himself sud- denly moved with a desire of living in the sea. Upon this he leaped into the water and was made a sea deity by Oceanus and Tethyt, at the request of the gods. After this traos- formation he became enamoured of the Ne- reid Scylla, whose ingratitude was severely punished by Circe, [ri/. Scylla.] He is rt'pre«iented like tike otlier sea deities with a long beard, dislievelled hair, and shagg\' eyebrows, .and wiiii tiie tail of a fish. He received tlie gift of prophecy from Apollo, and according to some accounts he was the interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Ar- gonauts in their expedition, and foretold them that Hercules and the two sons of Leda. would one day receive immortal honors* The fable of his metamorphosis has been explained by some authors, who observe that he was an excellent diver, who was devoured by fishes as lie was swimming in the »ea. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 905. Sec — Hy^ti-fab. 199. AthTn.7. — ApoUon. 1. — Diod. 4. — Arittat. de Xep. GL G O Rep. Del. — Patis. 9, c. 22. A son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, by Merope the daughter of Atlas, born at Potnia a village of Boeotia. He prevented his maies from having any commerce with tlie stallions, in the expectation that they would become swifter in i-unning, upon which Venus inspired the mares with such fury, that they tore his body to pieces as he returned from the games which Adrastus had celebrated in honor of his father. He was buried at Potnia. Hi/gin. fab. 250. — Virg. G. 5, v. 367. — Apollod. 1 & 2. A son of Minos the 2d, and Pasi- phae who was smothered in a cask of honey. His father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where he was, and re- ceived for answer, that tlie soothsayer who best described him an ox, which was of tliree different colors among his flocks, would best give him inteUigence of his son's situation. Polyidus was found superior to all the other soothsayers, and was commanded by the king tQ find the young prince. When he had found him, Minos confined him with the dead body, and told him that he never would restore him his liberty, if he did not restore his son to life. Poljadus was struck with the king's severity, but while he stood in astonishment, a serpent suddenly came to- wards the body and touched it. Polyidus killed the serpent, and immediately a sesond came, who seeing the other tvithout motion or signs of life, disappeared, and soon after returned with a ceitain herb in his mouth. This herb he laid on the body of the dead serpent, which was immediately restored to life. Polyidus, who had attentively consi- dered what passed seized the herb, and witii it he rubbed the body of the dead prince, who was instantly raised to life. Minos re- ceived Glaucus with gratitude, but he refused to restore Polyidus to liberty, before lie taught his son the art of divination and prophecy. He consented with great re- luctance, and when he was at last permitted to retiun to Argolis, his native country, he desired his pupil to spit in his mouth. Glaucus willingly consented, and from tliat moment he forgot all the knowledge of di- vination and healing, wliich he had received from the instnictions of Polyidus. Hy- ginus ascribes the recovery of Glaucus to ^sculapius. Apollod. 2, c. 3. — Hy!p.n. 136. & 251, &c A son of Epytus, w'ho suc- ceeded his father on the throne of Messenia, about 10 centuries before the Augustan age. He introduced the worship of Jupiter among the Dorians, and was the first who offered sacrifices to INIachaon the son of /Esculapius. Faus. 4, c. 3 A son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. Dictys. Cret. 4. An Argonaut the only one of the crew who was not wounded in a battle against die Tynhe- nians. Allien. 7, c. 12. A son of Im- brasus, killed by Turnus. Virg. jEn. 12, V. 345. . A son of Hippolytus, whose 315 descendants reigned in Ionia, — —An athlcts of Eubcea. Paus. G, c. 9. A son of Priam. Apollod. 3. A physician of Cleopatra. Plut. in Anion. A warrior in the age of Phocion, Id. in Plioc. A physician exposed on a cross, because Hephsestion died wliile under his care. Id. in Alex. An artist of Chios. Pans. A Spartan. Id. A grove of Boeotia. Id A bay of Caria, novs- the gulph of Maori. Id. An historian of Rhcgium in Italy. A bay and river of Libya. Of Peloponnesus. Of Colchis falling into the Phasis. Glautias, a king of Illyricum, who edu- cated Pyrrhus. Glicon, a physician of Pansa, accused of having poisoned the wound of his patron, &c. Suet, in Aug. 1 1 . Glissas, a town of Bceotia, with a small river in tlie neighbourhood. Paus. 9, c. 1 9. Glycera, a beautiful woman, celebrated by Horace 1, od. 19, 30. A courtezan of Sicyon so skilful in making garlands, that some attributed to her the invention of them. A famous courtezan, whom Ilarpalus brought from Athens to Babylon. Glyceriuji, a harlot of Thespis, who presented her countrymen with the painting of Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her. — The mistress of Pamphilus in Terence's Andria. Glycon, a man remarkable for his strength. Horat. 1, ep. 1. v. 30. A physician wlio attended Pansa, and was accused of poisoning his patron's ^lound. Suet. Avg. 1 ] . Gx-YMPEs, a town on the borders of the Lacedamonians and Ptlessenians. Polyb. 4. Gnatia, a town of Apulia, about thirty miles from Brunduslum, badly supplied witlt water. Horat. 1, Sat. 5. G NIDUS. Fid. Cnidus. Gnossis & Gnossia, an epithet given to Ariadne, because she lived, or was born at Gnossus. The crown which she received from Bacchus, and which was made a constella- tion, is called Gnossia Stelia. Virg. G. 1, v. 222. Gnossus, a famous city of Crete, the residence of king Minos. The name of Gncssia tellus, is often applied to the whole island. Virg. jEn. 6, v. 25. —Strab. 10. — Homer. Od. Gobanitio, a chief of the Averm, uncle to Vercingetorix. Cces. Bell. G. 7, c. 4. GoBAR, a governor of Mesopotanda, who checked the comse of the Euphrates, that it might not run rapidly through Babylon. P/in. 6, c. 26. GoBARES, a Persian governor, who surren- dered to Alexander, &c. Curt. 5, c. 31, CioERYAs, a Persian, one of the seven noblemen who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. Fid. Darius. Herodol. 3, c. 70. GoLGi, (orum), a place of Cyprus, sacred to Venus Golgia, and to Cupid. Paus. S, c. 5. GoMrai, G O GO GoMPHi, a town of Thessaly, near the feprings of tlic I'eiieus at tlic foot of mount Pindus. GoNATAs, one of the Antigoni. Go.viADEs, nymphs in the neighbourhood of the river Cytherus. Strab. 8. GoNippus & Paxoiimus, two youths of Andania, who disturbed the Iiaceda?monians when celebrating the festivals of Pollux. Paus. 4, c. 27. GoN'Ni & GoNOCoKDYLos, a town of Thes- saly at the entrance into Tempe. Liv. 36, C. 10. 1. 42, C. 54. — Slrab.A. GoNOESsA, a town of Troas. Senec. in Troad. GoNfssA, a town of Sicyon. Paus. GoRDiiKi, mountains in Armenia, where the Tigris rises, supposed to be the Ararat of scripture. GoRDiANi's, M. Antonius Africanus, a son of Melius Marcellus, descended from Trajan by his mother's side. In the greatest affluence, he cultivated learning, -uid was an example of piety and virtue. He applied himself to tlie study of poetrj-, and composed a poem in 30 books upor. the ^-irtues of Titus, Antoninus, and 1\I. Atirelius. He was such an advocate for good breeding and politeness, that he never sat down in the presence of his fat!icr-in-la\v, Aiinius Seve- rus, who paid him daily visits, before he was promoted to the prjetorship. He was some time after elected consul, and v^tnt to take the government of Africa in the capacity of proconsul. After he had attained his 80th year in the greatest splendor and i]y- mcstic tranquillity, he was roused from his peacefiU occupations by the tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and he was proclaimed epiperor by the rebellious troops of hi.s pro- vince. He long declined to accept tlie im- perial purple, but the threats of immediate death gained his compliance. Maximinus marched against him with tlie greatest in- dignation ; and Gordijn ^ent his son, with wliom he shared the imperial dignity, to oppose the enemy. Young Gordian was killed ; and the father, worn out with age, and grown desperate on account of his mis- fortunes, strangled himself at Carthage, be- fore he been six weeks at the head of the empire, A. D. '236. He was universally lamented by Llie army and peoi)ie. M. Antoninus Africanus, son of Gordianus, ■was instructed by Serenus Saronoticus, who left him his libran,-, wliich consisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened under- standing, and his peaceful tlisposition, re- commended him to the favor of the emperor Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Rome, and aftcrwx'"ds consul, by tlie emperor Alexander Severus. He pas'icd into Africa, in tJie character of lieutenant to his father, who had obtained that province ; and seven years after lie was elected emperor, in con- junction with liim. He marched a ptinst 316 the partizans of Maximinus, his antagonist in Mauritania, and was killed in a bloody battle on the 25th of June, A. D. 236, after a reign of about six weeks. He was of an amiable disposition, but he has been justly blamed by his biographers, on account of his lascivious propensities, which reduced him to the weakness and infirmities of old age, though he was but in his 46th year at the time of his death. M. Antoninus Pius, grandson to the first Gordian, was but twelve years old when he was honored with the title of Caesar. He was proclaimed emperor in the 16th year of his age, and his election was attended with universal marks of approbation. In the 18th year of his age, he 'marrieil Furia Sabina Tran- (juilinii. daughter of Misitheus, a man cele- brated for his elo<]uence and public virtues. Misitheus was entrusted with the most impor- tant offices of the state by his son-in-law ; and his administration proved how deserving he was of the confidence and affection of his imperial master. He corrected the various al)uses which prevailed in tlie state, and restored the antient dicipline among the soldiers. By his prudence and political sagacity, all the chief towns in the empire «ere stored with provisions, which could maintain tlie emperor and a large army during 15 days upon any emergency. Gor- dian was not less active than his father-in- law ; and when Sapor, tlie king of Persia, had invaded tlie Roman provinces in the east, he boldly marched to meet him, and in his way defeated a large body of Goths, in ISIocsia. He conquered .Sapor, and took many Horishing cities in the east, from his adversary. In tliis success tlie senate de- creed him a triumph, and saluted 3Iisit.heus as the guardian of the republic. Gordian was assassinatcii in the east, A. D. 244, by the means of Philip, who had succeeded to the virtuous Misitlieus, and who usurped the sovereign power by murdering a war- like and amiable prince. Tlie senate, sensible of his merit, honored him with a most splendid funeral on the confines of Persia, and ordered that the descendants of the Gordians should ever be free, at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and burdens of the state. During tlie reign uf Gordianus, there was an uncommon eclipse of the sun, in w hich the stars appeared in the middle of the day. GoRDiuM, a town of Phrygia. Justin. 11, c. 7. — Lii: 38, c. 18. — Curt. 3, c. 1. GoRmus, a Phrygian, who. though origi- nally a peasant, was raised to tlie throne. During a sedition, the Phrygians consulted the oracle, and were told tliat all tlieir troubles would cease as soon .-vs they chose for their king, the firsfman tliey met going to the tem- ple of Jupiter, mounted on a chariot. Gor- dius was the object of their choice, and he im- mediately consecrated his chariot in the temple GO GO of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke to the draught tree, was made in such an artful manner that the ends of the cord could not be perceived. From this circumstance a report was Soon spread, that the empire of Asia was promised by the oracle to him tiiat could untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest of Asia, passed by Gordium ; and as he wished to leave nothing undone which might inspire his soldiers vnth courage, and make his ene- mies believe that he was born to conquer Asia, he cut the knot with his sword ; and from that circumstance asserted that the Ora- cle was really fulfilled, and that his claims to universal empire were fully justified. Jus- tin. 11, c. 7. — .Curt. 3, c. 1. — Arrian. 1. A tyrant of Corinth. Aristot. GoRGAsus, a man who received divine honors at Pheras in Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 50. Gorge, a daughter of (Eneus, king of Calydon, by Althaea, daughter of Thestius. She married Andremon by whom she liad Oxilus, who headed the Heraclidae when they made an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her tomb was seen at Amphissa in Locris. Faus. 10, c. 38. — Apollod. 1 & 2. — Ovid. ^et. 8, v. 542. One of the Danaides. Apollod. 2, c. 1. GoRGiAs, a celebrated sophist and orator, son of Carmantides, sumamed Leontinus, be- cause born at Leontium in Sicily. He was sent by his countrymen to solicit the assist- ance of the Athenians against the Syracu- sans, and was successful in his embassy. He lived to his 108th year, and died B. C. 400. Only two fragments of his compositions are extant. Paus. 6, c. 17. — Cic. in Oral. 22, &c. Senect. 15, in Brut. 15. — Quintil. 3 & 12. An officer of Antiochus Epiphanes. — — An Atlienian, who wrote an account of all the prostitutes of Athens. Athen. — — A Macedonian, forced to war with Amyn- tas, &c. Curt. 7, c. 1. GoRGO, the wife of Leonidas king of Sparta, &c. Tlie name of the ship which carried Perseus, after he had conquered Me- dusa. GoRGoNEs, three celebrated sisters, daugh- ters of P*l;orcys and Ceto, whose names were Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal except Medusa. According to the mytholo- gists, their hairs were entwined with ser- pents, their hands were of brass, their wings of the color of gold, their body was covered with impenetrable scales, and their teeth were as long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they turned to stones all those on whom they fixed their eyes. Medusa alone had serpents in her hair, according to Ovid, and this proceeded from the resentment of Mi- nerva, in whose temple Medusa had grati- fied the passion of Neptune, who was ena- moured of the beautiful color of her locks, which tlic goddess changed into serpents. iEschylus says, that they had only one tooth and one eye betweea them, of which they 317 had the use, each in her turn ; and accord- ingly it was at the time that they were ex- changing the eye, that Perseus attacked them, and cut off Medusa's head. Ac- cording to some authors, Perseus, when he went to the conquest of the Gorgons, was armed with an instrument like a scythe by Mercury, and provided mth a looking-glass by Blinerva, besides winged shoes, and a helmet of Pluto, which rendered all objects clearly visible and open to the view, while the person who wore it remained totally invisible. With weapons like tliese, Perseus obtained an easy victory ; and after Ids conquest, re- turned his arms to the different deities, whose favors and assistance he had so recently ex- perienced. The head of Medusa remained in his hands ; and after he had finished all his laborious expeditions, he gave it to Minerva, ^vho placed it on her aegis, witli which she turned into stones all such as fixed their eyes upon it. It is said, that after the conquest of the Gorgons, Perseus took his flight in the air towards .lEtiiiopia ; and that the drops of blood which fell to the ground«from Medu- sa's head were changed into serpents, which have ever since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. The horse Pegasus also arose from the blood of Medusa, as well as Chrjsaor with his golden sword. The residence of the Gorgons was beyond the ocean towards tlie west, according to Hesiod. iEschylus makes them inhabit the eastern parts of Scythia ; and Ovid, as the most received opinion, sup- ports that they lived in the inland parts of Libya, near the lake of Triton, or the gar- dens of the Ilcsperides. Diodorus and others explain the fable of the Gorgons, by supposing tliat tlicy were a warlike race of women near tlio Amazons, wliom Perseus, witli the help of a large amiy, totally de- stroyed. Hesiod. Theog. ^- Scut. — Apol- lon. 4. — Apollod.. 2, c. 1 & 4. &c. — Homer. II. 5 &, 11. — Virg. JEn. 6, &c. Biod. 1 & 4. — I'dus. 2, c. 20, &c. — ^Eschyl. Prom. Act, 4. — ■ Pindar. PyUu 1 & 12. Olymp. o. — Omd. Met. 4, V. 618, &c. — PalcBpluit. de Phorcyn. GoRGONiA, a surname of Pallas, because Perseus, armed with her shield, had conquered the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple with Neptune. GoRGONius, a man ridiculed by Horace for his ill smell. Horcit. I, Sat. 2, v. 27. GouGOPHONE, a daughter of Perseus and Andromeda, who married Perieres king of Messenia, by whom she had Apliareus and Leucippus. After the death of Perieres, she married (Ebalus, who made her mother of Icarus and Tyndarus, She is the first whom the mythologists mention as having had a se- cond husband. Pans. 4, c. 2. — Apollod. 1, 2 & 5. One of the Danaides. Apollod. GoRGOPHONUs, a son of Electryon and Anaxo. Apollod. 2, c. 4. CoROOPHORA, a surname of Minerva, from GR GR ftom her aegis, on which wai the head of tlie gorgon Medusa, Cic. GoRGUs, the son of Aristomenes the Mes- senian. He was married, when young, to a virgin, by liis father, who had experienced the greatest kindnesses from her humanity, and had been enabled to conquer seven Cretans who had attempted liis life, &c. Pau.s. 4, €, 1 9. A son of Thcron tyrant of Agri- geutuni. — — A man «hose knowledge of metals proved very ser\-itcable to Alexander, &c. GoBOYTHio.v, a son of Priam, killed by Teucer. Hotner. II. S. Goaxuje. a people of Eubeea, who fought with the ^Medes at the battle of Arbcla. Curt. 4, c. 1'-^. GoBTY.s, GoRTYs, & GoRTVNA, oxx in- land town of Crete. It was on tlie inhabi- tants of this place, that Annibal, to save his money, practised an artifice recorded in C. Nep. in Aroi.. 9. — Plin. 4, c. li?. — Lu- can. 6, V. 214. 1. 7, v. 214. —Fu-^. uEn. 11, Y. 775. GoaTYNiA, a town of Arcadia in Pelo- ponnesus. Faus. 8, c. 23. GoTTHi, a celebrated nation of Germany, called also Gothones, Gutones, Gythones, and Guttoncs. They were warriors by profession, as well as all tlieir savage neighbours. Tliey extended thtir pawer over all parts of tlie world, and chiefly directed their arms against the Roman empire. 'Dieir first attempt against Rome was on tiie proTinces of Greece, wlience they were driven by Constantine. They plundered lionie, under Alaric, one of their most celebrated kings, A. D. 410. From becoming tlie enemies of the Romans, tlic Gotljs gradually became their mercenaries : and as tlicy were powerful and united, they sooti dictated to their imperijil masters, and introduced disorder, anarchy, and revohi- tions in die west of Europe. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 2, &c. Gracchus, T. Sempronius, father of Ti- berius and Caius Gracchus, twice con-sul, and once censor, was distinguished by his intcfjrity as well as his prudence and superior ability, both in tlie senate and at the head of the armies. He made w.ir in Gaul, and met witli much success in Spain. lie married Sempronia, of the family of the Scipios, a woman of great virtue, piety, and learning. Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 48. Their children, Tiberius and Caius, who had been educated under tlie watchful eye of their motiier, rendered them- selves famous for their eliK}ueiice, soditions, and an obstinate attachment to the interests af the populace, which at last proved fatal to them. Witli a winning eloquence, affected moderation, and uncommon popularity, Ti- berius began to renew th« Agrarian law, which had already caused such d;f all the gods, was joined by an infinite number of discon- tented Ilonvins, and met Gratian near Paris in Gaul. Gratian was forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and was murdered by the rebels, A. D. 3H3, in tlie '21th year of his age. A Roman soldier, invested with the imperial puriile by the rebellious army in Britain, in opposition to Honorius. He was assassinated four months after by those very troops to whom he owed his elevation, A. D. -107. G&ATioiA, a woman at Xeapolis, called Canidia by Horace, F.jtud. 3. Gkation, a giant killed by Diana. Gratius Faliscus, a Latin poet, con- temporary with Ovid, and mentioned only by him among the more antieiit authors. He WTOte a poem on coursing, called Ci/negcticon, much commended for its elegance and per- spicuity. It may be compared to tlie Georgics of Virgil, (o which it is nearly equal in tlie mmiber of verses. Tlie latest edition is of Amst. Ito. 172H. Olid. Font. 4, el. lb', V. 34. Gravu, a puople of Spain. Ital. 3, v. 36'6. GravisCjK, now Ercmo de St. Augxistinn, a maritime town of Etruria, which assisted .^neas against Turnus. The air was un- wholesome, on account of the marshes and stagnant waters in its neighbourhood. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 184. — Liu. 40, c. 29. 1. 41, C. 16. Gbavu's, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed at Dyrrachium, &c. Cits. Bill. Civ. Greooril's, 'ITieod. Thaumaturgus, a disciple of Origen, afterwards bishop of NeocaB«area, the place of his birtli. He died A. D. '266, and it is «aid he left only seven- 920 teen idolaters Ln his diocese, where he had found only seventeen Christians. Of his works are extant, his gr.-itulaton.- oration to Origen, a canonical epistle, and other trea- tises in Greek, the best edition of which is that of Paris, fol. 16!2'2. Na/.ianzen, surnamed the Divine, was bishop of Constan- tinople, which he resigned on its being dis- puted. His writings rival those of the most celebrated orators of Greece, in eloquence, sublimity, and variety. His sermons are more for philosophers than common hear- ers, but replete with seriousness and de- votion. Erasmus said, tliat he was afraid to translate his works, from the apprehension of not transfusing into another language the smartness and acumen of his style, and the stateliness and happy diction of the whole. He died A. D. 389. The best edition is tliat of tlic Benedictins, the first volume of which, in fol. was published at Paris, 1778. A bishop of Nyssa, author of the Nicene creed. His style is represented as allegorical and affected ; and he has been accused of mixing philosopiiy too much with theology. His writings consist of commentaries on scrip- ture, moral discourses, sermons on mysttries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics on saints ; the best edition of wliich is that of Morell, '2 vols. fol. Paris, 1G15. 'Ilie bishop died. A. D. 59'i. Another Christi.in writer, whose works were edited by tlie iienedictins, in 4 vols. fol. Paris, 1 70j. Grinnf.s, a people among the Batavians. Tacit. Hu>t. :,, c. 10. Grosi'iu's, a man distinguished as mudi for his probity as his riches, to whom Horace addrL-ssed U ()d. 1 6. Grudii, a people tributary to the Ncrvii. supposed to have inhabitetl tlic country near Toumay or Bruges in Flanders. Cas. G. 5, C.38. Grumentcm, now Amiento. an inland town of Lucanlaon the river .-Vciris. Lii. 23, c. 37. I. 'J7, c. 41. Grvllus, a son of Xenophon. who killed Epaminondas, and was himself slain, at the battle of Mantinc.% B. C. 3«*5. His father was offering a sacrifice when he received the newrs of his death, and he threw down the garland which was on his head ; but he re- placed it when he heard that the enemy's ge- neral had fallen by his hands ; and he obstned, tliat his death ought to be celebrated with every demonstration of joy, rather than of lamentation. Arislot. — Pans. 8, c 1 1, &c. ■ One of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a swine by Circe. It is said that he refused to be restored to his human shape, and preferred the indolence and inac- tivity of this squalid animal. GaYKJiuM & Grtnicm. a town near Cla- zomena;, where Apollo had a temple with an oracle, on account of which he is called Gri/- nceui. Slrab.io.— l'irg. Ed. 6, v. 72. JSn. 4, V. 345. Gamics. G Y G Y Gryneus, one of the Centaurs, who fought against the Lapitha, &c. Ovid. Met. 12, V. 260. Gyaeus and Gyaros, an island in the ^gean sea, near Delos. The Romans were wont to send their culprits there. ■ Ovid. 7, Met. V. 407. Gyas, one of the companions of ^Eneas, who distinguished himself at the games ex- hibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily. Virg. JEn. 5, v. IIS, &c. A part of the territories of Syracuse, in the possession of Dionysius. A Rutulian, son of Melam- pus, killed by iEneas in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, V. 318. Gyg^us, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from Sardis. Pro-pert. 5, el. II, v. 18. Gyge, a maid of Parysatis. Gyges or Gyes, a son of Coelus and Terra, represented as having 50 heads and a hun- dred hands. He, with his brothei-s, made war against the gods, and was afterwards punished in Tartarus. Ovid, lyrist. 4, el. 7, V. 18- A Lydian, to whom Candaules, king of the country, shewed his wife naked. The queen was so incensed at this instance of imprudence and infirmity in her husband, that she ordered Gyges, either to prepare for death himself, or to murder Candaules. He chose the latter, and married the queen, and ascended the vacant throne, about 718 years before the Christian era. He was the first of the Mermnada;, who reigned in Ly- dia. He reigned 38 years, and distinguished himself by the immense presents which he made to the oracle of Delphi. According to Plato, Gyges descended into a chasm of the eartli, where he found a brazen horse, whose sides he opened, and saw wdthin the body the carcase of a man of uncommon size, from whose finger he took a famous brazen ring. This ring, when put on his finger rendered him invisible ; and by means of its virtue, he introduced himself to the queen, murdered her husband, and married her, and usurped the crown of Lydia. Hc- rodot. I, c. 8. — Flut. dial. 10. de. rqu — Val. Max. 7, c. 1. — Gc. Offic. 5, 9. A man killed by Turnus, in his wars with .Sneas. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 70'2. A beau- tiful boy of Cnidos, in the age of Horace. Horat. 2, Od. 5, v. 50. Gylippus, a Laceda-monian, sent B. C. 414, by his counti7men to assist Syracuse, against the Athenians. He obtained a cele- brated victory over Nicias and Demosthenes, the enemy's generals, and obliged them to surrender. He accompanied Lysander, in his expedition against Athens, and was present at the taking of that celebrated town. After the fall of Athens, he was intrusted by the conqueror with the money which had been taken in the plunder, which amounted to 1500 talents. As he conveyed it to Sparta, he had the mGaniicss to unsew the bottom of the bags which cor.tained it, and scented 521 about three hundred talents. His theft was discovered; and to avoid the punishment which he deserved, he fled from his country, and by this act of meanness tarnished the glory of his victorious actions. Tihull. 4, el. 1, v. 199. — Flat, in Alicia. An Ar- cadian in the Rutulian war. Virg. JEn. 12, v. 272. Gymnasia, a laige city near Colchis. Biud. 14. Gymnasium, a place among the Greeks, where all the public exercises wtre performed, and where not only wrestlers and dancers exhibited, but also philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians repeated their compositions. The room was high and spacious, and could contain many thousands of spectators. The laborious exercises of the Gymnasium were running, leaping, throwing the quoit, wTest- ling, and boxing, which was called by the Greeks ■x-ivre^Xfy, and by the Romans rptin- quertia. In riding, the athlete led a horse, on which he sometimes was mounted, con- ducting another by the bridle, and jumping from the one upon the other. Whoever came first to the goal and jumped with the greatest agility, obtained the prize. In run- ning a-foot the athletes were sometimes armed, and he who came first ivas declared victorious. Leaping was an useful exercise : its primary object was to teach the soldiers to jump over ditches, and to pass over emi- nences during a siege, or in the field of bat- tle. In throwing the quoit, the prize was adjudged to him who threw it farthest. The quoits were made eitlier with wood, stone, or metal. The wrestlers employed all their dex- terity to bring their adversary to the ground, and the boxers had their hands armed with gauntlets, called also cestus. Their blows were dangerous and often ended in the death of one of tlie combatants. In wrestling and boxing, the atliletes were often naked, whence the word GjTunasium, yvu-tec, nudus. They anointed themselves with oil to brace their limbs, and to render their bodies slippery, and more difficult to be grasped. Plin. 2, ep. 17. — C. Kcp. 20, c. 5. G-iTrtNEsiiE, two islands near tlic Iberus in the Mediterranean, called Beleares by the Greeks. Pint. 5, c. 8. — Strab. 2. Gymnetks, a people of iEthiopia, who lived almost naked. Plin. 5, c. 8. GYMNiiE, a town of Colchis. Xenop/i, Anab. 4. Gymnosophistve, a certain sect of phi- losophers in India, who, according to some, placed their suinmum hoituvi in pleasure, and their summvm nuthim in pain. They lived naked, as their name implies, and for 37 years tliey exposed themselves in the open air, to the heat of the sun, tlie inclemency of the scaspns, and the coldness of the night. They were often seen in the fields fixing their eyes full upon the disc of the sun from the time of its rising till the hour of its setting. Some- Y "^ times G Y G Y timi?s they stood whole days upon one foot in burning sand without moving, or shew- in" any concern for what surrounded them. Alexander was astonished at the sight of a sect of 'men who seemad to despise bodily pain, and who inured themselves to suffer the greatest tortures without uttering a groan, or expressing any marks of fear, 'fhe con- queror condescended to visit them, and his astonishment was encreased when "he saw one of them ascend a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, to avoid the infirmities of old age, and stand upright on one leg and un- njoved. whilst the flames surrounded hira on every side. (Fid. Calanus.) The Brachmans were a branch of the sect of tlie G>'mno- sopbistae. ( Ftrf. Brachmanes.) Slrab. 15, &c. — Plin. 7,c. 2. — Cic. Tusc. 5. — Lucan. 3, V. 240. — Curt. 8, c. 9. — Dion. GvNiECEAS, a woman said to have been the wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bacchus and of Midas. Gtn^cothcenas, a name of Mars at Tegea, on account of a sacrifice offered hv the women without the assistance of the meii. who were not permitted to appear at this re- ligious ceremony. Pans. S, c. 48. Gtndes, now Zeindeh, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris. WTien Cyrui marched against Babylon, his army was stopped by this river, in which one of his favorite ^horses was drowned. This so irri- tated the monarch that he ordered the river to be conveyed into 560 different channels by his army, so that after this diN-ision it hardly reached the knee. Herodot. 1, c. 189& 202. Gttheum, a sea port town of Laconia. at the mouth of the Eurotas, in Peloponne- sus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there desisted from their quarrels. The in- habitants were called G'/tkcatce. Cic. Offic. 5. c. 11. II A H A HAB^IS, a king of Spain, who first taught his subjects agriculture, &c. Justin. 44, c. 4. Hadriakopolis, a town of Thrace, on the Hebrus. Hadrianis, a Roman emperor. Vid. Adrianus. -^— C. l-abius, apratorin .\frica. who was burnt by the people of Utica, for conspiring with the slaves. Cic. Verr, 1, c. 27, 1. 5, c. 2(J. HaorjatIcum mare. Vul. Adriati- cum. H.SDUI. Vid. yEdui. H^MON, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who was so captivated with the beauty of Anti<;one, thnt he killed himself on her tomb, when ho heard that she had been put to death by his father's orders. Prop'-rt. 2, el 8, T. 21- A Rutulian engaged in the w:u^ of Tumus. Vir^. ->i'n. 9, v. 685. A friend of iliiietw against Tur- nus. He was a n.itive of Jiycia. Id. 10, V. 12G H.Ti.MOKiA. 77'/. /Emonia. H-TiMrs. a mountain which separates Thrace from Thessaly. so high that from its top are visible tlie Eu\ine and Adriatic ecas, though this however is denied by Strabo. It receives its name from Haemus, son of Boreas and Orithyia, who married Rhodope, and was changed into this moun- tain for aspiring to divine honors. Slrab. 7, Y>. 3\3. — Plin. 4, c. U.— Odd. Md. 6, v. 87. ■ A stage-pLiyer. Juv. 5, v. 99. Hages, a brother of king Poms who op- posed Alexander, &c. Curt. 8, c. 5& 11. S2S One of Alexander's flatterers. A man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Place. 3, v. 191. PIagmo, a nymph. A fountain of Ar- cadia. Paus. 8, c. 38. Hagnagora, a sister of Aristomencs. Paus. Hai..£sus& Halksds, a son of .Agamem- non by Briscis or Clytcmnestra. \Vhcn he was driven from home, he came to Italy, and settled on mount Massicus in Campania, where he built Falisci, and al'tcrwartls as- sisted Turnus against jEneas. He was killed by Pall.-is. I'irg. jEn. 7, v. 724. L 10. v. 352. A river near Colophon in Asia Minor. P!in. 5, c. 29. IIalala, a village at the foot of mount Taurus. Halcyohe. Vid. Alcyone. Halentum, a town at the north of Sicily. Cic. Verr. 3, c. 43. 1. 4, c. 23. Halesa, a town of Sicily. Cic. Verr. 2, c. 7. p'am. 13, ep. 32. Halesii's. a mountain and river near iEtna, where Proserpine was gathering flow- ers when she was carried away by Pluto. Colum. Halia, one of the Nereides. Apollod. .\ festival at Rhodes in honor of the sun. Haliaoiox. a river which separates Thes- saly from ^Macedonia, and falls into the Sinus Thermaicus. Ccc*. Civ. 3, c. 56. — Piin. 31, C. 2. — Herodot. 7, C. 127. Hauartus, a town of Boeotia, founded by Haliartus, the son of Thersandcr. The monuments of Pandion king of Athens, and of HA HA of Lysander the Lacedsemonian general, were seen in that town. Liv. 42, c. 44 & 63. — Pans. 9, c. 32. A town cf Pelopon- nesus. Halicarnassus, now Bodroun, a mari- time city of Caria, in Asia Minor, where the mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the world was erected. It was the resi- dence of the sovereigns of Caria, and was celebrated for having given birth to Herodo- tus, Dionysius, HeracUtus, &c. Maxim. Tt/r. 55. — Vitruv. de Arch. — JDiod. 17. — Herodot. 2, c. 178.— Strab. 14.— Liv. 27, c. 10 & 16. 1. 53, c. 20. Hahcyjk, a town of Sicily, near Lily- bsum, now Saleme. Plin. 3, c. 8. — Cic. Verr. % c. 33. — Diod. 14. Halikis, a town of Argolis. Halimede, a Nereid. Halirrhotius, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who ravished Alcippe, daughfer of Mars, because she slighted his addresses. This violence offended Mars, and he killed the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to appear be- fore the tribunal of justice to answer for the murder of his son. The cause was tried at Athens, in a place which has been called from thence Areopagus, («/>»?? il/ari, and ro-a^ ve village,) and the murderer was acquitted. ApoUod.3, c. 14. — Fans. 1, c. 21. Halithersus, an old man, who foretold to Penelope's suitors the return of Ulys- ses, and tlieir own destruction. Homer. Od. I. Halius, a son of Alcinous, famous for bis skill in dancing. Homer. Od. S, v. I20& 570. A TVojan, who came vpith /Eneas into Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. Virg. JSn. 9, v. 767. Halizones, a people of Paphlagonia. Strab. 14. Halmus, a son of Sisyphus, father to Chrysogone. He reigned in Orchomenos. Paus. 9, c. 35. Halmydessus, a towh of Thrace. Mela, 2, c. 2. Halocrates, a son of Hercules and Olym- pasa. Apollod. Halone, an island of Propontis, opposite Cyzicus. Plin. 5, c. 51. Halonnesus, an island on the coast of Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus Ther- miacus. It was inhabited only by women, who had slaughtered all tlie males, atid they defended tliemselves against an invasion. Mela, 2, c. 7. Halotia, a festival in Tegea. Paus. Halotts, an eunuch, who used to taste the meat of Claudius. He poisoned the em- peror's food by order of Agrippina. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 66. Halus, a city of Achaia of Tlicssaly of Parthia. Haxy.eettjs, a man changed into a bird of the same name. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 176. Halyattes. Vid, Alyattcs. 325 Halycus, now Platani, a river at the south of Sicily. Halys, now Kizil-crniark, a river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. It received its name urro Tov aXog from Salt, because its waters are of a salt and bitter taste, from the natufe of the soil over which they flow. It is famous for the defeat of Croesus, king of Lydia, who was mistaken by the ambiguous words of this oracle : If Crossus passes over the Halys, he slutlt destroy a great empire. That empire was his own. Cic. de Dio. 2, c. 56. — Curt. 4, c. 11. — Strab. 12. — Lucan. 5, V. 272. — Herodot. 1, c. 28. A man of Cyzicus killed by Pollux. Vai. Fl. 5, v. 1.57. Halyzia, a town of Epirus near tiie Achelous, where the Athenians obtained a naval victory over the Lacedaemonians. Hamadryades, nymphs who lived in the countrj', and presided over trees, with which they were said to live and die. The word is derived from a.(x.ot, simul, and J^s quercus. Virg. Ed. 10. — Ovid. Met. I, v. 647. Hajsi.e, a town of Campania near Cuma;. Liv. 23, c. 25. Hamaxia, a city of Cilicia. Hamilcar, the name of some celebrated generals of Carthage. Vid. Amilcar. Hammon, the Jupiter of the Africans. Vid. Ammon. Hannibal. Vid. Annibal. Hanno. Vid. Anno- Harcalo, a man famous for his know- ledge of poisonous herbs, &c. He touclied the most venomous serpents and reptiles without receiving the smallest injury. Sil. 1 , v. 406. Harmatelia, a town of the Brachmanes in India, taken by Alexander. Dtod. 17. Harmatris, a town of iEolia. Hamillus, an infamous debauchee. Juv. 10, V. 224. Harmodius, a friend of Aristogiton, who delivered his country from the tyranny of the Pisistratida;, B. C. 510. [Vid. Aristogiton.] The Athenians, to reward the patriotism of these illustrious citizens, made a law that no one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton and Harmodius. Herodot. 5, c. 35. — Flirt. 34, c. 8. — Senec Ir. 2. Harmonia, or Hermionea, [Vid. Her- mione,] a daughter ot Mars and Venus, who married Cadmus. It is s;ud, tliat Vulcan, to avenge the infidelity of htr mother, made her a piesent of a vestment dyed in all sorts of crimes, which, in some measure, inspired all the children of Cadmus witli wickedness and impiety. Paus. 9, c. 16, &g. Harmonides, a Trojan beloved by Mi- nerva. He built the shij)s in wliich Paris carried away Helen. Homer. II. 5. Y 2 IIar- H A HA Haepagus, a general of Cyrus. He conquered Asia Minor after he had revolted from Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the flesh of his son, because he had dis- obeyed his orders in not putting to death the infant Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. lOS. — Justin. 1 , c. 5 8c 6. A river near Colcliis. Diod. 14. Harpauce. Vid. Harpalyce. H-vap.vLioN, d. son of Pylaemenes king of Paphlagonia, who assisted Priam during the Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. Hirnier. n. 13, v. 6 15. Hakpalus, a man entrusted with the treasures of Babylon by Alexander. His hopes that Alexander woulJ perish in his expedition, rendered him di-.sipate, negli- gent and vicious, ^\'hcn he heard that the conqueror was returning with great resent- ment he fled to .Athens, where with his mo- ney, he conrpted the orators, among whom was D.3mosthcne3. ^^^lcn brought to justice, he escaped witli uiipunity to Crete, where he was at hut assassinated by Thimbron, B. C. 325. Pint, in Phoc. — Di^jd. 17. A rob- ber who scorned the gods. Cic. 3, de .Va/. J). A celebrated astronomer of Greece, 480 years B. C. HARPALvrE, the daughter of Harpalycus, king of Thrace. Her mother died when she was but a child, and her fatlicr fed her with the milk of cows and mares, and inured her early to sustain tlie fatigues of liunting. When her father's kingdom w:is invatlcd hy Neoptolenius, the son of Acliillcs, she repelled and defeated tlie enemy with ■lanly courngc. Tlie deatli of her father, which hr^ipeued soon after in a st^lition, rendered her diiconsolate ; she fled the so- ciety of mankind, and lived in the forests upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt to secure lier proved fruitless, till licr great swiftness was overcome by intercepting her with a net. After her dtatli the jK'ople of the country disputed their respcvtivc right to the psssessions which she had acquir- ed by rapine, and they soon afttr appc.iscd her manes, by proper oblations on her tomb. Ttrg. JEn. 1, V. 5-21. — Hi/ipn. fab. 1D3 & 252. A beautiful virgin, (laughter of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argoi. Her father became enamoured of her, and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her company by means of her nurse, who introduced him as a stranger. Some time after she married Alastor ; but the father's pa.ssion became more violent and uncontroulable in his daughter's absence, and he mur- dered her husband to bring her back to Argoi. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the death of h«r husband, and ashamed of her father's patsion, which was then made public, resolved to revenge her wTongs. She killed her younger brother, or, according to some, the fruit of her incest, and served it before her 52i fathar. She begged the gods to remove her from tlie world, and she was changed into an owl, and Clymenus killed himself. Hygin. fab. 253, &C. — Partken. in Erot. A mis- tress of Iphiclus, son of Tliestius. She died tlirough despair on seeing herself des- pised by her lover. This mournful story was composed in poetry, in the form of a dialogue called Harpalyce. Athen- 14. Harfalycl's, one of the companions of .^neas, killed by Camilla. Virg. JEn. 11, V. 675. The father of Harpalyce, king of part of Thrace. Hakpasa, a town of Caria. HakpIscs, a river of Caria. Lio. S8, c. 15. Hahpociiate}, a divinity supposed to be the same as Orus die son of Isi«, among the Egyptians. He is represented as holding one of his fingers on his mouth, and from thence he is called the god of silence, and intimates, tliat the mysteries of religion and philosophy ought never to bo revealed to tlic people. The Romans pbced lii-~ statues at the entrance of their temples. Caiul 15. — Varro. de L. L. 4, C 10. Harpocratiok, a Platonic philosopher of Argos, from whom Stobxus compiled hi* eclogues A sophist called also iEIius. Valerius, a rhetorician of .Alexandria. author of a Lexicon, on ten orators. An- other, surnamed Caius. HAiirvi^, winged monifcrs, who had the face of a woman, with tlie body of a vulture, and had their feot and fingers an.ied with siiarp claws. They were three in number, .Acllo. OcyjH'te, and Celono, d;iughters of Neptune, and Terra. Tliey were sent by Juno to plunder the tables of Phincus, whence the)- were driven to the inlands called Strophade« by Zcthcs and Calais. Tlicy emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled wh.itevcr they touched by their fillii and excrements. Tliey plundered >£nea8 during his voyage towards Italy, and predicted many of die calamities which attended him. Virg. jEn. 3, V. 212, 1. 6, V. 1'39. — Hy her ravishcr, who was on- trusted to the care of Clytemnestra. Tliis violence offered to her virtue did not in the leant diminish, but it rather augmented, her fame, and her hand was eagerly solicited by the young princes of Greece, llie most cele- brated of lior suitors were Ulysses, son of Laertes, Antilochus son of Nestor, Stlienelus son of Capancus, Diomedes son of Tydeus, Arnphilochus son of Ctcatus, Mcges son of Phileus, Agapenor son of Anca?us, Thalpius son of Eurytus, Mncstheus son of Peteus Schedius son of Epistrophus, Polj'xenus son of Agasthenes, Arnphilochus son of Amphi- araus, Ascalaphus and lalmus sons of the god Mars, Ajax son of Oileus, Eumclus son of Admetus, I'olypcetes son of Pirithous, El- phenor son of Chalcodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of Aesculapius I.contcus son of Coronus, Philoctctcs son of Paan, Pro- teailauB son of Iphirlus, Eurj-pilus koii of ETcmon, Ajax and Teucer sons of 'IVlamon, Patrocius son of Menoctius, Menclaus son of Atreus, Thoas, Idomeneus, and Merlon. Tyn- darus was rather alanncd tlian pleased at the sight of such a number of illustrious princes who eagerly solicited each to become his 6on-in-l3w. He knew tliat he could not prefer one without displeasing all the rest, and from this pcri)lexity he was at last drawn by the artifice of I'lysses, who began to be already known in Greece by his prudence and sagacity. Tliis prince, who clearly saw tliat hir. pretensions to Helen would not pro- bal)ly meet witli success in oppoiution to so many rivals, pn)posed to extricate Tyndaru? from all hii difliculties, if he would promise him his niece Penelope in marriage. Tyn- danis consented, and Ulysses advised the king to hind, by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that tlioy would approve of the un- inducnccd choice which Helen should make of one among them ; and engage to unite together to dilVnd her person and character, if ever any attempts were made to ravish her from the arms of her husband. The advice of Ulysses was followed, the princes con- sented, and Helen fixed her choice upon Menelaus and married him. Hermioiie was the early fruit of tliis union, which continued for tlirce years with mutual happiness. After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came to Lacedaemon on pretence of sacrifuing to Apollo. He was kindly received by .Alcne- laus, but shamefully abused his favors, and in his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity of his wife Helen, and persuaded her to follow him to Troy, P. C. 1 IPS. At his return Menelaus, highly sensible of the injury which he had received, assembled tlie Grecian princes, and reminded them of their solemn promises. They resolved to make war against the Trojans but they previously S28 sent ambassadors to Priam to demand tlic restitution of Helen. The influence of Paris at his father's court prevented the nsturation, and the Greeks returned home without re- ceiving the satisfaction they required. Soon at'ter their return their combined forces as- sembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The behaviour of Helen during the Trojan war is not clearly known. Some assert that she had willingly followed Paris, and thai she warmly supported the cause of tlie Tro- jans ; while others believe that she always sighed after her husband, and cursed the day in which she had proved faittiless to his lied. Homer represents her as in the last instince, and some have added that slie often betrayed the schemes and resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly favored the cause of Greece. When Paris was killed in tho ninth year of the war, she voluntarily married Dei- phobus, one of IViam's sons and when Troy was taken she made no scruple to betray him, .nnd li» introduce the Greeks into his chara- \ier. to ingratiate herself with Menelaus. She returned to Sparta, and the love of Me- nelaus forgave the errors which she had com- mitted. Some however say that she obtained her life even with difficulty from her hus- band, whose resentment she had kindled by her infidelity. After she had lived for some years in Sparti, Menelaus died, and she was driven from Peloponnesus by Mcgapenthes and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons of her husband, and she retired to Rhodes where at that time Polyxo, a native of .\rgos reigned over the country. Polyxo remembered that her widowhoo«l originated in Helen, and tliat lier husb.ind Tlcpolcmus had been killed in the ' ■ r. which h.id lieon caused by thi . of Halen, theretore she mc- dita' ^\ \\'hile Helen retired one day to batiie in the river, Polyxo disguised her attendants in the habits of furies and sent them with orders to murder her enemy. Helen v:aered, and the crimes of Polyxo expiated by tJie temple which tiie Rhodians raised to Helen Dendritis, or lird to a tret-. There is a tra- dition mentioned by Herodotus which siys that Paris was driven, as he returned from Sparta upon the coast of Egjpt, where Pro- teus king of the country, expelled him from his dominions for his ingratitude to Mene- laus, and confined Helen. From that cir- cumstance, therefore, Priam informed the Grecian ambassndors that neitlier Helen nor her possessions were in Troy, but in tiie hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this assertion the Greeks besieged the town and took it after ten years' siege, and Menelaus by visiting Eg>-pt, as he returned home, re- covered Helen at the court of Proteus and was convinced that the Trojan war had been undertaken on very unjust and un|iardiMiahlc ground... Helen w.is honon-d after death as a god- HE HE /^ a goddess, and the Spartans built her a temple at Therapne, which had the power of giving beauty to all the defomied women that en- tered it. Helen, according to some, was carried into the island of Lcuce after death, where she married Achilles, who had been one of her warmest admirers. — The age of Helen has been a matter of deep enquiry among the clironologists. If she was born of the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, who accompanied the Argonauts in their expedi- tion against Colchis about Z5 years before the Trojan war, according to some, she was no less than 60 years old when Troy was re- duced to ashes, supposing that her brothers were only 1 5 when they embai'ked with the Argonauts. But she is represented by Homer so incomparably beautiful during the siege of Troy, that though seen at a distance she in- fluenced the counsellors of Priam by tlie brightness of her charms ; therefore we must suppose with others, that her beauty re. mained long undiminished, and was ex- tinguished only at her death. Paus. 3, c. 1 9, &c. — j4pcllod. 3, c. 10, &c. — Hi/gin. fab. 77. — Herodot. 2, c. 1 1 2. — Plut. in Thes. ^c. — Cic. de qffic. 3. — Horat. 3, od. 3. — Dicti/s Cret. 1, ^c. — Quint. Smyrn. 10, 15, ^c. — Homer. 11. 2, cj Od. 4. S,- 15. A young woman of Spaita, often confounded witli the daughter of Leda. As she was going to be sacrificed, because the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came and earned away the knife of the priest, upon which she was released, and the barbarous custom of offering human victims was abolished. An island on the coast of Attica, where Helen came after tlie siege of Troy. Plin. 4, c. 12. A daughter of the emperor Con- stantine who married Julian. The mother of Constantine. She died in her 80th year, A. D. 328. Helenia, a festival in Laconia, in honor of Helen, who received there divine honors. It was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules, and in chariots made of reeds and bullrushes. Helenor, a Lydian prince who accom- panied ^^neas to Italy, and was killed by the Rutulians. His mother's name was Licym- nia. Virg. JEn. 9, v. 444, &c. Helenus, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Priam and Hecuba, greatly respected by all the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in maniage to Helen in preference to himself, he resolved to leave his country, and he retired to mount Ida, where Ulysses took him prisoner by tlie advice of Calchas. As he was well acquainted with futurity, the Greeks made use of prayers, threats, and promises, to induce him to reveal the se- crets o£ the Trojans, and either tlie fear of death or gratification of resentment, seduced him to disclose to the enemies of his country, that Troy could not be taken whilst it was in possession of the Palladium, nor before 329 Philoctetes came from his retreat at Lemnos, and assisted to support tlie siege. After the ruin of his countrj', lie fell to the share of Pyrrhus the son of Achilles, and saved his life by warning him to avoid tlie dangerous tempest which in reality proved fatal to all tiiose who set sail. This endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received from his hand Andromache the widovv' of his brother Hec- tor, by whom he had a son called Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, was con- summated after the death of Pyrrhus, who lived with Andromache as his wife. . He- lenus was the only one of Priam's sons who sur\'ived the ruin of his country. After the death of PVrrhus, he reigned over part of Epirus, wliich he called Chaonia in memory of his brother Chaon, whom he had inad- vertently killed. Helenus received .^neas as he voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him some of the calamities which attended his fleet. The manner in which he re- ceived the gift of prophecy is doubtful. Vid. Cassandi-a. Homer. II. 6, v. 76. 1. 7, v. 47. — Virg. JEn. 3, v. 295, &c. — Paus. 1, c. 1 1. 1. 2, c. 33. — Ovid. Met. 13, v. 99 & 725. 1. 15, v. 457. — A Rutuhan kiUed by Pallas. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 388. Helerni Lucus, a place near Rome. Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 105. Heles or PIales, a river of Lucania near Velia. Cic. ad Alt. 16, ep. 7, Fam. 7, ep. 20. Heuaees, the daughters of the sun and Clymene. They were three in number, Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa, or seven, according to Hyginus, Merope, Helie, ^gle, Lampetie, Phoebe, .^theria, and Dioxippe. They were so afflicted at the death of tlieir brother Phaeton, [ Vid. Phae- ton,] that tliey were changed by the gods into poplars, and their tears into precious amber, on the banks of the river Po. Ovid. Met. 2, V. 540. — Hy gin. fab. 154. The first in- habitants of Rhodes. This island being covered with mud when the world was first created, was warmed by the cherishing beams of the sun, and from thence sprang seven men, which were called Heliades, a^ra tsu fiXiou, from the sun. The eldest of these called Ochimus, married Hegetoria, one of the njTiiphs of the island, and liis brothers fled from the counti-y for having put to death, through jealousy, one of their number. Bifld. 5. Heliast^te, a name given to the judges of the most numerous tribunal at Athens. They consisted of ICOO, and sometimes of 1 500 ; they were seldom assembled, and only upon matters of the greatest importance. IJemosih. contr. Tim. — Diog. m Sol. Heucaon, a Trojan prince, son of An- tenor. He married Laodice, the daughter of Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform Helen of the state of the rival armies before Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a night engagement, but his life was spared by Ulysses, HE HE Ulysses, who remembered thu jiospitality whicli he ha»l received from his famer Antenor. Homer. 11.2, v. 123. Hklice, a star near die north pole, gene- rally called Ursa Major. It is supposed to receive its name from tlie town of Ilelice, of which Calisto, who was changed into the Great Bear, was an inhabitant. Lucan. 'J, Vr 237. A town of Achaia, on the Lay of Corinth, overwhelmed by ti\e inundation of the sea. I'lin. 2, c. 9i. — Ovid. Met. l'., V. 293. A daughter of Silenus king of ^giale. Paus. 7, c. 24. A daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. Helicok, now Zat'.nro- Vouni, a mountain of BoDOtia, on the borders of Phocis. It was sacred to the musci, who had there a temple. 'Hie founuin Ilippocrene flowed from this mountain. Strah. 8. — Ovid. Met. 2, V. 219. — Paus. 9, c 28, &c- — Virg. jEn. 7, Y. 641. A river of Macedonia near Dium. Paus. 9, c. 30. Heliconiades, a name given to the Muses because they lived upon mount HelicoD, which was sacred to them. Helic6kis, a daughter of Thespius. ulpoilod. HtLioDORt's, one of the favorites of Seleucus Philopator, king of SjTia. He at- tempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, about 176 years before Christ by order of his tna-stcr, &c. A Greek m.- man emperor, son of Varius MarccUus, called Heliogalialus, because he had Ix'en priest of that di\ inijy in Phoeniiia. After the death of Macriiius he was invested with the imperial purple, ami the senat?, however unwilling to submit to a youth only fourtitn years of age, opprowd of his election, and bestowed upon him the title of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his grandraotlier Masa. and his motlicr Sias, his colleagues on the throne ; and to bestow more dignity upon the sex, he eliuse a scnjite of women, over whicli his mother presided, and i)re- srribed all tlie modes and fashions which prevailed in the empire. Rome however soon displayed a scene of cruelty and de- bauchery ; the imperial p.ilace was full of prostitution, and the most infamous of the populace became the favorites of the prince. He raised his horse to die honors of the con- sulslup, and ol)li;;ed his subjects to pay ado- ration to the god Heliogabalus, which was no other than a large black stone, whose 550 figure resembled that of a cone. To thii ridiculous deity temples were raised at Rome, and the altars of tlie gods plundered to deck those of tlie new divinity. In tlie midst of his extravagances Heliogabalus married four wives, and not satisfied with foUowin"' tlie plain laws of nature, he professed himself to be a woman, and gave himself up to one of his officers, called Hierocles. In tJiis ridi- culous farce he suffered the greatest indigni- ties from his pretended husband witiiout dis- satisfaction, and Ilierocle-;, by stooping to infamy, became tlie most powerful oi the favorites, and enriched himself by selling favors and offices to the people. Such licen- liousnes;^ soon displeased the populace, and Heliocrabaius, unable to appease the seditions of his soldiers, whom his rapacity and de- baueheries had irritated, hid himself in the filth and excrements of the camp, where he was found in the amis of his mother. His head was severed from his body the 10th of March, A. D. 222, in the If-ith year of his age, after a reign of three years, nine months, and four days. He was succeeded by Alex- ander Severus. His cruelties were as con- .ipicious as his licentiousness. He burthened his subjects with the most oppressive taxes, his halls were covered witli carpets of gold and silver tissue, and his mats were made widi die down of hares, and with the soft feathers which were found under the wings of partridges. He was fond of covering his sliocs with precious stones, fo draw the ad- miration of the people as he walked along Uie streets, and he was the first Roman who ever wore a dress of silk. He ol'tenSnviteil the most common oi the people to share his banquets, and made them ^it down on largo bellows full of wind, which by suddenly emptying tliemselves, threw the guests on the ground, and left dicm a prey to wild beasts. He often tied some of his favorites on a large wheel, and was particularly delighted to see them whirled round like Ixions. and someumes suspended in the air, or sunk be- neath the water. HEt-iovous, now Matarea, a famous city of Lower Egj-pt, in which was a temple sacred to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped a bull called Mnevis, with the some cere- monies .IS die Apis of Memphis. Apollo had an Oracle there. Cic. N- D. 5, c. 21. — Plin. 36, c. 26 Strnb. 17. — Diod. 1. There wiis a small village of die sauie name without the Delta near Babylon. A town of .Syria. nt>w Balbeck. Plin. J. c 22. Helisson. a town and river of Arcadia. Paus- -. c. 29. Hclum. a name given to the mouth of die Maesc in Germany. Plin. 4. c. 15- IlEtics, a celebrated favorite of the empe- ror Nero, put to death by onlcr of Galba. for Iiis cruelties. Tlic Greek name of the sun, or Apollo. Hilixus, H E HE Helixus, a river of Cos. Hellanice, a sister of Clitus, who was nurse to Alexander. Curl. 8, c 1. HELt-ANicus, a celebrated Greek hist©- rian, born at Mitylene. He wrote an his- tory of the ancient kings of the earth, with an account of the founders of the most fa- mous towns in every kingdom, and died B. C. 41 1, in the 85th year of his age. Paus. 2, c. 5. — Cic. di Oral. 2, c. 55. — Aul. Gel. 1 5, c. 23, A brave officer rewarded by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2. An histo- rian of Miletus, who MTOte a description of the earth. Hellanocrates, a ntan of Larissa, &c. Arktot. Polit. 5, c. 10. Hellas, an ancient name of Thessaly, more generally applied to the territories of Acarnania, Attica, ^Etolia, Doris, Locris, Boeotia, and Phocis, and also to all Greece. It received this name from Deucalion, and now forms a part of Livadia. Plin. 4, c. 7. — Slrab. 8. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Paus. 2, c. 20. A beautiful woman, mentioned by Ho- race as beloved by Blarius : the lover killed her in a fit of passion, and afterwards de- stroyed himself. Horat. 2, S:it. 3, v. 277. Helle, a daughter of Athamas and Ne- phele, sister of Phryxus. She fled from her father's house, with her brother, to avoid the cruel oppression of her mother-in-law, Ino. According to some accounts she was carried through the air on a golden ram, which her mother had received from Neptime, and in her passage she became giddy and fell from her seat into that part of the sea v/nich from her received the name of Hellespont. Others say thatishe was carried on a cloud, or rather upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea and was drowned. Phryxus, after he had given his sister a burial on the neighbouring coasts, pursued his journey and arrived safe in Colcliis. [Fife?. Phryxus.] Ovid. Heroid. 15, &c. Met. 4, fab. 14. — Pindar. 4, Pi/th. — Paus. 9, c. 34. Hellen, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned in Phthiotis about 1495 years be- fore the Christian era, and gave the name of Hellenians to his subjects. He had by his wife Orseis three sons : .^olus, Dorus, and Xuthus, who gave their names to the three different nations known under the name of .Solians, Dorians, and lonians. These last derive their name from Ion, son of Xuthus, and from the dilFerence either of expression, or pronunciation in their respective languages, arose the different dialects well known in the Greek language. Paus. 3, c. 20. 1. 7, c. 1. — IHod. 5. Hellenes, the inhabitants of Greece. [ Vid. Hellen.] Hellespontias, a wind blowing from the north-east. Plin. 2, c, 47. Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a oarrow strait between Asia and Europe, 351 near the Propontis, which received its nante from Helle who was dro^vned there in her voyage to Colchis. [Vid. Helle.] It is about sixty miles long, and in the broadest parts, the Asiatic coast is about three miles distant from the European, and only half a mile in the narrowest, according to modern investigation ; so that people can converse one with the other from the opposite shores- It was celebrated for the love and deatli of Leander, [ Vid. Hero,] and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built over it when he in- vaded Greece. Tlie folly of this great prince is well known in beating and fettering th» waves of the sea, whose impetuosity destroyed his ships, and rendered all his labors inefiec- tual. Strab. 13 Plin. 8, c. 52. — Hero- dot. 7, c. 54. — Poli/b. — Mela, 1, c. I. — Ptol. 5, c. 2. — Ovid. Met. 13, v. 407 Liv. 31, c. 15. 1. 33, c. 33. The country along the Hellespont on the Asiatic coast bears the same name. Cic. Vcrr. 1, c. 24. Fam. 13, ep. 55. — Strab. 12 Plin. 5, c. 30. Hellopia, a small country of Euboea- The people were callei Hellopes. The whole island bore the same name according to Stra- bo, 10. — Plin. 4, c, 12. Hellotia, two festivals, one of which was observed in Crete, in honor of Europa, whose bones were then carried in solemn procession with a myrtle garland no less than twenty cubits in circumference, called sXXeuris. The Other festival was celebrated at Corinth with games and races, where young men entered the lists and generally ran with burning torches in their hands. It was instituted in honor of JMinerva, surnamed Hellotis a-ro 'rou iXev;, from a certain p'nid of Marathon, where one of her statues was erected, or L-vo too \Xitv r^v I-ttvov tov Yliyaa-ov, because by her assistance Bellerophon took and managed the horse Pegasus, which was the original cause of the institution of the festival. Others derive the name from Hel- lotis a Corinthian woman, from the fol- lowing circumstance : when the Dorians and the Heraclidffi invaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt Corinth ; the inhabitants, and particularly the women, escaped by flight, except Hellotis and her sister Eurytione, who took shelter in Minerva's temple, relying for safety upon tiie sanctity of the place. When this was known, the Dorians set fire to the temple, and the two sisters perished in the flames. This wanton cruelty was followed by a dreadful plague ; and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes which they suffered, were directed by the oracle to appease the manes of the two sisters, and therefore they raised a new temple to the goddess Mi- nerva, and established the festivals, which bore the name of one of the unfortunate women. Helnes, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. Pollen. 1. Heloris, HE HE Heloris, a general of the people of Rliegium, sent to besiege ISIessana, which Dionysius the tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and his troops were defeated. Diod. 14. Helorum & HelCrus, now ^furi Ucci, a town and river of Sicily, whose swol- len waters generally inundate the neigh- bouring country. I'irg. jEn. 3, v. 698. — Jlal. 11, V. L'70. A river of Magna GrjBcia. Hflos, a place of Arcadia. Pans. 8, c. 36. A town of Lacoaia taken and de- stroyed by the Lacedaemonians under .^gis tlie third, of the race of the Heraclida;, because they refused to pay tlie tribute which was imposed upon Iheni. 'Hie La- cedaemonians carried tlicir resentment so far, that, not satLstii-d with die ruin of the city, tliey reduced tlie inhabitants to tlie lowest and most miserable slavery, and made a law whid) forltade tlieir masters either to give thorn their liberty, or to sell them in any other country. To complete their infamy, all the slaves of tlie slate and the prisoners of war were called by the mean appellation of Hdolcc. Not only tlie servile ollices in which they were employed denoted tlieir misery and slavery, but tlioy were obliged to wear peculiar t^armonts, wtiich exposed them to greater contempt and ridicule. They never were instructed in the liberal arts, and their cruel masters often obliged them to drink to excess, to show the free-born citi- zens of Sparta the beastliness and disgrace of intoxication. Tliey once every year received a number of stripes, tliat by tiiis wanton flagellation tlicy might recollect that they were born and died slaves. The Spartans even declared w;ir against them ; but Plu- tarch, who, from interested motives, endea- vours to palliate the guilt and cruelty of tlie people of Laceda'mon, dtclans tliat it was liecause they had assisted the Messenians in tlieir war against Spartii, after it had been ovcrthro\*'n liy a violent enrihquake. This earth(juake was supposed by all the Greeks to be a piinisliiiu'Mt from heaven for the cruelties which the Lacedxmonians had ex- ercised against the lielots. In the Pelopon- nesian war, these miserable slaves behaved witli uncommon bravery, and were rewarded with their liberty by the Lacedaemonians, and appeared in the temples and at public shows crowned with giuniids, and with e»ery mark of festivity and triumph, niis exultation did not continue long, and the sudden disappearance of these two thousand nmntrmitted slaves was attributed to the in- humanity of the Lacedarmonians. Thucyd. 4. — PoUux. 3, c. 8. — Strab. 8. — Plut. in JLyc. ij-c. — Ariatot. Polit. 2. — Pans. Lacon. Helotjk & Helotes, the public slaves of Spart», &-C. Vid. Helos. 332 Helvetia, a vestal virgin struck dead with lightning in Trajan's reign. Helvetu, an ancient nation of Gaul, con- quered by J. Csesar. Their country is the modern Switzerland. Cees. Belt. G. 1 , fi:c — TacU. Hist. 1, c. 67& 69. Helvia, the nr.other of Cicero. Ricina, a town of Picenum. Helvidia, tile name of a Roman family. Helvii, now Vti-isrs, a people of Gaul, along the Rhone. Plin 3, c. 4. Helvilli'm, a town of Urabria, supposed to be the same as Sullium, now Sigillo. Plin. 3, c. 14. HelvIna, a fountain of Aquinum where Ceres had a temple. Juv. 3, v. 320. Helvius CiNNA proposed a law, which however was not passed, to permit Caesar to marry whatever woman he chose. Suet, in Cets. c. 52. A poet Vid. Cinna. Helum, a river of Scythia. Hei.ymls & Panopes, two hunters at the court of Acestes in Sicily. Virg. JEn- 5, ▼. 75, &c. Hemathiov, a son of Aurora and Cepha- lus, or Tithonus. ApoUod. 3. HEMirnEA, a daughter of Cycnus and P*ro clea. She was so attached to her brother Tenes, that she refused to abandon him when his fatlier Cycnus exposed him on the sea. They were carried by the wind to Tenedo*, where HemitJiea long enjoyed tranquillity, till Achilles, captivated by her charms, ofl'ired her violence. She was rescued from his em- brace by her brother Tenes, who was instantly slaughtered by the ort'ended hero. Hemilliea could not have been rescued from theattempts of .-Vchilles, had not the earth opened and swallowed her after she had fervently entreated the assistance of the gods. Ti^ Teues. Pau^. 10, c 14. IJiod. 4. Hemok. Vid. Hoemon. Hruus. Vid. Haemus. A Roman. Juv. 6, v. 197. HENtTi, a people of Paphlagonia, who arc said to have settled in Italy near die AdriaUc, where diey gave die name of TtTiWia to their habitatjon. Liv. 1, c. 1. — Eurip. Hemochi, a people of Asiatic Sannaua, near Colcliis, descended from Amphylus and Telcchius, the charioteers (nn^x") **^ Castor and Pollux, and thence calkd Lacedaemonii. Mtla, 1, c. 21. —Paicrc. 2, c. 40. —/'/ace. 3, V. 270. 1. 6, V. 4'.'. Henna. Vid. Ennx HrpH.«sTiA, the capital town of Leinnos. A fesUval in honor of Vulcan (H^ajf.j) at Adiens. lliere was then a race with torches between diree young men. Each in his turn nm a race with a lighted torch in his hand, and whoever could carry it to the end of the course before it was extinguislied, obtained the prize. They delivered it one. to the other after they finit^ed their course, and from that circumstance we see many allusions in aneicnt authors HE H E authors who compare the vicissitudes of hu- man alFairs to this delivering of the torch, particularly in those lines of Lucretius 2 : Inque brevi sjwliomictantur sceda ammantum, F.t quasi cursores vicai lampada tradunt. Hephjsstiades, a name applied to the Lipari isles as sacred to Vulcan. Heph^stii, mountains in Lycia which are set on fire by the iiglitcit touch of a burning torch. Their very stones burnt in the middle of water, according to Pliny, 6, c. 106. Heth^stio, a Greek grammarian of Alexandria in the age of the emperor Verus. There remains of his compositions a treatise tiititled Enchinlion de mctris ^ poemate, tlie 6est edition of which is that of Pauw, 4to. Ultroj. 172G.- HEPHiEsTioN, a Macedonian famous for his intimacy vsdth Alexander. He accompa- nied the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and was so faithful and attached to him, that Alexander often observed that Craterus was the friend of the king, but Hephsestion the fiiend of Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 525 years before the Christian era, according to some from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexander was so inconsolable at the death of this faithful subject, that he shed tears at the intelligence, and ordered the sacred fire to be extinguished, which was never done but at the death of a Persian monarch. Tlie physician who attended Hephsestion in his illness, was accused of negligence, and by the king's order inhumanly put to death, and the games were interrupted. His body was entrusted to the care of Pcrdiccas, and honored with the most magnificent funeral at Babylon. He was so like the king in features and stature, that he was often saluted by the name of Alexander. Curt. — Arrian. 7, &c. — Plut. in Alex. — ^Jian. V. H. V, c. 8. Heptaphonos, a portico, which received this name, because the voice was re- echoed seven times in it. P!in. 36, c. 15. Heptapohs, a country of Egypt, which contained seven cities. Heptapvlos, a surname of Thebes in BcEotia, from its seven gates. Hera, the name of Juno among the Greeks. A daughter of Neptune and Ceres when transformed into a mare. Apollod. 3. A town of .iEoIia and of Arcadia. Paus. 6, c. 7. A town of Sicily, called also HybUy. Cic ad Attic. 2, c. 1 . Hkraclea, an ancient town of Sicily, near Agrigentum. Minos planted a colony there when he pursued Dsdalus; and the town anciently known by the name of Ma- cara, was called from him Minoa. It was called Hcraclea after Hercules, when he ob- tained a victory over Eryx. A tov/n of Macedonia. Another in Pontus, cele- brated for its naval power and its conse- quence among the Asiatic states. The in- habitants conveyed home in their ships the 10,000 at their return. Another in Crete. Another in Parthia. An- other in Bidiynia Another in Phthi- otis, near Thermopylfe, called also Trachinea, to distinguish it from others Another in Lucania. Cic Arch. 4. Another in Syria. Another in Chersonesus Taurica. Another in Thrace, and three in Egypt, &c. There were no less than 40 cities of that name in different parts of the world, all built in honor of Hercules, whence the name is derived. A daughter of Hiero, tyrant of Sicily, &c. Heracleia, a festival at Athens cele- brated everj- fifth year, in honor of Hercules. The Thisbians and Thebans in Boeotia ob- served a festival of the same name, in which they offered apples to the god. This custom of offering apples arose from this : It was always usual to offer sheep, but the overflow- ing of the river Asopus prevented the vota- ries of the god from observing it witJi the ancient ceremony ; and as the word ^jjAov, signifies both an apple and a sheep, some youths, acquainted with the ambiguity of the word, offered apples to the god, with much sport and festivity. To represent the sheep, they raised an apple upon four sticks as the legs, and two more were placed at the top to represent the horns of the victim. Hercules was delighted at the ingenuity of the youths, and the festivals were ever continued with the oflTering of apples. Pollux, 8, c. 9. There was also a festival at Sicyon in honor of Her- cules. It continued two days, the first was called ovofiXT^s, the second mj«kXi/«. At a festival of the same name at Cos, the priest officiated with a mitre on his head, and in wo- man's apparel. At Lindus, a solemm'ty of the same name was also observed, and at the celebration nothing was heard but execrations and profane words, and who- soever accidentally dropped any other words, was accused of having profaned the sacred rites. HxRACtEUM, a promontoiy of Cappado- cia. A town of Egypt near Canopus on the western moutli of the Nile to which it gave its name. Diod. I. — Tacit. Ann. 2, c 60- — Strab. 2& 17. The port town of Gnossus in Crete. IIeracleotes, a surname of Dionysius the philosopher. A philosopher of Heraclea, who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, firmly believed that pain was not an evil. A severe illness, attended with the most acute pains, obliged him to renounce his principles, and at the same time the philosophy of tJis Stoics, about 264 years before the Christian era. He became afterwards one of the Cy- renaic sect, which placed tlie summnm bomun in pleasure. He wrote some poctr)-, and chiefly treatises of philofiophy. Di'g. in tit. HEKACLiDiE, the descendants of Hercu- les, HE H E ''es, greatly celebrated in ancient history. Hercules at his deatli left to his t-on Hyllus all the rights and claims which he had upon the Peloponnesus, and permitted him to raarrj' lelc, as soon as he came of age. The posteritj" of Hercules were not more kindly treated by Eurystlieus, than their father had been, and tliey were obliged to retire for protection to the court of Ceyx, king of Trachinia. Eurystheus pursued them thi- ther ; and Ceyx, afraid of his resentment, begged tlie Heraclidae to depart from his dominions. From Trachinia they came to Athens, where Tiieseus the king of tJie country, wlio had accompanied their father in some of his expeditions, received tliera with great humanity, and assisted them against their common enemy, Eurystlieus. Eurysthcus was killed by tlie hand of Hvllus himself, and his children jierLshed with him, and all the cities of the Peloponnesus be- came the undisputed property of the Hcra- clida?. Tlieir triumj)h, liowcver, was short, their numl>ers v.-cre lessened by a i)estilence, and tlie oracle infoniied lln-in tliat tliiy had taken possession of llie Peloponnesus, be- fore the gods permitted tlieir return. Upon thus tlicy abandoned Peloponnesus, and came to settle in tlie territories of the Allienians, where Hyllus, obedient to bis father's com- mands, married lole, the dauglitcr of Eury- tus. Soon after he consulted the oracle, anxious to recover the Peloponnesus, and the amliiguity of the answer determined him to make a second attempt. He cliallenged to single combat Atreus, tlic r.uccessor of Eurystlieus on tlie tlirone of IVIycense, and it was mutually agreed Uiat the undisturbed possession of the Peloponnesus sliould be ceded to whosoever defeated liis adversary. Echemus accepted the challenge for Atreus, and Hyllus was killed, and the Heraclidae a second time departed from Peloponnesus, tteodaius the son of Hyllus, m:ide a third attempt, and was equally unsuccessful, and bis son Aristomachus some time after met with the same unfavorable reception, and perished in the field of battle. Aristodemus, Temenus, and Chresphontcs, tlie three sons of Aristomachus, encouraged by the more ex- pressive and less ambiguous word of an oracle, and de&irous to revenge the death of their pro- genitors, assembled a numerous force, and with a fleet invaded all Peloponnesus. Their expe- dition was attended with success, and after some decisive battles they became masters of all the peninsula, which they divided among themselves two years after. The recovery of the Peloponnesus by the descencLints of Her- cules forms an interesting epoch in ancient history, which is universally believed to have happened 80 y.\ars after the Trojan war, or 1104 years before tlie Christian era. This conquest was totally alchieved about 120 years after the first attempt of Hyllus. ^Apol- lod. 2, c. 7, &c.—Herodol. 0, c. 26 — ram. 1, 3J4 c. [17. — Filter c. 1, c. 2 aemens Alex. Strom. 1 ThucT/d. 1, c. 12, &c Diod. 1, &c. — Aristot. de Rep. 7, c. 26. Heraclides, a philosopher of Heraclea in Pontus, for some time disciple of Seusip- pus and Aristotle. He wi^ed it to be be- lieved that he was carried into heaven th« very day of his deatli, and the more firmly to render it credible, he begged one of his friends to put a seriient in his bed. The ser- pent disappointed him, and the noise which the number of visitors occasioned, frightened him from the bed, before the philosopher had expired. He lived about 335 years before the Christian era. Cic. Tusc. 5, ad Quint. 3. — Dio^^. in Fj/lh. An historian of Pontus sumamed I.enibus, who florished B. C. 177. A man, who after the retreat of Di- onysius tlie Younger from Sicily, raised ca- bals against Dion, in whose hands the sove- reign power was lodged, He was put to death by Dion's order. C. Xe-p. in Dion. A. youth of Syracuse in the battle in wliich Nicias was defcatetl. A son of .Vgathocles. A man placed over a gar- rison at Athens by Demetrius. A sophist of Lycia, who opened a school at SmjTna in the age of tlie emperor Severus. A painter of JIacedonia in the reign of king Perseus. An architect of Tartntum, intimate with Philip king of Macedonia. He fled to Rhodes on pretence of a quarrel with Philip, and set fire to tlie Riiodian fleet. Po/y; a bed, because Juno presided over marriages, births, &c. There was a festival of the same name in Elis, celebrated every fiftli year, in which sixteen matrons wove a garment for the goddess. There were also others instituted by Hippodamia, who had received assistance from Juno when she married Pelops. Sixteen matrons, each attended by a maid, presided at the celebration. Tlie con- tenders were young virgins, who being divided in classes, according to their age, ran races each in their order, beginning with the youngest. The habit of all was exactly the same, their hair was dishevelled, and their right shoulder bare to the breast, with coats reaching no lower than the knee. She who obtained the victory was rewarded with crowns of olives, and obtained a part of the ox that was oft'ered in sacrifice, and was peniiilted to dedicate her picture to the goddess. There was also a solemn day of mourning at Corinth which bore the same name, in commemoration of Medea's child- ren, who were buried in Juno's temple. They had been slain by the Corinthians; •who, as it is reported, to avert the scandal which accompanied so barbarous a murder, presented Euriijides with a hu-ge sum of money to write a play, in wliich Medea is re- presented as the murderer of her children. Anotlier festival of the same name at Pallene, witli games in which the victor was rewarded with a garment. 335 ilsRXi MOMTEs, a chain of mountains at the north of Sicily. Diod. 14. Hera:um, a temple and grove of Juno, situate between Argos and Mycenae. A town of Tlirace. Herbessus, a town of Sicily, at tlie north of Arigentum, built by a Phcenician or Car- thaginian colony. iV/. 14, V. 265. HERBri'A, an inland town of Sicily. CYc Verr. 2, c. 64. 1. 3, c, 32. Herceius, an epithet given to Jupiter. Ovid. lb. 286 Lucmu 9, v. 979. Herculanka via, a mound raised be- tween the Lucrine lake and the sea, called also Herculeum iter. S'il. 12, v. 118. Hercilanei'm, a town of Campania, swallowed up, with Pompeii, by an earth- quake, produced from an eruption of mount Vesuvius, August 24th, A. D. 79, in tJie reign of Titus. After being buried under the lava for more than 1600 years, these famous cities were discovered in the beginning of the present centui^ ; Herculancum in 1713, about 24 feet under ground, by laborers digging for a well, and Pompeii 40 years after, about 1 2 feet below the surface, and from the houses and the sti'eets, which in a great measure remain stUl perfect, have been drawn busts, statues, manuscripts, paintings, and utensils, which do not a little contribute to enlarge our notions concerning the ancients, and develope many classical obscurities. The valuable antiquities, so nuraculously recovered, are preserved in the museum of Portici, a small town in tlie ndgh- bourhood, and the engravings, &c. ably taken from them have been munificently presented to the different learned bodies of Europe. Seneca. Nat. Q. 6, c. 1 & 26. — Cic. Alt. 7, ep. 3. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Paterc. 2, c. 16. Hercules, a celebrated hero, who, after death, was ranked among the gods, and received divine honors. According to the ancients there were many persons of the same name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero six, and some authors extend the number to no less than forty-three. Of all these the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the Tlieban, is the most celebrated, and to him as may easily be imagined, the actions of tlie others have been attributed. The birth of Hercules was attended with many miracu- lous and supernatural events ; and it is report- ed that Jupiter, who introduced himself to the bed of Alcmena, was employed for three nights in forming a child whom he intended to be tlie greatest hero the world ever beheld. [ rid. Alcmena.] Hercules was brought up at Tirynthus; or, according to Diodorus, at Ththes.and before he had completed his eightli monUi, tlie jealousy of Juno, intent upon his destruction, sent two snakes to devour him. The child, not terrified at the sight of the ser- pents, boldly seized Uiern in both his bands and squeezed them to death, while his brother Iphiclus alanued the house with his frightful shrieks. H E U E shrieks. [ TiV/. Ipliiclus.] He \v;is early in- structed in tlie liberal" arts, and Castor the son of Tyndanis, tauglit him how to fight. Eurytus how to slioot witJi a bow and arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot, Linus to play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He, like the rest of his illustrious contempora- ries, soon after became the pupil of the cen- taur Chiron, and und^r him he perfected and rendered himself the most valiant and accomplished of the age. In the I Sth year of his age he resolved to deliver the neigh- bo^lrhood of mount Cifh.xroii from a huge lieu which preyed on the flocks of Am))hi- tryon, his supposed fiither ; and which laid ■waste tlie ad jact iit country. He went to tlie court of Thespius, king of Thespis, who shared die general calamity, and he re- ceived tJiere a teniler treatment, and was en- tertained during fifty ilays. The fifty daugh- ters of the king became all mothers by Her- cules, during his stay at Thespis, and some say that it waseflected in one night. After he had destroyed the lion of mount Citharron, he delivered his country from the annual tribute of an hundred oxen which it paid to Erginus. [ yid. Erginus. ] Such public services became universally known, and Creon, who dicn sat on the throne of 'Diebes, rewarded the patri- otic deeds of Hercules by giving him his daugh- ter in marriage, and entrusting him with the government of his kingdom. As Hercules by the will' of Jupiter was subject to the power of Eun,'stl!eus, [ Fk/. Eunstlieus,] and obliged to obty him in every respect, Eurj-stheus, ac- quainted with his succeiises and rising power, ordered him to appear at Mycenic and perform the Itibors which by priority of birth he was empowered to impose upon him. Hercules refused, and Juno, to |)unish his disobedience, rendered hiiu so delirious tliat he killed his own children by IMcgara, supposing them to be the ofl'springof Eurystheus. [ /'jti.I\!egaro,] When he recovered the use of his senses, he •was so stnick with the misfortunes wliich had proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed lumself and retired from tlie society of men for some time. He afterwards consulted die oracle of Apollo, .and was told that he must be subservient for twelve years to the will of Eurystheus, in complia:ice with the conimaiids of Jupiter ; and that after he had achieved the most celebrated labors he should be reck- oned in die numbsr cf die gods. So plain and expressive an answer determined him to go to Mycena?, and to bear with fortitude 'vhatever gods or men imposed upon him. Euni'siheus seeing so great a man totally subjected to him, and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, commanded him to achieve a number of en- terprizcs the most difficult and arduous ever Jjnown, generally called the 12 labors of Her- cules The favors of the gods had coaipleiely armed him when he undertook his labors. He I'.ad received a coat of arms and helmet from -\Iinerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from 356 Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and arrows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a gol- den cuirass and brazen buskins, with a cele- brated club of brass according to the opinion of some writers, but more generally sup- posed to be of wood, and cut by the hero himself in the forest of Nemaea. Th? first labor imposed upon Hercules by EurysUieus, was to kill the lion of Nemaea, which ra- vaged the country near Mycenae. The hero unable to destroy him with his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, pursued him to his den, and after a close and sharp engage- ment he choaked him to death. He carried the dead beast on liis shoulders to Mycense, and ever ;il'ter clothed himself with the skin. Eurystheus was so astonished at the sight of the beast, and at the courage of Hercules, that he ordered him never to enter the gates of the city when he returned from his cxpe- ditioDB, but to wait for his orders without the widls. He even matle himself a brazen ves- sel into which he retired whenever Hercules returned. The second Labor of Hercules was to destroy the Lemsan hydra, which had seven heads according to ApoUodorus, 50 ac- cording to Simonides, and a 1CX5 according to Diodorus. This celebrated monster he at- tacked with his arrows, and soon after he came to a close engagement, and by means of his heavy club he destroyed tlie heads of his enemy. But this was productive of no ad- vantage, for as soon as one head was beaten to pieces by the club,iimne incredible swiftness, its golden horns and brazen feet. This celebrated animal fretjuemed the neigh- bourhood of Qvnoe, and llerculcs was em- ployed for a whole year in continually pur- suing it, and at lost he caught it in a trap, or when tired, or according to others by slightly wounding it and lessening its swiftness. As he returned victorious, Diana snatched tlie goat from him, and severely reprimanded him for molesting an animal which was sacred to her. Hercules pleaded necessity, and by represent- ing the commands of Eurystheus, he appeased the goddess and obtained the l>east. The fourth labor was to bring alive to Eu- rystheus a wild boar which ravaged the neigh- bourhood of Erymanthus. In this expedition he destroyed the centaurs [Vid. Centauri.] and caught the boar by closely pursuing him through the deep snow. Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of the boar, that, iic- conling to Diodorus, he hid lumself in his bra- zen HE HE zen vessel for some days. In his fifth labor Hercules was ordered to clean the stables of Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined for many years. [Vid. Augias.] For his sixth labor he was ordered to kiU the carnivorous birds which ravaged the country near the lake StymphaUs in Arcadia. (Fid. Stymphalis.]-— — In his seventh labor lie brought alive into Peloponnesus a prodi- gious wild bull wiiich laid waste the island of Crete. In his eighth labor he was em- ployed in obtaining the mares of Diomedes, which fed upon human flesh. He killed Diomedes, and gave him to be eaten by his mares, which he brought to Eurystlieus. They were sent to mount Olympus by the king of Mycense, where they were devoured by the wild beasts; or, according to others, they were consecrated to Jupiter, and their breed still existed in the age of Alexander the Great. — — For his ninth labor, he was com- manded to obtain the girdle of the queen of the Amazons. [ Vid. Hippolyte. ] In his tenth labor he killed the monster Geryon, king of Gades, and brought to Argos his numerous flocks which fed upon human flesh. [ Vid. Geryon.] The eleventh labor was to obtain apples from the garden of the Hesperides. [Vid. Hesperides.] — — The twelfth and last, and most dangerous of his labors, was to bring upon earth the thiee- headed dog Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave on mount Taenarus. He was permitted by Pluto to carry away his friends Theseus and Pirithous, who were con- demned to punishment in hell ; and Cerberus also was granted to his prayers, provided he made use of no arms but only force to drag him away. Hercules, as some report, carried him back to. hell, after he had brought him before Eurystheus. Besides these ardu- ous labors, wliich the jealousy of Eurystlieus imposed upon him, he also achieved others of his own accord equally great and celebrated. [Vid. Cacus, Antaeus, Uusiris, Eryx, &c. ] He ascompanied tlie Argonauts to Colchis before he delivered himself up to the king of Mycenae. He assisted the gods in their wars against the giants, and it was tlirough liim alone that Jupiter obtained a victory. [ ViL Oigantes. ] He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy. [ViU. Laomedon.] When Jole the daughter of Eurytus, king of (Echa- lia, of whom he was deeply enamoured, was refused to his entreaties, lie became the prey of a tcond fit of insanity, and he murdered Iphitus, the only one of the sons of Eurytus who la ored his addresses to lole. [lil. Iphitus. ] He was some time after purified of the murder, and his insanity ceased ; but the gods persecuted hun more, and he was visited by a disorder which oblio^ed him to apply to the oracle of Delphi for relief. The coldness with which the Pythia received him irritated him, and he resolved to plunder S97 A.pollo's temple, and carry away the sacred tripod. ApoUo opposed him, and a severe conflict was begun, which nothing but tlie interference of Jupiter with his thunderbolts could have prevented. He was upon this told by the oracle tliat he must be sold as a slave, and remain tliree years in t!ie most abject servitude to recover from his disorder. He complied ; and Mercury by order of Ju- piter, conducted him to Omphale, queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a slave. Here he cleared all tlie country from robbers ; and Omphale, who was astonished at the great- ness of his exploits, restored him to liberty, and married him. Hercules had Agelaus, and Lamon according to others, by Omphale, from whom Crcesus king of Lydia was de- scended. He became also enamoured of one of Omphale's female servants, by whom he had Alceus. After he had completed tlie years of his slavery, he returned to Pelopon- nesus, where he re-established on the throne of Sparta, Tyndarus, who had been expelled by Hippocoon. He became one of Dejaiiira's suitors, and married her, after he had over- come all his rivals. [Vid. Achelous.] He was obliged to leave Calydon, his fatlier-»fti- law's kingdom, because he had inadvertently kiUed a man with a blow of his fist,, and it was on account of this expulsion that he was not present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar. From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx, king of lYachinia. In his way he was stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where tlie centaur Nessus attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, under the per- fidious pretence of conveying her over the river. Hercules perceived the distress of De- janira, and killed the centaur, who as he expired gave her a tunic which as he obser^-ed had die power of recalling a husband from unlawful love. [Vid. Dejanira.] Ceyx, king of Trachinia, received hun and his wife ■emn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he had not then tlie tunic in which he arrayed himself to offer a sacrifice, he sent Lichas to Dejrinira in order to provide himself a proper dress. Dejanira, informed of her husband's tender attachmetit to lole, sent him a philter, or more probably the tunic which she had received from 2Jessus, and Hercules as soon as he had put it on, fell into a desperate distemper, and found the poi- son of the Lernscan hydra penetrate through his bone j. He attempted to pull off the fatfll dress, but it was too late, and in the midst Z of HE H E of his pains and tortures he inveighed lu the most bitter imprecations against the crediJous Dganira, the cruelty of Eurystheub, and the jealousy and hatred of Juno. As tlie dis- temper w IS incurable, he implored the pro- tection of Jupiter, and gave his bow and arrows to Fhiioctetes, and ereacd a large burning pile on the top of mount (Eta. He spread on the pile the skin of tlie Xcniian lion, and laid himself down upon it as on a bed, Wning his head on his club. Fhiioc- tetes, or according to others, Paean or Hyllus, was ordtrL J to sit lire to tlie pile, and the hero saw himself on a sudden surrounded with the flames, without betraying :my marks of fear or astonishment. Jupiter saw him from Iieaven, and told to the surrounding gods tliat he would raise to the skies the im- mortal parts of a hero who liad cleared the earth from so many monsters and t^Tants. TTie gods applauded Jupiter's resolution, tlie burning pile was sjddcnly surrounded witli a dark smoke, and after the mortal parts of Hercules were consiuncd, he was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by four horses. Some loud claps of thunder accompanied his elevation, and his friends, unable to find either his bones or ashes, shewed their grati- tude to his memory by raising an altar where the burning pile had stood. Jlenoetius the son of Actor, oHl-red him the sacrifice of a bull, a wild boar, and a goat, and enjoined tiie people of Opus yearly to observe tiio s,'imc re- ligious ceremonies. Hii worship soon became as universal as his fame, and Juno, who had once persecuted tilra with such inveterate fun.', forgot her rLStntment, and gave him her daugliter Hebe in marriage. Hertults has received maiiy surnames and epithets, cither from the place where his worship was esta- blished, Or from the labors which heactijeved. His temples were numerous and magnificent, and his divinity revered. No dogs or flies ever entered his temple at Rome, and that of Gades, according to Strabo, was always for- bidden to women and pigs. The Phoenicians ofiered quails on his altars, and as it was sup- posed that he- presided over dreams, the sick and infirm were sent to sleep in his temples, that they might receive in dieir dreams the agreeable presages of their approaching re- coverj". 'i'he white poplar was particularly dedicated to his service. Hcrciiles is gene- rally represented naked, with strong and well proportioned limbs, he is sometimes covered witM tlie skin of die Nemaean lion, and holds a knotted club in his hand, on which he often leans. Sometimes he ajjpears crowned « ith the leaves of the poj)lar, and holding tiie horn of plenty under his :u-m. At other Umes he is represented standing witli Cupid, who in- stantly breaks to pieces his arrows and his club, to intimate the passion of love in die hero, who sutFered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by Oniphale, who dressed herself in his armoiu- while he was sitting to spin with 358 her female servants. The children of Her- cules are as numerous as the labors aiid diffi- culties which he underwent, and indeed they became so powerful soon after his death, that they alone had the courage to invade all Pelo- ponnesus. ( Fj^. Herachdx.) He was fatfier of Deicoon and 'ITierimachus, by IMcgara ; of Ctcsippus, by Astvdamia ; of Palcmon. by Aiitonoe; of Everes, by Parthenope ; of Uly- cisonetcs, Gyncus, and Oditcs, by Dejanira •. of Puessalus by Chalciope ; of 1 hestalus, bj Epicaste ; of Tlepolem.us, by Astyoche ; o.' Agathyrsus, Gelcn, and Scytlia, by Echidan, &c. Such are the most striking characteristics of ti;e life of Hercules, w^ho is said to havj supported for a while the weight of tlie hea- vens upon his shoulders, ( Vid. Atlas, ) and to have separated by the force of his arm the celebrated mounUiins which were aftcrward.N cilled tlie boundaries of his labors. ( I'id. Abyla. ) He is held out by tlie ancients as a true pattern of virtue and piety, and as his whole life had been employed for tlie common benefit of mankinil. he was deservetlly reward- ed widi immortality. His juilicious cl^oiceof virtue in preference to pleasure, as describeJ by Xenophon, is well known. Diid. 1 & 4. — Oj. dd X.it. I). 1, &c. —A}>dlod. 1 & 'J. — Fans. 1. 3, J. 9, & 10. — Hfsiod. in Scut. Here &c. — Hugin.fab. 29, o-, &c — Ovut. Met. 9, V. '236, &c. U. od. 3. — Hal. 1, v. 45S.—Siat. 2. Theb. v. 56-1. — Mela, 2. c. 1. — Lucian. JJiaJ. — Lactnnt. de fuls. Rfl, — Strab. 3, &c. — HortU. Od. Sat. &c. A son of Alexander the Great A surname of the emperor Commodus, &c. HekcOlei m, a promontory in die country of the lirutii. Pretum, a name given to tJie strait ^\hicil fomis.a comnionication between the Atlantic and MedittrraneaiL Htii( ULEUs, one of Agrippina's murderers. Tad'. Ann. 14. c. S. HsRctjLtus Lacus, a lake of Sicily. Herculis Con MNiE, two lofty mountains, situate one on the most southern extremities of Spain, and the other on die oppoiite part of Atrfca. They were called by tiic ancients Abi/lu and Calpc. They are reckoned tiio l)ound- aries of tlie labors of IJercult% and according to ancient tnulitiou thi y wire joined togctlier t id they wo '" hero. andaconur Me- diterraneti. ;..... ,,.,,.,., ,. .^. ^z, ,.„,.. i\ri:g. — ii/..l, V. M ,1; W. 1, c. 5. L2, c 6. — Flin. 3, c. 1. Monofci I'ortus, now Mo- naco, a port town of Genoa. TaciC. H. 3, c. 42. — Ltican. I, V. 405. — I'irg. ^En, 6, t. S30, — — Labronis vci Uburni I'ortus, a sea port town. HE HE town, now Leghorn. Promontorium, a cape at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea, now Spartivento. Insulas, two islands near Sardinia. Plin. 5, c. 7. Portus, a sea port of the Brutii, on the western coast. Lucus, a wood in Germany sacred to Hercules. Tacit. A. 2, c. 12. A small island on the coast of Spain, called also 5'coot- braria, from the tunny fish (Scumbres) caught there. Strab. 5. HEjicrNA, a nymph who accompanied Ceres as she travelled over the world. A river of Boeotia bore her name. Paus. 9. c. 59. Hercvxia, a celebrated forest of Ger- many, which, according to Caesar required nine days' journey to cross it ; and which on some part^ was found without any boundaries, though travelled over for sixty days succes- sively. It contained the modern countries of Switzerland, Basil, Spires, Transylvania, and a great part of Russia. In length of time the trees were rooted up, and v/hen population increased the greatest part of it was made in- habitable. Cass. Bell. G. 6, c. 24. — Mela, — Liv. 5, c. 54. — Tadt. G. 30. Herdonia, a small town of Apulia between the rivers Aufidus and Cerbalus. Ital. 1, V. 568. HERDONttjs, a man put to death by Tar- quin, because he had boldly spoken against him in an assembly, &c. Herea, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, the bottom of which was watered by the Al - pheus. It was built by Hereus the son of Lycaon, and was said to produce a wine pos- sessed of such unusual properties, as to give fecundity to women, and cause madness in men. JElian. V. H. 1.3, c. 6. — Pliii. 14, c. 18. — Paus. 8, c. 24. — Ptol.o, c. 16. HERENNitis Senecio, a Roman historian upder Domitian. Tacit. Agric. 2, &c. An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pompey, &c. Plut- A centurion sent in pursuit of Cicero by Antony. He cut off the orator's head. Plut. in Cic. Caius, a man to whom Cicero dedicates his book de Rhetoricd, a work attributed by some to Cornificius. A Samnite general, &c. — — Philo, a Phoe- nician who wrote a book on Adrian's reign. He also composed a treatise divided into 12 parts, concerning the choice of books, &c. Hek.eus, a son of Lycaon, who founded a city in Arcadia, called Herea, Paus. 8, c. 24. Herillus, a philosopher of Chalccdon, disciple to Zeno. Diog. Herilus, a king of Prseneste, son of the nympli Feronia, As he had three livee, he was killed three times by Evander. Virg. uEn. 8, V. 563. Heumachus, a native of Mitjlene, succcs- 6or and disciple of Epicurus, B. C. 267. HERMiE, statues of Mercury in the city of Athens. Cic. ad Alt. 1. ep.AScS. — C. Ncp. in Alcib Two youths who attended those 559 who consulted tlie oracle of Trophonfus. Paus. 9, c. 59. Herm^ea, a festival in Crete, when the masters waited upon the servants. It was also observed at Athens and Babylon. Penis. 8, c. 14. HERM.flEUM, a town of Arcadia. A promontory at the east of Carthage, the most nortliern point of all Africa, now cape ]3(ni. Liv. 29, c. 27. — Strab. 17. Herjiagokas iEoLinEs, a famous rheto- rician, who came to Rome in the age of Augustus. 7- A philosopher of Amphipolis. A famous orator and philosopher. Hermandica, a town of the Vacccei in Spain. Liv. 21, c. 5 Polyb. 3. KermandCtvi, a people of Germany, called also Hermunduri. Hermanni, a people of Germany. Hermafhroditus, a son of Venus and Mercury, educated on mount Ida by the Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel to gratify his curiosity. When he csme to Caria, he bathed himself in a fountain, and Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, became enamoured of him and attempted to seduce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf to all intreaties and offers; and Salmacis en» deavouring to obtain by force what was denied to prayers, closely embraced him, and en- treated the gods to make them two, but one body. Her prayers were heard, and Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two in one body, still preserved the characteristics of both their sexes. Hermaphroditus begged the gods that all who batlied in that fountain might becorne effeminate. Ovid. Met. -i, v. 547. — Hvgin. fab. 271. Kermas, an ancient father of the church, in or near the age of the apostles. Hermathena, a statue which rcpresenttxl Mercury and JVIinerva in the same body. Tills statue was generally" placed in schools where eloquence and philosophy were taught, because these two deities presided over tlie arts and sciences. Hermeas, a tyrant of Mysia who revolted from Artaxorxes Ochus, B. C. 550. A general of Antiochus, &c. Hekmeias, a native of Methymna who wrote an liistory of Sicily. Hekjies, the name of Mercury among the Greeks. [^Vld. Mercurius.] A famous gladiator. Marliul. 5, ep. 25. An Egj-p- tian philosoj)her. Vid. Mercurius Trisme- gistus. Hermesianax, an elegiac poet of Colo- phon, son of Agoneus. He was publicly ho- nored with a statue. Pans. 6, c. 17. A native of Cyprus who wrote an history of Phrygia. Plut.] HeumIas, a Galatien philosopher in the second century. His inisio p/Mosophoi-um gcntiliu?n, was printed with Justin Martyr's works, fol. Paw, 1615 & 1636, and with the Oxford edition of Tatian, 8vo. 1700. Z 2 Her- HE H E HsRHiKius, a general of the Hemumni, gfC. A Roman who defended a bridge with Codes against the army of Porsenna. Liv. 2, c. 10. — — A Trojan killed by Ca- tillus in the Rutulian war. Vvrg. ^n. 11, y. 642. Hermione, a daughter of Mais and Venus, who married Carlinus. The gods, except Juno, honored licr nuptials witli fheij- pre- sence, and she received, as a present, a rich veil and a splendid necklace which had been made by Vulcan. She was changetl into a serpent with her husb.iiid Cadmus, and placed in the Elysian fields. [Vid. Harmonia.] ApolUxL 3. —Ovi'l. Met. 4. fab. 13. A daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was pairately promised in marriage to Orcstos the son of Agaraemuon ; bu» her father, ignorant of this pre-engagcnicnt, gave her li.ind to Pyrrhus the son of Achilli-s, whose services Le hail experienced in the Trojan war. I^rrhus, at liis return from Troy, carrii-d home HcrmJonc and married licr. Her- mione, tenderly attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon Pynlius with horror and indignation. According tti others, how- ever, Herniione received Uic addresses of Pyrrhus with plesisnre, and even ropro.vhed Andromache, his coiicubinc, with stealing his aftectious from her. Her jealoiusy for Andromache, according to some, induced her to unite herself to Orestes, and to de- stroy Pyrrhus. She gave herself U» Orestes after tliis raurdcr, and rcceivetl tlie kingdom of Sparta as a dowry. Hoiiut. Od. 4. — Eurip. in Andr. \- Orcst. — On I. ILtouL 8. — Pro- parr. 1. A town of Argolis whcTe Cerer. had a famous tcnipU-. 'ITie inli.iloar which was coming towards him. Alex- ander, who followed close lieliind him. was so disappointed because the beast had been killed iK'fore he could dart at it, that he or- dered Hemiolaus to be severely whipped. This treatment irritated Hcnuolaus, and he conspirevn from her tower and perished in the sea. Musceus de Leand. 8[ Hero. — Ovid. Heroid. 17 & 18.— Virg. G. 5, v. 258. Herodes, surnamed the Great and Jtsca- lonita, followed tlie interest of Brutus and Cassius, and afterwards that of Antony. He was made king of Juda;a by means of Antony, and after the battle of Actium he was con- tinued in his power by his flattery and sub- mission to Augustus. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, and as he knew that the day of his death woidd become a day of mirth and festivity, he ordered the most illus- trious of his subjects to be confined and mur- dered the very moment that he expired, that every eye in the kingdom might seem to shed tears at the death of Herod. He died in the 70th year of his age, after a reign of forty years. Josephus Antipas, a son of Herod the Great, governor of Galilasa, &c. — — Agrippa, a Jew intimate vdth the empe- ror Caligula, &c. This name was common to many of the Jews. Josephus. Atticus. Fid. Atticus. 341 Herodianus, a Greek historian, who florished A. D. 247. He was bom at Alex- andiia, and he was employed among the oflS- cers of the Roman emperors. He wTote a Roman history in eight books, from the death of Marcus Aurelius to Maximinus. His style is peculiarly elegant, but it wants precision, and the "work too plainly betrays that the author was not a perfect master of geography. He is accused of being too partial to Maximinus, and too severe upon Alexander Severus. His book comprehends the histoi7 of 68 or 70 years, and he asseits that he has been an eye witness of whatever he has written. The best editions of his history are that of Politian, 4to. Dovan, 1525, who afterwards published a very valu- able Latin translation, and that of Oxford, 8vo. 1708. Herodicu.s, a physician surnamed Gymnas- tic, who florished B. C. 443. A gram- marian surnamed Cratelens, B. C. 123. Hkr8dotus, a celebrated historian of Ha- licamassus, whose fatlier's name was Lyxe», and that of his mother Drjo. He fled to Samos when his countiy labored under the oppressive tyranny of Lygdamis, and travelled over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He af- terv/ards returned to Halicarnassus, and ex- pelled t)ie tyrant ; whicli patiiotic deed, far from gaining the esteem and admiration of tlie populace, displeased and irritated them so that Herodotus was obliged to fly to Greece from the public resentment. To procure a lasting fame he publicly repeated at the Olym - pic games the history which he had composed, in his 39th year, B. C. 445. It was received with such universal applause, that the names of the nine Muses were unanimously given to the nine books into which it is divided. This celebrated composition, which has procured its author the title of fathei- of liistory, is written in the Ionic dialect. Herodotus is among the historians what Homer is among the poets, and Demosthenes among the ora- tors. His style abounds with elegance, ease, and sweetness ; and if tlicre is any of the fa- bulous or incredible, the auth(>r candidly in- forms the reader tliat it is inti'oduced upon the narration of others. - The work is an history of the wars of the Persians against the Greeks from the age of Cyras to the battle of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes, and besides this it gives an account of the most cele- brated nations in the world. Herodotus had written another history of Assyria and Ara- bia, which is not extant. The life of Homer, generally attributed to him, is supposed by some not to be the production of his pen. Plutarch has accussed him of malevolence to- wards the Greeks 5 an imputation which can easily be refuted. The t^vo best editions of this great historian are that of Wesseling, fol. Amsterdam, 1763; and that of Glasgow, nine vols. I2mo. 1761. Ctc. de leg. 1 de oral, 2. •m-Dionys. Hal. 1. — Quintil. 10, c. l.-r.Plut. Z 5 dcmaU H E HE d^ mal. Heix>d. A man who wrote a ticatise concemitig Epicurus. Diig. A Tneban wTei,tic-r of Megara, in the age of Demetrius, son of Antigonus. He was six feet and a half in height, and he ate gene- rally 20 pounds of flesh, with bread in pro- portion, at each of his meals. Atken- 16. Another, whose victories are celebrated by Pindar. Heroes, a name which was given by the ancients to such as were born from a god, or to 6uch as had signalized themselves by their actions, and seemed to deserve immortality by the services which they had rendered their country. The heroes which Homer describes, such as Ajax, Achilles, &c. were of such prodi- gious strength that they coiUd lift up and throw stones which the united force of four or five men of his age coulJ not have moved. llie heroes were supposed to be interested in the affairs of mankind after death, anJ they were invoked with much solemnity. As tlie altars of the gods were crowded witli sacrifices and libations, so die heroes were often ho- nored with a funeral solemnity', in v.hich their groat exploits were enumerated. l"he origin of heroism might proceed from the opi- nions of some philosophers, who taught that the souls of groat men were often raised to the stars, and introduced among the immortal gods. According to tlie notions of the stoics, tlie ancient herocs inhabited a pure and serene cliniate, situate above tlie moon. Herois, a festival, celebrated every nindi year by the Delpluans, in honor of a heroine. •Tnere were in the celebration a great number of mysterious rites, with a representation of something like Semele's resurrection. Hkbon, two matliematicians, one of whom is called d\e aiicL-nt and the other the t/ounger. The fonner, who lived about 100 years be- fore Ciirist, was (Usciplc to Ctesibius, and wrote a curious book translated into Latin, under the title of S]>irUu(iiium Liber ,- the only edition of which is that of Baldus, Aug. I'lt'id. 1616. Heuoopolis, a town of Egypt on the Ara- bic guiph. HEr.6?HiLA, a Sibyl, who, as some sup- pose, came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. (Vid. Sibyllae.) Paus. 10, c. 12. Herophilus, an impo>tor in tlie reign of .T. Caesar, who pretended to be the grandson of IVIarius. He \\U3 banished from Rome by Cjcsar for his seditions, and was afterwards strangled in prison. — —A Greek physician, about 570 years before the Chrisdan era. He was one of the first who dissected bodies. Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch have greatly com- mended him. IIerosxratl's. Vid. Erostratus. Herpa, a town of Cappadocia. Utr.sE, a daughter of Cecrops, king of Athens, beloved by IMercury. The god dis- closal his love to Agl.iuros, Herse's sister, in hopes of procuring an easy admission to 542 Herse; but Aglauros through jealousy, dis- covered the amour. JMercury was so of- fended at her behaviour, that he struck her with his caduccus and changed her into a stone. Herse became mother of Ccphalus by Mercury, and after death, she received divine honors at .-Vthens. Ovid. M,.l. 2, V. 559, &c. A wife of Danaus. Ajml- lod. Hersephoria, festivals of Athens in ho- nor of Minerva oi more probably of Herse. Hersilia, one of the Sabincs carried away by the Romans at the celebration of the Consualia. She was given and married to Romulus, though according to some slie m.arried Hostus, a youth of Lallum, by whom she had Hostus Hosdlius. After deatli she was presented with, immortality by Juno, and received divine honors under the name of Ora. Liv. 1, c 11. — Ovid. Met. 14, v. 852. Hertiia & Herta, a goddess among tlie Germans supposed to be the same as the earth. She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to her service in a remote island, and was supposed to visit the earth at stated times, when her conning was celebrated with tljc greatest re- joicings and festivity. I'acil. dc- Ck-rvu HtKULi, a savage nation in die northern parts of Europe, who attacked the Roman power in its decline. HESiENUs, a mountain near Pteonia. HiisioDi s, a celebrated poet born at As- cra, in Bieoua. His father's name was Dius, and hib moditr's Pycimede. He lived in the age of Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize in competition with him, according to Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Phdos- tratus, and others, maintain that Hcsiod lived before the age of Homer ; but Val. Patcrculus and odiers support that he florished about J 00 years after him. Hesiod is the first who wrote a poem on agriculture. This com- position is called, 7'h^ H'^rks and the Days ; and besides the instructions which are given to the cultivator of the field, the reader is pleased to find many moral refiections wortliy of a refined Socrates or a Flato. His Thto- gony is a miscellaneous narration executed without art, precision, choice, judgment, or connection, yet it is the more valuable for the faithful account it gives of the gods of anti- quity. His Shield of Hercules is but a frag- ment of a larger poem, in whicli it is supposed he gave an account of the most celebrated he- roines among tiie ancients. Hesiod, without being master of tlie fire and sublimity of Ho- mer, is admired for tlie elegance of his dic- tion, and tlie sweetness of his poetry. Re- sides these poems he wTotc otlicrs, now lost. Pausanias says, tiiat in his ago. Hcsiotl's verses were still written on tablets in the temple of the Muses, of which tlie poet was a priest. If we believe Clem. Altzand. 6, Strom, the poet borrowed much from Mu- ^»u$. HE HE sjeus. One of Lucian's dialogues bears the name of Hesiod, and in it the poet is intro- duced as speaking of himself. Virgil, in his Georgics, has imitated the compositions of Hesiod, and taken his opera and dies for mo- del, as he acknowledges- Cicero strongly commeods him, and tlie Greeks vi-ere so partial tb his poetry and moral instructiens, that they ordered their children to learn all by heait Hesiod was murdered by the sons of Ganyctor of Naupactura, and his body was tliro\vn into the sea. Some dolphins brought back the body to the shore, which was immediately known, and the murderers were discovered by the poet's dogs, and thrown into the sea. If Hesiod florished in the age of Homer, he lived 907 B. C. The best editions of this poet arc that of Robinson, 4to. Oxon, 1757; tliat of Loesner, 8vo. Lips. 1778 y and that of Parma, 4to. 17S5. Cic. Fam. 6, ep. 18. — Pavs. 9, c. 3, ^-c. — Quiritil. 10, c. 1. — Pa.erc. — Varro. — Plut. de 7 Sqi. ^deAnim. Sag. HisioNE, a daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of Sca- mander. It fell to her lot to be exposed to a sea monster, to whom the Trojans yearly pre- sented a marriageable virgin, to .ippease the resentment of Apollo and Neptune, whom Laomedon had offended, but Hercules pro- mised to deliver her, pro sided he received as a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon consented, and Hercules attacked the mon- ster just as he was going to devour Hesione, and he killed him witli his club. Laomedon, however, refused to rew;u-d tlie hero's ser- vices ; and Hercules incenscdat his treachery, besieged Troy, and put the king and all his family to the sword, except I'odai'ces, or Priam, who had advised his father to give the promised horses to his sister's deliverer. The conqueror gave Hesione in maiTiage to his friend Telamon, who had assisted him during the war, and he established Priam upon his father's throne. The removal of Hesione to Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans ; and Priam, who remembered with indignation that his sister had been forcibly given to a foreigner, sent his son Paris to Greece to re- claim the possessions of Hesione, or more probably to revenge his injurit:s upon the Greeks by carrj-ing away Helen, which gave rise, soon aftei-, to the Trojan war. Lyco- phron mentions, that Hercules threw himself, armed, from head to foot, into the mouth of the monster to which Hesione was ex- posed, and that he tore his beliy to pieces, and came out safe only with the loss of Ids hair, aficr a confinement of tlirec days. Homer. 11. 5, v. 65S Diod. 4. — Apollod. % C.5, &c. — Ovid. Met. 11, v. iil2. The wife of \auplius. HE&rfiKiA, a large island of Africa, once the residence of the Amazons. Diod. 3. A name common to both Italy and Spain. 343 It is derived from Hesper or Vesper, the setting sun, or the evening, whence the Greeks called Italy Hesperia, because it was situate at the setting sun, or in the west. The same name for similar reasons, was ap- plied to Spain by die Latins. Virg. JEn. 1, V. 654, &c. — Horat. 1, od. 34, v. 4. 1. 1, od. 27, V. 28. — SU. 7, v. 15. — Ovid. Met. 1 1, V. 258. A daughter of the Cebrenus. Ovid. Met. 11, V. 759. Hesperides, tliree celebrated nymphs daughters of Hesperus. Apollodorus men- tions four, .^gle, Erythia, Vesta, and Are- thusa; and Diodorus confounds them wdth the Atlantidcs, and supposes that they were the same number. They were appointed to guard the golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their nuptials ; and the place of their residence placed beyond the ocean by Hesiod, is more universally believed to be near mount Atlas in Africa, according to Apollodorus. This celebrated place or garden abounded with fruits cf tlie most delicious kind, and was carefully guaided by a di-eadful dragon which never slept. It was one of the labors of Hercules to procure some of th» golden apples of the Hesperides. The hero, ignorant of the situation of this celebrated garden, applied to the nymphs in the neigh- bourhood of the Po for information, and was told that Nereus, the god of the sea, if pro- perly managed, [ Vid. Nereus,] would direct him in liis pursuits. Hercules seized Ne- reus as he was asleep, and the sea god, un- able to escape from his grasp, answered all the questions which he proposed. Some say that Nereus sent Hercules to Prometheus, and that from him he received all his inform- ation. When Hercuics came into Africa, he repaired to Atlas, and demanded of him three of the golden apples. Atlas unloaded himself and placed the burden of the heavens on the slioulders of Hercules, \vhile he went in quest of tlie apples. At his return Hercules ex- pressed his wish to ease tl;e burden by putting somediing on his head, and when Atlas as- sisted him to remove his inconvenience, Her- cules artfully left the burthen, and seized tb« apples, which Atlas had thrown on the ground. According to other accounts, Hercules gathered tlie apples himself, without the as- sistance of Atlas, and he previously killed the watchful di-agon which kept the tree. These apples were brought to Eurystlieus, and after- wards can-ied back by Minerva into the garden of the Hesperides, as they could be preserved in no other place. Hercule.s is sometimes re- presented gathering the appks, and the dragon which guarded the tree appears bowing down his head, as having received a mortal wound, 'lliis monster, as it is supposed, was die off- spring of Typhon, and it had a hundred heads and as many voices. This number, however, is reduced by some to only one head. Those that attempt to explain mythology, observe, that the Hesperides were certcun persons who Z 4 had HI HI had an immense number of flocks, and that the ambiguous word /n-nXin, which signifies an aj'pld and a sfite]), gave rise to the fable of the golden apples of the Hesperides. Diod. 4. — Ofid. Met. 4, V. 657, &c 1. 9, v. 90. — Hygin. fab. 50. — ApoUod. 5, c. 5. — Hesiod. Tkeog. V. 215, &c HESPEftis, Vid. Hesperus. A town of Cyrenaica, now Bernic or Bengad, where mo:^t authors have placed the garden of the Hesperides. HesrEiiiTis, a country of Africa. Siod. 4. HEsrERUS, a son of Japetus, brother to Atla5. He came to Italy, and the coun- try received the name of Hcsperi/i from him, according to some accounts. He had a daughter called He^pcris, who mar- ried Atlas, and became motlier of seven daughters, called Atlantides or Hcspcrides. Viod. 4. The name of Hesperus was also applitd to Uic planet Venus, when it appeared after the 'setting of the sun. It was called Phosphjrus or Lucifer when it prccL'ded the sun. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c 2. — Senec. de Hip]>ol. 749. Id. in Med. 71. IIestia, one of the Hespendes. Apol- lod. WrsniKK, a town of Euboca. Hfsus, a deity among the Gauls, the same as the Mars of the liomans. l.ucan. I, V. 44.';. Hxsycuia, a daughter of Tbespius. Ajxtl- lod. HESYCHr' B, tlic author of a Greek lexicon in the beginning of tlie 3d century, a valuable work which has been leam^^dly edited by Al- bert. 2 vols. fol. L. Bat. 1746. HethkOli M, now Latnrico, a town in the country of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 1 9. Hi.THURiA fc Etruri.v, a ctiebrated coun- try of Italy, at tl>e west of tJic Tiber. It originally contained twelve ditfercnt nations, which hud vadi tlieir rej.pective monarch, called Lucumon. Tlieir names were Vticn- tes, Clusiiii, Perusini, Cortonenses, Arretini, Vetuloni, Volatcirani, Uusellani, Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and Caerotani. 'ilie in- habitants were particularly fam/ius for their Bupcrstition, and great confidence in omens, dreams, auguriej, &c. They all proved powerful and resolute enemies to the rising empire of tlie Romans, and were conquered only after much efiusion of blood. Flin. 3, c 5. — Strab. 5- — Plut. in Rom Mela, 2, c, 4. Heuripfa, a surname of Diana. Hexapylum, a gate at Syracuse. The adjoining place of the city, or tlie wall, bore the same name. Diod. 11 & 14. — Z,w. 24, c 21. I. 25. c 24. 1. 32, c 59. HiARBAs or Iarbas, a king of Gaetulia. Vid. Iarbas. HiBEB, a name applied to a Spam'ard, as living near the river Hiberus or Iberus. Vid. Iberus. 544 HiBERViA & Htbernia, a large island at the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Some of the ancients have called it Ibemia. Juverna, Iris, Hiema, Ogygia, Ivemia, Juv. 2, V. 160. — Strab. 4. — Orpheus. — Arislot. HiBRiLDEs, an Athenian general. Dionys. Hal. 7. HicETAON, a son of Laomedon, brother to Priam, and fatlier of MenaJippus. Homir. 77. 5. Tlie father of Thymoetes, who came to Italy with -^neas. Virg. JEn. 10, V. 135. HicfrrAs, a philosopher of Syracuse, who believed that tlie earth moved, and that all the heavenly bodies were stationary. Dug. in PhiL —— A tyrant of Syracuse. Vid. IcetAS. HiEMPsAL, a king of Numidia, &c. Vid. Hyempsal. Plut. HiERA, a woman who married Tclcphus, king of My.sia, and who was said to sur- pass Helen in beauty. — ^ The mother o*' Pandarus and Bitias, by Alcanor. Vira^. JEn. 9, V. 673. —— One of the Lipari islands, called also Theresia, now Vulcano. Pans. 10, c. 11. HiERAPOLis, a town of Syria, near tlie Euphrates. Another of Phrygia, famous for hot baths, now BambukkaUuL — An- other of Crete. HiERAX, a j'outh who awoke Argus to inform him that Mercury was stealing lo. Mercury killed him, and changed him into a bird of prey. Apollod. 2, c. 2. An- tiochus king of Syria, and brother to Selcu- cus, received tJie sum:nne of Hierax. Jus- fn. 37, c. 5. ' An Egyptian philosopher in the third centurj*. HiERicHis, (units) the name of Jeridio in the holy land, called the city of palm- trees, from its abounding in dates. Plin. €, c. 14.— Tad/. H. 5, c. 6. HiKRO 1st, a king of Syracuse, after his brother Gelon, who rendered himself odious in the beginning of his reign by his cruelty and avarice. He made war against ThCTon, the tyrant of Agrigcntum, and took Himcra. He obtained tliree different crowns at the Olympic games, two in horse races, and one at a chariot race. PHndar has cele- brated him as being victorious at Olympia. In the latter part of his reign the conversa- tion of Simonides, Epichamius, Pindar, &c. softened in some measure the roughness of his morals ami the severity of his govern- ment, and rendered bim the patron of learn- ing, gem'us, and merit. He died after a reign of 18 years, B. C 467, leaving the crown to his brother Thrasybulus, who disgraced himself by his vices and tyranny. Diod. 1 1 The second of that name, king of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. He wa« unanimously elected king by all the states of the island of Sicily, and appointed to ojry on the war against the Canhaginians. He joined HI HI j(Hned his enemice in liesieging Messaiu, which bad surrendered to the Romans, but he was beaten by Appius Claudius, the Roman consul, and obliged to retire to Syracuse, i^ere he was soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes of victory lost, he made peace with the Romans, and proved so faithful to his en- gagements during the fifty-nine years of his reign, -that the Romans never had a more firm, or more attached ally. He died in the 94th year of his age, about 225 years before the Christian era. He was universally regret- ted, and all the Sicilians showed by their la- mentations that they had lost a common father and a friend. He liberally patronized the learned, and employed the talents of Archimedes for the good of his country. He wrote a book on agriculture, now lost. He was succeeded by Hieronymus. jElian. V. H. 4, 8. — Justin. 23, c. 4. — Flor. 2, c. 2. — Xw. 16. — — An Athenian intimate with Nicias, the general. Plut. in Nic. A Parthian, &c. Tacit. HiEROc^SAREA, a town of Lydia. Tacit. A. 2, c. 47, I. 5, c. 62. HiEROCKPiA, an island near Paphos in Cyprus. HiERocLES, a persecutor of the Christians under Dioclesian, who pretended to find in- isonsistencies in Scripture, and preferred the miracles of Tliyaneus to tliose of Christ. His wi-itings were refuted by Lactantius and Eusebius. A Platonic philosopher, who taught at Alexandria, and wrote a book on providence and fate, fragments of which are preserved by Photius ; a commentary on the golden verses of Pythagoras ; and facetious moral verses. He florished A. D. 485. The best edition is that of Asheton and W arren, Svo. London, 1742. A general in the in- terest of Demetrius. Polyeen. 5. A go- vernor of Bithynia and Alexandria, under Dioclesian. An oflScer. Vid. Helioga- balus. HierodOlum, a town of Libya. HiERONiCA LEX, by Hiero, tyrant of Si- cDy, to settle tlie quantity of com, the price and time of receiving it, between the farmers of Sicily, and the collector of the corn tax at Rome. This law, on account of its justice and candor, was contuiued by the Romans when they became masters of Sicily. HiEROKYJitrs, a tyrant of Sicily, who suc- ceeded liis father or grandfather Hiero, when only 15 years old. lie rendered himself odious by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchay. He abjured the alliance of Rome,whichHiero bad observed with so much honor and advan- tage. He was assassinated, and all his family was overwhelmed in his fall, and totally extir- pated, B. C. 214. An historian of Rhodes, who wrote an account of the actions of Deme- trius Poliorcetes, by whom he was appointed over Boeotia, B. C. 254. FliU. in Bern An Athenian s^t over the fleet, while Conon 345 went to the king of Persia.— —A Cbiistian writer commonly called St. Jerome, bom in Pannonia, and distinguished for his zeal against heretics. He wrote commentaries on the prophets, St. Matthew's gospel, &c. a Latin version known by the name of Vulgate, pole- mical treatises, and an account of eccle- siastical writers before him. Of his works, which are replete with lively animation, sublimity, and erudition, the best edition is that of Vallersius, fol. Veronae, 1734, to 1740, ten vols. Jerome died A. D. 420, in his 91st year. HiEROPHiLUs, a Greek physician. He in- structed his daughter Agnodice in the art of midwifery, &c. Vid. Agnodice. HiKRosoLYMA, a celebrated city of Pa- lestine, the capital of Judaea, taken by Pom- pey, who, on that account, is sumamed Hiero- solt/mariiis. Titus also took it and destroyed it, the 8th of September, A. D. 70, according to Josephus, 2177 years after its foundation. In the siege by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to have perished, and 97,000 to have been made prisoners, and afterwards, either sold for slaves, or wantonly exposed for the sport of their insolent victors, to the fury of wild beasts, Joseph. Bell. J. 7, c. 16, ^c. — Cic. ad. Attic. 2, ep. 2, Flacc. 28. HiGNATiA VIA, a large road, which led from the Ionian sea to the Hellespont, across Macedonia, about 550 mdes. Strah. 7. HiLARiA, a daughter of Leucippus' and Philodice. As she and her sister Phoebe were going to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas, they were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who married tliom. Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, and she, as well as her sister, obtained after death the honors which were generally paid to heroes. ApoUod. 3. — Propert. I, el. 2. V. 16. — Paus. 2, c. 22. 1.3, c. 19. Festi- vals at Rome in honor of the mother of the gods. HiLARius, a bishop of Poictiers in France, who wrote several treatises, the most famous of which is on the Trinity, in twelve books. The only edition is that of the Benedictin* monks, fol. Paris, 1693. Hilary died A. D. 372, in liis 80th year. HiLLEVioNEs, a people of Scandinavia, Flin. 4, c. 13. HiMELLA, now Aia, a small river in tha country of the Sabines. Virg. JEn. 1, v. 714. HiMERA, a city of Sicily built by the people of Zancle, and destroyed by the Carthaginians 240 years after. Struh. 6. There were two rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now Fiumi de Termini, falling at the east of Panormus into the Tuscan sea, with a town of the same name at its moutli, and also cele- brated baths. Cic. Verr. 4, c. 33. The other now Fiume Salso, running in a southern di- rection, and dividing the island in almost two parts. Liv. 24, c. 6. 1. J5, c. 49. The ancient HI HI encient name of the Eurotas. Slrab. 6. — MjU,% cl. — rolyh. HucTLco, a Cardiaginian sent to explore the western parts of Europe; Fesl. Avien. A son of Amilcir, who succeeded his fa- ther in tl:e comiiiand of the Carthaginian ar- mies in Sicily. He died witli his axray by ,a plague, B- C. 598. Justin. 19, c. ti. HipPAtj'iiAs, a man who wrote an ac- count of tlie repubidc of Carthage. Athen. 14. HippALcrMUs, a son of Pelops and Hip- podamia, who was among tlie Ar;^onauts. IIipPALUS, the first who sailed in open sea frcm Arabia to India. Anian. in Peri}). HippARCHiA, a woman in Alexander's age, who became enamoured of Crates, the Cynic philosophtr, because she heard liiin discourse. She marrie*' .im, thruiJih he ai. first disdained ber addresses, and reprcscntixl his poverty and meanness She was so attached to him tliat she was h.is constant coni)>,inion, a:''l was rot ashamed pu'olicly to gratify liii hnp .rest de- sires. SI.e wrote bomi things, now lost. Vid. Crates, i-^w^'. 6. — Suiius. Hii'PAncHi's, a son of Tisistratus, who suc- ceeded his father as tyiant of AtJieii:;, with bis brother Hippies. He patronised some of the learned menof tiica;;e, andiiistinguished him- self by hia fondness for liiLrature. Tlie seduc- tion of a Jster of Ilarmodius raised him many enemies, and he was at last assai^inattd by a desperate band of conspirators, %vitli Harrao- dius and Aristogiton at their head, 513 years before Clu^st. uEHan, V. H. 8, c. 2 One of Antony's freed men. The first person who was banished by ostracism at Athens The father of .'\sclcpiadcs. A mathemaiician and astronomer of Nicapa. He first discovered that the interval between tiie vernal and the autumnal equinox is 1 so days, 7 days lon_^er than between tlie au- tumnal and vernal, occasioned by the ec- centricity of tlie eartli's orbit, lie divided the heavens into 49 constellations, 1:^ in tlie ecliptic, lil in the nortliern, and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and g.ive names to all the stars. He makes no mention of comets. From viov.'ing a tree on a plain from different situations, which changed its apparent posi- tion, he was led to the discovery of tlie parallax of the planets, or the distance be- ♦wreen their real or apparent position, viewed from tlie centre and from the surface of the earth. He determined the longitude and latitude, and fixed tlie first degree of longi- tude at tlie Canaries. He hkewise laid die fijst foundations of trigonometry, so essen- tial to facilitate astronomical studies. He was the first who, after Tliales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out the exact time of eclipses, of which he made a calculation for 600 years. After a lil'e of Libor in tlie service of science and astronomy, and after publishing several treatises, and valuable observations on the appearance of the heavens, he died 125 years 346 before the Christian era. Plin. 2, c. 26, &c. An Athenian who conspired against Ileraclides, who kept Athens for Demetrius &C. Pulyeen. 5. HippARJN s, ason of Dionysius, who eject- ed Calippus from Syracuse, and seized the sovereii^n power for ^7 years. Po/ycen. 5. Hie father of Dion. HippARioN, one of Dion's sons. HippAsis, a son of Ceys, who assisted Hercules against Eur}"tus. Apoilud. 2, c 7. A pupil of Pythagoras, born at Meta- pontum. He supposed iJiat every tiling was produced from fire, ivwc A centsur killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Oiid. Met. 1 2, V. 552. An illegitimate son of Priam- Hi/iL'infab. 90. HippEUs, a son of Hcrciiles by Procris, eldest of the 50 daughters of Thestius. AjiJ- lod 2, c. 7. HiPFi, four small islands near Erythrs. Hi?riA, a lascivious woman, &c Juv. 6, V. S2. A surname of Minerva, and also of Juno. Pans. 5, c 15. HipPMs, a philosopher of Elis, who main- tained that virtue consisted in not being in V ant of the assistance of men. At the Olym- pic game--, he boasted that he was master of all tLe liberal and mechanical arts; and he said that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak, ar.d s'loes, which he tlicii wore, were all tlie work of his own hands. Cic. de Orat. 3, c 32. A son of Pisisiratus, who be- came tyrant of Athens after the death of his father, with liis brotlier Hipptarcbus. He wa.s willing to revenge the death of his brotlier,* who had been assassinated, and for tills violent measure he was driven from his countrv'. He fled to king Darius in Persia, and was killed at tlic battle cf Marathon, fighting against the .Athenians, B. C. 490. He had five children by Jlyrrliine, the daughter of CaUias. Htrodjt.C. — Thucyd. 7. Hippis. an historian and poet of Rhegium. in til c reign of Xerxes. jElian. 8, H. An. c. 35. Hippius, a surname of Neptune, from his having raised a hor:* (/ircrjf ) from the earth in hir> contest with Minerva concerning the giving a name to Athens. Hippo, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon being ravisliod by the ambassadors of Sparta, killed herself, cursing tlie city that gave birtii to such men. Pans, 9, c. 15. A cele- brated town of Africa, on the Mediter- ranean. I:al. 3, V. 252. Strabo, 17, says that there are two of the same name in Africa, one of which by way of distinction is called Rr^us. Plin. 5, c. 3. 1. 9, c 6. — Me/a, 1 , c. 7. —Liu, 29, c. 3 & 32. .\lso a town of Spain. Liv. 39, c. 30. of tlie Brutii. HippoioTEs, a large meadow near the Caspian sea, where 50.0QO horses could graze. HirpoBOToa, a Greek historian, who com- posed HI HI posed a treatise on philosophers. Biog. in Pyth, HippocENTAURi, a race of monsters who dwelt in ITiessaly. {Vid. Centauri.j HipporooN, a son of (Ebalus, brother to Tyndai-us. He was put to death by Her- cules, because he iiad diiven his brother from the kingdom of Lacedaiinon. He was at the chace of the Calydonian boar. Diod. 4. — Apollod. 2, c. &c. 1. 3, c. iO. — Paus. Lacon. — Ovid. Met. 8, V. 514. A friend of iEnea-s son of Hyrtacus, who distinguished Jiimself in the funeral games of Sicily. Virg. JEii. o, V. 492, &c. HippocoRYSTEs, a son of iEgyptus. — — of Hippocoon. Apollod. HippocRATE, a daughter of Thespius. A}wUod. HippocaATES, a celebrated physician of Cos, one"of the Cyclades. He studied phy- sic, in which his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently distinguished ; and he improved himself by reading the tablets in the temples of the gods, where each individual had writ- ten down the diseases under which he had labored, and the means by which he had re- covered. He delivered Athens from a dread- ful pestilence in the beginning of the Pelb- ponnesian war, and he was publicly rewarded with a golden crown, tlie privileges of a citizen of Athens, and the initiation at tlie grand festivals. Skilful and diligent in his profession, he openly declared the measures which he had taken to cure a disease, and canditUy confesses, that of 42 patients which 'were entrusted to his care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his medical ap- plications. He devoted all his time for the service of his coimtry ; and when Arta- xerxes invited liim, even by force of arms, to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly and inodcstl;/ answered, that he was born to serve his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the rewards which his well-directed labors claimed, and while he lived in the greatest popularity, he was carefidly era- ployed in obsei-ving the symptoms and the growth of every disorder, and from his judi- cious remarks, succeeding physicians have received the most valuable advantages. The experiments which he had tried upon tho human frame increased his knowledge, and from his consummate observations, he knew how to moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B. C.oGl, free from all dis- orders of the mind and body ; and after deatli he received \v\\\\ tlie name of Great, the same honors which -were paid to Her- cules. His writings, few of which remain, have procured him the epithet of divine, and show that he was the Homer of his profession. According to Galen, his opinion is as respect- able as the voice of an oracle. He wrote in tlie Ionic dialect, at tlie advice of Dcido- 34-r crltus, though he was a Dorian. His memory is still venerated at Cos, and the proseut in- habitants of the island show a small house, which Hippocrates, as they mention, once inhabited. The best editions of his works are that of Fa;sias, Genev. fol. 1657 ; of Linden, 2 vols. 8vo. Amst. 1 6C5 ; and that of Mackius, 2 vols. fol. Viennas, 1745. His treatises, es- pecially the Aphorisms, have been published separately. Plin. 7, c. 57. — Cic. dc Orat. S. An Athenian general in the Pelopon- nesian war. Plut. A mathematician. An officer of Chalcedon, killed by Alci- biades. Plut. in Ale. A Syracusan de- feated by Marcellus. The father of Pisistratus. A tyrant of Gela. HippocRATiA, a festival in honor of Nep- tune in Arcadia. HiPFOcaiiNE, a fountain of Bceotia, near mount Helicon, sacred to the muses. It first rose from the ground, when struck by the feet of the horse Pegasus, whence the name l-v-xH K^riYi, the horse's fountain. Ovid. 5. Met. V. ■236. HirpoDAMAS, a son of the Acbelous of Priam. A^wllod. HippoDAME & HiPPODAJiiA, a daughter of Ginomaiis, king of Pisa, in Elis, who manied Pelops son of Tantalus, Her father, who was either enamoured of her himself, or afraid lest he should perish by one of his daughter's children, according to an oracle. refused to many her, except to him who could overcome hiin in a chariot race. As the beauty of Plippodanda was greatly celebrated, many courted her, and accepted her father's conditions though deatl) attended a defeat. Thirteen had already been conquered, and forfeited then- lives, when Pelops came from Lydia and ensered the lists. Pelops previ- ously bribed Myrtilu.s, the charioteer of CEno- niaus, and ensured himself the ^^ctory. In the race, CEnomaus mounted on a broken chariot, which the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely provided for him, was easily over- come, and was killed in the course ; and Pe- lops married Hippodamja, and avenged tlie death of CEnomaus, by throvring into the sea the perfidious Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of his treachery, the favor which Hip- podamia could grant only to her husband. Hippodamia became mother of Atrcus and Thyestes, and it is said that she died of grief for the death of her father, which her guilty correspondence with Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned. Virg. G. 3, v. 7. — Hygin.fab. 84 & G.IS. — Paus. 5, c. 14, &c. — JDiod. 4. Ovid. Heroid. 8& 17. A daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos, who married Piri- thous, king of the LapidiK. Tlie festivity which prevailed on the day of her marriage was interrupted by the attempts of Eurytus to ofier her violence. [Hrf. Pirithous.] She is called Ischomache by some, and Deidamia by others. Ovid. Met. 12. Plvt. in Thcs. A daughter of Danaus. Apollod, HI HI .— — A mistress of Achilles, daughter of Prisefi. A daughter cf Anchises, who married Alcathcus. Homer. II. 1-5. v. 429. HippCdamus, a man of Miletus, who settled a republic without any previous know- Icdjie of government. Aristot. 2, Polit. — — A Pythagorean philosopher. An Athe- nian who gave his house to his country when he knew such a concession would improve the port of the Pirasus. An Athenian archon. A mar. famous for his voracious appetite. HiPPoniCE, one of the Danaides. ApoUod. IIipponaoMus, a son of Hercule*. Id. A Thessalian, who succeeded in a school at Athens, in the age of M. Antony. P/uiostr. A place where horse races were exhi- bited. Mart'uih 12. ^). 50. HiPi'OLA, a town of Peloponnesus. Paiu. 3, c. 25. Hippoi.ocHi's, a son of Bellerophon, father to G!?'jcus. who commanded the Lycians during the Trojan mar. A son of Glau- fus also bore the same name. Hom^r. II. 6, V. 119. A son of Antimachus, slain in the Trojan war. Id. II. v. 122. HiPPOi.YTE, a queen of tlie Amazons, given in marriage to Tlicseus by Hercules, uho had conquered her, and taken away her girdle by order of Eurysthcus. [Vid. Her- cules.] She had a son by Theseus, called >tus. Pltit. in Th,s. — Propert. 4, The wife of Acastus, who fell in love with Pfclous, who was in exile at her husband's court. She accused him of in- continence, and of attempts upon her virtue, before Aca.stu^, only bcc.iusc he refused to gratify her desires. She Ls also called .\stT- ochia. [Vid. Acastus.] A daughter of Crethciis. .ipoUod. HippoLYTLs. a son of Theseus and Hip- polyte, famous for his virtues and his mis- fortunes. His step-mother Phaedra fell in love witli him, and when he refused to pollute his father's bed, she accused him of ofl'ering violenco to her person before Theseus. Her accusation w as readily believed, and Theseus entreated Xeptune severely to punish tlie in- continence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the resentment of his father, and as he pur- sued his way along die sea-shore, his horses were so frightened at the noise of se,a-calves, whicli Neptime liad purposely sent there, tliat they ran among the rocks till his chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. Temples were raised to his metnor)', particularly at Troczene, where he received divine honors. Acconling to some .nccounts, Diana restored him'to life. Ovid. Fast. 3, \. "26^. Met. \5, V. 4(;9. — Virn. JEn. 7, v. TGI, Sec. A son of Rop.ilus, king of Sicyon, greatly beloved by Apoiio. Pint, in Niim A giant kiUe. 24. HirpoKiATES, a bay in the country of the Brutii. HipponIim, a city in tlie country of die Brutii, where Agathocles, built a dock. Strab. HippoNoiis, the father of Periboea and Ca- paneus. He was killed by tlie thunderl>olts of Jupiter before die walls of Thebes, Apol- lod. 1. c. 8. 1. 3, c 1. The first name of Bellerophon. A son of Priam. IIippoPODCs, a people of Scytliia, who have horfcs' ft-ct. Dionya. Perieg. IIirposTRATUs, a favorite of Lais. HippoTADES, tlie patronymic of iEolus, grandson to Ilippotas, by Scgesta, as also of Amastrus, his son, who was killed in the Rutulian war. JVr^. jBn. 11, v. 674. — Ovid. Mel. 11. v. 4ol, HippoTAs or Hip^oTES, a Trojan prince. changed into a river. [Vid. Criiiisus.] The father of yEolus, who from tliencc is c.illcd « Hippo tad c. HI HO Hippotadcs. Horn. Od. 10, v. 2. — Quid. Her. 18, V. 46. Met. 14, v. 224. IIippoTHOE, a daughter of Mestor and l^ysidice, ciurit'd away to the islands called Echinades, by Neptune, by whom she had a son named Taphius. Apcllod. 2, c. 4. — — One of the Nereides. Id. 1, c. 2. A daughter of Pelias. Id. HiPPoTHooN, a son of Neptune and Alope, daughter of Ccrcyon, exposed in the woods by his mothei", that her amours with the god might be concealed from her father. Her shame was discovered, and her fatlier ordered her to be put to death. Neptune changed her into a fountain, and the child was preserved by mares, whence his name, aad when grown up, placed on his grand- father's throne by the friendship of Theseus. Hygin. fab. 187. — Pav^. 1, c. 38. HiPPOTHOojTTis, one of tlie 12 Athe- nian tribes, which received its name from Hippothoon. HippoTHOus, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2& 1 7. A son of Priam. — ApoUod. 3, c. li A son of -S^gjrptus. Id. One of the banters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid. Met. I, V. 307. HippoTioN, a prince who assisted the Tro- jans, and was killed by Merion. 'Homer. II. 13 & 14. HippuBis, one of the Cyclades. Mela, 2, 6. 7. Hippus, a river falling into the Phasis. HipsiDEs, a Macedonian, &c. Curl. 7, c. 7. HiRA, a maritime town of Peloponnesus. Homer. 11. 12. HiRPiNi, a people of the Samnites. Sil. 8, V. 560. Q. HiRPiNDs. a Roman, to whom Ho- race dedicated his 2 od. II, and also 1 , ep. 16. HiRTUs, a debauched fellow, &c. Juv. 10, HiRTiA LEX de mngistratibus, by^^||pgi- tius. It required that none of Pompey's'ad- herents should be raised to any office or dig- nity in the state, HiRTius, AuLus, a consul with Pansa, who assisted Brutus when besieged at Mutina by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were both killed in battle B. C. 43. Svel. in Aug. 10. An historian to whom the btli book of Caesar's history of the Gallic v,'ais, as also that of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is attriljuted. The style is inferior to that of Casar's Commentaries. The author, v/liowas Cajsar's friend, and Cicero's pupil, is supposed to be no otlier than the consul of that name. HisBON, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. Vir". JEn. 10, V. 384. ° HisPALis, an ancient town of Spain, now called Seville. Flin. 5, c. 3 Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 32. 349 HisPANiA or Hispanic, called by tlie poets Iberia, Hesperia, dc Hesperia Ulluiia, a large country of Europe, separated from Gaul by the Pyrencan mountains, and bounded on every other side by the sea. Spain was first known to the merchants of Phoenicia, and from them passed to the Cartiiagimans, to whose power it long continued in subjection. The Romans became sole masters of it at the end of the second Punic war, and divided it at first into cUerior and ulterior, which last was afterwards separated into Bcetica and Lusitania by Augustus. The Hispania eiterior was also called Tarraconen- sLs. The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and they often destroyed a life whicli was become useless, and even burdensome by its infirmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver, which employed 40,000 work- men, and daily yielded to the Romans no less than 20,000 drachms. These have long since failed, though in the florishing times of Rome, Spain was said to contain more gold, silver, brass and iron than the rest of tlie world. It gave birtli to Quintilian, Lucan, Mai-tial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, &c. Jus- tin. 44.—Strab. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 6. — Plin. 3, c. 1 & 20. HisPANUs, a native of Spain. The word Hisjianiensis was also used, but generally ap- plied to a person living in Spain and not born there. Martial. 12, prof. HispELLUM, a town of Umbria. Hisro, a noted debauchee, &c. ■ Juv. 2, v. 50. HispuLLA, a lascivious woman. Juv. 6, V. 74. HisTASPEs, a relation of Darius III. killed in a battle, &c. Curt. 4, c. 4. HiSTER, a river. Vid. Ister. HisTER Pacuvius, a man distinguished as mu£h by his vices as his immense riches. Jut: 2, v. 58. HisTi^A, a city of Euboea, anciently called Talantia. It was near the promontory called Cencum. Hotner. II. 2. HisTi^oTis, a country of Tliessaly, situate below mount Olympus and mount Ossa, anciently called Doris, from Dorus the son of Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Pelasgi werejdiuvcn from the country by the Cadmeaiig, afiff these last were also dispossessed by the Perrhicbeans, who gave to their newly- acquired posbcsbions tlie name of Histiseods, or llstiajotis, from Estiaea, or Histiasa, a town of Euljouu, which they had then lately de- stroyed, and wliose inliabitauts tliey had car- nz^. to Thessaly with them. Strab. — He- rodot. 4. A small country of Euboea, of which HisUaa, or Estia-a, ^vas tlie capital. HisTiiEus, a tyrant of I^iiletus, who ex- cited the Greeks to take up arms against Pm- sia. Herodot. 5, &.C. An historian of Miletus. HisTRiA. Vid. Istria. HoDius, a herald in tlie Trojan war. HOLOCROW, HO HO HoLocRON, a mountain of Macedon. HoMEBOMASTis, 3 sumamc given to Zoilus the critic. HoMEitus, a celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the profane wTiters. "Die age in wiiich he lived is not known, though Bonie suppose it to be about 168 years after tiae Trojan war, or, according to others, 160 years before the foundation of Rome. According to Paterculus, he florished 968 years before tlie Christian era, or 884, accord- ing to Herodotus, v.-ho supposes him to be ootemporary with Hesiod. The Arundeiian Slarblcs fix his era 907 years before Christ, and make him also cotemporary with He- si od. Tliis diversity of opinions proves the antiquity of Homer ; and the uncertainty prevails also'concerning the place of his na- tivity. No less than seven illustrious cities disputed the right of having given binh to tlie greatest of poets, as it is well exprtised in tliese lines : Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Atlmia, Orbis de patria certat, Hovtere, tu&. He was called Melfsi^enes, because sup- posed to Ix: bom on the borders of die river Meles. There prevailed a report tliat he had established a school at Chios in the latter part of his life, and, indeed, this opinion is favored by the present inhabitants fk the island, who stiil glory in sliowing to travellers the, seats where tlie venerable master ajid his pupils sat in tlie hollow of a rock, at the distance of about four miles from the modern capitd of the island. Theva difrioiilties and doubts have not been removed, though Aristotle, Herodotus, Plu- tarch, and others, have employed tlieir pen in writing his life. In his two celebrated poems called the Iliail and Odyssey. Homer has dis- played the most consummate knowledge of human imture, and rendered himself immortal by the sublimity, die fire, sweetness, and ele- gance of his poetrj-. He deserves a greater shafe of admiration when we consider that he wrote without a model, and that none of his poetical imitators have been able to surpass, or, perhaps, to equal their great master. If there are any faults found in his poetry, they are to be attributed to die age in which he lived, and not to him ; and we must obser\-e that the world is indebted to Homer for his happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad. Honicj- has described the resentment of Achilles, and its fatal consequences in the Grecian army, before the walls of Troy. In the Odyssey, the poet has chosen for his subject the return of Ulysses into his countni-, with the many miijfortunes which attended his voyage after the fall of Troy. These two poems are each divided into 24 books, the same numlier as the letters of the Greek alphabet, and tliough the Iliad claims an uncontested superiority 350 over the Odyssey, yet the same force, the same sublimity and elegance, pre%'ail, though divested of its most powerful fire ; and Longinus, the most refined of critics, beau- tifully compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, that the latter still preserves its original splendor 'and majesty, though de- prived of its meridian heat. The poetry of Homer was so universally admired, that, in ancient times, every man of learning could repeat with facility any passage in the Iliad or Odys-ey ; and, indeed, it was a suf- ficient authority to settle disputed boundarie-;, or to support any argument. The poems of Homer are the compositions of a man who travelled and examined with the most critical acciiracy whatever deserved notice and claimed attention. Modern travellers are astonished to see the diCerent scenes which the pen of Homer described about oOOO years ago, still existing in tJie same unvaried form, and die sailor who steers his course along the JEgean. sees all the promontories and rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus, when they returned victorious from the Trojan war. The ancients had such vencradon for Homer, diat they not only raised temples and altars to him, butofTeretl sacrifices, and worshipped him as a god. The inhabitants of Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in his honor, and medaJs were struck, which represented him sitting on a dirone, holding his Iliad and Odys- sey. In Egypt his memory was consecrated by Ptolemy Phiiopator. who erected a magnificent temple, w iuiin which was placed a statue of die poet bc'.ulifiUly surrdUndcd with a represent- ation of the seven clues which contended for die honor of his birth. Tlie inhabitants of Cos, one of die Sporades, boasted that Homer was buried in their island ; and die Cyprians claimed the same honor, and said that he was bom of Themisto, a female native of Cyprus. Alexander was so fond of Homer, that he ge- nerally pLiced his compobiuons under his pil- low, witli his sword; and he carefully deposited the Iliad in one of the richest and most valu- able oiskctsof Darius, observing, that the most perfect work of human genius ought to be pre- scn-cu in a box die most valuable and precious in the world. It is said diat Pisistratus, tyrant of .\thcns, wns the first who collected and ar- ranged the Iliad and Odyssey in die manner in whicJi they now appear to us : and diat it is to the well-directed pursuits of Lycurgus that weare indebtc-vi for their prescrvadon. Many of the ancients have written the life of Homer, yet their enquiries and labors have not much contributed to prove the nadve placA. the patronage and connections, of a man whom some have represented as deprived of sight. Besides the Iliad and Odj-ssey, Homer wrote, according to the opinion of some authors, a poem, upon Ampliiaraus's expedidon against Thcl>cs. b»»ides the Phoccis, the Ctrcopcs, the small Iliad, die Epicichlides, and the Ba- irachoiBy- HO HO trachomyomachia, and many hymns to some «1" the gods. The merit of originality is taken yery improperly, perhaps, from Homer, by those who suppose, with Clemens Alex. 6 Strom, that !ie borrowed frcm Oi-pheus, or that, according to Suidas (vt^ce CMnrMs) he took bis plan of the liiad from Corinrius, an epic poet, wiio ■wTote on the Trojan war, at the verj' time the Greeks besieged that famed city. Agatlion, an ancient painter, accord- ing to iEliaa, represented the merit of the poet in a manner as bold as it was indelicate. Homer ^^-as represented as vomiting, and all other poets as swallowing what he ejected. Of the numerous commentaries published on Homer, that of Eustatiiius, bishop of Thes- salonica, is by far the most extensive and erudite. The best editions of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey may, perliaps, be found to be by Barnes, 2 vols. ■Ito. Cantab. 1711; that of Glasgow, 2 vols. fol. 175S j thatofBerg- lerus, 2 vols. 12mo. Amst 1707; that of Dr. Clarke of the Iliad, 2 vols. 4to. 1729, and of the Odyssey, 1740; and that of Ox- ford, 5 vols. Svo. 1 780, containing the scho- lia, hymns, and an index. Herodot. 2, c. 53. — Theociit. 16. — Aristot. Poet Strab. — Dio. Chrys. 33. Orat. — Paiis. 2, 9, 10. — Hdwdo-r. 3. —JElian. V. H. 13 Val. Max. 8, c. 8. — Quiniil. I, 8, 10, 12. — Pa- tera. 1 , c. 5. — Diomjs. Hal. — Plut. in Alex. &c. One of the Greek poets called Plei- ades, born at Hierapolis, B. C. 263. He wrote 45 tragedies all lost. There were seven other poets, of inferior note, who bore the name of Homer. HoJiuLE, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. Virg. jEn. 7, V. 675. HosioLEA, a mountain of Magnesia. HoMOLippus, a son of Hercules and Xan- this. Apollod. HoMOLoiDEs, one of the seven gates of Thebes. Stat. Theb. 7, t. 252. HoMONADEKSEs, a people of Cilicia. HoNon, a virtue worshipped at Rome. Her first temple was erected by Scipio Afri- canus, and another was afterwards built by Claud. Marcellus. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 23. HoNos,i:s, an emperor of the western empire of Rome, who succeeded his father Theodosius the Great, vrith his brother Ar- cadius. He was neither bold nor vicious, but he was of a modest and timid disposition, unfit for enterprize, and fearful of danger. He conquered his enemies by means of his generab, and suffered himself and his people to be governed by ministers who took advan- tage of their imperial master's indolence and inactivity. He died of a dropsy in the 5Dth year of his age, l.'thof August A.D. 423. He left no issue, though he married two wives. Under him and his brother the Ro- man power was divided into two different em- pires. The successors of Hc-'orius, who fixed their residence at Rome, were called the em- Z5l perors of the west, and the successors of Ar- ea dius, who sat on the throne of Constanti- nople, were distinguished by tlie name of cdo- perors of the eastern Roman empire. This division of power proved fat^il to both em- pires, and they soon Icoked ujcn one another witli indiiference, contempt, and jealousy. HoRA, a goddess at Rome, supposed to be Hersilia, who married Romulus. She was said to preside over beauty. Oxnd. Met. 14, V, 851. HoRACiT^, a people near lUyricum. HoRAPOLLO, a Greek v.Titer, whose age is unknown. His Hieroglyphica, a curious and entertaining book, has been edited by Com. de Paw. 4to. Ultraj. 1727. HoR.*;, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, accorcKngto Ilesiod called Eii- nomia, Dice, and Irene. ■ They were the same as the seasons who presided over the spring, summer, and winter, and were re- presented by the poets as opening the gates cf heaven and of Olympus. Honier, II. 5, t. 749. —Paws. 5, c. 11.— Hcsiod Tlicog. y. 902. HoRATiA, the sister of the Horatii, kiUed by her brother for mourning tlie death of the Curiatii. .Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 20. HoRATius CocLES. Vid. Codes. Q. Flaccus, a celebrated poet, born at Venu- sia. His father was a freed-man, and though poor in his c'rcumstances, he liberally edu- cated his son, and sent him to learn philo- sophy at Athens, after he had received the lessons of the best masters at Rome. Horace followed Brutus from Athens, and tlie timi- dity which he betrayed at the battle of Rii- lippi, so efi"ec<^ually discouraged him, tliat he for ever abandoned the profession of arms, and at his return to Rome, he applied him- self to cultivate poetry. His rising talents claimed the attention of \'irgil and Varius, who recommended him to the care of JVIe- ccenas and Augustus, the most celebrated patrons of literature. Under the fostering patronage of the emperor and of his mi- nister, Horace gave himself up to indolence and refined pleasure. He was a follower of Epicurus, and while he liberally indulged his appetites, he neglected the calls of am- bition, and never suffered himself to be car- ried away by the tide of popularity or public employments. He even refused to become the secretary of Augustus, and die emperor was not offended at his refusal. He lived at the table of his illustrious patrons as if he were in his own hous.; ; and ^iUgustus, while sitting at his meals with Vii-gil at his right hand, and Horace at his left, often ridi- culed the short breath of the former, and the v.-atery eyes cf the latter, by observing that he sat between tears and sighs, Ego sum iyUer suspiria - padocia. I'oly(en. 4. HoRMisDAs, a name which some of the Persian kings bore in the reign of the Ro- man emperors. HoRESTi, a people of Britain, supposed to be the inhabitants of Eskdale now in Scot- land. Tacit. Ag^ 38. HoKRATUs, a Macedonian soldier, who fought with another private soldier in sight of the whole anny of Alexander. Curt. 'J. c. 7. HoRTENsiA, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of the orator Hortensius, whose eloquence she had inherited in the niobt emi- nent degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 14,000 women to give upon oath an account of their possessions, to defray tlie expences of tht; state, Hortensia undertook to plead their cause, and was so successful in her attempt, that 1000 of-her fenale fel- low-suflerers escaped from the avarice of the triuinvLrate. fa/. Mas. 8, c. 3. lIokTKNsiA i.EX, by Q. Hortensius, tl>e dictator, A. U. C. 66~. It ordered the whole body of the Roman people to pay im- plicit obedience to whatever was enacted by the commons. The nobility, before fliis law was enacted, had claimed an absolute exemp- tion. Horta, a divinity among the Roman!>, who presided over youth, and patroni2ed all exhortations to virtue and honorable deeds. She is the same as Hersilia. IionTA, or HoRTiNiTM, a town of the Sa- bines on the confluence of tlie Nar and the Tiber. Virg. .t«. 7, v. 716. Q. HoaiENsiis, a celebrated orator, who began to distinguish himself by his elo- quence, in the Roman fonim, at the age of nineteen. His friend and successor Ci- cero speaks with great eulogium of his ora- torical powers, and mentions the uncom- mon extent of his memory. Tlie affected actions of Hortensius at the bar procured him the ridiculous surname of Diiynysia, a celebrated «ta(re dancer at the time. He was praitor ana consul, and died 50 years before Christ, in his 63d year. His ora- tions are not extant. Quntilian mentions thom H Y H Y 33 undeserving the great commendations which Cicero had so liberally bestowed upon them. Hortensius was very rich, and not less than 10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in his cellar after his death. He had written piecjs of amorous poetry, and annals, all lost. Cic in Bnit. ad Attic, de Oral. ^-c. — Varro de R. R. 3, c. 5- Corbio, a grandson of tiie orator of the same name, famous for his lasciviousness. A rich Roman who asked the elder Cato his wife, to procreate children. Cato gav« his v, ife to Lis friend, and took her again after his deatli. This behaviour of (^to was highly censured at Rome, and it was observed, that Cato's wife had entered the liouse of Hortensius very poor, but that s!ie returned to the bed of Cato in the greatest opulence. Pluf. in Cat. A Itoraan, slain by Antony on bis brother's tomb. Id. A preetor, who gave up Macedonia to Srutus. Id. One of Sylla's lieutenants. Id. A Roman, the first who introduced the eating of peacocks at Rome. This was at the feast which he gave when he was created augur. HoRTONA, a town of Italy, on tlie con- fines of the yEqui. Liv. 5, c. 30. HoRus, a son of Isis, one of the deities of the Egyptians. A king of Assyria. HospiTALis, a surname of Jupiter among the. Romans as tlie god of hospitality. HosTiLiA i>EX was enacted A. U. C. 585. By it such as were among the enemies of the republic, or absent when the state required their assistance, were guilty of ra- pine. HosTiLiA, a large town on the Po. Tacit. Ann. '2, c. 40. — Fiin. 21, c. 12. HosTius HosTiLius, a warlike Roman, presented with a crown of bougljs by Romu- lus, for his intiepid behaviour in a battle. Dioni/s. Hal. A consul. A Latin poet in the age of J. Cssar, who ct)mpo.sed a poem on the wars of Istria. Macivb. Sat. 6, c. 5 & 5. HuNNi, a people of Sarmatia, who invaded the empire of Rome in the fifth century, and settled in Pannonia, to which they gave the name of Hungary. Hyacinthia, an annual solemnity at Amy- clae, in Laconia, in honor of Hyacinthus and Apollo. It continued for three days, during which time the grief of the people was so great for the deatii of Hyacinthus, that they did not adorn their hair with garlands during their festivals, nor cat l. Cad- A a mtia H Y H Y mue i& someUines caUed Hyanthius, because he was king of Boeotia. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 147. HvANTis, an ancient name of Bctotia. Hyaiifita, a inan who endeavoured to imitate Tiinogones, &c. Horat. 1, ep. 1*>, T. 1.5. Hv.*% a son of Atlas, of Mauritania, by JEthra. His cxtremt' fondness for sliootiug provelur. n), a town of Sicily, the native pUui" of I.ais. IlvoA A Hvnr, a town of I.ydia, under mount Tinolus, which some supi>oee to be the same ab .Sardes. HvDA a A, a town of .Armenia. Str^. 19. HYDAKsts one of the seven noble Per- sians who conspired to destroy the usurper Sinerdis, \c. Ilmuioi. 3 4 6. — S:r. A friend of ^Enea.*, killed in the Uutu- lian wiu. I'lri^. Aln. 10, v. 747. Hydra, a celebratod nnmster. whicli in- fested the neighbourhood of tlie lake Lerna in Peloi)onni>sus. It was the fruit of Echid- na's union with 'i'yphon. It had an hundred heads, according to Diodorus ; tifty, at-cording to Simonidcs ; and nine, according to the more received opinion of A ixillcnlorus, Hyginus &e. As soon as one of tliesc heatUvvjis cut olf, two imnit'iliately grew up. if the wound was not •toppt-'d by fire. It was one of the lal>ors of Hercules to destroy this dreadful monsn-r, and this he easily cS'ected witli the assistance of Tolas, who applied a biimin;; iron to tiie wounds as soon as one head w.ts cut off. While Hercules wa. new enemy was soon dis- jiatthcd ; and Juno, unable to succeed in her attempts to lessen the fame of Hercules, placeit the crab among the con.'^tellatioos, where it is now called the Cancer. The con- queror dippetl his iirrows in tlie gall of the hy- dra, and, from tliat circumstance, all the wounds which he gave proved incurable and mortaL Nesiod. Tkeog. — ApoUod. 2, c. 5 Paus. 5, c n. — Ovid. Mel. 9, v. 69. — J^o- rat. 4, od. 4, v. 61. — Virg. .fin. 6, y. 276. L 7, Y. 658. Hydraotes, a river of India, croasad by Alexander. Hydrochokia, a festival observed at .Athens, called in Ttu fe^nf Llu^. from cctrri/- inn water. It wa» celebrated in conunemu- ration of those who perished in the deluge of Deucalion and Ogyges. IIydrl'ntum 8c Hydrls, a city of Cala- bria, 50 miles south of Brurxlusium. As tha distance from thence to Greece was only GO miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards V'arro, Pom- (M'y's lieutenant, nieditaie. 5. — Lucan. 5. v. 375. Hydrusa, a town of .Attica. Strab. 9. Hykla, a town of Lucania. Strao. 6. HYKMrsAi., a son of Micipsa, brother to .Adherbal, muniered by Jugurtlia, after th« death of his father. Sttilujt. il' Jug. Bill. Hvrrrus, a town of Borotia. Pant. 9> c 24. IIygkia or FIycixa, the goddess of health, daughter of .'F.sculapius held in great venera- tion among the ancients. Her statues repre- sented her with a veil, and the truitruns usually consecrated their locks to her. ^' .She was alio representixl on monuments as a young wo- man holdmg a serpent in one hand, and in the other a cup, out of which the serpent some- times drunk. .According to some authors, Hvgew is the some as Minerva, who received that name from Pericles, who erected her a statue, Ix'cauA.- in a dream site had told hha tlie means of curin;; an architect, whose assist- ance he v« anted to build a templcL Ptut. in Perid. — Pauj, 1, c. 23. HvviANA, a town of Peloponnesus. C. J I' I.. Hycincs, a grammarian, one of the free«ln»en of Augustus. He was a na- tive of .Alexandria; or, according to sonie he u-as a .Spaniook on agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the lives of great men, &c. now lost. The best edition of H Y H Y of Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols. Svo. Amst. ) G8 1 . These conipcsitions have been greatly mutilated, and their incorrectness and their bad Latinity, have induced some to suppose that they are spurious. Sueton. de Grain. Hyla & Hylas, a river of Mysia, where Hylas was drowned. Virg, G. 5, v. 6. A colony of Phocis. Hylactor, one of Actsecn's dogs, from his barking {l/\u,x.toi latro). Ovid. Met. 3. Hyl-3e, a small town of Baotia. Flin. 4, c. 7. Hyl^us, a name given to some centaurs, one of whom was killed by Hercules on mount Pholoe. Firg. ^n. 8, v. 294, Another by Tlieseus, at tJie nuptials of Pirithous. Slat. Th. 7, V. 267. — Ovid. Met. 12, v. 378. — — - Another killed by Bacchus. Stat. Tli. 6, v. 530. — Virg. G. 2, r. 457. A fourth killed by Atalanta. Apollod. S, One of Actajon's dogs. Hylas, a son of Thiodamas, king of Mysia and Menedite, stolen away by Her- cules, and carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. On the Asiatic coast the Argo- nauts landed to take a supply of fresh water, and Hylas, following the example of his com- j)anions, went to the fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water and was diowned. The poets have embellished this tragical story, by saying, that the nymphs of the river, enamoured of the beautiful Hylas, carried liim away ; and that Hercules, disconsolate at the loss of his favorite youth, filled the woods and mountains with his complaints, and, at last, abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go and seek him. Apollod. 1 , c. 9. — Hi/- giii.fub. 14, 271. — Virg. Eel. 6. — Projwrt. I, el. 20. A river of Bithynia. Plin. 5, c. 32. Hylax, a dog mentioned in Virg. Ed. 8. Hylias, a river of Magna Graecia. Htllaicus, a part of Peloponnesus, near Messenia. Hyllus, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, who, soon after his father's death, married lole. He, as well as his father, was persecuted by the envy of Euiystheus, and obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus. The Athenians gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the rest of the Heraclida, and marched against Eurystheus. Hyllus obtained a victoi*y over his enemies, and killed with his own hand Eurystheus, and sent his head to Alcmena, his grandmother. Some ti].te after he attempted to recover the Peloponnesus, with the Heraclida;, and was killed in single combat by Echemus, king of Arcadia. [Tirf. Heraclida, He*cules.] Ile- rodat. 7, c. ':04, &c Strab. 9. — Dlod. 4. Ovid. Met. b, v. 279 A river of Ly'dia, flowing into the Ilermus. It is called also Phryx. Liv. 57, c. 38. — Herodot. 1, c. 180. Hylonome, the wife of Cyllarus, who killed herself the moment her husband was 355 murdered by tl:e Lapitha\ Ovid. Met. 12, v. 405. Hylophagi, a people of ^Ethiopia. Diod. 3. HvnESjKvs Sc Hymen-, tl'ie god of mar- riage among the Greeks, %vas son of Bacchus and Venus, or according to others, of Apollo and one of the muses. Hymenanis, accord- ing to the n)ore received opinions, was a young Athenian of extraordinary beauty, but ignoble origin. He became enamoiu-ed of the daughter of one of the richest and noblest of his countrymen, imd, as the rank and elevation of his mistress removed him from her presence and conversation, he contented himself to follow her wlierever she went. In a certain procession, in which all the mations of Athens went to Eleusis, Hyraenaus, to accom.pany his mistress, disguised himself in woman's clothes, and joined the religious troop. His youth, and the fairness of his features, favored his disguise. A great part of the procession was seized by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and Hymenseus, who sliared the captivity of his mistress, encou- raged his female companions, and assassinated their ravishers while they were asleep. Im- mediately after this, HymenaDus repaired to Athens, and promised to restore to liberty the matrons who had been enslaved, provided he was allowed to marry one among them who was the object of his paision. The Athenians consented, and Hymen£eus ex- perienced so mucli felicity in his marriage state, that the people of Athens instituted fes- tivals in his honor, and solemnly invoked him at tiieii- nuptials, as the Latins did their Tlialassius. Hymen was generally repre- sented as crowned with flowers, chiefly with marjoram or roses, and holding a burning torch in one hand, and in the other a vest of a pur- ple color. It was supposed that lie always attended at nuptials ; for, if not, matrimonial connections were fatal, and ended in tlie most dreadful calamities; and hence people ran about calling aloud. Hymen ! Hymen ! &c. Ovid. Medea. Met. 12, v. 215 Virg. ^n. 1, &c Catull. ep. 62. Hymettus, a mountain of Attica, about 22 miles in circumference, and about two miles from Athens, still famous for its bt-es and excellent honey. There was also a quarry of marble there. Jupiter had there a temple ; whence he is called Hymettius. Strab. 9. — Ital. 2, V. 228. 1. 14, v. 200. — Flin. 36, c. 3. — Horat.2, od. 18, v. 3. 1.2. Sat. 2, v. 15. — Cic. 2, fn. 54. Hyfjepa or IrEP-K, r\a^ Berld, a town of Lydia, sacred to Venus, between mount Tmolus and the Caystrus. Strab. 13. — Ovid, Mel. 11, v. 152. HYpiEsiA, a country of Peloponnesus. HypANis, a river of European Scythia, now called Bog, which falls into the Borys- thenes, and with it into the Euxine. Hero- dot. 4, c. 52, &c. — Ovid. Met. 15, v. 2G5. A a 2 A ri- H Y H Y — A river of India. Another of Pon- tus. Cic. Tusc. 2, c. 39. A Trojan who joined himself to jEneas, and was killed by his own people, who took him for one of the enemy in the night that Troy was burned by Uie Greeks. Hrg. jEru 2, T. 428. Hyparinus, a son of Dion, who reigned at Syracuse for two years after bis father. .' The father of Dion. Htfates, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. Jtal. 14, V. 231. Hypatha, a to\vn of Thessaly. Liv. 41, C. 2.5. Htpaiua, a native of Alexandria cele- brated for her beauty, her virtues, and her great erudition. She was. assassinated 415 A. D. Hvrt.voR, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at Troy. Homer. II. 5, v. 144. Htperbatus, a pretor of the Achaeans, B. C. 224. HrPEaBios, a son of /Egyptus. ApoUod. Hypkkborei, a nation in the northern parts of'Europe and Asia, who were said to live to an incredible age, even to a thousand years, and in the enjoyment of all possible felicity. The sun was said to rise and set to them but once a year, and therefore perhaps they are placed by Virgil under the north pole. Tlie word signifies jieople who inhabit heyund the wind Boreas. 'ITirace was the residence of Boreas, according to tlie ancients. Wlienever the Hyperboreans made oflerings they always sent them towards the soudi, and the people of Dodona were the first of tlie Greeks wlio received dioui. Tlie word Hyperboreans is applied, in general, to all those who inliabit any cold climate. Plin. 4, c. 12. 1. 6, c. 17. — Mela, .", c. 5. — Virg. G. 1, v. 240. 1. 3, V. 161) & 381. — //(- rodol. 4, c. 13, &c. — Cic. N. D. 3, c 23. 1. •!, cl2. HvPEREA & Htperia, a fountain of Thessaly, with a town of the siinie name. Strab. 9. Anotlier in Messenia, in I'clo- ponnesus. Flacc. I, v. 375. HvPKREsiA, a town of Acliaia. Strab. 8. Hvpiir.iDEs, an -Vthcnian orator, dibciple to Plato and Socrates, and long the rival of Demosthenes. His fatlier's name was Glau- cippus. He distinguished himself by liis elo- quence and the active part which he took in the management of the Atlienian republic. After the unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was taken alive, and. that he might not be compelled to l)etray tlie secrets of his country, he cut offh is tongue. He was put to death by order of Antipater, B. C. 3i2. Only one of his numerous orations remains, admired for the sweetness and elegance of his style. It is snid tlut Hyptiides once defended the courtozan Plirjne, who was accustil of im- piety, and that when he saw his eltxjucnce ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his 356 client, upon which the judges, influenced by the sight of her beauty, acquitted her. Ptut. in Demost. — Cic. in Orat. 1 , &c. — Quintil. 10, &c IIyferiok, a son of Coelus and Terra who married Thea, by whom he had Aurora, the sun and moon. Hyperion is often taken by the poets for the sun itself. Hesiod. Theog. — ApoUod. 1, c. 1 & 2. — Homer. Hym. ad Ap. A son of Priam. Apotlod. 1 . c 2. Htpermnestra, one of the fifty daugh- ters of Danaus, who married I^ynceus, son of iEgyptus. She disobeyed her father's bloody commands, who had ordered her to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials, and suffered Lynceus to escape un- hurt from tne bridal bed. Her father sum- moned her to appear before a tribunal for her disobedience, but the people acquitted her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and her husband, to whom he left his kingdom at his deaili. Some say, that Lynceus re- turned to .\rgos witli an army, and that he conquered and put to death his father-in-law, and usurped his crown. Vid. Danaides. Paus. 2, c. 19. — Apollod. 2, c. 1. — Ovid. Hervid. 14. A daughter of Thestius. Apollod. Hyterochvs, a man who wTote a poetical history of Cuma. Paus. 10, c. 12. HvpH.iELS, a mountain of Campanix Pliit. in Syll. Hypsa, now Btlici, a river of Sicily, fall- ing into tiie Crini^us, and then into the Me- diterranean near Selinus. Jtal. 14, v. 228. Hypsea, a Roman matron, of liie family of the Plautii. She was blind according to Horace ; or, perhaps, was partial to some lover, who was recommended ncitlier by per- sonal nor mental excellence. Herat. 1, tat. 2, V. 91. Hypsenor, a priest of the Scamander, killed during the Trojan war. Homer. Jl. 5. Httseus, a son of tlie river Peucus. •A. pleader at the Roman bar before tlie age of Cicero. Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 36. Hypsicbatka, the wife of Jlithridates, who accompanied her husl)and in man's clotlies, when he fled before Pompey. Plut. in Pomp. Hypsicrates, a Phoenician who wTote an history of hk country, in the Pha-nician language. Tliis history was saved from the dames of Cartilage, when that city was taken by Scipio, and translated into Greek. HypstpiPES, a IMacedonian iu Alexander's army, famous for his friendship for Mene- dcmus, 8ic. Curt. 7, c. 7. Hyi'sipyle, .1 queen of Leninos, daughter of Tliba'-. and Myrine. During her reign, Venus, whose altars had l>een universally slighted, punisbcxl the Lcrouian women, .and rendered their moutlis and breath so tx- tremc'iy oflcn^ive to the smell, that tlieir hus- bands abandon^ tliein and gave tliimsclvcs up H Y H Y up to <;omc female slaves, whom they had taken in a war against Thrace. Tliis con- tempt was highly resented by all the women r)t" Lemnos, and they resolved on revenge, and all unanimously put to death their male relations. Hypsipy le alone excepted, who spared the life of her father Thoas. Soon after this cruel murder, the Argonauts landed at Lem- nos, in their expedition to Colchis, and re- mained for some time in the island. During their stay the Argonauts rendered the Lem- nian women mothers, and Jason, the chief of the Argonautic expedition, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. Hypsipyle brought twins, Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom some have called Deiphilus or Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and the im- fortunate queen was soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the Lemnian women, who conspired against her life, still mindful that Thoas had been preserved by moans of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in her flight, was seized by pirates, and sold to Lycurgus, king of Nemaa. She was entrusted with the care of Archemorus, the son of Lycurgus ; and, when the Argives marched against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle, and obliged her to show them a fountain, where they might quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she laid down the child on the grass, and in her absence he was killed by a serpent. Ly- curgus attempted to revenge the death of his son, but Hypsipyle was screened from his resentment by Adrastus, the leader of the Argives. Ovid. Heroid. 6. — Jpollon. I. — Stat. 5. Theh. — Flac. 2 Apollod. 1, c. 9. I. 3, c. 6. — Hi/gin. fab. 13, 74, &c. [Vid. Archemorus.] Hyrcania, a large country of Asia, at the north of Parthia, and at the west of Media, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, &c. It is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing a cavalry, in order of battle. Virg. jEn. 4, V. 367.— Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 45.—Strab. 2& 11. A town of Lydia, destroyed by a violent earthquake in the age of Tiberius. — Liv. 37, c. 58. Htrcani'm mare, a large sea called also Casjtian. [Vid. Caspium mare.] Htrcanus, a name common to some of the high priests of Judea. Josej)hus. Hvria, a country of Boeotia, near Aulis, with a lake, river, and town of the same name. It is more probably situate near Tempe. It received its name from Ilyrie, a woman, who wept so much for tlie loss of her son, that she was changed into a fountain. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 572. — Herodot. 7, c. 170. A town of Isauria, on the Calycadnus. «57 HvRiEus or Hyreus, a peasant, or, as some say, a i)rince of Tanajr-.a, son of Nep- tune, and Alcyone, who kindly entertained Jupiter, Noptune, and Mercury, when tra- velling over Boeotia. Being childless, he asked of the gods to give him a son without his maiTying, as he promised his wife, who was lately dead, and whom lie tenderly loved, that he never would marry again. The gods, to reward tlie hospitality of Hyreus, made water in the hide of a bull, which had been sacrificed the day before to their divinity, and they ordered him to wrap it up and bury it in the ground for nine months. At the ex- piration of the «ine months, Hyreus opened the earth, and found a beautiful child in the bull's hide, whom he called Orion. [ Vid, Orion.] Hybmina, a town of Elis, in Peloponnesus. Strab. 8. Hyrneto & Hyrketho, a daughter of Temenus, king of Argos, who married Dey- phon, son of Celeus. She was the favorite of her father, who greatly enriclied her husband. Apollod. 2, c. G. — Pa us. 2, c. 19. Hyrnithium, a plain of Argos, near Epi- daurus, fertile in olives. Strab. 6. Hyrtacus, a Trojan of mount Ida, father to Nisus, one of tlie companions of iEneas. Virg. ^n. 9, v. 177 & -406. Hence the patronymic of Hyrtacides is applied to Nisus. It is also applied to Hippocoon. Id. 5, V. 492. Htsia, a town of Boeotia, built by Nyc- teus, Antiope's fathei-. A village of Argos. A city of Arcadia. The royal resi^ dence of the king of Parthia. Hvspa, a river of Sicily. Ital. 24, v. 228. Hyssus & Hyssi, a port and river of Cap- padocia on the Euxine sea. IIvstaspes, a noble Persian, of die fa- mily of the Achajmenides. His father's name was Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia after the murder of tlie usurper Smerdis. It is said, by Ctesias, that he wished to be carried to see the royal monmment which his son had built between two moun- tains. The priests who canned him, as re- ported, slipped the cord with which he was suspended in ascending the mountain, and he died of the fall. Hystaspes was the first who introduced the learning and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans into Persia, and to his re- searches in India the sciences were greatly in- debted, particularly in Persia. Darius is called Hystaspes, or son of Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his royal successors of the sam3 name. Herodot. 1, c. 209. 1. 5, c. 83. — Cte^. sias Fragm. Htstieus. [Vid. Histiaus.] A aS J A J A I A, the daughter of Midas, who married Atys, &o. Iacchus a surname of Bacclius, nb itx'"* from tlie noise and ahnitt which the bacchanals raised at the festivals of this deity. llrg. Ed. 6, 0- 1. V. UiG.—Ovid. Met. 4, 15 Some suppose him to be a son of Cores ; be- cau<;e in thu celt-bration of the f^leusiniaii myslt-ries, tlio word lacchus was frc«iufnlly re- peated. H.roiliil. 8, r. r,5. — Pans. I, C. '2. Iaucr, a river of Daiiiiatia. Ialemus, a wretchern there. Ovid. Alt;l. T./ab. 9. — I'tin. .^3, c. 6. — Cic. 2, fid Attic, tp. Jl. — PUit. in Horn. — jfllian. 12. c .5. lAMRr, :i servant maid of .Metanira, wife of Celeus king of Eleusis wlio tried to exhila- rate Ceres, wlien she travelled over Attica in quest of tier daughter Proserpine. From tJie jokes and stories which she made use of, freo and satirical verses iiave been called Iambics, ytpoilod. 1, c. 5. lAMai-ici t, a Greek author who wrote tJie life of l'ythagor.is, and the history of his followers, an exhortation to philosophy, a treatise against Porphyry's letter on the mysteries of the Egyptians, k\:. He was a 3reat favorite witli tiie emperor Julian, and icd A. 1). 3osite sliore of the Tilier, was ji)inef Apollo, according to some. He came to Italy, wiiere he planted a colony and built a small town on the river Tiber, wiilch he called Janiculum. Some authors make him son of Ctflus and Hecate ; and others make him a native of AUiens. During his reign, Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupi- ter, tame U> Italy, where Janus receivt-d him with much hospitality, and mode him his col- league on the throne. Janus is reprc-sented with two faces, because he was a<-quainted with the jMst and die future; or, according to otliers. because he was taken fertile sun who opens tile day at his ri.sing, and shuts it at his setting. .Some statues represcnt«?e.irs with a key in his right hand, and a rod in his left. .Sometimes he holds the nunil>er of oOO in . to sliow that he presides over the year, of which tlie fiiNt month bears his name. Some supjHwe that he is tlie same as tlie world, or Crelus ; and from that circumstance they call him Eanus. ab tuit'Lj, because of tlie revolution of tJie he»- vens. He was called by different i as CoHsivius, a consereud'>, be-idod over M.ir. He i- i -■< i illod I'cUiiJfims ij- Ci>tusin!i. because tlie j,atts of lni te:nples were open tliiring llie time of war, and shut in time of pc.ve. He was diicfly wor.-Jiipped among tlie llomarui, where he had many temples, some trecftd to Janus Hi- frons. others to .T:mus Quadrifrons. The tem- ples of Quadrifrons were built » ith four equal sides, I A J A sides, with a door and three windows on each side. Tlie four doors were the emhlems c>f tlic four seasons of the year, and the tliree wndows in each of the sides tlie three months in each season, and all togetlier, the twelve montlis of the year. Janus was generally re- presented in statues as a young man. After death Janus was ranked among the gods, for his popularity, and the civilization which he had introduced among the wild inhabitants of Italy. His temple, which was always open I in times of war, was shut only tlu-ee times during above 700 years, under Numa, 234 b B, C. and imder Augustus ; and during tliat long period of time, the Kotn.ins were con- tinually employed in war. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 65, &c. — Virg. jEn. 7, v. 607. — Varro dc L. L. \ Macrob. Stat. 1 A street at Rome near the temple of Janus. It was ge- nerally frequented by usurers and money brokers, and booksellers also kept tlieir shops there. Horat. 1, cp. I. Japetides, a musician at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 111. Japetus, a son of Coelus or Titan, by Terra, who married Asia, or, according to others, Ciymene, by whom he had Atlas, Jlenoetius, Prometheus, and Epimatheus. The Greeks looked upon him as the father of all mankind, and therefore from his antiquity old men were frequently called Japeti. His sons received the patronymic of lapetionides. Olid. Met. 4, V. 631. — Hesiod. Theog. 136 & 508. — Ajwllod. 1, c. 1. Iapis, an iEtolian, who founded a city upon the banks of the Timavus.'* FjV^. G. S, v. 47.5. A Trojan, favorite of Apollo, from whom he received the knowledge of the power of medicinal herbs. Id. uEn. 12, v. 591. Iapydia, a district of Illyricum, now Car- nioia. Liv. 43, c. 5. — TibuU. 4, v. 109 Cic. Balb. 14. Iapygia, a country on the confines'of Italy, situated in the peninsula, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It is called by some Messa- pia, Peucetia, and Salentinum. Plin, 3, c. 11. — Strab. 6. Iapyx, a son of Daedalus, who conquered a part of Italy, which he called Iapygia. Ovid. Met. 14, V. 458. — A wind which blows from Apulia, and is favorable to such as sail from Italy towards Greece. It was nearly tlie same as the Caurus of the Greeks. Horat. 1, od. 5, V. 4. 1. 3, ud. 7, V. 20. Iarba.s, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis, king of Gsetulia, from whom Dido bought land to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the arrival of iEneas prevented his success, . and the queen, rather tlian marry Itrbas, de- stroyed herself. Vid. Dido. Virg. ^n. 4, V. 5G, &c. — Justin. 18, c. 6. — Ovid. Fast. 3, r. 552. Iarchas & Jarchas, a celebrated In- dian philosopher. I lis seven rings are fa- 559 raous for their power of restoring old me:i to the bloom and vigor of youth, according to the tradrtion of Philostr. in ApoU. Iardanus, a Lydian, father of Omphale, the mistress of Hercules. . Herodot. 1 , c. 7. — — A river of Arcadia. Another in Crete. Homer. II. 7. Iasides, a patronymic given to Palinurus, as descended from a person of die name of Jasius. ['irg. JEn. 5, v. 845. also of Jasu.s. Id. 12, V. 392. Iasion & Iasius, a son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned over part of Arcadia, where he diligently ap- plied himself to agriculture. He married tlie goddess Cybele or Ceres, and all the gods were present at the celebration of his nuptials. He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and Plutus, to whom some have added a third, Corybas, who introduced the worsliip and mysteries of liis mother in Phrygia. He had also a daughter, whom he exposed as soon as born, saying tliat he would raise only male children. The child who was suckled by a she-bear and preserved, ren- dered herself famous afterwards under tlie name of Atalanta. Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among the gods after death, by the inha- bitants of Arcadia. Hesiod. Theog. 975. — Virg. uEn. 5, v. 168 Hi/giu. Poet. 2, c. 4. Iasis, a name given to A talanta, daughter of Jasius. Iasil's, a son of .-Abas, king of Argoa. A son of Jupiter. [Fid. Iasion.] Jasov, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede, daughter of Phylacus, by iEson, the son of Cretheus and Tyro, the daughter of SaUno- neus. Tyro, before her connection with Cretheus, the son of iEolus, had two sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune. iEson was king of lolchos, and at his death the throne was usurped by Pelias, and .Eson the lawful successor was driven to retirement and ob- scurity. The education of young Jason was entrusted to the care of the centaur Chiron, and he was removed from the presence of the usurper, who had been /nformed by an oracle that one of the descendants of Mo- lus would dethrone him. After he had made the most rapid progress in every branch of science, Jason left the centaur, and bj his advice went to consult the oracle. He was ordered to go to lolchos his native coun- try, covered with the spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the garments of a IMagnesian. In his journey he was stoppcil by the in- undation of the river Evenus or Entpe|iis, over which he was carried by Juno, who had changed herself into an old woman. In crossing the stream he lost one of his sandals, and at his arrival at lolchos, the singularity of his dress and flie fairness of his complexion attracted the notice of the people, and drew a crowd around Jiim in A a 4 the J A J A the market place. Pelia.^ came to see him with tlie rest, an(i as he hail been warned bv the oracle to boware of a man who should appear at lokhos with oj»e foot bare, and the other shod, die appearance of Jason, who had lo^t one of his sandals, alarmed him. His terrors were soon after augmented. Jason, accompained by Iiis friends, repaired to the palace of Pelias, and boldly demanded the kingdom which he had unjustly usurpe- proaching dangers. He appeared in tlie field of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, 360 ploughed the plain, and sowed the dragon's teeth. Immediately an army of men sprang from the field, and ran towards Jason. He threw a stone among them, and they fell one upon the other till all were totally destroyed. The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to sleep by the power of herbs and Jason took from the tree t!ic celebrated golden fleece, which was the sole ohj*ct of his voy*ge. These actions were all performed in the pre- sence of ^etes and his people, who were all equally astonisticd at the boldness and success of .lason. After this celebrated conquest. Jason immeiliatcly set sail for Europe witii Medea, who iiad been so instrumental in his preservation. Upon this ^etss, desirous to revenge the perfidy of his daughter Meilea, sent his son .Vbsyrtus to pursue the fugitives. -Medea killed her brotlier, and strewed his limbs in her fatlier's way, tliat she might more easily escape, while he was employed in collecting the mangled body of his son. I yid. Absyrtus.] The return of the Argo- nauts in Thes.saly wa.s celebrated with uni- versal festivity , but A^son, Jason s father, wab unable to attend on account of the in- finnities of old age. 'i'his obstruction was removed, and Medea, at tlic request of her husband, restored /Kson to the vigor and sprightliness of youLli. [I'ld. Alsoii.] Pelias the usurper of the crown of lolchos, wislied also to sec himself restored to the flower of youth, and his daughters persuaded by Me- dea, who wished tu avenge her husband's wrongs, cut his bcxiy to pieces, and placed ids limbs in a cauldron of boiling water. Their credulity was severely puniiJied. Ale- dea suMervd the Hesli to be consumed to the bones, and jPeiias was never restored to life. 'i'liis in!uinia!i action drew tlie resentment of the ]>opuIuc.- Upon Medea, and she lied to Corinth w itli her husband Jason, where they lived in perfect unioh and love during ten successive years. Ja.son's partiality * for Glaucc, the daughter of the king of the country afterwards ) disturbed their matri- monial happiness, and Medea was divorced that Jason might more freely indidge his amorous propensities. lliis infidelity was severely revenged by Medea, [f'ui. GlauceJ, who destn^yeti her children in the pre- sence of dieir father. [Vid. MedexJ Af- ter this separation from Medea, Ja.soa lived an . unsettled and melancholy life. .\s he was one day reposing himself by tlie side of the sliip which had carrie-d him to Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, .ind be was crusheHl to dcatli. 'iliis tragical event had been predicted to him before by Medea, according to die relation of some authors. Some say that he afterwards re- turned to Colchis, where he seized the king- dom, and reigned jin great security. £u- rif). in Med Ovi.L Met. 7. /oi. 2, 3, &c. — Diod. 4. —Paus. 2 & 3.-^Apollod.\, c 9— Cic. de Nat. 3. — Ovid. 2\ia. 3, 1. 9. — Slfm*. 7.— IB IC 7. — Jlpoll. — Flacc. — Hygiii. 5, i|c. — Pin- dar. 5, Nem. — Justin. 42, c. 2, (Jr. — Se- nec. in Med. — Tzctz. ad Lycophr. 195, ^c. — Athen. 13. A native of Argos who WTote an history of Greece in four books, which ended at the death of Alexander. He lived in the age of Adiian. A tyrant of Thessaly, who made an alliance with the Spartans, and cultivated tlie friendship of I'imotheus. Trallianus, a man who wrote tragedies, and gained the esteem of the kings of Parthia. Folycen. 7. Jasonidje, a patronjTiiic of Thoas and Euneus, sons of Jason and Hypsipyle. Iasus, a' king of Argos, who succeeded his father Triopas. Favs. 2, c. 16. A son of Argus father of Agenor. A son of Argus and Ismena. — — A son of Lycur- gus of Arcadia. An island with a town of the same nimie on tlie coast of Caria. The bay adjoining was called lasius sinu:i. I'lin. 5, c. t:s. — Liv. 32, c. 35. 1. 37, c. 17. Iaxartes, no%v Sir or Silion, a river of Sogdiana, mistaken by Alexander for the Tanais. It falls into tlie east of the Caspian sea. Cwt. 6& 7. — Plin. 6, c. 16. — Ar- ria7i. 4, c. 15. Iaziges, a people on the borders of the Palus Jlffiotis. Tacit. A. 12, c. 29. — > Ovid. Trist. 2, V. 191. Funt. 4, el. 7, v. 9. Iberia, a country of Asia, between Col- chis on the west, and Albania on the east, governed by kings. Tompey invaded it, and made great slaughter of the inliabitants, and obliged 'them to surrender by setting fire to the woods wher they had fled for safety. It is now called Georgia. Fiut. in Luc. Anton. ijfC. — Dio. 56. — Flor. 3. — Flccc. 5, v. 166. Appian. Partkic. An ancient name of Spain, derived from the river Iberus. Lucaii. 6, V. 258. — Horai. 4, od. 14, v. 50. Ieerus, a river of Spain, now called Ebro, which, after the conclusion of the first Punic war, separated the Roman from the Cartha- ginian possessions in that country. Lucun. 4, V. '635. Flin. 5, c. 3. — Horat. 4, od. 14, V. 50. A river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus. Strab. 3. — — A fabulous king of Spain. Ibi, an Indian nation. Ibis, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in which he bitterly satyrizes the ingratitude of his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid has also ivritten a poem which bears the same name, and which in the same satyrical language, seems, according to the opinion of some, to inveigh bitterly against Ilyginus, the sup- posed hero of the composition. Siiidas. Ibycus, a lyric poet of Pihegium, about .540 years before Christ. He was murdered by robbers, and at the moment of death he implored the assistance of some cranes which at tliat moment flew over his head. Some time after as the murderers were in the mar- ket place, one of them observed some cranes 36] in the air, and said to his companions, a/ ify- Kou ixSiKOi zs'a.^itfftM, thcre are the birds that are conscious of the death of Ibycus. These words and the recent murder of Ibycus raised sus- picions in the people ; the assassins were seized and tortured, and they confessed tlieir guDt. Cic. Tusc. 4, c. 43. — ALlian. V. H. The husband of Chloris whom Horace ridicules, 3, od. 15. IcADius, a robber killed by a. stone, &c. Cic. Fat. 3. IcABiA, a small island in the iEgean sea, between Chio, Samos, and Myconus, where the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, and juried by Hercules. Ptol. 5, c. 2. — Mela, 2, c. 7. —Strab. 10 & 14. IcARis & IcARioTis, a name given to Pe- nelope as daughter of Icarius. IcARii'M MARE, SL part of the ^gean sea neai- the islands of Mycone and Gyaros. [Fia. Icarus.] IcARius, an Athenian, father of Erigone. He gave wine to some peasants who drank it with the greatest avidity, ignorant of its intoxicating nature. They were soon de- prived of their reason, and the fury and resentment of their friends and neighbours were immediately turned upon Icarius, who perished by their hands. After death he was honored with public festivals, and his daughter was led to discover the place of his l)urial by means of his faithful dog Moera. Erigone hung herself in despair, and was changed into a constellation called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the star Bootes, and the dog Moera into the star Canis. Hygin. fib. 1 30. — Apollud. 3, c. 14. A son of (Ebalus of Lacedsemon. He gave his daughter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses king of Ithaca, but he was so tenderly attached to her, tliat he wished hei' husband to settle at Lacedsercon. Ulysses refused, and when he saw the earnest peti- tions of Icarius. he told Penelope as they were going to embark, that she might choos? freely either to follow him to Ithaca, or to remain with her fatlier. Penelope blushed in the deepest silence, and covered her head with her veil. Icarius upon this permitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, and immedi- ately erected a temple to the goddess of mo- desty, on the spot where Penelope had co- vered her blushes with her veil. Homer. Od. 15, V. 435. Icarus, a son cf Daedalus, who with his father flew with wings from Crete to escape the resentment of 3iinos. His flight being too high, proved fatal to him, the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings, and he fell into that part of the ^Egean sea which was called after his name. [Vid. Daedalus.] Ovid. Met. 8, v. 178, &c. A mountain of Attica. Icciifs, a lieuten.int of Agrippa in Sicily. Horace writes to him, 1 od. 29, and ridicule* him for abandoning the pursuits of philosophy aad I D I D and the muses lor military employments. One of the Rherai in Gaul, ambassador to Csesar. Ctf-j. li. G. 2, c. 3. IcELos, one o( the sons of Somnus, who changed himself into all sorts of animals, whence the nam? (n*iX«f simUis). Ovid. Met. 11, V, 640. IcEN'i, a people of Britain who submitted to the Homan power, Tlicy inhabited tlie modern counties of Suflblk, Norfolk, Cam- bridge, &c. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 31. — Cits. G. a, c. 21. I (ETAS, a man who obtained the supreme power at Syracuse after the death of Dion, lie attempted to .assassinate Timoleon, for which he was conquered, kc. 15. C. 3KX C Nqu in Tim. IcH.NiB, a town of Maci-doniii, whence Themis and Nemesis are caJled Icbn.ia. Jlomer. in AjmU. IcifNusA, an ancient name of .Sardinia, which it received from its likeness to a human foot. Pnui. lO, c. IT. — Ital. \2. v. 5.'5S. — riin. 3, c. 7. IrHosC'PHYS, « priest of Hcliopolis, at who<>e house Eudox us resided when he visited Egypt witii riato. J)iog. IcHTiiYOPKACi, a people of Altliiopia, who received this name from their eating fishes. Tlicrc was also au Indian nation of llie s;mie name who made their houses witli the bones of fishes. JJiod. 3. — Strab. 2 & 1.5. — I'lin. 0, c. 23. 1. J5. c. 7. ItiiTiiYs, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. Strnh. II. L. IciMi's, ft tribune of the jicople who matle a law A. U. C. 3y7, by which mount Avcnline was given to the Uoman people to build houses upon. J. it: 3, c. 54. A tribune who made n law, A. U. C. 20' I, that forbade any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune while be wa.s sp^-aking in an as- somldy. Lii: 2, c. 5^. A tribune who signalized hinijeif by bis inveterate enmity against the Roman senate. He took an active part in U)e nianagement of lUTairs after the murder of Virginia, ^c. Icii's, a harbour in Gaul, on the modem streights of Hover, from which C«sar crossetl into Britain. IcoMf.M, Uie capital of Lycaonia, now Koniixh. Pliii. 't, c. 27. Iros, a small island near Eubaau Stmb. 9. IiTiNL's, a ccli'bmted luchitect, 43u years before Christ- He built a famous temple to Minerva at .•\thcna, &c. Irri'MrLoRi'M vins, a place at the foot of the Alps alwuuding in gold mines. IriLisMA. a town of Ciaul, now Angou- Icsmc, on tlie Chaientc. Ida, a nymph of Crete, who went into Phrj'gia, where she gave her name to a mountain of that country. J ir^. uEn. 8, v. 177. The mother of IVIinos 2d. A celebrated mountain, or more properly a ridg« of mountains in Troas, cliiefly in the 362 neighbourhood of Troy. The abundance of its waters became the source of many rivers, and particularly of the Simois, Sca- maoder, /Esepus. Granicus, &c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd Paris ad- judged the prize of l>eauty to the goddess ^'cnus. It was covered with green woods, and tlie elevation of its top opened a fine extensive view of the Hellespont and the adjacent countries, from which reason tiie poets say that it was frequented by the gods during the Trojan war. Strab. 13. — Meia. 1, c. 18. — Homer. It. 14. v. 283. — Virn. jF.ti. 3, 5, ^c Ovid. Fast. 4, t. 79. — Ifornl. 3, od. 1 1. A mountain of Crete. the highest in the island, where it was re- ported that Jupiter was educated by the Co- rybantes, %vho, on tliat account, were called Idai. Sirab. 10. Iu.EA, the Bumome of Cybclc, because she was worshipped on mount Ida. Lucrct. 2, v. till. louKt's. a surname of Jupiter. —^ .An ann-be.irer and charioteer of king Priam, killc«l during the Trojan war. 'i'irf.. jEn. u, V. 4S7. One of the attendants of .\sca- nius. Id. 9, v. 500. Idalis, the country round mount Ida. Lucan. 3, v. 204. InALi's, a mountain of C\'pKis, at the foot of which is Idulium, a town witli a grove sacred to \'enus, who was called IiUlaa. I'ir/;. ^n. 1, v. (78.5. —Catult. 37 & 62 Pioptrt. 2, rl. 13. Ida.vthtksi s, a powerful king of Scytliia. who rcfusetl to give his daughter in mar- riage to Darius tlie 1st, king of Persia, 'lliis refusal was the cause of a war Injlween the two nations, and Darius marched against Idunthyrsus. at the head of 7tX),000 men. He was defeated and retired. 'J. — Virg. .J:u. 1, V. '277. — Ovitl. Fait. '2, v. 59«. A wife of Sylla. Iliaci LLiii, games instllated by AugMsMis, in c«nuncmoruuon of Uie victorj' which hu had obtained over Ant">ny and Ck'opotra. They are .->,_^posed to be tiie same as tlie 2\-a- jani ludi and tlie .Ictia ; and Virgil says, L'ley were celebrated by ^lineas, not only because they wrve insiituted at the time when he wrote bis poem, but because he wished to compli- ment AugiistUi by making the founder of Lavinium solenuiize games on the very spot which waJ, many centuries after, to be im- mortalized by the trophies of his patron. During tliese games, were exhibited horse races,'and gymnastic exercises. Virg. J^n. o, V. 2 SO. ; Iliacus, an epithet applied to such as be- long to Troy. y'tr;;. jEn. 1, v. 101. Iliades, a surname given to Romidus, as son of Ilia. Oiid. A name given to the .Trojan women. J'i'g. JEn. 1, v. 484. Ilias, a celebrated poem composed by Homer, upon thf- Trojan war. It delineates the wratli of Achilles, and all the calamities which befel the Greeks, from tlie refusal of tbat iiero to appear in the field of battle. It fijiisties at tlie death pf Hector, whom Achii- 364 les had sacrificed to the sliades of his friend Patroclus. It is divided into 24 books. f Vid. Homerus.] A surname of Minerva, fro. 11 a temple vs-hich she had at Uaulis in i'hocis. Iliknses, a people of Sardinia. lAr. 4", c 19. L 41, c. o & 12. lLiON,a town of Macedonia. Liv.5], c.C". [rid. Ilium.] Ii-ioM, tlie eldest daughter of Priam, who married PoljTnncstor, king of Thrace. I'irg. JEn. 1. v. 657. Ii.ij.NEi's, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He came into Italy witli iEneas. yir^. ^f!n. 1, v. 52.5. A son of .\rt3banus, made pri- soner by Pamienio, near Damascus. Curt. 3, c. 13. — ^ One of Niobe'i sons. Ovid, ^{t1. 6,/ift. 6. Ii.n-A, a town of Baltics. Liv.35, c. 1. Ilissus, a small river of Attica, falling into tlie sea near the Pirjeus. There was a temple on its banks sacreA to the muses. Stat. Theb. 4, V. 52. luTHYiA, a goddess called also Juno Lu- cina. Some suppose her to be llic same as Diana. She presided over the travails of women ; and in her temple at Rome, it was usual to carry a small piece of money as an otTering. This custom was first established by .S'.Tvius Tullius, who, by enforcing it, was enabled to know the exact number of the Roman "people. Htsiod Th. 450. Ifomer. II. 11, od. 19. — JpoUod. 1 & 2. — Horat. carm. sercul. — OviJ. Mel. 9, v. 283. Ilil'.m or Ilion, a citadel of Troy buili by II us, one of tht Trojan kings, from whom it received its name. It is gene- rally taken for Troy itstlf ; and some have siipi>os«l that tlie town was called Ilium, and the adjacent country Troia. [ t'id. Troja. ] Lit). 3'i, c 43. L 37, c 9 & 37. — f'irg. jiSn. 1, &c. — Stroll. 13. — Olid. Met. 15, v. 505. — Horat. 3, od. 5. — Justin. 1 1, c 5. 1. 31, c. P. Ii.LiBERis, a town of Gaul, dirough whicU Hannibal passed as he marched into Italy. Iliice, now £lchf, a town of Spain with a harbour and bay, Sinus J^- Partus lilidtanus, now AlicaiU. Plin. 3, c. 3. It-MPULA, two towns of Spain, one of which is called Major, and the other Minor. Il.LlTLRCIS, Il.ITURGUS, or Il.IRGIA, 3 citV of Spain, near the modem Andujaron the river Ba;tis, destroyed by Siipio, for having revolt- eiljto tlie Carthaginians. Liv. 23, c, 49. 1. 24, c. 41. 1. 26, c. 17. Ilorcis, now Lorca, a town of Spain. P/t;i. 5, c 3. IllyrIccm, III VMS, & Ili.yria, a country bordering on the Adriatic sea, opposite Italy, whose boun^t^es have been diH'ercnt at diJf- fercnt times. It became a Roman province, after (icntius its king had been conquered l-y the proftor .\niciusi and it now forms part of I M IN «f Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. Strab. 2 & 7. — Paus. 4, c. 35. — iUe/a, 2, c. 2, &c. i^for. 1, 2, &c. Illyricus sinls, that part of the Adriatic which is on the coast of lUyricum. Illyriijs, a son of Cadmus and Hemiione, from whom Illyricum received its name. Apollod. Ilua, now Elba, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, between Italy and Corsica, celebrated for its iron mines. The people are called Jluatcs. Liu. 30, c. 39. — Virg. jEn. 10, v. 175.— Flin. 5, c. 6. 1. 34, c. 14. Ilueo, now Oleron, a town of Gascony in France. Ilus, the 4th king of Troy, was son of Tros by Callirhoe. He married Eurydice the daughter of Adi'astus, by whom he had Themis, who married Capys, and Lao- medon the father of Priam. He built, or rather embellished, the city of Ilium, called also Troy from his father Tros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, a celebrated statue of Minerva, and promised that as long as it remained in Troy, so long would the town remain impregnable. When the temple of Minerva was in flames. Bus rushed into the middle of the fire to save tlie Palladium, for which action he was deprived of his sight by the goddess ; though he recovered it some time after. Homer. II. — Strab. 1 3. — Apollod. 3, c. 12. — Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 35. 1. 6, v. 419. A name of ^scanius, while he was at Troy. Virg. jEn. 1, v. 272 A friend of Turnus, killed by Pallas. Virg. jEn. 10, v. 400. Ilyrgis, a town of Hispania Bsetica, now Ilora. Polyb. Imanoentius, a king of part of Britain, killed by Cassiyelaunus, &c. — Ccbs. Bell. G.5. Imals, a large mountain of Scythia, which is part of mount Taurus. It divides Scythia, which is generally called Intra Imaum, and Extra Imaum. It extends, according to some, as far as the boundaries of the eastern ocean. PliH.6, c. 17. —Strab. 1. ImbXrus, a part of moimt Taurus in Ar- menia. Imbrasides, a patronymic given to Asius, as son of Imbracus. Virg. Mn. 10, T. 123. IwiRAsinKs, a patronymic given to Glau- cus and Lades, as sons of Imbrasus. Virg. JEn. 12, V. 343. Imbrasus, or Partlienius, a river of Samos. Juno, who was worshipped on its banks, re- ceived the surname of Imhrana. Paus. 7,j f- 4. The father of Pixus, the leader of** the Thraciansduring the Tr»jan war. Virg. uEn. I0& 12. — . Hom^r. II. 4, v. 520. IjitBREus, one of the Centaurs, killed by Bryas, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 510. Imbrrx, C. Licinius, a poet \yid. Lici- nius,] 365 Imbrius, a Trojan killed by Teucer son of Mentor. He had maiTied Medesicaste, Priam's daughter. Homer. II. 13. Imbrivium, a place of Samnium. Imbros, now Embro, an island of the ^gean sea, near Thrace, 32 miles from Sa- mothrace, with a small river and town of the same name. Imbros was governed for some time by its own laws, but afterwards subjected to the power of Persia, Atliens, Macedonia, and the kings of Perganius. It aftenvard* became a Roman province. The divinities par- ticularly worshipped there were Ceres and Mercury. Tliucyd. 8. — Plin. 4, c. 12. — Homer. II. 13. — Strab. 2. — Mela. 2, c. 7. — Ovid. Trist. 10, v. 18. Inachi, a name given to the Greeks, particularly the Argives, from king Ina- chus. Inachia, a name given to Peloponnesus, from the river Inachus. A festival in Crete in honor of Inachus ; or according to others, of Ino's misfortunes A courte- zan in the age of Horace. Epod. 1 2. Inachid^, the name of the eight first successors of Inachus, on the throne of Argos. Inachiles, a patronymic of Epaphus, as grandson of Inachus. Ovid. Met. 1 , v. 704. Also of Perseus descended from Inachus. Id. 4. fab. 11. IvACHis, a patronymic of lo, as daughter of Inachus. Ovid. East. 1, v. 454. Inachium, a town of Peloponnesus. Inachus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, father of lo, and also of Phoroneus and iEgialeus. He founded the kingdom of Argos, and was succeeded by Phoroneus, B. C. 1807, and gave his name to a river of Argos, of which he became the tutelar deity. He reigned 60 years. Virg. G. 3, v. \ 5\ .—' Apollod. 2, c. 5. — Pa%is.2, c. 15. A river of Argos. Anotherin Epirus. Inamames, a river in the east of Asia, as far as which Semiramis extended her empire. Polycen. Inarime, an island near 'Campania, witli a mountain under which Jupiter confined tlio giant Typhocus. It is now called Ischia, and is remaikable for its fertility and population. There was formerly a volcano in the middle of the island. Virg. jEn. 9, v. 716. Inarus, a town of Egypt, in whose neigh- bourhood the town of Naucratis was built by the Milesians A tyrant of Egypt, who died B. C. 456. Incitatus, a horse of the emperor Cali- gula, made high priest. Indathtrsus. [Vid. Idanthyrsus.J India, the most celebrated and opulent of all the countries of Asia, bounded on one side by the Indus, from which it derives its name. It is situate at the south of the kingdoms of Persia, Parthia, &c. along the maritime coasts. It has always been reckoned famous for the riches it contains ; and so persuaded were the ancients I N I \ ancients of its wealth, that they supposed tint it« very sands were gold. It contained ;KXX) dififerent nations, and .5000 remarkable cities, according to geojrraphers. Bacchus was the f rst wlio conqaiTi-tl it. In more recent ages, jiart of it was trib .tary to the power of Persia. Alexander invaded it ; but his conquest was checked by tlie valor of Poms ouo of the kings of tlic country, and the Macedonian warrior was unwiiliag or ai'raid to engage soother. Semiraini'* also extended her em- pire far in India. TLc llomans kn«w little of tiie country, yet their power was BO universally dre:idend soon conceived an implacabk; hatrrtl .i^air.st the children of Nephelc. because they were to aM:eiid tiic throne in preference to her own. I*hryxus and Helle were informed f>f Ino's machina- tions, and they escaped to (.'ulchis on a golden ram. [Tit/. 1-hryxu.s.J Juno, jealous of Inos prosperity, resolved to disturb her peace ; and more particularly because slie w.-js of the de- scendants of her j;reate8t enemy, X'eniis. Ti- siphone wiw sent, by order of thf gixlJi-ss. to thelioiiseof Athamas; and she tilled tiic whole palace with sue!) fury, that Athamau, taking 3G6 Ino to be alioncs-, and her children whelps, pursued her, and dashed her son Learchus against a wall. Ino escaped from the fury of her husband, and from a high rock she threw herself into the sea. witii Melicerta in her arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune made her a sea deity, which was afterwards called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also a sea god, known by the name of Palaemon. Homer. Od. 5. — Cic. Tusc. dc Nat. D. 3. c. -18. — Plut. Symp. 3. — OmU. Me:. 4. fub. 13, &c, — Fuus. 1, 2, &c.—.-1jHMod. 2. c. 4. — Ni/gin.fub. 12, H, & 1,'. Ikoa, festivals in memory of Ino, cele- brated yearly with sports and sacrifices at Corinth. An anniversary sacrifice waa also offered to Ino at Megara. where she was first worshipped, under tlie name of Leucotlio*.. Another in I.aconia. in honor of the same. It was usual at die celebration to tlirow cakes of flour into a pond, which, if tliey sunk, were presages of prosjK-rity ; but if tlu-y sw:un on tlie surface of the waters, tiicy were inauspicious and very unlucky, Isois, a patronymic given to the god Pala^mon, as son of Ino. Virg. .£n. 5, V. SIM. Inopl's, a river of Delos, which tlte in- habitants suppose to be tlie Nile, coming from Egypt under the sea. It was near ils banks that Apollo and Diana were born. I'iiii. f, c. 103. — FLicc. 5, v. 103. — Slrub. 6. — Pans. 2, c. 4. IssuuREs the inhabitants of Insubria, a country near the Po, supposcil to b« ot' G:dlic origin. I hey were Conijutred by the Ro- mans, and tlK-ir country becain*.' a province, where ilie miKlern towns of Milan and Pavia were built. Strub. 5. — Tacu. A. \\, c. 2o. — riin. 3, c. 17. — Liv i c. 34. — Ftoi. 3. c. 1. iNTAFBravis, one of tlie seven Persian noblemen who conspired against Snierdis, who usurped the crown of Persia. Me was s« dis- appointed for not obtaining die crown, that he fomented sediliontiagainst Uarius. who had been raisetl to the throne after the death of tile usurper. ^^ hen the king haand and children, slic replied tliat she could proi-ure aiiotlitr hus- band, and children likewise ; but that site could never have anotiier brother, as her fatlicr and mother were dead. Intapiicmes was put to deatli. HiTndi>t, 3. I NTF.MEtJi'M, a town at tlie west of Ligu- ria, on the sea-shore. Cur. J>it: f". c. 14. IsTEaAM.vA, an ancient city of Umbria. the birtlt-place of tlic histori.in Tacitus, and of tlic emperor of tlic same iiaiue. It is situ- ate lO 10 ate between two brEnches of the Nar, (inter- amiies) whence its name. Varro. L. L. 4, c. 5. — Tacit. Hist. 2, c, 64. A colony on the confines of Saninium, on the Lo'is. Intercatia, a town of Spain. Intekrex, a supreme magistrate at Rome, who was intrusted with the care .of the go- vernment after the death of a king, till the election of another. This office was exer- cised by die senators alone, and none con- tinued in power longer than five days, or, according to Plutarch, only 12 hours. The first iiiterrex mentioned in Roman history, is after the death of Romulus, when the Ro- mans quarrelled with the Sabines concerning the choice of a king. . There was sometimes an interrex during tlie consular government ; but this happened only to hold assemblies in the absence of the magistrates, or when the election of any of the acting officers was dis- puted. Liv. 1, c. 17. — Bioni/s. "2, c. 15. Ini'i castrum. [Firf. Castiinn Inui.] It received its name from Inuus, a dinnity sup- posed to be the same as the Faunus of the Latins, and worshipped in this city. Inycus, a city of Sicily. Herodot. lo, daughter of Inachus, or, according to others, of Jasus or Pireries, was priestess of Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured of her; but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, discovered the object of his atfections, and surj^rised him in the company of lo, though .he had shrouded himself in all the obscurity of clouds and thick mists. Jupiter changed his mistress into a beautiful heifer ; and the goddess, who well knew the fraud, obtained from her husband the animal, whose beauty she had condescended to commend. Juno commanded the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the heifer : but Jupiter, anxious for the situation of lo, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and to restore her to liberty. [ Vid. Argus.] lo, freed from the vigilance of Ar- gus, was now persecuted by J uno ; who sent one of the furies, or rather a malicious insect, to torment her. She wandered over the greatest part of the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last she stopped on the banks of the Nile, still exposed to the unceasing torments of Juno's insect. Here she in- treated Jupiter to restore her to her ancient form ; and when the god had changed her from a heifer into a woman, she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards she married Telegonus king of Egyjit, or Osiris, ac- cording to others, and she treated her sub- jects with such mildness and humanity, that after deatli she received divine honors, and was worshipped under the name of Isis. According to Herodotus, lo was carried away by Phoenician merchants, who wished to make reprisals for Europa, who had been stolen from tiiem by the Greeks. Some sup- pose that lo never came to Egjpt. She is sometimes called Fhoronis, from her brother Phoroneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 748. — Pans. 1, 367 c. 25. 1.3, c. 18. — Moschus. — JpoUod. 2, c. 1. — Virg. ^n. 7, v. 789. — HySin. ^ab 145. loBATEs & JoEATEs, a kiiig of Lycia, father of Stenobaa, die wife of Prcetus, king of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne by Bellerophon, to whom he had given one of his daughters, called Philonoe, in nisr- riage. — [ Fid. Bellerophon. ] JpoUod. 2, c. 'J. — Hygin. fab. 51. loBEs, a son of Hercules by a daughter of Thespius. He died in his youth, jlpollod. 2, c. 7. JoCASTA, a daughter of Menoeceus, who married Laius, king of Thebes, by whom she had CEdipus. She afterwards inarried her son CEdipus, without knowing \s'\\o he was, and had by him Eteocles, Polynices, &c. [ Tjt/. Laius, QEdipus.] When she discovered that she had married her own son, and had been guilty of incest, she hanged herself in despair. She is called Epicasta by some mythologists. Stat. Thcb. 8, v. 42. — Senec. ^- Sophocl. in CEdip. — Jlpellod. 5, c. 5. — Hygin, Jab. 66, &c. — Homer. Od. 1 1 . loLAiA, a festival at Tliebes, the same as that called Heracleia. It was instituted ia honor of Hercules and his friend lolas, who assisted him in conquering the hydra. It continued during several days, on the first of which were offered solemn sacrifices. The next day horse races and athletic exercises were exhibited. The following day was set apart for «Testling ; the victors were crowned with garlands of myrtle, generally used at funeral solemnities. Tliey were sometimes rewarded va(h tripods of brass. The place where die exercises were exhibited was called lolaion, where there were to be seen the monument of Amphitryon, and die cenotaph of lolas, who was buried in Sardinia. These monuments were strewed with garlands and flowers on the day of the fesrival. loLAs or loi.Acs, a son of Iphiclus, king of lliessaly, who assisted Hercules in con- quering the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron die place where the heads had been cut off, to prevent the growth of others. [ Vid. Hy- dra.] He was restored to his youdi and vigor by Hebe, at the request of his friend Hercules. Sometime afterwards, lolas as- sisted the Heraclidae against Euiystheus, and killed the tyrant with his own hand. According to Plutarch, lolas had a monu- ment ia Boeotia and Phocis, whore lovers used to go and bind themselves hy the most solemn oaths of fidelity, considering the place as sacred to love and friendship. Ac- cording to Diodorus and Pausnnias, lolas died and was buried in Sartlinia, where he had gone to make a settleincut at the head of the pons of Hercules by the fifty dai-gh- terj of Thespius. Oii>d. Met. 9, v. 399. — ApoUod. e, c. 4. — Vavs. 10, c. 1 7. A compiler of a Phoenician history. — A friend of iEneas, killed by CatUlus in the Kutulian 10 J o wars. Virg. ^n. 11, v. 640. •- ■- A wn of Aniipater, cup-bearer to Alexander. PitU. loLcuos, a town of Magnesia, above De- metrias, where Jason was born. It was founded by Cretheus, son of iEolus and Eitarctta. Mela mentions it as at some distance from tlic sea, though all the other ancient geographers place it on the sea- kliore. Fatu. 4, c 'J. — Ajxdlod. 1, c. 9. — Strab. 8. — Mda, 2, c. 5.— Lucan. 5, v. 192. loLK, a dauffhier of Eurj-tus, king of (Echalia. Hct fatlier promised her in mar- riage to Htrculc;, but he rcfuseil to pirt'onn his engagements, and lolc was carried away by force. [Viit. Eurytui.] It was to ex- tinguish tlie love of IK-rcuU-b for lole, that Dejanira, sent him the i>oisoned tunic, whicii caused his death. [ I'id. Hercules \ Deja- nira. J After tlie deatJi of Hercules lole married his son Hyilus by Dejanira. ^poU lod. U, c. 7. — Ovvi. Met. 9, v. 279. lo.v, a son of Xutbus and Creu<;a, daughter of Erechtli«fus, who married Ilelice, the dau(;hter uf ScUnui, king of .Ef^iale. He succeeded on llie dirone of his futlier-in-law, and built a city, whicli he called Ilelice, on account of tiis wife. His subjects from him received the name of lonians and tlie coun- try that of Ionia. [ViJ. loues and Ionia.] Ap^tUod. 1, c. 7. — l'au$ 7. c. 1. — Strab. 7. — Herudot. 7, c. 94. 1. 8, c 44. A tragic poet of Chios, whose tragedies, wlien repre- sented at Athens met witli universal a|>- plause. 'He is laentiooed and greatly com- mended by .\risiophanes and Atlieiifeiis, &c. Athen. 10, &c. A native of Ephesus in- troduced in Plato's dialogues as reasoning witli S»x-rates. lovr, one oi the Nerei<{efi. loNEs, a luiine orijjinally given to the su!>- jecLs of Ion, who dwelt at Helicc. In the age of Ion tliL' .Athenians made a war i^jai-ist the people of Eleusis and implored his aid against their enemies. Ion conquered tlie Eleusinians and Euiiiolpus. who was at their head ; and the Athenians, sensible of his scrvi«cs, invited him to cimo and settle among them ; and the more strongly to iliow their aifectiuu, tliey assumed the name of lonians. Some sup)Kwe that, after tiiis victory. Ion passtni into Asia Minor, at the head of a colony. When the .Vchieans wiTe driven from Peloponnesus by the Heraclido:, eighty years after Uie Trojan war, they came to settle among the lonians, who weie then masten of iEgialus. 'Iliey were soon dis- possoaocd of thi'ir terriloritM by the .\chx- ati* and went to Attica, where they met with a cordial reception. Their migration from Greece to Auia Minw was about (><) years al'ter the return of tlie Heracli(LT, B. C. 1044, and 80 years ;ifteT the departure of the ^lioLimis ; and they therefore finally settled tliemselves, after a warxleriitg life of about :so yuars. IfiNXA, a country of .\9ia Minor, bounded 363 on the north by .Eolia. on the west by tb» i^gean and Icaiian seas on the south by Caria, and on tlie east by I.ydia and part ot Caria. It was founded by colonics from Greece, and particularly .\ttica. by tlie lonians, or subjects of Ion. Ionia was di- vided into r.' small states, whicli formed ?. eeiebrated coiife)\. Hie inhabiunts of Ionia built a tcn.]ile. whicli tliey called Pan Lmi urn,. (ram the ccii- cour>>e of people that flocked there from every part of loiaa. After they had enjoyed for some time their freedom and independence. they were made tributary to the pc>wer of Lydia by Crresus I'he Athenians assisted tliom to shake olf tlie slavery of the Asiatic monarchs ; but they soon forgot their duty and relation to their motlier country, and joined Xerxes when he invaded Grev.-cc. 'ITiey were delivereard this with Uie greatest horror and indignation, and ra- ther than to shed the blood of his daughter, he ''Commanded om.- of his heralds, as chief of the Grecian forces, to order all the assem- bly to depart each to his respective home. Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and Agamemnon consented to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. As Iphigenia was tenderly loved by her mother, the Greeks sent for her on pre- tence of giving her in marriage to AchiUc*. Clytemnestra gladly permitted her departure. and Iphigenia came to Aulis : here she saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice ; she implored the forgiveness and protection of her father, but tears and entreaties wcra unavailing. C.ikha-. took the knife in hia hand, and as he was going to strike the faul blow^, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared, and a goat of uncommon size and beauty was found in her place for the sacrifice. Tl»i» supernatural change animated the Grcdcs, the wind suddenly became favorable, and the combined fleet set sail from Aulis. Ipht genia's innocence had raised the compa&sioo of the godde&s on whose altar she was going to be sacrificed, and she carried her to Tau- rica, where Oie entrusted her with the care o( hu temple. In thi* sacred office Iphi- genia was obliged by tlie command of Diana, to sacrifice all the strangers who came into that country. Many had already been of- fered as victims on the bloody altar, when Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. Their mutual and unparalleled fricnd^ip [VkJ. Pylades & Orestes] disdoted to Iphigenia that one of the strangers whom she was goini^ to sai-rifice w.is her brotlier ; and, upon this she conspin^d with tlie two friend* to riy from tlic barbarous coiinlrj-, and carry away the statue of tiic goddess. Tliey suc- cessfully effected their enterprize, and mur- dered 'ilioas, who enforced the human sa- crifices. According to some authors, tlie Iphigenia, who was sacriticetl at Aulis, wis not a ilnughter of .Vgamemnui), but a daugh- ter of Helen by Theseus. Homer does not si>eak of the sacrifice of Iphigoni.i, though very minute in the description of the Gr«^- cian forces, adventiurs, iScc. The statue of Diana, which Iphigenia 'l)rought away, w.is afterwards placed in tlie grove of Aricia in Italy. Faus. '2, c. i?'.'. 1.3, c.lG.—Ovid. Met. 12, V. 51. _ Firg. ^n, 1, c 116. — jEtchyL — Euriind. IriuMEDiA, a daughter of Triopas, who married the giant Alaus. She fiod from her j:o husband, and had twc sons, Otiu and Ephial. tes. by Neptune, her father's father. Homer, Od. 11, V. 124. — Pant. 9, c. 12. — ApoUod. 1, c. 7. IrHiMXDON. a son of Eurystheus, killed in a war against the Athenians a:id Heraclidee. ApolLd. IrHiMiDCsA, one of the daughters of Danaus, who married Euchenor. [ Fid. Da - naides.] Iphinoe, one of the principal women of Lemnos, who conspired to destroy all the males of the island after their return from » ThracioJi expedition. Flacc. 2, v. 163. One of the daughters of Proetus. She died of a disease while under the care of Melampus. [ VuL Prtttidcs,] IrHiNots, one of the centaurs. Ovid. Iphis, son of .Elector, succeeded his father on the throne of .Argoa. He advised Poly- nices, who wished to engage Amphiaraus ii. the T'hcban war, to bribe his wife Eriphyle, by giving her the golden collar of Harmoni*. Tim succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her husband. JpoOod. 3.—FImx. I, 3, & 7 A beautiful youth of Sal amis, of ignobU birth. He became esamoured of Anaaareu and the coldne^ and contempt be met witi. rendered him so de<erate that be hung him- self. Anaxarete saw him carried to his grave without emotion, and was instantly changed into a stone- Oi-id. Met. 1 1, v. 703. —— A daughter of Thespius. AjKMod. — — .\ mis- tress of Patroclus, given him by Achilles. Homer. IL 9. .\ daugbt4:r of Ligdus and Telethusa, of Crete. When Teleiliusa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her to destroy her child, if it proved a daugliti-r, becauie hii> poverty could not afford to maintain an use- less charge. The severe orders of her hus- band alarmed Telethusa, and khc would have obeyed, bad not Imh commanded ber in a draam to spare the life of her child. Tele- thus.1 bn')ught forth a daughter, wliich was given to a nurse, and pa5»cd for a bov undflr Uie nunie of Iphis. Ligdus continued igno- rant of tlie defeit, and when Iphb was come to the years of puijerty. her father rcaolvvd to give her in marriage to lanthe, the beautiful daughter of Telestes. A day to celebrate the nuptials was appointet), but Telethusa and ber daughter were cqu.'Uly anxious to put off' the marri.nge ; and, when all was unavailing, they implored the os-sistanco of Isis, by whose iulvice the life of Iphis had beeti preserved. The goddess was moved, slie changed the sex of Iphis, and, on the morrow, the nuptial^ were consumnuited with the greatest rtjoic- ings. Olid. ALl. 9, v. 660, Ac IriiiTioN, an ally of the Trojans, soa of Otryntheus and Nais. killed by Achilles. Homrr. II. 20, v 38'.', Ifhitls, a son of Eurytus, king of CEeh«- lia. \Vhfn hi'; father bad promised his daughter lolc to him who could overcome him or his SODS in drawing the bow, Hcrcuks ■ccspted IR IS accepted the challenge, and came off victo- rious. Eurytus refused his daughter to the conqueror, observing that Hercules had killed one of his wives in a {ury, and that lole might perhaps share the same fate. Some time after, Autolycus stole away the oxen of Eurytus, and Hercules was sus- pected of the theft. Iphitus was sent in quest of the oxen, and in his search he met with Hercules, whose good favors he had gained by advising Eui')'tus to give lole to the conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in seeking the lost animals ; but when he recollected the ingratitude of Eurytus, he killed Iphitus by throwing him down from the walls of Tirynthus. Homer. Od. 21. — ApoUod. 2, c. 6. A Trojan, who sur- vived the ruin of his country, and fled with ^neas to Italy. Virg. Mn. 2, v. 540, &c. A king of Elis, son of Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re-established the Olympic games 338 years after their institution by Hercules, or about 884 years before the Christian era. This epoch is famous in chronological history, as every thing previous to it seems involved in fabu- lous obscurity. Faterc. I, c. 8. — Pa%is. 5, c. 4. Iphthxme, a sister of Penelope who mar- ried Eumelus. She appeared, by the power of Minerva, to her sister in a dream, to com- fort her in the absence of her son Telema- chus. Horn. Od. 4, v. 795. Ipsea, the mother of Medea. Ovid. He- roid. 17, V. 252. Ipsus, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for a battle which was fought there about 301 years before the Christian era, between An- tigonus and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. The former led into the field an army of above 70,000 foot and 10,000 horse, with 75 elephants. The latter's forces consisted of above 64,000 infantry, besides 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120 armed chariots. Antigonus and his sou were defeated. Plut. in Demetr. Iba, a city of Messenia, which Agameni- Hoa promised to Achilles, if he would re- suxue his arms to fight against die Trojans. This place is famous in history, as having supported a siege of eleven years against the Lacedaemonians. Its capture, B. C. 671, put an end to the second Messenian war. EoTner. II. 9, v. 150& 292. — Strab. 7. Iren^eus, a native of Greece, disciple of Polycarp, and biihopjof Lyons in France. He vrrote on different subjects ; but, as what remains is in Latin, some.suppose that he oojjaposed in that language, and not in the Greek. Fragments of his works in Greek arc however preserved, which prove that his style was simple, though clear and often ani- mated. His opinions concerning the soul are curious. He siiffered martyj-dom, A. D. 202. The best edition of his works is that of Grabe, Oxen. fol. 1702. 571 Irene, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. Pii7i. 35, c. 11. One of the seasons among the Greeks, called by the modems Horse. Her t^vo sisters were Dia and Eu- nomia, all daughters of Jupiter and Themis. Apollod. 1, c. 3. Iresus, a delightful spot in Libya, near Cyrene, where Battus fixed his residence. The Egyptians were once defeated there by the inhabitants of Cyrene. Hcrodot. 4, c. 158, &c. Iris, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one of the Oceanides, messenger ofthecrods, and more particularly of Juno. Her oflSce was to cut tiie thread which seemed to detain the soul in the body of tliose that were expir* ing. She is the same as the rainbow, and, from tliat circumstance, she is represented with wings, with all the variegated and beau* tiful colors of the rainbow, and appears sit" ting behind Juno ready to execute her com- mands. She is likewise described as sup- plying the clouds with water to deluge the world. Hesiod. Theog. v. 266. Ovid. Met. 1, V. 271 <5; seq, 1. 4, v. 481. 1. 10, V. 585. Virg. ^En. 4, v. 694 A river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. Flacc. 5, y. 121. A river of Pontus. Irus, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the commissions of Penelope's suitors. When Ulysses returned home, (fisguised in a beg- gar's dress, Irus hindered him from entering the gates, and even challenged him. Ulysses brought him to the ground with a blow, and dragged him out of the house. From his poverty originates the proverb, Iro pauperior. Homer. Od. 8, v. 1 & 55. — Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 7, V. 42. — A mountain of India. Is, a small river falling into the Euphrates. Its waters abound with bitumen. Herodot. 1, c. 179. A small town on the river of the same name. Id. ib. IsADAS, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the Thebans entering the city, stripped himself naked, and with a spear and sword oigaged the enemy. He was rewarded with a crown for his vaior. Plut. Is^A, one of the Nereides. IsiEi s, an orator of Chalcis, in Euboea, who came to Alliens, and became there the pupil of Lyaias, and soon after the master of Demosthenes. Some suppose that be re- formed the dissipation and impruder.ce of his early years by frugality and temper- ance. Demosthenes imitated him in pre- ference to Isocrates, because he studied force and energy of expression rather than flo- ridness of style. Ten of his sixty-four ora- tions are extant. Juv. 5, v. 74. — Flut. de 10 Orat. — Dem. Another Greek ora- tor who came to Rome, A. D. 17. He is greatly recommended by Phiy the younger, who observes that he always.spoke extempore, and wrote with elegance, imiabored ease, axid great correctness. B b 2 * IsAKUfi, I s IS ItAMus. a rtver of India. ItANDBK, a ton of BeUerophon, killed in the war which his father made against the .Solymi. Homer. 11. h. isiris, a riTer of Umbria. Lucan. '2, v. 406. IsAR tt IsxaA, tJie I$ore, a river of Caul, where Fabiua routt-d the Allobrogcs. It rises at the east of Ssvoy, and falls into the Rhone near Valence. FUn. 3, c. -1. — Lucan. 1, >. 399. Another called the Oys*, which falls into the Seine below Paris. IsAa & IsiHus, a river of Viiuleiida. Strait. 4. IsA&cuus, an Athenian arcfaoo, D. C 424. IiAi;aA, {a, or orum). the chief town of laauria. FUn. 5, c. 27. IsAUHLA, a country of Asia Minor, near niount I'auriXH wlitmc iiiiiobitjiits wtrre bold | and warliki-. llw Uunian eniperurs, parti* Cularly I'ruiius and (iallut, nia Anotlicr in Magna (irccia. Lucan. -J, v. -tuti. IsuiiE.viA, an annual festival at ONinpia, in honor of Isc'lieniis, the granilsou of Mer- cury and Hiorra. who, in a ume oi fiunine, devoted liimu-lf for his country, and wa< ho- nored wilt) a moaiinicnt near Olympia. It^-iiuLAi'iH a brave and prudeitl general of Sparta, 4c. J'ci!/ir:i. Isi'.iioMAi ML's u iiol>le athlete uf Crotuna, about Uie ounsuUhip of M. \'airnus and 1*. Potthumiu^. IsCHoroi.iv a town of Pontus. ItCiA. I IV/. (Knotridrs. | IsDiOEKur.i, a king uf I'crvio, appointi-d by the will of Arcadius, t;uardi.-in to 'Fhco- doaius the second. He died in his 3 Itt year, A. D. 4<1H. IsiA, certain fe^tivalk obM-rved in honur of Isit, which continuetl nine tiays. It was lisual to carry vessels full of wheal and bar- ley, as the goddeu wan supposed to be ihr flrst who taught mankind the use of corn, jliose festivals were oitupled by the Uornans. among whom tiiey $4.K>n degenerated into bcentiousiies'. 'Ihey were abolixJieti by a decree of tlie senate. A. U. C 096. They wfire introduced again, about '200 years after, by Commodus. Isiac6rum roKTUs. a harbour on the shore of the Euxiiie near Dacia. IsJooKLs, a native of L'harax, in the age of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote 9ome histori- cal tre.iti->«<;. l)e^iil(s a description of I'arthia. .\ disciple of t'hrysostom. called /V- /ti^«v>(<3, from Ins living in L^ypt. Of his epistle* 20 1 'J remain written in lircck, with conaseness and clcg&Qce. llie best edition J72 IS ti;ai ot Paris. foL ICTfi. — \ Chri»tian Greek writer, who florislied in the Ttli eef:- tury. He is sumamed Hi*fHiU't.su. His works ha% e been edited, fol. de Breul. Paris, 1601. Isis. a cclfbrRted deity of the EgyptLuis. daughter of Saturn and iihea. arcording u> EModorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be the same as lo, who was changed into a cow, and restored to her human fonn in Egypt, where Ui(! tauglit agriculture. ai>d govtrned the people witli mildness and equity, tor which reason slie received di\ine honors after death. .According to some traditions mentioiieti by IlutarcL Isi> married her bro- ther Osiris, and w u pregnant by him even before she had Itrft her mother's womb. These two ancient deities, as some authors observe, conipruhendrd all nnture, and all llie gods of tlie heathens. Isis was the Ve- nus of t'yprtis, the .Minerva of .\then«, the Cybe!e of the Pliry giant, the Ceres of Eleusis tlie ProM-rpine of Sicily, the l>iana of CrcU-, the Kellona of tlie Honia' Osiris and Isu reigtml conjointly in I but tlie rebellion of lyplion, the bi plied themselves in cultivating tlie earth. [iui. .Vpis.) At Kit was supposed to be the imton. and Oniris the !ion liad basely murdered. ihc word Im. according to some signifies an- acnt, and, on tliat account, tlie inscriptioos «a the statues of tiie goddess were oftxn in the*^ words : / um alt thai htu U-en. that tSaU hr a»...' i rf taken off m . as uoivcnal inl;.,. . ........ . ^idtoobaervc perpetual chastity, their head was doaely shjvvd. and Uiey always walked barefooted. and clothed Uuiusclves in linen ganneota. Tliey newr eat onions, they ahbtained from salt wilt) their meat and were forbidden to eat tlicfle%hofslievp and ot hogs. During tlie night they were cniployi-d in continual devotion near the »t3tue of tlie g«Kidc*s. I'leopatra, the beautiful quurii of Egypt, was wont to drtaa herself like this gwldvM, and atlocted to be called a <.cvond Isis. Cic. df Ihu. I. — Flut. n^i. HaL 1. — ntTodol.2, c. 59. — J ucon. J, ». H31. IsMilRUs, (IsMAaA, yiur.) a ntggtd mountain of Thraro, covered with vinea aad olives, near the Hcbrus. with a town of tlic s-amc name. Its wines .ire excsller.i. The woni hrinrtys is indiMrimioatcly iiMd for Thracian. Homer. Od. 9. — yirg. (i. '.', V. 37. j£n. 10, V. A;'.!. — A fheiian. :on pf I s of Astacus. A son of Eumolpus. Apol- lod A Lydian who accompanied ^Eneas to Italy, and fought with great vigor against the Rutuli. Virg. ^^n. 10, v. 159. IssiENE, a daughter of CEdTpus and Jo- casta, who, when her sister Antigone had been condemned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving burial to her brother Polynices against the tyrant's positive orders, declaimed herself as guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being equally punished with her. This instance of generosity was strongly opposed by Antigone, who wished not to see her sister involved in her calamities. Sophocl. in Antig. — Apollod. 3, c. 5. A daughter of the river Asopus, who married the hun- dred-eyed Argus, by whom she had Jasus, Apollod. 2, c. 2. IsMENiAs, a celebrated musician of Thebes. AMien he was taken prisoner by the Scy- thians, Atheas the king of the country, observed that he liked the music of Isme- nias better than the braying of an ass. Plut. in Apopk. A Theban, bribed by Timo- crates of Rhodes, that he might use his in- fluence to prevent the Athenians and some other Grecian states from assisting Lace- dasmon, against which Xerxes was engaged in war. Paus. 3, c. 9 -A Theban gene- ral, sent to Persia with an embassy by his countrymen. As none were admitted into the king's presence without prostrating them- selves at his feet, Ismenias had recourse to artifice to avoid doing an action which would have proved disgraceful to his country. When he was introduced he dropped his ring, and the motion he made to recover it from the ground was mistaken for the most sub- missive homage, and Ismenias had a satis- factory audience of the monarch .A river of Boeotia, falling into the Euripus, where Apollo had a temple, from which he was called Ismerdus. A youth was yearly chosen by the Boeotians to be the priest of the god, an office to which Hercules was once ap- pointed. Paus. 9, c. 10 Oiid. Met. 2. — Strab. 9. IsMENiDEs, an epithet applied to the The- ban women, as being near the Ismenus, a river of Boeotia. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 31. IsMiNurs, a surname of Apollo, at Thebes, where he had a temple on the borders of the Ismenus. Ismenus, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of the Nereides, who gave his name to the Ladon, a river of Boeotia, near Thebes, falkng into the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. Paus. 9, c. 10. A son of Asopus and Metope. ApoUod. 3, c. 12. A son bf Amphion and Niobe, killed by Apollo. Id. 3, c. 5. — Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. IsocKATEs, a celebrated orator, son of Thecdorus, a rich musical instrument maker at Athens. He was taught in the schools of Gorgjas and Prodicus, but his oratorical abi- 273 IS lities were never displayed in public, an«? Isocrates was prevented by an unconquer- able timidity from speaking in the popular assembUes. He opened a school of eloquence at Athens, where he distinguished himself by the number, character, and fame of his pupils, and by the immense riches which he amassed. He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and regularly corresponded with him ; and to his familiarity wiUi thai monarch the Athenians were indebted for some of the few peac&ful years which they passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, however, displeased Isocrates, and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheronaea had such an effect upon his spirits, that he did not sur- vive the disgrace of his country, but died, after he had been four days without taking any aliment, in the 99th year of his age about 338. years before Christ. Isocratel has always been much admired for the sweetness and graceful simplicity of his style, for the harmony of his expressions, and thu dignity of his language. The remains of his orations extant inspire the world with the highest Teneration for his abilities as a moralist, an orator, and above all, as a man. His merit, however, is lessened by those who accuse him of plagiarism from the works of Thucydides, Lysias, and others, seen particularly in his panegyric. He was so studious of correctness, that his lines are sometimes poetry. The severe conduct of the Athenians against Socrates highly dis- pleased him, and, in spite of all the unde- served unpopularity of that great philosopher, he put on mourning the day of his death.' About 51 of his orations are extant. Iso- crates was honored after death with a brazen statue by Timotheus, one of his pupils, and Aphareus his adopted son. The best edi- tions of Isocrates are that of Battie, 2 vols 8vo. Cantab. 1729, and that of Auger' 3 vols. 8vo. Paris 1782. Plut. de 10. (Jrct &c. — Cic. Omt. 20 de Inv. 2, c. 126. m Brut. c. 15. de Oral. 2, c. 6. — Quintil. 2, &c.— Paterc. 1, c. 16 One of the offi- cers of the Peloponnesian fleet, &c. Thucyd. One of the disciples of Isocrates. -^^ A rhetorician of Syria, enemy to the Ro- mans, &c. IssA, now Lissa, an island in the Adriatic sea, on the coast of Dalmatia A town of Illyricum. Mela, 2, c. 7. —Strab. 1, &c. — Marcell. 26, c. 2.5. IssE, a daughter of Macareus, the son of Lycaon. She was beloved by Apollo, who, to obtain her confidence changed himself into the form of a shepherd to whom she was at- tached. ITiis metamorphosis of Apollo was represented on the web of Arachne. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 124. Issus, now Aisse, a town of Cilicia, on the confines of Syria, famous for a battle fought there between Alexander the Great and the^ Persians under Darius their king, in October B b 3 B. Q IS IS B. C 335. in consequence of which Jt was called Nicopdif. In t!iis battle the Persians lost, in thf field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and the ^I.icedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse, according to Dio- donu Siculus. The Persian army, according to Justin, consisted of -400,000 faot, and IO«J,000 horse, and 61,000 of tlie former and 10,000 of tlie latter, were kft dead on tlic spot, and 40,000 were token prisoner*. Tlie low of the Macedonians as he far- ther adds, was no more ihaxi 130 foot and 150 horse. According to Curtius, the Per- sians slain .inioimtcd to 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse; and those of Alexander to 32 foot and 1 50 horse killed, and 504 wounded. This spot is likewise famous for the defeat of Niger by Severus, A. D. 191. Plu:. in AUr. — Justin. 11, c. 9. — Curt. 3, c. 7. — Arrian Ditd. 17 Cic. S, Au. 20. Fam. 2, rp. 10. Itter & IfTRCs, an historian, disciple to Callim-iclii*. Diig. A large river of Europe, falling ioto the Euxiue sea, called kImo tho /^fivV. [ViiL Danubius.] A son 'I AjxJiod. I - d cjames anion;; the Greeks, whi. '• •■ •-'••■ •: of ( wen. . - !: ' _. - ^1- ' "' liccrta, who was cii.angi-d mlo a tea deity, when his mother Ino biul tiirown herself into the sea witli hi-.n in her arms. The body of Melicerta, m-cording to some traditions, when cast upc'i the se.i-*!iore, rweired an hor'>:iJ!e burial, in numory of which tlie Jntt;: ■■'■'■ ■•■ • • •" •' " ' ' ' ■• '11 N Ul - - . jc.x'-s, and iii< sous at ta>t re ir, in honor of Neptune, whom he pu ' his father. I !. were u'.- every ihird, or , year, ani so sacred and nn loii'ju- tl'.it i\ calamity could not present the Wl"- ;•••■•■•' t-" ' '- tlu the , PUtruMed w iiii tiio suptrtntendance, wtueh had been before one of the pritileges of the ruined Corinthian.^. Combats of every kind were eihlbitL-J, and the victor* were re- war ' ' tin viti^,. 1^, . .. vv^ : parsley. Tlie ■ celfijraiio:! of ' j, the Uomins from tiie consular guvemuient. Paus. 1, c. 44. L 2, C. I & _'. — V^'m. 4. C. 5. — Plut. »'i Th.s. IsTUMics, a kiug of Mcsscnia, ScC Paus. 4. c. .1. Isthmus, a s:nall neck of land which joins one country to .mother, and prevent* the wa from making them separate, such u that 374 of Corintii, called often the Isthmus by w$ff uf eminence, which joins Peloponnesus to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across and make a commum'cation between the two seas, but in vain. It is now called Hnamui. Slrab. 1. — A/f/o, 2, c 2. — Piin. 4, c. 4. — Lucan. 1, V. 101. IsTixoTis, a country of Greece, near Os^a. I'id. Hisdseotis. IsTRiA, a province at die west of Illyri- cum, at the top of the Adriatic sea, whose inhabitants were originally pirates, and lived on plunder. They were not subjected to Rome till six centuries after die found- ation of that city. Slrab. 1. — M*ia, 2, c. 3. —Lii>. 10, &c. — FttJi. 3, c 19. — Justin. 9, c. 2. IsTKoroLis, a city of Thrace near the mouth of the Ister, founded by a Milesian colony. PUn. 4, c. II. Itus 8c .-VNTirMis, sons of Priam, the latter by liccuba, and the former by a concubine. 'Hifv' wcr.. scircd by Achilles, as they ful thi : " -cks on mount Ida; but they We: ; by Priam, and fought against the t . n ks. lliey were both kiU«l by Agi- nieinnon. Hoiner. II. 11. A city of " ■■ 5.ra^. 9. a celebrated country of K'iropc. by the Adriatic and Tyrrhene sea> and by the .\Ipine mountains. It lias been compared, and with some similitude, to a man's leg. It has borne, at different periods, the diArent namt-s of Satumia, tlliiotri.i. Hi nia, and it rec- from Italus, a k ... Itolos. a Greek w or, an animal very • Ilia, ami lyrrhc- ii- of luily ritiur '""■ "^ <-.r froi.i ..i-s i.n • t jiart of Kuropc. llie boundaries uf Italy appear to h'ire K-cn formed by nature itself, wliieli ' ' have been jiorticularly careful in : this country with wiiaieTer may ■' • support, but also < iriej of life. It .if ^ iirope ; and I' .;.\ ! . t.n> , upon h ^'1.-1 ^V '^j' r.it«d. 'l"he anueut inhabitants called themselves Abon- ginrs, oflsprmg of the soil, and the country wait soon after peopled by colonies from Greece. The Pclasgi and the Arcadians made « "' iliere, and tlie whole country into as many different govtrnn. .- ;..— -c were towns, till the rapid increase of the Roman power [ Vid. Roma.] changed the face of Italy, and united all its states in support of one common cause. Italy has been the mother of aru aa well as of crms. and the iinmoriai roonn- mcnts which remain of tV.. clo^ience and poetical abilities of its inhabitants are uni- versally known ' It was divided into eleven unall provinces or region> by Augustus, though sometimes known under the three greater IT JU greater diyisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy properlj' so called, and Magna Graecia. The sea above was called Superum, and that at the south Inferum. Ftol. 5, c. 1. — Dionys. Hal. —'Diod. 4. — Justin. 4, &c. — C. Nep. in Dion. AlcU). &c. — Liv. I, c. 2, ^&c. — Varro de R. R. % c. 1 & 5. — Tirg. JEn. 1, &c. — Folyh. I. — Flor. 2. — Mlian. V. H, 1, c. IS. — Lucan. L'. v. 397, M: — Plin. 3, e. 5 & 8. Italica a town of Italy, called also Cor- fiiiium. A town of Spain, now Sevilla la Vieja, built by Scipio for the accommodation of his wounded soldiers. GelL 16, c. 13. — Ajipian. Hisp. Italicus, a poet. [Vid. Silius.] IxALus, a son of Telegonus. Hygin. fab. 1 27. ' An Arcadian prince, v,'ho came to Italy, where he established a kingdom, called after him. It is supposed that he received divine honoi's after death, as jEneas calls upon him among the deities to whom he paid his adoration, when he entered Italy. Virg. yEn. 7, v. 17S. A prince whose daugh- ter Roma, by his wife Leucaiia, is said to have married ^neas or Ascanius. Plut- in Rom. A king of the Cherusci, &o. Ta- cit. Ann. I, c. 16. Itargeis, a river of Germany. Itea, a daughter of Danaus. Hyg^n. fab. 170. Itemales, an old man who exposed CEdipus on mount Cithaeron, &c. Hygin. fab. 65. Ithaca, a celebrated island in the Ionian sea, on the western parts of Greece, with a city of the same name, famous for being pai-t of tlie kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky and mountainous, measures about 25 miles in circumference, and is now knov/n by the name o£Isola del Compare, or Thiacld. Homer. II. 2, V. 139. Od. 1, V. 186. 1. 4, v. 601. 1. 9, V. 20. — Strab. 1 & 8. -=- Mela, % c. 7. iTHACESiiE, three islands opposite Vibo, on the coast of the Brutii. — — Baias was call- ed also IthacencE, because built by Bajus the pilot of Ulysses. SiU 8, v. 540. 1. 12, V. 112. IiHOBALUs, a king of Tyre, who died B. C. 595. Josephus. Itkome, a town of Phthiotis. Homer. 22. 2. — — Another of Messenia, v;hich surren- dered after ten years' siege, to Lacedsemon, 724 years before the Christian era. Jupiter V/3S called Itliojimtes, from a temple which he had tl\ere, where games were also cele- brated, and the conqueror rewarded with an oaken crown. Pans. 4, c. 32. — Stat. T/itb. 4> V. 179 Strab. 8. Ithomaia, a festival in which musicians contended, observed at Ithome, in honor of Jupiter, Tv ho had been nursed by the nymphs Ithome and Meda, tl^e former of whom gave her name to a city, and the latter to a river. 375 iTHTPHAtttTs, an obscene name of Priapus. Columell. 10. — ZHod. 1. Itius Portos, a town of Gaul, now Wet- sand, or Boulogne in Picardy. Cassar set sail from thence on his passage into Britain. Cces. G. 4, c 21. 1. 5, c. 2 & 5. Itonia, a surname of Minerva, from a place in Bosotia, where she was worshipped. Itonus, a king of Thessaly, son of Deu- calion, who first invented the manner of po- lishing metals. Lucan. 6, v. 402. IxuNA, a river of Britain now Eden in Cumberland. lTt;R.ffiA, a country of Palestine, whose inhabitants were very skilful in drav,ring the bov/. Lucan. 7, v. 250 & 514. — Virg. Mn. 2, V. 44.8.— Strab. 17. Itijrum, a town of Umbria. Itylus, a son of Zetheus and iEdon, killed by his mother. [Firf. iEdon.] Homer. Od. 19, V. 462. IiYRMi, a people of P^estine. [Vid, Iturxa.] Itys, a son of Tereus, king of Thrace, by Procne, daughter of Pandion king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he vras about six years old, and served up as meat before his father. He was changed into a pheasant, his mother into a s*wallow, and his father into an owl. [Vid. Philo- mela.] Ovid. Met. 6, v. 620. Amor. 2, el. 14, v. 29. — Herat. 4, vd. 12. A Trojan who came to Italy with jEneas, and -was killed by Tumus. Virg. jEn. 9, v. 574. JuEA, a king of Numidia and Maurita- nia, who succeeded his fatlier Hiempsal, and favored the cause of Pompey against J. CsEsar. He defeated Curio, whom Csesar had sent to Africa, and alter the battle of Pharsalia, he joined his forces to those of Scipio. He was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his sub- jects. He killed himself with Petreius, v/ho had shared his good fortune and his adver- sity. His kingdom became a Roman pro- vince, of which Sallust was tlie first governor. Plut. in Pomp. S( Cas. — Flor. 4, c. 12. •— Suet, in Cess. c. 35. — Dion. 41. — Mela, 1, c. 6. — Lucan. S, &c, — Ccssar. de Bell. civ. 2. — Patera. 2, c. 54. The second of that name was the son of Juba the first. He was led among the captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of Csesar. His captivity was the source of the greatest honors, and his application to study procured him more glory than he could have obtained from the inheritance of a kingdom. He gained the hearts of the Romans by the courteous- ness of his manners, and Augustus re- warded his fidelity by giving him in marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Antony, and conferring upon him the title of king, and making him master of all the terri- tories which his father once possessed. His popularity was so great, tliat the Mauri- B b 4 tanians J u J u tauiaiis rewarded his benevolence, by making hin one of their gods. The Athenians raised him a statue, and the Ethiopians worshipped him as a deity. Juba wrote an history of Home in Greek, which is often quoted and coimiiended hy the ancients, but of which only a few fragments remain. He also wTote on t!ic history of Arabia and the antiquities of Assyria, chiefly collected from Berosus. Besides tl)ette he compo-cd some treatises upon the drama, Roman antiquities, the na- ture of animals, painting, grammar, &c. now lost. Slrab. 1 7. — Suet, ui Cat. -26. — PUn. 5, c. 25 & 32. — Dion. 51. &c. Jl'dacilius, a native of Asculiun cele- brated for his patriotism, in the age of Pom- pey, &c. J u DiE A, a famous country of Assyria, bound- ed l>y Arabia, Egypt, Phoenicia, the Modi- terranean sea, and part of Syria. The inhabitanfi, whose historj- is best collected from tlie Holy Scriptures, were chiefly go- verned afti-r their Baljjlonish captivity by the high prie-.fs, who raised tliemsclvcs to the rank, of princes, B. C. 133, and continued in tlie enjoyment of regal power till the age of Augustus. Plut. di Osir. — Strab. 16 Dim. ofj. — Tacit. Hist. 5, c. 6. — Lucan. 2. V. 593. Jug A LIS, a surname of Juno, because »hc presided over marriage. Festtu de V. Sig. JuoANTEH. a people of Britain. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 3'.\ JooAHii s, a street in Rome, below the Capitol. Juoi'iiTKA, die illegitimate son of Mana- Malml, the brother of Micipsa. Micipsa and ATftiilsi.ibal were tlie sons of Masinissu, Ling of N'iiini;.Ua. Micipso, who had iulicritcd his fuher's kiugJom, educated his nephew wiUi hi ^ two son-i, .\diicrbal and Hienipsal ; but, as he was of uiv iixpiriitg disposition, he sent him witli a body of troops to the assistance of Sci(:io, who was besieging Numantia, hoping to lose a youth whose ambition seemed to threaten tlje tranquillity of Iris children. His hopes were frustrated ; Jugurtha showed hin^- sclf brave and active, and endeared hlm5;elf to the Roman general. Micipsa appointed him successor to his kingdom with his two son% but the kindness of the father proved fatal to the children. Jugurtha destroyed Hiempsal, and stripped Adhcrhal of his possessions, and ohUged him to lly to Rome for safety. The Humans listened to the well grounded com- plaints of .'Vdlierbal, but Jugurtlia's gold pre- vailed among the senators, and die suppUant monarch, forsaken in hi-, distress, periled by tlie snares of his enemy. C;cciUus Mctcllus ■was at last sent against Jugurtlia. and his firmness and succtos soon reduced the crafty Numidian. .ind ol>ii;jed him to fly among his savage neighbours for support. Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus, and fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at last betrayed by his father-in-law Bocchus, frou: whom he 376 cUimed assistance, and he was delivered into the hands of SylU, after carrying on a war of five years. He was exposed to the view of the Roman people, and dragged in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He was afterwards put in a prison, where he died six days after of hunger, B. C. 106. The name and the wars of Jugurtha have been immortalized by the pen of Sallust. Sallust. in Jug. — Flor. 3, c. 1. — Patera. 2, c 10, &c Piui. m Mar. ^ SylL — Eutrop. 4, c. 3. JuuA I.EX, prima de provinciis, by J. Caesar, A. U. C. 691. It confirmed the freedom of all Greece ; it ordained that the Roman magistrates should act there as judges, and that che tou-ns and villages through which tJie Roman magistrates and ambassadors passed should maintain them during their stay ; that tljc governors, at liie expiration of their office, should leave a scheme of their accounts in two cities of their province, and deliver a copy of it at the public trea.sury ; that the provincial governors should not accept of a golden crown unless they were honored with a triumph by the senate ; that no supreme commander should go out of his province, enter any do- minions, lead an army, or engage in a war, without the previous approbation and com- mand of the Roman senate and people. — — Another, d^- sumptAiu, in the age of Augustus. It limited the cxpence of provisions on the dies profesti, or days appointed fur the trans- action of business, to 200 sesterces ; on com- mon calendar fesdvals to 300 ; and on all extraordinary occa-sions, such as marriages, births, &c. to 1000. .\nother, de j/ro- iiinciu. by J. Ca>sar Dictator. It ordained that no prctorian province should be held more than one year, and a consular proNincc more than two years. Another, called al- so Cami>ana agrariu, by the same A. U. C. 691. It required tliat all the lands of Cam- pania, formerly rented according to the esti- mation of the state, should be divided among the plebeians, and that all the member* of the senate should bii.d themselves by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect that law. — - Anotlier, de ca '■'.ale, by L. J. Ciesar, A.U.C. 604. Is rewarded with the name and privi- leges of citizen^ of Rome all such as, during the civil wars, had remainetl the constant friends of the republican liberty. When that civil war was at an end, all the Italians were admitted as free denizens, and composed eight new tribes. Another de pidicibus, by J. Caesar. It confirmed the Pompeian law in a certain manner, requiring tiie judges to be chosen from the richest people in every cm- tun/, allowing tlie senators and knights in the number, and excluding the tribuni araru. .\nother, di- ambitu. by .Augustus. It restrained llie illicit mea-^ures used at elec- tions, and restored to the crnnuia their ancient privileges, which had been destroyed by tlie ambition and bribery of J. C«sttr.— — Aii- other, bv Aii'justus, de aduhcrut ^ pudictr^ ll JU JU It punislied adultery with death. It was after- wards confirmed and enforced by Doniitian. Juvenal. Sat. 2, v. SO, alludes to it. An- other, called also, Papia, or Papia Popptea, which was the same as the following, only en- larged by the consuls Papius and Poppaeus, A. U. C. 762 Another, de maritajidis or- dinibus, by Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as engaged in matrimony, of a parti- cular description. It inflicted punishment on celibacy, and permitted the patricians, the senators and sons of senators excepted, to intermarry with the libertiiii, or children of those that had been liber ii, or servants majiumitted. Horace alludes to it when he speaks of lex mariia. Another, de via- jestate, by J. Csesar. It punished with aqua ^ ignis interdiclio all such zs were found guilty of the crimen mojestalis, or treason against the state. Julia, a daughter of J. Csesar, by Corne- lia, famous for her personal charms and for her virtues. She married Corn. Ccepio, whom her father obliged her to divorce to marry Pompey the Great. Her amiable disposition more strongly cemented the friendship of the father and of the son-in-law ; but her sudden dealii in child-bed, B. C. 55, broke all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon produced a. civil war. Plut. The mother of M. An- tony, whose humanity is greatly celebrated in saving her brother-in-law J. Cresar from the cruel pro.secutions of her son. An aunt of J. Caesar who married C. IMarius. Her fu- neral oration was publicly pronounced by her nephew. The only daughter of the empe- ror Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, ge- nius, and debaucheries. She was tenderly loved by her father, who gave her in marriage to Marcellus ; after whose death she was given to Agrippa, by whom she had five children. She became a second time a widow, and was ir.arried to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and debaucheries so disgusted her husband, that he retired from the court of the emperor ; and Augustus, informed of her lustful propensi- ties and infamy, banished her from hii: sight, and confined her in a small island on the coast of Campania. She was starved to dcatli A. D. 14, by order of Tiberius, wlio had succeeded to Augustus as emperor of Rome. Plut. A daughter of the emperor Titus, who prosti- tuted herself to her brother Domitian. A daughter of Julia the wife of Agrippa, who •married Lepidus, and was banished for her li- I'entiousness A daughter of Germanicus i-nd Agrippina, born in tlie island of Lesbos, A. D. 17. She married a senator called M. Vinucius, at the age of 1 6, and enjoyed the most unbounded favors in the court of her bro- ther Caligula, who is accused of being her first seducer. She wasTbanishcd by Caligula on suspicion of conspiracy. Claudius recalled her; but she was scon after banished by the pov/er- ful intrigues of Messalina, and put to death about the 24th year of her age. She was no 377 stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and she prostituted herself as freely to the meanest of the people as to the nobler companions of her brother's extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose, was banisht-d to Corsica for having seduced her. A celebrated woman, bom in Phoenicia. She is also called Domna. She applied herself to the study of geometry and philosophy, &c. and rendered herself conspicu- ous, as much by her mental as by her personal charms. She came to Rome, where her learning recommended her to all the literati of the age. She married Septimius Severus. who, twenty years after this matrimonial connection, was invested with the imperial purple. Severus was guided by the prudence and advice of Julia, but he was blind to her foibles, and often punished with the greatest severity those vices which were enormoxis in the empress. She is even said to have conspired against the emperor, but she resolved to blot out by patronizing literature, the spots which her debauchery and extravagance had ren- dered indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her influence, after the death of Severus, was for some time productive of tranquillity and cor- dial union between his two sons and succes- sors. Geta, at last, however, fell a sacrifice to his brother Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the arm while she attempted to screen her favorite son from his brother's dagger. According to some, Julia commit- ted incest with her son Caracalla, and public- ly married him. She starved herself when her ambitious views were defeated by Macri- nus, who aspired to the empire in preference to her, after the death of Caracalla. ■■ A town of Gallia Togata. JuLiACUM, a town of Germany, now Juliers. JuLiANUs, a son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine the Great, born at Constantinople, llie massacre which attend- ed the elevation of the sons of Constantine the Great to the throne, nearly proved fatal to Julian and to his brother Gallus. The two brothers were privately educated together, and taught the doctrines of the Christian reli- gion, and exhorted to be modest,temperate,aud to despise the gratification of all sensual plea- sures. Gallus received the instructions of his pious teachers with deference and stibmission, but Julian showed his dislike for Christianity by secretly cherishing a desire to become one of the votaries of Paganism. He gave sufli- cient proofs of this propensity when he went to Athens in the 24th year of his age, where he appHed himself to tl)e study of magic and astro- logy. He was some time after appointed over Gaul, with the title of Caesar, by Constans, and there he showed himself worthy of the im- perial dignity by his prudence, valor, and the numerous victories which he obtained over tlie enemies of Rome in Gaul and Germany His mildness, as well as his condescension, geine<3 h; n the hearts of his soldiers ; and wheu JU JU when Constans, to whom Julian was become suspected, ordered him to send him part ofhh forces to go into the east, the army immedi- ately mutinied, and promised immortal fide- lity to their leader, by refusing to obey the order of Constans. They even compelled Julian, by threats and entreaties, to accept of the title of independent emperor and of Au- gustus; and the death of Constans, which soon after happened, left him solo master of tlie Roman empire, A. D. 361. Julian then disclosed his religious sentiments and pub- licly disavowed tlie doctrines of Cliristianitj'. and olFc-red solemn sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. Tiiis cli.inj^ic of religions opinion was attributed to the austerity witli which he rcceiveil the precepts of Christi- anitj-, or. according to odicrs, to the lite- rary conversation mid persuasive eloquence of someof tlie Athenian philosophers. FVom this circ^nl^tance, therefore, Julian has bt-cn called JjH)3tale. After he had made his public entry at Constollo. The daily and re- pcateil debaucheries of Jupiter at la.st pro- Tdkod Juno to sucli a degree, that she re- tired to Euboca, ;ind resolved for ever to for- sake his bed. Jupiter produced a reconcilia- tion, after he had applied to Citha-ron for advice, and after he had obtained forgive- new; by fraud and artifice. [I'id. Da*daIa.J This reconciliation, however cordial it might appear, was soon dissolved by new offences ; and, to stop tJic complaints of the jealous Juno, Jupiter had often recourse to violence and blows. He even punished die cruelties which she had exercised u|>on his son Her- cules, by suspending her from tJie heavens by a golden chain, and tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan w.»s punished fur assisting his mother in tiiis degrading situation, and be was kicked down iVom heaven by his father, and broke his leg by the fall, lliis punish- ment rather irritated than pacifietl Juno. She resolved to revenge it, and she engaged some of tlie gods to lon-ipire against Jupiter and to imprison him, but Thetis delivered hiin from tliis conspiracy, by bringing to his assisuuce the famous briareus. .\poilo and Neptune were banished from heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though some attribute their exile to different causes. The worship of Juno wxs universal, and even more than that of Jupiter, aceoniing to some authors. Her sacrifices were oHered with the greatest so- lemnity. She was particularly worshipped at Argos, Samos, Carthage, and afterwards at Rome. The ancients generally offered on her altars an ewe lamb and a sow the first day of every month. No cows were ever im- molated to her, because she assumed the na- ttire of that animal when the gods fled into Egypt in their war with the giants. Among 380 the birds, the hawk, the goose, and particu- larly the peacock, often called Junonia aiv, [Vid. Argus.] were sacred to her. The dittany, the poppy, and the lily, were her fa- vorite flowers. The latter flower was origin- ally of the color of tlie crocus ; but, when Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno while asleep, some of her milk fell dow n upon earth, and changed tlie color of the lilies from purple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk also dropped in that pan of the heavens, which from its whiteness still retains the name of the milky way, lacUn via. .As Juno's power was extended over all the gods, she often made use of tlie goddess Miner\a as her messenger, and even had the privilege of hurling the thunder of Jupiter when she pleased. Her temples were numerous, the most famous of v. hich were at Argos, Olym- pio, &c At llome no woman of debauched character, was permittetl to enter her temple. or even to touch it. The surnames of Juoii are various, tliey are derived either from the function or tilings over which she presideoUon. 1. Jr^on. — Horn. IL 1, Home after the death of Paris, and died in the reign of Trajan, A. D. 128. His writing, are tiery and animated, and they abound with humor. He is particularly severe upon the vice and dissipation of the age he liv.xJ in ; but tlie gro*s and indecent manner u> which lie exposed to ridicule the follies of mankind, ratlicr encourages than disarms tlie debauched and licvntiou.s. He wTote with acrimony against all his adversaries, and what- ever displeased or offended him was exposed to his severest censure. It is to be acknow- ledged, tJiat Juvenal is far more correct than his contemporaries, a circumstance which some have attributed to his judgment and experience, which were uncomraoidy ma- ture, as his satires were the productions of old age. He may be called, and with reason, per- haps tlic last of the Iloman poets. After him I>oetry decayed, and nothing more claims our attention as a perfect poetical compontaon. TTic best editions are those of Casauboo, 4to. L. Eat. 1695. with Persius, and of Hawkey, Dublin, 12mo, 174C, and of Grxvius cu»h notis Dariuruvh Svo. L. Bat. 1684. JrviNTAs or JovEMUs, a goddess at Rome who presided over youth and vigor. She is the same as the Hebe of the Greek* and represented asa beautiful nymph, arrayed in variegated garments. Liv. 5, c 54. L "2 1 . c. 62. 1. 5C. c 36. — Ovid, ex PonL 1, «)»• 9. V. 12. JovERNA, or HiBXKSiA, an island at the west of Britain, now called Ireland. Juv- 2, V. 1W. IxiBATiE, a people of Pontus. IxioN, a king of The6:=aly, soo of Phlegas IX IX or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, or ac- cording to JDiodorus, of Antion by Perimela daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia, daughter of EiOiieus or Deioneus, and pro- mised his father-in-law a valuable present for the choice he had made of him to be his daughter's husband. His unwillingness, how- ever, to fulfil his promises, obliged Deioneus to hare recourse to violence to obtain it, and he stole away some of hfe horses. Ixion con- cealed his resentment under the mask of friendship ; he invited his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, the capital of his kingdom, and when Deioneus was come according to the appointment, he threw him into a pit which he had previously filled with wood and burning coals. This premeditated treachery so irritated the neighbouring princes that all of them refused to perform the usual cere- mony, by which a man was then purified of murder, and Ixion was shunned and despised by all mankind. Jupiter had compassion upon him, and he carried him to heaven, and in- troduced him at the table of the gods. Such a favor, which ought to have awakened grati- tude in I&ion, served only to inflame his lust ; he became enamoured of Juno, and attempted to seduce her. Juno was willing to gratify the passion of Ix'^n, though according to others she informed Jupiter of the attempts which had been made upon her virtue. Ju- piter made a cloud in the shape of Juno, and carried it to the place where Ixion had ap- pointed to meet Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare, and from his embrace with the cloud, he had tlie Centaurs, or according to others Centaui-us. [Vid. Centauri.] Jupiter, displeased with the insolence of Ixion, ba- nished him from heaven ; but when he heard that he had seduced Juno, the god struck him with his thunder, and ordered Mercury to tie him to a wheel in hell which continually whirls round. The wheel was perpetually in motion, therefore the punishment of Ixion was eternal. Diod. 4. — Ht/gin. fab. 62 Pindar. 2. Pi/tk. 2. — Vrrg. G. 4, v. 484. ^n. 6, V. eoi. — Ovid. Met. 12, v. 210 ^ 538. — Philostr. Ic. 2, c. 3. — Lactant. in Th. 2. One of the HeracUdse v/ho reigned at Co- rinth for 57 or 37 years. He was son of Alethes. IxioNiDKs, the patronymic of Piritbous, son of Ixion. Propert. 2, el. I, v. 58. LA LA LAANDER, a youth, brother to Nico- crates, tyrant of CjTene, &c. — Po- lyaen. 8. Laarchus, the guardian of Battus of Cy- rene. He usurped the sovereign power for some time, and endeavoured to marry the mo- ther of Battus, the better to establish his ty- ranny. The queen gave him a friendly invi- tation, and caused him to be assassinated, and restored the power to Battus. Polycen. Labaris, a king of Egypt after Sesostris. Lasda, a daughter of Aniphion, one of the Bacchiadae, born lame. She manied Ec- tiofi, by whom she had a son whom she called Gypselus, because she saved his life in a coffer. [ Vid. Cypselus. ] This coffer was preserved at Olympia. Herodot. 5, c 92. — A-ristot. Polit. 5. Labdac'iees, a name given to CEdipus, as descended from Labdacus. Labbacus, a son of Polydo:-us by Nycteis, the dauglzter of Nycteus, king of Thebes. His father and mother died during his child- hood, and he was left to the care of Nyc- teus, who at his death left his Idngdomin the hands of Lycus, vdth orders to restore it to Labdacus as soon as of age. He was father to Laius. It is unknown whether he ever sat on the throne of Thebes. According to Statius his father's name was Phoenix. His descendants were called Labdacides. Stat. Tkeb. 6, V. 45! — ApoUod. 3. c. 5.— Pans. 2, c» 6. 1. 9, c. 5. 5SJ Labdalon, a promontory of Sicily, near Syracuse. Diod. 13. Labealis, a lake in Dalmatia, now Scu- tari, of which the neighbouring inhabitants were called Labeates. Liv. 44, c. 31. 1. 45, c. 26. Labeo, Antistius, a celebrated lawyer in the age of Augustus, whose views he opposed, and whose offers of the consulship he refused. His works are lost. He was wont to enjoy the comjjany and conversation of the learned for six months, and the rest of the year was spent in writing and composing. His father, of the same name, was one of Caesar's mur- derers. He killed himself at the battle of Philippi. Horace 1, Sat. 3, v. 82, has un- justly taxed him with insanity because no doubt he inveighed against his patrons. Ap- jnan. Alex. 4. — Stiei. in Aug. 45. A td- bune of the people at Rome, who condemned the censor Metellus to be thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, because he had expelled him from the senate. This rigorous sentence was stopped by the interference of another of the tribunes. ■ ■■ Q. Fabius, a Roman con- sul, A. U. C. 571, who obtauied a naval vic- tory over the fleet of the Cretans. He assisted Terence in composing his comedies, according tQ some.— — Actius, an obscure poet who re- coDMnended himself to the favor of Nero by an incorrect translation of Homer into Latin. The work is lost, and only this curiou J line is preserved by an old scholiast. Perseus i, ' v^ 4. LA LA ■ V- 4. Crudum. manducui Pnatnunl, Priami- ive Piiiiirws. LlBEHit's. J. Decimus, a Roman Lnigbt famous for his poetical talents in writing pan- tomimes. J. Caesar compelled him to act one of his characters on the stage. The poet con- sented witli great reluctance, but he shewed Lis resentment during the acting of the piece, by throwing severe aspersions upon J. Caesar, by warning the audience against his tyranny, and by drawing upon him the eyes of the r.'hole theatre. Caesar, however restored him to the rank of knight which he bad lost by appearing or. Uie stage ; but to his morti- fication when he went to take bis scat among t'rf knights, no one oflfercd to make room for him, and even his friend Cicero said, litcejiis- st-m te nisi angusie sedircin. Laberius was ortbnded at tlie alTwctation and insolence of Cicero, and reflected upon liis unsettled and pusillanimous l)ebaviour during th*; civil wars of C«sar and I'ompey, by the reply of Minim si angusie sedi's, qui soles duabcs scl/is sedere. Laberiub ditKl ten months after the murder of J. Ca.-sar. Some fragments remain of his poetry. Mucnb. Sal. L', c. 5 & 7. — Hurat. 1, sat. 10. — Scnec. de Control: 18. — Sutt. in ("as. ^9. Q. Durus, a tribune of the Uildiers in Caesar's legions, killed in Brit&in. tV«. BtU. G. LafIcom, now Culonna, a town of Italy, railed al<» Lavinim, between Gnbii and Tus- fulum, which became a Roman colony about four centuries B. C. /'ir^'. Aln. 7, v. 796.— Jiv. 2, c. 5X 1. 4, c. 4". LABii'Nus, an officer of C.Tvir in tlic wars of Gaul. He deserted to Pompey, and was killud at tlie battle of Munda. Ca-s. JkU. G. 6, J^c. — Lucan. 5, v. 3 IC — A Roman who followed die intercbt of Bruius and Cas- sius, and became general of tlie Parthians against Rome. He was conquered by tlic olHciTb of Augustus. Sirafi. l'J\ 14.— Z>w. •48. Titus, an historian and orator at Rome in the age of Augustus, who admired his own compositions w-ith all the pride of superior genius and incomparable excellence. 'Tlie senate ordered his papers to be burnt on account of their seditious contents ; and La- bienus, unable to survive the loss of his writ- ings, destroyed himself. Suet, m Cal. \6,— Senec. Laknetus or Labysctus, a king of Ba- bylon, &c. Herodot. 1, c. 74. Labotas, a river near Antiocb in Syria. Sirah. 16. — A son of Echcstratus, who made war against Argos, &c. Labradcus, a surname of Jupiter in Ca- ria. 'ITie word is derived from labrys, which in the language of tlie country signifies an batcheu whicli Jupiter's statue held in its hand. I'Lut. Labkom, a part of Italy on the Mediterra- nean, supposed to be Leghorn. Cic. 2, ad fra. 6. LIbtkinxhus, a building whose Daine> 3S4 rous passages and perplexing vi ladings render the escape from it diActilt, and almo? t im- practicable. There were four very famous among the ancients, one near tl>e city of Cro- codiles or Ar&inoe, anotlier in Crete, a third at Lemnos, and a fourth in Italy built by Porseima. Tliat of Egypt was tlie most an- cient, and Herodotus who saw it, declare-^ that tlie beauty and the art cf the buildin;;; were almost beyond belief. It was built by twelve kings, who at one time reigned in Egypt, and it was intended for the place of their burial, and to commemcrate tlie actions cf their reign. It was divided intol2lialU. or, according to PUny, into 16, or as Strabo mentions, into 27. The halls were vaulted according to tlie relation of Herodotus. They had eacli six doors, opening to tlie north, and the same number to tlie south, all surrounded by one wall. The edifice contained 300O chambers, 1500 in the upper part, and the same number below. Tlie chambers above were seen by Herodotus, and astonished bim beyond conception, but he was not permitted to see tliose below, where were buried th'- holy crocodiles and the monarchs whose muni- ficence had raised the edifice. 'ITie roof* and walls were encrusted with marble, and atlomcd witli sculptured figures. The halls were sur- rounded with stately and polislic-d pillars of white stone, and according to some audiors, the opening of the doors was artfully attended widi a terrible noi»e like peals of thunder. Tlie labyrinth of Crete was built by Daedalus, in imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the mu»t famous of all in da&sical history. It was the place of confinement for Daedalus himself, and die prison of die Minotaur. According to Pliny die labyrinth of Lemnos surpassed the udiers in grandeur and magnificence. It wus supported by forty columns of uncom- mon height and tliickness, and equally admi- rable for their beauty and splendor. Modern tr:iVL-ikrs are >ull astonihhed at the noble and ma^^nificvnt ruins which appear of die Egyp- tian labyrinth, at the south of the lake Mce- ri.-., about 50 miles from the niins of Arsinoe. Mela, 1, c. 9.— jP/t». 36, c. 13. — Slrab. 10. ~ Diod. 1. — Herodot. 2, c. 1 4B. — Virg JEn. 5, V. 588. L.- geta the daughter of Adas, who maxrier, Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, by whom be had Amyclas and Eurydicc the wifii of Acri- sius. He v/as the first v.ho introduced ibt- worship cf the Graces in Laconia, and wbo first built dicni a tiraplc. I'rom Laccdsmoa and his wife, the capital of Laconia was called Lacedx'Lion and Sparta. .^jnUlod. 3. c 10. — Hy^n.J..b, 15 . — J'fius. 3. c 1. A noble city of I'doponncsus die capital of Laconia. called also Sparta, and now known by the name of Misitra. It has been severally known L A L A known by the name of Lelegia, from the Le - leges the first inhabitants of the country, or from Lelex one of their kings ; and (Ebalia from CEbalus the sixth king from Eurotas. It was also called Hecatompolis, from the hundred cities which the whole province once contained. Lelex is supposed to have been the first king. His descendants, 15 in num- ber, reigned successively after him, till the reign of the sons of Orestes, when the He- laclidae recovered the Peloponnesus, about 80 years after the Trojan war. Procles and Eurysthenes, the descendants of the Hera- clidee, enjoyed the crown togetlier, and after them it was decreed that the two families should always sit on the throne together. [Vid. Eurysthenes.] These two brothers be- gan to reign B. C. 1 102, their successors in the family of Procles were called ProctidcB, and afterwards Eurypontidce, and those of Eurysthenes, Euri/stkenidce, and afterwards Ag^dcB. The successors of Procles on the throne began to reign in the following order : Sous 1060 B. C. after his father had reigned 42 years: Eurj'pon, 1028: Prytanis, 1021 : Eunomus, 986 : Polydectes, 907 : Lycur- gus, 898 : Charilaus, 875 : Nicander, 809 : Theopompus, 770: Zeuxidamus, 725: A- naxidamus, 690 : Archidamus, 651 : Aga- sicles, 605 : Ariston, 564 : Demaratus, 526 : Leotychides, 491 : Archidamus, 469 : Agis, 427: Agesilaus, 597: Archidamus, 561: Agis 2d, 558 : Eudamidas, 550 : Archida- mus, 295 : Eudainidas 2d, 268 : Agis, 244 . Archidamus, 250 : Euclidus, 225 : Lycur- gus, 219. — The successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 1059 : Echestratus, 105S : La- botas, 1025 : Doryssus, 986 : Agesilaus, 957 : Archelaus, 915 : Teleclus, 855 : Alcamenes, 815: Polydorus, 776: Eurycrates, 724: Anaxander, 687: Eurycrates 2d, 644 : Leon, 607 : Anaxandrides, 565 : Cleomenes, 550 : Leonidas, 491 : Plistarchus, under guardian- ship of Pausanias, 480 : Plistoanax, 456 : Pausanias, 408 : Agesipolis, 597 : Cleom- brotus, 580: Agesipolis 2d, 571 : Cleo- menes 2d, 570 : Aretus or Areus, 509 : Acrotatus, 265 : Areus 2d, 264 : Leonidas, 257 : Cleombrotus, 245 : Leonidas restored, 241 : Cleomenes, 255 : Agesipolis, 219, Under the two last kings Lycmgus, and Agesipolis, the monarchical power was abo- lished, though Machanidas the tyrant made himself absolute, B. C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 years. In the year 191, B. C. Lace- daemon joined the Achaean league, and about three years after the walls were demolished by order of Philopoemen. The territories of Laconia shared the fate of the Acha;an con- federacy, and the whole was conquered by Mummius, 147 B. C. and converted into a Roman province. The inhabitants of I^ace- d^mon have rendered themselves illustrious for their courage and intrepidity, for their love of honor and liberty, and for their aversion to sloth and luxury. They were 385 inured from their youth to labor, and their laws commanded them to make war their profession. They never applied themselves to any trade, but their only employment ^vas arms, and they left every thing else to the care of their slaves. [Vid, HeiotJe.] They hardened their body by stripes, and other manly exercises ; and accustomed themselves to undergo hardships, and even to die with out fear or regret. From their valor in the field, and their moderation and temperance at home, they were courted and revered by all the neighbouring princes, and their assist- ance was severally implored to protect the Sicilians, Carthaginians, Thracians, Egyp- tians, Cyreneans, &c. They were forbidden by the laws of their country, [ Vid. Lycur- gus,] to visit foreign states, lest their morals should be corrupted by an intercourse vdth effeminate nations. Tlie austere manner in which their children were educated, rendered them undaunted in the field of battle, and from this circumstance, Leonidas with a small band was enabled to resist the millions of the army of Xerxes at ITiermopylae. The women were as courageous as the men, and many a mother has celebrated with festivals the death of her son who had fallen in battle, or has coolly put him to death, if, by a shameful flight or loss of his arms, he brought disgrace upon his country. As to domestic manners, the Lacedsemonians as widely differed from their neighbours as in political concerns, and their_ noblest women were not ashamed to appear on the stage hired for money. In the affairs of Greece, the interest of the Lacedcemonians was often powerful, and obtained the superiority for 500 years. Their jealousy of the power and greatness of tlie Athenians is well known. The authority of their raonarchs was checked by the watchful eye of the Ephori, who had the power of imprisoning the kings them- selves if guilty of misdemeanors. [VU. Ephori.] The Lacedaemonians are remark- able for the honor and reverence which they paid to old age. The names of Lacedamon and Sparta, are promiscuously applied to the capital of Laconia, and often confounded together. The latter was applied to»the me- tropolis, and the former was reserved for the inhabitants of the suburbs, or rather of the country contiguous to the walls of the city. This propriety of distinction was originally observed, but in process of time it was totally lost, and both appellatives were soon synony- mous, and indiscriminately applied to the city and country. \_Vid, Sparta, Laconia.] The place where the city stood is now called Faleo Cliori, {the old town, ) and the new one erected on its ruins at some distance on the west is called Misatra. Liu. 54, c. 35. 1. 45, c. 28. — Strab. 8. — Thucyd. 1 Pans. 3. — Justin. 2, 3, &c. — Hcradot. 1, 6ic'. —• Plut. in Lye &c, — Biod. — Mela, 2. There were some festivals celebrated at C c Lacedamon, L A LA Lacedaemon, the names of which are not known. It was cu&tomary for the women t» ^ag all the old bachelors round the altars, and beat them with their fists, that the shame and ignominy to which they wore exposed might induce them to marrj-, &c. Athens. 13. Lackdamomi & Laced^cmones, the in- habitants of LacedKmon. [Vid. Lacedae- mon.] LACKDiSMUMcs, a son of Ciraon by Cli- toria. He received this name from his father's regard fur the Lacedemonians. rttit. IjIcsrta, a soothsayer in Domitian's age, who acquired immense riches by his art. Juv. 7, V. 1 1 4. Lacetama, a dictrict at tlie north of Spain. Liv. 21, c. '25. LachIres, a man who seiaed the supreme power at .\tiiens when the city was in dis- cord, and was banished B. C. 296. P lyetn. 4. An Athenian three times taken pri- soner. He deceived his keepers, and escaped, &c. Id. 3. A son of Mithridates king uf Bosphorus. He was received into alliance by Lucullus. A robber condemned by M. Antony. ■ An Egyptian, buried in the labyrinth nonr Arsinoe. Laches, an' Athenian general in the age of Epaminondas. Diod. 12. An .\thenian sent with C'arias at Uie head of a fleet in ttie first expedition undertaken against Sicily in the Pelo()oune«ian war. Juittn. 4, c. 3. An artist who finished die Colowus of Rhodes. L&cursis, one of the Parcte, whose name is derived from x«,^ij>, to nifantti- oiU by lot. She presided over futurity, and was repre- sented nk spinning the thread of life, or ac- cording to others, holding the spindle. Site generally appeared covered with a gamicnt variegated with stars, and holding spindles in her hand. [Vid. Parc».] Stai. Thgb. 2, V. 249. — Martial. 4, t>p. 54. Laciuas, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene, who liorished B. C. 241. His fiiUi«;r's name was Alexander. He wa« tlisciple of Arcesi- laus, whom he succeeded in tlie government of die second academy. He was greatly ecteeined by king Attains, who gave him a garden where he spent his hours in study. He taught hii dii>cipies to suspend their judg- ment, and never speak decisively. He d^ g^raced himself by the magnificent funeral witl> which he honored a favorite goose. He died tlirough excess of drinking. IXog. 4. Lacidcs, a village near Athens, which derived its name from Lacing an Athenian hero, whose exploits are unknown. Here Zephyrus had an altar s:icred to him, and likewise Ccro« and Proserpine a temple. Faus I, c. 37. LacInia, a surname of Juno from her temple at Lncinium in Italy, which the Cro- tonians held in great veneration, and where 386 there was a famous statue of Helen by Zeuii^ [Vid. Zeuxis.] On an altar near the door were ashes which the wind could not blow away. Fulvius Flaccus took away a marble piece from this sacred place, to finish a tem- ple that he was building at Rome to Fortuoa Equestris ; and it is said, that for this sacri- lege, he afterwards led a miserable life, and died in the greatest agonies. Strnb. 6. — Ovid. 15. Met. v. 12 & 702. — Lie. 42, c. 3. — Vai. Max. 1, c 1. Lacinienses, a people of Libumia. Laciniitm, a promontory of Magna Gr«e- cia, now caf>e Coiorma, the southern boundary of Tarentum in lualy. where Juno Lacinia had a temple held in great veneration. It received its name from Lacinius, a famous robber killed there by Hercules. Liv. 24, c. 3. 1. 27, c. 5. L 30, c. aO. — Virg. JEn. 3, V. 522. Lacmok, a part of mount Pindu* where the Inachus Hows. Herodot. 9, c. 93. Laeo, a favorite of Gallw, mean and cowardly in his character. He was put tu death. .\n inhabitant of Laconia or La- ced acmon. Lacobriga, a city of Spain where Sertorius was besieged by Aletellus. Lacokia, Laconica, & \jKCtsiMMov, a country in the soutliem parts of Pelopon- nesus, having .\rgi>s and Arcadia on the north, Messenia on the west, the Mediterra- nean on the south, and tlie bay of Argos at the eai>t. Its extent from north to south was about .jU miles. It is watered by the river Eurotas. The capital is called Sparta, or Lacudicmon. Tlie inhabitants never went on an expedition or engaged an enemy but at tlic full moon. [Vid. l^acedcmon.J The brevity with which they always expressed themselves is now become proverbial, aiid by the epitliet of Lacomc we understand what- ever is concise and not loaded with unnecw- sary words. The word Lacotacun is applied to some hot baths used among the andants, and first invented at Lac«d(emon. Ctc. 4, Alt. 10. — Strab. I. — PtoL 3, c. lt>. — Mela. 2, c. 3. Lacrates, a Heban general of a detach- ment sent by Artaxerxes to the assistance of tlie Egyptians. Dind. lo". Lacrines, a Lacedaemonian ambassador to Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 15'2. LACTAirtii's, a celebrated Christiaa writer, whose principal works are de ird dioind, de Dei opinibus, and his divine institutions, in seven books, in wiiich he proves die truth of die Christian religion, refutes objections, and attacks tlie illusions and absurdities of Paga- nism. The expressive purity, elegance, and energy of his style, have gained him the name of the Christian Cicero. He died A. D. 525. The best editions o( his works are that of Sparkc, 8vo, Oxon. 1684, tliat of Bime- man, 2 vols. 8vo. Lips. 1739, and tiiat of Du Fresnoy, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1748. Laciu, L A LiE Lactek, 3 promontory of the Island of Cos. Lacydes, a philosopher, [ Fid. Lacidas. ] Lacvdus, an effeminate king of Argos. Ladas, a celebrated courier of Alexander, born at Sicyon. He was honored with a bra- zen statue, and obtained a crown of Olympia. Martial. 10, ep. 10. — Juv. 13, v. 97. Lade, an island of the ^gean sea, on the coast of Asia ?i'finor, where was a naval battle between the Persians and lonians. Herodot. 6, c. 7. — Fans. 1, c. 35. — Strab. 11. Lades, a son of Imbrasus, killed by Tur- nus. Virg. JSii. 12, V. 343. Ladocea, a village of Arcadia. Paiis. Ladon, a river of Arcadia, failing into the Alpheus. The metamorphosis of Daphne into a laurel, and of Syrinx into a reed, hap- pened near its banks. Strab. 1. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Paus. 8, c. 25 Ovid. Met. 1, v. 659. An Arcadian who followed ^neas into Italy, where he was killed. Virg. JEn. 10, V. 413. One of Actseon's dogs, Ovid. Met. 3, V, 216. LiELAPs, one of Actason's dogs. Ovid, Met. 3. The dog of Cephalus given him by Procris. [Vid. Lelaps, &c.] Id. Met. 7. L^LiA, a vestal virgin, LiELiANUs, a general, proclaimed emperor in Gaul by his soldiers, A, D, 268, after the death of Gallienus, His triumph was short ; he was conquered and put to death after a few months' reign by another general called Post- humus, who aspired to the imperial purple as well as himself, C, L^Lius, a Roman consul, A. U, C. 614, umamed Sapiens, so intim.ate with Africanus the younger, that Cicero represents him in his treatise De Amidtia, as explaining the real nature of friendship, with its atten- dant pleasures. He made war with success against Viriathus, It is said tiiat he assisted Terence in the composition of his comedies. His modesty, humanity, and the manner in which he patronized letters, are as celebrated as his greatness of mind and integrity in the character of a statesman, Cic. de Orat. Another consul who accompanied Scipio Africanus the elder in his campaigns in Spain and Africa. Archelaus, a famous gram- marian. Suet. LiBNA & Le,«;na, the mistress of Harmo- dlus and Aristogiton. Being tortured be- cause she refused to discover tlie conspirators, she bit off her tongue, totally to frustrate the violent efforts of her executioners, A man who was acquainted with the conspiracy formed against Caesar. L^NAS, a surname of the Popilii at Rome. L^NEUs, a river of Crete, where Jupiter brought the ravished Europa. Strab. luJEVA Magna, a town of Spain. Mela, 3, c. 1. Labhtes, a king of Ithaca, son of Ar- 387 cesjus and Chalcomedusa, wlic married An- ticlea, the daughter of Autolycus. Anticlea was pregnant by Sisyphus wlu'n she married Laertes, and eight months after her union with the king of Ithaca, she brought forth a son called Ulysses. [Tif/. Anticlea.] Ulysses was treated with paternal care by Laertes, though not really his son, and Laertes ceded to him bis crown and retired into the coim- try, where he spent his time in gardening. He was found in this mean employment by his son at his return from the Trojan war, after 20 years' absence, and Ulysses, at the sight of his father, whose dress and old age declared his sorrow, Icr'g hesitated whether he should suddenly intruduce hiuiself as his son, or whether he should, as a stranger, gradually awaken the paternal feelings of Laertes, who had believed that his son was no more. This last measure was preferred, and when Laertes had burst into tears at the mention which was made of his son, Ulysses threw himself on his neck, exclaiming, " father, I am he for whom you weeji." This welcome declaration was foiloA^'ed by a recital of all the hai'dships which Ulysses had suf- fered, and immediately after the father and son repaired to the palace of Penelope the wife of Ulysses, n-. hence all the suitors who daily importuned the princess, were forcibly removed. Laertes was one of the Argonauts, according to Apollodorus, 1, c. 9. — Homer. Od. 11 & 24. —Ovid. Met. 13, v. 32. Heroid. 1, V. 98. A city of Cilicia which gave birth to Diogenes, surnamed Laertius from the place of his birth, Laertius Diogenes, a vniter born at Laertes. [Via. Diogenes.] L^STRYGONES, the most ancient inha- bitants of Sicily. Some suppose tliem to be the same as the people of Leontium, and to have been neighbours to the Cyclops. They fed on human flesh, and when Llysses came on their coasts, they sunk his ships and de- voured his companions, [Vid. Antiphates.] They were of a gigantic stature, according to Homer, who hoviever does not mention their country, but only speaks of Lamus as their capital. A colony of them, as som« suppose, passed over into Italy, with Lamt^" at their head, where they built the town of Formiae, whence the epithet of Lastry^onia is often used for that of Furmiana. Plin. 3, c. 5. — Ovid. Met. 14, v. 233, &c. Fast. 4, ex Pont. 4, c]i. 10. — Tzetz. in Lycophr. v. 662 & 81S.— Homer. Od. 10, v. 81. — SU. 7, v. 276. L^TA, the wife of the emperor Gratian, celebrated for her humanity and generous sentiments. L^.TORiA LEX ordered that propor per- sons should be appointed to provide for the security and the possession of such as were insane, or squandered away their estates. It made it a high crime to abuse the weakness C c 2 of LA LA of persons under such circumstancea. Ckt. de Ojfftc. 5. L.«Ti$, a Roman whom Commodus con- demned to he put to death. This violence raised Laitu-. a;^ainst Commodus; he con- spired against him, and raised Pertinax to the throne. — A general of the emperor Severus, put to deatli for his treachery to the emperor ; or according to others on account of his popularity. L^.vi, tlic ancient inhabitants of Gallia Transpa*.lana. L^visis, a Rom.-jn consul sent against Pyrrhus, A. U. C. 471. He infonned the monarch that the Romans would not accept him as an arbitrator in tlie war with Taren- tum, and feared him not as an enemy. He was defeated by Pyrrhus. P. V;il. a man despised at Rome, because he was distin- guished by no good quality. Horai. 1. Sat. 6, V. 12. Lagarxa, a town of Lucania. Lagia, a name of the i.sland Delos. Vid. Delos. Lagides. [Fid. Lagus.] Laoinia, a town of Caria. Lacl'k, a Macedonian of mean extrac- tion. He received in marriage Arsinoc the daughter of Meleager, who was then pregnant by k-ing Philip, and being willing to hide the disgrace of his wife, he exposed the child in the woods. An eagle preserved the life of the infant, fed him with her prey, and sliel- tered him witli her wings against the incle- mency of tlie air. This uncommon preserv- ation was divulged by Lagus, who adopted the child as his own, and calietl him Ptolemy, conjecturing that as his life had been so mira- culously pri'siTved, his days would l)e spent in grandeur and affluence. This Ptolemy be- came king of Egypt after the death of Alex- ander. According to other accounts Arsinoe was nearly related to Piiilip king of IVIacedo- nia, and her marriage witii Lagus was not considered as ilishonorable, because he was opulent and powerful. Tht tirst of the Ptolemies is called Lagus, to distinguish hini from his su^cossors of tlic same name. Ptolemy, the first of the IMacodonian kings of Egypt, wished it to be believed that he was tlie legitimate «^on of Lagus. and he preferred the name of Lagulfs to .ill other appellations. It is even said, that he est.i- blished a military or'er in .Alexandri.x which was called Lagoion. 'Die surname of La- gides was transmitted to all his descendants on the Egyptian throne till the reign of Cleopatra, Antony's mistress. Plutarch mentions an anecdo'c which serves to show how far the legitimacy of Ptolemy was be- lieved in his age. A ped;i\itic grammarian, says the historian, once displaying liis great knowledge of antiquity in the presence of Ptolemy, llie king suddenly interrupted him frith the question of, Prny tell me, Sir, ivho 388 was the father of PeUvs ? Tell me, replied the grammarian, without hesitation, teli me, if you can, king ! who the father of Lagus was .' This reflection on the meanness of the monarch's birth did not in the least irritate his resentment, though the courtiers all glowed with indignation. Ptolemy praised the humor of the grammarian, and shewed his modera- tion and the mildness of his temper, by taking him under his patronage. Paus. Attic. — Justin. 13. — Curt. 4. — Plut de ird cohib. — Lucan. 1, v. 684. — ltd. 1, v. 196. A Rutulian killed by Pallas son of Evander. Virg. .£n. 10, V. 381. Lacusa, an island in the Pamphylian sea. Another near Crete. Strcdj. 10. — Plin. 5, c. 31. Lagyka, a city of Taurica Chersonesus. LaiIdes, a patronymic of (Edipus son of Laius. Olid. Met. 6. fab. 18. Laias, a king of Arcadia who succeeded his father Cypselus, &c. Paus: 8, c. 5. A king of Elis, &c. Lais, a celebrated courtezan, daughter of "I'iinandra the mistress of A Icibiades, born at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away from her native country into Greece, when Nicias the Athenian general invaded Sicily. She first began to sell her favours at Corinth, for 10,000 drachmas, and tlie immense number of princes, noblemen, philosophers, orators, and plebeians who courted her em- braces, show how much commendation is owed to her personal charms. The expences which .ittended her pleasures, gave rise to the proverb of \on cuitds homini coiilmgxt adirc Coiintkum. Even Demosthenes himself visited ("orinth f»>r the sake of Lais, but wlien he was infonned by the courtezan, that admittance to her bed was to be bought at the enormous sum of nlxiut 5001. English money, the orator departed, and obser>'ed, that he would not buy repentance at so dear a price. The channs which had attracted Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw tlie phi- losopher unmoved by her beaUty, she visited his house herself ; but there she had no rea- son to boast of tlie licentiousness or easy sub- mission of Xenocrates. Diogenes the cynic was one of her warmest admirers, and though filthy in his dress and manners, yet he gained her heart and enjoyed her most un- bounded favors. The sculptor Mycon also solicited the favors of Lais, but he met with coldness ; he, however, attributed the cause of his ill reception to the whiteness of his hair, and dyed it of a brown color, but to no purpose J J-'ool that l.'tou art, said the cout- tezan, t.> ask what I nfusixt ycstiTday to thi/ ftithcr. Lais ridiculetl the austerity of phi- losophers, and laughed at the weakness of diosewho pretend to have gained a superiority over their passions, by observing tliat the sages and philosophers of tlie age were not above LA LA above the rest of mankind, for she found them at her door as often as the rest of the Athenians. The success which her debauch- eries met at Corinth, encouraged Lais to pass into Thessaly, and more paiticularly to enjoy the company of a favorite youth called JHippostratus. She was, however, disap- pointed : the women of the place, jealous of her charms, and apprehensive of her cor- rupting the fidelity of their husbands, assassi- nated her in the temple of Venus, about 540 years before the Christian era. Some sup- pose that there were two persons of this name, a mother and her daughter. Cic. ad. Fam. 9, ep. 26. — Ovid. Amor. 1 , el. 5. — Plut. in Aldb. — Paus. 2, c. 2. Laius, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to the throne of Thebes, which his grand- father Nycteus had left to the care of his brother Lycus, till his grandson came of age. He was driven from his kingdom by Amphion and Zethus, who were incensed against Lycus for the indignities which An- tiope had suffered. He was afterwards re- stored, and married Jocasta the daughter of Creon. An oracle informed him that he should perish by the hand of his son, and in consequence of this dreadful intelligence he resolved never to approach his wife. A day spent in debauch and intoxication made him violate his vow, and Jocasta brought forth a son. The child as soon as born was given to a servant, with orders to put him to death. The servant was moved with compassion, and only exposed him on mount Cithasron, where his life was preserved by a shepherd. The child, called CEdipus, was educated in the court of Polybus, and an unfortunate meeting with his father in a nar- row road proved his ruin. CEdipus ordered his father to make way for him without know- ing who he was ; Laius refused, and was in- stantly murdered by his irritated son. His arm-bearer or charioteer shared his fate. [Vid. CEdipus.] Snphocl. in (Edip. — Hi/- gin. 9 & 66'. — Diod. 4. Apollod. 3, c. 5. — Paus. 9, c. 5 & 26.. — P/ut. de Curios. Lalage, one of Horace's favorite mis- tresses. Horat. 1, oo, a woman of Lacedamon, who was daughter, wife, sister, and motlicr of a king. She livee the 390 daughter of Mars. She gained many con- quests in Asia, where she founded several ci- ties. She was siuprised afterwards by a band of barbarians, and destroyed with her femal* attendants. Justin. 2, c 4. Lampeis & Lampia, a mountain of Ar- cadia. Stat. 8. Lamj-on, Lampos, or Lampus, one of the horses of Dioniedes, of Hector, of Aurora. Homer. II. 8, od. 23. ■ A son of Laomedon father of Dolops. ■ A soothsayer of Athens in the age of Socrates. Pint, in Pericl. Lamponia & LAStPOviuM, a city of Troas. Herodot. .5, c. 26. An island on the coast of Thrace. Strab.\3. Lamponu's, an Atiienian general, sent by his countrymen to attempt the conquest of Sicily. Ju^iin. A, c. 3. Lamphidius .1:^uls, a Latin historian in the fourth century, who wrote the lives of some of the Roman emperors. His style ia inelegant, and his arrangements injudicious. His life of Commodus. Ileliogabalus, 'Alex- ander Severus, Sec is still extant, and to be found in the works uf tlie Histurus Augusts ScriptorcS. Lampri's, a celebrated musician, &c. — C. Nej). in Epam. Lampsaci s & Lampsac LSI, now Lr.nisaJci. a town of Asia Minor on the borders of the Propontis at the north of .■Vbydos. Priapus was the chief deity of the place, of which he was reckoned by some tlie founder. His temple there was the asylum of lewdness and debauchery, and exhibited scenes of the most unnatural lust, and hence tlie epitliet Lamjt- sucius is usual to express immodest)' and wantonness. Alexander resolved to destroy the city on account of the vices of iis inha- bitants, and more probaliiy for its firm ad- herence to the interest of Persia. It was, however saved from ruin by the artifice of Anaximenes. [I'ld. Anaximenes.] It was formerly called Pityusa, and received the name of Lampsacus. from Lampsace, a daughter of Mandron, a king of Phrygia, who gave infonnation to some Phoccans who dwelt there, tliat the rest of the inhabitants had conspired against tlieir life. 'ITiis timely in- fonnation saved them from destruction. The city afterwards bore the name of their pre- server. 'ITie vrine of Lampsacus was famous, and therelbre a tribute of wine >% as granted from the city by Xerxes to maintain the table of Themistocles. Mela, 1, c. 19. — S/rab. ]o. — Paus. 9, c. 31. — Herodot. 5. c. 117. — C. Nep. in I'herniu. c. 10. — Ottd. 1, TriU. 9, y. 26. Fatt. 8, V. 545. — Liv. 35, c. 58. 1. 3',, c. 42. — Mariiil. 11, ep. 17, 52- LAMrSERA, a town of Phocaa in Ionia. — Liv. 57, c 31. Lampitria, a festival at Pellene, in Achaia, in honor of llacchus, who was sumamed Lampterfrom XafiTtf, to shine, because, dur- ing this solemnity, which was observed in the night. LA LA night, the worshippers went to the temple of Bacchus, with lighted torches in their hands. It was also customary to place vessels full of wine in several parts of every street in the city. Pmts. 4, c 21. Lampus, a son of ^gyptus. — — A man of Elis. A son of Prolaus. Lamus, a king of the Laestrygones, who is supposed by some to have founded Formia; in Italy. The family of the Lamiae at Rome was, according to the opinion of some, de- scended from him. Horat. 3, od. 17. — A son of Hercules and Omphalc, who succeeded his mother on the thione of Lydia. Ovid. Heroid. 9, v. 54. A Latin chief killed by Nisus. Virg. j^n. 9, v. 534 A river of Boeotia. Paus. 9, c. 51. A Spartan ge- neral hired by Nectanebus king of Egypt. JDiod. 16. A'city of Cilicia. A town near Formiae, built by the Laestrygones. Lajiyrus, buffoon, a surname of one of the Ptolemies. — — One of 'the auxiliaries of Tumus killed by Nisus. Virg. Mn. 9, V. 534. Lanassa, a daughter of Cleodteus, who married Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, by whom she had eight children. Tlut. in Pyrr. — Justin. 17, c. 5. A daughter of Aga- thocles, who married Pyrrhus, whom she soon after forsook for Demetrius. Plut. Lancea, a fountain, &c. Paus, Lancia, a town of Lusitania. I'lor. 4, c. 12. Landi, a people of Germany conquered by C»sar. . Langia, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into the bay of Corinth. Langobardi, a warlike nation of Ger- many, along the Sprhe, called improperly Lombards by some. Tacii. Ann, 2, c. 45. G. 40. Langrob&iga, a town of Lusitania. Lan^tium, a town of Latium, about 16 miles from Rome on the Appian road. Juno had there a celebrated temple which was fre- quented by the inhabitants of Italy, and par- ticularly by tlie Romans, whose consuls on first entering upon offipe offered sacrifices to the goddess. The statue of the goddess was covered with a goat's skiii, and araied with a buckler and spear, and wore shoes which were turned upwards in the form of a cone. Cic. jyro Mur. de Nat. I). 1, c. 39. pro MOon. 10. — Liv. 8, c. 14. — Ital. 15, v. 364. LaobStas or Labotas, a Spartan king, ot the family of the Agidae, who succeeded his father Echestratus, B. C. 1023. During his reign war was declared against Argos, by Sparta. He sat on the throne for 37 years, and was succeeded by Doryssus his son. Paus. 3, c. 2. Laocoon, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or according to others, of Antenor, or of Capys. As being priest of Ajwllo, he was commissioned by the Trojans to offer a bul- lock to Neptune to render lam propitious. 391 During the sacrifice two enormous serpents issued from the sea, and attacked Laocoon's two sons who stood next to the altar. The father inimediatoly attempted to defend his sons, but the serpents falling upon him squeezed him in tlielr complicated Avreaths, so that he died in the greatest agonies. This punishment was inflicted upon him for his temerity in dissuading the Trojans to bring into the city the fatal %vooden horse which the Greeks had consecrated to Minerva, as also for his impioty in hurling a javelin against the sides of tlie horse as it entered witliin the walls. Hyginus attributes this to his marriage against the consent of Apollo, or according to others, for his polluting the temple, by his commerce with his wife An- tiope before the statue of the god. Virg. ^n. ii, y. 41 & 201. —Hygin.fab. 135. Laodamas, a son of Alcinous, king of the Phaeacians, who offered to wrestle vnih Ulys- ses, while at his father's court Ulysses, mindful of the hospitality of Alcinous re- fused the challenge of Laodamas. Homer. Od. 7, V. 170 A son of Eteocles, king of Thebes. Paus. 9, c. 15. Laodamia, a daughter of Acastus and Astydamia, who manied Protesilaus, the son of Iphiclus king of a part of Thessaly. The departure of her husband for the Trojan wai- was the source of grief to her, but when she heard that he had fallen by the hand of Hector, her sorrow was increased. To keep alive the memory of her husband whom she had tenderly loved, she ordered a wooden statue to be made and regularly placed in her bed. • This was seen by one of her ser- vants, who informed Iphiclus that his daugh- ter's bed was daily defiled by an unknown stranger. Iphiclus watched his daughter, and when he found that the intelligence was false, he ordered the wooden image to be burned, in hopes of dissipating his daughter's grief. He did not succeed. Laodamia threw herself into the flames with the image and perished. This circumstance has given occasion to fabulous traditions related by the poets, which mention that Protesilaus was restored to life, and ^o ^Laodamia, for three hours, and that when *he was obliged to return to the infernal regions, he persuaded his wife to accompany him. Virg. JEn. 6, V. 441. — Ovid. Her. ep. 13. — Hygin. fab. 104. — Propert.l, d. 19 A daughter of Bellerophon by Achemone the daughter of king lobates. She had a son by Jupiter called Sarpedon. She dedicated herself to the service of Diana, and hunted with her; but her haughtiness proved fatal to her, and she perished by the arrows of the goddess. Honier. II. G, 12 & 16 \ daughter of Alexander, king of Epulis, by Olympia the daughter of Pyrrhus. She was assassinated in tlie temple of Diana, where sl)^ had fled for safety during a sedition. Her mur- derer, called Milo, soon after turned his C c 4 dagger L A LA dnjrger against his own breast nnd killed liim- svlf. Justin. 'JS, c. 3. Laudick, a daughter of Priain aat| He- cuba, wlio became enamoured of Acamas, M)n of 'Ilieseus, when he came wit li Diomedi-s from the Greeks to Troy witli an embassy to demand the re>toration of Helen. She ol>- tained an interview and tlse j;ratification of her desires at the house of Philebia, the wife of a governor of a small town of 'J'roas which tlie Greek ambassador had visited, yhe had a son by Acamas, whom s!ie called Munitus. She afterward, married Helicaon! son of Antenor and Telei)hiis king of Mysia. Some call her Astyoche. According to the Greek scholiast of I.ycophron, I^aodice threw herself down from tlie top of a tower and was killed, when 'J'roy was sacked by the Greeks. Dictt/s Cret. 1 Puns. 1.5. c. '26. — Homer. 11. 3 & 6. One of the Ocean- ides. A danghter of Cinyras, by whom £Utus had !>ome children. A/io'lo't. 3. c. !•!. — — A daughter of .•Vgamemnoii, called also Electiii. llitnvr. It. 9. A sister of .MitJiridali-s who ma»Ti«-d .Ailaratlies king of Cappadociu, and afterwards her own brodier Mithridates. During tlie s«.-crct absence of Mithridates she prostituted herself to her servants, in hopes that her husband was dead ; but when she saw her expectatior.s frustrated, she attempted to poison Mithridates. for which she was put to death. A queen of Cappadocitt put to death by her subjects for poisoning five of !ier cliildren. A sister and wife of Antiochus L'd. She put to death Berenice, whom her husband had married. [I'iJ. Antioihus '2t\.] Slie was murdere i<.\, new Lndik, a city of Asia, on the holders of Caria, i'lirj-gia, and Lydia, ce- lelirated for its ctimmerce, and tl»e fine soft and bhick vrool nf iti> siie.'i). It was origin- ally ciUed Uio'^polis, ai.d afterwards llhons; and received the name of L.iodicv.".i, in !u>nor of Laodice, I'lic wife of Antiocluis. Fiin. 5, c. 29 Strt^. li.'. — Mda, 1, c. IJ. — Or. 5, 3<)_' Alt. 15. pro Flacc. Another in Media destroyed by an earthquake in the age of Nero. Another in Syria, called by way of distinction Laotlicea Cabiosa. or ad Liba- num. .■\nother on the borders of Coelo- syria. Strab. Laodice.se, a province of Syria, which re- ceives its name from Laodicea, its capital. Laodochi's, a son of Antenor, whose form Minerva borrowed to advise Pandarus to break the treaty which subsisted between the Greeks and Trojans. Homer, fl. 4. An attendant of Antilochus A son of Priam. .-ijio/lod. 3, c. 12. A son of Apollo and Phthia, Id. 1, c. 7. Laogonls, a son of Pias brotlicr to Dar- danus, killed by Achilles at tlic siege of Troy. Horn, II. '20. v. 4<;i. A priest of Jupiter killed by Merion in the Trojan war. Hormr. II. \r,, V. G04. Laocobas, a king of the Dryopes, who accustomed his subjects to Income robbers. He plundered the temple of Apollo at Del- phi, and was killed by Hercules. Apollod. '2, c. 7. — DitHi. 4. Laogore, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- thaniie, daughter of Pygmalion. She died in Egypt. A}>ollod. 3, c. 14. Laomkdon, wn of llus king cf Troy, married Strymo, called by st)me Pl.-Kia, or LeucipiK", by whom he had Po. 4, V. 25. Laegus, a Latin poet who ixTote a poem on the arrival of Antcnor in Italy where he built the town of Padua. He composed \rith ease and elegance. Uvid. ex Pont. 4, rp. 16, ». 17. Larides, a son of Daucus or Daunus who assisted Turnus against .Tineas and liad his Aand cut oH" with one blow by Pallas the son of Evander. Virg. jT.n. 10, v. 391. LarLva. a nrgin of Italy, who accompa- nied Camilla in her war against /Eneas. I'irg. ^n. 1 1 , V. 655. LarIni'm or Larina, now Lariiio, a town of tlie I'nntani on the Tifirnu^ before it falls into the Adriatic. The inhabitants were called Lnrinatcs. Jtal. 15, v. 565. — Cic. Clu. 63, 1. Alt. 12. 1. 7, ep. \3.—Liv. 22, c. 18. 1. -'7, c. -kO. — Ctts. C. 1, c. 23. Larissa, a djugliter of Pela5;gus, who fare her nuine to some cities in Greece. ^mu. 2, c. 23. A city between Palestine and Eg)']it, whore Pompcy ua.s Tiurdcred and buried according to some accounts. A large city on llie banks of llie Tigris. It had a small pyramid near it, greatly inferior to those of Egypt. — — A city of .\sia Minor, on the southern contircs of Troas. Strab, 13. Aucther in /Eolia, seventy stadia ft-om Cyme. It is sumamed I'hriconis by Str.ibo, by way of distinction. Strab. 13. — ncm.\Jl. 2, V. 610. .— .\notIier near Ephosus. Another on the borders of the Pcneus in Tliessaly, also called Crcma. 1, 1. 4, ep. 7. ad. fr. 5, ep. 1. — Pii7i. 15, c. 15. Latialis, a surname of Jupiter, who was worshipped by the inhabitants of Latium upon mount Albanus at stated times. Tl^e festi- vals, which were first instituted by Tarquin the Proud, lasted fifteen days. Liv. 2 1 . [ Vid. Feriae Latinae. ] Latini, the inhabitants of Latium. [ Viil. Latium.] Latinus Latiaris, a celebrated informer, &c. Tacit. Latinus, a son of Faunus by Marica, king of the Aborigines in Italy, who from him were called Latini. He married Amata by whom he had a son and a daughter. The son died in his infancy, and the daughter, called Lavinia, was secretly promised in mar- riage by her mother to Turnus king of the Rutuli, one of her most powerful admirers. The gods opposed this union, and the oracles declared that Lavinia must become the wife of a foreign prince. The arrival of ^Eneas in Italy seemed favorable to this prediction, and Latinus by offering his daughter to the foreign prince, and making him his friend and ally, seemed to have fulfilled the com- mands of the oracle. Turnus however dis- approved of the conduct of Latinus, he claimed Lavinia as his lawful wife, and prepared to support his cause by arms, tineas took up arms in his own defence, and Latium was the seat of the war. After mutual losses it was agreed that the quarrel should be de- cided by the two rivals, and Latinus promised his daughter to the conqueror. j5!;neas ob- tained the victory and married Lavinia. La- tinus soon after died and was succeeded by his son-in-law. Virg. jEn. 9, &c Ovid. Met. 13, &c. Fast. 2, &c Diom/s. Hal. 1, c. IJ. Liv. 1, c. 1, &c. — Justin. 45, c. 1 A 395 son of Sylvius iEneas surnamed also Sylvius. He was the fifth king of the Latins and suc- ceeded his fatlicr. He was father to All)a his successor. Dionys. 1, c. 15. Liv. "2, c. 3. — - — A son of Ulysses and Circe also bore this name. Latium, a country of Italy near the river Tiber. It was originally very' circumscribed, extending only from the Tiber to Circeii. Ijut afterwards it comprehended the territo- ries of the Volsci, iEqui, Hernici, Ausones. Umbii, and Rutuli. The first inhabitants were called xlbongines, and received the name of Latini from Latinus their kiup-. According to others the word is derived from latco, to conceal, because Saturn con- cealed himself there when flying the re- sentment of his son Jupiter. Laurentum was the capital of the country in the reign of Latinus, Lavinium under iEneas, and Alba under Ascanius. [Vid. Alba.] The Latins, though orii inally known on- ly among their neighbours, soon rose in consequence when Romulus luul founded the city of Rome in their country. Virg. JEn. 7, V. 38. 1. 8, v. 322 Strab. 5. — Bionys. Hal, — Justin. 20, c. 1. FhU. in Ilomiil. — Plin. 3, c. 12 Tacit. 4, Ann. 5. Latius, a surname of Jupiter at Rome, Stat. 5. — Sylv. 2, v. 592. Latm us, a mountain of Caria near Mile- tus. It is famous for ilie residence of Endy- mion, whom Diana regulai-ly visited in the night, whence he is often called Latmius Heros. [Vid. Endymion.] Mela, 1, c. 17. — Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 299. Art. Aia. 3, v. 85. — Plin. 5, c 29. — Stiab. 14. — Cic. 1, Tusc 28. Latobius, the god of health among the Corinthians. Latobrigi, a people of Belgic Gaul. Latois, a name of Diana as being the daughter of Latona A country house near Ephesus. Latomije. [Vid. Latumiffi,] Latona, a daughter of Coeus the Titan and Phoebe, or, according to Homer, of Sa- turn. She was auuiired for her beauty, and celebrated for the favors which she granted to Jupiter. Juno, always jealous of her hus- band's amours, made Latona the object of her vengeance, and sent the serpent Python to disturb her peace and persecute her. Latotia wandered from place to place in the time of her pregnancy, continually alarmed for fear of Py tlion. She was dri ven from heaven, and Terra, influenced by Juno, refused to give her a place where she might find rest and bring forth. Neptune moved with com- passion, struck with his trident, and made im- moveable the island of Delos which before wandered in the ^Egean, and appeared some- times above, and sometimes below, the sur- face of the sea. Latona, changed into a quail by Jupiter, came to Delos, wheie she i-esumed LA LA resumed her original shape, and gave birth to Apollo and Diana, leaning against a palm tree or an olive. Her repose was of short duration, Juno discovered the place of her retreat, and obliged her to fly from Delos. She wandered over the greatest part of the world, and in Caria, where her fatigue com- pelled her to stop, she was insulted and ri- diculed by peasants of whom she asketl for water, while they were weeding a marsh. Their refusal and insolence provoked her, and she intreated Jupiter to punisli their barbarity. They were all changed into frogs. She was exposed to repeated insults by Niobe, who boasted herself greater than the raotlier of Apollo and Diana, and ridiculed the presents which the piety of her neigh- bours had offered to Latona. [ Vid. Niobe. J Her beauty proved fatal to the giant Tityus, whom ApoUo and Diana put to death. [Ftrf. Tityus.] At last Latona, though per- secuted and exposed to the resentment of Juno, became a powerful deity, and saw her children receive divine honors. Her wor- ship was generally established where lii^r children received adoration, particularly at Argos, Delos, &c. where she had tem| 'es. She had an oracle in Egypt, cclel>i.ited for the true decisive answers whicli it ^ave. Diod. 5. — HcTodot. 2, c. 155. — Vans. 2 & 3. — Homer. II. 21. Hym. in Ap. ^ Dinn. — Hesiod. Theog. — ApoUod. 3, c. 5 8c 10. — Ovid. Met. 6, v. 160. — Hygin.fab. 140, Latopulis. a city of Egypt. Strab, Latous, a name given to Apollo as son of Latona. Ovid. Met. 6,fiib. 9. Latreis, one of the Centaurs, who, after killing Halesus, was himself slain by Caeneus. Ovid. Met. 12, V.463. Laudamia. a daughter of Alexander king of Epirus and ()l)-mpias, daughter of Pyrrhus, killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged populace. Justin. 28, c. 3. The wife of Protesilaus. [Vid. Laotlamia.] Laudice. [Vid. Laodice.] Laverxa, the goddess of thieves and dis- honest persons at Rome. She did not only preside over robbers, called from her Laver. niones, but she protected such as deceived others, or performed their secret machinations in obscurity and silence. Her worship was very popular, and the Romans raised her an altar near one of tlie gates of the city, which from that circumstance was calkH the gate of Lavema. She was generally repicsented by a head without a body. Horut. 1, ep. 1(5, V. GO. — Vurro de L. L. 4. A place men- tioned by Pint. &c. Lavernium, a temple of Laverna, rear Formiae. Cic. 7, Att. 8. Laufella, a wanton woman, &c. Juv. ,6, V. 319. Laviana, a province-. of Armenia Mi- nor. LXtinia, * daughter of king Latinus and 396 Amata. She was betrothed to her relation king Tumus, but because the oracle ordered her father to marry her to a foreign prince, she was given to iEneas after the death of Tumus. [Firf. Latinus.] At her husband'* death bhe was left pregnant, and being fearful of the tyranny of Aecanius her son-in-law, she fled into the woods, where she brought forth a son called ^lineas Sylvius. Dioiiys. Hal. 1. — Virg. jEn. 6 & l.—Ovid. Met. 14, v. 507. — Liv. 1 , c. 1 . Lavinium or Lavinum, a town of Italy, built by JEneas, and called by that name in honor of Lavinia, the founder's wife. It was the capital of Latium during tiie reign of /Eueas. Virg. jEn. 1, v. 262 Strab. 5. — Dionys. Hal. 1. — Liv. 1, c. 2. —Justin. 43, c. 2. Laura, a place near Alexandria in E;rypt. i.-AiREACi'M, a town at the confluence of the Ens and the Danube, now Lorch. Lal're.vtai.ia, certain festivals celebrated at Rome in hunorof Laurentia, on the last day of April and the 23d of December. They svere in process of time, part of the Saturnalia. Olid. Fast. 3, v. 57. Lauuentes acri, tlie country in tlie neighbourhood of Laurentum. "Hbul. 2, el. 5, V. 41. LAUREyriA. [Vid. Acca.] Lai;rentini, tlie inhabitants of Latium, Tliey received this name from the great num- ber of laurels which grew in the country. King Latinus found one of uncommon large- ness and beauty, when he was going to build a temple to Apollo, and the tree was conse- crated to the god, and preserv'cd with the most religious ceremonies. Virg. ^En. 7, t. 59. La uRENTius, belonging to Laurentiun or Latium. Virg. ASn. 10, t. 709. Laurentum, now Patenxo, the capital of the kingdom of Latium in the reign of La- tinus. It is on the sea coast east of the Tiber. [Vid. Laurentini.] Strab. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Liv. I, c 1. — Virg. yEn. 7, v. 171. Laurion, a place of Attica, where were gold mines, from whicli the Athenians drew considerable revenues, and with which they built their fleets by the advice of Themis- tocle.s. These mines failed licfore the age of Strabo. Thucyd. 2. — Pans. 1, c. 1. — Strab. 9. Lauron, a town of Spain, where Pompey's son was conquered by Ca?sar's army. La us, now Laino, a town on the river of the same name, which forms tlie southern boundary of Lucania. Strab. 6. • Laus Pompeia, a town of Italy, founded by a colony sent thither by Pompey. Lausus, a son of Numitor and brother of Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle Amulius, who usurped his father's throne. Ovid. Fast. 4, V. 54. A son of Meientius king of the Tyrrhenians, killed by JEneas in the LE LE tfie war which his father and Turnus made against the Trojans. J'irg. JEji. 7, v. 649. 1. 10, V. 426, &c. Lautium, a city of Latium. LautumijK or Latomi^s:, a prison at Syra- cuse cut out of the solid rock by Dionysius, and now converted into a subterraneous gar- den filled vni\\ numerous shrubs, florishing in luxuriant variety. Cic. Ver. 5, c. 27. — Liv. 26, V. 27. 1. 32, c. 26". Leades, a son of Astacus, who killed Eteoclus.* Ajiollod. "LiMi, a nation of P£eonia, near Mace- donia. LejBna, an Athenian harlot. [ Vid. Las- Ba.] Leander, a youth of Abydos, famous for his amours with Hero. [ Vid. Hero. ] A Milesian who wrote an historical commentary upon his country. Leandre, a daughter of Amyclas, who married Areas. ApoUod. Leandrias, a Lacedamonian refugee of Thebes, who declared, according to an ancient oracle, that Sparta would lose the superiority over Greece when conquered by the Thebans at Leuctra. Diod. 15. LEANiRA, a daughter of Amyclas. \_Vid. Leandre.] Learchus, a son of Athamas and Ino, crushed to death against a wall by his father, in a fit of madness. \_Vid. Atliaraas.] Ovid. Fast. 6, V. 490. Lebadea, now Lioadias, a town of Boeo- tia, near mount Helicon. It received this name from the mother of Aspledon, and be- came famous for the oracle and cave of Tro- phonius. No moles could live there, accord- ing to Pliny. Slrab. 9. — Pliti. 16, c. 36. — Paus. 9, c. 59. Lebedus or Lebedos, a town of Ionia, at the north of ColophoTi, where festivals were yearly observed in honor of Bacchus, and where Trophonius had a cave and a temple. Lysimachus destroyed it, and carried part of the inhabitants to Ephesus. It had been founded by an Athenian colony, under one of the sons of Codrus. Slrab. 14. — Horat. 1. ep. 11, \,l. — Herodct. I, c. 142. — Cic. 1, Div. 33. Lebena, a commercial town of Crete, with a temple sacred to ^sculapius. Paus. 2, c. 26. Lkbikthos & Lebynthos, an island in the ^gean sea, near Patmos. Slrab. 10 Mela, 2, c. 7 Ovid. Met. 8, v. 222. Lkchjeum, now Pelago, a port of Corinth in the bay of Corinth. Slat. Theb. 2, v, 381. — Liv. 32, c. 23. Lectum, a promontory now cape Baba, separating Troas from ."Eolia. Liv. 37, c. 37. Lkctthus, a town of Euboea. Leda, a daughter of king Thespius and Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus, king of Sparta. She was seen bathing in the riv:r 597 Eurotas by Jupiter, when she was some few days advanced in her pregnancy, and the god struck with her beauty resolved to deceive her. He persuaded Venus to change herself into an eagle, while he assumed the form of a swan ; and, after this metamorphosis, Jupiter, as if fearful of the tyrannical cruelty of the bird of prey, lied through the air into the arms of Leda, who willingly shel- tered the trembling swan from the assaults of his superior enemy. The caresses with which the naked Leda received the swan, enabled Jupiter to avail himself of his situ- ation, and nine months after this adventure, the wife of Tyndarus brought forth two eggs, of one of which sprang Pollux and Helena, and of the other Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were deemed the offspring of Jupiter, and the others claimed Tyndarus for their father. Some mythologists attributed this amour to Nemesis, and not to Leda; and they further mention, that Leda was entrusted with the education of the children which sprang from the eggs brought forth by Nemesis. {Vid. Helena.] To reconcile this diversity of opinions, others maintain that Leda received the nanie of Nemesis after death. Homer and Hesiod make no men- tion of the metamorphosis of Jupiter into a swan, whence some have imagined that the fable was unknown to these two ancient poets, and probably invented since tlieir age. Apol- Ind. 1, c. 8. 1. 3, c. 10. — Oi;id. Met. 6, v. 109. — Hesiod. 17, v. 55. — Hi/gin. fab. 77. — Isocr. in Hel. — Homer. Od. 11. — Eurip. in Hel. A famous dancer in the age of Juve- nal. 6, v. 65. Ledjea, an epithet given to IleiTnione, &c. as related to Leda. Virg. jEti. 3, v. 328. Ledus, now Lez, a river of Gaul near the modem Montpelier. Mela, 2, c. 5. Lecio, a corps of soldiers in the Roman armies, whose numbers have been different at different times. The legion under Romulus consisted of 3000 foot and 300 horse, and was soon after augmented to 4000, .ifter the ad- mission of the Sabines into the city. When Annibal was in Italy it consisted of 5000 sol- diers, and afterwards it decreased to 4000, or 4500. INIarius made it consist of 6200, besides 700 horse. Tliis was the period of its greatness in numbers. Livy speaks often, and even eighteen, legions kept at Rome. During the consular govCrnmant it was usual to levy and fit up four legions, which were divided between the two consuls. This num- ber was however often increased, as time and occasion required. Augustus maintained a standing army of twenty-three or twenty-five legions, and this number was seldom dimi- nished. In the reign of Tiberius there were 27 legions, and the peace establishment of Adrian maintained no less than thirty of these formidable brigades. They were distributed over the Roman empire, and their stations were settled and permanent. The peace of Sritain LE £1 Britiun was protected l>y three legions ; six- teea were stadoacd on tlie banks of the Eiuae and Danulx', viz. two in Lower, and three in Upper Germany ; one in Noricum, v/oo in RtKctin, ttiroc in Moesia, four in Pannonia, and two ia Dacia. Eij^ht were stationed on the Euphrates, six of which re- mained in Syria, and two in Cappadocia; while the remote provinces of Egypt, Africa, ami Spain, were guarded each by a single legion. Besides these the tranquillity of Rome was preserved by 2i),(XX) soldiers, who, under the titles of city cohorts and of prae- torian guards, watched over the safety of the monarch and of tlie capital. The legions were distinguished by different appellations, and generally borrowed their name from tlie order in ^^'hich they were first raised, as prima, secunda, tertia, qtiarta, &c. Besides this distinction, anodier more expressive was generally added, as from tire oame of the emperor who embodied them, a.s Augusta, Claudiana, Gulbuina, Flnvia, Ulpia, Tra- Jaiia, Autoniana, &.C. ; from the provinces or quarters wliere they were stationed, as Briian- ?tka, Cxfreniaca, CwoUica, &c. ; from the pro- vinces which had been subdued by their valor, as Parthica, Sci/thica, Arabica, Afn- cana, &c. ; froiii the names of the deities whom tlieir generals particularly worshipped, as A/j/ierwa, AiioUinaris, &c. ; or from more trifling accidents, as Marlia, Fidininatni, Sapax, Adjutrix, &c. Each legion was divided into ten cohorts, each cohort into three manipuli, and every nianipulus into two centuries or ardines. The chief commander of the legion was called L'fiatus, lieutenant. The standards borne by the legions wen- various. In the first ages of Rome a wolf was the standard, in honor of Romulus ; after that a hog, iR'cause that animal was generally sacrificed at the conclusion of a treaty, and therefore it indicated that war is undertaken for tlie obtaining of peace. A minotaur was sometimes the standard, to in- timate the secrecy with which the general was to act. in commemoration of tlie laby- rinth. Sometimes a horse or boar was used, till the age of Marius, who changed all these for the eagle, being a representation of that bird in silver, holding sometimes a thunderbolt in its claws. The Roman eagle ever after remained in use, though Trajan made use of the dragon. Leitus or Leti's, a commander of tlic Boeotians at the siege of Troy. He was saved from the victorious hand of Hector and from death by Idomeneus. Homer. II. 2, 6 & 17. — One of the Argonauts, son of Alector. ApoUod. 2, c. 9. Lelafs, a dog that never failed to seize and conquer %vhatevcr animal he was ordered to pursue. It was given to Procris by Diana, and Procris reconciled herself to her husband by presenting him with that valuat>le present. According to some, Procris had received it 593 from Minos, as a reward for the dangeroirs wounds of which she had cured him. Ht/jiin- fab. 128. — Odd. Met. 7, v. 771. — Patii. '.*. c. 19. One of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3, V, 211. Leleges, (a Xiyu to gather) a wandering people composed of diflerent unconnected nations. They were originally inhabitants of Caria, and went to the Trojan war with Altes their king. Achilles plundered their coun- try, and obliged them to retire to the neigh- bourhood of Halicamassus, where they fixed their habitation. The inhabitants of Laconia and Megara bore this name for some time, from Lelex, one of their kings. Strab. 7 & 8. — Homer. II. 21, v, 85. — P/i/i. 4. c. 7. 1. ri, c 3a — yirg. Ain. 8, V. 725. — Paus. 3, c I. LtLZCEis, a name applied to Miletus, because once possessed by the Leleges. Plin. 5,c. 29. Lelex, an Egyptian, who came with a colony to Megara, where he reigned about 200 years before the Trojan war. His sub- jects were called from him LeU-gt-s, and tho place LeU-geia mcenia. Pmis. 3, c 1. -V Greek, who was the first king of Laconia in Peloponnesus. His subjects were also called Leleges, and the country where he reigned Lelegia. Id. Lemanis, a place in Britain, where Ccsai is sup)K)sed to have first landed, and therefore placed by some at Lime in Kent. Lkm4Nni<5, a lake in the country of the Allobrc^es, through which the Rhone flows b> Geneva. It is now called the lake of Geneva oi Lausanne. Lucan. 1, v. 396. — Mila, 2, c. 5. LruNos, an island in the yEgean sea be- tween Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothracc. It was sacred to Vulcan, called I.evinius jtatt-r, who fell there when kicked down from heaven by Jupiter. [Vid. Vulcanas.] It was cele- firated for two horrible massacres ; that of the Lemnian women murdering their husbands, [r«/. Hipsipyle,] and that of the Lemnians, or Pelasgi. in killing all tJie children they had had by some Athenian women, whom they had carried away to become their wives- These two acts of cruelty have given rise to the proverb of Lemnian actions, which is ap- )ilied to all barl>arous and inhuman deeds. The first inhabitants of Lemnos were the Pe- livsgi, or rather the Thracians who were mur- dered by their wives. After them came the children of the Lemnian widows by the Argo- nauts, whose descendants were at last expelled by the Pelasgi, about 1 100 years before the Christian era. Lemnos is about 112 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, who say^. that it is often shadowed by mount Athos, though at tlie distance of 87 miles. It has been called Hipsipyle, from queen Hipsipyle. It is famous for a certain kind ol' earth or chalk, called terra Lemnia or terra sigiliata, from the seal or impression which it can bear. .\» tlie inliabiunts were blacksmiths, the poets have LE L E have taken occasion to fix the forges of VuL- can in that island, and to consecrate the whole country to his divinity. Lemnos is also ce- lebrated for a labyrinth, which, according to some traditions, surpassed those of Crete and Egypt. Some remains of it were still visible in the age of Pliny. Ti ^ island of Lemnos, now called Staliniene, was reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades, and the Carians who then inhabited it, were obliged to emigrate. Virg. JEn. 8, v. 454. — Homer. II. I, V. 593. — C. Nep. in Milt. — Strab. 1, 2, & 7. — Herodot. 6, c. 140. — Mela, 2, c. 7. — Apollon. 1, Arg. — Flacc. 2, v. 78. — Ovid. Art. Am. 3, v. 672. — Stat. 3, Theb. 274. Lemovices, a people of Gaul, now Limou- sin ^ Limoges. Cas. G. 7, G, 4. Lemovii, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de Germ. Lkmures, the manes of the dead. The ancients supposed that the souls after death, wandered all over the world, and disturbed the peace of its inhabitants. Tlie good spirits were called Lares familiares, and the evil ones were known by the name of Larva, or Le- viures. They terrified the good, and con- tinually haunted the wicked and impious ; and the Romans had the superstition to celebrate festivals in their honor, called Lemuria, or Lemurialia, in the month of May. They were first instituted by Romulus to appease tlie manes of liis brother Remus, from whom they were called Remieria, and, by corruption, Lemuria. These solemnities continued three nights, during which the temples of the gods were shut, and marriages prohibited. It was usual for the people to throw black beans on the graves of the deceased, or to burn them, as the smell was supposed to be insupportable to them. They also mut- tered magical words, and, by beating kettles and drums, they believed that the ghosts would depart and no longer come to ter- rify tlieir relations upon earth. Ovid. Fast. 5, V. 421, &c. — Horat. '2, ep. 2, v. 209 Per- sitis 5, v. 185. LLmurb^ & LImuralia. [ Fid. Lemures. ] Lenjeus, a surname of Bacchus, from Xnvef, a wine press. There was a festival called LencBa, celebrated in his honor, in which the ceremonies observed at the other festivals of the god chiefly prevailed. There were, besides, poetical contentions, &c. Pans. — Virg. G. 2, V. 4. jEn. 4, v. 207 Ovid. Met. 4, V. 14. — A learned grammarian, ordered by Pompey to translate into Latin some of the physical manuscripts of Mithri- dates, king of Pontus. Lentulcs, a celebrated family at Rome, which produced many great men in the com- monwealth. The most illustrious were L. Corn. Lentulus, a consul, A. U. C. 427, who dispersed some robbers who infested Um- bria. Batiatus Lentulus, a man who trained up some gladiators at Capua, which escaped from his school. Corn. Lentulus 399 surnamed Sura. He joined in Catiline's conspiracy, and assisted in con'upting the Allobroges. He was convicted in full senate by Cicero, and put in prison and afterwards executed. A consul who tri- umphed over the Samnites. — — Cn. Len- tulus^ surnamed Gcntulicus, was made con- sul, A D. 26, and \\?l%, some time after, put to death by Tiberius, who was jealous of his great popularity. He wrote an history mentioned by Suetonius, and attempted also poetry. L. Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, put to death in Africa. — — P. Coin. Len- tulus, a prffitor, defeated by the rebeUious slaves in Sicily. Lentulus Spinther, a se- nator, kindly used by J. Casar, &c A tribune at the battle of Cannw. P. Len- tulus, a friend of Brutus, mentioned by Cicero (de Orat. 1, c. 48,) as a great and consummate statesman. Besides these, tliere are a few others, whose name is only mentioned iu history, and whose life was not marked by any uncommon event. The consulship was in the family of the LentuU in the years of Rome427, 479, 517,518, 553, 555, 598, &c. Tacit. Ann. — Liu. — Flor. — Plin. — Plut. — Eutrop. Leo, a native of Byzantium, who florished 350 years before the Christian era. His philosophical and political talents endeared him to his countrymen, and he was always sent upon every important occasion as am- bassador to Atliens, or to the court of Philip king of Macedonia. This monarch, well acquainted ivith the abilities of Leo, was sen- sible that his views and claims to Byzan- tium would never succeed whUe it was pro- tected by the vigilance of such a patriotic citizen. To remove him he had recourse to artifice and perfidy. A letter was forged, in which Leo made solemn promises of betray- ing his country to the king of Macedonia for money. 1 iiis was no sooner known than the people ran enraged to the house of Leo, and the philosopher, to avoid their fury, and with- out attempting his justification, strangled him- self. He had written some treatises upon physic, and also tlie histoiy of his country, and the wars of Philip in seven books, which have been lost. Flut. A Corinthian at Syracuse, &c. A king of Sparta. A son of Eurycrates. Athen. 12. — Philostr. An emperor of the east, surnamed the Thradan. He reigned 17 years, and died A. D. 474, being succeeded by Leo the se- cond for 10 months, and afterwards by Zeno. Leocorion, a monument and temple erected by the Athenians to Pasithea, The- ope, and Eubule, daughters of Lcos, who immolated themselves when an oracle had ordered that, to stop the raging pestilence, some of tlie blood of the citizens must be shed. jElian. >2, c. 28. —Cic. N.D. 3, c. 19. Lkocrates, an Athenian general, who florished B. C. 460, &c. Diod. 1 1. Lbooamas, LE LE Leodamas, a son of Eteoc'.es, one of tlie seven Theban chiefs who defended the city against tlie Argivcs. He killed JEgisiicus, and was himself killed by Alcniacon. A son of Hector and Andromache. Dictys Cret. Leodoci s, one of the Argonauts. Fliicr- LtoGor.As, an Athenian dcbaucliee, who maintained the courtezan Myrrhina. Leon, a king of Sparta. Htrodut. 7, c. 204. A town of Sicily, near Syra- cuse. Liv. 24, c. 25. L£ONA, a courtezan, called also Laiia. Vid. Laena. Lfonatus, one of Alexander's generals. His fatljer's name was Kunus. He distin- guished himself in Alexander's conquest of Asia, and once saved tlie king's life in a dan- gerous battle, .\fter tlic death of Alexander, at the general division of the pro%inces, he received for his portion tliat part of I'hrygia which borders on the Hellespont. He was empowered by Perdiccas to assist Kunienes in making himself master of the province of Cappadocia, which liad been allotted to him. Like the rest of the generals of Alexander be wasambitiousof power and dominion. He aspired to the sovereignty of Macedonia, ami secretly communicated to P^umenes the dif- ferent plans he meant to pursue to execute liis designs. He passed from Asia into Europe to assist Anlipater against the .\tJie- uians, and was killed in a battle which vas fought soon after his arrival. Histo- rians have mentioned, as an instance of tiie luxury of Leonatus, that he employed a jiuuiber of camels to procure some eaith from KgyiJt to wrestle uikju. as in his opinion, it seemed better calculated for that purpose. Plut. in AUx. — Curt. 3, c. 12. 1. 6, c. ^1. — Justin. 13, c. 2. Diod. 18. — C. NejA in Bum. A Macedonian with Pyrrhus in Italy against tlie Ko- uians. LeoNioAS, a celebrated king of Lacetbe- uion, of the family of the Eurvsthenidse sent by his countr\nnen to oppose Xc-rxes, king of Persia, who had invaded Greece witli about five millions of souls. He was offered tlie kingdom of Greece by tne enemy, if he would not oppose his views ; but Leonidas heard the proposal with iiulignation, and observed, that he preferred death for his countr) , to an unjust iliougli extensive dominion over it. Before tlie engagement I>eonidas exhorted his soldiers, and told tliem all to dine heartily as they were to sup in the realnis oi Pluto, llie battle was fought at Ther- laopyhe, and the 300 Spartans who alone had refused to abandon the scene of action, withstocKl tliv enemy witli such vigor, tliat they were (ililiij;i.'d to retire wearied and con- ijuered during three successive day>. till Ephialtcs, u Trachinian, had the perfidy to conduct a detachment of Persians by a se- cret path up tlic mountains^ whence tlity 400 suddenly fell upon the rear of the Spartani and crushed them to pieces. Only on ■ escaped of the 500 ; he returned home, where he was treated with insult and re- proaches, for flying ingloriously from a battle in which his brave companions with their royal leader, had perished. This ce- lebrated battle, which happened 480 years before tlie Christian era, taught tlie Greeks to despise the number of the Persians, and to rely u]>on their own strength and intrepidity. Temples were raised to tlie fallen hero, and festivals, called Leonidea, yearly celebrated at Sparta, in which free- Loni youths contended. Ltonidas, as he departed for the battle from Lacedsmon, gave no other injunction to his wife, but, after his death, to marry a man of virtue and honor, to raise from her children deserving of tlie name and greatness of her first hus- band. IlerodU. 7. c 120, Ac. — C. Nep. in Than. — Juitin.'J. — I'al. Maa 1, c. 6. — I'aus. 3, c. 4. — PliU. in I yc. <.$• Cleom. A king of Sparta after Areus II. 257 before Christ. He was driven from his kingdom by Clcombrotus, his son-in-law, and after- ward.-, re-establislied. A preceptor to Alexander tiK- Great. A friend of Par- inenio, appointed commander, by Alex- ander, of the soldiers wlio lamented the deadi of Pamienio, and who formecl a se- parate cohort. Curt. 7, c. 2. A learned man of Uliodes, greatly commended by Strabo, &c. Leoxtii M & Eeostiki, a town of Sicily about five miles distant from the sca-sliorc. It wxs built by a colony from Chalcis, in Eulxca, ajid was, according to some accounts, once the habitation of the La^«>trygoues, for which reason tlie neighbouring 6eld& are often called lAFxtryf:onii camjii. Tlie country was extremely fruitful, whence Cicero calls it jhe grand magazine of .Sicily. Tlie wine which it protluced was the best of tlie island. TTie people of Leontium implored the a.-Kistancc ^ the Athenians against the Syracusans, B. C. 4-jr. Thucyd. 6- — I'olyb. 7. — Uvid. Fatt.A, V. 467. — Jlal. 14, v. 12<, I ic. in Vcrr. 5. Leo>'tiiu, a celebrated courtezan of .\tiiens, who studied philosophy under Epi- curus, and became one of his most renowned pupils. She prostituted herself to tlie phi- losopher's scholars, and even to Epicurus him- self, if we believe tlie reports which were raised by some of his eneiiiies. [ViJ. Epi- curus.] Metrodorus shared her favors in the most unbounded manner, and by him she bad a son, to whom Epicurus wa> so partial, that he recommended him to hi.-. cxciU'.ors on his dying bed. Leontium noio.ily profcr,sed her- self a warm admirer am! fi'liowet of the doc- trines of Epicurus, but she em. ^' ''t^ .i book in support of tliem aga;.'^' i ; c 'iplirastus. This book was valuable, if «.- !.el.. -e tlic tes- timony and criticism of Cicero, who praised tiie purity and elegancu of its style, and tlic truly LE LE truly Attic turn of the expressions. Leon- tium had also a daughter called Danae, who married Sophron. Cic. de ISfat. D. 1, c. o3. Leontocephalus, a strongly fortified city of Phrygia. Plut. Leonton or Leontopolis, a town of Egypt wliera lions were worshipped, ^lian. H. An. 12, c. T.—Plin. 5, c. 10. Leontychides. [Vid. Leolychides.] Leos, a son of Orpheus, who immolated his three daughters for the good of Athens. [VU. Leocorion.] Leosthenes, an Athenian general, who after Alexander's death, drove Antipater to Thessaly, where he besieged him in the town of Lamia. The success which for a while attended his arms was soon changed by a fatal blow which he received from a stone thrown by the besieged, B. C. 323. The death of Leosthenes was followed by the total defeat of the Athenian forces. The funeral oration over his body was pronounced at Athens by Hyperides, in the absence of Demosthenes, who had been lately banished for taking a bribe from Harpalus. \_Fid. Lamiacum.] Diod. 17 & 18. — Strab. 9 Another ge- neral of Athens, condemned on account of the bad success which attended his arms gainst Peparethos. Leotychides, a king of Sparta, son of Menares, of the family of the Proclidaj. He •was set over the Grecian fleet, and, by his cou- rage and valor, he put an end to the Persian war at the famous battle of Mycale. It is said that he cheered the spirits of his fellow-sol- diers at Mycale, who were anxious for their countrymen in Greece, by raising a report that a battle had been fought at Plataea, in which the barbarians had been defeated. This suc- ceeded, and though the information was pre- mature, yet a battle was fought at Plataea, in •»vhich the Greeks obtained the victory the same day that the Persian fleet was destroyed at Mycale. Leotychides was accused of a ca- pital crime by the Ephori, and, to avoid the punishment which his guilt seemed to deserve, he fled to the temple of Minerva at Tegca, ■vxher^ be perished, B. C. 469, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by his grand- son Archidamus. Pavs. 5, c. 7& S. — Dicxl. 11. — — A son of Agis, king of Sparta, by Timaea. The legitimacy of lus birth was dis- puted by some, and it was generally believed that he was the son of Alcibiadcs. He was prevented from ascending the throne of Sparta by Lysander, though Agis had de- clared him upon his death-bed his lawful son and heir, and Agesilaus was appointed in his place. C. Nep. in Ages. — Plut. — Paus. o, c. 8. Lephvkium, a city of Ciiicia. Lepida, a noble v/oman, accused of at- tempts to poison her husband, from whom she had been separated for 20 years. She was condemned under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 3, c. 22. A woman who married Scipio 401 Domitia, a daughter of Drusus and Antonia, great niece to Augustus, and aunt to the em- peror Nero. She is described by Tacitus as a common prostitute, infamous in her man- ners, violent in her temper, and yet celebrated for her beauty. She was put to death by means of her rival Agrippina, Nero's motlier. Tacit A wife of Galba the emperor. A wife of Cassius, &c. Lepidus, M. /Emilius, a Roman, cele- brated as being one of the triumvirs with Augustus and Antony. He was of an illus- trious family, and, like the rest of his contem- poraries, he was remarkable for his ambition, to which were added a narrowness of mind, and a great deficiency of military abilities. He was sent against Casar's murderers, and some time after, he leagued with M. Antony, vvho had gained the heart of his soldiers by artifice, and that of their commander by his address. When his influence and power among the soldiers had made him one of the triumvirs, he shewed his cruelty, like his col- leagues, by his proscriptions, and even suf- fered his own brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the triumvirate. He received Africa as his portion in the division of the empire; but his indolence soon rendered him despicable in the eyes of his soldiers and of his colleagues ; and Augustus, who was well acquainted with the unpopularity of Lepidus, went to his camp and obliged him to resign the power to which he was entitled as being a trimnvir. After this degrading event, he simk into obscurity, and retired, by order of Augustus, to Cerceii, a small town on the coast of Latium, where lie ended his days in peace, B. C. 15, and where he was forgotten as soon as out of power. Appian. — Plut. in Aug. — Flor. 1, c. C & 7. A Roman consul, sent to be the guardian of young Pto- lemy Epiphanes, whom his father had left to the care of the Roman people. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 67. — Jusiin. 50, c. 5. A son of J ulia, the grand-daughter of Augustus. He was intended by Caius as his successor in the Roman empire. He committed adultery with Agrippina when young. Dion. 59. — — An orator mentioned by Cicero in Brut. — — A censor A. U. C. 734. Lepinus, a mountain of Italy. Colum. 10. Lepontii, a people at tlie source of the Rhine. Plin. 5, c. 20. Lepreos, a son of Pyrgeus, who built a town in Elis, which he called after his own name. He laid a wager that he would eat as much as Hercules ; upon which he killed an ox and eat it up. He afterwards challenged Hercules to a trial of strength, and was killed. Paus. 5, c. 5. Leprium or Lepreos, a town of Elis. Cic. 6. Att. 2. — Plin. 4, c. 5. Leptines, a general of Demetrius, who ordered Cn. Octavius, one of the Roman am- bassadors to be put to death. A son of D d Hermocrates, LE LE Hermocrates, of Syracuse, brother to Dio- nysius. He was sent by his brother against tlie Carthaginians, and experienced so much success, that he sunk fifty of tlieir ships. He was afterwiirds defeated by Mago, and ba- nished by Dionysius. He always continued a faithful friend to the interests of his bro- ther, though naturally an avowed enemy to tyranny and oppression. He was killed in a battle with the Carthaginians. Diod- 15. A famous orator at Athens, who endeavoured to set the people free from oppressive taxes. He was opposed by Demosthenes. A tyrant of Apollonia, in Sicily, who surren- dered to Timoleon. Diod. IH. Leptis, the name of two cities of Africa, one of whicli. called Major, now Lebida, was near the Syrtes, and had been built by a Ty- rian or Sidonian colony- llie other, called Minor, now l.cintn, was about eighteen Ro- man miles from Adnimetum. It paid every day a talent to the republic of Cartilage, by way of tribute. Lvcan. 'J, v. 251. — Piin. 5, c. 19. — Sallust. in Jug. 77. — Mela, 1, c. 8. — S'trab. 3, v. 256. — Cas. C. 2, c. 38. — Cic. 5. f'tn-r. 59. Lehia, an island in the /Egean sea, on tJie coast of Caria, about eighteen miles in cir- cumference, peopled by a Milesian colony. Its inhabitants were very dishonest. Strab. 10. — Herodot. 5, c. 12 J. Lerina, or Planasia, a small island in die Mediterranean, on the coast of Gaul, at the east of the Ilhone. Tncit. Ann. 1, c. 3. Lerna, a crunitry of Argolis, celebrated for a grove aiul a lake, where, according to the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of their murdtred luisbands. It was there also that Ilerculi-s killed the famous hydrx Vv-g. jEn. 6, V. H03. 1. 1-', V. 517. — Strab. 8 Mela, 2, c. S.—lhmi. Met. 1. t. 597. — Lu- cret. 5. — Stat. Thcb. -1, v. 6.38. — ApoUod. 2, c. 15. There was a festival, called J.emeea, celebrated there in honor of Bac- chus, Proserpine, and Ceres, The Argivcs used to carry fire to tliis solemnity from a temple upon mount Crathis, detlicatcd to Diana. Pans. Lero, It small island on tlie coast of Gaul, called also Lerina. Leros. \J'id. I.eria.] Lesbos, a large island in the /Egean sea, now known by the name of Mctetin, 168 miles in circunifercnce. It has been severally called ^gira, Lmii, ^'Ltlnojte, and Pelasgia, from the Pelasgi, by whom it was first peopled, Mturaria, from Rlacareus who settled in it, and Lesbos from the son-in-law and successor of Macarcus who bore the same name. The chief towns of Lesbos were Metli)'Tnna and Mitylenc. Lesbos was originally governed by kings, but they were afterwards subjected to the neighbouring powers. The wine which it produced was greatly esteemed by the an- cients, and still is in tlic same repute among the modertK. ITie Lesbians were celebrated 402 among the ancients for their skill in music, and their women for their beauty ; but tlie general character of the people was so de- bauched and dissipated, that the epithet of Lesbian was often used to signify debauchery and extravagance. Lesbos has given birth to many illustrious persons, such as Arion, Ter- pander, &c. The best verses were by way of eminence often called Leshoiim carmen, from Alcaeus and Sappho, who distinguished them- selves for their poetical comjjositions. and were also natives of the place. Diod. 5. — Strab. 13. — Virg. G. 2, v. 90. — Horal. ], qt. 11 Herodot. 1, c. 160. Lesbus or Lesbos, a son of Lapithas, grandson of ^Eolus, who married Methymna daughter of Mac;u^us. He succeeded his father-in-law, and gave his name to the island over which he reigned. Lesches, a Greek |Joet of Lesbos, who florislicd B. C. 600. .Some suppose him to be the author of tlie little Iliad, of which only few verses remain, quoted by Pans. 10, c. 25. Lestrvgones. [fid. Lasftrygones.] Letavim, a town of Propontis, built by the Athenians. Letujei s, a river of Lydia flowing by INIagnesia into the Alapander. Strab. 10, &c. Another of Macedonia. Of Crete. Lf.thk, one of the rivers of hell, whose waters tlie souls of the dead drank after they had been confincxl for a certain space of time in Tartarus. It had the power of making them forget whatever they hud done, seen, or heard Ijefore, as the name implic>s, A-nSn, oblivion. Lethe is a river of Africa, near the Syrtes, which runs under the ground, and some time after rises again, whence tlie origin of the fable of the Ix-tliean streams of oblivion. ~—^ 'ITiere is also a river of that name in Spain. .Another in Boe- otia, whose waters were drunk by those who consulted tlie oracle of Trophonius. Lucan."^" 9, V. 355. — Ovid. Trist. 4, el. I, v. 47. — Virg. G. 4, T. 545. yffn. 6, v. 714. —/ta/. 1, V. 235. 1. 10, V. 5.55. — Paiu. 9, c. 39. — Horat. 4, od. 7, ». 27. Letus, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 41, c. 18. Levana, a goddess of Rome, who pre- sided over tlie action of the person who took up from the ground a newly-born child, after it had been placed there by the midwife. This was generally done by the father, and so reli- giously observed was this ceremony, that the legitimacy of a child could be disputed with- out it. Leuca, a town of the Saicntines, near a cape of the same name in Italy. Lucan. 5. V. 576. A town of Ionia Of Crete. Of Argolis. Strab. 6, &c. Leucas or Lklcama, an island of the Ionian sea, now called St. Maura, near the coast of Epirus, fiunous for a promontory called l.cucatr, Leucas, or Lcucates, where despond- . iug L E LE in" lovers threw themselves into the sea. Sappho had recourse to this leap to free her- self from the vident passion which she enter- tained for Phaon. llie word is derived from Xiuic;! white, on account of the whiteness of its rocks. Apollo had a temple on the pro- montory, whence he is often called Leucadius, Tlie island was formerly joined to the conti- nent by a narrow isthmus, which tlie inha- bitants dug through after the Peloponnesian war. Ovid. Heroid. 15, v. 171. — Strab. 6, &c. — Ital. 15, V. 302. — Virg. jEn. 5, v. 274. 1. 8, V. 677. A town of Phoenicia. Leucasion, a village of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 25. Leucaspis, a Lycian, one of the compa- nions of ^neas, drowned in the Tyrrhene sea. Virg. j^n. 6, v. 554. Leucate. [ Vid. Leucas. ] Leuce, a small island in the Euxine sea, of a triangular form, between the mouths of the Danube and the Bcrysthenes. According to the poets, the souis of the ancient heroes were placed there as in the Elysian fields, wliere they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and rtafied the repose lo which their benevolence to man.ldnd, and their exploits during life, seemed to entitle them. From that circum- stance it has often been called the island of tlie blessed, &c. According to some ac- counts Achilles celebrated there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or rather Helen, and shai'ed the pleasures of the place with the manes of Ajax, &c. Strab. 2. — Mela, 2, c. V. — Ani- mian. 22. — Q. Calab. 2, v. 775. One of the Oceanides whom Pluto carried into his kingdom. -Leuci, a people of Gaul, between the Mo- selle and the Maese. Their capital is now called Toul. Ccbr. B.G.I, c. 40. Moun- tains on the west of Crete, appearing at a dis- tance like ivhite clouds, whence the name. Leucippe, one of the Oceanides. LEucippinEs, the daughters of Leucippus. [Vid. Leucippus.] Leucippus, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, aljout 428 years before Christ, dis- ciple to Zcno. He was the first who invented the famous system of atoms and of a va- cuum, which was afterwards more fully ex- plained by Democritusand Epicurus. Many of his hypotheses have been adopted by the modems, with advantage. J)u)genes has written his life. A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who married Pliilodice daughter of Inachus, by whom he had two daughters, Hilaira and I'hoebe, known by the patronymic of Leucippidos. 'Diey were carried away by their cousins Castor and Pollux, as they were going to celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 701. — Apailod. 3, c. 10, &c. — Faus. 5, c. 17 & '2(>. A son of Xan- thus, descended from Bellerophon. lie be- came deeply enamoured of one of his sisters, and when he was unable to restrain his un- 403 natural passion, he resolved to gratify it. He acquainted his mother with it, and threat- ened to murder himself if she attempted to oppose his views or remove the object of his af- fection. The mother, rather than lose a son whom she tenderly loved, cherished his pas- sion, and by her consent her daugliter yielded herself to the arms of her brother. Some time after tlie father resolved to give l)is daugh- ter in marriage to a Lycian prince. The future husband was informed that the daugh- ter of Xanthus secretly entertained a lover, and he communicated the intelligence to the father. Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daughter, and when Leucippus had in- troduced himself to her bed, tlie father, in his eagerness to discover the seducer, occa- sioned a little noise in the room. The daugh- ter was alanned, and as she attempted to escape she received a mortal wound from her father, who took her to be the lover. Leu- cippus came to her assistance, and stabbed his father in the dark, without knowing who he was. This accidental parricide obliged Leucippus to fly from his country. He came to Crete, where the inliabitants re- fused to give him an asylum, when acquainted with tlie atrociousness of his crime, and he at last cam.a to Ephesus, where he died in the greatest misery and remorse. Hermesianax apud Parlhen. c. 5. A son of Gino- maus who became enamoured of Daphne, and to obtain her confidence disguised him- self in a female dress, and attended his mis- tress as a companion. He gained the uifee- tions of Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention, but his artifice at last proved fatal through the influence and jealousy of his rival Apollo; for when Daphne and her attendants were bathing in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was discovered, and he perished by tlie darts of the females. Par- then. Erotic, c. 15. — Paus. 8, c. 20 A son of Hercules by Alarse, one of tlie daughters of Thespius. Apollod. 3, c. 7. Leucola, a part of Cyprus. Leucox, a tyrant of BospJiorus, who lived in great intimacy with the Atlienians. He was a firm patron of the useful arts, and greatly encouraged commerce. Strub. — Dion. 14. A son of Athamas and Themisto. Paus. 6, c. 22. A king of Pontus killed by his brother, whose bed he had defiled. Ovid, in lb. 5. A town of Africa near Cyrene. Herodot. 4, c. 160. Leucone, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave her name to a fountain of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 44. Leucones, a son of Hercules. Apollod. Leuconoe, a daughter of Lycambes. The Leuconoe to whom Horace addresses his 1 od. 11, seems to be a fictitious n.'ime. Leucopetka, a place on the isthmus of Corinth, where the Achaians were defeated by the consul Mummius. A promontory D d iJ six LE LI »ix miles east from Rhegium in Italy, where the Apennines terminate and sink iiuu the sea. LErcoPHRvs, a temple of Diana, with a city of the same name, near tlie 3Ia;ander. The goddess was represented under the figure of a woman with many hreasts, and crowned witli victory. — An ancient name of Tene- dos. J'aus. 10, C. 11. — Stnib. 13 & 14. Leucorons, a town of Caria Ledcos, a river of Macedonia near Pyd- na. A man, &c. [Cid. Idomencus.] Lblcosia, a small island in tlie Tyrrhene lea. It received its name from ono of tlie companions of yEueas, who was drowned there, or from one of the Sirens, who was thrown there by the sea. Sirab. 5. — Ovid. Met. 15, V. 70S. Lkucosyrii, a people of Asia IMinor, called afterwards Cappiulocians. Slrub. 1 'J. 'ITie same naine is given to tJie inh.iJ>itants of Cilicia, where it borders on t'app.iermittL-d to enter the temple ; or if their curiosity tempted them to transgress this rule, they were beaten away witli the greatest severity. To this supplicating for other people's children, Ovid alludes in theee lines ; last. 6. Non tamcn hanc pro 3tirj>e sud ]>ia viater ado rat, Ipsa parumfelix visafitissc jnirens. — — A daughter of king Orchamus by 'Eu- rjmome. Apollo became enamoured of her, and to introduce himself to her with greater facility, he assumed die shape and features of her mother. UTicir happiness was com- plete, wlien Clyti.i, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was jealous of his amours with Leucotlioe, discovered the whole intrigue to her father, who ordered his daughter to be buried alive. Ilie lover, unable to .save her from dcatli. sprinkled nectar and ambrosia on her tomb, which penetrating a.s far as the body, changed it into a beau- tiful tree which bears the frankincense. Child- Mtt. 4, V. 196. An island in the Tyrrhene sea, near Capreie. A fountain of Samos. A town of Egypt, of Aral)ia. Mela, \>, c. 7. Apart of Asin which produces frankincense. Lei'Ctra, a village of BcEoti.i, between Platica and Thespia, famous for tlie victory vrhich Epaminondas the Theban general (ibtained over the superior force of Cleom- brnttu, king of Sparta, on the Stli of July, 404 Zi. C. 571. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans were killed with their king Cle- ombrotus, and no more than 300 Thebans. From diat time the Spartans lost the empire of Greece, which they had ob- tained for near 500 years, Plut. in Pelop. S( .-Iges. — C. Xep. in Epani. — Justin. 6, c. 6. — Xenop/ton. Hist. Grac. — JJijd. 15. ■^ Pans. Lacan. — Cic. de OJfic. 1, c. 18. Tusc. 1, c. 46. An. 6, cp. 1. — Strab. y. Leuctrim, a town of Laconia. Strab. 8. Liitcus, one of the companions of Ulys- ses, killed before Troy by .\ntiphus sun of Priam. Jlomcr It. 4, v. 491. Lkucva.mas, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus. J'aus. 0, c. 'Jl. I.EvisLs. [''*'/. Lavinus] 'Leutvchiufs, a Lacc>dsnionian, made king of .Sparta on tlie expulsion of Dema- ratus. J/L-Tvdot, 6, c. 65, &c. [/'u/. Leo- tychides.] Lk\uvii, a people of Gaul, at the mouth of the Seine. coii(|uereil «idi great slaugh- ter bv a lieutenant of J. Lxsar. Ctes- JJfll. a. LiBA.NiL's, a celebrated sopltist of Au- ticK-li in the age of the emperor Julian. He was educated at .\tliens and opcni-d a school at Antioch, which produced some oi tlie best .and most learned of tlie literary cha- racters of the age. Libanius was natu rally vain and arrogant, and he contemp- tuously refused the offers of the emperor Julian, who wished to purchase his friend- ship and intimacy by raising him to offices of the greatest splendor and affluence in tlie empire. When Julian had imprisoned the senators of .Antioch for tlieir im- pertineiici-, I.ibanius undertook tlie defence of his fellow-citizens, and p;ud a visit to tlie emperor, in which he astonislied him by the boldness and independence of his expressions, and tlie firmness and resolu- tion of his mind. Some of his orations, and alwve KiOO of his letters are extant ; they discover much atl'ectation and obscu- rity of style, and we cannot perhaps much regret tlie lovs of writings which atforded nothing but a display of pedantry, and quo- tations from Homer. Julian submitted his writings to tlie judgment of Libanius with the greate>t confidence, and the sophist freely rejected or approved, and showed that he w.is more attached to the person than the fortune and greatness of his prince. The time of his death is unknown. — — The best edition of Lilwnius seems to b« that of Paris, fol. 1606, with a second volume published by Morcll, 1627. His episdes hare been edited by Wolf. fol. 1738. Ltbani:s, a high mountain of Syria, fa- mous for its cedars. Strab. 6. LiBEKTiNA. a surname of Venus, who had a temple at Rome, where the young wo- flOCQ LI LI men used to dedicate the toys and childish amusements of their youth, when arrived at nubile j-ears. Varro. de L. L. 5, c. 6. Liber, a surname of Bacchus, which sig- nifies yVre. lie received this name from his delivering some ■ cities of Boeotia from slavery, or according to others, because wine, of which lie was the patron, delivered mankind from their cares, and made them speak with freedom aind unconcern. The word is often used for %vine itself. Senec. de tranq. miim. Libera, a goddess, the same as Proser- pine. Cic. in Vej: 4, c. -18. A name given to Ariadne by Bacchus, or liiber, when he had married her. Ovid. Fast. 5, V. 513. LiBERALiA, festivals yearly celebrated in honor of Bacchus, the 17th of March. Slaves were then permitted to speak with freedom, and every thing bore the appear- ance of independence. They were much the same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. Varro. LiBERTAs, a goddess of Rome who had a temple on mount Aventine, raised by T. Gracchus and improved and adorned by Pollio with many elegant statues and brazen columns, and a gallery in which were de- posited the public acts of the state. She was represented as a woman in a light dress, holding a rod in one hand, and a cap in the other, both signs of independence, as the former was used by the magistrates in the manumission of slaves, and the latter was worn by slaves, who were soon to be set at liberty. Sometimes a cat was placed at her feet, as this animal is very fond of liberty and impatient when confined. JJv. 24, c. 16. 1. 25, c. v. — Ovid. Trist. 3, el. 1, V. 72. — Plut. in Grac. — Din. Cas. 44. LIbethra, a fountain of Magnesia in Thessaly, or of Boeotia according to some, sacred to the muses, who from thence are called Libethrides. Virg. Ed. 7, v. 21. — Plin. 4, c. 9. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Strab. 9 & 10. Libethrides, a name given to the Muses from the fountain Libethra, or from mount Libethrus in Thrace. LiBici, LiBEcii, or LiBRi, a people of Gaul who passed into Italy, A. U. C. 364. — Liv. 5, c. 35. 1. 2), c. 58 Plin. 3, c. 17. — Pol7/b. 2. LiBiTiNA, a goddess at Rome, who pre- sided over funerals. According to some, she is the same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius Tullius first raised her a temple at Rome where every tiling necessary for fune- rals was exposed to sale, and where the registers of the dead were usually kept. Dionys. Hal. 4. — Liv. 40, c. 1 9. — Val. Max. 5, c. 2. — Pint. Qiuest. Rom. LiBO, a friend of Pompey, who watched over the fleet. &c. Plut- A Roman citizen, &c. Horat. 1, ?;>. 19. — A friend of 405 the first triumvirate, who killed himself and was condemned after death. Libon, a Greek architect who built the famous temple of Jupiter Olympius. He florished about 450 years before the Christian era. Libophcenices, \the inhabitants of the country near Carthage. Liburna, a town of Dalmatia. LiBURNiA, now Croatia, a country of lUyricum, between Istria and Dalmatia, whence a colony came to settle in Apulia, in Italy. There were at Rome a number of men whom the magisti^ates employed as pub- lic heralds, who were called Liburni pro- bably from being originally of Libumian ex- traction. Some ships of a light construction but with strong beaks were also called Libur- nian. Propert. 2, el. 11, v. 44. — Juv. 4, V. 75. — Martial. 1, qi. 50, v. 33. — Horat. I, od. 37, V. 30. Epod. 1, V. 1. — Lucan. 3, V. 534. — Pli?i. 6, ep. 16. — Mela, 2, c. 3 Strab. 7. — Ptol.2, c. 17. Liburnides, an island on the coast of ■ Libumia, in tlie Adriatic. Strab. 5. LiBURNUM jiare, the sea which borders on the coasts of Liburnia. LiBURNus, a mountain of Campania. Libya, a daughter of Epaphus and Cas- siopea, who became mother of Agenor and Belus by Neptune. ApoUod. 2, c. 1. 1. 3, c. 1. — Paus. 1, 44. A name given to Africa, one of the three grand division* of the ancient globe. Libya, properly speak- ing, is only a part of Africa, bounded on the east by Egypt, and on the west by that port called by the moderns the kingdom of Tri- poli. The ancients, according to some tra- ditions mentioned by Herodotus, and others, sailed round Africa, by steering westward from the Red Sea, and entered the Medi- terranean by the columns of Hercules, after a perilous navigation of three years. From the word Libya, are derived the epithets of Libys, Libyssa, Libysis, Libystis, Libycus, Libysticus, Libystinus, Libystceus. Virg. Mn. 4, V. 106. 1. 5, v. 37.— Lucan. 4 Sal- lust. &c. LiBYCinvi MARE, fliat part of the Medi- terranean which lies on the coast of Cyrene. Strab. 2. LiBYcus & LiBTSTis. [Vid. Libya.] Libys, a sailor, &c. Ovid. Met. 3. LiBYSSA, a river of Bithynia, with a town of the same name, where was the tomb of Annibal, still extant in the age of Pliny. LicATEs, a people of Vindelicia. LicHA, a city near Lycia. LicHADES, small islands near Casneum, a promontory of Euboea, called from Lichas. Vid. Lichas. Ovul. Met. 9, v. 155, 218. — Strab. 9. • Lichas, a servant of Hercules who brought him the poisoned tunic from Dejanira, He D d 3 was. L I LI was thrown l)y Iiis ijia<;rer inU) the sea with STNsat violeno.', and dianj^ed into a rock in the Kubocan sea, by the coiiipas.-iion of llie gods. Ovid. Met. 9, V. 211. LiCHEs, an Arcadian, who found tlic bones of Orestes buried at Tegea, &c. Ue- rodttt. LirTsi.v i.Ei, was enacted by L. Licinius Crassus, and Q. Mutiny, con^^nls, A. L'. C 6.')?>. It ordered all tlie inhabitants of Italy to be enrolled on the list of citizens in their respective cities. Anotlier by C. Licinius Crassus tlie tribune, A. U. C. 'aW. It trans- ferred the right of chusing priests from the college to the people. It was proposed but did not pass. Anotlier by C. Licinius Stolo the tribune. It forbad any person to possess 500 a'-res of land, or keep more than UX) head of large cattle, or 500 of small. ■ Another by P. Licinius Varus, \ U. C. 545, to settle tlic day for the celebration of the LuxH ApulUnares, which was before un- certain. Another by P. Licinius Crassus Dives, B. C. 1 10. It was llic same as the Fannian law, and fartiier required tliat no more ilian 30 nases should be s{ient at any table on the Calends, ni>ne;, orniindina?, and only three pounds of fresh nnd one of salt meat, on ordinary day.-,. None of the fruits of the earth were forbidden. Another dc sodalilus, by M. Liciniu-; the consul C9'_'. It imposed a severe penalty on party clubs, or societies a'.senibl.'d or fri'(]ucnfed for election purposes, as coming unch',- tiie definition of ambitus, and of offering violence in some de- gree to tlie freedom and indepenower, the person who proposed tJie bill, as well as liis colleagues in office, his friends and relations should bo de- (Hared incapable of being investeositions are extant. He wrote an ode which was sung all over the city of Rome by nine virgins during the .Macedonian war. Iai>. si, c. 12. — — Varro Muraena, a brother of Proculeius, who conspired against .\ugustus witli Fannius Caepio and suffered forhiscrimc. Horace addressed his 2 od. 10 to him, and rocommi-nded equanimity in evtry situation, /h,). 54. C. Flavins Valerianus, a cele- brated Roman emperor. His fatlier was a poor {>easant of Dalmatia, and him^lf a com- mon soldier in the Roman armies. His valor recommended him to the notice of Galerius Maximianus, who had once shared with him tlie inferior and subordinate offices of the ar- my, and had lately been invested with the imperial purpie by Diocletian. Galerius loved him for his friendly services, particu- larly during the Persian war, and he shewed his regard for liis nerit by taking him as a colleague in the empire, and appointing him over the province of Pennonia and Rhoetia. Con«tantine, LI LI Constantine, who was also one of the empe- rors, courted th favor of Licinius, and made his intimacy more durable by giving him his sister Constantia in marriage, A. D. 513. The continual successes of Licinius, particu- larly against Maximinus, increased his pride, ' and rendered him jealous of the greatness of his brother-in-law. The persecutions of the Christians, whose doctrines Constantine fol- lowed, soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the mortification to lose two battles, one in Pannonia, and the other near Adiianopo- lis. Treaties of peace were made between the contonding powers, but the restless am- bition of Licinius soon broke them ; and after many engagements a decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. Ill fortune again attended Licinius, who was conquered, and fled to Nicomedia, where soon the conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to resign the imperial purple. Tlie tears of Constantia obtained forgiveness for her husband, yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and active enemy had fallen into his hands, therefore he ordered him to be strangled at Thessalonica, A. D. 324. His family was involved in his ruin. The avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty of Licinius are as conspicuous as his mis- fortunes. He was an enemy to learning, and this aversion totally proceeded from his ignorance of letters, and the rusticity of his education. His son by Constantia bore also the same name. He was honored with the title of Ceesar when scarce 20 months old. He was involved in his father's ruin, and put to death by order of Constantine. LiciNus, a barber and freedman of Au- gustus, raised by his master to the rank and dignity of a senator, merely because he hated Pompey's family. Horat. Art. P. 501. . I>iCYMNius, a son of Electryon and brother of Alcmena. He was so infirm in his old age, that when he walked, he was always sup- ported by a slave. Triptolemus, son of Her - cules, seeing the slave inattentive to his duty, threw a stick at him which unfortunately killed Licyranius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. Apollod. 2, c. 7. — Diod. 5. — Homer. II. 2. — Find. Olymp. 7. LiDE, a mountain of Carla. Herodot. 1, c. 105. Q. LiGARius, a Roman pro-consul of Africa, after Confidius. In the civil wars he followed the interest of Pompey, and was pardoned when Caesar had conquered his enemies. Caesar, however, and his adhe- rents were determined upon the ruin of Li- garius ; but Cicero, by an eloquent oration, still extant, defeated liis accusers, and he was pardoned. He became afterwards one of Caesar's murderers Cic. pro Lig. — Plut. in Ceesar. LiGEA, one of the Nereides. Virg. G. 4. LicER, a Rutulian killed by iEneas, Virg. uEn. 10, v. 576. LiGER, or LiGERis, now La Loire, a large 407 river of Gaul falling into the Atlantic ocean near Nantes. Strab. 4. — Pliit. 4, c. 18. — Cas. G.7.c.55Sc 75. LiGORAs, an officer of Antiochus king of Syria, who took the town of Sardis by strata- gem, &c. LiGUKEs, the inhabitants of Liguria. [ Vid. Liguria.] Liguria, a country on the west of Italy, bounded on the east by the river Macra, on the south by part of the Meditei-ranean called the LigusHc sea, on the west by the Varus, and on the north by the Po. The commer- cial town of Genoa was anciently and is now the capital of the coimtry. The origin of the inhabitants is not known, though in their character they are represented as vain, un- polished, and dedicated to falsehood. Ac- cording to some they were descended from the ancient Gauls and Germans, or, as others support, they were of Greek origin, perhaps the posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Herodotus. Liguria was subdued by the Romans, and its chief harbour now bears the name o{ Leghorn. Lucan. \, v. 442. — Mela, 2, c. I. —Strab. 4, &c. — Tacit. Hist. 2. c. 15. Plin. 2, c. 5, &c. — Liv. 5, c. 35. 1. 22, c. 33. 1. 39, c. 6, &c. — C. Nep. in. Ann. — Flor. 2, c. 8. LiGURiNus, a poet. Martial. 3, ep. 50. A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, 4, od. 1, V. 33. LiGus, a woman who inhabited the Alps. She concealed her son from the pursuit of Otho's soldiers, &c. Tacit. Hist. 2, c. 13. LiGUSTic.E Alpes, a part of the Alps which borders on Liguria, sometimes called Maritimi. LiGusTicuM MARE, the north part of the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulf of Genoa. Plin. 2, c. 47. Ligyes, a people of Asia who inhabited the country between Caucasus and the river Phasis. Some suppose them to be a colony of the Ligyes of Europe, more commonly called Ligures. Herodot. 7, c. 72. — Dionys. Hal. 1, c. 10. — Strab. 4. — Diod. 4. LiGYRGUM, a mountain of Arcadia. LiL^A, a town of Achaia near the Cephisus. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 548. LiLYBiEUM, now Boca, a promontory of Sicily, with a town of the same name near tlie iEgates, now Marsalla. The town was strong and very considerable, and it main- tained long sieges against the Carthaginians, Romans, &c. particularly one of ten yeais against Rome in the first Punic war. It had a port large and capacious, which the Ro- mans, in the wars with Carthage, endea- voured in vain to stop and fill up with stones, on account of its convenience and vicinity to the coast of Africa. Nothing now remains of this once powerful city but the ruins of temples and aqueducts. Virg. Mn. 3, v. 706. — Mela, % c. 7. — Slrab. 6. — Cic. in Verr. 3, — Conds, becau>c slie pre- sided over fisJiermen. LiMNiXcr, the duughtrr of the Ganges, mother of Atys. Oriil. .Urt. 5, v. 48. LiMvoNiA, one of the Nereides. /firmer. II. 18. LiMoN, a place of Campania between Nea- polit, and I'uteoli. Stat. 3. Si/iv. 1. I.iMONtM, a town of Gaul, afterwards l'irta>i, Pou tiers. Cits. G.t<, c. '2ii. i^iMVRA, a town of Lycia at tlie rootith of Limyrus. OnJ. Mil. ;>, v. 645. — IV//. 2, c. Jo-i. LiM-Atii, a people of Gaul Narbonen- •is. LixDif>t, a colony of iiritain, now Lin- coln. I.isnrs, n city on the south-^ast pan of HhtHliN, built by Cenaphus son of .St>l and Cvdippe. 'Hie l)iUi(mies built there a tem- ple to IMiiu-rvii, and one of its colonies founded Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to CleobuluH, one of the seven wise men, and to Chares and LnclK>s, who were emplovcd in making and tinisiiin;; tiie famous Colossus of Rhodes. Slrah. II. — Jlomer. II. •/. Afela, 2, c. 7. — I'Un. o4. — Ifrrodoi. 7. c. 1.53. A grandson of .\ polio. Cu: de Nat. D. 3. LiNRONKS, now Ixiii^res, a people of Gallia Kelgica, made tribtitarv to Home by J. Ca?snr. 'lliey passed into Italy, wlu-re tliey maile s»wje settlements near the Alps at the head of iJie Adriatic. Tacit. H. 4, c. 55. — Mnrtuil. M, r/». .i7, v. 9 1. 14, q>. \b9. — I.ucan. 1, V. 398. — Ctn. BfU. G. 1, c. '.'G. LiNTraNA PAJ us, a lake of Campania. Ital. 7, V. 'J7S. LiNTrRMiM, a town of Campanin at the moutli of tJic river Cl.inii, where Scipio Afri- canus died. and who arc often taken one for tin- other. ( )ne was •on of Urania, and Amphimaru-- the Min of Neptune. .Another w;is son of Apollo bv P»anunailio daughter of Crotopus king of 408 •Argns. Martial mentions him in his 78 ep. 1. 9. 'Ilie third, son oi Ismenius, and born at lliebesin Bceotia, tiiught music to Hercu- les, who in a fit of anger struck him on the head with his lyre .and killed him. He was son of Mercury- and Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions some of his philo- sophii-.il compositions, in which he asserted diat the world had t3een createoiii-s. one of the Greeks settled in Asia by Alexander, Ac. I.ivii'EMriA. now l.iit'tiZii, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic sea. Piin. .1, c. 18. LiRc.crs, a fountain near N'emapa. Stni. Theb. 4, V. 7 1 I . Likiorr. one of the Oceanides, mother of Narcissus by the Cephisus. (hid- Sfft. 3, V. 31 I. — .A fountain of Brrotia on the bor- ders of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowrni'd according to some accounts. LiRis, now Gari^tintiii, a river of CaiD> pania. which it sep.irates from Latium. It fails into tlte Mediterranean sea. 3/Wa, S, c. 1. — Iforat. 5, i-x!. I 7. — I.ucan. 2, r. 424. .\ warrior killed by Camilla, Ac. Virg- Alii. 11, V. 670. LisiMAs, a town of Thessalv. Li». 32, c. 14. LI LI LissA, the name of a fury which Euripides introduces on the stage as conducted by Iris, at the command of Juno, to inspire Her- cules with that fatal rage which ended in his death. LissoN, a river of Sicily. Lissus, now Alesso, a town of Macedonia, on the confines of Illyricum. Plin. 5, c. 2. — Liv. 44, c. 10. — Lucan. 5, v. 719. A river of Thrace, falling into the iEgean sea, between Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece. Strab. 7. — Herodot. 7, c. 109. LisT.\, a town of the Sabines, whose inha- bitants are called Listini. LiTABRUM, now Buitrago, a town of Spain Tarraconensis, Liv. 32, c. 14. 1. 35. •c. 22. LiTANA, a wood in Gallia Togata. Liv. 23, c. 24. LiTAvicus, one of the JEdxii, who assisted Caesar with 10,000 men. Ccbs. Bell. G. 7, c. 37. LiTERNi'M, a town of Campania. LiTHOBOLiA, a festival celebrated at Trce- zene in honor of Lamia and Auxesia, who came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the fury of the seditious populace, and stoned to death. Hence the name of the solemnity*, Xi^spxXio., lapidadon. LiTHRUs, a town of Annenia Minor. Strab. LiTHUBiuM, a town of Liguria. Liv. 32, c. 29. LiTYERSAs, an illegitimate son of Midas king of Phrygia. He made strangers prepare his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. He was at last killed by Hercules. Theocrit. Id. 10. LiviA Drusilla, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of L. Drusus Calidianus. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she hadtlie emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germa- nicus. The attachment of her husband to the cause of Antony Avas the beginning of her greatness. Augustus saw her as she fled from the danger which threatened her husband, and he resolved to marry her, though she was then pregnant. He divorced his wife Scribonia, and with tlie approbation of the augurs, he cele- brated his nuptials veith Livia. She now took advantage of the passion of Augus- tus, in the share that she enjoyed of his power and imperial dignity. Her children by Drusus were adopted by the complying emperor ; and, that she might make the suc- cession of her son Tiberius more easy, and undisputed, Livia is accused of secretly in- volving in one common ruin, the heirs and nearest relations of Augustus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still more strongly mark- ed, when she is charged with having mur- dered her own husband, to hasten the eleva- tion of Tiberius. If she was anxious for the aggrandizement of her son, Tiberius 409 proved ungrateful, and hated a woman to whom he owed his life, his elevation, and his greatness. Livia died in the 86th year of her age, A. D. 29. Tiberius showed himself as undutiful after her death as before, for he neglected her funeral, and expressly commanded that no honors, either private or public, should be paid to her memory. Ta- cit. Ann. 1, c. 3. — Suet, in Aug. et Tib. — Dion. Cass. Anotlier. [Vid. Drusilia.] Another called IJorestilLi, &c. She was debauched by Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. Suet, in Gal. 25. Another called also Ocellina. She was Galba's step- mother, and committed adultery with him, 7c?. lb. 3. LiviA LEX, de sociis, proposed to make all the inhabitants of Italy I'ree citizens of Rome. M. Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found murdered in his house before it passed. Another by M. LiAaus Drusus the tribune, A. U. C. 662, which required that the judicial power should be lodged in the hands of an equal number of knights and senators. LiviNEii s, a friend of Pompey, &c. Ta- cit. Ann. 3, c. 11, &c. LiviLLA, a daughter of Drusus A sister of Caligula, &c. [Vid. Julia.] Livius Andronicus, a dramatic poet, who florished at Rome about 240 years be- fore the Christian era. He was the first who turned the personal satires and fescennine verses, so long the admiration of the Romans, into the fonn of a proper dialogue and regu- lar play. Though the character of a player, so valued and applauded in Greece, wa^ rec.ioned vile and despicable among the Ro- mans, Andronicus acted a part in his dra- matical compositions and engaged the atten- tion of his audience, by repeating what he had laboriously formed after the manner of the Greeks. Andronicus was the freed man, of M. Livius Salinator, whose children he educated. His poetry was grown obsolete, in the age of Cicero, whose nicety and judg- ment would not even recommend the reading of it. Some few of his verses are preserved in the Corjms Poetarinn. M. Salina- tor, a Roman consul, sent against the II- lyrians. The success with which he finished the campaign, and the victory which some years after he obtained over Asdrubal, who was passing into Italy with a rein- forcement for his brother Annibal, show how deserving he was to be at the head of the Roman armies. Liv. Drusus, a tribune who joined the patricians in oppos- ing the ambitious views of C. Gracchus. Pint, in Grace. ■ An uncle of Cato of Utica. Phtt. Titus, a native of Padua, celebrated for his writings. He passed the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, but more particularly at the court of Augustus, who liberally patronized the learned, and encouraged the progress of literature. LI LO literature. Few particulars of his life are known, jft his fame was so uuiversally spread even in his life time, that an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, merely to see the man whose writing had given him such pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died at Padua, in his 67th year, and according to some, on that same day, Rome was also deprived of anotlier of its briglitest ornaments, by the death of the poet Ovid, A. D. 17. It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be the preceptor to young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, but death prevented the historian from en- joying an honor to wliich he was particularly entitled by his learning and his universal knowledge. The name of Livy is rendered immortal by his liistory of the Roman em- pire. Besides this he wrote some philoso- phical treatises and dialogues, with a letter addressed to his son, on the merit of authors, which ought to be read by young men. This letter is greatly conunended by Quin- tilian, who expatiates with great warmth on the judgment and candor of the author. His Roman history was comprehended in 1 40 books, of which only 33 are extant. It Ijcgan with the foundation of Rome, and was continued till the deatli of Drusus in Germany. The merit of this history is well known, and the high rank which Livy holds among historians will never be dis- puted. He is always great, liis style is clear and intelligible, labored without affectation, diffusive widiout tediousness, and argumen- tative without pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and animated, and in his narra- tions and descriptions, he claims a decided superiority. He is always elegant, and though many have branded his provincial words with tlie name of Putavinili/, yet the expressions, or rather tlie orthograpliy of words which in Livy are supposed to dis- tinguish a native of a province of Italy from a native of Rome, are not loaded with obscurity, and the perfect classic is as fami- liarly acquainted with tlie one as witli the other. Livy has been censured, and perhaps with justice, for being too credulous, and burdening his history witli vulgar notions and superstitious tales. He may disgust when he mentions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that an ox spoke or a woman changed her sex, yet he can- didly confesses that he recorded only wliat made an indelible impression upon tlie minds of a credulous age. ' His candor has also been called in question, and he has sometimes^ shown himself too partial to his countrymen, but every where he is an inde- fatigable supporter of the cause of justice and virtue. The works of I^ivy have been divided by some of tlie moderns into 14' decades, each consisting of ten books. Tim first decade compreliends the history of •160 years. The second decade is lost, and 410 tlie third comprehends the history o( the second Tunic war, which includes about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of the wars with JMacedonia and Antiochus, which contain about 23 years. For the first five books of the fiftli decade, we are indebted to the researches of the modems. Tliey were found at Worms, A. D. 1431. These aie the books that remain of Livy's history, and die loss which the celebrated work has sustained by the ravages of time, has in some measure been compensated by tlie labors of J. Freinshemius, who with great attention and industry has made an epitome of tlie Roman history, which is now incor- porated with the remaining books of Livy. The third decade seems to be superior to the others, yet the author has not scrupled to copy from his contemporaries and pre- decessors, and we find many passages taken word for word from Polybius, in which the latter has shown himself more informed in military affairs, and superior to his imita- tor. The best editions of Livy will be found to be "those of Maittaire, 6 vols. 12mo. London, 171.'2; of Drakenborch, 7 vols. 4to. Amst. 1751, and of Ruddiuian, 4 vols. 12mo. Edin. 17.51. A governor of Ta- rentum who deLvered his trust to .Vnnibal, he. A high priest who devoted Decius to the Dii Manes. .4. commander of a Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the Hellespont. Lis us, a river of Mauritani;i, witli a city of the same name. AntiEus hud a palace there, and according to some accounts it was in the neighbourhood that Hercules cou- quered him. Ital. 3, v. 258. — Mda, 5, c. 10. — Strab. 2 A son of .^-Egyptus. Apoihd. LoBON, a native of Argos. who wrote a book concerning poets. Diog- Locri s, a man who conspired against Alexander witli Dymnus, &c. Curt. C, c. 7. LocHA, a large city of Africa, taken and plundered by Scipio's soldiers. Lochias, a promontory and citadel of Egypt near Alexandria. Locri, a town of Magna Grascia in Italy on tlie Adriatic, not far from Rhegium. It was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years before the Christian era, as some sup- pose. The inhabitants were called Locri or Locrenses. Virg. jEji. 3, v. 390 Slrai>. — Plin. — Liv. 22, c. 6. 1. 25, c. 30. A town of Locris in Greece. Locals, a coontry of Greece, whose in- habitants are known by the name of Osola; Ejiicnemidii, and Opuntii. The country of the Ozolae, called also £pis.e]i.'it/rii from their westerly situation, was at die north of the bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 milca northward. On the west it was separated from iEtolia by the Evenus, and it had Phocis at the east. The chief city was called Naupactus. I LO LU Naupactus. The Epicneinitlil were at tlie north of the Ozolse, and had the bay of Malia at the east, and Q2ta on the north. They received their naint' iVoui the situation of their residencenearainountaiu called Cnemis. They . 1. 41, c. 15. — Cic. 13, fam. \5. LucAGus, one of the friends of Turrms, killed by i?Eneas. Virg. jEn. 10, v. 57.5. LccANi, a people of Italy, descended from the Saninites, or from the Pioitii. LL'CANiA, a country of It;ily between the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas, and bounded by Pucetia, the Picentini. and the country of the Bruiii. The country was famous for its g.apes. Strab. 6. — Flin. 3, c. 5. — Mela, 2, ■J. 4. — • Liv. 8, c. 17. 1. 9, c. 2. 1. 10, c. 11. — Horai. 2, ep. 2, v. 178. Q. LUCANIUS, LU LU Q. Li'CANirs, a centurion in Caesar's army, &c. Ciss. Bell. G. 5. LucAM's, M. Ann^us, a native of Corduba in Spain. He was early removed to Rome, where his rising talents and more particularly his lavished praises and panegy- rics, recommended liim to the emperor Nero. This intimacy was soon productive of honor, and l.ucan was raised to the dignity of an au- gur and qua;stor before lie had attained the proper age. The poet had tlie imprudence to enter the lists against his imperial patron ; he chose for his subject Orplicus, and Nero took the tragical story of Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but Nero became jealous of his poetical reputation, and resolved upon re- venge. The insults to whicli Lucan was daily exjiosed, provoked at last his resent- ment, and he joined Piso in a conspiracy against the emperor. The whole was disco- vered, and the poet had nothing left but to cliuse the manner of his execution. He had his veias opened in a wann bath, and as he expired he pronounced witli great energy the lines which, in his I'harsalia. I. 3, v. 639 — '54'J. he had put into the moutli of a soldier, who died in the same manner as himself. Some have accused him of pusillanimity, at the moment of his death, and say that, to free himself from the punishment which threatened him, he accused his own motlier, and involved her in the crime of which he was guilty. This circuiiistance, which throws an indelible blot upon tlie character of Lucan, is not mcniiimed by some wTiters, who observe that he expired wiili all the firmness of a philosopher. He dietl ir his 26th year, A. D. 6.^. Of all his conpo- sitions none but his I'/iarsaliii remains, 'i'his poem, which is an account of the civil wars of C'ajsar and I'ompty, is unfinished. Opi- nions are vnrious as to the merit of tJie poetry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the melodious numbers of Vir- gil. If Lucan had lived to a greater age, his judgment and genius would have ma- tured, and he might have claimed a mure exalted rank among the poets of the Au- gustan age. His expressions, however, are bold and animated, his poetry enter- taining, tlioui^h his irregularities :u-e nu- merous, and to use tiie words of Quintilian, he is more an orator than a poet. He wrote a poem upon fJie burning of Home, uow lost. It is said tliat his wife Polla Argen- taria, not only assisted him in tlie compo- sition of his poem, but even corrected it after his death. ScaJiger says, that Lucan ratlier barks than sings. The besX editions of Lucan are tliosc of Oudcndorp, Ifo. L. Hat. 17iJ8, of BenUey, 4to. printed at Strawberry-hill, 1760, and of 13arbou, \'2mo. Paris, 1767. Quhtlil. K). — Sftel. — Tacit. .Ann. 15, &c. — Afiirtial. 7, rp. 20. Ocellus or Ucel- lus, an ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is unknown. He wrote, in the 4J2 Attic dialect, a book on the nature of the universe whidi he deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the systems adopted by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo Judaeus. This work was first translated into Latin by No- garola. Another book of Ocellus on laws, written in the Doric dialect, was greatly esteemed by Arcliytas and Plato, a frag- ment of which has been jireserved by .Sto- bajus, of which, however. Ocellus is dis- puted to be the author. There is an edition of Ocellus, with a learned commentary, by C. Emtnan. Vizzanius, Bononis, 1646, in -Ito. LrcARiA or LucERiA, festivals at Rome, celebratefl in a large grove ()ctween the Via Salaria. and the Tiber, where tJie Romans hid themselves when besieged by the Gauls. 'I\ii-il. Aim. I, c. 77. L. Lf iTEii's, a celebrated historian, asked by Cicero to write a history of his consulsijip. He favoreil the cause of Pompcy. but was af- terwards pardoned by J. Ca-sar. Cilace of refuge for all fugitives, slaves, homicides, &c. tliat he might people his city. The Luceres were some of these men, and tliey were incorporated witli the legions. Propirrt. 4, el. I, v. 31. Li'l'khia, a town of Apulia, famous for wool. Liv. 9, c. 2 $i 12. 1. 10, c. 55. — llorat. 3, od. 15, v. 14. —Lucan. 2, v. 475. Ll-ceriits, a surname of Jupiter, as the fatlier of light. LicETius, a Rutulian killed by Ilioneus. Virs- JEn. 9, V. 570. LrciANi-s. a celebrated writer of Samo- sata. His father was pour in his circumstan- ces, and Lucian was early bound to one of his uncles, who was a sculptor. Tliis «inploY- mcnt highly displeased him, he made no pro- ficiency in the art, and resolved to seek his livelihiHxl by better means. A dream in w hich Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to promise fame and immortality, confinned his resolutions, and he began to write. Tlie ar- tifices and unfair dealinijs of a lawyer, a lifie which he h.id embraced, disgustolhini, and he began to study philosophy and eloquence. He visitini diflercnt places, and Antioch, Ionia, Greece, Italy, Gaul, and more particularly Athens, became successively .icquainted with the depth of his learning and the power of his eloquence. The emperor M. Aureliu* wa* sensible of his merit, and appointed him re- gister LU LU gistcr to the Roman governor of Egjpt. He died A. D. 180, in his 90th year, and some of the moderns have asserted that he was torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particu- larly for ridiculing the religion of Christ. Xhe works of Lucian, which are numerous, and written in the Attic dialect, consist partly of dialogues, in which he introduces different characters with much dramatic propriety. His style is easy, simple, elegant, and ani- raated, and he has stored his compositions with many lively sentiments, and much of the true Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his manner of exposing to ridicule, not only the religion of his country, but also that of every nation, have deservedly drawn upon him the censure of every age, and branded him with the appellation of atheist and blas- phemer. He also wTote the life of Sostrates, a philosopher of Bceotia, as also that of the philosopher Demonax. Some have also at- tributed to him with graat impropriety, the life of ApoUonius Thyaneus. The best edi- tions of Lucian are that of Graevius, 2 vols, 8vo. Amst. 1 687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols. 4to. Amst. 1743. Lucifer, the name of the 'planet Venus, or morning star. It is called Lucifer, when appearing in the morning before the sunj but when it follows it, and appears some time after its setting, it is called Hesperus. According to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of Ju- piter and Aurora.' A christian writer whose work was edited by the Coleti, fol. Venet. 1778. LuciFERi FANUM, a town of Spain. C. LfjciLius, a Roman knight born at Aurunca, illustrious not only for the respect- ability of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the uprightness and the innocence of his own immaculate character. He lived in the greatest intimacy with Scipio the first Afri- canus, and even attended him in his war against Numantia. He is looked upon as the founder of satire, and as the first great satirical writer among the Romans. He was superior to his poetical predecessors at Rome ; and though he wrote with great roughness and inelegance, but with much facility, he gained many admirers, whose praises have been often lavished with too liberal a hand. Horace compares him to a river wliich rolls upon its waters precious sand, accompanied with mire and dirt. Of the thirty satires which he wrote, nothing but a few verses re- main. He died at Naples, in the 46th year of his age, B. C. 103. His fragments have been collected and published with notes by Fr. Dousa, 4to. L. Bat. 1597, and lastly by the Vulpii, 8vo. Patav. 1735. QuiiitU. 10, c. 1 Cic. de Oral. 2. — Horat. Luci- lius, a famous Roman, who fletl with Brutus after the battle of Philippi. I'hey were soon after overtaken by a paity of horse, and Lu- ciUus suffered himself to be severely wounded 413 by the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was Brutus. He was taken and car- ried to the conquerors, whose clemency spared his life. Pint. A tribune who at- tempted in vain to elect Porapey to the dicta- torship. A centurion, &c. A go- vernor of Asia under Tiberius. A friend of Tiberius. LuciLLA, a daughter of M. Aurelius, cele- brated for the virtues of lier youth, her beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the age of sixteen her father sent her to Syria to marry the emperor Verus, who was then employed in a war with the Parthians and Arminians. The conjugal virtues of Lucilla were great at first, but when she saw Verus plunge himself into debauchery and dissipa- tion, she followed his example and prostituted herself. At her return to Rome she saw the incestuous commerce of her husband with her mother, &c. and at last poisoned him. She afterwards mairied an old but virtuous sena- tor, by order of her father, and was not ashamed soon to gratify the criminal sensuali- ties of her brother Commodus. The cold- ness and indiflcrence with which Commodus treated her afterwards determined her on re- venge, and she with many illustrious senators conspired against his life, A. D. 185. The plot was discovered, Lucilla was banished, and soon after put to death by her brother, in tlie 38th year of her age. LuciNA, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and Juno, or according to others of I^atona. As her mother brought her into the world without pain, she became the goddess whom women in labor invoked, and she presided over the birth of children. She receives this name eitlier from lucus, or from lux, as Ovid ex- plains it: Gratia Lucince, dedit kcec iiln noviinn lucus ; Aut quia princijnum tu, Dea, lucis hubes. Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and Juno, because these two goddesses were also sometimes called Lucina, and presided over the labors of women. She is called Ilythia^by the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Rome, raised A. U. C. 396. Var. de L. L. 4. — Cic. de Nat. D. 2. c. 27. — Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 449 Horat. Cam. Sec. Lucius, a Roman soldier killed at the siege of Jerusalem, by saving in his arms a man who jumped down from one of the walls. Joseph. A brother of M. Antony. [ Vid. L. Antonius.] A Roman general, who defeated the Etrurians, &c. A relation of J. Caesar- A Roman ambassador, mur- dered by the Illyrians. A consul, &c. A writer, called by some Saturantius Apu- leius. He was born in Africa, on the borders of Numidia. He studied poetry, music; geo- uietry. Sec. at Athens, and warmly embraced the LU LV the tenets of die Platonists. He rultiyated iiui^ic, and sonif miracles are attributed to | }ui knowledge of enchantments. He wrote in Greek and Latin, with great ease and sim- plicity ; his style, Iiowcnxt, is sometimes afl'ected. though his eloquence was greatly celebrated in hi> age. Some fragments of his con»positions are still extant. He flo- rishrtl in the reign of M. Aurelius. A brother of Vitellius, &c. A son of Agrippa, adopted by Augustus. —— A man put to deatli for his incontinence, &c. T7ie word Lucius is a i)ra-nomen common to many Romans, of whom an account is given under their family names. LiTRirriA, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucretius, and wife of Tarqtii- nius Collaiinns. Hei- accomplishments prored fatal to her, and the praises which a numlxr of young nobles at Ardea, among whom were C'ollatinus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed upon the domestic \irtues of their wivi-s at lionie, wiTf productive of a revohition in the state. While every one was warm with the idea, it was ui^versally agreed to leave the camp and to go to Rome, to ascertain the veracity of tlieir respective assertions. Col- latinus had the pleasure to see his expecta- tions fulfilled in the highest degree, and while the wives of tlie other Romans were involvetl in the riot and dissipation of a fi"a.st, Lticretia was found at home, employed in the midst of her female servants, and easing their labor by sharing it herself. Tlie beauty and innocence of Lucretia in(lamL-d tlie passion of Sextus the son of 'I'arquin, %vho was a witn»'ss of her virtues and industry. Hedierishcd hi.^ flame, and he secretly retiretl from the camp, and came to tlie house of Lucretia, where he met with a kind reception, lie sliowi-d himself unworthy of such a treatment, and, in the dead of night he introduced himself to Lu- cretia, who refused to his intreaties what her fear of shame granted to his threats*. She yielded to her ravislier when he tlireatened to murder her. and to slay one of her slaves, and put him in her bed, tliat this apparent adul- tery might seem to have met witli tlie punish- ment it deserved. Lucretia, in the morning, sent for her husband and her fatlier, and, after she had revealed to them the indignitii>s she had suffered from the son of Tarquin, and entreatid them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed herself with a dagger which she had previously concealed under her clothes. This fatal blow was the siglial of relK-Ilion. The body of the virtuous Lucretia was ex- posed to the eyes of tlie senate, and the vio- lence and barbarity of .Vxtus, joined with the unpopularity and oppression of his father, so irritated the Roman p, hooks which is called Lh rmim natirrd. In this poem the ma-sterly genius and unaflectcfi elegance of the poet are every wliere conspi- cuous ; but the opinions of the philosopher are justly censured, who givi-s no existence of power to a supreme Being, Init is the devoted advocate of atheism and impiety, and tmrncstly endeavours to establish the moriility of tlie soul. This composition, which has little cLiim tobecalletl an heroic pocn, was written and tinished while tlie j r- • •~'^' i under a violent delirium, occa^' i philfr.-. which the jealousy of In-^ : - r his wf^' Lucilia had administcreri. it is said that he destroyed himself in the 4-lth year of his age, almut j-t years !>efore Christ. Cicero, aftrr his death, reviseil and corrected his poems, which had been partly written in the luiid in- tervals of reason and of sense. Lucrctias, whose prem sliow^ that he wTote Latin !)etter than any other man tvir did, would have proved no mean rival to Virgil, had he lived in tlie jiolished age of Augustus. Tlie best erlitions of his works arc that of Creech, 8vo, Oxon. H>93 ; tliat of Havercamp, V' vols. 4tO. Lug. Bat IT'Jj; and that of tilasgow. I2mo. I7.')9. Patrrc. '_'■ c. **;. - (iuiiilil. 3. C 1. 1. 10, c. 1. Quintiis, a Roman who killed himself because the inhabitants of Sulmo. over which he was apjHiinted with a garrison, seemed to faror the cause of J. Cn-sar. (Ws. Belt. dr. 1, c. is. He is also called Vespillo. — — .Sp. Tricipitinus, father of Lu- cretia, wife of Collatinus. was ni.ide lonsul after the deatli of Brutu* and so«iii after died himself. Horatius rulvillus sue^ei-ded him. J iv. 1, c. ."^8. — I'ltit in Piih. .\n inter- rex at Rome. /\ consul — — Osclla, a Roman, put to death by .Sylla l)ec.iuse he had applied for the consulsliip withont his permission. Pint. LmiiNrM, a town of Apulia. LCcitiMs, a small lake of C-uniani.i op|K)sife Puteoli. .Some Relieve tliat it w.is made by Hercules when he passed tbrougb Italy with the bulls of Gcryon. It abounded with LU LU with excellent oysters, and was united by Au- gustus to the Avernus, and a communication formed with the sea, near a harbour called Julius Partus. The Luciine lake disappeared on the 30th of- September 1538, in a violent earthquake, which raised on the spot a moun- tain 4 miles in circumference, and about 1000 feet 'high, with a crater in the middle. Cic. 4. Att. 10. — Strah. 5 & 6. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Propert. I, el. 11, \. 10. — Virg. G. 2, V. 161. — Horat. 2, od. 15. C. LucTATius Catulus, a Roman consul with Marius. He assisted his colleague in conquering the Cimbrians. [ Fid. Cim- bricum belluni.] He was eloquent as well as valiant, and his historj' of his consulship which he wrote with great veracity, con- vinces us of his literary talents. That his- tory is lost. Cic de Orat. — Varro. de L. L. — Flor. 2, c. 2. C. Catulus, a Iloman consul, who destroyed the Carthaginian fleet. Vid. Catulus. LucuLLEA, a festival established by the Greeks in honor of Lucullus, who had behaved with great prudence and propriety in his province. Plut. in Luc. LucuLLi iioRTi. gardens of Lucullus situate near Neapolis, &c. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 1.— I- Villa, a country seat near mount Misenus, where Tiberius died. Tacii. Ann. 6, c. .50. Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, a Roman celebrated for his fondness of luxury and for his military talents. He was born about 115 years before the Christian era, and soon distinguished himself by his proficiency in the liberal arts, particularly eloquence and phi- losophy. His first military campaign was in the Marsian war, where his valor and cool intrepidity recommended him to pub- lic notice. His mildness and constancy gained him the admiration and confidence of Sylla, and from this connection he de- rived honor, and during his quaestorship in Asia, and pretorship in Africa, he ren- dered himself more conspicuous by his justice, moderation, and humanity. He was raised to the consulship A. U. C. 680, and entrusted with the care of the Mithridatic war, and first displayed his military talents in rescuing his colleague Cotta, whom tlie enemy had besieged in Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a celebrated victory over the forces of Mithridates, on the bor- ders of the Granicus, and by the conquest of all Bithynia. His victories by sea were as great as those by laud, and Mithridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos. Such con- siderable losses weakened the enemy, and Mithridates retired with precipitation towards Armenia, to the court of king Tigranes, his father-in-law. His flight was perceived, and Lucullus crossed the Euphrates \vith great expedition, and gave battle to the numerous forces which Tigranes had already assembled to support the cause of his son-in-law. Ac- 415 cording to the exaggerated account of Plu- tarch, no less than lvX),(00 foot, and near 55,000 horse, of the Armenians lost their lives in that celebrated battle. All this car- nage was made by a Roman anny amount- ing to no more than 18,000 men, of whom only five were killed and 100 wounded during the combat. The taking of Ti-rra- nocerta, the capital of Anncnia, was the consequence of this immortal victory, and Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of the royal treasures. Tliis continual success, however, was attended witli serious consequences. The severity of Lucullus, and the haughtiness of his commands, of- fended his soldiers, and displeased his ad- herents at Rome. Pompey was soon after sent to succeed him, and to continue the Mithridatic war, and the interview whic^i lie had with Lucullus began with acts of mutual Icindness, and ended in the most in- veterate reproaches, and open enmity. Lu- cullus was permitted to retire to Rome, and only 1 600 of the soldiers who had shared his fortune and his glories were suffered to accom- pany him. He was received with coldness at Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a tri- umph which was deservedly claimed by his fame, his successes, and his victories. In this ended the days of his glory ; he retired to the enjoyment of ea.se and peaceful society, and no longer interested himself in the coia- rnotions which disturbed the tranquillity of Rome. He dedicated his time to studious pursuits, .ind to literary conversation. His house was enriched with a valuable library, which was opened for the sei-vice of the curious, and of the learned. Lucidlus fell into a delirium in the last part of his life, and died in the 67th or Goth year of his aposed that magicians and enchanters, p.\rticularly those of Thtssaly, had ail uiiconirolable power over tlie moon, and that they could draw her down from heaven at pltttsure by the mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses, according to their <)pinion, proceeded from thence; and on tliat account it was usual to beat drums and cym- bals to ease her lalxjrs, and to render the power of magic less eiVedual. The Arca- dians believed tliat tliey were older than the moon. Olid. Mil. I'-', v. 2«3, &c. — Tihnll. 1 , el. 8, V. 21. — Ilcsiod. Thco-:. — VirR. Eel. 8, V. 6!). .\ maritime town of Etruria, famous for the white marble wliii duc«d, and called also l.uncnns contained a fine capacious harbour, and 416 ui x:.ii ui IU, ntk it pro- pwius. It abounded in wine, cheese, &c. Tbc in- habitants were naturally given to augury, and the observation of uncommon pbar- nomena. Mela, 2, c. 4. — Lvcan- I, ▼. 586- — riin. 14, c. 6. — Xtt?. 34, c. 8. — SU. 8, V. 4&1. LuPA, (a she-wolf) was held in great ve- neration at Rome, because Romulus and Remus, according to an ancient tradition, were suckled and preserved by one of these animals. This fabulous story arises from the surname of Lupa, proslitutc, which was given to the wife of the shepherd Fastulus to whose care and humanity these children owed their preservation. Ovid. Fast. 2, v 415. — Plul. in Tiomul. .LiTEBCAL, a place at the foot of mount .\ventinc sacred to Pan, where festivals called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and where the she,wolf was said to have brought up Romulus and Remus. ^iV^. ..£'«. 8, v. 343. LrpEBCAMA, a yearly festival observed at Rome the 1 5th of February, in honor of the goJ. LfcAO^A, a country of Asia, l>otwecn Cappadocia. Pisidia, Pamphylia. .and Pliry- gia. mado a Poman province under Augus- tus. Iconium was the capital. Strab. 10. — ilfrfa, 1, c. !?. — Xir. '->7, c. 54. 1. 38, C. 39.— Arcadia bof"» also that name from Lycaon, one of its kings. Dionyt. Hal. — ^— Aq island in the Tyber. Lycas, a priest of Apdlo in the interest «f Tiumus. He was killed by iEneas. Vir^. 41S JBk. 10, ■». 315. -^— Another officer of Tumus. Id. 10, c. 561. Lycastz, an ancient town of Crete, whose inhabitants accompanied Idoroeneu^ to the Trojan war. Homer. U. 2. A daughter of Priam by a concubine. She married Polydamas, the son of Antenor. ^— A famous courtezan of Drepanum. called Venus, on account of her great beauty. She had a son called £ryx by Butes, son oi' Amycus. Lt«astu>i, a town of Cappadocia. Ltcasti s, a son of Minos I. He was fatlier of Minos II. by Ida, the daughter ct" Corybas. Diod. 4. • A son of Minos and Philonome, daughter of Nyctimus. He succeeded his father on die throne of Arca- dix Patu. 8, c. 3 & 4. Lrcx, one of the Amazons, &c. Flacc- C, V. 374. Ltces, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31. c. 33. LvcifM. [Fid. LycjBum.] Ltchnidus, now Achridnn, a dty with a lake of the same name, in Iliyricum. £tv. 27, c. 32. 1. 44, c. 1,5. LvciA, a countT)' of Asia Minor, bounded by the Mediterranean on the south, Caria on the west, Pamphylia on the east, and Phrygia on the north. It was anciently called Milyas and TrtmiU, from the Milya? or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to settle there. The country reccivctl the name of Lycia from Lycus, the son of Pandion. who established himself there. The inha- bitants have been greatly commended by all the andents, not only for their sobriety and justice, but their great dexterity in the ma- nagement of the bow. They were conquered by Croesus, king of Lydia, and afterwanii by Cyrus, Though they were subject to the power of Persia, yet iliey were governed by their own kings, and only paid a yearly tri- bute to the Persian monarch. They became pan of the Macedonian empire when Alex- ander came into the cast, and afterwards were ceded to the house of the Selciicidse. Tlie country was reduced into a Roman province by the emperor Claudius, .\pollo had there his celebrated oracle at Patara, and the epi- thet hibtrma is applied to the country, be- cause the god was said to pass the winter in his temple. I'irg. JEn. 4, v. 143 & 446, L 7, V. 816. — Stat. Tlub.6. v. 686. — He- rodot. 1, c 17S. — Strab. 13 Liv. 57, C- 16. 1. 38, c 39. LycIoas, a centaur, killed by the Lapi- tha: at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid, Met. 12, V. 510. A fhcphord's name, yir'g- Eel. A beautiful youth, the admirstioii of Rome in the age of Horace. Horat. 1, od. 4, V. 19. Lyciuna, a town of Peloponnesus. Lycimkia, a slave, mother of Hclenor bv a Lydian prince. Virg. jEn. 9, v. 446. Ltcisci's, an Athenian arcbon. .K Mc L Y L . Mussenian of the family of the ^pyticUe. When his daughters were doomed by lot to be sacrificed for the good of their counlfj-, he fled with them to Sparta, and Aristodemus upon this cheerfully gave his own children, and Econ after succeeded to the throne. Fans. 4, c. 9. A youth of whom Horace was enarr.oured. Lycius, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta. A son of Lycaon. An epithet given to ApoUo from his temple in Lycia, where he gave oracles, particularly at Patara, where ilie appellation of Lyciee sortes was given to his answers, and even to the will of the fates. Virg. JEn. 4, v. 346. A surname of Da- naus. Lycomedes, a king of Scyros, an island in the ^gean sea, son of Apollo and Par- thenope. He was secretly entrusted with the care of young Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguised in woman's cloaths, to remove him from the Trojan war, where she knew he must unavoidably perish. Lyco- medes has rendered himself infamous for his treachery to Theseus, who had implored his protection when driven from the throne of Athens by tlie usurper Mnestheus. Lyco- medes, as it is reported, either envious of the fame of his illustrious guest or bribed by the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an elevated place, on pretence of shew- ing him the extent of his dominions, and perfidiously threw him down a precipice, where he was killed. Flut. in Thes. — Pans. \, c. 17. 1. 7, c. 4. ■ — Apollod, 3, c 13. An Arcadian, who, with 500 chosen men put to flight 1000 Spartans, and 500 Argives, &c. Diod. IS. A seditious person at Tegea. — A Mantinean general, &c. . An Athenian, the first who took one of the enemy's ships at the battle of Salamis. Plul. Ltcok, a philosopher of Troas, son of Astyonax in the age of Aristotle, , He was greatly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, &c. He died in the 74th year of his age. Diag. in vit. A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras. A poet. A writer of epigrams. — — A player, greatly esteemed by Alexander. A Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion. A peripatetic phi- losopher. Lycone, a city of Thrace. ■ A moun- tain of Argolis. Paus. 2, c. 24- Lycophbon, a son of Periander, king of Corinth. The murder of his mother Melissa by his father had such an effect upon him, that he resolved never to speak to a man who had- been so wantonly cruel against his rela- tions. This resolution was strengthened by the advice of Proclss, his maternal uncle, and Periander at last banished to Corcyra a son, whose disobedience and obstinacy had ren- dered him odious. Cypselus, the eldest son of Periander, being incapable of reigning, Lycophron was the only surviving child who 419 had any clr.im to the crov, n of Connth. Bu when the infirmities of Periander obliged hir to Idok for a successor, Lycophron refused t come to Corinth while his father was ther* and he was induced to leave Corcyra, onl on promise that Periander v/ould come an« dwell there while he remained master of Co rinth. This exchange, however, was preventec' The Corcyreans, who were apprehensive c the tyranny of Periander, murdered Lycc phron before he left that island. Herodot. i — Aristot A brother of Thebe, the vnf of Alexander, tyrant of Pherse. He assiste. his sister in murdering her husband, and hi afterwards seized the sovereignty. He wa» dispossessed by Philip of Macedonia. Piut,~ Diod. 16. A general of Corinth, killed by Nicias. Plut. in Ific. A native ol Cythera, son of Master. He went* to the Trojan war with Ajax, the son of Telamon, after the accidental murder of one of his citi- zens. He was killed, Sec. Homer. II. 15, V. 450. A famous Greek poet and gram- marian, bom at Chalcis, in Euboea. He wa3 oneof the poets, who florished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, and who, from their number, obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died by the wound of an arrow. He wrots tragedies, the titles of twenty of which have been preserved. The only remaining com- position of this poet is called Cassandra or Alexa7idra. It contains 1474 verses, whose obscurity has procured the epithet of Tene- brosus to its author. It is a mixture of pro- phetical effusions, which, as he supposes, were given by Cassandra during the Trojan war. The best editions of Lycophron are that of Basil, 1546, foL enriched with the Greek commentary of Tzetzes ; that of Canter, 8vo. apud Commelin, 1596; and that of Potter, foL Oxon. 1702. Ovid, in lb. 553 Stat. 5. Sylv. 3. Ltcopolis, now Siut, a town of Egypt. It received this name on account of the im- mense number of wolves, Xvxoi, which re- pelled an army of Ethiopians, who had invaded Egypt. Diod. I. — Strab. 17. Lycopus, an ^tolian who assisted the Cy- reneans against Ptolemy. Folymn. 8. Lycorea, a town of Phopis at the top, of Parnassus, where the people of Delphi took refuge during Deucalion's deluge, directed by the bowlings of wolves. Poms. F.hoc. 6. Lycoreos, the supposed founder cf Lyco- rea, on mount Parnassus, was son of Apollo and Corycia. Hi/gin.fab. 161. IvYCORiAS, one of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. Virg. G. 4, v. 539. Lycoris, a fieedwoman of tlie senator Vo- lumniui, also called Ct/theris, and Volumnia, from her master. She is celebr.ited for her beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallns was greatly enamoured of her, and his friend Virgil in his 10th eclogue comforts h'la for tlic loss of tlie favors of Cytheris, who fol- lowed- M. Antony's camp, and was become ' E e 2 tht L Y L Y the A^pasia of Rome. The charm& of Cleo- patra, however, prevailed over those of Cy- theris, and tlic unfortunate courtezan lost the favors of Antony and of all the world at the !>ame time. I.ycorib was originally a come- dian. Virg. Ed. ]0. — Oiid. A. A.'z, v. 5Z1. Lycormas, a river of iEtolia, whose Bands were of a golden color. It was after- wards called Evenus from ting Eveiius, who threw himself into it. Ovid. Met. 2, T. 245. LvcoRTAS, the father of Polybius, who flori'^hed B. C. 1 84. He was chosen general of the Achaean league, and he revenged the de^th of Philopcenieii, &c Piut. Lrrr-suaA, a city built by Lycaon on mount Lycaus in Arcadia. Ltctus, a town of Crete, the country of Idomencui, whence he u often called Lyctius. Virg. JEn.. o, V. 401. LYCun';7«£s, annual days of solemnity, ap- pointed in honor of the lawgiver of Sparta. A patrcriymic of a son of Lyrurgus. OviL in Tb. 503. Lvconous, a king of Nemapa, in Pelopon- nosus. He was raised from the dead by yr.sculapius. Slat. Theb. 5. v. 638. A giant kiJled by Osiris in Thrace. Diod. 1. A king of Thrace, son of Dryas. He ha^ been ruiirtr cntcd as cruel and impious, on account of tlio violence whidi he offered 10 Bdccluis. Me, according to the opinion of Uie mythologi'-.ts, drove Bacchus out of hLs kingdom, and abolithed his worship, for which impiety he was severely punished by tlio gods. He ]nit his own son Dryas to doatli in a fury, and he cut off his own legs, mistaking thi-m for vine Iwughs. He was put to de.ith in llie greatest torments by his subjects, who liad been informed by the oracle tliat Uicy sliould not taste wine till Lycurgus was no more. This fable is explained by ob- serving, tliat thi? aversion of Lycurgus for wine, over which Bacchus presided, arose from the fillhinosr, and disgrace of intoxi- cation, and therefurc Uie monarch wisely or- dered all Uie vinos of his dominions to be cut down, that himself and his subjects might be preserved from the extravagance and de- bauclicry which arc produced by too free an use of wine. Hy gin. fab. 132. — Homer. II. 6, ?. 130. — ApjHod. 3, c. 5. — Ovid. Met. 4, ▼. 23. — Virg. A:71. 3, v. 14. — Horct. 2, od. 19. A son of Hercules and Pmxithe.i, daughter of Tliespius. Apollod. 2, c. 7. A son of Fhercs, tJie son of Crethcus. Id. 1, c. 9. An orator of .Athens, surnamed Ibis, in tlie ago of Demosthenes, famous for his justice and imp.irtiality when at the head of the government. He was one of tlie tliirty orators whom the Athenians refused lodelivor up to Alcv.indrr. Some of his orations are cxlanU 1 Ic died ab out j.~0 ycaj-s before Qirist. Diod. \G- .A king of Tegea, son of Aleus, by Nea-'ra, tlie daugbu-j- of Pcreus. He mar- ried Cleophilc, callcJ also Eurvnome. by 420 whom he liad Amphidamas, &c. ApoUod. 5, c. 9. — Homer. II. 7. A celebrated law- giver of .Sparta, son of king Eunomus, and brother to Polydectes. He succeeded his brother on the Spartan throne ; but when he saw that the widow of Polydectes was preg- nant, he kept the kingdom not for himself, but till f'haril.ius. his nephew, was arrived to years of ni.iturity. He had previously refused to marry his brother's widow, who wished to strengthen him on his throne by destroying her Grst Iwunded by Mysia Major, Caria, ITirygia M^jor, and Ionia, but in its more florishing times it con- tained tiic whole country which lies between the Hiilys and tlic -i^gean sea. It was an- ciently called Af(t,)nvi, and received the name of Lydia from Lydus one of its kings. It was governed by luonarchs who after the fabulous ages reigned for "49 years in the following order : Ardysus began to reign 797 li. C. ; Alyattes, 761; Meles, 747; Can- daules, 755; Gyges, 718; Ardysus i'd. GSO; Sadyattcs, GjI ; Alyattes 2d. CI 9, and Cras- sus, 5'i'i, who was conquered by Cyrus, B. C. 548, when tlie kingdom became a province of the Persian empire. 'Ilierc were three different races tliat reigned in Lydia, the Atyadie, Ileraciidae, and McminadiB. Tlic history of the first is obscure and fabulous, •he Ilcraclido! began to reign about the Tro- jan war, and the crown remaintd in tlieir family tor abour 505 years, and was always transmitted from father to son. Candauies wa-s the last of the Htruclidac ; and Gyges the first, and Croesus the last, of the Mermnadae. Tlic Lydiaiis were great warriors in the reign of tlie Mcrmnada. Tliey invented the art of coining gold and silver, and were tlie firet who exhibited public sports, &c. Hcro'lot. 1, c. 6. I. 5, c, W. 1. 7, C 74. — Strcib. '.', ,5, & 15. — Mtic, I.e. 'J. — /'/j;e. 3, c. 5. — Dionys. Hal. 1, — Diod. 4. — Justin. 15, c 4. .\ mistress of Horace, &c. I, Od. 8. Lydias, a river of Macedonia. Lvm-s, an epithet applied to the Tyber because it passed near ttruria, whose inhabi- tants were originally a Lydian colony, yirg. jEn. 2, V. 781. I. 8, V. 479. Ltdcs, a son of Atys, and Callithea, king of Maeonia, which from him received the name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony to Italy, and gave the name of Tyr- rhcaia to the settlement which he made on the coast of the iMediterranean. Hcrodot. 7, c 74. An eunuch, &c. L\Gii\Mis, or Lycdami's, a man who made himself absolute at Naxos. Polycm. A getkr.al of tiie Cimmerians who passed into Asia Miuoi, and took Sardis in the reign 400 of Ardyes, king of Lydia- Callim An athlete of Syracuse the father of Artemisia the celebrated queen of Halicarnassus. He ■ rodat. 7, c.59 A servant of the poet Pro- pertius, or of his mistress Cynthia. Lygu, a nation of Germany. Tacit, de Germ. 42. Ltgodesma, a surname of Diana at Sparta, because her statue was brought by Orestes from Taurus, shielded round with osiers. Pans. S, c. 26. Ltgl-s. [Fid. Ligus.] Lymire, a town of Lycia. Ovid. Met. Fab. 12. Lysiax, a river of Arcadia. Pam. 8, c.4J. Ly.vcIdes, a man at the court of Cepbeus. Ovil. Met. 4. Fob. 12. Lykcest.t, a noble family of Macedonia, connected with the royal fainily. Justin. 1 1 , c. 2, &c. Ltncestes, a son of Amyntas, in the army of Alexander, Lc. Curt. 7, &c. — Alexander, a son-in-law of Antijiater, who conspired against Alexander and was put to death. Ibid. Lynczstius, a river of Macedonia, whose waters wore of an intoxicating quality. Oiid. Met. 1 7, V. 329. Lyncei s, son of Aphareus, was among the hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one of the Argonauts. He was so sharp sighted that, as it is reported, he could see through the earth, and diotinguisb objects at the dis- tance of above nine miles. He stole some oxen with his brother Idas and they were both killed by Castor and Pollux, when they were going to celebrate their nuptials with the daughters of Leucippus. ^poUod. 1 8c 3. — Hyv,in. Jab. — Paus. 4, c. 2. — Ovid. Met. 5 V. J03. — AiKtUod. Arg. 1.— — Asonof jEgyp tus, who married Hjrpermnestra, thedaughte of Oanaus. His life was spared by the lov> and humanity of his wife. [ Vid. Danaides. He made war against his father-in-law, de- throned him and seized his crown. Some sa; that Lynceus was reconciled to Danaus, ani that he succe>edcd him atler bis death, an( reigned forty-one years. AjtoUod. 2, c. 1 . — Paus. 2, c. 16, 19, 25. — Ovid. Heroid. 14. —— One of the companions of i£neas kilieo by Tumus. Virg. JBii. 9, v. 768. Ly.ncus, Ltncjius, ot Lynx, a cruel king of Scythia, or according to otlicrs, of Sicily. He received with feigned hospitality, Trip- tolemus whom Ceres had sent all over the world to teach mankind agriculture, and as he was jealous of his commission he resolved to murder this favorite of the gods in his sleep. As he was going to give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, he was suddenly cbangvd into a lynx, on animal which is the em- blem of perfidy and ingratitude- Ovid. Met. 5, V. 657. Lyncds, a town of Macedonia, of which the inhabitants were called LynoesUe- Plin. 2, c. 105. 1. 4, c. 10. hrmvs. L Y L Y Ltkdus, a town of SicUy. Ltkc^k, a people of Scythia, who live upon hunting. Lyrc^us, a mountain of Arcadia. [Vid. Lycseus.] A fountain. Stat. Theb. 4, V. 711. Lyrcea, a town of Peloponnesus, formerly called Lyncea. Paws. 2, c. 35. Lyrcus, a king of Caunus in Caria, &c. Tartken. Lyrnessus, a city of Cilicia, the native country of Briseis, called from thence Lyr- nesscis. It was taken and plundered by Achilles and the Greeks at-, the time of the Trojan war, and the booty divided among the conquerors. Homer. II. 2, v. 1 97. — Ovid. Met. 12, V. 108. Heroid. 5, v. 5. Trist. 4, ef. 1, V. 15. Lysander, a celebrated general of Sparta, in the last years of the Peloponnesian war. He diew Ephesus from the interest of Athens, and gained the friendship of Cyrus the younger. He gave battle to the Athe- nian fleet consisting of 120 ships, at Mgoit- potamos, and destroyed it all, except three ships, with which the enemy's general fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus, In this cele- brated battle, which happened 405 years before the Christian era, the Athenians lost 3000 men, and with them their empire and influence among the neighbouring states. Lysander well knew how to take advantage of his victory, and the following year Athens, worn out by a long war of 27 years, and dis- couraged by its misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of the enemy, and consented to destroy the Pirteus, to deliver up all its ships, except 12, to recall all those who had been banished, and in short to be submissive in every degree to the power of Lacedsemon. Besides these humiliating conditions, the go- vernment of Athens was totally changed, and 30 tyrants v/ere set over it by I.ysander. This glorious success, and the lienor of having put an end to the Peloponnesian war, cncreased the pride of Lysander. He had already begun to pave his way to universal power by establish- ing aristocracy in the Grecian cities of Asia, and now he attempted to make the crown of Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his am- bition he used prudence and artifice ; and as he could not easily abolish a form of govern- ment which ages and popularity had con- firmed, he had recourse to the assistance of the gods. His attempts, however, to cor- rupt the oracles of Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved ineffectual, and he was even accused of using bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple. The sud- den declaration of war against the The- bans saved him from the accusations of his adversaries, and he was sent together with Pausanias against the enemy. The plans of his military operations were discovered, and the Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly medi- tated, attacked him unexpectedly, and he rtar, 425 killed in a bloody battle, which eikled In the defeat of his troops, 394 years before Christ. His body was recovered by his colleague Pau- sanias, and honored with amagnificent funeral Lysander has been commended for his bravery, but his ambition deserves the severest cen- sure, and his cruelty and his duplicity have greatly stained his character. He was arro- gant and vain in his public as well as private conduct, and he received and heard with the greatest avidity the hymns which his courtiers and flatterers sung to his honor. Yet in the midst of all his pomp, his ambition, and in- trigues, he died extremely poor, and his daughters were rejected by two opulent citi- zens of Sparta, to whom they had been be- trothed during the life of their father. This behaviour of the lovers was severely punished by the Lacedaemonians, who protected from injury the children of a man whom tliey hated for his sacrilege, his contempt of religion, and his perfidy. The father of Lysander, whose name was Aristo elites or Aristocrates, was descended from Hercules, though not reckoned of the race of the Heraclidse. Plut. <§• C. Nep. in vita. — Diod. 13. — A Trojan chief wounded by Ajax son of Telamon before Troy. Homer. JL 11, V, 491. One of the Ephori in the reign of Agis, &c. Plut. ■ A grandson of the great Lysander. Pans. Ltsandba, a daughter of Ptolemy La- gus, who married Agathocles the son of Ly- simachus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and fled to Seleucus for protection. Pews. 1, c 9, &c. Lysaniax, a man made king of Itursea by Antony, &c. Lyse, a daughter of Thespius. Apollod. Lysiades, an Athenian, son of Phsedrua the philosopher, &c. Cic. Philip. 5. ■ An Athenian archon. — A tyrant of Megalo- polis, who died B. C. 226. Pint. Lysianassa, one of the Nereides. .ApoU lod. I, c. 2. — — A daughter of Epaphus, mother of Busiris. Id. 2, c. 5. Lysias, a celebrated orator, son of Ce- phalus a native of Syracuse. His father left Sicily and went to Athens, where Lysias was born and carefully educated. In his 15th year he accompanied the colony which the Athenians sent to Thurium, and after a long residence there he returned home in his 47th year. He distinguished himself by his elo- quence, and by the simplicity, correctness, and purity of his orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 accorfUng to Plutarch, though the number may with more probability be reduced to 250. Of these 54 are extant, the best editions of which are tJiat of Taylor, 8vo. Cantab. 1740, and that of Auger, 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1785. Heditd in theSlst year of his age, 578 years before the Chris- tian era. Plut. dc Orctt. — Cic. de Prut, de Orat. — Qvintil 3, &c. — JDiog. 2. " An Athenian geneial, &c. — — . A town of E e 4 ?bry- L Y L Y Another of Syria, now — — A tjTant of Tar- PJif ygia. Strab. — JBsrzieck near Emesa sus, B. C. 267. LvsTcLEs, an Atlienian sent with Chares into Boeotia to stop Uie conquests of Philip of Macedonia. He "as conquered at Cliae- rona;a, and sentenced to death for his ill con- duct there. LysTdice, a daughter of Pelops and Hip- poJamia, who married IMastor the son of Perseus and Andromeda. ApDllod. 2, c. 4. — Paus. 8, c. 14 A daughter of Thes- pius. ApoHod. LysimAche, a daughter of Abas the son of Melauipiis. Apollod. 1 , c. 9 A daughter of Priam. Id. 3, c 12. LrsiMAciiiA, now HexamUi, a city on the ■ Thracian Chcrsonesus. Paus. 1, c 9. A town of iEtolia, built by Lysimachus. Strab. 7 & 10. -^— Another in ^olia. Mela, 2, c. 2. LysimAchus, a son of Agathocles, who was among the generals of Alexander. After the death of that monarch, he made himself master of part of Thrace, where he built a town which he called Lysiinachia, He sided with Cassander and Seleucus against Antigonus and Demetrius, and fought with fhcm at t!ie celebrated battle of Ipsus. He afteiwards seized Macedonia, after expel- ling Pyrrhus from the throne, B.C. 2«6; but bis cruelty rendered him odious, and the murder of his son Agathocles so otfcnded his subjects, that the most ojjulent and powerful i-evoltiHl from him and abandoned the king- dom. He pur-'Ued them to Asia, and de- clared war against Seleucus, who had given tliem a kind reception. He was killed in a bloody battle, '2<\ years before Christ, in tlie 80th year of his age, and his body was found in the hoaps of slain only by the fidelity of a little dog, which bad carefully watched near it. It is said tlij.t the love and respect of Lysimachus for his lc3rn«xl master Callis- tlienes proved nearly fatal to liim. He, as Justin mentions, was thrown into the den of a hungry lion, by order of Alexander, for hav ng givi-n Callisthenes poison, to save his life from ignominy and iiisult ; a'.ul when tlie furious animal darted upon him, he wrapped bis band in his mantle, and boldly thrust it info the lion's mouth, and by twist- ing his tongue killed an adversary ready to de- vour him. This act of courage in his self- defence recommended him to Alexander. He was pardoned, and ever after esteemed by tlie monarch. Justin. 1,% c 3, &c. — Dijd. 19, &c. —Puns. 1, c 10. An Acarnanian, preceptor to Alexander the 6. M.XNOK, a tyrant of Sicily, B. C. 285. IM.1ENCS, a river of. Germany now called the Mayne, falling into thydia was known by the name of MaMiiia, that is, the neighbourhood of ii.oimt Tinolus, and the country watered by tlie Pactolus. The r«.-st on the sea coast_wa:> tailed Lydia. Strab. IJ. — Grid. .Vw. The Etrurians, as being descended from a Lydian colony, are often called Mctonidtr, ( ftrg, ^u. II, V. 7.59.) and even tlie lake Tliriiiiymenus in their country is called Mtw- oriius laciis. Sil. Ital. 15. v. .S.S. M.«6NinES, a name given to the Muses, bixause Homer tlieir gre.uest and worthiest favorite, was supposed to be a native of Maf- oiiia. Masci.M'brs, 'a surname of Homer, becaii*e, according to the opinion of some writers, he wiu. iKirn in Ma-onia, or because hit father's name was .Mieon. Ovid. The surname it alx.! 'applied to Bacchus, as h» was wor- bhipiMxi iu Msonia. .M.».oNis, an epithet applied to Omphale .1* qui'en of Lydia or jMvonia. (h id. Ihe epithet is also applied to Arachne as a native of Lydia. Id. Met. 6. M.mW.t.. n people of .A«.iaiic Sarmatia. M«dTis Pahs, a large lake, or part of the sea between Europe and Asia, at the nortli of till* Eiuine. to which it communicates by tlie Cimnierian Bosphonis, now c-vlled tlie Ji'a of A-oph or Zabock. It was worsliipped a* a deity by the .Massaget». It extends about .3r»0 milea from south-west to nortti- c.x.t. and is about 600 miles in circumference. The .\ma20ns are called .Maotid^s, as living in the neighbourhood. Slrah. — .WWu, 1, c. : ■ — Jitstitt. 2. c. I. — Cvrt. 5, C. ^. — 2. &c. — Olid. Fast. 3, el. 12. ep. J, V. 9. — y'irg. .En. 6. v. 739. iti ASIA sYi.vA, a wood in Etruria, near tlie moutli of the Tiber. Lit: 1, c 33. Mjevia, an immodest woman. Jut: 1, >. 2 J. NLt.vh-s, a poet of inferior note in the Augustan age, who made him.-*lf known by Ilia illibtral attacks on the character of the 42;-. first writt^rs cf hit time, as well at by his tf. fected compositions. His name would have sunk in oblivion if ^'irgil had not ridiculed him in his ^third eclogue, and Horace in his 1 0th epode. Magas, a king of Cyrene in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He reigned 50 years, and died B. C. 257. Polycen. 2. Macella, a town of Sicily about the mid- dle of the island. M.vGET.*, a people of Africa. Maci, a religiouft sect among the eastern nations cf the world, and particularly in Per- sia. They bad great influence in the poli- tical as well as religious affairs of tiie state, and a monarch seldom amended the throne without their previous approbation. Zoro- aster was founder of their sect- They paid particular homage to fire, which they deemed a deity, as pure in itself, and the purifier of all things In their religious tenets they had two principles, one good, t/it '' . very thing go6d ; and the other t ^ .mce sprang all nv'"".'^'<'' 1 1-^ I :. .j,-onal skill in the • iphy ren- dered every ' ^ ■ . ;md from their knowledge ul' Uic piieimmena of the heavens, the word Magi was applied to all learned men ; and in process of time, the Magi, from their experience und profession, were confoundc This was no other than the magnet, ■which received its name from the person who had been first sensible of its power. Some say that Magnes was . a slave of Me- dea, whom that enchantress changed into a magnet. Orjik- de lapid. 10, v. 7. A son of jSIoIus and Anaretta, who mamed Nais, by whom he had Pierus, &c. Apol- lod. I, c. 7. A poet and musician of Smyrna, in the age of Gyges king of Lydia. MAGNisiA, a town of Asia Minor on the Ma;ander, about 15 miles from Ephesus, now called GuzeUiizar. It is celebrated for the deatli of Themistocles, and for a battle which was fought there 187 years before the Christian era, between the Romans and An- tiochus Icing of Syria. The forces of Anti- ochus amounted to 70,000 men, according to Appian, or 70,000 foot and 12,000 horse, according to Livy, which have been exagge- rated by Florus to 300,000 men ; the Roman army consisted of about 28, or 30,000 men, 2000 of which were employed in guarding the camp. The Syrians lost 50,000 foot and 4000 horse, and the Romans only 300 killed with 25 horse. It was founded by a colony from Magnesia in Thessaly, and was commonly called Magnesia ad McEandru?n, to distinguish it from another called Magnesia ad Sipi/lum, in Lydia, at the foot of mount Sipylus. This last was destroyed by an earth- quake in the reign of Tiberius. A coun- try on the eastern parts of Thessaly, at the south of Ossa. It was sometimes called JEtnonia and Magnes Campus. The capital was also called Magnesia. A promontory of Magnesia in Thessaly. Liv, 57. — Flor. 2. — Ap})ia7i. Mago, a Carthaginian general sent against Dionysius tyrant of Sicily. He obtained a victory and granted peace to the conquered. In a battle which soon after followed this treaty of peace, Mago was killed. His son of the same name succeeded to the conmiand of the Cartliaginian army, but he disgraced himself by flying at the approach of Timo- leon, who had come to assist the Syracusans. He was accused in the Carthaginian senate, and he prevented by suicide the execution of the sentence justly pronounced against him. His body was hung on a gibbet, and exposed to public ignominy, A brother of An- nibal the Great. He was present at the battle of Canna;, and was deputed by his brother to carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated victory, whicli had been obtained over the Roman armies. His arrival at Carthage was unexpected, and more power- fully to astonish his countrymen on account of the victory of Cannse, he emptied in the senate house the three bushels of golden rings which had been taken from the Roman 429 knights slain in battle. He was afterwards sent to Spain, where he defeated the two Scipios, and was himself, in another engage- ment, totally ruined. He retired to the Ba- leares, which he conquered ; and one of the cities there still bears his name, and is called Portus Magonis, Port Mahon. After this he landed in Itafy with an army, and took possession of part of Insubria. He was de- feated in a battle by Quintilius Varus, and died of a mortal wound 203 years before the Christian era. Liv. 50, &c. — C. Nej). in Ann. 8, gives a very different account of his death, and says, he either perished in a ship- ivreck, or was murdered by his servants. Perhaps Annibal had two brothers of that name. A Carthaginian more known by the excellence of his writings than by his mi- litary exploits. He wrote 28 volumes upon husbandry ; these were preserved by Scipio, at the taking of Carthage, and presented to the Roman senate. They were translated into Greek by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and into Latin by order of the Roman senate, though Cato had already written so copiously upon the subject j and the Romans, as it has been observed, consulted the writings of Mago with greater earnestness than the books of the Sibylline verses. Coluinella. A Carthaginian sent by his countrymen to assist the Romans against Pj-rrhus and the Taren- tines, with a fleet of 120 sail. This offer was politely refused by the Roman senate. Tliis Mago was father of Asdrubal and Hamilcar. Val. Max. Magon, a river of India falling into the Ganges. Arrian. Magontiacum or Magontea, a large city of Germany, now called Me^itz. Tacit. 4. Hist. 15 & 23. Magus, an officer of Tunius, killed by iEneas. Virg. Mn. 10, v. 522. Maherbal, a Carthaginian who was at the siege of Saguntum, and who commanded the cavalry of Annibal at the battle of Canna?. He advised the conqueror immediately to march to Rome, but Annibal required time to consider on so bold a measure ; upon which Maherbal observed, that Annibal knew how to conquer, but not how to make & proper use of victory. MaTa, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, mother of Mercury by Jupiter. '; She was one of the Pleiades, the most luminous of the seven sisters. \Vid. Pleiades.] Apollod. 5, c. 10. — Virg. Mn. I , v. 301. A surname of Cybele. Majestas, a goddess among the Romans, daughter of Honor and Reverence. Ovid. 5, Fast. 5, v. 25. Majorianus, Jul. Valerius, an emperor of the western Roman empire, raised to the imperial throne A. D. 457. , He signalized himself by. his private as well as public virtues. He was massacred after a reign of 37 years by one of his geneials, who envied in his master M A M A master the charatter of an active, \irtuous, and humane emperor. Majorca, the greatest, of the bland^ called Baleare., on the coast of Spain, in the Medi- terranean. Slrab. Mala Forthna, the goddess of evil for- tune was worshipped among the Romans. de. d". Nat. D. 3. Malea, a promontory of Lesbos. -— An- other ia Pcioponneaus, at the south of La- conia. The sea is so rough and boisterous there, that tl\o dangers which attended a voyage round it gav': rise to the proverb of Cvm ad Sfaieam djfiCTcris, ohliuitceri qua sunt domu Strab. 8 & 9. — Lucati. 6, v. 58. — Plul. in Arat. — Pw-». ^n. 5, v. 193. — Mela, 2, c. 3. —Liv. 21 , c- 44. — Omi. Am. 9, el. 16, V. 24. el. II, v. 20. — Pot«. 5, C 23. Malevcktcm. the andent name of Bene- ventum. Lio. 9, c. 27. Malho or Matho, a general of an array of Carthaginian mercenaries 258 B. C. Malia, a city of l^thiotis near mount Q^ta and TliermopylaB. There were in its neighbourhood some hot mineral waters which the poet Catullus has mentioned. From Ma- lia a gulf or small bay in tlie neighbourhood, at the western extremities of the island of Euboea, has received the name of the gulf of Malia, Maliacum Fretuni or MaUacus Sinus. Some call it tlie gulf of Lamia from its vicinity to Lamia. It is often takrn for the Sinus Pelasgicns of the ancients. Funs. 1, c. 4. — Herodot. Maui, a people of Mesopotamia. Malis, a servant maid of Omphale, be- lo\ed by Hercules. Mallxa or Malua aqca. Vid. 'Malta. Malleoli s, a man who murdered his mo- ther, &c. Tic-, ad Hfven. J, c. 13. Mallius, a Roman consul defeated by the Gauls, &c. Mallofhora, [lanam ferens,) a surname under which Ceres had a temple at Megnra, because the had taught the inhabitants the utility of wool, and tiie means of tending •beep to advantage. This temple is rcpre- seated as so old in the age of Pausanias, that it was falling to decay. Paus. 1 , c. 44. Mallos, a town of Cilido. Lucan. 3, V. -i'i?. MaithJnu.«, a name under which Horace has la:>hed some cf his friends or enemies. 1 Sat. 2, V. '21. Mamais, a nver of Peloponnesus. Mamercus, a tyrant of Catana, who sur- rendered to Timoleon. His attempts to speak in a public aKsembly at Syracuse were received with groans and hisses, upon which he dashed his head against a wall, and cn- dearoured to destroy himstLf. The blows were not fatal, and Mamercus was soon after put to death as a robber, B. C. 340. Polya-n. 5. '^ €• AV/). in Tim. • A dictator at 430 Ronae, B» C. 437. A consul with D. Brutus. MAMERrHKS, a Corinthian who killed ki* brother's ?on in hopes of reigning, iipou which he was toro to pieces by his brother. Ovid, in lb. Makxhtika, 8 town of Campania, fa- mous for its wines. A name of Me^- san:: in Sicily. Martial. 13, the cuthority of some leading men, ard tit*- Campanians were ordered to leave Sicil.. In their way to the coast they were received with gnat kindness by the people of Messana. and locn returned perfidy for hospitality. Tlicy C3r.sf.ired against the inhabitants, mur- dered all th : males in the city, and manieti thcii wivt-s and daughters, and rendered tl)emselves masters of the place. After thi* violence tliey assumed the name of Mamer- tini, and called their city Mamertina, from a provincial word, which in their langiiage sig- nified martial or warlike. 'ITie Mamertines were afterwards defeated by H iero, and totally disabled from rvpairing their ruined afiairs. Itut. in Pyrrh. &c. Mamilia lex de limifOnts, by the tri- bune ^lamiliui. It ordained that in the boundaries of the lands five or six feet of land sliould be left uncultivated, which no person could convert into private property. It also appointed commissioners to see it car- ried into execution. Mamiui, a plebeian family at Rome, de- scended from the Aborigine?. They first lived at Tusculum, from whence they came to Rome. Lii: Z, c. :I9. Mamilu s OcTAvius, a son-in-law of Tar- quin, who behaved with uncommon bravery ut the battle of Regilla*. He is also callt^ Manilius. [Vid. Maniliiis.] Mamvsa, the mother of the emperor Sevcrus, w,ho died A. D. £35. MajiCrii'i Vrruaiis, a worker in bras«. in Numa's reign. He wci ordered by the monarch to make a number of ancyUa or shields, like that one which had fallen from heaven, that it might be difficult to dis- tinguish the true one from the others. He was very successful in bis undertaking, and he asked for no other reward, but that hi^ name might be frequently incntioned in the hymns which were fung by the Salii in the feast of the Ancylia. This request was granted. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 592. — Varro L. L. 5, c. 6. MAMiiaaA, a Rrxnaii knight bom at Formic MA MA FormJ«. He foUowsd the fortuns of J. Caesar in Gaul, whore he greatly enriched himself. He built a magnificent palace on mount Ccslius, and was the first who in- crusted his walls with marble. Catullus has attacked him in his epigrams. Formia; is sometimes called Mamurrarum urbs. Piin. 36, c 6. Manastabai,, son of Masinissa, who was father to the celebrated Jugurtha. Sailust. Jug. bell. C. Mancinus, a Roman general, who, though at the head of an army of 50,000 men, was defeated by 4000 Numantians, B. C. 158. He was dragged from the senate, &c. Cic. in Orat. 1, c. 40. Mandane, a daughter of king Astyages, married by her fatlier to Cambyses, an ig- noble person of Persia. The monarch had dreamed that his daughter's urine had drowned all his city, which had been in- terpreted in an unfavorable manner by the soothsayers, who assured him that his daugh- ter's son would dethione him. The mai-- riage of Mandane with Cambyses Would in the monarch's opinion prevent the ef- fects of the dream, and the children of this connection would like their father be poor and unnoticed. The expectations of Astyages were frustrated. He was dethroned by his grandson. [Fid. Cyrus.] Herodot. 1, c 107. Mandanes, an Indian prince and philo- sopher, whom Alexander invited by his am- bassadors, on pain of deatli to come to his banquet, as being the son of Jupiter. The philosopher ridiculed the threats and promises of Alexander, &c. Sirab. 15. Mandela, a village in the country of the Sabines, near Horace's country seat. Horat. 1, ep. 18, V. 105. Mandonius, a prince in Spain, who for some time favored the cause of the Remans. When he heard that Scipio the Roman com- mander was ill, he raised commotions in the provinces, for which he was severely repri- manded and punished. Liv. 29. Mandrocles, a general of Artaxerxes, &c. C. Nep. in Bat. Mandron, a king of the Bebryces, &c. Poli/eB7i. 8. Mandubii, a people of Gaul, (now Bur- gu-ndy), in Csesar's anxiv, &c. Cces. Bell. G-. 7, c. 78. Mandubratius, a young Britou who came over to Caesar in Gaul. His father Imma- auentius was king in Britain, and had been put to death by order of Cassivelaunus. Cces. Bell. G. 5, c. 20. Makduria, a city of Calabria near Ta- rentum, whose inhabitants were famous for eating dog's flesh. Plin. 2, c. 103 Liu. 27, c. 15. Manes, a son of Jupiter and Tellus, who reigned in Maeonia. He was a father of Cotys by CaUirrhoe, the daughter of Oceanufi. 4ffl Manis, a name generally applied by tlie ancients to the souls when separated from the body. They were reckoned among the in- fernal deities, and generally supposed to pre- side over the burying places, and the monu- ments of the dead. They were worshipped with great solemnity, particularly by the Ro- mans. The augurs always invoked them when they proceeded to exercise their sacer- dotal offices. Virgil introduces his hero as sacrificing to the infernal deities, and to the Manes, a victim whose blood was received in a ditch. The word jnanes is supposed to be derived from Mania, who was by some reck- oned the mother of those tremendous deities. Others derive it from manare, quod per omnia cEtherea terrenaqite manahant, because they filled the air, particularly in the night, and were intent to molest and disturb the peace of mankind. Some say, that manes comes from vianis, an old Latin word which signi- fied good or propitious. The word manei is differently used by ancient authors ; some- times it is taken foi- the infernal regions, and sometunes it is applied to the deities of Pluto's kingdom, whence the epitaphs of the Ro- mans were always superscribed with D. M. Dis Manibus, to remind the sacrilegious and profane, not to molest the monuments of the dead, which were guarded with such sanctity. Propert. 1, el. 19. — Virg. 4, G. v. 469. ^n. 3, &c. — HoTat. 1, Sat. 8, v. 28. A river of Locris. Manetho, a celebrated priest of Helio- polis in Egypt, surnamed the Mendesian, B. C. 261. He wrote in Greek an history of Egypt, which has been often quoted and commended by the ancients, particularly by Josephus. It was chiefly collected from the writings of Mercury, and from the journals and annals, which were preserved in the Egyptian temples. This history has been greatly corrupted by the Greeks. The au- thor supported, that all the gods of the Egyp- tians had been mere mortals, and had "all lived upon earth. This history, which is now lost, had been epitomized, and some fragments of it are still extant. There is ex- tant a Greek poem ascribed to Manetho, in which the power of the stars, which preside over the birth and fate of mankind, is ex- plained. The Apotelesmata of this author were edited in 4to. by Gronovius, L. Bat. 1698, Maxia, a goddess supposed to be ' the mother of the Lares and >Ianes. A fe- male servant of queen Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy. A mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetes, called also Demo, and Mania, from her folly. Plut. in Deni. Manilia lex, by Manilius the tribune, A. U. C. 678. It required that all tlie forces of Lucullus and his province, together vnth Bithynia, which was then under the command of Glabrio, should be delivered to Pompey, and that this general should with- out MA MA out any delay declare war against Mithri- dates, and still retain the command of the 1 toman fleet, and the empire of the Medi- terranean, as before. Another which per- mitted all those whose fathers had not been invested with public offices, to be employed in the management of affairs. ^— — A wo- man famous for her debaucheries. Juv. 6, V. 242. Manilius, a Roman who married the daughter of Tarquin. He li\ed at Tusculum, and received his father-in-law in his house, when banished from Rome, &c. Liv. 2, c. 1.5. — — Caius, a celebrated mathematician and poet of Antioch, who wrote a poetical treatise on astronomy, of which five books are extant, treating of the fixed stars. Tlie style is not elegant. The age in which he lived is not known, Uiough some suppose that be dorished in the Augustan age. No author, however, in the age of Augustus has made mention of Manilius. The best editions of Manilius are diose of Bentley, 'Jto. Lon- don, 1739, and Stoeberus, 8vo. Argen- tor. 1767. Titus, a learned historian in the age of Sylla and Marius. He is greatly commended by Cicero, jrro Rascio- — — Marcus, anotlier inentionfd by Cicero de Onit. 1, c. 48. as supporting the character of a great lawyer, and of an eloquent aud powerfid orator. M.xNiMi, a people in Germany. Tacit. G. 1.3. Manlia lex, by the tribune P. Manlius, A. U. C. 5j7. It revived the office of Irr- viri cjnilonfs, first instituted by Numa. The fpulunes were priest.s, who prep.-ired banquets for Jupiter and the gods at public festivals, &c. Manlius Torq'jatus, a celebrated Ro- man, whose youth was distinguished by a lively and chearful disposition. 'Iliese pro- mising talents were, however, impeded by a difficulty of speaking ; and the father, un- willing to expose his son's rusticity at Rome, detained him in the country. The behaviour of the father was publicly censured, and Marius Poinponius the tribune cited him to answer for his unfatherly behaviour to his son. Young Manlius was infonned of this, and with a dagger in his hand he entered the house of the tribune, rftid made him io- lemnly promise that he would drop the accu- sation. This action of Manlius endeared him to the people, and soon after he was chosen mil..ary tribune. In a war against the Gauls, he accepted the challenge of one of the enemy, whose gigantic stature and ponderous .arms had rendered him terrible and almost invincible in the eyes of the Romans. The Gaul was conquered, and Manlius stripped him of his arms, and from the collar (torquis:) which he took from the enemy's neck, he was ever after surnamed Turquatus 3Ianlius was the tlrst Roman who was raised to the dictatorship, without 452 having been previ6uEly consul. The severity of Torquatus to his son has been deservedly censured. This father had the courage and heart to put to deatii his son, because he had engaged one of the enemy, and obtained an honorable victorj', without his previous per- mission. This uncommon rigor displeased many of the Rom;ms ; and though Tor- quatus was honored with a triumph, and commended by the senate for his services. yet the Roman youth shewed their disappro- bation of the consul's severity, by refusing him at his return the homage which every other conqueror received. Some time after the censorship was oflFered to him, but he refused it, observing, that the people could not bear his severity, nor he the vices of th- people. From tlie rigor of Torquatus, ail edicts, and actions of severity and justice have been called MarUiana edicta. Liv. 7, c. 10. — Vol. Max. 6, c. 9. Marcus, a celebrated Roman, whose valor was dis- played in the field of battle, even at the early age of 16. When Rome was taken by the Gauls, Manlius with a body of his coun- trymen fled into the Capitol, which he de- fended when it was suddenly surprised in th ? night by the enemy. Tliis action gained him the surname of CajiiiUinus, and tlu- geese, which by their clamor iiad awakeneJ him to ann himself in his own defence, wer«- ever after held sacred among the Romania. A law which Manlius proposed to alx>lish the taxes on the common people, raised the senators against him. Tlie dictator, Corn. Cossus, seized him as a rebel, but the people put on mourning, and delivered from prison their common father. 'I'his did not, in the least, check his ambition ; he condnued to raise factions, and even secretly to attempt to make himself absolute, till at last the tribunes of the people themselves became his accusers. He was tried in the Campus Martius ; but when the distant view of the Capitol which Manlius had saved, seemed to influence the people in his favor, the court of justice was removed, and Manlius was condemned. He was thrown down from the Tarpeiau rock, A. U. C. 371, and to render his ignominy still greater, none of his family were after- wards permitted to bear the surname of Marcus, and the place where his house hdi stood was deemed unworthy to be inliabited. Liv. 5, c. 31. 1. 6, c. 5. — Flor. 1, c. 13 & 26. — Val. Max. 6, c. 3. — Virg. JE}u 6, v. 825. Imperiosus, father of Mauiius Torquatus. He was made dictator. He was accused for detaining his son at liome. [ Vid. Manlius Torquatus. ] \ olsco, a Roman consul who received an army of Scipio in Asia, and made war against the Gallo-grecians. whom he conquered. He was honored with a triumph at his return, though it %vas at first strotigly opposed. Fbr. 3. c. 11. — Liv. 58, c. 12. &c. Caius, or Aulus, a senator sent to Athens to collect tlie best and wisest laws MA MA laws of Solon, A. U. C. 300. I.iv. 2, c. 54. 1. 3, c. 51. Another called also (,'in- cinnatus. He made war .igainst llie Etru- rians and Veicntcs witli ans, un- der the command of Miltiades, gained over the Persian army, consisting of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, or, acconling to \'al.IVIaxi- mus, of 300,000, or, as Justin says, of (j'OO.OOO, under the command of Datisand Arfaphernes, on the 2Xth of Sept. 490, i>. C. In this bat- tle, .-tccorfling to Herodotus, the Athenians lost only 1 92 men, and the Persians 6,300. Justui li.us raised the Joss of the Persians in this expedition and in the battle to 200,000 men. To commemorate this immortal vic- tory of their countrymen, the Greeks raised small columns, \\\t\\ Uie names inscribed on tJie tombs of the fallen lieroes. It was also in the plains of Marathon Ihat Theseus over- came a celebrated bull, which ravaged tJia ¥ f neigh- M A M A neighbouring country. Erigone is called Marathonia firgo, as bfiiig born at Marathon. Stat. 5, St/lv. 3, V. 74. — C. Nq). in MUt. — Herodat. 0". &c. — Justin. 2, c 9. — Val. Max. 5, c. 3. — Plul. in Parali. — A king of Attica, son of Epopcu.s, who gave his name to a small village tlierft. Fain. 2, c. ], A king of Sicyon. Maiuathos, a town of Phoenicia. Mda, 1. c 1-'. MAac£LLA« a daughter of Octavia the sister of Augustus by Marcellus. She mar- ried Agrippa. MarcelIini's Ammiam s, a celebrated his- torian who carried arras under Constantius, Julian, and Valens, and wrote an history of Qome from the reign of Domitian, where Suetonius stops, to the emperor V^alens. His style is neither elegant nor bbored, but it is greatly valuable for its veracity, and in many of the actions he mentions, the author was nearly concerned. 'ITiis history was com- posed at Uome, where Ammianus retired from the noise and troubles of the camp, and does not betray tliat severity against the Christians which otlier writers have _ mani- fested, tliough the author was warm in favor of Pagimisin, the religion which for a while was seated on the throne. It was di- vided into Uiirty-one books, of which only the eighteen last remain, b<^ginning at the death of Magnentius. Ammianus has been liberal in his encomiums upon Julian, whose favors he enjoyed and who so emi- nently patronized his religion. The negli- gence with whicli sonie facts arc sometimes mentioned, lias induced many to believe tiiat the history of Ammianus has suffered much from tlie ravages of time, and that it has de- scended to us mutilated and imperfect. The beet editions of Amnuanus are tiiosc of Gro- novius, fol. and Ito. L. Bat. lo"93, and of Emcsti, 8vo. Lips. 1773. An officer under Julian. MA&CELLtfs, Marcus Claudiiis, a famous Roman general, who, ;ifur the first I'unic war, had the management of an expcolia o} _' a second time Annibal. In tliis campai^-.i he behaved witli greater vigor than before ; the greatest part of the towns of the Samnitcs which had revolted, were recovt-red by force of arms and 3000 of tlie soldiers of Annibal made prisoners. Some time after an engage- ment witli tlie Carth^iuian general proved unfavorable; Marcellus had the disadvan- tage; but on the morrow a more successful skimiisli vindicated his military character, and the honor of the Roman soldiers. Mar- cellus, however, was not sufficiently vigilant against the snares of his adversary. He im- prudently separated himself from his camp, and was killed in an ambuscade in the 60tli yearof hi<;age. in his .'^tli consulsliip, A. U. C. 546. His body wa^ honored with a magnifi- cent funeral by the conqueror, and his ashes were conveyed in a silver urn to his son. Marcellus claims our commendation for his private as well as public virtues ; and tlie hu- manity of the general will ever l>e remembered who, at the surrender of Syracuse, wept at the thought that many %vere going to be exposed to tiic avarice and rapaciousness of an inceii>ed soldiery, which the policy df Rome and the laws of war rendered inevitable. i'lr^. .En, 6, V. 855- — Fatcrc. 2, c. 38. — Plui. in vita, ScC — ^— One of his descendants, who bore the same name, s)gii;dized himself in the civil wars of Caesar and Ponipey, by his firm attachment to the latter. I le was banished by Coesar, but afterwards recalled at tlie request of tlie senate^ Cicero undertook his defence in an oration which is still extant. llie grandson of Pompey's friend rendered himself popular by his universal Knievolence and affability. He was son of Marcellus by Octavia the sister of Augustus. He married Julia tliat emperor's daughter, and was publicly intended asbissuc- ccssor. Tlie suddenness of hi-, death, at the early age of eighteen, was the cause of much lamentation at Rome, particularly in the fa- mily of Augustus, and Virgil procured himself great favors by celebrating the virtues of this ••uniable prince. [Vid. Octavia.] Marcellus was buried at tlie public expence. ftrg. jEn. 6, V. ^S5. — Suet, in Aug. — Plut. in Marcell. Senec. Consol. ad Marc. — Paterc. 2, c. 93. The?on of tJie great Marcellus who took Sy- racuse, M A MA racuse, *vas caught in t[ie ambuscade which proved fatal to his father, but he forced his way from the enemy and escajK'd. He re- ceived the ashes of his father from the con- queror. Plut. in Marcell. A man who conspired against Vespasian. The hus- band of Octavia tiie sister of Augustus. A conqueror of Britain. An officer under the emperor Julian. A man ^ut to death by Galba. A man who gave Cicero information of Catiline's conspiracy. — ^ A colleague of Cato in the quaBstor- ship. A native of Pamphylia, who wrote an heroic poem on physic, divided into 42 books. He lived in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. A Roman drowned in a storm, &c. Marcia lex, by Marcius Censorinus. It forbad any man to be invested witii the office of censor more than once. Marcia, the wife of Regulus. WTien she heard that her husband had been put to death at Carthage in the most excruciating manner, she retorted the punishment, and shut up some Carthaginian prisoners in a barrel, which she had previously filled with sharp nails. The senate was obliged to stop the wantonness of her cruelty. Diod. 24. A favorite of the emperor Commodus, whom he poisoned. A vestal virgin, punished for her incon- tinence. A daughter of Philip, who mar- ried Cato the censor. Her husband gave her to his friend Hortensius for the sake of pro- creating children, and after his death he took her again to his own liouse. An ancient name of the island of Rhodes. A daugh- ter of Cato of Utica. A stream of water. [ Vid. Martia aqua. ] Marciana, a sister of the emperor Trajan, who, on account of her public and private virtues and her amiable disposition, was de- clared Augusta and empress by her brother. She died A.D. 113. Marcianopolis, the capital of Lower Mcesia' in Greece.' It receives its name in honor of the empress Marciana. Marcianus, a native of Thrace, bom of an obscure family. After he had for some time served in the army as a common soldier, he was made private secretary to one of the officccs of Theodosius, His winning address and uncomiiion talents raised him to higher stations ; and on the death of Theodosius the 2d, A.D. 450, he was invested with the im- perial purple in the east. The subjects of the Roman empire had reason to be satisfied with their choice. Marcianus showed him- self active and resolute, and when Attila, the barbarous king of the Huns, asked of the emperor the annual tribute, which the indo- lence and cowai-dice of his predecessors had regularly paid, the successor of Tlieodosius firmly said that he kept his gold for his friends, but that iron was the nietal which he had prepared for his enemies. In the midst of universal popularity Marcianus died, after 435 a reign of six years, in the G9th year of hig age, as he was making warlike preparation against the barbarians that had invaded Afri- ca. His death was lamented, and indeed his merit was great, since his reign has been distinguished by the appellation of the golden age. Marcianus married Pulcheria, tlie sister of his predecessor. It is said, that in the years of his obscurity he found a man who had been murdered, and that he had the humanitj' to give him a private burial, for Mhich circumstance he was accused of the homicide and imprisoned. He was condemned to lose his life, and the sentence would have been executed, had not tlie real murderer been discovered, and convinced the world of the innocence of JMarcianus. Capella, a wTiter. \^Md. Capella.] M. Marcius SabInus, was the progenitor of the Marcian family at Rome. He came to Rome with Numa, and it was he who ad- vised Numa to accept of tlie crown which the Romans offered to him. He attempted to make himself king of Rome, in opposition to TuUus Hostilius, and when his efforts proved unsuccessful he killed himself. His son wlip married a dauglitcr of Nim)a, was made hiwh priest by his father-in-law. He was father of Ancus Marcius. Flut. in Numa A Ro- man who accused Ptolemy Aulctes, king of Egypt, of misdemeanor, in the Roman senate, A Roman consul, defeated by the Sam nites. He was more successful against the Car- thaginians, and obtained a victory, &c. — Another consul, who obtained a victory over the Etrurians. Another, wlio defeated the Hernici. A Roman who fought aeainst Asdrubal. A man whom CatUine "hired to assassinate Cicero. Marcics Saltis, a place in Li«nina, &c. Marcomanni, a people of Germany, who originally dwelt on the banks of the Rhine and the Danube. They proved powerful enemies to the Roman emperors. Auo-ustus granted them peace, but they were afterwards subdued by Antoninus, and Trajan, &c. Paterc. 2, c. 109. — Tacit. Ann. 2, k 46 & 62. G. 42. Marcus, a praenomen common to many of the Romans. {Vid. 4imilius, Lepidus, &c.J A son of Cato, killed at Piulippi, &c. — Car}'nensis, a general of the Achaean league, 255 B. C. Mardi, a people of Persia, on the confines of Media. They were very poor, and gene- rally lived upon the flesh of wild beasts. Their country in later times, became the residence of the famous assassins destroyed by Hulakou the grandson of Zingis Khan. Hcrodot. I & 3, — Flin. 6, c 16. Mardia, a place of Tlirace, famous for a battle between Constantine and Licinius, A.D. 315. Mardonios, a general of Xerxes, who af- ter the defeat of Jiis master at Thunnopviae Ff2 knii M A MA and Salamis, was left in Greece witli an army of 300,000 chosen men, to subdue the country, and reduce it undur the power of Persia. His operations were rendered use- less by the courage and vigilance of Uta Greeks ; and in a battle at Platrea, Mardo- tiius was defeated and left among the slain, B. C. 479. lie had been commander of the armies of Darius in Euro])e, and it was chiefly by his advice that Xerxes ixivadeth century, whose works were e:n Bmedillo, a place near the Liris, in Italy. Fir^. jEn. 7, v. 750. — Sil. It. S, v. -MP;. Mars, the god of war among the an- cients, was the son of Jupiter and Juno, ac- cording to Hesiod, Homer, and all tlie Greek poets, or of Juno alone, according to Ovid. This goddess, as tlie poet mentions, wished to become a mother without tJic assistanct^ of the otlier sex, like Jupiter, wlio had pro- duced Minerva all armed from his bead, and she w.is shown a flower by Flora in the plains MA MA plains near Oleniis, whose very touch made women pregnant. [Vid. Juno.] The edu- cation of Mars -(va; entrusted by Juno to the god Priapus, who instructed him in dancing and in every manly exercise. His trial be- fore the celebrated court of the Areopagus, according to the authority of some authors, for the murder of Hallirhotius, forms an in- teresting epoch in history. [Vid. Areopa- gitae.] The amours of Mars and Venus are greatly celebrated. The god of war gained the affection of Venus, and obtained the gratification of his desires ; but Apollo, who w.os conscious of their familiarities, informed Vulcan of his wife's debaucheries, and awakened his suspicions. Vulcan secretly laid a net around the bed, and the two lovers vvcre exposed in each other's anns to the ridicule and satire of all the gods, till Neptune prevailed upon the husband to set them at liberty. This unfortunate discovery so provoked Mars, that he changed into a cock his favorite Alectryon, whom he had stationed at the door to watch against the approach of the sun, \_Vid, Alectrj-on] and Venus also shewed her resentment by per- secuting with the most inveterate fury the children of Apollo. In the wars of Jupiter and the Titans, Mars was seized by Otus and Ephialtes, and confined for fifteen months, till Mercury procured him his liberty. During the Trojan war Mars in- terested himself on the side of tlie Trojans, but whilst he defended these favorites of Venus with uncommon activity, he was wounded by Diomedes, and hastily retreated to heaven to conceal his confusion and his resentm.ent, and to complain to Jupiter that Minerva had directed the unerring weapon of his antagonist. The worship of IMars was not very universal among the ancients ; his temples were not numerous in Greece, but in Rome he received the most unbounded honors, and the warlike Romans were proud of paying homage to a deity whom tliey esteemed as the patron of their city, and die father of the first of their monarchs. His most celebrated temple at Rome was built by Augustus after the battle of Phi- lippi. It was dedicated to Mars ultor, or the avenger. His priests among the Romans were called Salii ; they were first institut-ed by Numa, and their chief office was to guard the sacred Ancylia, one of which, as was sup- posed, had fallen down from heaven. Mars was generally represented in the naked figure of an old man, armed with a helmet, a pike, and a shield. Sometimes he appeared in a military dress, and with a long flowing board, and sometimes without. He gene- rally rode in a chariot drawn by furious horses which the poets called Flight and Terror. His altars were stained with the blcod of tlie horse, on account of his warlike spirit, and of I'le wolf, on account of his ferocity. Magpies and vultures were also 4J9 offered up to him, on account of their greedi- ness and voracity. The Scythians generally offered him asses, and the people of Caria dogs. The weed called dog grass was sacred to him, because it grows, as it is commonly reported, in places which are fit for fields of battle, or where the ground has been stained with the effusion of human blood. 'ITie sur- names of Mars are not numerous. He was called Gradivus, Mavors, Quirinus, Salisub- sulus, among the Romans. The Greeks called him Ares, and he was the Enyalus of the Sabines, the Camxdus of the Gauls, and the Mamers of Carthage. Mais was father of Cupid, Anteros, and Harmonia, by the goddess Venus. He had Ascalaphus and lalmenus by Astyoche ; Alcippe by Agrau- los ; Molus, l*ylus, Evenus, and Tliestius, by Demonice, the daughter of Agenor. Be- sides these, he was the reputed father of Romulus, (Enomaus, Bythis, Thrax, Dio- medes of Thrace, &c. He presided over gladiators, and was the god of hunting, and of whatever exercises or amusements have something manly and warlike. Among the Romans it was usual for the consul, before he went on an expedition, to visit the temple of Mars, where he offered his prayers, and in a solemn manner shook the spear which was in the hand of the statue of the god. at the same time exclaiming, " Mors vigila ! god of war, watch over the safety of this city." Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 251. Tri$t. 2, V. 925. — Hy^n. fab. 148. — Virg. G. 4, v. 346. JEn. 8, v. 701. — Lncian. in Alectr. — Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10. — Homer. Od. 1, //. 5.—Flacc. 6. —Apollod. I, &c. — Hesiod. Theog. — Pindar, od. 4. Pyth. — Quint. Smyr. 14 Paws. 1, c. 21 & 28. — Juv. 9, v. 102, Marsala, a town of SicUy. Mars-eus, a Roman, ridiculed by Ho- race, 1 Sat. 2, V. 55, for his prodigality to courtezans. Marse, a daughter of Thespius. ApoUud. Marsi, a nation of Germany, who after- wards came to settle near the lake Fucinus in Italy, in a country chequered with forests abounding with wild boars and other fero- cious animals. They at first proved very inimical to the Romans, but in process of time, they became their firmest supporters. They are particularly celebrated for the civil war in which they were engaged, and which from them has received the name of the Marsian war. The large contributions which they made to support the interest of Rome, and the number of men which they continu- ally supplied to the republic, rendered them bold and aspiring, and they claimed, with the rest of the Italian states, a share of the honors and privileges which were eiijoyed by the citizens of Rome, B. C. 91. I'his peti- tion, though supported by the interest, the eloquence, and the integrity of the tribune- Drusus, was received with contsmpt by the F f 4 Koraiui I\I A M A Roman vnatc ; anil the Marsi, with tlieir allies, shewed their ilissati.sf'action by taking up arm«. Their resentment was inereasctl ivhen Drusus, their friend at Home, had been basely murdered by the means of tlse nobles ; and they erected tlieniselves into a repTitKic, and Corfiniuin wa; made the ca- pital of their new empire. A regular war was now begun, and tlie Romans led into the field an army of 100,000 men, and were opposed by a superior force. Some biittlcs were fought in wliich the Roman generals were defeated, and the allies reajx-d no in- considerable advantages from their victories. A battle, however, near Asculum, proved fatal to their cause, KxX) of them were left dead on the spot, their general, IVancus. a man of uncommon experience and abilities was slain, and such as escaped from the field pcrisheil by liunger in tlie Apeimines, where they hail sought a slieltcr. After many defeats, and the loss of Asculum, one of their principal cities, tlie allies, grown dejected and firetl of liostilities which hail already continued for three years, sued for peace one by one, and tranijuillity was at last re-establislied in the republic, and all the states of Italy were made citizens of Rome. The armies of the allies, con- sisted of the Miirsi, the Peligni, the Ves- tii'i, the Hirpini, I'ompeiam', Marcini, Picentw, Venusini, I'erent.mi. Apuli, I,u- cani, and Samnites. The ."Marsi were great- ly aildiclnl to magic, llorat. c;i. o, v. 76, eii. -7, V. ■_';». — Appiin. — Val. M(u:. 8. — PuU'rc. 'J. — riiil. in S.-rt. Marit, &C. — Cic. pro BiilL — tilrub Tiicit. Ann. 1, c 50 & 56. (7. '-'. Marsigm, a i>cople of CJcnnany. Tacit. G. 43. Marsi s Dojiitius, a Latin poet. Maksvab.v, a town of Arabia. INIarsvas, a celelirattd piper of Cela?na;, in riirygia, son of Olympus, or of Ilyagnis, or Giagrus. He was so skilful in playing on tlie llutP, that he is generally deemed the inventor of it. According to the opinion of some, he found it when Minerva had thrown it aside on account of the distortion of her face when she played upon it. Marsyas was enamoureil of Cybele, and he travelled with her as far as Xysa, where he had the impru- dence to challenge Apollo to a trial of his skill as a musician. The god accepted the challenge, and it was mutuilly agreed that he who was defeated should be Head alive by tlie conqueror. The ."\Iuses, or according to Diodorus, the inhabitants of Nysa, were appointed umpires. Each exerted Jus ut- most skill, and the victory, with much diffi- Cidty, was adjudged to -Apollo. The god. upon this, tied his aiitagonist to a tn-e, and flead him alive. The ileatli of .Marsyas was universally lamenlod ; tlie Fauns, SatjTs, and Dryads, wept at liis fate, and from their abundant tears, arose a river of Phrygia, 440 well known by the name of Marsyas. Tli« unfortunate ^larsyas is often represented on monuments as tied, his hands behind his back, to a tree, while Apollo stands before him witli his lyre in his hand. In inde- pendent cities among the ancients the statue of Marsyas was generally erected in the forum, to reiirescut the intimacy which sub- sisted between Hacchus and ^larsyas, as the emblems of liberty. It w.-is also erected at the entrance of the Roman forum, as a spot whtre usurers and merchants resorted to tninsact business, being principally in- tended in tcrrorcm litv^ntorum ; a circum- stance to which Horace seems to allude, 1 Sat. 6, V. I 'JO. At Celaenx, the skin of Marsyas was shewn to travellers for some time ; it was suspendeil in tlie public place in tlie fonn of a bladder, or a fiHJt-ball. Ilysin. fab. 16.5. — Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 707. .1/W. 6, fab. 7. — DimL 3. — ItaL 8, v. 503. — Plin. 5, C 29. 1. 7, c. 56. —Pans. 10, c. ."O. — AjtoUod. 1 , c. 4. Tlie sources of the Marsyas were near those of the Ma;ao- der, and those two rivers had their confluence a little below die town of Celxnx. Lie. .~S, c. J. I. — (h-iil. ^fet. 2, V. 265. — Litcan. 3, v. iX)S. — . A writer who publislied a his- tory of ^Macedonia, tVoni the first origin and foundation of that empire till the rti- tian who commandetl the armies of Cleo- patra against her brother Ptolemy Phy,con, whom she attempted to detlirone. .V iruin put to death by Dionysius, tlie tyrant of Sicily. Martha, a celebrateil prophetess of Sy- ria, whose lUlifice and fraud proved of the greatest service to C. ^larius in the numer- ous expeditions which he undertook. I'lut. in .Ifiirw. ISIartia, a vestal virgin, put to death for her incontinence. A daughter of Cato. [I'id. Marcia.] Martia aqua, water at Rome, celebrated for its clearness and salubrity. It was con- veyed to Rome, at the distance of above ,"0 miles, from tlie lake Fucinus, by Ancus ^lartius, whence it received its name. Ti- buil. 3, fl. 7, V. 26. — Plin. 51, c 3. 1. 56, c. 15. Martiales t.udi, g.imes celebrated at Rome in honor of Mars. Martialis, M.-u-cus Valerius, a native of Ililbilis, in Spain, who came vo Rome ribout the 20th year of his age. where he recom- mended himself to notice by his poetical genius. .As he was the panegyrist of the emperors, he gained the greatest honors, and was rewarded in the most libend manner. Domitian gave him the tribunesliip ; but tho poet, unmindful of the favors he receiveii, alter the death of his iK-ncfacfor. exposetl to ridicule tlic vices and cruelties of a monster, whom in his life time, he h.id extolled as the pattern of virtue, goodness, and excel- lence ivr A MA lence. Trajan treated the poet with cold- ness, and IMartial, after he had passed 55 years in the capital of the worUl, in the greatest splendor and affluence, retired to his native Country, where lie had the mortification to be the object of malevolence, satire, and ridicule. He received some favors from his friends, and his poverty was alleviated by the liberality of Pliny the younger, whom he had panegyrized in his poems. IMartial died about the 104th year of the Christian era, in the 75th year of his age. He is now well known by the fourteen books of epi- grams, which he wrote, and whose merit is now best describeil by the candid confession of the author in this line, Sunt bona, sunt qiucdam mcdiocria, aunt mala pltirn. But the genius which he displays in some of his epigrams deserves commendation, though many critics are liberal in their censure upon his style, his thoughts, and particularly upon his puns, which are often low and despicable. In many of his epigrams the poet has shown himself a declared enemy to decency, and the book is to be read with caution which can corru]it the purity of morals, and initiate the votaries of virtue in the mysteries of vice. It has been observed of Martial, tliat his talent was epigrams. Every thing which he did vas the subject of an epigrr.m. He wrote in- scriptions upon monuments in the epigram- matic style, an^l even a new year's gift was accompanied with a distich, and his poetical pen was employed in l)egging a favor as well as in satirizing a fault. The best editions of Martial are those of Rader. fol. Mogunt. 1627, of Schriverius, 12mo. L. Eat. 1619; and of Smids, Svo. Amst. 1701. A friend of Otho. A man who conspired against Caracalla. Martianus. [Vid. Marcianus.] Martina, a woman skilled in the know- ledge of poisonous herbs, &c. Tadt. Ann. 2, c. 79, &c. Martinianus, an officer, made Ca?sar by Linicius, to oppose Constantine. He was put to death by order of Constantine. Martius, a surname of Jupiter in Attica, expressive of his power and valor. Pans. 5, c. 14. — — • A Roman consul sent against Per- seus, &c. A consul against the Dalma- tians. &c. Another, who defeated the Carthaginians in Spain. Another, who defeated the Privernates, &c. Marullis, a tribune of the people, who tore the g;irlands which had been placed upon Ca'sar's statues, and who ordered those that had saluted him king to be imprisoned. He was deprived of his consulship by J. Caesar. Pint. A governor of Juda;a. A Latin poet in the age of INI. Aurelius. lie satirized the emperor with great licentious- ness, but his invectives were disregarded, and himself despised. 441 Marus, (the Morava) a river of Germany, which separates modern Hungary and Mo- ravia. Tar it. yinn. 2, c. G.~. Massa B,kr. an informer at the court of Domitian. Jnv. 1, v. 55. MAsJisYMi, a people of' Libya, where Sy- phax reigned. [J'id. Massyla.] Masinissa, son of Gala, was king of a small part of Africa, and assisted tlie Cartha- ginians in their wars against Rome. He proved a most indefatigable and courageous ally, but an act of generosity rendered liim amicable to the interests of Rome. After the defeat of Asdrubal, Scipio, the first Afri- canus, who had obtained the victory, found, among tlie prisoners of war, one of the nephews of Masinissa. He sent him back to his" uncle loaded with presents, and conducted him with a detachment for the safety and protection of his person. Ma- sirussa \\as struck with the generous action of the Roman general, he forgot all former hostilities, and joined his troops to those of Scipio. This change of sentiments was not the effect of a wavering or unsettled mind, but IMasinissa showed himself the most at- tached and the finnest ally tlie Romans ever had. It was to his exertions they owed tnany of their victories in Africa, and par- ilculai-ly in that battle which proved fatal to Asdrubal and Syphax. Tlie Numidian conqueror, charmed with the beauty of Soplionisba, the captive wife of Syphax, carried her to his camp and married her ; but when he perceived tliat this new con- nection displeased Scipio, he sent poison to his wife, and recommended her to destroy herself, since he could not preserve her life in a manner which became her rank, her dig- nity, and fortune, w itliout offending his Ro- man allies. In the battle of Zama, IVIasi- nissa greatly contributed to the defeat of the great Annibal, and the Romans, who had been so often spectators of his courage and valor, rewarded his fidelity with the king- dom of Syphax, and some of the Cartha- ginian territories. At his death Masinissa showed the coniidence which he had in the Romans, and the esteem he entertained for the rising talents of Scipio iEmilianus, by entrusting him with the care of his kingdom, and empowering him to divide it among his sons. INIasinissa died in the 97th year of his age, after a reign of above sixty years, 149 years before the Christian era. He ex- perienced adversity as well as prosperity, and in the first years of his reign, lie was ex- posed to the greatest danger, and obliged often to save his life by seeking a retreat among his savage neighbours. But his alliance witii the Romans was the beginning of his greatness, and he ever after lived in the greatest afflu- ence. He is remarkable for the health which he long enjoyed. In the last years of his life he was seen at the head of his armies be- having with the most indefatigable activity, aad ,M A MA and he often remained for many successive days on horseback, without a saddle under him, or a covering upon his head, and witli- out showin,'' the least mark of fatigue. This strength of .nind and body he cliicfly owed to the temperance which he observed. lie was seen eating brovni bread at the door of his tent like a private soldier the day after he had obtained an immortal victory over the arinics of Cartilage. He left fifty-four sons, three of whom were legitimate, IMi- cipsa, Gulussa, and IVIanastabal. l"he king- dom was fairly divided among them by Scipio, and tlie illegitimate children received, as their portion, very valuable presents. The death of Gulussa and Manastabal soon after left Micipsa sole master of the large pos- sessions of Masinissa. Slrab. 17. — Polyb. — ^ppian. Lytic. — Cic. de Senect. — Vol. Max. 8. — Sallust. in Jug. — Liv. 25, &c. — Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 769. — Justin. 53, c. 1. 1. 38, c. 6. Maso, a name common to several persons mentioned by Cicero. Massaga, a town of India, taken by Alex- ander the Great Massaokte, a people of Scythia, who had their wives in common, and dwelt in tents. They had no temples, but worshipped tlie sun, to whom they olfercd horses, on ac- count of their swiftness. When their pa- rents had come to a certain age. tlicy ge- nerally put them to death, and eat their flesh mixed with that of cattle. Autliors are divided with respect to the place of their re- sidence. Some place them near the Ca.-.pian sea, others at the north of the Danube, and some confound them with the Gette and the Scythians. Horat. 1, od. 35, v. ^O. — Dinni/s. Per. 738. — Herodot. 1, c. 204. — Striib. }. — Mela, 1, c. 2. — Lucan. 2, v. 50. — Jus- tin. 1, c. 8. Massana. {^Vid. Messana.] Massani, a nation at the rnoutii of the Indus. Massicus, a mountain of Campania near Minturnx, famous for its wine, which even now preserves its ancient character. Plin. 14, C 6. — Homt. 1, od. 1. V. 19 Virsi. G. 2, vi 1 43. An Etrurian prince, who as- sisted iEneas against Tumu8 with 1000 men. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 166, &c. Massilia, a maritime town of Gaul Nar- bonensis, now called Marseilles, founded B. C 539, by the pt'ople of Phocaea, in Asia, who quitted tlieir country to avoid the tyranny of the Persians. It is celebrated for its laws, its fidelity for the Romans, and for its being long the seat of literature. It acquired great consequence by its commercial pursuits during its infancy, and evon waged war against Carthage. By becoming tlie ally of Home, its power was established ; but in warmly espousing the cause of Pompey against Caesar, its views were frustrated, and it was 80 much reduced by the insolence and 442 resentment of the conqueror, that it ncrer after recovered its independence and war- like spirit. Herodot. 1, c 164. — I'lin. 5, c. 4. — Justin. 37, &c. — Strab. 1. — Liv. 5, c. 3. — Horat. ep. 16. — Flor. 4, c. 2. — Cic: Flac. 26. Of. 2, 8. — Tacit. An. 4, c. 44. Agr. 4. Massyla, an inJand part of Mauritania near mount Atlas. Wlien the inhabitants called Massyli, went on horseback, they never used satidles or bridles, but only sticks. i1 air character was warlike, their man- ners simple, and their love of liberty un- conquerable. Some suppose them to be the same as the IMasiesylii. though odiers say half the country belonged only to this last- mentioned people. Liv. 24, c. 48. L 28, c. 17. 1. 29, c. 32. — Sil. 3, v. 282. 1. 16, v. 171. — Lucan. 4, v. 682. — Virg. JEn. 4, v. 132. Mastramela, a lake near Marseilles, now mer de Martcgues. Plin. 3, c. 4. MasOrics, a Roman knight under Tibe- rius, learned, but poor. J'trt. 5, v. 90. Masus, Domitius, a Latin poet. [ Vid. Do- mitius.] Matho, an infamous informer, patronized by Domitian. Juv. 1 , v. 32. Matieni, a people in tlie neighbourhood of Armenia. Matinl's, a mountain of Apulia, abound- ing in yew trees and bees. Lucan. 9, v. 184. — Horat. 4, (>d. 2. v. '^7. .71. 16, v. 28. Matisco, a town of the JEdui in Gaul, now called Macon. Matralia, a festival at Rome, in honor of Matuta or Ino. Only matrons and free- born women were admitted. They made otlerings of flowers, and carried tlieir rela- tions' children in their anns, recommending tliem to the care and patronage of the god- dess whom they worshipped. Vnrro de L. L. 5, c. 22. — Ovid. Fast. 6, v. 47. — Plut. in Cam. Matrona, a river of Gaul, now called the Mame, falling into the Seine. Auson- Mas. 462. One of the surnames of Juno, because she presided over marriage and over child-birth. Matronalia, festivals at Rome in honor of Mars, celebrated by married women, in commemoration of the rape of the Sabines, and of the peace which their intreaties had obtained between their fatliers and husbands. Flowers were then offered in the temples of Juno. Otid. Fast. 3, v. 229. — PltU. in Rom. Mattlaci, a nation of Germany, now Marpurg in Hesse. Tlie Mattiacce aqutt, was a small town, now Wisbadcn, opposite Mentz. Tacil. de Germ. 29. An. 1, c. 56. Matuta. a deity among the Romans, the same as the Leucothoe of the G reeks. She was originally Ino, who was changed into a sea deity, [fid. Ino & Leucothoe,] and she was worshipped by sailore as such, at Corinth in a tem< MA MA a teir.pie sacred to Neptune. Only rcariicd ■women and freeborn matrons were permitted to enter her temples at liome, where they generally brought tlie children of their rela- tions in their arms. Liv. 5, &c. — Cic. de Nat. D. 3, V. 1 9. Mayors, a name ot' Mars. [Vid. Mars.] Mavortia, an epithet applied 'to every country whose inhabitants were wai'like, but especially to Rome, founded by the reputed son of Mavors, Virg. JEn. 1, v. 280, and to Tlirace, Id. 5, v. 13. Mauui, the inhabitants of Mauritania. Tliis name is derived from their black com- plexion (/iav^oi). Every thing among tlicm grew in greater abundance and greater per- fection than in other countries. Sirab. 17. — Martial. 5, ej). 29. 1. 12, ep. 67. — SU. Ital. 4, V. .569. 1. 10, v. 'XO^ — Mela, 1, c. 5. 1. 3, c. 10. — Justin. 19, c. 2. — Sallust. Jug. — Virg. A^n. 4, V. 206. Mauritania, a country on the M'esterrt part of Africa, wliich fomis the modern king- dom of Fez and Morocco. It was bounded on (lie west by the Atlantic, south by Gaetulia, and north by the Mediterranean, and is some- times called Alcntrusia. It became a Roman province in the reign of the emperor Claudius. [ Vid. JMauri. ] Maurls, a man who florished in the reign of Trajan, or according to others, of the An- tonini. He was governor of Syene, in Upper Egypt. He wrote a Latin poem upon the rules of poetry and versification. Maurusii, the people of Maurusia. a country near the columns of Hercules. It is also called Mauritania. [Vid. Mauritania-] Virg. JEn. 4, v. 20(7. Mamsolus, a king of Caria. His wife Artemisia was so disconsolate at his death, which happened B. C. 5.33, that she drank up his ashes, and resolved to erect one of tlie grandest and noblest monuments of anti- quity, to celebrate the memory of a husband whom she tenderly loved. This famous monument, which passed for one of the seven wonders of the world, was called Mau. soltnim, and from it all other magnificent se- pulchres and tombs have received the same name. It was built by four different archi- tects. Scopas erected the side which faced the east, Timotlieus had the south, Leochares liad the west, and Bruxis the nortii. Pithis was also employed in raising n pyramid over this stately monument, and the top was adorned by a chariot drawn by four horses. Tlic expences of this edifice were immense, and tliis gave an occasion to the philosopher Anaxagoras to exclaim, when he saw it, How much monc^/ changed into .^to'ncs ! [ Vid. Artemisia.] Herudot. 7, v. 99. — Strab. 14. — Diod. 10". — Patts. 8, c. IG. — Flor.4, c. II. — Qell. 10, c. IS. — Propert. 3, el. 2, v. 21. — Suet. Aug. 100. Maxemius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, 445 a son of the emperor jNIaximianus Hcrcula=. Some sujipose him to have been a suppositi- tious child. The voluntary abdication ot Diocletian, and of his father, raised him in the st.itc, and he declared himself indepen- dent emperor, or Augustus, A. D. 306. He afterwards incited his father to re-assume his imperial authority, and in a perfidious manner destroyed Sevcrus, who had deli- vered himself into his hands and relied upon his honor for the safety of his life. His victories and successes were impeded by Ga- lerius ]\Iaximianus, who opposed him with a powerful force. The defeat and voluntarj- death of Galerius soon restored peace to Italy, and Maxentius passed into Africa, where lie rendered himself odious by his cruelty and oppression. He soon after re- turned to Rome, and was informed that Con- stantine was come to dethrone him. He gave liis adversary battle near Rome, and, after lie had lost the victory, he fled back to Uie city. The bridge over which he crossed the Tiber was in a decayed state and he fell into tlie river and was drowned, on the 24th of September, A. D. 517. The cowardice and luxuries of Maxentius I are as conspicuous as his cruelties. He op- I pressed his subjects with heavy taxes to gratify the cravings of his pleasures, or the avarice of his favorites. He was debauched I in his manners, and neither virtue nor inno- i cence were safe whenever he was inclined to I voluptuous pursuits. He was naturally dc- fonned, and of an unwieldly body. To visit I a pleasure ground, or to exercise himself un- I der a marble portico, or to walk on a shady I terrace, was to him a Herculean labor, which required tlie greatest exertions of strength and resolution. CoKN. Maximiliana, a vestal virgin buried alive for incontinency, A. D. 92. M\xi>nAyrs, Kerculius Marcus Aure- lius Valerius, a native of Sirmium, in Pan- nonia, who served as a common soldier in the Roman armies. When Diocletian had been raised to the imperial throne, he re- membered the valor and courage of his fellow-soldier Maximianus, and rewarded his fidelity by making him his colleague in the empire, and by ceding to him the command of the provinces of Italy. Africa, and Spain, and the rest of the western territories of Rome. Maximianus showed the justness of the choice of Diocletian by his victories over the b.arbarians. In Britain success did not attend his arms ; but in Africa he defeated and put to death Aurelius Ju- lianus, who had proclaimed himself em- peror. Soon after Diocletian abdicated tlie imperial purple, and obliged Maximianus to follow Ids example on the 1st of April, A. D. r)0-4. Maximianus reluctantly coi.i- plied with the conmiand of a man to whom he owed his greatness, but before the first year M A MA ycnr of his resignation liad elapsed, he was roused frum his indolence and retreat by the ambition of liis son Maxcntius. He re- assumed tlie imperial dignity, and showed his ingratitude to his son by wishing him to resign tliu sovereignty, and to sink into a private person. This proposal was not oidy rejected with the contempt which it deserx-ed. but tlic troops nmtinied iigainst INIaximianus, and he iled for s;dety to Gaul, to the court of Constantine, to whom he gave his daugh- ter Faustina in maJTiagc. Here he again acted a conspicuous cliaracter, and re-assumed the imperial ])owcr, which his misfortunes had ohiigeil iiim to relimjuish.. Tliii of- fended Constantine. IJut, when open vio- lence seemed to frustrate the ambitious views of Maximiunus, he h:ul recourse to artifice. He prevaiioil upon his daughter Faustina, to leave tlie doors of her chamber open in the dead »>f niglit; and when slie promised faitJifully to execute his commands, he se- cretly introducid himself to her bed, where he ftabl)ed to tlie heart tlie man who slept by the side of his daughter, 'lliis was not Constantine ; Faustina, faithful to her hu<;- band, had apprized him of her father's ma- chinations, anil an eunuch liad l)een placed in his bed. Constantine watched the mo- tions of his father-in-law, and whan he heard the fatal blow given to the eunuch, he rushed in with a band of soldiers, and •ecured the assassin. Constantine resolved to destroy a man who was so inimical to his nearest relations, and nothing was left to Maximianus but to choose his own death. He strangled himself at Mars«.illes, A D. .~1(), in tlie (JOth year of his .age. His Lody was found fresh and entire in a leaden coffin about the middle of the eleventh centurj'. (lalcrius Valerius a native of Dacia, who in the first years of his life, was employed in keeping his father's flocks. He entered the army, where his TaJor and bodily strength recommended him to the notice of his superiors, and particularly to Diocletian, wlio invested him with the imj)erial purple in the e.xst, and gave him his daughter \'aleria in marriage. G.alerius deser\ed the confi- dence of his benefactor. He conquered the Goths, and Dalmatians, and checked the insolence of the I'ersians. In a battle, however, with the king of Persia. Galerius was defeatetl ; and, to complete his ig- nominy, and render him more sensible of his t the followers of Christ. In his character Galerius was wanton and ty- rannical, and he often feasteti his eyeswiili the sight of dying wiviches, whom his barbarity had delivered to bears and odier wild beasts. His aversion to learned men arose from his ignorance of letters ; and, if he was deprived of the benefit* of education, he proved tlie more cruel and the more inexorable. I.aclant. dc M. P. 55. — Eu.**- biiis, 8, c. 16. MaximInls, Caius Julius Verus, the son of a peasant in Tlirace. He was originally a >hepherd, and, by heading his countrymen against iJie frequent attacks of the neighbour- ing barbarians and robbers, he inured him- self to the Labors and to the fatigues of a c;uiip. He entered die Roman aniiies, where he gra- dually rose to the first offices ; and on the death of .Alexander .Severus he caused him- self to l>c proclaimed emperor, .\. I). •_'.",". The popularity which he had gained when general of tlie annies. was at an end when he ascended the throne. He was delighted with acts of the greatest b.arbarity, and no less tlian 400 persons lost their lives on the false suspicion of having conspired against the emperor's life. 'I'hey died in the greatest tonnenlK, and, that the tyrant might the better entertain himself witli their sufferings, some Wire exposed to w ild beasts, others expired by blows, some were nailed on crosses, while others were sliut up in the bellies of animals just killeil. The noblest of the Roman citiieiis were the objects of his cruelty ; and. as if they were more conscious than others of his mean origin, he resolved to spare no mi-ans to remove from his presence a number of men whom he looked upon with an eye of envy, and who, as he imagined, hated him for his oppression , and despised him for the poverty and obscurity of his early years. Such is the character of the suspicious and tyrannical Maiiminus. In his miliuiry capacity he •acted witli the same ferocity ; and, in an expedition in GermAny. he not only cut doikH MA M A ^own the corn, but he totally ruined :uul set fire to the whole country, to tlie extent of 4.')0 iniles. Sucii a monster of tyramiy, at last provoked the jieople of Rome. The Gordians were proclaimed emperors, but their innocence and pacilic virtues were unable to resist the fury of Maxiininus. After their fall, the Roman senate invested twenty men of their number with the imperial dignity, and entrusted into their hands the care of the republic. These measures so highly ir- ritated IMaximinus, that at the first intelli- gence, he howled like a wild beast, and al- most destroyed himself by knocking his head against the walls of his palace. When his fury was abated he marched to Rome, resolved on slaughter. His bloody ma- chinations were stopped, and his soldiers, ashamed of accompanying a tyrant whose cruelties had procured him the name of Busiris, Cyclops, and Phalaris, assassinated him in his tent before the walls of Aqui- leia, A. D. 256, in the G5th year of his age. The news of his death was received \vith tlie greatest rejoicings at Rome, public thanksgivings were offered, and whole heca- tombs flmned on the altars. Maximinus has been represented by historians as of a gigantic stature, he was eight feet high, and the bracelets of his wife served as rings to adorn the fingers of his hand. His vora- city was as remarkable as his corjiulence, he generally eat forty pounds of flesh every day, and drank 18 bottles of wine. His strength was proportionable to his gigantic shape ; he could alone draw a loaded waggon, and, with a blow of his fist, he often broke the teeth in a horse's mouth ; he also broke the hardest stones between his fingers, and cleft trees with his hand. Herodianus. — Jor- nand. de reb. Get. — Capitol. Maximinus made his son of the same name, emperor, as soon as he was invested with the purple, and his choice was unanimously approved by the senate, by the people, and by the army. Galerius X'alerius, a shepherd of Thrace, who was raised to the imperial dignity by Diocletian, A. D. 305. He was nephew to Galerius Maximianus, by his mother's side, and to him he was indebted for his rise and consequence in the Roman armies As IVIaximinus was ambitious and fond of power, he looked with an eye of jealousy upon those who shared the dignity of em- peror vni\\ himself. He declared war against Licinius, his colleague on the throne, but a defeat, which soon after followed, on tho 30th of April, A. D. 313, between Hera- clea and Adrianopolis, left him without re- sources and without friends. His victorious enemy pursued him, and he fled bcj-ond mount Taurus, forsaken and almost un- known. He attempted to put an end to his miserable existence, but his eflTorts were ineffectual, and though his death is attributed by some to despair, it is more universally be- 445 lieved that he expired in the greatest agonies of a dreadful distemper which eonsuiiied him, day and night, with inexpressible pains, and reduced him to a mere skeleton. This mi- serable end, according to the ecclesiastical writers, was the visible punishment of heaven, for the barbarities which IMaximinus had exer- cised against the followers of Clirisfianity, and for the many blasphemies which he had uttered. Lactant. — Euscb. A minister of the emperor Val*ian. One of the ambassadors of young 'Dieodosifis to Attila king of the Huns. Maximus, Magnus, a native of Spain, who proclaimed himself emperor, A. D. 383. The unpopularity of Gratian favored his usurpation, and he was acknowledged by his troops. Gratian marched against him, but he was defeated, and soon after assas- sinated. Maximus refused the honors of a burial to tlie remains of Gratian ; and, when he had made himself master of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, he sent ambassadors into the east, and* demanded of the emperor Theodosius to acknowledge him as his asso- ciate on the throne. Tlieodosius endeavoured to amuse and delay him, but IMaximus re- solved to support his claim by arms, and crossed the Alps. Italy was laid desolate, and Rome opened her gates to the con- queror. Theodosius now determined to re- venge the audaciousness of Maximus, and had recourse to artifice. He began to make a naval armament, and JMaximus, not to appear inferior to his adversary', had already embarked his troops, when Theodosius, by secret and hastened marches, fell upon him, and besieged him at Aquileia. Maximus was betrayed by his soldiers, and the con- queror, moved with compassion at the sight of his fallen and dejected enemy, granted him life, but the multitude refused him mercy, and instantly struck ofF his head, A. D. 388. His son Victor, who shared the imperial dignity with him, was soon after sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers. Petronius, a Roman, descended of an illus- trious family. He caused Valentinian III. to be assassinated, and ascended the throne ; and, to strengthen his usurpation, he mar- ried die empress, to whom he had the weak- ness and imprudence to betray that he had sacrificed her husband to his love for her person. This declaration irritated the em- press ; she had recourse to the barbarians to avenge the death of Valentinian, and Maxi- mus was stoned to death by his soldiers, and his body thrown into the Tiber, A. D. 455. He reigned only 77 days. — — Pupianus. [ Vid. Pupianus. ] A celebrated cynic phi- losopher and magician of Ephesus. He in- structed the emperor Julian in magic ; and according to the opinion of some historians, it was in the conversation and company of Maximus that the apostacy of Julian ori- ginated. The emperor not only visited the philosopher, MA M E jjhilosoplicr, but he even submitted his writ- ings to his inspection and censure. Majt- inus refused to live in the court of Julian, and the emperor, not diseatisfied witli the re- fusal, appointLHl him high pontiff' in the pro- vince of Lydia, an office which he discharjjed with the grt-atest moderation and justice. When Julian went into the east, the philo- sopher promised hira success, and even said that his conquests would Ijc more numerous and eitensive than those of the son of Riilip. He persuaded his imperial pupil that, ac- cording to the doctrine of metempsychosis, lii« body was animated by the soul which once animated the hero whose greatness and victories lie was goi»»g to eclipse. .After the ileath of Julian, .Masimus was almost sarri- ticed to tlie fury of the soldiem, but the in- terposition of his friends saved his life, and he retired to Constantinople. He was soon aAer accuselA?.Acrs, a Persian governor of Mem- phis. He made a sally against the Grecian soldiers of Alexander, and killed great num- bers of them. Curt. 4. c. 1. MAZiRus, a satrap of Cilicia, under Arta.r- erxes Ochus. A governor of Babylon, «oa-in-law to Darius. He surrendered fo Alexander. &c. Curt. 5, c. 1 •14€ Mazarfs, a satrap of Media, who reduce him with these werds, Descmd from thf tri- buncl. thou brUchrr.i while he sat in the judg- ment-seat, and betrayetl revenge and impa- tience in his countenance. He was struck with the admonition, and left the tribunal without piusing sentence of death on the cri- minals. To the interference of ISIecrenas Virgil owed the restitution of his lands and Horace was proud to boast tliat his learned friend had obtained liis forgiveness from the emperor, for joining the cause of Brutus at llie battle of Philippi. Mectrnas was himself fond of literature, and. according to tlie most received opinion, he wrote an history of ani- mals, a journal of the life of -Augustus, a treatise on the different natures and kinds of precious stones, besides tlie two tr.igcdies of Octavia and Prometlieus and other things, all now lost. He died eight years before Christ ; and, on his deatli-bed he particu- larly recommended his poetical friend Ho- race to the care and confidence of Augustus Seneca, who has liberally commended the genius and abilities of Mccoinas, has not withheld his censure from his dissipation, indolence and effeminate luxury. From the patronage and encouragement which the princes of heroic and lyric poetry, among the Latins, received from the favorite of Augus- tus, all patrons of literature have ever since been called MecctnaU-^ Virgil dedicated to him ME ME him his Georgics, and Horace his odes. Suei. in Jug. 66, &.c. — Pint. in. Aug. — Herodian. 7. — Senec. ep. 1 9 and 92. Mechanels, a surname of Jupiter, from his patronizing undertakings. He had a sta- tue near the temple of Ceres at Argos, and tliere the people swore before they went to the Trojan war, eitlier to conquer or to perish. Paus. 2, c. 22. Mecisteus, son of Echius or Talaus, was one of the companions of Ajax. He was killed by Polydamas Homer. II. 6, v. 28, Sec. A son of Lycaon. Apollod. Mecbida, the wife of Lysimachus. Po- lytmu 6. Medea, a celebrated magician, daughter of iEetes, king of Colchis. Her mother's name, according to the more received opi- nion of Hesiod and Hyginus, was Idyia, or accoLding to others, Ephyre, Hecate, Aste- rodia, Antiope, or Neraja. She was the niece of Circe. Wiien Jason came to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, Medea became enamoured of him, and it was to her well- directed labors fliat the Argonauts owed their preservation. [Fi'rf. Jason & Argonaut*.] Medea had an interview with her lover in the temple of Hecate, where they bound tliem- selves by the most solemn oaths, and mutually promised eternal fidelity. No sooner had Jason overcome all the difficulties which ^etes had placed in his way, than Medea embarked with the conquerors for Greece. To stop the pursuit of her father, she tore to pieces her brother Absyrtus, and left his mangled limbs in the way through which ^etes was to pass. This act of barbarity some have at- tributed to Jason and not to her. When Jason reached lolchos, his native country, the return and victories of the Argonauts were celebrated with universal rejoicings ; but ^Eson, the father of Jason, was unable to as- sist at the solemnity, on account of the infir- mities of his age. Medea, at her husband's request, removed the weakness of iEson, and by drawing away the blood from his veins, and filling them again with the juice of certain herbs, she restored to him the vigor and sprightliness of youth. This sudden change in i^son astonished the inhabitants of lolchos, and the daughters of Pelias were also desirous to see their father restored by the same power, to the vigor of youth. Medea, willing to re- venge the injuries which her husband's family had suffered from Pelias, encreased their cu- riosity, and by cutting to pieces an old ram and making it again, in their presence, a young lamb, she totally determined them to try the same experiment upon their father's body. They accordingly killed him of their own accord, and boiled iiis flesh in a cauldron, but Medea refused to perform the same friendly offices to Pelias which slie had done to iEson, and he was consumed by the heat of the fire, and even deprived of a burial. 447 This action greatly irritated the people of lolchos, and Medea, with her husband, fled to Corinth to avoid the resentment of an ofl^ended populace. Here they lived for tea years with inuch conjugal tenderness ; but the love of Jason for Glance, the king's dau,''h- ter, soon interrupted their mutual harmony, and Medea was divorced. Blt-dea revenged the infidelity of Jason by causing the death of Glauce, and the destruction of her family. [Vid. Glauce.] This action was followed by another still more atrocious. Medea killed two of her children in their father's presence, and, when Jason attempted to punisli the barbarity of the mother, she fled tlirough the air upon a chariot drawn by winged dragons. From Corinth Medea came to Athens, where, after she had undergone the necessary purifi- cation of her murder, she married king iEgeus, or, according to others, lived in an. adulterous manner with him. From her con- nection with ^geus Medea had a son, who was called Medus. Soon after, when Tlie- seus wished to make himself known to his father, [Vid. iEgeus,] Medea, jealous of his fame, and fearful of his power, attempted io poison him at a feast which liad been pre- pared for his entertainment. Her attempts, however, failed of success, and the sight of the sword which Tlieseus wore by his side, convinced lEgeur, that the stranger against whose life he had so basely conspired was no less than his own son. Tlie father and the son were reconciled, and Medea to avoid the punishment whicli her wickedness de- served, mounted lier fiery chariot, and dis- appeared through the air. She came to Col- cliis, where, according to some, she was re- conciled to Jason, who had sought her in her native country after her sudden departure from Corinth. She died at Colthis, as Justin mentions, when she had been restored to the confidence of her family. After death she married Achilles in the Elysian fields, ac- cording to the traditions mentioned by Si- monides. The murder of Mermerus and Pheres, the youngest of Jason's children by Medea, is not attributed to their mother according to iEIian, but the Corinthians them- selves assassinated them in the temple of Juno Acrsea. To avoid the resentment of the gods, and deliver themselves from the pesti- lence which visited their countiy after so hoii-rid a massacre, they engaged tiic poet Euripides, for five talents, to write a tragedy, which cleaied them of the murder, and rej;resented Medea as the cruel assassin of lier own chil- dren. And besides, that this opinion might be the better credited, festivals were appointed, in which the mother was represented with all the barbarity of a fury murdering her own sons. [Vid. Heraa.] Apollod. 1, c. 9. — ITy- giii.fab. '21, 22, 23, &c. — Plut. in Thes. — Dioiiys. Perieg. — JBHan. V. If. 5. c. 21. — Pav^. 2, c. 3. 1. 8, c, 11. — Euripid. in Med. — Diod. ME ME — Diod. 4. — Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 1, in Med. — Strab. 7. — Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 19. — uipollon. Arg. 3, &c. — Urpheus. — Flacc. — Lucan. 4, v. 55G. Medesicaste, a daughter of Priam, who married Jmbrius son of IMentor, who was killed by Teucer during the Trojan war. Jlomer. II. J 5, v. 172. — ApoUod. o. Media, a celebrated country of Asia, bounded on the north by tlie Caspian sea, west by Armenia, soutli by Persia, and east by Parthia and Ilyrcania. It was originally called Ariit, till the age of Medus, the sou of iNIedea, who gave it the name of Media. ITie province of Media was first r.iiscd into a kingdom by its revolt from the Assyrian mo- narchy, B. C. 8'i() ; and after it liad for some time enjoyed a kind of republican govern- ment, Ueioccs, l)y liis artifice procured him- self to be called king, 700 H. ('. After a reign of .I." years he was succeeded by Plini- ortes, B. C. 647 ; who v\ as succeeded by Cy- axares, B. C. 625. His successor was Asty- ages, B. C. 5S'>, in whose reign Cyrus became master of Media, B. C. 551 ; and ever after the empire was transferred to tlie IVrsians. The ]\iedes were warlike in tlie primitive ages of tlieir power ; they encouniged poly- gamy, and were remarkable for the homage which they i)aid to their sovereigns, who were styled kings of kings. This title was after- wards adopted by their conquerors, tlie Per- sians, and it was still in u-^e in the age of the Roman emperors. Justin. I, c. 5. — Ihrodot. 1, Sec. — lUttb. 5 & 10. — Curt. 5. iS;C. — Diod. Sic. 13. — Ctcsias. Meuias, a tyrant of Mysia, &c. MeuTcls, a prince of Larissa, in Thessaly, who made war against Lycophron, tyrant of Phera-. Diod. I A. ]\Ikuioi,ani M. now MUuti, the capital of Insubria at tlie mouth of tlie Po. J.ir. 5. c. 5-1. 1. 54, c. 413. Aulercorum, a town of Gaul, now Evreux, in Normandy. Santonum, another, now Saintes, in Gui- enne. Mediomatrices, a nation tliat lived on the borders of tlie Rhine, now Mi'tx. Si rub. 4. — Ca-s. li,ll. a. 4, c. 10. Mei)Iii;hrank( Ji MAKE, E sca which divides Europe and .\sia Minor from Africa. It receives its name from its situation, medio terree, situate in ihc in'uldlc of the land. It has a communication with the Atlantic by the columns of Hercules, and with the I'ux- ine through the .Tigean. The word Mediter- raneum does not occur in the classics : but it is sometimes called internum, noatrum, or me- dius liquor, and is frequently denominated in Seripture the Great sea. The first naval power that ever obtained the command of it, as recorded in the fabulous epochs of the writer Castor, was Crete, under .Slinos. Af- terwards it passed into the hands of the Ly- dians, B. C. 1179; of the Pelasgi, 1038; of 448 the Tliracians, 1000; of the Rhodians, 916; of the Phrygians, i^[j3 ; of the CjT)rians, 8C8 ; of the Phanicians, 826; of the' Egj-p- tians, 7S7 ; of the INIilesians, 7,53; of the Carians, 734 ; and of the Lesbians, 676, which they retained for 6i) years. Horat. 3, od. 3, V. 46. — Flin. 2, c. 668. - - Sallusl. Jug. 17. — Cas. B. G..5. c. 1. — Liv. 26, c. 42. Meditkixa, the godd'?ss of medicines, whose festivals, called Medttriualia, were ce- lebrated at Rome the last day of September, when they made oflerings of fruits. Vurrj de L. L. 3, c. 3. IMr.noAc; s or Medi'acis. a river in the country of the Vencti, falling into the Adriatic sea. Lie. 10, c. 2. Meih)bithvm, a people of Tlirace. 3Iei)Obiuga. a town of Lusitania now destroyed. Hirtiiis, 48. !Mei)()S. son of Codrus, the 17tb and last king of .Alliens, ^as tlie first Archon that was appointed w ith regal authority, B. C. 1070. ' In the election Mcdon was preferrctl to his brother Xeleus, liy the oracle of Del- phi, and he rendered himself populiir by the justice and moderation of his administration. His successors were called from him Medon- li'JcF, and the office of archon remained for above 2fK)yenrs in the family of Codrus un- der 12 periietual archons. Paus. 7, c. 2. — Ptitcrc. 2, c. 2. A man killed in the Tro- jan war. ."Eneas saw him in the infernal re- gions. Virg. yEn. 6, v. 483. A statuary of Laceda-mon, who made a famous statue of Minerva, seen in the temple of Juno at Olym- pia. Paus. 7, c. 17. One of the Cen- taurs, &c. Ovid. Mel. 12, v. 303. One of tlie Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins liy Bacchus. Id. Met. 3, v. 671. A river of I'eloponnesus. An illegitimate son of Ajax Oileus. Homer. One of Penelope's suitors. ( hui. Heroid. 1 . A man of Cy- zicus, killed by tlie Argonauts. A king of Argos, who died about !»!)0 years B. C. A son of Pjlades by Electra. P„us. 2. c. 16. MtDONTiAs, a woman of Abydos, with whom Alcibiades cohaliited as with a wife. She had a daughter. &c. Lysius. Mem ACi s, two rivers, (^Mcjor, now lirenlu, and Minor, now HachHione,) falling near Venice into the Adriatic sea. 7Y»;i. 5, c. 16. — Liv. 10, c. 2. Meulana, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Ligeris, now the Mai/ni;. J.ucan. I, v. 438. Meditli.ina, a Roman virgin ravished by her father, &c. I'iut. in J'and. An infamous courtezan in Juvenal's age, 6, v. 321. Medi s, now A'ur, a river of ]\Iedia. fall- ing into the Araxes. Some take Medus ad- jectively, as applying to any of tlie great rivers of Media. Strab. 15. — Horat. 2, od. 9, V. 21. ME ME 9, V. 21. A son of ^^geus aud INIedea, who gave his name to a country of Asia. Medus, when arrived to years of maturity, vent to seek his mother, whom tlie arrival of Tlieseus in Athens had driven away. [Vid. Medea.] He came to Colchis, where he was seized by his uncle Perscs, who usurped the throne of .^etes, his mother's father, because the oracle had declared that Perses should be murdered by one of the grandsons of JEetes. Medus assumed an- other name, and called himself Hippotes, son of Creon. Meanwhile Medea arrived in Colchis, disguised in the habit of a priestess of Diana, and when she heard that one of Creon's children was imprisoned, slie resolved to hasten the destruction of a per- son whose family she detested. To effect this with more certainty she told the usurper, that Hippotes was really a son of Medea, sent by his mother to murder him. She begged Perses to give her Hippotes, that she might sacrifice him to her resentment. Perses consented. Medea discovered that it was her own son, and she instantly aaxned him with the dagger which she had prepared against his life, and ordered him to stab the -usurper. He obeyed, and Medea discovered who he was, and made her son Medus sit on his grandfather's throne. Hesiod. Theog. — Pans. 2. — ApoUod. 1. — Justin. 42. — Senec. in Med. — Diod. MedOsa, one of the three Gorgons, daugh- ter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was the only one of tlie Gorgons who was subject to mor- tality. She is celebrated for her personal charms and the beauty of her locks. Nep- tune became enamoured of her, and obtained her favors in the temple of Minerva. This violation of the sanctity of the temple pro- voked Minerva, and she changed the beauti- ful locks of Medusa, which had inspired Nep- tune's love, into serpents. According to Apollodorus and others. Medusa and her sisters came into the world with snakes on their heads, instead of hair, with yellow wings and brajten hands. Their bodies were also covered with impenetrable scales, and their very looks had the power of killing or turn- ing to stones. Perseus rendered his name immortal by his conquest of Medusa. He cut off her head, and tlie blood that dropped from the wound produced tlie ir.numerable serpents that infest Africa. Ilie conqueror placed Medusa's head on the agis of Mi- nerva, whiclAhe had used in his expedition. The head still retained tlie same petrifying power as before, as it was fatally known in the court of Cepheus. [Fid. Andromeda.] Some suppose, that the Gorgons were a na- tion of women whom Perseus conquered. [yid. Gorgones.] Apullod. 2, c. 4. — He- xiod. Theog. — Ovid. Mel. 4, v. 618. — Lu- can. 9, v. 624. — ApuUon. 4. — Hygin. fab. J 51. A daughter of Priam. — — A daughter of Stlienelus. ApoUod. 449 Megabizi,' certain priests in Diana's tem* pie at EphesUs. They were all eunuchs. idubUil. 5, c. 12. Mkgabyzqs, one of the noble Persians who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. He was set over an army in Europe by king Darius, where he took Perinthus and con- quered all Thrace. He was greatly esteemed by his sovereign. Herodot. 3, &c. — — A son of Zopyrus, satrap to Darius. He con- quered Egypt, &c. Herodot. 3, c. 1 60 A satrap of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his king, and defeated two large armies that had been sent against him. The inter- ference of his friends restored him to the king's favor, and he showed his attachment to Artaxerxes by killing a lion whieh threat- ened his life in hunting. This act of affec- tion in Megabyzus was looked upon with envy by the king. He was discarded and afterwards reconciled to the monarch by means of his mother. He died in tlie 76tli year of his age, B. C. 447, greatly regretted. Ctesias. Meoacles, an Athenian ai'chon who in- volved the greatest part of the Athenians in the sacrilege which was conunitted in the conspiracy of Cylon. Flut. in Sol. A brother of Dion, who assisted his brother against Dionysius, &c. A son of Alc- niseon, who revolted with some Athenians after the departure of Solon from Athens. He was ejected by Pisistratus. A ftian who exchanged dress with Pyrrhus, when assisting the Tarentines in Italy. He was killed in that disguise. A native of Mes- sana in Sicily, famous for his inveterate en- mity to Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse. A man who destroyed the leading men of Mitylene, because he had been punished. ■ . . A man who wrote an account of the lives of illustrious persons. The maternal grandfather of Alcibiades. Megaclides, a peripatetic pliilosopher in tlie age of Protagoras. Meojera, one of the furies, daughter of Nox and Acheron. Tlie word is derived from fiiyai^iiv, iniidere, odisse, and she is repre- sented as employed by the gods like her sisters to punish the crimes of mankind, by visiting them with diseases, with inward tonnents, and witli death. Virg. uEn. 12, v. 846. [Vid. Eumenides.] Megale, the Greek name of Cybele, the. mother of die gods, whose festivals were called Megalesia. Megaleas, a seditious person of Corinth. He was seiied for his treachery to king Philip of Macedonia, upon whii'h he destroyed him- self to avoid punishment. Megalesia, games in honor of Cybele, instituted by tlie Phrygians and introduced at Rome in the second Punic %var, when the statue of the goddess was brought from Pesiinus. Liv. 29, c. 14 Odd. Fast, i. Gg MEGAirA, ME ME MxGAUAf a small island of Campania, near Neapolis. Seat. 'J. Sylv. v. 80. Meoalopolis, a town of Arcadia in Pelo- ponnesus, built by Epaminondas. It joined the Achaan league, B. C. 232, and wa^ taken and ruined by Cleooienes, king of Sparta. The inhabitants were called MegaUyjtolitcF, or Megalopolilani. Strab. 8. — Faui. 9, C. H. — Liu. 28, c 8. MEGAMxnE, the wife of Thcstius, mother by him of 50 daughters. Apollod. 2. MEOAsiR.v, the witc of Celeus, kinj? of Eleusis in Attica. She was motJier to Trip- tolcmus, to whom Ccroi, as ^he travelled over Attica, taught agriculture-. She received divine honors after death, and she liad an altar raised to her, near die fountain where Ceres had first been seen when she arrived in Attica. Paus. 1, c. 59. The wife of Areas. Jpollod. Megapenthes, an illegitimate son of Me- nclnus, who, after his father's return from the Trojan war, was married to a daughter of Alector, a native of Sparta. His mother's name was Teridae, a slave of Meoelaus. Homer. Od, 4. — Aitollod. .i. M KG AHA, a daughter of Crt-on. king of Tljcbes, given in marriage to Hercules, be- cause he had delivered the Thebaic from the tyranny of tlie Orihomenians [Kc/. Er^i- nus. ] When Hercules went to hoU by order o( Kurystlieus, violence was offered to 31 e- gara by Lycus, a Theban exile, and slie would have yielded to her nvvisher had not Hercules returned that mL>inint and pu- nisiied him with deatli. This murder disi- ploased Juno, and she rendereii Hervulcs so delirious, Umt he killed Megara and the throe diildrcn he had by her, in a (n of mad- ness, thinking tliom to lie wild iK-ists. , Sooie say that Mcpara did not jK-risli by the hand of her hu.sband, but that he afu-rwards mar- ried her to his friend lolas. 'llie names of Wegara's children by Hercules were Creon- tiades, nieriinaohus, and Deicoon. Hi/^in. fiib. 82. — Stmcc. in Here. — ApoUod. 2, c. 0". — Di.>d. 4. Mf'jiRA, (.T, & pi. orum, ) a city of Achaia, die capital of a country called Atc^a- rit, founded alwut 1131 B. C. It is situate nearly at an ecjual distance from Corinth and Alliens, on tlie Sinus Saronicus. It was built upon two rocks, and is still in being, and preserves its ancient name. It was called after Megareus, tl;e son of Neptune, who was buried dierc, or from Megareus a son of Apollo. It was originally governed by twelve kings, but became alterwards a rupublic, and fvli ir.to the hands of the AUienians, from whom it was rescued liy the Heraclida'. At the battle of Salarais the jieoplc of Rlegara furnished 20 ships for the defence of (Jreece, and at PlatKa they had 5(X) men in the anuy of Fausanias. llierc was here a sect of phi- losophers called the Mcgnric, who held the world to be cternai, Cic Acad. 4, c. 42. 450 Oral. 3, c. 17. Att. J, rp. 8. — Paus. I, c. 30. — Strab. 6. — Mela, 2, c. 5. A town of Sicily founded by a colony from Megara in Attica, about 728 years before the Qiristian era. It was destroyed by Gelon. king of Syracuse ; and before the arrival of the Megarean colony it wa« called Hybla. Strab. 26, &c. — Ftrg. jEn. 3, V. 689. Megareus, the father of Hippomenes, was son of Oncliestus. Chid. Met. 10, v. 60.5. A son of Apollo. Megaris, a small country of Achaia, \k-- twecn Pbocis on the west and Attica on the cast. Its capital city was called Me^ar.-t. [Vid. M^ara.] Strab. 8. — Plin. 3, c. 8. — Mela, 2, c 5 & 7. Mecarscs. a town of Sicily, of Cili- eia. A river of India. MECAsTHf.vEs. a Greek historian in the age oi .Seieucus Nieanor, about 300 years before Christ. He wrote about the oricnLtl nations, and particularly the Iridians. His history is often quoted by the ancients. \Miat now passes as \i\% composition is spurious. Meges, one of Helen's suitors, governor of Didichium and of tlie Echinades. He went witli forty ships to the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. MzGiLL^v, a native of Locris, remarkable for beaut v, and mentioned by Horat. 1, ud. 27, V. 1 1. IMrcisTA. nn island of Lycia, with an har- bour of the same name. Lit'. 37, c. 22. Meuistias, a sootlisayer, who told the S|>flrtnns diat defended Themiopyl.T, that ' they all should perish, &c. Herodot. 7, c. ! 21 'J, &c. A river. [ lul. .Mella.] Mela I'omposics, a Spaniard, who ilo- rished a)>out die ^L^th year of the Christian era. and distinguished himst-lf by his geogra- phy divided into tliree books and «Ti»en witli elegance, with great perspicuity and Ifrevity. The best editions of this book, called «//• siXu orbis, are tliose of Gronovius. Hvo. L Bat. 1722, and of Kcinhold, 4to. Eton. 1761. MEL,«NiK, a village of Attica. Stat. Tht. 12, y. 619. MeijkMrus. a celebrated soothsayer and physician of Argos, son of Amyth.ton nv.i\ Idomenea, or Doripi>e. He lived .\t PyNi^ in Pelopon'nesus. His servants once kiheil twn Lu-ge serpents which had made their nests at the bottom of a hirge oak, and Melampus paiii so much regard to these two reptiles tliat he raised a burning pile and burned tliem upon it. He also took particular care of tlieir young ones, and fe«l them witli milk. Some time .after this the young iierpent.s crept to Mel.ini- pus as he slept on the grass near the oak, aiiJ. ;is if sensible of the favors of tlieir benefactor, they uantonly pUyed around him, and softly licked his e.ars. 'I"his awoke Melampus, wli<. was astonished at the sudden change which his senses ME ME senses had undergone. He found himself acquainted with the chirping of the birds, and with all their rude notes, as they flew around him. He took advantage of this supernatural gift, and soon made himself per- fect in the knowledge of futurity, and Apollo also instructed him in the art of medicine. He had soon after the happiness of curing the daughters of Prcetus, by giving them ellebore, which from this circumstance has been called ynclampodiuyn, and as a reward for his trouble he married the eldest of these princesses. [Vid. Proetides.] The tyranny of his uncle Neleus, king of Pylos, obliged him to leave his native country, and Proetus, to shew himself more sensible of his ser- vices, gave him part of his kingdom, over which he established himself. About this time the personal charms of Pero, the daughter of Neleus, had gained many ad- mirers, but the father promised his daughter only to him who brought into his hands the oxen of Iphiclus. This condition displeased many ; but Bias, who was also one of her admirers, engaged his brother Melampus to steal the oxen, and deliver them to him. Melampus was caught in the attempt, and imprisoned, and nothing but his services as a soothsayer and physician to Iphiclus would have saved him from death. All this pleaded in favor of Melampus, but when lie had taught the childless Iphiclus how to become a father, he not only obtained his liberty, but also the oxen, and with them he compelled Keleus to give Pero in marriage to Bias. A severe dis- temper, which had rendered the women of Argos insane, was totally removed by Me- lampus, and Anaxagoras who then sat on the throne, rewarded his merit by giving him part of his kingdom, where he established himself, and where his posterity reigned during six successive generations. He received divine honors after deatli, and temples were raised to his memory. Homer. Od. 11, v. 287. 1. 15, V. 225. — Herodot. 2 & 9. — Ajwllod. 2, C. 2. — Pans. 2, c. 18, 1. 4, c. 5.— l^irg. G. 3, V. 550. The father of Cisseus and Gyas. Virg. JSn. 10. A son of Priam, ylpol- lod. 5. One of Actoegn's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3. Melamptges, a surname of Hercules, from th^ black and hairy appearance of his back, &c. Melanch^tes, one of Actaeon s dogs, so called from his blacJc hair. Ovid. Met. 3. MELANCHL^ffiNi, a people near tlie Cim- merian Bosphorus. Melanchrus, a tyrant of Lesbos who died about 612 B. C. Melane, the same as Samothrace. Melaneus, a son of Eurytus, from whom Eretria has been called Melaneis. A cen- taur. Ovid. Met. 12. One of Actaeon's dogs. Id. 5. An ^Ethiopian killed at the nuptials of Perseus. Id. 5. Melanida, a surname of Venus. 451 Melakiox, the same as Hippomenes, who married Atalanta according to some my- thologists. AiMlod. 3. I\Ielanippe, a daughter of JEolus who had two children by Neptune, for which her father put out both her eyes, and confined her in a prison. Pier children, who had been ex- posed and preserved, delivered her from con- finement, and Neptune restored her to her eye-sight. She after»vards married IMctapon- tus. Hi/^n.fab. 186. A nymph who mar- ried Itonus, son of Amphictj'on, by whom she had BcEotus, who gave his name to Bceotia. Paus. 9, c. 1. Melanippides, a Greek poet about 520 years before Christ. His grandson, of the same name, florished about 60 years after at the court of Pcrdiccas the second, of Mace- donia. Some fragments of their poetry are extant. IMelakippus, a priest of Apollo, at Cy- rene, killed by the tyrant Nicocrates. Po- ly a:n. 8. A son of Astacus, one of the Theban chiefs who defended the gates of Thebes against the anny of Adi-astus king of Argos. He was opposed by Tydeus, whom he slightly wounded, and at last was killed by Amphiaraus, who carried his head to Tydeus. Tydeus, to take revenge of the wound he had received, bit the liead with such bar- barity, that he swallowed the brains, and Jlinerva, offended vnth. his conduct, took away the herb winch she had given him to cure his wound, and he died. Apoilod. I. c. 8. — jEschyl. ante Theh. — Pmis. 9, c. 18. A son of Mavs, who became enamoured of Cometho, a priestess of Diana Triclaria. He concealed himself in the temple, and ravished his mistress, for which violation of the sanctity of the place, the two lovers soon after perished by a sudden death, and the country was visited by a pestilence, which was stopped only after the offering of a human sacrifice by the direction of the ora- cle. Paus. 7. c. 19. A Trojan killed by Antilochus in the Trojan war. Homer. //, 1.5. Another killed by Patroclus. Another killed by Teucer. A son of Agrius. Another, son of Priam. A son of Theseus. Melanostri, a people of Syria. Melanthii, rocks near the island of Samos. Melanthius, a man who wrote an history of Attica. A famous painter of Sicyon. Plin. 53. A tragic poet of a very malevo- lent disposition in the age of Phocion. Phif. A Trojan killed by Eurypylus in tlie Trojan war. Homer. Od. A shepherd in Theocrit. Idyll. A goat-herd killed by Telemachus after the return of Ulysses. Ovid. 1, Heroid. An elegiac poet. Melantho, a daughter of Proteus, ra- vished by Neptune under the fonn of a dol- phin. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 12. One of Pene- lope's women, sister to Melanthius. Homer. U. 18, &c. & Od. 18. G g 2 Mex-axthvs, M E ME Melawthis, Melanthes, or Melakthu's, II son of Andfoponipus, whose ancestors were king^of P)'los. He was driven from his pa- ternal kingdom by the HeroclidK, and caine to Attiens, where king Thymcetes resigned the crown to him, provided he fought a battle against Xanthus, a general of tlie ISieotlans, who made war against him. He fought and conquered, [Ku/. Apaturia,] and his family, surnamed the Xelinda-, sat on the throne of Alliens, till the age of Codrus. He succeeded to tlic crown" 11 '28 jer, son of Proteus. A son of Phryxus who was among the .Ar- gonauts, and was drowned in that part of the sea which bore his name, jljtoliod. 1. ilELDiC, or }fi:ldnrum urbs, a city of Gaul now Meatix in Champagne. Mfxeacee, a celebrated hero of anti- quity, son of (Encus, king of i^-Ltoli.i, by Al- ihata daughter of ']^lestiu^. Tlie Parca; were pre<»cnt at the moment of his birth, and prr- difted his future gfeatness. Clotho said, that he would be l>rave and courageous ; Lachesis foretold his uncoi.'-.mon slrcngtti, and .\iropos declared that he should live as long as that fire-brand, which was on the fire, remained entire and unconsumcd. .Atha-a no sooner heard this, than site snatched tlic slick from the fire, and kept it with the most jealous care, as the life of her son was destined to de- pind upon its preservation. Tlie fame of Meleager increased with his years; he signa- lized himself in the .\rgonautic expedition, and afterwards delivered his country from tlie neighbouring inhabitants, who made war against his father, at the iiistii^ation of Uiana, whose altars CEneus had neglected. [ f'u/. CEneus.] No s<>oncr were they de«tniyed than Diana punished the negligence of CEneus by a greater calamity. She sent a huge wild boar, which laid waste all die country, and seemed invincible on account of its immense size. It became soon a public concern, all the neighbouring princes assembled to destroy tliis terrible animal, and notliing became more famous in mytho- logical history, than tlie hunting of the Caly- donian boar. The princes and chiefs who assembled, and who are mentioned by mytho- logisiR, are Meleager son of CEneus, Idas and I^yncfus, sons of Apharcus, Drjas son of Mars. Ca-stor and Pollux, sons of Jupiter ond Eod.i, Pirithous son of Ixion, Theseus son of .i-^geus, .\nceu8 and Cephcus, sons of Lycurgut, Admetes son of Pheres, Jxson ton of .ii-^on, I'llcus and Telamon, sons 152 of -Eacus, Ijihicle'; son of .\mphitryon, Eu- rytryon son of Actor, .Vtalaula daughter of Schoeneus, lola^ the friend of Hercules, the sons of lliestius, Amphtaraiis son of Oileus, Protheus, Comeies, tlie brothers of Altheea, Hippothous son of Cercyon, Leucippus. Adraslus, Cencus, Phileus, Echeon, Lelex. Phoenijt son of Amyntor, Panopcus, Hyleus. Hippasus, Neslor, Meiioetius the father of Patroclus, Araphicides, Laertes, the father of Ulysses, and tlie four sons of Hippocoon. This troop of armed men attacked tlie boar with unusual fury, and it was at last killed by Meleager. The conqueror gave die skin and the head to Atalanta, who had first wounded the animal. This partiality to a woman irri- tated the others, and particularly Toxeus and Plexippus, the brothers enlinent. to revenge tlie death of her brotherv, slie threw into the fire (he fatal stick on which her son's life de- pended, and .Meleager died as soon as it was consumed. Homer does not luentioii the fire-brand, whence some have imagined that this fable is posterior to that poet's age. But he says th.^t tJio deatli of Toxeus and Plexip- pus so irritated .\lth««, tliat slie uttentl the most horrible curses and imprecations upon the head of her son. Meleager in.-u-ried Cleopatra, the daughter of Idxis and Mar- pessa, as also Atalanta, according to some accounts. AjioUod. 1, c. 8. — Ajtollon. 1, or^'. I, v. 997. I. 3, v. 518. — Flacc. 1 A 6. — Fuus. 10, c. 31. —Hygin. U. — Ovid. Met. S. — Homer. IL 9. A general who sup- ported .\rida>us when he had been made king alter the death of his brother Alexander the Great .\ brother of Ptolemy, made king of Macedoni.t B. C. 280 years. He was but two months invested with the regal authority. .K Greek pocfc in the reign of Seleucus the last of the Scleucida. He was bom at Tyre and died at Cos. It is to his well- directed labors that we are indebted for tlie nnihologia, or collection of Greek epigrams which he selected from -16 of the best and most esteemed poet6. The original collection of Meleager has been greatly altereil by suc- ceeding editors. Tlie best edidon of the an- thologia is that of Brunck in three vols. 4to. and 8vo. Argentor. 17T'2. MELEAcnJnis, the sisters of Meleager, dauglitcrs of lEnetw and .\lUiaa. Tlicy w«r« ME ME so disconsolate at the death of their brother Meleager, that they refused all aliments, and were, at the point of death, changed into birds called Meleagrides, whose feathers and eggs, as it is supposed, are of a dif- ferent color. The youngest of the sisters, Gorge and Dejanira, who had been mar- ried, escaped this metamorphosis. Apollod. 1, c. 8. — Ovid. Met. 8, v. 540. — Flin. 10, c. 26. MelesanbEb,'' an Athenian general who died B.C. 4-14. Meles (etis), a rirer of Asia Minor, in Ionia, near Smyrna. Some of the ancients supposed that Homer was Tborn on the banks of that river, from which circumstance they call him Melisige?ies, and his compositions Me- letcEce chartce. It is even supported that he composed his poems in a cave near the source of that river. Strab. 12. — Stat. 2. Sylv. 7, V. 54. — Tihull. 4, el. 1, v. 201. — Vnus. 7, c. 5. A beautiful Athenian yonth, greatly beloved by Timagoras, whose affections he repaid witti the greatest coldness and indif- ference. He even ordered Timagoras to leap down a precipice, from the top of the citadel of Athens, and Timagoras, not to disoblige him, obeyed, and was killed in the fall. This token of true friendship and affection had such an effect upon Meles, that he threw himself down from the place, to atone by his death for the ingratitude which he had shown to Ti- magoras. Paus. 1 , c. 30. A king of Ly- dia,'who succeeded his father Alyattes, about 747 years before Christ. He was father to Candaules. Melesigenes, or MELESIGE^f.■^, a name given to Homer. [Vid. Meles.] Melia, a daughter of Oceanus, who mar- ried Inachus. A njTnph, &c. Apollod. A daughter of Oceanus, sister to Caan- thus. She became mother of Ismarus and Tenerus by Apollo. Tenerus was endowed with the gift of prophesy, and the river Ladon in Bceotia assumed the name of Ismarus. jPaus. 9, c. 10. One of the Nereides. A daughter of Agenor. Meliecea, a daughter of Oceanus, who married Pelasgus. A daughter of Am- phion and Niobe. Apollod. A raaiitime town of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the foot of mount Ossa, famous for dying wool. The epithet of Alelibaus is applied to Philoctetes because he reigned there. Virg. JEn. 3, v. 401. 1. 5, v. 251. — Herodot.1, c. 188. Also an island at the mouth of the Orontes in Syria, whence Mclibcea jnirpvra. Mil- -2, c. 3. MfiLiBCEus, a shepherd introduced in Vir- gil's eclogues. - MjElicerta, Melicertes, or Melicertus, a son of Athamas and Ino. He was sayed by his mother, from the fury of his father, who prepared to dash him against the wall as he had done his brother Learchus. The mother was so terrified that she threw herself into the sea, 455 with Meiicerta in her aims. Neptune had compassion on the misfortunes of Ino and her son, and changed them both into sea deities. Ino was called Leucothoe or Matuta, and Meiicerta was known among the Greeks by the name of Palaemon, and among the La- tins by that of Portumnus. Some suppose that the Isthmian games were in honor of Meiicerta. {Vid. Isthmia.] Apollod. 1, c. 9. I. 5, c. 4. — Paus. 1, c. 44. — Hy^n.fab. 1 & 2. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 529, &c."— Plut. de Sywp. Meligunis, one of the .Slolian islands near Sicily. Melina, a daughter of Thespius, mother of Laomedon, by Hercules. Melisa, a town of Magna Grsecia. Melissa, a daughter of Melissus king of Crete, who, with her sister Amalthaea, fed Jupiter with the milk of goats. She first found out the means of collecting honey ; whence some have imagined that she was changed into a bee, as her name is the Greek word for that insect. Columdl. One of the Oceanides, who married Inachus, by whom she had Phoroneus and iEgialus. A daughter of Procles, who married Periander the son of Cypselus, by whom, in her preg- nancy, she was killed with a blow of his foot, by the false accusation of his concubines. Diog. Laert Paus. 1, c. 28. A woman of Corinth, who refused to initiate others in the festivals of Ceres, after she had received ad- mission. She was torn to pieces upon this disobedience, and the goddess made a swarm of bees rise from her body. Melissus, a king of Crete, father to Me- lissa and Amalthaja. Hygin.'P. A. 2, c. 13. — Lactant. 1, c. 22. An admiral of the Samian fleet, B. C 441. He was defeated by Pericles. &c. Plut. in Per. A philosopher of Samos, who maintained that the world was infinite, immoveable, and without a vacuum. According to his doctrines, no one could ad- vance any argument upon the power or attri- butes of Providence, as all human knowledge was weak and imperfect. Themistocks was among his pupils. He florished about 440 years before the Christian era, Siog. A freed man of Mecaenas, appointed li- brarian to Augustus. He wrote some come- dies. Ovid, Pont, 4, cp. 16, v. 50. — Sueton. de Gram. Melita, an island in the Libyan sea, be- tween Sicily and Africa, now called Malta. The soil was fertile, and the country famous for its wool. It was first peopled by the Phoenicians. St. Paul was shipwrecked there, and cursed all venomous crtatures, which now arc not to be found in tlie whole island. Some, however, suppose, that the island on which the Apostle was shipwrecked, was another island of the same name in tiie Adriatic on the coast of Illyricum, now called Melede. Malta is now remarkable as being the residence of the knights of Malu, formerly cf St. John of G g 3 Jerusadcm, ME IM E Jerusalom, settled there A. D. 1530, by the concession of Charles \'tli, after their expuJ- fcioii from Rhodes by tiie Turks. Slntb. 6. — Atlela, li, c. 7. — Of. in Ver. 4, c. 46. Another on the coast of Illyricum, in the Adriatic, now Att/tit,: P/iii. 5, c. 26. An ancient name of Sainothrace. Strnb. 10. One of the Nereides. ^irg. ^En. 3, V. 82.5. Melitf.ne, a province of Armenia. Melitijs, a poet and orator of Athens, who became one of tiic principal accusers of So- crates. After his eloquence had prevailed, and Socrates had been put ignominiously to death, the Athenians repented of their se- verity to the philosopher, and condemned liis accusers. Melilus perished among them. His cliaracter was mcin and insidious, and his poems had nothing preat or sublime. D>oi;. Si'. Meliws, a Roman knight accused of aspiring to tyranny, on account of his uiconi- iTion liberality to the popuhice. llo was summoned to appear by the dictator L, Q. Cincinnatus, and whoa he refused to obey, lie was put to death by Ahaia, tlie master of horse, A.l/.C. 31 1. — Varro de L. L. 4.— Val. Mux. G, C. 3. Melixandkus, a Milesian, who wrote an account of the wars of the Lapitlia? and Cen- titura. ^lian. V. H. l\, c. 2. Mella or Mela, a small river of Cisal- pine Gaul, falling into the Ollius, and with it into the Po. CatiUI. 6H, v. 53 f'lrg. G. 4. V. 278. ^Tella Akn.«i's, the father of Lucan. He was accused of being privy to Piso's con- spiracy against Nero, upon which lie opened hLs vein.;. Tncit. 16. Ann. c. 17. Melobosis, one of the Oct;uiidcs. Melon, an astrologer, who feigned mad- ness and burnt his huuse that he might not go to an expedition, which he knew would be attended wiili great calamities. \n in- terpreter of king Darius. Curt. 5, c. 13. Melos, now Milo, an island between Crete and Peloponncsu.s, about J4 imles from Scyl- l«eum, about 60 miles in circunilLience. and of an oblong figure. It enjoyed its indepen- dence for al)o\e 70O years before the time of the Peloponnesian war. This island was ori- ginally peopled by a Laceda-monian colony, 1116 years befor* the Christian era. From this reason tlie inh.ibitants refused to join the rest of the islands and the .-Vthenians against tlie Peloponnesians. This refusal wasseverely pu- nislied. The Athenians took Melos. and put to the sword all such as were able to bear arms. The women and children were made slaves, and the island left desolate. An Athenian colony re))eopk'd it. till Lxsander reconquered it and re-established the origin;il iriliabitants in their possessions. The islanil produced a kind of eartli successfully employed in painting and medicine. Sirab. 7. — ^[el^l, 'J, c. 7. — Plin. 4, c. 12. 1. .-.i. c. 9. — Tliucyd. -J, &c. Melpes, now Melpc, n rix-cr of Lucaoia, 454 falling into the Tyrrhene sea. Plin. 3, c. 5, Melpia, a village of Arcadia. Pauu 8, c. ,-8. Melpo.meve. one of the Muses daughter of Ju])iter and Mnemosyne. She presided over tragedy. Horace has addressed the finest of his odes to her, as to tlie patroness of I.yric poetry. She was generally represented as a young woman with a serious countenance. Her garments were splendid ; she wore a buskin, and held a dagger in one hand, and in the other a sceptre and crowns. Hirrat. 5, od. 4. — J/diiod. Titeog. IMesiaceki, a powerful nation of Asia, &c. Curt. Mem.mia Si'LPiTiA. a woman who married the emperor Alexander Severus. She died when young. Memmia lex. ordained tliat no one should be entered on the calendar of criminals who was absent on the public account. Memmu's, a Roman citizen, accused of nmbims. Cic. ad Jratrin, 3. A Roman knight, who rendered himself illustrious for his eloquence and poetical talents. He was made tribune. pra;tor, and afterwards gover- nor of nithynia. He was accused of extor- tion in his province, and banislied by J. Ca^sar, though Cicero undertook his defence. Lucre- tius dedicated his poem to him. Cic. in lirut. Regit I us, a Roman of whom Nero ob- sers'cd, tliat he deserved to he invested wiik the impen.al purple. Tacit. Ann. 1-1. c. 4 7. K Rom.in who accused Jugurtha InTore the Roman peojile. ' A lieuten.mt of Pom- pey, &c The family of the Memniii wire plel»eians. They were descended, according to some account^ froin Afnestheus tlie friend of .flCneas. Vir^. jfin. .i, v. 1 17. Memson', a king of ACthiopia. son of Ti- tl'.onus and Aurora- He came with a body of 10,000 men to assist his uncle Priam, dur- ing the Trojan war. where he behaved with great courage, and killed Antilochus, Nestor's son. The ag»»d father challengt-d the J.lliio- pian monarch, but Memnon refused it on accuuiU of the venerable age of Nestor, and accepted that of .Achilles. He was killeil in the combat in the sight of Uie Grecian and Trojan armies. Aurora was so disconsolate at the death of her son, that she tlew to Jupiter all bathed in tears, and begged the god to grant her son such honors as might distinguish him from other mortals. .Tupiter consentwl, and iniinediately a numerous flight of birds issued fiom the burning pile on which the body was laid, and after they had llown thn-e times round the flames, they < unlawful to kill one of tliese animals, with w hich the Egyp- tians were not ashamed to have public com- merce, to the disgrace of human nature, from the siiperstitious notion that such embraces had given birth to the greatest heroes of an- tiquity, .as Alexander, Scipio, &c. Ilentdot. 2, C. 42 & 46. — Strab. 17. — Diod. 1. Menecles, an orator of Alabanda, in Caria, who settled at Rhodes. Cic. de Orat. 2, c. 53. — Strab. 14. Mr.NECLiDKs, a detractor of the character of Epaminondas. C. yc}>. in Epam. Mexecrates, a physician of Syracuse, famous for his vanity and arrogance. He wa.1 generally accompanied by some of his patients whose' disorders he had cured. He disguised one in the habit of Apollo, and the other in that of itLsculapius, while he reserved for himself tlie title and name of Jupiter, whose power was extended over those inferior deities. He crowned himseli' 456 like the master of the gods ; and in a letter which he wrote to Philip king of Macedon, he styled himself in these words, Menecrates Jupiter to king Philip, greeting. The ^lace- donian monarch answered, Philip to Mene- crates, greeting, and better sense. Philip also invited him to one of his feasts, but when the meats were served up, a table was put separate for tlie physician, on which he was served only with perfumes and frankincense, like the father of the gods. This enter- tainment displeased Menecrates ; he remem- bered that he was a mortal, and hurried away from tJie company. He lived about 560 years before the Christian era. The book which he wrote on cures is lost. j£lian. V. H. 10, c. 5\. — ^then. 7, c. 13 One of the generals of Seleucus. A physician under Tiberius. A Greek historian of Nysa. disciple to Aristarchus, B.C. 119. Strab. 16. An Ephesian architect who wTotc on agriculture. Varro de li. II. — — An historian. ■ A man appointed to settle the disputes of the Athenians and Lacediemonians in the 8th year of the Peloponnesian war. His father's name was Amphidorus. —— An oflicer in the fleet of Pompey the son of Pompey the Circat. iVIcNEoLvit's, an officer of Alexander killed by the Dahs. Curt. 7, c. G. A Socratic philosopher of Eretria, who was originally a tent-maker, an employment which he left for the profession of arms. The persuasive eloquence and philosophical lectures of Plato had such an influence over him, that he gave up his oflices in the state to cultivate literature. It is said tljat he died through melancholy when Antigonus, one of Alexanders generals, h.id made him- self master of his country, B. C. 301, in the 74th year of his age. _ Some attribute his death to a dllFerent cause, and say that he w.Ts falsely accused of treason, for which he becatnc so desperate that he died after he had passed seven days without taking any aliments. He was called tlie Errtnan Bull, on account of his gravity. Strab. P. ^Diog, \ cynic philosopher of Lampsacus. who said that he was come from hell to observe the sins and u-ickedness of mankind. His habit was that of the furies, and his behaviour was a proof of his insanity. He was the disciple of Colofes of Lampsacus. Diog. An officer of Lucullus. A philosopher of .Athens. Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 19. Menfgetas, a boxer or wrestler in Philip of Macedon's army, &c. Poli/a-it. Meselai portus, an harbour on the coast of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt. C. Xep. in Ages. 8. — Strab. I . Mons, a hill near Sparta, with a fortification, called Menclaium. Liv. 34, c. 28. Menelaia. a festival celtbrated at Tli«- rapntE in Laconia, in honor of Menelaus. He had there a temple, where he was wor- shipped ME ME shipped with his wife Helen as one of thft supreme gods. Menelaus, a kii^ of Sparta, brother to Agamemnon. His father's name was Atreus, according to Homer, or according to the more probable opinion of Hesiod, ApoUo- dorus, &c. he was the son of Plisthenes and jiErope. [Vid. Plisthenes.] He was edu- cated with his brother Agamemnon in the house of Atreus, but soon after the doath of this monarch, Thyestes his brother usurped the kingdom and banished the two children of Plisthenes. Menelaus and Agamemnon came to the court of Q2neus king of Caly- donia, who treated them with tenderness and paternal caie. From Calydonia they went to Sparta, where, like the rest of the Grecian princes, they solicited the marriage of Helen the daughter of king Tyndarus. By the arti- fice and advice of Ulysses, Helen was per- mitted to choose a husband, and she fixed her eyes upon Menelaus, and mairied him, after her numerous suitors had solemnly bound themselves by an oath to defend her, and protect her person against the violence or as- sault of every intruder. [Fj'rf. Helena.] As soon as the nuptials were celebrated, Tyn- darus resigned the crown to his son-in-law, and their happiness was complete. This was, however, of short duration ; Helen ffas tlie fairest woman of the age, and Venus had pro- mised Paris the son of Priam to reward him with such a beauty. [Vid. Paris.] The ar- rival of Paris in Sparta was the cause of great revolutions. The absence of Menelaus in Crete gave opportunities to the Trojan prince to corrupt the fidelity of Helen, and to carry away home what the goddess of beauty had promised to him as his due. This action was highly resented by Menelaus ; he re- minded the Greek princes of their oath and solemn engagements when tliey courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and immediately all Greece took up arms to defend his cause. Tlie combined forces assembled at Aulis in Bceotia, where they chose Agamemnon for their general, and Calchas for their high priest ; and after tlieir applications to the court of Priam for the recovery of Helen had proved fruitless, they marched to meet their enemies in the field. During the Trojan war Menelaus behaved with great spirit and cou- rage, and Paris must have fallen by his hand, had not Venus interposed and redeemed him from certain death. He also expressed his wish to engage Hector, but Agamemnon hin- dered him from fighting with so powerful an adversary. In the tenth year of the Trojan %var, Helen, as it is reported, obtained the forgiveness and the good graces of Menelaus by introducing him with Ulysses, the night that Troy was reduced to ashes, into the chamber of Deiphobus whom she had mar- ried after the death of Paris, lliis perfidious conduct totally reconciled her to her first husband ; and she returned with bim to 457 Sparta, durfng a voyage of eight years. He died some time after his return. He had a daughter called Hermione, and Nicostratus, according to some, by Helen, and a son called Megapentlies by a concubine. Some say that Menelaus went to Egypt on his return from the Trojan ^^•ar to obtain Helen who had been detained there by the king of the country. [Vid. Helena.] The palace which Menelaus once inhabited was still entire in the days of Pausanias, as well as the temple which had been raised to his memory by the people of Sparta. Homer. Od. 4, &c. II. 1, &c. — • Apnllod. 3, c. 10. — Pans. 3, c. 14 & 19 i Dictys Cret. 2, &c. — Virg. ^.n. 2, &c Qtiintil. Smi/rn. 14. — Ovid. Heroid. 5 & 13. — Hi/gin. fob. 79. — Eurip. in Iphig. — Propert. 2. — Sophocles. A lieute- nant of Ptolemy, set over Salamis. Polycen. — Paus. A city of Egypt. Strah. 14. A mathematician in the age of the em- peror Trajan. Menenius Agrippa, a celebrated Ro- man who appeased the Roman populace in the infancy of tlie consular government by repeating the well known fable of the belly and limbs. He florished 495 B. C. Liv. 2, c. \Q, 32, 33. — — A Roman consul. An insane person in the age of Horace. Menephron, a man who attempted to offer violence to his own mother. He was changed into a wild beast. Ovid. Met, 1, V. 387. Menes, the first king of Egypt. He buUt the town of IVIemphis, as it is generally supposed, and deserved, by his abilities and popularity, to be called a god after death. Herodot. 2, c. 1 & 90. — Diod. 1. Menesthei poaTus, a town of Hispania Bfletica. Menesteus or Mekesthels, or Mkes- THEus, a son of Pereus, who so insinuated himself into the favor of die people of Athens, that, during the long absence of Theseus, he was elected king. The lawful monarch at his return home was expelled, and Mnestheus established his usurpation by his popularity and great moderation. As he had been one of Helen's suitors, he went to tJie Trojan war at the head of the people of Athens, and died in his return in the island of Melos. He reigned 23 years B. C. 1205, and was suc- ceeded by Demophoon tlie son of Theseus. Phut, in Tlies. A son of Iphicrates who distinguished himself in the Athenian armies. C. AV;). in Tim. Menesthius, a Greek kilkd by Paris in the Trojan war. Menktas, a man set governor over Baby- lon by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 1. MeNINX or LoTOPHAGITIS INSULA, now Zerbi, an island on the coast of Africa, near the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by the people of Neritos, and thence called A't'- ritia. Plin. 5, c. 7. — Sirab. 17. — Sil. It. 3, V. 318. Mkniffa, ME ME Mekippa, one of the A&iazon& who as- sisted JEetcs, &c. Menippides, a son of Hercules. Apol- hd. ■ Menippus, a cynic philosopher of Phre- nicia. He was originaJly a slave, and ob- tained his liberty with a sum of money and became one of the greatest usurers at Thebes. He grew so desperate from the continual re- proaches and insults to which he was daily ex- jjoscd on account of his meanness, that he destroyed himself. He wrote 13 books of satires which have been lost. M. Varro com- posed satires in imitation of his style, and called them Menippean. A native of Stratonice who was preceptor to Cicero for bomc time. • Cic- Br. 91. Mem us, a plebeian consul at Rome. He was the first wlio made tlie rostrum at Rome witli the beaks (mstru) of tht- •neniy'> ships. A son of Lycaon, killed by the same thundcr-biilt which destroyed his father. Ovi'l. 11,. -172. MtNNis, a town of As.syria abounding in l>ituinen. Curl. .T, c. 1. Mesouotis, a physician. A Somian historian. Menocceus, a Theban, father of Hippo- nome, Jocasia, and Creon. A young Tliclian, son of Creon. He otTcred himself to death when Tiresias, to ensure victory on the side of Thebes against the Argive forces, ordered the 'J'liubans to wcrifice one of the dcscendanls of those who sprang from the dragon's teeth, .ind he killed himself near the cave where the dragon of 3Iais had for- merly resi«le(L 'llie gods retjuired this sa- crifice because tlie dragon had been killed b_s Cadmus, and no sooner w.is Croon dead thai! his countrymen obtained the victory. Stat. Tlieb. 10, v. 614 Kurip. Pham. — Apoliod. 3, c. 6 Cic. Titsc. 1, c. OS. — Sophocl. in Antin. ]\Ienc£tes, ttie pilot of tlie ship Gyas. at the naval g.imes exhibited by .Tineas at the anniversary of his father's death. IK' was thrown into tlie sea by (iyas for his inulten- tion, and saved himself by swimming to a rock. Virfi. yEn. 5,' v. 161, &c. An Arcadian, killed by Turnus in tiie wars of iEneas. Id. 1'2, v. 517. Mencetiades. [fid. MenocUus.] Mencetius, a son of Actor and j?lgina .•\ftcr her amour with Jupiter. He left his mother and went to Opus, wlurc he had, by Sthcnele, or according to others, by Philo- mela, or Polymela, Patroclus, often called from him Maitrtiades. Mencetius was one of the Argonauts. Apollod. 4, c. 24. — Jloma: Jl. 1, v. 307 li'/iin. fab. 97. Menon, a Tliess-ilian commander in the expedition of Cyrus the younger against his biotJier Artaxerxis. He wa^ dismis,^ed on the suspicion that he had betrjyed his fellow soldiers. Diod. 14. A Tliessalian refused the freedom of Athens, though he furnished a 458 number of auxiliaries to the people. I'he husband of Semiramis. A sophist in the age of Socrates. One of the first kings of Phrygia. Dioriys. Hal. A scholar of Phidias, &c. MENOPHiLrs, an eunuch to whom Mip. thriuates, when conquered by Pompey, en- trusted the care of his daughter. Menophilus murdered tlie princess for fear of her falling into the enemy's hands, .-(mmian. 16. Menta or MiNTHE. [I'id. Miiithe.j Mentbs, a king of the Taphians in .ttolia, son of Anchialus, in die time of the Trojan war. Meniissa, a town of Spain. Liv. 26, c. 17. Mento, » Roman consul, &c. Me.ntor, a faithful friend of Ulysses. — - A son of Hercules. \ king of Sidonia who revolted against Artaxerxes Ochus, and afterwards was restored to favor by his treachery to his allies, Ac. Dtod- 16. An excellent artist in polishing cups and engrav- ing flowers on them. Plin. 3>i, c. 11. — Marl. 9, ejt. 63, v. 16. Menvlliis, a Macedonian set over the garrison which Antipater had stationed at Atliens. He attempted in vain to corrupt the innocence of Pliocion. I'lut. Mkk.s a priest of Venus. Sint. Tlieb. 8, V. 478. A \log of Icarius. which by his cries showed Erigone where her murdered f.ither had been tlirown. Immediately after this discover)- the daughter liung her- self in despair, and the dog pined away, and was made a constellation in the heavens known by the name of Canis. Oi'id. Met. 7, v. 365. — y/y^M. fub. 130. — ^'Elian. Htsl. 7, c. 28. Meha or McEaA, one of the Atlai^tides who married Tegeates son of Lycaon. J'aus. 8, c. 48. Merccrii PROMONTORiuM, a capc of Africa near Clyi>ea. Liv. 26, c. 44. L 29, c. 27 Piin. 5, c. 4. Mkrc iJHU's, a celebrated god of antiquity, called Hermes by the Greeks. Ilicie were no less tlian five of tiiis name according to Ci- cero ; a son of Cotlus and Lux ; a son of Va- lens and Coronis ; a son of tlie Nile ; a son of .lupiter and Mala; and another called by the Egyptians Thaut. Some add a sixtli, a ^^OIl of Bacchus and Proserpine. To the son of Jupiter and Maia. the actions of all the others have been probably attributed, as he is the nio»t famous and the best known. Mer- cury was the messenger of the gods, and of Ju- piter in particular ; he was tlie patron of tra- vellers and of shepherds ; he conducted the souls of the dead into the infernal regions, and not only presided over orators, merchants dc- claiiners, but he was also the god of tliievcs, pickpockets, and all dishonest persons. His name is derived a ntrrctbti.i, because he was the god of merchandize among the Latins. He was born, according to the more received opiiU0il* ME ME opinion, in Arcadia, on mount Cyllene, and in his infancy he was entrusted to the care of the Seasons. The day that he was born, or more probably the following day, he gave an early proof of his craftiness and dishonesty, in stealing away the oxen of Admetus which Apollo tended- He gave another proof of his thievish propensity, by taking also the quiver and arrows of the divine sheplfcrd, and he encreased his fame by robbing Neptune of his trident, Venus of her girdle, Mars of his sword, Jupiter of his sceptre, and Vulcan of many of his mechanical instruments. These specimens of his art recommended him to the notice of the gods, and Jupiter took him as his messenger, interpreter, and cup-bearer in the assembly of the gods. This last office he discharged till the promotion of Ganymede. He was presented by the king of heaven with a winged cap called ]Ktasus, and wdth wings for his feet called ialmia. He had also a slwrt sword called herpe, which he lent to Per- seus. With these he was enabled to go into whatever part of the universe he pleased with the greatest celerity, and" besides he was per- mitted to make himself invisible, and to assume whatever shape he pleased. As messenger of Jupiter he was entrusted with all his secrets. He was the ambassador and plenipotentiary of the gods, and he was concerned in all alliances and treaties. He was the confident of Jupi- ter's amours, and he often was set to watch over the jealousy and intrigues of Juno. Tlie invention of the lyre and its seven strings is ascribed to him. This he gave to Apollo, and received in exchange the celebrated caduceus ■with which the god of poetry used to drive the Jlocksof king Admetus. [Firf. Caduceus.] In the wars of the giants against the gods, Mer- cury showed himself brave, spirited, and ac- tive. He delivered Mars from tlie long con- finement which he suffered from the superior power of the Aloides. He purified the Da- naides of the murder of their husbands, he tied Ixion to his wheel in the infernal regions, he destroyed the hundred-eyed Argus, he sold Hercules to Omphale the queen of Ly- dia, he conducted Priam to the tent of Achil- les, to redeem the body of his son Hector, and he carried the infant Bacchus to the nymphs of Nysa. Mercury had many sur- names and epithets. He was called Cyllenius, Caduccator, Acacctos, from Acacos, an Ar- cadian; Acacesius, Tricephalos, Triplex, Chthonius, Camillus, Agoneus, Delius, Ar- eas, &c. His children are also numerous as well as his amours. He was father of A'uto- lycus, by Chione ; of iMyrtillus, by Cleobula ; of Libys, by Libya ; of Echion and Eurytus, by Antianira ; of Cephalus, by Creusa ; of Prylis, by Issa ; and of Priapus, according to some. ' He was also father of Hermaphro- ditus, by Venus ; of Euuoi-us, by Polimela ; nf Pan by Drjope, ui Penelope. His wor- ship was well establisiied, particularly in Greece, Egypt, and Italy. He was wor- 459 shipped at Tanagra in Boeotia, under the name of Ci-iophorus, and represented as car- rying a ram on his shoulders, because he de- livered the inhabitants from a pestilence by telling them to cai-ry a ram in that manner round the walls of their city. Tlie Roman merchants yearly celebrated a festival on the 15th of May, in honor of Mercurj', in a temple near the Circus Maximus. • A preg- nant sow was then sacrificed and sometimes a calf, and particularly the tongues of animals were offered. After the votaries had sprink- led themselves with water vAxh laurel leaves, they offered prayers to the divinity, and in- treated him to be favorable to them, and to forgive whatever artful measures, false oaths, or falsehoods they had used or uttered in the pursuit of gain. Sometimes Mercury appears on monuments with a large cloak round his arm, or tied under his chin. The chief en- signs of his power and offices are liis caditceus, hispetasus, and his ialaria. Sometimes he is represented sitting upon a cray fish, hold- ing in one hand liis caduceus, and in the other the claws of the fish. At other times he is like a young man v^ithout a beard, holding in one hand a purse, as being the tutelary god of merchants, with a cock on his wrists as an emblem of vigilance, and at his feet a goat, a scorpion, and a fly. ^ Some of his statues represented him as a youth fascino credo. Sometimes he rests his foot upon a tortoise. . In Egypt his statues re- presented him with the head of a dog, whence he was often confounded with Anubis, and received the sacrifice of a stork. Offerings of milk and honey were made because he was the god of eloquence, whose powers were sweet and persuasive. ITie Greeks and Romans offered tongues to him by throwing them into tlie fire, as he was the patron of speaking, of which the tongue is the organ. Sometimes his statues represent him as with- out arms, because, according to some, tlie ))ower of speech can prevail over every thing even without the assistance of arms. Homer. Od. 1, &c. II. 1, &c. Hymn, in Merc. — Lu- cian. in Mart. Dial. — Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 667, Met. 1, 4, 11, 14. — Martial. 9, e;). 55. — Stat. Theb.4. — Pans. 1, 7, 8 & 9.— Orpheus. — Flut. in Num. — Varro de L. L. G. — Plato in Ph(ed. — Liv. 36. — Virg. G. 1. yEn. 1, t. 48. — JDiod. 4 & 5. — Apollod. 1, i2 & 3. — Apollon. Arg. 1. — Horat. 1, od. 10. — Hygin. fab. P. A. 2. — Tzetz. in Lye. 219. — Cic dc Nat. 1). ~ Lactantius. — Philostr. 1. Icon. c. 27. — ManU. — Macrob. 1, Sat. c. 19. — — Trismegistus,apriest and philosopher of Egypt who taught his countrymen how to cultivate the olive, and measure their lands, and fo'.un- derstand hieroglyphics. He lived in the age of Osiris, and wrote 40 books on theology, medicine, and geography, from which San- choniathon the Phoenician historian has taken his theogonia. Diod. 1 & 5. — PUit- de. Isid. ^ Os Cic. 5, de Nat. D. McREZBIXi ME ME MfRETRix, a name under which Vemii was worshipped at Abydos and at Samos, he- cause both those places had been benefited by the intrigues or the influence of courtezans. Alhen. 13. Mkkiuncs, a charioteer of Idomcncus king of Crete during the Trojan war, son of Molus « Cretan prince, and IMelphidis. He signaliaed himself before Troy, and fought wiili Deiphobus the son of Priam, whom he wounded. He was greatly admired by the Cretans, who even paid him divine honors after death. Horat. 1 , od. 6, v. 1 5. — Homer. II. 2, &c. — Dictys Cret. 1, &c Ovid. Met. 13, fah. 1. A brother of Jason son of i^son, famous for his g^reat opulence and for his avarice. Poh^tni. tj, c. 1. Mehmiros, a centaur. Ovid. Met. 12, V. .305. A Trojan killed by Antilochus. A son of Jason and l\Iedea, who was father to Ilus of Corinth. Paus. 2, c. 3. Mermnad.*:, a race of kings in Lydia of which Gyges was the first. They sat on the Lydian tlirone till the reign of Crorsus, who •was conquered by Cyrus king of Persia. They were descendants of tlie Hcraclida>. and probably received tlie name of Mennna- dae from Mermnas, one of their own family. They were descended from Lemnos, or ac- cording to others, from Agelaus the son of Omphale by Hercules. Iferodol. 1, c. 7 & 14. Meroe, now Kuabiii, an island of Ethi- opia with a town of the same name, celebrated for its wines. Its original naine was Saba, and Cambyses gave it that of Meroc'from his sister. Strab. 17. — Herodot. 2, c. 31. — Plin. '2, c. 173. — Mela, 1. — Lucan. 4. v. .3. .33. 1. 10, v. I()3& 503. Merope, one of the Atlanlidcs. She mar- ried Sisyphus son of iTlolus, and like her sisters, was changed into a constellation after death. [>'«2. — ApoUod. 1, o. 9. A daughter of Cypselus who married Cresphontes, king of Mcsscnia, by whom she had three children. Her hus- band and two of her children were mur- dered by Folypliontes. The' murderer obliged her to marry him, and slic would have been forced to comply had not Epytus or Telcphontes her tliirfl son, revenged his father's death by assassinating Polyphontes. jlpollod. 2, c. 6. — Paus. 4, c. 5. — A daugh- ter of CEnopion beloved by Orion. Apollod. 1, c. 4. A daughter of the Cebrenus who married jtsacus the son of Priam. A daughter of Erechtlieus motiier of Dafda- lus. Plut. in Thes. A daughter of Pan- darus. A daughter of the river Sangarius w ho marTie'ant of Eunueus the steward of I'lysscs. Homer. Od. 14, v. 449. Mfsembria, now Miseuria, a maritime city of Tlirace. Hence Mesembnacus. Oiid. 1. Trist. 6, V. 37. Another at the mouth of the Lissus. Mesene. an island in the Tigris where Apamea was built, now Disel. Plin. G, c. 27. Meso.h£ues. a lyric poet in the age of the emperor Antoninus. ^lEsoroTAMiA, a country of Asia which receives its name from its situation [iiif& rirx/*'^) bctucen tlie rivers Tigris and Eu- pihratcs. It is yearly inundated by the Eu- phrates, and the water properly conveyed over the country by canals. It is now called Diarbcc. Strab. H. — Mela, I, c.\l. — Cic. dc Xat. D. 2, c. 52. Messala, a name of Valerius Cor^inu» from his having conquered Alessana in Sicily. This family was very ancient ; the most cele- brated was a friend of Brutus, who seized the camp of Augustus at Philippi. He was after- wards reconciled to Augustus, and died A. D. 9, in his 77tli jear. Plui. Anotlier con- sul, &c. The father of Valeria who mar- ried the dicutor Sylla. Id. .\ great flat- terer at the court of Tiberius.— —.\ governor of SjTia. A tribune in one of tlie Roman legions during tlio civil war between Vespasian and Vitellius, of which he wrote an historical I account mentioned by Tacitus, Orat. 14. I A consul with Domitius, &c A painter at Rome, ME ME Kome, who florished B. C. 25S. — — A writer whose book de Augusti jrrogenie was edited 12mo. L. Bat. 1648. Messalina Valeria, a daughter of Mes- sala Barbatus. She married the emperor Claudius, and disgraced herself by her cruel- ties and incontinence. Her husband's palace was not the only seat of her lasciviousness, but she prostituted herself in the public streets, and few men there were at Rome who could not boast of having enjoyed the favors of the impure Messalina. Her extravagancies at last irritated her husband ; he commanded her to appear before him to answer all the accu- sations which were brought against her, upon which she attempted to destroy herself, and when her courage failed, one of the tribunes, who had been sent to her, dispatched her with his sword, A. D. 48. It is in speaking of her debaucheries and lewdness that a celebrated satirist says, Et lassata viris, nccdum satiata, recessit. Juv. — Tacit. Ann. 11, -c. 57. — Suet, in Claud. — Dio. — — — Another called also Sta- tilia. She was descended from a consulai- family, and married the consul Atticus Vis- tinus, whom Nero murdered. She received with great marks of tenderness her husband's murderer and married him. She had married four husbands before she came to the impe- rial throne ; and after the death of Nero she retired to literary pursuits and peaceful oc- cupations. Otho courted her and would have married her, had he not destroyed him- self. In his last moments he wrote her a very pathetic and consolatory letter, &c. Ta- cit. Ann. Messalivus M. Valer. a Roman officer in the reign of Tiberius. He was appointed governor of Dalmatia,. and rendered himself known by his opposition to Piso, and by his attempts to persuade the Romans of the necessity of suffering women to accompany the camps on their different expeditions. Tacit. Ann, 5. — — One of Domitian's in- formers. A flatterer of the emperor Tiberius. - Messaha, an ancient and celebrated town of Sicily on the streights wliich separate Italy from Sicily. It was anciently called Zancle, and was founded 1600 years before the Chris- tian era. Tlie inhabitants, being continually exposed to the depredation of the people of Ciuna, implored the assistance of the Mes- senians of Peloponnesus, and with them re- pelled the enemy. After this victorious campaign, the Messenians entered Zancle, and lived in such intimacy with the inhabitants that they changed their name, and assumed that of the Messenians, and called their city Messana. Another account says, that Anax- ilaus, tyrant of Rhegium, made war against the Zancleans witli the assistance of the Mes- senians of Peloponnesus, and that after he 461 had obtained a decisive victory, he called the conquered city Messana in compliment to his allies, about 494 years before the Christian era. After this revolution at Zancle, tlie Ma- mertini took possession of it and made it the capital of the neighbouring country. [ Vid. Mamertini.] It afterwards fell into the hands of the Romans, and was for some time the chief of their possessions in Sicily. The in- habitants were called Messanii, Messanienses, and Mamertini. The streights of Messana have always been looked upon as very dan- gerous, especially by the ancients, on account of the rapidity of the currents, and the irre- gular and violent flowing and ebbing of the sea. Strab. 6. — Mela, 2, c. 7. — Paus. 4, c. 23. Diod.'i. — TImcyd. 1, &c. — Herodot. 6, c. 25. 1.7, c. 28. -..- Messapia, a country of Italy, between Ta- rentum and Brundusium. It is the same as Calabria. It received its name from Messa- pus, the son of Neptune, who left a part of Bceotia called Messapia, and came to Italy, where he assisted the Ru tulians against ^neas. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 513. — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 691. 1. 8, V. 6. 1. 9, v. 27. Messatis, a town of Achaia. Paus. 7, c 18, Messe, a town in the island of Cythera. Stat. 1. Tkeb. 4, v. 226. Messeis, a fountain of Thessaly. Strab. 9, Messene, a daughter of Triopas, king of Argos, who married Polycaon son of Lelex, king of Laconia. She encouraged her hus- band to levy troops, and to seize a part of Peloponnesus, which after it had been con- quered, received her name. She received divine honors after her death, and had a mag- nificent temple at Ithome, where her statue was made half of gold and half of Parian marble. Paus. 4, c. 1 & 15. Messene, or Messena, now Maura-Matra, a city in the Peloponnesus, the, capital of the country called IMessenia. The inhabitants have rendered themselves famous for the war which they carried on against the Spartans, and which received the appellation of the Mcssenian war- The first Messenian war arose from the following circumstances. The Messenians offered violence to some Spartan wonien who had assembled to offer sacrifices in a temple which was common to both na- tions, and which stood on the borders of their respective territories, and besides they killed Teleclus, the Spartan king, who attempted to defend the innocence of the females. This account, according to the Spartan traditions, is contradicted by the Messenians, who ob- serve that Teleclus with a chosen body of Spartans assembled at the temple, before mentioned, disguised in women's clothes, and all secretly armed with daggers. This hostile preparation was to surprise some of the neighbouring inhabitants ; and in a quarrel which lOon after arose, Teleclus and his asso- ciates ME ME dates were all killed. These quarrels were the cause of the first Messcnian war, which began B. C. 743 years. It was carried on with vigor and spirit on both sides, and after many obstinate and bloody battles had been fought and continued for 19 years, it was at last finished by the taking of Ithome by die Spartans, a place which had stood a siege of ten years, and been defended with all the power of the Messenians. The insults to which the conquered Messenians were con- tinually exposed, at last excited tlieir resent- ment, and they resolved to shake off the yoke. They suddenly revolted, and tlie second Mes- scnian war was begun 68.5 B. C. and continued 14 years. The Slessenians at first gained some advantage, but a fatal battle in the third ye.ir of the war so totally disheartened them that they fled to Ira, where they resolved to maintain an obstinate siege against their vic- torious pursuers. The Spartans were assisted by the Samiaiis in besieging Ira, and the Messenians were at last obliged to submit to the superior power of their adversaries. The taking of Ira by the Laceda?raonians, after a siege of 1 1 years, put an end to. the second Messenian war. Peace was re-established for some time in Peloponnesus, but after the expiration of 2(X) years, the Messenians at- tempted a third time to free themselves from the power of Lacedaemon. B. C. 40':". .A.t that time the Helots had revolted from the Spartans, and the Messenians by joining their forces to these wretched slaves, looked upon their respective calamities as common, and tiiought themselves closely interested in each other's welfare. The Laceda?nionians were assisted by the Atheniam, but they soon grew jealous of one another's power, and their political connection endv'd in the most inveterate enmity, and at list \u open war. Ithome was |the place in which the Messe- nians had a second time gathered all their forces, and though ten years had already elapsed, both parties seemed equally confident of victory. The Spartans were afr.iid of storming Ithome, as the oracle of Delphi had threatened them with the greatest calami- ties, if they otiered any violence to a place which was dedicated to tl:e scr^•ice of .\i)ollo. The Messenians, however, were soon obliged to submit to their victorious adversaries, B. C. 453, and they consented to leave tlieir native country, and totally to depart from the Pelo- ponnesus, solemnly promising that if they ever returned into Messenia. tliey would suffer themselves to be sold ;is slaves. ■ The Messe- nians upon this, miserably exiled, applied to the Athenians for protection, and were per- mitted to inhabit Naup.actus, whence some of them were afterwards removed to take pos- session of their ancient territories in Messenia. during the Peloponnesiaii war. The third Messenian war was productive ofgre.it revo- lutions in Greece, and though almost a private quarrel, it soon engaged tlie attention of all 462 the neighbouring states, and kindled the flames of dissension every where. Every state took up arms as if in its own defence, or to prevent additional power and dominion from being lodged in the hands of its rivals. The descend.intsof the Messenians at last returned to Peloponnesus, B. C. 370, after a long ba- nishment of 300 years. Pans. Mess. &c. — Jiislin. 3, c. 4, &c. — Strab. 6, &c T/tu- cyd. 1, &c. — Dhd. II, &c Pliu. in Cym. &c. — Pdycen. 3. — Polyb. 4, &c. Messenia, a province of Peloponnesu'?. situate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, and the sea. Its chief city is Messena. {Vid. Messcna.] Mestor. a son of Perseus and Andromeda, who married Lysidice, daughter of Peloi>s, \,s whom he had Hippothoe. A son of Ptu- rilaus. Of Priam. A\)QUod. Mescla, a town of Italy, in the country of tlie Sabines. r\lKTABLs, at\Tant of thi- Privemates. He was father of Camilla, whom he consecrated to tlie service of Diana, when he had been ba- nisheil from his kingdom by his subjects. VxTg. .E7U 11, V. .540. Metaoitnia, a festival in honor of Apnllo, celebrated by the inhabitants of Melite, who migrated to Attica. It receives its name from its being observetl in the month called Met.n- gitiiion. Metaniba, the wife of Celeus, king of Eleusis, who first taught mankind agricul- ture. She is also calli-d Meganira. j1}>oIIchI. 1, c. 5. Metapontcm, a town of Lucania in It.aly, fouiideti about 1269 years B.C. by Metabus, the father t»f Camilla, or Epeus. ont- of the companions of Nestor. Pythagor.Ts rctiretl there for some time, and perished in a seilition. .^nnibal made it his head-quarters when in tliat part of Italy, and its attach- ment to Carthage was afterwards severely punished by the Roman conquerors, who destroyed its liberties and independenc-e. A few broken pillars of marble are now the only vestiges of Metajwntum. Strii>>. 5. — Mela. •2. c. 4. — Justin. 12, c. 2. — Lit: I. 8. 2.i, 27, &c. Metapontus. a son of Sisyphus, who married Theana. \_Vid. Theana.] Htjriu. fab. 166. Metaurus, now Metro, a town with a small river of the same name, in the country of tlie Briitii. The river Metaurus falls into the TjTrhene sea above Sicily. Another in Umbria, faiaous for the defeat of .\sdnibal by the consuls Livy and Nero. Horat. 4. od. 4, T. 58. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Lucan. 2. V. 495. MKTrr.r.A, the wife of Sylla. Metfli,!, the surname of the fiimily of the Ca'cilii at Rome, the mo-.t known of whom were— — .\ general who defeaftd the .4,cha"ans, took Tlieltes, and invaded Ma- cedonia, /if'c. Q. Caecilius, who rendered himself ME ME himself illustrious by liis successes against Jugurtba tlic Numidiau Jcing, from which he was surnamed N^umidicua. He took, in this expedition, the celebrated Marias, as his lieutenant, and he had soon cause to repent of the confidence he had placed ii\ him. Marius raised himself to power by defaming tlie character of his bene- factor, and Metellus was recalled to Rome, and accused of extortion and ill-manage- ment. Marius ^vas ap))ointed successor to finish the Numidiau war, and Metellus was acquitted of the crimes laid to his charge before the tribunal of the Roman knights, who observed that the probity of his whole life and the greatness of his exploits were greater proofs of his innocence than the most powerful arguments. Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 48. — SaUust. de bell. Jug. L. C»ci- lius, another, who saved from the flames the palladium, when Vesta's temple was on fire. He was then high priest. He lost his sight and one of his arms in doing it. and the se- nate, to reward has zeal and piety, permitted him always to be drawn to the senate-house in a chariot, an honor which no one had ever before enjoyed. He also gained a great vic- tory over the Carthaginians in tlie first Punic war, and led in his triumph 15 generals, and 120 elephants taken from the enemy. He was honored with the dictatorship, and the office of master of horse, &c. Q. Casci- lius Celer, another who distinguished himself by his spirited exertions against Catiline. He married Clodia, the sister of Clodius, who disgraced him by her incontinence and lasci- viousness. He died 57 years before Christ. He was greatly lamented by Cicero, who shed tears at the loss of one of his most faithful and valuable friends. Cic. de Ceel. L, Caecihus, a tribune in the civil wars of J. Caesar and Pompey. He favored the cause of Pompey, and opposed Ca;sar when he en- tered Rome with a victorious army. He re- fused to open the gates of Saturn's temple, in which were deposited great treasures, upon which they were broken open by Caesar, and Metellus retired, when threatened with death. Q. Caecilius, the grandson of the high priest, who saved the palladium from the flames, was a warlike general, who, from his conquest of Crete and Macedonia, was sur- named Macedonicus. He had six sons, of whom four are particularly mentioned by Plutarch. Q. Ca;cilius, surnamed Balea- ricus, from his conquest of the Baleares. L. Coecilius, surnamed Biadematus, but sup- posed the same as that called Lucius with the surname of Dalmadcus, from a victory obtained over the Dalmatians during his con- sulship with Mutius Sc£Evola. Caius Cae- cilius, surnamed Caprurius, who was consul with Carbo, A. U. C. Gil The fourth was Marcus, and of tliese four brothers it is remarkable, that two of them triumphed in one day, but over what nations is not men- 463 tioned by Eutrop. 4. Nepos, aconsul, &c. Another, who accused C. Curio, his father's detractor, and who also vented his resentment against Cicero when going to banishment. Another, w ho, as tribune, opposed the ambition of Julius Cjesar. — A general of the Roman armies against the Sicilians and Carthaginians. Before he marched he oflTered sacrifices to all the gods, except Vesta, for which neglect the goddess was so incensed that she demanded the blood of his daughter Metella. When Metella was going to be immolated, the goddess placed a heii'er in her place, and carried her to a temple at Lanuvium, of which she became the priest- ess. Lucius Csecilius or Quintus sur- named Creticus, from his conquest in Crete, B. C. 66, is supposed by some to be the son of iNIetellus Macedonicus. . Cimber, one of the conspirators against J. Caesar. It wass he who gave the signal to attack and murder the dictator in the senate-house. Pius, a general in Spain, against Sertorius, on whose head he set a price of 100 talents, and 20,000 acres of land. He distinguished himself also in the Marsian war, and was high priest. He obtained the name of Pius from the sorrow he showed during the banishment of his father Metellus Numidicus, whom he caused to be recalled. Paterc. 2, c. 5. — Sallust. Jug. 44. A consul who commanded in Africa, &c. Vcd. Max. — Plin. — Plut. — Liv. — Pa- terc. 2. — Flor. 3, c. 8. — Pans. 1 , c. 8 & 15. — Cic. in Tmc. &c. — Juv. 3, v. 158. Appian. Civ. — CcBsar. bell. Civ. — Sallust. in Jug. Metharma, a daughter of Pygmalion, king of Cyprus, and mother of Adonis by Cinyras, &c. — Apollod. 5, c. 14. Methion, the father of Phorbas, &c. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. Methodius, a bishop of Tyre, who main- tained a controversy against Porphyry. The best edition of his works is that of Paris, fol. 1657. Methone, a town of Peloponnesus, where king Philip gained his first battle over the Athenians, B. C. 360. A town of Mace- donia, south of Pella, in the siege of v/hich, according to Justin. 7, c. 6. Philip lost his right eye. Another in Magnesia. Hojiier, II. 2, V. 71. * METHYDRicjsr, a town of Peloponnesus, near Megalopolis. Val. Flacc. Methymna, (now Porto Petei-o,) a town of the island of Lesbos, which received its name from a daughter of Macarcus. It is the second city of the island in greatness, po- pulation, and opulence, and its territorj' is fruitful, and the wines it produces excellent. It was the native place of Arion. When tlie whole island of Lesbos revolted from the power of the Athfinians, Methymna alone remained firm to its ancient aUies. Diod. 5. — Tliu- ctjd. 3. — Horat. 2, Sat. 8, v, 50. — Virg G. 3, V. 90. MsiIAfUSA ME M E MetiADUsA, a daughter of Eupalamus, who married Cecrops, by whom she h«d Pan- dion. ApoUod. Z, c. 15. Metii-ia I. ex, was enacted A. U. C. 5j(h to settle the power of tlie dictator, and of his master of horse, within certain bounds. Metilii, a patrician family brought from Alba to Hour-, by Tullus Hostilius. Dionys. H,d. Mftilius, a man who accused Fabius Maximus, before the senate. t\c. Metiochus, a son of Miltiades, who was taken by the Phoenicians, and given to Da- rius king of Persia. He was tenderly treated by the monarch, though his father had ron(jucTed tlie Persian armies in the plains of Marathon. I'lttt. — Hrnuliit. 6, c. -11. — ^ An .-Vtlienian entrusted witJi the care of the roads, &c. 2Y«/. IMetion, a son of Erechtlicus, king of Athens and Praxithea. lie married Al- cippe, daughter of Mars and Agraulo-.. His sons drove Paiidion from tlie throne of Athens, and were afterivards expelled by I'andion's children. yIpoUod. ^, c. I.-k — Pans. 'J, c. C. Metis, one of the Oceanides. She was Jupiter's first wife, celebrated for her great prudence and sagacity above the rest of tlie gods. Jupiter, wlio was afraid lest she should bring forth into the world a child more cun- ning and greater than iiimself, devoured her in the first month of her pregnancy. .Stiine time aftpr Uiis adventure the goti had his head opened, from which issued Minerva anned from head to foot. According to Apol- lodorus, I, c. 2. Hetis gave a potion to Sa- turn, and obliged him to throw up the child- ren whom he had devoured. HrsiiMt. Theog. T. 890. — ApoU.Kl. 7. c. o. — Ht/^in. Metiscus. a charioteer to Turnus. V'trg. ./En. I'i, V. 469. Metils Clrtiis. one of the Sabiues v\ho fought against the Romans, on account of the stolen virgins. Suffetius. a dictator of Alba, in the reigti of Tullus Hostilius. Ho fought against tlie Romans, andatla<>t, tinally to settle their disputes, he proposed a single combat between the Honitii and Ctirialii. The Albans were conquered, and !\Ietius promised to aisist the Romans agaiiMit their enemies. In a battle against the \'eienti*s and Fidenates, Wetius showed his infidelity by forsaking the Romans at the Krst onset, and retired to a neighbouring emiiieiuo. to wait for the event of the battle, and to fall upon whatever side proved victorious. The Romans obtained the Tictory, and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied between two chariots, which were drawn by four horses two different ways, and his limbs ■were torn away from his body, about 669 years before the Cliristian era. I.iv. 1, c. 23, &c. — Flot\ 1, c. 3. — Virg. Mn. 8, t. 642. A critic. {Vid. Tarpa.] Carus, a cele- brat«ii informer under Domitian, who en- 4S4 riched himself with the plunder of those who were sacrificed to the emperor's suspicion. Metcecia, festirals instituted by Theseus in commemoration of the people of Attica having removed to Athens. Meton, an astrologer and mathematician of Athens. His father's name was Pau- sanias. He refused to go to Sicily with his countrymen, and pretended to be insane, be- cause he foresaw the calamities that attended that expedition. In a book called Enneade- cateridis, or the cycle of 1 9 years, he endea- voured to adjust the course of the sun and of the moon, and supported, that the solar and lunar years could regubrly begin from the same point in the heavens. This is called by the moderns the golden numbers. He florished B. C. 132. VUrur. \. — I'liit. in Xici'i. A native of Tarentum, who pretended to be intoxicated that he might draw the attention of his countrymen, when he wished to dissuade them from making an alliance with king Pyrrhus, Plut. in Pi/rr. Metope, the wife of the river Sanganus. She w.is mother of Hecuba. The daughter of Ladon. who inarrie«l the Asopus. —— A river of .\rcadia. RFetra, the daughter of Eresichlhon, a Thessalian prince, beloved by Neptune. Wlien her father had sjjeiit all his fortune to gratify the canine hunger under which he labored, she prostituted herself to her mighbours, and received for reward oxen, goats, and sliecp. which she presented to Eresichthon. Some Miy tJiat she hail received from Neptune the power of changing herself into whatever ani- mal she pleased, and that her father sold her continually to gratify his hunger, and that she instantly assi^ed a dilferent sliape, and became .igiiin his property. Oi'iJ. Met. f^, f(ib. 2\ . Metraovrte, one of the names of Tellus or Cybele. Metrobii's, a player greatly favored by Sylla. Hut. Metrocles, a pupil of llieophrastus, who had the care of the education of Clcombrotus and Cleoinenes. He sulfiK-ated himself when old and infirm. HiJK. MrTRODoRis, a |>liysician of Chios, B. C. 4H. He was tlie disciple of Democritus, and had Hippocrates among his pupils. His com- positions on medicine, &c. arc lost. He sup- ported that the world was eternal and infinite, and denied ilie existence of motion. Diog. A painter and philosopher of Slratonicc, B. C 171. He was sent to Paulus ^Emylius. who after the conquest of Perseus demanded of the Atlieniaiis a philosopher and a painter, the tomier to instruct his children, and the latter to make a painting of his triumphs. Metro- dorus was sent, as in him alone were united the philotiopher and the painter. PHn.35,c. 11. — Cic. 5, df Fiuib. 1. de Oral. 4. Acad. — Diod. in Epic A friend of Mithridates. sent as an.bass.idor to Tigranes, king of Ar- menia. MI MI menia. He was remarkable for his learning, moderation, humanity, and justice. He was put to death by his royal master, for his in- fidelity. B. C. 72. Strab. — Pint. An- other, of a very retentive memory. Metrophanes, an officer of Mithridates, who invaded Euboea, &c. Metropolis, a town of Phrj-gia on the Masander. Another of Tliessaiy near Pharsalia. Mettius. a chief of the Gauls, imprisoned by J. Caesar. C(es. Bell. G. Mettus. [Vid. Metius.] Metulum, a town of Liburnia, in be- sieging of which Augustus was wounded. JJio. 49. Mevania, now Bevagna, a tQwn of Ura- bria, on the Clitumnus, the birth-place of the poet Propertius. * Lucan. \, v. 4 73. — Pro- perl. 4, el. 1, v. 124. Mevius, a wretched poet, [ Vid. Mae- vius.] Mezentius, a king of the Tyrrhenians when iEneas came into Italy. He was re- markable for his cruelties, and put his subjects to deatli by slow tortures, or sometimes tied a man to a dead corpse face to face, and suf- fered him to die in that condition. He was expelled by his subjects, and fled to Turnus, who employed him in his war against the Trojans. He was killed by Mne&s, with his son Lausus. Dionys. Hal. I, c. 15. — Justin. 43, c. 1. — Liv. I, c. 2. — Virg. ^n. 7, v. 648. 1. S, V. 432. — Ovid. Fait. 4, v. 88 1. MiCEA, a virgin of Elis, daughter of Phi- lodemus, murdered by a soldier called Lucius, . ice. Plut. de cl. MuL MiciPSA, a king of Numidia, son of Ma- sinissa, who, at his death, B. C. 119, left his kingdom between his sons Adherbal and Hiempsal, and his nephew Jugurtha. Ju- gurtha abused his uncle's favors by murder- ing his two sons. Sallust. de Jug. — FLor, 3, c. I. — Plut. in Qr. MiCYTHus, a youth, through whom Dio- medon, by order of the Persian king, made an attempt to bribe Jipaminondas. C. Nep. in Epa. 4. A slave of Anaxilaus, of Rhegium. Herodot. 7, c. 170. MiDAs, a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius, or Gorgius. In the early part of his life, ac- cording to some traditions, he found » large treasure, to which he owed his greatness and opulence. The hospitality he shewed to Si- lenus the preceptor of Bacchus, who had been brought to him by some peasants, was liberally rewarded ; and Midas when he con- ducted the old man back to the god, was per- mitted to chuse whatever recompence he pleased. He had tlie imprudence and the avarice to demand of the god that whatever lie touched might be turned into gold. His prayer was granted, but he was soon con- vinced of his injudicious choice ; and when the very meats which he attempted to eat be- came gold in his mouth, he begged Bacchus 465 to take away a present M-hich must prove so fatal to the receiver. He was ordered to wash himself in the river Pactclus, whose sands were turned into gold by the touch of Midas. Some time after this adventure, Midas had the imprudence to support that Pan was su- perior to Apollo in singing and playing upon the flute, for which rash opinion the offended god changed his ears into those of an ass, to shew his ignorance and stupidity. Tliis Mi- das attempted to conceal from the knowledge of his subjects, but one of his servants saw the length of his ears, and being unable to keep the secret, ar,d afraid to reveal it, apprehen- sive of the king's resentment, he opened a hole in the earth, and after he had %vhispered there that Midas had the ears of an ass, he covered the place as before, as if he had buried his words in the ground. On that place, as the poets mention, grew a number of reeds, which, when agitated by the wind, uttered the same sound that had been buried beneath, and published to the world that Midas had the eais of an ass. Some explain the fable of the ears of Midas by the supposition that he kept a number of informers and spies, who were continually employed in gathering every se- ditious word that might drop from the mouths of his subjects. Midas, according to Strabo, died of drinking bull's hot blood. This he did, as Plutarch mentions, to free himself from the numerous ill dreams which continu- ally tormented him. Midasi according to some, was son of Cybele. He built a town which he called Ancyrac. Ovid. Met. 1 1 , fab. 5. — Plut. de Su2Krst. — Sirab. I Hy- gin.fab. 191, 274. — Max. Tijr. 30.—Pavs. 1, c. 4. — Val. Max. 1, c. 6. — Herodot. 1, c. 14. — uiElian. V. H. 4 & 12. — Cic. ds Div. 1, c. 36. 1. 2, c. 31. MiDEA, a tovm of Argolis. Pans. 6. c. 20. Of Lycia. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 45. Of Boeotia, drowned by the inundations of the lake Copais. Strab. 8 A nymph who had Aspledon by Neptune. Paus. 9, c. 38. ■ A mistress of Electryon. jlpollod. MiLANioN, a youth who became enamoured' of Atalanta. He is supposed by some to be the same as Meleager or Hipporaanes. Ovid. Art. Am. 2, v. 188. A son of Amphi- damas. MiLEsu, the inhabitants of Miletus. [Vid. Miletus. ] MiLESioRUM MURus, a placc of Egypt at the entrance of one of the mouths of the Nile. MiLEsius, a surname of -Apollo. A native of Miletus. MiLETiA, one of the daughters of Sceda- sus, ravished with her sister by some young Thebaus. Plut. ^ Paus. MiLETiuM, a town of Calabria, built by :the people of Miletus of Asia. A tow'n of Crete. Homer. II. 2. v. 154. Miletus, a sou of Apollo, who fled from Crete to avoid the wrath of Minos, whom he H h meditated M I M I metlitateJ to dethrone. He came to Caria, where he built a city which he called by his own name. Some supj)ose that he only con- quered a city there called Anactoria, which assumed his name. Tliey farther say, that he put the inhabitants to the sword, and divided the women among his soldiers. Cyanea, a daughter of tiic Ma;ander, fell to his share. StraJj. 14. — Ovid. Mel. 9, T. 446. — Paus. 7, c. 2. — yljmllod. 3, c. 1. — — A celebrated town of Asia 3Iinor, the capital of ail Ionia, situate about ten stadia south of the mouth of tJie river Ma?ander near tlie sea-coa.st on the confines of Ionia and Cariiu It was founded by a Cretan colony under .Miletus, or accord- ing to ethers, by Neleus the son of C'odnis, or by Sarpedon, Jupiter's son. It has suc- cessively been called I^U^t-is, Ptihi/vsa, and Anactoria. Tlie inhabitants, called Milesii, vrere very powerful, and long maintained an oJwtinate war fijjainst the kings of Lydia. Iliey early applied themselves to navigation, and planted no less than 80 colonies, or, ac- cording to Seneca, 380, in difforent parts of U»e world. Miletus gave birth to Thales, Auaximencs Anaxiniander, IIecata?us, Ti- niotheus the musician. Pittacus one of the seven wise men, &c. Miletus was also famous for a temple and an oracle of Apollo Didy- mo-'us, and for its excellent wool, witli which ^ere made stuffs and gannents, held in the highest repuUition, both for sot\ness, elegance and beauty. The words MUfsio! fahxtlM, or Miksiaca, were used to express wanton and ludicrous plays. Ofiil. Trisl. '2, v. 41.5. — Capilolin. vi Alb. 11. — I'irg. G. 3, v. SOt). — Strab. I.S. — Paus. 7, c. 5?. — .V(*i, I, c 17. — Plin. .f, c 29. — ILrodnt. I. &c. — Scncc. de Consul, ad Alb. All LI AS, a part of Lycia. MiLicBL's, a freednian who discoverwl Pbio's conspiracy against Nero. Tacit, l.'i, Ann. c. ,54. JVIii-iNi's, a Cretan king, &c. IVIii.io^iA, a tow^l of tlie Samnites, taken by the Komans. lVIIi,o, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in Italy. His father's wsmvf was Diofimus. He early accustome- cippe, and Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two first Clj'mene and Iris. They derided the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god in- spired them with an unconquerable desire of eating human flesh. They drew lots which of them should give up her son as food to the rest. The lot fell upon Leucippe, and she gave up her son Hippasus, who was instantly devoured by the three sisters. They were changed into bats. In commemoration of this bloody crime, it was usual among the Orchomcni.ins for the high priest, as soon as the sacrifice was finished, to pursue, with a drawn sword, all the women who had entered the temple, and even to kill the first he came up to. Olid. Met. 4. fab. 12. — Plut. Qiuxst. Gr. 5S. MT.NEavA, the goddess of wisdom, war, and all the liberal arts, was produced from Jupiter's brain without a mother. The god, as it is reported, married Metis, whose supe- rior prudence and sagacity above the rest of the j;ods, made him apprehend that the chil- dren of such an union would be of a more exalted nature, and more intelligent than their fadicT. To prevent this, Jupiter devoured Metis in her pregnancy, and some time al'tcr, tu relieve the pains which he sufTcred in his head, he ordered Vulcan to cleave it open. Minerv'a came all armed and grown up from her father's brain, and immodiately was ad- mitted into the assembly of the gods, and made one of the most faithful counsellors of her father. The power of Minerva was great in heaven ; she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, prolong the life of men, bestow the gift of prophecy, and, indeed, she was the only one of all the divinities whose authority and consequence were equal to those of Ju- piter. The actions - ducid MI MI duced the olive, and obtained the victory by the unanimous voice of the gods, who ob- served that the olive, as the emblem of peace, is far preferable to the horse, the symbol of war and bloodshed. The victorious deity called the capital Athence, and became the tu- telar goddess of the place. Minerva was al- ways very jealous of her power, and the man- ner in which she punished the presumption of Arachne is well known. [Vid. Arachne.] The attempts of Vulcan to offer her vio- lence, are strong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had sworn by the Styx to give to Vulcan, who had made him a complete suit of armour, whatever he desired. Vulcan demanded Mi- nerva, and the father of the gods, wlio had pennitted Minerva to live in perpetual celi- bacy, consented, but privately advised his daughter to make all the resistance she could to frustrate the attempts of her lover. The prayers and the force of Vulcan proved in- effectual, and her chastity was not violated, though tlie god left on her hoAy the marks of his passion, and, from the impurity which proceeded from this scuffle, and which IMi- nerva threw down upon the earth, wrapped up in wool, was born Erichthon, an uncom- mon monster. [F/rf. Erichthonius.] Mi- nerva was the first who built a ship, and it was her zeal for navigation, and her care for the Argonauts, which placed the prophetic tree of Dodona behind the siiip Argo, when going to Colchis. She was known among the ancients by many names. She was called Athena, Pallas; \^Vid. Pallas.] Parthcnos, from her remaining in perpetual celibacy ; Tritonia, because worshipped near the Jake Tritonis; Glaucopis, from the blueness of her eyes.; Agorea, from her presiding over markets; Hippia, because she first taught mankind how to manage the horse ; Stratea and Area, from her martial character : Cory, phagenes, because born from Jupiter's brain ; Sais, because worihipped at Sais, &c. Some attributed to her the invention of the flute, whence she was surnamed Andon, Luscinia, Musica, Salpiga, &c. She, as it is reported, once amused herself in playing upon her fa- vorite flute before Juno and Venus, but the goddesses ridiculed the distortion of her face in blowing the instrument. Minerva con- vinced of the justness of their remarks by looking at herself in a fountain near mour.t Ida, threw away the musical instrument, and denounced a melancholy death to him who found it. Marsyas was the miserable proof of the veracity of her expressions. The wor- ship of Miner\'a was universally established ; she had magnificent temples in Egypt, Phoe- nicia, all parts of Greece, Italy, Gaul, and Sicily. Sais, Rhodes, and Athens, particularly claimed her attention, and it is even said, that Jupiter rained a shower of gold upon the island of Rhodes, which had paid so much veneration, and such an early reverence to the divim'ty of his daughter. The festivals 469 celebrated in her honor were solemn and magnificent. \^Vid. Panathenaca.] She was invoked by every artist, and particularly such as worked in wool, embroidery, painting, and sculpture. It was tlic duty of almost every member of society to implore the assist- ance and patronage of a deity who presided over sense, taste, and reason. Hence the poets have had occasion to say, Tu nihil invito, dices Jaciesve Minerva, and. Qui bene placdrit Pallada, docius erit. Minerva was represented in different ways according to the different characters in wliich she appeared. She generally appeared with a countenance full more of masculine firm- ness and composure, than of softness and grace. Most usually she was represented with a helmet on her head, with a large plume nodding in the dr. In one hand she Jield a spear, and in the other a shield, with the dying head of Medusa upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon's lii-ad was on her breast-plate, with living serpents writhing round it, as well as round her shield and helmet. In most of her statues she is represented as sitting, and sometimes she holds in one hand a distaff, instead of a spear. When she appeared as the goddess of the liberal arts she was arrayed in a variegated veil, which the ancients called peplum. Sometimes Minerva's helmet was covered at the top with the figure of a cock, a bird which, on account of his great courage, is properly sacred to the goddess of war. Some of her statues represented her helmet with a spliinx in the middle, supported on either side by griffins. In some medeils, a chariot drawn by four horses, or sometimes a dragon or a serpent, with winding spires, appear at the top of her helmet. She -was partial to the olive-tree; the owl and the cock were her favorite birds, and the dragon among rep- tiles was sacred to her. Tlie functions, of- fices, and actions of Minerva, seem so nu- merous, that they undoubtedly originate in more than one person. Cicero speaks of five persons of this name ; a Minerva, mo- ther of Apollo ; a daughter of the Nile, who was worshipped at Sais, in Egj^t ; a third, born from Jupiter's brain ; a fourth, daughter of Jupiter and Coryphe; and a fifth, daughter of Pallas, generally repre- sented with winged shoes. This last put her father to death because he attempted her virtue. Pans. 1, 2, 3, &c. — Horat. 1, od. 16- 1. 3, od. 4. — Virg. jEn. 2, &c. — Strab. 6, 9 & 13. — Phiiost. Icon. 2. — Ovid. Fast. 3, &c. Met. 6. — Cic. de Nat. JJ. 1, c. 13, 1. 3, c. 25, Sec. — jipultod. 1, &c. — Pin- dar. Olymp, 7. — Lucan. 9, v. 354. — SopIiocL (Edip. — Homer. II. &c. Od. Hymn, ad Pull.— Diod. 5. — HtiSMd. Theog. — ^schyl. in Eum» — Lucian. Dial. — Clem,. Alex. Strora. 2 .— Orplieus. Hymn. 31. — Q. Smym. 14, v, 448> H h 3 —Apollon. M I MI — jtpoUon.l. —Ht/^in.fali. 168. —SicU. Ttteb. 2, V. 721. 1. 7, &c. — Callitn. in Cerer. — jElian- V. H. 12. — C. Nep. in Paus. — PtiU. in Lye. iKic. — Thucyd. 1. — Hh-n- dot. 5. MikkrvjV. Ca'^trusi, a town of "Cala- bria, now Castro. Promontoriuni, a cape at the most southern extremity of Caui- paiiia. AfiMEriVALi*. festivals at Rome Ln honor of Minerva, cclebratitl in the months of ISIarch and June. During this solemnity scholars ohtained sonic relaxation from their studious pursuits, and the present, which it was usual for them to ofllr to f!i was called Mini-n^al, in honor of t Minerva, who pa'roniied over ,..>...;.. .v. Varrn,lntor, in evLiy citv of CJrecce ; and, according to ilu- pert,. he was rewarded for his equity. : ' with the office of supreme anil ah in the infi-rnal regions. In thi- • is represented sitting in the nndilie of ihe sbadt>s and holding a sceptre in his hand. The dead ple.id their dilferent cau.>^c^ before hiin, and the im])artial judge shakes the faul urn, which is filled with the destinies of man- kind, lie married Ithonn, by \%hum he had Lvcastes, who was the father of ^linos Cd. HoituT. Od. 19, V. 17h. — ri/-. yEii. 6, v. 432. —j]imUocL3,c. \.—Hi/(nn.f„b. 41 — Diod.i. Horat. 1, nd. 28.— —The fd was a son of Lycastcs, the son of Minos I. anil king of Crete. He married Pasiphae, the daughter of Sol and Porseis, and by her he had many children. He increased hi-; p.Uernal dominions by the comjuest of the neighbouring islands but he shewed himself cruel in the war which he carried on against the Athenians, who had put to death bis son Androgens. [ Vid. An- tlrogeus.] He took Megara by tlic treachery of Scylla, [Viil. Scylla,] and, not satisfied ■with a victt^rv, he obliged the vanquished to bring him yc.Trly to Crete seven chosen boys, 470 and the same number of virgins, to bo dew voured by tlie Minot.-iur. [Vid. Minotaurus.] This bloody tribute was at List abolished when Theseus had destroyed the monster. [I'id. Theseus.] When Da-dalus wiiose in- duitrj- and invention had fabricated the laby- rinth, and whose imprudence in as.^m- bled friendvhip ; and tliat he might not de- liver to him a man whose ingenuity and abi- lities he so well knew, he put Minos to death. Some say tliat it was the daughters >if Cm:a- lus who put the king of Crete to death, by detaining him so long in a bath till he faint- ed, after which t-hey sulTocated him. Minos diod about 35 yeart before the Trojan war. !Ie was father of .Vnflrogeus, Glaiicus and Diucalion, and two daughters Phaedra and .Ariadne. Many authors have confounded the two monarchs of this name, the grand- f.iilicr and the grandson, but Homer, Plu- tarch, and Diodorus prove plainly that they were two ditTercnt persons I'aus. in Ac!:. 4. — Plul. in TJtdS. — Ill/gin. Jab. 41.— Ovid. Met. 8, v. 141.— iJiW. 4. — Ttr^. y/.'ri. 6, V. 21. — P!ut. in Min. lihev. — K'.icc. 14. MiNfirAfRcs, a celebrated monster, half a man and lialf a bull, according to this verse of Ovid. ./. J. 2, V. 24. Scinibovemyue tirum, semivirunicing subservient to the •pieen's unnatural desires, and, by his means. I'asiphae's horril)!e passions were gratified, and the IMinotaur came info (he world. Minos confined in tlie labyrinth a monsltr which convinc«l tlie world of his wife's las- civiousness and indecency, and reflcctetl dis- grace upon his Tunily. The Minotaur usu- ally dcvourwl the chosen young men and maidens, whom the tyranny of Minos yearly exacted from tlie Athenians Theseus deli- vered his country from this sh.vneful Iribute, when it had fallen to his lot to be s.icrificed to the voracity of the ^IiiMt;inr, and. by means of .'\riadne. tiie king's daughter, he destroyed the monster, and made his cscipe from the windings of the labyrinth. The fabulous traditions of tlie Minotaur, and of I the infamous commerce of Pasiphae with a I fovoritc bull have been often explained- Some suppose MI MI suppose that Pasiphae was enamoured of one of her husband's courtiers, called Taurus, and that Dsedalus favored the passion of the queen by suffering his house to become the retreat of the two lovers. Pasiphae, some time after, brought twins into the world, one of whom greatly resembled Minos, and the other Taurus. In the natural resemblance of their countenance with that of their supposed fathers originated their name, and conse- quently the fable of the Minotaur. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 2. — Hygin. fab. 40. — Plat, in Thcs. — Palccphat. — Virg. jEn. 6, v. 26. MiNTHE, a daughter of Cocytus loved by Pluto. Proserpine discovered her husband's amour, and changed his mistress into an herb, called by the same name, mint. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 729. MiNTURNA, a town of Campania, be- tween Sinuessa and Formia;. It was in the marshes, in its neighbourhood, that Marius concealed himself in the mud, to avoid the partizans of Sylla. The people condemned him to deatli, but when his voice alone had terrihed the executioner, they showed them- selves compassionate and favored his escape. Marica was worshipped there, hence Muricce regna applied to the place. Strab. 2. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Liv. 8, c. 10. 1. 10, c. 21. 1. 27, c. 38. — Paterc. 2, c. 14. — Luccm.2, V. 424. MiNUTiA, a vestal virgin, accused of de- bauchery on account of the beauty and ele- gance of her dress. She was condemned to be buried alive because a female supported the false accusation, A.U. C. 418. Liv. 8, c. 15. A public way from Rome to Brundu- sium. [Fid. Via.] MiNUTHTs, Augurinus, a Roman consul slain in a battle against the Samnites. A tribune of the people who put Ma;lius to death vs-hen he aspired to the sovereignty of Rome. He was honored with a bi'azen statue for causing the corn to be sold at a reduced price to the people. Liv. 4, c. 16. — Plin. 18, c. 3. Rufus, a master of horse to the dic- tator Fabius Maximus. His disobedience to the commands of the dictator, was productive of an extension of his prerogative, and the master of the horse was declared equal in power to tlie dictator. Minutius, soon after this, fought with ill success against Annibal, and was saved by the interference of Fabius; which circumstance had such an effect upon him that he laid down his power at the feet of his deliverer, and swore -that he would never act again but by his directions. He was killed at the battle of Cannae. Liv. — C. Nep. in Ann A Roman consul who defended Coriolanus from the insults of the people, &c. Anotlier defeated by the ^qui, and disgraced by the dictator Cincin- natus. An otlicer under Csesar, in Gaul, who afterwards became one of the conspirators against his patron. Cas. B. G. 6, c. 29. A tribune who warmly opposed the views of 471 C. Gracchus. A Roman, chosen dicta- tor, and obliged to lay down his office, be- cause, during the time of his election, the sudden cry of a rat was heard. ■ A Roman one of the first who were chosen quaestors. Felix, an African lawyer, who Horished 207 A.D. He has written an elegant dia- logue in defence of the Christian religion, called Octavius, from the principal speaker in it. This book was long attributed to Arno- bius, and even printed as an 8th book (Octavus) till Balduinus discovered the im- position in his edition of Felix, 1560. The two last editions are ihat of Davies, 8vo. Cantab. 1732; and of Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1709. MiNT-«, a name given to the inhabitants of Orchomenos, in Boeotia, from Minyas, king of the country. Orchomenos,' the son of Minyas, gave his name to the capital of the country, and the inhabitants still retained their original apellation in contradistinction to the Orchomenians of Arcadia. A colony of Orchomenians passed into Thessaly and settled in lolchos ; from which circumstance the people of tlie place, and particularly the Argonauts, were called Minya. This namei they received, according to the opinion of' some, not because a number of Orchomenians had settled among them, but because the chief and noblest of them were descended from the daughters of Minyas. Part of the Orcho- menians accompanied the sons of Codrus when they migrated to Ionia. The descendants of the Argonauts, as weB as the Argonauts them- selves, received the name of Minyas. They first inhabited Lemnos, where they had been bom from the Lemnian women who had mur- dered their husbands. They were driven from Lemnos by the Pelasgi about 1160 years before the Christian era, and came to settle in Laconia, from whence they passed into Calliste with a colony of Lacedcemonians. Hygin.fab. 14. — Pans. 9, c. 6. — Apollon. 1, Arg. — Herodot. 4, c. 145. Minyas, a king of Eceotia, son of Nep- tune and Tritogenia, the daughter of iEolus. Some make him the son of Neptune and Calr lirrhoe, or of Chryses, Neptune's son, and Chrysogenia, the daughter of Ilalmus. He married Clytodora, by whom he had Presbon, Periclymenus, and Eteoclymenus. He was father of Orchomenos, jjiochithondes, and Athamas, by a second marriage with Phana- sora, the daughter of Paon. According to Plutarch and Ovid, he had three daughters, called Leuconoe, Alcithoe, and Leucippe. They were changed into bats. [ Vid. Mine- ides.] Paus. 9, c. 36. — Plut. Qucest. Greec. 38. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 1 & 468. MiNYCUs, a river of Thessaly, falling into the sea near Arene, called afterwards Orcho- meuus. Hovn.er. II. 11. — Strab. 8. MiNVEiDEs. [Vid. Mincides.] MiNTiA. a festival observed at Orcho- menus in honor of Minyas, the king of the H h 4 place. IvI I M I place. Tue Orchomenlans were called Mi- nyas, and the river upon whose banks their town xvu.-, built Mynos. A small island near Patinos. MiKYTus, one of Niobe's sons. ApoUod. , Mirages, an eunuch of Parthia, &c. Flacc 6, V. C90. MisENUM, or MisEvtrs. [ViJ. Misenus.] Mis£no8» a son of ^olus, who was piper to Hector. After Hector's death he followed .^neas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast of Campania, because he had challenged one of the Tritons. iEncas afterwards found his body on tlie sea shore, and buried it on a promontory which bears his name, now Miseno. There was also a town of the same name on the promontory, at tlie west of the bay of Naples, and it had also a capacious harbour, where Augustus and some of the' Roman emperors generally kept stationed one of tlieir fleets. Virg. j£n. 3, v. 239. 1.6, V. IG4 & 234. — Strab. 5. — ^fJa, 2, c. 4. — Liv. 24, c. 13. — 2'acU. H. 2, c. 9. An \r>, C.51. IVIisiTiiK.i's, a Roman celebrated for his virtues and his niisf<>;tunes. He wa.-, fjdicr- in-law to the emperor Gordian, whose coun- sels and action, lie guided by his prudence and inotlcii.tion. He was iwiciificed to the ambition of I'hilip, a wicked senator who succeeded him as pr;i.foct of tlic pra-torian guards. He died A. D. 2A3, and left all his jiosscssions to be appropriated for the good ol the public. IMirnKAS, a god of Persia, supposed to be the sun, or according to oUiers Venus Urania His worsliip was introduced at Rou.e, and tiic Roimuis rai-.eu liim altars, en which was this inscription, Deo Soli Mithra, or &Wi 1)£0 invito Muhrte. He is generally represented as a young man, whose head is covered with a turbuu, tiixnr the maimer of tl>e Persians. He suppona his knee u} on a bull that lies on the ground, and one of «hose horns he holds in one )iand. while wid> the otlier ho plunges a dagger into his neck. SUU. Tfub. 1, v. 720. — father Pharnaces. He was the first of the kings of Pontus who made alliance with the Komaru. He furruslied them with a fleet in tlie tJurd Puntc war, and assisted them a;:^ain. father co-heiress of the kingdom, and he foriitied liis constitu- tion by drinking antidotes against the poivn urth which his enemies at court attempted to destroy him. He i.u-ly inured his body to hanlsliip, and employed himself in many mjuilj exercises, often remaining whole months in the country, and making the frozen snow and tlj^ tartli the place o( his re)>osc. Natur.illy ambitious and cruel, ho spiirrowerful and indefatigcible adversary to the capital of Italy, than the great Annibal, and Pyrrhus, Perseus, or Antiochus. Mithri- datcs hob been commended for his eminent virtues, and censured for his vices. As a commander he deserves the most unbounded applause, and it may create admiration to see Lim waging war with such success during so many years, against the most powerful people on earth, led to the field by a Sylla, a Lu- cullus, and a Poinpey. He was the greatest monarch that ever sat on a throne, acconling to the opinion of Cicero; and, indeed, no better proof of his military character can be brought, than the mention of the great re- joicings which happened in the Roman armies and in the capital at the news of his death. No less than twelve days were appointed for public thanksgivings to the inunortal gods, and Pompey, who liad sent the first iutelli- gence of his death to Rome, and who had partly hastened his fall, was rewarded with the most uncommon honors. [ Vid. Ampia lex. J It is said, that ^lithridates conquered 24 nations, whose different languages be knew, and spoke with the same ease and fluency as his o\^. As a man of letiers he also deserves attention. He was ac- quainted with the Greek language, and even wrote in that dialect a treatise on botany- His skill in physic is well known, and even now there is a celebrated antidote which bears his name, and is called Miilin- date. Superstition, as well a; nature, had united to render him groat ; and if we rely upon the authority of Justin, his birth was acconipanioij by the aiipoarancc af two large comets, whi^h wore seen for seventy days successively, and whose splendor eclipsed die mid-day sun, and covered the fourtli-part of the heavens. Justin. 37, c. 1, &c. — Sirnb. — Diid. 14. — Flor. 5, c. 5, &c. — Plut. in Si// I. I.uc. Mar. ij[- Pomp. — Vol. Mai. 4, c. 6, &c. — />/>>. 30, &c. — Appiaii. Mithrid. — Plin. '-', c. 97. 1. 7, c. L'4. 1. 25, c. l'. 1. 35, c. 3, &c. — Cic. pro Man. &c. —Paterc. 2, c. 18. — Eutivp. .'5. — Josejfh. 14. — Oros. 6, &c. — A king of Parthia, who took Deme- trius prisoner. A man made king of Ar- menia by Tiberius. He was afterwards im- prisoned by Caligula, and set at liberty by Claudius. He was murdered by one of his nephews, and his family were involved in his ruin. Tacif. Ann Another, king of Ar- menia. A king of Perg.unus, who wannly embraced the cause of J. Caesar, and was made king of Bosphonirt by him. Some sup- posed him to bo tlie son of the great Mithri- dates by a concubine. He uas inurderKd. &c. A king of Iberia. Another of Co- magena. A celebrated king of Parthia, who enlarged his possessions by the conquest of some of the neighbouring countri«* He 471 examined with a careful eye the constitution and political regulations of the nations he had conquered, and framed from them, for the service of his own subjects, a code of laws. Justin. — Orosius. Another, who murdered his father, and made himself master of die crown. A king of Pontus, put to death by order of Galba, &c. A man in the armies of Artaxerxes. He was rewarded by the monarch for having wounded Cyrus the younger ; but, when he boasted that he had killed him he was cruelly put to death. Plut. in Artax A son of Ariobarzanes, who basely murdered Datames. C» iVi^i. in Bat. MiTHRiDifTicrM BEixrM, bcguD 89 years B. C. was one of the longest and most celebrated w.tts ever carried on by the Ro- mans against a foreign power. The ambi- tion of Mithridates, from whom it receives its name, may be called the cause and origin of it. His views upon the kingdom of Cappadocia, of which he was stripped by the Romans. fin>t engaged him to take up arms against the republic. Three Ro- man officers, L. Cassius, the pro-consul, M. Aquilius, and Q. Oppius opposed IMithridates with the troops of Bithynia, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, and Gallo-gra;. cia. The army of these provinces, toge- ther with the Roman soldiers in Asia, amounted to 70,000 men, and 6000 horse. The forces of the king of Pontus were greatly superior to thc«;e ; he led 250,000 foot, 40,000 horse, and 130 armed cha- riots, into die field of batde, under the com- mand of Neoptolemus and Archelaus. His fleet coo'^isted of 400 ships of war, well man- ned and provisioned. In an engagement tiie king of I'ontus obtained the victory, and dis- persed the Roman forces in Asia. He be- came mxstcr of tlic greatest part of Asia, and the Hellespont submitted to his power. Two of the Roman generals were taken, and M. Aquilius who was principally entrusted w ith the conduct of the war, was carried about in Asia, and exposed to the ridicule and insults of the populace, andatlast put todcadiby IVIiUiri- dates, who ordered melted' gold to be poured down his throat, as a slur upon the avidity of the Romans. Tlie conqueror took every possi- ble advantage; he subdued all tlie islands of the ^gean sea, and, though Rhodes rcfusid to submit to his power, yet all Greece was soon over-run by his general Archelaus, and made tributary to the kingdom of Pontus. Mean- while the Romans, incensed against Mithri- dates on account of his perfidy, and of his cruelty in massacring 80,000 of their coun- trymen in one day all over Asia, appointed Sylla to march into the east. Sylla landed in Greece, where the inhabitants readily ac- knowledged his power ; but Athens shut her gates against die Roman commander, and Archelaus, who defended it. defeated, with the greatest courage, all the efforts and opera- tions MI U I tions of the enemy. This spirited defence was of short duration. Archelaus retreated into Boeotia, where Sylla soon followed him. The two hostile armies drew up in a line of battle near Chaeronea, and the Romans ob- tained tlie victory, and, of the almost innu- merable forces of the Asiatics, no more than 10,000 escaped. Another battle in Thessaly, near Orchomenos, proved equally fatal to the king of Pontus. Dorylaus, one of his gene- rals, was defeated, and he soon after sued for peace. Sylla listened to the terms of accommodation, as his presence at Rome was now become necessary to quell the com- motions and cabals which his enemies had raised against him. He pledged himself lo the king of Pontus to confirm him in the possession of his dominions, and to procure him the title of friend and ally of Rome ; and Mithridates consented to relinquish Asia and Paphkgonia, to deliver Cappadocia to Ariobarzanes, and Bithynia to Nicomedes, and to pay to the Romans 2000 talents to defray the expences of the war, and to de- liver into their hands 70 gallics, with all their rigging. Though jMitJiridatcs seemed to have re-established peace in his dominions, yet Fimbria, whose • sentiments were con- trary to those of Sylla. and who made liimself master of the army of Asia by intrigue and oppression, kept him under continual alarms, and rendered the existence of his power pre- carious. Sylla, who had returned from Greece to ratify the treaty which had been made with IMithridates, rid the world of the tyrannical Fimbria ; and the king of Pontus, awed by the resolution and determined firm- ness of his adversary, agreed to the condi- tions, though with reluctance. The hostile preparations of Mithridates, which continued in the time of peace, became suspected by the Romans, and Murasna, who was left as governor of Asia in SyUa's absence, and wlio wished to make himself known by some con- spicuous action, began hostilities by taking Comana and plundering the temple of iJcl- lona. IMithridates did not oppose him, but he complained of this breach of peace before the Roman senate. Murana was publicly reprimanded ; but, as he did not cease from hostilities, it was easily understood that he ' acted by the private directions of the Roman people. Tlie king upon this marched against him, and a battle was fought, in which botli the adversaries claimed the victory. This was the last blow which the king of Pontus received in this -nar, which is called the se- cond Mithridatic war, and which continued for about three years. Sylla, at that time, was made pei-petual dictator at Rome, and he commanded ^lursena to retire from the Idng- dom of JMithridates. The deatii of Sylla changed the face of affairs ; the treaty of peace between the king of Pontus and the Romans, which had never been committed to writing, demanded frequent explanations, and 475 Mithridates at last threw off the mask of friendship, and declared war. Ni^omcdcs, at his death, left his kingdom to the Romans, but Mithiidates disputed their right to the possessions of the deceased monaixh, and entered the field with 120,000 men, besides a fleet of 400 ships in his ports, 16,000 horse- men to follow him, and 100 chariots armed \'\ith scytlies. Lucullus was appointed over Asia, and entrusted with the care of the Mithridatic war. His valor and prudence showed his merit ; and Mithridates, in his vain attempts to take Cyzicum, lost no less than 500,000 men. Success continually at- tended the Roman arms. 'Die king of Pon- tus was defeated in several bloody engage- ments, and with difficulty saved liis life, and retired to his son-in-law Tigranes, king of Armenia. Lucullus pursued him ; and, when his applications for tlie person of the fugitive monarch had been despised by Tigranes, he marched to the capital of Armenia, andterri- fied, by his sudden approach, the numerous forces of the enemy. A battle ensued. The Romans Obtained an easy victory, and no less than 100,000 foot of the Armenians perished, and only five men of the Romans were killed. Tigranocerta, the rich capital of the country, foil into the conqueror's hands. After such signal victories, Lucullus had the mortifica- tion to see his own troops mutiny, and to be dispossessed of the command by the arrival of Pompey. The new general showed himself wortliy to succeed Lucullus. He defeated Mithridates, and rendered his affairs so des- perate, tliat the monarch fled for safety into the country of the Scytliians ; where, for a while, he meditated tlie ruin of tlie Roman empire, and, wit!i more wildness than pru- dence, secretly resolved to invade Italy by land, and marcii an army across tha northern wikis of Asia and Europe to tlie Apennines. Not only the kingdom of Mithridates had fallen into the enemy's hands, but also all the neighbouring kings and princes were sub- dued, and Pompey saw prostrate at his feet Tigranes himself, that king of kings, who had lately treated the Romans witli such con- tempt. Meantime, tlie wild projects of Mithri- dates terrified his subjects ; and they, fearful to accompany him in a march of above ^000 miles across a barren and uncultivated country, revolted, and made his son king. The monarch, forsaken in his old age, even by his own children, put an end to his life, [Vi'rf. JMithridates VII.] and gave the Ro- mans cause to rejoice, as the third IMithri- datic war was ended in his fall, B. C. 65. Such were the unsuccessful struggles of IMithridates against the power of Rome. He was always full of resources, and the Romans had never a greater or more dan- gerous war to sustain. The duration of the Mithridatic war is not precisely known. Ac- cording to Justin. Orosius, Flonis, and Eu- tropius, it lasted for 40 years; but the opinion M N MCE opinion of others, who fix its duration to oO years, is far more credible ; and, indeed, by proper calculation, there elapsed no more than 26 years from the time that Mithri- datcs first entered the field against the Ro- mans, till the time of his death, jlpydan. in Mithrid. — Juitin. ol, &c. — Flor. 2, &c. — Liii. — Flut. in Luc &C. — Orosius. — Pnterr. — Dion. RIiTHRiDAHS, a daughter of Mithridates the Great. She was poisoned by her father. MrrHRCiURzixES, a king of Armenia, &c. An officer sent by Tigranes against Lu- cullus, &c. Plut. The father-in-law of Datanies. IMTtvlene & MiTYLEN.a;, the capital city of the island of Lesbos, which receives its name from Mitylene, the daughter of Ma- careui, a king of the country. It was greatly commended by the ancients for the stateiincBS of iu buildings, and the fruitful- nes^ of its soil ; but more particularly for the great men whom it produced. Pittacus, Al- r.Tus, Sappho, Terpander, Theophanes, Htl- Icnicus, &c. were all natives of Mitylene. It \i.v> long a seat of learning, and, with Rhodes and Athens, it had the honor of having educated many of the great men of Rome and Greece. In the Peloponnesian wnr the Mitj'leneans suffered greatly for their revolt from the power of Athens ; and, in the Mithridatic wars, they had the boldness to resist the Romans, and disdain the treaties which had heen made between Mithridates and Sylla. Cic de leg. ag. — Slnib. 15. — ^fela, 2, c 7. — Diod. 3 Sc \2.—Patii. MvAsiLtTs, a youth who assisted Chromis to tie the old Silenus, whom they found asleep in n cave. Some imagine that Virgil spoke of Varus under the name of Mnasilus. /'iVjr. Ed. 6, V. 13. MvAsippiDAS, a J.aced.Tmonian, who im- posed upon the credulity of the people, &c. i'.'/ya-w. Mkasippits, a Laced.Tmoman, sent wnth a fleet of 6,5 ships and 1500 men to Corcyra, where he was killed, &c. Dioil. \5. MNAsrrnEirs, a friend of Aralus. Mkason', a tyrant of p.lalia, who gave 1200 pieces of gold for twelve pictures of twelve gods to Asclepiodonis. 7Vi>i. .".5, c. 16. Mkastrium, a place in Rhodes. Strc.l. 14. MsEMON, a surname given to ArtAxerxet on account of his retentive memory. C. Nrji. in Beg. A Rhodian. I".f ^.•£M6sYNE, a daughter of Ccclus ar.d Terra, motljer of the nine Muses, by .Jupi- ter, who assumed the form of a shepherd to enjoy her company. The word Mnemoit,n,' signifies memorj, and therefore tbe poets have rightly called memory tlie motlier of tlie Muses, because it is to tJiat mental endow- ment that mankind are indebted for tlicir progress in science. Ovid. Mel. 6. fiJ>. 4. — Pindar. Isth. 6. — IL'siod. Theog. — ji/xJ- lod. 1, c. 1. See. .\ fountain of Bopotia, whose waters were generally drunk by thost- who consulted tbe oracle of Trophon;u/,v- eeii. 5. Mnesilads, a son of Pollux and Plxsbc. Ajy^lhyd. MvEsiMACHE, a daughter of Dcxamenii'v king of Olenus. courted by Eurytion, \v1ki:ii Hercules killed. AjxiUod. 2. Mnesimacmus, a comic poet. Mmester, a frccdman of Agrippina, wl.c. murdered himself at tlie death of his mistress. Tacit. An. 14, c. a MyESTHtrs, a Trojan, descended from Assoracus. He was a competitor for the prize given to tlie best sailing vessel by i^ncas, at the funeral games of .\nchises, in Sicily, and became the progenitor of the family of the Mcmmii at Rome. Virg. ..En. 4, v. 1 1 <„ &c. A son of Pcteus. [Vid. Mencs- thcus.] A frccdman of Aurclian, Ac. Eutrop. 9. — Aum. Vict. Mnestia, a daughter of Danaus. A^U- lod. Mhestra. a mistress of Cimon. Mkevis, a celebrated bull, sacred to tlie sun in the town of Heliopolts. He was wor- shipped with the samesupcrstitiousccrcinonii.s as Apis, and, at his death, be received tiie most magnificent funeral. He w.ns tlie em- blem of Osiris. Diod. I. — Plut. df Lid. MoAPHERNEs, the uncle of Strain's mother. Sec. Strab. 12. MoDESTus, a Latin writer, whose book Dr re Mililari has been elegantly edited in 2 vols. 8vo. Vesalise. 1670. MoDXA, a rich widow at Rome. Juv- 3, V. }30. McECiA, one of the tribes at Rome. I.m. S, c. 17. McTNcs, now Mnynj", a river of Germany, which falls into the Rhine near Mentz. Tant. de Germ. 28. McrRAGr.Ttr^Jiitorum ductor. a surname tf Juoiter. Paus. 5, c. 15. Masts, MO MO McERis, a king of India, who fled at the approach of Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 8. A steward of the shepherd Menalcas in Vir- gil's Ed. 9. A king of Egypt. He was the last of the 300 kings from Menes to Se- sostris, and reigned 68 years, Herodot. 2, c. 13. A celebrated lake in Egypt, sup- posed to have been dug by the king of the same name. It is about 220 miles in cir- cumference, and intended as a resert'oir for the superfluous waters during tJie inundation of the Nile. There were two pj-ramids in it, 600 feet high, half of which lay under the water, and the other appeared above tlie sur- face. Herodot. % c. 4, &c. — Mela, \, c 6. — Plin. 56, c. 12. McEDi, a people of Thrace, conquered by Philip of Macedonia. McEON, a Sicilian, who poisoned Agatlio- cles, &c. McERA, a dog. [ Vid. Mera. ] McEsiA, a country of Europe, bounded on the south by the mountains of Dalmatia, north by mount Haemus, extending from the confluence of the Savus and the Danube to the shores of the Euxine. It was divided into Upper and Lower Moesia. Lower Moesia was on the borders of tlie Euxine, and con- tained that tract of country which received the name of Pontus from its vicinity to the sea, and which is now part of Bulgaria. Up- per Moesia lies beyond the other, in the inland country, now called Sertda<, Plin. 3, c. 26. — Virg. G. I, V. 102. MoLEiA, a festival in Arcadia, ia comme- moration of a battle in which Lycurgus ob- tained the victory. MoLiON, a Trojan prince who distinguished himself in the defence of his country against the Greeks as the friend and companion of Thymbraeus. They were slain by Ulysses and Diomedes. Hanier. II. 11, v. 320. MoLioNE, the wife of Actor, son of Phor- bas. She became mother of Cteatus and Eu- rytus, who, from her, are called Molionides. Paus. 8, c. 14. — ApoUod. 2, c 7. MoLO, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also Apollonius. Some are of opinion that Apol- lonius and Molo are two diflferent persons, who were both natives of Alabanda, and dis- ciples of Menecles, of the same place. They both visited Rhodes, and there opened a school, but Molo iloriEhed some time after Apollo- nius. Molo had Cicero and J. Cajsar among his pupils. [Firf, Apollonius.] Cic. de Ural. A prince of S)rria, who revolted against Antiochus, and killed himself when his re- bellion was attended witli ill success. MoLOEis, a river of Boeotia, near Pla- taea. MoLORCHus, an old shepherd near Cleo- nae, who received Hercules with great hospi- tality. The hero, to repay the kindness lie received, destroyed the Nemaan lion, which laid waste the neighbouring country, and 477 therefore, the Nemasan games, instituted on this occasion, .-ire to be understood by the words Luciis Molorchi. There were two festivals instituted in his honor called Mulor- checB. Martial. 9, ep. 44. 1. 14, ep. 44.— Jpoliod. 2, c. 5. — Virg. G. 3, v. 1 9. — Stat. Theb. 4, v, 160. . MoLossi, a people of Epirus, who inlia- bited that part of the country which was called Molossia, or Molossis from king Molossus. This country had the bay of Ambracia on the south, and the country of the Perrha;bcans on the east. The dogs of the place wore fa- mous, and received the name of Molossi among the Romans. Dodona was the capital of the countrj' according to some writers. Others, however, reckon it as the chief city of ITies- protia. Lucret. 5, v. 10, 6^2. — Lucan, 4, v. 440. — Strah. 7. — Liv Justin. 7, c. 6. — C. JVep. 2, c. 8. — Virg. G. 3, v. 495. — Uorat. 2, Sat. 6, v. 114. Molossia, or Moi-ossis. [Vid. Molossi.] Molossus, a son of Pyrrhus and Andro- maclie. He reigned in Epirus, after the death of Helenus, and part of his dominions received the name of Molossia from him. Paus. 1, c. 11. A surname of Jupiter in Epirus An Athenian general, &c. Id. in Thes. The father of Merion of Crete. [Firf. Molus.] Homer. Od. 6. MoLPADiA, one of the Amazons, &c. Plut. MoLPus, an author who wrote an liistory of Lacedasmon. Molus, a Cretan, father of Meriones. Homer. Od. 6 A son of Deufalion Another, son of Mars and Demomce. MoLVCRioN, a town of ^tolia between the Evenus and Naupactum. Paus. 5, c. 3. MoMEMPHis, a town of Egypt. StTab. 17. Monies, the god of pleasantry among the ancients, was son of Nox, according to Hesiod. He was continually employed in satirizing the gods, and whatever they did was freely turned to ridicule. He blamed Vulcan, be- cause in the human form which he had made of clay, he had not placed a window in his breast, by which whatever was done or thought there, might be easily brought to light. He censured the house which Minerva had made, because the goddess had not made it move- able, by which means a bad neighbomhood might be avoided. In tlie bull which Neptune had produced, he observed that his blows might ha\e been surer if his eyes had been placed near his horns. Venus herself was exposed to his satire; and when the sneering god had found no fault in the body of the naked goddess, he observed as she retired, that the noise of her feet was too loud, and greatly iniproijcr in the goddess of beauty. These illiberal reflections upon the gods were the cause tliat Momus was driven from heaven. He MO MO He is pencrtdly represented raising a mask fiom his face, and holding a small figure in his hand. Jliuod. in Tlieo^. — Lucim. in Herm. M(iN>, an isiund between Britain and Hi- bcrniu, anciently inhabited by a number of Dniids. It is supposed by some to be the niurdereuswas t'ul!' ITiis had such an eflect u]K>n Cah .lied soon after. His deadi is attributed by some to anotlier mortification of the same n.itiuv. The two sootlisuyers, jealous of each other's fame, came to a trial of their skill in divina- tion. ; ' ' ' " '1 ■ how many • s*nd I...,.; .>,,,,,.; single vessel can contain were gothercd and la's n. lOU- ...i>; on« 'llie figs A ere true. Mopsus now to try his adversary, asked him how many young ones a Cv-rtniTi :in.-crnant sow would bring forth. C.-. ^ vd his ig- norance*, and Mopsus ^ >aid tliat the sow would brill . ten young ones, of v* ., ,i male, all bl.ick, aiu. . . uid .-ill be known by tlieir 1 he morrow proved the vcr . tion, •ind Calch.is died by ej. jef which this defeat produced. >■ ^leath w.is ranktxl among the god^ ; .i.-.i. \.:A :.n oracle at Malia, celebrated for the inio and decisive answers which it gave. Stmh. f». — Pc.us. 7, c. 3. '—Ammtan . 1 4, c 8.— i^/ui. dc i>mc. diftct. MO MU A son of Ampyx and Chloris, born at Titaressa in Thessaly. He was the prophet and soothsayer of the Argonauts, and died at his return from Colchis by the bite of a ser- pent in Libya. Jason erected to him a monu- ment on the sea-shore, A\here afterwards the Africans built him a temple where he gave oracles. He has often been confounded ^vith the son of Manto, as their professions and their names wei'e alike. Hi/gin.fab. 14, 128, 17.5 Strab. 9. A shepherd of that name in Virg. Ed. MoRGANTiusi (or ia), a town of Sicily, near the mouth of the Simethus. Cic. in Ver. o, c. 18. MoRiNi, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the shores of the Britisli ocean. The shortest passage to Britain was from their terrfto- ries. They were called eitremi honnnum by the Romans, because situate on the ex- tremities of Gaul. Their city, called Mori- norum castellum is now Mount Cassel, in Ar- tois ; and Morinorum civitas, is Terouenne, on the Lis. rirg. ^n. 8, v. 726. — Cas. 4, Hell. G. 21. MoRiTASGUs, a king of the Senones at the arrival of Caesar in Gaul. Ccesar. B. (J. MoRius, a river of Boeotia. Flni. Morpheus, the son and minister of the god Somnus who naturally imitated the gri- maces, gestures, words, and manners, of mankind. He is sometimes called the god of sleep. He is generally represented as a sleeping child of great corpulence, and witli wings. He holds a vase in one hand, and in the otlier are some poppies. He is repre- sented by Ovid as sent to inform by a dream and a vision the unhappy Alcyone of tlie fate of her husband Ceyx. Ovid. Met. LI, fab. 10. Mors, one of the infernal deities born of Night, without a father. She was wor- shipped by the ancients, particularly by the Lacedaemonians, with great solemnity, and represented not as an actually exist- ing power, but as an imaginary being. Euripides introduces her in one of his tra- gedies on the stage. The moderns represent her as a skeleton armed with a scythe and a scymetar. MoRTuuM MARE. [ Vi(l. Mare Mor- tuum.] MoRYs, a Trojan killed by Meriones during the Trojan war. ■ Homer. 11. 13, &c. MosA, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the German ocean, and now called the Mnesc or Meuse. The bridge over it, Mos(epo7is, is now supposed to be Maestricht. Tacit. H. 4, C. 66. MosCHA, now Mascat, a. port of Arabia on the lied Sea. MoscHi, a people of Asia, at the west of the Caspian sea. Mela, 1, c. 2. 1. 3, C. 5. — Lucan. 5, v. 270. MoscHioN, a name common to four dif- ferent wT-iters, whose compositions, character, 479 and native place ai-e unknown. Some frag- ments of their writings remain, some few verses and a treatise de inorhis mulierum, edited by Gesner, 4to. Basil. 1566. MoscHus, a Phcenician who wTote the history of his country in his own mother tongue. A philosopher of Sidon. He is supposed to be the founder of anatomical philosophy. Strab. A Greek Bucolic poet in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. The sweetness and elegance of liis eclogues, which are still extant, make the world regret the loss of poetical pieces no ways inferior to the productions of Theocritus. The best editions of Moschus with Bion is that of Heskin, 8vo. Oxon. 1748 A Greek rhetorician of Pergamus in the age of Horace, defended by Torquatus in an accusation of having poisoned some of his friends. Horcil. 1. cp. 5, v. 9. IMosELi.A, a river of IJclgic Gaul falling into the Rhine, at Coljlcntz, and no?v called the Moselle. Flor. 5, c. 10. — Tacit. An. 15, c. 53. Moses, a celebrated legislator and general among the Jews, well known in sacred his- tory. He was born in Egypt 1571 B. C. and after he had performed his miracles before Pharaoh, conducted the Israelites through 'the Red Sea, and given Uiem laws and ordinances, during tlieir pere- grination of 40 years in the wilderness of Arabia, he died at the age of 120. His writings have been quoted and commended by several of vthc heatFicn authors, who have divested themselves of their prejudices against an Hebrew, and extolled his learn- ing and the effects of his wisdom. Longi- nus. — Diod. I. MosYCHLUs, a mountain of Lemnos. 2\lcand. MosYN^ci, a nation on the Euxine sea, in whose territories the 10,000 Greeks staid on their return from Cunaxa. Xe?ioph. MoTHONE, a town of Magnesia, where Philip lost one of his eyes. Justin. 7, c. 6. The word is oftener spelt Methone. MoTYA, a town of Sicily, hesjeged and taken by Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. • MuciANus, a facetious aiid intriguing ge- neral under Otho and Vitellius, &c. Mucius. [Vid. Miftius.j Mlcr^, a village of Salinnium. Jtal. 8, v. 565. MuLciRER, a surname of Vulcan,' (n viul- cendo fcrniin,) from his occupation. Ovitl. Mel. 2, V. 5. [Viil. Vulcanus.] MuLUCHA, a river of Africa, dividing Nu- midia from IMauritania. I'lin. 5, c. 2. IMuLvius PONS, a bridge on llic Flaminian way, about one mile distant from Rome. Mart. 3, cp. 14. L. MuJiMius, a Roman consul sent against the Acha-ans, vviiom he conquered, B. C. 147. Ho destroyed Corinth, Thebes, and Chalcis, by order of the senate, and obtained MU ML obtained the surname of Achakus from his victories. He did not enrich himsL-ll' with the spoils of the enemy, but returned home without any increase of fortune. He was so unacquainted with the value of the paint- ings and work* of tJie most celebrated artists of Cireece, wliich were found in the plutidL-r of C'orinih, that he said to tl)ose who con- veyed them to Rome, diat if tliey lost tlii-m or injured them, tliey sliould make olliers in their stead. Paterc. 1, c. 13. — Strab. 8. — Flin. 34, c. 7. 1. 37, c. 1. — Flor. '2, c. 6. /'(jijj. 5, c. 'J4. Publius. a man com- mended by C. Publicius for the M-rsatility of his mind, and the propriety of hi» man- nerii. CV: ddOrul. '-'. — .\ Latin poet. Ma- crobius, I. Salur. 10. M. a prartor. Cic. in yer. Spurius, a brother of Acbaicus before mentioned, distinjjulshed as an orator, and for his fondness for the stoic philosophy. Cic. ad Unit. 'J J. ad Alt. 13. ep. €. .K lieutenant of Crassus defeated, ;randfathiT. and ifrtat-grand- father bore tht- same nanii-. He wai with Ca'sar in Gaul, and %»as made- coruul wiili Hrutus. He promised to favor the repub- lican cause for some time, but he deserted a^aiii to C'«^s.•u•. He was lonj; Antony's fa- vorite, but he left him at the battle of Actium to conciliate tlie favors of Oct.ivius. His services were great in the scnrtc ; for through his inriuence and persuasion, that venerable tx^dy liattered the conqueror of .\ntony witli tliC appellation of Augustus. He was re- warded with the office of censor. Pint, in Ant. Gratus. a Roman Lnigbt who con- spired witli Piso against Nero. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 30. 5ut/. in Auf;. 'Zl. \ friend of Horace, ep- 5. v. 31. MthDA, a small town of Hispania Bmica, celebrated for a battle which was fought theye on llie ITlli ci March H. C. 4o, between Cssar and the republican forces of Rome. Under Labienus and the Srjns of Pompe>'. Carsar obtained the victory af^er an obstinate and bloody battle, and by this blow put nn end to die Roman republic. Pcmpey lost 30,000 men, and Caesar otUy 1,000 and 500 wounded. Sil. Hal. 5, v. 400. — Hirt. B c. S7. Mt'aaHENUs, a friend of Tumus killed bj .Eneas, &c J'tr^. .rEn. 1 2, v. 5W. ^li'asA, now Essfk, a town of Hungary, where the Dravc fails into the Danube. MiRTiA, cr MvRTiA, (a fLuint) a sup- posetl surname of Venus '-— ■■ -■ she pre- sided ever the myrtU. I - was Uie p-itroni-ss of idleness and i I'urro. de L. L. 4, c 3'-\ Mis, a Roman consul. [Hd. Decius.] IMusA Aktomis, a freedman and pby- tucian of .\ugustus. He cured his im|HTial master of a dangerous disease under wliich he Iribcrixl. by recommending to him the' use of the cold bath. He was ;^re.itlv •' " .. J.-l fo- this celebrated cure. He w.a> i ' .i brazen ytatue by the Roman > li was placed near that of .'llsctdapius, and .Au- gustus permittitl him to wear a gildcn ring, and to be excjiipti-d from all laxi-s. He was not so successful in recommending the use of the cold bath to Marccllus, as he had been to MU MU to Augustus, and his illustrious patient diiid under his care. Tlie cold bath was for a long time discontinued, till Charmis of Mar- seilles introduced it again, and convinced the world of its great benefits. Musa was bro- ther to Euphorbub the physician of king Juba. Two small treatises, de herbd Botu- nicd, and de tiienda Valetudine, are supposed to be the productions of his pen. A daughter of Nicomedes, king of Bithynia. She attempted to recover her father's king- dom from the Romans, but to no purjiose, though Csesar espoused her cause. Paterc. 2. — Suet, in Ctes. Ml sjE, certain goddesses who presided over poetry, music, dai'cing, and all the liberal arts. They were daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, and were nine in number ; Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope, and Urania. Some suppose that there were in ancient times only three Muses, Melete, Mneme, and A cede; othei-s four, Tolxiope, A cede, Arche, Melete. They were, according to others, daughters of Pierus and Antiope, from which circumstance they are called Pierides. Tlie name of Pierldes might pro- bably be derived from mount Pierus where they were born. ITiey have been severally called Castalides, Aganippides, Lehethrides, Aojiides, Heliconiades, &c. from the places where they were -worshipped, or over which they presided. Apollo, who was the patron and the conductor of the Muses, has received the name of Mitsagetes, or leader of the Muses. The. same _^ surname was also given to Hercules. The palm tree, the laurel, and all the. fountauis of Pindus, Helicon, Par- nassus, &c. were sacred to the Muses. They were generally represented as young, beau- tiful, and modest virgins. They were fond of solitude, and commonly appeared in dif- ferent attire according to the arts and sciences over which they presided. [ Vid. Clio, Eu- terpe, Thalia, Melpomene, &c.] Sometimes they were represented as dancing in a chorus, to intimate the near and indissoluble con- nexion which exists between the liberal arts and sciences. The Muses sometimes appear with wings, because by the assistance of wings they freed themselves from the vio- lence of Pyrenaeus. Their contest with the daughters of Pierus is well known. [ Vid. Pierides.] The worship of the Muses was universally established, particularly in the enlightened parts of Greece, Thessaly, and Italy. No sacrifices were ever oflered to them, though no poet ever began a poem without a solemn invocation to the goddesses who presided over verse. There were fes- tivals instituted in their honor in several parts of Greece, especially among the Thes- pians, CVC17 fifth year. The INIacedonians observed also a festival in honor of Jupiter and the Muses. It had been instituted by king Archelaus, and it was celebrated with 481 stage plays, games, and different exhibitions, which continued nine days, according to the number of the Muses. Ptut. Evot. — Pol- lux. — JEschin. in Tim. — Paus. 9, c. 29. Apollod. 1, c. 5. — Cic. de Kat. D. 3, c. 21. — Hesiod. Ttieog. — Virg. JE7i. — Ovid. Met. 4, V. 310. — Homer. Hymn. Mas. — Jza: 7. — Diod. I. — Marticd. 4, ep. 14. Mi's.Eus, an ancient Greek poet, sup- posed to have been son or disciple of Linus or Orpheus, and to have lived about 1410 years before the Christian era. Virgil has paid great honor to his memory by placing him in the Elysian fields attended by a great multitude, and taller by the head than ^his followers. None of the poet's compositions are extant. Tlie elegant poem of the loves of Leander and Hero was written by a Musaeus, who florished in the fourth cen- tury, according to the more received opi- nions. Among the good editions of Mu- sasus two may be selected as tlie best, that of Rover, 8vo. L. Bat. 1727; and that of Schroder, 8vo. Leovard, 1 743. Virg. ^En. G, V. 677. — Diog. A Latin poet whose compositions were very obscene. Martial. 1 2, cp. 96. A poet of Thebes who lived during the Trojan war. 3IusoNius RuFus, a stoic philosopher of Etruria in the reign of Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 3, c. 81. MuTA, a goddess who presided over silence, among the Romans. Ovid. Fast. 2, v. 580. MusTELA, a man greatly esteemed by Cicero. Ad. Attic. 12. A gladiator. Cic. MuTHULLUs, a river of Numidia. Scl- lust. Jug. 48. MuTiA, a daughter of Q. Mutius Scaevola, and sister of Metellus Celer. She was Pom- pey's third Avife. Her incontinent behaviour so disgusted her husband that at his return from the Mithridatic war, he divorced her, though she had borne him three children. She afterwards married M. Scaurus. Au- gustus greatly esteemed her. Plut. in Pomp. A wife of Julius Casar beloved by Clodius the tribune. Suet, in Cas. 50 Tlie mother of Augustus. MuTiA LEX, the same as that which was enacted by Licinius Crassus, and Q. Mutius A. U. C. 657. [Vid. Licinia Lex.] Mutica, or MuTYCE, a town of Sicily west of the cape Pachynus. Cic. in Ver. 3, c. 43. MuTiLiA, a woman intimate with Livia Augusta. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 12. MuTiNA, a Roman colony of Cisalpine Gaul, where M. Antony besieged D. Bi-utus whom the consuls Pansa and Ilirtius delivered. Two battles on the fifteenth of April, B. C. 43, were fought. tliere, in which Antony was defeated, and at last obliged to retire. Mu- tina is now called Modena. Luciui. 1, v. il. 1. 7, V. 872. —Sil. 8, v. 592.— Ovid. Met. Ij, v. 822. —Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 14. Erui. ep. 5. 1 i Mi>xiM£s, /, MU MY MoTiNEs, one of Annibal's generals who was honored with the freedom of Rome on delivering up Agrigentum. Liv- 25, c. 41. 1. 27, c. 5. MuTiNus. [Fid. Mutunus.] MuTius, tlie fatJier-in-law of C. Marl us. A Roman who saved the life of young Marius by conveying him away from the pursuit of his enemie* in a load of straw. — - A friend of Tiberius Gracchus, by whose means he was raisod to tlie oflBce of a tribune. C. Scavola, sumaraed Cordus, became famous for his courage and intrepi- dity. When Porsenna, king of Etruria, had besieged Rome lo re-instate Tarquin in all his rights and privileges, JMutius deter- mined to deliver his country from so dan- gerous an enemy. He disguised himself in the habit of a Tuscan, and as he could flu- ently speak the language, he gained an easy introduction into tlie camp, and soon into the royal tent. Porsenna sat alone with his secretary when Mutius entered. The Ro- man rushed upon the secretary and stabbed him to the heart, mistaking him for his royal master. This occasioned a noise, and Mu- tius, unable to escape, was seized and brought before the king. He gave no answer to the enquiries of the courtiers, and only told them that he was a Roman, and to give them a proof of his fortitude, he laid his right hand on an altar of burning coals, and sternly looking at the king, and without ut- tering a groan, lie boldly told him, that 3(X) young Romans like himself had conspired against his life, and entered the camp in dis- guise, determined either to destroy him or perish in the attempt. This extraordinary confession astonished Porsenna, he made peace with the Romans and retired from their city. Mutius obtained the surname of Scce- vola, l>ecause he had lost the use of his right hand by burning it in the presence of tlie Etrurian king. Plut. in Par. — F/ir. 1 , c. 10. — Liv. '.', c. 1'-'. Q. Sc.^vola, a Ro- man consul. He obtained a victory over the Dalmatians, and signalized himself greatly in the Marsian war. He is liighly commended by Cicero, whom he instructed in the study of civil Law. Cic. — P/ut. Another, appointed pro-consul of Asia, which he governed with so much popularity, that he was generally proposed to others as a pattern of equity and moderation. Cicero speaks of him as eloquent, learned, and in- genious, equally eminent as an orator and as a lawyer. He was murdered in die temple of Vesta, during the civil war of Marius and Sylla. 82 years before Christ. PhU. — Cic. de Oral. 1, c. 48. — Pate re. 2, c. 22. MoTUNus, 6r MuTiNi's, a deity among the Romans, much tlie same as the Priapus of the Greek«. The Roman matrons, and par- ticularly new married women, disgraced themselve* by the obscene ceremonies which custom obliged them to observe before the 48» statue of this impure deity. August, de Ch- D. 4, c. 9. 1. f>, c. 9. — Lac^nnt. 1, c. 20. MuTCsc^, a town of Urabria. Firg. jEn, 7, V. 711. MuzERis, a town of India, now Vizmdnik. Plin. 6, c. 23. ^Iyagrus, or Myoues, a divinity among the Egj-ptians, called also Achor. He was entreated by the inhabitants to protect them from flies and serpents. His worship passed into Greece and Italy. Pliii. 10, c. 2P. — Paus. 8, c. 26. INIvcALE, a celebrated magician, who boasted that she could draw down the moon from her orb. Urid. Met. 12, v. 263. A city and promontory of Asia Minor oppo- site .Samos, celebrated for a battle which was fought there between the Greeks and Per- sians on die 22d of September 479 B. C. the same day that Mardunius was defeated at Platasa. The Persians were about l(XX06O men that had just returned from the unsuc- cessful expediuon of Xerxes in Greece. They had drawn their ships to the shore and fortified themselves, as if determined to support a siege. They suffered the Greeks to disembark from dieir fleet without the lea.st molestation, and were soon obliged to give way l)efore the cool and resolute in- trepidity of an inferior number of men. The Greeks obtained a complete victory, slaughtered some thousands of the enemy, bunied their camp, and sailed back to Sa- mos widi an immense booty, in which were seventy chests of money among other very %aluable things. Herodot. — Justin. 2, c. H. — Diod. A woman's name. Juv. ^, V. 141. Mtcalessus, an inland town of Boeotia, where Ceres had a temple. Paus. 9. c. 19. MifCEXiK, a town of Argolis, in Pelo- ponnesus, built by Perseus, son of Danae. It wtui situate on a small river at the east of the Inachus, about 50 stadia from Argos, and received its name from Mycene, a nymph of Laconia. It was once the capital of a king- dom, whose nionarchs reigned in the follow- ing order; Acrisius 1344 B. C. Perseus, Electrjon, Maestor, and Sthenelus ; and Sthe- nelus alone for eight years ; Atreus and Tby- estes, Agamemnon, .Egysdius, Orestes, -Ejiytus, who was dispossessed 1 104 B. C. on the return of the Heraclidae. The town of Mycense was taken and laid in ruins by the Argives, B. C. 563 ; and it was almost un- known where it stood in the age of the geo- grapher Strabo. Paus. 2, c. 1 6. — Strab. S. — Virg. ..En. 6, V. 839. — Afela, 2, c. 3. The word Mycentrus is used for Agamemnon as he was one of the kings of Mycene Mycknis («/w), a name applieid to Iphije- nia as pesidiiig at Mycenae. OvUi. Met. 1 2, V. 34. * Mycirinus, a son of Cheops, king of Egypt. After the death of his father he reigned MY INI Y reigned with great justice and moderation. Herodot. '2, c. 129. MvctBF.iiNA, a town of the Hellespont. Diod. 12. Mycithits, a servant of Anaxilaus tyrant of Rhegium. He~ was entrusted with the care of the kingdom, and of the children of the deceased prince, and he exercised his power with such fidelity and moderation, that he acquired the esteem of all the citizens, and at last restored the kingdom to his master's children when come to years of maturity, and retired to peace and solitude with a small por- tion. He is called by some Micalus. Justin. 4, c. 2. Mtcon, a celebrated painter who with others assisted in making and perfecting the PoecUe oi Athens. He was the rival of Polygnotus. Plin. 33 & 55. A youtli of Athens changed into a poppy by Ceres. Myconos (or e), one of the Cyclades be- tween Delos and Icaria, which received its name from Myconus, an unknown person. It is about three miles at the east of Delos, and is thirty-six miles in circumference. It remained long uninhabited on account of the frequent earthquakes to wliich it was subject. Some suppose that the giants whom Hercules killed were buried under tliat island, whence arose the proverb of evi^rt/ thins is under My- cone, applied to those who treat of different subjects under one and the same title, as if none of the defeated giants had been buried under no other island or mountain about My- cone. Strabo observes, and his testimony is supported by that of modern travellers, that the inhabitants of Mycone became bald very early, even at the age of 20 or 25, from which circumstance they were called by way of contempt, the bald heads of Mycone. Pliny says, that the children of the place were al- ways born without hair. The island was poor, and the inhabitants very avaricious ; whence Archilochus reproached a certain Pericles, that he came to a feast like a Myconian, that is, without previous invitation. ^'irg. ^n. 3, v. 76. — Strab. 10. — Plin. 11, c. 37. 1. 12, c. 7. 1. 14, c. 1 Athen. 1. — Thu- cyd. 3, c. 29. — Mala, 2, c. 7. — Ovid. Met. 7, V. 465. Mtdon, one of the Trojan chiefs who defended Troy against the Greeks. He was killed by Antilochus. Homer. II. 5, V. 580. Myecphoris, a town in Egypt, in a small island near Bubastis. Myenus, a mountain of iEtolia. PliU. de Flum. Mydgok, a brother of Amycus, killed in a war against Hercules. A brother of He- cuba. [ J''id. Mygdonus. ] Mygdonia, a small province of Mace- donia, near Thrace, between the rivers Axius and Strymon. The inliabitants, called ^fyq- 485 dones, migrated into Asia, and settled near Troas, where the country received tlie name of their ancient habitation. Cybele was called Mygdonia, from the worship she received in Mygdonia in Phrygia. Horat. 2, od. 12, V. 22. 1. 3, od. \6, V. 41. — Ovid. Met. 6, V. 45 A small province of Blesopotamia bears also the name of Mygdonia, and was probably peopled by a Macedonian colony. Place 3, &c. — Plin. 4, c. 10. — Ovid. Ht- roid. 20. — Horat. 2, od. 12. Mygdonis, or Mygdon, a brother of He- cuba, Priam's wife, who reigned in part of Thrace. His son Corcebus was called My^'- donides, from him. Virg. JEn. % v. 341.— Homer. II. 3. A small river running through Mesopotamia. Mylassa (onim), a town of Caria. Liv.- 58, c. 39. Myle, or Mylas, a small river on the east of Sicily, with a town of the same name. Liv. 24, c. 30 & 31. —. Suet. Jug. 16. Also a town of Thessaly, now Mulazzo. Liv. 42, c. 54. MvLEs, a son of Lelex. Mylitta, a surname of Venus among the Assyrians, in whose temples all the women were obliged to prostitute themselves to strangers. Herodot. 1, c. 151 & 199. — Strab. 16. Myndus, a maritime town of Caria near Halicarnassus. Cic. Fam. 3, ep. 8. — Mela, 1, c. 16. — Plin. 5, c. 29. Mynes, a prince of Lyrnessus, who mar- ried Briseis. He was killed by Achilles, and his wife became the property of the conque- ror. Horner. II. 3. Myni^. [Vid. Minya.] Myonia, a town of Phocis. Paus. Myonksus, a town and promontory of Ionia, now Jalanghi-Liman. Liv. 57, c. 15 & 27. Myra (ortim or ee), a town of Lycia, on a high hill, two miles from the sea. Plin. 5, c. 27. — Strab. 14. Myriandros, a town of Seleucia in Sy- ria, on the bay of Issus, which is some- times called Sinus Myriandricus. Liv. 2, c. 108. MyrIna, a maritime town of jEolia, called also Scbastopolis, and now Sonde rlic. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 47. — Liv. 33, c. 50. — Strab. 13. A queen of the Amazons, &c. Dion. 4. A town of Lemnos, now Palio Castro. Plin. 4, c. 12 A town of Asia, destroyed by an earthquake in Trajan's reign. The wife of Thoas, king of Lemnos, by whom she ha.'i Hipsipyle. Myrinus, a surname of Apollo, from My- rina in iEolia, where he was worshipped. A gladiator. Mart. 12, c. 29. Myrios, a town of Arcadia, called also Megalopolis. MYRL^aa^, or Afamea, a town of Bithynia. Plin. 5, c. 32. I i 2 MyrmecU'ES, M Y M Y Myrmecides, an artist of MiletiH men- tioned as makinf^ chariots so small that they could be covired by the wing of a fly. He als■ A celebrated statuary of Greece, peculiarly happy in imitating nature. He made a cow so much resen'.bling life, that even bulls were deceived and approached her as if alive, as is frequently mentioned by many epigrams in the .\nthologia. He flo- rished about 4-5'2 years before Christ, (hiii. Art. Am. ~, v. 519. — I'aus. — Juv. 8. — Prnp^rt. 2, el. 41. iNlvRONiAM's, an historian. Diog. Myronidks. an Athenian general, who conquered the Tliebans. Poli/ern. MvRRHA, a daughter of Cinyras, king of Cyprus. She became enamoured of her fa- ther, and intr()duceot- i,Ht. 3. IVIyrsims. a son of Myrsus, the last of the Heraclidw, who reigned in Lydia. He is also called Candaules, [I'iii. Candaules.] IMyrsus, the father of Candaules. i/«T.>- dot. 1, c. 7. A Greek historian in the age of Solon. Myrtalk, a courtezan of Home, mistress to the poet Horace, 1. od. 53. RIvRTEA, a surname of Venus. [Vul. Murtia.] MyrtTlus, sor. of ISIerciirj* and Phaetus.-i, or Cleobule, or Clymene, was ami-lK'arer to Q^nomaus, king of Pisa. He was so experi- enced in riding and in the management of horses, that he rendered those of 0\nomaus the swiftest in all Greece. His infidelity 481 provetl at last fatal to him. OEnomaus had been infonncd by an oracle, that his daughter Hippodamia's husband would cause his death, and on tliat account he resolve.-i. Attica, and Pelo|K)nnesus, as far as c.ipe Malea. It re- ceives this name from Myrto, a woman, or from Myrtos, a small island opjiosite to Carystos in F^ubcea ; or from Myrtilus, the son of Mercury, who was drowned there, Ac. Paia. 8, c. 14'. — Hi/gin. fab. 84. — Plin. 4, c. 11. Myrtuntium, a name given to tliat jwirt of the sea which lies on the coast of Epirus between tlic bay of Ambracia and Leucas. MvRifsA, a roountain of Libya. Callint. in Apollo. Mys. (myos,) an artist famous in working and polishing silver. He beautifully repre- sented the battle of the Centaurs and Lapithv, on a shield in the hand of Minerva's sutue made by Phidias. Paus. 1, c. 'J.S. — Martiut. «, qi. 54 & Jl. 1. 14, ep. 95. — Pio}H-rt. 3, el. 9, v. 14. Myscki.i.cs, or ISIisceli.us, a native of Rhyp.t in Achaia, who foundi-d Crolona in Italy ai'cording to an oracle, which told him to build a city where he found rain with fine weather. The meaning of the or.Tcle long perplexed him. till he found a Ix'autiful wo- man all in tears in lulv, wliich circumstance he MY MY he interpreted in his favor. According to some, Myscellus, who was the son of Her- cules, went out of Argos without the per- mission of the magistrates, for which he was condemned to death. The judges had put each a black ball as a sign of condemnation, but Hercules changed them all and made them white, and liad his son acquitted, upon which Myscellus left Greece and came to Italy, where he built Crotona. Ovkl. Met. 15, V. 19. — Sirab. 6 & 8. — Suidas. Mysia, a country of Asia Minor, gene- rally divided into major and minor. Mysia minor was bounded on the north and west by the Propontis and Bithynia, and I'lnygia on the southern and eastern borders. Mysia ma- jor had iEolia on the south, the yEgean on the west, and Phrygia on the north and east. Its chief cities were Cyzicum, Lampsacus, &c. The inhabitants were once very warlike, but they greatly degenerated ; and the words My- sorum ullimus were emphatically used to sig- nify a person of no merit. The ancients ge- nerally hired them to attend their funerals as mourners, because they were naturally melan- choly and inclined to shed tears. They were once governed by monarchs. They are sup- posed to be descended from the Mysians of Europe, a nation which inhabited that part of Thrace which was situate between mount Hce- mus and the Danube. Strab. — Uerodot. l,&c. — Cic. in Verr. — Flac. 27. — Flor. 3, c. 5.— Appictn. in Mithrid. A festival in honor of Ceres, surnamed Mysia from Mysias, an Argive, who raised her a temple near Pallene in Achaia. Some derive the words uvro ro» fiuin-iv, to cloij, or satisfy, because Ceres was the first who satisfied the wants of men by giving them corn. The festival continued during seven days, &c. Myson, a native of Sparta, one of the seven wdse men of Greece. When Anacharsis consulted the oracle of Apollo, to know which was the wisest man in Greece, he received for answer, he who was now ploughing his fields. Tliis was Myson. Diog. in Fit. Mystes, a son of the poet Valgius whose early death was so lamented by the father, that Horace wrote an ode to allay the grief of his friend. Horat. 2, od. 9. Mythecus, a sophist of Syracuse. He studied cookery, and when he thought himself sufficiently skilled in dressing meat, he went to Sparta, where he gained much practice, especially among the younger citizens. He was soon after expelled the city by the magis- trates who observed that the aid of IMythe- cus was unnecessary as hunger was the best seasoning. Mytilene. \_Vid. INlitylene.] Myus, (Myuntis,) a town of Ionia on the confines of Caria, founiled by a Grecian co- lony. It is one of the 12 capital cities of Io- nia, situate at the distance of about 50 stadia from the mouth of the Maeander. Artaxerxes, king of Persia, gave it to Themistocles to maintain him in meat. Magnesia was to sup- port him in bread, and Lampsacus in wine. C. Nep. in The mist. — Strab. 14 Herodot. 4, c. 142.— Z>W(/. 11. N A NABAZANES, an officer of Darius 3d, at the battle of Issus. He conspired with Bessus to murder his royal master, either to obtain the favor of Alexander, or to seize the kingdom. He was pardoned by Alexan- der. Curt. 5, &c. — Diod. 1 7. Nabath.ea, a country of Arabia, of which the capital was called Petra. The word is often applied to any of the eastern countries of the world by the poets, and seems to be derived from Nabath the son of Ismael. Ovid. Met. 1, V.61. 1.5, v. 163.— Strab. 16.— Lu- can. 4, V. 63. — Juv. II, v. 12G. — Seneca, in Her. (Et. 160, &c. Nabis, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedaemon, who in all acts of cruelty and oppression surpassed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. His house was filled with flatterers and with spies, who were continually employed in watching the words and the actions of his subjects. When he had exercised every art in plunder- ing the citizens of Sparta, he made a statue, which in resemblance was like his wife, and was clothed in the most magnificent apparel, 485 N A and whenever any one refused to deliver up his riches, the tyrant led him to the statue, which immediately, by means of secret springs, seized him in its arms, and tormented him in the most excruciating manner wiUi bearded points and prickles, hid under the clothes. To render his tyranny more popular, Nabis made an alliance with Flaminius, the Roman general, and pursued with the most inveterate enmity the war which he had undertaken against the Achseans. He besieged Gythium and defeated Philopoemen in a naval battle. His triumph was short ; the general of the Achaeans soon repaired his losses, and Nabis was defeated in an engagement, and treaclt- erously murdered, as he attempted to save his life by flight, B. C. 192, after an usurpation of 14years. Polyb. 15. — Justin. 50& 31 Plut. in Phil. — Pans. 7, c. 8. — Flor. 2, c. 7. A priest of Jupiter Ammon, killed in the second Punic war, as he fought against the Romans. SU. 15, V. 672. Nabonassar, a king of Babylon, after the division of the Assyrian monarchy. From him lis the / N A N A the A'abiincusamin rp^Kh received its name, agreeing with the year of the world .'5237, or 746 B.C. Nacri campi, a plac« of Gallia Togata near Mutina. Lir. 41, c. 18. NxDAGAaA. \_Vid. Nagant. J Nakia, the goddess of funerals at Rome, whose temple was without the gates of the city. Tlic songs which were sung at funerals v*re also called rutnia. They were generally filled with the praises of the deceased, but sometimes they were so unmeaning and im- jiro|>er, that the word l>ccame proverbial to bigoify nonsense. Varro. de vita P. R. — Plaut. A fin. 41, c. 1, y.63. C.v. Njmvit;s, a Latin poet in the first Punic ■war. He was originally in the Roman ar- mies, but afterwards he applied hinistlf to study and wrote comedies, besides a poetical account of the first Punic war in which he had served. His satirical disjtosition displeased the consul Metellus, who drove him from Rome. He passed the rest of his life in Utica. where he dii'd, alx)ut "JOT years before tJit Christian era. Some fragments of his poetry are eztanL Cic- Tu*c. 1, c. I, . I, c. 53. — ^ A tribune of the [leople at Rome, who accused .Scipim»/tum, which wa.s still in being in tiie age of .Augustus. The razor and (lint were burieo//itd. 1, c. 9. A njTnph, mother by Bucolion of •tgesus and Pedasus. Homer. 11. 6. A nymph in an island of the Red Sea, who by her incantations turned to fishes all those who approached her residence after she had admit- ted them to her embraces. She was herself changed into a fish by Apollo. Ovid. Diet. 4, v. 49, Ac. ■ The word is used for water by TibuU. 5, 7. Vaissi's, or Ntssi;«, now Xlssa, a town of -^Iresia, the birth place of Constantine, ascribed by some to lUyricum or Thrace. Nantcatts, a people of Gaul near the Alps. Cat. B. G. 3. c. 1. NAP.iiK, certain divinities among the ancients who presided over the hills and woods of the country. Some suppose that they were tutelary deities of the fountaiijs and the Naiades of the sea. Their name is derived from *ur^, a grove. Virg. G. 4, V. SS.-i. 'SxrATA, a town of -^-'.thiopia. Naphius, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into the Alpheus. Pam. 1. Nar, now Nero, a river of Umbria, who^e waters famous for their sulphureouk proper- ties, pass through the lake Velinus an3C. It became the capital of a large province of Ganl, which obtained the name of Gallia Narboneiisu. Paterc. I, c 15. I. 'J, c. 8. — Plm. 3. N'ARaoNrN'sis Gali.ia, one of the four great divisions of ancient Gaul, was l>oundet UOonged to the Locri Ozola;, and afterwards fell into the hands of the Atlicniuii-s who nuve it to the Messeniaiis who had l)een dnven from Peloponne:>us by tlie I.aeetlainofilnn^. It became the property of the Laci, v. 3!). \ai:pi.ils, a son of Neptune and Amy- inutie. kine; of Eulia-a. He w:»s father to tlie celebrated I'alamedes, who wjis so un- justly sacrilicitl to the artifice and resent- ment of I'lysses by the (i reeks durin;? the Trojan war. 'llie death of Pulaniwles liighlv irritated N'aupiius, and to avenge the injus- tice of the Grecian jtrinces. In- attempted to (ielmuch their wives and ruin their ch.iracter. AVIien the (Jreeks retunieil from the Trojan war, Nauplius saw tl>ein witli pU-.-isure dis- tressed in a storm on the coasts of EulKia, anso. Jleimid. Th. 1, v. IK. ■ 'llie pilot of the vessel which carried Tlieseus into Crete. Nai'statmmus, a port of Phocie-.i in Io- nia. I.ir. 37, c. ,31. .\lso a part of C y- rennica, now Bondaria. Simb. IT. Naitk*, a Tnyan so. 7!>4. Naxos. now Wtiitt, n celebrated island in the .Egean sea. the lu-gest and most fer- tile of nil the Cyclailes, about I0.> miles in circumference, and 30 broad. It was for- merly calletl Stroni:i/le, Jhu, Jhant/xias. and Citllii>olis, and receive*! the name of Naxos from Nuxus who was at the head of a Carian colony, which settled in the island. Nan)s alKiunds witli all sorts of fruits, and its wines are still in the same repute as for- merly. Tlie Naxians were anciently govern- ed by kings, but they afterwards exchange this fonn «if government for a republic, and enjoyed their liberty till the age of l*isistn»- tus, who appointed a tyrant over them. They were reduced by the Persians; but in the ex- pedition of Darius and Xerxes ag.iinst (Jrwecc, they rev«)lted and fought on tlie side of the C>ret ks. During the Pclo|x>nnesian war. they sup|>orted the interest of .Athens. Bacchus w.is the chief deity of the island. The capi- tal u as also called Naxos ; and near it. on tlie '20ib Sept. B, C. 37", the Lacedjemo- niaiis J NE NE nians were defeated by Chabrias. Tintcyd. 1, &c. — Herodot. — IJiod. 5, &c Ovid. Met. 5, V. 656. — Virg. ^n. 5, v. 125. — Paus. 6, c. 16. — Pindar. An ancient town on the eastern side of Sicily, founded 759 years before the Cliristian era. Tliere was also another town at the distance of Hve miles from Naxos, which bore the same name, and was aften called by contradistinction Taurominium- Plin. 3. — Diod. 13. A town of Crete, noted for hones. Plin. 36, c. 7. A Carian who gave his name to tlie greatest of the Cyclades. Nazianzus, a town of Cappadocia where St. Gregory was born, and hence he is called 2C'.iruinzemis. Nea, or Nova insula, a small island be- tween Lemnos and the Hellespont, which rose out of the sea during an earthquake. Plin. % c. 87. Ne^era, a nymph, mother of Phaetusa and Lampetia by the Sun. Homer. Od. 12. A woman mentioned by Virgil's JJc/. 5. A mistress of the poet Tibullus. A favorite of Horace. A daughter of Pe- reus, who married Aleus, by whom she had Cepheus, Lycurgus, and Auge, who was ra- yished by Hercules. Jlpollod. 3, c. 9. — Vaiis. 8, c. 4. T The wife of Autolycus. Paus. A daughter of Niobe and Am- phion. The wife of the Strymon. Apollod. Ne^thus, now Neto, a river of ]\Iagna Graecia near Crotona. Quid. Met. 15, V. 51. Nealces, a friend of Tumus in " his war against iEneas. Virg. jEn. 10, v. 153. Nealices, a painter, amongst whose capital pieces are mentioned a painting of Venus, a sea-fight between the Persians and Egyptians, and an ass drinking on the shore, with a crocodile preparing to attack it. Neandros (or ia), a town of Troas. Tlin. 5, c. 30. Neanthes, an orator and historian of Cyzicum, who florished 257 years B. C. Neapolis, a city of Campania, antiently called Parthenope, and now known by the name of Naples, rising like an amphitheatre at the back of a beautiful bay SO miles in circumference. As the capital of that part of Italy, it is now inhabited by upwards of 350,000 souls, who exhibit the opposite marks of extravagant rjiagnificence, and ex- treme poverty. Augustus called it Neapo- lis. Suet, in Aug. 98. A town in Africa. A city of Thrace. A town of Egypt. Of Palestine. Of Ionia. Also a part of Syracuse. Liv. 25, c. 24. — Cic. in Ver. 5. Nearchi s, an officer of Alexander in his Indian expedition. He was ordered to sail upon the Indian ocean with Onesicritus, and 489 to examine it. He wrote nn account of this voyage and of the king's life ; but lag vera- city has been called in question by Arriau. After the king's death he was appointed over Lycia and Pamphylia. Curt. 9, c. 10. — Polyccn, 9. — Justin. 15, c. 4. — Strab, 2, &c. A beautiful youtJi, &c. Horat. 5, od. 20. An old man mentioned by Ci- cero de Senect. Nero, a high mountain near Palestine, beyond Jordan, from the top of which Moses was pennitted to view the promised land. Nebrissa, a tovni of Spain, nov/ Le- brixn. Nebrodes, a mountain of Sicily, where the Himera rises. Sil. 14, v. 237. Nebrophonos, a son of Jason and Hyjisi- pyle. Apollod. One of Actaeon's dogs. Ovid. Met. o. Nebula, a name given to Nephele the wife of Athamas. Lactant. ad Ach. Stat. I c. 65. Necessitas, a divinity who presided over the destinies of mankind, and who was re- garded as the mother of the Parcae. Paus. 2, c. 4. Nechos, a king of Egypt, who attempted to make a communication between the Mediterranean and Red Seas, B. C. 610. No less than 12,000 men perished in the at- tempt. It was discovered in his reign that Africa was circumnavigable. Herodot. 2, c. 158. 1. 4, c. 42. Necropolis, one of the suburbs of Alex- andria. Nectavebus, & Nectanabis, a king of Egypt, who defended his country against the Persians, and was succeeded by Tachos, B. C. 365. His grandson, of the same name, made an alliance with Agesilaus king of Sparta, and with his assistance he quelled a rebellion of his subjects. Some time after he was joined by the Sidonians, Phoenicians, and inhabitajits of Cyprus who had revolted irom the king of Persia. Tliis powerful confederacy was soon attacked by Darius the king of Persia, who marched at the head of his troops. Nectanebus, to defend his frontiers against so dangerous an enemy, levied 20,000 mercenary soldiers in Greece, the same number in Libya, and 60,000 were furnished in Egypt. This numerous body was not equal to the Persian forces ; and Nectanebus, defeated in a battle, gave up all hopes of resistance, and fled into Ethiopia, B. C. 350, where he found a safe asylum. His kingdom of Egypt became from that time tributary to the king of Persia. Pint. Ages. — Diod. 16, &c. — Polyan. — C. Kep. in Ages. Necvsia, a solemnity observed by the . Greeks in memory of the dead. Neis, the wife of Endymion. Apollod. Neleus, a son of Neptune and Tyro. He NE NE He was brother to Pelias, with uhom he ■was rx[K)sed by his mother, who wished to conceaTher infirmitiesfrom her father, 'niey were preserve*! and brought to Tyro, who had then married Cretlicus, king of lolchos. ^ter the death of Crctlieus, Pelias and Ne- leus seized the kingdom of lolchos, which b«longed to yEson the lawful son of Tyro by the deceased monarch. .\fter tlicy had reigned for some time conjointly, Pelias ex- pelled N'eleus from lolclius. Neleus came to Apharcus king of Mcssenia, who treated him with kindness, and permitted him to build a city which he called Pylos. Neleus married ('hloris tJie daughter of Amphion, by whom he had a daughter and twelve sons, who, were all, except Nestor, killed by Hercules, togetlier with their father. Neleus promised his daugliter in marriage oidy to him uho brutight him the bulls of Iphiclus. Bias was the sucreviful lo%er. [yi/l. Melampus.) Ottd. Mrt. 6. v. 418. — Paut. I, r. .3»i. — Ajtolloil. 1, c. 9. 1. 'i, c. 6. A river of Rubosa. Nfio, one of the Danaide*. jlpoUnd. 2. N'cM.KA. 11 town of Argoliii between Cleonw and ITilius, with a wood, where Hercules, in tlie Kith year of his age, killed the celebrat«,-d Neni.Tan lion. This animal, bom of tile hundred-headed Typhon, in- festeil the neighbourhood of Nemwa, and kept the inhal>itaiits under continual alarms. It was tlie first Inlxjr of Herculi-s to destroy it; and the hero, nheil lie found that his arrows and his club were useless against an animal wIiom.* skin was hard and iin{x>netra- blc, seized him in his arms and sauevzed him to death. 'i1ie conqueror clothed hiniM-lf in the skin, and g.vnes weie instituted to com- memorate so great an event. TTie NemKan games were originally instituted by t!ic \t- gives in honor of .Archemorus. who died by the bile of a seqK'iit, [ Vid. .\rehemorus,] and Hercules some time after renewed them, 'lliey were one of the four gre.it and solemn games, which were observed in Greece. Hie Argives, Corinthians, and the inhabitants ot Cleona-, generally presidi-d by turns at the celebration, in which were exhibited foot and horse rare-;, clMriot races, boxing, wre^tliiij;, and contests of e\ery kind, both gymnical and e«juestrian. The conqueror w as rewarded w-iil» a crown of olives, afturwardi of green parsley, in memory of tlie adventure of .\rchemc>- nis, whom his nurse l.iid down on a sprig of that4)lant. 'lliey were celebrated every lliird, or, according to others, every fifth yiar, or more properly on the 1st and 3d year of every Olympiad, on the lith d.iy of the Co- rinthian month I'tuiemos, which corresponds to our August. 'Hiey serveii as an era to the Argives, and to the inhabitants of the neigh- bouring country. It was always usual for an <>ralor to proiiounoc a t'unerid oration in nicmory of the deatli of Archemorus, and 490 those who distributed the prizes were always dressed in mourning. Liv. 27, c 30 & 31. 1. 54, c. 41. — Oi-id. Met. 9, t. J>7. ej>. 9, V, 61. ^ Paiis. in Corinth. — CUin. Aitxand. — At hen. — Poli/an. — Sirah. 8. — Ht/gin. fab. 30 ^ 273. ^— Apoliod. 3, c. 6. — ^ A river of Peloponnesus falling into the bay of Corinth. Liv. 53, c. 15. NRMACsrs. a town of Gaul, in Lan- guedoc, near the mouth of tJie Rhone, now KisPMS. Nemesia, festivals in honor of Nemevis. [ Fid. Nemesis. } M. A I BEL. OtYur. Memesiakus, a La- tin poet, b8. Nemf.sis. one of the infernal deities, daughter of Vox. Site was the goddesk of vengeance, always pre|>ared to punish impiety, and at the same time liberally to reward the gocxl and virtuous. She is made one of the Parcv by some mytliologists, and is repre- sented with a helm and a wheel. The people of Smyrna were the first who made her sta- tues witli wings to shew with what celerity she is prepared to punish the crimes of the wicked, both by sea and land, as the helm and the wheel in her hands intimate. Her power did not only exist in Uiis life, but she was also eniployeil after death to find out the most ef- fectual and rigorous' means of correction. Nemesis was particularly wor&liipped at Hhamnus in .\ttica. where she had a cele- brated statue 10 cubits long, made of Parian marble by Phidias or, according to otliers, by one of his pupils. The liomans were also par- ticularly attentive to the adoration of a deity whom they solemnly invoked, and to whom Uiey ofleretl sacrifices before they declared war against tlieir enemies to shew the world that their wars wen- undertaken upon the nu>st just grounds. Her st.ntue at Rome was in the Capitol. .Some sup|H»se that Nemoss v«as tlie person whom Jupiter deceived in the fonn of a swan, and that Leda was entrusted with tlie care of llie children which sprang from tlie two eggv Otliers observe that Leda obtained tlie name of Nemesis after death. .According to Pausanias, there were more than one Nemesis. The goddess NemesLs was surnamed lihnmnimn, because worshipped at Rharonus and Admuia from the temple which Adrastus king of Argos erected to her when he went against Thebes, to revenge tJie indig- nities which his son-in-law Polynirvs liad suf- fered in being unjustly driven from his king- dom by Eteocles 'Ilie Greeks celebrated a festival called Xrmcsia, in memory of deceased persons, as tlie goddess Nemesis w as supposed to defend the relics and the memory of the dead from all insult. Htfgin. P. A. i. c & — Pttv*. 1. c. 33. — Apolhd. 5, c. la — Hemod. NE NE Jiestod. Fkeog. 224. Plin. 11, c. 28. 1. 26, c. 5. ——— A mistress of Tibullus, 2, e/. 3, V. 55. Nemesius, a Greek writer, whose elegant and useful treatise, de Natura Hominis, was edited in 12mo. Ant. apud Plant. 1565, and in 8vo. Oxon. 1671. Nemetacum, a town of Gaul, now Arras. Nemetes, a nation of Germany, now forming the inhabitants of Spire, which was afterwards called Nomomagus. Tacit, de Germ. 28. Nemoralia, festivals observed in tlie woods of Aricia, in honor of Diana, who presided over the country and the forests, on which account that part of Italy was sometimes de- nominated Kemorensis ager. Ovid, de A. A. J, V. 259. Nemossus (or um), the capital of the Arverni in Gaul, now Clermont. Lucan. 1, V. 419. — Strab. 4. NeobCle, a daughter of Lycambes, be- trothed to the poet Archilochus. [ Vid. Ly- cambes.] Horat. ep. 6, v. 13. 1. 1, ep. v. 79. — Ovid, in lb. 54. A beautiful woman to whom Horace addressed 5 od. 1 2. Neoc^saria, a town of Pontus. Neochabis, a king of Egypt. Neocles, an Athenian philosopher, fa- ther, or according to Cicero, brother to the philosopher Epicurus. Cic. 1, de Nat. D. c. 21. — Biog. The father of Themis- tocles. Mlian. V. H. 2, &c. — C. Nep. in Them. Neocenes, a man who made himself abso- lute, &c. Diod. 15. Neomoris, one of the Nereides. Apol- lod. 1. Neon, a town of Phocis. — — lliere was aJso another of the same name in tlie same country, on the top of Parnassus. It was af- terwards called Tithorea. Plut. in Syll. — Paus. Phoc. — Herodot. 8, c. 32. One of the commanders of the ten thousand Greeks who assisted Cyrus against Artaxerxes. NeontIchos, a town of ^Eolia near the Hermus. — Herodot. — Plin. Neoptoi.emus, a king of Epinis, son of Achilles and Deidamia, called Pyrrhus, from the yellow color of his hair. He was care- fully educated under the eye of his mother, and gave early proofs of his valor. After the death of Achilles, Calchas declared in the assembly of the Greeks, that Troy could not be taken without the assistance of the son of the deceased hero. Immediately upon this, Ulysses and Phoenix were commissioned to bring Pyrrhus to the war. He returned with them with pleasure, and received the name of Neoptolemus, {iiew soldier,) because he had come late to the field. On his arrival before Troy, he paid a visit to the tomb of his fatlier, and wept over his ashes. He af- terwards, according to some authors, ac- companied Ulyases to Lemnos, to engage Philoctetes to come to the Trojan war. He 491 greatly signalized himself during the remain- ing time of the siege, and he was the first who entered the wooden horse. He was in- ferior to none of the Grecitm warriors in valor, and Ulysses and Nestor alone could claim a superiority over him in eloquence, wisdom, and address. His cruelty however was as great as that of his father. Not satis- fied with breaking down the gates of Priam's palace, he exercised the greatest barbarities upon tlie remains of his family, and without any regard to the sanctity of the place where Priam had taken refuge, he slaughtered him without mercy ; or, according to others, dragged him by the hair to the tomb of his father, where he sacrificed him, and where he cut off his head, and carried it in exulta- tion, through the streets of Troy, fixed on the point of a spear. He also sacrificed Astyanax to his fury, and immolated Polyxena on the tomb of Achilles according to those who de- ny that that sacrifice was voluntary. When Troy was taken, the captives were divided among the conquerors, and Pyrrhus had for his share Andromache the widow of Hector, and Helenus the son of Priam. With these he departed for Greece, and he probably escaped from destruction by giving credit to the words of Helenus, who foretold him that if he sailed with the rest of tlie Greeks, his voyage would be attended witii fatal conse- quences, and perhaps with death. This obliged him to take a different course from the rest of the Greeks, and he travelled over die greatest part of Thrace, where he had a severe encounter with queen Harpalyce. [Vid. Harpalyce.] The place of Ins retire- ment after the Trojan war is not known. Some maintain that he went to ITiessaly, where his grandfather still reigned ; but this is confuted by others, who observe perhaps with more reason that he went to Epirus, where he laid the foundation of a new king- dom, because his grandfather Peleus had been deprived of his sceptre by Acastus the son of Pelias. Neoptolemus lived with Andromache after his arrival in Greece, but it is unknown whether he treated her as a lawful wife or a concubine. He had a son by this unfortunate princess called Molossus, and two others, if we rely on the authority of Pausanias. Be- sides Andromache he married Heixnione the daughter of Menelaus, as also Lanassa the daughter of Cleodaeus, one of the descendants of Hercules. The cause of his death is vari- ously related. Menelaus, before the Trojan war, had promised his daughter Hennione to Orestes, but the services he experienced from the valor and the courage of Neoptolemus during the siege of Troy, induced him to re- ward his merit by making him his son-in-law. The nuptials were accordingly celebrated, but Hennione became jealous of Androma- che, and because she had no childi'en, she resolved to destroy her Trojan rival who seemed to steal away the affections of their commoa X E NE common husband. In the absence of N'cop- toletnus at Delphi, Ik-rniioiio attempted to murder Andromache, l>ut slie was prevented by the interference of Peleiis, or accorn, and she consented to c'.opc with her lover to .Sparta. Orestes at the same lime, to revenge and to punish his rival, causi^l him to Ik' assassinated in the temple of Delphi, and he was tnurder- euilii which he hail obtained during the Tro- jan war, to appease the ri-sentment of .Apollo whom he had provoke( the death of .Xchilles. 'ITie plunder of the rich temple of Delphi, if we iK-lieve others, was the object of the journey of Neoptolemus, and it cannot but l)e ol>served that he sutfere*! the s.iine death and the same l>«rbarities which he hiul inflicted in the li-m- ple uf Minerva ujton the aged I'riain and I. is wretchetl family. From this circumstance the ancients have maile use of tlie proverb ^'t-ojtliUttiiic rn-cn^f, when a person had suf- fered the same savage treatment which otiicrs had receiveil frcjm his hand. 'ITie IX-lphian^ celebrated a festival with great pomp uiid «een slain in his attempt to plunder their temple, lH.i-ause, as they said, .\|x>llo, the patron of tlie place, had been in some man- ner accessary to tlie death of Achillea. J'n- terc. I. c. 1. — i'lrg. .,**«. 2 A ^ I'aus. 10, c. 24. — Ovid. Mrl. 13. v. .1.14, 4.';5. &i: Hrroiii. H. — Sirah. >J. — Pintl. Xrm. 7. — Eunp. Androm. . — Dtrtift Crtt. 4, 5, \ »;. — H»mfT. (}ft. II. V. rAH. '/I. 19. ». 326. — Soph»cl. I'hU.Kl. IjwUi^i. 3, c. 1.1. — //i^ gtn.fab. 97 & IOl». — PhUottr. Jfor. 1 !». .Vc. — Dam I'hrj/ii. — Q. Sni'/rn. 14. — — A kingoftlic Molossi. father of Olympias the mother of Alexander. Justin. 17. c. .". Anotlier, king of Kpiru.s. ■ An uncle of the celebrati'il I'yrrhus who assistwl tlie Ta- rentini>s. lie was made king of Kpirus by the Epirots who had revolled from their law- ful soTereign, and was put to death when he attempted to poison his nephew, Xc. Ptut. in Pyrrh. \ tragic poet of Athens greatly favonti by I'hilip king of M.-u'edonia. When Cleopatra, tlie monarch's daughter wan mar- ried to .Alexander of Epirus, he wrote some Tertes which proved to be prophetic of the 492 tragical death of Philip. 7>iW. 16. A relation of .\leiander. He was the first who climlH'd tlie walls of Gaza when that city was taken by .Alexander. -After the king s death he received .Armenia as his province, and made war against Eumenes. -He was Nupptirted by Craterus, but an engagement w-itli Eumenes proved fatal to his cause. C'raterus was killed and himself mortally wounded by Eumenes, B. C. 321. C. Srp. in Kumrti. One of the officers of Mithridates the Circat, beaten by Lucullus in a naval battle. Plut. in I.uc. A t.'a- gic writer. Nroais, a large country of .Asia ne»r Gesia, almost destitute of waters. Tb« inhabitants were called Xi'orittr. and it was usual among them to suspend their dead l>«>- dies from the boughs of tree*. Diod. 1 7. N'erE, a constellation of the heavens, the same as .Scorpio. An inland town of Etruria. called also Xrjtttr, whose inhabiurts are called Xrjxsini. Ital. H. v. 490. — Lit. .5, c. 1 9. I. 2rt. c. .14. Nepiialia. festivals in Greece, in honor uf Mnemosyne the mother of the Muses and .Aurora, Venus, Jic. \o wine was used dur- ing the ceremony, but merely a mixture of water and honey. PoUuz, 6, c. 3. — Atlu-ii. 1 .). -^ Suidas. Nephkh, the first wife of Atliamas king of 'Hieltes and mother of Phryxus and HcUe. Slie was rejiudiatett on pn-tence of being sub- ject to fits of insanity, and Atliamas married I no, the daughter uf C'ailmus by whom he hiui several ohililren. I no liccame jealous of Nephele. l»evause her children would succeed to tlieir fatlier's tlirone Itefore Iter's, by right of seniority, and she resolvetl to destroy iliem. Nephele was appri/etl of her wicked inten- tions and slie removed her children from the re.ich of Ino. by giving them a celebrated ram, sprung from the union of Neptune and Tlieophane. on wlu>sc back they esca^icd to Colchis. [ I'td. Pliryxus.1 Nephele was afkerwards changed into a cloud, whence her name is given by the Greeks to the clouds. •Some call her Xi-hula, which word is the Latin translation of Xrphi-lf. The Heece of the ram, which save«i the life of Nephele's •hildren. is often calleti the Srj^ifUan Jlecce. A}h>Uod. 1. c 9. — Hypin. 2, Ac. — Ovtd. Mrl. 11. V. 195. — Place. 1 1, t. 56. A mountain of TTies-saly, once the residence ct the Centaurs. NariiiLis, a cap« of Cilicia* Liv- 3Si c. 20. NrriiE aires, a king of Egypt, who aanft- (. laiis was in Asia He si-nt tliem a fleet t£ loo shii)s, which were intercepted by Conon, as they were sailing towards Rhodes. Arc Diod. 14. Nrriu's, a son of Hercules. Nfpia. a daughter of Jasus, who mar- ried Olympus king of Mysia, whence the pUina N E NE plains of Mysia are sometimes called 2^ejius campi. Corn. Nepos, a celebrated historian in the reign of Augustus. He was born at Hostilia, and like the rest of his learned con- temporaries, he shared the favors and enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. He was the intimate friend of Cicero and of Atticus, and recommended himself to the notice of the great and opulent by delicacy of sentiment and a lively disposition. According to some writers he composed three books of chronicles, as also a biographical account of all the most cele- brated kings, generals, and autliors of an- tiquity. Of all his valuable compositions, nothing remains but his- lives of the illus- trious Greek and Roman generals, which have often been attributed to ^mylius Probus, who published them in his own name in the age of Tlieodosius, to con- ciliate the favor and the friendsliip of that emperor. The language of Cornelius has always been admired, and as a writer of the Augustan age, he is entitled to many commendations for tlie delicacy of his expressions, the elegance of his style, and the clearness and precision of his narrations. Some support that he translated Dares Phry- gius from the Greek original; but the inele- gance of the diction, and its many incorrect expressions, plainly prove that it is the pro- duction, not of a writer of the Augustan age, but the spurious composition of a more modern pen. Cornelius speaks of his account of the Greek historians in Dion. c. o. Among the many good editions of Cornelius Nepos, two may be selected as the best, that of Verheyk, 8vo. L. Bat. 1773, and that of Glasgow, 12mo. 1761. Julius, an emperor of the west, &c. Nepotianus, Flavins Popilius, a son of Eutropia, the sister of the emperor Constan- tine. He proclaimed himself emperor after the death of his cousin Constans, and ren- dered himself odious by his cruelty and op- pression. He was murdered by Anicetus, after one month's reign, and his family were involved in his ruin. Nepthys, wife of Typhon, became en- amoured of Osiris, her brother-in-law, and in- troduced herself to his bed. She had a son called Anubis by hun. Phit. in hid. Neptuni fanum, a place near Cenchreae. Mela, 1, c. 19. Another in the island of Calauria. Another near Mantinea. Neptunia, a town and colony of Magna Gra^cia. Neptunium, a promontory of Arabia at the entrance of the gulph. Neptijnius, an epithet applied to Sext. Pom- pey, because he believed himself to be god of the sea, or descended from him, on ac- count of his superiority in ships, &c. Horat. Epod. 9. — Dion. 48. Neptunis, a god, son of Saturn and Ops, and brother to Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno. He 493 was devoured by his father the day of his birth, and again restored to life by means of Metis, who gave Saturn a certain po- tion. Pausanias says that his mother con- cealed him in a sheepfold in Arcadia, and that she imposed upon her husband, telling him that she had brought a colt into the world, which was instantly devoured by Saturn. Neptune shared with his brothers tlie empire of Saturn, and received as his portion the kingdom of the sea. This, however, did not seem equivalent to the em- pire of heaven and earth, which Jupiter had claimed, therefore he conspired to dethrone him, with the rest of the gods. The con- spiracy was discovered, and Jupiter con- demned Neptune to build the walls of Troy. [ Vid. Laomedon. ] A reconciliation was soon after made, and Neptune was re -instituted to all his rights and privileges. Neptune dis- puted with Minerva the right of giving a jiame to the capital of Cecropia, but he was defeated, and the olive which the goddess suddenly raised from the earth was deemed more serviceable for the good of mankind than the horse which Neptune had produced by striking the ground witli his trident, as that animal is the emblem of war and slaughtei-. This decision did not please Neptune, he renewed the combat by disputing for Trofzene, but Jupiter settled their disputes by permitting them to be con- jointly worshipped there, and by giving the name of Polias, or the protectress of the city, to Minerva, and that of king of Troezene to the god of the sea. He also disputed his right for the isthmus of Corinth with Apollo ; and Briareus the Cyclops, who was mutually chosen umpire, gave the isthmus to Neptune, and the promontory to Apollo. Neptune, as being god of the sea, was entitled to more power than any of the other gods, except Ju- piter. Not only the ocean, rivers, and foun- tains, were subjected to him, but he also could cause earthquakes at liis pleasure, and raise islands from the bottom of the sea with a blow of his trident. The worship of Neptune was established in ■ almost every part of the earth, and the Libyans in particular venerated him above all other nations, and looked upon him as the first and greatest of the gods. The Greeks and the Romans were also attached to his worship, and they celebrated their isthmian games and Consualia wth the greatest so- lemnity. He was generally represented sitting in a chariot made of a shell, and drawn by sea horses or dolphins. Sometimes he is drawn by winged horses, and holds his trident in his hand, and stands up as his chariot Hies over the surface of the sea. Homer represents him as issuing from the sea, and in three steps crossmg the whole horizon. The mountains and the forests, says the poet, trembled as he walked; the whales, and all the fishes of the sea, appear round him, and even the se.i her- self seems to feel the presence of her god. The ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a horse NE horse on his :iJtars, and the Roman sooth- sayers always offered to him the gall of the victims, which in taste re!>€mble«; the bitter- ness of the sea water. The amours of Nep- tune are numerous. He obtained, by means of a dolphin, tlie favors of Amphitrite, who bad made a vow of perpetual celibacj', and he placed among the constellations the fish which h«id persuaded the go, nymphs of the sea, daughters of Nereus and Doris. TTiey were fifty, ac- cording to the greater number of the niytiio- logists. whcHie names are ati follows ; Sao, A m- phitrite, Proto, Galatara, Thoe, Eucrate, Eudora, Galena, Glance. Thetis, Spio, ("y- raothoe, Mclita, Thalia. Agave, Eulimene, £rato, Pasithca, Doto, Eunice, Kesea. Dyna- mene, Pherusa, Protoindia, Actea. Panope, Doris, Cymatolcge, Hip{)othoc, Cymo. Eione, Hipponoe, Cymodoct, Nc-so, Fupompe, Pro- noe, Tbetnisto, Glauconoine, Haliinede, Pon- topori*, Evagora, Lic^ora, Poljnome, Laouic- 494 N E dia, Lysianassa, Autonoe. Menippe, Evaino. Psamathe, Nemertes. In those which Ho- mer mentions, to the number of 30, we find the following names different from those spoken of by Hesiotl ; Halia, Limmoria. lera. Amphitroe, Dexamene, Amphinome, Cal- lianira, Apseudes, Callanassa, Clymenc, Ja- nlra, Nassa, Mera, Orythya, Amathea. Apol- lodorus, who mentions 45, mentions the fol- lowing names different from the others ; Glau- cothoe, Protomedusa, Pione, Plesaura, Ca- lypso, Cranto, Neomeris, Dejanira, Polynoe. Melia, Dione, Isea, Dero, Eumolpe, lone. Ceto. Hyginus and others differ from the preceding autliors in the following names ; Drymo, Xantho, Ligea, Phyllodoce, Cy- dippe, Lycorias, Cleio, Beroe, Ephira, Opis, Asia, Deopea, Arethusa, Crenis Eurydice. and Leucothoe. The Nereides were implored as the rest of the deities ; they had altars chiefly on the coast of the sea, where tlie piety of mankind made offerings of milk, oil. and honey, and often of the flesh of goats. When they were on the sea-shore they gene- rally resided in grottos and caves which were adorned witli sliells, and shaded by the branches of vines. Their duty was to attend upon the more powerful deities of the sea, and to be subservient to the will of Neptune. They were particularly fond of alcyons, and as they had the power of ruffling or calming the waters, they were always addrc^taed by sailors, who implored tlu-ir protection, that they might grant them a favorable voyage and a prosperous return. They are repre- sentiid aa young ajid hand<^mr rirgins, sitting on dolphins and holding Neptune's tri- dent in their band, or sometimes garlands of flowers. Orpheus. Hymn. 23. — Catul. dr Haj^t. Pel. — Ovid. ifet. 11, ▼. 361, &c Stal. 2, Svlf. 2, 1. 3. Sylv. I . — Pau*. 2. c. 1.— ApolLid. 1, c. 2, & 3. — He$iod. Theog. — Ho- sier. II. l8,y.39.~~Pbn. 36,c. 5. — Hygtn. Stc. NiReius, a name given to Achilles, as son of llietis, who was one of the NercidM> //.TO/, q,. 17. T. 8. Niarts, a deity of the sea, son of Oceanus and Terra. He married Doris, by whom he had .iO daughters, called the Nereides. [ yid. Nereides. ) Nercus was gpoerally re- presented as an old man with a long flowing l>eard, and hair of an azure color. The chief place of his residence was in the .llgean be:i, where he was surrounded by his daughters, who often danced in chorusses round him. He had the gift of prophecy, and informed those that consulted him with the different fates that attended them. He acquainted Paris with the consequences of bis elopement witli Helen ; and it was by his dirw-tions that Hercules ol)tained the golden apples of the He- speridcs. but the sea-god often evaded the itn- portunitii-b of inquirers bya--suniing different shapii., .and totally escaping Irom llieir grasp. 'Ilic word \erais is often taken for the sea itself. Nereua is •ometimfls called the most ancient 1 1 N E N E ancient of all the gods. Hesiod. Theog. — Hvgin. — Homer. I!. 18. — Apollod. — Or- pheus Argon. — Jlorat. 1, od. \5. —- Eurip. in Iphig. Nerio, or Nerizne, the wife of Mars. GeU. B. c. 21. Neriphus, a desert island near the Thra- cian Chersonesus. Neritos, a mountain in the island of Ithaca, as also a small island in the Ionian sea, according to Mela. The word Neritos is often applied to the whole island of Ithaca, and Ulysses, the king of it, is called Neritius dux, and his ship N^eritia ?iavis. The people of Saguntum, as descended from a Neritian colony, are called Neritia proles. Sil. It. 2, V. 317. — Firg. jEn. 3, v. 271.— Pliji. 4. — Mela, 2, c. l. — Ooid. Met. 13, v. 712. Rem. A. 263. Neritum, a town of Calabria, now called Nardo. Nerius, a silversmith in the age of Ho- race, 2 Sat. 3, V. 69. An usurer in Ne- ro's age, who was so eager to get money that he married as often as he could, and as soon destroyed his wives by poison, to possess him- self of their estates. Pers. 2, V. 14. Nero, Claudius Domitius Caesar, a cele- brated Roman emperor, son of Caius Domi- tius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the daughter of Germanicus. He was adopted by the em- peror Claudius, A. D. 50, and four years after he succeeded to him on the throne. The beginning of his reign was marked by acts of the greatest kindness and condescension, by affability, complaisance, and popularity. The object of his administration seemed to be the good of his peojile ; and when he was desired to sign his name to a list of malefactors that were to be executed, he exclaimed, / wish to heaven I could not tcrite. He was an enemy to flattery, and when the senate had liberally conunended the wisdom of his government, Nero desired them to keep their praises till he deserved them. These promising virtues were soon discovered to be artificial, and Nero dis- played the propensities of his nature. He delivered himself from the sway of his mother, and at last ordered her to be assassinated . This unnatural act of barbarity might astonish some of the Romans, but Nero had his devoted ad- herents ; and when he declared that he had taken away his mother's life to save himself from ruin, tlie senate applauded his measures, and the people signified their approbation. Many of his courtiers shared the unhappy fate a( Agrippina, and Nero sacrificed to his fury or caprice all such as obstructed his pleasure, or diverted his inclination. In the night he generally sallied out from his palace, to visit the meanest taverns and all the scenes of debauchery which Rome contained. In tliis nocturnal riot he was fond of insulting the people in the streets, and his attempts to offer violence to the wife of a Roman senator nearly cost him his life. He also turned 495 actor, and publicly appeared on the Roman stage in the meanest characters. In his at- tempts to excel in music, and to conquer the disadvantages of a hoarse rough voice, he moderated his meals, and often passed the day without eating. Tlie celebrity of the Olym- pian games attracted his notice. He passed into Greece, and presented himself as a can- didate for the public honors. He was defeated in wrestling, but the flattery of the spectators adjudged him the victory, and Nero returned to Rome with all the pomp and splendor of an eastern conqueror, drawn in the chariot of Augustus, and attended by a band of musi- cians, actors, and stage dancers, from every part of the empire. "JHiese private and public amusements of the emperor were indeed inno- cent, his character was injured, but not the lives of the people. But his conduct soon became more abominable ; he disguised him- self in the habit of a woman, and was pub- licly married to one of his eunuchs. This violence to nature and decency was soon ex- changed for another ; Nero resumed his sex, and celebrated his nuptials with one of his meanest catamites, and it was on this occa- <,ion that one of the Romans observed that the world would have been happy if Nero's father had had such a wife. But now his cruelty was displayed in a more superlative degree, and he sacrificed to his wantonness his wife Octavia Poppsea, and the cele- brated writei-s, Seneca, Lucan, Petronius, &c. The Christians also did not escape his barbarity. He had heard of the burn- ing of Troy, and as he wished to renew that dismal scene, he caused Rome to bg set on fire in different places. The conflagration became soon universal, and during nine suc- cessive days the fire was unextinguished. All was desolation, nothing was heard but the lamentations of motho-s whose cliildren had perished in the flames, the groans of the dy- ing, and the continual fall of palaces and buildings. Nero was the only one who en- joyed the general consternation. He placed himself on the top of a high tower, and he sang on his lyre the destruction of Troy, a dreadful scene which his barbarity had realized before his eyes. He attempted to avert the public odium from his head, by a feigned concuniseration of tlie miseries of his subjects. He began to repair the streets and the public buildings at his own expence. He built him- self a celebrated palace, which he called his golden house. It was profusely adorned with gold, and precious stones, and with whatever was rare and exquisite. It contained spacious fields, artificial lakes, woods, gardens, orch- ards, and whatever could exhibit beauty and grandeur. The entrance of this edifice could admit a large colossus of the emperor 120 feet high, the galleries were each a mile long, and the whole was covered with gold. Tlie roofs of the dining halls represented the firmament in motion as well as in figure, and NE N E and continually turned round night and day. showering years and eight months. Home was tilled with ac- clamations :kt the intelligence, and the cititens more strongly to iiuiicate tlieir joy, wore cips such as were generally used by sla\L*s w ho had received U'eir freedom. Tlieir vengeance w.is not only exercised again.t tiie statues of the deceased tyrant, but his friends wen- tlie ob- jects of the public resentment, and many were crushed to pieces in such a violent man- ner, tliat one of tlie senators, lunid the uni- versal joy, said Uiat he was afraid tliey should soon have cause to wish for Nero. llie ty- rant, as he expired, beggeseosed upon by .Asdrubal, and was soon after succeeded by young Scipio. He was afterwards made consul, and intercepted .\sdrulial, who was passing from Spain into Italy with a large reinforcement for his bro- ther .\nnibal. An engagement was fought near the river Mctaurus, in which 56, (XX) of the Carthaginians were left on the field of l>attle, and great numbers taken prisoners, •2(11 13. ('. .\sdrubal, the Carthaginian ge- neral, was also killed, and his beail cut ofl' and tlirown into his brother's camp by the conquerors. Appian. in Han. — Oroi. 4. — Lii: 27, &c Horat. 4, oiL 4, v. 37. — Ftur. '_', c. 0". — Val. Max. 4, c. 1. An- other who opposed Cicero when he wislied to punisli witli death such as were accessary to Catiline's conspiracy. .\ sc>n of (Jer- nianicus, who wa.s ruined by .Sejanus, and iKmislied from Rome by Tilierius. He diei, a promontory of Spain, now cape Finisterre. Strab. 3. Nesactum, a town of Istria at the mouth of the Arsia, now Caste/ N^mwo. Nes^a, one of the Nereides. Virg. G. 4. v. ,"58. Nesijiachus, the father of Hipponiedon, a native of Argos, who was one of the seven chiefs who made war against Thebes. Hi/gin. 70. — Sdwl. Siat. Th. 1, v. 44. Nesis, {is, or idis,) now Nisita, an island on the coast of Campania, famous for asparagus. Liican and Statius speak of its air as unwhole- sonie and dangerous. Plin. 19, c. 8. — Lucan. 6^ V. 90. — Cic. ad Att. IG, ep. 1 & 2. — Stat. 3, Sylo. 1, v. 14 S. Nessus, a celebrated centaur, son of Ixion and the Cloud. He offered violence to De- janira, whom Hercules had entrusted to his care, with orders to carry htr across the river Evenus. [ r?rf. Dejanira.J Hercules saw the distress of his wife trom the opposite shore of the river, and immediately he let fly one of liis poisoned arrows, which struck the centaur to the heart. Nessus, as he expired, gave the tunic he then wore to Dejanira, assuring her - that from the poisoned blood which had flowed from his wounds, it had received the power of calling a husband away from unlaw- ful loves. Dejanira received it with pleasure, and this mournful present caused the deatli of Hercules. [r«/. Hercules. J ApoUod. 2, c. 7. — Ovid. Ep. 9. — Scnec. in Here. fur. — Pmis. 3, c. 28. — Diud. 4. A river. [ fid. Nestus.] Nestocles, a famous statuary of Greece, rival to Phidias. Plin. 54, c. 8. Nestor, a son of Neleus and Chloris, ncpJiew to Pelias, and grands-on to Nep- tune. He had eleven brothers, who were all killed, with his father, by Hercules. His tender age detained him at liome, and was the cawse of his preservation. The conqueror spared his life, and placed him on the throne of Pylos. He married Eu- rydice, the daughter of Clymenes, or, ac- cording to others, Anaxibia, the daughter of Atreus. He early distinguished himself in the field of battle, and was present at the nuptials of Pirit.hous, when a bloody battle was fought between the Lapithse and Cen- taurs. As king of Pylos and IMessenia he led his subjects to the Trojan war, where he distinguished himself among the rest of the Grecian chiefs by elcquencr, address, wis- dom, justice, and an uncommon prudence ot mind. Homer displays his character as fhe most perfect of all his heroes ; and Agamean- non exclaims, that if he had ten generals like Nestor he should ?oon see tho walls of Tioy K k reduced NI NI reduced to aihe*. After the Trojan wur, Ne«tor retired to Greece, where he enjoyed, in llie bosom of his family, the pcao: and tranquillity which were due to his wisdom aad to liis old age. The manner and the time of his death are unknown ; the an- deuts arc all a-rrccd that he lived three generations of men, which length of time some supjjoso to be 300 years, though ir.orc probably only 90, allowing 30 years for each generation. From that circum- 6tance, lliercfcrc, it was usual among tlie Greeks and the Latins, when thc-y wished a long and hapiy life to their fricndi, to wiah them to si* the years of Nestor. He had two daughtc-s, Plsidicc and Polycaste ; and seven tons, Perseus Straticus, Aretus, Echcphron, l'i-.ittratus, AntilocJius, and Tr». oimedcs. Nestor was one *d ar. ' ■ 1 hi^ epistopal dignity for hi . . Ac. 1...W AVj'ii, a small ri- »c, uiit Khodupp, and fiH, .1 al^ive the L-Jand of 'i husos. It was tor some time the boun- dary of Macedonia on tiic ea.st, in tlic more cttcnsivo powiT of that kingdom. NrrL M, a town of .Sicily, now called A'o/i), on the eastern coa;.t. .S'li. 14, v. 269. — Cic. in Vcr. 4, c. '2'>- L S, c. .'>1. Nrj::i, a people of .Sarmntia. Mela, 2, c. 1. Nir.vA, a widow of Aleiander who mar- ried Dciiu-irius. A d-iughterof Antipater, who married Pcrdiccas, .\ city of India, built by Alexander on the very spot where ♦\c had obtained a victory over king Porus. — — A town of Achaia near ntermopylof, on the bay of M.aia. A town of Ulyricur.i, Another in C'oriica. Anollier in Tludce. — In lla-otia A town of Bitliynia, (now Nice or Is-v.ik), built by An- Ugouus, the son of Philip, king of Macedonia, li was originally called .Ivli^onii, and after- waids Ntctea by Lysdni.ichus, who gave it the name of his wile, who w:^-, daughter of Anti- pater. A town of Lignnn, l)uilt by the pooplr of Mus.silia, in conmieitioradon of a victory. NicAcjoaAs, a sophist of .Athens in the reign of tlio emperor Pbilip. H« wrote the live* of illustrious men, and was reckoned one of the greatest and moot learned men of hii age. 138 NiCAXDEK, a king of Sparta, son of C'ti^- rillus, of the family of the Proclid«. He reigned 39 years, and died B. C. 770. A writer of Chalcedon. A Greek gram- marian, poet, and physician, of Colophon. 137 B. C. His writings were held is estimation, but his judgment cannot )<«. highly commended, since, without ai.v knowledgt; of agriculture, he ventured to compose a book on that intricate subject. Two of his poons, entitled Tfieriaca, o:i hunting, and A'.cxipharmaca, on antidotes against poison, are still extant ; the best editions of which are those of Gorranis, widi a translation in Latin verse by Grevinus. a phyitician at Pari^, 4to. Paris, \!J5T, aikd .Salvinus, 8va Horent. 17C1. Cic. 1, d. Oral. c. IC. NicAvoR, a man who conspired agidnst l.^e life of Alexander. Curt. €. — — A son of Par- menio, who died in HjTcania,&c. A sur- name of Demetrius. [ Vid. Demetrius 2d. j Aniinskilful pilotof .Antigomi'. P.-^ti^crn. A servant of .\tticu8. Cic. 5, rp. 3. ■ .\ Samian, who wrote a treatise on rivers. —^ A governor of Media, conquered by Se- Icucus. He had l>een governor over tlic- Athenians under Cassandcr, by whose order. he was put to death. — — .\ general of the emperor Titus, wounded at the siege of Jeru- salem. -^— A man of Stagira, by when Alexander the Great sent a letter to recall Uie Cr • '■'•..' - - —or wished to make hr ' r Attjca. />,„rf. i«. A I der, de- stroyed by Olympiaa. Jd. la.— —A gen«rul of .Antiocliui, king of Syria. He made war agaio'.t the Jews, and showed himself uncom» roonly cruel. '^ .a Corinthian r' -^ ^ '- in t' ander. Plul. m cl.. ., - ^rtiil '< th,- T'. r re- turn of the ten th- >-s. NicABTHiuKs. u : r Perstpolis by Alexander. Nir'.Toa, a sunuune of Scleucot, king of Svria, from his having been uncon- quered. Nice, a daughter of Thestitis. Ajtcilod. Nil iriioRiCM, a town of Mesopotainia. on the Euphrates, where Venus had a trmple. 2-11'. Z2, c. S3. — Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 41. Nirti-Hoaius, now A'^^nir, a river which flowi-d by the walls of T'granoccrta. Tacit. Ann. I.S. c. 4. NirtrHfiars CiCSAB, a P^ . "^fo- rian, whose works were edj;. ri*, 1661. Gregom ' - 'Hs, 1702. A Gn nn. whose works wxrc I .: ^ _; ! ' '•o!^- Paris, le.'JO. N'lcra. now the Xeckfr, a nver of Ger- many. fiUing into the Rhine at the modem town of Man eia». Aiaon. Mm. 4C?. NlCXKATUV NI NI NicERATi's, a poet who wrote a poem in praise of Lysander. The fathel- of Nicias. NiCETAS, one cf the Byzantine histo- rians, whose works were edited fol. Paris, 1647. NiCETERiA, a festival at Athens, in me- mory of the victory which Minerva obtained over Neptune, in tlieir dispute about giving a name to the capital of tlie country. NiciA, a city. | Vid. Nicasa.] A river failing into the Po at Brixellum. It is now called Lenza, and separates the duchy of Mo- dena from Parma. Nicias, an Athenian general, celebrated for liis valor and for his misfortunes. He early conciliated tlie good will of the people by his liberality, and he established his mili- tary character by taking the island of Cy- thera from the power of Lacedsemon. When Athens determined to make war against Si- cily, Nicias was appointed, with Aicibiades and Lamachus, to conduct the expedition, which he reprobated as impolitic, and as tlie future cause of calamities to the Athenian power. In Sicily he behaved witli great firmness, but he often blamed the quick and inconsiderate measures of his colleagues. The success of the Athenians remained long doubtful. Aicibiades was recalled by his enemies to take his trial, and Nicias was left at the head of affairs. Syracuse was sur- r-ounded by a wall, and, though tlie oper- ations were carried on slowly, yet the city would have surrendered, had not the sud- den appearance of Gylippus, the Corinthian ally of the Sicilians, cheered up the courage of the besieged at the most critical moment Gylippus proposed terms of accommodation to the Athenians which were refused; some battles tvere fought, in which the Sicilians obtained the advantage, and Nicias at last, tired cf his ill success, and grown despond- ing, demanded cf the Athenians a reintbrce- meut or a successor. Demosthenes, upon this, was sent with a powerful fleet, but the advice of Nicias was despised, and the ad- mii'al by his eagerness to come to a decisive engagement, ruined his fleet and the interest of Athens. The fear of hisenen-;ies at home prevented Nicias from leaving Sicily ; and when, at last, a continued series of ill suc- cess obliged him to comply, he found him- self surrounded on every side by the enemy, without hope of escaping. He gave himself up to the conquerors witli all his army, but the assurances of safety wliich he had re- ceived soon proved vain and false, and he was no sooner in the hands of the enemy than he was shamefully put to death with Demosthenes. His troops were sent to quarries, where the plague and hard labor diminished their numbers and s^gravated their misforiunes. Some suppose that the death of Nicias was not violent. He pe- rished about 4 15 years before Christ, and the 49© Athenians lamented in him a great and va- liant but unfortunate general. Flut. in oitd. ^"Cic. — Nep. in Alcib. — Thucyd. 4, &c. — Diod. 15. A grammarian of Rome in- timate with Cicero. Cic. in epist. A man of Nicssa, who wrote an history of phi- losophers. — — A physician of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who made an offer to the Ro- mans of poisoning his master for a sum of money. The Roman general disdained his offers, and acquainted Pyrrhus with his treachery. He is oftener called Cineas. A painter of Athens, in tlie age of Alexan- der. He was chiefly happy in his pictures of women. yElian. V. H. 2, c. 31. NicipPE, a daughter of Pelops, who mar- ried Sthenelus. A daughter of Thes- pius. Apollod. Nicirvus, a tyrant of Cos, one of whose sheep brought forth a lion, which was consi- dered as portending his future greatness, and his elevation to the sovereignty. jElian. V. H. I. c. 29. Nico,- one of the Tarentine chiefs who con- spired against the life of Annibal. Liv. 30. A celebrated architect and geometrician. He was father to the celebrated Galen, the prince of physicians.— —One of the slaves of Crate- rus. The name of an ass, which , Au- gustus met before the battle of Actiura, a circumstance which he considered as a fa- vorable omen. The name of an elephant remarkable for his fidelity to king Pyrrhus. NicocHAREs, a Greek comic poet in tha age of Aristophanes. NicocLES, a familiar friend of Phocion, condemned to death, Plut. -A king of Salamis, celebrated for his contest vnth a king of Phoenicia, to prove which of the two was most etieminate. A king of Paphos who reigned under the protection of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. He revolted from his friend to the king of Persia, upon which Ptolemy ordered one of his servants to put him to death, to strike terror into the other dependant princes. The servant, unwiliing to murder the monarch, advised him to kill himself. Nicocles obeyed, and all his family followed his example, 310 years before the Christian era. An ancient Greek poet, who called physicians a happy race of men. because light published their good deeds to the world, and the earth hid all their foults and imperfec- tions. A king of Cyprus, wlio succeeded his father Evagoras on ir-e throne, 574 years before Christ. It wa^ witli him that the phi- losopher Isocrates corresponded. A ty- rant of Sicyon, deposed by means of Aratus, the Achaean. Plut. in Arat. NicocRATEs, a tyrant of Cyrene. An author at Athens. A king of Salamk in Cyprus, who made himself known by the valuable collection of books which he had. Athen. 1. NicocREON, a tyrant of Salamis in the age of Alexander the Great. He ordered the K k 2 philosopher NI NI philosopher Aiiaxarchus to be pounded to piecL-^ in a raortar. NicoiikMus, an Athenian appointed by Conon over the tiwt which was going to tile assistance of Artaxerxes. Uiod. 14. A tyrant of ItaJy, Ate. An ambassador sent to I'oinpey by AriMtobuIu^. NicoDOKLs, a wrestler of Mantinca, who studied philosophy in his old nge. ^Elian. V. U. 2, C. 22. — Huidas. An Athenian archon. NicouKOMUs, a son of Hercules and Nicr. Apollod. — ^ An Athenian who invaded i^giiia, &c- Nkoi.aus, a philosophtir. — — A cele- brated Syrui'Usun, who endeavoured, in a ILitlittic speech, to dissuade his countrymen frum ottering violence to the Athenian pri- soners who had been taken witli Nicias Uicir general. His eloquence was unavaiUn;;. An oflicer of I'luleniy against Antigo- nns, A peripatetic phil«iM>pher and jiis- toriun in tJie Augustan age. NicoMAiHA, a d<-iUghter of Thcn)i:>to- cleN. KuoMACHis, the father of Aristotle, wliose son also bore the same name. The philosopher composed his ten l>o(>ks of nio- lals for the use and inipruviMiicnt of his son. and tlience tliey are called Nicomnchia Siiltlas. — — One lit" Alexander':. Irieiids. who discovered the niii^pirniy of Dwiins. I'tiit. 6. An (All Ih'iit painlvr. A rylliagorean philosopher. A Lacv«l«- nioniaii gemral. lontjuerid by 1 iini>theus. A writer in the fifth KUtiiry. \c. NicuMcDKs 1st, a king t>f Hilhynia, .ilMnit 278 years iN-fore the I'hiistian ern. it »*a. by liii iiertioiis that this p.irt <.! A<;i.i Ih-- cunifi a iiion.kiiliy. He l>ehu\ed »ith great ciueily to his brother^, and Imili » ie xvs^tssin»(ed. B. C I4!». He ivigntNl .'>"» \v*r%. Mi- tiiridates laid (laiiii to his kiiigdum. but nil tlieir disputes were deiidcil bv the Koiiiaiis. who deprived Nieoniide* ol the province of Paphlugonia, and hi> lunbitioiis rival of Cappadocia. He gamed the atVections of his subjects by a couileous beh.iviour, and by a mild niul peaceful govcminenL Justin. The .Id, stm and successor of the pre- ceding, wa^i dctlironed by his brutlier .So- crates, mid afterwards by the ambitious IVIitliridates. 'Hie lioiii.iiis re-established him on his throne, and encuiiruged him to moke reprisals upon the king of I'ontus. He followed their advice. .*iul he was, at last, expelled another time from his domi- nions, till Sylla came into Asia, who ro- storMl him to his former power and affluence. Strab. — W/i;iiuH. — — The fourtli of that naiQC, was son nnd successor of Xicouiede.', 600 Td He paised liis life in an easy and trail' quit loanner, and enjoyed the peace which hb alliance with the Romans had procured him. He died LJ. C. 73. without issue, and left his kingdom v*-ith all his piossessions, to the Koman p>eopk. Strab. \'2. — Apyian. Mi- thnd. — Justin. 3t*, c. 2, &c. — J-'lur. 3, c. 5. — — — A celebrated geometrician in the age of the philosopher Eratosthenes. He made himself known by his useful macliines, &c. An engineer in tl»e army of .^IitllridaK■s. One of the preceptors of tiie emperor M. Antoninus. NiroMtDiA, (now Is-nihnul,) a town of Bitiiynia, founded by Nicomedes 1st. It was tlie capital of tlie country, and it has been compari-d, for its beauty and greatness, to Uoiiie, Antioch, or .Mexandria. It became celebrated for being, for some time, the re- sidence of tlie emperor ( unstantine, and most of his imperial successors. Some suppose th.-U it was originally calieii Astams, and CH- bta, though it is generally believed that Uicy Were all difl'erent cities. Ammian. 17. — I'aui. 5, C. 12. — Phn. 5, tec. — Strab. 12. f(C. Nico.v, a pirate of Pliaere, in Pelopon- nesus &c. Pi>li/(en. — An athlete of 'l"ha- sos, 1 4 times victorious at the Olympic games. A native of Tarentura. [ f'j J. Nico.] Nil o.NiA, a town of Pontus. Nil oriiANiis, a famous painter of Greece, whose pieces ore mentioned with coroinends- lioii. I'/iii. .3.5, c. 1(). Nil riPMHoN, a comic paot of .Athens jome time alter the age of .Ari-.topluine*. Nu6iM>us, a city of l>jwer Kgypt .\ town of .\mienia. butit hy Pumpey tlie Cjreal in memory ol" >hich he ha»l there olitttineii over i Mithridates. StriU: 12. ' .Annllr 1 . ii j .il ICC. built OP the banks of the .N'estui by rrajiin. in me- mory uf a siciory which he obtained there over the b.irlwriaiis. ■ \ town of Epinis biiili by Augustus after the battle of Actiuni. .\notlier, near Jerusalem, founded by the emperor Vespasian. .\nother. in Mue>i.i. .Viiotlier. in Dacia, built by Trajan to perpetuate flie memory of a cele- br.iied battle. .\nother, near the bay of Is^us, built by .Alexander. NicosTkATA, a courtez.tn who left all her possevsions to Sylla. — — Ilie same as Car- inente, ruotlier of JEvander. NicosTR ATI'S, ft man of Argos of great strength. I le was fond of imitating Hercules by clothing himself in a lion's skin. Dixl. 16. One of Alexander's soldiers. He con- spired against the king's life. wiUi Hermolaus. Curt. 8. .\ painter who expressed great aihniraiion at the sight of Helen's picture by /euxis. .■Etwn. J 4, c. 47. — A dramata actor ot Ionia. ^— .\ comic |x>et of Argos. An orator of Macedonia, in tlie reign of the emperor M. .Antoninus. — — A »on of Mcniiaus and Helen. I'aui. 'J, C. IK. -^ general NI NI general of the Achseans, -.vbo defeated llie jMacedonians. NicoTELEA, a celebrated woman of Mes- scnia, who said that she became preg- nant of Aristomenes by a serpent. Paus. 4, c. 14. NicoTELEs, a Corinthian drunkard, &c. ^E/ian. V. H. .2, c. 14. Niger, a friend of M. Antony, sent to liini by Octavia. A surname of Clitus, whom Alexander killed in a fit of drunken- ness. C. Pescennius Justus, a celebrated governor in Syria, well known by his valor in the Roman armies, while yet a private man. At tlie deatli of Pertinax he was declared em- peror of Rome, and his claims to that elevated situation were supported by a sound under- standing, prudence of mind, moderation, cou- Tage, and virtue. He proposed to imitate the actions of the venerable Antoninus, of Tra- jan, of Titus, and M. Aurelius. He was re- markable for bis fondness for ancient dis- cipline, and nevcrsuffercd his soldiers todiink wine, but obliged them to quench their thirst with water and vinegar. He forbad the use of silver and gold utensils in his camp, all the bakers and cooks were driven away, and the soldiers ordered to live, during the expedition 4hcy undertook, merely upon biscuits. In his ^'ujiishments Niger was inexorable ; he con- temned ten of his soldiers to be beheaded in tne presence of the army, because they had stolen and eaten a fowl. The sentence was heard with groans : the army interfered ; and when Niger consented to diminish the punish- mi jit for fear of kinc'ling a rebellion, heyet or- dered the criminals to make each a restoration of ten fowls to the person whose property they had stolen; they were, besides, ordered not to light a fire the rest of the cam- paign,, but to live upon cold aliments, and to drink , nothing but water. Such great qualifications in a general seemed to pro- mise the restoration of ancient discipline in the Roman annies, but tlie death of Niger frustrated every hope of reform. Se- vcrus, who had also been invested with the imperial purple, marched against him ; some battles were fought, and Niger was, at last, defeated, A. D. 194. His head was cut off, and fixed to a long spear, and carried in triumph through the streets of Rome. He reigned about one year. Hcrodian. 5. — Eutrop. Niger, or Nigris, {itis), a river of Africa, which rises in ./Ethiopia, and falls by three moutlis into the Atlantic, little known to the ancients, and not yet satis- factorily explored by the moderns. Plin. 5, c.l & 8. —Mela, 1, c. 4. 1. 3, c. 10. — Ptol. 4, C.6. P. NiGiDius FiGULus, a celebrated phi- losopher and astrologer at Rome, one of the most learned men of his age. He was inti- mate with Cicero, and gave his most unbiassed opinions concerning the conspirators who had 501 leagued lo destroy Rome with Catiline. He was maae praetor, and honored with a seat in the senate. In the civil wars he followed • the intciest of Pompey, for which he was banished by the conqueror. He died in the place of his banishment, 47 years before Christ. Cic. ad Fam. 4, ep. 15. — Lucan. 1, v. 639. NiGRiTiE, a people of Africa, who dwell on the banks of the Niger. Mela, I , c. 4. — Plin. 5, C. 1. NiLEus, a son of Codrus, who conducted a colony of lonians to Asia, where he built Ephesus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus, Teos, Lebedos, Clazomense, &c. Paus. 7, c. 2, &c A philosopher who had in his possession all the writings of Aristotle. Athen. 1. NiLus, a king of Thebes, who gave his name to the river which flows through the middle of Egypt, and falls inta the Mediter- raneaii sea. The Nile, anciently called JEgypU(s, is one of the most celebrated rivers in the world. Its sources were unknown to the ancients, and the modems are equally ignorant of their situation, whence an impos- sibility is generally meant by the proverb of Nili caput qrieerere. It flows through the middle of Egypt in a northern direction, and when it comes to the town of Cer- casorum, it then divides itself into several streams, and falls into the Mediterranean by seven mouths. The most eastern canal is called the Pelusian, and the most west- ern is called the Canopic mouth. The other canals are the Sebennytican, that of. Sais, the Mendesian, Bolbitinic, and Bu- colic. They have all been formed by na- ture, except the two last, which have been dug by the labors of men. The island which the Nile forms by its division into several streams is called Delta, from its resemblance to the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet. The Nile yearly oa ertiows the country, and it is to those regular inundations tliat the Egyp- tians are indebted for the fertile produce of their lands- It begins to rise in the month of May for 100 successive days, and then de- creases gradually the same num.ber of days. If it does not rise as high as 16 cubits, a fa- mine is generally expected, but if it exceeds this by many cubits, it is of the most danger- ous consequences ; houses arc overturned, the cattle are drowned, and a great number of insects are produced from the mud, which destroy tlie fruits of the earth. Tlie river, therefore, proves a blesSing or a calamity to Egypt, and the prosperity of the nation de- pends so much upon it, that the tributes of the inhabitants were in ancient times, and are still under the present government, propor- tioned to the rise of the waters. The causes of the overflowings of the Nile, which re- mained imknown to the ancients, though searched with the greatest application, are owing to the heavy rains which regularly fall . K k 3 i»> Nl NI in Althiopia, in the raontlis of April and May, aiid which rush down like torrents upon the country, and lay it ull under water. These causes, as hoinc ptople support-, were well known to Homer, as he seems to show it, by saying, timt the Nile flowed down from heaven. Tlie inlialiimiiti. of Egypt, near tlie banks of tlie river, were called XiUad. NUificiia, &c. and large canals were also from this river denominaUd Niii or Euriin. Cic. Leg. 'i. c \. ad Q.fr. 3. ep. 9. ad Att. U, <7'. 12. — SLrab. 17. — Chiil. Met. 5, ▼. 187. 1. 15. T. 753. — Mda, I.e. 9. 1. 3, c. 9. — Smeca. quast. nat. 4. — Lit- can. 1, 2, &c. — Claudian. ep. dc NUo. -— Virg. G. 4, V. 288. jEn. 6. t 600. 1. 9, Y. 31. — ZHod. 1, &c. — Hendot. 2 l.u- cret. 6, V. 71 'J. — AmminTi. 'J-2. — Paut. 10. c. 33. Plin. .'. c. lO. One of the Greek fathers wiio flori»htd A. D. •J40. His works were edited at Home, fol. 2 vols. 1668 & 107». NtxKifs, a tribune who opposed Clodius Uic enemy of Cicero. NiNi-vs. [i'id. Ninyas.] KiNcs, a son of HeUis, who built a city to which he gave his own name, and founded the Assyrian monarihy, of which he was the first sovertiijn. H. C. 2059. He was very warlike, and ei tended hisconqiiogts from Egypt to the extremities of India and Huctriuna. He be- came enamoured of SemiramU thf wife of one of his officers, and he : ' ' ' r hi* huslwindhaddestroji-dl -r of Ills iioHcrful rival. N.. vi- .v . ■">• wars, and at his death ho left his kingdom to the tare of his wife .VniiramiH. by whom lie had n son. The history of Ninui is very obscure, and even fabulous according to ihi; opinion of some. Ctesia-. is the principal historian from whom it is derived, but little reliance is to l»e placed ujwn him. when Aristotle decmi him imworthy to be Itelievcd. NInus itfier death received divine honors, and liecamc tlu- Ju- pitoi of the .Assyrians and th» Hertuies of the ('ii;ddeans. Cirsitu- —r ■i-^i.'ad, and forty-eight in circumference. It was surrounded by large walls 100 feet high, on the top of which three chariots could p;i>s together abreast, .vnd was defended by 1 ";IX> towers each lOO leet higli. Ninu4 'was taken by the united armic>s of ( yaxarcsand Nabopolassur king of JBabylon, l>.' C. 606. Strab. 1. — Di>d. '_'. JfiT.^dui. 1, c. 185, 4c. — Fans. X, c. 55. — J.ucinti. Ninyas a son of Ninus and .Scmiramis, king of Assvria, who suc'i-eded his mother who had voluntarily abdicated the crown. Some suppose that Seniiramis wiis put to dtath by her own son, because she bad en- 50-2 couraged him to commit ince&t. The reign of Ninyas is remarkable for its luxury and extravagance. The priiict; left the care of the government to his favorites and ministers, and gave himself up to pleasure, riot, and debauchery, and never appeared in pub- lic. His successors imitated the example of his voluptuousness, and tlicrcforc their names or history are little known till the age of Sardanapalus. Justin. 1, c 2. — Jhod. 1 . &c NiuBE, a daughter of Tantalus king of Lydia by Kuryanassa or Dioni'. She mar- ried Arophion the son of Jasus, by whom ■ '• ' ' •' sons and ten daughters, accord- ed, or two sons and three daugh- ..ng to Herodotus. Homer and Proptruus say, that she had six daughters and OS many sons, and Ovid, Apollodorus&c* according to the more received opinion, sup- port that she had seven sons and seven daughters. The names of the sons were Sipylus, Minytus, Tantalus, .^genor. Ph»- dimus. D..-^ - i.i .., ^^^j Jsnicnus ; and tliose of U: Cleodoxa, Eiliw'.**a. or Hiera, . : u. I^thia, Pelopia, or Chloris, .-Vstjcratea. and Ogygia. The num- ber of her children increased die pride of Niobe, and she not only had the imprudence to prefer herself to Latona who had only two children, but she even imiulted her. and ridiculed the worsliip which was paid to her. obser- .1 ' > abetter cLoiin to .d- tars . the mother of Apollo and 1' '.Ajlence provoked 1j«- toua, who entreated her children to puiusJi the arrogant Niolie. Her prayers werv heard, and immediately all the sons of NiolH> expired b) tlie darts of Apollo, and all the daughters except Chloris, who had married Neleus king of I'ylo*. were equally destroyed by Diana ; and Niolu , struck at the uid- ilenness of her misfortunes was changed into a stone. Tlie carcas*.-* of Niobe's children, accordmg to Homer, were left un- buried in the plains for nine successive days because Jupiter changed into stones all such a^ attempted to inter them. On tlie tenth day tlicy were honored with a funeral by tlie gods Hoiiu-r. II. '.'4. — jEltan. V. H. VI, C. 56. — ApM.^d. 3, c. :<. — Ovid. Met. fib. 5. — Hytrin. J.b. '\ — }Iorat. 4. orf. 6 Pro]>,-rt. •_', cL €. A d.su^hter of I'horoneus king of Felopon- nesus, by I.aodice. Slie was beloved by Ju- piter, by whom she hat! a son called Argus, who gave his name to Argia or Argolis, • country of Peloponnesus. Paus. 2, c. 22. — AixAlod. '.'. c 1. 1. 3, c 8. Nirii.* s, a man killed by horses, Ac. Vir^. j£n. 10, V. 570. NiPHATF*;. a mountain of .Asia, whidi divides Armenia from .Assyria, and from which tlie Tigris lakes its rise, i'irg. G. S, V. 30. — Strab. 1 1. — .Ui/fi, 1. c. 15. A river of Anpenin, falling intu the Tigris. /{oral. 2, od. 9, V. 'JO. — Lucan. 3, t. '-'45. Niriir, NI NO NrpHK, one of Diana's companions, Ovid. Met. 3, V. 245. NiBEUS, a king of Naxos, son of Cha- rops and Aglaia, celebrated for his beauty. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war. Homer. lU 2. — Horat. 2, ud. 20. NisA, a town of Greece. Homer. II. ?. A country woman. Vh-g. Ed. 8. A place. [Vid. Nysa.] A celebrated plain of Media near tlie Caspian sea, famous for its horses. Herodot. 5, c. 106. Jfis^A, a naval station on the coasts of Megaris. Strab. 8. — A town of Parthia, called also Nisa. '^isJEE, a sea-nymph. Virg. .Sn. 5, f. 826. NisEiA. [Vid. Nisus.] NisiBis, a town of Mesopotamia, built by a colony of Macedonians on the Tigris, and celebrated as being a banier betw^een the pro- vinces of Rome and the Persian empire «iuring the reign of the Roman emperors. It was sometimes called Anliochia Mygdonica. Joseph. 20, c. 2. — Strab. 1 1. -^Ammian. 25, &c. — Plin. 6, c. 15. Nisus, a son of Hyrtacus, bom on mount Ida near Troy. He came to Italy with jEneas, and signalized himself by his valor against the Rutulians. He was united in the closest friendship with Euryalus, a young Trojan, and witli him he entered, in the dead of night, the enemy's camp. As they were returning victorious, after much blood- shed, tliey were perceived by tlie Rutu- lians, who attacked Euryalus. Nisus in en- Jeavcuring to rescue his friend from the enemy's darts, perished himself v/ith him, iind their heads were cut off and fixed on a speai', and carried in triumph to the camp. Their death was greatly lamented by all the Trojans, and their great friendship, like tliat 4)f a Pylades and an Orestes, or of a Theseus ;>.nd Pirithous, is become pi-overbial. Virg. uEk. 9, V. 176, &c. -A king of Duli- chium, remai-kable for his probity and virtue.' Homer. Od. 18. A king of Megara, son of Mars, or more probably of Pandion. He inheiited his father's kingdom with his bro- thers, and received as his portion the countiy of Megaris. Tlic peace of the brothers v/as interrupted by the hostilities of Rllnos, v.'ho T.vished to avenge the death of his son An- I'rogeus, v/ho had been murdered by the Athenians. Megara was besieged, and Attica laid waste. The fate of Nisus depended to- tally upon a yellow lock, which, as long as it continued upon his head, according to the words of an oracle, promised him life, and success to his affairs. His daughter Scyila (often called Niseia Virgo), saw from the walls of iMegara the royiil besieger, raid she became desperately enamoured of him. To obtain a more ifnmediate interview '.Wtli this object of her passion, she stole away the 303 fatal hail- from her father's head as he was asleep ; the town was immediately taken, but 3Iinos disi-egarded the services of Scylla, and she threw herself into the seii. The cods changed her into a laik, and Nisus assumed tlie nature of the hawk at the very moment that he gave himself death, not to fall into the enemy's hands. These two birds have continually been at variance with each other, and Scylla, by her apprehensions at the sigiit of her father, seems to suffer the punishment which her perfidy deserved. Apoilod. 5, c. 15 Pans. 1, c. 19. — Strab. 9. — Ovid. Met. 8, v. 6, &c. — Virg. G. 1, v. 404, &c. NisYROs, an island in the ^gean sea, at the west of Rhodes, with a town of the same name. It was originally joined to the island of Cos, according to Pliny, and it bore the name of Porphyj-is. Neptune, who was sup- posed to have separated them with a blow of his ti-ident, and to have there overwhelmed the giant Poiybotes, was worshipped there, and called Nisyreiis. Apollod, 1, c. 6. — Mela, 2, c. 7. ■ — Strab. 10. NiTETis, a daughter of A pries, king of Egypt, married by his successor Arnasis tb Cyrus. Poliiam. 8. NiTiOBRiGEs, a people of Gaul, supposed to be Agenois, in Guienne. Cces. JB. G. 1, c. 7. NiTocRis, a fielebrated queen of Ba'oylcn, who built a bridge across the Euphrates, in the middle of that city, and dug a number of reservoirs for the superfluous waters of that river. She crdcred herself to be buried over one of llie gates of the city, and placed an inscription on her tomb, which signified that her successors would find great treasures within, if ever they were in need of money, but that their labors would be but ill repaid, if ever they ventured to open it without ne- cessity. Cyrus opened it through curiosity, and was struck to find within these words: If thy avarice had 7iat leen insatiable, thou never ■wouldst have violated the vwnuments oj" the dead. Hi'Todut. 1, c. 185 A queen of Egj pt who built a third pyramid. NiTRiA, a country of Egypt witli two towns of the same name, above Memphis, NiVAHiA, an island at the west of Africa, supposed to be Tenerlff, one of tlie Canaries. Plin. 6, c. 32. NoAs, a river of Thrace falling into the Ister. Herodot. 4, c. 46, NocMox, a Trojan killed by Turnus. Ving. JEn. 9, V. 767. NocTiLucA, a surname of Diana. She had a temple at Rome on mount Palatine, where torches were generaliy lighted in the night. Varro. de L. L. 4. — Horat. 4, od. 6, V. 'oS. NcLA, an ancient town of Campania, which became a Roman colony before the first Funic war. It was founded by a Tus- K k 4 can, N O NO can, or according to otha^ by an Eubo^aii colony. It is said that Virgil had intro- duced the name of Nula in his Georfpcs, but that, when he was refused a glass of water by the inhabitants as he passed through the cky, he totally l)lotted it out of his poem, and sub>ututeil the word ura, in the '.J'25th line of the 2d >>ook. of his Georgics. Nola was besieged by Annibal, and bravely de- fended by Marcellus. Augustus died there on his return from NeapoUs to Rome. Bells vrcrc first invented there in the bt.'ginning of tile fifth century, from which reason they have been calletl AW^ by that i)reLati-. Before his time, congrega- tions were calle. Cassius as a native of Nuiiii-iitum. He is mentioned by Horace as a mixture of luxury and dissipation. ll>iral. \, Sat. 2. v. lOJ iw alihi. No>iL'S'TL'M, a town of the Sabines in Italy. famous fur wine, and now called Lumnntatxa. The dictator Q. Servilius Priscus, gave llie Veientes and I'idenates battle Uicre A. L'. ('. 312, and toUilly defeatetl tliein. OvuL Fast. -i. \. 90.5. — Lw. 1, c. 3S. 1. 4. c. 5^2. — rirg. u£u. 0. \. 773. No.Mit, mountains of Arcadia. Paus. NuMius, a surname given to Apollo, be- cause he fed (>i/m>, pasco,) the flocks of king Adiiietus in Thessaly. C'ic. in Xat. D. 3, c. 2.3. NoNACRi*, H town of Arcadia, which received its name from a wife of Lycaon. 'Iliere wtw, a mountain of the same name in the nei;^hbourliood. livander is sometime., called S<'UiteTui\ heroi, as being an Arcidian by birth, and .Vtalanta A'«»urri i, as being a native of the place. Curt. lo. c. 10. — Oiid. Fast. 5, v. 97. Met. B, /ab. 10 Pau*. S. c. 17. &C. 504 NoNiLs, a Roman soldier, imprihoned fur paying respect to Galba's statues, &c- Tacu. Hist. I , c. 56. A Roman who exhorted his countrymen after the fatal battle of Phar- salia, and the flight of Pompey, by oliserving that eight standards {otjuUtr) still remained iti the camp, to which Cicero answered, rtcmbas!fr he had undertaken to .'I-'thiopia. among the Saracens, and other eastern nations. He is als4i known by his Ihotiysuini, a wonderful collection of heathen mythology and erudi- tion, edited 4 to. Antwerp, 1.569. His ;>orn- phrase on John was ediu-d by Heinsius. 8vo. L. Bat. 1627. NoNL'i, a Greek physician, who»c liook rf# ornniutn nurri>'>rum curalioiu was edited in 12ino. Argent. I. 568. NoriA, or CisoriA, a town of lltt.-otia, where Awphiaraiis bail a temple. NoKA, now \oiir, a place of I'hrygi.i. where Lumenes retired for some time, &c. C. N^fxn. A town. [yiiL Norax.J NoKAX, a son of Mercury and Euryth.aa, who led a colony of Ibi-rians into Sardinia, where he founded a town, to which be gave the name of Nora. I'auf. 10, c. 17. Noaa«. a town of the Volsci. X.i». 2, c. 34. —— ('«sarvm, a town of Spain on the Tagu.s. ('. NoBBAKct, a young and ambitious Roman who opposed Sylla, and joined his interest to that of young Marius. In his consulship he marched ifgainst Sylla, by whom he was dt feated, 4c. Plut. .\ friend and general of Augustus employe»l in Mace- donia against the re|uiblicans. He was de- feated by Brutus. &c. NoaicuM, a country of ancient Illyricum. which now forms a part of modem Naivirt.i and Austria. It extended l>etween the Ma- nub«, and part of the .\lp« and Vindelicia. Its savage inhabitants who were once govern- ed by kings, made many incursions upon the Romans, and were at last conquered under Tiberius, and ttie country bi-canie a depen- dent province. - In the reign of Dioclcsian, Noricum was divideti into two parts. Hii^nse and ytedtterranean. The iron that w.is drawn from Noricum was esteemed excellent, and thence Xoncus msis, was u.sed to express the goodness of a sword. Ihonvs. Perieg. — Strab. 4. — P/tn. 34, c. 14 TacU. Hi$t. 3.' c. S— Moral. 1, od. 16, v. 9. — Olid. Met. 14, v. 712. NoRTiiirrcs a Greek tragic poet. NoRTiA, a n.une given to the goddess of Fortune among the Etrurians. Liv. '. c. 3. Not HIS I NO NU NoTHUs, a spn of Deucalion. — — A sur- name of Darius, king of Persia, from his illegitimacy. NoTiuM, a town of iEolia near the Cay- ster. It was peopled by the inhabitants of Colophon, who left their ancient habitations because Notiuni was more conveniently si- tuated in being on tlie sea-shore. Lit'. 37, c. 26, 38, 39. NoTUs, the south wind, called also Auster. Nov.E {tabernce), the new shops built in the forum at Rome, and adorned with tlie shields of the Cimbri. Cic. Orat. 2, c. 6ti. The Veteres tabernce were adorned with those of the Samnites. Liv. 9, c. 40. NovARiA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now Novara in Milan. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 70. NovATUS, a man who severely attacked the character of Augustus, under a fictitious name. The emperor discovered him and only fined him a small sum of money. NovEsiUM, a town of the Ubii, on the west of the Rhine, now called Nui/s, near Co- logne. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 26, &c. NoviodCnum, a town of the JEdui in Gaul, taken by J. Caesar. It is pleasantly situated on the Ligeris, and now called Noyon, or as others suppose, Nevers. Cces. Bell. G. ■2, c. 12. NovioMAGUS or Neomagus, a town of Gaul, now Nizeux in Normandy. An- other called also Nevietes, now Spire. . - f Another in Batavia, now Niinegutn, on the south side of the ^^'aal. NoviuM, a town of Spain, now Noya. Novius Priscus, a man banished from Rome by Nero, on suspicion that he was accessary to Piso'^onspiracy. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 71. A^an who attempted to as- sassinate the emperor Claudius. Two brothers obscurely born, distinguished in the age of Horace for their ofticiousness. Horat. 1, Sat. 6. Novum Comum a town of Insubria on the lake Larinus, of which the inhabitants were called I^ovacomenses, Cic. ad Diu. 1 5, c. 55. Nox, one of the most ancient deities ♦mong the heathens, daughter of Chaos, from irer union with her brother Erebus, . V. 5Q'2.—Cic. de Nat. I). 3, c. '2 & 17. — Vai. Mnr. I, c. •-'. —Diomji. Hal. C. c. 59.— Ovid. Fast. 3, &c. One of the Kutuliun chicf^t killed in the night by Nisus and £u- ryalus. yirg. yt'»i. 9, v. 4.>4. Nu»tiNA, a town of Picenum in Italy, of uliicli the people were called Numanatci. Mela, 2, c. 4. Nl'masti*, a town of Spain ne*r the sources of tlie river Durius, celebrated for the war of J 4 yt.nrs which, tiiough unpro- tected by walls and towers, it bravely main- tained against the Romans. The inhabitants obtriin^-d sonic advantages over the Roman forces till Scipio .\fricanus was empowered to finish tlic war, and to sec the destruction of Numantia. He began the siege witli an army of C0,0OO men, and was bravely op- jiosed by the be-sieged, who were no more than 4{XX) men able to bear arms. Botl) ar- mies behaved with uncommon valor, and the courage of the Nuinanf ines was soon changed into despair and fury. Their provisions began to fail, and they fed upon the flesb of tlieir horses, and afterwards of that of their dead companions, and at last were necessitated to draw lots to kill .ind devour one another. The melancholy situation of their aflairs cbb'gcd some to surrender to the Roman general. Scipio demanded tliem to deliver themselves up on the morrow ; they refused, and when a longer time hail been granted to their petitions, they retired and set fire to their houses, and all destroyed tiiemselves, 506 B. C. 133, so that not even one remained to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. Some historians, however, deny tliat, and support that a number of NurAantines deli- vered tJiemselves into Scipio"s hands, and that 50 of them were drawn in triumph at Rome, and the rest sold as slaves. Tlie fall of Nurnantia was more glorious than that of Cartilage or Corinth, though infe- rior to tliem. The conqueror obtained the burname of Numantinut. Flor. 2, c 18. — ^Pfiimn, Iber. — Paler c. 5, c 3. — Ctc. 1. (ff. — Strab. 3. — Mela, 2, c. 6 Plut. — Horal. 2, orf. 12, v. 1. Ni-MAyTij«A, a woman accused under Ti- berius, of making her husband insane by enchantments, &c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 22. NiMAKUs Remolis, a Rutulian who ac- cused the Trojans of effeminacy. He had married the younger sister of Tumus, and was killed by .\scaniuB during the Rutulian war. Vir^'. j£n. 9, v. 592, &c. Nlmznis, a follower of the doctrines of Plato and Pythagoras, bom at Apamea in SvTia. He florished in the reign of M. Antoninus. Nlmenia, or NroMtNLA, a ie»tival ob- served by the Greeks at tlie beginning of every lunar month, in honor of all the gods, but espcciaJiy of .\pollo or the Sun, who is justly deemed the author of light and of whatever distinction is made in the montlis, seasons, days, and nights. It was obcerved with games and public en- tertainments which were provided at the expc-nce of rich citizens, and which were alvvays frequented by the poor. Solemn prayers were otfered at Atliens during the solemnity, for the prosperity of the repub- lic. The demigods as well aa the bcroc6 of the ancients were honored and invoked in the festival NirMXNius, a philosopher, who supposed that Chaos, from which the world was created, wa. animated by an evil and maleficent soul. He lived in the second century. NuMCNTANA VIA, a road at Rome which led to mount Saccr through the gate Vimi- iialis. Lw. 3, c. 52. Nir>icaiA, a goddess at Rome who pre- sided over numbers. Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c 11. Nt'MZRilxus, M. Aurelius, a son of the emperor Cams. He accompanied his father into \l\c cast with the title of Ca;sar, and at his death he succeeded him '"'itli his brother Carinus, A. D. 2S2. His reign was short. £ight months after his fafliers death, he was murdered in his litter by his father-in-law, Arrius Apcr, who accompanied him in an expedition. Tlie murderer, who hoped to ascend the vacant Uirone. continued to follow the litter as if the emperor was alive, till he found a proper opportunity to declare his sentiments. The stench of the body however soon discorercd his perfidj, aqd be was sa^ crificed N U N Y crifiued to die fury of the soldiers. Numeri- anus liad been admired for his learning as well as his moderation. He was naturally an eloquent speaker, and in poetry he was in- ferior to no writer of his age. A friend of the emperor Severus. NuMERius, a man who favored the escape of Marius to Africa, &c. A friend of Pompey taken by J. Caesar's adherents, &c. Plin. NuMiciA VIA, one of the great Roman roads, wliich led from tlie capital to the town of Brundusium. Nujiicus, a small river of Lalium, near Lavinium, where the dead body of iEneas was found, and where Anna, Dido's sister, drowned herself. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 150, &c. -—SU. 1, v. 359. — Ovid. Met. 14, v. 558, &c. Fast. 3, V. 643. A friend of Horace, to whom he addressed 1 ep. 6. NuMiDA, a surname given by Horace, I, od, 36, to one of the generals of Augustus, from his conquests in Numidia. Some sup- pose that it is Pomponius, others, Plotius NuMiniA, an inland country of Africa, which now forms the kingdom of Algiers and Bildulgei-id. It was bounded on the north by the Mpditerranean sea, south by Gsetulia, west by Mauritania, and east by a part of Libya which was called Africa Propria. Tlie inhabitants were called No- ■mades, and afterwards Numida;. It was the kingdom of Masinissa, which was the ■occasion of the third Punic war, on account of the offence which he had received from the Carthaginians. Jugurtha reigned there, as also Juba the father and son. It was conquered, and became a Roman province, of which Sallust was the first governor. The Numidians were excellent warriors, and in their expeditions they always endeavoured to engage witli the enemy in the night-time. They rode without saddles or bridles, whence they have been called infrceni. They had their wives in common, as tlie rest of the barbarian nations of antiquity. Sallust. in Jug. — Flor. 2, c. 15. — Strab. 2 & 17. — Mela, 1, c. 4, &c. — OviH. Met. 15, v. 754. NuMimus 0,1 ADRATUS, a governor of Syria under Claudius. Tacit. Ann. 12. NuMisTRO, a town of tlie Brutii in Italy. lAv. 45, c. 17. NuMiro i, a son of Procas, king of Alba. v.bo inherited his father's kingdom with his brother Amulius, and began to reign con- jointly with him. Amulius was too avari- cious to bear a colleague on the throne ; he expelled his brother, and that he might more safely secure himself, he put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated his daughter Ilia to the service of the goddess Vesta, which demanded perpetual celibacy. These great precautions were rendered abortive. Ilia became pregnant, and tliough the two children whom she brought forth were ex- 507 posed in the rivei' by order of the ty- rant, their life was preserved, and Numi- tor was restored to his throne by his grandsons, and tlie tyrannical usurper was put to death. Dixmys. Hal. — Liv. 1, c. 3. — Pint, in Bomid. — Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 55, &c. — Vi3-g. JEn. 6, v. 768. A son of Phorcus who fought with Turnus against w^neas. Virg. jsBn. 10, v. 342. A rich and dissolute Roman in the age of Juvenal, 7, V. 74. NumitGuius, a Roman who defended Vir- ginia, to whom Appius wished to offer vio- lence. He was made military tiibune. Q PuUus, a general of Fregella;, &c. Czc. de Inv. 2, c. 34. NoMONius. [ Vid. Vala.] NuNCOREUs, a son of Sesostris king of Egypt, who made an obelisk, some ages after brought to Rome, and placed in the Vatican. Plin. 26, c 11. He is called Pheron by Herodotus. NuNDiNA, a goddess whom the Romans invoked when they named their children. This happened the ninth day after tlieir birth, whence the name of the goddess, Nona dies. Macrob. Sat. 1, c. 16. NondIn.iE. [Vid. Feria;.] NuRsiE, a town of Italy. Virg. JEn. 7, V. 744. NuRsciA, a goddess %vho patronized the Etrurians. Juv. 10, v. 74. NuiisiA, now Norza, a town of Picenum whose inhabitants are called Nurdni. Its situation was exposed, and the air considered as unwholesome. SU- It. 8, v. 416. — Virg. jEn.7, V. 716. — Martial. 13, ep 20. —im 28, c. 45. Nutria, a town of lUyricum. Poh/b. 2- Nycteis, a daughter of Nycteus, who was mother of Labdacus. A patronymic oJ' Antiope the daughter of Nycteus, mother of Amphion and Zethus by Jupiter, who had assumed the shape of a satyr to enjoy her company. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 110. Nyctelia, festivals in honor of Bacchus, \Vid. Nyctelius], observed on mount Ci- thmron. Plut. in Symp. Nyctelii s, a surname of Bacchus, be- cause his orgies were celebrated in the night. (vi/| nox, TiXiia perjici).) The words latex Nyctdius tlience signify wine. Seneca, in (Edip. — Pans. 1, c. 40. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 15. Nycteus, a son of Hyrieus and Clonia, A son of Chthonius. A son of Nep- tune by Celene, daughter of Atlas, king of Lesbos, or of Thebes, according to the mort- received opinion He married a nymph cl Crete called Polyxo or Amaltliaea. by whom he had two daughters. Nyftin.L-tie and An- tiope The first of these di graced herself by htr criminal amours witb her fa'.her, into whose bed she introduced herself by mean:- of her nui-se. Wlien the iallier knew the in- I cest which he had committed, he attempted to NY N Y to slab hi« daughter, who wak immediately changed by Minerva into an owl. Nyctcus made war against Epopcus, who had carried away Antiope, and died of a wound which K- had received in aa engagement, leaving nis kingdom to his brother Lyciis, wliom ne entri-ated to continue die war, and punish Antiope tor her immodest a>nduct. [Ku/. Antiope.] Pau3. 'J, c. 6. — Hy gin. fab. 1,57 & 204. — Ovul. Mh. '.', V. 590, &c 1. 6, T. 1 10, &c. Ntctimene, a daughter of Nycteus. [ Vid. Nycteus.] NvcTiMus, a son of Lycaon, king of \i- c-idia. He dial without ivsue, and left his kingdom to his nephew Areas, the son of Caliisto. Paus. 8, c. 4. NvMB.«uM, a lake of Peloponnesus in Laconia. Id. 3, v. 23. NrMPHi*, certain female deities among the ancients. They were generally di\idi-sed that, like men. they were subject to mortality, diough their life was of long duraUon. They lived for S4'veral iliousjiul jears, according to H*- siod, or as I'lutarcli seems obscurely to inii- maU'. they lived above 9720 years, 'ihf number of the nj-mphs is not preiis«'ly known. Tliey were according to Hesioove 3COO, whose power was extended over die diili Tint places of die i-arth, and the va- rious functions and occupations of mankind. Tliey were worshipped by die ancienU, though not with so much solemnity as the sujK-rior deiues. They had no temples raisetl to their honor, and die only oflcrings diey received were milk, liuney, oil, and some- times the sacrifice of a goat, 'lliey were gvnerally represented as young .ind beautiful virgins, veiled up to die middle, and some- times diey held a \ase, from which diey seemivl to jwur water. Sometimes diey htul grass, leaves, and shells, instead of vases. It was deemed unfortunate to sec them naked, and such sight was generally attended by a delirium, to which IVopertius seejns to allude in diis verse, wherein he spe-aks of the innocence and simplicity of the prinutivg ages of die world, JOS Xecfucrat nudas jteciui vtdere Deat. The nymphs were generally distinguished by an epithet which denoted the place of dieir residence ; thus the nvmphs of Sicily were called Siirlidfs ; those of Corycus, Cori/cul' • Arc. Oirid. Met. 1, v. yjO. 1. 5, v. 412. 1. • C.51, &c. Fast. 3, V. 7o'9. — Paus. lo, c i — Plut. de Orac. drf. — Orj>heiu Arg. — J I «-«/. Throg. — PropiTt. 5, W. 1'2. — JIui/t • Od. 14. NTMPii«ti.M, a port of Macedonia. C-i Hell. Civ. .\ promontory of Epirus on die Ionian sea. .\ ))lace near the walls of Apollonia, sacretl to the nymphs, where .\pollo h.id also an oracle. The place \»n, also celebrated for the con- tinual ll.tmes of tire which seemeil to rise at a distance from the plains. It wa» dicrc diat a sl(>eping satyr was once caug: luul brought to Sylla as he returned fro: the .Mithridatic war. This monster had ti; same featuri's as the p<)et> asi'rilted to t,'. satyr. lie wa. iuterrogated by Sylla, aiiu li_v his iiiterprt-ters, but his articulations were unintelligible, and the Kom.ui -.purned from liim a. creature which seemetl to part.ike of Hw nature of a beast more dian that of a man. Plut. in Sylld. — Dio. 41.— Plin. 5, c. '_'9. — Strah. 7 J.iv. 42, c. " Si 49. A city of Thurica Chcrsoni- sus. 'llic building at liome where die njTTiphs were wor>liip[)ed bore also this name, being otlorned with their statues and with fountains and water-falls, which aliorded an agreeable and rcfresliing cool- ness. Nviirii.tcs, a man who went into Caria at the head of a colony of Melians, &c. P<- /yrt-zi. f. NvMPiiiDius, a favorite of Nero, who said that he was di-scended from CaliguU. He was raised to the consular dignity, .ind soon after disputed die wiipire with Cialb.i. He was slain by the soldiers, &c. Tacii. .4nt,. 15. NvMruik, a native of Heraclea. who wrote an history of Alexander's lil'e anil actions, divided into 24 books. /Elian. 7. de Anim. NvmphodOrl's, a writer of Am|jliipolis. .\ Syracusan who wrote an history of Sicily. NrMPHOLLEPTES, Of NrMPIIOMANCS, JMii- stsu-d bif the nymphs. This name was given to the inhabitants of mount Citha;ron, who bclie»e, .Etu 10, v. 1 98. — — .K man remarkable for his industrj*. He had a wife as remark.ible for hrr profu- sion ; she always consumed and l3vis)ieI0 tlie meats t/iat were ser^'ed on tlie table of Tarrpiin, she suddenly saw in th« fire w.'ut Ovid calls obscceni forma tiriiu. She ir;- formed the quoen of it, and when by her orders she had approache'l near it, she co;.- ceived a son who was called Servius Tullus. and who being educatetl in tlie king's I'.:. mily. afterwards succeeded to tlie vacar.- throne. Some suppose that Vulcan h t ' assumed thut form which was prei>entcd t • the eyes of Ocrisia. and that the god w. . tlie father of the sixth king of Rome. Plu:. defirt. Horn P/i»i. 36, c. '_'". — Ovid. Fas:. 6, T. 627. OcTACitLics, a slave who was manum:*- ted, and who afterwards taught rhetoric .t Rome. He had Poinpey the Great in ti;.- number of his pupils. Sueton. in Rhet. — Martial. lO, r;i. 79. OcTAViA, a Roman lady, sister to the em- peror Augustus and celebrated for her beauty and virtues. She marrieil Cl.itidius ^lar- cellus, and aAer his death. M. .\ntony. IK: marriacjc willi .\ntony was a political step tj reconcile her brother and her husband. .An- tony proved for some time attentive to her but he soon after despised her for Cleopatr.' and when slie attem j*ed to withdraw him fro: . . this unlawful amour by going to meet him ;u .Vthens, she was secretly rebuked and totalK hanishcd from his presence. 'Hiis aflrunt wi . hi:;lily resented by Augustus, and though Oc tavia endeavoured to pacify him by palliatin , her husband's iH-haviour, he resolved to r. vengc her cause by arms. After the Initlle u: .Actjiim and the death of Antony, OcUivia. forgetful of the injuries slie had received, took info her hous« all tlie children of Ik r husband ar-l tr-.-.^ted them with maternal ten derrcss. - Iicrsoa by her first hu band wa. i > a neicc of .\ugus(us. and publu _v :: i . - ...-. -^ ._ i uncle. His i family into the . .^. ... \ .:^. . -\... ; . Augustus pntrrnrod, undertook upon hin>- self to pay a melancholy tribute to the me- mory of p. young man whom Rome regatil.- as her future father and patron. Ho w.i desired to repeat his composition in the pri- sence cf .\aigustus and of his sister. <.>e:^- via burst into tears as soon as the po, : ' gan ; but when he mentioned, 7'u \L. eri-. she swAonc- nia Major and Antonia .Minor. Tlie eldir mivrried I.. Doni-tius .Ahcnoh.irbus by whom she liiul Cf\. Doniilius the f.ither of the ein- p.Tor Nero liv > ■ .iinifri the dau.;htcr of (.Jenuaniciis. Inior, who was ,-. virtuous and as lier motlicr, ma- ricil Urususlhe 3«»n oi" 1 iberius by whoiu '! had Ucrmanicus and Claudius who rei;;n \ before oc OD before Nero. The death of Marc^llus eon- tkiually preyed upon the mind of Octavia, who died of melancholy about 10 years before the Christian era. Her brother paid great regard to her memory, by pronouncing:, himself, her funeral oration. The Roman people also showed their respect for her vir- tues by their wish to pay her divine honors. Suet, in Aug Plut. in Anton. &c. -— — A daughter of the emperor Claudius by Messa- lina. She v/as betrothed to Silanus, but by the intrigues of Agi-ippina, she was married to the emperor Nero in the 16th year of her age. She was scon after divorced on pretence of barrenness, and tlie emperor married Pop- peea, who exercised her enmity upon Octavia by causing her to be banished into Campania. She was afterwards recalled at the instance of the people, and Poppsea, who was resolved on her ruin, caused her again to be banished to an island, where she was ordered to kill herself by opening her veins. Her head was cut off and carried to Poppasa. Suet, hi Claud. 27. in Ne>: 7 & 55. — Tacit. Ann. 12. OcTAViANus, or OcTAVius C^sAB, tile ne- phew of Cssar the dictator. After the bat- tle of Actium and the final destruction of the Roman republic, the servile senate bestowed upon him the title and surname of Augustus as more expressiveof his greatness and dignity. [Vid. Augustus.] OcTAVitis, a Roman officer who brought Perseus, king of Macedonia, a prisoner to the consul. He was sent by his countrymen to be guardian to Ptolemy Eupator, the young- king of Egypt, where he behaved with the greatest arrogance. He was assassinated by Lysias, who was before regent of Egypt. The murderer was sent to Rome. A man who opposed MeteUus in the reduction of Crete by means of Pompey. He was obliged to retire from the island A man who banished Cinna from Rom.e and became remarkable for his probity and fondness cf discipline. He was seized and put to death by order of his successful rivals Bfarius and Cinna. —— A Roman who boasted of being in the nuntber of Caesar's murderers. His assertions were false, yet he v/as punished as if he had been accessary to the conspiracy, • A lieutenant of Crassus in Parthia. He accompanied his general to the tent of the Parthian conqueror, and was killed by (lie enemy as he attempted to hinder them from earrjring away Crassus. A governor of Cilicfa. He died in his province, and Lu- cuUus made applications to succeed hijm, &c. i A tribune of the people at Rome, whom Tib. Gracchus his colleague deposed. A commander of the forces of Antony agr.inst Augustus. An officer v.'ho killed him- self, &c. A tribune of the people, who debauched a woman of Pontus from her hus- band. She proved unfaithful to him, upon which he murdered iier. He was condemned under Nero. Tacit. Ann. ^ Hist. — Plut. in 511 vitis. — Flur. — Liv. &c. — — A poet in the Augustan age intimate with Horace. He also distinguished himself as an historian. Horat. 1. Sat. 10, v. 82. OcTODURus, a village in the modern coun- try of Switzerland, now called Martismy C«s. B. G. 5, c. 1. OcTOGESA, a town of Spain, a little above the mouth of the Iberus, now called Mequi- ?iensa. Ctes. £. G. 1, c. 61. OcTOLOPHUM, a place of Greece. Liv. 31. bcYALus, one of the Phaeacians with Alci- nous. Homer. Od. OcYPETE, one of the Harpyies who infected whatever she touched. The name signifies sivifi jlying. Hesiod. Theog. '265. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. • A daughter of Thaumas. A daughter of Danaus. OcYROE, a daughter of Chiron by Cha- riclo, who had the gift of prophecy. She was changed into a mai-e. [Vid. Melanippe.] Ovid. Met. 2, v. 638, &c. A woman, daughter of Chesias, earned away by Apollo, as she was going to a festival at Miletus. Odenatus, a celebrated prince of Pal- myra. He early inured himself to bear fa- tigues, and by hunting leopards and wild beasts, he accustomed himself to the labors of a military life. He was faithful to the Romans ; and when Aurelian had been taken prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, Odenatus warmly interested hunself in his cause, and solicited his release by writing a letter to the conqueror and sending him presents. The king of Persia was offended at the liberty of Odenatus ; he tore the letter, and ordered the 'presents which were offered to be thrown into a river. To punish Odenatus, who had the impudence, as he observed, to pay homage to so great a monarch as him- self, he ordered him to appear before him, on pain of being devoted to instant destruction, with all his family, if he dared to refuse. Odenatus disdained the summons of Sapor, and opposed force to force. He obtained some advantages over the troops of the Per- sian monarch, and took his vnfe prisoner with a great and rich booty. These services were seen with gratitude by the Romans; and Gallienus, the then reigning emperor, named Odenatus as his colleague on the throne, and gave the title of Augustus to his children, and to his wife the ctelebrated Zenobia. Odena- tu&, invested with new power, resSlvcd to signalize himself more conspicuously by con- quering the northern barbarians, but his ex- altation ^vas short, and he perished by the dagger of one of his relations, whom he had slightly offended in a domestic entertainment. He died at Emessa, about the 267th year of the Christian era. Zenobia succeeded to all his titles and honors. Odessus, a sea port town at the west of the Euxine sea in Lower Moesia, below the mouthsof the Danube, Ovid. 1, Trist. 9, v. 51. Oeeum, CE A D Odeum, a musical theatre at Athens. Vt- ti uv. 5, c. 9. Odinus, a celebrated hero of antiquity. Mho florishcd al)out 70 years before the Chris- tian era, in the northern parts of antient 'Sermany. or tlie modern kingdom of Den- mark. He was at once a priest, a soldier, a poet, a monarch, and a conqueror. He imjwsed upon the credulity of his supersti- tious countrymen, and made them believe that he could raise the dead to life, and that lie was acquainted with futurity. \Mien he hatl extended his power, and encreased his fame by conquest, and liy persuasion, he re- solved to die in a different manner from other men. He assembled his friends, and with a sliarp point of a lance he made on his body nine dillerent wounds in the form I'f a circle, and as he i-xpin-d he declared he was poinj; into Scythia, wliere he sliould become one of the immortal pnls. He further added, that he would prepare bliss and felicity for such of his countrymen as lived a virtuojis life, who fought uilh intrepidity, anil who died like heroes in the field of battle, 'iliese in- junctions liaelieved him, and always rtronnnended themselves to his protection wUenever they cngaj;e«l in a battle, and they entreated him to receive the s<>uls of such as had fallen in war. Odites, a son of Ixion killed by !\!, at tlie nuptials of I'irithous. Oivl. M,i. \J, T. 457. A prince killed at the nuptials of .\ndromeda. /, v. '>7. Oi)OA( r.R, a kinj; of tfie Henili, wbo de- stroyed tlie wi-stern empire of Home, and calliJ himself king of Italy. A. I). 47fi. OuoMANTi. a people of 'Ilirace on the eastern banks of the Stiymon. Lw. 45, e. 4. OnoNEs, a peojile of Thrace. Odrys.*, an antient people of Thrace, be- tween Abdera and the river Ister. T\\e epi- tJiet of (Mrysius is often applied to a Tliracian. (hid. Mil .6, V. 490. 1.15, v. .->.V1. — :iiat. Ach. 1, V. 184. — Lit. 39, c. 55. OnvssEA, one of Homer's epic poems, in which ho describes in 24 btioks the itdventun-s of Ulysses on his return from tlie Trojan war, M ith other material circumstances. Hie whole of the actiiin comprehends no more tlian 55 days. It is not so esteemetl as tl>c Iliad of that poet. [ r«/. Homerus.] Odvsskim, a promontory of Sicily, at tlie Wi'st of Pachynus, Q2a, a city of Africa, now Tripoli. Plin. 5, e. 4. — Sil. jtnl. 3, v. 257. Also a place in iTlgina. Hcrodot. 5, c. 83. (Eagkhs, or OEac.eh, the father of Or- pheus by Calliope. He was king of 'llirace, and fiom him mount lla'inus, and also the Ilehrus, one of the rivi-rs of the country, have rvceived the appellation of CFiigriu^ tliough S«.rvius, in his commentarii-s, disputes the e\pbuatiun cf Diodurus, bv overling tliat llie 512 (Eagrus is a river of Thrace, whose waten supply the streams of the Hebruii. (h-id. in Ih. 414. — Apu/lon. 1, Ar^^. — Virg. G. 4, t 524. — Ital. 5. v. 4G3. — Diod. — AjHtUod. 1, c. 3. QSasthe & CEakthia, a town of Plio- cis, where Venus had a temple. I'aus. 10, c. 38. CEax, a son of Nauplius and Clyraene. He was brother to Palamedes whom he ac- companied to the Trojan war, and whose death he highly resented on his return to Greece, by raising disturbances in the family of some of the Grecian princes. Dicti/s Crel. — Ji<.i(f'r is applied to Hyacinthus as a native of the country, and (Fbulius snn- iruit is used to denominate his blood. Pans. 3, c. I. — .IftitUod. 3, c. 10 The same name is given to Tarentum because built by a La- ceda-moni.m colony, whose ancestors were governed by U^balus. yirg. G. 4, v. 123.— SU. 12, V. I.-,1. (Eb.\i IS, a son of .Argalus or Cynortas. will) «as king of Laconia. He married Gor- gophone the daughter of Perseus by whom he hud Hippt>H,>d. 3, c. 10. .\ son of Telon and till- nymph Solii'this, whorcigaed in tlie neigh - honrhooilof Neajiolis in Italy, f'irg. jEn. 7. v. 73 I. (EaAHCs. a satrap of Cyrus, against the .Medes. P.Jiftrn. 7. A gr(»om of Darius M>n of Hyst.xspi-s, He w.is the cause diat his master t>btainitl the kingilom of Persia, by his artittce in making his horse neigh first. [ I'ui. Uariu, Isu] llrrodot. 3, c. 85 Juitin. 1, •;. 10. Qi^iilLiA, a country of Peloponnesus in Laconia, with a small town of the same name. 'Iliis town was destroyed by Her- cules, while turytus was king over it, from which circumstance it wa.s ot'ten called Kiin/iopolLs. .V small tow n of Euboea. where, according to some, Eurytus reigned, and not in Peloponnesus. Strab. 8, 9 & 10. — rjr;;. jEn. 8, v. 291. Olid. Urroid. 9, Met. 9, V. 136. — Sojihoc in Track. 74 .J- (EclIdes a patronymic of Amphiaraus son of Gkleus. Ovid. Met. 8,/aA. 7. CEiLEts. [r«/. Oicleus.] Q-^ci MENirs, wrote in tlie middle of the 1 Otli century a p.araphrase of some of the books of tlie New Testament in Greek, edited in 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1631. (EnnoDiA, a fountain of Thebes in Bocotia. (Ej'ircs, a son of Laius. king of Tliebc* and .locasta. .Vs being descended from Venus by his father's side, ttdipus w.is bom to be exposed to all t!ie dangers and the calamities which Juno could inflict u|H)ii tlie posterity of tlie goddess of beauty. Laius tltc father ot (Eiiipus, CED CE D CEdipus, was informed by the oracle, as soon as he married Jocasta, that he must perish by the hands of his son. Such dreadful intelli- gence awakened his fears, and to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle, he resolved never to approach Jocasta ; but his solemn resolutions were violated in a fit of intoxication. Tlie queen became pregnant, and Laius still intent to stop this evil, ordered his ■wife to destroy her child as soon as it came into the world. The mother had not the courage to obey, vet she gave the child as soon as born to one of her domestics, with orders to expose him on the mountains. The servant was moved with pity, but to obey the commands of Jocasta, he bored the feet of the child, and suspended him with a twig by the heels to a tree on mount Cithaeron, where he was soon found by one of the shepherds of Polybus, king of Corinth. The shepherd carried him home ; and Peri- bcea, the wife of Polybus, who had no chil- dren, educated him as her own child, with maternal tenderness. The accomplishments of the infant, who was named CEdipus, on account of the swelling of his feet [d'S-u tu- vieo, troh; jyedes,) soon became tlie admira- tion of the age. His companions envied his strength and his address ; and one of thein, to mortify his rising ambition, told him he was an illegitimate child. This raised his doubts ; he asked Peribcea, who out of tenderness, told him that his suspicions were ill-founded. Not satisfied with, this, he went to consult the ora- cle of Delphi, and was there told not to re- turn home, for if he did, he must necessarily be the murderer of his father, and the hus- band of his mother, Tliis answer of the ora- cle t^rified him ; he knew no home but the house of Polybus, therefore he resolved not to return to Corinth, where such calamities apparently attended him. He travelled to- wards Phocis, and in his journey, met in a narrow road Laius on a chariot with his arm- bearer. Laius haughtily ordered CEdipus to make way for him. CEdipus refused, and a contest ensued in which Laius and his arm- bearer were both killed. As CEdipus was ig- norant of the quality and of the rank of the men whom he had just killed, he continued his journey, and was attracted to Thebes by the fame of the Sphynx. This terrible mon- ster, which Juno had sent to lay waste the country, \^Vid. Sphynx,] resorted Lo the neigh- bourhood of Thebes, and devoured all those who attempted to explain, without success, the enigmas which he proposed. The calamity was now become an object of public concern, and as the successful explanation of an enigma would end in the death of the Sphynx, Creon, who at the death of Laius had ascended the throne of I'hebes, promised his crown and Jocasta to hirp, who succeeded in the attempt. The enigma proposed was this ; What animal in the morning walks upon four feet, at noon upon two, and in the evening upon three? This 515 was left for (Edipus to explain ; he came to the monster and said, that man, in the morn- ing of life, walks upon his liands and his feet ; when he has attained the years of manhood, he walks upon his two legs ; and in the even- ing, he supports liis old age with the assistance of a staff. Tlie monster mortified iit the true explanation, dashed hisheadagainit a rock and perished. CEdipus ascended the thioue of Thebes, and married Jocasta, by whom he had two sons, Polynicesand Eteocles, and two daughters, Ismene and Antigone. Some years after, the Theban territories were visited with a plague ; and the oracle declared that it should cease only when the murderer of king Laius was banished from Bceotia. As the death of Laius had never been examined, and the cir- cumstances that attended it never known, this answer of the oracle was of the greatest con- cern to the Thebans ; but CEdipus, the friend of his people, resolved to overcome every difficulty by the most exact inquiries. His researches were successful, and he was sooa proved to be the murderer of his father. The xnelancholy discovery was rendered the more alarming when CEdipus considered, that he had not only murdered his father, but that he had committed incest with his mother. In the excess of his grief he put out his eyes, as un- worthy to see the light, and banished himself from Thebes, or, as some say, was banished by his own sons. He retired towards Attica, led by his daughter Antigone, and came near Colonus, where there was a grove sacred to the Furies. He remembered that he was doomed by the oracle to die in such a place, and to become the source of prosperity to the country in Vvhich his bones were buried. A messenger upon this was sent to Theseus, king of the country, to inform him of the resolu- tion of CEdipus. When Theseus arrived, CEdipus acquainted him, with a prophetic voice, that the gods had called him to die iu the place where he stood ; and to show the truth of this he walked, himself, without the assistance of a guide, to the spot where he must expire. Immediately the earth opened and CEdipus disappeared. Some suppose that CEdipus had not children by Jocasta, and that the mother murdered herself as soon as she knew the incest which had been committed. His tomb was near the Areopagus, in the age of Pausanias. Some of the ancient poets re- present him in hell, as suffering the punish- ment which crimes like his seemed to deserve. According to some, the four children which he had were by Euriganea, tlie daughter of Periphas, whom he married after the death of Jocasta. ApoUod. 3, c. 5. — Hj/gin.fab. 66, Sec. — Eurip.in Phcenisi. &c. — Sophocl- OEdip. Tyr. ^ Col. Anlig. ^c. — Jlesiod. Thecg. 1. — Homer. Od. 11, c. 270. — Pans. 9, c. 5, &c. — Stat. Theh. 8, v. 642. — Senec. in (Edip, — Pindar. Olyntp. 2. — Diod. 5. — Athen. 6 & 10. L I CEMf, CEN CEN (Eme, a daughter of Danaiw, by Crino. ApoUod. (Ena.hthks, a favorite of young Ptolemy kinj; of Kgypt. (Kne, a small town of Argolis. Tiic peo- |jlt were callcrl (Eticadcr. (Lnka, a river of Assyria. Animian. CEnki s, a king of Caiydon in /Etolia, son of Part}ia«m or Porthcus, and Euryte. He married Althii-a the dauj^hter of Tlicstiiis by whom he had Clymeiiu>, IVIeleagcr, Gorge, and Dtjanira. After Altli.ea's dtatli, he mar- ried Periba-a flie daiighltr of Mipponous, by wiiom he haOM reap- ing llie rich protluie «)f his field>. he forgtit Diana, and tlie goddess to revenge tliis impar- osed, rcnderetl liiiii uR-iaiiclioly. He exiled himself j from f'alydon. and left his crown ti- his soii- in-l.iw Amiriinon. He (Ued as he was going ' to .•\rgolis. Hi.< body was buried by the care- I of Diomedes, in a town of Argolis, which I from him received tlie name of lEnm-. Jt is | leported tliat Qineus received a visit from l{acclui&, and that he suffered the ginl to en- joy the favors of .\ltli.aa, and to liecome ihe father of Dijanini, for v»hicli Bacchus per- mittetl tli.lt llie wine of which he was the patron should be called among the Greeks by tlie name of CEneus ( '»if )• Nygin. fuh. 129. — A}xjUod. I, c. H. — Homer. II. 9, v. 539. — Diod. 4. — Faus. 2. c. Cj. — Ortd. Met. 8, T. 510. CEsiAniS, a town of Acamania. liv- -6, C. --'4. I. 3H, c. II. CEnTdkh, a patronymic of IMeleoger, f.on ofCEneus. O.id. Met. ^. ft'b. \0. ' (Enoe, a nvnijih who married Sicinus ' the son of 1 lioas king of Lemuos. From her [ the island of Sicinus had been called tEnoe. Two villages of Attica were also called (Enoe. Her.jdot. 5, c. 74. — J^lin. 4, c. 7. — ^— . A city of Argolis, where CEneus fled when driven from t'ldydon. Pnus. 'J, c. 25. ;\ town of Elis in tlie Pclopoimesus. Sliab. — Apollod. 1, c. ^. — Vaiis. I, &c. Q^NOMAi s. .T son of Mars by Sterope tlie d.iughtcr of ,'\tl.xs. He was king of Pisa in Elis, and father of Hippodamia by Evarctc daughter of Acrisiu«, or Eurythoa,the daugh- ter of n,in.ni-». He was infcrmefl by the ora- cle th.'rt he should perish by the hands of hi« soii-in-l.iw, therefore iis be rouJd sk ilfullv drive ' 514 ■ ' a chariot he determined to marry hi« daugf;- ter only to him who couid out-run him. on condition that all who entered tlie list sliouKt agree to lay down their life, if conquered. Many had already perished, when Pelopis son of 'I'antalus, proposed himself. He previ- ously bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of G-^no- maus, by promising him the enjoyment of the favors of Hippodamia, if he proved vic- torious. My rtilus gave his master an old cha- riot, whose axle-tree broke on the course, which was from Pisa to tlie Corintliian i-,th- inus, and (Eiiomaus was killed. Pelops mar- ried Hi|)|MMlamia. and btxanie king of Pisa. •As he expired, (Enomaus entreated Pelops tc revenge the pi-rlidy of ^lyrtilus which was executed. 'Hiose tliat had been defeated when Pelops entered the lists, were Marmax, .\l- cathoiis, Kuryalus, Eurymadius, CaiH-tus, Latins, Acrias, C'halcodon, Lycurgiis IVico- lonus. Prias, Aristomachus, .tolius, Eury- thrus, and Chronius. Ajioliod. 'J, c. 4.- — DioJ. 4. — Paus. 5, c. 17. 1. e, c 11, &c.— .Y/>o/;:. 8, c. 46. Two villages of Attica are aUo called (Enonn, or ratiier CElnoe. _A town of Troas, the birth place of tlie nymph (Enone. Str,,h. 1.' (ENONr, a nymph of mount Ida, daugh- ter of the river CVbrenus in Phrygia- .Assht had rvceivi-d tlie gift «'if prophecy, she fore- tolil to Paris, whom she married l)efore he was disi-oven"d to be the son of Priam, that his voyage into Greece would be attended witli the most serious consequence^, and the total niin of hi-* country, and tliat he ^ould have recourse to her mef his dead l>ody. that she bathed it with her tears, and stiiMK"*! herself to the heart. Slie was moflurof t'orjtluis by Paris, ar.d this son perished by die hand of his father when he attemiited, at tlie instigation of (Enone, t»« persu»- urtcked. Tlie situation and even tlie ex- istence of Calypso's island, i-. disputed by some writers. P/m. 3, c. 10. — IL'mer. Oct I, V. 32 & 85. i. 5. V. 2.-,\. OcvaiR, an island in die Indian f Anneni.!. Oi.AKis. a town of I.eslxM. Oi.Ain-R.v, a |)eople of India Lurau. 3, \. ^i'X — l'liii. 6, c. 'JO. ()i HA or ()i.»i s. a town of Cilici:i. Oi.Bi.\, a town of Sannntia at the conflu- ence of die Hypani<, mid the l^ory^the^le«. al>oiit 15mili-sfrom i liing to I'liny. It was afterwards c • nrs and .Ui//- /i>;»i>/w, bccauhe peopi' "I ii\ .i "lili-siaii colony, and i< nowsupiMisi-tl to be ttcmJiiw. S:rtif<. 7. •^Ptin. -i, c. I'J. A town of Hidiynix Mela, 1, c. 19.— —A town of (iallia Sarinv nensis. Mrtn, 'J, c. 5. The capital of Sardinia. C'hiudutn. Olbils a river of ,\rcadin. Pnuf. 8, c. I J. Oi.Bi's ''ne of .^'A'tes' auxiliaries. rar.iti'd from I'aros by a slreight of seven miles. Virg,. jl-ln. ~, v. l'J6. — Ihil. Mft. 7, v. 4(;9. — Strnh. lO. — Plin. 4, r. I'.'. Ot.r.ATRi'M, a town of Spain near Sigiin- tutn. i'/ni'". Olev, a Greek poet of I.yci.i. who Hori'-.hed some time before the age of Orpheus, aiid composed many liynms, some of which were 5\h regularly sung at Delphi, on solemn oocasiona. Some sup|>ose diat he was the first who esta- blislii-d the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where he first delivered oracles. Hrrodnt. 4, c. 35. Olenics, a Lemnian kdled by his wife. VaL Fl. 2, V. 1G4. OtiiNus, a son of Vulcan who married Le- thal, a iH'autiful woman, who preferred her- self to die gixldesscs. She and her husband were changed into stones by die deides. Ovid. Met. 10, V. 68. .A famous soodisaycr of Etruria. Plin. -'8, c. '2. Olenis, or Olevim, a town of Pelopon- nesus between Patrnp and Cyllene. The goat .Amaltha'a, which was made a constellation by Jupiter, is called OUnia, from its residence there. Paut.!, c. *2. — Ovid. Met. 3. — Strnh. 8. — ApoUod. I, c. 8. —^ .\nother in iHtoiia. Olcorl's one of the Cyclades, now Anti' ftart>. Oluasts. a mountain of Galatia. <)t.iGYRTis, a town of Peloponnesus. Oli.n'tiii's, a town of Macedonia. [Vid, Olyndius.] Ousipo, now I.iihon, a town of ancient Spain on the Tagus. surnamed FeUcitas Julia. ( /'/in. 4. c. '22.) ami called by some L'lysippo, and said to l»e founded by L'lysses. Mela, 5, c. 1. — Solinui 23. Olitinci. a town of Lusitania. Mela, 3, c. 1. Oi.izoN, a town of MagneMa in 'I'hcssaly. Hom.r. T. Oliji'^, the fadier of Poppa-a, destroyed on account of hit intimacy widi S«.janus, &c. l\icit. Aim. 13, c. 45. A river rising in the .Alps, and f.dling intt> die Po, now called the O-Jio. Pliii. •-'. c. I(X3. OLLovicn, a prince of (iaul called the friend of the republic by the Roman senate. Cas. Bell. a. 7. c. 31. ()i.Mi.«, a promontory near .Megara. Olmius a river of Hoeotia. near Heli- con, sacrvd to die Muses. Stut. Tlieb. 7, v. 284. OijOosjiom, now Aleuone, a town of Mag- nesia. Horn . Oi.nnivxi's. a town of Macedonia on mount Athos- Ilerodot, 7, c. 22. <)i r.K. a fortified place of Epirus. now Forte Castri, Otrs, {untii,) a town .at the west of Crete. Oi.YMEEUM, a place of Delos. .\nother in Syracuse. Oi.YMMA, (^orum,) celebrated games which received their name cidier from Olympia whore they were observed, or from Jupiter Olympius to whom diey were detiicated. 'Iliey were, according to M>me. instituted by- Jupiter after his victory over the Titans, and first observed by the Id.i-i Dactvli. U.CH.iS. Some attribute the insUttiUon to Pelops, after he had obt.iinetl a victciry OTcr CEnomaus and married Hipixxlamin; but the more probable, and OL OL and indeed the more received opinion is, that they were first established by Hercules in honor of Jupiter Olympius, after a victory obtained over Augias, B. C. 1222. Strabo objects to this opinion, by observing, that if they had "been established in the age of Homer, the poet would have undoubtedly spoken of them, as he is in every particular careful to mention the amusements and diversions of the ancient Greeks. But they were neglected after their first insti- tution by Hercules, and no notice was taken of them according to many writers, till Iphitus, in the age of the lawgiver of Sparta, renewed them, and instituted the ce- lebration with greater solemnity. This re- institution, which happened B. C. 884, forms a celebrated epoch in Grecian history, and is the beginning of the Olympiad. [ Vid. Olym- pias. ] They, however, were neglected for some time after the age of Iphitus, till Corcebus, who obtained a victory B. C. 776, re-instituted them to be regularly and constantly celebrated. The care and superintendance of the games were entrusted to the people of Elis, till they ■were excluded by the Pisaeans, B. C. 364, after the destruction of Pisa. These obtained great privileges from this appointment ; they were in danger neither of violence nor war, but they were permitted to enjoy their possessions without molestation, as the games were cele- brated within their territories. Only one per- son superintended till the 50th ol j-mpiad, when two were appointed. In the 103d oljTnpiad, the number was increased to twelve, accord- ing to the number of the tribes of Elis. But in the following olympiad, they were reduced to eight, and afterwards encreased to ten, which number continued till the reign of Adrian. The presidents were obliged solemnly to swear that they would act impartially, and not take any bribes, or discover why they re- jected some of the combatants. They gene- rally sat naked and held before them the crown which was prepared for the conqueror. There were also certain officers to keep good order and regularity, called aXorai, much the same as the Roman lictors, of whom the chief was called a.)iVTa.p^yis, No women were per- mitted to appear at the celebration of the Olympian games, and whoever dared to tres- pass this law, was immediately thrown down from a rock. This however was sometimes neglected, for we find not only women pre- sent at the celebration, but also some among the combatants, and some rewarded with the crown. The preparations for these festivals were great. No person was permitted to en- ter the lists if he had not regularly exercised himself ten months before the celebration at the public gymnasium of Elis. No unfair dealings were allowed, and whoever attempted to bribe his adversary, was subjected to a severe fine. No criminals, nor such as were con- nected with impious and guilty persons, were suffered to present themselves as combatants ; 517 and even the father and relations were obliged to swear that they v/ould have re- course to no artifice which might decide the victory in favor of their friends. Tlie wrestlers were appointed by lot. Some little balls, superscribed with a letter, were thrown into a silver urn, and such as drew the same letter were obliged to contend one with tJie other. He who had an odd letter remained the last, and he often had the ad- vantage, as he was to encounter the last who had obtained the superiority over his adver- sary. He was called ((ps^^o;. In these games were exhibited running, leaping, wTestling, boxing, and the throwing of the quoit, which was called altogether mvra^Xov, or guinquertium. Besides these, there were horse and chariot races, and also contentions in poetry, eloquence, and the fine arts. The only reward that tlie conqueror obtained, was a crown of olive ; which, as some suppose, was in memory of the labors of Hercules, wliich was accomplished for the universal good of mankind, and for which the hero claimed no other reward tlian the conscious- ness of having been the friend of humanity. So small and trifling a reward stimulated courage and virtue, and was more the source of great honors than the most unbounded treasures. The statues of the conquerors, called Olympionicae, were erected at Olym- pia, in the sacred wood of Jupiter. Their return home was that of a warlike conqueror ; they were drawn in a chariot by four horses, and every where received with the greatest ac- clamations. Their entrance into their native city was not through the gates, but, to make it more grand and more solemn, a breach was made in the walls. Painters and poets were employed in celebrating their names ; and indeed the victories severally obtained at Olympia are the subjects of the most beau- tiful odes of Pindar. The combatants were naked ; a scarf was originally tied round the waist, but when it had entangled one of the adversaries, and been the cause that he lost the victory, it was laid aside, and no re- gard was paid to decency. The Olympic games were observed every fifth year, or to speak witli greater exactness, after a revolution of four years, and in the first month of the fifth year, and they continued for five successive days. As they were the most ancient and the most solemn of all the festivals of the Greeks, it will not appear wonderful that they drew so many people together, not only inhabitants of Greece, but of the neighbouring islands, and countries. Find. Ol^mp. 1 & 2. — Strab. 8. — Fans. 5, C. 67, &c. — Diod. 1, &c. — Plut. in Thes. Lye. &c jElian. V. H. 10, v. 1. — Cic. Tiisc. ] , c. 46. — Lucian. de Gym. — Tzctz. in Lycophr Aristotel Stat. Theb. 6, — C. Nep. in Fresf. — Virg. G. 3, v. 49. A town of Elis in Peloponnesus, where Ju- piter had a temple with a celebrated statue 50 cubits high, reckoned one of the seven won- L 1 5 ders. OL OL dtrs of Uif world. Tlie olj-mpic games were celebrated ii> the ueightiourhood. Slrah. 8. — Faus. 5, c. 8. Olvmi-ias, a certain space of time uhicli elapsed between tlie celebration of (he Olym- pic games. 'Hie Olympic games were cele- brated after the expiration of four complete years, whence some have said that they were observed every fifth year. This perioration of the Olympic games wa-. not introduced at the first institution of tJiese festivals, but to speak accurately, only tlie year in which Cora-bus obtained the prize. T7iis Olym- piad, which has always been reckoned the first, fell, aicordinj; to the accurate and learned computations of s<)me of the iii(tians, the .N'cmn-an games to tlie Argivesand Arcadians, and the Isthmian to the roriiithians, and the iiiliabitants of the Peloponnesiiin isthmu«. '1 o tlu- olym- piads history is much indcbti'<<. 'ITiey have served to fix the time of many momentous, events, and indeed before this method of computing time was «»bserved, every page of history is mostly fabulous, and filled with obscurity and contrailiction, and no true chronological account can be properly esta- blistietl and inaintaiiu'd with certainty. The mode of computation, which was used after the suppression of the olympiads and of tlie consular fasti of Home, was more useful as it ■was more «nivers;d ; but while tlie era of the creation of the world prevailed in the east, the western nations in tlie ^th century began to adopt with more propriety the Christian epoch, which was jirop.igated in the 8th century, and at last, in the k)th. became le- gal and po|Hdar. A celebrated woman. who was (laughter of a king of Epinis. and who married I'hilip king of Macedonia. Iiy whom she had Alexander the Great. Her haughtiness, and. more probably her infi- delity, obliged Philip to repudiate her, and to marry I'liopatra, the niece of king .\tta- lus. Olympias was sensible of iliis injury, 518 and Alexander showed his disapprohatioii of liis father's measures by retiring from tlie court to his moilier. 'Ilie murder of Pliilip, which soon followee put to death. A bout ^16 yean l>efore the Christian era. Juttin. 7, e. 6. I. 0, c. 1. — riut. in M^i. — Curt Paus. \ fountain of .\rcadi8, which flowed for one yt'ar an«l the next was dry. Paus. 8, c. 29. Oi YMPionoais, a musician who taught Fpaininondas music. ('. S'l-p. \ naUve of Thebes, rn Kgypt. who florishetl under ITieiKlosius I'd, and wrote 'J'J books of history, in Greek, beginning with the seventh con- sulship of Honoriiis an«l the second of Tlieodosius, to the |)criod w hen Valen- tinian was made emperor. He wrote also .m account of an embassy to some of the barbarian nations o\' the north. Ac. His style is (enstired by some as low, and un- worthy of an historian. The commentaries of Olympiodonis on tlie Meteeirti of ,\ris- tode. were edited apud .Aid. \550, in fol. An .Athi-nitm officer, present at the battle of Pliitrra. where he behaved with great valor. Oltmpks, a surname of Jupiter at Olym- pia, where the god h.id a celebrated temple and statue, which passed for one of the seren wonders of the world. It was the work of l*liidia.s. Pnus. 7, c. 2. A n.-»tj*e of Carthage, called also Nemesianus. [ Tid. Ne- mcsianus.] A favorite at the court of Honorius. OM ON Honorius, who was the cause of Stilicho's death. OlithpI'S, a physician of Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, who wrote some historical treatises. Plut. in Anton. A poet and musician of Mysia, son of Mseon and disciple to Marsyas. He lived before the Trojan war, and distin- guished himself by his amatory elej;ies, his hymns, and particularly the beautiful airs •which he composed, and wliirh were still preserved in the age of Aristophanes. Plato in Min. — Jristot. Pol. 8. Another musi- cian of Phrygia, who lived in the age of JVli- das. He is frequently confounded with the preceding. Pollux, 4, c. 10. A son of Hercules and Euboea. Jjwllod. A moun- tain of Macedonia and Tliessaly, now Lnclia. The ancients supposed that it touched the heavens with its top ; and, from that circiun- stance, they have placed the residence of the gods there, and have made it the court of Jupiter. It is about one mile and a half in perpendicular height, and is covered with pleasant woods, caves, and grottoes. On the top of the moimtain, according to the notions of the poets, there was neither wind nor rain, nor clouds, but an eternal spring. Homer. II. l,&c. — Virg. JEn. 2, 6, &c.—Ovid. Met. — Lucan. 5. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Strab. 8. A mountain of Mysia,- called the Mysian Olym- pus, a name which it still preserves. An- other, in Elis. Another in Arcadia. And another, in the island of Cyprus, now Santa Croce- Some suppose the Olympus of Mysia and of Cilicia to be the same. A tovrn on the coast of Lycia. OtYJiPusA, a daughter of Thespius. Apollod. Olynthus, a celebrated town and repub- lic of Macedonia, on the isthmus of the pe- ninsula of Pallene. It became famous for its florishing situation, and for its frequent dis- putes with the Athenians, and Lacedaemoni- ans, and with king Philip, who destroyed it, and sold the inhabitants for slaves. Cic. in Verr. — Plut. de Ir. coh. <^c. — Mela, 2, c. 2. Herodot. 1, c. 127. — Curt. 8, c. 9. Olyras, a river near Thermopylje, which as the mythologists report, attempted to ex- tinguish the funeral pile on which Hercules was consumed. Strab. 9. Olyzon, a town of Thessaly. Omarius, a Lacedsemonian sent to Da- rius, &c. Curt. 5, c. 13. Ombi and Tentyra, two neighbouring cities of Egypt, whose inhabitants were al- ways in discord one with another. Juv. 15, V. 55. Ombri. [^Vid. Umbri.] Omole, or HoMOLE, a mountain of Thes- saly. Virg. jEn. 7, V. 675. There were some festivals called Ilomokiu, whicli were celebrated in Boeotia in honor of Jupiter, sur- named Homolcius. Omophagia, a festival in honor of Hac- 519 chus. The word signifies the eating of raw Jles/u [Vid. Dionysia.] Omphale, a queen of Lydia, daughter of Jardanus. She married Tmolus, who, at his death, left her mistress of his kingdom. Om- pliale had been informed of the great exploits of Hercules, and wished to see so illustrious a hero. Her wish was soon gratified. After the murder of Eurytus, Hercules fell sick, and was ordered to be sold as a slave, that he might recover his health, and the right use of his senses. Mercury was commissioned to sell him, and Omphale bought him, and restored him to liberty. The hero became enamoured of his mistress, and the queen favored his passion, and had a son by him, whom some call Agelaus, and others Lamon. From this son were descended Gyges and Croesus ; but this opinion is diflferent from the account which makes these Lydian monarchs spring from Alcseus, a son of Hercules by Malis, one of the female servants of Omphale. Her- cules is represented by the poets as so despe- rately enamoured of the queen that, to con- ciliate her esteem, he spins by her side among her women, while she covers herself with the lion's skin, and arms herself with the club of the hero, and often strikes hiin with her sandals for the uncouth manner with which he holds the distaff, &c. Their fondness was mutual. As they once travelled together, they came to a grotto on mount Tmolus, where the queen dressed herself in the habit of her lover, and obliged him to appear in a female garment. After they had supped, they both retired to rest in different rooms, as a sacrifice on the morrow to Bacchus re- quired. In the night, Faunus, or rather Pan, who was enamoured of Omphale, introduced himself into the cave. He went to the bed of the queen, but the lion's skin persuaded him that it was the dress of Hercules, and there- fore he repaired to the bed of Hercules, in hopes to find there the object of his affection. The female dress of Hercules deceived him, and he laid himself down by his side. The hero v/as awaked, and kicked the intruder into the middle of the cave. The noise awoke Omphalcv and Faunus was discovered lying on the ground, greatly disappointed and ashamed. Oiid. Fast. 2, v. 305, &c. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. 1. 2, c. l. — Diod. 4. — Projiert, 3, el. 11, v. 17. OmphXlos, a place of Crete, sacred to .Tupiter, on the borders of the river Triton. It received its name from the umbilical chord (o^^aAdj) of Jupiter which fell there soon after his birth. Diod. Omphis, a king of India, who delivered himself up to Alexander the Great. Curt. 8, c. 12. Onjei'M, or OjEiiEVM, a promontory and town of Dalmatia. Liv. 43, c. 1 9. Onarus, a priest of Bacchus, ivho is supposed to have married Ariadne after she L 1 4 had O N OP hftd bctn abandoned by Theseus. Ptut. in Th,-i. On A SIM L- 5, a Bopltist of Athens, who flo- rished in the reign of Constantine. Onatas, a famous statuary of ^Egina, son of Micon. . Fuui. 8, c. 4'i. O-NCHKMiTEs, a wind Mhich lilows from Onchesmus, a harbour of Epirus, towards Italy. The word is sometimes spelt Anche- sites and AnclumiUt. Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. '2. — I't'ilemtvui. Onchestus, a town uf Hoeotia, founded by Onchestus, a son of Neptune. Faui. 9i c. 26. Onciok, a place of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c 25. Onesii uTtl's, a cynic philosopher of JEf^'iua, who went with Alexander into .\sia, and WU-. s<.'nt to the Indian Gymnosophists. He wrote at; history of the king's lile, which lias been censured fur the romantic, vt^ge- ratC'd, and improbable, narrative it j^ivi-s. It is asserted, that .-Mexander, upon reading it. said that he should l>e glad to come to hie again for some time, to >ee wliat reception the historian 'k work met witii. J'lut. in Alex. — Curt. 9, c. 10. Omcmmi's, a iVIacedouian nobleman, treated witlt great Idndness by the Roman emperors. lie wrote an account of the life of the emperor Probus and of Cams, with great precision and elegance. O.Nr.siri-Ls, a f>on of Hercules AjxUlod. O.s'Ksii s, a king of Salaniis, who revolted from tile IVrsians. ONKTOHjurs, an Athenian officer, who attempted to murder tiie garrison which De- metrius had ktationed ut Atiitns, &c. Poii/- ten. 5. Oml'm, a place of Peloponnesus, near Co- rinth. 0:.oBA, a town near tlie columns of Her- cules. Ml la, 3, c. 1. Onob.vla, a river of Sicily. 0.»«oi.noNes, u river of Thesvily, falling into the Pcneus. It was drieil up by tlie amiy of Xerxes. Herodol. 7, c. U»(j. O.nojiacrTtcs, a soothsayer of .Vthcns. It is generally believL*d that the (ireck pueiii. on the .\r^unautic exiK-dition, attributed to Orpheus, was written Ity Onomairitus. The elegant po^-uis of Musa-us are also, by some, supposeil to be the production of his pen. He tiorlshed about Md ye-nrs before tlie Christian era, and was expelled from .Vthens by Hipparchus, one of tiie sons of Pisistratus. Ucrudoi. 7, c. (J. — — A Locrian. who wrote concerning laws, &c. Aristi-i. 'J, JUU. Onom \Ki. Ht's, a Phoeian. son of tutliy- crates, and broUicr of Philomelus, whom he succeedeil, as general of his eouiitrynien, in the sacred *var. .After exploits of valor and porsevorancc, he was defeated and slain in Thessaly by Philip of Macedon, who ordered his body to be ignominiously hung up, for 5'M the sacrilege offered to the temple of Delphi. He dieJ ^55 B. C. Aristot. Pol. 5, c. 4. — Diod. \fj. A man to whose care An- tigonus entrusted the keeping of Eumene*. C. AV/). in Emu. O.vomastokToes, a Lacednt-monian am- bassador sent to Darius, &c. Curl. 3, c. 1.3. O.somastus, a freed man of the emperor Odio. Tacit. O.NOMfAs, one of die soen Persians who conspired against the usurjier Smerdi*. Clr- sias. — — An officer in the expedition of Xerxes against Oreece. OsosANUEii. a Greek writer, whose book Z>f ImfM rcUorts Jnsii.'titiotte has been edited by Schwebcl, with a French translation, fol. No- rinib. 1732. Onvtucs, a friend of .'Eneas, killed by Tumus. yirg. jEn. \'2, v. S\A. OrALiA, festivBls celebrated by tlic Ro- mans in honor of 0|>s on ttie 1 4tli of the calends of January. Ornj i.AH. a general of Cyrene, defeatetl by .\gathocles. OriiELTEs, a son c( Lycurgus, king of Thrace. He is the same as Archcmorus. [Vid. Archemorus.] I'he father of Eu- ryalus. whose friendship with Nisus is pro- verbiid. Vir^. ^f.n. 9, v. '201. One d tlie companions of Acortes changed into a dol])hin by P.acchus. Oitd. Mel. 3, fub. ^. OrHEssis, a town of Africa. Tact!. Hit/. 4, c. 50. OrifiAnEs. an island on the coast of .Ara- bia, so c.tlled from the great number of ser- pents found tiiere. it b«*longed to the Egyp- tian kings, and was considered valuable fi>r Uie tOfMi it produced, j'ji d. .>. i>rHiAi, a patron} mir given to Comlx", as daughter of Ophius, an unknown person. lUtd. Mft. 7, V. ."it*-!. Oiiiii'sii's, wa.-. an ancient Miotlisaycr in llie age of Aristoilcmns. He was bom blind. Orni-H a sm.ill ri\er of .Arcadia, which foils into the Alphetis. Ormi'sA. the ancient niwne of Rhodes. — A smidl island n»'»r • rete. A town of .Sormalia. .Xn isliin( it-rjkfi}). It is now called J^omu-ntfra. OrHKVNicM. a town of Troas on the Hellespont. Hector had a grove there Slmb. 1 3. Orin. the .incient inhabitam.s of Campa- nia, from whose- mean occupations the word (J/ricus, has been used to express disgrace. Juv. 3, V. 207. OpiLirs. a grammarian who florishcd about 04 years before Christ. He wrote a book calles of a Trophonius and an Antinous, were soon able to rival tlie fame of Apollo and of Jupi- ter. The most celebrated oracles of anti- quity were tJiosc of Doilona, Ilel|)hi. Jupi- ter Amnion, &c. [I'id. Dodona, Delphi, Ammon.] 'Ilie temple of Delphi seemed to claim a superiority over the o'licr tem- ples ; its fame wns once more extended, and iu riclici were so great, that not only private persons, but oven kings and numerous armies, made i( an object of plunder and of rapine. The manner of nimunicated his oracles to his Kuppliant's in dreams and visions. Sometimes the first words chat were heard, after issuing from the temple, v» ere deemetl Uic answers of the oracles, and snmetimes the no years ; but the pleasing idea tliat he should live to tliat age, rendered him careless, and he w,is soon convinced of his mistake, when Galba, in liis 73d year, had the presumption to dethrone him. It is a question among the learned, whether the ora- cles were given by tire inspiration of evil spirits, or whether they prerhai)s not so frequently, till the fourtli centun*-, when Christiarity began to triunqih over paganism. The ora- cles often siifl'eretl themselves to be briheti. .Alexander did it, but it is well known that Lysandcr failed in the attempt. Herodotus who lirst mentioned the corruption whidi often prevailed in the oracular tetnplet of Ci recce and Egyjit, has l>een severely treated for his remarks, by the historian Plutarch. Demosthenes is also a witness of tlie corrup- tion, and he observed, that the oracles of Cireece were servilely Mil)servient to Uie will and pleasure of Philip king of Macedon, as he beautifully expresses it by the word if'Xi-m^tit. If some of the Greeks, and other European and .Asiatic countries, paid so much attention to oracles, and were so fully persimdetl of their veracity, and even divinity, many of their leading men and of tJieir philosophers were apprize- l>y telling them who he is, and immediately he is ac- knowledged king of the country. After- wards, he stabs his mother, at the instigation of his sister Elcctra, after he has upbraided her for her infidelity and cruelty to her hus- band. Such meditated murders receive the punishment, which, among the ancients was always supposed to attond parricide. Orestes is tormented by Uie Furies, and eiiles him- self to Argos, where he is still pursued by llie avengeful goddesses. A|mi11o himself purifies him, and he is acquitted by the unanimous opinion of the Areoiuigites, whom Minerva, herself, in^titutl"^l on this occasion, according to llie narration of the poet .Eschylus who ilattcrs tile Athenian> in Ins tragical story, by representing them .is passing judgment, even upon tlie gwls themselves. According to 1'ausania.s, Orestes was purified of the murder, not at Del[){ii, but at Trrazene, where still was seen a large stone at the en- trance of Diana's temple, ujmu which Uie ceremonies of purification had b^-en per- foniied by nine of tlie principal citizens of the place. lliere was also, at .Megalojvilis in .Xrcadi;!, a temple di-tllcated to tlie l-'uries, near which Orestes cut off one of his fingers with his ti-etli in a fit of insanity. 'ITtn-sc different traditions arc confuted by Kunpides, who says, tlut Orestes, after the murder of his moUier, consulted tlie oracle of .A|>ullo at Delphi, where he wa.s infonned that notiiing could deliver him from tlie persecutions of the I'uriis, if he did not bring into (Jret-ce Diana's statue, mliicli was in the 'I'aurica C'herboucsus, and vvliich, as it is rejHjrtiil liy some, had fallen down from heaven, 'lliis was an arduous cnteqiriie. 'Hie Ling of the Chersonesus always bacrificei»re the life of tine of tliem provided he would convey letters to Greece from her h.ind. This was a difficult trial; never was fiicndsliip more truly dis- played, according to the words of Ovul, rr I\ml. 3, el. -J. 52 i Ire juhcl Pylades carum morilunu Chrstfm, Hie negat ; inque vicem pugnal uicrque mori. At last Pylades gave way to the pressing en- treaties of his friend, and consenteil to carry tlie letters of Iphigenia to Greece, 'llieso were addressed to Orestes himself, and, therefore, these circumstances soon led to a total discovery of the connections of the (iriestess w ith the nuin whom she was going to immolate. Iphigenia was convinced that he was her brother Orestes, and, wlien the causes of tlieir journey had Ikm-ii explained, she resolvetl. «itli the two friends, to fly from ("hersonesus. nml to carry away the statue of Diana. Their flight was discovered, and 'Hio.is prepareil to pursue thein ; but Minerva interfered, and told him, th.it all had been done by the will and approbation of the go«ls. .S«»rae suppose, that Orestes came to (.'appaiWia from Chervinesus. and that there he leA die statue of Diana at Comana. Others contradict this tradition, and. according to I'ausanias, the st.atue ot' Diana Ortliia was the same as tli.it wliiih liati been carried away from the Chersonesus. .Some also suppose that Orestes brought it to .\ricia, in Italy, where Diana's wor- siiip was estalilished. After these celebrated ailventurcs Orestes ascendt.-d the throne of Argos, wliere he reigned in perfect security, and marrie-d lleniiione, the daughter of Menelaus, and gave his sister to his friend Pylades. 'i'he marriage of Ori-stes with llennione is a matter of dispute among die ancients. .\11 are agreetl that she had l>een promised to llie son of .Agamemnon. Init .Menelaus liad married lier to Neoptoleinus. the son of .\chilles, who hatl sliown himself so truly interested in his cause during tlie Trojan w.ir. 'Die marriage of Ilermione witli Ni-optolemus rci' or artifice. 'Iliis he eflTected by causing Neoptolemus to lx> assassinated, or as- sitssinating him himself. Acconiing to Ovid's epistle of llennione to On-stj-s, Hennione had always been faithful to her first lover, and even it w.is by her persuasion tliat Ores- tes removed her from the house of Netiptole- mus. llennione was diss.itisfie«l with the par- tiality o( Nt-optolemus for .\ndromaclie. and her attachment for Orestes was encreased. Kiiripides, however, and otliers, speak difl'c- reiitly of llennione's attachment to Neop- toleinus ; site loved him so tenderly, thst blie resolved to murder Andromache, vrho sevmetl lo sh.ue, in a sm.iU degrtn^. tlie affec- tions of her husband. .She w.a> reaily to per- petrate the horrid deed when Oreslo came into I'.piiiis. anil slie na^ easily |H-r>ence. fnim a rtiuntry which seemed to contJibuie so much lo her sorrows. Orestes, O R OR Orestes the better to secure the affections of Hermione, assassinated Neoptolemiis, [ Vid. Neoptolemus,] and retired to his kingdom of Argos. His old age was crowned with peace and security, and he died in the 90th year of his age, leaving his throne to his son Tisa- menes, by Hermione. Tliree years after, the Heraclidse recovered the Peloponnesus, and banished the descendants of Menelaus from the throne of Argos. Orestes died in Arca- dia, as some suppose, by the bite of a serpent ; and tlie Lacedasmonians, who had become his subjects at the death of INIenelaus, were directed by an oracle to bring his bones to Sparta, Tliey were some time after dis- .itality from Hy- rieus, a peasant of the country, who was ig- norant of their dignity and diaracter. Tlii-y wtre entertained with whatever the cottage iflurder the skin, he found in it a beautiful child, whom he calleeasts. This task, which (Knopion deemed imprac- ticable, was soon performed by Orion, who eagerly demanded his reward. (Enopion, on pretence of complying, intoxicated his illus- trious guest, and put out his eyes on the sea shore, where he had laid himself down to sleep. Orion, finding himself blind when he awoke, was conducted by the sound to a neighbouring forge, where he pl.icewer of walking over the sea witliout wetting his feet. Others make him eon of Terra, like the rest of the giants. He had married a njTnph called Sida before his connection witli the family of (Enopion ; but .Sida was the cause of her own death, by boasting herself fairer than Juno. .According to Diodonis, Orion was a i-ele- brated hunter. sui)eriorto the rest of mankind by his strength and uncommon stature. He built the jKjrt of Zancle, and fortified the coast of .Sicily against the fre«pent inundations of the sea, l)y heaping a mound of earth, called Pelorum, on which he built a temple to tlie go'ea, a town of Argolis, famous for a battle fought there between the Lacedaemo- nians and Argives. Dind. ORNEAtEs, a surname of Piiapus, at Ornca. Orneus, a ccntaiu-, son of Ixion and tlie Cloud. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 502. A son of Erechtheus, king of Athens, who built Or- nea, in Peloponnesus. Pans. 2, c. 25. Obnithi.^;, a wind blowing from the north in the spring, and so called from the ap- pearance of birds (o^vi^i;, avcs). Colum. 1 1, c. 2. Ornitron, a to^vn of Phoenicia between Tyre and Sidon. Orkitits, a friend of iEneas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars. Virg. JEn. 11, V. 677. Orkospades, a Parthian, driven from his country by Artabanus. He assisted Tiberius, and was made governor of Macedoni.i, cS:c. Tacit. Ann. 6. c. 37. 527 Ornytiov, a son of Sisyjjlius, king o? Corintli, father of Phocus. Paus. 9, c. 17. OR^'vT^s, a man of Cyzicus, killed by tlie Argonauts, &c. Val. F' 3, v. 17.3. Oroanda, a town of Pisidia, now Havi- ran. Liv. 38, c. 18. Orobia, a town of Euboea. Oroi!II, a people of Italy, near Alilan. Orodes, a prince of Partliia, who mur- dered his brother Mithridates, and ascended his throne. He defeated Crassas, the Roman triumvir, and poured melted gold down the throat of his fallen enemy to reproach him for his avarice and ambition. He followed the interest of Cassius and Brutus at Philippi. It is said, that, when Orodes became old and infirm, his thirty children applied to him, and disputed in his presence, their right to the succession. Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained the crown from his father, and, to hasten him out of the world, he attempted to poison him. The poison had no effect ; and Phraates, still determined on his father's death, strangled him with his own hands, about 37 years before the Christian era. Orodes had then reigned about 50 years. Justin. 42, c. 4. — Paterc. 2, c. 30. An- other king of Parthia, murdered for his cruelty. Joscphus 1 8. Jud. A son of Artabanus, king of Armenia. 'Tacit. Aiin. 6, c. 33. One of the friends of iEneas in Italy, killed by Mezentius. J^*-^. ^n. 10, V. 732, &c. Orcetes, a Persian governor of Sardis, famous for his cruel murder of Polycrates. He died K. C. 521. Herodot. Orosiedon, a lofty mountain in the island of Cos> Theocrit. 7. —— A giant. ProperU 3, el. 7. V. 48. Orontas, a relation of Artaxerxes, sent to Cyprus, where he made peace with Evago- ras, &c. Poly^n. 7. OaoKTEs, a satrap of Mysia, B. C. 385, who rebelled from Artaxerxes, &c. Id. • A governor of Armenia. Id. A king of the Lycians during the Trojan war, who fol- lowed iEneas, and perished in a shipwreck. Virg. jEn. 1, V. 117. 1. 6, 34. A river of Syria, (now Asi,) rising in Coelosyria, and falling, after a rapid and troubled course, into the Mediterranean, below Antioch. According to Strabo, who mentions some fabulous accounts concerning it, the Orontes disappeared under ground for the space of five miles. The word Oronteus is often used as Syrius. Dionys. Perieg. — Ovid. Met* 2, V, 24S.—Strab. 16. — Poms. 8, c. 20. Orophernes, a man who seized the kingdom of Cappadocia. He , died B. C. 154. Oropus, a town of Boeotia, on the borders of Attica, near the Euripus, which received its name from Oropus, a son of Mace- don. It was the frequent cause of quarrels between the Boeotians and the Athenians, whence O R R wlieiice ?o.ne have called it one of the cities ol" Attica, and was at last confirmed in the possession of the Athenians, by Philip, king of Macedon. Amphiaraus had a temple there. Paus. 1, c. 34. —'Slrab. 9 A hinall town of Eubcea.^— Another in Mace- doiii.'u Orosius, a Spanish writer, A. D. 41'), wlio publivheil an universal hi^ton,-, in seven books, from llie creation fo hii own time, in which, though learned, diligent, and pious, he betrayed a great ignorance of the know- ledge of historical facts, and of chronology. The Inst edition is tliat of Havercamp. 4to. I-, Bat. 1767. Okospkda, a mountain of Spain. Sirab, 5, Orph(:us, a son of Q'-agfr, by the muse Calliope. Some iuppofc him to \yf the son of Apollo, to render his birth more illustrious. He rcceivwl a lyre from .Apollo, or accord- ing to some, from Mercury, upon which he played with such a mii«tcrly hand, that even tlic most rapid rivers ceased to flow, the sa- vage beasts of the forest forgot their wild- ness, and the mountains moved to listen to his song. All nature sifnied clianned and ani- mated, niul the iivmphs were his constant companions. Kuryilice was the only one who made a deep impression on the melodious musician, and their nuptials were celebrateil. Their happiness, however, was short ; Ari- Ktt£us became enamoured of Kurydiee, and as she tieil from lier pursuer, a serp«Mit that was lurking in the grass, bit her foot, and she died of the poisonous wound. Iler loss was severely felt by Orpheus, and he resolved to recover her. or jK-risJi in the at- tempt. With his lyre in Ids band, be en- tered the infernal regions, and gained an easy admission to the palace of Pluto. The king of hell was channed with the melfHly of his strains ; and according to the l>eautiful expressions of the poets, the wheel of Ixiou stopped, the stone of .Sisyphus stoixl still, Tantalus forgot bis perpetual tliirM, and even the Furies relented. Pluto ami Pro- serpine were moved witli his sorrow, and consented to rettora him Kurydiee, pro- vided he forlH)re looking behind till he had come to the extremest borders of hell. The conditions were gladly accepted, and Orpheus was already in sight of the upjH'r regions of the air, when he forgot bis pro- mises and turned back to Imik at his long lost F.urydice. He saw her. but she instantly vanished from his eyes. He attempted to follow her, but ho was refused admission ; and the only comfort ho could fmd, was to .soothe his grief at tlie sound of bis musical instrument, in gn>tti>es. or on the moun- tains. He totally separ.nted himself tVoin the society of mankind ; .and the Thraci.in wi>- men. whom he bad oflendeii by his coldnes-s fco their amorous pa.ssion, or. according to others, by his uauaturai gratifications, and 5'2S iTf.pure indulgences, attacked him while ther Celebrated die orgies of Bacchus and after they had torn his body to pieces thej* tlirew his head into the Hebrus which btill arti- culated the words Eurydice ! Eurydioe ! as it was carried down the stream into the yEgean sea. Orpheus was one of the Ar- gonauts, of which celebrated expedition he wTotc a jvoetical account still extant. This is doubted by Aristotle, who hays, accord- ing to Cicero, tliat there never existed an Orpheus, but that tlie poems which pass under his name, are the con'positions of a Pythagorean )>hilosopher named Cercops. According to some of the moderns, the ytr^-o~ natitica, and the other i)oems attributed to Orpheus, arc the production of the pen r !' Onomncritus, a poet who lived in the age of Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. Pausania-,, however, and Diodorus Siculus speak of Or- pheus .is a great poet and musician, wliu ren- dered himself cx)ually celebrated by his kiiuw- leitants of Dion buasied that his tomb was in tlieir city, and the people of mount LilK-thrus, in Thrace, claimed the same ho- nor, and farther observed, that the nightin- gali-s which built their nests near his tomb, sang with greater melody than all other birds. Orpheus, as some report, alter death received divine honors, the muses gave an honorable burial to his reir.aiiis, and his lyre became one of the constellations in the heavens, llie l>cst edition of Orjiheus is that of Gesner, Svo. Lips. 1761. IMod. I, &c. —^ Paus. I, f(C. — AjtolUui. I, c 9, &C. — Cic. de Nat. 1). I, c. .'S. — ApoUon. \. — rirn. jEn. 6, V. fMI. (i. •!. V. •J57, &e. — //yi,^n. /aA. 14, \c. — r>i.i<;. Met. 10, fab. I, &c. I. ll.fub. I. — Plain. Polit. 10. — Moral. 1, od. 13 & 35. — Orj'hiUS. ORi-nicA, a name by » hich the orgies of Ii.ncchus were culled, l)ec.uisi' they had been iiitrotluced in Europe from Egypt, by Or- pheus. ORPiiyr, a nymph of the infernal regions. motlicr of Ascalaphus by Acheron. Otid. Mrt. 5, V. .$4 a OnsmTiF. a daughter of Cinyras and Me- tharmo. Apollod. Orseis, a nymph who Tnarried Hellen. Ap,d!od. Orsilm-s, a Persian who fled to Alexan- der, when Uessus murdered Darius. Curt. 5. c. 31. Orsilo4.'hus, a son of Idomenrus, killed by riysscs in the Troj:ui war. I've. Homrr Oi. 13. \. L''>0. A son of the river .Al- pheus. A Troi.in killed by Camilla in the Hutulian w,ir<. \i-. / r fn. 11. v. 636 & OW. I O R OS Orsixes, one of the officers of Darius, at 1 the battle of Arbela. Curt. 10, c. 1. Orsippus, a man of Megara, who was prevented from ol)taining a prize at the Oijiiipic gan:es, because his clothes were entangled as he ran. This circumstance was the cause that, for the future, all the comba- tants were obliged to appear naked. Pans. 1, c. 44. M. Ortalus, a grandson of Hortensius, who was induced to marry by a present from Augustus, who wished that ancient family not to be extinguished. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 37. — Val. Max. 3, c. 5. — Suet, in Tiber. Orthagoras, a man who wrote a trea- tise on India, &c. JElian. de Anini. A musician in the age of Epaminondas. A tyrant of Sicyon, who mingled severity with justice in his government. The sovereign au- thority remained upwards of 100 years ^n his family> Orth^,a, a daughter of Hyacinthus. Apollod. Orthe, a town of Magnesia. Plin. Op.thia, a surname of Diana at Sparta. In her sacrifices it was usual for boys to be whipped. [ riJ. Diamastigosis.] Plut.inThes. &c. Orthcsia, a town of Caria. Liv. 45, c. 25. Of Phoenicia. Plin. 5, c. 20. Orthrus, or Orthos, a dog which belong- ed to Geryon, from which and the Chimaera sprung the sphynx and the Nen'\aBan lion. He had two beads, and was sprung from the union of Echidna and Typhon. He was destroyed by Hercules. Hesiud. Theog. 510. — Apollod. 2, c. 5. Ortona. [Vid. Artona.] Ortygia, a grove near Ephesus. Tacit. Ann. Z, c. 1 6. A small island of Sicily, within the bay of Syracuse, which formed once one of the four quarters of that great city. It was in this island that the cele- brated fountain Arethusa arose. Ortygia is now the only part remaining of the once famed Syracuse, about two miles in cir- cumference, and inhabited by 18,000 souls. It has suffered like tlie towns on the east- ern coast, by the eruptions of /Etna. Virg. ^n. 3, V. 694. — Horn. Od. 1 5, v. 405 An ancient name of the island of Delos. Some suppose that it received this name from Latona, who fled tlrither when changed into a quail, (o^tv^,) by Jupiter, to avpid the pur- suit of Juno. Diana was called Ortygia, as being born there ; as also Apollo. Ovid. Met. 1, V. 651. Fast. 5, v. 692. — Virg.^n. 5, V. 124. Ortygius, a Rutulian .lilled by JEneas. Virg. jEn. 9, v. 573. Orus, or HoRus, one of the gods of the Egyptians, son of Osiris and Isis. Ke as- sisted his mother in avenging his father, who had been murdered by Typhon. Orus was skilled in medicine, he was acquainted with futurity, and he made the good and the hap- 529 piness of his subjects, the sole object of his government. He was tlie emblem if the sun among the Egyptians, and he was generally represented as an infant, swathed in variegated clothes. In one hand he held a staff, which terminated in the head of a hawk, in tlie other a whip with three thongs. Herodot. 2. — Plut. de Isid. opular. Osiris, whose sentiments were always of the most pacific nature, en- deavoured to convince his brother of his ill conduct, but he fell a sacrifice to the attempt. Typhon murdered him in a secret apartment and cut his body to pieces, which were divided .imong the associates of his guilt. Typhoii. according to Plutarch, shut up his brother in a cofl'er and threw him into the Nile. The enquiries of Isis discovered the body of her husband on the coast of Pharnicia, where it had been conveyed by the waves, but Typhon stole it as it was carryitig into Mempliis, and he divided it amongst his companions, as wu before obseri'cd. Tliis cruelty incensed Isis; she revenged her husband's death, and with her s^m Orus, she defeated Typhon and the )ianizans of his consjiiraty. She recovered tlie mangled pieces of her husband's body, the genitals ixcepted, which the murderer ha«l thrown into tlie sea ; and to render him all the honor which his humanity deserved, she made a*> many statues of wax as there were mangled pieces of his body. Kach statue con- tnined a jiiei-e of the flesh of the dead mo- narch ; and Isis, after >lie h.^d summoned in her pres*'nce one by one, the priests of all tli>' different deities in her dominions, gave them each a statue, intimating, that in doing that she had preferred tliem to all the otlier communities of Egypt, and she bound iheiii by a solemn oatli that they would keep secret lliat mark of her favor, and endeavour to show their svnn: of it by establishing a form of worsliip and paying (Uvine honor* to their prince. Tliey were further directed to chuse whatever animals they pleased to represent the pcr«)n and the divinity of Osiris, and they were enjoined to pay tlie greatest n-verence to that representative of divinity, and t(^ bury it when dead with the ^ greatest solemnity. To render tlieir establish- .■ meiit more popular, each s:u'erdota] lK>dy had a certain portion of land allotted to them to maint.iin them, and to defray the expcnces which necessarily attended their sacrifices and ceremoni.il rites. That part of the body of Osiris which had not l>een recovered, «as treated with more particular attention by Isis. and slie ordered that it should receive honor* more solemn, and at the same tinte more niy»- terious than the other members, [fid. Plial- licaj As Osiris had particularly instructed his subjects in cultivating the ground, the priests chose the ox to represent him, and paid the most superstitious veneration to that animal. {I'iiJ. Apis.] Osiris, according to the ojiinion of some mythologists, is the same as the sun. and the adoration which is paid by different nations to an .Anubis, a Bacchus, a Dionysius, a Jupiter, a Pan, Ac. is the s.'une as that which Osiris received in the Egyptian temples. Isis also ;iltcr death received divine honors as well as her husband, and as tfie ox wasi o s O T v.as the symbol of the sun, or Osiris, so the cow was the emblem of the moon, or of Isis. Nothing can give a clearer idea of the power and greatness of Osiris than this inscription, which has been found on some aneient mo- numents : Saturn the i/oungest of all the gods, was iny father : I am Osiris, who conducted a large and numerous army as far as the desarts if India, and travelled over the greatest part of the world, and visited the streams of the liter and the remote shores of the ocean, df- f using benevolence to all the inhabitants of the earths Osiris was generally represented with a cap on his head like a mitre, with two horns ; lie held a stick, in his left hand, and in his right a whip with three thongs. Sometimes he appears with the head of a hawk, as that lard, from its quick and piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the sun. Plut. in Isid. c^- Os. — Hei-odot. 2, c. 144 Diod. I. — Ho- mer. Od. 12, V. 325. — JElian. de Anim. J. — Lucian de Ded Syr. — Plin. 8. A Persian general, who lived 450 B. C A firiend of Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war. Virg. ^n. 12, v. 458. OsisMii, a people of Gaul in Britany. 2vfela, 3, c. 2. — Ccbs. B. G. 2, c. 54. OspHAGUs, a river of IMacedonia. Liv. 51, c. 59. OsRHOENE, a country of Mesopotamia, which received this name from one of its kings called Osrhoes. OssA, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs. It was for- merly joined to mount Olympus, but Her- cules, as some report, separated them, and made betv/een tliem tlie celebrated valley of Tempe. This separation of the two moun- l.ains was more probably effected by an earth- quake, which happened, as fabulous accounts represent, about 1885 years before the Chris- tian era. Ossa was one of those mountains which the giants, in their wars against the gods, heaped up one on the other to scale the heavens with more facility. Mela, 2, c. 3 Ovid. Met. 1, v. 155. 1. 2, v. 225. 1. 7, v. 224. Fast. U v. 507. 1. 5, v. 441.— ftrafi. 2. —Lucam. 1 & 6. — Virg. G. 1, v. 281 A town of fliacedonia. OsTEODEs, an island near the Lipari isles. OsTiA, a town built at the mouth of the river Tiber by Ancus Martius king of Rome, about 1 6 miles distant from Rome. It had a celebrated harbour, and was so pleasantly si- tuated that the Romans generally spent apart of the year there as in a country seat. There was a small tower in the port like the Pharos of Alexandria built upon the wreck of a large ship which had been sunk there, and which contained the obelisks of Egypt with which the Roman emperors intended to adorn the capital of Italy. In the age of Strabo the sand and mud deposited by the Tiber., had choaked the harbour, and added much to the siae of the small islands, which sheltered the 551 ships at the entrance of die river. Ostia and her harbour called Partus, became gradually : separated, and are now at a considerable dis- ' tance from the sea. Flor. 1, c. 4. 1. 5, c. 21. , — Liv. I, c. 35. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Sueton. I — Plin. OsTORius Scapula, a man made go- I vernor of Britain. He died A. D. 55. — Ta~ i cit. Ann. 16, c. 25. Another, who put 1 himself to death when accused before Nero, &c. /(/. 14, c. 48. Sabinus, a man who accused Soranus, in Nero's reign. Id. 16, c. 35. OsTRACiNE, a town of Egj^it on the con- lines of Palestine. Plin. 5, c. 12. OsYMANDYAs, a magnificent king of Egypt in a remote period. Otacilius, a Roman consul sent against the Carthaginians, &c. Otanes, a noble Persian, one of the seven who conspired against the usurper Smerdis. It was tlirough him that the usurp- ation was first discovered. He was after- wards appointed by Darius over the sea-coast of Asia Minor, and took iSyzantium. He- rodot. 3, c. 70, &c. Otho, M. Salvius, a Roman emperor descended from the ancient kings of Etruria. He was one of Nero's favorites, and as such he was raised to the highest offices of the state, and made governor of Pannoniaby the interest of Seneca, who wished to remove him from Rome, lest Nero's love for Poppsea should prove his ruin. After Nero's death Otho conciliated the favor of G alba the new empe- ror ; but when he did not gain his point, and when Galba had refused to adopt him as his successor, he resolved to make himself absolute without any regard to the age and dignity of his friend. The great debts which he had contracted encouraged his avarice, and he caused Galba to be assassinated, and he made himself emperor. He was acknowledged by the senate and the Roman people, but the sudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany ren- dered his situation precarious, and it was mu- tually resolved that their respective right to the empire should be decided by arms. Otho obtained three victories over his enemies, but in a general engagement near Erixellum, his forces were defeated, and he stabbed himself when all hopes of success were vanished, after a reign of about three montlis, on tlie 20th of April, A. D, 69. It has been justly ob- served that the last moments of Otho's life were those of a philosopher. He comforted his soldiers who lamented his fortunes, and he expressed his concein for their safety, when they earnestly solicited to pay him the last friendly offices before he stabbed himself, and he observed that it was better that one man should die, than that all should be involved in ruin for his obstinacy. His nephew was pale and distressed, fearing the anger and haughti- ness of the conqueror ; but Otho comforted M m 2 him. O V O V him, and ohsene, Ilisl. c. jO. &r. — Juv. 2, v. 90. Hoscius. a tribune of the people who, in Cicero's consulship, made a regulation to permit tlie Koman knights at public specfatles to have the 11 first rows after llie seats of the senators. This was op- posed with virulence by some, but Cicero ably defended it, Ike. Horut. c]i. 4, v. 10. 'I'he father of the ioman emperor Otho was tile favorite of Claudius. OriiKVAnKs, one of die "00 .Spartans who fought against 300 Argives, when those two nations disputed their respective right to Tliy- rea. Two .\rgives, Alcinoraiid Cronius and Othryades survived the buttle. The .Argives went home to carry the news of their victory, but OtJir>-ades, w bci hail been reckoned amonj; tlie number of the --lain, on account of his wounds, recovered hims<>lf afid auried some of the spoils of-^vhieh he had sirijiped the Ar- gives, into the camp of his coiintrymeu ; and after he had raised a trophy, and had written with his own bUuxl the word via on his shield, he killed himself, unwilling to survive tlie dealli of his countrymen. JVi/. A(as.3,c.'J. — I'lui. I'artiH. — — .\ patronymic given to I'antlieu-;, the Trojan priest of .\pollo, from his father OUiryas. ''i;-^. ^fC/i. 2, v. 319. Otiikvonki's, a lliraciaii who c-ame to the Trojan war in hopes of nurrjiiig CassaJi- dra. He was killed by Idomcneus. Jlouu-r. II. \Z. Othkys, a mountain or, rather a chain of mountains in 'lliessaly, tlie residence of the Centaurs. Strub. 9. — Ilcrcdnt. 7, c. l'J9. — Virg. ^n. 7, V. 675. Otrei s, a kingof Phrygia, son of Cisseus. and brother to Hecuba. Otrceua, a small town on the confines of Bithyiio. Otus and Ephialtes, sons of Neptune. {Vid. Aloides.] Otys, a prince of Pnphlagoni.% who rovolted from the Persians to Agesilaus. Xenoph. OviA, a Roman lady, wife of C. Lollius. Cic. Att. 21. P. OviDius Naso, a celebrated Roman poet born at Sulmo on the 'JOth of March, 532 about 13 B. C. As he was intended for the bar, his father sent him early to Rome, and removed him to Athens in the sixteentli year of his age. The progress of Ovid in the study of eloquence was great, but the fatlier's ex- pectations were frustrated ; his son was born a poet, and nothing could deter him from pursuing his natural inclination, though he was often reminded that Homer UvchI and died in the greatest poverty. Every thing he wrote was expressed in poetical niunben, as he himself says, et quod tcntabam scribere ver- sus erat. \ lively genius and a fertile ima- gination soon gained him admirers ; the learn- ed became his friends ; Virgil, Propertius, TibuUus, and Horace, honored him with tlieir correspondence, and Augustus patron- izi-d him with the most unbounded liberality. These favors, however, were but momentary, and tlie poet was soon after banished to To- mo>i on the Kuxino sea, by tlie emperor. 'Hie true cause of this sudden exile is uidLoowu. Some attribute it to a shameful amour witli Li via the wife of .Augustus, while otliers sup- port tliut it arose from tlie knowledge which Ovid had of the unpardonable incest of tlie emperor with his daughter Julia. 'Ihese rea- sons are indeed merely conjectural, the cause was of a ver)' private and ver)- secret nature, of which Ovid himself is afraid to speak, as it arose from error and not from criuiinahty. It was, however, somethmg improper in the family and court of Augustus, as tliesc liues seem to indicate : ^'iir alicjuid lidi ? Cur noiia lumina fid ? Cur im])rudenli cognita culjta mihiesi? Inscius Actteon vtdit sing vettd Dianam ; I'nrdafuit canUnis non minus ilU suu. Again, luscia quod crimen liderunt lumina piecior, Pcccatumque oculos est habuiste meum. And in anotlier place, Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen et error, Alteriusfacti culpa silenda miJii est. In his b.'inishment, Ovid betrayed his pusil- lanimity, and however afflicted and distreised bis situation was. yet the flattery and impa- tience which he showed in his writings arc a disgrace to his pen, and expose him more to ridicule tlian pity. Ihough he prostituted his pen and his time to adulation, yet tlic empe- ror proved deaf to all enUeatics, and re- fused to listen to his most ardent friends at Rome who wished for the return of the poet. Ovid who undoubtedly wislied liir a Rrutue to deliver Hon-.e of her tyrannical Augustus, continued his flattcjy even to meanness*; and when the emperor died, he was so mercenary as to consecrate a temjile to the departed ty- rant on tlie shores of the Euxinc, where he regidarly offered frankincenfe every morning. Tibeiiiis V ox Tiberius proved as regardless as his predeces- sor, to the entreaties which were made for Ovid, and the poet died in the 7th or Sth year of his banishment, in the 59th year of his age, A. D. 17, and was buried at Tomos. In the year 1508 of the Christian era, the following epitaph was found at Stain, in the modern kingdom of Austria : Hie situs est vates quern Divi Ccesaris ira Augusti pat7-id cedere jussit fmmo. Seepe miser voluit patriis occumbere terris, Sgd frustra ! Hunc illi fata dedere locum. This, however, is an imposition to render celebrated an obscure corner of the world, which never contained the bones of Ovid. The greatest part of Ovid's poems are re- maining. His Metamorphoses in 15 books are extremely curious, on account of the many different mythological facts and tra- ditions which they relate, but they can have Jio claim to an epic poem. In composing this tlie pout was more indebted to the then exist- ing traditions, and to the theogony of the an- cients, than to the powers of his own imagina- tion. His Fasti were divided into 12 books, the same number as the constellations in the zodiac ; but of these, six have perished, and the learned world have reason to lament the ■loss of a poem which must have thrown so much light upon the religious rites and cere- monies, festivals and sacrifices of the ancient Romans, as we may judge from the six that have survived the ravages of time and bar- barity. His Tristia, which are divided into five books, contain much elegance and soft- ness of expression, as also his Elegies on different subjects. The Heroides are nervous, -spirited, and diffuse, the poetry is excellent, the language varied, but the expressions arc often too wanton and indelicate, a fault which is common in his compositions. His three books of Amorum, and the same number de Arte Amandi, with the other de Remedio Arnoris, are written with great elegance, and contain many flowery descriptions ; but the doctrine which they hold forth is dangerous, and they are to be read with caution, as they seem to be calculated to corrupt the heart, and sap the foundations of virtue and morality. His Ibis, which is written in imi- tation of a poem of Callimachus, of the same name, is a satirical performance. Be- sides these, there are extant some fragments of other poems, and among these some of a tragedy called Medea. Tlie talents of Ovid as a dramatic writer have been disputed, and some have observed that he who is so often void of sentiment, was not born to shine as a tragedian. Ovid has attempted perhaps too many sorts of poetry at once. On whatever he has ^vritten, he has totally exhausted the subject and left nothing un- said. He every where paints nature with a masterly hand, and gives strength to the 553 most vulgar expressions. It has been judi- ciously observed, that his poetry after his ba- nishment from Rome, was destitute of that spirit and vivacity which we admire in his other compositions. His Fasti are perhaps the best written of all his poems, and after them we may fairly rank liis love verses, his Heroides, and after all his Metamorjyhoses, which were not totally finished when Au- gustus sent him into banishment. His Epistles from Pontus are the language of an abject and pusillanimous flatterer. However critics may censure the indelicacy and the inaccuracies of Ovid, it is to be acknowledged that his poetry contains great sweetness and elegance, and, like that of Tibullus, channs the ear and captivates the mind. Ovid mar- ried three wives, but of the last alone he speaks with fondness and affection. He had only one daughter, but by which of his wives is unknown ; and she herself became mother of two children, by two husbands. Tlie best editions of Ovid's works are those of Burman, 4 vols. 4to. Amst. 1727; of L. Bat. 1670, in Svo. and of Utrecht, in 12mo. 4 vols. 1713. Ovid. Trist. 3 & 4, &c. — Paterc. 2. — Martial. 3 & 8. A man who accompanied his friend Caesonius when banished from Rome by Nero. Martial. 7, ep. 43. Ovinia lex, was enacted to permit the censors to elect and admit among the number of the senators the best and the worthiest of the people. OviNius, a freed man of Vatinius, the friend of Cicero, &c. Quiniil. 3, c. 4. Quintus, a Roman senator, punished by Augustus, for disgr^'ing his rank in the court of Cleopatra- Eutrop. 1. OxATHRES, a brother of Darius, greatly honored by Alexander, and made one of his generals. Curt. 7, c. 5. Another Per- sian, who favored the cause of Alexander. Curt. Oxidates, a Persian whom Darius con- demned to death. Alexander took him pri- soner, and some time after made him go- vernor of Media. He became oppressive and was removed. Cu7-t. 8, c. 3. 1. 9, c. 8. OxniES, a people of European Sarmatia. OxioN.«, a nation of Germans, whom superstitious traditions represented as having the countenance human, and the rest of the body like that of beasts. Tacit, de Germ. 46. Oxus, a large river of Bactriana, now Gihon, falling into the east of the Caspian sea. Plin. 16, c. 6. Anotlier in Scy- thia. OxYAREs, a king of Bactriana, who sur- rendered to Alexander. OxYCANus, an Indian prince in the age of Alexander, &c. OxydracjE, a nation of India. Curt. 9, c. 4. M m 3 0xYLUS» o z oz OxYLUS, a leader of tlie IleraclJda?, when they recovered Uie Peloponnesus. He was rewarded with the kingdom of Elis. Paus. 5, c. 4. - A son of Mafb and Protogcnia. ApiUod. 1, c. 7. OvYNTHKs, a king of Alliens, B. C. 114!>. lie reigned 12 years. Oxvi'oais, a son of Cinyras and Me- tharmc. ApoUod. 3, c. 1 4. OxYavNLUus, a towTa of Egypt on the Nile. Strab. OiiNES, a Persian imprisoned by Craterus, because he attempted to revolt from Alex- ander. Curt. 9. c 10. Ozoi-.K, or OzoLi, a people who inha- bited tlie eastern parts of /Ltolia, which were called fjiotea. This tract of territory lay at the north of die bay of Corinth, and extended about 1 2 miles northward. They received their uame from the had strnch (a^r) of tlieir bodies and of their cloathing, which was tlie raw hides of wild beasts, or from tfie offensirc smcUof thebody of Nesbus the Centaur, whicli after death was left to putrify in the country withoat tlie honors of a burial. Some derive It witli more propriety from the stench of the stagnated waters in the neighbouring lakes and marshes, .\ccording to a fabulous tra- dition, they received their name from a very different circumstance. Durin;^ tlie reign of a son of Deucalion, a bile i brought into the world a stick instead of whelps. The slick was planted in the ground by the king, and it grew up to a large vine and produced grapes, from which the inhabitants of tlie country were called Uzul^e, not from »^«i», to srncll bad, but from •^S^', a branch or s^nroul. The name of Ozula-, on account of its in- delicate signification, highly displeased tlic inhabitants and they exchanged it soon for that of .Etolians. Paus. U\ c 58. — Hcro- dot. «, c. .31'. P A P A PACATIANUS, Titus Julius, a general of the Itouian armies, who proclaimed himself empenir in Gaul, about the latter part of Philip's rei^n. He was soon .ifter defeated, A. D. JJ!', anil put to death, t^vc. P/\i rii s, an insignificant po«.-t in tlie age of Domitian. Juv. 7, v. \'2. Paciiks, an Atlienian, who took Mitylenc. &c. Ari^. Polit. 4. Pachinls, or PArjiTNis now Pastaro, a promontory of Sicily, proji-cting about two miles into the sea, in tiic form of a peninsula, at tlie soutli-east corner of the island, wiili a small harbour of the same name. Stmb. C. — Melu, y, c. 7. — Virg. Ain. 5, v. G99. — Paus. 5, c. "i. M. Pacomius, a Roman put to death by Tiberius, &c. Suet, in Tib. CI A stoic phiiosojiher, son of the preceding. He was banished from Italy by Nero, and he retired from Rome witli tlie greatest composure and iudiflcrence. Arritni. 1, c. 1. Pacori's, the eldest of tlie 30 sons of Orodes, king of Parthi:i, sent against Crassus whose army he defeated, and whom he took prisoner. He took Syria from the Romans and supported tlie republican p-nrty of Pom- pey, and of the murderers of Julius Ca'sar. He Wiis killed in a battle by A'entidius Massus, B. C. 39, on the siuiie day (;»tli of June) that Crassus had been defeated. FL>r. 4, c. 1). — Jlorat. 3, («/. 0", V. !). .\ king of Parthia, who made a treaty of alliance with the Ro- mans, ^r. Another, intimate with king DecebaluN. Pact6i.i!s, a celebrated river of Lydia, 534 rising in mount Tmolus and falling into the Hermus after it has watered die city of .S.ir- di-s. It was in tliis river tliat Midas waalied himself when he turned into gold whatever he toucluil, and from that circumstance it ever after rolled golden s^tnds, aiKl n.veivi'd the nmne o( Chri/surrhoas. It iscalled Tmolus by I'liny. Strabo observes, that it liad no golden sands in his age. I'irg. Aln. 10, v. I 42. — Strab. 1 S. — Ovid. Met. 11, ». S6. — Hero- dot. ^, c I la — Plin. 33, c. 8. Pactvas, a Lydian entrusttd with the care of the treasures of Cra-sus at Sardcs. The immense riches which he could com- mand, corruptcoet Ennius wh« di-.tingui-.hed himself by his skill in paintii^. and by his p«K-tical talents. He «rote satins and tragedies which were represc-ntetl at Rome, and of some of wliich the tvames arc preserved, tm Perilxe.A, Hermione, .\talanta, Ilionc, Teuccr, .\niiopo, Ac. Orestes was cunsidercil as the licst finislied performance; the style, however, though rough aod without cither ¥M PA either purity or elegance, deserved the com- mendation of Cicero and Quintilian, who perceived strong rays of genius and perfec- tion frequently beaming through the clouds of the barbarity and ignorance of the times. The poet in his old age retired to Tarentum, where he died in his 90th year, about 151 years before Christ. Of all his compositions about 437 scattered lines are preserved in the collections of Latin poets. Cic. de Orat. 2, ad Heren. 2, c. 27. — Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 5Q. — QuintU. 10, c. 10. Pad^i, an Indian nation, who devoured their sick before they died- Herodot. ^, c. 99. Padinum, now Bandeno, a town on the Po, where it begins to branch into different chan- nels. Plin. 3, c 15^ Padia, a town called also Palavium, in the country of the Venetians, founded by Antenor immediately after the Trojan war. It was the native place of the historian Livy. The inhabitants were once so powerful, that they could levy an army of 20,000 men. Strab. 5. —Mela, 2, c 4. — Virg. jEn. 1, V. 251. Padus, (now called the Po,) a river in Italy, known also by tlie n?,me of Eridanus, which forms tlie nortliern boundary of the territories of Italy. It rises in mount Ve- sulus, one of the liighest mountains of the Alps, and after it has coil-seted in its course the waters of above 30 rivers, discharges itself in an eastern direction into the Adriatic sea by seven moutlis, two of which only, the Plana or Volano, and the Padusa, v»'ere formed by nature. It was formerly said, that it rolled gold dust in its sand, which was carefully searched by the inhabitants. The consuls, C. Flaminius Nepos, and P. Furius Philus, were the first Roman generals who crossed it. The Po is famous for the death of Phaeton, who, as the poets mention, was thrown down there by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 258, &c. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Lucan. 2, &c. — Virg. jE7i. 9, V. 680 Strab. 5. — Plin. 57, c. 2. PadCsa, the most southern mouth of the Po, considered by some write -s as the Pb itself. [Vid. Padus.] It was said to abound in swans, and from it there was a cut to the town of Ravenna. Virg. JEn. 1 1, V. 455. P-«;an, a surname of Apollo, derived from the word pcBan, an hymn which was sung in his honor, because he had killed the serpent Python, which had given cause to the people to exclaim la Pcean ! The exclamation of lo Paean ! was made use of in speaking to the other gods, as it often was a demon- stration of joy. Juv. 6, V. 171. — Ovid. Met. 1, V. 358. 1. 14, V. 720 Lucan. 1, &c. — Strab. 18. PiSDAHETUs, a Spartan who, on not being elected in the number of the 300 sent on 535 an expedition, &c declared, that instead of being mortified he rejoiced that 300 men better than himself could be found in Sparta. Plut. in Lye. P^SDius, a lieutenant of J. Csesar m Spain, who proposed a law to punish with death all sucli as were concerned in the murder of hi» patron, &C. P^emani, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed to dwell in the present country at the west of Luxemburg. Ccbs. G. 2, c. 4. P^ON, a Greek historian. Plut. in Thes. A celebrated physician who cured the wounds which the gods received during the Trojan war. From him, physicians are some- times called Peeonii, and herbs service- able in medicinal processes, PcBOJiicB herbcB. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 769. — Ovid. Met. 15, v. 535. PHONES, a people of Macedonia, who in- habited a small part of the country called Pa- onia. Some believe that they were descended from a Trojan colony. Paus. 5, c. 1. — He~ rodot. 5, c. 13, &c. Peonia, a country of Macedonia at the west of the Strymon. It received its name from Paeon, a son of Endymion, who settled there. Liv. 42, c. 51. 1. 45, c. 29 A small tovsTi of Attica. P^EONiDEs, a name given to the daughters of Pierus who were defeated by the Muses, because their mother was a native of Pfeonia. Ovid. Met. 5, nlt.fub. Vjeos, a small town of Arcadia. PjEsos, a town of the Hellespont, called also Ap(Bsos, situated at die north of Lamp, sacus. Wlien it was destroyed, the inhabit- ants migrated to Lampsacus, where they set- tled. They were of Milesian origin. Strab. 13.— Homer. II. 2. P^sTUM, a town of Lucania, called also Neptunia and Posidonia by the Greeks, where the soil produced roses which blossomed twice a yeai'. The ancient walls of the town, about three miles in extent, are still standing, and likewise venerable remains of temples and porticoes. The Sinus Pcestanus on which it stood is now called the g\x\i of Salerno. Virg. G. 4, V. 119. — Oviii. Met. 15, v. 708. Pont. 2, el. 4, V. 28. P^TOviUM, a town of Pannonia. CiECiNNA P^TUs, the husband of Arria. [Vid. Arria.] A governor of Armenia, under Nero. A Roman who conspired with Catiline against his country. A man drowned as he was going to Egypt to collect money. Propert. 3, el. 7, v. 5. Pag^, a tovrai of Megaris, Of Locns. Pliii. 4, c. 3. Pagas.. ItJ. Pagus, a mountain of iEolia. Patis. 7, c. 5. Pai.acicm, or PalItu'si. a town of the Thracian ('liersonesus. — — A small village, on the Palatine hill, where Hume was al'ter- wards built. P\L.¥., a town at the south of Corsica, now »SV. Bmifacio. Pai-.^a, a town of Cyprus. Of Cc- phallenia. PAL.«AP(jr.is, a small island on the const of Spain. Sirtib. Pal.t?mov, or Palemov, a sea deity, son of Athamas and I no. His orijjinal name was Aft-licert'i, and he .as->umed that of Pah-e- mon, after he had been chanpeJ into a mm deity by Neptune. [ I'id. M»?!irert-\. ) A noted granunarian at Home in the age of Tiberius, who made himself ridiculous by his .irrogancc and luxury. Jitv. 6, v. 45 J. — Marti'il. 2,'ep. SC. A son of Neptune, who was amongst tlic Argonauts. AjhtU'iil. PALiTPAiMios, the ancient town of Paphos in Cyi)rus, adjoining to the new. Strati. 14. P.M./KniAKs.vi.i ;:, tlie ancient town of Pharsalus in Thessaly. Cooks dc incrcdihild)us, of which only the first remains, and in it he endeavours to explain ftbulous and mythological tra ditions by liistorical facts. The best edi- tion of PahvphatU". in that of J. Frid. Fischer, in 8vo. lAjis- M'Z. An heroic poet of Athens, who wrote a poem on the cre- ation of the world. A disciple of Aris- totle, bom at .'\bydos. ■ An historian of Egypt. PAi.ri'OMs, a town of Ciunpania, built by a Greek colony, where Naples afterwards was erected. 7,iV. 8, c. J'J. Pal^stk, a village of Epirus near Oricus, where Ca;sar lirst landed witli his ricet. Lu- can. .'}, V. 4J0. Pal-kstina, a province of Syria, &c. JTerodot. 1, c. 105. — Sil. It. 3, v. 606. — Strab. 16. 536 Pal.K5tInl'5, an a'lcient name of the rivCT Strymon. Palvktyrl's, tlie ancient town of Tyre on the continent. Sirub. If. Palasiedes, a Grecian chief, son of Nau- plius. king of Eubcea by Clymene. He was sent by the Greek princes, who were going to the Trojan war, to bring Ulysses to the camp, who, to withdraw himself from the expedition, pretended insanity, and the iK'tter to impose upon his friends, used to harness diilcrtnt animals to a plough, arid to sow salt instead of barley into the furrows, llie deceit was soon perceived by Palamedes, he knew that tlie regret to part from his wife Penelope, whom he had lat<-ly tnarried was the only reason of tlie pretended insanity of Ulysvcs; and to de- monstrate this, J'Aiamedes took Teleniachus, whom Penelope had lately brought into the world, and put him before the plough of his fatlier. Ulysses showed that he was not insane, by turning the plough a different way not to hurt his child. This having been discovered, Ulysses was obliged toattend the Greek princes to tlie war, out an immortal enmity arose be- tween Ulysses and Palamedes. The king of Ithaca resolved to take every opportunity to ed to have sent to Pa- lamedes. In the letter the Trojan king seemed to entreat Palamedes to deliver into his hands the Grecian army, according to the conditions which had been previously agreed upon, when he received the money. This forgeil letter w.as carried by means of Ulysses l>eforc the princes of the Grecian anny. Pa- lamedes was summoned, and he made the most solemn protestations of innocence, but all was in vain, the moni'y that was discovered in his tent seri-ed only to corroborate the accusation, and he was f(>und guilty by all the army and stoned to dentli. Homer is silent about the miserable fate of Palamedes. and Pausanias mentions that it had been reported by some, that Ulysses and Diomedes had drowned him in tlie sea as he was fi.hing on the coast. Philostratus. who mentions the tragical story above related, adds that Achilles and Ajax buried his body with gre.it |>omp on the sea-shore, and that they raised upon it a small chapel, where sacrifices were regularly offered by the inliabitants of Troas. Pala- me the world from the bowels of the earth. These deities were worshipped with great ceremonies by the Sicilians, and near their temple were two small lakes of sul- phureous water, which were supposed to. have sprung out of the earth, at the same time tha they were born. Near these pools it was usual to take the most solemn oaths, by those who wished to decide controversies and quarrels. If any of the persons who took the oaths perjured themselves, they were im- mediately punished in a supernatural man- ner; and those whose oath, by the deities of the place, was sincere, departed unhurt. The Palici had also an oracle which was con- sulted upon great emergencies, and which rendered the truest and most unequivocal an- swers. In a superstitious age, the altars of the Palici were stained with the blood of human sacrifices, but this barbarous custom was soon abolished, and the deities were satisfied with their usual offerings. Virg. jEn. 9, v. 585. — Ovid. Met. 5, v. 506. — Biod. 2. — Macrob. Saturn. 5, c. 10. — Ital, 14, v. 219. Palii.ia, a festival celebrated by the Ro- mans, in honor of the goddess Pales. The ceremony consisted in burning heaps of straw, and leaping ever tliem. No sacrifices were offered, but the purifications were made with the smoke of horses' blood, and with the ashes of a calf that had been taken from the belly of his mother, after it had been sacrificed, and with tlie ashes of beans. The purification of the flocks was also made with the smoke of sulphur, of the olive, the pine, the laurel, and the rosemary. Offerings of mild cheese, boiled wine, and cakes of millet, were after- wards made to the goddess. This festival was observed on the 21st of April, and it was during the celebration that Romulus first be- gan to build his city. Some call this festival Parilia guasi a paricndn, because the sacrifices were offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the flocks. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 774. Fast. 4, V. 721, &c. 1. 6, v. 257 Propert. 4, el. 1, v. 19. — Tibull. 2, el. 5, v. 87. Palinuki.s, a skilful pilot of the ship of iEneas. He fell into the sea in his sleep, and was three days exposed to tlie tempests and the waves of the sea, and at last came safe to the sea-shore near Vclia, where the cruel in- habitants of the place murdered him to obtain his clothes. His body was left unburied on tlie sea-shore, and as, according to the religion of the ancient Romans, no person was suffered to cross the Stygian lake before ICO years were elapsed, if his remains had not been decently buried, we find yEneas when he visited the infernal regions, speaking to Palinurus, and assuring him, that though his bones wcie deprived r A PA deprived of a funeral, yet the place where his body was exposed should soon be adorned with a monument and bear bis name, and ac- rordingly a promontory was called Palinurus, now Palinuro. ^^irg. ^n. 5, v. 513. 1. 5, V. 840, &c. 1. 6, V. 341, — OviJ. de Rom. 517. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Slrab. — Horat. 3. — od. 4, V. 28. Paliscorum, or FalTcokum, stacxim, a sulphureous pool in Sicily. [Vid. Palici.] Palil'kl's, now Kahil, a river of Africa, with a town of the same name at its mouth, at the west of £gyi)t on the Mediterranean. Strab. 17. Pallauks, certain virg:iiis of illustrious j)arents, who were consecrated to Jupiter by the Thebans of Epypt. It was required that they should prostitute themselves, an infamous custom wiiich was considered as a purification, during wliich tliey wi-re pub- licly mourned, and afterwards they were permitted to iii.irry. Strab. 17. Palladii'M, a celebrated statue of Pallas. It was aUiut three cubits high, and re- presented the goddess as sitting and hold- in;^ a pike in her right hand, and in her left a distatl' and a sp'ndle. It fell down from heaven near the tent of Ilus. as that prince was building the citadel of Ilium. Some nevertheless suppose that it fell at Pessinus in Phrygia, or according to others, Dard.iiuis received it as a ])rcsent from his jiiotiicv Electra. 'ITiere are some authors who mainUiin that the Pall.idium was made Willi the l.onc". of Peloo^. by .Abaris; but Apoliodorus seems to say, that it was no more than a pi»'ce of clock-work, which moved of itself. However discordant tlic opinions of ancient authors be about this famous statue, it is imiversally agreed, that on its preservation depended tlie safety of Troy. This fatality was well known to the Greeks during die Trojan war, and therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were com- missioned to steal it away. They effected their pur]>ose ; and if we rely upon the au- thority of some authors, th«y wcr? directed how to carry it away by Helenus the son of Priam, who proved, in this, unfaithful to his country, because his brotlier Deiphobus, at the deadi of Paris, had married Helen, of whom he was enamoure, fab. 1 2. Pallastides, the 50 sons of Pallas, uie son of Pandion, and the brother of -'Egeus. They were all killed by Theseus, the son of .ligeus, whom they opposed when he came to take possession of his father's ki;igdnm. Tliis opposition they showed in hopes of succeeding t(» the thritne, »s ^tgcus left no chihlrcn ei- ccpt Theseus, whose legitimacy w.is even dis- puti'd, as bo was born at Treeiene. Plut. in 'Jhrs. — Pavs. 1, r. 22. Pallas, [Sdis,] a daughter of Jupiter, the same as Minerva The goddess receivetl this name cither because she killed die giant Pal- l<2s, or perhaps from the spear which she seems to brandish in her hands (»«X>.i/»). For the functions, power, and character of the god- dess, nii. Minerva Pallas, {otitis,) a son of king Evander, s<^t with some troops to assist .Eneas. He was killed by Turnus, tlie king of die Rutuli, after he had made a great slaughter of the enemy. Fjrg. yf,n. fi, v. 104, Sec. One of the giants, son of Tartarus and Terra He was killed by Minerva, who covered herself with his skin, whence, as some suppose, she is cailfil PalLas. ApoUod. 3, c. 12. A son of C'rius and Eurybia who married die nymph Styx, by whom he had Victory, Valor, &c. Hesiitd. Tht'rxj. A son of Lycaon. A son of Pandion, father of Clytus and Butee. Oi'id. Mrt. 7, fab. 17. — AjioUod A freed man of Claudius, famous for the power and the riches he obtained. He advised the em- peror, his master, to m.-ury Agrippina and to adopt her son Nero for his successor. It was by his means, and diosc of Agrippina that the deati) of Claudius w-as hastened, .indthat Nero was raised to the throne. Nero forgot to whoni P A PA wliom he was indebted for the cro\>-n. He discarded Pallas, and some time aftur caused him to be put to death, that he miglit make himself master of his great riches, A. D. CI. Tacit. 12. Arm. c. 53. Pallene, a small peninsula of Macedonia, formerly called Phlegra, situate above the bay of Thermas on the iEgean sea, and containing five cities, the principal of which is called Pal- lene. It was in this place, according to some of the ancients, that an engagement happened between the gods and the giants. Liv. 31, c. 45. 1. 45, c. 30. — Virg. G. 4, v. 391.— Ovid. Met. 15, V. .^57 A village of At- tica, where Minerva had a temple, and where the Pallantfdes chieHy resided. Hcrodol. 1, c. 16\. — Plut. in Thes. Pallenses, a people of Cephallenia, whose chief town was called Pala or Paluea. Liv. 38, c. 18. — Poli/b. 3, c. 3. Palma, a governor of Syria. Palmaria, a small island opposite Tarra- cina in Latium. Plin. 3, c. 6. Palmyra, the capital of Pahnyrene, a country on the eastern boundaries of Syria, now called Tlieudemor, or Tudmor. It is fa- mous for being the seat of the celebrated Zenobia and of Odenatus, in the reign of the emperor Aurelian. It is now in ruins, and tlie splendor and magnificence of its por- ticoes, temples, and palaces, aie now fre- quently examined by the curious and the learned. Plin. 6, c. 26 & 30. Palphurius, one of the flatterers of Do- mitian. Juv. 4, v. 53. Palumeinum, a town of Samnium. Liv. 10, c. 45. Pamisos, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. Herodot. 7, c. 1 29. — Plin. 4, c. 8. Another of Messenia in Pelopon- nesus. Pammenes, an Athenian general, sent to assist Megalopolis against the Mantineans, &c. An astrologer. A learned Gre- cian who was preceptor to Brutus. Cic. Brut. 97, Orat. 9. Pammon, a son of Priam and Hecuba. Apollod. Pampa, a village near Tentyra in Tlirace. Juv. 15, V. 76. Pamphilus, a celebrated painter of Ma- cedonia, in the age of Philip, distinguished above his rivals by a superior knowledge of literature, and the cultivation of those studies which taught him to infuse more successfully grace and dignity into his pieces. He was founder of the school for painting at Sicyon, and he made a law which was observed not only in Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but the children of noble and digni- fied persons should be permitted to learn painting. Apelles was one of his pupils. — Diog. - A son of Neoclides, among the pupils of Plato. Di)g. Pamphos, a Greek poet, supposed to have lived before Ilesiod's age. 559 Pampiiyla, a Greek woman who wrote a general history in 33 books, in Nero's reign. Tliis history, so much commended by the an- cients, is lost. Pamphylia, a province of Asia Minor, anciently called Mopsopia, and bounded on the south by a part of the Mediterranean; called the Pamphylian sea, west by Lycia, nortli by Pisidia, and east by Cilicia. It abounded with pastures, vines, and olives, and was peopled by a Grecian colony. Strab. 14. — Mela, 1. — Pans. 7, c. 3 Plin. 5, c, 26. — Liu. 31, c. 23 & 40. Pan was the god of shepherds, of liunts- men, and of all the inhabitants of the country. He was the son of Mercury, by Dryope, according to Homer. Some give him Jupiter and Callisto for parents, others Jupiter and liTiis or Oneis. Lucian, lly- ginus, &c. support that he was the son of Mercury and Penelope, the daughter of Icarius, and that the god gained tiie af- fections of the princess under the form of a goat, as she tended her father's flocks on mount Taygetus, before her marriage with the king of Ithaca. Some authors maintain that Penelope became mother of Pan, during the absence of Ulysses in the Trojan war, and that he was the offspring of all the suitors that frequented the palace of Penelope, whence he received the name of Pan, which signifies all or every thing. Pan was a monster in appearance, he had two small horns on his head, his com- plexion was ruddy, his nose flat, and his legs, tliighs, tail, and feet, were those of a goat. The education of Pan was en- trusted to a nymph of Arcadia, called Since, but the nurse, according to Homer, terri- fied at the sight of such a monster, tied away and left him. He was wrapped up in the skin of beasts by his fatlier, and car- ried to heaven, where Jupiter and the gods long entertained themselves with the oddity of his appearance. Bacchus was greatly pleased with him, and gave him the name of Pan. The god of shepherds chiefly re- sided in Arcadia, where the woods and the most rugged mountains were his habita- tion. He invented tlie flute with seven reeds, which he called Syrinx, in honor of a beautiful nymph of the same name, to whom he attempted to ©O'er violence and who was changed into a reed. He was con- tinually employed in deceiving the neigh- bouring nymphs, and often witli success. Though deformed in his shape and fea- tures, yet he had the good fortune to cap- tivate Diana, and of gaining her favor, by transforming himself into a beautiful white goat. He was also enamoured of a nymph of the mountains called Echo, by whom he had a son called Lynx. He also paid his addresses to Omphale, queen of Lydia, and it is well known in what manner he was received. [ Vid. Omphale. [ Ihs PA P A The worship of Pan wa"; well establislictl, particularly in Arcadia, where he gave oracles on mount Lycreus. His festivals, called by the Greeks Lyccva, were brought to Italy by Evander, and they were well known at Rome by the name of tlie Lu- pcrcalia. [Vid. Lupercalia.] The worship, and the diH'erent functions of Pan, arc de- rived from the mythology of thi- ancient Egyptians. 'ITiis god was one of iht.' eight great gods of the Egj-ptian"!, who ranked before the other 1*3 gods, whom the Ro- mans called Coiisentes. He was worshippcil with the greatest solemnity over all Egypt. His statues represented him as a goaf, not liccause he was really such, but this was done for mysterious reasons. He was tlie emblem of fecundity, and tliey looked upon him as the principle of all things. Ilis horns, as some observe, represented 'he rays of tlie sun. and the brightn>,>s of the heavens was expressed by the vivaiity and the ruddini-ss of his complexion. 'Hie star whicli he wore on his breast, was the syn.bol of the finnament, and his hairy legs and feet denoted tlie inferior parts of the ciunh, surh an the woods anrl plants. Some suppose i;..;t he appeared as a goat because when the gods fled into Egypt, in their war n'.'n.nst the giants, I'an transformed himself into a goat, an example which was immediately followed by all the deities. Pan, acconiing to some, i-i tlie same as Faunus. and he is the chief of all the .Satyrs. PlutJirch mentions, that in the reign of Til)erius, an extraordinary voice was heard near tlie Echiiiade':, in tlu- Ionian sea, which exclaimed, that tlie great I'an was dead. 'Hiis was rvadily believed by the em- peror, and thi' astrologers were consulted ; but tluy were unable to explain the meaning of so supernatural a voice, which probably proceeded from the imposition uf one of the courtiers who attemjjted to terrify Tiberius. In Egypt, in the town of .Mendes, which word also si-^nities a jioal, there was a sjicred goat kept with tlie most ceremonious sanc- tity, 'llic death of this animal was always attended with the greatest solemnities, and like that of anotlier .■\pis, became the cause of an universal mourning. As Pan usually territied the inh.-tbitants of the neighbouring counfi-y, that l.ind of fear which often seizes men, and wli;ch is only ideal .ind imaginary, has received from iiiin the name of panic J'tar. This kind of terror has been exem- plified not only in individuals, but in numer- ous armies, such as that of Brennus, which was thrown into the greatest consternation at Rome, without any cause or plausible reason. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 596. 1. 'J, v. L'77. Afet. 1, V. 689. — Vi»g. G. I, v. 17. ^n. 8, V. 545. G. 5, v. 592. — Juv. 2, v. 142. — — Pans. 8, c. 50. — Hal. 15, v. 527. — Var- ro. de L. J-. 5, c. 5. ^Liv. 1, c. 5. — Dio- vi/x. Hal. 1. — Uerodol. 2, c. 46 & J 45, &c. — Diod. 1. — . Orpheus hymn. 10. — Homer, 540 hi/mn. in Pan. — LucLtn. Diod. Mtrc. ij- Pan. — AjfoUod. 1, t. 4 Panacea, a goddess, daughter of .iisci:- lapius, who presided over health. Lucan. '.'. V. OlS. — VLin. 55, c 11, &c. Pan.btius a stoic philosopher of Rhotles, 158 B. C He studied at Athens for some time, of which he refused to become a citi- zen, observing, that a good and modest man ought to be satisfied with one country. He came to Rome, where he reckoned among his pupils La'lius and Scipio the second .Vfricanus. To the latter he was attached by the closest ties of friendship and par- ti.ility, he attended him in his exp)editions, .and ])artook of all his pleasures and amuse- ments. To the interest of their countryman at Rome, the Rhodians were greatly in- debted i'oz their prosperity and tlie immu- nities which tliey for some time eiijoye'i. Panatias wrote a treatise on the duties ot' man, whose merit can be ascertained from ti.e en- omiums which Cicero bestows upon it. Cic. in OJJic. de Div. 1. In Acad. 'J. c. 2. de iV. /;. 2, c. 46. A tyrant of Leontini in Sicily, B. C. 615. /V lyten. J. PA.VitTOLit'M, a general assembly of the ilitoHans. Liv. 51, c. 29. I. 55, c. 52. Panares a general of Crete, defeated by Metellus &c. Pakariste, one of the waiting women of Berenice, ths wife of king Antiochus. Pnltfftn. S. Panathev.t.a, festivals in honor of Mi- nerva the patroness of .\thens. 'ITiey wei' first instituted by Erechtlieus or Orjiheus. and called Aihmeru, but Theseus after- wards renewecl them, and caused tliem to bo celebrated and observed by all the tribes of .\thens, which he had united into one, and from this reason tlie festivals received their name. Some suppose thai they are tlie same as the Roman Quinquatria, as tliey are often called by that name .iinong Uie Latins. Ill the first years of die institution, they were observed only during one day, but afterwards the time was prolonged, and tlie celebration was attended with gnrater pomp and solem- nity. Tlie festivals were two ; the y^rent Pcnnlhrntra (ftiyaXa), which were observed every fiftli year, Ix^inning on tlie 22d of the month called Hicatombcron, or 7th of July, and the U'sser Punathcmrn (iu*«a) ; which, were kept every 5d year, or ratlier annually, beginning on the 21st or 20tli of the month called Thargelion, corresponding to the ,'th or 6th day of the month of May. In the lesser festivals there were three games con- ilucted by ten presidents chosen fh)m tlie ten tribes of Athens, who continued tiiur yedrs in office. On the evening of the fir";' ilay there was a race witli torches, in whiil; men on foot, and afterwards on horseliack contende\l. The same was also exhibited in tlic greater festivals. ITie second comb.T. PA PA "was aymuical, and exhibited a ti'ial of strength and bodily dexterity. Tlie last was a musi- cal contention, first instituted by Pericles. In the songs they celebrated the generous undertaking of Harmodius and Aristogiton, who opposed the Pisistratidee, and of ITirasy- bulus. who delivered Athens from its thirty tyrants. Phrynis of IVIitylene was the first who obtained tlie victory by playing upon the harp. There were besides other musical instruments, on which they played in concert, such as flutes, &c. The poets contended in four plays, called from tlieir number Ttr^aKayia. The last of these was a satire. There was also at Sunium an imitation of a naval fight. WTioever obtained the victory in any of these games was rewarded with a vessel of oil, which he was permitted to dis- pose of in whatever manner he pleased, and it was unlawful for any other person to transport that commodity. The conqueror also received a crown of the olives v/iiich grew in the groves of Academus, and were sacred to Minerva, and called fit^UKi, from fit^e;, death, in remembrance of the tra- gical end of Hallirhotius the son of Nep- tuHe, who cut his own legs when he at- tempted to cut down the olive which had given the victory to Minerva in preference to his father, when these two deities con- tended about giving a name to Athens. Some suppose that the word is derived from fn^e;, a part, because these olives were given by contribution by all such as attended at the festivals. There was also a dance called Pyrrhichia, performed by young boys in armour, in imitation of Minerva, who thus expressed her triumph over the vanquished Titans. Gladiators were also introduced when Athens became tributary to the Ro- mans. During the celebration no person was pennitted to appear in dyed garpients, and if any one transgressed he was punished according to the discretion of the president of the games. After these things, a sump- tuous sacrifice was offered, in which evei-y one of the Athenian boroughs contributed an ox, and the whole was concluded by an entertainment for all the company with the flesh that remained from the sacrifice. In the greater festivals, the same rites and ceremonies were usually observed, but with more solemnity and magnificence. Others were also added, particularly the procession, in which Minerva's sacred mvXos, or gar- ment, was carried. This garment was woven by a select number of virgins, called l^yu^i- x.ai, from Ijyov, work. They were super- intended by two of the a^^r,(po^(ii, or young virgins, not above seventeen years of age nor under eleven, whose garments were white and set off with ornaments of gold. Minerva's pepltis was of a white color, widi- out sleeves, and embroidered with gold. Upon it were described the atchievements of the 541 goddess, particularly her victories over the giants. Tlie exploits of Jupiter and tho other gods were also represented there, and from that circumstance men of courage and bravery are said to be «!<«/ :ri'r?.ov, worthy to be pourtrayed on Minerva's sacred gar- ment In the procession of the peplus, the following ceremonies were observed. In the ceramicus, without the city, there was an engine built in the fonn of a ship, upon which Minerva's garment was hung as a sail, and the whole was conducted, not by beasts, as some have supposea, but by subterraneous machines, to the temple of Ceres Elcusinia, and from thence to the citadel, where the peplus was p.aced upon Minerva's statue, which was laid upon a bed woven or strewed with flowers, which was called ■jrXay.t;. Persons of all ages, of every sex and qualitv, attended the pro- cession, which was led by old men and women carrying olive branches in their hands, from which reason tney were called SaXX--(p^g(3(, hearers of green boughs. Next followed men of full age with shields and spears. They were attended by the fiiT^rinci, or foreigners, who carried small boats as a token of their foreign origin, and from that accoimt tliey were called (rKa,:finipj^iii, buat-bcarers. After them came the women attended by the wives of the foreigners called Li'S^ici(ps^si, because they carried water-pots. Next to these came young men crowned with millet and singing hymns to the god- dess, and after them followed select virgins of the noblest families, called xa,vr,(p,^i>:, basket-bearers, because tliey carried baskets, in which were certain things necessary for the celebration, with whatever utensils were also requisite. These several necessaries were generally in the possession of the chief manager of the festival called a.^;^i9-iu^es, who distributed them when occasion offered. The virgins were attended by the daughters of the foreigners who carried umbrellas and little seats, from which they were namea S<(Pf>!^«ja/, seat-carriers. The boys, called '!tm%aj/.tx,eh as it may be supposed, led the rear cloathed in coats generally worn at pro- cessions. The necessaries for this and every other festival were prepared in a public hall erected for that jjurpose, between the Piraan gate and the temple of Ceres. Tlie manage- ment and the care of the whole was entrusted to the vo^ii^vXaK'.i, or people employed in seeing the rites and ceremonies properly ob- sei-ved. It was also usual to set all prisoners at liberty, and to present golden crowns to such as had deserved well of their country. Some persons were also chosen to sing some of Homer's poems, a custom which was first introduced by Hipparchus the son of Pisis- tratus. It was also customary in this festival and every other quinquennial festival, to pray for the prosperity of the Platsans, whose services P A P A services had been so conspicuous at the battle of Marathon. Plut. in Thes. — Paus. Arc. 2. — ^lian. V. H. 8, c. 2. — A)>oUod. 3, c. 14. PanchjEa, Panchea, or Panchaia, an island of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter Tii- phyliiis had a magnificent temple. A part of .\rabia Felix, celebrated for the myrrh, frankincense, and perfumes which it pro- Juced. l^irg. G. 'J, v. 139. 1. 4. v. 379. Culex, 87. — Ovid. Met. 1 . v. 309, &c. — Died. 5. — Lucret. 2, v. 4 1 7. Panda, two deitiec at Rome, who pre- sided one over the openings of roads ; and the other over the openin;;s of towns. Varro de P. R. \.—A. GeU. \3, t. 22. Pandama, a girl of India favored by Her- cules, &c. Polytm. 1. Pakdaiua, or Panuataria, a small island of the Tyrrhene sea. Pandaki's, a son of Lycaon, who assisted the Trojans in their war against t)ie Greeks. He went to the war without a chariot, and therefore he gencndly fought on foot. He broke the truce which had been agreed upon 1)1 tween the Grec-ksand Trojans, and wounde. A native of Crete punished with death for being ai'cessory to the theft of Tantalus. What thi« thet\ was \s unknown. Some, however, suppose tliat Tantalus vtole the ambrodia and the nectar from the tab!e« of the gods to which he had been ad- mitted, or that he carried away a dog which watchwl Jupiter's temple in Crete, in which crinif PandaruH was concerned, and for which he suffered. Pandarus had two daughters. Camiro and Clytia, who were also deprivetl ot their motlier by a sudden death, and left without friend.s or protectors. Venus had compassion upon them, and she fwl tlieiii with milk, honey, and wine. The goddest.t's were all eore complete ; and when they were come to nubile ye;u^ tlie godd»>ss prayed Jupiter to grant tiiem kind and tender husbands. But in her absence tlie Harpyes carried away the virgins and delivered Uiem to tlie Euraenides to sliare tlic punishment which their fatiier sulFered. Pans. 10, c. 50. — Pituiar. Pandaecs, or PANDAatLs, a man who J-J2 had a daughter called PhilomeU. She was changed into a nightingale, after she had killed, by mistake, her son Itylus, whoae deatli she mourned in die greatest meUii- choly. .Some suppo«e him to be the same .is Pandion, king of Athens. PANnATARH, an island on the coarf of Lucania, now called Santa Maria. Pavdates, a friend of Datames at the court of -Art.-wenos. C. -V'7>. in Dat. Pandemia, a surname of Venus. expreA- sive of her great power over the affections of mankind. Pandeml's, one of the surnames of the god of love, among the Egyptians and the Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, one of whom w.is the vulgar, called Pandemus. and an- other of a purer, and more celestial origin. Plut. in Erot. Pan'dia, a festival at Atheiw established by Pandion, from whom it received its name, or because it was observctl in honor of Jupiter, who can t« rmtrm iiytuui mot"? end turn all things aft he pleases. Some suppose that it concerned the moon, because it does ••dwiTi litMi, mofi-s incessant/:/, by shewing itnelf day and night, ratlier ih.-m die sun which never appears but in the d.iy time. It was celebrated after the Dionysiii. because Bacchus is sometimes taken for tlu Sun or Apollo, and therefore tJie broflicr. or, as some will have it, the son of the moon. PAvniov. a king of Athen.s . During his ruign, tlierc was such an abund- ance of corn, wine, anil oil, that it was pub- licly rqKirted Uiat Bacchus and Minerva !iad personally visited Attica. He wageeautiful box, which she was ordered to pre- sent to the man who married her ; and by tlie commission of the god, Mercury conducted Ler to Prometheus. Tlie artful mortal w as sensible of tlie deceit, and as he had always distrusted Jupiter, as well as the rest of the gods, since he had stolen fire away from the sun to animate his man of clay, he sent away Pandora without suffering himself to be cap- tivated by her charms. His brother Epime- theus was not possessed of the same prudence and sagacity. He married Pandora, and when he opened the box which she presented to him, there issued from it a multitude of evils and distempers, which dispersed them- selves all over the world, and which, from that fatal moment, have never ceased to afflict the human race. Hope was the only one who remained at the bottom of the box, and it is she alone who has the wonderful power of easing the labors of man, and of rendering his troubles and his sorrows less painful in life. Hesiod. Theog. <^ Dies. — Apollod. 1, c. 7 Pans. 1, c. 24. — Hi/gin. 14. A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was sister to Protogenia, who sacrificed her- self for her country at the beginning of the Boeotian war. Pandorus, a son of Erechtheus, king of Athens. Pandosia, a town in the country of tlic Brutii, situate on a mountain. Alexander, king of the Molossi, died there. Strab. 6. A town of Epirus. Plin. 4, c. 1. Pandrosos, a daughter of Cecrops, king of Athens, sister to Aglauros and Herse. She was the only one of the sisters, who had not the fatal curiosity to open a basket which Minen'a had entrusted to their care, [ Vid. Erichthonius,] for which sincerity a temple 543 was raised to her, near that of Minerva, and a festival instituted in her honor, called Ptm - drosia. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 738. Apollod. 5. — Pans. 1, &c. Panenus, or Panels, a celebrated painter who was for some time engaged in painting the battle of Marathon. Pliii. 35. PANGiEus, a mountain of Thrace, an- ciently called Mons Caraminus, and joined to mount Rhodope near the sources of the river Nestus. It was inhabited by four dif- ferent nations. It was on this mountain that Lycurgus, the Thracian king, was torn to pieces, and that Orpheus called the attention of the wild beasts, and of the mountains and woods to listen to his song. It abounded in gold and silver mines. Herodot, 5, c. 1 6, &c. 1. 7, c. 1 ] 3. — Virg. G. 4, V. 462. — Ovid. Fftst. 3, v. 759. — Thucyd. 2. — Liican. 1, v. 679. 1. 7, v. 482. Paniasis, a man who wi-ote a poem upon Hercules, &c. [Vid. Panyasis.] Panionicji, a place at the foot of mount Mycale, near the town of Ephesus in Asia Minor, sacred to Neptune of Ilclice. It was in this place that all t!ie states of Ionia assembled, either to consult for their own safety and prosperity, or to celebrate festivals, or to offer a sacrifice for the good of all the nation, whence the name rrocviuviev all Ionia. The deputies of the twelve Ionian cities which assembled there were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Lebedos, Colophon, Cla^omena;, Pliocaa, Toos, Chios, Samos, and p]rythrae. If the bull offered in sacrifice bellowed, it was ac- counted an omen of the highest favor, as the sound was particularly acceptable to the god of the sea, as in some manner it resembled the roaring of tlie waves of the ocean. Hero- dot. 1, c. 148, &c. — Slrab. 14. — Mela, 1, c. 17. Panius, a place at Coelo- Syria, where An- tiochus defeated Scopas, B. C. 1 98. Pannonia, a large country of Europe, bounded on tlie east by Upper Moesia, south by Dalmatia, west by Noricum, and north by tlie Danube. It was divided by the ancients into Lower and Upper Pannonia. The inhabitants were of Celtic origin, and were first invaded by J. Caesar, and con- quered in the reign of Tiberius. Philip and his son Alexander some ages before had successively conquered it. .Sirrnium was the ancient capital of all Pannonia, which contains the modern provinces of Croatia, Carniola, Sclavonia, Bosnia, VVin- disch, March, wtli part of Servia, and of the kingdoms of Hungary and Austria. Lucan. 3, v. 95. 1. 6, v, 2i;C — Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 109. — Plin. 3. —Dion. Cass. 49. — iitrab. 4 & l.—Joniand. — Paterc. 2, c. 9. — Suet. Aug. 20. Panolbius, a Greek poet, mentioned by Suidas. PANonrH-i;i;s, P A P A Pjisomph.els, a surname of Jupiter, tidier because be was worshipped by every ;iatioa on earth, or Iiecause he heard tlie prayers and the supplications which were ad- dressed to liim, or beciuse tlie reiIu- bua. On his death-bed be advised young 544 Octavius to unite his interest with tliat of .An- tony, if he wished to revenge the death of Julius Ca?sar, and from his friendly advice soon after rose the celebrated second triumvi- r.ite. Some suppose that Pansa was put to death by Octavius himself, or dirough him, by the pliysician Glicon, who pouri.'d poison into tlie wounds of his patieiiL Pansa and Hirtius were tlie two last consuls whoenjoyed the dignity of chief magistrates of Rome with full power. Tlie authority of the consuU afterwards dwindled into a shadow. Patcrr. 2, c. 6. — Dio. 46. — Olid. Trist. 3. et. 5. — Pint. i\- Appiiin. Pantagnostls, a brother of Polycrates, tyrant of Samos. Polyten. 1 . Pantacyas, a small river on the eastern const of Sicily, which falls into the sea, at\er ninning a short space in rough cascades over rugged stones and precipices. ytrg. ..iln, 3, V. 689. — Itai. 14, y. 23^2. —Ovid. Fast. 4, V. 471. Paktaleon, a king of Pisa, who pre- sideil at the Olympic games, B. C. 664, after excluding the Eleans who on tliat ac- count expunged the 01%-mpiad from the l-asti, and c:dled it the 2d .Ano.ympiad. They had called for the same reason the Sth the 1st .\nolympiad, because the Pisaeans presided. — An -'Etolian chief. Liv. 42, c. 15. Pantasi's LAcrs, the lake of I.esina, > situated in Apulia at the mouth of the Frento. Plin.3, c. 12. Pantaithis, a man appointed over iEto- lia by Demetrius, &c. PhU. Pastei s, a friend of Cleomenes, king of Sp.vta. iSrc. Ptut. Pantiiihes, a man who married Italia, the daughter of Tliemistocles. pASTHtA. the wife of Abrodates. cele- brated tor her beauty and conjugal alfection. She was taken prisoner by Cyrus, who re- fused to visit her, not to be ensnared by the power of her personal clianns. She killed herself on the lx)dy of her husband, who had been slain in a battle, &c. f Vid. Abra- dates.] Xenaph. Cifrop. — Suidas. The mother of Eumsus, tJie faithfid servant of Ulysses. Pantheon, a celebrated temple at Rome. built by .Agrippa, in the reign of Augustus, and dedicated to all the gods, whence the name w-f Si;;. It was struck vri.b light- ning some time after, and partly destroyed. Adrian repaired it, and it still remains at Rome, converted into a Christian temple, the admiration of the curious. Pitn. 56, c 15. — Marceli. 16, c. 10. PANTiiEns, or Panthi s, a Trojan, son of Othryas tlie priest of .Apollo. WTien his coun- try was burnt by the Greeks, he followed the fortune of i^neas, and was killed. Virg. A^n. 2, v. 429. V.\ NTHoTnrs, a patronymic of Euphorbus. the son of Panthous. Pythagoras is sonvc- time* PA PA times called by that name, as he asserted that he was Euphorbus during the Trojan war. Horat. 1, od. 28, v. 10. — Ovid. Met. 15, v. 161. A Spartan general killed by Peri- cles ut the battle of Tanagra. Panticap-s;um, now Kercke, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, built by the Mile- sians, and governed some time by its own laws, and afterwards subdued by the kings of Bospliorus. It was, according to Strabo, the capital of the European Bosphorus. i\Iithridates the Great died there. Plin. — Slrab, Panticapes, a river of European Scythia, which falls into the Borysthenes, supposed to he the Samara of the moderns. Herociot. 4, c. 54. Pantilius, a bufibon, ridiculed by Horat. 1, Sat. 10, V. 78. Paxyasis, an ancient Greek, uncle to the historian Herodotus. He celebrated Her- cules in one of his poems, and the lonians in another, and was universally esteemed. ^tkeii. 2. Panyasus, a river of Illyricum, fall- ing into the Adriatic, near Dyrrhachium. Ftokm. Pap.(Eus, a name of Jupiter among the Scythians. Herodot. 4. Paphages, a king of Ambracia, killed by a lioness deprived of her whelps. Ovid, in lb. V. 502. Paphia, a surname of Venus, because the goddess was worshipped at Paphos. An ancient njime of the island of Cyprus. Paphlagokia, now Penderacliia, a coun- try of Asia Minor, situate at the west of the river Halys, by which it was separated from Cappadocia. It was divided on the west from the Bithynians, by the river Par- thenius. Herodot. 1, c. 72. — Strab. 4. — Mela. —Plin. — Curt. 6, c. II. — Cic. Rull. 2, c. 2& 19. Paphos, now Bnfo, a. famous city of the island of Cyprus, founded, as some suppose, about 1 1 84 years before Christ, by Agapenor, at the head of a colony from Arcadia. The goddess of beauty was particularly worship- ped tliere, and all male animals were offered on her altars, whicli, though 100 in num- ber, daily smoked with the profusion of Arabian frankincense. ITie inhabitants were very efFeminate and lascivious, and the young virgins were permitted by the laws of the place, to get a dowry by prostitu- tion. Strab. 8, &c rUii. 2, c. 96. — Mela, 2. c. 7 Homer. Od. S Virg. JEn. 1, v. 419. &c. 1. 10, V. 51, &c Horat. 1, od. 30, V. 1. — Tacit. A. ?, c. 62. H. 2, C. 2. Paphus, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue ■wliich had been changed into a woman by Venus. [Vid. PygniiUion.] QviL Met. 10, V. 297. Papia lex, de peregrinis, by Papius the tribune, A. U. C. 688, which required that 545 all strangers should be driven away from -Rome. It was afterwards conlirnicd and extended by the Junian law. A nother, called Papii Popjicea, because it was enact- ed by the tribunes, M. Papius Mutilus, and Q. Poppseus Secundus, who had received consular power from the consuls for six months. It was called the JuUan law, after it had been published by order of Augustus, who himself was of the Julian family. Vid. Julia kx de Maritandis ordinibus. — — An- other, to empower the high priest to chuse 20 virgins for tlie service of the goddess Vesta. Another, in the age of Augustus. It gave the patron a certain right to the pro- perty of liis client, if he had left a specified sum of money, or if he had not three chil- dren. , . ,- ^ Papianus, a man who proclaimed him- self emperor some time after tlie Gordians. He was put to death. Papias, an early Christian writer, who first propagated the doctrine of the Millennium. ITiere are remaining some historical frag- ments of his. Papinianus, a writer, A. D. 212. Vid. iEmylius Papinianus. Papinius, a tribune who conspired against Caligula. A man who destioyed himself &c. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 49. Pai'iria, the wife of Paulus iEmylius. She was divorced. Pl».t. Papiria lex, by Papirius Carbo, A. U. C. 621. It required that, in passing or re- jecting laws in the comitia, the votes should be given on tablets Another, by the tri- bune Papirius, which enacted that no person should consecrate any edifice, place, or tiling, without the consent and permission of the people. Cic. pro domo, 50. Another, A. U. C. 563, to diminish the weight, and increase the value of the Roman as. ■ Another, A. U. C. 421, to give the freedom of the city to the citizens of Acerrae. Another, A. U. C. 623. It was proposed, but not passed. It recommended the right of choosing a man tribune of the people as often as he wished. Papirius, a centurion engaged to mur- der Piso, the proconsul of Africa. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 49. A patrician, chosen nx sacrorum, after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome. A Roman ■^vho wished to gratify his unnatural desires upon the body of one of his slaves called Publilius. The slave refused, and was inhumanly treated. This called for the interference of justice, and a decree was made which forbad any person to be detained in fetters, but only for a crime that deserved such a treat- ment, and only till tlie aimiaal had suf fered the punishment which the laws di- rected. Creditors also had a right to arrest the goods, and not th>; person of their debtors. Liv. 8, c. 28. Carlio, a Roman cinisul who undertook the defence Nn of PA PA of Opimiu^ wlio was accused of condemn- ing and putting to death a number of citi- zens on 'mount Aventinus, without the for- malities of a trial. His client was acquit- ted. Cursor, a man who first erected a fun-dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome, B. C. 293; from which time, the days began to l>e divided into nours. ' A dictator who ordered liis master of horse to be put to death, because he had fought and conquen-d tlie eiumies of the republic, wiiii- out his consent. Tlie people interfered, and the dictator liardoned him. CurMjr made war •gainst the S^ibines and conquered thoin, and also triumphed over the ,Sainniie^. His great severity displeased tlu* people. He norished about 320 years before the Chriir- tian era. I.iv. <», c. 1 4. One nf his fa- mily suHKimi-d Prertfitntiis, from an action of his wliilt he wore the prirttxla. a certain gown for joimg men. Hi« fniliir, of die Hune name, carried him to the st-tuite house, where affairs of the greatest ini|>ori;«iice were then in debate before the senators, 'l"he motJier of young Papirius wislied to know what had passed in tlie senate ; but I'api- riu.s, unwilling to betray the secrets of that august ass«^'mbly, amuse de- feated by Eumenes. C. S^ep. in £um. S. — Sfnib. 11 & 1 6. — PHh. 6, c. 2*;. PAajtTUNit'M, a town of Egypt at tlie west of .Alexandria, where Isis was worship- ped. 'Jlir word PartttuHtus is u>ed to signil'y Egyptian, and is sometime* applied to .Alex- andria, which was situate in tlie neighbour- hood. Strab. 17 Ft'jr. I, C. II. — I.u- CiiH. 3, V. 29.3, 1. 10, V. 9. — OitJ. .Mtt. 9, v. 712. A. 2, el. 1.3, v. 7. PAkiLi, a division of the inhabitants of .Attica, lliey received tliis name from tlieir being near the ua coast, r»0» and sX;. ParIlls, a friend of Dion, by whose as- sistance he expelled Uionysius. — — A son of Pericles. His prenuiture death was greatly lamented by his fuUier. Plut. Pahasia, a country at the east of Me- dia. Parasits. a son of Pfiilooomia by a shep- herd. He was exposed on Erymanthus by his mother, with his twin brother Lycastus. Their lives were preserved. Parc.Iu. powerful goddesses, who pre- sided over tlie birth and the life of man- kind. 'Piey were three in number. Clo- tho. Lachesis, and .Atropos, daughters of Nox and Erebus, according to Hesiod. or of Jupiter and Themis, according to the same poet in another |>ocm. Some make them daughters of the sea. Clo tho, tlie youngest of the sisters, presided over the moment iu which we are boni, and held a distaff in her hand ; La- chesis spun out all the events and actions of our life ; and .Atropos, the eldest of tlic dirce, cut the tiiread of human life with a \mr of aciasars. Their different functions 1 PA PA functions arc well expressed in tliis ancient verse : Clotho colum reiinet, Lachesis net, et Atropns occat. The name of the Parcae, according to Varro, is derived a partu or parturiendo, because they presided over the birth of men ; and by corruption the vv'ord jiarca is fonned from parta or partus : but, according to Servius, they are called so by antiphrasis, quol nemini parcant. The power of the Parca.' was great and extensive. Some suppose that they were subjected to none of the gods but Jupiter; while others support, that even Jupiter him- self was obedient to their commands ; and indeed we see the father of the gods, in Ho- mer's Iliad, unwilling to see Patroclus perish, yet, obliged, by the superior power of the Fates, to abandon him to his destiny. Ac- cording to the more received opinion, they were the arbiters of the life and death of mankind and whatever good or evil liefalls us in the w'orld, immediately proceeds from the Fates or Parca;. Some make them mi- nisters of the king of hell, and represent them as sitting at the foot of his throne ; others represent them as placed on radiant thrones, amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes spangled with stars, and wearing crowns on their heads. According to Pausa- nias, the names of the Parcae were different from fhose already mentioned. The most ancient of all, as the geographer observes, was Venus Urania, who presided over the birth of men ; the second was Fortune ; Ily- thia was the third. To these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who often disputes with Atropos the right of cutting the thread of human life. The worship of the Parcsc was well established in some cities of Greece, and though mankind were well convinced that they were inexorable, and that it was impossi- ble to mitigate them, yet they were eager to show a proper respect to their divinity, by raising them temples and statues. They re- ceived the same worship as the Furies, and their votaries yearly sacrificed to them black sheep, during which solemnity the priests were obliged to wear garlands of flowers. The Parcae were generally represented as three old women with chaplets made with wool, and interwoven with the flowers of the nar- cissus. Tliey were covered with a white robe, and fillet of the same color, bound with chaplets. One of them held a distaflf, another the spindle, and the third was armed with scissars, with which she cut the thread which her sisters had spun. Their dress is dif- ferently represented by some authors. Cio- tho appears in a variegated robe, and on her head is a crown of seven stars. She liolds a distafl[" in her hand reaching from heaven to earth. The robe which I.achesis wore m as variegated with a great number of stars, and near her were placed a variety of spindles. 547 Atropos was clothed in black ; she held scissars in her hand, with clues of thread of different sizes, according to the length and shortness of the lives, whose destinies they seemed to contain. Hyginus attributes to them tlie invention of these Greek letters a. /S, X, ho had refused Helen to the petitions and embassies of tlie Greeks armed himself witli his brothers and subjects to oppose tlio enemy ; but tlie success of the war was nei- ther hindered nor accelerated by his meant. He fought with little courage, and at tlie very sight of Menelaus, whom he had so recently injured, all his resolution vanished, and he re- tired from the front of tlie army, where he walked liefore like a conqueror. In a combat witJi Menelaus, which he undertook at the persuasion of his brother Hector, Paris must have perislied, had not Venus interfered, and stolen him from the resentment of his adver- sary. He nevertlieless wounded, in another battle, Macliaon, Euryphilus, and Diomedes, and, according to some opinions, he killed with one of bis arrows tlie great Achilles. [Vid. .\iliillcs.] Tlie deatli of Paris is differtmtly related ; some suppose that he was mortally wounded by one of the arrows of Philoctctcs, which had been once in the possession of Her- cules, and that when he found himself languid on account of his wounds, he ordered liimsclf to be carrie-d to tlie feet of Oinone, whom he h.-iil liascly abaudone-d, and who, in the years of his obscurity, had foretold him tliat he would PA PA would solicit her assistance in his dying mo- ments. He expired before he came into the presence of QEnone, and the nymph, still mindful of their former loves, threw herself upon his body, and stabbed herself to the heart, after she had plentifully bathed it with her tears. According to some authors, Paris did not immediately go to Troy when he left the Peloponnesus, but he was driven on the coast of Egypt, where Prqteus, who was king of the country, detained him, and, when he heard of the violence which had been offered to the king of Sparta, he kept Helen at his court, and permitted Paris to retire. [Vid. Helena.] Bictj/s Cret. 1, 3, & 4. — Apol- lod. 5, c. 12. — Homer. II. — Ovid. He- roid. 5, 16, & 17. — Quint. Calab. 10, v. 290. — Horat. od. 3. — Eurip. in Iphig. — Hygin, fab. 92 & 273. — Virg. JEn. I, &c. —jElian. V. H. 12, c. 42. — Paus. 10, c. 27. Cic. de Div. — Lycophr. S( Tzttz. in Lye. A celebrated player at Rome, in the good graces of the emperor Nero, &c. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 19, &c. Parisades, a king of Pontus in the age of Alexander the Great. Another, king of Bosphorus. ParIsii, a people and a city of Celtic Gaul now called Paris, the capital of the kingdom of France. Cces. Bell. G. C, c. 5. Parisus, a river of Pannonia, falling into the Danube. Strab. Parium, now Cnmanar, a town of Asia Minor, on the Propontis, where Archilochus was born, as some say. Strab. 10. — Plin. 7, c. 2. 1. 36, c. 5. PaAma, a town of Italy, near Cremona, celebrated for its wool, and now for its cheese. The poet Cassius and the critic Macrobius, were born there. It was made a Roman colony, A. U. C. 569. The inhabitants are called Parmenenses & Parmani. Cic. Phi- lip. 14 it'll. 39, c. 55. — Strab. 5. — Ho- rat. 1, ep. 4, V. 3. — Cic. Phil. 14, v. 3. — Varro. L. L. 7, c. 31. — Marticd. 2, ep. 45, V. 4. 1. 5, ep. 13, V. 8 & 14, v. 155. Parmenides, a Greek philosopher of Elis. who florished about 505 years before Christ. He was son of Pyres of Elis, and the pupil of Xenophanes, or of Anaximander, according to some. He maintained that there were only two elements, fire, and the earth ; and he taught that the first generation of men was produced from the sun. He first discovered that the earth was round, and habitable only in the two temperate zones, and that it was sus- pended in the centre of the universe, in a fluid lighter tlian air, so that all bodies left to themselves fell on its surface. Tliere were, as he supposed, only two sorts of philosophy, — one founded on reason, and the other on opinion. He digested this unpopular system in verses, of which a few fragments remain. JDiog. Parmemo, a celebrated general in the armies of Alexander, who enjoyed the king's 549 confidence, and was more attached to his per- son as a man than as a monarch. When Ua^ rius king of Persia offered Alexander all the country which lies at the west of the Eu- phrates, with his daughter Statira in mar- riage, and 10,000 talents of gold, Parmenio took occasion to observe, that he would with- out hesitation accept of these conditions if he were Alexander ; so would I, were I Parmenio, replied the conqueror. This friendsliip, so true and inviolable, was sacrificed to a mo- ment of resentment and suspicion ; and Alexander, who had too eagerly listened to a light and perhaps a false accusation, ordered Parmenio and his son to be put to death, as if guilty of treason against his person. Par- menio was in the 70th year of his age, B. C. 530. He died in the greatest popu- larity, and it has been judiciously observed, that Parmenio obtained many victories with- out Alexander, but Alexander not one without Parmenio. Curt. 7, &c. — Plut. in Alex. Parnassus, a mountain of Phocis, an- ciently called Larnassos, from the boat of Deu- calion, (Xa^Kzl) which was carried there ia the universal deluge. It received the name of Parnassus from Parnassus the son of Nep- tune, by Cleobula, and was sacred to th* Muses, and to Apollo and Bacchus. The soil was barren, but the vallies and the green woods that covered its sides, rendered it agreeable, and fit for soUtude and meditation. Parnassus is one of the highest mountains of Europe, and it is easily seen from tlie citadel of Corinth, though at the distance of about 80 miles. According to the computation of the ancients, it is one day's journey round. At the north of Parnassus, there is a large plain, about eight miles in circumference. The mountain, according to the poets, had only two tops, called Hyampea and Titliorea, on one of which the city of Delphi was situated, and thence it was called Biceps. Strab. 8, 9. — Olid. Met. 1, v. 31 7. 1. 2, v. 221. 1. 5, v. 278. — Litcan. 5, v. 71. 1. 5, v. 173. — Liv. 42, c. 16. — Sil. It. 15, v. 311. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Pans. 10, c.^6. — Proj)ert. 2. el. 23, V. 13. 1. 3, el. 11, v. 54 A son of Neptune, who gave his name to a mountain of Phocis. Parnes, (etis,) a mountain of Africa abounding in vines. Stat. 12. Thcb. v. 620. Parnessus, a mountain of Asia near Bac- triana. Dionys. Per. 737. Parni, a tribe of tl»e Scythians, who in- vaded Parthia. Strab. 11. Paron & Heraclldes, two youths who killed a man who had insulted their fatlier. Pint. Apophth. Paropamisus, a ridge of mountains at the nortli of India, called the Stony Girdle, or Indian Caucasus. Strab. 15. Paropus, 410W CoUsano, a town at the north of Sicily, on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea. Polyb. 1, C. 24. N n 3 Paeo- PA P A rARouEiA, a town of Tliracc, near mount Uaiiius. Liv. 39, c. '27. A town of Pe- loponnesus. A district of Phrygia 3Iag- na. Strab. 12. Paros, a celebrated island among the Cy- clades, about 7^ miles distant from Naxos, and 28 from Dtlos, According to Pliny, it is half as large as Naxos, that is, about 3(> or 37 miles in circumference, a measure which •ome of the moderns have extended to 50 and even 80 miles. It has borne the difll-rent names of Pac/ia, Minuu, Hiria, J)cmetria%, Za- cynthus, Cabnrim, and Ifi/Uasui. It received the name of Paros, which it still l)cars, from Paros, a son of Jason, or as s«ime maintain, of Parrhasius, 1 he island of i'aro"; was rich and powirful, and well known for its famous marble, which was always used by the best sta- tuaries. TTie bL-st quarries were those of Mar- pesus, a mountain where still caverns of the most extraordinary depth are seen by modern travellers, and adniiretl as the sources from whence the labyrinth of Kgypt and the porti- coes of Cireece received their splendor. Ac- cording to Pliny, tlie quarries were so uncom- monly deep, that, in the clearest weather, the workmen were oblij^ed to use lamps, from which circumstance tlie Greeks have called the marble Lyc/inUei, worked by the light of lamps. Paros is also famous for the fine cattle which it produces, and for its partridges, and wild pigeons. The capital city was called Paros. It was first peopled by the Phce- nicians, and afterwords a colony of Cretans settled in it- 'llie .AUu-nians niade war agaiiust it, because it had assisted the Per- sians in Uie invasion of Greece, and took it, and it became a Itoman province in tlie age of Pompey. Archilochus was born tlivre. The Parian marbles, perliaps better known by the appellation of Arundduin, were engraved in tliis island in capital letters, B. C. *-'(j4, and, as a valuable chronicle, pre- served the most celebrated epochas of Gretce, from the year 158'J B.C. Tliese valuable pieces of antiquity were procured originally by M. de Peiri.sc, a Frenchman, and after- wards purchased by the earl of Arundel, by whom they were given to the university of Oxford, where tliey are still to be seen. I'ri- deaus published an account of all tlie inscrip- tions in 1676. Mela, _', c. 7. — Strab. 5. — C. Nt-p. in MUt. ^ Ale. — I'irg. jEn. 1, V. 593. G. 3, V. 34. — Ovid. Met. 3, v. 419. 1. 7, V. 466. — Ptin. .3, c. 14. 1. 36, c. 17. — Ihod. 5, & Thucyd. I. — Hrrodot. 5, &c. — Hi»-at. 1, od. 19, T. 6. Parphori.'s, a native of Colophon, who, at the head of a colony, built a town at the foot of Ida, which was abandoned fur a situadou nearer his native city. Stntb. 14. — Pans. 7, c. 3. Parrhasia, a town of Arcadia, founded by Parrhasius. tlie son of Jupiter, 'llie .Ar- cadians are sometimes cai led I'.trrluxtianx. and Areas I'nrr/utsis, and Carmenta, Evander's 550 mother, Parrhasiadea. I.ucan. 2, t. 237. — Hrg. jEn. 8, V. 553. — Ovid. M^t. f . v. 31 J. Fast. 1, v. 618. Trist. 1, v. 190. — Pam. 8, c. 27. Pakrhasius, a famous painter, son of £venor of Ephesus, in the age of Zeuxis, about 415 years before Christ. He was a great maslerof his profession, and particularly excelled in strongly expressing the violent pas- sions. He was blebsed witli a great genius, and much invention, and he was particularly happy in his designs. He acquired himself great reputation by his pieces, but by none more than that in which he allegorically represented the people of Athens witli all tlie injustice, the clemency, tlie fickleness, timidity, tlie arro- gance and inconsistency, which so eminently characterised tliat celebrated nation. He once entered the lists against Zeuxis, and when they had produced their respective pieces, the birds cauie to pick with tlie greatest avidity the gra])es which Zeuxis had painted. Imme- diately Parrliasius exhibited his piece, and Zeuxis said. Remove your curtutu, that we may see the painting. 'ITic curtain was the paint- ing, and Zeuxis acknowledged himself con- quered, by exclaiming, Zt uiis has deceived birds; bM Parrhasius has deceived Zfuxu him- self. Parrh.isius grew so vain of his art, that he clotlieil himself in purple, and wore a crown of gold, calling himself the king of jiainters. He was lavisli inhisoun praises, and by his vanity too often exposed himself to tlie ridicule of his enemies. Pint, in Thes. de Puet. aud. — Pau). I, c. 'i8. — Ptin. 35, v. 10. — llurat. 4, od.S. .\ son of Jupiter, or according to some, of Mars, by a nymph called Philonumia. PAHTBAMisiais, » king of Armenia, in the reign of Trajan. PAaTHAON, a son of Agenor and Epicaste, who married Euryte. daughter of Ilippoda- iiius, by whom he had many children, among whom were Qlncus and Stcrope. Parthaon was brother to Demonice, the mother of Eve- nus by Mars, and also to Molus I*y'us, and Iliestius. He is called Portheus by Homer. //. \4.~yli>oil)d. 1, c 7. —Hygiii./ai. 129 & V5f». A son of Peripctus and father of Aristas. Paus. 8. PAKTHi.M.«& Pakthinii, a certain aum- ber of desperate citizens of Sparta. During the Messenian war. the Spartans were absent from tlieir city for the space of ten years, and it was unlawful for them to return, as thrr had bound themselves by a solemn oath not to revisit Sparta before they had totally sub- dued .Messi-nia. Tliis long absence alarmed the Lacediemonian wumen, as well as tlw ma- gistrates. The Sp.u-tans were reminded by their wives, that if Uicy continuixl in their re- solution, the state must at last decay for want of citizens, and when they had duly considered this embassy, tlu-y cnqKiwcrid all the young men in the army, who had omc to the war while yet under a^c, and who therdbre werr not PA PA not bound by the oath, to return to Sparta, and, by a familiar and promiscuous intercourse with all the unmarried women of the state, to raise a future generation. It was carried into execution, and the children that sprang from this union were called Parthenise, or sotis of virgins, (vtx^hvoi.) Tlie war with Messenia was some time after ended, and the Spartans returned victorious : but the cold indifference with which they looked upon the Parthenia; was attended with serious consequences. The Parthenise knew they had no legitimate fa- thers, and no inheritance, and that therefore their life depended upon their own exertions. This drove them almost to despair. They joined with the Helots, whose maintenance was as precarious as their own, and it was mu- tually agreed to murder all the citizens of Sparta, and to seize their possessions. This massacre was to be done at a general assem- bly, and the signal was the throwing of a cap in tlie air. The whole, however, was dis- covered through the diffidence and apprehen- sions of the Helots ; and when the people had assembled, the Parthenias discovered that all was known, by the voice of a crier, who proclaimed that no man should throw up his cap. The Parthenias, though apprehensive of punishment, were not visibly treated with greater severity ; their calamitous condition was attentively examined, and the Spartans, afraid of another conspiracy, and awed by their numbers, permitted them to sail for Italy, with Phalantus their ringleader at their head. They settled in Magna Graecia, and built Tarentum, about 707 years before Christ. Justin. 3, c. 5. — Sti-ab. 6. — Paus. in Lacon. &c. — Plut. i?i A])ojih, Parthenias, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing by Elis. Paus. 6, c. 21. Tlie an- cient name of Samos. PUn. 5, c. 31. Parthenion, a mountain of Peloponnesus at the north of Tegea. Paiis. Parthen ius, a river of Paphlagonia, which, after separating Bithynia, falls into tlie Euxine sea, near Sesamum. It received its name either because the virgin Diana {^-rx^^tvoi) bathed herself there, or perhaps it received it from the purity and mildness of its waters. Herodot. 2, c.'l04. — PI In. 6, c. 2. A mountain of Arcadia, which was said to abound in tortoises. Here Telephus had a temple. Atalanta was exposed on its top and brought up there. Paus. 8, c. 54. — jElian. V. H. 15. — jfpollod. 2, c. 7. A favorite of the emperor Domitian. He conspired against his imperial master, and assisted to murder him. A river of European Sarmatia. Ovid. ex Pont 4, el. 10, v. 49. A friend of 7Eneas killed in Italy. Virg. JEn. 10, v. 748. A Greek writer, whose.romance de Ama- toriis Affectionibus,, has been edited in 12rao. HcsU. 1531. Parthenon, a temple of Athens, sacred to IVfinervai It was destroyed by the Pcr- tiATii, and afterwarilc rt'built by Pericles in a 551 more magnificent manner, and still exists- All the circumstances which related to the birth of Minerva, were beautifully and mi- nutely represented in bas relief, on the front of the entrance. The statue of the goddess, 26 cubits high, and made of gold and ivory, passed for one of the master pieces of Phidias. Phn. 54. Parth£n6p-«us, a son of Meleager and Atalanta, or, according to some, of Milanioii and another Atalanta. He was one of the seven chiefs who accompanied Adrastus the king of Argos in his expedition against Thebes. He was killed by Amphidicus. Apollml. 3, c. 9. — Paus. 5, c. 12. 1. 9, c. Ieculiar cus- tom of dischargi ng their arrows wliile they were retiring full speed, has been greatly ce- lebrated by the ancients, particularly by the poets, who all observe that their flight was more formidable than their attacks. lliis manner of fighting, and the wonderful ad- dress and dexterity witli which it was per- forrnL'd, gained tlieni many victories. 'ITiey were addictwl much to drinking, and to every m:iiiner of lewdness, and their laws IKjmiitted them to raise children even by their motliers and sisters. S>!rab. 2, G, &c. — Curl. 6, c. 11. — Fiorted him ■with all her interest in his rebellion against his brother Memnon. 'ITie ric.ith of Cyrus at the battle of Cunaxa, was revenged with tlie grossest barbarity, and Parysatis sacrificed to her resentment all such as she fuiind con- c*Tne Oi-k/. 3/rt. 15, v. 27.". A son of Hercules. .IpoUotL An officer of I'tolemy Philadelphus., Patron, an Arcadian at the games ex- hibited by lEnns in Sicily. Vtr^. jF.n. 5. V. 298. * Patrots, a surname of Jupiter among the Greeks, represented by liis statues as having tlirce eyes, which some suppoi* to signify that he reigned in three different places, in heaven, on earth, and in hell. J'aus. 2. Patilcils, a surname of Janus which he received a }>nte<\ because the doors of his teniplc were always ojKn in the time of war. Some suppose that he received it liecause he presided over gates, or liecause the year be- gan by the celebration of his festivals! Olid. Fait. 1, v. I'.'i). Pavintiv, a goddess who pre-.ide~ Tiiiti. A Koman general, the first who crossed mount Alius with an iirmy. He wrote a history of tJiis exindition in Africa, which is lost. i'aulinus also distinguished him- self in Britain. Ac. He followed the arms of t)tho against Vitel litis. Vim. 5. c. I. Valerius, a friend of \'espasian. Julius. a BaUvian nobleman," put to deatii bv Von- 554 tcius Capito, on pretence of rebellion. Taeii. II. 4, c. 13. Pai Li a ^Hmvuis, a Roman, son of the .llmylius who fell at ('anna?, was celebrated for his victories, and received the surname of Maicdon'u'us from his cimquest of Mace- donia. In die early p.in of life he dis- tinguished himself by his uncommon ap- plii-ation, and" by his fondness for military discipline. His first appearance in the field was attended >vith great success, and the barbarians tliat had revolted in Spain were reiluceil with the grcitest facility under the power of the Roman;. In his first consul- ship his arms were direcu-d against the Li- gurians whom he totally subjected. His ap]ilications for a second consulship proved al)orti\e ; but when Perseus the king of M.icedonia had declare appoint- iiienl he iH'havcd with uncmniiKin vigor, and soon a general engagement wxs fought near Pydna. The Romans uL(aini~d the victory, and Perseus saw hims<-lf «!es«Tted l.y all his subjects. In two days the conqueror made himself master of all Macetlonia, and noon after the fugitive moiuu'ch was lirought int« his presence. Paulus did not exult over his fallen enemy ; but when he hail gently re- buked him for his temerity in attacking tlie Hoinanv he uddres.se«l himself in a pathetic ';)eech to tlie officers of his army who sur- rounded him, and feelingly enlarged on the iiistaliility of fortune, and the vitivsitudc of all human ailiiiri. When be had finally set- tled tlie government of Macedqnia with ten conunissioners from Rome. otkI af'ter he had sacke«l 7() cities of I'.pirus, and divided tlie luKity amongst his soldiers, i'aulus nuir.ied to Italy. He was riteived witli the usual ac- clamations and though some of the seditious s were appjiointed to exhibit the fruits of his victories,. I'erseus witli his wretchetl family adomi-d the triumph of tne comjueror. and as tliey were dr.igge«l through the streets before the chariot of Paulus tliey drew tears of compiission from die |K."ople. The riches which the Romans derived from this con<|uest were immense, and the people were freed from all taxes till lii<> consulsliip of Hirtius and Pansa ; but while every one of the citizens n-ceiTed some benefit from the victories of Paulus. the coni|uen>r himself was poor, and appro- priated f'or his own use nothing of the .Mace- donian treasures except the library oi Per- seus III the office of ci'nsor, to which he was afterwards elected, Paulus behaved with the greatest moderadon. and at his death, which happenetl .ibout 168 years liefore llie Christian era. not only the Remans but their very enrmi'-s confessed, br their hi mentations, the loss which thev had sustain- ed. PA PA ehajio})locon. Some time after the death of Pausias, the Sicyonians were obligiil to part with the pictures wliich they posscbscd to doiiver themselves from an enormous debt, and .M. Scaurus the Konian bought tlicm all, in which were tliose of I'au- sias, to adorn tlie theatre, which had been built during his edileship. Pausias lived about 350 years before Christ. /'/in. 35, c 11. PACsiLvrus, a mountain near Naples, which receives its name from the btauty of its situation, {Tavn Xi/ri, ccisure facio ilolor). The natives show diere the tomb of ^'irgil, and regard it with the highest veneration There were near setweeu Ithaca and tlie Echinades in the Ionian sea. Peas, a shepherd, who, according to some, set on lire tlie pile on which Hercules was bnri;t. The hero gave him bis bow and ar- rows. AiKi'.lnd. '1. Pfd.ii s, an illegitimate son of Antencr. Jlomn-. II. 7. Pepacla, a woman of whom Horace, I Sat, 8, V. 39, speaks of as a contemptible character. PedIni. [Kic/. Pedum.] Pedanius, a prefect of Rome, killed by one of his slaves, for having denied Lim hii; liberty, Ac. Tccit. 14. yln. c. 1-2. Pedasa, (orvm.) a town of Caria, near Halicarnassus. Liv. 33, c. 3<5. PedAscs, a son of Bucolion, the son of Ijiomedon. His mother was one of the Naiads. He was killed intlie Trojan war by Euryalus. Homer. Il.(S,f. 21. One of the four hor.« of .Achilles. As he was not immurtal like the other dirce, he was killed by Soq)edon. Id. 1»J. A town ncarPy- los in the Peloponnesus. PEDiAnis, a part of Bactriana, thrtugb which the Oius flows. Polyb. PrniAs the wife of Cranaus. PiDii's Bl.«;sis, a Roman accused by the people of CjTcne, of plundering the ^H temple of .'Esculapius. He was condemned ^| under Nero, &c. Tacit, .inn. 14. c. 18. ^ .\ nephew of Julius Csesar, who com- manded one of his legions in Gaul, &c. Poplicola, a lawyer in the age of Horace. His father was one of J. Caesar's heirs, and l)ecame consul with Augustus after Pansa's death. Pedo, a lawyer patronized by Domitian. Jur. 7, V. 129. .\lbinovanus. [Vid. Al- binovanus.] Pedianus Asc-ONii's, florishcd A. D. 76. PF.niM. a town of Latium, about 10 miles from Rome, conquered by Camillus. The inhabitants were called Pedant. Liv. 2, c 39. 1. 8, c. 13 & \^. — Horat. 1, rji- 4, v. 2. Peo^, a fountain at the foot of mount Arganthus in Bithynia, into which Hylaa fell. Propert. I, el'. 20, ▼. 33. PxGAsli>n» PE PE FEGAsiDEi, a name fgiven to the Muses from the horse Pegasus, or from the fountain which Pegasus had raised from the ground, by striking it with his foot. Ovid. Her. 15, V. 27. Pegasis, a name given to Qinone by Ovid, Her. 5. because she was daughter of the river {^ny/)) Cebrenus. Pegasium stagncm, a lake near Ephe- sus, which arose from the earth when Pegasus struck it with his foot. Pegasus, a winged horse sprung from the blood of Medusa, when Perseus had cut off her head. He received his name from his being born, according to Hesiod, near the sources (Tvyfi) of the ocean. As soon as born he left the earth, and flew up into heaven, or rather, according to Ovid, he fixed his residence on mount Helicon, wliere, by striking the earth with his foot, he instantly raised a fountain, which has been called Hippocrene. He became the favorite of the Muses ; and being afterwards tamed by Neptune or Minerva, he was given to Bel- lerophon to conquer the Chimasra. No sooner was this fiery monster destroyed, than Pegasus threw down his rider, because he was a mortal, or rather, according to the more received opinion, because he attempted to fly to heaven. This act of temerity in Bellerophon, was punished by Jupiter, who sent an insect to torment Pegasus, which occasioned the melancholy fall of his rider. Pegasus continued his flight up to heaven, and was placed among the constellations by Jupiter. Perseus according to Ovid, was mounted on the horse Pegasus, when he de- stroyed the sea monster which was going to devour Andromeda. Hesiod. Theog. 2S2. — Horat. 4. od. 11, v. 20 Homer. II. 6, V. 1 79 Apollod. 2, c. 3 & 4. — Lycophr. 17. — Paus. 12, c. 3 & 4. — Ovid. Met. 4, c. ISS.—Hy^n.fab. 57. Pelago, an eunuch, one of Nero's favo- rites, &c. Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 59. Pelagon, a man killed by a wild boar. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 360. A son of Asopus and Metope. A Phocian, one of whose men conducted Cadmus, and showed him where, according to the oracle, he was to build a city. Pilagonia, one of the divisions of Ma- cedonia at the north. Liv. 26, c. 25. 1. 31, e. 28. Pelarge, a daughter of Potneus who re- established the worship of Ceres in Bceotia. She received divine honors after death. Paus. 9, c. 25. Pelasgi, a people of Greece, supposed to be one of the most ancient in the world. They first inhabited Argolis in Peloponnesus, which from them received the name of Pelas- gia, and about 18S3 years before the Chris- tian era, they passed into ^monia, and were afterwards dispersed in several parts of Greece. Soms of them fixed their habitation in Epi- 557 rus, others in Crete, others in Italy, ajid others in Lesbos. From these different changes of situation in the Pelasgians, all the Greeks are indiscriminately called Pelasgians, and their country Pelasgia, though more properly speaking, it should be confined to Thessaiy, Epirus, and Peloponnesus, in Greece. Some of the Pelasgians, that had been driven froxa Attica, settled at Lemnos, where some time after tliey carried some Athenian women, whom they had seized in an expedition on the coast of Attica. They raised some cliil- dren by these captive females, but they after- wards destroyed them witli their mothers, through jealousy, because they differed in manners as well as language from tlicm. This horrid murder was attended by a dread- ful pestilence, and they were ordered, to ex- piate their crime, to do whatever the Athe- nians commanded them. This was to de- liver their possessions into their hands. The Pelasgians seem to have received their name from Pelasgus the first king and founder of their nation. Paus. 8, c. 1. — Sirab. 5. — Herodot, 1. — Plut. in Rom. — ^^irg. JEn. I. — Ovid. Met. — Flacc. — Senec. in Med. Pelasgia, or Pelasgiotis, a country of Greece whose inhabitants are called Pelasgi or Pelasgiotce. Every country of Greece, and all Greece in general, is indiscriminately called Pelasgia, though the name should be more particularly confined to a part of Thes- saiy, situate between the Peneus, the Aliac- mon, and the Sperchius. The maritime bor- ders of this part of Thessaiy were afterwards called Magnesia, though the sea or its shore still retained tlie name of Pelasgicns Sinus, now the gulph of Volo. Pelasgia is also one of the ancient names of Epii'us, as also of Peloponnesus. [Vid. Pelasgi.] Pelasgus, a son of Terra, or according to others, of Jupiter and Niobe, who reigned in Sicyon, and gave his name to the ancient inhabitants of Peloponnesus. Pelethronii, an epithet given to the La- pithae, because they inhabited the town of Pelethronium, at the foot of mount Pe- lion in Thessaiy ; or because one of tlieir number bore the name of Pelethronius. It is to them that mankind is indebted for the invention of the bit with which they tamed their horses with so much dexterity. Virg. G. 3, v. 115. — Ovid. Met. 12, v. 452. — Lucan. 6, v. 387. Peleus, a king of Thessaiy, son of M&cixs and Endeis, the daughter of Chiron. He married Thetis, one of tlie Nereids, and was the only one among mortals who married an immortal. He was accessary to the death of his brother Phocus, and on that account he was obliged to leave his father's domi- nions. He retired to the court of Eurj'tus, the son of Actor, who reigned at Phtliia, or according to the less received opinion of Ovid, he Hed to Ceyx, king of Trachinia. He was purified PE PE purified of his murder by Eurytus, with the usual ceremonies, and the monarch t considerable advantages. No sooner had the interest of Sparta prevailed at 'niebes, and tl)e friends of liberty and national indepen- dence been banished from the city, than Pe- iupidas, who was in the number of tlie exiles, resolved to free his country from foreign slaverv. His plan was bold and animated, and his deliberations were slow. Mean- while Epaminondas who had been left by tlie tyrants at Thebes, as being in apiK-aianfe a worthless and insignifiraiil phili>sopher ani- mated the youtJis of tlie city, and at la.st Pelopidas, wiUi eleven of his assiKriates, en- tered Thebes and easily massacred tlie friends of the tyranny, and freed the country from foreign masters. After iJiis successful cnterprixe, Pelopidas was unanimously ulacetl at the head of the government ; and so confident were the 'niebans of hi> abili- ties as u general and a magi'>trate. that thev successively re-electebt.'uned the victory, B. C .I'll years. He received an honor- able burial, the Tliehans showed their sense for his merit by their l.'^mentations ; tlu y sent a powerful .army to revenge hi* death on the destruction of the tyrant of Phur.x ; Olid his relations and his children were i(;o presented with immense donations by tlie cities of Tliessaly. Pelopidas is admired for his valor, us he never engaged an enemy without obtaining the advantage. The impoverislied state of Tliebcs be- fore his birtlj, and after his fall, plainly demonstrates the sujjeriority of his genius and of his abilities ; and it has been jusdy observed, Uiat witli Pelopidas and Epaminondas the glory and die indepen- dence of the Thebans rose and set. Plul. ij- C- Xqi. in vita. — Xemijih. Hist. C — Uiud. 15. — Pu/yft. Peiopon.seslaci'M bellum, a celebrated war which continued for 27 years between the Athenians and the inhabitants of Pe- loponnesus with their respective allies. It is tlie most famous and die mt>st inte- resting of all the wars which have happened between die inhabitants of Greece ; and for the minute and circumstanti:d description which we have of tlie events .-md revolu- tions which mutual animosity produced, we are indebted more particularly to the correct and authentic writings of Thucy- didcs and of Xenophon. Tlie circumstances which gave birth to this mtmorable war are thejc : the power of Athens under the prudent and vigorous administration of Pericles, was already extended over Greece, and it had procured itself many admirers and more encmic-s, when the Conyreans, who had b'^-cn planted l)y a CorinUiian colony, refused to pay dieir founders those marks of respect and re- verence which among the (irceks every colony was obliged to pay to its mother country. The Corinthians wished to punish that infidelity ; and when the people of Epi- dainnus, a considerable town on the Adriatic, had been invaded by some of the barbarians of lUyricum, the people of Corinth gladly granted to the Epidamnians that assistance which luod in vain been solicited from die Corcyrcans, their founders and tlicir pa- trons. Tlie Corcyrcans wi-re ofl'e.ided at the interference of Corintli in Uie affairs of their colony ; they manned a fleet, and obtained a victory over tlie Corintliian vessels which had assisted the Epidamnians. The subsequent conduct of the C'orcyreans, and their insolence to some of the Elians who had fumishiil a few shi|>s to the C'orinUiiaiis. provoked tl:j Pe- loponnesians. and the discontent became ge- neral. .\mbassadors were sent by lioth parties to Atliens to claim its pr infection, and to justify these violent proceeiliiigs. The greatest part of the .Athenians heard their various reasonings with moderalion and with conipa>ision ; but the enteqirizing ambition of IVricles prevniled, and when tlie Corc\ reans had remindwl the people of .\thens tliat in nil the states of Pelojionncsus ihey had to dread the most malevolent cnemiofl^ and the most insidious of rivals they were listened to widi PE PE ■with attention, and were promised support. This step was no sooner taken than the Corinthians appealed to the other Grecian states, and particularly to the Lacedannonians. Their complaints were accompanied by those of the people of Megara and of ^gina who bitterly inveighed against the cruelty, injus- tice, and insolence of the Athenians. This had due weight with the Lacedaemonians who had long beheld with concern and with jealousy the ambitious power of the Athenians, and they determined to support the cause of the Corinthians. However, before they pro- ceeded to hostilities, an embassy was sent to Athens, to represent the danger of entering into a war with the most powerl'ul and florish- ing of ail the Grecian states. This alarmed the Athenians, but when Pericles had elo- quently spoken of the resources and the actual strength of the republic, and of the weakness of the allies, the clamors of his enemies were silenced, and the answer which was returned to the Spartans, was taken as a declaration of war. The Spartans were supported by all the republics of the Pelo- ponnesus, except Argos and part of Achaia, besides the people of Megara, Bceotia, Pho- cis, Locris, Leucas, Anibracia, and Anacto- rium. The Platsans, the Lesbians, Carians, Chians, Messenians, Acai-nanians, Zacyn- thians, Cqrcyreans, Dorians, and Thracians, were the friends of the Athenians, with all the Cyclades, except Eubcea, Samos, Melos, and ']liera. The first blow had already been struck. May 7, B. C. 431, by an attempt of the Boeotians to surprise Plataea ; and there- fore Archidamus king of Sparta, who had in vain recommended moderation to the allies, entered Attica at the head of an army of 60,000 men, and laid waste the country by fire and sword. Pericles, who was at the head of the government, did not attempt to oppose them in the field ; but a fleet of a hundred and fifty ships set sail without delay, to ravage the coasts of the Peloponnesus. Megara was also depopulated by an army of 20,000 men, and the campaign of the 1st year of the war was concluded in celebrating, with the most solemn pomp, the funerals of such as had nobly fallen in battle. The following year was remarkable for a pestilence which raged in Athens, and which destroyed tlie greatest part of the inhabitants. 'Die pub- lic calamity was still heightened by the ap- proach of the Peloponncsian army on the borders of Attica, and by the unsuccessful expedition of the Athenians against Epidau- rus and in Thrace. The pestilence which had carried away so many of the Athenians proved also fatal to Pericles, and he died about two years and six months after the com- mencement of the Peloponnesian war. 'ITie following years did not give rise to decisive events; but the revolt of Lesbos from the alliance of the Athenians was productive of fresh troubles. Mitylene, the capital of the 561 island, was recovered, and the inhabitants treated with the greatest cruelty. The island of Corcyra became also the seat of new sedi- tions, and those citizens who had been carried away prisoners by the Corinthians, and for political reasons treated with lenity, and taught to despise the alliance of Athens, were no sooner returned home than they raised commotions and endeavoured to per- suade their countrymen to join the Pelopon- nesian confederates. This was strongly op- posed; but both parties obtained by turns the superiority, and massacred, with the greatest barbarity, all those who obstructed their views. Some time after Demosthenes the Athenian general invaded .(Etolia, where his arms were attended with the greatest suc- cess. He also fortified Pylos in the Pelo- ponnesus, and gained so many advantages over the confederates, that they sued for peace, which the insolence of Athens refused. The fortune of the war soon after changed, and the Lacedcemonians, under the prudent conduct of Brasidas, made themselves masters of many valuable places in Thrace. But this victorious progress was soon stopped by the death of their general, and that of Cleon, the Athenian commander; and the pacific disposition of Nicias, who was now at the head of Athens, made overtures of peace and universal tranquillity. Plistoanax, the king of the Spartans, wished them to be accepted ; but the intrigues of the Corinthians pre- vented the discontinuation of the war, and therefore hostilities began anew. But while war was carried on with various success in different parts of Greece, the Athciiians en- gaged in a new expedition ; they yielded to the persuasive eloquence of Gorgias cf Leon- tium, and the ambitious views of Alcibiades, and sent a fleet of 20 ships to assist the Sicilian states against the tyraimicai power o':' Syracuse, B. C. 416. This was warmly opposed by Ni- cias; but the eloquence of Alcibiades pre- vailed, and a powerful fleet was sent against the capital of Sicily. These vigorous though impolitic measures of the Athenians, were not viewed with indifference by the confederates. Syracuse, in her distress, implored the assist- ance of Corintli, and Gylippus was sent to direct her operations, and to defend her against the power of her enemies. The events of battles were dubious, and though the Athenian army was animated by the prudence and in- trepidity of Nicias, and the more hasty cou- rage of Demosthenes, yet the good fortune of Syracuse prevailed; and after a campaign of two years of bloodshed, the fleets of Athens were totally ruined, and the few soldiers tiiat survived the destructive siege, made prisoners of war. So fatal a blow riirew the people of Attica info consternation and despair, and while they sought for resources at home, they severely felt themselves deprived of sup- port abroad, their allies were alienated by the intrigues of the enemy, and rebellion was O o fomented PE PE fomented in their dependent states and colo- j riiei on the Asiatic coast. The threatened ruin, however, was timely averted, and Alci- hiades. who had been treated witli cruelty by his countrymen, and who had for some time resided in Sparta, and directed her military operations, now exerted himself to defeat tlie designs of the confederates, by inducing the Persians to espouse the cause of his country. But in a short time after, the internal tran- quillity of Athens was disturbed, and Alci- biades, by wishing to abolish the democracy, called away the attention of his fellow-citizens from the 'prosecution of a war which had already cost them so much blood. This, however, was but momentary ; the .\tbcnians soon after obtained a nayal NTctory, and the Peloponnesian fleet was defeated by Alci- biades. The Athenians beheld with rapture the success of their arms ; but when their fleet in the absence of Alcibiades, had been defeated and destroyed near Andros, by Ly- sander, the Lacedsemonian admiral, they shewed their discontent and mortification by eagerly listening to the accusations which were brought against their naval leader, to whom they gratefully bad acknowledged themselves indebted for their former vic- tories. Alcibiades was disgraced in the public aaeerably, .ind ten commanders were ap- pointed to succeed him in the management of the republic. This change of admirals, and the appointment of Callicratidas to suc- ceed Lysander, whose office h;ul expired with the revolving year, produced new operations. The Athenians litted out a fleet, and the two nations decided their superiority near Argi- nuss, in a naval battle. C'allicratidas was killed, and the Lacedsmonians conquered, but the rejoicings which the intelligence of this victory occasioned were soon stopped, when it was known that the wrecks of some of the disabled ships of tlic Athenians, and the bodies of the slain had not been saved from the sea. 'ITie admirals were accused in the tumultuous assembly, and immediately condemned. Their successors in office were not so prudent, but they were more unfor- tunate in their operations. Lysander was again placed at the head of the Peloponnesian forces, instead of Eteonicus, who had suc- ceeded to the command at the death of Calli- cratidas. 'llie age and the experience of tliis general seemed to pjoraise something decisive, and indeed an opportunity ^vas not long wanting for the display of his military charac- ter. 'I'he superiority of the Athenians over that of the Pelopounesians, rendered tlic former insolent, proud, and negligent, and when they had imprudently forsaken tlieir ships to indulge tlicir indolence, or pursue their amusements on the sea-shore at JEgos- potamos, Lysander attacked their fleet, and Lis victory was complete. Of one hundred and eighty sail, only nine escaped, eight of which fled under the command of Conon. to 562 the island of Cyprus, and the other carried lo Athens the melancholy news of the defeat. The .-Vtlienian prisoners were all massacred ; and when the Peloponnesian conquerors hatl extended tlicir dominion over the states and communities of Europe and Asia, which formerly acknowledged the power of Athens, they returned home to finish the war by the reduction of tlie capital of Attica. The siege was carried on with vigor, and supported with flrmncss, and the first Athenian who mentioned capitulation to his countrymen, was instantly sacrificed to the fury ai'.d the indignation of the populace, and all tlie citizens unanimously declared, that tlic same moment would terminate their independence and their lives. This animated language, however, was not long continued; tlie spirit of faction was not yet extinguished at Athens ; and it proved, perhaps, more de- structive to tlie public liberty, than the oper- ations and assaults of the Pelof>ounesian besiegers. During four months, negotiations were carried on with the Spartans by the atis- tocratical part of tlie AUienians, and at last it was agreed tliat to establisli the peace, tlie fortifications of tiie Athenian harbours tuu&t be demolished, together with the long walls which joined them to the city ; all tlieir sliips, except 1 2, were to be surrendered to the enemy ; they were to resign every pretension to their ancient dominions abroad; to recall from banishment all the members of the late aristocracy ; to follow the Spartans in war, and, in the time of peace, to frame their constitution according to the will and the prescriptions o£ tlieir Peloponnesian conquerors. The terras were accepted, and the enemy entered the harbour, and took possession of the city, that very day on which the Athenians had been accustomed to celebrate the anniversary of the immortal victory which their ancestors had obtained over the Persians about 76 years before, near the island of Salamis. The walls and forti. tications were instantly levelled witli the ground, and the conquerors observed, tliat in the demolition of Athens, succeeding ages would fix die era of Grecian freedom. I'he day was concluded with a festival, and the recitation of one of the tragedies of Euripi- des, in wliich the nusfortunes of the daughter of Agamemnon, who was reduced to misery, and banished from her fatlier's kingdom, ex- cited a kindred sympathy io the bosom of the .ludience, who melted into tears at the re- collection tliat one moment had likewise re- duced to misery and servitude the capital of Attica, which was once called the common patroness of Greece, and the scourge of Per- si-a. This memorable event hapjiened about ■104 years before the Clunstian era, and 50 tjTants were appointed by Lysander over the government of the city. Xcn. Grtrc. Hut. — ritit. in Li/s. Per. AUib. Xic. ^i" -^/^«- — Diod. )!,&€.— Aristophan. — Thucyd. — Pl":o- — Jrist- PE PE — Arist, — Li/sias. — Isocrates. — C. Nep. in l.ys. Alcib. &c. — Cic. in of. 1, 24. Peloponnesus, a celebrated peninsula which comprehends the most soutliern parts of Greece. It received its name from Pe- lops, who settled there as the name indi- cates (crwXo-o; v/iri;, the island of Pdops). It hdd been called before Argia, PelciS'^ia, and ArguUs, and in its form, it has been ob- served by the moderns, highly to resemble the leaf of the plane-tree. Its present name is Morea, which seems to be derived eit.ier from the Greek word (to^iv., or the Latin morus, which signifies a m utberri/ tree, which is found there in great abundance. The an- cient Peloponnesus ^vas divided into six dif- ferent provinces, Messenia, Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, Acliaii propria, and Argolis, to which some add Sicyon. These provinces all bordered an the sea- shore, except Arca- dia. The Peloponnesus was conquered, some time after the Trojan war, by the Hera- clidae or descendants of Hercules, who had been forcibly expelled from it. The inhabit- ants of this peninsula rendered themselves illustrious like the rest of the Greeks, by their genius, their fondness for the fine arts, the cultivation of learning, and the profes- sion of arms, but in notliing more than by a celebrated war, which they carried on against Athens aild her allies for 27 years, and which from them received the name of the Pelo- fwnnesian war. [Fid. Peloponnesiacum hel- ium.] The Peloponnesus scarce extended 200 miles in length, and 140 in breadth, and about 565 miles in cu-cumferencc. It was separated from Greece by the narrow isthmus of Corinth, which, as being only five miles broad, Demetrius, Caesar, Nero, and some others, attempted in vain to cut, to make a communication between the hay of Corinth, and the Saronicus sinus. Strab. S. — Thycyd. — Diod. 12, &c. — Paus. 3, c. 21. 1. 8, c. 1 Mela, 2, c. 3. — riin. 4, c. 6. — Herodot. 8, <;. 40. Pelopea mcenia, is applied to the cities of Greece, but more particularly to Mycenas and Argos, where the descendants of Peiops reigned. Virg. JEru 2, v. 193. Pelops, a celebrated prince, son of Tan- talus king of Phrygia. His mother's name M'as Euryanassa, or according to others Eu- prytone, or Eurysteniista or Dione. He was murdered by his father, who wished to try the divinity of the gods who had visited Phrygia. by placing on their table the limbs of his son. The gods perceived his perfidious cruelty, and they refused to touch the meat, except Ceres, whom the recent loss of her daughter had rendered me- lancholy and inattentive. She eat one of the shoulders of Pelops, and therefore when Jupiter haxl compassion on his fate, and restored him to life, he placed a shoulder of ivory instead of tliat whicli Ceres had devoured- Tliis shoulder had an unconunon 563 power, and it could heal by its very touch every complaint, and remove every disorder. Some time after, the kingdom of Tantalum was invaded by I'ros, king of Troy, on pretence that he had carried away his son Ganymedes. This rape had been com- mitted by Jupiter himself; the war, never- tlielcss, was carried on, and Tantalus, de- feated and ruined, was obliged to ily witli his son PeJops, and to seek a shelter iii Greece. This tradition is confuted by some who support, that Tantalus did not fly into Greece, as he had been some time before confined by Jupiter in the infernal regions for his impiety, and therei'ore Pe- lops was the only one whom the. enmity of Tros persecuted. Pelops came to Pisa, where he became one of the suitors of Hip- podamia, the laughter of king CEnomaus, and he entered tlie lists against the father, who promised his daughter only to him, who could outrun him in a chariot race. Pe- lops was not terrified at the fate of the 13 lovers, who before him had entered tiie course against Q^!nomaus, and had, accord- ing to the conditions proposed, been put to death when conquered. He previously bribed Myrtilus, the charioteer of CEno- maus, and therefore he easily obtained the victorjr. [ Vid. OEnomaus.] He married Hippodamia, and threw headlong into the sea Myrtilus, when he claimed the reward of his perfidy. According to some authors, Pelops had received some winged horses from Neptune, with which lie was enabled to outrun CEnomaus. When he had esta- blished himself on the throne of Pisa, Hippodamia's possession, he extended his conquests over the neighbouring countries, and from hjm the peninsula, of which he was one of the monarchs, received tlic; name of Peloponnesus. Pelops, after death, received divine honors, and he was as much revered above all the other heroes of Greece, as Jupiter was above the rest of tiie gods. He had a temple at Olympia, near that of Jupiter, where Hercules consecrated to him a small portion of land, and ofliered to him a sacri- fice. The place where this sacrifice had been offered, was religiously observed, and the magistrates of the country yearly, on coming upon office, made there an offering of a black ram. During the sacrifice, the soothsayer was not allowed, as at other times, to have a share of tlie victim, but he alone who furnished the wood was permitted to take tlie neck. Tlie wood for sacrifices, as may be observed, was always furnished by some of the priests, to all such as of- fered victims, and they received a price, equivalent to what they gave. I'he white poplar was generally used in the sacrifices made to Jupiter and to Pelops. I'he child- ren of Pelops by Ilippodamia were Pi- tliLUs, Troezen, Atreus, Thyestes, ice. be- sides some by concubines. The nine of his O o 2 death PE PE rath is unknown, though it is universally agreed, tliat he survived for some time Hippodamia. Some suppose that the Pal- ladium of the Trojans was made with tlie bones of Pelops. His descendants were called Felopida. Pindar, who, in his first Olympic, speaks of Pelops, confutes tl>e traditions of his ivory shoulder, and say» tliat Neptune took him up to heavLn to become tlic cup-bearer to the gods, from •which he was expelled, when the impiety of Tantalas wished to make mankind par- take of the nectar and tiie entertainments of the gods. Some suppose that Pelops first instituted the Olympic games in honor of .Jupiter, and to commemorate the victory which he had obtained over CEnomaus. Paui. 5, c. 1, &c. — jl/tol/od. 2, c. 5. — Eunp. in Iphia. — Diod. .3. — Strab. 8. — Mda, 1, c. 1 f<. — Pindar. I^L \. — Virg,. G. 3. V. 7. — Ovid. Met 6, v. 404, &c. — Hygin. fib. 9, 82 & 8^. PcLOK, one of the men who sprang from the teeth of the dragon killed by Cadmus. Pan*. 9, C.5. PcLoRiA, a festival observeeliind a vast, pleasant, and mo»t de- lightful plain, ^c. Atkau 3. PELuKts, {y. is-dit, V. ias-iados.) now Cape Faro, one of the three great promon- tories of .Sicily, on whose top is erected a t-age. It lies near the coast of Italy, and received Its name fionj I'elorus, the pilot of the ship which carried away Annibal from Italy. Tliis celebrated general^ as it is rci>orted, was car- ried by the tides into tlw streighis of Cha- rjbs of .Sicily, but .\nnibal gave no crwlit to his infonn.itioii, and murden-d him on the sjwt, on the apprehension that he would betray him into tiie hands of the llomans. He was, however, soon convinced of his CTror, and found that the pilot had spoken wit>i great fidelity ; and therefore, to pay honor to his memory, and to atone for his cruelty, he gave him a niugniricent funeral, and ordered that ih*- promontory should bear his nanie. and from that time it was calietl I'elorus. Some suppose that this aceoinit is fal^-, and they observe, that it bore that name before the age of An- nJbal. Vat. AfoT. 9, c. 8. — AMa, 2, c. 7. — Stmb. 5. — Tir^. j£,i. .T, v. 4 1 1 4 687. — Ovitl. Mel. 5, V. 350. 1. 13, v. 727. I. 15, *. 706. PcLTiS, a town of Phrvgia. 564 PELi;sii.'M, now Tineh, a town of Egypt, situate at the entrance of one of the mouths of the Nile, called from it Pelusiao. It is al>out 20 stadia from the sea, and it ha.i received the name of Pclusium from the lakes and marshes (^m>.t() which are in its neighbourhootl. It was the key of Egypt on the side of Phoenicia, as it was impos- sible to enter tlie Egyptian territories witli- out passing by Pelusium, and therefore on that account it was always well fortified and garrisoned, as it was of such iinftortance for the security of the countr)-. It produced lentils, and was celebrated for the linen stufis made there. It is now in ruins. Mela, 2, c. 9. — Colum. 5, c. 10. — SU. li. ". v. 25 Lucan. 8, t. 466. I. 9. t. 83. 1. 10. V. j:3. — Liv. 44, c. 19. 1. 45, c. II Sirah. IT. — i'irg. G. I, v. 228. Pe NATES. cerlAin inferior deities among tlie Romans, nho presided over houses and die domestic aflairs of families. They were called Prnairt, because they were generally placet! in the innermost and most secret parts of the house, m Penilissiina erdiu-i parte, ifuod, as Cicero says, petiitiis insident. llie place where they stood was afterwards calietl petu'tralui, and they themselves re- ceived the name of Petutrales. It was in tlie option of ever)' master of a family to chuso his Penati-s. and tlierefore Jupiter, and some of tbo superior gods, are often invoked as patrons of domestic affairs. Ac- cording to some, the gods Penates were divided into four classes ; the first compre- hended all the celestial, the seroixi the sea, gods, tlie third the gods of hell, and the last all such heroes as had received divine honors after death. llie Penates were uri- ginally the manes of the dead, but when su{K>rstition had taught mankind to pny uncommon reverence to Uie statues and images of Uieir deceased friends, their atten- tion was soon exchanged for regular worsliip, and they were admitted by tlieir votaries to sliare immortality and power over tiie world, with a Jupiter or a Mii;er\a. The statues of the Penates were generally made with wax. ivory, silver, or eiu-tli, according to the af- fiueiu'e of the w«irshipjK'r, and the only of- ferings they received were wine, incense, fruits, and sometimes the sacrifice of lambs, sheep, goats. Ac. In tlic early ages of Rome, human sacrifices were olleri-d to them ; but Urutus, who expelled die Tarquins. abolished this unnatural custom. When oHerings were in.iHe to them, their statues were crowned witli garlands, poppies, or garlick. and besides the monthly day that was set apart for their worship, their festivals were Celebrated tluring the Satuniali.-u Somt have confounded the Lares and the P«na»es, but they were different- Cjc. de Xnl. />. -'• c. 27. 'I'er. 2. — I)i»:,^s. I. Pen'oaijum, a promontory of Cyprus. I'i.vKiA or Pshiis, an epithet applied to PE PE Daphne as daughter of Poneus. Ovid. Met. 1, V. 452. Penelius, one of the Greeks killed in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2, v. 494. A son oi Hippalmus among the Argonauts. Penelope, a celebrated princess of Greece, daughter of Icarius, and wife of Ulysses, king of Ithaca. Her marriage with Ulysses was celebrated about the same time that Menelaus man'ied Helen, and she re- tired with her husband to Ithaca, against the inclination of her father, who wished to de- tain her at Sparta, her native country. She soon after became mother of Telemachus, and was obliged to part with great reluctance from her husband, whom the Greeks obliged to go to the Trojan war. [Vid. Palamedes.] The continuation of hostilities for ten years made her sad and melancholy ; but when Ulysses did not return like the other princes of Greece at the conclusion of the war, her fears and her anxieties were increased. As she received no intelligence of his situation, she was soon beset by a number of importun- ing suitors, who wished her to believe that her husband was shipwrecked, and that there- fore she ought no longer to expect his re- turn, but forget his loss, and fix her choice and affections on one of her numerous ad- mirers. Sl>e received their addresses with coldness and disdain ; but as she was desti- tute of power, and a prisoner as it were in their hands, she yet flattered them with hopes and promises, and declared that she would make choice of one of them, as soon as she had finished a piece of tapestry, on which she was employed. The work was done in a dilatory manner, and she baffled their eager expectations, by undoing in the night what she had done in the day-time. This arti- fice of Penelope has given rise to the proverb of Penelope's web, which is applied to whatever labor can never be ended. The return of Ulysses, after an absence of twenty years, however, delivered her from her fears and from her dangerous suitors. Penelope is described by Homer as a model of fe- male virtue and chastity, but some more modem writers dispute her claims to modesty and continence, and they represent her as the most debauched and voluptuous of her sex. According to their opinions therefore, she liberally gratified the desires of her suitors, in the absence of her husband, and had a son whom she called Pan, as if to shew that he was the oflFspring of all her admirers. Some however, suppose, that Pan was son of Pene- lope by Mercury, and that he was born be- fore his mother's marriage with Ulysses. Tlie god, as it is said, deceived Penelope, under the form of a beautiful goat, as she was tending her father's flocks on one of the mountains of Arcadia. After the return of Ulys«€S, Penelope had a daughter, who was called Ptoliporthe ; but if we believe 565 the traditions that were long preserved at Mantinea, Ulysses repudiated his wife for her incontinence during his absence, and Penelope fled to Sparta, and afterwards to Mantinea, where she died and was buried. After the death of Ulysses, according to Hy- girius she married Telegonus, her husband's son. by Circe, by order of the goddess Mi- nerva. Some say that her original name was Arnea, or Amirace, and that she was called Penelope, when some river birds called Pe- nelopes had saved her from tlie waves of the sea, when her father had exposed her. Ica- rius had attempted to destroy her, because the oracles had told him that his daughter by Peribcea would be the most dissolute of her sex, and a disgrace to his family, ^pollod. 3, c. 10. — Pmis. 3, c. 12. — Homer. II. & Od. — Ovid. Heroid. 1, Met Aristot. Hist. anim. 8, — HT/gi)i. Jab. 127. — Aristojth. in Avib.— Plin. 37. Peneus, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount Pindus, and falling into the Tlier- mean gulf, after a wandering course be- tween mount Ossa and Olympus, through tlie plains of Tempe. It received its name from Peneus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. The Peneus anciently inundated the plains of Thessaly, till an earthquake separated tlie mountains Ossa and Olympus, and formed the beautiful vale of Tempe, where the waters formerly stagnated. From this cir- cumstance, therefore, it obtained the name of Araxes, ab a^artre-i, scindo. Dapline, the daughter of the Peneus, according to the fa- bles of the mythologists, was changed into a laurel on the banks of this river. This tra-. dition arises from the quantity of laurels which grow near the Peneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v, 452, &c. — Strab. 9. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Virg. G. 4, V. 317. — Diod. 4. Also a small river of Elis in Peloponnesus, better known under the name of Araxes. Pans. C, c. 24. —Strab. 8 & 11. Penidas, one of Alexander's friends, who went to examine Scythia under pretence of an embassy. Curt. 6, c. 6. Peking alpes, a certain part of the Alps. Lit. 21, c. 38. Pentapous, a town of India. — i — A part of Africa near Cyrene. It received this name on account of the Jive cities which it con- tained, Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolcmais, or Barce, and Apollonia. Plin. 5, c. 5. Also part of Palestine, containing the five cities of Gaza, Gath, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron. • Pentelicus, a mountain of Attica, where were found quarries of beautiful marble. Strnb. 9. — Paus. 1, c. 32. Penthesilea, a queen of the Amazons, daughter of Mars, by Otrera, or Orithya. She came to assist Priam in the last years of the Trojan war, and fought against Achilles, by whom she was slain. The hero was so O o 3 struck PE PE struck Willi tlif heauty of Penthesilea, when he btrippcd her of her arms, that he even siied tears for having too violently sacrificetl her to his fury. Thermites laughed at the partiality of the hero, for which ridicule he was instantly killed. Lycophron says, that Achilles slew Thersites because he had put out the eyes of Pentliesilea when she was yet alive. The scholiast of Lycophron difl'ers from that opinion, and declares, that it was commonly believed, tJiat Achilles ottered vio- lence to the ho offended Diomedes that he dragged the body of I'er- tliesUea out cf tlie camp, ;uid. tlirew it into the Scamander. It is genL-rally supposed, Uiat Achilles was enamoured of the Amazon iK'fore he foUj^ht witii lur, and tliat she bad by him a son called Cayster. Dictys Crtt. .•5 i 4. — PuiM. in, c.":. — Q. Calab. 1.— rir^. j€a. I, V. 495. I. 11, v. r,62 Dares Pkvfg. — Li/c0]ihr. m C'oji. 995, &c. — lly^in. fab.^lJ. Penthciis, son of Echion and Agave, was king of Tliebes in Ikcotia. His refusal to acknowled;:;e the divinity of IJacchus was attended with the most fatal consitjuences. He forbatl liis subjects to pay adoration to this new >;od ; and wlieii the Thcban women had gone out of tJie city to celebrate the orpies o( Bacchus, I'entljcus, apprized of the ile- b.iuchcry whicli attended the soletimity, or- dered the god himself, who conducte<> tlie religious multitude, to be se:ze.i. PEi-AKirriios, a small island of the .l^goan sea, on the coast of Macedonia, about Wmiie^ in circumferLncc. It abounded in olives, and its wines have always been reckoned excel- lent. Tliey wi-re not, however, palatable before they were seven years old. PUn. 4. c. PJ. — Ond. Ma. 7, v. 470. — Lw. 2H, c. 5. L .■? 1 , c. 58. PrrHNOs, a town of Laconia. Pans. 5, c. 26. Pei-hredo, a sea nyroph, daughter of ITiorcys and ''eto. She was born with white hair, and thence sumamed Graia. She had a sister called ]:iiyo. Hesiod. Th. 5?70. — AifUUtd. lVa.K.«, or BcaiKA, a conntr>- of Judiea, near Kgyjit. PUn. 5, c. 1 4. A part of L'aria, op]>asitc to Kbodes. Ijiv. 32, c. 3,~. — — A colony of the Mityleneans in Alolia. Lw. 37, c. J I. pFRAKirri's, an ambassador sent to Darius by the I^ccdmnoDians, Sec. Curt. 5, < . 13. Per( or?:, or Pracorr, a city which assisted Priiun during the Trojan war. \ ViJ. Percote."", Pr.iuosies, a man acquainted with futu- rity. He attempted in vain to dissuade his two sons from going to the Troj.in war by tell- ing them tliat diey should j)erisli tiiere. l^iiroTK, a town on the Hellespont, between Abydos and I^junpsacus near the sea short. .Xrtaxerxes gave it to Themisto- cles, to maintain his wardrobe. It is some- times called Pcrcope. Herodot. 1, C. 117 Horn. Pr.RDiccAS, the fourth king of Macedo- nia, B. C 7'J!>, wa.s descended from Jeme- nus. He encreascd his dominions by con- (]uest, and in the latter part oi bis life, he shewed his son Argeus where he wished to he buried, and told him that as long as tlie h«tn*w ofhis descendants and successor* on the thmnc of Macwlonia were laid in the same pra-»e. «r» long would the crown remain in their fartifly. Thesi' injunctions were obi«rved till the tiirt^ of .Alexander, who was buried out of Mace- donia. Herodot. 7*8. — jMSlin. 7, c. ?. Another, PE PE ■- Another, king of Macedonia, son of Alexander. He reigned during the Pelo- ponnesian war, and assisted the Lacedaemo- nians against Athens. He behaved with great courage on the throne, and died B. C. 413, after a long reign of glory and independence, during which he had subdued some of his barbarian neighbours. Another, king of Macedonia, who was supported on his throne by Iphicrates the Atlienian against the intru- sions of Pausanias. He was killed in a war against the lUyrians, B. C. 360. Justin. 7, &c. One of the friends and favorites of Alexander the Great. At the king's death he wished to make himself absolute ; and the ring which he had received from the hand of the dying Alexander, seemed in some mea- sure to favor his pretensions. The better to support his claims to the throne, he married Cleopatra, the sister of Alexander, and strengthened himself by making a league with Eumenes. His ambitious views were easily discovered by Antigonus, and the rest of the generals of Alexander, who all wished, like Perdiccas, to succeed to the kingdom and honors of the deceased mona''''h. Anti- pater, Craterus, and Ptolemy, leagued with Antigouus against him, and after much blood- shed on both sides, Perdiccas was totally ruined, and at last assassinated in his tent in Egypt, by his own officers, about 521 years before the Christian era. Perdiccas had not the prudence and the address which were ne- cessary to conciliate the esteem and gain the attachment of his fellow-soldiers, and this impropriety of his conduct alienated tlie heart of his friends, and at last proved his destruc- tion. Flut. in Alex. — Diod. 17 & 18. — CmH, 10. — C. Nep. Eum. —jElian. V. H. 12. Perdix, a young Athenian, son of the sister of Dadalns. He invented the saw, and seemed to promise to become a greater artist tlian had ever been known. His uncle was jealous of his rising fame, and he threw him down from the top of a tower and put him to death. Perdix was changed into a bird which bears his name. Hygin. fob. 59 & 274. — Apollod. 4, c. 15 Ovid. Met. 8, v. 220, &c. Perenna. [Firf. Anna.] Pekennis, a favorite of the emperor Commodus. He is described by some as a virtuous and impartial magistrate, while others paint him as a cruel, violent, and op- pressive tyrant, who cor-mitted the greatest barbarities to enrich liimself. He was put to death for aspiring to the empire. He- radian. Pere'^ s, a son of Elatus and Laodice, grand- son of Areas. He left only ont; daughter called NefBra, who was mother of Auge and of Cepheus and Lycurgus. AjMod, 3. — Paus. 8, c. 4. Perga, a town of Pamphylia. [Fid. Ferge.] I.iv- 38, c. 51, 6G1 Peroamus, Pcrgama, (plur.) the citadel of the city of Troy. The word is often used for Troy. It was situated in the most ele- vated part of the town, on the shores of the river Scamander. Xerxes mounted to the top of this citadel when he reviewed his troops as he marched to invade Greece. Herodot. 1, c, 43. — Virg. JEn. 1, v. 466, &c. Pergamus, now Bergamo, a town of My- sia, on the banks of the Caycus. It was the capital of a celebrated empire called the king- dom of Pergamus, which was founded by Phileeterus, an eunuch, whom Lysimachus, after the battle of Ipsus, had entrusted with the treasures which he had obtained in the war. Phiiasterus made himself master of the treasures and of Pergamus, in which they were deposited, B. C. 283, and laid the foundation of an empire, over which he him- self presided for 20 years. His successors be- gan to reign in the following order : His nephew Eumenes ascended the throne 265 B. C. ; Attalus, 241 ; Eumenes the second, ]f)7; Attalus Philadelphus, 159; Attalus Philomator, loS, who, B. C. 133, left the Roman people heirs to his kingdom, as he had no children. The right of the Romans, however, was disputed by an usurper, who claimed the empire as his own, and Aquilius the Roman general was obliged to conquer the different cities one by one, and to gain their submission by poisoning the waters which were conveyed tc» their houses till the whole was reduced into the form of a dependent province. The capital of the kingdom of Per- gamus was famous for a library of 200,000 volumes, which had been collected by the dif- ferent monarchs who had reigned there. This noble collection was afterwards transported to Egypt by Cleopatra, with the permission of Antony, and it adorned and enriched the Alex- andrian library, till it was most fatally destroy- ed by the Saracens, A. D. 642. Parchment was first invented and made use of, at Perga- mus, to transcribe books, as Ptolemy king of Egypt had forbidden the exportation of papy- rus from his kingdom, in order to prevent Eu- menes from making a library as valuable and • as choice as that of Alexandria. From this circumstimce parchment has been called charta pergatv.jna. Galenus the physician and Apol- Icdorus the mythologist were born there. iEsculapius was the chief deity of tlie country. Flin. 5 & 15 Isid. 6, c. 11. — Strab. 13. — Liv- 29, c. 11. 1.31, c.46.—Plin. 10, c. 21. 1. 13, c. 11 A son of Neoptolemus and Andromache, who, as some suppose, founded Pergamus in Asia. Paus. 1, c. 11. Perge, a town of Pamphylia, where Diana had a magnificent temple, whence her surname of Pergsea. Apollonius the geome- trician was born there. Afela, 1, c. 14. — Strab. 14. Pergus, a lake of Sicily near Enna, whera Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 386. O c 4 Pekian- PE PE I'KRiANDr.R. a tyrant of Corinth, son of Cypselus. 'Vhc first years of hi>> povernnicnt were mild and popular, but he sotm k'.irnt to become opi)ressive, when he had consulted the tyrant of Sii'iiy about the surest way of reigninj^. He received no other answer but whatever explanation he wished to place on the Sicilian tyrant's having, in the presence of his messenger, plucked in a field, all the eari of corn which seemed to tower above the rest. Periandcr understood the meaning of tliis answer. He immediately surrounded himself with a numerous guard, and put to death die riciiest and most powerful citizens of Corinth. He was not only cruel to his subjects, but his family also were objects of his vengeance. He committed incest with his mother, and put to death his wife .Melissa, upon false accusation. He also banished his son Lycojihron to tlie island of Corcyra, be- cause tlie youUi pitied and wept at (he mise- rable end of his motlier, and di"te>tt.'d the bar- barities of bis father. Periandor died about 5P5 years before the Christian era. in his 80th year, and by the nieanric.i of his flat- terers, he was reckoned one of tlie seven wise men of Greece. Thoiijih he was ty- rannical, yet he patronized the fine arts ; he wa.s fond of peace, and he showed him- self the friend and the protector of genius and of learning. He used to say, that a man ought solemnly to kcc]) his word, but not to hesitate to break it if ever it clashed Avith bis interest. He said also, that not only crimes ought to be punished, but also every wickefl and corrupt thought. Iho;^. i7i vita. — Jrist. r>. PiUit. — Piius. a. .A tyrant of Ambracia, y Neptune. — — 'I'ht mother of Penelope, according to sonic .-luthors. Pr.riBOMius, a noted deb.iuchcc, &c. Jut: •J, v. I0\ PKutcx.rs, an .\tlienian of a noble f.imily, son of Xanthippus and Ajjariste. Ho was 66S naturally endowed with great ;iov/ers. wh-cli he improved by attending the lectures of Damon, of Zeno. and of .\naxa'j;ni"as. L ii- der these celebrated masters he became a commander, a statesman, and an orator, and gaiiietl the alll-ctions of the peo])!e by his uncommon address and well directed liljerality. ' AVhen he took a share in the ailmiiiistratioi) of public affairs, he rendered himself popular by opposing Cimon, who was tJie favorite of the nobility ; and to re- move every obstacle whicli stood in the way of bis ambition, he lessened tb.c dignity and the power of tlie court of tlie Areo- pagus, which the people had been taught for ages to respect and to venerate, lie also attacked Cimon, and caused him to be banished by tlie ostracism. 'Hiucydides idso, who had succeeded Cimon on his banish- ment, shared the same fate, and Pericles re- mained for 1 5 years tlie sole minister, and as it in;iy be said the absolute sovereign of a re- public whic!i always sliowed itself so jealous of her liberiles. and which distni'-ted so much the honesty of her magistiati's. In his minis- terial capacity Pericles did not enrich him- self, but the prosperity of .\iliens w^ the object of his administration. He made war against tlie Lacedxmonians. and restored tlie temple of Delphi to tlie care of the Phocians, who had been illegally deprived of that ho- norable trust. He obtained^ a victory over tlie Sicyonians near Neuixa, and waged a successful war agaiast the inhabitants of Sa- mos at the request of his favorite mistress .\spasia. Tlie I'eloponnesian war was fo- mented by hii. ambitious views, [ Vid. Pelo- poiinesiacum belluin.j and when he had warmly represented tlie florishing state, the opulence, and actual power of his country, tlie Athenians did not. hesitate a moment to undertake a war against the most ]x>werfiil republics of Greece, a war whidi continued for y? years, and which was concluded by the destruction of their empire, and the de- molition of tlieir walls. The arms of the Athenians were for some time crowned with success ; but an unfortunate expedition raised clamors against Pericles, and the enraged po- jnilace attributed all their losses to him, and to make atonement for their ill success, they condemneii him to pay .50 talents. This loss of popVilar favor by republican caprice, did not so much aft'ect Pericles as the recent death of all his children; and when the tide of un- popularity was passed by, he condescended to come into the public assembly, and to view with secret pride the contrition of his fellow- citizens, who universally begged his forgive- ness for the violence which they had offered to his ministerial character. He was ag«in restored to aU his honors, and if jH>ssible in- vested with more power and more authority llian before ; bui tlie drc.idful (x-stilencc which hud (iiminished tlie iiunilx-r of his family, proved fatal to him. .iiid a'out 4'-'9 ye.irs l>e- foro PE PE fore Christ, in his 70th year, he fell a sacri- fice to that tenible malady, which robbed Athens of so many of her citizens. Peri- cle-j was for 40 years at the head of the ad- ministration, 25 years with others, and 15 alone ; and the florishing state of the empire during his government gave occasion to the Athenians publicly to lament his loss, and venerate his memory. As he was expiring, and seemingly senseless, his friends that stood around his bed expatiated with warmth on tlie most glorious actions of his life, and the victories which he had won, when he suddenly interrupted their tears and con- versation, by saying that in mentioning tlie exploits that he had achieved, and which were common to him with all gener.ils, they had forgot to mention a circumstance which reflected far greater glory upon him as a mi- nister, a general, and above all, as a man. It is, says he, that not a citizen in Athens has been obliged to put on mourning on my account. The Athenians were so pleased with his eloquence that they compared it to thunder and lightning, and as to another father of the gods, they gave him the sur- name of Olympian. Tlie poets, his flat- terers, said that the goddess of persuasion, with all her charms and attractions, dwelt upon his tongue. When he maiched at the head of the Athenian amiies, Pericles ob- served that he had the command of a free nation that were Greeks, and citizens of vlthens. He also declared, that not only the hand of a magistrate, but also his eyes and his tongue, should be pure and unde- filcd. Yet great and venerable as his cha- racter may appear, we must not forget the follies of Pericles. His vicious partiality for the celebrated courtezan Aspasia, sub- je"cted him to the ridicule and the censure of his fellow-citizens ; but if he triumphed over satire and malevolent remarks, the Athenians had occasion to execrate the me- mory of a man who by his example cornipted the purity and innocence of their morals, aad who made licentiousness respectable, and the indulgence of every impure desire the qualification of the soldier as well as of the senator. ' Pericles lost all his legitimate children by the pestilence, and to call a Jia- tural son by his own name he was obliged to repeal a law which he had made against spu- rious childi-cn, and which he had enforced with great severity. This son, called Peri- cles, became one of the ten generals who succeeded Alcibiades in the administration of affairs, and like his colleagues he was con- demned to death by the Athenians, after the unfortunate battle of Arginusae. Pans. 1, c. 25. — l^lut. in vita. — Quitiiil. 12, c. 9. — Cic de Orat. o. — JElian. V. H. 4, c. 10. — Xenoph. Hist. G. — Thuqyd. ■ Periclymenus, one of the twelve sons of Neleus, brother to Nestor, killed by Hercu- les. He was one of the Argonauts, and had 569 received from Neptune his grandfather tiic power of changing himself into whatever shape he pleased, ^pollod. — Ovid. Met. 1 2, V. 556. Peridia, a Tlieban woman, whose son was killed by Turnus in the Rutulian war. Virg. Mn. 12, v. 515. Periegetes DioNYSiL's, a poet. \_Fid. Dionysius.] Perieres, a son of ^olus, or according to others of Cynoilas. ApoUod. The charioteer of Menoeceus. Id. Perigenes, an officer of Ptolemy, &c, Perigone, a woman who had a son called Molanippus, by Theseus. She was daughter of Syiinis tlie famous robber, whom Tiieseus killed. She married J)eioneus the son of Eurytus, by consent of Theseus. Plut. in Thfs. —Paus. 10, c. 25. PERir.Aus, an officer in the army of Alex- ander the Great. Cl.H. 10. A tyrant of Argoi. Perileus, a son of Icai'ius and Periboea. Perilj.a, a daughter of Ovid the poet. Sha was extremely fond of poetry and lite- rature. Ovid. Fust, 3, el. 7, v. 1. Perillus, an ingenious artist at Athens, who made a brazen bull for Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum. This machine was fabri- cated to put criminals to death by burning them alive, and it was such that their cries were like the roaring of a bull. When Pe- rillus gave it to Phalaris, the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor, and cru- elly put him to death by lighting a slow fire under the belly of the bull. Flin. 34, c. 8 — Ovid, in Art. Am. 1, v. 65o. in. ib. 459. A lawyer and usurer in the age of Ho- race. Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 75. Perimede a daughter of iEolus, who married Achelous. ■ The wife of Licym- nius. A woman skilled in the know- ledge of herbs and of enchantments. The- ocrit. 2. Perimela, a daughter of Hippodamus, tlirown into the sea for receiving the ad- dresses of the Achelous. She was changed into an island in the Ionian sea, and became one of the Echinades. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 690. Perintkia, a play of Menander's. Te- re7it. And. prol. 9. Perinthus, a^ town of Thrace, on the Propontis, anciently surnamed Mygdonica. It was afterwards called Heracka, in honor of Hercules, and now Erekli. Mela, 2, c. 2. — Paus. I, c. 29. — Plin. 4, c. 11.— itt;. 53, c. 30. PERirATETici, a sect of philosophers at Athens, disciples to Aristotle. ITiey derived this name from the place where they were taught, called Peripatcii, in the Lyceum, or because they received the philosopiier's lec- tures as they walked {■Ti^i-ra.To:jMTii). The Peripatetics acknowledged tlie dignity of human nature, and placed their summitm bonum PE PE bonum not in the pleasures of passive sen- «ation, but in the due exercise of the moral and intellectual faculties. The habit of this exercise, when guided by reason, con- stituted the highest excellence of man. The philosopher contended that our own happi- ness chiefly depends upon orrselves, and thougli he did not require in his followers that self-command to which others pretended, yet he allowed a moderate degree of per- turbaM'T as becoming hun.an nature, and he con^;aered a certain sersiLUity of passion totally necessary, as by resentment we are enabled to ri.'pel injuries, and the snuirt which past calamities have inflicted, renders us careful to avoid the repetition. Cic. Acud. 2, &c. Periphas, a man who attempted, with Pyrrhus, Priam's palace, &c. ^ir^. jEn. 2, T. 476". X son of ^gyptus, who married Acttea. ApoUad. 1, c. 1. One of tlie Lapithffi. Ovid. Met. \'2, v. 449. One of tJie first kings of Attica, h^. fore the age of Cccro;,3, according to some au- thors. Pehifhates, a robber of .\ttica, son of Vulcan, destroyed by Tlieseus. He is also called Corynetes. liyc,^n. 58. — Diod. 5. Periphemus, an ancient hero of Greece, to whom Solon sacrificed at Salamis, by order of the oracle. PraisAiiKs, a people of lUyrifum. Pekisthenes, a son of /ligyptus, who married Elcctra. Apollnd. Perptanus, an .Orcadian who enjoyed the company of Helen after her elopiTnent witli Paris. The offended lover punished tlje crime by mutilation, whence mutilated persons were called Peritani in .-Vrcadia. Ptd. Hi-pli. 1, in ini'. Peritas, a favorite dog of Alexander the Great, in whose honor the monarch built a city. PERrroNUM. a town of Egypt, on tlie western side of the Nile, esteemed of great importance, ns heing one of the keys of the country. Antony was defeated there by C. Gallus, the lieutenant of Augustus. l'ER>ir?srs. a river of Kueotia, rising in mount Hilicoii, and flowing all round it. It received its name from Permessus, the father of a nymph called Aganippe, who also gave her name to one of the fountains of He- licon. The river Permessus, as well as tlie fountain .\g.-»nippc, were sacred to the Muses. Strab. H. — Fropcrt. 2. cl. 8. Pero, or Pf-koxe, a daughter of Nclcus, king of Pylos, by Chloris. Her beauty drew many admirers, but she married Bias son of Amjnhaon, because he had by the as- sistance of his brother Meliunpus. [Vid. Me- lampus,] and according to her father's desire, recovered some oxen which Hercules had stolen away ; and she became motlier of Ta- laus. Homer. Od. 11, v. 'J84. — Projtert. 2, el. 2, V. 17. — Paus. 4, c. 36 A daugh- 570 ter of Cimon, remarkable for her filial aflTec- tion. When her father had been sent to prison, where his judges had condemned him to starve, she suppc^M his life by giving him the milk of her breasts, as to her own child. Vul. Max. 5, c. 4. Peroe, a fountain of Boeotia called after Peroe, a daughter of the Asopus. Patu. 9, c. 4. Perola, a Roman who meditated the death of Hannibal in Italy. His father Pacuvius dissuaded him from assassinating the Cartha- ginian general. Perpesna, M., a Roman who conquered Aristonicus in Asia, and tonk him prisoner. He died B. C. 130. — — Another, who joi.ned the rebellion of Sertorius, and opposed Pompcy. He was defeated by Metellus, and some time after he had the meanness to rtssassinate Sertorius, whom he hud invited to his house. He fell in»o the hands of Pompey, who ordered him to be put to death. Plut. in Serl. — Palerc. 2, c. 30, A Greek who obtained the consulship at Rome. Val. Max. 3, c. 4. Perperene, a place of Phrygia, where, as some suppose, Paris adjudged the prize of beauty to Venus. S.'rab. 5. Pe:' aANTHES, a hill of Epirus, near .Am- bracia. Liv. S^, c. 4. Perrh.cria, a part of Thessaly situate on the borders of the Peneus, extending between the town of Atrax and the vale of Tempe. The inhabitants were driven from their posses- sions by the Lapiths, and retired into .litoHa. where part of the country received the n»rao of Perrfurbia. Projtert. 2, W. 5. v. 35. — Strab. 9. — Lit: 53, c. 34. 1. 39, c 54. Persa, or Perseis, one of the Oceanides, mother of -Ectck. Circe, and Pasiphae, by .Apollo. Uesiod. Theog. — AjtoUod. 3. Pers-c, the inliabitants of Persia. [ Vid. Persia.] Pers-ei's, a philosopher intimate with Antigonus, by whom he was appointed orer the .\rrocorinth. He florished B. C. 274. Dios- Laert. in Zmon. Persee, a fountain near Mycensf, in Pe- loponnesus. Pnus. 2, c. ll>. Persijs. one of the Oceanides. A pa- Ironmiic of Hecate as daughter of Perees. Oihi. Met. 7, v. n\*. Persephone, a daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, called also Proserpine. [ Vid. Pro- si^'rpina.j The mother of Amphion by Jasus. PERSEPOtis, a celebrated city, the capital of the Persian empire. It was laid in ruins by Alexander after the conquest of Darius. TTie reason of this is unknown. Diodorus ^ays that the siglitof alwut 800 Greeks, whom the Per- sians had shamefully mutil.ntjd, so irritated Alexander, that he resolved to punish the bar- barity of the inhabitants of Pcrscpolis, anri of the neiglibouring country, by permitting his soldier, to plunder their capital. Others sup- pose PE PE pose that Alexander set it on fire at t!ie insti- gation of Thais, one of his courtezans, when he had passed the day in drinking and in riot and debaucheiy. Tlie ruins of Perse- polis, now Estakar, or Tehel-Minar, still astonish tlie modern traveller by their gran- deur and magnificence. Curt. 5, c. 7. — Diod. 1 7, &c. — Arrian. — Plut. in Alex. — Justin. 11, c. 14. Perses, a son of Perseus and Andromeda- Froni him the Persians, who were originally c.'Jled Ccphenes, received their name. Hero- dot. 7, c. 61. —A king of Macedonia. \^Vid. Perseus. J Perseus, a son of Jupiter and Danae, the daughter of Acrisius. As Acrisius had confined his daughter in a brazen tower to prevent her becoming a mother, because he was to perish, according to the words of an oi-acle, by the hands of his daughter's son, Perseus was no sooner born [ Vid. Danae] than he %vas thrown into the sea with his motiier Danae. Tlie hopes of Acrisius were frustrated ; the slender boat whicli carried Danae and her son was driven by the \vinds on the coasts of the island of Seriphos, one of the Cyclades, where they were found by a fisliemian called Dictys, -and carried to Polydectes the king of the place. Tliey were treated with great humanity, and Per- seus was entrusted to the care of the priests of Minerva's temple. His rising genius and manly courage, however, soon displeased Polydectes, and the monarch, who wished to offer violence to Danae, feared the re- sentment of her son. Yet Polydectes re- solved to remove every obstacle. He in- vited all his friends to a sumptiious enter- tainment, and it was requisite that all such as came, should present the monarch with a beautiful horse. Perseus was in the num- ber of the invited, and the more particularly so, as Polydectes knew that he could not receive from him the present which he ex- pected from all the rest. Nevertheless, Per- seus, who wished not to appear inferior to the others in magnificence, told the king that as he could not give him a horse, he would bring him the head of Medusa, tlie only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. The ofi'er was doubly agreeable to Polydectes, as it would remove Perseus from Seriphos, and on account of its seem- ing impossibility, the attempt might per- haps end in his ruin. But the innocence of Perseus was patronized by the gods. Pluto lent him his helmet, which had the -non- derful power of making its bearer invisible ; Minerva gave him her buckler, which was as resplendent as glass ; and he received from Mercury wings and the talaria, with a short dagger, made of tliamonds, and called hcrjie. According to some it was from Vuican, and not from Mercury, that he received the l>erJ^e, which was in form like a scythe. With these arms Perseus began his expe- 571 dition, and traversed the air, conducted by the goddess Minerva. He went to the GraiiB, the sisters of the Gorgons, who, ac- cording to the poets, had wings like tlie Gorgons, but only one eye and one tooth between tliem all, of which they m.ade use, each in her turn, lliey were three in num- ber, according to -(Eschylus and Apollo- dorus ; or only two, according to Ovid and Hesiod. With Pluto's helmet, wliich ren- dered liim invisible, Perseus was enabled to steal their eye and their tooth while they were asleep, and he returned th.em only wlien they had informed him where their sisters the Gorgons resided. When he had received evei-y necessary information, Perseus flew to the habitation of the Gorgons, which was situate beyond the western ocean, according to Hesiod and Apollodorus; or in Libya, according to Ovid and Lucan ; or in the deserts of Asiatic Scythia, according to JEschylus. He found ttiese monsters asleep ; and as he knew that if he fixed his eyes upon them, he should be instantly changed into a stone, he continually looked on his shield, which reflected all the objects as clearly as the best of glasses. He approached theni, and with a courage which the goddess Mi- nerva supported, he cut off Medusa's bead witli one blow. The noise awoke the two immortal sisters, but Pluto's helmet ren- dered Perseus invisible, and the attempts of the Gorgons to revenge Medusa's death proved fruitless, the conqueror made his way through the air, and from the blood which dropped from Medusa's head sprang all those innumerable serpents which have ever since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. Chry- saor also, with the golden sword, sprung from these drops of blood, as well as the horse Pe- gasus, which immediately flew through the air, and stopped on mount Helicon, where ht? became the favorite of the Muses. Mean time Perseus had continued his journey across the deserts of Libya ; but the approach of night obliged him to alight in the territories of Atlas, king of Mauritania. He went to die monarch's palace, where he lioped to find a kind reception by announcing himself as the son of Jupiter, but in this he was disappointed- Atlas recollected that, according to an ancient oracle, his gardens were to be robbed of their fruit by one of the sons of Jupiter, and tliere- fore he not only refused Perseus the hospitality which he demanded, but he even ottered vio- lence to his person. Perseus finding himself inferior to his powerful enemy, showed^ him ]\Iedusas head, and instantly Atlas was changed into a large mountain which bore the same name in the deserts of Africa. On the morrow Perseus continued his flight, and as he passed across the territories of I^iliya, he discovered on the coasts of ^Ethiopia, the nakea Andromeda, exposed to a sea monster. He was struck at the sight, and oS'ereti her father Cepheus to deliver lier from instant death, P E PE deatii. if he obtained hir in mnrriage as a re- ward of his labors. Cephcus consented, and immediately Perseus raised liim-^iif in tlie air, flew towards the monster, which was advancing to devour Andromeda, and he plunged his dagger in liii right shouidcr, and destroyed it. This happy event was at- tended with the greatest rtjoicinj^s. IVt- seus raised three altars to Mercury, Jupiter, and Pallas, and after lie had oHered the sacri- fice of a calf, a bullock, and a heifer, the nuptials were celebrated with tile greatest festivity. The universal joy, however, was soon disturbed. Phineus, Andromeda's uncle, entered the palace with a number of armed men, and attemijted to carry away the bride, whom he had courted and ad- mired long before the arrival of Perseus. Tlie father and mother of Andromeda in- terfered, but in vain ; a blooily battle en- sued, and Perseus must have fallen a victim to the rage of Phineus, had not he defended himself at last with the '■ame anns which proved fatal to Atlas. He showed the Gor- gon's head to his advcrsarii's, and Uiey were instantly turned to stone, each in die postiu'e and attitude in which he then stood. The friends of Cepheus, and such .is supported Perseus, sliared not the fate of Phineus, as the hero had previously warned them of the power of Medusa's head, and of the services which he received from it. Soon after tliis memorable adventure Perseus retired to Se- riphos, at the very moment that his niotlier Danae fled to the altar of Minerva, to avoid the pursuit of i'olydectes, who attempted to offer her violence. Dictys, who had s;ivcd her from the sea, and who, as some say, was the brother of Polydectcs, defended her against the attempts of hereiicmies, and there- fore Perseus, sensible of his merit, and of his humanity, placed him on the tlirone of Seri- phos, after he had with Medusa's iiead turned into stones the wicked Polydectes, and tlie of- ficers who were the associates of his guilt. He afterwards restored to Mercury his talaria and his wings, to I'luto his helmet, to Vulcan his sword, and to Minerva her shield ; !• it as he was more particularly indebted to the goddi-. ■; of wisdom for her assistance and protection, he placed the Gorgon's head on her shield, or lather, according to the more received opi- nion, on her xgis. /ilter he had finished these celebrated exploits, Perseus expressed a wish to return to his native country ; and accord- ingly he embaikcd for 'he Peloponnesus, witli his mother and Andromeda. When he reached the Peloponnesian coasts he was in- formed that Teutamias, king of Larissa, was then celebrating funeral games in honor of his father. This intelligence drew him to Larissa to signalize himself in throwing the ijuoit, of which, according to some, he was the inventor. But here he was attended by ,11 evil tute, and had the misfortune to kill a man with a quoit which he had thrown in the air. ihis was 572 no other than his grandfather Acrisius, who, on the first intelligence tliat his grandioii had reached the Peloponnesus, fled from his king- dom of Argos to the court of his friend and aiiy Teutanuas, to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle which had obliged him to treat his daughter with so much barbarity. Some sup- pose vrith Pausanias, that Acrisius bad gone to Ls'isaji to be reconciled to his grandson, whose fame had been spread in every citj- of CIrcece ; and Ovid maintains that the grand- fatlier was under the strongest obligations to liisson-injaw, as through him he had received his kingdom, from which he had been forcibly Jiiv;.'n by the sons of his brother Proetus. This umortunate murder greatly depressed the spirits of Perseus: by the deatii of Acrisius he was entitled to the throne of Argos, but he refused to reign there; and to remove him- self fiom a place \%hicli reminded him of Uie parriiide he had unfortunately committed, he exchanged his kingdom for that of 1 irjnilius, and the maritime coast of Argolis, where -Me- gapentlies the son of Prtctus then reigned. When he had finally settled in tiiis part of tlie Peloponnesus, he determined to lay the foun- dations ')f a new city, which he made the capital of his dominions, and which he called Mr/ccntF, because the pommel of his sword, en'' d by the Greeks myas, had fallen tiiere. 'llic time of his deaili is unknown, yet it is universally agreed that he received divine honors like tlie rest of the ancient heroes. He hud statues at Mycence, and in tiie island of Seriphos and Uie Athenians raised him a leiniiie, in wiiich they consecrated an altar in lionor of Dictys, who had treated Danae and her infant son with so much patt rnal tender- ness, i he lOgjptiaiis also paid particular honor to his meiiioiy, and asserted tiiat he often appeared among them wearing shoes two cubits long, which was always interpreted as a sign of fertility. Perseus had by .\n- Iromeda, Alceus, Stlienelus, Nestor, Elec- tryon, and Gorgophone, and after death, ac- cording to some my thologists, he became a con- stellation in the heavens. Hti-odot. '2, c. 91. — .ll-ollod. '_', c. 4, &c. — I'ous. -2, c lo" & 18. i. 3, c. 17, &c. —ApoUov. Arg. 4. v. 1509 I tut. y, V. 44'J. — Uvid. Met. 4, fab. 10'. 1. .l. fiih. 1, &c. — Lucan. 9, v. 668. — Hygin. f,.b. 64. — Hcsiod. Theog. 270. ^ 'Scut. Here. — Find. Pyth. 7. ^f ^ly^P- 5. — It :. 9. — I'ropert. 2. Athen. 15. -lotner. II. 1-1. Tzttz. in I.yeoph. 17. A son of Nestor and Aiiaxibia. Apol- lod. I, c. y. A writer who published a treatise on the republic of Sparta. A philosopher, disciple to Zeno. [ J'id. Pcr- sa-us.] Pkrseus, or Perses. a son of Philip king of i^Iacedonia. He distinguislied himself like his father, by his enm'ty to tlie Romans, and when he had made suHicient preparations, he declared \k.j' ag^iinst them. His ojieration*. bowevci, were slow and injudicious; be w.-uited courago PE PE courage and resolution, and though he at first obtained some advantage over the Ro- man armies, yet his avarice and his timidity proved destructive to his cause. Wlien Paulus was appointed to the command of the Roman armies in Macedonia, Perseus showed his inferiority by his imprudent en- campments, and when he had at last yielded to the advice of his oflBcers, who recom- mended a general engagement, and drawn up liis forces near the walls of Pydna, B. C. 168, he was the first who ruined his own cause, and by flying as soon as the battle was begim, he left the enemy masters of the field. From Pydna, Perseus fled to Samo- thrace, but he was soon discovered in his obscure retreat, and brought into the pre- sence of the Roman conqueror, where the meanness of his behaviour exposed him to ri- dicule, and not to mercy. He was carried to Rome, and dragged along the streets of tlie city to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. His family was also exposed to the sight of the Roman populace, who shed tears on view- ing in their streets, dragged like a slave, a monarch who had once defeated their armies, and spread alarm all over Italy, by the great- ness of his military preparations, and by his bold undertakings. Perseus died in prison, or according to some, he ivas put to a shame- ful deatli the first year of his captivity. He had two sons, Philip and Alexander, and one daughter, whose name is not known. Alex- ander the younger of these, was hired to a Roman carpenter, and led the greatest part of his life in obscurity, till his ingenuity raised him to notice. He was afterwards made secretary to the senate. Liv. 40, &c. — Justin. 33, C. 1, &c. — Pint, in Paulo. — Flor. 2, c. 12. — Propert. 4, el. 12, v. 39. Persia, a celebrated kingdom of Asia, which in its ancient state extended from the Hellespont to the Indus, above 2800 miles, and from Pontus to the shores of Arabia, above 2000 miles. As a province, Persia was but small, and according to the description of Ptolemy, it was bounded on the north by Media, west by Susiana, south by the Persian gulph, and east by Carmania. The empire of Persia, or the Persian monarchy, was first founded by Cyrus the Great, about 559 years before the Christian era, and under the suc- ceeding monarchs it became one of the most considerable and powerful kingdoms of the earth. The kings of Persia began to reign in the following order : Cyrus, B. C. 559 ; Cam- byses, 529; and after the usurpation of Smer- dis for 7 months, Darius, 521 ; Xerxes the Great, 485 ; Artabanus 7 months, and Arta- lerxes Longimanus, 464; Xerxes II. 425; Sogdianus 7 months, 424; Darius II. or Nothus, 423 ; Artaxerxes II. or Memnon, 404 ; Artaxerxes III. or Ochus, 358 ; Arses or Arogus, 357 ; and Darius III. or Codo- manus, 335, who was conquered by Alex- ander Uie Great 351. The destruction of the 573 Persian monarchy by tlie Macedonians was easily effected, and from that tune Persia be- came tributary to the Greeks. After the death of Alexander, when the Macedonian empire was divided among the oflicers of the deceased conqueror, Seleucus Nicancr made himself master of the Persian provinces, till the revolt of the Parthians introduced new revolutions in the east. Persia was partly reconquered from the Greeks, and remained tributary to the Parthians for near 500 years After this the sovereignly was again placed into the hands of the Persians, by the revolt of Artaxerxes, a common soldiei-, A. D. 229, who became tlie founder of the second Per- sian monarchy, which proved so inimical to the power of the Roman emperors. In theii- national character, the Persians were warlike, they were early taught to ride, and to handle the bow, and by the manly exercises of hunt- ing, they were inured to bear the toils and fatigues of a military life. Their national valor, however, soon degenerated, and their waut of employment at home soon rendered them unfit for war. In the reign of Xerxes, wlien the empire of Persia was in its most florishing state, a small number of Greeks were enabled repeatedly to repel for three successive days an almost innumerable army. This celebrated action, which happened at Thei-mopylse, shows in a strong light the superiority of the Grecian soldiers over the Persians, and the battles that before, and a short time after, were fought between the two nations at Marathon, Salamis, Pla- taea, and Mycale, are again an incontesti- ble proof that these Asiatics had more re- liance upon their numbers and upon tiic splendor and richness of their arms, than upon the valor and the discipline of their troops. Their custom, too prevalent among tlie eastern nations, of introducing luxury into the camp proved also in some measure destructive to their militaiy reputation, and the view which the ancients give us of the army of Xerxes, of his cooks, stage-dancers, concubines, musi- cians, and perfumers, is no very favorable sign of the sagacity of a monarch, who, by his nod, could command millions of men to flock to Ills standard. la their religion the Persians were very superstitious, tliey paid the greatest veneration to die sun, the moon, and the stars, and they offered sacrifices to fire, but the supreme Deity was never repre- sented by statues among them. Tlicy per- mitted polygamy, aud it was no incest among them to marry a sister or a motlier. In their punishments they were extremely sercre, even to barbarity. The monarch always ap- peared witli the greatest pomp and dignity ; his person was attended by a guard of 15,00O men, and he had besides a body of lOjoOO chosen horsemen, called immortal. He styled himself, like tlie rest of the eastern monarchs, tlie king of kings, as expressive of his great- ness and hik power. The Persians were formerly PE PE forir.?rly called Cephenes, yidurmcninm, and yirtiii. and they are often confounded with tlic Parthians by the ancient poets. They received the naine of Persians from Perses tlic son of Perseus and Andromeda, who is supposed to have settled among them. Per- scpolis was the capital of the country. Curt. 4, c. 14. 1. 3, c. 3. — Pint, in Artaz. Alex. ,Jc. — Mela, 1, &c — Strab. 2, c. 15. — AV- nojih. Cyrop. — Herodat. 1, c. 125, &c. — Apoltod. '■2. — Marcel. 25. Persicum ■make, or Pebsici s sinis, a part of the Indian ocean on the coast of Persia and Aral^ia, now called the gulf of lia^ora. Pr.Rsis, a province of Persia bounded by Media, Carmanin, Susiana, and the Persian gulf. It i, often taken for Persia itself. Al'lis PtRsius FtAcris, a Latin poet of Volafcrra'. lie was of an equestrian family, and he made himself known by his intimacy with the most illustrious Romans , separate, is that of Meric Casaul>on, l.mo. Lond. 1647. Martini. — QuiiitU. 10, C. I. — Aiigiut. dc Magiit. 9. — Lcictant. A man wliose quarrel with Rupilius is mentioned in a ridi- culous manner by Horace. Sat. 7. He is called Hybrida, as being son of a Greek by a Roman woman. PERriNAX, PuBLiLS Helvius, a Roman emperor after the deatli of Commodus. He was de.->cended from an obscure family, and like his fatlier, who was either a slave or the son of a manumitted slave, he for some time followed the mean employment of dry- ing wood and making charcoal. His in- digence, however, did not prevent him from receiving a liberal education, and indeed he was for some time employed in teaching a nuriber of pupils the Greek and the Ro- man languages in Etriiria. He let't this laborious profession for n military life, and by his valor and intrepidity, he gradually rose to offices of the highest trust in the army, and was made consul by M. Aureiius for his eminent service;. He was aftvr- wards entrusted with the government of Moesia, and at last he presided over the city of Rome as governor. \\ hen Commodus was murdered, Pertinax was universally se- lected to succeed to the imperial tlirone. and his refusal, imd the plea of old age and in- creasing infirmities, did not prevent his being saluted emperor, and .Augustus. He acqui- esced with reluctance, but his mildness, his economy, and the popularity of his adminis- tration, convinced the senate and the i)eople of the prudence and the justice of their choice. He forb.id his name to be inscribed on such places or estates as were part of the imi)erial domain, and exclaimed that tiiey belonged not to him but to tite public. He melted all the silver statues whidi had been raisi-d to Ii:s vicious predecessor, and he exposed to public s.-ile all his concubines, his horses, his arms, and all the instruments of his pleasure and extravagance. U'ith tJie money raised from these he enriched the empire, and was en- abled to abolish all tJie taxes which Commo- dus had laid on the rivers, ports, .and liigh- ways through tlie empire. This patriotic ad- ministration gained him thv affection of the worthiest and most discerniii.; of his subjects but the extravagant and lu.vuriuus raised their clamors against him, and whtn Pertinax at- tempted to introduce among the prctorian guards that discipline which was so necessary to preserve the peace and tranquillity of liome. the flames of rebellion were kindietl. and the minds of the soldiers totally alienated. Per- tinax was ajiprized of this mutiny, but he re- fused PE P E fused to fly at the hour of danger. He scorn- ed the advice of his friends wiio wished him to withdraw from the impending storm, and he unexpectedly appeared before the seditious pretorians, and without fear or concern, boldly asked them whether thuy who were bound to defend the person of their prince and emperor, were come to betray him and to shed his blood. His undaunted assurance and his intrepidity would have had tlie de- sired effect, and the soldiers had already be- gun to retire, when one of tlie most seditious advanced and darted his javelin at the em- peror's breast, exclaiming, the soldiers send i/ou this. The rest immediately followed the example, and Pertinax muffling up his head, and calling upon Jupiter to avenge his death, remained unmoved, and was instantly dis- patched. His head was cut off, and car- ried upoti the point of a spear as iu triumph to the camp. This happened on the 2Stli of March, A. D. 193. Pertinax reigned only S7 days, and his death was the more univer- sally lamented as it proceeded from a sedi- tious tumult, and robbed the Roman empire of a wise, virtuous, and benevolent em- peror. Dio. — Herodiaa. — Capdcl. Pertunda, a goddess at Rome, who pre- sided over the consummation of marriage. Her statue was generally placed in the bridal chamber. Varro apud Aug. Civ. D. C, c. 9. Perusia, now I'cnigia, an ancient town of Etruria on the Tiber, built by Ocnus. L. Antonius was besieged there by Augustus, and obliged to surrender. Strab. 5. — Lu- can. I, V. 41. — Paterc. 2 c. 74. — Liv. 9, c. 57. 1. 10, c. 50 & 57. Pescennius. [ Vid. Niger.] A man inthnate with Cicero. Pessinus, [imtis,) a town of Phrygia, where Atys, as some suppose was buried. It is particularly famous for a temple and a statue of the goddess Cybele, who was from thence called Pessinuntia. Sirab. ]2 Pans. 7, c. 17. —Liv. 29, c. 10 & II. Petalia, a town of Eubcea. Petalus, a man killed by Perseus at the court of Cepheiis. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 115. Petelia, or Petellia, a town. [Vid. PetiUa.] Petelinus lag us, a lake near one of the gates of Rome. Liv. 6, c. 20. Peteok, a town of Boeotia. Stat. Theb. 7, V. 555. — Strab. 9. Peteus, a son of Omeus and grandson ef Erechtheus. He reigned in Attica, and became father of Menesthcus, who went with the Greeks to the Trojan war. He is repre- sented by some of tlie ancients as a monster, half a man and half a beast. Apollod. 3, c. 10. — Pcus. 10, c. 55. Pktilia, now Stro/i,!;oli, a. town of 575 • Magna Grsecia, the capital of Lucauia, j built or perhaps only repaired by Philcctetes, who, after his return from the Trojan war, I left his country- I\Ieliboea, Ijccause his sub- jects had revolted. Mela, 2, c. 4. — JJv. 25, c. 20. — Virg. ^n. 3, v. 402. — Sirab. 6. Petii.ia lex was enacted by Petilius the tribune to make an enquiry and know how much money had been obtained from the conquests over king Antiochus. Petilii, two tribunes who accused Scipio Africanus of extortion. He was, ac- quitted. PetIlils, a praetor who persuaded the people of Rome to burn the books which had been found in Numa'stomb, about 40<3 years after his death. His ad^ ice was fol- lowed. Plut. in N'um, A plebeian de- cemvir, &c. A governor of the capitol, who stole away the treasures enti-usted to his care. He was accused, but, though guilty, he was acquitted, as being the friend of Au- gustus. Horat. 1, Set. 4, v. 94. Petosiris, a celebrated mathematician of Egypt. Jai: G, V. 580. Petra, the capital tov^^l of Arabia Pe- trffia. Strab. 16. A town of Sicily, near Hybla, whose inhabitants are called Pelrini <^; Petrenses. A town of Thrace. Liv. 40, c. i;2. Another of Pieria in Mace- donia. Liv. 59, c. 2b. — Cic. in Veir. 1 , c. 59. An elevated place nearDyrrachium, Lucan. 6, v. ] 6 & 70. Cces. Civ. 3, c. 40. A nother in Elis. Another near Corinth. Petk^a, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. Th.t A part of Arabia, which has Syria. at the east, Egj'pt on the west, Palestine on tlie north, and Arabia Felix at the south. This pait of Arabia was rocky, whence it has received its name. It was for the most part also covered with barren sands. Mid was in- terspersed with ^ouie fruitful spots. Its ca- pital was called Petra. Petreius, a Reman soldier who killed his tribune during the Cimbrian wars, be- cause he hesitated to attack the enemy. He was rev,'arded for his valor with a crown of grass. Pli.i. 22, c. 6. A lieutenant of C. Antonius, who defeated the troops of Ca- tiline. He took the pait of Pompey against Julius Caisar. ^Mien Cassar had been victo- rious in every pait of die world, Petreius, who had retired into Africa, attempted to des*Toy himself by fighting «nth his friend king Juba in single combat. Juba was killed first, and Petreius obliged one of his slaves to run him thi-ough. Sallust. Catil. — Appian. — Cces. 1, Civ. A centurion in Cassar's army in Gaul, &c. Some read Petronius. Petrinum, a town of Campania. Horat. 1, ep. 5, V. 5. Petrocorii, the inhabitants of tlie mo- dern P E PH ilern (own of Pciigord in France. Cees. 7, J?. G. c. 75. Petrunia, the wife of Vitelline. Tacii. Hist. 2, c. 64. I'r.TRo.Mi s, a governor of Egypt, appointed to succeed Callus. He behaved witli great liuiiianity to the Jews, and made war against C'andace queen of .Ethiopia. Strah. 1 7. — — A favorite of Nero, put to death by CJ:ill>a. A governor of I'ritain. .\ tribune killed in I'arthia with Crassus. A man banished by Xero to i!r- Cyclades, when Piso's conspiracy was di -covered. Tacit. Ann. 15. A governor of Britain in Nero's reign. . He was put to death by Cialtja's or- ders. .Maximus. a Homan emperor, [/'i'/. Maximus.] Arbiter, a favorite of tlie emperor Nero, and one of the niiiiisters mid associates of all his pleasuri-s and iiis debauch- ery. He was uaturally fond of pleasure and efifeminute, and he passed liis whole niglitsin revels and tlie days in sleep. He iiululgpd himself in all the delights and gaieties of life ; but tliuugli he was (he most voluptuous of the age, yet he motlerated his pkasuris, and wished to appear curious and refined in lux- ury and extravagance. Whatever he did seem- ed to be performed with an air i)f unconcern and negligence; he was allable in hi-> beh.t- viour. and his witticisms and satiricil rrmarks appeared artless and natural. He was appoint- ed proconsul of liitliynia, and afterwards he was rewarded with the consulship; in l-otli of which honorable employments he beliaved with all the dignity which became one of tlie successors of a lirutus or a Scipin. With tiis oOice he laid down his artiliiial gravity, und gave himself up to tlie pursuit of plea- sure ; the em|Hrur became more attached to him. and seemed fonder of his company ; but he did not long enjoy the imperial favors. Tigellinus, likewise one of Nero's favorites, jealous of his fame, accuseemon the vanity of dreams — anodier on the education of the Ro- man youth — two treatises, &c. The Ix^st ediions of Petronius are those of Rurman, •Jto. L'lr. 170'.', and Keinesius, 8vo. 1751. Prrrius, a friend of Horace, to ■whom the poet addressed his eleventli epodc. Pktus, an architect. [ Tii/. Satyrus.] PcucB, a small island at the mouth of the Danube. The inhabitants are called Peucir and Feuiini. Strab. 7. .^ Lucan. 5, v. 20*2. — riin. 4. c. 12. PtictsTE-s, a Macedonian set over Egj-pt by Alexander. He received Persia at Uic general division of Uie Macedonian empire at the kicg's death. He behaved witli great cowardice after be had joined him- self to Eumines. C- JVi^j. in Eum. — PliU. — Curl. 4, c. 8. An island which was visited by the Argonauts at tlicir re- turn from the conquest of tlie golden tleeci'. Pe' ( i'ti.x, a part of .Magna Grtecia in Italy, at the north of the bay of Tarentum, Itetween tlie .Apennines and Lucania, called also .Ufi-jyu and Cc.iabrij. It received its name from Peucetus tlie son of Lycaon. of .\rcadia. Strab. 6. — I'lin. 3, C 1 l'. — OxiJ. M.I. 14, v. .-,13 I'nus. 10, c. 13. Peclim, a nation of (iermany, called also Battcnttr. Tacit, dj Cirrm. 4'i. PtiTOLAi's an officer who conspired witli Dymnus against Alexander's life. Curt. C. Another, set over Sogdiana. Id. 7. PexoDdaoB, a governor of Caria. who offered to give his daughter in marri.igc to .\ridxus the illegitimate s»-n of I'hilip. I'lut. Phaciim, a town of Thessalv. Liv. 32, c. 15. 1. 36, c. 13. PiiAcCsA. a town of Egypt on the eastern mouth of the Nile. Pn.tA, a celebrated sow which infested the neighbourhood of (.'romyon. It was de- Ktroyed by Theseus .is he w as travelling from Trttzeiie to Athens to make himself kDo« n to his fatlier. Some suppose tliat tlie Ih>h" of C'alydon sprung from tliis sow. Phar.i. according to some authors, was no othi-r tliau PH PH than a woman who prostituted herself to strangers, whom she murdered, and afterwards plundered. Plut. in Thes. — Strab. 8. Ph^eacia, an island of the Ionian sea, near the coast of Epirus, anciently called Scheria, and afterwards Corcyra. The inhabitants called Phceaces, were a luxurious and dissolute people, from which reason a glutton was gene- rally stigmatized by the epithet of Phwax. When Ulysses was shipwrecked on the coast of Phaeacia, Alcinous was then king of the island, whose gardens have been greatly cele- brated. Horat. 1, ep. 15, v. 24. — Ovid. Met. 13, V. 719. — Strab. 6 Sc 7. — Propert. 5, el. % y. 15. PhjejlX, an inhabitant of the island of Phaeacia. [ Fid. Phseacia.] A man who sailed with Theseus to Crete. An Athe- nian who opposed Alcibiades in his admini- stration. PhjEcasia, one of the Sporades in the JEge&n. Plin. 4, c. 12. Ph^dimus, one of Niobe's children. Apd- lod. 5, c. 5. A Macedonian general who betrayed Eumenes to Antigonus. A cele- brated courier of Greece. Stat. 6. PuJEDQtf, an Athenian put to death by the 50 tyrants. His daughters to escape the oppressors and' preserve their chastity, threw themselves togethe'r into a well. A disciple of Socrates. He had been seized by pirates in his younger days, and the philosopher, who seemed to discover something uncommon and promising in his countenance, bought his liberty for a sum of money, and ever after esteemed him. Phsedon, after the death of Socrates, returned to Elis his native country, where he founded a sect of philosophers called Elean. The name of Phsedon is af- fixed to one of the dialogues of Plato. Macrob. Sat. I, c. II. — Diog. 'An ai-chon at Athens, when the Athenians were directed by the oracle to remove the bones of Theseus to Attica. Plut. in Thes. Ph^dra, a daughter of Minos and Pasi- phae, who married Theseus, by whom she be- came mother of Acamas and Demophoon. They had already lived for some time in con- jugal felicity, when Venus, who hated all the descendants of Apollo, because that god had discovered her amours with Mars, inspired Phaedra with an unconquerable passion for Hippolytus the son of Theseus, by the Ama- zon Hippolyte. This shameful passion Pha;- dra long attempted to stifle, but in vain ; and therefore in the absence of Theseus, she ad- dressed Hippolytus with all the impatience of a desponding lover. Hippolytus rejected her with horror and disdain ; but Phaedra, incensed on account of the reception she had met, re- solved to punish his coldness and refusal. At tlie return of Theseus she accused Hippolytus of attempts upon her virtue. The credulous Gather listened to the accusation, and w ithOut 577 hearing the defence of Hippolytus, he banished him from his kingdom, and implored Nep- tune, who had promised to grant three of his requests, to punish him in some exemplar)' manner. As Hippolytus fled from Athens, his horses were suddenly terrified by a hui-e sea-monster, which Neptune had sent on the shore. He was dragged through precipices and over rocks, and he was trampled under the feet of his horses, and crushed under the wheels of his chariot. When the tragical end of Hippolytus was known at Athens, Phsdra confessed her crime, and hung herself in despair, unable to survive one whose death her wickedness and guilt had occasioned. The death of Hippolytus, and the infamous passion of Pha9dra, are the subject of one of the tragedies of Euripides, and of Seneca. Phfedra was buried at Trcezene, where her tomb was still seen in the age of the geo- grapher Pausanias, near the temple of Venus, vvhich she had built to render the goddess favorable to her incestuous passion. There %vas near her tom.b a myrtle, whose leaves were all full of small holes, and it was reported, that Phaedra had done this with a hair pin, when the vehemence of her passion had ren- dered her melancholy and almost desperate. She was represented in a painting in Apollo's temple at Delphi, as suspended by a cord, and balancing herself in the air, while her sister Ariadne stood near to her, and fixed htr eyes upon her ; a delicate idea, by which the genius of the artist intimated her melancholy end. Plut. in Tims. — Pans. 1, c. 22. 1. 2, c. 32 Diod. 4. — fft/gi}i./ab. 47 & 243. — Eurip. ^ Sencc. in Hippol. — Virg. ^n. 6, V. 445. — Ovid. Heroid. 4. Ph^dkia, a village of Arcadia. Paws. 8, c. 35. PhjEdrus, one of the disciples of Socra- tes. Cic. de Nat. D. 1. An Epicurean philosopher. A Thracian who became one of the freed-men of the emperor Augustus. He translated into iambic verses the fables of iEsop, in the reign of the emperor Tiberius, They are divided into five books, valuable for their precision, purity, elegance and simplicity. They remained long buried in oblivion, till they were discovered in the library of St. Remi, at Rheims, and published by Peter Pi- thou, a Frenchman, at the end of tlie 16th century. Phsedrus was for some time p>erse- cuted by Sejanus, because thiscoiTupt minister believed that he was satirized and abused in the encomiums which the poet every where pays to virtue, Tlie best editions of Phaedrus are those of Burman, 4to. Leyd. 1727 ; Hocg- straten, 4to. Amst 1701, and Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1754. Pu^KDYMA, a daughter of Otanes, who first discovered that Smerdis, who had as- cended the throne of Persia at the death of Cambyses, was an impostor. H^odot. S, c. 69. P p Phjemo>5b, PH PH PiiiKMONOE, a priestess of Apollo. PM.f.xARrrt. the mother of the philo- gopher Socrates. She was a midwife by pro- fession. PHiKNiAt, a peripatetic philosopher, dis- ciple of Aristotle. He wrote an histcr)- of tyrants. Dtog. Laert. l*ii^«NNA one of the two Graces, wor- shipped at Sparta, together wiiJi her sister Clitd. Lacedsemon first [Miid tJienj particular honor. Paus. •>, c. 3,5. I*H/«vyis, a famous prophetess in the a^c oi .\ntiochus. Paus. 10, c. 15. Pii^sANA, a town of Arcadia. PHi«sTi;M, a town of Oetf. Hom. Od. 3, T. 296. Another of Macedonia. Liv. 56, c. 13. PHA?m)N, a son of the sun, or Phofhus and Clymenc, one of Uie Oceanides. He was son of ('r|)halus and Aurora, accordinp to Hcsioii and Pausanias or of Tithimus and Aurora, acroidinj^ to Apoliodorus. He is, howeve/. more generally acknowledged to be the son of Phabiis and Clymene. i'hat-ton w.as naturally of a lively disposition, and a handsiime figure. W'nus Ix-came enamoured pir- ing; and when Kpaphiis, the son of lo, had told him, to ihi-cV his pride, Uiat lu- w.v, not the son of Phicbu^ Phaeton re.s<>lved lo know ills true origin, and at tlir instigation of his mother, hr visitt-d the |>alare of tlie sun. He begged Pha-bus, that if he really were his fa- tiier, he would give him incontestiblt- proof'i of his paternal lj-n
  • neighljourhood of the Po was visited with un- common heats. The horses of the sun are called I'hitrtoiUis rquu either because they were guided by Pliaeton, or from the Greek word (f«t!>«»). which expresses the splendor and lustre of that luminary. Vir^. jEn. 5, V. W5. — Hisi.id. Tfii^g. 9>*5. — Ovut. itct. 1. fiK 17. I. 'J./ub. 1, ftC.—J]\Mon. ^,Jrp.— Herat. 1, ltd. 1 1. — Stmec. m hledca. — AjKit- tixi. — //vri'i fab. 1 .56. PifA»rro.NTiAi)es, or Phaetontides, thesisters of Phaeton, who were changed into poplars by Jupiter. Ui'id. Mel. 2, v. 546. [f'lJ. He- liaia. It receive*! its name from the good rat- I'l^' and living Uiat then universally prevailed. ♦>">'"• PttALAcaiNp, a village of the Sa)>ines where Vespasian was born. Stul. I'tsji. 2. PHALiK, wooden towers at Rome, erected in the circus. Juv. 6, v. ^H9. P11AL.KCU8, a general uf Phocis against tlie HcEotians killed at the battle of C'beronKa. iJiod. 16. PtLAL^ssiA, a town of Arcadia. Paus. f, c. 35. Phalanna, a town of Perrhaibia. Liv. 42. c. 54. PiiALANTHi s, a I.acedsmonian, who founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head of the I'artheiiia?. His father's name was Ara- cus. As he went to Italy he Wiis sliipwreckel on the coast, and carrietl to sliore by a dol- phin, and from tliat reason tliere was a dol- phin placed near his statue in the temple of .Apollo at Delphi. [Tirf. Partlieuiae.] He received divine honors after deatli. Justin. 3, c. 4. Paui. 10, c. 10. — Moral. J, od. 6, v. 1 1. — SU Ital. 1 1, V. 1 6. A town and moun- tain of the same name in Arcadia. Peri. 8, c. 3.). Phalaris, a tyrant of Agrigenturo, who made use of tJie most excruciating torments ii> punish his subjeclb ou tiie smallest auspicioii. Pcrillui PH PH Perillus made him a brazen bull, and when he had presented it to Plialaris, the tyrant ordered tlie inventor to be seized, and the first experiment to be made on his body. Tliese cruelties did not long remain unrevengcd; the people of Agrigt-ntmn revolted in the tenth year of his reign, and put him to death in tlie same manner as he had tortured Peril- lus and many of his subjects after him, B. C. 552. The brazen bull of Phalaris was carried by Amilcar to Carthage ; but when that city was taken by Scipio, it was delivered again to the inliabitants of Agrigentum by the Romans. There are now some letters extant written by a cer- tain Abaris to Phalaris, with their respective answers, but they are supposed by some to be spurious. The best edition is that of the learned Boyle, Oxon. 1718. Cic. in Verr. 4. ad Attic. 7, ep. 12, de OJfic. 2. — Ovid, de Art. Am. 1 , v. 665. — Juv. 8, V. 81. — - Plin. 54, c. 8. — Dijd. A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, V. 762. Phalarium, a citadel of Syracuse, whore Phalaris's bull was placed. Phalarus, a river of Bceotia, falling into the Cephisus. Paus. 9, c. 54. Phalcidon, a town of Thessaly. Polymn. 4. Phaleas, a philosopher and legislator, &c. Arist. Phalereus Demetrius. [Vid. Deme- trius. ] Phaleria, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 32, e. 15. Phaleris, a Corintbian who led a colony to Epidamnus from Corcyra. Phaleron, or Phalercm, or Phalera, (oru7«,) or Phalereus partus, an ancient har- bour of Athens, about 25 stadia from the city, which, for its situation and smallness was not very fit for the reception of many ships. A place of Thessaly. Phalerus, a son of AJcon, one of the Argonauts. Orpheus. Phalias, a son of Hercules and Heliconis, daughter of Thestius. Apollod. Phallica, festivals observed by the Egyp- tians in honor of Osiris. They receive their name from ^axxe; simulachrum ligneum meni- bri virilis. llie institution originated in this : after the murder of Osiris, Isis was imable to recover among the other limbs the pri- vities of her husband ; and therefore, as she paid particular honor to every part of his body, she distinguished that which was lost with more honor, and paid it more at- tention. Its representation, called phallus, was made with wood, and carried during the sacred festivals which were instituted in honor of Osiris. The people held it in the greatest veneration ; it was looked upon as an emblem of fecundity, and the mention of it among the ancients never conveyed any impure thought or lascivious re- flection. The festivals of tlie phallus were 579 imitated by the Greeks, and introduced into Europe by the Athenians, who made tlie procession of the jihnllus part of the cele- bration of the Dionysia of the god of wine. Those that carried the phallus, at the end of a long pole, were called pliallopkori. They generally appeared among the Greeks, besmeared with the dregs of wine, covered with skins of lambs, and wearing on their heads a crown of ivy. Lucian. de Bed St/r. — Plnl. de Isid. di- Osir. — Patis. 1, c. 2. Phalysius, a citizen of Naupactum, who recovered his sight by reading a letter sent him by JEsculapius. Pans. 10, cap. tilt. PHAN.a;us, a promontory of the island of Chios, famous for its wines. It was called after a king of the same name, who reigned there. Liv. 56, c. 45 Virg. G. 2, V. 98. Phanar^a, a town of Cappadocia. Strab. Phanas, a famous Mcsscnian, &c. who died B. C. 682. Phanes, a man of Halicarnassus, who fled from Amasis, king of Egypt, to the court of Cambyses, king of Persia, whom he advised, when he invaded Egypt, to pass through Arabia. Herodot. 5, c. 4. Phaneta, a town of Epirus. Lii>. 52, c. 28. Phanocles, an elegiac poet of Greeca, who wrote a poem on that unnatural sin of which Socrates is accused by some. He sup- ported that Orpheus had been the first who disgraced himself by that filthy indulgence. Some of his fragments arc remaining. C'levi. Alex. Str. 6. Phanodemus, an historian who wrote on the antiquities of Attica. Phantasia, a daughter of Nicarchus of Bfemphis, in Egypt. Some have supposed that she wrote a poem on the Trojan war, and anotlier on the return of Ulysses to Ithaca, from which compositions Homer copied the greatest part of his Iliad and Odyssey, when he visited Memphis, where they were deposited. Phanus, a son of Bacchus, who was among the Argonauts. Apollod. Phaov, a boatman of Mitylene in Lesbos. He received a small box of ointment from Venus, who had presented herself to him in the form of an old woman, to be carried over into Asia, and as soon as he had rubbed him- self with what the box contained, he became one of the most beautiful men of his age. Many were captivated with the charms of Phaon, and among others, Sappho, tlie cele- brated poetess. Phaon gave himself up to the pleasures of Sappho's company ; but, however, he soon conceived a disdain for her, and Sajv pho, mortified at his coldness, threw herself into the sea. Some say that Phaon was be- loved by the goddess of beauty, who concealed P p 2 *.hiia PH PH him for some time among lettuces. -Elian says, that Phaon was kilUd by a man whose bed he was defiling. ^Itan. V. H. li^. — Ovxd. Ueraid. 21. — ¥ahrphat. de inc. 49. — Atkifn. — Lucian. in Sim. ^- Polistr. PiiARA, a town of Africa, burnt by Scipio's soldiers. Phakjicides, a general of the Lacedae- mwiian fleet, who assisted Diunysius, the t%Tant of Sicily, against the Carthaginians. Polyan. 2. PuARiE, or PuERiE, a town of Crete. ^— Another in Massenia. Paus. 4, c- 30. [ Vid. PherJE.] PiiAKASMAKES, a king of Iberia, in the reign of Antoninus, &c. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 35. Pharax, a Lacedsmonian ofiBcer, who attempted to make himself absolute in Sicily. A Thessalian, whose son called Cyanip- pus, married a beautiful woman, called Leu- conoc, who was torn to pieces by his dogs. Parth. Pharis, a town of Laconia, whose in- habitants are called Phariter. Paus- 3, c. 30. A son of Mercury and Philodamea, who built Phara; in Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 30. PHARMEciisA, an island of the .Tlgean sea where Julius Ctesar was jieized by some pi- rates. Sutt. Ctps. 4. Another, where was shown Circe's tomb. Strab. Phaknabazcs, a satrap of Persia, son of a perion of the same name, li. C. 409. He a^sted theLaccdxmoiiians against tho Atlie- nians, and gained their esteem by bis friendly behaviour and support- His conduct, liow- PTer, towards .^Icibiades, «a.s of the most per- fidious nature, and he did not scruple to betray to his mortal enemies the man whom b« had long honored witJi his friendship. C. -VtT). m Ale. — PliU. .\n officer under Eumenes. A king of Ibexia. PharvIck, a town of Pontus. Ptin. C, c. 4. The mother of Cinyras, king of Pontus. Sutdas. Pmarn.vces, a son of Mithridates. king of Pontus, who favored the Romans against his father. He revolted against Mithridates, and even caused him to be put to death, ac- cording to some accounts. In the civil wars of Julius Cssar and Pompey, ha interest*.d himself for neidier of the contending parties ; tipon which Casar turned his army against him, and conquered him. It was to ex- press the celerity of his operations in con- quering Pharnaces, that the victorious Ro- man niade use of these words f^eni, iidi, vici. Flor. 3. — Suet, in C<»s. 37. — Patcrc. 2, c. .S5. A king of Pontus who made war with Eumenes. B.C. 181 A king of Cappadocia A librarian of Atticus. Cu: ad Att. Pharnafates, a general of Orodcs, king of Parthia, killed in a battle by the Romans. 530 PuARNASPE!!, the father of Casssndra, the mother of Cambyses. Pharvus, a king of Media, conquered by N'inus king of Assyria. Pharos, a small island in the bay of .\lex- andria, about seven furlongs distant from the continent. It was joined to the Egyptian shore with a causeway, by Dexiphanes. B. C. 284, and uf)on it was built a celebrated tower, in the reign of Ptolemy Soter. and Philadelphus, by Sostratus, the son of Dexiphanes. This tower, which was called the tower of Pharos, and which passed for one of tliu seven wonders of the world, was built with white marble, and could be seen at the distance of 100 miles. On the top, fires were constandy kept to direct sailors iu the bay. which was dangerous and difficult of access. Trie building of tliis tower cost tiiu Eg^'plian monarch 800 talcuts, which were equivalent to above 165,0001. Englisli. if .\ttic, or if Alexandrian, double that sum. There was this inscription upon it, A'l/i^ PtoUmy to the Gods the saviours, /or the benfji: of sailors ; but Sostratus the architect, wishing to claim all the glory, engraved his own name upon the stones, and afterwartls fiUeil the hollow witli mortar, and wrote the above-mentioned inscription. When the mortar had decayed by time, Ptolemy's name disappeared, and tlie following inscrip- tion then became visible : Sostratus the Cnidian, son of Dcriphanes to the Gvds the saviours, fur the betufit of sailors. The word Phartus is often used as Egyptian. Lu- cnn. •-', v. 63«;. 1. o, v. 260. I. 6, v. r>OS. I 9. V. lOO-i, &c. — Oi-id. A. A. 3. y. 655. — Plm. 4, e. 31 & 8.5. 1. 56, c. 13. —Strab. 17. Mela, 2. c. 7. — PUn. 13, c. 11. — Homer. Od. A I'lncc. 2. — Stat. 3. Sxilv. 2, V. 102. A watch-tower near Capreae. All i^l■nd en the cooKt of IMyricum. rmw called I.esina. Mela, 2. c. 7. The emperor Claudius, ordered a tower to be buili at the entrance of tho port of Osiia, for the benefit of sailorh, and it likewiNC bore the name of Pharos, .in appellation afterwards given to every other edifice which was raised to direct the course of sailors, either witli lights, or by signals. Jut-. 1 1, v. 76. — Siu-i. PharsIxuc now Farm, a town of Tlics- saly, in whose neighbourhood is a large plain called Pharsalia, famous for a l.attle which was fought there between Julius Cjpsar and Pompey, in which tho former obtained the victory. In that battle, which was fought on the 12th of May, B. C. 48, Cnwar lost about 200 men, or according to odicrs. 1 JOO. Pom- pey's loss was 15,000, or 25.1VX) according to others, and 24,000 of his army were made prisoners of war by the conqueror. Lucan. \, &c. — Plut. in Pomp, ij- Ors. — //;7>Mn. Ci ' CiTsar. Civ. — Sxteton^inCirs. — Iho. Cass. — — That poem of Lucan, in which he gives an ac- count of the CO il wart of Ctesar and Pom- PH PH pey, bears the name of Pharsalia. [Vid. Lucanus. Pharte, a daughter of Danaus. jipol- lod. Pharus, a Rutuh'an killed by ^^neas. Virg. ^n. 10, V. 522. Pharush, or Phaurusii, a people of Africa, beyond Mauritania. Mela, 1, c. 4. Phartbls, a river of Macedonia, falling into the .^Egean sea. It is called by some Baphyrus. Pharycadon, a town of Macedonia, on the Peneus. Strab. 9. Pharyge, a town of Locris. Phaselis, a town of Pamphylia, at the foot of mount Taurus, which was long the residence of pirates. Strab. 14. — Lucan. 8, c. 251. — Cic- agra. 2, c. 19. Phasiaka, a country of Asia, near the river Phasis. Tlie inhabitants called Phasiani, are of Egyptian origin. Phasias, a patronymic given to Medea, as being born near the Phasis. Ovid. Met. 7. Phasis, a son of Phoebus and Ocyroe. A river of Colchis, rising in the moun- tains of Armenia now called Faoz, and falling into the east of the Euxine. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, who entered it after a long and perilous voy- age, from which reason all dangerous voyages have been proverbially intimated by the words of sailing to the Phasis. There were on the banks of the Phasis a great number of large birds, of which, according to some of the an- cients, the Argonauts brought some to Greece, and which were called on that account pliea- sants. ITie Phasis was reckoned by the an- cients one of the largest rivers of Asia. Piin. 10, c. 48. — Martial. 13, ep. 62. — Strab. 11. — Mela, 1, c. 19. — Apollod. 1, &c. — Paws. 4, c. 44. — Orpheus. Phassus, a son of Lycaon. Apollod. Phauda, a town of Pontus. Phavorinus, a vn-iter, the l)est edition of whose Greek Lexicon is that in fol. Fenel. 1712. Phayllus, a tyrant of Ambracia. The brother of Onomarchus of Phocis, &c. [vid. Phocis.] Pans. 10, c 2. Phea, or PttEiA, a town of EHs. Homer. 11.1. Phecadum, an inland town of Macedonia. Xiu. 31, c. 41. Phegeus, or Phlegeus, a companion of iEneas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 9, V. 765. . Another likewise killed by Tur- nus. Id. 12, V. 371, &c. A priest of Bacchus, the father of Alphesiboea, who pu- rified AlcmJEon of his mother's murder, and gave him his daughter in marriage. He was afterwards put to death by the children of Alcmaon by Callirhoe, because lie had or- dered Alcmaon to be killed when he had at- tempted to recover a collar which he had given 581 to liis daughter. [Tid. Akmaeon.] Ovid. J^iet. 9, V. 412. Phellia, a river of Laconia. Pans. 3, c. 20. Phelloe, a tovTO of Achaia near JEgira, where Bacchus and Diana each had a temple. Paus. 7, c. 26. Phellus, a place of Attica. — A town of Elis, near Olympia. Strab. Phemius, a man introduced by Homer as a musician among Penelope's suitors. Some say that he taught Homer, for which the grateful poet immortalized his name. Homer. Od. A man, who, according to some, wrote an account of the return of the Greeks from the Trojan war. The word is applied by Ovid, Am. 5, v. 7, indiscriminately to any person who excels in music. Phemonoe, a priestess of Apollo, who is supposed to have invented heroic ■verses. Pans. 10, c. 6. Pheneum, a town of Arcadia, whose in- habitants, called Pheneatce, worshipped Mer- cury. Cic. dc Nat. D. 3. Pheheus, • town with a lake of the same name in Arcadia, whose waters were unwholesome in the night, and wholesome in the day time. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 22. — Virg. ^n. 8, v. 1 65. — Ovid. Met. 1 5, V. 532. A son of Mclae, kiUed by Ty- deus. Apollod. PHER.iE, a town of Thessaly, where the tyrant Alexander reigned, whence he was called PhercBus. Strab. 8. — Cic. 2, de ojffic. — Ovid, in lb. 521. — Val. Max. 9, c. 15. — — A town of Attica. — — Another in La- conia in Peloponnesus. Liv. 55, c. 30. PHER.ffius, a surname of Jason, as being a native of Pherae. Phkraules, a Persian whom Cyrus raised from poverty to affluence. He afterwards gave up all his possessions to enjoy tranquillity in retirement. Xenoph. Cyr. Phereclus, one of the Greeks during tlie Trojan war. Ovid. Her. 15. A pilot of the ship of Tlieseus, when he went to Crete. Plut. in Thes. Phereceates, a comic poet of Athens, in the age of Plato and Aristophanes. He is supposed to have written 21 comedies, of which only a few verses remain. He intro- duced living characters on the stage, but never abused the liberty which he had taken, either by satire or defamation. He invented a sort of verse, which from him has been called Pherecratian. It consisted of the Uiree last feet of an hexameter verse, of which tlie first was always a spondee, as for instance, the third verse of Horace's 1, od. 5- Qrato Pyrrha sub nniro. Another descended from Deuca- lion. Cic. Tus. Pherecydes, a philosopher of Scyros, disciple of Pittacus, one of the first who delivered his thoughts in prose. He was P p 5 acquainted. PH PH acquainted wiili the period.-, of the moon, and foretold eclipses with tin- grcali'st accu- racy. Tlie doctrioe of tlie iiniiiortolity of tlic ioal \ras first supported by liim, as also that of the mettmpsycbosis. I'ythagoras was one of his disciples, renLarLihlc for his esteem and his attachment to his learned master. "When Pherecydes lay danj^erously ill in the island of Delos, Pythagoras liastcned to give him ivery assistance in his powtr, and when .hH his efl'orts had proved inL'iroctual. he buried hiin, and after he bad paid him the last offices, hf retired to Italy. Some, however, suppose, that Pherecydes tlirew hims* If down from a jirecipice .is he was going to Delphi, or according to otliers, he fi-ll a sarrifiif to tlie lousy disease, B. C .'51.';. in the x'.th year of his age. Dtn^. — l.nctanl. An liistorian of Leros, suriiamed the Athenian. He wrote an history of Attica, now lost, in tJje age of Darius ilystas-pos. A tragic |Kx;t. PfiERi:N'i>ATi.s, a Persi.ut set over Egj'pt by Artaxerxcs. PHt.KcriiATe, a surname of Proserpine, from tJje production of corn. I'nr.HKs, a son of Cretlieus «nd Tyro, who l)uilt Phene in Thessaiy, where he reigned. He married Clymene, by whom he had Ad- inetus and Lycurgus. yipoliot/. A son of JMcdcii, stoned to deatli by the Corinthians, un account of the poisonous eloaths which he had given to (y worms, a punislmient which, accoriling to some of the ancients, was inilicted by Providence fur her un|)nrallrlit) 4-ruelties. J'uii/ccn. S. — I/rrodol. 4, c. 'M-t. PiiEitiNCM, » town of Thes-saly. PiiEROM, a king of Kgyj>f, who succecdetl Scsostris. He \v:ls blind, and he recovered his sight by washing bis eyes, ai cording U> tlie directions of tlie oracle, in the urine of a woman who liad never hud any unlawful con- nexions, lie tried his wile first, but she ap- peared to have lieen f;iithless to his lied, and slie was burnt witJi all those whose urine could not restore sight to die king. lie mar- ried the woman whose urine proved beneficial. Hcrodot. 2, C. 111. PmRiJSA, one of the Nereides. jljxyUod. 1. 582 Pill ALE, one of Dimia's nymphs. Ovitl. Mil. n. A celebrated courtezan. Juv. 10, V. 'J38. Phialia, or Phigalla, a town of Arcadia. Puits. 8, c. 3. Phialls, a king of Arcadia. Td. Ih. PraroRis, a j)eople near die Palus Mapotis. Mda, 1, c 19. Phidias, a celebrated statuary of Alliens, wiio dietl I J. C. 43 1?. He made a statue of Minerva, at Uie retjuest of Pericles, which w'as placed in tlie Panthitin. It was made wiUi ivory and gold, and measured 39 feet in lieighL His presumption raisi-d him many enemies, and he was accused of having i.irved his own image and that of Pericles on tile shield of the statue of the goddess, for which he was banished from Athens by the clamorous jnipulace. He retired to Elis, where be deteriivined to revenge tlie ill-treat- ment he hod receivetl from his countr}Tncn, by making a statue which should eclipse the fame of that of Minerva. He was successful in tlie attempt ; and the statue he made of .lupiier ()l^^npius was always reckoned the liest of all his pieces, and has passed for one of the wonders of die world. The pc-ople of Elis w ere so sensible of his merit, and of the honor he had done to their city, that they ap- pointed his descendants to tlie honorable of- fice of keeping clean tliat magnificent statue, and of pri-serving it fiom injury, reus. 9, c. -i. — Cur. dt- (hat. — Strab. 8. — QuintU. 12, c. \0—l>lut. in ft-r. Phidii.e, a woman, [fid. Phidylc.] PHiiupriuE.s, a celebrate*! courier, who ran from Athens to Lacitla-mon, about \S'2 Eng- lisli miles in two days, to ask of the Laoedo'- monians assistance against the Persians. The Athciuans raised a temple to his memory. HerMlol. 6, c. 105. — C. Xtp. in MUt. PuibiTiA, a public entertainment at S|)arta. where much fnigality was observed, .ns the word [fii%iTtx from ifn'iofjuii. yxirro.) denotes. Perstms of all ages were ailmitted ; the younger fre, c. 34. — Paus.?>. c. 10. i'liiuos. a man who enjoyed the sovereign power at ,\rgos, and is sup|Hised to have in- vented scales and me.xsures, and coined silver M iEgina. He died B. C 854. Arist. — IltTtHiot. 6, c. 1 27. —^ All ancient legislator at Corinth. PiiiiiYHF, a funaie servant of Horace, to whom he addre^ed 3, (>o for- midable to the rest of Greece, and had even claimed submission from the princes of Ma- cedonia. His designs, however, were as yet iniraatare, and before he could make .Athens 584 an object of co.iquest, the Thracians and the Hhxians demanded his attention. He made himself master of a Thracian colony, to which he gave the name of Philippi, ani from which he received the greatest advan- tages on account of the golden mines in the neighbourhood. In the midst of his po- litical prosperity, Philip did not neglect t};e honor of his family. He married Olym- pias tlic daughter of Ncoptolcmus king of the Molossi ; and when some time after he became father of Alexander, the monarcij, conscious of the inestimable advanta^s which arise from the lessons, the example and the conversation of a learned and vir- tuous preceptor, wrote a letter with his own hand to the philosopher Aristotle, and bfCTi^ed him to retire from his usual pur- suits, and to dedicate his whole time to the Instruction of the young prince. Every thing seemed now to conspire to his aggran- dizement, and historians have observed, that Philip received in one day the intelli- gence of three things which could gratify the most unbounded ambition, and flatter the hopes of the most aspiring monarch : the birth of a son, an honorable crown at the Olympic games, and a victory over the barbarians of lUyricum. But all these increased rather than satiated his ambition, he declared bis inimical sentiments against the power of .Atliens, and the independence of ail Greece, by laying siege to Olynthus, a place, which, on account of its situation and consequence, would prove most inju- rious to tlie interest; of the Athenians, and most advantageous to the intrigues and mi- litary opterations of ever)- Macedonian prince. TTie .Athenians, roused by the eloquence of Demosthenes, sent 17 vessels and 2,00O men to the assistance of Olyntiius but the money of Philip prevailed over all their efforts. TTie greatest part of the cifiiens suffered themselves to be bribed by tlie Macedonian gold, and Olynthus surren- dered to the enemy, and was instantly reduced to ruins. His successes were as great in every part of Greece ; he was de- clared head of the Amphictyonic council, and was entrusted witli the care of the sa- cred temple of Apollo at Delphi. If he was recalled to Macedonia, it w.is only to add fresh laurels to his crown, by victories ovir his enemies in IIl3rricum and Thessaly., By assuming the mask of a moderator and peace-maker he gained confldence, and in attempting to protect the Peloponnesians against the encroaching power of Sparta, he rendered his cause popular, and by ridicul- ing the insults tliat were offered to his per- son as he passed through Corinth, be dis- played to the world his moderation and philosophic virtues. In his attempts to make himself master of Euboea, Philip was un- succe=«ful ; and Phocion, who despised his gold as well •« his meanness, obliged him to PH PH to evacuate an island whose inhabitants were as insensible to the charms of money, as they were unmoved at the horrors of war, and the bold efforts of a vigilant enemy. From Euboea he turned his arms against the Scy- thians, but the advantages which he obtained over this indigent nation were inconsider- able, and he again made Greece an ob- ject of plunder and rapine. He advanced far into Bceotia, and a general engagement was fought at Cha>ronea. The fight was )ong and bloody, but Philip obtained the victory. His behaviour after the battle re- flects great disgrace upon him as a man, snd as a monarch. In die hour of festivity, and during the entertainment which he had given to celebrate the trophies he had won, Philip sallied from his camp, and with the inhumanity of a brute, he insulted the bodies of the slain, and exulted over the calamities of the prisoners of war. His insolence, however, was checked when Demades, one of the Athenian captives, reminded him of his meanness, by exclaiming. Why do you, ling, act the part of a Tkersites, when you can represent with so much dignUy the elevated character of an Againemno7i ? The reproof was felt, Demades received his liberty, and Philip learned how to gain popularity even among his fallen enemies, by relieving their wants and easing their distresses. At the bat- tle of Chaeronea the independence of Greece was extinguished ; and Philip, unable to find new enemies in Europe, formed new enter- prizes, and meditated new conquests. He ■was nominated general of the Greeks against the Persians, and was called upon as well from inclination as duty to revenge those in- juries which Greece had sufi^ered from the invasions of Darius, and of Xerxes. But he was stopped in the naidst of his warlike preparations; he was stabbed by Pausanias i;s he entered the theatre, at the celebration of the nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra. This murder has given rise to many re- flections upon the causes which produced it ; and many who consider the recent re- pudiation of Olympias, and the resent- ment of Alexander, are apt to investigate the causes of his death in tlie bosom of his family. Tlie ridicidous honors whicli Olym- pias paid to her husband's murderer strength- ened the suspicion, yet Alexander declared that he invaded the kingdom of Persia to revenge his father's death upon die Persian satraps and princes, by whose immediate intrigues the assassination had been com- mitted. ITie character of Philip is that of a sagacious, artful, prudent, and intriguing monarch : he was brave in the field of bat- tle, eloquent and dissimulating at home ; and he possessed the wonderful art of chang- ing his conduct according to the dispo- sition and caprice of mankind, without ever altering his purpose, or losing sight of his 585 ambitious aims. He possessed much perse- verance, and in the execution of his plans he was always vigorous. The hand of an assassin prevented him from achieving the boldest and the most extensive of his under- takings ; and he might have acquired as many laurels, and conquered as many na- tions, as his son Alexander did in the suc- ceeding reign, and the kingdom of Persia might have been added to the Macedonian empire, perhaps with greater moderation, with more glory, and with more lasting ad- vantages. The private character of Philip lies open to censure, and raises indignation. The admirer of his virtues is disgusted to find him amongst the most abandoned prosti- tutes, and disgracing himself by the most unnatural crimes and lascivious indulgences, which can make even the most debauched and the most profligate to blush. He was murdered in the 47th year of his age, and the 24th of his reign, about 336 years be- fore the Christian era. His reign is become uncommonly interesting, and his adminis- tration a matter of instruction. He is the first monarch whose life and actions are de- scribed wtli peculiar accuracy and historical faithfulness. Philip was the father of Alex- ander the Great and of Cleopatra, by Olym- pias; he had also by Audaca, an lUyrian, Cyna, who married Amyntas the son of Perdiccas, Philip's elder brother ; by Nica- sipolis, a ITiessalian, Nicasa, who married Cassander ; by Philinna, a Larisssean dancer. Arid£Eus, who reigned some time after Alexander's deadi ; by Cleopatra, the niece of Attains, Caranus and £uropa, who were both murdered by Olympias ; and Ptolemy the first king of Egypt, by Arsinoe, who in the first month of her pregnancy was mar- ried to Lagus. JDemost. in Phil. ^ Olynth. — Justin. 7, &c. — Diod. IG. — Pint, in Alex. Dem. ^ Apoph. — Jsocrat. ad Phil. — Curt. I , ^-c. — jEschines. — Pans. Bceotic. ^c. The last king of Macedonia, of that name, was son of Demetrius. His infancy, at die death of his father, was protected by Anti- gonus, one of his friends, who ascended the throne, and reigned for 12 years, with tlie title of independent monarch. When Antigonus died, Philip recovered his fa- ther's throne, diough only 15 years of age, and he early distinguished himself by his boldness and his ambitious views. His ci-uelty, however, to Aratus, soon displayed liis character in its true light ; and to the gratification of every vice, and everj' extra- vagant propensity, he had the meanness to sacrifice this faithful and virtuous Athenian. Not satisfied with the kingdom of Mace- donia, Philip aspired to become tlie friend of Annibal. and wished to share with him the spoils which the distresses and continual loss of the Komans seemed soon to promise. But his expectations were frustrated ; th« Komans PH PH Romcns discovered his intrigues, and though weakened by the valor and artifice of the Carthaginian, yet they were soon enabled to meet him in the held of battle. The coiuul Laevinus entered without delay hi:, territories of Macedonia, and after !io had obtained a victory over him near Apullonia, and reduced his fleet to ashes, he ciunpellcd him to sue for peace. This peaceful dispo- sition was not permanent, and when Uie Ro- mans discovered tliat he had assisted their immortal enemy Annibal Mrith men and money, they appointed T. Q. Flamiuius to punish his perfidy, and the violation of the treaty. The Roman consul with his usual expedition, invaded Macedonia ; and in a ^ncral engagement which was fought near Cynoccphale, the hostile army was totally defeated, and the monarch saved his life with difficulty by flying from the field of battle. Destitute of resources, without friends either at home or abroad, Philip was obliged to submit to the mercy of the conqueror, and to demand peace by his am- t>asudors. It was granted with dithculty, the terms were humiliating ; but the poverty of Philip obhged him to accept the condi- tions, however disadvantageous and degrad- ing to his dignity. In the midst of these public calamities tlie peace of his family was disturbed ; and Perses, the eldest of his sons by a concubine, raised seditions against liis Iirotlier Demetrius, whose condescension and humanity had gaint-d popularity among the Macedonians, and who, from bis residence at Rome, as an hostage, had gained the good graces pf the senate, and by tlic modesty and innocence of his manners, had obtained for- giveness from lliat venerable body for the hostilities of his father. I*hilip listemd wiUi tuo mucii avidity to the false accusation of Per»cs ; and when be heard it asserted that Ucmttrius wished to rob him of his crown, hf no longer bebitated to punish widi death so unworthy and so ungrateful a son. No sooner was Demetrius sarrificcd to credulity than Philip became convinced of his cruelty and rashness, and to punish the pertidy of Perses, he attempted to make Antigonus, another son, bis successor on the Macedonian throne. But he was prevented from exe- cuting bis purpose by dcatk, in the A'2d year of bis reign, 179 years before the Chrii- tian era. 'ITie assassin of Demetrius, suc- ceeded his fatlier ; and witli tlie same ambition, with the same rashness and oppression, re- newed the war against the Romans till fiis empire was destroyed and iMacedonia be- came a Roman province. Philip ha.s been coiiypared with his great ancestor of tlie same name ; but though tliey possessed Uie same virtues, the same ambition, and were tainted with the same vices, yet the father of ,\IeiandeT wa«; more sagacious and more intriguing, and the son of Demetrius was 586 nore suspiaous,' more cruel, and more im- placable ; and according to tlie pretended pro- phecy of one of the Sibyls, Macedonia was indebted to one Philip for her rise and con- sequence among nations, and under anotlicr Phihp she lamented the loss of her power, her empiu:, and her dignity. Poli/b. 16, Sec. — Justin, i'y, &.C. — Pint, in Flam. — Paus. 7, c. 8. — Ltv. 31, &C. — Val. Max. 4, c. 8. — Orijsius. 4, c. 20. ■■ M. Julius, a Ro- man emperor, of an obscure family in Ara- bia, from which he was surnamed Arabian. From the lowest rank in the army he gradu- ally rose to the highest offices, and when he was made general of the pretjriaa guards he assassinated Gordian to make himself empe- ror. To rstabliJx himself with more cer- tainty on the imperial throne, he left Me- sopotamia a prey to tlie continual invasions of the Persians, and hurried to Rome, where his election was universally approved by the senate and the Roman people. Philip ren- dered his cause popular by his liberality .ind profusion ; and it added much to his splendor and dignity that the Romans during his reign commemorated the foundation of their city, a solemnity wtiich was observed but once every hundred years, and which wai celebrated with more pomp and more mag- nificence tlian under the preceding reigns. The people were entertained with games and spectacles, the the.itre of Pompey was suc- cessively crowded during tJiree days and three nights, and 'JOOO gladiators bled iu the circus at once, for the amusement and pleasure of a gazing {>opulace. His usurpa- tion, however, wa.s short ; Philip was de- feated by Decius, wlio h.id proclaimed him- self emperor in Pannonia, and he was as- s.tssiaitcd by his own soldiers near \'erona. in the -iSth year of his age, and the 5tli of tiis reign, A. D. 'J49. His son who bore the same name, and who liad sliared with him the imperial dignity, was also massacred in the arms of his inotlier. Young Philip was then in tlic I'ith year of his age, and tlic Romans lamented in him the loss of rising talents, of natural humanny, and endearing virtues. Aurel. Victor. — Z^xitn. A n-i- tive of Acarnania. physician to Alexander tlie Great When the monarch had been sud- denly taken ill, after bathing in tjie Cydmis, Philip undertook to remove the complaint when tile rest of tlie physicians believed tiia all mnUcal assistance would lie ineffectual. Uut as he was preparing his medicine, Alex- ander received a letter from Pannenio, in which he was advised to beware of his phy- sician Pliilip. as he had conspired against his life. • llie monarch was alanned ; and when Philip presented him the medicine, he gave him Parmenio's letter to peruse, and began to drink the potion. Tlic serenity and composure of I'bilip's countenance, as lie read tlic letter, removed every suspicion from Alexan- PH PH Alexander's breast, and he pursued the di- rections of his physician, and in a few days recovered. Plut. in Aler. — Curt. 3, — Ar- rian. 2. A son of Alexander the Great, murdered by order of Olympias. A go- vernor of Sparta. A son of Cassander. — ^ A man who pretended to be the son of Perses, that he might lay claim to the king- dom of IMacedonia. He was called Psexido- philippus. -^^ A general of Cassander, in jEtoUa. A Phrygian, made governor of Jerusalem by Antiochus, &c. A son of Herod the Great, in the reign of Augustus. A brother of Alexander the Great, called also Aridjeus. [Vid. Aridasus.] A freed-man of Pompey the Great. He found his master's body deserted on the sea-shore, in Egypt, and he gave it a decent burial, with the assistance of an old Roman soldier, who had fought under Pompey. The father-in-law of the emperor Augustus. A Lacedaemonian who wished to make him- self absolute in Thebes. An officer made master of Parthia, after the death of Alex- ander the Great. A king of part of Syria, son of Antiochus Gryphus. A son of Antipater in the army of Alexander. A brother of Lysimachus, who died suddenly after hard walking and labor. An histo- rian of Amphipolis.^— A Carthaginian, &c, — A man who wrote an history of Caria. A native of Megara, &c. A native of Pamphylia, who wrote a diSlise history from the creation down to his own time. It was not much valued. He lived in the age of Theodosius 2d. Phil-iscus, a famous sculptor, whose statues of Latona, Venus, Diana, the Muses, and a naked Apollo, were preserved in the portico belonging to Octavia. A Greek comic poet. Plin. 11, c. 9. An Athenian who received Cicero when he iled to Macedonia. An officer of Artaxerxes, appointed to make peace with the Greeks. Philistion, a comic poet of Nicaea in the age of Socrates. Martial. 2, ep. 41. A physician of Locris. ui. Gell. 7, c. 12. Philistus, a musician of Miletus. A Syracusan, who during his banishment from his native country vsrote an liistory of Sicily, in 12 books, which was commended by some, though condemned for inaccuracy by Pausanias. He was afterwards sent against the Syracusans by Dionysius the younger, and he kiUed himself when overcome by the enemy, 356 B. C. Plut. in Dion. — Diod. 13. Phillo, an Arcadian maid, by whom Hercules had a son. The father named Alcimedon, exposed his daughter, but she was saved by means of her lover, who was directed to the place where she was doomed to perish, by the chirping of a mag- pye, which imitated the plaintive cries of a child. Paws. 8, c. 12. 587 Philo, a Jewish writer of Alesandrfa, A. D. 40, sent as ambassador from his na- tion to Caligula. He was unsuccessful in his embassy, of which he wrote an entertaining account ; and the emperor, who vrished to be worshipped as a god, expressed his dissatis- faction with the Jews, because they refused to place his statues in their temples. He was so happy in his expressions, and elegant in his variety, that he has been called the Jewish Plato, and the book which he wrote on the sufferings of the Jews in the reign of Caius, met with such unbounded applause in the Roman senate, where he read it publicly, that he was permitted to consecrate it in the public libraries. His works were divided into three parts, of which the first related to the crea- tion of the world, the second spoke of sacred history, and in the third, the audior made mention of the laws and customs of the Jewish nation. The best edition of Philo is that of Mangey, 2 vols. fol. London, 1742. — A man who fell in love with his daughter, called Proserpine, as she was bathing. He had by her a son, Mercurius Trismegistus. A man who wrote an account of a journey to Arabia. A philosopher who followed the doctrines of Carneades, B. C. 100. — — An- other philosopher of Athens, tutor to Ci- cero. A grammarian in the first century. An architect of Byzantium, who flo- rished about three centuries before the Chris- tian era. He built a dock at Athens, where ships were drawn in safety, and protected from storms. Cic. i)t Oral. 1, c. 14. A Greek Christian writer, whose work was edited at Rome, 4to. 1772. A dialectic philoso- pher, 260 B. C. PuiLOBCEOTus, a mountain of Boeotia. Plut. Philochorus, a man who wrote an history of Athens in 17 books, a catalogue of the archons, two books of olympiads, &c. He died B. C. 222. Philocles, one of the admirals of the Athenian fleet, during the Peloponnesian war. He recommended to liis countrymen to cut off the right hand of such of the enemies as were taken, that they might be rendered unfit for service. His plan was adopted by all the ] admirals except one ; but their expectations were frustrated, and instead of being con- querors, they were totally defeated at ^gos- potamos by Lysander, and Philocles, with 3000 of his countrymen, was put to death, and denied the honors of a burial. Plvi. in Lys, A general of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. A comic poet. Another, who wrote tragedies at Athens. Philockates, an Athenian, famous for his treachery, &c. A writer who published an history of Thessaly. A servant of C. Gracchus. A Greek orator. Philoctetes, son of Pcean and Demo- nassa, was one of the Argonauts according to Flaccus PH PH Flfcccus and Hyginii*. and the arm-bearer and particular friend of Hercules. He was pre- sent at the death of Hercules, and because he had erected tlie burning pile on which the hero was consumed, he received from him the arrows which had been dipped in the gall of the hydra, after he had bound himself by a solemn oatli not to betray the place where his ashes were deposited. He had no sooner paid the last office to Hercules than he re- turned to Melibcca, where his father reigned. From thence he visited Sparta, vrliere he be- came one of the numerous suitors of Helen, and soon after, like the rest of tliose princes who had courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and who had bound themselves to protect her from injury, he was called upon by Menelaus to accompany the Greeks to the Trojan war, and he immediately sit sail from Meiibcea with seven ships, and repaired to Aulis, the general rendezvous of die combined fleet. He was here prevented from joininp his coun- trymen, and the ofFenkive smell which arose from a wound in his foot, oblij^ed the d recks, at tJie instigation of Ulysses to remove him from tlie camp, and he was accordingly car- ried to tlie island of Lemnos, or as others say to Cliryse, where Phiniachus, the son of nolophion, was ordered to wait upon him. In tiiis solitary retreat he was sufl'ered to re- main for some time, till the Cirevks, on the tenth year of tlie Trojan war, were informed by the or.ule tliat Troy could not be t.iken without tlie arrows of Hercules, which were then in the j>ossession of I'hilootetes. L'pon this Ulysses, accompanied by DiomedeK, or according toothers, by Pyrrhu.s, was commis- sioned by the rest of the Grecian army to go to I.iemnns, and to prevail upon Philoctcte* to come and finish the tedious siege. Phibx-tetes recollected the ill tj-eaUnent which he had re- ceived from the Greeks, and particularly from Ulysses, and tlierefore he not only refused to go to Troy, but he even persuaded Pyrrhus to conduct him to Melibcea. As ho embarked the manes of Hercules forbad him to pro- ceed, but immediately to repair to the Grecian camp, where he should be cured of his wounds, and put an end to die war. Philoctetes obeyed, and after be had been restored to his former healtli by /Ksculapius, or according to som^' by .Machaou, or Podalirus, he destroyed an immense number of the Trojan enemy, among whom was Paris, the son of Priam, with the arrows of Hercules. \Vhen by his valor Troy had been ruined, he set sail from Asia, but as he was unwilling to visit his native country, he came to It.ily, where, by the .as- sistance of his Thessaliaii followers, he was enabled to build a town in Calabria, which he called Petilia. Authors disagree about the causes of the wound which Philoctetes re- ceived on the foot. The most ancient m3rtho- logists support, tliat it was the bite of the ser- pent which .Tuno had sent to torment him. be- 588 cause he had atUnded Hercules in hii Us( moments, and had buried his ashes. Accord- ing to another opinion, the princes of the Grecian army obliged him to discover where the ashes of Hercules were deposited, and as he had made an oath not to mention the place, he only with his foot struck the ground where they lay, and by this means concluded he had not violated his solemn engagement. For this, however he was soon after punished, and tlie fall of one of the poisoned arrows from liis quiver upon the foot which had struck the ground, occasioned so offensive a wound, that tlie Greeks were obliged to remove him from their camp. The sufferings and ad- ventures of Philoctetes are the siibjeci of one of the best tragedies of Sophocles. ^irg. £n. 3, V. 46. ^Pindar. Fifth. \. — Ditty s Crft. 1, c. 14. — Senec. in Here. — SopJwcl. Pht/.— Quint. Calab. 9 6c 10—Hi/^n. fab. Q6, 97. & 102. —Dxid. 2 & 4. — l>rid. Met. l.f, V. .729. 1. 9, V. 254. Tnst. 5, eL 2. — Cic. fuse. c. 2. — rtolem. Htqth. 6. Philocypri s, a prince of Cyprus in the age of Solon, by whose advice he changed t.'ie situation of a city, which in gratitude he calkvi Soli. Plul. in !«>/. PiiiLODAMEA, one of the Danaides, mother of Phares by Mercury. Paus. 7, c. ■22. PHiLontMfs. a piiet in the age of Cicero, who rendered himself known by his lascivious and indelicate verses. (V. di- Fmib. 2. — llorat. I, Sat. 2, v. 121. A comic poet, ridiculed by Aristophanes. PHii.onice, a daughter of Inachus, who rruirried Leucippus. Phii.oi.ais, a son of Alinos. by the nymph Paria, from whom the island of Paros received its name. Hercules put him to death, be- cause he had killed two of his compiuiions. Jl>oU(id. .">, c. 1. A l*ythagorean philoso- pher of Crotona, B. C. 374, who first sup- ported the diurnal motion of the earth round its axis, and its anrtual motion round the sun. Cicero in Jcad. 4, c. .39, has ascribed this opinion to the Syracusan philosopher Niceias, and Likewise to Plato ; and from this passage some suppose that Copernicus started the idea of the system which he afterwards esta- blished. Diog. — CV. de Oral. 3. — Plut. A lawgiver of Thebes. He was a native of Corinth, and of the family of the Bacchiades, Sec. Arxstot. 2, Pobt. cap. uU. A me- chanic of Tarentum. A surname of ..l.sculapius, who had a temple in Laconia, near the Asopus. Philoiogi's, a freed-man of Cicero. He betrayed his master to Antony, for which he was tortured by Pomponia, the wife of Ci- cero's brother, and obliged to cut oft" his own flesh by piece-meal, and to Iwil and eat it up. Plut. in Cic. &c. * PHiioMicHE. the wife of Pelias king of lolrhos. Aixording to some writers, slie was daughter PH PH daiighter to Amphion, king of Thebes, tliough she is more generally called Anaxibia, daughter of Bias. ApMod. 1 . PhilomerStus, an aichon at Athens, in whose age the state was entrusted to Solon, when torn by factions, Plut. in Sol. Philomedus, a man who made himself absolute in Phocsea, by promising to assist the inhabitants. Polyesn. Philomela, a daughter of Pandion, king of Athens, and sister to Procne, who had mar- ried Tereus king of Thrace. Procne sepa- rated from Philomela, to whom she was par- ticularly attached, spent her time in great me- lancholy till she prevailed upon her husband to go to Athens, and Dring her sister to Tlirace. Tereus obeyed his wife's injunctions, but he had no sooner obtained Pandion's per- mission to con'iuct Philomela to Thrace, than he became enamoured of her, and re ■ solved to gratify his passion. He dismissed the guards, whom the suspicions of Pandion had appointed to watch his conduct, and he ofiered violence to Philomelei, and afterwards cut ort" her tongue, that she might not be able to discover his barbarity, and the indig- nities which she had suffered. He confined her also in a lonely castle, and after he had taken every precaution to prevent a dis- covery he returned to Thrace, and he told Procne that Philomela had died by the way, and that he had paid the last offices to her remains. Procne, at this sad intelligence, put on mourning for the loss of Philomela ; but a year had scarcely elapsed before she was secretly informed, that her sister was not dead. Philomela, during her captivity, described on a piece of tapestry her misfortunes and the brutality of Tereus, and privately conveyed it to Procne. She was then going to celebrate the orgies of Bacchus when she received it ; she disguised her resentment, and as during the festivals of the god of wine, she was per- mitted to rove about the country, she hastened to deliver her sister Philomela from her con- finement, and she concerted with her on the best measures of punishing the cruelty of Te- reus. She murdered her son Itylus, who was £r the sixtli year of his age, and served him up a* food before her husband during the festivtil. Tereus in the midst of his repast, called for Itylus, but Procne immediately informed him that he was then feasting on his flesh, and that instant Philomela, by throwing on the table the head of Itylus, convinced the monarch of the cruelty of the scene. He drew his sword to punish Procne and Philomela, but as be was going to stab them to the heart, he was changed into a hoopoe, Philomela into a nightingale, Procne into a swallow, and Itylus into a pheasant. Tliis tragical scene happened at Dauiisin Phocis; but Pausaniasand Strabo, who mention tlie whole of the story, are^ilcnt about the transformation ; and the former ob- serves tliat Tereus, after this bloody repast , ied to Megara, where he destroyed liiniseli'. The inhabitants of the place raised a monu- ment to his memory, where they offered yearly sacrifices, and placed small pebbles in- stead of barley. It was on this monument that the birds called hoopoes were first seen ; hence the fable of his metamorphosis. Procne and Pliilomela died through ex- cess of grief and melancholy, and as tlie nightingale's and swallow's voice is pecu- liarly plaintive and mournful, the poets have embellished the fable by supposing that the two unfortunate sisters were changed into birds. Apollod.3, c. 14 Pans. I, c. 42. 1. 10, c. 4. — Hy^n.fab. 45. — Strab. 9. — Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 9 & 10.— Virg. G. 4, v. 15 & 511. A daughter of Actor, king of tlie Myrmidons. Philomelum, a town of Phrygia. Cic. ad Attic. 5, ep. 20. in Verr. 3, c. 83. Philomelus, a general of Phocis, who plundered the temple of Delphi, and died B. C. 554. [Vid. Phocis.] A rich mu • sician. Mart. 4, ep. 5. Philox, a general of some Greeks, who settled in Asia. Uiod. 18. Philomdes, a courier of Alexander, who ran from Sicyon to Elis, 160 miles, in nine hours, and returned the same journey in 15 hours. Plin. 2, c. 71. Philonis, a name of Chione, daughter of Daedalion, made inmiortal by Diana. Philonoe, a daughter of Tyndarus, king of Sparta, by Leda, daughter of Thes- tius. Apollod. A daughter of lobates, king of Lycia, who married Bellerophon. Id. 2. Philonome, a daughter of Nyctimus, king of Arcadia, who threw into the Erymanthus two children whom she had by Mars. The children were preserved, and afterwards as- cended their grandfather's throne. Plut. in Per. The second wife of Cycnus, the son ot Neptune. She became enamoured of Ten- nes, her husband's son by his first wife Proclea, the daughter of Clytius, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she accused him of at- tempts upon her virtue. Cycnus believed the accusation, and ordered Teunes to be thrown into the sea, &c. Pans. 10, c, 14. Philonomus, a son of Electryon, ki g of Mycena' by Anaxo. Apollod. 2, Philonus, a village of Egypt, Sirab. Philopator, a surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt, [ Vid. Ptole- ma;us. ] Philovhron, a general who with 5000 soldiers defended Pelusium against t e Greeks who invaded Egypt. Diod. 16. PmLorOEMEN, a celebrated general of the Achjean league, born at Megalopolis. His father's name was Grangis, His education was begun and finished under Cas.sander, Ec- demus, and Dcmophanes, and he early distin- guished himself in tlie field of battle, and ap- peared fond of agriculture and a country life. He proposed liimself Epaminondas for a model. PH PH rnixlcl, :u..l he was not unsuccessful In iini- tfOJiig tb'-' pniJeiici' and the simplicity, the disintervstediiess and actrvity of this famous ITiehan. Wlieu Megalojwlis was attacked by tlie Spartans, Philoparmen, then in tlie 3()di year of his awe, fjave the most decisive proofs of his valor and intrepidity. He af- terwards assi^itcd Antiponus, and was present in the famous hattle in whicli tlic .-Ktulians were defeated. Raised to tlie rank of diief cAnunaudcr, he shewed his aiiility to dis- i-har;:;c that important trust, by killing with his own hand Mcchaniilas, tlie tyrant of Sparta ; and if he was defeated in a naval l>attlc by Nabis, he soon after repaired his losses hy takin;^ tlie capital of Laronia, IJ. C. 18.S, and by abolisJiin;» the laws of Ly- curpus, which had florished tlicre for such a length of time. Sparta, after its conquest, l>ecame tributary to the Acha*ans and Ilji- lopopmcn enjoyed the triumph of having reducetl to ruiru one of tlie greatest and tlie most powerful of the cities of Greece. Some time aAer t)ie Messenians reroltetl from die Ach»an league, and Philopwmcn, who heatlcd tlie Achxans, unlbrtuoately fell from his horse, and was dragged to tlie enemy's c.imp. Uinocrates, the general of tlic Messenians, treated him with great severity ; he was thrown into a dungeon, and obliged to drink a dose of [Hiisun. When he received the cup from the hand of the cxwrulioner, Fliilop«nien askitl him how his countrymen had behaved in the field of battle ; and when he hi-ard that ihey had obtaiiu- tomb, and hymns to be sung in his praise, and his actions to be ceJelirated in a p.inegyrical iiration. He had also statues raised to his inemory, which some of the Komans at- Teinpt»xi to riolatc. and tt) destroy, to no pur- pose, when Muinmius took t'orinth. Fhi- iopoemen has been jtistly calle0. Curt. r,. c. 11. — Pint. — Arrinn. .\n officer in the army of .\lexander. ^— Another, who was made master of Cilicia, aAer .Alex- ander's deadi. .\ physician in the age of Antony. He ridiculed the expcnces and the extravagance of this celebrated Roman. Plut. Philotjra, the mother of Mylo, &c. Poiifitn. tV. PiiiLoiiMis a freed-man of Cicero. Cic. ml Ihv. .1, c. 9. Philotis, a servant-maid at Rome, who saved her countrymen from destruction. Af- ter the siege of Rom'- by the Gauls, thw Fidenates assembled an army under the com- mand of Lucius Posthumius, and marched against the capital, demanding all the wives and daughters in the city, as the conditions of peace. 'Hiis extraordinary demand astonished the senators, and when tlicy rvfusetl to comply, Philotis advised them to send all their female slaves di.sguised in matron's cloaths, and she oflered to march herself at the head. Her advice was followed, and when tlie Fidenat*>i h.vl fe.isUil late in the evening, and were ermitted them to appear in the dreas of the Roman matrons. Plul. m Rom. — Varro de L. T.. 5. — Ot-id. (U art. am. 'J. Philoxksus an oflicer of .\lexandcr, who received Cilicia. at the general division of die provinci-s. .\ son of l*tolciny. who was given to Pelopidas as an hosuge. A dithy- rambic pott of Cythera. who enjoyed the favor of Dionysius, lyrnnt of .Sicily, for some time, till he offended him by seducing one of his fe- male singers. During his confinement, Phi- loxenus comjioscd .in aiK gorical poem, called Cyclops, in which he had delineated the cha- racter of the tjTanl under the name of Poly- phemus and represented his mistress under the name of Galatsca, and him.self under that of L'lj-sscs. The tyrant who was fond oT writing poetry, and of U-ing applauded, re- moved Philoxcnus from his dungeon, but the poet PH PH Tjoet refused to purchase his liberty, by saying •iiings tiinvorthy of himself, and applatriing the wretched verses of Dionysius, and there- fore he was sent to the quarries. When he was asked his opinion at a feast about some verses which Dionysius had just repeated, and which the courtiers had received with the greatest applause, Philoxenus gave no answer, but he ordered the guards that sur- rounded the tyrant's table to take him back to the quarries. Dionysius was pleased with his pleasantrj- and with his firmness, and immediately forgave him. Philoxenus died at Ephesus, about 380 years before Christ. piut. — — A celebrated musician of Ionia. A painter of Eretria, who made for Cassander an excellent representation of the battle of Alexander wtli Darius. He was pupil to Nicomachus. Plin. 51, c. 10. — — A philosopher, who wished to have the neck of a crane, that he might enjoy the taste of his aliments longer, and with more pleasure. Arist. eth. 5. Philtllius, a comic poet. Athen. Philyra, one of the Oceanides, who was met by Saturn in Thrace. The god, to escape from the vigilance of Rhea, changed himself into a horse, to enjoy the company of Philyra by whom he had a son, half a man and half a horse, called Chiron. Philyra was so ashamed of giving birth to such a monster, that she entreated the gods to change her nature. She was metamorphosed into the linden tree, called by her name among the Greeks. Hj^gin. fah. 138. —The wife of Nauplius. Philyres, a people near Pontus. Philyrides, a patronymic of Chiron the son of Philyra. Ovid. art. am. — Virg. G. 5, V. 550. Phineus, a son of Agenor, king of Phoe- nicia, or according to some, of Neptune, who became king of Thrace, or as the greater part of the mythologists support, of Bithy- nia. He married Cleopatra the daughter of Boreas, whom some call Cleobula, by whom he had Plexippus and Pandion. After the death of Cleopatra, he married Idaea, the daughter of Dardanus. Idaea, jealous of Cleopatra's children, accused them of attempts upon their father's life and crown, or, according to some, of attempts upon her virtue, and they were immediately con- demned by Phineus to be deprived of their eyes. This cruelty was soon after punished by the gods, Phineus suddenly became blind, and the Harpyes were sent by Jupiter to keep him under continual alarm, and to spoil the meats which were placed on his table. He was some time after delivered from these dangerous monsters by his bro- thers-in-law, Zetes and Calais, who pursued them as far as tlie Strophades. He also recovered his sight by means of the Argo- nauts, whom he had received with great hospitality, and instructed in the easiest and 5n speediest way by which they could arrive in Colchis. The causes of the blindness of Phineus are a matter of dispute among the ancients, some supposing that this was in- flicted by Boreas, for his cruelty to his grand- son, whilst others attribute it to the anger of Neptune, because he had directed the sons of Phrj'xus how to escape from Colchis to Greece. Many, however, think that it pro- ceeded from his having rashly attempted to develope futurity, while others assert that Zetes and Calais put out his eyes on account of his cruelty to their nephews. The second %vife of Phineus is called by some Dia, Eu- rytia, Danae, and Idothea. Phineus was killed by Hercules. Arg. 2. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. 1. 3, c 15. Diod. 4. — Hy gin. fab. 19. — Orpheus. — Flacc. The brother of Cepheus, king of Ethiopia. He was going to marry his niece Andromeda, when her father Cepheus was obliged to give her up to be de- voured by a sea monster, to appease the re- sentment of Neptune. She was, however, delivered by Perseus, who married her by the consent of her parents, for having destroyed the sea monster. This marriage displeased Phineus ; he interrupted the ceremony, and with a number of attendants, attacked Per- seus and his friends. Perseus defended him- self, and turned into stone Phineus, and his companions, by showing them the Gorgon's head. Apollod. 2, c. 1 & 4. — Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 1 & 2. — Hygin. fab. 64. — — A son of Melas. A son of Lycaon, king of Arca- dia. A son of Behis and Anchinoe. Phinta, a king of Messenia, &c. Paus. 4, c. 4. Phinthias, a fountain where it is said nothing could sink. Plin. 51, c. 2. Phintia, a town of Sicily, at the mouth of the Himera. Cic. in Verr, 3, c. 85. Phintias, called also Pithias, Pinthias, and Phytias, a man famous for his unparal- leled friendship for Damon. [Vid. Damon.] Cic. de Off. 5, c. 10. Tusc. 5, c. 22 Diod. 6. —— A tyrant of Agrigentum, B. C. 282. Phinto, a small island between Sardinia and Corsica, now Figo. Phi A, a small island in the lake Tritonis. Herodot. 4, c. 178. Phlegelas, an Indian king beyond the Hydaspes, who surreadered to Alexander. Curl. 9, c. I. Phlegethon, a river of hell, whose •ra- ters Wera burning, as the word ^Xiyt^ai, from which the name is derived, seems to indicate. Virg. ABn. 6, v. 550. — Ovid. Met. 15, v. 532. — Senec. in Hipp. — Sil. 15, V. 564. Phlegias, a man of Cyzicus when the Argonauts visited it, &c. Flacc. Phlegon, a native of Tralles in Lydia, one of the emperor Adrian's freed-men* He "Tote different treatises on the long lired, on wonderful PH PH wondc! Ful things, besides an historical account of Sicily, sixteen books on the oljinpiads, an account of the principal places in Rome, three books of faiti, &c. Of these some fraj^ents remain. His style was not elegant, and lie wrote without judgment or precision. His works have been edited by ^leursius. 4to. L. Bat. 16'X>. One of the horses of the sun. The word signifies burning. Ovid. Met. 2. Phlzgra, or Phlecr^ls c.vmpls, a place of Macedonia, afterwards called Pallenc, where the giants attacked the gods and were defeated by Hercules. The combat was after- wards renewed in Italy, in a place of the Mime name near Cunuc. Sil. 8, v. 538. 1. 9, V. 305. — Strab. 5. — Diod. 4 & 5. — Ovid. Met. 10, V. 151. 1. 12, V. 378. 1. 15, t. 53'2. — Stat. 5, Sylv. 5, T. 196. Phlegv.*:, a people of Thessaly. Some authors place them in Boeotia. They re. jeived liicir name from Pblegyas the son of -Mars, witlj wlioni they plundered and bum- ••d the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Few of 'hem cacaped to I'hocis, where they settled. I'aus. 9, c. 36. — Homer. I'. 13, v. 301. — Strab. 9. PuLEOTAS, a son of Mars by Chryse, ilaughter of Halmus wxs king of the Lapi- ihae in Thessaly. He w;is fatlier of Ixion and Coronis, to whom .Vpolld oftered violence. When the father heard thai liis daughter had been so wantonly abu^d, he marched an army against Delphi, and reduced the temple of the god to ashes. This was highly reM.-nted. .\|>ollo killed I'hlegyas and placed him in licll, where a Iiul'i' stone hangs over his head, and keeps him in continual alanus, by its ap- pearance of falling every moment. Pans. 9, c. 36. — Jpollid. 3, c. 5. — Pind. Fifth. 3. — Ovid. Met. 5, V. 87. — Scrvius ad Virg. jEn. 6, V. 018. Phlias, one of the .\rgonauts, son of Bacchus and .\riadne. Paus. 'J, c. \'J. Phliasia, a country of Pel<>[>onncsus, near Sicyon, of which Phlius was the capital. Phlius, (gen. urUis.) a town in Pelopon- nesus, now Siaphlica, in the territory of Si- cyon. — — .Another in Eli*. .\noilier in .\rgolis, now Drqtano. Phixei's, a surname of Bacchus, expres- sive of his youth and vigor. Plut. in Symp. 5, qu. 8. Phobztor, one of the sons of Somnus, and his principal minister. His office was to assume the shape of serpents and wild beasts, to inspire terror into the minds of men, as his name intimates (^«/3ia>). The other two ministers of Somnus were F*han- lasia and Morpheus. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 640. Phohos son of Mars, and god of terror among the ancients, was represented with a lioii'b head, anj sacrifices wore offered to liiiii to deprecate his appearance in armies. Pl»it. in erut. 592 PHociEA, now Fodiia, a maritime town of Ionia, in Asia Minor, with two harbours, be- tween Cums and Smyrna, founded by an Athenian colony. It received its name from Phocus the leader of the colony, or froin p/iaar, sea calves, which are found in great abundance in the neighbourhood. The inha- bitants, called Phocai&i Phjccrenses, were ex- pert mariners, and founded many cities in different parts of Europe. They left Ionia, when Cyitis attempted to reiluce tliem under his power, and they came after many adven- tures into Gaul, where they founded Mas- dlia, now Marseilles. The town of Mar- seilles is often distinguished by the epithet of Phocaica, and its inhabitants called Pho- ctrenses. Phocaa was declared independent by Pompey, and under the first emperors of Konic it became one of the most flurLslMng cities (»f Asia Minor. Liv. 5, c 34. 1. 37, c. 31. 1. 38, c. 39. —Mela, I, c. 17. — Paus. 7, c. 3. — Uerodot. 1. v. 165. —Strab. 14. — Jlorat. epod. 16. — Omd. Met. 6, v. 9 PUn. 3, c. 4. PuocENsts. and PhocIci, the inhabitants of I'hocis in Greece. Phociudes. a Greek poet and philosopher of Miletus about 540 years before the Chris- tian erx. The poetical piece now extant called >«vSir virtues, private as well as public. He was educated in the school of Plato, and of \e- nocrates, and as soon as he appeared among the statesmen of Athena, hedistinguislied him- self by his prudence and moderation, his zcaL for the public good, and his military abiliticv. He often checked the violent and incuusider- ate measures of Demosthenes, and when tt.c* Atlienians seemed eager to make war against Thilip, king of Macctlonia, Phocion observed that war should never be undertaken without tlie strongest and most certain expectations ot* success and victory. When Philip endeavour- ed to make himself master of Eubtea, Phocio:'. stop]>ed his progress, and soon obligcrixc. During the time of his administration he was alw;iys inclined to peace, though he never suffered his country - men to become indolent, and to forget tlia jea- lousy and rivalship of tJieir neighbours. He was 4.5 times appointed governor of .'Vthens, and no greater encomium can Iw passed upon his talents as a minister and statesman, than that he never solicited that high, theugh dan- gerous office. In his rural retreat, or at the head of tlie Atlienian armies, he always appear- ed barefooted, and without a cloak, whence one of his soldiers had occasion to observe when he saw liim dressed more warmly than usual during a severe winter, that since Phocion wore his cloak it was a sign of tlic roost incle- ment weather. If he was the friend of ttr.; per»nce and discipline, he was oot a lc*i bril- liaa'. PH PH Hant example of true heroism. Philip, as well as his son Alexander, attempted to bribe him. but to no purpose ; and Pliocion boasted in being one of the poorest of the Athenians, and in deserving the appellation of the Good. It was through him that Greece was saved from an impending war, and he advised Alexander rather to turn his arms against Persia, than to shed the blood of the Greeks, who were either his allies or his subjects. Alexander was so sensible of his merit, and of his integrity, that lie sent him 100 talents from the spoils which he had obtained from the Persians, but Phocion was too great to suffer himself to be bribed; and when the con- queror had attempted a second time to oblige him, and to conciliate his favor, by offering him the government and possession of five cities, the Athenian rejected the presents with the same indifference, and with the same in- dependent mind. But not totally to despise the favors of the monarch, he begged Alex- ander to restore to their liberty four slaves that were confined in the citadel of Sardis. Antipater, who succeeded in the government of Macedonia after the death of Alexander, also attempted to corrupt the virtuous Athe- nian, but with the same success as his royal predecessor ; and when a friend had observed to Phocion, that if he could so refuse the generous offers of his patrons, yet he should consider the good of his childi-en, and accept them for their sake, Phocion calmly replied, that if his children were like him they could maintain themselves as well as their father had done, but if they behaved otherwise he declared that he was unwilling to leave them any thing which might either supply their extravagances, or encourage their debauch- eries. But virtues like these could not long stand against the insolence and fickleness of an Athenian assembly. \Vhen the Pi- rae6s was taken, Phocion was accused of treason, and therefore, to avoid the public in- dignation, he fled for safety to Polyperchon. Polyperchon sent him back to Athens, where he was immediately condemned to drink the fatal poison. He received the indignities of the people wath uncommon composure ; and when one of his friends lamented his fata, Phocion exclaimed, This is no more than what I expected; this treatment the^nost illustrious citizens of Athens have received before me. He took the cup with the greatest serenity of mind, and as he drank the fatal draii^^ht, he prayed for the prosperity of Athens, and bade his friends to tell his son Phocus not to remember the indignities which his father had received from the Athsnians. He died about 318 year before the Cliristian era. His body was deprived of a funeral by order of the ungrateful Athenians, and if it was at last interred, it was by stealth, under a hearth, by the hand of a woman who placed this inscrip- tion over his bones; Keep inviolate, sacred hearth, the precious remains of a good man till 525 a better day restores them to the monument of their forefathers, when Athens shall be deli- vered of her phrenxy and shall be more wise. It has been observed of Phocion, that he never appeared elated in prosperity, or dejected in adversity, he never betrayed pusillanimity by a tear, nor joy by a smile. His countenance was stern and unpleasant, but he never be- haved with severity, his expressions were mild, and his rebukes gentle. At the age of 80 he appeared at the head of the Athe- nian armies like tile most active officer, and to his prudence and cool valor in every period of life his citizens acknowledged themselves much indebted. His merits were not buried in oblivion, the Athenians repeated of their ingratitude, and honored his memory by rais- ing him statues, and putting to a cruel death his guilty accusers. Plut. |- C Nep. in vita. — Diod. 16. Phocis, a country of Greece bounded ou the east by Boeotia, and by Locris on the west. It originally extended from the bay of Corinth to the sea of Euboea, and reached on the north as far as Thermopyls, but its boundaries were aftervvards more contracted. Phocis received its name from Phocus, a son of Ornytion, who settled there. The inlia- bitants were called Phocenses, and from thence tlie epithet of Phociciis was formed. Parnassus was the most celebrated of the mountains of Phocis, and Delphi was the greatest of its towns. Phocis is rendered famous for a war which it maintained against some of the Grecian republics, and which has received the name of the Phociaji luar. This celebrated war originated in the follow- ing circumstances : — When Philip, king of Macedonia, liad, by his intrigues and well con- certed poiicy, fomented divisions in Greece, and disturbed the peace of every republic, the Greeks ur.iversally became discontented in their situation, fickle in tiieir resolutions, and jealous of the prosperity of the neigh- bouring states. The Amphictyons, who were the supreme rulers of Greece, and who at that time were subservient to the views of the Tiiebans, the inveterate enemies of the Pho- cians, shewed the same spirit of fickleness, and like the rest of their countrymen, were actuated by the same fears, the same jealousy and ambition. As the supporters of reli( arms. He seized ♦tie rich temple of DoJphi, and employed the trctuiurfes which it contained to raise a merce- nary «rmy. During two years hostilities '.vere carried on between the Phocians and their en amies, the Thebans and the people of Lo- cris, but no decisive battles were fought ; and it can only be observed, that the Phocian prisoners were always put to an ignominious death, as guilty of the most alx>u)inable sa- crilege and impiety, a treatment which was liberally retaliated on such of the army of the Araphictyons as became the captives of tfatjenemy. The defeat, howtyer, and death of" Philomelus, for a while checked tlieir suc- ressee ; but the deceased general was Mxin succeeded in tlie command by his brother, called Onomarchus his equal in boldness and ambition, and his superior in activity and ontL-rprize. Onomarchus rendered his caus« popular, the Thessalians joined his army, and the neighbouring states observed at least a strict neutrality, if they neither opposool- iodorus, mother of .\stcria and Lalona. [ i'ui. Diana.] A daughter ol' Loucippiis avid Philodice, carried away widi her siste-r ililairn, by Castor and PoUux, as sJie was going t» m.arry one of die sons of Aphareus. [J 7c/. Luucippidcs-J — JihtUod. 'J, c. 10. — Pui4.ii'. -, c. '■'•_'. PurEBXUM, a place near Sparta. PhcebIoas, a Lacedaemonian general sent by the Ephori to the t^ssi.stance of die Mace- donians against the 'ITiracians. He seixed the citadel of iliebes ; but though he was dis- graced and b.inished from the Lacoda?monian army for this perfidious measure, yet hi.^ countrymen kept jwssossion of the tow-n. He died B. C. 577. C. Xqi. inl'rhp. — Dti>d.l4,^c. PHCEBiciNA, a surname of .Esculapius. &c. M being descended from llioebus. Hr^. J^n. v. 775. Fuatcs, PH PH Phcebus, a name given to Apollo or the su'v Tills word expresses the brightness and splendor of that luminary. {^mSc;) [Vid. Apollo.j Phcemos, a lake of Arcadia. PacENica, or PhcekIcia, a country of Asia, at the east of the Mediterranean, whose boundaries have been different in different ages. Some suppose that the names of Phce- nioia, Syria, and Palestine, are indiscrimi- nately used for one and the same country. Phoenicia, according to Ptolemy, extended on the north as far as the Eleutherus, a small river which falls into the Mediter- ranean sea, a little below the island of Ara- dus, and it had Pelusium or the territories of Egypt as its nlore southern boundary, and Syria on the east. Sidon and Tyre were the most capital towns of the country. The in- habitants were naturally industrious, the in- vention of letters is attributed to them, and commerce and navigation were among them in the most florishing state. They planted colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean, particularly Carthage, Hippo, Marseilles, and Utica ; and their manufactures ac- quired such a superiority over those of other nations, that among the ancients, whatever was elegant, great, or pleasing, either in apparel, or domestic utensils, received the epithet of Sidonian. The Phoenicians were originally governed by kings. They were sub- dued by the Persians, and afterwards by Alex- ander, and remained tributaiy to his successors and to the Romans. They were called Phoe- nicians, from Phoenix, son of Agenor, who was one of their kings, or according to others, from the great number of palm trees (^. .En. .s V. 8-12. A st)n of Lapilhus, who mar- ri?d Ilyimiiie, Uie daughter of Epeus, by vhom he had Actor. Pelops. actordmg to Diodorus, shared his kingdom with niorhas. who also, says the same historian, established liimsclfat Rhodes, at tlie head of a colony from tlis and Ihessaly, by order of the oracle, which promised, by his means only, deliverance from the numerous serj>entswliuh infested tlic island. Dud. _'. — P'lus. 5, c. 1. A shepherd of Polybus king of C'orinlli. A man wlioprofantnl A polio's uniplc&c. Oiirf. Met. 11, >. -IH. A king of Ar- gos. A native of Cyrcnc, son of Mc- thion. killed by Perseus. Oud. Met. 5, fob. 3. , . r Pi»oR{ us, or PiioRCvs, a sea deity, son of Ponlus and Terra, who married his sistir t'eto, by whom he had tlie Gorgons, the dra- gon tliatkept the apples of the He-perides, and other iiionsterv. Ucsiod. Theo:,n. — Apdlod. Oik; of the auxiliaries of Priam, killed by Ajax, during tlie Trojan war. Huiixrr. It. 17. A man whose seven sons nssisted Turnus against .tiieas. Virg. jEn. 10, ». .-.23. PuoRMio. an Atlicnian general, whose t.ither's name was Astipicu.s. 1 le impoverished himself to maintain and support tlie dignity of his army. His debts were some time afler paid by tlic Atlicnians, who wislied to make him their general, an office which he refused, while he had so many debts. obsiTviiig tliat it was unbecoming an officer to be at the head of an army, when he knew that he was poorer tlian die meanest of his soldiers. A ge- neral of Crotona. .A. jK-ripatetic philcv sopher of Ephesus, who once gave a lecture upon tlie duties of .in officer, and a military jirijfession. Tlie philosopher was himself ig- norant of the subject which he treated, upon J06 which Hannibal the Great, »ho was one of his auditors, exclaimed that he had seen many doating old men, but never one worse than Phormio. Cic. de Xat. D. 2. An Athenian archon. A disciple of Plato, chosen by the people of ,Elis, to make a re- formation in their government, and tlieir jurisprudence. Phormis, an Arcadian who acquired great riches at the court of Gclon and Hiero in Sicily. He dedicated the brazen statue of a inare to Jupiter Olympius in Pelopon- nesus, which 60 much resembled nature, that horses came near it, as if it had been alive. Faus. J, c. 27. PuoR«5NErs, the god of a river of Pelo- ponnesus of the same name. He was son of the river Inachus by Melissa, and he was the second king of Argos. He married a nymph called Ccrdo. or Laodice, by whom he had Apis, from whom Argolis was called Apia, and Niobe, the first woman of whom Ju- piter bc».-ame enamouretl. llioroneus taught his subjects the utility of laws and the ad- vantages of a social life and of friendly inter- course, whence tlie inhabitants of .\rgolis are often called Phnroiijti. Pausanias re- lates that Phoroncus ^nth the Cepliisus, Astrrion, and Inaclius, were appointed as umpires in a quarrel between Neptune and Juno, concerning their ri;:!.t of patronizing .\rgolis. Juno gained the preference, upon which Neptune, in a f.t of resentment, dried up all tlie four rivers, whose decision he deemed partial. He cftcrwards restoretl tliein to their d'giiitj and conset]ueDC«. lliuroiieus was the tlrst who raised a temple to Juno. He received divijie honors after deatli. His temple still existed at Argos, under Antoninus tlic Iloman emperor. P^lut. 2, c. 15, &c. — A]x>llod. 2, c. 1. — Hi^- gin.fab. \A3. I'lioROMs, a patronymic of lo, the sister of I'horoneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. C25. PiiORUNRM, a town of Argolis, built by i'horoneus. I'liori.vis, an eunuch who was prbne minister to Ptolemy, king of Egypt. \V'hen Pompey fled to the court of Ptolemy, after the battle of Pharsalia. Pholiuus advised his master not to receive him, but to put him to deatli. His advice was strictly followed. Ju- lius C'a-sar some timeaftir visited Egypt, and Photinus raised seditions against him, for which he was put to deadi. Mhen Caesar triumphed over Egypt and Alexandria, the pictures of I'hotinus and of some of the Egyptian?, were carried in the procession at Uome. Plxit. I'lioTiis, a son of Antonina, who be- trayed to Bclisarius his wife's debaucheries. .\ |vitrician in Justinian's reign. Phoxls a general of the Phoca'ant, who burnt Lanipsiicus. &c. Pi>/yele was the djief deity of the country, and her fusthals •were observed with the greatest solemnity. Tlie most remarkable towns, besides Troy, were Laodicc. Hierapolis, and Synnada. The invention of tlie pipe of reeds, and of all sorts of needle-work is attributed to the inhabit- ants, who arc represented by some authors as stubborn, but yielding to correction (hence Pkryr irrb^'rnlus nu-lior), as imprudent, effe- minate, servile, and voluptuous ; and to this Firgil 6eenis to allude, J?n. 9, v. 617. The Phrygians, like all other nations, were called barbarians by tlie GrecLs; tlieir music (Phry. gii caiitus) was of a grave and solemn nature, when o|>pused to the brisker and more cheer- ful Lydianairs. Afela, 1, c 19. — Strah. 2. &.C. — Ovid. Met. 13, v. 429, &c. — CVc 7, ad Fam. ep. 18. — Flacc. 27. — Dio. 1, c. 50. — PUn. 1, c. 4. — Horat. 2, od. 9, v. 16. — Paus. 5, c. 25 Herodot. 7, c. 73. — A city of Thrace. Phryne, a celebrated prostitute 'vho flo- rished at Athens about 528 years before the Christian era. She was mistress to IVnxitcles, who drew her picture. \Vid. Praxiieles-J This was one of his best pieces and it was placed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Jt is said that Apelles painted his Venus Anadyomene nfter hi- had st-cn Phryne on the sea-shore naked, and with dishevelled hair. Phryne became so rich by the liberality of her lovers, that she otlered to rebuild, at her own cupence, Thclx^. which .Mciander had destroyed, providet. Phryni«;, a musician of Mit}'lcne, the €rst who obtained a musical prize at the Pa- nathena~a at .■\thcns. He added two strings to the lyre, which had always been used with seven by all his predecessors, B. V. 438. It is said tl\at he was originally a cook at the house of Hiero, king of Sicily. — — A wnter in the reign of Commoduf, who 59H made a collection, in ."6 books, of phrases and sentences from the best Greek authors &c. Phryno, a celebrated general of .\tliens, who died B. C. 590. pHRYiis, a son of Athamas, king of Tliebes, by Nephele. After the repudiation of his mother, he was persecuted with the most inveterate fur>' by his step-mother Ino, because he was to sit on the throne of Atha- mas, in preference to the cluldren of a second wife. He was apprized of Ino's intentions upon his life, by his m.othcr Nephele, or, according to others, by his preceptor ; and the better to make his escape, he secured part of his father's treasures, and privately left Baotia with his sister Hellc, to go to their friend and relation JEeles, king of Colchis. They embarked on board a <^ip, or, according to the fabulous account of the poets and mythologists, they mounted on the bock of a ram whose fleece was of gold, and proceeded on their journey through the air. The height to which they were carried made Helle giddy, and she fell into the sea. Phryxus gave her a decent burial on the sea-shore, and after he had called the place Hellespont from her name, he continued his flight, and arrived safe in the kingdom of ..Eetes, where he oflered the ram on the altars of Mars. Tlie king received him with great tenderness, and gave him his daughter Chalciopo in marriage. She had by him Phrontis, Mclias, .\rgos, Cylindrus, whom some call Cytorus, Catis Lorus, and Hcllcn. Some time nfter be was murdered by his father-in-law, who envied him the pos$«£ssion of the golden decce ; and Chal- ciope, to prevent her children from sharing their fatlier's fate, sent tliem privately from Colchis to Bccotia, as nothing was to be dread- ed there from the jealousy or resentment of Ino, who was then dead. The fable of the flight of Phryxus to Colchis on a ram ba» Ix-en explained by some, who observe, that the ship on which he embarked was either called by that name, or carried on her prow the figure of that animal. The fleece of gold is explained by recollecting that Phrvxus carried away immense treasures from 'niebe*. Phryxus was placed among the constellations of heaven after death. 'Fhe ram which car- ried him to Asia, is said to have been tJic fruit of Neptune's amour with Theophanc, the daughter of Altis. This ram had l)een given to .Atliama;. by the gods, to reward his piety and religious life, and Nephele procured it for her children, just as they were going to be sa- crittced to the jealousy of Ino. The murder of Phryxus was some time aAer amply re- venged by the Greeks. It gave rise to a cele- brated expedition which was achieved under Jason and many of die princes of Grrrcr, and which bad for its object the recovery of the golden ileccc, and the punishment cf the king of Cokbis for his cruelty to the son of Athamas PH PH Athamas. Diod. 4. — Heroiot. 7, c. 197.— Apollua. Arg. — Orpheus. — Flaccus. — Strab. — Apollod, l,c. 9.— Pindar. Pyth. 4. — Hygin. fab. 14, 188, &c. — Ovid. Heroid. 18, Met. 4. A small river of Argolis. Phthia, a town of Phthiotis, at the east of mount Othrj'sin Thessaly, where Achilles was born, and from which he is often called Phthius heros. Horat. 4, Od. 6, v. 4. — Ovid. Met. 13, V. 156. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Propert. 2, el. 14, V. 3H.—Cic. Tvs. 1, c. 10 A nymph of Achaia, beloved by Jupiter, who to seduce her, disguised himself under the shape of a pigeon. jElian. V. H. 1-, c. 15. A daughter of Araphion and Niobe, killed by Diana. Apollod. Phthiotis, a small province of Thessaly, between the Pelasgicus sinus, and the Maliacus sinus. Magnesia, and mount CEta. It was also called Achaia. Paus. 10, c. 8. Phva, a tall and beautiful woman of At- tica, whom Pisistratus, when he wished to re-establish himself a third time in his ty- ranny, dressed like the goddess Minerva, and led to the city on a chariot, making the populace believe that the goddess herself came to restore him to power. The artifice succeeded. Herodot. 1, c. 59. — Polycen. 1, c. 40. Phycus, (untis,) a promontory, pear Cy- rcnc, now called Ras-al-sem. Lucan. 9- Phtlace, a town of Thessaly, built by Pbylacus. Protesilaus reigned ^ere, from whence he is often called Pkylacides. Lu- can. 6, V. 252. A town of Arcadia. Pays. 1, c. 34. — — A town of Epirus. JLiv. 45, c. 26. Phylacus, a son of Draon, king of Phocis. He married Clymcne, the daugh- ler of Mynias, and founded Phylace. Ajwl- lod. Phylarchus, a Greek biographer, who florished B. C. 221. He was acaised of par- tiality by Plut. in Arat. Phyla s, a king of Ephyre, son of Anti- ochus, and grandson of Hercules. Phyle, a well fortified village of Attica, at a little distance from Athens. C. Nep. in Thras. Phyi.eis, a daughter of Thespius. Apol- lod. PnYi.Etfs, one of the Greek captains during the Trojan war. A son of Augeas. He blamed his father for refusing to pay Hercules what he had promised him for cleaning his stables. He was placed on his father's throne by Hercules. Phvura. [Vid. Philyra.] PhYi-LA, the wife of Demetrius Poliorce- tes, and mother of Stratonice, the wife of Seleucus. Phyllalia, a part of Arcadia. A place in Thessaly. Phylleius, a mountain, country, and town of Macedonia. ApoUon. Aig. 1 . 599 Phyllis, a daughter of Sithon, or ac- cording to others, of Lycurgus, king of Thrace, who hospitably received Demophoon the son of Theseus, who at his return from the Trojan war, had stopped on her coasts. She became enamoured of him, and did not find liim insensible to her pqssion. After some months of mutual tenderness and aflfac- tion, Demophoon set sail for Athens, where his domestic affairs recalled him. He pro- mised faithfully to return as soon as a month was expired ; but cither his dislike for Phyllis, or the irreparable situation of his affairs, ob- liged him to violate his engagement; and the queen, grown desperate on account of his ab- sence, hanged herself, or, according to cithers, threw herself down a precipice into the sea, and perished. Her friends raised a tomb over her body, where there grew up certain trees, whose leaves, at a particular season of the year suddenly became wet, as if shedding tears for the death of Phyllis. According to an oW tradition mentioned by Servius, Virgil's com- mentator, Phyllis was changed by the gods into an almond tree, which is called PhyUa by the Greeks. Some days after this meta- morphosis, Demophoon revisited Thrace, and when he heard of the fate of Phyllis, he ran and clasped the tree, which, though at that time stripped of its leaves, suddenly shot forth and blossomed, as if still sensible of tender- ness and love. The absence of Demophoon from the house of Phyllis has given rise to a beautiful epistle of Ovid, supposed to hava been vwitten by the Thracian queen, about the 4th month after her lover's departure. Ovid. Heroid, 2, de Art. Am. 2, v. 353. Trist. 2. 457. — Hygin. fab. 59 A coim- try woman introduced in Virgil's eclogues. The nurse of the emperor Domi- tian. Suet, in Dom. 1 7. ■ A country of Thrace near mount Pangseus. fferodot. 7, c. 13. Phyllius, a young Boeotian, uncommonly fond of Cygnus, the son of Hyria, a woman of Bceotia. Cygnus slighted his passion, and told him that, to obtain a return of affection, he must previously destroy an enormous lion, take alive two large vultures, and sacrifice on Jupiter's altars a wild bull that infested the coimtry. This he easily effected by means of artifice, and by the a"dvice of Hercules he forgot his partiality for the son of Hyria. Ovid. Met. 7, V. 372. — Nicand. in Heter. 3. A Spartan remarkable for tlie courage vrith which he fought against Pyrrhus, king ( f Epirus Phyllodoce, one of Cyrene's attendant nymphs. Virg. G. 4, v. 336. Phyllos, a country of Arcadia. A town of Thessaly near Larissa, where Apollo had a temple. Phyllus, a general of Phocis during the Phocian or sacred war against the Thebans. He had assumed the command after the de«th Q q 4 of PI PI pf his brothers Philonieliis and Onomar- chui. He is called by some Phayllus. [Kirf. Ph.jcls.] PnTstri,LA, a town of Macedonia. Me- la, 1, c. 3. Phtsciov, a famous rock of Boeoda, which vras tli; residence of the Sphynx, and against which the monster destroyed liimself, when his eoigmas were explained by CEdipus. Plul. PiiTscoA, a woman of EUs, mother of Narca;us, by Bacchus. Pans. 5, c. 16. Physcon a surname of one of the Pto- lemies, king of E;jjj'pt, from tlic great pro- minency of his belly (ifuTKii ixtiter), Atken. 'J, c. 23. Phtscos, a town of Caria, opposite Rhodes. StrnL. 14. PifTscrs, a river of Asia falling into the Tigris. 'ITie ten thousand Greeks cn^ised it on their return from Cunaxa. ■ Phttaudf.";, the descendants of Pliytalus, a man who hospitably received and entertained Ceres, when she visited Attica. PltU- in Thft. Phttos, a general of the people of Rlic- gium, against Dionysiiis the tjTant of Sicily. He was taken by the enemy and tortured, B. C. 387, and his son was tlirown into die sea. Diod. 14. Phyxium, a town of Elis. PiA, or PiAi-i\, festivals instituted in ho- nor of Adrian, by the emperor Antoninus. They were celebr.itetl at Puleoli, on tlie kccond year of tlie Olympiads. PiASLS, a general of the Pelasgi. Strah. 13. Picfcjn, the inhabitants of Picenum. called also Picaitei. They received their name from ]>iciis, a bird by whose auspices they had set- tled in that part of Italy. Ital. S, v. 4-j. — Strah. 5. — M'ln, 2. c. 4. PiCENTiA, the capital of the Picentini. PicENTiNi, a people of Italy l)etween Lu- cania and Ciunpania on the Tuscan sea. They are diP'ercnt from the Piceni or Picentes, who inhabited l*icenum. SU. It. S, v. 4.'J0. — Tacit. H. 4, c. 6'J. PiCKNUM, or Picfxi's ACER, a country of Italy near the Umbrians and .Sabines, on the borders of the Adriatic. Lii\ 'J I, c. 6, 1. 22, c 9. i. 27. C. 43. —SU. 10, v. 513. — Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 272. — Mart. I, e}>. 44. PicRA, 3 lake of Africa, which Alexander crossed when he went to consult the oracle of Ammon. Diod. PiCtx, or PicTi, a people of Scythia, called also Azathyrsee. They received this name from their painting their botlies with dilU'rent colors, to appear more terrible in the eyes of their enemies. A colony of these, ac- cording to Servius, Virgil's commentator, emigrated to the northern parts of Britain, where they still preserved their name .vid 600 their savage manners, but they are mentioned only by later writers. Marcell. 27, c. IJ?. — Claudian. de Hon. coiis. v. 5i.—Plin. 4, c. 12. — Mela, 2, c, 1. PicTAVi, or PiCToxrs, a people oi Gaul in the modern country of Poiclou. Cus. 7, BeU. G. c. 4. PicTAviuM, a town of Gaul. Fabius PiCTon, a consul under why his posterity; and at the celebration of one of tlie festivals of the Greeks, a portion of the Tictiin which had been oflered in sacrifice, was reserved for the descendants of the |X)et. Even the most inveterate enemies of the Tlicbans showed regard for his memory, and the Spartans spared the hou-« in wliich the prince of Lyrics had inhabited, when they destroyed tlie houses and the wails of Tliebes. The same respect wa* also paid him by Alexanui-r tl;c Great when Thebes was reduced to ashes. It is said that Pindar diet! at the advanced age of 81, 13. C. 4.3.1. The greatest part of his worLs have perished. He had written some hj-mns to the gods, poems in honor of AiwUo, dithyrambics to Uacchus and odes on several victories obtained at the four greatest festivals of tlie Greeks, the Olympic, Isthmian, P)-tliian, and Ncmcan j^ames. Of all llitsc, the odes are tlie only compositioiiN citant, admired for sublimity of sentiments, grandeur of expression, energy and magnificenix- of style, boldness of metaphors, harmony of numbers, and ele- gance of diction. In these odes, which were repeated with the aid of musical instruments, and accompanic-d by the various inflections of the voice, with suitable attitudes, and pro- per motions of the l)ody, the pioet has not merely celebrated the place where the victorj- was won, but has introduced beautiful epi- sodes, and by unfolding the greatness of his heroes, the dignify of tlieir characters, and the jrlory of tlie several republics where they norlshed, he has rendered the whole truly beautiful, and in tlie highest dij^rce interest- ing. Horace has not hesitated to call Pindar inimitable, and tlii-> panegyric will not perhaps appear too offensive, when we recollect that «,ucceesrs, a towu of Cilida. on the borders of Syria. Cicero, when proconsul in Asia, besieged it for 25 days and took it. Ck. ad M- Ceelium, art Fam. 2. q^. 10. PiNDiis, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, between Thessaly. Maoi'doni.i. and Epirus. If was greatly celebrated a-s bc- 602 ing tacretl to the Muses aad to Apollo. Ooid. Met. 1. V. .';7(i. — Strah. 18. — Vtrg. Eel. 10. — Lucnn. 1, V. (,71. I. *;, v. .".39. — Mela, i, c. 3. — — A town of Doris in Greece, called also Cyphas. It was vratercd by a small river of the same name which falls into tlie'Ccphisiis, near Lilaea. Herodot. I, c. 56. PiNcus, a river of Morsia. falling into the Danube. Ptin. 3, c. 26. PiNVA, a town of Italy at the mouth of the Matrinus, south of Picenum. Sii. 9, V. .518. PiWTHiAS. [Vid. Phinthias.1 PiKTiA, a town of Spain, now suppoted ta be Valladolid. Pios. one of the descendants of Hercules who built Pwnia, near the Caycus in Mysia. It is said that smoke issued firom his tomb as often as sacrifices were offered to him. Pans. 9, c. 18. PioNi, one of the Nereides. ApoiltxL PioMA, a town of Mysia, near the Cay- cus. PiR.«cs, or Pva.SEL's, a celebrated har- bour at .\thens. at the mouth of llie Cephisus, about three miles distant from the city. It was joined to the town by two walls, in circumference seven miles and an half and sixty feet high, which Themistodes wished to raise in a double proportion. One of these was built by Pericles, and the other by Themistocle*. The towers which were raised on the wails to serve as a defence, were turned into dwel- ling houses, as the population of Athens gra- dually increased. It was the most capacious of all the harbours of the Athenians, and was naturally divided into three large ba«oni called Cantliaros. Aphrodisium, and Zea. improved by tlie labors of Themistocles. and made sufficiently commodious for the recep- tion of a fletft of 400 ships, in the greatest security. The walls which joined it to Athens, with all the fortifications, were totally demo- lished when Lysander put an end to the Pe- loponnesian war by tlie reduction of .\ttica. Paus. 1, c. l.-^Sfrai. 9.— C. Nep. in Them. — Flor. 3. c. 5. —Justin. 5, e. 6.— Ovid. Met. 6, T. 446. PiRAXTHus, a son of .\rgus and Evadne, brother to Jasus, Epidaurus. and Perasus. Paus. 2, c. \6&c \-. — Apollod. 2. PiRtNE, a daughter of Danaus. X daughter of tEludus. or according to others, of the Achelous. She hail by Neptune two sons, called Leches and Cenchnus. who gave their names to two of the harbours of Corinth. Pircne was so disconsolate at the death of her son Cenchrius. who had been killed by Diana, that slie pined away, and was dissolved by her continual weeping into a fountain of the same n.-mie. which was still seen at Corinth in tlie age of Pausanias. The fountain Pircne W.1S sacred to the Muses, and according to soiiic, the borse Pegasus was then drinking some I PI PI some of its waters, when Belkrophon took it to go and conquer the Chimaera. Paus. 2, c. 3. — Ovid. Met. 2, v. 240. PiRiTHous, a son of Ixion and the cloud, or according to others, of Dia, the daughter of Deioneus. Some make him son of Dia, by Jupiter, who assumed the shape of a horse whenever he paid his addresses to his mistress. He was king of the Lapithse, and as an am- bitious prince he wished to become acquainted with Tlieseus, king of Athens, of whose fame and exploits he had heard so many leports. To see him, and at the same time to be a witness of his valor, he resolved to invade his temtories with an army. Theseus im- mediately met him on the borders of Attica, but at the sight of one another the two ene- mies did not begin the engagement, but struck witli the appearance of each other, they stepped between the hostile armies. Their meeting was like that of the most cor- (lial friends, and Pirithous by giving Theseus his hand as a pledge of his sincerity, promised to repair all the damages which his hostilities in Attica might have occasioned. From that time, therefore, the two monarchs be- came the most intimate and the most attached of friends, so much, that their friendship, like that of Orestes and Pylades, is become proverbial. Pirithous some time after mar- ried Hippodamia, and invited not only the heroes of his age, but also the gods them- selves, and his neighbours the Centaurs, to celebrate his nuptials. Mars was the only one of the gods who was not invited, and to punish this neglect, the god of war ^^'as deter- mined to raise a quarrel among the guests, and to disturb the festivity of the entertain- ment. Eurythion, captivated with the beauty ©f Hippodamia, and intoxicated with wine, attempted to offer violence to the bride, but he was prevented by Theseus, and immedi- ately killed. This irritated the rest of the Centaurs, the contest became general, but the valor of Theseus, Pirithous, Hercules, and the rest of tJie Lapithae, triumphed over their enemies. Many of the Centaurs were slain, and the rest saved their lives by flight. [ Vid. Lapithus.] The death of Hippodamia left Pirithous very disconsolate, and he re- solved with his friend Theseus, who had likevnse lost his wife, never to marry again, except to a goddess, or one of the daughters of the gods. This determination occasioned the rape of Helen by the two friends, the lot was drawn, and it fell to the share of The- seus to have the beautiful prize. Pirithous upon this undertook with his friend to carry away Proserpine and to marry her. They descended into the infernal rsgions, but Pluto, who was apprized of their machi- nations to disturb his conjugal peace, stop- ped the two friends and confined them there. Pirithous was tied to his father's wheel, or according to Hyginus, he was delivered tg Ihc furies to be contiiuially tormented. His C03 punishment, however, was short, and wLen Hercules visited the kingdom of Pluto, he obtained from Proserpine, the pardon of Pi- ridious, and brought him back to his king- dom safe and luihurt. Some suppose that he was torn to pieces by the dog Cerberus. [Vid. Theseus.] Ovid. Mel. 12, fab. 4 &. S — Uesiod. in Scut. Her. — Homer. II. 2. — Pans. 5, c. 10 Apollod. 1, c. 8. 1. 2, c. 5. — Hygin. fab. 14, 79, ISS.—JDiod. 4. — PbU. in Tlies. — Horat. 4, od. 1. — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 504. — Mart. 7, ep. 23. PiRUs, a captain of the Thracians during the Trojan war, killed by Thoas, king of ^tolia. Homer. II. 4. Pirustje, a people of lUyricum. Liv. 45, c. 26. Pisa, a town cf Elis, on the Alpheus at the west of the Peloponnesus, founded by Pisus the son of Perieres, and grandson of -^olus. Its inhabitants accompanied Nes- tor to the Trojan war, and they enjoyed long the privilege of presiding at the Olympic games which were celebrated near their city. This honorable appointment was en- vied by the people of Elis, who made war against the Piseans, and after many bloody battles took their city and totally demolished it. It was at Pisa that CEnomaus mur- dered the suitors of his daughter, and that he himself was conquered by Pelops. The iiiliabitants were called Piscei. Some have doubted the existence of such a place as Pisa ; but this doubt originates from Pisa's having been destroyed in so remote an age. The horses of Pisa were famous. The year on which the Olympic games were cele- brated, was often called Pisceus annus, and the victory which was obtained there was called Piscece ramus olivee. [Vid. Olyin- pia.] Strab. 8. — Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 386. 1. 4, el. 10, V. 95. — Mela, 2. — Virg. G. 3, v. 180. —Stat. Theb. 7, v. 417. — Paus. 6, c. 22, Pis^, a town of Etrnria, built by a co- lony from Pisa in the Peloponnesus. The inhabitants were called Pisani. Dionysius of Haliearnassus affirms that it existed l)efore the Trojan war, but others support that it was built by a colony of Pisa?ans who were shipwrecked on the coast of Etruria at their return from the Trojan war. Pisai was once a very powerful and florishing city, whick conquered the Baleares, togetlier with Sar- dinia and Corsica. The sea on the neigh- bouring coast was called the bay of Pisasi. Virg. u£n. 10, V. 179 Strab. 5. — Lucan. 2, V. 401. — Liv. 39, c. 2. 1. 45, c. 13. — Plin. 2, c. 103 Pis.«:us, a surname of Jupiter at Pisa. PisANDER, a son of Bellerophon killed by the Solymi. — — A Trcgan chief killed by Menelaus. Homer. II. 13, v. 601. — — One of Penelope's suitors, son of Polyctor. Ovid. Hcro'td, 1 . A son of Antimachus, killed by Agamemnon during the Trojan war. He had PI PI h»d had recourse to entreaties and promises, but in vain, as the Grecian wished to resent the advice of AntLinachus, who oppoicd the restoration of Helen. Homer. II. 11, v. 123. An admiral of the Spartan fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He abolished the democracy at Athens, and established the aristocraticnl govcnniicnt of tlie four hundred tyrants. He was killed in a naval battle by Conon the Athenian general near Cnidus, in vrhich the Spartans lost 50 galleys B-C. 394. Diod. A poet of Rliodes wlio composed a poem called Heradea, in whicli he gave an account of all the labors and all the exploits of Hercules. He was the first who ever re- presented his hero armed with a club. Paus. 8, c. 22. PisATEs, or Pis.«i, tJie inhabitants of Pisa in the Peloponnesus. PisALRUs, now Poglia, a river of Picc- imm with a town called Pisaurutn, now Pt- saro, which became a Roman colony in the consulship of Claudius Pulcher. 'Fhe town was de-stroyed by an cartliquakc in die begin- ning of the reign of Augustu.i. Affla, 2, C. 4. — Calull. 82. — Plin. 3. — Lie 3D, C. 44. 1. 41, c. 27. PisiNOR, a son of Ixion and the cloud. One of tlie ancestors of the nurse of Ulj«scs. Homer. Od. 1. PisEiis, a king of Etniria, al)out 260 years before the foundation of Home. Plin. T, c. 26. PisiAs, a general of the Argives in the age of Epaminondas. A statuary at Atlicns celebrated for his pieces. Paus. l*isTniA, an inland country of .\sia Minor, between Phnigia, Pamphylia. Galatia, and Isauria. It was rich and fertile. Tlie in- habitants were called PisitUc. Cic. dc- Div. I, ,-. \.—^fcIa, 1, C. 2. — Strab. 12. — Liv. 37, c. 54 & 56. PisidTce, a daughter of iEolus who mar- ried Myrmidon. A daughter of Nestor. A tlaugliter of I'clias. 'Hie daugh- ter of a king of Mcthynina'in Lesbos. Slie became enamoured of Achilles when ho in- vaded her father's kingdom, and she promised to deliver the city into his hands if he would marry her. Acliilles agreed to tlie proposal, but when he became mastef of Methymna, he ordered Pisidice to be stoned to dcatli for her perfidy. Parthcn. crot. 21. Pisis, a native of Tliespia, who gained un- common influence among the Thebans, and behaved witli great courage in tlie defence of their liberties. He was taken prisoner by Demetrius, who made him governor of 'JThes- pia. PisisTRATiD^, the descendants of Pisistra- tus. tyrant of Athens. [ ViiL PisistratUs, ] PisisTKATiDBs, a man sent as ambassador to the satraps of tlie king of Persia, by the Spartans. PtsisTRATUS, an Athenian, son of Hippo- crates, who early distinguished himself by 604 his valor in the field, and by his address and eloquence at home. After he had ren- dered him<;elf the favorite of the popuUce by his lil)erality, and by the intrepidity witli which he liad fought their battles, particu- larly near Salamis, he resolved to make him- self master of his country. Every thing seemed favorable to his views; but Solon alone, who was tlien at tJie head of aflfairs, and who had lately instituted his celebrated laws, op- posed him and discovered his duplicity ar.d artful behaviour before the public assembly. Pisistratus was not disheartened by the mea- sures of his relation Solon, but he had re- course to artifice. In returning from his country house, he cut himself in various places, and after he had exjMised his mangled body to tlie eyes of tlio populace, deplored his misfortunes, and accused his enemies of attempts upon his life, because he was tlic friend of the people, the guardian of the poor, and die reliever of die oppressed; he claimed a chosen iKxly of .?0 men from the populace to defend his person in future from the malevolence and the cruelty of his enemies. The unsuspecting people unai^;- mously granted Jiis request, though Solon op- posed it with all his influence ; and Pisistratus liad no sooner received an anned band on whose fidelity and attachment he Tould rely, dian he seized the citadel of Athens, and m:idc himself absolute. The people too iate ]>erceived dieir credulity ; yet. though the tyrant was popular, two of die citizens, Megacles and I.ycurgus, conspired together against him, and by dieir means he was for- cibly ejected from the citv-. His house and all his cflects were exposed to sale, but there was found in Athens only one man who vN-ould buy them. The private dissensions of the friends of libert)' proved favorable to the expcllef he would marry his daughter. Pisistratus consented, and by the assistance of his father-in-law, he was soon enabled to ex- pel Lycurgus, and to rc-cstablisli himself. By means of a woman calkxl Phya, whose shape was tall, aad whose features were noble and comm.inding, he imposed upon the peo- ple, and created himself adherents even among his enemies. Phya was conducted through the streets of the city, and showing herself sub- servient to the artifice of Pisistmfus, she was announced as Minerva, the goddess of wis- dom, anil the patroness of Athens, who was come down from heaven to re-establish her favorite Pisistratus, in a power which was sanctioned by the will of the gods, and favored by the aflection of the people. In the midst of his triumph, however, Pisistratus felt himself unsupported, and some time after, when he repudiated the daughter of Me- gacles, he fourKl that not only the citiwns but even his Tery troops were alienated from Mm PI PI him by the influence, the intrigues, and tlie briberv of his father-in-law. He fled from Athens, where he could no longer maintain his po^yer, and retired to Euboea. Eleven years after, he was drawn from his obscure retreat, by means of his son Hippias, and he was a third time receiyed by the people of Athens as their master and sovereign. Upon this he sacrificed to his resentment the friends of Megacies, but he did not lose sight of the public good ; and while he sought the aggrandizement of his family, he did not neglect the dignity and the hpnor of the Athenian name. He died about 527 years before the Christian era, after he had en- joyed the sovereign power at Athens for 55 years, including the years of his banish- ment, and he was succeeded by his son Hip- parchus. Fisistratus claims our admiration for his justice, his liberality, and his mo- deration. If he was dreaded and detested as a tyrant, the Athenians loved and re- spected his private virtues and his patriotism as a fellow-citizen ; and the opprobrium which generally falls on his head may be attributed not to the severity of his ad- ministration, but to the republican principles of the Athenians, who hated and exclaimed against the moderation and equity of the mildest sovereign, \vhile they flattered the pride and gratified the guilty desires of tlie most tyrannical of their fellow-sub- jects. Pisistratus often refused to punish the insolence of his enemies : and when he had one day been violently accused of murder, rather than inflict immediate punishmenti, upon the man who had criminated him. he went to the Areopagus; and there convinced the Athenians that the accusations of his ene- mies were groundless, and that his life was irreproachable. It is to his labors tliat we are indebted for the preservation of the poems of Homer, and lie was the first, according to Cicero, who introduced them at Athens, in the order in which they now stand. He also established a public library at Athens ; and the valuable books which he had dili- gently collected, were carried into Persia when Xerxes made himself master of the capital of Attica. Hipparchus and Hippias, the sons of Pisistratus, who have received the name of Fisistratidcs, rendered themselves as illustrious as their father ; but the flames of liberty were too powerful to be extinguished. The Pisistratida; governed with great mo- deration, yet the name of tyrant or sovereign was insupportable to the Athenians. • Two of the most respectable of the citizens, called Harmodius and Aristogiton, conspired against them, and Hipparchus was dispatched in a public assembly. ,This murder was not however attended witli any advantage, and tliough the two leaders of the conspiracy, who have been celebrated through eveiy ag3 for their patriotism, were sypportsd by the people, yet HippiaS quelled the tumult by his unconmion finnness and prudence, and for a while preserved that peace in Athens which his father had often been unable to command. This was not long to continue, Hippias was at last expelled by the united efforts of the Athenians and of their allies of Peloponnesus ; and he left Attica, when he found himself unable to maintain his power and independence. The rest of the family of Pisistratus followed him in his banisliment, and after they had refused to accept the liberal oflTers of the princes of Thessaly, and the king of Macedonia, who wished them to settle in their respective territories, the PisistratidsB retired to Sigaeum, which their father had in the summit of his power con- quered and bequeathed to his posterity. Af- ter the banishment of the Pisistratidae, the Athenians became more than commonly jea- lous of their liberty, and often sacrificed the most powerful of their citizens, apprehensive of the influence which popularity, and a well directed liberality might gain among the fickle and unsettled populace. The Pisis- tratidsE were banished from Athens about 18 years after the death of Pisistratus, B. C. 510. JElian. V. H. 15, c. l^.—Paus. 1, c. 26. — Herodot. 1, c. 59. 1. 6, c. 103. — Cic. de Orut. 5. —Vul. Max. 1, c. 2. A son of Nestor. Apollod. A king of Orchomenos, who rendered himself odious by his ci-uelty towards his nobles. He was put to death by them ; and they carried away his body from the public assembly, by hiding each a piece of his flesh under their garments, to prevent a discoverj' from the people, of which he was a great favorite. Plut. ill Par, A Theban attached to the Roman interest while the consul Flami nius was in Greece. He assassinated the pr£etor of Bceotia, for which he was put to death, &c. Piso, a celebrated family at Rome, which was a branch of the Calpurnians, de- scended from Calpiis tiie son of Numa. Be- fore the death of Augustus, 11 of this family had obtained the consulship, and many had been honored with triumphs, on account of their victories in the different provinces of the Roman empire. Of this family the most famous were Lucius Calpurnius, who was tribune of the people about 149 years before Christ, and afterwards consul. His frugality procured him the surname of Frugi, and he gained tlie greatest honors as an orator, a lawyer, a statesman, and an his- toiian. He made a successful campaign iu Sicily, and rewarded his son, who had be- haved with great valor during the war, with a crown of gold, which weighed twenty jwirnds. H« composed some annals and hvangues, which ■ were lost in the age of Cicero. His style was obscure and inelegant. Caius, a. Roman consul, A. U. C. 637, who supported the consular dignity against the tumults of the tribunss, and the ckm^'rs of p I HI of the people. He nude a law to restrain tlje cabals which generally prevailed ai the (.'lection of the chief magistrates. Cneus, another consul under Augustus. He was one of the favorites of Tiberius, by whom he was appointed governor of Syria, where he rendered himself odious by his cruelty. He ^vas accused of having poisoned Ger- manicus ; and when he saw that he was shunned and despised by his friends, he de- stroyed himself, A. D. 20. — — Lucias, a governor of Spain, who was assassinaied by a, peasant, as he was travelling through the country ; the murderer was seized and tortured, but he refused to confes", the causes of the murder. Lucius, a pri- vate man accused of having uttered seditious words against the emperor Tiberius. He vyas condemned, but a n-itural death saved him from the hands vt' the executioner. —— Lucius, a governor of Rome for twenty years, an office which he- disctiarged witli the greatest justice a;::! credit. Ho was greatly honored by the friendsliip of .Vu- i;ustu^, as well as of liis successor, a dis- tinction lie deserved, both as a faithful citizen and a man of learning. Some, howevtT, Nay, tiiat Tiberius ma'^e him governor of Rome, because he. had continued drinking with him a night .ind two days, or two days and two night*, according to Piiny. Horace dedicated his poem, de arU jMiticu, to his two sons, whost partiality for literature had distinguished tliem among tlie rest of the Ro- mans, and who wi-re fond of cultivating poetry in their leisure hours. F!u!. in Ctvt. — Plin. 18, Co. Cneus, a I'actious and turbulent youth, who cunspircil ag.iiust his country witii Catiline. He was among the friends of Julius Carsar. C;uus, a Roman wito was at tlie head of a celc-bratccr person to succeed the einpcror ; but the discovery o( the plot by a frcedman who was among the conspirators, soon cut him urP, with all his partizans. He refused to court the rJlections of the people and of the army, when tJic whole had been n.ade public ; and instead of taking proper measures for his prtiervalion, either by proclaiming himself tinpvror, as his friends advised, or by seeking a retreat in the distant provinces of the empire, he retired to his own house, where he opened the veins of both his arms, and bled to death Lucius, a senator who followed tiie emperor Valerian into Persia. He pro- claimed himself emperor after the death of Valerian, but lie was defeated and put to death a few weeks after, A. D. C51, by Va- ltn», &c. — — Licitumus, a senator adopted 60S by the emperor Galba. He was put to deatli by Otho's orders. -^— A son-in-law ot' Cicero. A patrician, whose daughter married Julius Caesar, Horat. — Tacit. Ann. 4r Hist. — Val. Mai. — Liv. — Sueton. — Cic. de Offic. &c. — Plut. in Cat. &c. One of the 30 tyrants appointed over Athetis by Lysander. Pisoxis VILLA, a place near Bais in Carr- pania, which tlie emperor Nero often I're- quented. TucU. Ann. 1. Pis.siRt;s, a town of Thrace, r.ear the river NcstuB. Herod. 7, c. 109. PisTon, a surname given to Jupiter by the Romans, signifying baktr, becau^-i* when their city was taken by the Gauls, the god persuaded them to throw down loaves from the Tarptian hill where tlif> were besieged, that ih? tacmy might from thence suppose, tlist ihcy were not in want of provisions, though in reality they werf near siUTcndering through famine. This deceived the Gauls, and they soon after raised the siege. (Aid. Fast. 6, v. j.iO, 394, &c. Pts-roRiA, now Piit(>j. PisLTi.'-Nt', a Pe^^ian satrap of Lydia, who revolted from Darius Nothus. His father's name was Hystaspes. PliU. Art. PiTANE, a town of itolia in Asia Minor. Tlic inhabitants made bricks which swav on tl)e surface of the water. Lucan. a, v. 303. — .^trab. 13. — I'ilruv. 2, c. 3. — J/t/a, I, c. 18. — Ovid. Met. 7, v. 357. A town of LaconJa. Pindar. Od. • y. AQ. PiTARiTi.'s, an Athenian archon, dur ing whose magistracy Epicurus died. Cic. Fat. i\ PirHEcCsA, a sniall island on the coast oi Etruria, anciently called ^Cnaria, and Enariiia, with a town of the same name. 0X1 the top of a mountain. The frequent earthquakes to which it wa*; subject, oblige • tlio inhaliitants to lca>c iu There »:; a volcano in the middle of the island, wl-.u:: has given occasiiMi to the ancients to sa_N . that the giant Tj^hon was buried there. Sonic suppose tliat it received its name from *i^r,K}i monkeys, into which the inhabitants were changed by Jupiter. Ovid. Mei. 1 4. v. yu. — Pliru 3, c. 6 Pindar. Pi/th, 1. — Slrab. 1. PiTHEus. [Vid. Pitlheus.] Piruo, called also Sunda, the goddess of persuasion among the Greeks ana Roman ■>, supposed o be the daughter of Mercury and Venus. Sae was represented with a diadoni on her head, to intimate her influence o%ci tl:a hearts of men. One of htr arms appear^ r&iMd PI PI raised as in the attitude of an orator ha- ranguing in a public assembly, and with the other she holds a thunderbolt, and fetters made with flowers, to signify the powers of reasoning and tlie attractions of eloquence. A* caduceus, as a symbol of persuasion, ap- pears at her feet, wth the writings of De- mosthenes and Cicero, the two most cele- brated among the ancients, who understood how to command the attention of their audi- ence, and to rouse and animate their various passions. A Roman courtezan. She re- ceived this name on account of the allure- ments which her charms possessed, and of her winning expressions. PiTHOLAUS & Lycophron Seized upon the sovereign power of Pherae, by killing Alex- ander. They were ejected by Philip of Ma- cedonia. Diod. 16. - PiTHOLEON, an insignificant poet of Rhodes, who mingled Greek and Latin in his compo- sitions. He wrote some epigrams against J. Caesar, and drew upon himself the ridicule of Horace, on account of the inelegance of his style. Sueton. de Cl. Rh. — Horat. 1, Sat. 10, V. 21. — Macrob. 2, sat. 2. PiTHON, one of the body guards of Alex- ander, put to death by Antiochus. PiTHYs, a nymph beloved by Pan. Bo- xeas was also fond of her, but she slighted his addresses, upon which he dashed her against a rock, and she was changed into a pine tree. PiTTACus, a native of Mitylene in Lesbos, was one of the seven wise men of Greece. His father's name was Cyrrhadius. With the assistance of the sons of Alca;us, he delivered bis country from the oppression of the ty- rant Melanchrus, and in the war which the Athenians waged against Leslws he appeared at the head of his countrymen, and challenged to single combat Phrynon, the enemy's ge- iicral. As the event of the war seemed to depend upon this combat, Pittacus had re- course to artifice, and wlien he engaged, he entangled his adversary in a net, wliich he had concealed under his shield, and easily dispatched him. He was amply rewarded for his victory, and his countrymen, sensible of his merit, unanimously appointed him governor of their city with unlimited autho- rity. In this capacity Pittacus behaved with great moderation and prudence, and after he had governed his fellow-citizens with the stricttLt justice, and after he had esta- blished and enforced the most salutary laws, he voluntarily resigned the sovereign power after lie had enjoyed it for 10 years, ob- serving that the virtues and innocence of pri- Tate life were incompatible with the power and influence of a sovereign. His disinter- estedness gained him many admirers, and when the fllitylencaus wished to reward his public services by presenting him witli an im- mense tract of territory, be refused to accept 607 more land than what should be contained within the distance to which he could throw a javelin. He died in the 82d year of his age, about 570 years before Christ, after he had spent the last 10 years of his life in literary ease, and peaceful retirement. One of his favorite maxims was, that man ought to provide against misfortunes to avoid them ; but that if they ever happened he ought t9 support them with patience and resignation. In prosperity friends were to be acquired, and in the hour of advei-sity their faithfulness was to be tried. He also observed, that ia our actions it was imprudent to make others acquainted with our designs, for if we failed we had exposed ourselves to censure and to ridicule. Many of his maxims were in- scribed on the walls of Apollo's temple at Delphi, to show the world how great an opi- nion the Mityleneans entertained of his abi- lities as a philosopher, a moralist, and a man. By one of his laws, every fault committed by a man when intoxicated, deserved double punishment. The titles of some of his writings are preserved by Laertius,' among which are mentioned elegiac verses, some laws in prose, addressed to his countrymen, epistles, and moral precepts called adornena. Diog.—Aiistot. Folk. — Phit. in symp. — Pans. 10. c 24.— yE/inn. V. H. 2, Ikc.— Val. Max. 6, 2, 5. A grandson of Porus king of India. PiTTHEA, a town near Troezene. Hence the epithet of Pittlieus in Ovid. Met. 15, v. 296. PiTTHEus, a king of Troezene in Argolis, son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He was universally admired for his learning, wisdom, and application ; he publicly taught in a school at Troezene, and even composed a book, which was seen by Pausanias the geographer. He gave his daughter --Etbra in marriage to jEgeus, king of Athens, and he himself took particular care of the youth and education of his grandson Theseus. He was bui'ied at Troezene, which he had found- ed, and on his tomb, were seen, for many- ages, three seats of white marble, on which he sat, with two other judges, whenever he gave laws to his subjects or settled their disputes. Pans. 1 & 2. — Pint, in Thes. — Strab. 8. PiTUANius, a mathematician in the age of Tiberius, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, &c. Tacit. Ann. 2. PiTULANi, a people of Umbria. Tlieir chief town was called Pitulum. PxTYiEA, a town of Asia Minor. jdiyoUon. PiTVAssus, a town of Pisidia. Strab. PixYONESus, a small island on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Epidaurus. Plin. Pity us, {untis,) now Pitchinda, a town of Colchis. Plin. 6, c. 5. PiTYusA, a small island on the coast of Argolis. Plin. 4, c. 12. A name of Chios. PL PL Cliios. Two small islands in the Medi- terranean, near the coast of Spain, of which the larger was called Fbusus, and the smaller Opkiusa. Mela, 1, c. 7. — StrcA. — FLn. 3, c. 5. Pius, a surnrjne given to the emperor Antoninus, on account of Lis piety and virtue. A surname given to a son of Metellus, because he interested himself so warmly to have his father recalled from ba- nishment. Placentia, now called Placenza, an ancient town and colony of Italy, at the confluence of the Trebia and Po. Liv. 21, c. •25 &■ .■>')■ 1. 37, c. 10. .Another, near Lusitania, in Spain. Placideianus, a gladiator in Horace's age, 2 Sal. 7. Placidia, a daughter of Tlieodosius the (Jrcat, sister to Ilonorius and Arcadius. She married Adolphus, king uf tlie Goths auJ afterwards Cunstantine. by wliom she hud Valentinian tiic 3d. She dii-d A. D. ■\VX , Placidius Jiuus, a tribune of a cohort, who imprisoned the emperor Viitllius, &c. TacH. H. 5, c. 85. Planasia, a small island of tlie Tyr- hene sea. Another, on the coast of Gaul, wlierc 'I'iberlus ordered .Agrij)pa, l)ie grandson of Augustus, to be put tu (leaiii. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 5. A town on the llhonc. Plavcina, a woman ccleUratwl for lier intrigues and her crimes, who married Pio, and was accused with him ui having mur- dered Germaniius, in Uie reign of Tiberius. She was acquitted either by means of tlie empress I.ivia, or on acinimt of tlie par- tiality of the emperor for her person. She had long supported the spirits uf her husband, during his confinement, but when she s;iw herself freeil from tlie accusation, she totiliv abandoned him to his fate. .Siibservit nt in every tiling to the uill of Livia, she, at her instigation, became guilty of ilic greatest crime'*, to injure the ciiaracter of Agrippina. iVftiT till? death of .\grippina, l'Uniiii3 was accused of the most atrocious viltaniei, and, as she knew she could not elutlc justice, she put herself to death, \. D. 33. Tacit. .Inn. '"', c. *Jfi, &c. L. Pi.AMous Munatius, a iloman, w!.o r.'ndered himself ridiculous by his folli,?s :'.nd his extravagance. He ha.1 been con- sid, and had presided over a province in the ciip;icity of governor ; but he forgot all his dignity, and became one ot tlie most servile batterers of Cleopatra .md .Antony. At the court of the Lgypiian queen in Alexandria, he appearetl in the ch.iractir of the i-.'-.-anest stage dancer, and in a comedy he porsonati'd Glaucus. and painted his body of a green color, d.-inciiig on a public sta^e quite naked, only with a crown of green reev!< on his hca-ed the honor, from the elegance of his letters, which are still extant, written to Cicero. He founded a town in Gaul, which he called Lugdunum. Plut. in Anion. \ patri- cian, proscribed by the second triumvirate. His &er%-ants wislied to save him from death, but he rct'used it, rather than to expose tlieir persons to danger. Phaxcon, a courtezan of Miletus, in Ionia. Plat.^a, a daughter of Asopus king of Bccotia. I'aus. 9, c. 1, &c. An island on the coast of Africa in the Mediterranean. It belonged to the Cyrcncans. Hendot. 4, c. 157. Plat.ea, and .« {arum,) a town of Baeotia, near mount Cithaeron, on the confines of Megaris and Attica, celebrated for a battle fought there, l)etwcen ^lardonius the com- mander of Xerxes king of Persia, and Pau- sanias tlie Lacedarmonian, and the Atiienians. 'I*he Persian army consisted of 500,000 men, 3000 of which scarce e«caped with their lives by flight. The Grecian army, which was greatly inferior, lost but few men, and among tliese 91 .Spartans 52 .\tlienians and \t> Tegeans, were the only soldiers found in tlie number of die slain. The plunder which the Greeks obtained in the Persian camp was immense. Pausaniat received the tenth of all the spoils, on account of his uncommon vaK)r during the engigement, and tl»« rest were rewardetl eadi according to llieir re- spective merit, lliis battle was fought on j the if-d September, the same day as the '■ b.nttle of .Mycale, 471) B. C. and by it m Greece was totally delivered for ever from t.'ie continual idarms to which she was ex- posed on account of the Peiiian invasions, and from that time none of the princes of Persia dared to appear with a hostile force beyond tlie Hellespont. The Plat»aiis were naturally attached to tlie intcre-t of the Atlicnians, and they furnished them «ith a thousand soldiers when Greece was at- tacked by Datis, tlic general of Darius. Pbtipa was taken by tiie Thebans, aJW a funous siege, in the beginning; of the Pelo- ponnesian w.v, and destroyed by the Spartans, B. C. 4-.'7. Alexander rebuilt it, and paid gr,.'.»t cncomiiniis to f!ie iuhabitants, on a.'- coun: •■>(" t f.'r ^ ■ v.ti-i, «ti,) !i 1.1 so brave! v fi>Ugl< PL P L fought against the Pc-sians at the battle of ?/Iarathon, and under Pausanias. Herodot. 8, c. ,50. — Pans. 9, c. 1 . — Plut. in Alex. &c. — C. Nejy. &c. — Cic. de OJJlc. I, c. 18 — Strab. — Justin. Platamius, a river of Boeotia. Paus. 9, c. 24. Plato, a celebrated philosopher at Athens, son of Ariston and Parectonia. His original name was Aristocles, and he received that of Plato from the largeness of his shoulders. As one of the descendants of Codrus, and as the offspring of a noble, illustrious, and opulent family, Plato was educated with care, his body was formed and invigorated with gymnastic exercises, and his mind was cultivated and en- lightened by the study of poetry and of geo- iTietry, from which he derived that acuteness of judgment, and warmth of imagination, which have stamped his character as tlie most subtle and flowery writer of antiquity. He first began his literary career by writing poems and tragedies ; but he was soon dis- gusted with his own productions, when at the age of 20, he was introduced into the presence of Socrates, and when he was enabled to com- pare and examine, with critical accui'acy, the merit of his compositions, with those of his poetical predecessors. He therefore com- mitted to the flames these productions of his early years, which could not command the attention or gain the applauso of a maturer age. During eight years he continued to be one of the pupils of Socrates ; and if he was prevented by a momentary indisposition from attending the philosopher's last moments, yet he collected from the conversation of those that were present, and from his own accurate observations, the minutest and most circum- stantial accounts, which can exhibit, in its truest colors, the concern and sensibility of the pupil, and the firmness, virtues, and moral sentiments of the dying philosopher. After the death of Socrates, Plato retired from Athens, and, to acquire that information which the accurate observer can derive in foreign countries, he began to travel over Greece. He visited IVIegara, Thebes, and Elis, where he met with the kindest recep- tion from his fellow-disciples, whom the violent death of their master had likewise removed from Attica. He afterwards visited Magna Gracia, attracted by the fame of the Pythagorean philosophy, and by the learning, aWlities, and reputation of its professors, Philolaus, Archytas and Eury- tus. He afterwards passed into Sicily, and examined the eruptions and fires of the vol- cano of that island. He also visited Egypt, where then the mathematician Tlieodorus florished, and where he knew that the tenets of the Pythagorean philosophy and metemp- sychosis had been fc~,tered and cherished. When he had finished his travels, Plato re- tired to the groves of Aeademus, in the 609 neighbourhood of Athens where his lectures were soon attended by a crowd of learned, noble, and illustrious pupils; and the phi- losopher, by refusing to have a share in the administration of aftairs, rendered his name more famous, and his school more frequented. During forty years he presided at the head of the academy, and there he devoted his time to the instruction of his pupils, and composed those dialogues which have betu the admira- tion of every age and country. His studies, however, were interrupted for a while, whilst he obeyed the pressing calls and invitations of Dionysius, and whilst he persuaded the tyrant to become a man, the father of his people, and the friend of liberty. [Vid. Dionysius 2d.] In his dress the philosopher was not ostenta- tious ; his manners were elegant, but modest, simple, without affectation ; and the great honors which his learning deserved were not paid to his appearance. When he came to the Olympian games, Plato resided, during tlie celebration, in a family who were totally stran- gers to him. He ate and drank with them, he partook of their innocent pleasures and amusements ; but though he told them his name was Plato, yet he never spoke of the employment which he pursued at Athens, and never introduced the name of that philosopher whose doctrines he followed, and whose death and virtues were favorite topics of con- versation in every part of Greece. When he returned home, he was attended by the family which had so kindly entertained him ; and, as being a native- of Athens, he was de- sired to show thent the great philosopher whose name he bore : their surprise was great when he told them that he himself was the Plato whom they wished to behold. In his diet he was nioderate, and indeed, to sobriety and temperance in the use of food, and to the want of those pleasures which en-, feeble the body and enei-vate the mind, some ^ave attributed his preservation during the tremendous pestilence which raged «t Athens with so much fury at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. Plato m as never subject to any long or lingering indis))o.'iition, and though change of climate had enfeebled a constitution naturally strong and healthy, the philosopher lived to an advanced age, and was often heard to say, when his physicians advised him to leave his residence at Athens where the air was impregnated by the pesti- lence, that he would not advance one single step to gain the top of.mount Athos, were he assured to attain the grOat longevity which the inhabitants of that mountain were said to enjoy above the rest of mankind. Plato died on his birth-day, in tlie 81st year of his age, about 548 years before tiuj Christian era. His last moments were easy and witliout pain, anil according to some, he expired in the niidst of an entertainment, or according to Cicero, as he was writing. Tlie works ol R r Plato PL PL Plato are numerous ; they are all written in the foTn of a dialogue, except 12 letters. He >-peaks always by the muuth of others, and tlio philosopher has no where made mention of himself except oDje in his dialogue inti- tuled Phieat in the warmth of panegyric, he exclaianed rrrare melterculi mali rum I'la- tone ^lu.m cum istis trra ientire ; and Quiii- tilian said, tliat when he read Plato, he leemed to hear not a man but a divinity speaking. His style, however, though ad- mired and commended by the liest and most relinrd, of critics among the ancients has not escaped the censure of some of the mo- derns; and the philosopher has boon blamed, who supports that lire is a pyrajuid lied to the earth by numbers, that the world is a figure consisting of 1 'J pentagons and who, to prore the metempsychosis and the iminor- talitj- of tlic soul, asserts that the dead .are bom from the living, and the living from the dcatl. The speculative mind of Plato wa« employed in examining things divine and huinan. and he aWempted to lix and as- certain, not only the pr.u'licul doi-trine of morals and |>olitioh, but thi- more subilt* and abstnise theory of mystical tlieogony. His philosophy was universally receivi-d .And adopted, and it has not oi.ly governed the opinions of lite speculative part of man- kind, but it continues still to influciu-e the reasoning, and to divide tlic sfntiment-.. of the moderns. In his system of philosophy he followed the )>hy«.„ce to the filO invisible gods and demons. TTia philoso- pher, therefore, supported the doctrine of ideal forms, and the pre-existence of tlie human mind, which he considered as emana- tions of the Deity, which can never remaiti satisfied with objects or things unwortliy of tlieir divine original. Men could perceive, with their corporeal senses, tlie types of im- mutable things, and tl)e fluctuating objects of the material world; but the sudden changes to which these are continually ob- noxious, create innumeiablc disorders, .and hence arise deception, and, in short, all the errors and miseries of human life. Yet, in wliatevcr situation man may be, he is still an object of divine concern ; and, to recom- mend himself to the favor of tlie pre-existent cause, he must comply with the purposes of his creatiop, and, by proper care and dili- geiice, he can recover tliosc immaculate |)0«ers withwhichhe was naturally endowed. All science the philchopher made to consist in reminiscence, and in recalling tlie nature, forms and proportions of tliose perfect and iminulal>le essences witii whidi the humaa mind bad been conversant. From observ- ations like these, the summit of felicity might be attained by removing from the ma- terial, and .ipproadiing nearer to the intel- lectual world, by curbing and governing the passions which were ever .-igitatcd and inflamed by re;d or inuiginary objects, 'llie p^dons were divided into two classes : tlie first consisted of tlie irascible passions, which originated in pride or resentinent, and were seated in the breast ; tlie other, founded on the love of pleasure, was tlie concupiscible part of the m>u1 seateii in the belly, and in- ferior parts of tlic IkkIv. These dilTerent orders induced the philosopher to compare tiie soul to a small reuublic, of which the reasoning and judging powers were stationed in the head, as in a tirra citadel, and of which tlie senses were its guards and servants. Hy the irascible part of the soul men asserted their dignity, repelled iujuries and scorned danger ; and the concupiscible part pro- vided for tlie support and the necessities ul* the body, and when governed with propriety, it gave rise to temperance. .Justice was pro- duced by the regidar dominion of rea6i>n. and by tlie submission of the passions; and prudence arose from the strength, acuteness. and perfection of the soul, without which all other virtues could not exist. But. amidst all tliis wi.sdom was not easily attained ; at their creation all minds were not endowed witli tlie some excellence, the iMxlies which they .inimated on earth were not always in harmony with the divine emanation ; some might be too weak, others too strong, aiid on tlie first years of a man's life depended his future consefjuencc ; as an ertiTninatc and licentious education seemed calculate^l (o de- stroy iJie purposes of the divinity, while tJie contrary I PL contran- produced different effects, and tended to cultivate and improve the reasoning and judging faculty, and to produce wisdom and virtue. Plato was the first who supported the immortality of the soul upon arguments solid and pemianent, deduced from truth and experience. He did not imagine that the diseases, and the death of the body, could injure tlie principle of life and de- stroy the soul, which, of itself, was of divine origin, and of an uncorrupted and immutable essence, which, though inherent for a while in matter, could not lose that power which was the emanation of God. From doctrines like tliese, the great founder of Platonism concluded that there might exist in the world a community of men, whose passions could be governed ^vith moderation, and who from knowing the evils and miseries which arise from ill conduct, might aspire to excellence, and attain that perfection which can be de- rived from the proper exercise of the rational and moral powers. To illustrate this more fully, the philosopher wrote a book, well known by the name of the republic of Flato, in which he explains with acuteness, judg- ment, and elegance, the rise and revolution of civil society; and so respected was his opinion as a legislator, that his scholars were employed in regulating the republics of Ar- cadia, Elis, and Cnidus, at the desire of those states, and Xenocrates gave, political rules for good and impartial government to the conqueror of the east. The best edi- tions of Plato are those of Francof. fol. 1602; andBipont. 12 vols. 8vo. 1718. Plato. Dial. &c.~Cic. de Offic. 1. De Div. 1, c. 36. JDe N. D. 2, c. 12. "Tms. 1, c. 17. — Plut. in Sol. &c. — Seneca, ep. — Quintil. 10, c. 1, &c. — ^lian. V. H.2&4 Paus. 1, c. 50. — Diog. A son of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. A Greek poet, called the prince of the middle comedy, who florished B. C. 445. Some fragments remain of his pieces. Plaxor, a man of Dyrrhachium, put to death by Piso. Cic. Pis. 34. Plavis, a river of Venetia. in Italy. Plautia lex, was enacted by M. Plau- tius, the tribune, A.U.C. 664. It required every tribe annually to choose fifteen persons of their body, to serve as judges, making the honor common to all the three orders, according to the majority of votes in every tribe. Another called also Plotiu, A. U. C. 675. It punished with the interdictio ignu ^ aqucB, all persons who were found guilty of attempts upon the state, or the sena- tors or magistrates, or such as appeared in public, armed with an evil design, or such as forcibly expelled any person from his Ici^al possessions. . ^ Plautianus, Fulvius, an African of mean birth, who was banished for his seditious behaviour in the years of his obscurity. In 611 PL his banisliment, Plautianus f.)rmed an ac- quaintance witi) Severus, who, some years after, ascendetl the imperial throne. This was the beginaiug of his prosperitj- ; Severus paid the greatest attention to him, and, if we believe some ab.thors, their familiarity and intercourse were carried beyond the bounds of modesty and propriety.' Plauti- anus shared the favors of Severus on the throne as well as in obscurity. He was in- vested with as much power as his patron at Rome, and in the provinces ; and, indeed, he ^ anted but the name of emperor to be his equal. His table was serv«d with more deli- cate meats than that of the emperor ; when he walked in the public streets he received the most distinguishing honors, and a num- ber of criers ordered the most noble citizens, as well as the meanest beggars, to make wav for the favorite of the emperor, and not to fix their eyes upon him. He was c<>ncerned in all ihe rapine and destruction which were committed through the empire, and he en- riched himself with the possessions of those who had been sacrificed to the emperor's cruelty or avarice. To complete his triumph, and to make himself still greater, Plau- tianus married his favorite daughter Piau- tilla to Caracalla, the sou of the emperor. and so eager was the emperor to indulge his inclinations in this and in every othe.- respect, that he declared he loved Plau- tianus so much that he would even wish to die before him. The marriage of Cara- calla with Plautilla was attended witli serious consequences. The son of Severus had complied with great reluctance, and, though Plautilla was amiable in her manners, com- manding in aspect, and of a beauliful coun- tenance, yet the young prince often threat- ened to punish her haughty and impe- rious behaviour as soon as he succeeded to the throne. Plautilla reported the whole to her father, and to save his daughter from the vengeance of Caracalla, Plautianus con- spired against the emperor and his son. The conspiiacy was discovered, and Severus for- got his attachment to Plautianus, and the favors he had heaped upon him, when he heard of his perfidy. The wicked minister was immediately put to death, and Plautilla banished to the island of Lipaii, witli her brother Plautius, where, seven years after, she was put to death by order of Caracalla, A. D. 21 1. Plautilla had two chiidren, a son who died in his childhood, anrf a daughter, whom Caracalla murdered in the arms of her mother. Dion. Cass. Plautilla, a daughter of Plautianus, the favorite minister of Severus, [Vid. Plauti- anus.] The mother of the emjiercr Nei va, descended of a noble family. Plautius, a Roman, who became so disconsolate at the death of his wife, that he threw himself upon her burning pile, Fa/. R r 2 ^faI. PL PL Mar. 4, c. G. Caius, a consul sent against the rrivemates, &c. Aulus, a governor of BriLiiii wlio obtained an ovation for the conquests he had gained there over the bar- barians. One of Othrt's friends. He di^- suaded him from killing himself. Late- ranus, an adulterer of Messalina, who con- spired against Nero, and was capitally con- demned. Aulas, a general who defeated the Umbrians, and the Etrurians. Caius, another general, defeated in Lusitania. A man put to death by order of Caracalla. — M. Sylv.inus, a tribune, who made a law to prevent seditions in the public assem- blies. Kubellius, a man accuseti before Nero, and sent to Asia, where he was as- sassinated. M. Accius Plautus, a comic poet, born at Sarsina, in Umbria. Fortune proved un- kind to him, and, from competence, he was reduced to the meanest poverty, by engaging in a commercial line. To maintain himself, he entered into tlie family of a baker as a common servant, and while he was employed in grinding corn, he sometimes dedicat<.-d a few moments to tlie comic muse. Some, however, confute this account as false, and support that Plautus was never ohligeitication, his low wit, execrable puns, and disgusting ol>scenitics. Yet, however censured as to language or sen- timents, Plautus continued to l>c a favorite on the stage. If his expressions were not choice or delicate, it was universally .admitted that he was more happy than other comic writers in his pictures ; the incidents of his plays were more varied, the acts more interesting, the characters more tiuly displayed, and the cata- strophe more natural. In tlie reign of the emperor Diocletian, his comedies were still G12 acted on the public tlieatres ; and no greater compliment can be paid to his abilities as a conaic writer, and no greater censure can be passed upon his successors in dramatic com- position, than to observe, that for .500 years, with all the disadvantages of obsolete language and diction, in spite of the change of manners, and the revolutions of government, he com- inanded and received that applause which no otlier writer dared to dispute with hiin. T^e best editions of Plautus are that of Grono- vius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1664; that of Barbou, 12mo. in 3 vols. Paris, 1759; that of Er- nesti, 2 vols. f!i money. The phiio- .'>ophcT, who was iiim>elf rich and Independ- ent, rejected the offer, and his compilations, after his death, came into llie hauips. 1778 to 17b9. Tacit. Ann. 1. c. 69. 1. 15, e. 'JO. 1. 15, c. 53. — PUn. ej>. Ac. (.'. ('jTcilius Secundus, surnamed the Voutif^er, was son of I.. C'a'cilius by the sister of Pliny the elder. He was adopted by his uncle whose name he assumed, and whose estates and otFects lie inherited. He receivcil the greatest part of his education under Quintilian, and at the iige of 1 9 he ajipeared at the Iku", where he distinguished himself so much by his clo- quence, that he and T.u-itus were reckoned the two greatest orators of tlieir ap;e. I le did not make tiis profession an object of gain like the rest of the Roman orators, but he refused fees from the ricli as well a» from the poor- est of his clients, and dwL'lareil tliat he cheer- fully employed himself fbrthi- protection of innocence, tlie relief of the indigent, and tlie det.'ctioii of vice. He published many of his harangues and oiutions, which have bi-en lost. When Trajan was invested with the imperial purple, I'liny was cre:ited consul by tlie em- jieror. 'J'his honor tlie consul acknowledged in a celebrated panegyric, wliich at the rwiuest of the Roman senate, and in the iiajne of tlie whole empire he pronounced on Trajan. Koine time al'ter he presided over Pontus and Bitliyni;!, in the otlice, and with the power of pro-consiil, and by his humanity and philan- thropy the subject was treed from the burden of piu-tial taxes, and the persecution which had been begun against the Christians of his province, was stopped, when Pliny solemnly declared to the emperor that the followers of Christ were u meek and inotlensive sect of men, tiiat their morals were pure and inno- cent, that tluy wero free from all crimes and tliat tliey voluntarily bound tlumselves by the most solemn oatiis to abstain from vice, aiul to relinquish oviry sinful pursuit. If he ren- dered himself popular in lii^ province, he was not less respected at Rome. He was there the friend of the poor, the patron of liarnii.g. great without arrogance, alla'ile in hi-, beha- viour, an'l an example of good breeding, «o- 6li brietv, temperance, and modesty. As a fa. ther and a husband his character was amiable ; as a subject he was faitliful to Ixis prince ; and as a magistrate he was candid, open, and com- )>assionate. His native country shared among the rest, his unbounded benevolence ; ajid Comum, a small town of Insubria, which gave him birth, boasted of Ids liberality in the valuable and choice library of Itooks which he collected tJiere. He also contributed to- wards the cxpences which attended the edu- cation of his countrymen, and liberally spent part of his estate for the advancement of literature, and for tlie instruction of those whom poverty otherwise deprived of tliead- vantjigesof a public education. He made his preceptor Quintilian. and tlie poet Martial, ob- jects of his benevolence, and when tliedaugh- ter of the foniuT was married, Pliny wrote to the father with the greatest civility; and while he observed that he was rich in the pos- session of learning, though jKXjr in the goods of fortune, he lugged of him to accept, as a dowry for his beloved daughter. 50,000 ses- terces, about ^lOl. I would not, continued he, be so moderate, niere I not assured Jrom i/our modest;/, and disintcTcstedness, that the smaUmst <>/" the present u-ili render it accept- able. He died in tlie oi'd year of his age, A. D. 11-3. He had written tfii history of his ofvn times, which is lost. It is said that Tacitus did not begin his history till he haected from the pane- gyrist of Trajan, if Tacitus acknowledged him>elf inferior to him in delineating the character of the times. Some suppose, but talscly. that Pliny wrote the lives of illustri- ous men, universally ascribed to Cornelius NepoK. He also wrote poetry, but his verses have all perished, and nothing of his learned work rt mains, but his panegyric on the em- peror Trajan, and 10 books of letters which lie himself collected and prepared for the public, from a numerous and respectable cor- respondence. These Ktters contain many cu- rious and interesting facts, tliey abound with many anecdotes of tlie generosity and the hu- mane sentiments of tlie writer. They are written with elegance and great purity, and the reader every where discovers that aflability. that condescension and philantliropy. which so egregiously m.arked the advocate of the Chris- tians. These letters are esteemid by some, equal to the voluminous epistles of Cicero. In his panegyric, Pliny's style is Horid and bril- liant ; he has used, to the greatest advant.tge, the lil)erties of tlic panegyrist, and the elo- quence of the courtier. His ideas are uew and refined, but his diction is distinguislied by that aflcctation and pomposity which marked the reign of Tr.ijan. The best editions of Pli- ny, are those of (jesncr, 8vo. Lips. 1770, anil of Lnlleni%nd, I'Jmo. Paris .ipud Barliou,and of the p.^negyric separate, that of Schwartz, •Ito. PL PL 4U), 1 746, and of the epistles, the Variorum, L. Bat. 1669. 8vo. Piin. Ep. — Vossius !i'idonius. PlinthIne, a town of Egypt on the Me- diterranean. Plistarchus, son of Leonidas of the family of the Eurysthenidae, succeeded on the Spartan throne at the death of Cleom- bfotus. Herodot. 9, c. 10. A brother of Cassander. Plisthani's, a philosopher of Elis who succeeded in the school of Phaedon. Diag. Plisthenes, a son of Atreus, king of Ar- gos, father of Menelaus and Agamemnon, according to Hesiod and others. Homer, however, calls Menelaus and Agamemnon sons of Atreus, tl)ough they were in reality the children of Plisthenes. The father died very young, and the two children were left in the house of their grandfather, who took care of them and instructed them. From his at- tention to them, therefore, it seems probable that Atreus was universally acknowledged their protector and father, and thence their surname oi AtridcB. Ovid. Rem. Am. v. 778. — Dictys Cret. I. — Homer. II. Plistini.s, a brother of Faustulus the shepherd, who saved the life of Romulus and Remus. He was killed in a scuffle which happened between the two brothers. Plistoanax and Plistonax, son of Pau- sanias, was general of the Lacedaemonian armies in the Peloponnesian war. He was banished from his kingdom of Sparta for 19 years, and was afterwards recalled by order of the oracle of Delphi. He reigned 58 years. He had succeeded Plistarchus. Thucyd. Plistus, a river of Phocis falling into the bay of Corinth. Strab. 9. Plot.^:, small islands on the coast of iEto- lia, called also Strophades. Plotina Pompeia, a Roman lady who married Trajan while he was yet a private man. She entered Rome in the procession with her husband when he was saluted empe- ror, and distinguished herself by the affability of her behaviour, her humanity, and liberal offices to the poor and friendless. She accom- panied Trajan in the east, and at his death she brought back his ashes to Rome, and still en- joyed all the honors and titles of a Roman empress under Adrian, who, by her means, had succeeded to the vacant throne. At her death, A. D. 122, she was ranked among the gods, and received divine honors, which, ac- cording to the superstition of the times, she seemed to deserve, from her regard for the good and the prosperity of the Roman empire, and for her private virtues. Dion. Plotinopolis, a town of Thrace built by the emperor Trajan, and called after Plotina, the founder's wife Another in Dacia. Plotinus, a platonic philosopher of Ly- copolis in Egypt. He was for eleven years a pupil of Ammonius the philosopher, and af- ter he had profited by all the instructions of 615 his learned preceptor, he determined to in\- prove his knowledge, and to visit the territo- ries of India and Persia to receive informa- tion. He accompanied Gordian in his expedition into tlie east, but tlie day which proved fatal to the emperor, nearly terminated the life of the philosopher. He saved him- self by flight, and the following year he re- tired to Rome, where he publicly taught philosophy. His school was frequented by people of e^Tery sex, age, and quality ; by senators as well as plebeians, and so great was the opinion of the public of his honesty and candor, that many, on their death-bed, left all their possessions to his care, and en- trusted their children to him, as a superior being. He was the favorite of all the Ro- mans ; and while he charmed the populace by the force of his eloquence, and the senate by his doctrines, the emperor Gallienus court- ed him, and admired the extent of his learn- ing. It is even said, that the emperor and the empress Salonina intended to rebuild a decayed city of Campania, and to appoint the philosopher over it, that there he might experimentally know, while he presided over a colony of philosophers, the validity and the use of the ideal laws of the republic of Plato, lliis plan was not executed tlirough the envy and malice of the enemies of Plotinus. I'he philosopher, at last, become helpless and in- firm, returned to Campania, where the libera- lity of his friends for a while maintained him. He died A. I). 270, in the 6Gth year of his age, and as he expired, he declared that he made his last and most violent efforts to give up what tliere was most divine in him and in the rest of the universe. Amidst the great qualities of the philosopher, we discover some ridiculous singularities. Plotiims never per- mitted his picture to be taken, and he ob- served, that to see a painting of himself in the following age was beneath the notice of an enlightened mind. These reasons also in- duced him to conceal the day, the hour, and the place of his birth. He never made use of medicines, and though his body was often de- bihtated by abstinence or too much study, he despised to have recourse to a physician, and thought that it would degrade the gravity of a philosopher. His writings have been collected by his pupil Porphyry. They consist of 54 different treatises divided into six equal parts, written with great spirit and vivacity ; but the reasonings are abstruse, and the subjects me- taphysical. The best edition is that oi Picinus, folio. Basil, 1580. Plotius Crispinus, a stoic philosopher and poet, whose verses were very inelegant, and whose disposition was morose, for which he has been ridiculed by Horace, and callud Arctalogus. Horat. 1, Sat. 1, v. 4. Gal- lus, a native of Lugdunum, who taught grammar at Rome, and had Cicero among his pupils. Cic. de Oral Griphus, a man made senator by Vespasian. Tacit. Hist. 3. Rr 4 A PL PL A centurion in Caeiar's army. C^ef- I). G. "5, c. 1!». Tticcn, a friend of Horace and of Virgil, h ho niai a pool in the age of the /?reat Marius, whose exploits he celebrated in his verses. Plusios, a surname of Jupiter at Sparta, expressive of his power to grant riches. Paus. 3, c. 1 '). Pli Tvariir's, a native of Chaironea, de- scended of a rospcctabie family. His father, whose name is iml;no'vn, was distinguished for his kariiin^' and virtue, and his grand- fatlier, called Lamprias, was also as con- spicuous for his chK|iicnce and the fecundity of his genius. Under .\nimonius, a re- putable teacher a' Delphi. Plutarch was made accjuainted with j>hiloso|ihy and madie- luatics, and so well eNtablisheil was his cha- racter.tliLithe wasai)poin'edby hisci.untrymon, while yet very young, to go to the Roman pro-consul, in tlu'Ir name, upon an affair of t'lc most imi)ortant nature. This commivsion he executed with honor to himself, and with success for his country. He afterwards tra- velled in quest of knowledge, and after he had visiicil, like a pliilosophfr and an historiat., the territories of Kgypt and Greece, he re- tired to Rome, where he opened a school. His reputation made his school frequented. The emperor Trajan admired his abilit^t-,, .T-.fl honored him with the othce of consul, and appointed him governor of Illyricum. After the death of his imperial bent factor, Plutarch n-moved from Rome to Chtrronea. where he lived in the greatest tranquillity, respected by his fellow citizens, and raised to all the honors which his native town could bestow. In this jjcactful ami solitary retreat, Plutarch closely ap))lied hinist-lf to study, and wrote the greatest part of his w.>rks. and particul.-irly his lives. H^• died in an advanced r.gi" at Cha'- ronea, about the 1 40th year of the Chrislian era. Plutarch had five children by his wife, called Timoxena. four sons and one daughter. Two of the sons and the daughter died when \oung. and those that surviveil were called Plutarch and T.ampri.is. and the latter did honor to his father's . -'Miion,-, by givin|i|.to the world ;le stories, and falsi- reai>onings, yet they con- tain much infonnation, and many useful reflections. The best editions of Plutarch are that of Krancfort, '2 vols, folio. 1599; that of Stephens, 6" vols. 8vo. 157'i ; the Lives by Reiske, I'Jvols. Sto. Lips. 1775; and the .Moralia, Kc. by Wyttcniwch. Plul. A native of I",r'.-lria. during the Pelo- poniiesian war. He was defeatetl by the .Macedonians. P/iit. in Plicr. Pi.iriA, a town of Sicily. Cir.in Verr. Pl.t TO, a son of .Saturn and Ops inhe- ritew Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres gathering tlowers in the plains of Eima, with a crowd of fi-male atten- dants. He iKc.ame enamoured ot' her. and immediately carried her away upon hi> chariot drawn by four horses. To make his retreat more unknown, he opencnl himself a passage through the earth, by striking it with his tri- dent i P L PO dent in the lake of Cyane in Sicily, or ac- cording to others, on the borders of the Ce- phisus in Attica. Proserpine called upon her attendants for help, but in vain, and she be- came the wife of her ravisher, and the queen of hell. Pluto is generally represented as holding a sceptre with two teeth ; he has also keys in his hand, to intimate that whoever en- ters his kingdom can never return. He is looked upon as a hard-hearted and inexorable god, with a grim and dismal countenance, and for that reason no temples were raised to his lionor as to the rest of the superior gods. £lack victims, and particularly a bull, were the only sacrifices which were offered to him, and their blood was not sprinkled on the al- tars, or received in vessels, as at other sacri- fices, but it was permitted to run down into the earth, as if it were to penetrate as far as the realms of the god. The Syracusans yearly sacrificed to him black bulls, near the fountain of Cyane, where, according to the received traditions, he had disappeared with Proserpine. Among plants, the cypress, the narcissus, and the niaiden-hiiir, were sacred to him, as also every thing which was deemed inauspicious, particularly the number two. According to some of the ancients, Pluto sat on a throne of sulphur, from which issued the rivers Lethe, Cocytus, Phlegcthon, and Acheron. The dog Cerberus watched at his feet, the Harpyes hovered round him, Proserpine sat on his left hand, and near to the goddess stood the Eumenides, with their heads covered with snakes. The Parca2 occupied the right, and they each held in their hands the symbols of their office, tlie distaff, the spindle, and the scissars. Pluto is called by some the father of the Eumenides. During the war of the gods and the Titans, the Cyclops made a helmet which rendered the bearer invisible, and gave it to Pluto. Perseus was armed with it when he conquered the Gorgons. Hesiod. Theog. — Homer. II. — Apollod. 1, &,c. — Hitf, a harbour of the Troczenians on the coi"jt of flic Peloponnesus. It received this name on account of its appearing to come forward before the town of Trttzcne, as the beard (raiyiuv) does from tlie chin. Stnib. 1. —Mela, 2. PoLA, a city of Istiia, founded by tlie Col- chiaiis. and afterwards made a Roman colony, and called Pietas Julia. I'lin. 3, c. . c. -.—Si rah. I & r,. PoLEMMuiii's. [Vid. Archon.] The assassin of Polydorus king of Sparta. Pans. .■5. c. 3. PoLEMo<'R\TiA, a quein of Tlirace. who fled to IJrutus after the murder of Ca-sar. She retired from her kingdom because her subjects had lately murdered her husband. 618 PoLEJiow, a youth of Athens, son of Phi- lostratus. He was much given to debuucherv and extravagance, and spent tJic greatest part of his life in riot and drunkenness. He once, when intoxicated, entered the school of Xeno- crates, while the philosopher was giving his pupils a lecture upon the effects of intempe- rance, and he was so struck with the eloquence of the ai-adeniician, and the force of his .argu- ments, that from that moment he renounced the dissipated life he had led. and applied himself totally to the study of philosophy. He was then in the ."Oth year of his age, and from that time he never drank any other li- quor but water : and after the death of Xe- nocrates he succeeded in the school where his reformation had been effected. He died about 270 years before Christ, in an extreme old age. Diog. in vita. — Horat. 'J, Sat. 3. V. '254. — Val. Max. 6, c. 9. — .\ son of Zeno the rhetorician, made king of Pontus by An- tony. He attended his patron in his ex- p«lition against Parthia. After the battle of Actiura, he was received into favor by Au- gustus, though he had fought in the cause of .Antony. He wa-> killed some time after by the barbarians ne;ir the Palus Maeotis, against whom he had made war. Slrab. — Dion. • His son, of the same name, was confirmed on his father's throne by the Roman emperors, anil the province of Cilicia was also added to his kingdom by Claudius. An officer in the anny of Alexander, intimate with PhLIo- tas, &c. Curt. 7, c. 1, &c. \ rhetori- cian at Rome, who wrote a poem on weights and measures still extant. He wai master to Persinis, the celcbrateame hour. JDiog. — Vol. Max. 1. PoLiTEs, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Pyrrhus in his father's presence. Virg. Mn. '■2, v. 526, kc. His son, who bore the same name, followed iEneas into Italy, and was one of the friends of young Ascanius. Id. 5, v. 564. Poi.TORiuM, a city of the Latins destroyed by the Romans, before Christ 639. Liv. 1, c. 35. PoLLiNEA, a prostitute, &c. Juv. 2, V. 6"8. PoLLA Argentakia, the wife of the poet Lucan. She assisted licr husband in correct- ing the three first books of his Pharsalia. Stat. Si/lv. I & 2. PoLLEMiA, now ridenza, a town of Li- giiria in Italy famous for wool. There was a celebrated battle fought there be- tween die Romans and Alaric, king of the Huns, about the 403d year of the Christian era, in which the former, ac- cording to some, obtained tlie victory. Mela, 2, c. 7. — Plin. 8, c. 43. — Suet. Tib. Sl.—Sil. 8, V. 598. — Cic. 11, Fam. 13. A town of Majorca. Plin. & Mela, of Picenum. Liv. 39, c. 44. 1. 41, c. 27. PoLLEs, a Greek poet whose writings were so obscure and unintelligible that his name be- came proverbial. Suidas. PoLLio, C. AsiNius, a Roman consul under the reign of Augustus, who distin- guished himself as much by his eloquence and writings as by his exploits in the field. He defeated the Dalmatians, and favored ihe cause of Antony against Augustus. He patronized, with great liberality, the poets Virgil and Horace, who have immortalized him in their writings. He was the first who raised a public library at Rome, and in- deed his example was afterwards followed by many of the fmperors. In his library were placed the statues of all the learned men of every age, and Varro was the only person who was honored tliere during his life-time. He was with J. Caesar when he crossed the Rubicon. He was greatly esteemed by Augustus, when he had become one of his adherents, after the ruin of Antony. PcUio wrote some tragedies, orations, and an history, which was divided into 17 books. All those compositions are lost, and nothing remains of his writings except a few letters to Cictro. He died in the 8CUi year of his age, A. D. 4. He is the person in who^e I:onor "Virgil has inscribed his fourlii eclogue, i'ol- lio, as a reconciliation was effected between Augustus and Antony during his con- sulship. The poet, it is supposed by some, 619 makes mention of a son of tlie consul born about this time, and is lavish in his excur- sions into futurity, and his predictions of ap- proacliing prosperity. Paterc. 2, c. 86. — ilorat. 2, od. I. Sat. 10, 1. 1. — Virg. Ed. 3 & 4. — Val. Max. 8, c. 15. — Quint, 10. Annius, a man accused of seeljtion before Tiberius, and acquitted. He afterwards con- spired against Nero, &c. Tacit. 6, c. 9. 1. 15, c. 55. Vedius, one of the friends of Augustus, who used to feed his fishes with human flesh. This cruelty was dis- covered when one of his servants broke a glass in the presence of Augustus, who had been invited to a feast. The master ordered the servant to be seized ; but he threw himself at the feet of the em- peror, and begged him to interfere, and not to suffer him to be devoured by fishes. Upon this the causes of his appre- hension were examined, and Augustus, astonished at the barbarity of his favorite, caused his servant to be dismissed, all the fish-ponds to be filled up, and the crys- tal glasses of Pollio to be broken to pieces. A man who poisoned Britan- nicus, at the instigation of Nero. An historian in the age of Constantine the Great. A sophist in the nge of Pompey the Great. A friend of the emperor Vespasian. PoLLis, a commander of the Laceda>- monian fleet defeated at Naxos, B. C. 377. I)iod. PoLLiL's Felix, a friend of the poet Statins, to whom he dcilicated his second Sylva. PoLLUPEX, now Final, a town of Genoa. PoLLUTiA, a daughter of L. Vetus, put to death after her husband Rubellius Plautus, by order of Nero, &c. Tacit. 16. Ann. c. 10 & 11. Pollux, a son of Jupiter by Leda the wife of Tyndams. He was brother to Cas- tor. [ Vid. Castor. ] A Greek writer, who florished A. D. ISC, in the reign of Cora- modus, and died in the 58th year of his age. He was born at Naucratis, and taught rhetoric at Athens, and w rote an useful work called Onomasticon, of which the best edition is that of Hemsterhusius, 2 vols. fol. Amst 1706. PoLTis, a king of Thrace, in the time of the Trojan war. PoLus, a celebrated Grecian actor. — — A sophist of Agrigentum. PoLuscA, a town of Latium, formerly thi; capital of the Volsci. The inhabitants were Citikd Follustini. Liv. 2, c. 59. Poly -EN us, a native of JMacedonia, who wrote eight books in Greek of stratagems, which he deuicated to tlie emperors Anto- ninus and Verus, while they were making war against the Parthians. He wTOte also other books which have been lost, among which was an history, with a description of the city of PO P o of Tliebos. TIk' bet t-ilitions of his stra- tagi'ins are those cf ^Ia>vifiiis Svo. L. Hat. ir;iX), and of MiirMnna, I'imo. Herlin. 1756. A friend of J'hilopfcmen. An orator in the a_^e of Julius C'.Tsar. He wrote in three books an account of An- tony's expedition in Partliia, and b"ko- wise published orations. — A niatlienia- tician, who afterwards folloween banished fr(>ni his throne, and who had H'-d to Corintli tor proteition. Hygin.fab. t-o. — Pavi. 1?, c. «. — Jjh>tlod. 3, c. 5. — Siticra, in lEilip. 8 1 •_'. PoLVBiLs, a native of Jlegalopolis in Pelo|>onnesus, stin of Lycortas. He was t-nrly initiafid in the duties, and made ac- qu,iititeni]ucred. he w,ls car- rieout 1 24 yejirs before Christ, of a woimd which he had re- ceived by a fall from his horse. He wrote an universal history in (jrcck, divided into 40 books, which began witli the wars of Home with the Carthaginians, and finished with tlie conquest of Macedonia by Pau- lus. Tlie gTi'atest part of this valuable his- tory is lo^t ; the live fir>t books are extant, and of the twelve following the fragments are numerous. The history of Polybius is admired for its authenticity, and he is, per- haps, the only historian ainong the Greeks, who was experimentally and professedly ac- quainted witli tlie military operations and tlie (>oliticHl measurt-s of which be makes mention. He has been reconmendcd in every age and coui-try us the liest master in tiie art of wrr, and nothii.g can more crtectually prove the esteem in which he was held among the Romans tlian to mention that Brutus ihc mujderer of Caesar, perused his histon," witli the greatest attention, epitomized it, anil often retired from the field whcrt? he had drawn his sword again t Octavius and An- •I'ny, to read I'.ie instnictive pages which •Irscribe the great actio .s of h'i ancestors. Polybius however great and entertaining, is sometimes censnreJ for his unneces-,ary digri-ssions for his uncouth and ill-«ligested nanations, for liis negligence, and the in- accurate arrangemei t of his words But every where there is instruction to be found, information to be collected, and cu- rious facts to be obtained, and it reflect* not much honor upon Livy for calling the historian, from whom he has copied whole books almost word for word, witliout gra- titude or acknowledgement, httiidjuaquam sprmrndus iturtor. Dionysius also of Hali- carnaivsus, is one of his most violent accuser* ; but the historian has r.ither exjiosed his ig- norance of true criticism, than discovered in- accuracy or ineligance. The be>t editions of Polybius are tiiosc of (jronovius ."5 vols tvo. Amst. 1C70, of Erm-sti, 3 vols 8\o. 17f)4, and of Schweigha-user, 7 vols. 8to. I.il)s. 1785. riut. ill I'hii. in /»ro- ir.^ti-s. A sootlisayer of Corinth, w ho foretold to his sons the fate that attende<{ them in the Trojan war. P(>i.tbo;a, a daughter of Amyclas and Diomedc, sister to Hvacinthus Paus. 5, c. 19. PoLYBCETis [Vid. Polypoetes.] PoLYHoTFs, one of tJie gi.irts who m«de w.ir against Jupiter. He was killed by Neptune, who crushed him under a part of riie island of Cos, .is he was walking across the .i-gcan. Paus. 1, c. H.—Hygin- inpra.fih. PoiT- PO PO PoLTBts, a king of Thebes in Egypt in the time of the Trojan war. Horn. Od. 22, V. 284. One of Penelope's suitors. Ovid. Heroid. 1. A king of Sicyon. A king of Corinth. [Vid. Polybius.] PoLTCAOK, a son of Lelex who succeeded his brother Myles. He received divine ho- nors after death with his wift Messene, at Lacedsemon, where he had reigned. Pans. 4, c. 1, &c A son of Bates, who married a daughter of Hyllus. PoLYCARPUs, a famous Greek writer, born at Smyrna, and educated at the expence of a rich but pious lady. Some suppose that he was St. John's disciple. He became bishop of Smyrna, and went to Rome to settle the festival of Easter, but to no purpose. He was condemned to be burnt at Smyrna, A. D. 167. His epistle to the Philippians is simple and modest, yet replete with useful precepts and Tules for the conduct of life. The best edi- tion of Polycarp's epistle is that of Oxon, 8vo. 1708, being annexed to the works of Ignatius. PoLTCASTE, the youngest of the daughters of Nestor. According to some authors she married Telemachus, when he visited her father's court in quest of Ulysses. PoLTCHARKS, a rich Messenian, said to hare been the cause of the war which was kindled between the Spartans and his coun- trymen, which was called the first Messenian war. PoLYCLEA, the mother of Thessalus, &c. PoLYCLEs, an Athenian in the time of Demetrius, &c. Polyceyi. 5. • A famous athlete, often crowned at the four solemn games of the Greeks. He had a statue in Jupiter's grove at Olympia. Pmis. 6, c. 1. PoLYCLETUs, a celebrated statuary of Sicyon, about 232 years before Christ. He was uni- versally reckoned the most skilful artist of his profession among tlie ancients, and the second rank was given to Phidias. One of his pieces, in which he had represented a body guard of the king of Persia, was so happily executed, and so nice and exact in all its proportions, that it was looked upon as a most perfect model, and accordingly called ike Rule. He was acquainted with architecture. Pans. 2 & 6. — Quintil. 12, c. 10. Another, who lived about 30 years aft«r. A favorite of the emperor Nero, put to death by Galba. PoLYCLiTus, an historian of Larissa. Athen. 12.' — ^lian. 16, c. 41. PoLYCRATEs, a tyrant of Samos, well known for the continual flow of good fortune which attended him. He became very powerful, and made himself master not only of the neighbouring islands, but also of some cities on the coast of Asia. He had a fleet of a hundred ships of war, and was so univer- sally respected, that Amasis, the king of Egypt, made a treaty of alliance with him. 621 The Egyptian monarch, howc-vtr, tenified by his ciintinued prosperity, advised liim to chequer his enjoyments, by relinquishin- some of his most favorite objects. Poly- crates complied, and threw into the sea a beautiful seal, the most valuable of his jewels. The voluntary loss of so precious a seal afflicted him for some time, but in a few days after, he received as a present a large fish, in whose belly the jewel was found. Amasis 'no sooner heard this, than he rejected all alliance %vith the tyrant of Samos, and observed, that sooner or later his good fortune would vanish. Some time after Polycrates visited Magnesia on the Maeander, where, he had been invited by Orcetes, the^ governor. He was shamefully put to death, 522 years before Christ, merely because the governor wished to terminate the prosperity of Polycrates. The daughter of Polycrates had dissuaded her father from going to the house of Oroetes, on account of the bad dreams which she had had, but her advice was disregarded. Pans. 8, c. 14. — • Strab. 14. — Herodot. 3, c. 22, &c. .A sophist of Athens, who to engage the public attention, wrote a panegyric on Busiris and Clytemnestra. Quintil. 2, c. 17. An ancient statuary. PoLYCRETA, Or Poi.YCRiTA, a young woman of Naxos who became the wife of Uiognetus, the general of the Erytlireans, &c. PoLycBn. 8. Another woman of Naxos, who died through the excess of joy. Plut. de clar. Mid. PoLYCRiTUS, a man who wrote tlie life of Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily. — Diog. PoLYCTOR, the husband of Stygna, one of the Danaides. AptMod. 2, c. 1 The father of Pisandcr, one of Penelope's suitors. An athlete of Elis. It is said tliat he obtained a victory at Olympia by bribing his adversary Sosander, who was superior to him in strength and courage. Paus. 5, c. 21. PoLYDiEMON, an Assyrian prince killed by Perseus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. PoLYDAMAS, a Trojau, son of Antenor by Theano, the sister of Hecuba. He married Lycaste, a natural daughter of Priam. He is accused by some of having betrayed his country to the Greeks. Dares PIm/. A son of Panthous, born the same night as Hector. He was inferior in Talor to none of the Trojans, except Hector, and his pru- dence, the wisdom of his counsels, and tli« firmness of his mind, claimed equal admira^ tion, and proved most salutary to his unfor- tunate and misguided countrymen. He was at last killed by Ajax, after be liad slaugh- tered a great number of the enemy. Dictys Cret. 1, &c Hoiiier. II. 12, &c. A ce- lebrated athlete, son of Nicias, who imitatetl Hercules in whatever he did. Ho killixl a lion PO PO ilon with his fiit, and it is said that he could ktop witli his hand a chariot in its moit rapid course. He was one day with some of his friends in a care, when on a sudden a large piece of rock came tumbling down ; and while ail fled i.way, he attempted to recLive the falling fr-iffment in his arms. I lis pro- digious strength, luc.vcvxr, was insuthcient, aud he was instantly cruslieil to pieces under the rock. Paus. G. c. r,. One of Alex- itnder's officers, intiniHtc with Panncnio. Curt. 4. c. \'). Poi./DAMNA, a wife of Thoni». Ling of Egypc It is said tiiat slic gave Helen a cir- taJn powdi-r. wliicli had the wonderful power of Jrivin"away tare and mcLmcholy. Homer. Oi. 4, T.I'JS. FoLYPKiTES. a king of Sparta, of tlic family of the Proclida;. He was son of En- nomus. I'aui. 3. c. 7. A son of Ma;;- oes. king oi the island of Seriphos. He receiveti with great kindni-s-, Danac and her M>n Persi'us, who had bct-n oxpobed on the sea hy Acrisius. [Vvl. Perseus., He took particular tare of the i-ducation of Perseu.s ; but when he iK-came cnamouretl of Danai", he removed him from his kingdom, appre- hensive of his resentment. Some time attc>- he paid his addnssos t<> I);inae. and when she rejecteil him, he prcpajed to oH'ur her ♦iolence. Danne Hed to the altar of -Mi- nerva for protection, and Diclys, tJ»e bro- ther of I'olydectes. who hati himself s;iveil her from the sia-waters. opiJostnl her ravislier and armed himself in ht-r clelVnce. At this critical njoinent, Perbeu> arrived, and with Medus;i's h«ad he turned into stontii i*olydectes, will) tiie nssoiiates of hiu guiJt. The crown of Si-riphos was ;;;iven to Dictys, who IumI bhown himself so active in the caiiM; of innocence. Ovitl. Mit. 5, v. •_'•!•.'. — Hi/gin./iib. 03, &c. A sculptor of Gn-ecc. FUn. PoLVDELtEA, a fountain of I^aconia, ni-ar Tlierapne. titrab. 9. PoivuoRA, a daughter of Pelcus king of Thessaly, by Antigone, the (•jects ; and during his reign, the Lacedemonians planted two colonies, one at Crotoiva, »nd tlis oJkt at LKtcri. He was uuiver.-iaU) respected. He 02- was assassinated by a nobleman, cat ltd Pole^ marchus. His son Kurycrates succeeded him 724 years before Christ. Pauu 3. — Her^dot. 7, c. 204. A celebrated carver of llhodcs, who with one stone made tlie famous statue of Laocoon and his children. PUu, 31, c. 8. A son of Hipi>omedon, who went with the Epigoni to the second Tlieban war. Paui. 2. — — A son of Caimus and Henuione, who married Nycteis, by whom he had Lahdacus, the fatlier of Lai: He had succeded to the tiirone of Theln when his fatlier had gone to Illrricir AjtoUod. 3. A brother of Jason of Phci ■ who killed bis brother and seized upon lu^ possessions. Diod. 1 .J. K son o(' Priam killed by .\chilles.-^— .\uother son of Priam by Hecul>a. or according to others by La othoe, tlie daughter of Altes, king of Pcd.i- sus. As he was young aud incxpeneii ' ' when Troy was bckieged by the Greeks, . father removed him to the court oi Polyin- ncstor, king oi 'Ilirace, and also entrusted to the care of the monarch a lar^e sum of money, and the gn-atest jiart of lii^ treasures, till his country was freeion ; and to ensure them the better, he assassinated young Polydorus, and threw his iKxly into the sea, where it was found by Hecu^io. \V\. — I'lu,. 33 & "4. — I'lm. tn Cim. — Paus. 10. c 2 J, &c. A sta- tuary. PUn. 34. PoXYGOSi s and Tr.i.rnoy ^. •o'"' *•'• Proteus and Coronis vick killed by Hur- cules. JjxMod. PoLYllYSt- PO PO PoLYHYJiNiA, and PoLYMNiA, One of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She presided over singing and rhetoric, and was deemed the inventress of harmony. She was represented veiled in white, holding a sceptre in her left hand, and with her right raised up, as if ready to hai-anguc. She had a crown of jewels on her head. Hesiod. Tlieog. 15 & 915. — Plut. in Symp. — Horat. 1, od. \. — Ovid. Fast. 5, v. 9 & 53. ■ PoLYiDus, a physician who brought back to life Glaucus, the son of Minos, by apply- ing to his body a certain herb, with which he had seen a sei^pent restore life to another which was dead. [Vid. Glaucus-] ^pol- lod. 3, c. 5. — Paus. 1 , c. 43. A son of Hercules by one of the daughters of Thestius. Apollod. A Corinthian soothsayer, called also Polybius. A dithyrambic poet, pain- ter, and musician. PoLYLAus, a son of Hercules and Crathe, daughter of Thespius. PoL^TviENEs, an officer appointed to take care of Egyjit after it had been conquered by Alexander. Curt. 4, c. 8. PoLYMEDE, a daughter of Autolycus, who married ^Eson, by whom she had Jason. She survived her husband only a few days. — Apollod. 1, c. 13. PoLYMEDON, OHc of Priam's illegitimate children. PoLYMELA, one of Diana's companions. She was daughter of Phylas, and had a son by Mercui-y. Homer. It. \6. A daugh- ter of ^olus, seduced by Ulysses. A daughter of Actor. She was the first wife of Peleus the father of Achilles. PoLYMNESTEs, a Greek poet of Colophon. Paus. I, c. 14. A native of Th era, father of Battus, or Aristocles, by Phronima, the daughter of Etearchus, king of Oaxus. He- rodot. 4, c. 150. PoLYMNESTOR, a king of the Tliracian Chersonesus, who married Ilione the eldest of Priam's daughters. When the Greeks be- sieged Troy, ftiam sent the greatest part of his treasures, together with Polydorus, the youngest of his sons, to Thrace, where they were entrusted to the care of Polymuestor. The Thracian monarch paid every attention to his brother-in-law ; but when he was in- formed that Priam was dead, he murdered him to become master of the riches which were in his possession. At that time, the Greeks were returning victorious from Troy, followed by all the captives, among whom was Hecuba, the mother of Polydorus. The fleet stopped on the coast of Thrace, where one of tlie female captives discovered on the shore the body of Polydorus, whom Polym- nestor had throwTi into the sea. The dread- ful intelligence was immediately communi- cated to the mother, and Hecuba, who re- collected the frightful dreams which she had 623 had on the prcxru-ding night, did not tkHii>t but Polymnestor was the cruel assassin. She resolved to revenge her son's death, and im- mediately she called out Polymnestor, as if wishing to impart to him a matter of the most important nature. The tyrant was diawn into the snai-e, and v.as no sooner in- troduced into the apartments of the Trojan princess, than the female captives rushed upon him and put out his eyes with their pins, while Hecuba murdered his two chil- dren who had accompanied him. Accord- ing to Euripides, the Greeks condemned Polymnestor to be banished into a distant island for his pei-fidy. Hyginus, however, relates the whole differently, and observes, that when Polydorus was sent to Tlirace, Ilione, his sister, took him instead of her son Deiphilus, who was of tlie same age, ap- prehensive of her husband's cruelty. The monarch was unacquainted with the imposi- tion, he looked upon Polydorus as his own son, and treated Deiphilus as the brother of Ilione. After the destruction of IVoy, the conquerors, who wished the house and fa- mily of Priam to be totally extirpated, offer- ed Electra, the daughter of Agamemnon, to Polymnestor, if he would destroy Ilione and Polydorus. The monarch accepted the offer, and immediately dispatched his own son Deiphilus, whom he had been taught to regard as Polydorus. Polydorus, who passed as the son of Polymnestor. consulted the oracle after the murder of Deiphilus, and when he was informed that his father was dead, his mother a captive in the hands of the Greeks, and his country in ruins,, lie communicated the answer of the god to Ili- one, whom he had always regarded as his mother. Ilione told him the measure she had pursued to save his life, and upon this he avenged the perfidy of Polymnestor, by putting out his eyes. Eurip. m Hecnh. — Hygin. fab. 102. — Virg. jEn. 3, v. 45, &c. — — Ovid. Met. 13, v. 450, &c A king of Arcadia, succeeded on the throne by Ecmis. Pans. 8. A young Milesian who took a hare in ninning, and afterwards obtained a prize at tlie Olympic games. PoLYNicEs, a son of CEdipus, king of Thebes, by Jocasta. He inherited his fa- ther's throne with his brotlier Eteocles, and it was mutually agreed b.tween the two bro- thers, that they should reign each a year al- ternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority ; but when the year was expired, he refused to resign the crown to his brother. Polynices, iqjt n this, fled to Argos, where, he married Argia, the daughter of Adrastus, the king of the coun- try, and levied a large army, at the head of ^vhich he marched to Tliebes. The command of this army was divided among seven celebrated chiefs, who were to attack tlie PO PO he seven gatc-s ct" the city cf Tliebes. The battit: was (iecidi'd by a single combat be- (v>een tlie two broibers, who both kilkd one another. [ Tirf. Kteocle*.] ^Eichijl. •iept. inte Thel>. — Eurip. I'harniss. — Scnec. in Theb JJiod. 4. — Mi/gin. fab. 68, &c. — I'uus. 'J., c. '-'O. 1. 9, c. 5. •— Apollod. 5. c. 5. PoLTKOE, one of die Nereides. Ajtollod. 1, C '2. PoLYTEMOM. a famous thief called also ProcrusUs. who' plundered all the travellers about the Cephisus, end near Eleusis in Aitica. He was killed by 'Ilieseus. Ovid i-allb him fallier ol' Procrustes and .VpoUo- dorus of Sinis. [ Jirf. Procrustes. J I'aus. I, c. 38. — Oiid. in lb. -109. — Diod. 4. — IHut. in Thes. PoLvrERiHov, or Poltsperchon, one of the officers of .Alexander. Aniipater, at hisi death, appointed him goTemor of the kingdom of Macedonia, in preference to bin own son (."assander. Polyperchon, though old, and a man of ex|>erience, showed great ignorance in the administration of the go- vernment. He became cruel, not only to the Creeks, or such as opposeil his ambi- tious views, but even to the helpless and innocent children and friends of .Alexander, to whom he was indebted for hit rise and military reputation. He was kJllitd in a battle 30'J B. C. Curt. — JJiod. 1 7, &c. — Justin. 13. PoLTPHiiius, a celebrated Cyclops, king of all the Cyclops in Sicily, and sim of N'eptime and 'lliooia, tiie daughter of Phor- cys. He is represented as a monster of strength, of a tall stature, and one eye in tlie middle of the forehead. He fed upon human Hesli, and kept his flocks on the coasts of Sicily, when Ulysses, at his return from tlie Irojan war, was driven there. 'Ilie Gre- cian prince, witli twelve of his companions, visittMl tJie coast, and were seized by tlie Cy- clops, who confined them in his cave, and daily devoured two of them. Ulysses woulil have shared the fate of his companions, had he not intoxicated the Cyclops, and put out his eye «ith a firebrand while he was asleep. Polyphemus was awakeil Ly the sudden pain, he stopped tlie entrance of his cave, but L'lysses made his vscape by creeping between the legs of the rams of tlie Cyclops, as tliev were led out to feed on Uie mountains. Polyphemus became enamoured of Cislata:a. but his addresses were disregarded, and tlie nymph shunned liis presence. The Cyclops was more earnest, and when he saw Cialsta-a surrender herself to the pleasures of Acis. he crushe"«? of the .Argonauus son of i^atus and Hippta. //y^i'i. 14. 6vi4 PoLvi'uo.NrA, one of Diana's nymphs, daughter of Hip|>onus and 'iliraosa. I'uLvrHONTEs, ouc of the Heraclidc, who kilh-il Cresphontes, king of Alessenia, and usurped his crown. Uy^in. fab. \",. One of tlie Theban generals, under Etcocles. jEschyl. Stpt. ante Tluh. PoLVftETEs, a son of Piritlious and Hip- podamia, at the Trojan war. Homer. II. 'J. — J'ous. 10, v. '20. A son of Apollo by Pytliia. — One of the 'I'rojans whom ^¥.- neas saw when he visited the infernal rt.^ions. tirg. .Cu. 6. v. 484. PoLvspERcHON. [ I'id. PolypcrchoD. ] PoLvsTRATcs, a Mai'edonian soldier, who found Darius after he had been stabbed by itessu«, and guvt him water to drink, and carried tlie last injunctions of the dyin:; monarch to Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 15. .An epicurean philosopher who (lorislied 11. C. PoLTTECKL's an artist of Colophon, who married Aidon, the iLaughter of PaniLirus. PoLYTioN, a friend of Alcibiades, with whom he profaned tlie mysteries of Ceres. I'uus. I, c. i. PoLYTiMETL's, a river of Sogdiana. Curt. 6, c 4. PoLTPHRoy, a prince killeu by his nephew .Alexander the tyrant of Phera;. Poi.TTKcipiis, a man sent by tlit Laccdi- moni.ius with an anny agaio^t the Arcidians. He was killed at Orchomenus. l)iud- 15. I'oLTxcN'A, a daughter of I'riam and Hecuba, celebrated for her beauty and ac- complisliments. Achilles Inscame cnamoun-d of her, and solicited her hand, and tiieir marriage would have t^ecn consummated, had not Hector her brother opptisod it. Po- ly xena. according u> some authors, accom- pnitied her father when he went to the tent of .Acliilles to redeem the body of his son Hector. Sonic time after the Grecian hero came into tlie temple of Apollo to obtain a sight of the Trojan princess, but he was murderi-d there by Paris ; and I'olyxena, who hasecuted tlie piratical war, and extirpated these mari- time robbers in their obscure retreat in Cilicia, Pompey was called to greater undertakings, and by the influence of his friends at Rome, andof thetribune Manilius, he wasempowered to finish the war against two of tlie most powerful monarchs of Asia, Mithridates king of Pontus, and Tigranes king of .Armenia. In this expedition Pompey showed himself no ways inferior to Lucullus, who was then at the head of the Roman armies, and who re- signed with reluctance an office which would have made him the conqueror of Mithridates and PO PO and the master of all Asia. His operations against the king of Pontus were bold and vigorous, and in a general engagement the Romans so totally defeated tlie enemy, that the Asiatic monarch escaped with difficulty from the field of battle. [Fid. Mithridati- cum bellum.J Pompey did not lose sight of the advantages which dispatch would ensure ; he entered Armenia, received the submission of king Tigranes, and after he had conquered the Albanians and Iberians, visited Countries which were scarce knov\Ti to the Romans, and, like a master of the ■world, disposed of kingdoms and pro- vinces, and received homage from 12 crowned heads at once ; he entered SjTia, and pushed his conquests as far as the Red Sea. Part of Arabia was subdued, Judea became a Roman province, and when he had now nothing to fear from Mithridates, who had voluntarily destroyed himself, Pompey re- turned to Italy with all tlie pomp and ma- jesty of an eastern conqueror. The Romans dreaded his approach, they knew his power, and his influence among his troops, and they feared the return of another tyrannical Sylla. Pompey, however, banished tlueir fears, lie dis- banded his army, and the conqueror of Asia entered Rome like a private citizen. This modest and prudent behaviour gained him more friends and adherents than the most un- bounded power, aided with profusion and liberality. He was honored with a triumph, and the Romans, for three successive days, gazed with astonishment on the riches and the spoils which their conquests had acquired in the east, and expressed thtir raptures at the Slight of the different nations, habits, and trea- sures, which preceded the conqueror's chariot. But it was not this alone which gratified the ambition, and flattered the pride of the Ro- mans ; tlife advantages of their conquests were more lasting than an empty show, and when 20,000 talents were brought into the public treasury, and when the revenues of tlie re- public were raised from 50 to 85 millions of drachma;, Pompey became more power- ful, more flattered, and more envied. To strengthen iiimself, and to triumph over his enemies, Pompey soon after united his in- terest with that of Cassar and Crassus, and fonued the first triumvirate, by solemnly swearing that tlieir attachment should be mutual, their cause common, and their union permanent. The agreement was completed by the marriage of Pompey with Julia, the daughter of (Ja;sar, and the provinces of the republic were arbitrarily divided among the triumvirs. Pompey was allotted Africa and the two Spains, while Crassus repaired to Syria, to add Parthia to the empire of Rome, and Gaesar remained satisfied with the rest, and the continuation of hi^ power as governor of Gaul for five additional years. But this powerful confederacy was soon broken ; the sudden death of Julia, and the total defeat 627 of Crassus in Syria, shattered the poKtical bands which held the jarring interest of Caesar and Pompey united. Pompey dreaded his father-in-law, and yet he affected tc despise him ; and by suffering anarchy to prevail in Rome, he convinced his fellow-citizens of the necessity of investing him with dictatorial power. But while the conqueror of Mithri- dates was as a sovereign at Rome, the ad- herents of Caesar were not silent. They demanded that either tiie consulship should be given to him, or that he should be continued in the governnr^ent of Gaul. This just de- mand would perhaps have been granted, but Cato opposed it, and when Pompey sent for the two legions which he had lent to Casar, the breach became more wide, and a civil war inevitable. Caesar was privately preparing to meet his enemies, while Pompey remained indolent, and gratified his pride in seeing ail Italy celebrate his recovery from an indispo- sition by universal rejoicings. But he was soon roused from his inactivity, and it was now time to find his friends, if any thing could be ob- tained from the caprice and the fickleness of a people which he had once delighted and amused by the exhibition of games and spec- tacles in a flieatre which could contain 20,0i)0 spectators. Caesar was now near Rome, he had crossed the Rubicon, which was a decla- ration of hostilities, and Pompey, who had once boasted that he could raise legions to his assistance by stamping on the ground with his foot, fled from the city with precipitation, and retired to Brundusium with the consuls and part of the senators. His cause, indeed, was popular, he had been invested with discretion- ary power, the senate had entreated him to protect the republic against the usurpation and tyranny of Caesar, and Cato, by embracing his cause, and appearing in his camp, seemed to indicate that he was the friend of the repub- lic, and the assertor of Roman liberty and in- dependence. But Caesar was now master of Rome, and in sixty days all Italy acknowledged his power, and the conqueror hastened to Spain, there to defeat the interest of Pompey, and to alienate the hearts of his soldiers. He was too successful, and when he had gained to his cause the western parts of the Roman empire, Ctesar crossed Italy and ar- rived in Greece, where Pompey had retired, supported by all the power of the east, tlie wishes of the republican Romans, and a imme- rous and well-disciplined ai-my. Though su- perior in numbers, he refused to give the enemy battle, while Caesar continually harassed him, and even attacked his camp. Pompey repelled him with great success, and he might have decided the war, if he had continued to pursu© the enemy, while their confusion was great, and their escape almost impossible. Want of provisions obliged Csesar to advance towards Thessaly ; Pompey pureued him, and in the- plains of Pharsalia the two iumies engagod. The whole was conducted against tii advice Ss 2 SLi4 ro PO and apjirobation of Pompey ; and by suffering hi.i Uoops to wait for the approach of the enemy, he deprived his soldiers of that ad- vantage which the amiy of Csesar obtained by running to the charge with spirit, vigor, and animation. 'Ilie cavalry of Pompey noon gave way. and the general retired to his camp, overwhelmed with grief and shame. But here there was no safety, the conqueror pushed on every side, and Pompey dis- guised liiinself, and fled to the sea-coast, mhence lie passed to Egypt, where he hoped t»i tiad a sale asylum, till better and more favoralde moments returned, in the court of Ptolemy, a prince whom he had once protected and ensured on his throne. When Ptolemy was told that Pompey claimed his protection, he con>iulted hi^ ministers, and had the baseness to betray and to tlcceive him. A boat was sent to fetch him on shore, and the Roman general left hi> galley, after an aflictionate and tender parting with his wife Cornelia. The Egyptian sailors sat in sullen silence in the boat, and when Pompey disembarked, Achillas and S.-ptimius assas- sinated him. Ills wife, who h;id followed him with her eyes to tlie shore, was a spectator of the bloody scene, and slie h.u.tened away from the bay of Alexandria, not to share his miserable fate. He died B. C. 48, in the 5Hth or r>9\h year of his uge. the day al'ier liis birth- day. His head was cutotl" and sent to Ctrsar, whoturnid away from it witli horror, and shed a flood of tears. Die body was left for some time nakcni on the sea-shore, till the humanity of Philip, one of hi* fretdmen. and an old soldier who had often followed his standard to victory, raised a barning pile, and deposited his a*hes under a mound of earth. Cxsar erected a monument.. on his remains, and the emperor .\drian two centuries after, when he visited ELjypt, ordered it to be repaired at his own expence, and paid particular honor to the memory of a great and good man. The dia- ractiT of Pompey is that ofran intriguing and Jtful general, ai\d the oris prohi, and ani/;w mvirrecunJj of Sallust, short and bconic as it may appear, is tiie best and most descriptive picture of hi> character. He wislicd it to ap- pear that he ob'.ainetl all his honors and dig- nity from merit alone, and as tlie free andun- prwjudiceii f^vor of the Komans, while he se- cretly cl.ainied them by faction and intrigue ; and he who wished to appear the patron, and an example of true di:>cipline and ant lent ■implicity, was not ashamed publicly to bribe the populace to gain an election, or support his favorites. Yet amidst all this dissimu- lation, which was perliaps but congenial with the age, we perceive many other striking features ; Pompey was kind and clonient to the conquered, and generous to his captives, and be buried at his own exp:nce Miflu'i- daCee, with all tho pimp und solemnity wliich the greatness of his power, and die extent of hia doDiiniona teemed to claim. He was an «J8 enemy to flattery, and when his character was impeached by the malevolence of party, he condescended, though consul, to appear before the censorial tribunal, and to sliow that his actions and measures were not sub- versive of tlie peace and the independence of the people. In his private character he was as remarkable ; he lived with great tem- perance and moderation, and his house was small, and not ostentatiously furtli^hcd. He destroyed with great prudence the paper* which were found in the camp of Sertorius. lest mischievous curiosity should find cau-c* to accuse tlie innocent, and to meditate their destruction. TVith great disinttirestednesR he refused the presents which princes and monarchs oflicred to him, and he ordered Uiem to be added to the public revenue. He might have seen a better fate, and terminated his days with more glory, if he hatl not acttd wiUi such imprudence when the flames of civil war were first kindled ; and he reflected with remorse, after tlie battle of Pharsalia, upon his want of usual sagacity and miliuu7 pru- dence, in fighting at such a distance from tlie sea, and in leaving the fortified places of Dyr- rachium, to meet in the open plain an enemy, without provisions, without friends and with- out resources. The misfortunes which at- tended him aAcr the conquest of Mithridates, are attributed by Christian writers to his im- piety in prophaning tlie temple of the Jews, and in entering with the insolence of a con- queror the Holy of Holies, where even the sacrttl person of the high priest of the iiatioa was not admitted but upon ttie most sjleiun occasions. His duplicity of behaviour in re- )«ard to Cicero is deservedly censured, and he should not have violently sacrificed to party and M('.ition a lloman whom he had ever found his firmest friend and adherent. In his meeting with LucuUus he cannot but be taxed with pride, and he might have paid more de- ference and more honor to a general who was as able and more entitled than himself to finish the MiUiridatic war. Pompey married four different times. His first matrimonLol connection was witli Antistia, tlie daughter of the prator Antistius whom he divorced widi great reluctance to marry /Emylia, the ilaughter-in-law of Syllx vEmylia dietl in ciiild-bed ; and Pompey's marriage with Julia, tlie daughter of Csesar, was a step more of policy tlian afJ'ection. Yet Julia loved Pom- pey with great tenderness, and her death in child-bed was the signal of war between her husband and her fatlier. Ho afterwards married CorneUa, the daughter of Mctellus Scipiu, a woman commended for her virtues, beauty, and accomplishments. I'lut. in litd. —- Fl^r. 4. — Pntcrc. 2, c. '_'9 Dut. Cass. — Lu- can- — Apjnan. — Ct^s. Bell. Civ. — Cic Oral. 68, auAuu. 7,arbariaiis to invade the em- pire. It w;is raised on .'O piers of ^hcwn stones, 150 feet from the foundation, W feet broad, and 170 feet disunt one from the oUier, extending in length above a mile. Some of tlie pillars are still standing An- other was built by Irajan over the lagus, part of which still remains. Of tcftiporary bridges, that of Ctesar over the Khine was the most famous. The largest single arched bridge known is over the river tlaver in France, called Poiu f^'tcru Jiritntis. The pillars stand on two rocks, at the distance of 1 9J feet The arch is 84 feet high above the water. Suffragiorum was built in the Campus J^lartius, and received its name, because the populace were obliged to pass over it whenever they delivered tlieir suffrages at tlie electionsof magistrates and officers of the state. liren- fiis, abridge of Latium between Arpinum and Minturnse Triumplialiswason tlie way to the Capitol, and passed over by tho^c who tri- uniplied. Narnieiisis joined two moun- tJiins near Narnia, buiit by .lugustus, of stu- pendous licight, 00 miles from Home ; one arch of it remains, about 100 feet high. 630 PosTiA, a Roman matron who committed adultery with Sagitta, &c. Tacit. Ann. liJ. A mother infamous for her cruelty. Martiai. I, ep. .54. A surname of Venus at Hcrmione. Paus. -2, c. 34. A woman coudemned by Nero as guilty of a conspiracy. She killed herself by opening her veins. She was daughter of Petronius, and wife of Bola- niis. Jtiv. 6, V. 657. An island in the Tyrrhene sea, where Pilate, surnamed Pon- tius, is supposed to have lived. Plin. 3, c. C. — Ptol. 3, c. 1. [Vul. Uinotridfcs.] PoNTicfM MABK, the sca of Pontus, ge- nerally called the Euxine. Po.sTirus, a poet of Home, contemporary witii I'ropertius by whom he is compared to Homer. He wrote an account of tlie 'ITie- ban war in heroic verse. Properi. 1 . tl. 7 . .S. man in Juvenal's age, fond of boast- ing of tlie antiquity and great actions of his family, yet without possessing himself one single virtue. PoNTisA, or PoMiTiNA LACus • \ake in the country of the Volsci, through which tlie great .Appian road passed. Travellers were sometimes conveyed in a boat, drawn by .•» mule, in tlie canal that ran along the road from Forum Appii to Tarracina. This lake is now become so dangerous, from the ex- halations of its stagnant water, that travel- lers avoid passing near it. Horut. 1, Sul. 5, V. i>. — lucjii. 3, V. 85. PoNTiNus, a friend of Cicero. .\ tri. bune of the people, who refused to rise up when Ctcsar passed in triumpiial procession. He was one of C ssar's murderers, and was killed at the battle of Mutina. Siu-ton. in Ceemr. IS. — Cic. 10. atljanu A moun- tain of Argolis, with a river of the same name. Pans. '2, c. 73. Po.sTU's AuKiDiANUs, « Roman citiscn, who upon hearing that violence had been of- fered to his daughter, punished her and her ravisher witli deatli. I'ul. Mux. 6, c. 1. Hereiinius, a general of the Samnites who surrounded the Roman array under tlie consuls 'I'. Veturius and P. Postliumius. .\s there was no possibility of escaping for the Romans, Pontius consulted his father what lie could do widi an army that were pri- soners in his hands. The old man advisid him either to let them go untouched, or put tliem all to the sword. Pontius rejected his fatlier's advice, and spared tlie hvcs of the enemy, after he had obliged them to pass under the yoke with tlie greatest ignominy. He Mas afterwards conquered, and obliged, in his turn, to pass under tlie yoke. Fabius Maximus deteated him, when he appeared again at the head of another anny, and he was alterwards shamefully put to death by the Ro- mans, after he bad adorned tlic triumph of tlie conqueror. I.iv. ;), c. 1, &c Comi- nius, a Roman who gave information to bis countrjTiicn who were besieged in the capi- tol, that Camillus had obtained a victory over the PO PO the Gsuls. Pint. A Roman ^ave who told Sylla in a prophetic strain, that he brought him success from Bellona. One of the favorites of Albucilla. He was degraded from the rank of a senator. Tacit. ——— Ti- tus, a Roman centurion, whom Cicero de Senect. mentions as possessed of uncommon strength. PoNTus, a kingdom of Asia Minor, "bounded on the east by Colchis, west by the Halys, north by tlie Euxine sea, and south by part of Aimenia. It was diviied into three parts according to Ptolemy : Pontus Galaticus, of which Amasia was the capital, Pontus Polemoniacus, from its chief town Polemonium, and Pontus Cappadocius, of which Trapezus was the capital. It was go- verned by kings, the first of whom was Arta- bazes, either one of the seven Persian noble- men who murdered the usurper Smerdis, or one of their descendants. The kingdom of Pontus was in its most florishing state under Mithridates the Great. When J. C.-esar had conquered it, it became a Roman province, though it was often governed by monarchs who were tributary to tlie power of Rome. Under the emperors a regular governor was always appointed over it. Pontus produced castors, whose testicles were highly valued among the ancients for their salutary quali- ties in medicinal processes. Virg. G. 1, V. 58. — Mela, 1, c. 1 & 19. — Strab. 12. — Cic. pro Leg. — Mati. — Appian. — Ptol. 5, c. 6. A part of Mysia in Europe, on the borders of the Euxine sea, where Ovid was banished, and from whence he wrote his four books of epistles de Ponto, and his six books de TristiAus. Ovid, de Pont. An an- cient deity, father of Phorcys, Thaumas, Ne- reus, Eurybia, and Ceto, by Terra. He is the same as Oceanus. Apollod. 1, c. 2. Pontus Euxinus, a celebrated sea, situ- ate at the west of Colchis between Asia and Europe, at the north of Asia Minor. It is called the Mack Sea by the moderns. [ Vid. Euxinus. M. PopiLius, a consul who was informed, as he was offering a sacrifice, that a sedition was raised in the city against the senate. Upon this he irmnediately went to the popu- lace in his sacerdotal robes, and quieted the multitude with a speech. He lived about the year of Rome 404. Liv. 9, c. 21. — Val. Max. 7, c. 8.—— Caius, a consul, who, when besieged by the Gauls, abandoned his baggage to save his army. Cic. ad Her en. 1, c. 15. — Laenas, a Roman ambassador to Anti- ochus, king of Syria. He was commissioned to order the monarch to abstain from hostili- ties against Ptolemy, king of Egypt, who w as an ally of Rome. Antiochus wished to evade him by his answers, but Popilius, with a stick which he had in his hand? made a circle round him on the sand, and bade him, in the name of the Roman senate and people, not to go beyond it before he spoke decisively. This 631 boldness intimidated Antiochus ; he with- drew his garrisons from Egypt, and no longer meditated a war against Ptolemy. Val. Max. 6, c. 4. — Lith 45, c. 12. — Patera. 1, c. 10. A tribune of the people who murdered Cicero, to whose eloquence he was indebted for his life when he was accused of parricide. Plut A praetor who banished the friends of Tiberius Gracchus from Italy. A Roman consul who made war against the people of Numantia, on pretence that the peace had not been firmly established. He %vas defeated by them. ■ A senator who alarmed the conspirators against Ca- sar, by telling them that the whole plot was discovered. — — A Roman emperor. [Vid. Nepotianus.] PoFLicoLA, one of the first consuls. [ Fid. Publicola.] Popp^A Sabina, a celebrated Roman ma- tron, daughter of Titus Ollius. She mar- ried a Roman knight called Rufus Crispinus, by whom she had a son. Her personal charms, and the elegance of her figure, capti- vated Otho, wht) was then one of Nero's fa- vorites. He carried her away and married her J but Nero who had seen her, and had often heard her accomplishments extolled, soon deprived him of her company, and sent him out of Italy, on pretence of presiding over one of the Roman provinces. After he had taken this step, Nero repudiated his vrife Octavia, on pretence of barrenness, and mar- ried Poppaea. The cruelty and avarice of the emperor did not long permit Poppaea to share the imperial dignity, and though she had al- ready made him father of a son, he began to despise her, and even to use her with bar- barity. She died of a blow which she received from his foot when many months advanced in her pregnancy, about the 65th year of the Christian era. Her funeral was performed with great pomp and solemnity, and statues were raised to her memory. It is said that she was so anxious to preserve her beauty and the elegance of her person, that 500 asses were kept on purpose to afford her milk in which she used daily to bathe. Even in her banishment she was attended by 50 of these animals for the same purpose, and from their milk she invented a kind of ointment or po- matum, to preserve beaoty, called poppceanum from her. Plin. 11, c. 41. — Dio. 62. — Juv. 6. — Siieto7i. in Ner. ^ 0th. — Tacit. 13 & 14. A beautiful woman at the court of Nero. She was mother to the pre- ceding. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 1, &c. PoppjEus SabInus, a Roman of obscure origin, who was made governor of some of the Roman provinces. He destroyed himself, &c. Tacit. 6, Anri. 39. Sylvanus, a man of consular dignity, who brought to Vespasian a body of 600 Dalmatians. A friend of Otho. PopuLONiA, or PopuLANiuM, a town of Etruria, near Pisa;, destroyed in the civil wars Ss 4 cf PO PO of Sylla. Strab, 5. — Virf;. ^n. 10, v. 172. — Mela, 2, c. 5. — Pitn. 3, c. 5. PoRATA, a river of Dacia, now Pruth, fall- ing into the Danul>e a little l>elow Axiopoli. PoRciA, a sister of Cato of Ulica, greatly commended by Cicero. A daughter of Cat4>of Utiia, who married Bibulus, and .ifter hia death, Brutus. She was remarkable for her prudence, philosophy, courage, and con- jugal tenderness. .She gave herself a heavy wound in the thigh, to see with what forti- tude she could bear pain ; and when her hus- b.ind aslicd her the reason of it, she said tliat slie wiJied to try whether she had courage enough to share not only his ln.'d, but to \m.t- take of his most hidden secrets. Ijrutus wa>. astonished at her constancy, and no longer detained from her knowledge the conspiracy which he and m.my other illustrious Romans had formed .igainst J. Cxsu. Porcia wislied them success, and though sl)C l>ctray».-d fear, and fell into a swoon tlie day tliat her huslwnd was gone to assassinate the dictator, yet ^lie was foilliful to lier promise, and dropi>cd no- thng which might aflect llie situation of tlie conspirators. When Itrulus was dead, she refused to survive liim, and attempted tn end her life as a daughter of Cato. Her friends attempted to terrify her ; but when slie saw tliat every weapon w.is removed from her reach, she swallowed burning coals aiid diid, about 4L' years liefcre tin- Christian en. \ a- lerius Maximus says, that she wjs acquainted with her husband's conspiracy against Caesar, when slic ga\o herself the wound. \'al. Max. 3, c '_'. 1. -J, c. C. — Vhtt. in Brut. ^c. Porcia iex, iU ruitale, by M. Porciu«, tlie uibune, \. U. C. -l.M. It ordained that no magistraU" should pinisli wiiJi death, or scourge with rods, a Homan citi/en when condemned, but only permit him to go into exile. StiUusl. i>i Cut. — Lii: la — Ctc. pro Mah. I'oRciVA, a surname of the orator, M. J£. Lepidus, who lived a little Infore Cicero's age, and wa:i distinguished for his auililies. do. ad Her. 4, c. 5. M. Poftcius Latro, a celebrated orator who killed himself when laboring under a quarlnn ague, .\.U. C. 75C>. Licinius. a i^atiii piH-t during tlie time of the lliird Punic var, coumiended for the elegance, the grace- ful case, and iiapiiy wit of his epigrams. — A Hotnan senator who joined the conspimcy of Catiline. A son of Cato of Utica. given much to drinking. PoRFDoRAx, one of the -40 Gauls whom IVIiihriilate^. ordered to be put to death, and to rem-iin unburied for conipiring agajnst him. His mistress at Perganius liuried him against the orders of the mon.ircb. J'lu^, de virt. mill. Fo&iNA, a river of Peloponnesus. Faus. 1, c. 85. PoBOSELEVc, an island near Lesbos. Strab. IS.—Plm. 5, e. 31. 632 PoRi-nvRios, a son of Calut and Terra, one of die giants who ra.-ule war against Ju- piter. He was so formidable, tliat Jupiter, to conquer him, inspired him with love for Juno, and while the giant endeavoured to obtain Im wishes, he. with tlie assistance of Hercules, overpowered him. Horai. 3, od. 4. — .\Jart. 15, tjK T&. — ApoUod. 1, C. 6. PoapiiYRis, a name of' the island Cy- thera. I'oHruvRii's, a Platonic philosopher of TjTe. He studied eloquence at .\thens under Longinus and aften^ards retired to Romer where he perfected himself under Plotinus. Porphyry was a man of universal information, .ind, according to tlie testimony of the an- cienti, he excelled his contemporaries in the knowledge of history, matheinatie^ music, and philosophy. He expressed his senti- ments with elegance and with dignity, and wliile other philo>ophers stuiUed obscurity in their language, hi> style was reinarkuble for its simplicity and grace. He applieti himself to tlie study of magic, which he called » theourgic or divine operation. 'Hie books that he wrote were nmncrous, and sfimc of his smaller treatises are still extant. His most celebrated work, which is now lost, was against tlie religion of Christ, and in this theological contest he appeared so formidable, that most of tlie fathers of the church have been employed in confuting his arguments, and developing tlie faisehood of his as.sertions. He has been uruv(.r>:dly called the greatest enemy which the CJiiist.-an religion had, and indev, c. 20 A towTi near the Stiymon on the borders of Macedonia. Plin. 4, c. 10. PosinoN, the name of Neptune among the Greeks. PosiDONiA, a town of Lucania, better known by the name of Psestum. [ Vid. PaEs- tum.J PosiDONiuM, a town or temple of Neptune, near Ca;nis in Italy, where the streights of Sicily are narrowest, and scarce a mile distant from the opposite shore. PosiDONius, a philosopher of Apamea. He lived at Rhodes for some time, and afterwards came to Rome, where, after cul- tivating the friendship of Pompey and Cicero, he died in his S4tli year. He wrote a trea- tise on the nature of the gods, and also at- tempted to measure the circumference of the earth ; he accounted for the tides from the motion of the moon, and calculated the height of the atmosphere to be 400 stadia, ne;irly agreeing with the ideas of the mo- derns. Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 57. — Strab. 14. Another philosopher, born at Alexandria ijj Egypt. , Posio, P o PO Po Jio, a native of Magnesia, who wrote an history of the Amazons. PosrnuMiA, a vesta! virgin, accused of adultery ar.d acqaiitcd The wife of Servius Sulpicius. Cic. ej>. A daughter of Sylla. PobWicMins AuiNcs, a man who suf- fered himself to be bribed by Jugurtha, against whom he had been sent with an army. A writer at Rome whom Cato ridiculed for com]»osing an history ir Greek, and after- wards oHering apologies for the inaccuracy and inelegance of hib expressions. Tui- bero, a master of liorse to the dictator j^Smi- liux Mamercu:^. He was himself made dic- tator in tlie war which the Romans waged against the Volsci, and he punished his son with death for fighting against his orden., A. U. C. 51-. Liu. 4. c. '23. Spurius a consul sent against the Samnites. He was taken in an ambush by Pontius the enemy's gi neral, and oblieed to pass under the yoke with all his army. He saved his life by a shameful treaty, and when he le- turnod to Ro-ne he pur^uaded the Romans not to reckon as valid tlie engagements he had made witli tlie enemy, as it was witliout tla-ir advice. He was given up to the enemy be- cause he could not perform his engagements ; but he was released by Pontius for his generous and patriotic beha%'iour. Aulus, a dictator who defeated the Latins and the Volsci. —— Tubertus, another dictator, who defeatetl the .tqui and \'olsci. — — Luciu>, a consul sent against the Samnites. .V general who defeated the Sabines, and who was tlie first who obtained an ovation. A man poisoned by his wife. A general who conquered the ..Kqui, and who was stoned by the aniiv, because he refused to divide the promisctl spoils. /Vor. 22. — Lucius, a Roman consul who was defeatetl by the Boii. Ho was left among the slain, and h.' head was cut offfroi.i liis body, and carried in trium'-h by the barbarians into tlieir temples, where they made with the scull a sacred vessel to offer libations to their gods. Marcus Crassus Latianus, an officer procLoimei.! em- peror in Gaul. A. D. JW. He rci;.:^ned with great popularity, and gainetl the affection of his subjects Ijy his iiumanity and moderation. He took his son of tlie same n.irae as a col- league on the throne. They were botli assas- sinated by tlieir soldiers, after a reign of six years. Mogilthus, a consul against the Samnites and Tarentines. Quintus, a man jjiit to deatli by Antony A sooth- sayer in the age of Sylhu Spurius an enemy of Tib. Gracchus Albus, a Ho- man decemvir, sent to Athens to collect tlie most salutary laws of Solon, &c. Lie. o, c. 31. Sylvius, a son of ^ncas and Sylvia. PosTVERT.\, a goddess at Rome, who pre- sided over the painful travails of women. Oii-f. F'isl 1, r. Coo- G3i Posrr.MiA VIA, a Roman road about t!i» town of Hostiiia. PcsTiniits. [Viil. Posthumius.] PcTAMiDES, nymp'i? -rho presided over rivers and fountains, as their name (^Ttrufi^f Jluvius) imp'ies. 1 OTXJio.v, a philosopher of Alexandria, in the age of Augustus. H^ wTote several trea- tises, and confined himseil' to the doctrines of no particular sect of philosophers. PoTAMOs, a town of Attica near Sunium. Strab. 9. PoTEsrriA, a town of Picenum. Lii: 39, c. 44. PoTHiscs, an eunuch, tutor to Ptolemy, king of EgJTJt, He advised the monarch to murder Pompey, when he claimed his protection after the battle of PharMilia. He stirreil up commotions in Alexandria, when Cacs.^r canie there, upon which the conqueror ordered him to be put to deatli. Lucun. 8, V. 463. L 10, V. 95. PoTiios, one of the deities of the Samo- tliraciai.s. P/in. 56, c. 5. PoTiDX.\, a town erf Macedonia, situate in the peninsula of Pallcnc. It was founded by a Corintliian colony, and became tributar\- to the AdicnianB, from whom I'bilip of Mace- donia took it The conqueror gave it to the Olynthians to render them more attached to his interest. Ca.ssander repaired and enlarged it, and called it Cnssanclria, a name which it still preserves, and which has given occasion to Livy to say, tliat Cas,sander was the original founder of tliat city. I.iv. 44, c. II.— Dc- most/i. Olynth. — Shrib. 7. — Pans. 5, c. 23. — Mfla, 2, c. 2. PoTin.wiA, a town of ..Ctolia. Liv. 2K, c. 8. PotTn'a, a goddess at Rome, who presided over children's potions. f nrro. PaTiTii's. [ rirf. Pi nari us.] PoTviiK, a town of ISrcotia, where Bac- chus had a temple. The Potnians, having once murderenlus and JE'^ophag^ts. There was here a fountain whose waters made horses run m.id as soo " as tliey were touched. There were also here certain goddesses called Putniides. on whose altars, in a grove sacrctl to Ceres and Proserpine, victims were sacrificed. It was also usual at a certain season of the year, to conduct into the grove. young pigs, which were found the following year in tlie groves of Dodona. The mares of Potniae destroyed their master Glaucus. son of Sisyphus. [ Tii/. Glaucus.] Paus. 9. c. B. — Virg. G. 5, V. 267. — .Elian. V. H. J 5, C. ^S. — — A town of Magnesia, whose pastiires gave madness to asses, according to Pliny. Practh'M, PR PR Practium, a town and a sinall river of Asia Minor, on the Hellespont. Pr.«cia, a courtezan at Rome, who in- fluenced Cethegus, and procured Asia as a consular province for LucuUus. Plut. in Luc. Pft^aENESTE, a tovvn of Latium, about 21 miles from Rome, built by Telegonus, son of Ulysses and Circe, or according to others, by Caeculus the son of Vukan. There was a celebrated temple of Fortune there, with two famous images, as also an oracle, which was long in great repute. Cic de Div. 2, c. 41. — Virg. jEji, 7, V. 680. — Horat. 3, od. 4. — Stat. 1, Sylv. 3, V 80. Fr^sos, a small town of Crete, destroyed in a civil war by one of the neighbouring cities. Pr^sti, a nation of India. Curt. 9, \> c. 8. pRJETOR, one of the chief magistrates at Kome. Tlie office of praetor was first in- stituted A.U. C. 388, by the senators, who wished by some new honor to compensate for the loss of the consulship, of which tlie ple- beians had claimed a share. The Prtetor received his name a jirceeundo. Only one was originally elected, and another A.U. C. ,501. One of them was totally employed in administering justice among the citizens, whence he was called Prastor urbanus ; and the other appointed judges in all causes which related to foreigners. In the year of Rome 520, two more praetors were created to assist the consul in the government of the provinces of Sicily and Sardinia, which had been lately conquered, and two more when Spain tras reduced into the form of a Roman province, A.U. C. 521. Sylla the dictator added two more, and Julius Caesar encreased the number to 10, and afterwards to 16, and the second triumvirate to 64. After this their numbers fluctuated, being sometimes 18, 16, or 12, till, in the de- cline of the empire, their dignity decreased, and their numbers were reduced to three. In his public capacity the Praetor adminis- tered justice, protected the rights of widows and o|-phans, presided at the celebration of public festivals, and in the absence of the consul assembled or prorogued the senate as he pleased. He also exhibited shows to the people, and in tlie festivals of the Bona Dea, where no males were pei-mittcd to ap- pear, his wife presided over the rest of the Roman matrons. Feasts were announced and proclaimed by him, and he had tJie power to make and repeal laws, if it met witli the approbation of the senate and peo- ple. The quaestors were subject to him, and in the absence of the consuls, he ap- peared at the head of the armies, and in the city he kept a register of all the freed- men of Rome, with the reasons for which 635 tliey had received their freedom. In the provinces the praetors appeared with great pomp, six lictors with the fasces walked before them, and when the empire was encreased by conquests. Uiey divided, like the consuls, tlieir government, and provinces were given them by lot. When the year of their prsetorship was elapsed, thev were called proprcetors, if they still continued at the head cf their province. At Rome the praetors appeared also with much pomp, two lictors preceded them, tliey wore the ;»•«- texla, or the white robe with purple borders, they sat in curule chairs, and their tribunal was distinguished by a sword and a spear, while they administered justice. The tri- bunal was called preetorium. When they rode they appeared on white horses at Rome, as a mark of distinction. The Praetor who appointed judges to try foreign causes, was caUed prcetor peregrimis. Tlie Prastors Ce- reales, appointed by Julius Caesar, were em- ployed in providing corn and provision for the city. They were on that 'account often caWeA fruTnentarii. Pretoria, a town of Dacia, now Cron- stadt. Another, now Aoust, in Pied- mont. PR^fflTORiiis, a name ironically applied to As. Sempronius Rufus, because he was disappointed in his solicitations for the prae- torship, as being too dissolute and luxurious in his manners. He was the first who had a stork brought to his table. Horat. 2, Sat. 2, V. 50. Pr^tutium, a town of Picenum. ItaL 15, V. 568 Lit). 22, c. 9. 1. 27, c. 43. Prasiane, now Vcrdafit, a large island at the mouth cf the Indus. PUn. 6, c. 20. Prasias, a lake between Macedonia and Thrace, where were silver mines. Herodot. 5, c. 17. Prasii, a nation cf India in Alexander's age. Curt. 9, c. 2. Prateli.ia lex, was enacted by Pratel- liuR the tribune, A. U. C. 398, to curb and dieck the ambitious views of men who were lately advanced in the state. Liu. 7, c. 15. Pratinas, a Giv!ek poet of Phlius, contemporary with /lischylus. He was die first among the Gre.is who composed sa- tires, which were represented as farces. Of these 52 were acted, as also 18 of his tragedies, one of which only obtained the poetical prize. Some of his verses are extant, quoted by Athenaeus. Paus. 2, c. 15. Praxagoras, an Athenian writer, who published an history of the kings of his own coimtry. He was then only 19 years old, and tliree years after, he wrote the life of Constantine tJie Great. He had . also \vritten the life of Alexander, all now lost. Praxias, P R P R Pkaxias, a celebrated statuary of AtLcn«. Paus. 10, c. 18. PraxidXmas, a famous athlete of yEgina. Paw. 6, c. 1 8. PraxidIck, a f^oddess amon^ the Greeks, who presided over the execution of enter- prizes, and who punished all oil actions. Paul. 9, c. 33. Phaxila. a lyric poetess of Sicyon. who Auritlied about 49'J years before Christ. Paui. 3, c. 13. i'ftAiirHi.Ms, a Uhodian, who wrote a leami-urnan)c of Venus at Megara. Paiu. \, c. 43. PaAxiTCi.rs a famous sculptor of Maf^^ Grscia, who tlorished about 3*_'4 years before the ' Christian era. He cliieHy worked dm Parian marble, on arcoiint of il« l>oautiful whitenevv lie carrieil his art to the ureatt-^t perfection, and was v) happy in copying nature, that liii -.tatui-s vcnx-d to lie ani- mated. The most faiiiiiu.s of hit i>iivi-s was a Cupid wliich he ^ave to I*hrync. Hiis celetirated rourtexAU, who wisin-d to have the best of all the statues of l*raxilele<>, and who could not lU-jH-nd ii|>on her own judg- ment ill till- choice, alarmed the sculptor, by telling him his house w.is on tire. Pmxitelu* upon this shewed his eagerness to save his Cupid from the flame*, nlmve all his other pieces; but Piirynr restrained lu« fear", and by discovering her artifirc, obtained Uie fa- vorite statue. 'ITte s«-ul|)t<>r employetl bis chisel in making; a statue (>f thii licauliful courteian, wliich was dedicated in the tem- ple of IX-lphi, and pLiccil U'twet-n the sta- tues of Archidamus kmg uf Sparta, and I'hilip king of M.scvt of the jK-ople of Cos, an>l pave them their choice of tlie goddeMi, eiilicr naked or veileiL 'Hie for- mer was superior to itie other in iK-aiity and perfection, but tlie inhubitaiiti of Cos pre- ferred the latter. The Cnidians, \sho did not wisli to |>atrouixe modi-sty and decorum with the same c«j;erne>s as tlie people of Cos. bought the naked N'enus and it was >o uni- versally esteemeay an enormous ilcbt undir which tliey laltonti, if they would give hiiu their fa\urite slutue. This ofl'er was not accepted. Tlie famous Cupid was bought of the Tliospians by C.-tius Catsar, and c.uried to Rome, but Claudius restored it to them, and Nero afterwards ob- tained possession vi it. Paus. 1. c. -lO. 1. f, c 9. — I'lin. 7, c. 3 I .St 3;;. pRAXiTiisA, a daughter of I^irosimus and Diogenea. She m.arried Ercdithcus. king of Athens, by whom she had Cecrops, Pandarus, and Metion. nnd four daughters. Procrls, Cmisa, Chtiionia, and Orithyia. ^ti>ii of Priam. It is also given to Hi-ctor, Deiphobus and all the other chil- dren of the Tro)an monarch. Ond. Hrmd. — I'lrp. A-:n. 3, V. ?35. Paiisirs, the last king at Troy, was son of I^aomcdon, by Sirymo, called Placia by some. V^en Hercules took the city of Troy [ i'ul. Laumedon], IViam was in the number of his prisoners, but his si»ter liesione re- deemed liiiu from captivity, and he exchanged bis original name of Podarce%, fur that of Pruim, which signifies bought or ransomed. [ i'ld. Pudarces.] lie wxs also placL*d on his father's tiirone by Hercules, and he employed himself with well directed diligence in re- pairing, fortifying, and iml>ellialii *v of Troy. He had married, by ' > orders, .Ariviia, whom now he li. r IK-cuba, the daughter of Diinas, or Civieua a neighbouring pruice. He had by Hecuba 1 7 children, according to Cicero, or accord- ing to Honu-r, 19; the most celebrated of witoiii are Hector, Paris, Deiphobus. Hc- leuuk, Pommon, Politua. AnU|iliUs, Hippo> nous, Troilus, Creusa. Lao lor, Atas, Dorcylus, Dryop*. Lycaon, A»ty- gonus. Itias, Kvander, Cbromius, Telestaa. .^Ieliu1^ Ccbrion. I.aodocuv Idomeneus, Ar- cbemaclius, Kchephron, Hyperion, .Ascanius Arrhetus, Democoon. Dejopti-s, Echcmon, Clovius, .Egioneus, Ilypirychus, Lysithous, Poly nietlon. .^Il■>lusa, Lysimache, Me tii bring back He^onc. Paris, to wiiom the goddess of beauty had promised the fairest woman in the world, [ Vid. Paris] neglected in some measure his father's in- junctions and as if to make .-eprisals upon the Grtx'ks be carried away Helen the wife of PR PR Menelaus, king of Sparta, during the ab- sence of her husband. Priain beheld this with satisfaction, and he countenanced his son by receiving in his palace the wife of the king of Sparta. This rape kindled the flames of war ; all the suitors of Helen,, at the request of Menelaus, [ Vid. Menelaus] assembled to revenge the violence offered to his bed, and a fleet, according to some, of 140 ships under the command of the 69 chiefs that fur- nished them, set sail for Troy. Priam might have averted the impending blow by the restoration of Helen ; but this he re- fused to do, when the ambassadors of the Greeks came to him, and he immediately raised an army to defeitd himself. Troy was soon besieged, frequent skirmishes took place, in which the success was various, and the advantages on both sides inconsiderable. The siege was continued for teij successive years, and Priam had the misfortune to see the greatest part of his children massacred by the enemy. Hector, the eldest of these, was the only one upon whom novi' the Trojans looked for protection and support; but he soon fell a sacrifice to his own courage, and was killed by Achilles. Priam severely felt his loss, and as he loved, him with the greatest tender- ness, he wished to ransom his body, which was in the enemy's camp. The gods, according to Homer, interested themselves in favor of old Priam. Achilles was prevailed upon by his mother, the goddess Thetis, to restore Hector to Priara, and the king of Troy passed through the Grecian camp conducted by Mercury the messenger of the gods, who with his rod had made him invisible. The meeting of Priam and Achilles was solemn and affecting, the con- queror paid to the Trojan monarch that atten- tion and reverence which was due to his dig- nity, his years, and his misfortunes, and Priam in a suppliant manner addressed the prince whose favors he claimed, and kissed the hands that had robbed him of the greatest and the best of his children. Achiljfes was moved by his tears and entreaties ; he restored Hector, and permitted Priam a truce of 12 days for the funeral of his son. Some time after Troy was betrayed into the hands of the Greeks by Antenor and JLneas, and Priam upon this resolved to die in defence of his country. He put on his armour and advanced to meet the Greeks, but Hecuba by her tears and en- treaties detained him near an altar of Jupiter, whither she had fled for protection. , While Priam yielded to the prayers of his wife, Po- lites, one of his sons, fled also to the altar before Neoptolemus, who pursued him witli fury. Polites, wounded and overcome, fell dead at the fett of his parents, and the aged father, fired with indignation, vented the most bitter invectives against the Greek, who paid no re- gard to the sanctity of altars and temples, and raising his spear darted it upon him. llie spear hurled by the feeble hand of 7'riani, touched the buckler of Neoptolen-.us, 637 and fell to the ground. This irritated the son of Achilles ; he seized Priam by his grey hairs, and, without compassion or reverence for the sanctity of the place, he plunged his dagger into his breast. His head was cut off, and the mutilated body was left among the heaps of slain. Dictys Cret. I, &c. — Dares Phryg. — Herodot. 2, c. ]20. — Pans. 10, c. 25. — Homer. IL 22, &c. — Eurip. in Troad Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 35. — Q. Smyrn. 1. — Virg. jEn. 2, v. 507, &c. — Horat. Ud. 10, V. 14. — Hygin. fab. 110. — Q. Calaber. 15, V. 226. Priapus, a deity among the ancients, who presided over gardens, and the parts of gene- ration in the sexes. He was son of Venus by Mercury or Adonis, or according to the more received opinion, by Bacchus. Tlie goddess of beauty, who was enamoured of Bacchus, went to meet him as he returned victorious from his Indian expedition, and by him she had Priapus, who was born at Larapsacus. Priapus was so deformed in all his limbs, particularly the genitals, by means of Juno, who had as- sisted at the delivery of Venus, that the mother, ashamed to have given birth to such a monster, ordered him to be exposed on the mountains. His life, however, was preserved by the shep- herds, and he received the name of Priapus propter dcfortnitatem ^ membri vbilis niagni- tudinem. He soon became a favorite of the people of Lampsacus, but he was expelled by the inhabitants on account of the freedom which he took with their wives. This violence was punished by the son of Venus, and when tlie Lampsacenians had been afflicted witli a disease in the genitals, Priapus was recalled, and temples erected to his honor. Festivals were also celebrated, and the people, naturally idle and indolent, gave themselves up to every lasciviousness and impurity during the cele- bration. His worship was also introduced in Rome : but the Romans revered him more as a god of orchards and gardens, than as the patron of licentiousness. A crown painted with different colors was offered to him in the spring, and in the summer a garland of ears of corn. An ass was generally sacrificed to him, because that animal, by its braying, awoke the nymph Lotis, to whom Priapus was going to offer violence. He is generally represented with an human face and the ears of a goat ; he holds a stick in his h|ind, with which he ter- rifies birds, as also a club to drive away thieves, and a scythe to prune the trees and cut down corn. He was crowned with the leaves of the vine, and sometimes with laurel or rocket. The last of these plants was sacred to him, as it is said to raise the passions and excite love. Priapus is often distinguished by the epithet of p/tallus, fascinus, Ictyphallus, or ruber, or nibicundus, which are all expressive of his de- formity. Catidl. q?. 19 & 20. — Colum. 2. de cult. hort. — Hovat. 1, sat. 1. — Tibull. 1, el. 1, v. 18. — Olid. Fast. I, v. 415. 1. 6, v. 519. — Virg. Ed. 7, r. 53. ^. 4, v. 1 1 1. — Fans. VR P R Paus. 9, C. 31. — Hygin-fab. 190. — Ih«d. 1. A town of Asia Minor near Lampsacus now Caraboa. Priapus was the chief deity of the place, and from him the town re- ceived its name, because he had taken re- fuge there when banished from Lampsacus. atrab. 12. — Plm. 5, c. o'i. — MtLi, I.e. 19. —— An island near Ephesus. Plin. 5, c 31. Pkiki*k. a maritime (own of Asia Minor, at the foot of moimt Mycale, one of the twelve independent citie>. »>f Ionia. It gavt; birth to Bia>;. ono of the seven wLse men of Greece. It had Ikch built by an Atlie- nian colony. Pnas. 7, c. '.'. 1. 8, c. 11. — Str^. 12. Pruia, a d.aughter of Romulus and Her- silia. Pbio.n, a place at Carthage. Priscianus, a celebrated grammarian at Athens, in il)c age of the emperor Justi- nian. pRisrir.i.A. a wonian praised for her con- jugal alfection by .Statins, 5, Sylr. 1. Paiscis .SpKviLius, a dictator .at Rome who defeated the W-ientes and the Fidenates. A surname of the elder Tarqiiin king of Rome. [ rid. Tarquinius. ] .\ governor of 'Syria, brother to the emperor Philip. He proclaimed himself emperor in Macedonia when he was informed of his brother's deatli, but he w.is soon after conquered and put to death by Decius, Philip's murderer. A friend of tlie emperor Severui \ friend of the emperor Julian, almost nniniered by the populace. Helvidius, a ciua»stor in Achiiia during the reign of Nero, re- m.-irkable for his independent spirit. TacU. Hist. 4, c. 6. — Jut-nal. An otlictr un- der Vitellius. — ^— One of the emperor Ad- rian', friends. A friend of Domitian. An orator, whose dissipated and luxu- rious manners Horace ridicules, I Sai. 7, T. 9. Pristis, the name of one of tlie ships that engaged in tlie naval combat which was ex- hibited by .tneas at the anniversary of hii father's deatl). She was commanded by Mn^.*iheus. J'o-;,'. ^En. 1, v. IK;. Priveksi s, a Hutulian killed by Capys in tBe wars between .ject!» enjoyed tran- quillity, Prol)us encouraged the liberal arts ; he permitted the inhabitants of Gaul and 11- lyricum to plant vines in their territories, and he himself repaired 70 cities in iLtfi-rent parts of the empire which hatl l)een reduc«l to ruins. He also attempted to drain the waters which were stagnated in the neigh- bourhot>d of Sirmium, by conveying them to the sea by artificial canals. His armies were employed in this laborious undertaking ; but a-- they were unaccu-'tumed to such toil* thiy soon miitined. and fell upon tlie emperor as he was passing into one of the towns of Illyricum. He fled into an iron tower which he himself had built to observe the marshe"^, but as he was alone, and without arms, lu was soon overpowered and murdered, in the .SOth yeiu- of his age, after a reign of six years M\d four months, on the second of So- Teml>cr PR PR vember after Christ 282. The news of his death was received with the greatest coiibter- nation; not only his friends, but his very- enemies deplored his fate, and even the ar- my, which had been concerned in his fall, erected a inonument over his body, and placed upon it this inscription : Jlic Pro- bus imperalor, vcre probiis, situs est, victor om- nium gentium barbarurum, victor etiam tyrav^ norum. He was then preparing in a few days to march against the Persians that had revolted, and his victories there might have been as great as those he obtained in the two other quarters of the globe. He was suc- c(!eded by Carus, and Iris family, who had shared his greatness, immediately retired from Rome, not to become objects either of private or public malice. Zus. — Prob. — .SV!- tum. ^Emilius, a grammarian in the age of Theodosius. The lives of excellent com- manders, written by Cornelius Nepos, have been falsely attributed to him, by some au- thors. An oppressive prefect of the pre- torian guards, in the reign of Valentinian. Procas, a king of Alba after his father Aventinus. He was father of Amulius and Numitor. Liu. 1, c. 3. — Ovid, Met. 14, r. 622. — Virg. JEn. 6, v. 767. Prochyta, an island of Campania in the bay of Puteoli, now Procida. It was situ- ated near Inarima, from which it was said that it had been separated by an earthquake. It received its name according to Diony- siiK, from the nurse of ^neas. '^irg. ./En. 2, v. 715. — Mela, 2, c. 7. — Dionys. Hal. 2. Procilius, a Latin historian in tlie age of Pompey the Great. Varro. Pkocilla, Julia, a woman of uncommon nrtiBe, killed by the soldiers of Otho. Tacit. Agric. 4. C. Valerius Procillus, a prince of Gaul, intimate with Caesar. Proclea, a daughter of Clitius, \vho mp'-- ried Cycnus, a son of Neptune. Pans. 10, c. 14. Pkocles, a son of Aristodenms and Ar- gia, born at the same birth as Eurysthenes. There were continual dissensions between the two brothers, who both sat on the Spartan throne. \^Vid. Eurysthenes & Laceda;mon.] A native of Andros in the jEgean sea, who was crowned at the Olympic games. Paus. 6, c. 14. A man who headed the lonians when they took Samos. Id. 7, c. 4. A Carthaginian writer, son of Eu- crates. He wrote some historical treatises, of which Pausanias has preserved some frag- ments. Id. 4, c. 35. A tyrant of Epi- daurus, put to death and thrown into the sea. Plut. de Orac. A general of the Naxians, in Sicily, who betrayed his coun- try to Dionysiui the tyrant, for a sum of money, Procud^, the descendants of Procles, who •at on thtf throne of Sparta, together with the 639 Eurystheaidae. [Fid. Lacedamon and Eurys- thenes.] Procne. [Vid. Progne.j Proconnesus, now Marmora, an island of the Propontis, at the noith-east of Cyzicus ; also called Elaphonnesus and Neuris. It was famous for its fine marble. PUn. 5, c. 52.— Sirub. 13. — Mda, 2, c. 7. Procopius, a celebrated officer of a noble family in Cilicia, related to the empei'or Julian, with whom he lived in great inti- macy. He was universally admired for his integrity, but he was not destitute of am- bition or pride. After he had signalized himself under Julian and his successor, he retired from the Roman provinces amono- the barbarians in the 'i'hracian Chersonesus, and some time after he suddenly made his appearance at Constantinople, when the em- peror Valens had marched into the east, and he proclaimed himself master of the eastern empire. His usurpation was univer- sally acknowledged, and his victories were so rapid, that Valens would have resigned the imperial purple, had not his friends in- tei-vened. But now fortune changed, Proco- pius was defeated in Phrygia, and abandoned by his army. His head was cut off, and car- ried to Valentinian in Gaul, A. D. 5ti6. Procopius was slain in the 42d year of his age, and he had usurped the title of empe- ror for above eight months. Ammian. Mar- cel. 25 & 25. A Greek historian of Caesarea in Palestine, secretary to the cele- brated Belisarius, A. D. 534. He wrote the history of the reign of Justinian, and greatly celebrated the hero, whose favors and pa- tronage he enjoyed. This history is divided into 8 books, two of which give an account of the Persian war, two of the Vandals, and four of the Goths, to the yeai- 563, which was afterwards continued in 5 books by Agathias till 559. Of tliis performance tlie character is great, though perhaps the historian is often too severe on the emperor. The works of Procopius were edited in 2 vols, folio. Paris, 1662. pRocRis, a daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens. She married Cephalus. [Fid. Cephalus.j Virg. JEn. 6, v. 445. A daughter of Thestius. Procrustes, a famous robber of Attica, killed by Theseus near the Cephisus. He tied travellers on a bed, and if their length exceeded that of the bed, he used to cut it off, but if tliey were shorter, he had them stretched to make their length equal to it. He is called by some Damastes and Polype- mon. Omd. Heroid. 2, v. 69. Met. 9, y'.-io. — Plut. in Thes. Procula, a prostitute in Juvenal's age, 2, v. 68. Proculeius, a Roman knight, very inti- mate with Augustus. He is celebrated for his humanity, and paternal kindness to his brothers Muraena and Scipio, with whom he PR PR he divided his possessions, after they had for- feited their estates, and incurred the displea- >iure of Augustus, for siding with young Pompey. He was sent by Augustus to Cle- opatra, to endeavour to bring her alive into liis presence, but to no purpose. He de- stroyed himself when laboring under a heavy disease. Horat. 2, Od. 2. — Pint, in Anton. — Flin. 36, c. 24. A debauchee in Nero's reign. Juv. 1, v. 40. Proculus Julius, a Roman "•'"^, after the death of Romulus, declared that lie had seen him in Iiis appearance more than human, and that he JiaJ ordered him to bid tlie Romans to offer him sacrifices under the uame of Quiriniis, and to rest assured that llome was destined, by tlie gods, to l)ecome the capital of the world. I'lnt. in Rom. — Liv. 1, c. IG. Geganius, a Roman con- sul. Placitius, a Roiraii who conquered tlie Hernici. A friend of VitcUius. A consul under N'erva. A man accused of extortion. An African in the age of Aurelius. He published a book entitled (U- regionibus, or rrii^ionibus, on foreign coun- tries, &c. .An officer who proclaimed himself emperor in Gaul, in ttie reign of Probus. He was soon after defeated, and exposed on a gibbet. He was very debauched and licentious in his manners, and had ac- quired riches by piratical excursions. Phocvo.v, a star near Sirius, or the dog sVar, before wliich it generally rises in July. Cicero calls it Anticanis, which is of the same signification (vf< Kt/w>). Horat. 3, Ud. 29. — Cn: dc Nut. D. 'J, c. 14. PiiouicL's, a sophist and rhetorician of Cos, about 396 years before Christ. He was sent us ambassador by his countrymen to Athens, where he publicly taught, and had among his pupils Euripides, Socrates, Theranienes, apd Isucrates. He travelled from town to \.ovm iu Greece, to procure admirers and get money. He made his au- ditors puy to hear him ii.irangue, whicli has given occasion to some of the ancients to speak of the orations of Prodicus for 50 dnwhmas. In his writings, which were nu- merous, he composed a beautiful episode, in which virtue and pleasure were introduced, as attempting to make Hercules one of their votaries. I'lie hero at last yielded to the charms of virtue and n-jected pleasure. Iliis lias been imitated by Lucian. Prodicus was at last put to deatli by the .\tlienians on pre- tence that he corrupted tlie morals of tlieir youth. Xcnopkon. Memor. Proerna, a town of Pluhiotis. Liv. 63, c. 14. Prcerosia, a surname of Ceres. Her fes- tivals celebrated at Athens and Eleusis be- fore the sowing of corn, bore the same name. Meurs. dc Myst. El. Prcetides, the daughters of Prretus, king of Argolis. were three iti number. Lvsippe, 640 Iphinoe, and IphLanassa. They became in- sane for neglecting the worship of Bacchus, or according to others, for preferring them- selves to Juno, and they ran about tlie fields, believing themselves to be cows, and flying a«ay not to be harnessed to tlie plough or to tJie chariot. Prcetus applied to Melampus to cure his daughters of their insanity, but he refusetl to employ him when he de- manded tlie tliird part of his kingdom as a reward. This neglect of Prcetus was pun- i'^hed, the insanity became contagious and the monarch at last promised Melampus two paits of his kingdom and one of his daugh- tei-s, if he would restore them and the Argian women to their senses. Melampus con- sented, and after he had wrought the cure, he married tlie most beautiful of the Prce- tides. Some have cailed them Lysippe, Ip- ponoe, and Cyriaiiassa. A/>oil(xl. 2, c, 2. — f'irg. Ed. G, V. 4S. — Ovid. Met. \5 Laclant. ad Stat. Thcl: I & 3. Proetus, a king of Argos, son of Abas and Ociilea. He was twin brother to Acri- sius, witli whom he qu.irrelled even before their birtli. This dissension between the two brothers encreased with their years. After their father's death, they both tried to ob- tain the kingdom of Argos; but the claims of Acrisius prevailed, and Proetus left Pelo- ponnesus and retired to tlie court of JobaJes. king of Lycia, where he married Stcnubcea. cailed by some Antea or Antiopc. He af- terwards returned to Argolis, and by means of his father-in-law, he made himself master of Tirynthus. Stenoboea had accompanied her husband to Greece, and she became by him mother of the Prcetides, and of a son called Megapcn'-hes, who after his father's deatli succeeded on the throne of Tirynthus. [J'trf. Stenoboea.] Homer. II. 6, v. 160. — Apotlod. 2, c. 2. Prognb, a daughter of Pondion, king of .\tbens, by Zeuxippe. She married Tereus, king' of Thrace, by whom she had a son called Itylus or Itys. [ Vid. Philo- mela.] Prolaus, a native of £lis, father to Phi- lantlius and Lampus, by Ly&ippc. Paus. 5, c. 2. Promachis, one of the Epigoni, son of Parthenopseus. Paus. 2, c. -'0. A son of Psopliis, daughter of Eryx, king of Sicily. Id. 8, c. 54. An athlete of Pal- lene. — — .V son of .octs have feigned that they were changed into stones, on ac- count of tlieir insensibility to every virtuous sentiment Justin. 18, c. 5. — Ovid. Met. 10, T. 238. PMoro>ms, a sea which has a communi- cation with tliu Euxine, by tlie Thr&cian Bosphorus. and with the /'Egcan by the Hel- lespont, now called the sea of Mami(rra. It is about 1 75 miles long and 6'i broad, and it received its name from its vicinity to Pon- tus. Afela, 1, c. 19. — Strab. 2. — Ovid. 1. Trist. 9, V. 29. — Propert. 3, el. 22. Proptlfa, a surname of Diana. She had a temple at Eleusis in Attica. Prosci.ystius, a surname of Neptune, among the Greeks. Paus. 2. ProserpTna, a daughter of Ceres by Jupiter, called by the Greeks Pernphine. She was so beautiful, that the father of the gods himself became enamoured of her, and deceived her by changing himself into a serpent and folding her in his wreaths. Proserpine made Sicily the place of her residence, and delighted herself with the beautiful views, the flowery meadows, and limpid streams, which surrounded the plains of Enna. In this solitary retreat, as she amused herself witli her female attendants in gathering flowers, Pluto carried her away into the infernal regions, of which she be- came the queen. [VjR at Athens and the philosopher banished from the city, as a worthless and contemptible being. Protagoras visited from Athens dif- ferent islands in the Mediterranean, and died in Sicily in a very advanced age, about 400 years before the Christian era. He gene- rally reasoned by dilemmas, and always left the mind in suspense about all the questions which he proposed. Some suppose that he was drowned. Diog. 9- — Plut . in Protag. A king of Cyprus, tributary to the court of Persia. Another. Protagorides, an historian of Cyzicus, who wrote a treatise on the games of Daphne, celebrated at Antioch. Protei columnjK, a place in the re- motest parts of Egypt. Virg. yEn. 11, V. 262. Protesilai turbis, the monument of Protesilaus, on the Hellespont. Plin- 4, c. 1 1. — Mela, 2, c. 2. Protesilaus, a king of part of ITiessaly, son of Iphiclus, originally called lolaus, grandson of Phylacus, and brother to Alci- mede, the mother of Jason. He married Laodamia, the daughter of Acastus, and some time after he departed with the rest of the Greeks for the Trojan war with 40 sail. He was the first of the Greeks who set foot on the Trojan shore, and as such he was doomed by the oracle to perish, there- fore he was killed as soon as he had leaped from his ship, by jEneas or Hector. Homer has not mentioned the person who killed him. His wife Laodamia destroyed herself, when she heard of his death. [Vid. Laodamia. J Protesilaus has received the patronymic of Pliylacides, either because he was descended from Phylacus, or because he was a native of Phylace. He was buried on the Tro- jan shore, and according to Pliny, there were near his tomb certain trees which grew to an extraoi'dinary height, which as soon as they could be discovered and seen from Troy immediately withered and decayed, and after- wards grew up again to their foiTner height, and suffered the same vicissitude. Homer, It. 2, v. 205— Ovid. Met. l%fcib. 1. Heroid. 13, v. 17 — Propert. 1, el. 19. — Hygin.fah. 103, &c. Proteus, a sea deity, son of Oceanus and Tethys, or according to .some, of Neptune and Phoenice. He had received the gift of prophecy from Neptune because he had tended the monsters of the sea, and from his know- ledge of futurity mankind received the greatest services. He usually resided in the Carpathian sea, and like the rest of the gods, he reposed himself on the sea shore, where such as wished to consult him generally re- S(B-ted. He was difficult of access, and when consulted he refused to give answers, by im- mediately assuming different shapes, and if not properly sccpred in fetteri^ eluding the grasp in the form of a tiger, or a liou, or 643 disappearing in a flame"\)f/fire, a whirlwind, or a rushing stream. Aristtpus and Mene.. laus were in the number of those who con- sulted him, as also Hercules. Some suppose that he was originally king of Egypt, known among his subjects by the name of Cetes, and they assert that he had two sons, Telegonus and Polygonus, who were both killed by Hercules. He had also some daughters, among whom were Cabira, Eidothea, and Rhetia. Homer. Od. 4, v. 360. — Odd. Met. 8. fab. 10. Am. el. 12, v. 36. — Hesiod. Tkeog. v. 243. — Virg. G. 4, V. 587. — Hygin. fab. 118 Herodot. 2, c. 112. — Diod. 1. Prothenor, a Boeotian who went to the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. Pkotheus, a Greek at the Trojan war. A Spartan who endeavoured to prevent a war with the Tliebans. Prothous, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. Ajmllod. A son of Agrius. Proto, one of the Nereides. Apollod. Protogenea, a daughter of Calydon, by ^olia the daughter of Amythaon. She had a son called Oxylus by Mars. Apol- lod. I. Pkotogenes, a painter of Rhodes, who florislied about 528 years before Christ. He was originally so poor that he painted ships to maintain himself. His countrpnen were ignorant of his ingenuity before Apelles came to Rhodes, and offered to buy all his pieces. This opened the eyes of the Rho- dians, they became sensible of the merit of their countryman, and liberally rewarded him. Protogenes was employed for seven years in finishing a picture of Jalysus, a celebrated huntsman, supposed to have been the son of Apollo, and the founder of Rhodes. During all this time the painter lived only upon lu- pines and water, thinking that such aliments would leave him greater flights of fancy ; but all this did noFseem to make liim more successful in tlie perfection of his picture. He was to represent in the piece a dog panting, and with froth at his mouth, but this he never could do with satisfaction to him- self; and when all his labors seemed to be without success, he threw his sponge upon the piece in a fit of anger. Chance alone brought to perfection what the utmost la- bors of art could not do, the fall of the sponge upon the picture represented the froth of the mouth of the dog in die most per- fect and natural manner, and the piece was universally admired. Protogenes was very exact in his representations, and copied na- ture ^vith the greatest nicety, but tliis was blamed as a fault by his fritnd Apelles. ^^'hen Demetrius besieged Rhodes he refused to set fire to a part of the city which might have madu him master of tlie wliole, because he knew that Protogenes was then working in that quarter. "When the town was taken, the painter was found closely employed in a garden T t 2 " ia PR PS in finishing a picture; and whentlie conqueror asked him, why he ^howed not more concern at the general calamity ; he replied, that De- metrius made war against the Rhodians, and not against the fine arts. Faus. 1, c. 3. — Plin. 55, c. :o. — A^Jian. V. II. 12. — Juv. .">, V. 120. — Plut. in Dem. One of Caligula's favorites, famous for his cruelty and extrava- gance. ProtogenIa, a daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha. She was liclovcd by Jupiter. l)v whom she had .Kthlius, the father of Endymion. Jpollod. 1, c. 7. — Paus. 5, c. 1. — Ht/^in.. fab. 155. Another, [fid. Pro- togenea. ] PamoMrDDsA, one of the Nereides, called Protomdia by Ilcsiod. Th. 245. PaoxENc s, a Bceotian of great authority at Thebes, in tlic age of Xenophon. I'Uyeen. A writer who publistied hbtoricai ac- counts of .Spaita. Alhcn. PRrnENTir-!, Aureliiis Clemens, a Latin poet who florished .\. D. 392, and was suc- cessively a Mjldier, an advocate, and a judge. His poems are numerous, and all theological, devoid of the elegance and purity of the .Au- gustan ape, and yet greatly valued. 'Ilie best editions arc the Delphin, -Itn. Paris 1687 ; that of Cellariu;, 12mo. Ilala: 1 7a~ ; and that of Panna. 2 vols. -Ito. 1 78rt. PRUMsinEs. a king of Corinth. Pri sa, a town of Bitliynia. built by king Pnisias, from whom it received its name. Strah. 12 IHiii. 10, cp. 10". Prusjbi s, Dion, florished .\. D. 105. Pbcsias, a king of liithynia, who florished 221 B.C. .\noiher, surnamed I'cna- tor, who made an alliance with the Ro- man'* when they waged war with .Antio- chus, king of .Syria. He gave a kind re- ception tu Annibal. .-uid by his ailvice he made war against Kuinencs, king of Perga- mus, and dcfeate, 50 of which were chosen from each tribe. When tlu-y were elected, Uic names of tlie 10 tribes of Alliens were thrown into one vessel, anil in another were placed nine black l>cans and a white one. The tribe whose name was draw n with the white bean, presided the first, and tiie rest in the order in which they were drawn. They presided each for ^5 days, as the year was divided into 10 parts; but it is unknown what tribe presided the rest of those days which were supernume- rary. When the number of tribes was in- creased to 12, each of the Prytanes presided one full month. Some of the principal magistrates of Corinth were also called Pry- tanes. Prttanis, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclidai. Paus. 2, c. 36. One of tlie friends of -tneas killed by Tumus. Virg. Mn. iJ, V. 767. PsAjUiiir, one of the Nereides, mother of Phocus by -Eacus, king of iEgina. AjmA- Icxi.S.C. 12. — (h-iJ. M,l. 11. V. 398.— /Vacr. V. 361. .\ daughter of Crotopus. king of ,\rgos. She became mother of Linus by A|)oUo, and to conct>al her shame from her fatlK'r, she exposed her child, which was founil by dogs and torn to pieces. Paus. I, c. H. A fountain and town of Thebes. Place. 1, V. 364. Psamatkos, a town and port of Laconia. Paus. 5, c 25. PsAMMENiTrs, succeeded his father -Ama- sfs on tlie throne of Egypt. Cambyscs made war aj;.iin.-.t him, and as he knew tl^at the Egyptians paid the greatest veneration to cats the Persian monarch placed some of these aninmls PS PT aninuils at the head of his army, and the enemy unable to defend themselves, and un- willing to kill those objects of adoration, were easily conquered. Psammenitus was twice beaten at Pelusium and in Memphis, and became one of the prisoners of Cambyses, who treated him with g)eat humanity. Psamme- nitus however raised seditions against the Persian monarch ; and attempted to make the Egyptians rebel, for which he was put to deadi by drinking bull's blood. He had reigned about six months. He florished about 525 years before tlie Christian era. Hcrodot. 5, c. 10, &c. PsAMMETicHus, a king of Egypt. He was one of the 12 princes who shared the kingdom among tliemselves; but as he was more popular than the rest, he was banished from liis dominions, and retired into the marshes near the sea-shore. A descent of some of the Greeks upon Egypt, proved favorable to his cause ; he joined the enemy, and defeated the 1 1 princes who had expelled him from the country. He rewarded • the Greeks, by whose valor he had recovered Egypt, he allotted them some territory on the sea-coast, patronized the liberal arts, and en- couraged commerce among his subjects. He made useless enquiries to find the sources of the Nile, and he stopped by bribes and money, a large army of Scythians that were marching against him. He died G17 years before the Christian era, and was buried in Minerva's temple at Sais. During his reign there was a contention among some of the neighbour- ing nations about the antiquity of their language. Psammetichus took a part in the contest. He confined two young children and fed them with milk ; the shepherd to whose care they were entrusted, was ordered never to speak to them, but to watch dili- gently their articulations. After some time the shepherd observed, that whenever he en- tered the place of their confinement they re- peatedly exclaimed Beccos, and he gave in- formation of this to the monarch. Psamme- tichus made enquiries, and found that the word Beccos signified bread in the Phoenician language, and from that circumstance, there- fore, it was universally concluded that the language of Phoenicia was of the greatest an- tiquity. Herodot. 2, c. 28, &c. — Poli/een. 8. — Strab. 16. A son of Gordius, brother to Periander, who held tlie tyranny at Corinth for three years, B. C. 584. Aristot. Polit. 5, c. 12. PsAMMis, or PsAMMUTHJs, a king of Egypt, B. C. 376. PsAPHis, a town on the confines of Attica and Boeotia. There was there an oracle of Amphiaraus. PsAPHo, a Libyan wlio taught a number of iirds which he kept, to say, PsapJto is a god, jnd afterwards gave them their liberty. The Bu-ds did not forget the words which tliey 645 had been taught, and the Africans paid divine honors to Psapho. ^lian. PsECAs, one of Diana's attendant nymphs. Ovid. Met. 3. Psopins, a town of Arcadia near the river Erymanthus, whose name it originally bore, and afterwards that of Phegia. Stat. Th. 4, V. 296. —Pans. 8, c. 24. — Ovid. Met. 5, V. 607. — A river and town of Elis A daughter of Eryx A town of Acamania. Another of Libya. Psyche, a nymph whom Cupid married and carried into a place of bliss, where he long enjoyed her company. Venus put her to death because she had robbed tlie world of her son ; but Jupiter at the request of Cupid, granted immortality to Psyche. The word signifies the soul, and this personification of Psyche first mentioned by Apuleius is pos- terior to the Augustan age, though still it is connected with ancient mythology. Psyche is generally represented with the wings of a butterfly to intimate the lightness of the soul, of which the butterfly is the symbol, and on that account, among the ancients, when a man had just expired, a butterfly appeared fluttering above, as if rising from the mouth of the deceased. PsYCHRUs, a river of Thrace. When sheep drank of its waters they were said always to bring forth black lambs. Aristot. PsYLLi, a people of Libya near the Syrtes, very expert in curing the venomous bite of serpents, which had no fatal effect upon them. Strah. 17. — Bio. 51, c. 14 Li/can. 9, V. 894, 937. — Herodot. 4, c. 173. — Pans. 9, c. 28. Pteleum, a town of Thessaly on the bor- ders of Boeotia. Lucan. 6, v. 852. — Li%>. 35, c. 43. Pterelaus, a son of Taphius, presented with immortality from Neptune, provided he kept on his head a yellow lock. His daugh- ter cut it off, and he died. He reigned at Taphos in Argos, &c. ApoUod. 2, c. 4. Pteria, a well fortified town of Cappado- cia. It was in the neighbourhood, according to some, that Croesus was defeated by Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 76. Ptolederma, a tovm of Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 27. PT0LEM.iEUM, a Certain place at Athens dedicated to exercise and study. Cic. 5, de Jin. Ptolemjkus, 1st, sumamed in^i, a king of Egypt, son of Arsinoe, who, when preg- nant by Philip of Macedonia, married Lagus, a man of mean extraction. [Vid. Lagus.] Ptolemy was educated in tlie court of the king of Macedonia, he became one of the friends and associates of Alexander, and when tliat monarch invaded Asia, the son of Ar- sinoe attended him as one of his generals. During the expedition, he behaved with un- common valor ; he killed one of the Indian T t 5 ' monarchs P T PT mouarchs in single combat, and it was to his prudence and courage that Alexander was indebted for tiie reduction of the rock Aornus. After the conqueror's death, in the general division of the Macedonian empire, Ptolemy obtained as his share the go%emment of Egypt, with Libya, and pjirt of the neigh- bouring territories of Arabia. In this ap- pointment the governor soon g:iined the esteem of the people by acts of kindness, by benevo- lence, and clemency ; and though he did not a^iume the title of independent monarch till 1 9 years after, yet he was so firmly established, that tlie attempts of Perdiccas to drive him away from liis possessions proved abortive ; and Ptolemy, after tlie murder of his rival by Grecian soldiers, might have added the king- dom of Macedonia to his Egyptian territo- ries. He made himself master of Ccelosyria, Phdenicia, and the neighbouring coast of Syria, and wlicn lie had reduced Jerusalem, he carried about 100,0)0 prisoners to Egypt, to people the extensive city of Alex{tndria, which becan\e the capital of his dominions. After he had rendered these prisoners the most attached and faithful of his subjects by his liberality and tlie grant of privileges, Ptolemy assumed the title of king of Egypt, and soon after reduced Cyprus under his power. He made war with success against Dv-'metrius and Antigonus, who disputed his rigiit to the provinces of Syria ; and from the assistance he gave to the people of Rhodes against their common enemies, he received the name of Soter. While he extended his dominions, Ptolemy was not negligent of the advantages of liis people. The bay of .\lex- an;{ria being dangerous of access, he built a tower to conduct the sailors in the obscurity of the night, [yij. Pharos.] and tliat his subjects might be acquaintetl with literature, lie laid the foundation of a library, which, under the succeeding reigns became the most celebrated in the world. lie also esta- blished in the capital of his dominions a so- ciety called musium, of which the members maiutained at the public expence, were cm- ployed in philosophical researches, and in the advancement of science and the liberal arts. Ptolemy died in the 84th year of his age, at\er ,i reign of .j'J years, about 2H1 year* be- fore Christ. lie was succeeded by hi> son Ptolemy Philadelphus. whu had been his partner on the thr>)ne tJie last ten years of his reign. Ptolemy Lagus ii.as been commeftded for his abilities, not only as a sovereign, but as a writer, and among the many valuable compositions which have been lost, we are to lament an liistory of Alcxandir t'le Great, by die king of Egypt, greatly admired and va- lued for elegance and authenticity. All his siiccPs.sors were called I'loltniics from him. Patis. \0, c. 7. — Justin. 1", 6cc. — r,H'iyb. -. '^/trrian. — Curt Pl'ut. in Aiix. 'llie 2d, Kon of Ptolemy the first, succeeded his fithcr 646 on tlie Egyptian throne, and was called Phi- ladelphus by anliphrasis, because he killed two of his brothers. He shewed himself worthy in every respect to succeed his great father, and conscious of the advantages which arise from an alliance with powerful nations, he sent ambassadors to Italy to solicit the friend- ship of the Romans, whose name and military reputation had become imiversally known for the victories which they had just obtained over Pyrrhus and the Tarentines. His ambassa- dors were received with marks of the greatest attention, and immediately after four Roman senators came to Alexandria, where tliey gained the admiration of the monarch and of his subjects, and by refusing the crowns of gold and the rich presents which were offered to them, convinced the world of the virtue and of the disinterestedness of their nation. But while Ptolemy strengthenetl himself by alli- ances with foreign powers, the internal peace of his kingdom was disturbed by the revolt of Magas his brother, king of Cyrene. llie se- dition however was stopped, though kindled by Antiodius, king of Syria, and the death of the rebellious prince re-established peace for some time in the family of Philadelphus. Antiochus the Syrian king, married Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy, and tlie father, though old and infirm, conductcetrayed the same vices which had characterised his fa- ther ; the counsels of Aristomenes were des- pised, and the minister who for ten years had gorerned the kingdom with equity and mo. deration, was sacrificed to the caprice of the sovereign, who abhorred him for the salutary atli ve.ir of his age when he as- cended the t'lrone, and during his minority the kingdom was governed by his moUier. au soon comprehended by Piiilonietor, and whea he saw that i'elusium, tlie key of Egypt, hail re- mained in tlie hands of his ^yrlan ally, he recalled his broUier Piiyscon, and made him partner on the Uirone, and concerted witli him how to repel their co.mnon enemy. This union of interest in the two royal bro- thers incensed -Vntiochus; he entered Egypt witl» a large army, hut the Uoniaus checked his progress and obliged him to retire. No sooner were U\ey delivered from the impend- 0'48 ing war, than Philometorxnd Physcon, whoiu the fear of danger had united, began with mu- tual jealousy to oppose eac!i other's views. Physcon was at last banislied by the superior power of his brother, and as he could find no support in Egypt, he immediately repaired to Rome. To excite more eflectuaily the com- passion of the Romans, and to gain tbcir as- sistance, he appeared in the meanest dress, and took his residence in the most obscure comer cf the city. He received an audience from the senate, and the Romans fettled tlie dispute between tlie two royal brothers, by making them indep<~ndent of one another, and giving tlie govcniment of Libya and Cy- rene to Physcon, and confirming Philometor in the possession of Egj^it, and the island of Cyprus. 'ITiese terms of accommodation were gladly accepted, but Physcon soon claimed tlie dominion of ( 'yprus, and in this he was supported by tlie Romans who wished to aggrandize themselves by the diminution of the Egyptian power. Philometor rcfuM^l to deliver up tile island of ( yprus, and to call away his brotlier's attention, he fomented the needs of rebellion in Cyrene. Hut the deatli of Philometor, 1 15 years before tlic Chris- tian era, left Physcon master of Egypt and all tlie dependent provinces. Philometor has been commended by some historians for his clemency and moderation. iJiod. — Liv. — Polyb Ilie Ttli Ptolemy, sumamed Physcon, on account of tlie prominence of his belly, aae'ended tJie throne of Egypt after the death of his broUier Philometor, and as he had reigned for some tiuie conjointly with him, [ytd. Ptolemxus l>tiij. his suc- cession was approved, tl.oiigh the wife and die son of tlie dexeased monarch laid claim to the crown. Cleopatra was supported in her claims by the Jews, and it was at last agreed that Physcon siiould marry tlie queen, and til at her son should succet'd on the throne at his death. The nuptials were ac- cordingly celebrated, but on that very daj the tyrant murdered Cleopatra's son in her axms. He ordered himself to be called Ev-.Tcftcs, but the .Mexandrians refused to do it, and stigmatized him with the appella- tion of Kakfrgt-trs, or evil doer, a surname which he deserved by his tyranny and oppret- sion. A series of barbarity rendered him odious, but as no one attempted to rid Egypt of her tyranny, the Alexandrians abandoned their habitations, and Hcd from a place which continually streamed with tlie blood of their massacred fellow citizens. If tlieir migra- tion proved fatal to the commerce and proff- perity of .Alexandria, it was of the tnost ea- sential service to tlic countries where they re- tired; and tlie numbers of Egyptians that sought a safer asylum in Greece and .V&ia. in- troduccMi among tlie inhabitants of tliosc coun- tries tlie difl'erent profe-ssions that were prac- tised with success in the capital of Lgypt- Physcon endeavoured to rc-peoplc the city which PT PT which his cruelty had laid desolate ; but the tear of sharing the fate of the former inha- bitants, prevailed more than the promise of riches, rights, and immunities. Tlie king at last disgusted with Cleopatra, repudiated her, and married her daughter by Philometor, called also Cleopatra. He still continued to exercise the greatest cruelty upon his sub- jects, but the prudence and vigilance of his ministers kept the people in tranquillity, till all Egypt revolted when the king had basely murdered all the young men of Alexandria. Without friends or support in Egypt he fled to Cyprus, and Cleopatra the divorced queen ascended the throne. In his banishment Phys- con dreaded lest the Alexandrians should also place the crown on the head of his son, by his sister Cleopatra, who was then governor of Cyrene, and under these apprehensions he sent for the young prince, called Memphitis, to Cyprus, and murdered him as soon as he jeached the shore. To make the barbarity more complete he sent the limbs of jNIem- phitis to Cleopatra, and they were received as the queen was going to celebrate her birth- day. Soon after this he invaded Egypt with an army, and obtained a victory over tlie forces of Cleopatra, who, being left without friends or assistance, fled to her eldest daugh- ter Cleopatra, who had married Demetrius king of Syria. This decisive blow restored Physcon to his throne, where he continued to reign for some time, hated by his subjects, and feared by his enemies. He died at Alexandria in the fi7th year of his age, after a reign of 29 years, about 1 16 years before Christ. Some authors have extolled Phys- con for his fondness for literature ; they have observed, that from his extensive knowledge he was called the philoLmist, and that he wTote a comment upon Homer, besides an history in 24 books, admired for its elegance, and often quoted by succeeding authors whose pen was employed on the same subject. Diod. — Jusd/i. 38, &c. — Athen. 2. — Porphyr. The 8th, sufiiamed Lathyrus, from an excrescence like a pea on the nose, suc- ceeded his father Physcon as king of Egypt. He had no sooner ascended the throne, than his mother Cleopatra, who reigned conjoint- ly with him, expelled him to Cyprus; and placed the crown on the head of his brother Ptolemy Alexander, her favorite son. La- thyrus, banished from Egypt, became king of Cyprus; and soon after he appeared at the head of a large army, to make war against Alexander Jannceus, king of Juda;a, through whose assistance and intrigue he had been ex- pelled by Cleopatra. The Jewish monarch was conquered, and 50,000 of his men were left on the field of battle. Lathyrus, after he had exercised tlie greatest cruelty upon the Jews, and made vain attempts to recover the kingdom of Egypt, retired to Cyprus till the death of his brother Alexander restored him to his native dominions. Some of the cities 619 of Egypt refused to acknowledge him as their sovereign ; and Thebes, for its obstinacy, wan closely besieged for tliree successive years, and from a powerful and populous city, it was reduced to ruins. In the latter part of his reign Lathyrus was called upon to assist the Romans with a navy for the conquest of Athens ; but LucuUus, who had been sent to obtain the wanted supply, though received vi'ith kingly honors, was dismissed with eva- sive and unsatisfactory answers, and the mo- narch refused to part with troops which he deemed necessary to preserve the peace of his kingdom. Lathyrus died 81 years before the Christian era, after a reign of 36 years, since the death of his father Physcon, eleven of which he had passed with his mother Cleo- patra on the Egyptian throne, eighteen in Cyprus, and seven after his mother's death. He was succeeded by his only daughter Cleo- patra, whom Alexander, the son of Ptolemjr Alexander, by means of the dictator Sylla, soon after married and murdered. Joseph. Hist. — Justin. 39. — Plut. in Luc. — Ap- pian. in Milhrid. The 9th. [ Vid. Alex- ander Ptolemy 1st; — for the 10th Ptolemy, vid. Alexander Ptolemy 2d ; — for the 11th, vid. Alexander Ptolemy 3d.] The 12th, the illegitimate son of Lathyrus, ascended the throne of Egypt at the death of Alexan- der 5d. He received the surname of Auletes, because he played skilfully on tlie flute. His rise showed great marks of prudence and cir- cumspection; and as his predecessor by his will had left the kingdom of Egypt to the Romans, Auletes knew that he could noi be fii-mly established en his throne, without the approbation of the Roman senate. He was successful in his applications, and Caesar, who was then consul, and in want of money, established his succession, and granted him the alliance of the Romans, after he had received the enormous sum of about a mil- lion and 162,5001. sterling. But these mea- sures rendered him unpopular at home, and when he had suffered the Romans quietly to take possession of Cyprus, tlie Egyptians re- volted, and Auletes was obliged to fly from his kingdom, and seek protection among the most powerful of his allies. His complaints were heard at Rome, at first with indiflbrence, and the murder of 100 noblemen of iVlexan- dria, whom the Egyptians had sent to justify their proceedings before the Roman senate, rendered him unpopular and suspected. Pom- pey, however, supported his cause, and the senators decreed to re-ehtablish Auletes on his throne ; but as they proceeded slowly in the execution of their plans, the monarch retired from Rome to Ephesus, where he lay con- cealed for some time in the temple of Diana. During his absence from Alexandria, his daughter Berenice had made herself absolute, and established herself on the throne by a marriage wi til Archelaus, a priest of Bellona'. temple at Comana; but she was soon driven from PT from Egypt, when Gabinius at the head of a Roman army, approached to replace Auletes on his throne. Auletes was no sooner re- stored to power, than he sacrificed to his am- bition his daughter Berenice, and beliaved with the greatest ingratitude and porfidy to Rabirius, a Roman who had supplieil him with money when exi)elicd from his king- dom. Auletes died four years after his re- storation, about 51 years before the Christian era. He left two sons and two daughters; and by his will ordered tlie eldest of his sons to marry the eldest of his sisters, and to a.sar. A prae- tor who conquered Pala-polis. He was only a pU!)cian, and thowgli neither consul nor dictator, he obtained a triumph in spite of the opposition of the senators. He was the first who was honored with a triumph during a prsBtor^^liip. A Uoman consul who de- feated the Latins, and was made diitator. A Roman tiattercr in the court of Ti- berius. .\ tribune who accused Maniius, &c. PudIcTtia, a goddess who, as her name impli^, presided over chastity. She had two temples at Rome. Fcstus de f. sig. — Ln: 10, e. 7. PtrLCHi":RiA, a daughter of the emperor Theodosius the Great, famous for her piety, moderation, and virtues. A daughter of Arcadius, who held the government of the Roman empire for many years. She was mother of \'alentinian. Her piety, and her priv.ate as well as public virtues have been universally admired. She died A. D. IVJ, and was interred at Ravenna, where her tomb is still to bo seen. A sister of Theo- dosius, who reigned absolute for some time in the Roman empire. PitLCHRiM, a promontory near Carthage, now Hnsafruii. Liv. 29. c. '21. PuLLL's, a surname of Niunitorius. PuNldM bKLLLM. Tlie first Punic war was underuken by the Romans against Car- thage, B. C. L'6 J. The ambition of Rome was tlje origin of tliis war. I'or upwards of 2-10 years, the two nations hatl beheld with secret jealousy each other's power, but they had totally eradicated every cause of con- tention, by settling, in three different trea- ties, tlie boundaries of their respective tcrri- torits, ll'c number of their allies, and how far one nation might sail in the .Alediterraiuan without giving oHl-nce to the other. Sicily, an island of the highest consequence to the Carthaginians as a commerci.-.l nation, was the seat of the first dissensions. The Mamer- tini, a body of Italian mercenaries, were appointed by the king of Synicuse to guard the town of Messana. Init this tumultuous tribe, instead of protecting tlie citizens, basely ma-ssacred them, and seized their pos- sessions. Tliis act of crjclty raised the indignation of all the Sicilians, and Hiero, king of Syracuse, who had employed them, prepared to punish tlicir perfidy ; and the Mamertini, besieged in 3Iessana, and with- out friends or resources, resolved to throw themselves for protection into the hands of 652 the first power that could relieve them. They were, however, divided in their senti- ments, and while some imploretl the assistance of Carthage, others called upon the Romans for protection. Without hesitation or delay, the Carthaginians entered Messana, and the Romans also hastened to give to the Mamer- tini that aid which had been claimed from them with as much eagerness as from tJie Carthaginians. At the approach of the Roman troops, the Mamertini, who had im- plored tlieir assistance, took up arms, and forced the Carthaginians to evacuate Mes- sana. Fresh forces were poured in on every side, and though Carthage secined superior in arms, and in resources, yet the valor and intrepidity of the Romans daily appeared more formidable, and Hiero, the Syracusan king who hitherto had embraced the interest of tlie Carthaginians, became the most faith- ful ally of the republic. From u private quarrel the war became general. The Ro- mans obtained a victory in .Sicily, but as their enemies were masters at sea, the advantages which they gained were small and incon- siderable. To make themselves equal to their adversaries, they aspiretl to the dominion of the sea, and in sixty days timber was cut down, and a fleet of 120gallies completely manned and provisioned. The successes they met with at sea were trivial, and little ad- vantage could be gained over an enemy that were sailors by actual practice and long ex- perience. Duilius at last obtained a vic- tory, and he was the first Roman who ever received a triumph after a naval battle. The losses which they had already sustained in- duced the Cartiiaginians to sue for peace, and the Romans whom an unsuccessful descent upon Africa, under Rcgulus, [Vid. Rcgulus.J had rendered diffident, listened to the proposal, and the first Punic war was con- cluded B. C. 241, on the follouing terms: — The Carthaginians pledged themselves to pay to tlie Romans, within twenty years, the sum of jOOO Euboic talents ; they promised to re- lease .all the Roman captives without ransom, to evacuate Sicily, and tlie other islands in the Mediti"rranean, and not to molest Hiero, king of .Syracuse, or his allies. After tJiis treaty, the Carthaginians, who had lost the dominion of .Sardinia and Sicily, made new conquests in Sjiain, and soon began to repair their losses by industry .and labor. They planted colonies, and secretly prepared to re- venge themselves upon their powerful rivals. 'Jlie Romans were not insensible of their successes in Spain, and to stop their progress tow;u-ds It.aly, tliey m.ade stipulations with the Carthaginians, by which they were not per- mitted to cross the Ibcrus, or to molest the cities of their allies the Saguntines. ITiis was for some time ob*rved, but when Annibal succeeded to the command of the Cartliaginian armies in Sjiain, he spumed the boundaries which the jealousy of Rome had set to his aims. PU PU anns, and he immediately formed the siege of Saguntum. The Romans were apprised of the hostilities wliich had been begun against their allies, but Saguntum was in the hands of the active enemy before they had taken any steps to oppose him. Complaints were carried to Carthage, and war was determined on by the influence of Anni- bal in the Carthaginian senate. With- out delay or diffidence, B. C. 218, Annibal marched a numerous army of 90,000 foot and 12,000 horse, towards Italy, resolved to carry on the war to the gates of Rome. He crossed the Rhone, the Alps, and the Apen- nines, with uncommon celerity, and the Ro- man consuls who were stationed to stop his progress, were severally defeated. The battles of Trebia, of Ticinus, and of the lake of Thrasymenus, threw Rome into the greatest apprehensions, but the prudence and the di- latory measures of the dictator Fabius, soon taught them to hope for better times. Yet the conduct of Fabius was universally cen- sured as cowardice, and the two consuls who succeeded him in the command, by pursuing a different plan of operations, soon brought on a decisive action at Cannas, in which 45,000 Romans were left in the field of battle. This bloody victory caused so much conster- nation at Rome, that some authors have de- clared that if Annibal had immediately marched from the plains of Cannas to the city, he would have met with no resistance, but -■ ould have terminated a long and dan- gerous war with glory to himself, and the most inestimable advantages to his country. This celebrated victory at Cannae left the con- queror master of two camps, and of an im- mense booty ; and the cities which had liither- to observed a neutrality, no sooner saw the defeat of the Romans, than they eagerly em- braced the interest of Carthage. The news of this victory was carried to Cartilage by Mago, and the Carthaginians refused to be- lieve it till three bushels of golden rings were spread before them, which had been taken from the Roman knights in the field of bat- tle. After tjiis Annibal called his brotlier Asdrubal from Spain with a large reinforce- ment; but the maixh of Asdrubal was inter- cepted by the Romans, his army was defeated, and himself slain. Affairs now had taken a different turn, and Marcellus who hatl the command of the Roman legions in Italy, soon taught his countrymen that Annibal was not invincible in the field. In different parts of the world the Romans were making very rapid conquests, and if the sudden ar- rival of a Carthaginian army in Italy at first raised fears and apprehensions, they were soon enabled to dispute vnth tlieir enemies for the sovereignty of Spain, and the domi- nion of the sea. Annibal no longer appeared formidable in Italy ; if he conquered towns in Campania or Magna Grascia, he remained 1 master of them only while his army hovered I 655 in the neighbourhood, and if he marched towards Rome the alann he occasioned was but tnomentary, the Romans were prepared to oppose hiin, and his retreat was therefore the more dishonorable. Tlie conquests of young Scipio in Spain had now raised the expectations of the Romans, and he had no sooner returned to Rome than he proposed to remove Annibal from the capital of Italy by carrying the war to the gates of Carthage. Tliis was a bold and hazardous enterprize, but though Fabius opposed it, it was universally approved by the Roman senate, and young Scipio was empowered to sail to Africa. The conquests of the young Roman were as rapid in Africa as in Spain, and the Carthaginians, apprehen- sive for the fate of their capital, recalled An- nibal from Italy, and preferred their safety at home, to the maintaining of a long and expensive war in another quarter of the globe. Annibal received their orders with indigna- tion, and with tears in his eyes he left Italy, where for 16 years he had known no su- perior in the field of battle. At his arrival in Afiica, the Carthaginian general soon collected a large army, and met his exulting adversary in the plains of Zama. The battle was long and bloody, and though one nation fought for glory, and the oilier for the dearer sake of liberty, the Romans ob- tained the victory, and Annibal, who had sworn eternal enmity to the gods of Rome, fled from Carthage after he had advised his countrymen to accept the terms of the con- queror. This battle of Zama was decisive, the Cai'thaginians sued for peace, which the haughty conquerors granted with difficulty. The conditions were these : Cailliage was permitted to hold all tlie possessions which she had in Africa before the war, and to be governed by her own laws and institu- tions. She was ordered to make restitution of all the ships and other effects which had been taken in violation of a truce tliat had been agreed upon by both nations. She was to surrender the whole of her fleet, ex- cept lOgallies; she was to release and de- liver up all the captives, deserters, or fu- gitives, taken or received during tlie war ; to indemnify Masinissa for all tlie losses which he had sustained; to deliver up all her elephants, and for the future never more to tame or break any more of these animals. She was not to make war upon any nation whatever, without tlie consent of the Romans, and she was to reimburse the Romans, to pay the sum of lO.OOO ulents, at the rate of 200 talents a year for fifty years, and she was to give up hos- tages from tke noblest families for the per- formance of these several articles ; and till the ratification of the treaty, to supply the Roman forces wdth money and provisions. These humiliating conditions were accepted 201 B. C. and immediately 4000 Roman capHves PU PU c8pQTe«were released, five IiundreU ;jal!.\*s were delirered and burnt on the spot, but the immediate exaction of 2CK> talents was more severely felt, and manj of the Car- thaginian senators burst into tears. During the 50 years which followed the conclusion vf the second Punic war, the Carthaginians were employed in repairing their losses by -inwearied application and industry; but Cficy found still in tlie Romans a jealous rival, and a haughty conqueror, and in Masinissa, the ally of Rome, an intrigu- ing and ambitious monarch, llie king of Nuraidia made himself master of one of their provinces ; but as they were unable to moke war without the consent of Rome, tlio Carthaginians sought relief by embassies, and made continual complaints in the Ro- man senate of the tyranny and oppression of Alasinissa. Commissioners were ap- pointed to examine the cause of their com- plaints; but as Masinissa was the ally of Rome, the interest of the Carthaginians was neglected, and whatever seemed to de- press their republic, was agre*^blc to the Ro- mans. Cato, who was in the number of the commissioners, examined the capital of Africa with a jealous eye ; he saw it with concern, rising as it were from its ruins ; and when he returned to Rome he declared in full senate, tliat the peace of Italy would never be established while Carthage was in being. The senators, however, were not guided by his opinion, and tlie ddcnda est Cnrthago of (^uto did not prevent the Romans from acting with moderation. But while the senate were debating about the existence of Carthage, and while they considered it as a dependent power, and not as an ally, the wrongs of Africa were without redress, and Masiniss* continued his depredations. Upon this the Carthaginians resolved to do their cause that justice which the Romans had denied them ; they Entered the field against the Nu- midiaiis. but they were defeated in a bloody battle by Masinissa, who was then 90 years old. In this bold measure they had broken the peace ; and as their late defeat had ren- dered them desperate, they hastened with all possible speed to the capital of luly to justify their proceedings, and to implore the for- glreness of the Homan senate. The news of Masinissa's victory bad already reached Italy, and immediately some forces were sent to Sicily, and from thence ordered to pass into Africa. The ambassadors of Carthage re- ceived evasive and unsatisfactory answers from the senate ; and when they saw the Romans landed at Utica, they resolved to purchase peace by the most submissive terms which even the most aljject slaves could offer. The Romans acted with the deepest policy, no declaration of war had been made, though hostilities appeared inevitable ; and in answer to the sutwnissive offers of Carthage the consuls replied, that to prevent every 654 CMiii of quarrel, the Carthaginians must deliver into their hands 300 hostages, all cliildren of senators, and of the most no- ble and respectable families. Tlie demand was great and alarming, but was no sooner granted, than the Romans n.<»de anotlier demand, and the Carthaginians were told that peace could not continue, if they re- fused to deliver up all their ships, their arms, engines of war, with all their naval and uiiliL-u-y stores. The Cnrthaginian* complied, and immediately 40,000 suits of armour, 20,O0O large engines of war. wi'.li •^ plentiful store of ammunition and nus- &i(e weapons were surrendered. After this duplicity had succeeded, the Romans laid tipen the final rcsolutioas of the senate, and the Carthaginians were then told that, to avoid hostilities, tb'ey must leave their an- cient habitations and retire into the inland p>arts of Africa, and found another city, at the distance of not less than ten miles from tlis sea. This was heard with horror and indig- nation ; the Romans were fixed and inexora- ble, and Carthage was tilled witli tears and lamentations. But the spirit of liberty and independence was not yet extinguislied in the capital of \frica, and the Carthaginians de- termined to sacritice their lives for the pro- tection of their gods, the tombs of their forefathers, and the place wiiich had given them binh. Before the Roman army ap- proached the city, preparations to support a siege were made, and the ramparts of Carthage «ere covered with stones, to com- pensate fi»r tlie weapons and instrument* of war which they had ignorantly betrayed to the duplicity of their enemies. Asdru- bal, whom the despair of bis countrymen had baniUied on account of tlie unsuccessful expedition against Masinissa, was immedi- ately recalled ; and. in the moment of danger, Carthage seemed to have possessed more spirit and more vigor, than when .\nmbal was victorious at the gates of Home. The town w;is blocked up by the Romans, and a regular siege begun. Two years were spent in useless operations, and Carthage seemed still able to rise from its ruins, to dispute for the empire of the world ; when .Scipio, the descendant of the great Scipio, who finished the second Punic war, was sent to conduct the siege. 'l"he vigor oC his operations sot>n baffled the edbrts. and the Iwld resistance of the besieged ; the com- munications which they had with tJie land were cut otf, and the city which was twenty miles in circumference, was completely sur- rounded on all sides by the enemy. Despair and famine now raged in the city, and Sciph> gained access to the city walK wiiere th« battlements were low and unguarded. His entrance into the streets was disputed witJi uncommon fury, the houses as he advanced were set on fire to stop his progress ; but when a Inxly of 50,000 petvoiu of either hex. had PU P Y had claimed quarter, the rest of the inhabi- tants were disheartened, and such as disdained to be prisoners of war, perished in the flames, wtuch gradually destroyed their habitations, 147 B. C, after a continuation of hostilities for three years. During 17 days Carthage was in flames ; and the soldiers were per- mitted to redeem from the fire whatever pos- session they could. But while others pro- fited from the destruction of Carthage, the philosophic general, struck by the melancholy aspect of the scene, repeated two lines from Homer, which contained a prophecy concern- ing the fall of Troy. He was asked by the historian Polybius, to what he then applied his prediction ? To my country, replied Scipio, for her too I dread the vicissitude of human affairs, and m her turn she may exhibit another flaming Carthage. This remarkable event "happened about the year of Rome 606. The news of this victory caused the greatest re- joicings at Rome j and immediately com- missioners were appointed by the Roman senate, not only to raze the walls of Carthage, but even to demolish and burn the very ma- terials with which they were made : and in a few days, that city which had been once the seat of commerce, the model of magnificence, the common store of the wealth of nations, and one of the most powerful states of the world, left behind no traces of its splendor, of its power, or even of its existence. Folyb, — Orosius. — Ajypiaiu de Punic, ^c. — Flor. — Plut. in Cat. &c. — Strab. — Liv. Epit. — Biod. PupiA LEX de senatu, required that the senate should not be assembled from the 18th of the calends of February to the calends of the same month, and that before the embas- sies were either accepted or rejected, the se- nate should be held on no account. Pu?i£nus, Marcus Claudius Maximiis, a nvan of an obscure family, who raised himself by his merit to the highest offices in the Ro- man armies, and gradually became a praetor, consul, prefect of Rome, and a governor of the provinces. His father was a blacksmith. After the death of the Gordians, Pupienus was elected with Balbinus to the imperial throne, and to rid the world of the usurpa- tion and tyranny of the Maximini, he imme- diately marched against these tyrants ; but he was soon informed that they had been sacri- ficed to the fury and resentment of their own soldiers ; and therefore he retired to Rome to enjoy the tranquillity which his merit claimed. He soon after prepared to make war against the Persians, who insulted the majesty of Rome, but in this he was prevented, and massacred A.D. 256, by the prtetorian guards. Balbinus shared his fate. Pupienus is some- times called Mazimus. In his private cha- racter he appeared always grave and serious, he was the constant friend of justice, mode- ration and clemency, and no greater enco- mium, can be passed upon bis vialues, than t.o 655 say that he was invested with the purple with- out soliciting for it, and that the Roman se- nate said that they had selected him from thousands because they knew no person more worthy or better qualified to support the dig- nity of an emperor. Pi;pius, a centurion of Pompey's army, seized by Caesar's soldiers, &c. C(Es. B.G.I, c. 13. Purvius, a tragic poet in the age of J. Csesar. His tragedies were so pathetic, that when they were represented on tlie Ro- man stage, the audience melted into tears, from which circumstance Horace calls them lacrymosa, 1, ep.- 1, v. 67. PurpubXri^, two islands of the At- lantic on the African coast, now JLanca- rota and Fortaventura. Plin. 6, c. 51. 1. 35, c. 6. PuTEOLi, a maritime town of Campania, between Baite and Naples, founded by a co- lony from CumsB. It was originally called Dicaearchia, and afterwards Puteoli, from the great number of wells tliat were in the neigh- bourhood. It was much frequented by the Romans, on account of its mineral waters and hot baths, and near it Cicero had a villa called Puteolanum. It is now called Puzzoli, and contains, instead of its ancient magnificence, not more than 10,000 inhabitants. Sil. 13, v. 385. — Strab. 5. — Varro, L. L. 4, c. 5. — Cic. Phil. 8, c. 3. Jam. 15, cji. 5.— Mela, 2, c. 4. — Paus. 8, c. 7. PuTicijL^, a place near the Esquiline gate, where the meanest of the Roman populace were buried. Part of it was converted into a garden by Mecaenas, who received it as a pre- sent from Augustus. Horat. 1, Sat. 8, v. 8. — Varro. L.L. 4, c. 5. Pyanepsia, an Athenian festival cele- brated in honor of Theseus and his com- panions ; who, after their return from Crete, were entertained with all manner of fruits, and particularly pulse. From this circum- stance, the Pyanepsia was e\ cr after comme- morated by the dioi'/m^ o/'/^u^se, ocrx '-'J i-ipiit "jrvctva.. Some however supposfe, tnat it was observed in commemoration of tlie Heraciids, who were entertained with pulse by the Athenians. Pydna, a town of Macedonia, originally called Citron, situate between the mouth of the rivers Aliacmon and Lydius. It was in this city that Cassander massacred Olympias the mother of Alexander the Great, his wife •Roxane, and his son Alexander. Pj-dna is famous for a battle which was fought there, on the 2i'd of June, B. C. 168, between the Romans under Paulus, and king Perseus in which the latter was conquered, and Mace- donia soon after reduced to the form of a Ro- man province.- Justin. 14, c. 6. — Flor. — Plut. m Paul. — Liu. 44, c. 10. PvGiLA, a sea-port town of Ionia. Liv. 37, c. 11. Pvtiii^*;!, a nation of dwarfs, in the ex- tremest PY P Y uemest parts of India, or according to others, I of that name in Cyprus. Ovid. Mel. JO, ill .Ethiopia. Some authors aflBnn that they \fab. 9. were no more thau one foot high, and that I Pylades, a son of Strophius, king of they built their houses with egg shells. Aris- Phocis, by one of the sisters of Agamemnon. totle says that they lived in holes under tlie He was educated, togetlier with liis cousin ■ ■ ■ ■ ■'^ -^ -' Orestes, witli whom he fonned tlie most in- violable friendship, and whom he assisted to revenge tlie murder of Agamemnon, by as- sassinating Clyteinnestra and ^Egysthus. He earth, and that they came out in the harvest time with hatchets to cut down the corn as if to fell a forest They went on goats and lambs of proportionable stature to tliem- selves, to make war against certain birds, whom some call cranes, wliich came there yearly from Scythia to plunder them. They were oriJ. PvLos, now 2^uv:i>-in, a town of Me&- scnia, situate on the western coast of the Pelo- ponnesus, opposite the island Sphacteria in the Ionian P Y P Y Ionian sea. It was also called Coryphasiua from the promontory on which it was erected. It was built by Pylus, at tlie head of a colony from Megara. The founder was dispossessed of it by Neleus, and fled into F.lis, where he ^'dwelt in a small town which he also called Pyios. A town of Elis, at the mouth of the river Alpheus, between the Peneus and the Seileis. Another town of Elis called Triphyluicha, from Triphylia, a province of Elis, where it was situate. These three cities, which bore the name of Pylos, disputed their respective right to the honor of having given birth to the cele- lebrated Nestor, son of Neleus. The Pylos, which is situate near the Alpheus, seems to win the palm, as it had in its neighbour- hood a small village called Geranus, and a river called Geron, of which Homer makes mention. Pindar, however, calls Nestor king of Messenia, and therefore gives the preference to the first mentioned of these three cities. Apollod. I, c. 19. 1. 3, c. 15. — Paus. 1, c. 59. — Slrab. 9. — Homer. II. 2, Od. 3. Pylus, a town. [ Vid. Pylos.] A son of Mars by Denionice, the daughter of Age- nor. He was present at the chase of the Calydonian boar. Apollod. 1. Pyra, part of mount CEta, on which the body of Hercules was burnt. I.iv. 36, c. 30. Pyracmon, one of Vulcan's workmen in the forges of mount ^Etna. Tlie name is derived from two Greek words which signify __^,-c.' and an anvil. Virg. A-ln. 8, v. 425. Pyrac.mos, a mail killed by Cseueus. Ovid. Met. il, v. 460. Pyr^ch.mfs, a king of Euboea. A king of Paeonia during the Trojan war. Pykamus, a youth of Babyioa, who be- came enamoured of Thisbe, a beautiful virgin, who dwelt in the neighbourhood. The flame was mutual, and the two lovers, whom their parents forbad to marry, regularly received each otlier's addresses through the ciu'nk of a wall, which separated their houses. After the most solemn vows of sincerity they both agreed to. elude the vigilance of their friends, and to meet one another at the tomb of Ninus, under a white mulberry-tree, without the walls of Babylon. Thisbe came first to the appointed place, but the sudden arrival of a lioness frightened her away ; and as she fled into a neighbouring cave she dropped her veil, which the lioness found and besmeared ivith blood. Pyramus soon arrived ; he found Tliisbe's veil all bloody^ and concluding that she had been torn to pieces by the wild, beasts of the place, he stabbed himself with his sword. Thisbe, when her fears were Tanished, returned from the cave, and at the sight of the dying Pyramus, she fell upon the sword which still reeked with his blood. This tragical scene happened under a white mulberry-tree, which, as the poets mention, was stained with the 657 blood of the lovers, and ever after bore fruit of the color of Mood. Ovid. Met. 4, V. 55, &c. — Jli/gin. fab. 245. — — A river of Cilicia, rising in mount Taurus, and falling into the Pamphylian sea. Cic. o.fam. 11. — Uioni/s. I'erieg. Pyren^a Venus, a town of Gallia Nar- bonensis. Pyben/ei, a mountain, or a long rid"-e of high mountains, which separale tiaul from Spuiu, and extend from the i\tlautic to thfe Mediterranean sea. They receive their name from Pyreue the daughter of Bebrycius, [Vid. Pyrene,] or from the fire (5^-^) wliich once raged there for s».'veral days. This fire was originally kindled by sheplierds, and so intense was tlie heat which it occasioned, tiiat all the silver mines of the mountains were melted, and ran down in large rivulets. This account is deemed fabulous by Strabo and others. Diodi 5. — Strab. 3. —Mda, 2, c. 6. — Ital. 3, V. 415. —Xit;. 21, c. GO Flat. 4, c. 20. Pyben.«:us, a king of Thrace, who, during a shower of rain, gave shelter in his house to the nine muses, and attempted to ofler them violence. The goddesses upon this took to their wings and flew away. Pyrenaus, who attempted to follow them, as if he. had wings, threw himself down from the top of a tower and was killed. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 274. Pyrene, a daughter of Bebiycius king of the southern parts of Spain. Hercules of- fered violence to her before he wi.nt to attack Gei-yon, and she brought into the world a serpent, which so terrified her, that she fled into the woods, where she was torn to pieces by wild beasts. A nymph, motlier of Cycnus by Mars. Apollod. .V fountain near Corinth. A small village in Celtic Gaul, near which, according to some, the river Ister took its rise. Pyrui, an ancient town of Etruria, on the sea coast. Virg. Al^n. 10, v. J 84 Liv- 3t>, c. 5. Pyruion, an historian who wrote on the laws of Crete. Allien. Pyrgo, the nm-se of Priam's children wlio followed JEneas in his flight from 'I'roy. Virg. jEn. 5, v. 645. Pyrgoteles, a celebrated engraver on gems in the age of Alexander the Great. He had the exclusive privilege of engraving the conqueror, as Lysippus was the only sculptor who was permitted to make statues of him. Plin. 37, c. 1. Pyrgus, a fortified place of Elis in tlie Peloponnesus. Pyripfe, a daughter of Thespius. Pyro, one of tlie Oceanides. Hesiod. Pvrodes, a son of Cilix, said to be the first who discovered and applied to human pur- poses the fire concealed in flints. Plin. 7, c. 5G. Pvrois, one of the horses of tlie sun. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 155. U U PVUO.SIA, PY P Y Ptronla, a surname of Diana. Paus. 8, c. 16. Pyrrha, a daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora, vrho married Deucalion, the son of Prometheus, who reigned in Thessaly. In her age all mankind were destroyed by a de- lun'e, and she alone, with her husband, escaped from the general destruction, by saving them- selves in a boat which Deucalion had made by his father's advice. When the waters had retired from the surface of the earth, Pyrrha, with her husband, went to the oracle of The- mis, where they were directed, to repair tlie loss of mankind, to tlirow stones behind Uieir backs. They obeyed, and the stones wliich Pyrrha threw were changed into women, and those of Deucalion into men. [Vid. Deuca- lion.] Pyrrha became mother of Amphictyon, Heilen, and Protogenea, by Deucalion. Ovid. Met. 1, V. 350, &c. — Hygin. fab. 155. — ApoUon. JRbod. 3, v. 1085. — — A daughter of Creon, king of Thebes. Paus. 9, c. 10. The name which Achilles bore when he disguised himself in women's cloatbs, at tlie court of Lycomedes. Hffgin- fab. 96. A town of Euboea. Mela, % c. 7. A promontory of Fhthiotis, on the bay of Malia. A town of Lesbos. — — A beautiful courte- zan at Rome, of whom Horace was long an admirer, Horat. 1, od. 5. Ptrrheus, a place in the city of Ambra- cia. Liu. 38, c. 5. Ptrrhi castha, a place of Lucania. LU). 35, c. 27. Ptrrhias, a boatman of Ithaca, remarkable for his humanity. He delivered from slavery an old man wlio had been taken by pirates, and robbed of some pots full of pitch. The old man was so grateful for his kindness, tliat he gave the pots to his deliverer, after he had told him that they contained gold under tlie pitch. Pyrrhias, upon this, offered the sacrifice of a bull to the old man, aad retained him in his house, witli every act of kindness and attention, till the time of his death. Plut. in qufest. G. — — A gene- ral of the yEtolians, defeated by Philip, king of Macedonia. Pthrhicha, a kind of dance, said to be invented and introduced into Greece by Pyrrhus the son of Achilles. The dancers were generally armed. Plin. 7, c. 56. PrRHHicns, a free town of Laconia. Paus. 3, c. 21. — Alhen. 14. PvRRUin^, a patronymic given to the suc- cessors of Neoptolemus in Epirus. Pyrrho, a philosopher of Elis, ditciple to Anaxarchus, and originally a painter. His father's name was Plistarchus, or Pistocrates. He was in continual suspense of judgment; he doubted of every thing, never made any conclusions, and when he had carefully ex- amined a subject, and investigated all its p.irts, he concluded by still doubting of its evidence. Tliis manner of doubting in tlie philosopher has been called Pyrrhonism, and bis disciples b'58 have received tiie appellation of sceptics, in- quisitors, examiners, &c. He pretended to have acqtiired an uncommon dominion over opinion and passions. The former of these virtues he called atararia, and the latter ma- triojmtliia, and so far did he carry his want of conMnon feeling and sympathy, that be passed with uncoucern near a ditch, in which his master Anaxarchus had fallen, and where he nearly perished. He was once in a storm, and when all hopes were vanished, and destruction certain, the philosopher remained unconcerned ; and while the rest of the crew were lost in lamentations, he plainly told them to look at a pig which was then feeding himself on board the vessel, ex- claiming, 2'his is a true model for a irijc mart. As he showed so much indifference in every thing, and declared that life and death were the same thing, some of his disciples asked him, why he did not hurry himself out of the world; because, says he, there is no difference between life and death. When he waiked in the streets he never looked behind, or moved from the road for a chariot, even in its most rapid course ; and, indeed, as some authors remark, this indif- ference for his safety often exposed him to the greatest and most imminent dangers, from which he was saved by the inter- ference of his friends who followed him. He florishcd B. C. 504, and died at the advanced age of 90. He left no writings behind him. HLs countrymen were so par- tial to him that they raised statues to his memory, and exempted all the philosophers of Elis from taxes. Diog. 9. — Cic. de Oral. 3, c. 1 7. — JuL Gel. 11, c. 5. — Paus. 6, c 24. PraRHDs, a son of Achilles and Deidamia, the daughter of king Lycomedes, who re- ceived this name from the yellownest of his hair. He was also called Neoptolemus, or new warrior, because he came to the Trojan \var in the last year of the celebrated siege of the capital of Troas. [ Vid. Neoptolemus.] ■ A king of Epirus, dcscendetl from Achilles, by the side of his mother, and from Hercules, by that of his father, and son of iEacides and Phthia. He was saved when an infant, by the fidelity of his servants, from the pursuits of the enemies of Iiis father, who had been banished from his kingdom, and he was carried to the court of Glautias king of lUy- ricum, who educated him with great tender- ness. Cassander, king of Macedonia, wished to dispatcli him, as he had so much to dread from him ; but Glautias not only refused, to. deliver him up into tlie hands of his enemy, but he even went with an army and placed him on the throne of Epirus, though only 1 2 years of age. About fire years aller, the absence of Pyrrhus to attend the nuptials of one of the daughters of Glautias, raised new commotions. The monarch was expelled from his throne by Neoptolemus, wiio had usurped P Y P Y usurped it after the death of ^acidcs ; and being still without resources, he applied to his brother-in-law Demetrius for assistance. lie accompanied Demetrius at the battle of Ipsus, and fought there with all the prudence and intrepidity of an experienced general. He afterwards passed into Egypt, where by his marriage with Antigone the daughter of Be- renice, he soon obtained a sufficient forca to attempt the recovery of his throne. He was successful in the undertaking, but to remove all causes of quarrel, he took the usui^per to share with him the royalty, and some time after he put him to death under pretence that he had attempted to poison him. In tlie subsequent years of his reign, Pyrrhus en- gaged in the quarrels which disturbed the peace of the Macedonian monarchy ; he marched against Demetrius, and gave the Macedonian soldiers fresh proofs of his valor and activity. By dissimulation he ingratiated himself in the minds of his enemy 's subjects, and when Demetrius labored under a mo- raentary illness, Pyrrhus made an attempt upon the crown of Macedonia, which, if not then successful, soon after rendered him master of the kingdom. This he shared with Lysimachus for seven months, till the jealousy of the Macedonians, and the am- bition of his colleague, obliged him to re- tire. Pyrrhus was meditating new con- quests, when the Tarentines in\dted him to Italy to assist them against the encroaching power of Rome. He gladly accepted the invitation, but his passage across the Adri- atic proved nearly fatal, and he reached the shores of Italy, after the loss of the greatest part of his troops in a storm. At his en- trance into Tarentum, B. C. 280, he began to reform the manners of the inhabitants, and by introducing the strictest discipline among their troops, to accustom them to bear fatigue and to despise dangers. In the first battle which he fought with the Romans, he ob- tained the victory, but for this he was more particularly indebted to his elephants, whose bulk and uncommon appearance astonished the Romans and terrified their cavalry. The number of the slain was equal on both sides, and the conqueror said that such another victory would totally ruin Lim. He also sent Cineas, his clutf minister, to Rome, and though victorious, he sued for peace. Tliese offers of peace were refused, and when Pyr- rhus questioned Cineas, about the manners and the character of the Romans, the saga- cious minister replied, tliat their senate was a venerable assembly of kings, and that to fight against them, was to attack another Hydra. A second battle was fought near Asculum, but the slaughter was so great, and the valor so conspicuous on both sides, that the Ro- mans and thi;ir enemies reciprocally claimed the victory as their own. Pyrrhus still con- tiaued the war in favor of the Tarentines, when he was invited into Sicily bv the inha- 659 bitants, who labored under the yoke of Car- thage, and the cruelty of their own petty tyrants. His fondness of novelty soon de- termined him to quit Italy, he left a garrison at Tarentum, and crossed over to Sicily, where he obtained two victories over tlife Carthaginians, and took many of their towns: He was for a while successful, and fonned the project of invading Africa ; but soon his popularity vanished, his troops became inso- Iciit, and he behaved with haughtiness, and shewed himself oppressive, so that his return to Italy was deemed a fortunate event for all Sicily. He had no sooner arrived at Taren- tum than ;,e lenuwed hostilities with the Ro- mans with great acrimony, but when his army of 80,000 men had been defeated by 20,000 of the enemy, under Curius, he left Italy with precipitation, B. C. 274, asharned of the enterprizc, and mortified by the victorie:, which had been obiained over on of the descendants of Achilles, In Epirus he began to repair his military cha- racter, by attacking Antigonus, who was then on the Macedonian throne. He gained some advantages over his enemy, and was at last restored to the throne of Macedonia. He afterwards marched against Sparta, at the request of Cleonymus, but when all his vigorous operations were insufficient to take the capital of Laconia, he retired to Argos where the treachery of Aristeus invited him. Tlie Argives desired him to retire and not to interfere in the affairs of their republic, which were confounded by the ambition of two of their nobles. He complied with their wishes, but in the night he marched his forces into the town, and might have made himself master of the place had he not retarded liis progress by entering it with his elephants. The combat that ensued was ob- stinate and bloody, and the monarch, to fight with more boldness, and to encounter dangers with more facility, exchanged his diess. He was attacked by one of the enemy, but as he was going to run him through in his own defence, the mother of the Argive, who saw her son's danger from tlie top of a house, threw down a tile and brought Pynhus to the ground. His head was cut oil', and carried to Antigonus, who gave his rtniains a magnificent funeral, and presented his ashes to his sou Helenas, 272 years before the Christian era. Pyrrhus has been tU'sei-vedly commended for his talents as a general j and not only his friends, but also his enemies, have been warm in extollinj'hiin ; and Anni- bal declared, that for experience and sagacity the king of Epirus was the; first of commanders. He had chosen Alexandir the Great for a model, and in every thing he wished not only to imitate, but to surpass L.m. In the oit of war none were superior to him, he not only made it his study as a general, but even he wrote many books on encampments, and the ilirti-rent ways of training up an army, U u 2 and P Y P Y and whatever he did was by principle and rule. I lis uncommon ui)den>unding, and his penetratiun, are aKo otlmired; but the general is severely censured, who has no sooner con- quered a .ountry, than be looks for other victories, without re:;arding or securing what he has already obtained, by measures and re- gulations lionorable to hiins<.!f, and atlvan- ta^eou^ to his subjects. Ilie Komans passed j^reat entonuuins upon L- u. and Pyrrhus was no less struck with ihe.r magnanimity and viilur ; so much indeed, tiiat he exclaimed that if he had vildiers like tiie Uomaiis, or if the Komans had him for a genernl, he would have no corner of llie earth unseen, and no nation unconqueniL Pyirhus mar- ried many wives, and all for !>•■' ' ■••■-'- sods; iK'sides Antipone, lie had I daughter of Agailuwles, as al-o . r of Autuleon kin^ of Psonia. llis ciuidren, as his biographer obstrvts, derived a warlike spirit from their fallier, and when he was asked by one to which of tliem he should leave the kingdom of Epirus, he replied, to him who has the iliariK-st sword. .Klian. Hist. .In. U). — I'lut. in fi.'a. ^Jutlin. 17,&c. — Liv. U" AH. — Hor.'t. 3, Od. <;. A king of Epirus, s»»n of Pioieniy, nuirderc-d by the p«.-ople of .\mbnK-ia. His daughter, called L.audunia, or Deidamia, succeedi-d him. Paus. .^ son of Da'iLltis. Pysri., the wife of Seleucus, taken pri- soner by the Gauls, &c. l'iJy:'ii. 'J. Pvr II A CO a Ail. a ceUbrainl philosopher, bom at Sainos. His fallier Miiesarchus was a person of dislinetiun, and, llien-fore, the son received that education which w.-vs iiu>st calculated to enlig'.iten his mind and invigorate his body. Like his contenipoiaries, lie »as early maile ac (uainted with poetry and music ; eloquence and astroiumiy bicame his prixate studies, and in pviniia-tic exerci-^*^ he often tiore tlic paltn for vlrength and dextirity. He lir»t in.'ule hiiiLself kiwiMii in dreece, at the Olympic games, where he obtained, in the IStli year of his age, Uie prize for wrestling ; and, after he had b \.n admired for the rle>- gance, and the dignity of his jhtsop and tlie brilliaiic) of his uiulerstandinj., he retired into the east. In Egypt and Chidilaa lie j.;:iini-d the confidence of tlie prii-sts, anu learnvd I'rom tlieni the artful p'lliiy, and tlu' symbolic writ- ings, by which the> ^ovenud the prince .as well as the pe tyranny of Poly- crates at .Saii)')silisgM«ted the i>lii!i's».)i.her. who was a great adviH-ate for i^ational indejH-nd- ence ; and though he was t'.ie fcvorife of the tyrant, he ritireil from th- i.lanu, a'ld a •econd time assisted at the Olympic ganie*. Hi.H fame wa.« too well knowij to cM-.-ipe notice; lit waa tahited in tlic public ash :' ly by the 660 name of Sophist, or wise mau ; but he refused the ap|>ellation, and was satisfied with that of pliilosopher, or, //<<• friend of wisdom. " At the Olympic games," said he, in ex]>lanatior of tltis new appellation he wislied to assuim; •' some are attracted with t'le desire of d • .' ing crowns and honors, otliers come to i - their dJlferent commodities to sale, while curi- osity draws a third class, and the desire oi conteni])lating wliatever deserves notice in diat celebraled assembly ; thus on the mori extensive theatre of the world, wliile inun_\ stniggle for tlie glory of a name, and tnany pant for the advantages of fortune, a few, and indeoil but a few who are ncitlier desiroiu ot uioMiy nor ambitious of fiutie, are surticientlv gratified to It spectators of the wonder, tlii hurry, and the magnificence of tlie seene. " I'Vom (.Urmpia, the phiio-opher visited the republics of Elis and .S|karta, and retired to .'Magna Grarcia. where he fixed his habitation in the town of Crotona, about tlie -lOth )ear of his age. Here he founded a »ect whicti lias received Oie name of th<- Jtaliin, and he soon saw himself surrounded by a great nuinl>er of pupils, which tlie recomiueiidation of his menuil, as well x^ his personal ac- cumplisliincnts had procured. His skill in music and medicine, and his kn>• the |Ht>pie of Croton.i. Tlic fe'inales were ex- horted to iK-come modest, and tliey left off their gauily ornaments ; tlie youtlis were called away from their pursuits of pleasure, and in- stantly they forgot their inteinperaiKe, and paid to their parents that submissive atten tion and deference which the precepts ot' Pyth.ogoras re»]iiired. .\s to the old, tliev were ilirect»-d no longer to spend their time in .imassing money, but to improve their under- standing, and to sifk that peace and those com- fonsof mind w hicli frug.ility, benevolence, and pliilanthre>py alone can produce. Tlie s<>l>er aiid religious behariuur of die philosopher strongly retomr.iended tlie necesisity and im- jhjrtai-ce of these pri'cepts, IMhagoras was adiiilrci! for his venerable aspect, his voice was hr.rmouious. his eloquence persuasive, and the reputation he had acquired by hi.s distant travels, and by being crowr.ed at tlie Olympic gniiu-s, was grea* and ip'.portant. He regu- larly frequented tlie temple* of the gods and paid lis devotion fo the divinity at an early hour ; he lived u^Hin the purest and most inno- cent P Y P Y e became a sacred temple. Suci'eeding a^^es Ukewise ac- knowledged his njerits, and when the Romans, A. U. C. 411, were commanded by the oracle of Delphi to erect a st.itue to the brave>t and wisest of the Greeks, the distinguished honor was conferred oti Alcibiades and Pythagoras. Pythagoras had a daughter, called Damo. lliere is now extant a poetical composition astribcd to the philosopher, and colled the galden verses t>f J'ythcgoras, which contain the greatest p».-t of his doctrines and moral pre- cepts; but many support, that it is a Bupposi- titious composition, and diat tlie true name of the writer was Lysis. Pythagoras distin- guished himself also l»y his discoveries in geo- metry, astronomy, and raatliematiis, and it is to him that tlie world is indebted for the de- monstration of the ITtli proposition of the first lKH>k of Euclid's elements, about the Mpiare of the h)-pothenusi'. It is said that he was so elated after making tlie di.scoverj-, tliat he made an oftering of a hecatomb to tJic gods ; but the sacrifice was undoubtedly of small oxen, made with wax. as the philo- sopher was ever an enemy to shedding the blood of all animals. His system of the uni- verse, in which he placed the sun in tlie centre, and all the planets moving in elliptical orbits round it, was deemed chimerical and impro- bable, till the deep enquiries and the philo- sophy of the 1 6th century prored it, by the most accurate calculations, to be true and in- cootestable. Diogenes, Porphyry, lamblicus, and others, have written an account of his life, but with more erudition perhaps, than ve- racity. Cic. de Nut. 1). \, c. 5. Tusc. 4, c l.—Diog. ^c. S.-^Hi/gin. fab. ll'J. — Ovid. Met. 15, v. 60, &c. — PUUu. — Plin. .T4, C.6 Gell. 9. — lamblic Porphyr. — PUtt, A soodisayer of Babylon, who foretold the death of ■\lexander, anil of Hephxstion, ])y consulting the entrails of victims. A tyrant of Ephestis One of Nero's wicked fav<»rites. PvTHKAs, an archon at Adicns. ■ A na- tive of Maasllia, famous for his kaowlalgc of 662 astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and geo- graphy. He also distinguished himself by his travels, and, with a mind that wished to seek information in every comer of ^'.e earth, he advanced far into the northern sea-;, and discovered the island of Thule, and entered that tlien unknown sea, which is now called the Baltic. His discoveries in astronomy and geography were ingenious, and, indeed, modern navigators have found it expedient to justify and accede to his conclusions. He was the first who estfiblished a .distinction of climate by the length of days and nights. He wT')te different treatises in Greek, which have been lost, tliough some of them were eztrmt in the beginning of the fifth century. Pytheas lived, according to some, in the age of Aristotle. Strab. 2. &c Plin. 31 An Athenian rhetorician, in the age of De- mosthenes, who distinguished himself by his intrigues, rapacity, and his opposition to the measures of Demosthenes, of whom he ob- served that his orations smelt of the lamp. Pytheas joined Antipater after the death of Alexander the Great. His orations were de- void of elegance, harsh, unconnected, and dif- fuse, and from this circumstance be has not been ranked among the orators of Athens. jElian. V. H. 7, c. 7. — Pint, in Bern. & Polit. ]>r. PvTHF.s, a native of Abdera. in Tlirace, son of Andromache, who obtained a crown at the Olympian games. Plin. 34, c. 7. — Pavs. C, c. 14- Pttheds, a Lydiar, in the age of Xerxes, famous for his riches. He kindly entertained the monarch and all his anny, when he was marching on his expedition against Greece, and offered him to defray the expences of tlie whole war. Xerxes thanked him with much gnuitude, and promised to give hioi whatever he should require. Pj'theus asked him to dismiss his son from the expedition; upon whidj the monarch ordered the young man to be cut in two, and one half of ibe b«Hly to be placed on the right band of the way, and the other on the left, that his army might march between them. Plut. de Mul- Virt. — Hcrodot. Pythu, the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. She delivered the answer of the god to such as came to consult the oracle, and was sup- posed to be suddenly inspired by the sul- phureous vapors which issued from the bol* of a subterraneous cavity within the temple, over which she sat bare on a three-legged stool, called a tripod. In this stool wms a small aperture, through which die vapor wa» exhaled by the priestess, and, at this divine inspiration, her eyes suddenly sparkled, her hair stood on end, and a shivering ran over all her body. In this convulsive state she spoke the oracles of the god, often with loud bowlings and cries, and her articulations were taken down by the priest, and set in order. ' Sometimes tlie spirit of inspiration was more gentle, P Y ? Y gentle, and not always violent ; yet Plutarcli mentions one of Uie priestesses who was thrown into such an excessive fury, that not only those that consulted the oracle, but also the priests that conducted her to the sacred tripod, and attended her during the inspir- ation, were terrified and forsook ^the temple ; and so violent was the fit, that she continued for some days in tlie most agonizing situa- tion, and at last died. The Pythia, before she placed herself on the tripod, used to wash her whole body, and particularly her hair, in the waters of the fountain Castalis, at the foot of mount Parnassus. She also shook a laurel tree that grew near the place, and sometimes eat the leaves, with which she crowned herself. The priestess was origi- nally a virgin, but the institution was chang- ed %vhen Echecrates, a Thessalian, had of- fered violence to one of them, and none but women who were above the age of fifty, were permitted to enter upon that sacred oflSce. They always appeared dressed in the gar- ments of virgins to intimate their purity and modesty, and they were solemnly bound to obsenre the strictest laws of temperance and chastity, that neither fantastical dresses nor lascivious behaviour might bring the office, the religion, or the sanctity of the place into contempt. There was originally but one Pjthia, besides subordinate priests, and afterwards two were chosen, and sometimes more. The most celebrated of all these is Phemonoe, who is supposed by some to have been tlie first who gave oracles at Del- phi. TJie oracles were always delivered in hexameter verses, a custom which was some time after discontinued. Tlie P3rthia was consulted only one month in the year, about the spring. It was always required, that those who consulted the oracle should make large presents to Apollo, and from thence arose the opulence, splendor, and the mag- nificence of that celebrated temple of Delphi. Sacrifices were also offered to the iivinity, and if the omens proved unfavorable, the priestess refused to give an answer. There were generally five priests who assisted at the offering of the sacrifices, and there was also anodier who attended the Pjthia, and assisted her in receiving the oracle. [ Vid. Delphi, Oraculum.] Pans. 10, c. 5. — Diod. 16. — • Sirab. 6 f& 9. — Justin. 24, c 5. — Plut. de Orat. def. — Eurip. in Ion. — Chryiost. ' Games celebrated in honor of Apollo, near the temple of Delphi. They were at ]^first instituted, according to the more received opinion, by. Apollo himself, in commemoration of ttie victory which he had obtained over the serpent Python, from ■which they received their name; though others maintain that they were first esta- blished by Agamemnon, or Diomedes, or by Amphictyon, or, lastly, by the council of tlie Amphictyons, B. C. 1263. They were originally celebrated once in nine 663 years, but afterwards every fiftt year, o/ the second year of every olympiad, according to the number of the Parnassian nymphs who congratulated Apollo after his victory. The gods themselves were originally among the combatants, and, according to some authors, the first prize was won by Pollux, in boxing ; by Castor, in horse races ; by Hercules, in the pancratium; by Zetes, in fighting witli the armour ; by Calais, in running ; by Telamon, in wrestling; and by Peleus in throwing the quoit. These illustrious conquerors were rewaxded by Apollo himself, who was present, with crowns and laurels. Some however observe, that it was nothing but a musical contention, in which he who sung best the praises of Apollo obtained the prize, which was presents of gold or silver, which were afterwards ex- changed for a garland of the palm tree, or of beech leaves. It is said that Hesiod was re- fused admission to tjiese games because he was not able to play upon the harp, which was required of all such as entered the lists. The songs which were sung were called Tlu^mei lefioi, the rj/thian modes, divided into five parts which contained a rcjiresentation of the fight and victory of Apollo over Python : avaKfHgti, the preparation for the fight : luViipa,, the first attempt : xaraKi^tufffitg, taking breath and collecting courage : /a^Co/ xai iccKTvXoi, the insulting sarcasms of the god over his vanquished enemy : ffv^iyya, an imitation of the hisses of the serpent, just as he expired under the blows of Apoflo. A dance was also introduced ; and in the 48th Olympiad, the Amphictyons, who presided over tihe games, increased the number of mu- sical instruments by the addition of a flute ; but, as it was more peculiarly used in fune- ral songs and lamentations, it was soon re- jected as unfit for merriment, and the festi- vals which represented the triumph of Apollo over the conquered serpent. The Romans, according to some, introduced them into their city, and called tbem Apollinares ludL Paus. 10, c. 13 & 37. — araJ. 9. — Ovid. Met. 1, v. 447 Plin. 7. —Liv. 25. Pythias, a Pythagorean philosophy-, inti- mate with Damon. [ Vid. Phintias.] A road which led from Thessaly to Tempe. j3s of her lover. Mho changed iier into a quail during the remaining months of her pregnancy, anil afterwards re- ^. — Pens. 2. C. 7. I. 10, c. fj. — Hygin. — OvitL Met. 1, V. ^13.. &c I.ucan. 5, v. 1.5-1. PvtuonTi E, an Athenian pn>>titute greatly honored by Ilarpalus. whom .Mexander some time before had entrusted with tlie treasures of i'.abylon. He married her ; anil accord- ing to some, she died at the very mcunent that tlie nuptials were going to be celebrated. He raised her a splendid monument on the road which led from Athens to Eleusis, which cost him 30 talents. ULmL 17. — Paus. 1. — .Ufien. 13, &c. Ptthonissa, a name given to the priestess of .Apollo's temple at Delphi. She is more gener.iUy called Pythia. [ Ti/. Pydiia.] Ihe word I'l/lhoiiissn, was coimuotily applied to women who attempted to explain futurity. Pvr.NA, a part of mount Ida. PvTrALLs, a celebrated atlilete, son of Lampis of Elis, who obtained a prize at the Olympic games. Pans. 9, c. 16. QU QU QU ADERNA, a tovn of It.-dy. Qr.vDi, an anrient nation of Geniumy, near tlie country of the ^larcomanni, on the borders of the Danidie, in modern MoraTia. They rendered themselves ciflebnitiHl by their opposition to the Romans, by whom they we»e often defeated, though not totally sub- dued. 'I'liri'. in Germ. 4'J& 43. An. 'J, c. 6.3. Q(jai>:;atl's, a surname given to Mer- cury, because some of his st;itues were s<]uare. The number -1, according to Plutarch, was sacred to Mercury, because he was born on tlie 4th day of the month. Plut. in Sympos. 9. — — A governor of .Syria in tlic age of Nero. QcADKirRONs, or Qi-adrTieps, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with four heads. He had .n temple on the Tar- pejan rock, raised by L. Catulus. • Qi'itsTORf.s. two ofticers at Home, first created A. U. C. 'J'.O. They received their name a qneercndo, because they collected the revenues of the state, and had the total ma- nagement of the public treasury. The quxs- torsliip v/asthv- first office wliieh could Ik- had in tlie state. It w.is requisite that the candi- dates should be 24 or 25 years of .ige, or ac- 6iH cording to some 27. In the year 332, U. C. two more were added to the others, to at- tend the consuls, to take care of tlie pay of tlie armies abroad, and sell the plunder and booty which had been acquired by conquest, lliese were calleil Ftrfgrini, whilst tlie others, whose employment was in the city, received the name of Urlxxni. When tlie Romans were •nia-sters of all Italy, four more were created, A. U. C -139. to attend the pro-consuls antl propra-tors in their provinces, and to collect all the taxes and customs »hich each particular district owed to tlie republic. They were colled Prorindales. Sylla the dictator created 20qu«stors, and J. Cjesar 40, to fill up tlie vacant seats in the senate ; from whence it is evident that the qu;rstors ranked as senators in the senate. 'I'he qua?stois were always ap- pointed by the senate at Rome, and if any person was appointed to the qua:storship with- out their permi.sNion, he was only called /to. gvrtis.'or. I'he quKstons urbani were apparently of more consecjuence than the rest, the trea- sury wa-s enbusted to thtiir care, they kept an account of all receipts and disbur-cmeiu.--, and the Homao eagles or ensigns were always QU QU lu their possession when the annios were not on an expedition. They required every ge- neral before he triumphed to tell thou, upon his oath, that he had givfcn a just account of the number of the slain on both sides, and that he had been saluted impcrator by the soldiers, a title which every commander generally received from his army after he had ob- tained a victory, and which was afterwards conlinned and approved by the senate. The city quaestors had also the care of the ambassadors, they lodged and received them, and some time after, when Augustus was declared emperor, they kept the de- crees of the senate, which had been before eiitruVted with tlie edilcs and the tribunes. This gave rise to t«'o new offices of trust and honor, one of which was quivstor pa- latii, and the other qiimtor prinr.ipis: or augusti, sometimes called candidatus prLicipis. The tent of the qurcstor in the camp \vas called qucEstorium. It stood near that of the general. Varro, de L. L. 4. — Liv- 4, c. 45. — Dio. 43. ■ Ql'ari, a people of Gaul. • QcAKiL's, a river of Boeotia. ■ QuEitcExs, a Rutulian who fought against the Trojans.. Virg.jEn. 9, v. G84. QuEUQUETULANL-s, a uamc given to mount Coelius at Rome, from the oaks which grev,' there. T'acit. An. I, c. 6.5. ■ QuiETis FANUM, a temple witliout the walls of the city of Rome. Quies was the goddess of rest. Her temple was situate near the Colline gate. Liv. 4, c. 4. — August, de Civ. B; 4, c. 16.' I.. Quietus, an officer under the emperor Trajan, who behaved with great valor in the expeditions which were undertaken by the army, .which he commanded. He was put to death by Adrian QUIXCTIA PKATA. [Ft(/. QuiNTIA.] . Qlinctianls, a man who conspired against Xero, for \\hich he was put to death. QuixcTiLiA, a comedian who refused to betray a conspiracy which had been formed against Caligula. QuiNCTits T., a Roman consul who gained some victories over the iEqui and the Volsci, and obtained a triumph for subduing I'rasneste. Cieso, a man accused l)efore the Roman people, and vindicated by his father Cincin- natus. — — A Roman celebrated for his fru- gality. [Vid. Cincinnatus.] A master of horse. A Roman consul wlien Anni- bal invaded Italy. A brother of Flami- nius, banished from the senate by C'ato, for killing a Gaul. An officer killed by the Carthaginians — —An officer underDolabeUa. Another who defeated the Latins A consul who obtained a victory over the Volsci. — — Hirpinus. \^['id. Hirpinus.] QuiNDA, a town of Cilicia. QuiNDKCiMvTui, an order of priests whom Tarquin the proud appointed to take care of the Sibylline books. They were ori- ginally two, but afterwards the number was increased to ten, to whom Sylla added five more, whence their name. \_Vid. Decemviri & Duumviri.] QuiNQu ATRIA, a festival in honor of Mi- nerva at Rome, which continued during five days. The beginning of the celebration was the ]8th of March. The first day sacrifices and oblations were presented, but however without the effusion of blood. On the second, third, and fourtli days, showa of gladiators were exhibited, and on the fifth day there was a solemn procession tluougli the streets of the city. On the days of tlie celebration, scholars obtained holidays, and it was usual for theai to offer prayers to Minerva for learning am! w isdom, which the goddess patronized ; and on their return to school tliey presented their master with a gift which has re- ceived tlie name of Mhicrval. They were much the same as the Panathenaea of the Greeks. Plays were also acted, and dis- putations were held on subjects of lite- lature. They received their name from the fue days which were devoted for the celebration. QuLNQLENXALES LUDi, gamcs Celebrated by the Chians in honor of Homer every iiith year. There were also some games among the Romans which bore this name. f!iey are the same as the Actian games. \_Vid. Actia.] QuiNTiA Prata, a place on the borders of the 'I'iber near Rome, which had been cultivated by the great Cincinnatus. Liv. 3, c. '26. QtiiNTiLiANus, Marcus Fabius, a cele- brated rhetorician born in Spain. He opened a school of rhetoric at Rome, and was the first who obtained a salary from the state as being a public teacher. After he had re- mained twenty years in this laborious tm- ployment, and obtained the merited applause of the most illustrious Romans, not only as a preceptor, but as a pleader at the b.Tr, Quintilian, by the permission of the em- peror Domitian, retired to enjoy the fruits of his labors and industry. In his retirement he assiduously dedicated his time to the study of literature, and wrote a (realise on the causes of the corniption of eloquence. Some time after, at tlie pressing solicitations of his friends, he wrote his in atitu Hones oratoiicee. the most perfect and complete system of ora- tory c.vtant. It is divided into 12 books, in which the author explains from observation, as well as from experience, what can con- stitute a good and perfect orator, and in this he not only mentions the pursuits and the employments of tlie rhetorician, but he also speaks of his education, and begins with the attention which ought to be shown him even in his cradle. He was appointed preceptor to the two young princes whom Domitiam destined for his successors on tlie throne, but tlic Q U QU the pleasures wliTcTi tlie rhetorician received from tlie favors and the attention of the emperor and froui tlie success which his wTitings met in the world, were caibittered by the lo^ of b's wife, and of his .^ vo sons. It is said that Quintilian \.r.s poor in his retiremtnt. and that his indigence was re- lieved by the liberality of his pupil, Pliny tlie younger. He died A. D. 95. His insti- tutions were discovered in the 1 4 1 5th year of the Christian era, in an old tower of a monastery at St. Gal, by Poggio BraccioKni, a native of Florence. The best editions of Quintilian are those of Gesnor, 4to. Get- ting. 17,58; of L. Bat. 8vo. cum itotis va- riorum, IG65; of Gilxson, 4to. Oxon. 1695; and that of llollin, republished in 8vo. Lon- don, 1792. QtiNTii.ius Varus, a Roman governor of Syria, [fid. Varus.] A friend of tlie emperor Alexander. ^— A man put to death by the emperor Severus. QuiNTiLLA, a courtezan at Home, &c. Juv. 7, V. 75. QuiNTiLLt's, M. Aurelius Claudius, a brotlier of Claudius, wlio proclaimed him- self emi)eror, and 17 days after destroyed himself l)y opening his veins in a bath, when he heard that Aurelian was marching against him, about the "70di year of the Christian era. QuiNTur, or QuiNcnus, one of the names of Cincinnatus. Pers. 1, v. 73. Pedius, a painter. [I'iil. I'edius.] QinvTU s CiRTiLs RuFus, a Latin his- torian, who florlshed. as some suppiL-j*', in the reign of Vespasian or Trajan. He lias ren- dered himself known by his history of the reig.i of Alexander the Great This history was divided into 10 books, of which the two first, the end of the fifth, and the beginning of the b'xth are lost. This work is admired for the elegance, Uie purity, and tlie floridness of its style. It is however blamed for great anachronisms and glaring mistakes in geo- graphy as well as history. Freinshemius has written a supplement to Curtius, in which he seems to have made some very satisfactory amends for the loss of which Uie history had sulfered, by a karned collection of facts and circumstanceti from all the different authors who have employed tlieir pen in writing an account of Alexander, and of his -Asiatic con- quests. Some suppose that the historian is the same with tiiat Curtius Kufus who lived in tlie age of Claudius, imder whom he was made consul. 'ITiis Rufus was born of an obscure family, and he attended a Roman quaestor in Africa, when he was met at Adrumetum by a woman al)ove an human shape, as he wiis walking under the porticos in the middle of the day. This extraordi- nary character addressed the indigent Roman, 666 and told him that the day should come in which be should c;overn Africa with consular power. This si range prophecy animated Rufus ; he repaired to Rome where he gained the favors of the emperor, obtaine. — ^— ;Vlso a surname of the god Janus. — ^ Sulpitius, a Roman consul, born at Lanu- viuni. Though descended of an obscure family, he was raised to the greatest honors by Augustus. He was appointed governor of \vria, and was afterwards made preceptor to Caius, the grandson of the emperor. He married .■Emilia Lepida, the grand-daughte/ of Sylla and Punipey, but some time after he shomefuily repudiated her. He died A. D. 22. Tacit. Anil. 3, lemy Auletcs, king of Egypt. The mo- I narch afterwards, not only refused to repay him, hut even confined him, and endangered k his life. Kabirius escaped from Egypt with difficulty, but at his return to Rome, he was accused by the senate of having lent money to an African prince, for unlawful purposes. He was ably defended by Cicero, and ac- quitted with difficulty. Cic. pro Bab. A Latin poet in the age of Augustus, who wrote, besides satires and epigrams, a poem on the victory whicli the emperor had gained over Antony at Actium. Seneca has com- pared him to Virgil for elegance and majesty, but Quintilian is not so favorable to his poetry. An architect in the reign of DomJtian, who built a celebrated palace for the emperor, of wliich the ruins are still seen at Rome. Racilia, the wife of Cincinnatus. Liv. 5, c. 26. Racilius, a tribune who complained in the senate of the faction of Clodius. Cic. in Ver. 2, c. 12. ad Q.fr. 2, c. I. R^SACFs. an ofhcer of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his master, and fled to Athens. Ramises, a king of Egypt. [ Vid. Rham- ses.] Ramnks, or Rhamnenses, one of the three centuries instituted by Romulus. Af- ter the Roman people had been divided into three tribes, the monarch elected out of each 100 young men of the best and noblest fami- lies, with which he formed three companies of horse. One of them was called Bamnes, either from the tribe of which it was chosen, or from Romulus. Another was called 2'a- tian, and the third Lucercs. Van: de L. L. 4, c. 9. — Liv, 1, c. 15 Horat. deArt. Poet. 304 Flut. in Bom. Ranba, a village of Persia, where 3000 rebellious Persians were slain by Chiles. Polyccn. 7. Rapo, a Rutulian chief, &c. Virg. jEn. 10, V. 748. Rascjpolis, a Macedonian sent to the assistance of Pompey. Caisar. BeU. Civ. 3, C.4. Ravenna, a town of Italy on the Adria- tic, which became celebrated under the Ro- man empLTors for its capacious harbour, which could contain 250 ships, and for being for some time the seat of the western empire. It was diHicult of access by land, as it stood on a small peninsula ; and so ill supplied 667 witii water, that it was sold at a higher price than wine, according to Martial. The em- perors kejjt one of tJieir fleets there, and the other at Misenum, on the other side of Italy. It was founded by a colony of Thessalians, or according to others, of .Saijines. It is now fallen from its former grandeur, and is a wretched town situate at the distance of about 4 miles from the sea, and surrounded with swamps and marshes. Strab. 5. — Suet, hi Aug. 49, — riin. 36. c. 12. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Martial. 3, ep. 95, v. 8, &c. Ravola, a celebrated debauchee, &c. Juv. Rairaci, a people of Gaul, whose chief town is now Augst on the Rhine. Ca;s. G. 1, c. 5. Reate, a pleasant town of Umbria, built, as some suppose, before the Trojan war, about 15 miles from Fanum Vacuns, near the lake Veiinus. Cybele was the chief deity of tlie place. It was famous for its asses. Strab. 5. — Dionys. Hal. 1. — Varro, de B. B. 1 Liv. 25, c. 7. 1. 26, c. 11. 1. 28, c. 45. — Cic. Cat. Z-, c. 2. N. D. 2, c. 2. Reeicults, a deity whose name is de- rived from the word redire (to return). The Romans raised a temple to this imaginary deity on the spot where Annibal had retired when he approached Rome, as if to besiege it. L'estvs de V. sig. Redones, a nation among tlie Armorici, now the people of Bennes and St. Mciloes, in Britany. Ccrs. B. G. i, c. 41. Regh,l^, or Regii.lum, a town in the countr)- of the Sabines in Italy, about 20 miles from Rome, celebrated for a battle which was fought there, A. U. C. 25S, between 24,000 Romans, and 40,000 Etrurians, \\ho were headed by the Tarquins. The Romans ob- tained the victory, and scarce 10,000 of the enemy escaped from the field of battle. Castor and Pollux, according to some accounts were seen mounted on white horses, and fighting at the head of the Roman anny. Lu: 2; c. 16. Biomjs. Hal. 5.— Flut. in Cor. — Val. Max.l. — Flvr. I.— Suet. Tib. 1. Regillianiis, Q. NoNit s, a Dacian who entered the Roman armies, and was raised to the greatest honors under Valerian. He was elected cmi)eror by the populace, who were dissatisfied with Gallienus, and was soon after murdered by his soldiers, A. D. 262. Regilm s, a small lake of Latium, whose waters fall into the Anio, at the cast of Rome. The dictator Posthumius defeated the Latin army near it. L.iv. 2, c. 1 9. REciNi'M, a town of Germany, now sup- po-jed Ratisbon or Regensburg. Regiijc 11 E RH Recilm Lepiuim, a towni of ^lodena, now lic'Ji), at the soutli of the To. Plin. 3, C-. 15. —Cic. 12, Ffim. 5. 1. 13, ep. 7. M. Attiliis Uegulcs, a consul during tlie first Punic war. HereduccJ BrundusiuMi, and in his si-cond ccnsuUhip he touk (74, and sunk 30 Rallies of tlie Cartha^jinian Hect, on tile coa,st (if Sicily. Afterwards lie I.\ndcd in Africa, and so rapid was his sjcccs* tliat in a sliort tin.e he dtfeatcd tlircL- generals, and made hunself master of sibout _00 places of consequence on the coast. 'ITic Carthagi- nians sued for peace, but the conqueror wfusi-d to p' jnt it, and soon afUT lie was de- feated in a uattle by Xanthippus, anl 30.0«K> of his men were left on the (ield of battle, and 15, (XW l.iVui prisoners. Ili'^luswas in the numlicr of tlie captives, and he was car- ried in triuinpli to Carthag •. lie was after, wards sent by tii^ eneuiy to Rome, to pro- pose an accommodation, and an excluinge of prisoners ; and if his .'ommis'.ion wa> unsuccessful, ho was bound by the Most soleum oallis to retuni to Carthag-' wlUiout delay. ^Vhen he came to Rome, Kegulus dissuaded his couiitrjnjen from aceo;it'ng the tcnns which tlie en^my ]iroi>OM.d. and when his o,>inton had had due iiJiiivnc on the senate, he then retired lo Cartlmge to 'i!* (■-■ -a?'<»;ncr.t^. Car- ice of agrcCiiM tha^iiiiaiis " had been n ReRulus, punish lji:ii ' I 1 «?ytLro«> wii . v., . . :,jr 5ome di'.ys to tlie i' ■ c.f the mcridiim sun, and af: lined in a barrel, whose sides werv every where filled with large iron spikes, till he die1 years before Christ. SiJ. fi, v. 31fi. — Flor. 'J, c. 3. — ILrraU 3, i d. .1. — '7c. tic Off. 1, c. 13. — Vol. Mas. I, c 1. 1. fl. c. 2. — I.iv. t'p. IG. Mcmmius, a Rom.in made ■^gvcrnor of Gucce by Caligula. While Reguliis was in this province, tlie emperor wished to bring tJie ceKbrate of Ucmus appeased by the institution i.:' ilu' Rcmuria. Ovid. One of the auxi- li.iries of Turnus against .£neas Virg. jEn. ?>, V. 530. Rls.vna, a town of Mc^potamia, famous for the defeat of Sapor by Gurdian. Rf.sls a small river of .\sia Minor, falling into the ^Sloiandcr. RtTiNA, a village near Miscnum. I'lin. G, ,-p. IG. Rei'dicm, a nation of Germany. TacU. (If (Wm. -K). KfiA, a large river, now the ViJga, of Russia. A medicinal root which grew on its l>ank was called lUia barbarum. Rhu- barb. % Rhacia, a promontory in the Mcditer ranean sea, projecting from the Pyrcncan mountains. RiiAcii s a Cretan prince, the first of that nation who entered Ionia vi ith a colony. He seized Claros, of which he became the sove- reign. He niarrieil Manto, the daufjhter of Tiresi.is, who had been scizetl on his coasts. Pauf. 7, c. 3. RiiAcoTis. an ancient name of .\lezan- dria the capital of Egypt. Strab. — Paus. 5. c. i?l. RifADAMANTiiL's, a son of Jupiter and Europa. He a as bom in Crete, whicfi he abandoned about the 30th year of his age. He passed into some of the Cyclades, where he reigned with so much justice and imparti- ality. RH 11 H ality, that tlie ancients have said he became one of tlie judges of hell, and that he was employed in the infernal regions in obliging the dead to confess their crimes, and in pu- nishing them for their offences. Rhada- manUms reigned not only over some of the Cyclades, but over many of the Greek cities of Asia. Paus. 8, c. 53. — Quid. Met. 9, ▼. 455. — Diod. 5. — Plato. — Homer. II. 4, ▼. 564. — Virg. jEn. 6, v. 566. Rhad.\mistus, a son of Pharnasmanes king of Iberia. He married Zenobia, the daughter of his uncle Mithridates, king of Annenia, and some time after put him to death. He was put to death by his father for his cruelties, about the year 52 of the Christian era. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 37. Rhadius, a son of Neleus. Rh^teum, a city of Phrygia. Rh^ti, or RiETi, an ancient and war- like nation of Etruria. They were di-iven from their native country by the Gaxils, and went to settle on the other side of the Alps. [V^id. RhEBtia.] Plin. 3, c. 10. — Justin. 20, c. 5. Rh^tia, a country at the north of Italy, between the Alps and the Danube, which now forms the territories of the Grisons, of the Tyrol, and part of Italy. It was divided into two parts, Rheetia jyrima, and Rhatia secunda. The first extended from the sources of the Rhine to those of the Li- ens or Lek, a small river which falls into the Danube. The other, called also Viii- delicia, extended from the Licus to an- other small river called CEnus, or Inn, to- wards the east. The principal towns of Rhatia were called Curia, Tridentum, Be- lunum, Feltria. The Rhaetians rendered themselves formidable by the frequent in- . vasions which they made upon the Roman empire, and were at last conquered by Drusus, the brother of Tiberius, and others under the Roman emperors. Virg. G. 2, V. 96.—Strab. 4. — Plin. 3, c. 20. 1. 14, c. 2, &c. — Horat. 4, Od. 4 & 14. Rhamnes, a king and augur, who assisted Tumus against iEneas. He was killed in the night by Nisus. Virg. ^n. 9, v. 525. Rhamnus, a town of Attica, famous for a temple of Amphiaraus, and a statue of the goddess Nemesis, who was from thence called Rhamnusia. This statue was made by Phidias, out of a block of Parian marble which the Persians intended as a pillar to be erected to commemorate their expected victoiy over Greece. Paus. 1. — Plin. 36. Rhamnusia, a name of Nemesis. [Vid. Rhamnus.] RhampsinItus, an opulent king of Egypt who succeeded Proteus. He built a large tower with stones, at Memphis, where his riches were deposited, and of which he was robbed by the artifice of the architect, who had left a stone in the wall easily moveable, .669 so as to admit a plunderer, llerodot. 2, c, 121, &c. <- Rhasises, or Ramises, a powerful king of Egypt, who with an army of 700,000 men, conquered JEthiopia, Libya, Persia, and other eastern nations. In his reign, according to Pliny, Troy was taken. Some authors consider him to be the same as Se- sostris. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 60. — Plin. 36, c. 8. Rhanis, one of Diana's attendant nymphs. Ovid. Met. 3. Rhakos, or Rharium, a plain of Attica, where corn was first sown by Triptolemus. It received its name from the sower's father who was called Rharos. Pans. 1, c. 14 & 38. Rhascuporis, a king of Thrace, who in- vaded the possessions of Cotys, and was put to death by order of Tiberius, &;c. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 64. Riiea, a daughter of Coelus and Terra, who married Saturn, by whom she had Vesta, Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, &c. Her husband, however, devoured them all as soon as born, as he had succeeded to the throne witii the solemn promise that he would raise no male children, or according to others, be- cause he had been informed by an oracle, that one of his sons would dethrone him. To stop the cruelty of her husband, Rhea consulted her parents, and was advised to impose upon him, or perhaps to ily into Crete. Accord- ingly, when she brought forth, the child was immediately concealed, and Saturn devoured up a stone which his wife had given him as her own child. The feai's of Saturn were soon proved to be well founded. A year after, the child, whose name was Jupiter, became so strong and powerful, that he drove his father from his throne. Rhea has been con- founded by the mythologists with some of the other goddesses, and many have supposed that she was the same divinity that received adoration imder the various names of Bona Dea, Cybele, Dindymena, Magna mater, Ceres, Vesta, Titaia, and Terra, Tellus, and Ops. {Vid. Cybele, Ceres, Vesta, &c.] Rhea, after the expulsion of her husband from his thi-one, followed him to Italy, where he established a kingdom. Her benevolence in this part of Europe was so great, that the golden age of Saturn is often called the age of Rhea. Hesiod. Tlieog. — Orpheus, in Hymn. — Homer, ib. — jEsc/iyl. Prom. — Euripid. Race, cj- Meet. — Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 197. — Apollod. I, c. 1, &c. Sylvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus. She is also called Ilia. [ Vid. Ilia.] A nymph of Italy, who is said to have borne a sou called Aventinus to Hercules. Virg. jEn. 1, V. 659. Rhebas, or Rhebus, a river of Bithynia, flowing from mount Olympus into the Eusine sea. Flacc. 7, t. 698. Rhkdokes. RH R H RniDONKS. [Vid. Redones.] Rhegum, now Rhefigio, a town of Italy, in the country of the Brutii, opposite Mes- sana in Sicily, where a colony of Messenians under Alcidamidas settled, B. C. '23. It was originally called Rhegium, and afterwards Rhegium Julium, to distinguish it from Rhe- piim Lt-pidi, a town of Cisalpine Gaul. Some suppose that it received it^i name from tJio Greek ;^vord fnyvuf^,, to brt-aJc, because it is situate on the streight* of Charybdis, which were formed when the island of Sicily, as it were, was broken and separated from the con- tinent of Italy. This town has always bevn ciibject to great earthquakes, by which it has often been destroyed. The neighbourhood is remarkable for its great fertility, and for its delightful views. Sil. 13, v. 94. — Cic. ;t„ .irck. 3. — Olid. .\fet. 14, v. 5 & 4>-\ —Ju->- dn. 4, c. 1. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Strah. 6. Rkeousci, a people of the Alps. RHe.Mi. [rut Remi.] Rhknf, a small island of the ^Egean, about 200 yards from Delos, 18 miles in circumference. The inhabitants of Delou alwavs buried their dead there, and their women also retired there during their labor, as tlieir own island was consecrated to .\pollo, where Latona had brought forth, and where no dead boilies were to be inhnmated. Strabo says, that h was uninhabited, though it was once as populous and rtorishinji ns the rust of the Cyclades. Polycratcs con- quered it, and consecrated it to Apollo, after he had tied it to Uelos, by means of a long chain. Rhene was sometimes called the small Delm, and the island of Delos the great Delos. Thucyd. 3. — Strab. 10. — Mela, 2. c. 7. Razxi. a people on the borders of the Rhine. Rhzvus, one of the largest rivers of Eu- rope, which divides Germany from Gaul. It rises in the Rhaetian Alps, and falls into the German Ocean. Virgil has called it hi- .comu, because itdivides itself into two streams. The river Rhine was a long time a bar- rier between the Romans and tlie Germans, and on that account its banks were covered with sti.mg castles. J. C«s«r was Uie tirst Roman who crossed it to intaiie Gennany. The waters of that river were held in great veneration, and were supposed by the nn cient Germans to have some peculiar virtue, as thev threw tJieir children into it. either to uy the fidelity of the mothers, or to brnre and invigorate their limbs. If the child (watn on the surface, the mother wa.s aoquittotl of suspicion, but if it sunk to the bottom, its origin *vas deemed illegitimate. In mwlern geography tlic Rhine is known as dividing itself into four large branches ; the Waal, Lech, IsscI, and the Rhine. Th.-it branch which still retains the name of Rhino, loses itself in the sands al>ove modern I>oy- 670 den, and is afterwards no lon^r known by its ancient appellation, since the year 860. A. D. when inundations of the sea destroyed tl.e regularity of its mouth. Ovid. Met. 2, f. 258. — Strab. 4. — Mela, '2, c 3. 1. 5, c. 2. — r^sar, de bftl. G. 4, c. 10. — Tacit. Ann. 2. c. H. — Firg. JEn. 8, t. 7'27. A small river of Italy, falling into the Po on the soutli, now Rheno. SU. 8, t. 600 Plm. 3, c. 16. 1. 16, c. .36, RHXOHrrRzs, a Persian who revolted from Artaserxes, Ac. Diod. 15. A Persian officer killed at the battle of Issus. Curt. 2, c. 5. Rhksl's, a king of Tlirace, son of the Strynion and Terpsichore, or, according to others, of Eioneus by Euterpe. After many warlike exploits and conquests in Europe, he m.irched to the astii>tance of Priam, king of Troy, against the Greeks. He was e\- pectL-d with great impatience, as an ancient oracle had declared, that Troy should never be taken, if the horses of Rhesus drank the waters of the Xandms. and fed upon the grass of the Trojan plains. This or<\cle was well known to the Greeks, and therefore two of their best generals, Diomedes and Ulysses, were commiasioned by the rest to intercept the Thracian prince. The Greeks entered his camp in the night, slew him, and carried away his horses to their camp, if >- WMT. IL 10. — Dictys Cret. 2 ApoOod. 1. c. 3. — Virg. ^tt. 1, V. 475 Ovid. Met. 13» T. 98. RHETocirsics. a prince of Spain, who sur- renderi-d to tlie Romans, and was treated with great humanity. RHrrico, a mountain of Rhtrtia. Rhiim's, a place in .\nadia. Paus. S, c. 23. Rhcxixor, a son of Xausithous, king of Ph»at ia. Homer. Od. 7. The father of Chalciope, the wife of ^Egeus, king of Athens. A musician who accompanied .\ntony in .\si3. Hheiibiits, an athlete of Opus, who ob- tained a prire in the 01>"mpic games, and had a statue in the grove of Jupiter. T^iiu. 6, c. 18. RniAyrs, a Greek poet of Thrace, ori- ginally a slave. He wrote an account of the war between Sparta and Messcnia, which continued for twenty year*, an also an his- tory of the principal revolutions and events which ha«l taken place in Thessaly. Of this poetical composition nothing but a few verses arc extant. He florished .about v?00 years be- fore tlie Christian era. Paus. 4, c. 6. Rhioauo, a river of Ilyrcania falling into the Caspian sea. Curt. (>". c 4. Rhimotaclks, a king of Thrace, who re- volted from Antony to .\ugustus. He boasted of his attachment to the emperor's person at an entertainment, uixm which AugQstus sai J, firttdi/ionfm amo, prMiiioret Vfro odi. Rhino- R H Rl-t Rhin'ocolura, a town on the borders of Palestine and Egypt. Liu. 45, c. 1 1 . Rkion, a promontory of Aehaia, oppo- si»e to Antirrhium in ^tolia, at the mouth of the Corinthian gulf, called also the Dar- danelles of Lepanto. The strait between Naupactum and Patrse bore also the same name. The tomb of Hesiod was at the top of the promontory. Liv. 27, c. 30. L 38, c. 7. — Plin. 4, c. 2. — Pans. 7, c. 22. Rhipha, or Rhiphe, a town of Arcadia. Stat. 4. Theb. v. 286. Rhiph^i, large mountains at the north of Scythia, where, as some suppose, the Gorgons had fixed their residence. The name of Rhiphcean was applied to any cold mountain in a northern countiy, and indeed these mountains seem to have existed only in the imagination of the poets, though some make the Tanais rise there. Plin. 4, c. 12. — Lucan. 3, v. 272. 1. 3, v. 282. 1. 4, V. 418. — Virg. G. 1, v. 240, 1. 4, V. 518. Rhikthon, a Greek poet of Tarentum, in the age of Alexander. Cic. ad Att. Ep. 20. Rhipheus, one of the Centaurs. Ovid. Met. A Trojan praised for his justice, &c. Virg. ^n. 2, v. 426. [ Vid. Ripheus.] Rhium. [^Vid. Rhion.] Rhizonixjs, a people of lUyricum, whose chief town was called Rhizinium. Liv. 45, c. 26. Rhoda, now Roses, a sea-port town of Spain. Liv. 34, c. 8. — — A town on the Rhone, from which the river received its name. It was ruined in Pliijy's age. Plin. 3, c. 4. R'HODANvs, a river of Gallia Narbo- nensis, arising in the Rhaetian Alps, and falling into the Mediterranean sea, near Marseilles. It is one of the largest and most rapid rivers of Europe, now known by tlie name of the Rhone. Mela, 2, c. 5. 1. 3, c. 3. — Ovid. Met. 2, v. 258. — Sil. 3, v. 477. — Marcdl. 15, &c. — Cas. Bell. G. l,c. 1. — Plin. 3, c. 4. — Strab. 4. — Lucan. 1, v. 433. I. 6, v. 475. Rhode, a daughter of Neptune. Apollod. Of Danaus. Id. Rhodia, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. A daughter of Danaus. Apollod. Rhodogyne, a daughter of Phraates, king of Parthia, who married Demetrius, when he was in banishment at her father's court. Polycen. 8. Rhodope, or Rhodopis, a celebrated courtezan of Greece, who was fellow-ser- vant with ^sop, at the court of a king of Samos. She was carried to Egypt by Xanthus, and her liberty was at last bought by Charaxes of Mitylene, the brother of Sappho, who was enamoured of her, and who married her. She sold her favors at 671 Naucratis, where she collected so much money, that, to render her name immortal, she consecrated a number of spits in the temple of Apollo at Delphi ; or, accordino- to others, erected one of tlio pyi-amids of Egypt. iElian says, that as Rhodope was one day bathing herself, an eagle carried away one of her sandals, and dropped it near Psammetichus, king of Eo^vpt. at Memphis. 'Ilie monarch was struck witli the beauty of the sandal, strict enquiry was made to find the owner, and Khudope, when discovered, married Psammetichus, Herodot. 2, c. 134, &c. — Ovid. Heroid. J5. — JElian. V. JI. IS, c. 33. Perizonius supposes there were two persons of that name. Rhudupe, a high mountain of Tlirace, extending as far as the Euxine sea, all across the country, nearly in an eastern direction. Rhodope, according to die poets, was the wife of Hasmus, king of Thrace, who was changed into this mountain, because she preferred herself to Juno in beauty. Ovid. Met. 6, V. 87, &c. — Virg. Eel. 8. G. 3, v. 35 1. — Mela, 2, c. 2 Strab. 1. — iLal. 2, v. 73. — Senec. in Here. Oet. Rhodopeius, is used in the same significa- tion as Thraciaii, because Rhodope was a mountain of that country. Ovid. A. A. 5, V. 521. Heroid. 2. — Virg. G. 4, v. 461. RiiODLNiA, the top of mount CEta. Liv. 36, c. 16. Rhcdus, a celebrated island in the Car- pathian sea, 120 miles in circumference, at the south of Caria, from which it is distant about ilO miles. Its principal cities were Rhodes, founded about 4()S years before the Cliristjan era, Lindus, Camisus, Jaly- sus. Rhodes was famous for th^' siege which it supported against Demetrius, and for a celebrated statue of Apollo. [Vid. Co. lossus.] The Rhodians were originally governed by kings, and were independent, but this government was at last exchanged for a democracy and an aristocracy. They were naturally given up to commerce., and during many ages, they were the most powerful nation by sea. Their authority was respected, and tlieir laws were so universally approved, tliat every country made use of them to decide disputes concern- ing maritime affairs, and tiiey were at last adopted by other commercial nations, and introduced into Uie Roman codes, from whence they have been extracted to form the basis of tlie maritime regulations of modern Europe. When Alexander made himself master of Asia, the Rhodians lost their inde- pendence, but they soon after asserted their natural privileges under his cruel successors, and continued to hold that influence among nations to which tlieir maritime pc.vcr and consequence entitled them. They assisted Pompey against Caesar, and were defeated by RH no by Cassius, and became dependent upon thi' Romans. The island of Rhodes lias betn known by the several names of Ojifiitisa, Stadia, Telchinii, Corymbin, Tri- tiacria, ^Ht/irea, Asteria, Poena, Atabyrin, Oloessa, Marcia. and Pelagia. It received the name of Rhodes, either on acronnt of Rhode, a tieautiful nymph who dwelt there, and who was one of the favorites of A polio, or because r<]S(!j (folo',) grew in great abun- dance all over the island. Sirab, 14. — Homer. II. 2. — Hfela, 2, c. 7. — £>iod. 5. — P!in. 2, c. 62 & 87. I. 5, c. 31. — Flor. -J, c. 7 Pindar. 0/i/mp. 7. — Lucan. 8, t. 2-18. — Cic. pro Man. Leg. in Brut. 13. — Uv. 27, c. 50. 1. 51, c. 2. Rhcebis. a horse of Mezentius, whom his master addressed with the determination to conquer or to die, when he saw his son Lausus brought lifiless from the battle. This beau- tiful axidress is copied from Homer, where likewise Achilles addresses liis horses. 1'irg, jEn. 10, V. 861. Rhcecl's, one of the Centaurs who at- tempted to ort'er violence to .\talanta. He was killed at the nuptials of Pirithous by Bacchus. (hid. Met. 12, v. 301. — I'irg. G. 2. One of the giants killed by Bac- chus, under the form of a lion, in the war which these sons of tlie eartli waged against Jupiter and the gods. Horat. 2. Od. 19, V, 23. Rhcto. a nymph beloved by Apollo. Z>io };oing to stab Alexander at the battle of tlie Granicus. Curt. 8, c. 1. RiiosL's, a town of Syria, on the gulph of Issu-i. celebrated for its earthen wares. Cic. ti, Mt. 1. RiioxALANi, a people at the north of the Palus Alieotis. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 79. Rmoxa.s'a, or RoXANA, a mistress of Alexander, daughter of a Persian satrap. [ Vid. Roxana.J Rmoxam, a nation against whom Mithri- dates made war. Rhl'tsm, ami RuvTUtNi, a people of Gaul. G72 Rhyndacus, a large rivet of Mysia, In Asia Minor. Plin. 5, c. 52. Rhyntuon, a dramatic writer of Syracuse, who floriihed at Tarentum, where he wrote 58 plays. Authors are divided with respect to the merit of his compositions, and the abilities of the writer. \Vid. Rhinthon.] Rm-p-B, a town of Achaia, at die west of Helice. RiGODUtrsi, a village of Germany, now RigiJ, near Cologne. Tacit. H. 4, c. 71. RiPH.£i. [Vid. Rhipha-i.] > RiPHFUs, a Trojan who joined -"Eneas the night that Troy was reduced to ashes, and was at last killed after making a great carnage of the Greeks. He is commended for his love of justice and equity. yirg. ^En. 2, V. 5S9 & 426. — — One of the Cen- t.inrs killed by Theseus at the nujitials of Pirithous. (hid. Met. 12, v. 352. Ri\AMAR.£, a peopleof lUvricum. Ln. 45, c. 26. Ro:iico, or Ri'nico, a gtxUess at Rome, particularly worshipped by husbandmen, as she presided over corn. Her festivals called Robisclia were celebrated on tJie 25th of ^Vpril, and incense was offered to her, as also the entrails of a sheip and of a dog. She was infreatcd to preserve the corn from blights. Oi'id. Fust. 4, v. 91 1. — Vtrfi. G. I. V. 151. — Varro, de L. L. 5, de It. TJ. 1, c. 1. RoDi'MNA, now Roanne, a town of the iEdui, on t!ie Loire. Roma, a city of Italy, tlie capital of the Roman empire ; situate on tlie banks of the river Tiber, at the distance of about l'> miles from the sea. 'llie name of its fouruler, and the manner of its foun- dation, are not precisely known. Romu- lus, however, is universally supposed to have laid the foundations of that celebrated city, on tJie 20th of April, according to Varro, in the year 59G1 of the Julian pc- riotl, 52J1 years after the creation of the world, 753 before the birth of Christ, and 431 years after tlie Tr"jan war, mid in the 4ih year of the sixth Olympiad. In its original state. Home was but a small castle on tlie summit of mouut Palatine ; and the founder, to give his followers tlic apjMiarance of a nation or a barb;irian tmrde, wa> obliged to erect a standai'l as a coKimon asylum, for every criminal, debtor, or murderer, who lied from their native country to avoid tlie punishment «liich attended them. From such an assembljige anuim-rousbo^iy was soon collected, and before the u^Mt: v( the foun- der, tlie Romans had coverwl with their habitaiif>iis. the Palatine. ( a] itobne. Aven- tine, K^quiJii'e liills. with mount Coelius, and Quirinalis. After nian\ successful wan .igainst die neiglilwuiinj, stAti^, the views of Romulus were directed to rej^uUte a nation naturally fierce, warlike, and uncivilizetl The R O R O Tlie people were divided into classes, the interests of the whole were linked in a com- mon chain, and the labors of the subject, as well as those of his patron, tended to tlie same end, the aggrandizement of the state. Under the successors of Romulus, the power of Rome was encreased, and the bounda- ries of her dominions extended ; while one was employed in regulating the forms of worship, and inculcating in the minds of his subjects a reverence for the deity, the other was engaged in enforcing discipline among the army, and raising the consequence of the soldiers in the government of the state ; and a third made the object of his administration consist in adorning his capititl, in beautifying its edifices, and in fortifying it with towers and walls. During 244 years the Romans were governed by kings, but the tyranny, the oppression, and the violence of the last of these monarchs, and of his family, became so atrocious, that a revolution was effected in the state, and the democratical government was established. Tlie monarchical govern- ment existed under seven princes, who began to reign in the following order : Romulus, B. C. 753; and after one year's interreg- num, Numa, 715; Tullus Hostilius, 672; Ancus Martius, 640 ; Tarquin Priscus, 616; Servius TuUius, 578 ; and Tarquin the Proud, 534, expelled 25 years after, B.C. 509; and this regal administration has been pro- perly denomiuated the infancy of the Roman empire. After the expulsion of the Tarquins from the tlirone, the Romans became more sensible of their consequence : with their liberty they acquired a spirit of faction, and they became so jealous of their independence, that the first of their consuls who had been ths most zealous and animated in the asser- tion of their freedom, was banished from the city because he bore the name, and was of the family, of the tyrants ; and another, to stop their suspicions, was obliged to pull down his house, whose stateliness and mag- nificence above the rest, seemed incompati- ble with the duties and the rank of a private citizen. They knew more effectually their power when they had fought with success against Porsenna, the king of Etruria, and some of the neighbouring states, who sup- ported the claim of the tyrant, and attempted to replace him on his throne by force of arms. A government which is entrusted into the hands of two of the most distinguished of its members, for the limited space of one year, cannot but give rise to great men, glorious exploits, and tremendous seditions. The general who is placed at the head of an army during a campaign, must be active and diligent, when he knows that his power is terminated with the year, and if he has a becoming ambition, he will distinguish his con- sulship by some uncommon act of valor, be- fore he descends from the dignity of an ab^o- 675 lute magistrate to tlie dependence of a fellow citizen. Yet these attempts for the attain- ment of glory, often failed of success ; and though the Romans could once boasi that every individual in their annics could d]i- ciiarge with fidelity and honor the superior offices of magistrate and ccnsid, there are to be found in their annals many years marked by overthrows, or disgraced by the ill con- duct, the oppressicn, and the wantonness of their generals. [Vid. Consul.] To the fame which their conquests and daily successes had gained abroad, the Romans were not a little indebted for their gradual rise to superio- rity ; and to this may be added the policy of the census, which every fifth j-ear told them their actual strength, and how many citi- zens were able to bear arms. And indeed it was no small satisfaction to a people who were continually m.aking war to see, that in spite of all the losses which they might sus- tain in the field, tlie increase of the inhabi- tants of the city was prodigious, and almost incredible, and had Romulus lived after tlie battle of Actium, he would have been per- suaded with diflficulty that above four mil- lions of inhabitants were contained within those walls, which in the most florishing period of his reign could scarce muster an army of 3000 infantry, and 500 horse. But when Rome had florishcd under the consular government for about 120 years, and had beheld with pleasure the conquests of her citizens over the neighbouring states and cities, which, according to a Roman historian, she was ashamed to recollect in the sum- mit of her power, an irruption of the bar- barians of Gaul rendered her very existence precarious, and her name was nearly extin- guished. Tlie valor of an injured individual, [ Fid. Camillus,] saved it from destruction, yet not before its buildings and temples were re- duced to ashes. This celebrated event, whicli gave the appellation of another founder cf Rome to Camillus, has been looked upon as a glorious asra to the Romans. The huts and cottages which Romulus had erected, and all his successors repaired, were totally con- sumed, and when the city arose again from its ruins, the streets were enlarged, conveni- ence as well as order was observed, taste and regularity were consulted, and the poverty, ignorance, and rusticity of the Romans, seemed to be extinguished with their old habitations. But no sooner were they freetl from the fears of their barbarian invaders, than they turned their arms against those states which refused to acknowledge their superiority, or yield their independence, 'llieir Avars with Pyrrhus and the Tarentijie*, displayed their character in a different view ; if they before had fought for freedom and in- dependence, they now drew their sword for glory ; and here we may see them conquered in the field, and yet refusing to grar.t that X X peace, RO RO peace, for which their conqueror himself had sued. The advantages they gained from their battles with Pyrrhus, were many. The Ro- man name became known in Greece, Sicily, and Africa, and in losing or gaining a vic- tory, the Romans were enabled to examine the mancEUvros, observe the discipline, and contemplate the order and tlie encampments, of those soldiers whose friends and ances- tors had accompanied .\lcxandcr the Great in the conquest of Asia. Italy !)ecamc sub- jected to the Romans at the end of (be war with the T.irentines, and that period of tijne has been called the second age, or the ado- lescence of the Roman empire. .\fter thi-, memorable sera tlicy *ried their strengtli rot only with distant nation^, b'.it also upon a r.jw element; and in the long wu > "liii-Ii they wa^ed against Cartluige, they acijuiroil tiiri- tory, and obtained tlie sovereignty of tlie sea, and thoufjli Annibal for sixteen years kept them in continual alarms, hovered round their gates, and destroyed tlieir armies almo'.t be- fore tlieir walls, yet they wero dixjined to conquer, [ f'jW. Punicum belluin,] and soon to add the kingdom of Macedonia, ft'/. Mace- donicum bellum,] and the provinces of Asia, [ l''id. Mithridaticum bellum,! to their empire. But while we consider the Romans as a na- tion subduing their neighbours by war, their manners, their counsels, and their pursuits at homo are not to be fortjotten. To be war- riors was their profession ; their assemblies in the Campus Martins were a meeting of armed men, and very properly denominated an army. Yet while their conquests were so extensive abroad, we tind them torn by fac- tion* at home ; and so far was the re.-.ent- ment of the poorer citizens carried, that we see the enemy at the gates of the city, while all are unwilling to take up arms and to unite in the defence of their common liberty. The senators and nobles were ambitious of power, and endeavoured to retiiin in their iiands that influence which had been exercised with so much success, and such cruelty, by their monarchs. Tliis was the continual occasion of tumults and sedition. Tlie people wero jealous of their liberty. Tlie oppression of the nobles irritated them, :ind tlie stripes to which they were too often exposed without mercy, was often productive of revolutions. The plebeians, though originally the poorest and most contemptible citizens of an indi- gent nation, whose food in the first ages of the empire was otily breatl and salt, and w'hose drink was water, soon gained rights and privileges by tlieir opposition. Tliough really slaves they became powerful in the state ; one concession from the ))atricians produced another, and when their indepen- dence was boldly asserted by their tribunes, they were admitted to share in the highest offices of the state, and tin; laws which for- bad the intermnrri.ige of plebeian and oatri- 67-1 cian families, were repealed, and the meanest peasant could by valor and fortitude be raised to the dignity of dictator and consul. It was not till these privileges were obtained by the people from the senate, that Rome began to enjoy internal peace and tranquillity, lier battles were then fought with more vigor, her soldiers were more animated, and her sovereignty \.'as more universally established. "But supreme power lodged in tlic hands of a factious and ambitious citizen becomes too jftcn dangerous. The greatest oppression and tyranny took place of subordination and obedience ; and from those causes proceeded the unparalleled slaughter and ellusion of blood under a Sylla and a Marius. It has been justly observed, that the first Romans; conquered their enemies by valor, temperance, and fortitude ; their moderation also and their justice were well known among their neiglibours, and not only private possessions, but even mighty kingdoms and empires, were left in their power, to be distributctl among a family or to be ensured in tlie hands of a successor. Thoy were also chosen umpires to decide quarrels, but in this honorable of fice they consulted their own interest ; t!iey artfully sup]>orted the weaker side, that the more powerful might be reduced, and gradu- ally become their prey. Under J. Ca^sariUK^ Ponipey, tlie rage of civil war was carried to unprecedented excess : it was not merely to avenge a private injury, but it was a contest for the sovereignty ; and though eac!' of the adversaries wore the mask of pre- tended sincerity, and professed himself to be the supporter of the republic, no loss than the abolition of freedom and the public li- berty was the aim. Wh.it Julius began, hi adopted son afchieved: the ancient spirit c! national independence was extinguislied at Rome; and after the battle of .-Vctium, the Romans seemed unable to govern themselves without the assistance of a cliief. who undei the title of imjxrrator, an appellation giver to everj' commander by his army after some signal victory, reigned with as much power and as much sovereignty as another Tiirquii-.. Under their emperors, the Romans lived a luxurious and indolent life, they had lon:^ forgot to appear in the field, and their «ar. were left to be waged by mercenarv- troops. who fought without spirit or animosity, aiul who were ever rtady to yield to him who bought their allegiance and fidelity witli the greatest sums of money. Their leaders Uiem- selvcs were not the most prudent or tlu' most humane, the power which they had acquired by bribery was indeed precarious, and among a people, where not only the highest offices of the state, but even tlie imperial pur- ple itself are exposed to sale, there cann ■• be expected much happiness or tranquilli: in the palace of the emperor. Tlie reigns i the successors of Augustus were distingui«hi R O R O by vai'ioty ; one was the inost aljandoned and profligate of men, whom his o"ii vices and extravagance hurried out of tJie world, while his successor, perhaps the most cle- ment, just, and popidar of princes, v,-as sa- crificed in tlicy midst of his guards and at- tendants by the dagger of some offended favorite or disappointed eunuch, lew in- deed were the emperors of Rome whose days were not shortened by poison, or the sword of an assassin. If one for some time had tlie imprudence to trust himself in the midst of a multitude at last to perish by his own cre- dulit}', the other consulted his safety, but with no better success, in the innumerable chambei's of his palace, and changed every day, to elude discovery, the place of his re- tirement. After they had been governed by a race of princes, remarkable for the variety of their characters, the Roman possessions were divided into two distinct empires, by the enterprizing Constantine, A. D. 528. Con- stantinople became the seat of the eastern empire, and Rome remained in the posses- sion of the western emperors, and continued to be the capital of their dominions. In the year 800 of the Christian a-ra, Rome with Italy was delivered by Charlemagne, the then emperor of the west, into the hands of the Pope, who still continues to hold the sovereignty, and to maintain his indepen- dence under the name of the Ecclesiastical States. — ITie original poverty of the Romans has often been disguised by their poets and historians, who wished it to appear that a nation who were masters of the world, had had better beginning, than to be a race of shepherds and robbei's. Yet it was to this simplicity they were indebted for their suc- cesses. Their houses were originally desti- tute of every ornament, they were made with unequal boards, and covered witli mud, and these served them rather as a shelter against the inclemency of the seasons than for relax- ation and ease. Till the age of Pyrrhus, they despised riches, and many salutary laws were enacted to restrain luxury and to punish in- dolence. They observed great temperance in their meals ; young men were not permitted to drink wine till they had attained their 50th year, and it was totally forbidden to women, llicir national spirit was supported by policy ; the triumphal procession of a con- queror along the streets amidst the applause of thousands, was well calculated to promote emulation, and the number of gladiators who were regularly introduced not only in public games and spectacles, but also at pri- vate meetings, served to ciierish their fond- ness for war, whilst it steeled their hearts against the calls of compassion, and when they could gaze with pleasure upon wretches whom they forcibly obliged to murder one another, they were not inactive in the dc- fitruction of those whom they considered as 675 inveterate foes or formidable rivals in tlie field. In their punishments, civil as well as militarv-, the Romans were strict and rigorous; a deserter was severely whipped anrl sold as a slave, and the degradation from the rank of a soldier and dignity of a citizen was the most ignominious stigii.a which could be af- fixed upon a seditious nuiiineer. The trans, marine victories of the Romans proved at last the ruin of their innocence and bravery. They grew fond of the luxury of the Asia- tics ; and conquered by the vices and indo- lence of those nations whom they had sub- dued, they became as effeminate and as dissolute as their captives. Marcellus was the first who introduced a taste for the fine arts among his counfrj'men. The spoils and treasures that were oiitained in the plunder of SjTacuse and Corinth, rendered the Ro- mans partial to elegant refinement and orna- mental equipage. Tliough Cato had despised philosophy, [77rf. Carncades,] and declared that war was the only profession of his coun- trymen, the Romans, by their intercourse with the Greeks, soon became fond of litera- ture; and though they had once banished the sophists of Athens from their city, ytt they beheld with rapture their settlement among them in the principal towns of Italy, after the conquest of Achaia. They soon after began to imitate their polished captives, and to cultivate poetry with success. From the valor of their heroes and conquerors, indeed, the sublimcst subjects were offered to the genius of their poets ; but of the little that remains to celebrate the early victories of Rome, nothing can be compared to the nobler effusions of the Augustan age. Virgil has done so much for the Latin name that the splendor and the triumphs of his country are forgotten for a while, when we are trans- ported in the admiration of the majesty of his numbers, the elegant deb'cacy of his ex- pressions, and the fire of his muse ; and the applauses given to the lyric powers of Horace, the softness of Tibullus, the "rivacity of Ovid, and to the superior compositions of otlier re- spectable poets, shall be unceasing so long as the name of R ome excited our reverence and our praises, and so long as genius, virtue, and abilities are honored amongst mankind. Though they originally rejected with horror a law whicJi proposed the building of a pub- lic theatre, and the exhibition of plays, like the CJreeks, yet the Romans soon proved favorable to the compositions of their coun- trymen. Livius was the first dramatic writer of C(jnsequence at Rome, whose plays began to be exhibited A. U. C. 514. After hiiu Nffivius and Ennius wrote for the stage ; ard in a more polished period Plautus, 'I'crence, Cascilius, and Afranius, claimed tlie public attention and gained the most unbounded ap- plause. Satire did not make its appearance at Rome till 100 years after the introduction of X X 12 comedv, R O RO coiiicdy, aiul so celebrated was Liiciliusin this kind of writing, that he was called the inventor of it. In historical writing the progress of the Romans was slow and inconsiderable, and for many years they eirployed the pen of foreign ers to compile theirannals, till the superior abi- lities of a Livy were made known. — In their worship and >,acrificcs tlie Romans were un- commonly superstitious, the will of the gods V as consulted on every occasion, and no gene- ral marched to an expedition without the pre- vious assurance from the augurs, that the omens were propitious, and his success almost indubitable. Their s;inctuaries were nunie- roiii, they raised altars not only to the gods, who, a^ tliey supposed, presided over iheir city, but also to the deities of conquered nations, as well as to the dilllrent passions and virtues. There were no less tlian4i!0 temples at Rome, crowded willi statues, tlie priests were nume- rous, and each divinity had a particular college of sauerdotal servants. 1 heir wars were de- ch« cd in the most awful and solemn manner, anil prayers were always ofl'ered in the temples for the prosperity of Rome, when a defeat had been sustained, or a victory won. llie power of fathers over their children was very exten- sive, and indeed unlimited; tliey could sell them or put them to death at pleasure, wiiii- out the forms of a trial, or the interference of the civil magistrate. .Many of their ancient lamilics were celebrated for the great men whom tliey had profluced, but the vigorous and iuterebted part tliey took in the government of tiie republic exposed them often to danger ; and some have observed tliat tlie Romans sunk into indolence and luxury when the C'ornelii, the Kabii, the .Emylii, tlie IMarcelli, &e. w ho had so often supported their spirit and led them to victory, had been extinguished in the bloody wars of .Marios ami of tlie t«o irium- virntob. When Rome was become powerful, she was distinguished from otlier cities by tJie flattery of her neighbours and citizens; a form of worship was cbtablisheil to her as a deity. ai.J temples were niised in her honor, not only in the citybut in tlie provinces. The goddebs Roma was represented like Minerva, all armed iind sitting on a rock, holding a pike in her hand, with her head covered with a hehuet, and a trophy at her feet J.iv. I, &c. — Cutu u.' 2i. R. — V'lrg. Ed. G. ^ -i'«. — llorat. -2, Sat. 6, &C. — Flur. 1, C. 1, &C. — Paterc. — Tacit. Ann. tj Hist. - TibuU. 4. — Lu- cari Plut. in Rom. Xum. ^c. — Cic- dc Xo\- .soned herself. Roxoi.AM, a people of European Sarma- tia, who proved very active and rebellious in the reign of the Roman emperors. Rt'BK^, the north cape at the north of Scandinavia. Ri'iKLLifs Blaspcs, a man who married Julia, the dauj^hter of Drusus, &c — ^ One of the descendants of .\ugustus treacherously |)ut to deatli by Nero, &c. Tacit. Plau- tus, an illustrious Roman who disgraced himself by his arrogance and ambitious views. Juv. 8, V. 39. RuBi, now Ruva, a town of Apulia, from whidi the epithet Riibtiu is derived, applied to bramble bushes which grew tliere. The inhabitants werf called Rubilini. Horat. I, .Sal. 5, V. lf to death. His wile Poppjra .S;ibina, by whom he had a son called Ruffinus Crispinus, afterwards mar- ried Nero. Taci:. 12, J fist. c. 42. 1. Ifi, c. 1 7. I .\ soldier presented with a civic crown for preserving the life of a citizen, &c. RtriANA, a town of Gaul, now Rufasli in .VIsacc. RrriLii's, a Roman ridiculed by Horace, Sat. 2, v. 27, for his eHeminacy. JiL. RtriNiANOs, a rhetorician, &c. Rltints, a general of Theodosius, Ac. RrrR.«, a town of Campania, of wliich the inliabitants were called Rufrtni. Cic. 10, F^itn. 71. — Sil. 8, v. 568. — Virg. -Kn. 7. V. 759. RcfRivM, a town of Samnium, now Ruvo. Lir. 8, c. 25. Rnrus. a Latin historian. [Vid. (juintius.j .\ friend of Commodus famous for his avarice and ambition. One of the ances- tors of .Sylla, ound.s weight of gold were found in his house. — ^ A governor of Juda-a. .\ man who conspired against Domitian. -A poet of Ephesus in the reign of Trajan. He wrote six l)ooks on sim- ples, now lost. .A Latin i>oct. Sem- pronius. [Vtd. Pnetorius. ] RrciA, now Rugen, an island of the Baltic. Rucii. a nation of Germany. Taat. dc Germ. 43. RuPiLifs, an officer snmamed R^x, for his authoritative manners. He was proscribed by .Augustus and fled to Brutus Ilnrat. 1. Sat. 7, V. I. A writer whose treatises lU- Jiguris senteniiantm, *c. were edited by Run- ken. 8vo. L. Bat. 1786. RrsciNo, a town of Oaul at the foot or the FSTcnees. I.ii\ 21. c 24. .A sea- port town of .Africa. Id. 50, c 10. Risciis. a town of Oaul. RcscoMA, a town of Mauritania. 1 w 21, c. 24. RusEi,L.€, an inland town of Etriiria de- stroyed by the Romanr- Zn«. 2J', c. 4.5. Ri'^iiS'A. a town rf yVfrica near Adrn- tr:ctum. I I RU RY i-aetnm. Sil. It. 5, v. 260. — Hirt. Af. (J40. RusTicus, L. JuN. Arulentjs, a man put to death by Domitian. He was the friend and preceptor of Pliny the younger, who praises his abilities, and he is likewise commended by Tacitus, 1 6, H. c. 26. — Flin. 1, Ep. 14. — Suel. in Bom. A iViend of M. Aurelius. Rusjirc'cuRUJi, a town of Mauritania, be- lieved to be modern Algiers. RutIlni, a people of Gaul, now Ruvergne, In Guienne. Cees. B. G. RuTiLA, a deformed old woman, who lived near 100 years, &c. Plin. 7, c. 48. — Juv.lO, T. 294. Ri?TiLus, a rich man reduced to beggary by liis extravagance. Juv. 11, v. 2. P. Rlitilius Rufus, a Roman consul in the age of Sylla, celebrated for his virtues and writings. He r>-fused to comply withi the requests of his friends because they werei unjust. When Sylia had banished him from Rome he retired to Smyrna, amidst the ac- ' clamations and praises of the people , and when some of lus friends ^7ished Jiim to be recalled home by means of a civil war, he i severely reprimanded them, and said, that he wished rather to see his country blush at his j exile, than to plunge it into distress by his return. He was the first who taught the Roman soldiers the principles of fencing, and by thus mixing dexterity with valor, rendered \ their attacks more certain, and more irresisti- ble. During his banishment he emploj^ed his time in study, and wrote an history of Rome in Greek, and an account of his own life in Latin, besides many other works. Ovid. Fast. G, v. 365. — Seneca, dc Beiiif. — Ci:. in. Brut, de (hat. I, c. 65. — Val. Max. 2, c. 3. 1. 6, c. 4. — Paterc. 2, c. 9 A Roman pro - consul, who is supposed to have encouraged Mithridates to murder all the Romans who were in his province. Lupus, a pretor^" who fled away with three cohorts from Tar- racina. A rhetorician. Quintil. 3, c. I. A man who went against Jugurtha. A friend of Nero. Claud. Nu- mantianus, a poet of Gaul, in the reign of Honorius. According to some he wrote a poem on mount iEtn.i. He wrote also an itinerary, publisl^ed by i'urman in the Poetas Latini Minores, L. Bat. 4to. 1731. RuTUBA, a river cf Liguria, falling from the Apennines into the Mecifterranean. Lii- can. 2, V. 422. Of Latiura, falling into the Tiber. Lucan. 2, v. 422. ' RuTiJBUs, a gladiator, &c. Horat. 2, Hat. 7, V. 96. RuTULi, a jeople of Latium, known as well as the Latins, by the name of Abori- gines. When /Eneas came into Italy, Tur- nus was their king, and they supported him in the war which he waged against this fo- reign prince. The capital of their dominions was called Ardea. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 8S5. Met. 14, v. 455, &c. — Virg. JEn. 7, ixc. -^ Plin. 3, c. 5. RuTup^, a sea-port town on the southern coasts of Britain abounding in excellent oys- ters, whence the epithet of Rutupinus. Some suppose that it is the modern town of Dover, but others Richborough or Sandwich. Liican. G, V. 67. — Juv. 4, v. 141. RypHiEi MONIES. IVid. Rlupjei.] SA SA SABA, a town of Arabia, famous for frankincense, myrrh, and aromatic plants. The inhabitants were called 5a6«i. Strab. 16. — Biod. 3.— Virg. G. 1, v. 57. jEn. 1, V. 420. Sabachus, or Sabacon, a king of Ethio- pia, who invaded Egypt and reigned there, after the expulsion of king Amasis. After a reign of 50 years he was terrified by a dream, and retired into his own kingdom. Herodot. 2, c. 137, &c. Sabjei, a people of Arabia. [Vid. Saba.] Sabata, a town of Liguria with a safe and beautiful harboiu:, supposed to be the modern Savona. Sil. 8, v. 461. — Struh. 4. A town of Assyria. Sabatha, a town of Arabia, now Sa- naa. Sabatra, a town of Syria. Sil. 5, v. 256. Sabatini, a peooleof Samnium, living on 679 the banks of the Sabatus, a river which fiills into the Vulturnus. Liv. 26t c. 33. Saeazius, a surname of Bacchus, as also of Jupiter. Cic. de JV. £>. 3, c. 23 Ar- noi). 4. Sabbas, a king of India. Sabella, the nurse of the poet Horace, 1. Sat. 9, v. 29. Sabelli, a people of Italy, descended from the Sabines, or, according to some, from the Samnites. They inhabited that part of the country which lies between the Sabines and the Marsi. Hence the epithet of .SV- bellicus. Horat. 5, Od. 6. — Virg. G. 3, V. 255. Sabellus, a Latin poet in the reign of Domitian and Nerva. Jui.iA SabIna, a. Roman matron, who married Adrian b^ means of Plofina the wife of Trajan. She is celebrated for her private as well f.s public virtues. Adrian treated her X X 4 with S A SA with the greatest asperity, though he had re- ceived from her the imperial purple : and the empress was so sensible of his unkindness, that she boasted in his presence that she had dis- dained to make him a father, lest his children should become more odious or more tyrannical than he himself was. The behaviour of Sa- bina at last m> cxa\perated Adrian that he poi- soned her. cr, according to some, obliged her to destr"y lursclf. Tlio emperor at that time labored under a mortal disease, and therefore he was the luore encouraged to sacrifice Sa- bina to his resentment, that she might not survive him. Divine honors were paid to her meinoi"y. She died after she had Ixen mar- ried 3^ years to Adrian, A. D. I."'^. Sabini, an ancient people of It.ily, reck- oned among tlie .\borigincs, or tliosc inhabi- tants whose origin was not known. Some sup}x>se that they were originally a Laceda-- inonian colony, who settled in tliat part of the country. Tlie posses.-.ioi!s of ihe Sabir.. s were situated in the neighbourliood of Koriic, between the ri\er Nar and Uic Anio, and bounded on tJi^- north by llie Apennines ami Uinbria. south by Latiuni, east by the .Equi. and Etniiia c\\ llie wist. 'Ilie greatest part of the contiguous nations were descended from flicm, such as the Umbrians the Cair- panians, the S;ibclli, the Osci, Somnites, Ileriiici, JlLqu'i, M.irsi. Brutii, &c. The Sabines are celebrated in ancient history as being tlie first who took up amis against the Komens, to avenge the rape of ilicir females at a spect.iclc where they had been invited. .\fter some eii^agenient>>, the greatest part of the Sabines left their ancient possessions, and niigniteti to Home, where thtfv settled with their new allies. They were at Inst totally subdued, aliout the yi^ir of Rorni. .373. and ranked as Ucman citizens. Their chief cities were Cures, Fidenie, Ucate, Cru^tumerium, Corniculum, Noiiientum, C'ollatia, &c. The character of the nation for chastity, for purity of morals, and for the knowledge uf larbs and incantations «ai Very great. Ilorut. IT, /->. V. '-'8. — C k. Vat. \-u — I'Un. o, c. 1 '_'. — Lit. 1, c 9& 18. — Diumjs. 2, c 51 Strah. 5. — Fhr. 1, c. 1. I. 3, C 19 Hal. 8, V. A'iiA. — Olid. Met. 14. v. 775 & 797. v/m. I, V. 101, 13, 8, V. ei.—Juv. 10, V. 197. Sabimanus, a general who revolted in Africa, in the reign of Gordian, and was de- feated soon after, A . D. 240. A general of the eastern empire, &c. Sabinls AiLLs, a Latin pot:t intimate with Ovid. He wrote some epistles and elegies in the number of which were men- tioned, an epistle from .Eneas to Dido, from Hipjwlytus to Phadra, and from Jason to Ilipsipyle. from Demophoon to Phyllis, from Paris to (Enone, from Ulysses to Penelope ; the three last of which, though said to be his composition, are spurious. Ot-i'I. Am. 2, el. IS. 680 V. 27. A man from whom tlie Sabines received their name. He received divine honors after death, and w-as one of those deities whom jEneas invoked when he en- tered Italy. He was supposed to be of La- cedaemonian origin. Vir;i. jEn. 7, v. 171. .\n officer of Ciesar's army defeated by the Gauls. Julius, an officer, who pro- claimed himself emperor in the Ijeginning of Vespasian's reign. He was soon after de- feated in a battle ; and to escape from the conqueror iie hid himself in a subterraneous cave, with two faithful domestics, where he continued unseen for nine successive years. His wife found out his retreat, and spent her time with him, till her frequent visits to tJie cave discovered the place of his concealment. He was dragged before Vespasian, and by his orders put to death, though his friends interesfeil themselves in his cause, and his wife endeavoured to raise the emperor's pity, by sliuwing him tlie twins whom she had brought forth in their subterraneous retreat. Com. a man who conspired against Caligula, and afterwards destroyed himself. Titius, a Roman senator, shamefully accused and condemned by Sejanus. His body, after eiei-ution, was dragged through the streets of Rome, and treated witii the gre.ntest indignities. His dog constantly followed the bous, a Roman consul, who pre- sided above 24 years over Mcesia, and ob- tained a triumph for his victories over the barbarians. He was a great favorite of Au- gustus and of ni>erius. Tacit. Ann. Flavius a brother of Vespasian, killed by the f>opulace. He was well known for his fide- lity to Vitellius. He commanded in the Roman armies 35 years, and was governor of Rome for 12. A friend of Doinitian. A Roman who attempted to plunder the temple of the Jews. A friend of ihe emperor .Alexander. A lawyer. Sabis, now SnmArr, a river of Belgic Gaul, falling into the Maese at Namur. C6 & 18. Sabota, the same as .Sabatli.-t. Sabbacc, a powerful nation of India. Curt. 9, c 8. Sabrata, a maritime town of Africa, near the Syrtes. It was a Roman colony, about 70 miles from the modern Tripoli. Itnl. 3, v. 256 P'lin. 5, c. 4. Sabrina, the Severn in England. SabOra, a general of Juba. king of Numi- dia, defeated and killed in a battle. Lucan. 4, v. 722. Sabukanus, an officer of the pretoriaii guards. \V'hen he was appointed to this oflRce by the emperor Trajan, the prince presented him with a sword, saying. Use this lopo/'^n i>* my s, rvice na long as rty commantU arc juM , tut SA S A hut luiH it against my own breast, whe7iciie7- 1 become cruel nr malevolent. Sabus, one of the ancient kings of the Sa- bines ; the same as Sabinus. [Vid. Sabinus.] A king of Arabia. Sacabas, a musician and poet of Argos, who obtained tliree several times the prize at the Pythian games. Piut. de Mus. — Pans. 6, c. 14.' SACiE, a people of Scythia, who inhabited the country that lies at the oast of Bactriana andSogdiana, and towards the north of mount Imaus. The name of Sacae was given in ge- neral to all the Scythians, by the Persians. 'JTliey had no towns, according to some writers, but lived intents. Ptol. 6, c. 13. — Herodot. -, c. 95. 1. 7, c. 63. — Plin. 6, c. 17. — Solin. ,2. Sacer mons, a mountain near Rome. [Vid. Mons sacer.] Sacer lucus, a wood of Campania, on the Liris. Sacer portus, or Sacri portus, a place of Italy, near Prseneste, famous for a battle that was fought there between Sylla ind Marius, in which the former obtained liie victory. Patera. 2, c. 26. — Lttcan, 2, /. 134. Sacrani, a people of Latium, who assisted furnus against ^Eneas. They were descended rom the Pelasgians, or from a priest of Cy- )ele. Virg. jEn. 7, v. 796. Sacrator, one of the friends of Turnus. Virg. jEn. 10, v. 747. Sacra via, a celebrated street of Rome, ^here a treaty of peace and alliance was made -etvveen Romulus and Tatius. It led from he amphitheatre to the capitol, by the temple jf the goddess of peace, and the temple of Cffisar. The triumphal processions passed hrough it to go to the capitol. Horat. 4, Od. 2. 1. 1, Sat. 9. — Liv. 2, c. 15. — Cic. Plane. 7, Att. 4, Ep. 4. Sacrata lex militaris, A. U. C. 411, ■)y the dictator Valerius Corvus, as some -.uppose, enacted that the name of no sol- lier which had been entered in the muster roll should be struck out but by his consent, .nd that no person who had been a military ribune should execute the office of ductor rdinum. M. Sacrativir, a friend of Cassar killed it Dyrrachium. C(es. Bell. G. Sacri portus. [^Vid. Sacer portus.] Sacrum bellum, a name given to the wars carried on concerning the temple of Delphi. The first began B. C. 448, and in it the Athenians and Lacedaemonians were auxiliaries on opposite sides. The second war began 557 B. C, and finished 9 years *fter by Philip of Macedonia, who de- stroyed all the cities of the Phocians. f Vid. Phocis.] Promontorium, a promontory of Spain, now Cape St. Vincent, called by Strabo the most westerly part of the earth. 681 Sadales, a son of Cotys, king of Thrace, who assisted Pompey with o body of .500 horsemen. C^es. Bell. G. 3. — Cic. Verr. 1 . Sadus, a river of India. Sadyates, one of the Mermnada;, who reigned in Lydia 12 years after his father Gyges, He made war against the Milesians for six years. Herodot. 1, c. 16, &c. S.etabis, a town of Spain neai- the Lucro, on a rising hill, famous for its fine linen. Sil. 3, V. 575. Sagalassus, a to^vn of Pisidia on the borders of Phrygia, now Sadja/du. Liv. .58, c. 15. Sagana, a woman acquainted with magic and enchantments. Horat. Epod. 5, V. 25. Sagaris, a river of Asia, rising from mount Dindymus in Phrygia, and falling into the Euxine. [Firf. Sangaris.j Ovid, ex Pont. 4. Ep. 10, V. 47. One of the companions of jEneas, killed by Turnus. Virg. JEn. 5, V. 265. 1. 9, V. 575. C. Sagitta, an officer who encouraged Piso to rebel against the emperor Nero, &c. Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 49. Sagra, a small river of Italy in tlie country of the Brutii, where 130,000 Cro- toniatai were routed by 10,000 Locrians and Rhegians. Cic. N'at. D. 2, c. 2. — Strab. 6. Saguntum or Saguntus, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis at tlie west of the Iberus, about one mile from the sea-shore, now called Morvedro. It had been founded by a colony of Zacynthians, and by some of the Rutuli of Ardea. Saguntum is celebrated for the clay in its neighbourhood, with which cups, pocula Sagu7iiina, were made, but more particularly it is famous as being tlie cause of the second Punic war, and for the attachment of its inhabitants to the interest of Rome. Hannibal took it after a siege of about eight months ; and the inhabitaaits, not to fall into the enemy's hands, burnt themselves with their houses, and with all their effects The conqueror afterwards rebuilt it, and placed a garrison there, with ail the noblemen whom he detained as hostages from the se- veral neighbouring nations of Spain. Some suppose that he called it Spartagene. Flor. 2, c. 6. — Liv. 21, c. 2, 7, 9 Sil. 1, ▼. 271.. — Lucan. 5, v. 250. — Strab. 3. — Mela, 2, c. 6. Sais, now Sa, a town in tlie Delta of Egypt, situate between the Canopic and Se- bennytican mouths of the Nile, and anciently the capital of Lower Egypt. There was there a celebrated temple dedicated to Minerva, with a room cut out of one stone, which had been conveyed by water from Elephantis by the labors of 2000 men in tliree years. The stone measured on the outside 21 cubits long, 14 broad, and 8 high. Osiris was also buried near the town of Sais. Tlie inhabit- ants S A SA ants were called Stdlee. One of tlic moutiis of the Nile, which is adjoining to tlio town, liai received tJie name of Saiticum. Strab. 17. ^ Herodot. 2, c. 17. &c. Sala, a town of ITirace, near the mouths of the Hebrus. A town of Mauritania. Of Phrygi.-u A river of Germany falling into the Elbe, near which are salt pits. Tiicit. Ami. 13, c. 57. Another falling into the Ilhine, now the liscl. Salacon, a i>oor man who pretended to be uncommonly rich, &c. Cic- ad Div. 7, c. 24. Salamima, a name given to a ship at Athens, which was employed by the re- public in conveying the officers of state to their different administration<; abroad. &c. A name given to the island of Cyprus, on account of .Solamis, one of its capital cities. Salamis, a daughter of the river Aso- pus, by Mcthone. Neptune l>ecame ena- moured of her, and carried licr to an island of the j't'gcan, which afterw.-uxls bore her jiame, and where she gave birth to a son called Cenchreus. Diod. 4. Sai.a3iis, Salamins, or Salamina, now Calouri, an island in the Saronicus Sinus, on tlie southern caist of Attica, opposite Elcu- sis, at the distance of alK)ut a league, with a town and harbour of the same name. It is about 50 miles in circumference. It was ori- gin.ally peopled by a colony of lonians, and afterwards by some of the Greeks from the adjacent islands and countries. It is celebrated for a biittle which was fought there between the fleet of the Greeks and that of tlie Per- sians, when Xerxes invudi-d Attica. The enemy's ships amounted tu aboNe iJOOO, and those of tlie Peloponnesians toabout 3SU sail. In this engagement, which was fought on the 20tli of October, B. C. 4R0. tlie Greeks lost 40 ships, and tlie Persians about '_'0O, besides an immense number which were taken, with all the lunmunition they contained. The island of .Salamis was anciently called Scirm, Ci/c/iri/t, or Ctiichria, and its bay the gulf of Engia. It is said that Xerxes attempted to join it to the continent. Teucer and Ajax, ■who went to the Trojan war, were natives of Salamis. Strab. 'J — Hcrodot. 8, c 56, Ac. — Pint. Sc C. Nejf. in Them. ^c. — Diod. 4. — I'al. Max. 5, c. 3. — Pans. 1, c. 35, &c — Mela, 2, c. 7. — Lucan. 5, v. 109. — Sil. 14, V. 283. Salamis, or SalamIna, a town at the cast of the island of Cyprus. It was built by Teucer, who gave it the name of the island Salamis, from which he had been banished about *1270 years Infore the Christian era; and from this circumstance the epithets of omNgua and of altern were applied to it, as the mother country was also called vera, for the sake of distinction. His descendants ronti- nued masters of the town for above 800 vears. 682 It was destroyed by an cartliquake, and re- built in tlic 4th century, and called Conslnn- tia. Strab. 9. — Herodot. R, c. 94, 9cc. — Horat. 1. Od. 7, V. 21. — Pa/CT-c. 1, c. 1 Lucan. .3, v. 18.3. .Sai_\pia, or Sai.api.», now Sa/jte, a town of Apulia, where Annibal retired after the battle of Canna?, and where he devoted him- self to licentious pleasure, forgetful of his fame, and of the interests of his country. It was taken from the Carthaginian general by Marccllus. Some remains of this place may be traced near a lake called SaJnpina Pahia, now used for making salt, which, from the situation near the sea, is easily conveyed by small boats to ships of superior burden. Lu- can. 5, V. 377 — Val. Mai. S, c. 8. — Ptm. 3, c. 11. SalIra, a town of Africa propria, taken by Scipio. Lie 29, c. 34, 'uthern coast of Calabria. 'ITieir chief towns were Brundu&ium, Tarentum, and Ilydruntum. Jial. 8, v. 579. — yirg, uEiu 3, V. 4O0. — Varro, de R. R. I. c '24. — Stntb. 6. — Mda, 2. c. 4> Salernvm, now Salerno, a toun of tlie Picentini, on the shores of the Tyr- rhene sea. south of Campania, and famous for a medical school in the lower agf» Plm. 13, c. 3 Liv. 34, c. 45 Lucan. 3. V. 42.S. — Palerc. I, c. 15. — Uorat. 1, Ep. }5. Salganeus, or Salcavfa, a town of Boeotia, on the Eiiripus. Liv. 35, c. 37, Ac Salia, a town of Spain, where Prudentius was born. 3/Wo. Salic A, S A S A Salica, a town of Spain, Salii, a college of priests at Rome, in- stituted in honor of Mars, and appointed by 'Vuma to take care of the sacred shields called Ancylia, B. C. 709. [ VLL Ancyle.] UTiey were twelve in number, the tliree ciders among them had the superintendence of all tlie rest ; the first was called jn-eesul, the second vates, and the third magister. Their number was afterwaids doubled by Tullus Hostilius, after he had obtained a victory over the Fidenates, in consequence of a vow which he had made to Mars. The Salii were all of patrician families, and the office was very honorable. The first of March was the day on which the Salii observed their festivals in honor of Mars. They were generally dressed in a short scar- let tunic, of wliich only the edges were seen ; they wore a large purple colored belt about the waist, which was fastened with brass buckles. They had on their heads round bonnets with two corners standing up, and they wore in their right hand a small rod, and in their left a small buckler. In the observation of their solemnity they first of- fered sacrifices, and afterwards went tli rough the streets dancing in measured motions, sometimes all together, or at other times separately, while musical instruments were playing before them. They placed their body in diflFerent attitudes, and struck with their rods the shields which they held in their hands. They also sung hymns in ho- nor of the gods, particularly of Mars, Juno, Venus, and IMinerva, and they were ac- companied in the chorus by a certain num- ber of virgins, habited like themselves, and Cdilcd. Scdice. The Salii instituted by Numa were called Pnlalini, in contradistinction from the others, because they lived on mount Palatine, and oflTered their sacrifices there. Those that were added by Tullus were called CoUini, Agonalcs, or Quirinales, from a moun- tain of the same name, where they had fixed their residence. Their name seems to have been derived a saliendo, or sallnndo, be- cause during their festivals it was parti- cularly requisite that they should leap and dance. Their feasts and entertainments v^ere uncommonly rich and sumptuous, whence da})es saliares is proverbially applied to such repasts as are most splendid and costly. It was usual among the Romans when they declared war, for the Salii to shake their shields with great violence, as if to call upon the god Mars to come to their assistance. Liv. 1, c. 20. — Varro, de L. L. 4, c. 15. — Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 587. — Dionys. 3. — Flor. 1, c. 2, &c. — Virg. ^n. 8, v. 285. A nation of Germany who invaded Gaul, and were conquered by the emperor Julian. Anim. Mar. 17. Sa linatob, a surname common to the fa- mily of the Livii, and others. 683 Salius, an Acarnanian at the gamci exhibited by iEneas in Sicily, and killed in the wars with Turniis. It is said by some, that he taught the Latins those ceremonies, accompanied with dancing, which after- wards bore his name in the appellation of the Salii. Virg. jSn. 5, v. 298. 1. 10, v. 755. Crispus Sallustius, a Latin historian, born at Amiternum, in the country of the Sabines. He received his education at Rome, and made himself known as a pub- lic magistrate in the office of quaestor and consul. His licentiousness, and the depra- vity of liis manners, however, did not es- cape the censure of the age, and Sallust was degraded from the dignity of a senator, B. C. 5(X His amour with Fausta the daughter of Sylla, was a strong proof of his de- bauchery ; and Milo, the husband, who dis- covered the adulterer in his house, revenged the violence offered to his bed, by beating him with stripes, and selling him his liberty at a high price. A continuation of extra- vagance could not long be supported by the income of Sallust, but he extricated him- self from all difficulties by embracing the cause of CaDsar. He was restored to the rank of senator, 'and made governor of Numidia. In the administration of his province, Sal- lust behaved with unusual tyranny ; he en- riched himself by plundering the Africans, and at his return to Rome he built himself a magnificent house, and bouglit gardens, which fi-om their delightful and pleasant situ- ation, still presei-ve the name of die gardens of Sallust. He married Terentia tlie divorced wife of Cicero ; and from this circumstance, according to some, arose an immortal hatred between the historian and the ora- tor. Sallust died in the 51st year of liis age, 35 years before the Christian era. As a writer he is peculiarly distinguished. He had composed a history of Rome, but no- . tiling remains of it except a few fragments, and his only compositions extant are his history of Catiline's conspiracy, and of the wars of Jugiirtlia, king of Numidia. In tliese celebrated works the author is greatly commended for his elegance, the vigor and animation of his sentences ; he every where displays a wonderfid knowledge of the hu- man heart, and paints with a masterly hand the causes that gave rise to the great events which he relates. No one was better ac- quainted with the vices that prevailed in the capital of Italy, and no one seems to have been more severe against the follies of the age, and the failings of which he him- self was guilty in the eyes of the world. His descriptions are elegantly coiTCCt, and his harangues are nervous and animated, and well suiting the character and the dif- ferent pursuits of the great men in wliosa mouths they are placed. Tlie liistorian, how- ever. S A S.A CTcr, is blaineJ for tedious and insipid eior- (iiums which often dii^^ust the reader witli- out improving him ; Jiis atfectation of old and obsolete words and phrases is also cen- sured, and particularly his unwarrantable partiality in some of his narration-^ Tliough faithful in ever)' other respect, he has not painted the character of Cicero with all tJie fidelity and accuracy which the reader cluiuis from the historian ; and in passing in silence OTPr many actions "hich reflect tlic greatest honor on the first husband of Tercntia, the rival of Cicero has disgraced himself, and rendered his compositions less authentic. There are two orations or epistles to Ca-sar, concerning the regulations of tiie state, attri- buted to him, xs also an oration against Cicero, whose authenticity some of tJie mo- • derns have disputed, 'llie best editions of Sallust, are those of Haverkamp, '2 vols. 4to. Amst. ITJ'J; and of Edinburgh, I'iino. 1755. QuiHtil. 10, c- 1. — 5ii«r<. d. Gnirn. in Cin. — Martial. 14, q>. 191. A Mcpliew of tlie historian, by whom he wu6 udojiti-d. lie imitated the moderation of Ma;ceiia.s, and remained satisfied with the dignity of a llo- man L night, when he could have made hiin- scif powerful by the fuvors of Augustus and Tiberius. lie was very effeminate and lux- urious. Horace dedicated '-', od. 'J, to him. Tacit. Ann. 1. — I'lin. 5i. Secundum Promotus, a native of Gaul, very intimate with the emperor Julian. lie is remarkable fur his integrity, aiul the soundness of his counsels. Julian made him prefect of Gaul. There is also another Salkist, calletl Srcundus, wiiom some have improperly confoundetl with Promolus. Secundus was also one of Julian's favunti-s, and was made by hini pre- fect of llie ea.st. He conciliated the good graces of the Komans by the purity of his morals, his fondness fur discipline, and his religiou> principles. .After thf dcith «>f tlie emperor Jovian, he vv,v> universally named by tlie o(Hcer» of the liomuu empiie lo suc- ceed on tlie imperial tlirone ; but ho refused this great tliough danguiotis honor, and pleaded infimiitics of body anil old age. 'llie Ho- nians wished upon tliis to invest his sou widi tlie imperiid ])urple, but Secundus op- posed it, and observed that he was too young to support tlie dignity. \ prefect of Rome in Uie rcigti of Valontinian. .\d officer in Britain. Salmacis, a fountain of Caria. near Ilali- cama-ssus, which tendered cft'ewiinate all those who drank of its waters. It wx-. tliere that Hermaphroditus changed hi>> sex, Uiough he still retained the cliorturleristics of liis own. Ovid. Met. 4. V. 2SJ. I. 15, v. 519. — i/.Vi,t'i- Jah. i.'71. — Fi-tliu df y. SI:;. Salamantu'a, a town of Spain, now Sa- lamanca. Salmon E. a town of Elis in Peloponnesus, with a fountain, from which tiie £nipeus 684 takes its source, ami falls into the Alplied , about 40 stadia from Olympia, which on a^- couut of that, is called Sainumii. (hid. ^>, amor. el. 6, v. ^3. A promontory at the exst of Crete. Dianas. 5. SALiio.stLs. a king of Elis, son of .to- lus and Enarette, who married .\lciuice, b\ whom he had Tyro. He wislied to be called a god, and to receive divine honors from iu> subjects; therefore to imitate the thunder, lie used to drive his chariot over a brazen bridge, and d-irted burning torches on every side, as if to imitate tlie lightning. This impiety provoked JupiUT. Salmoneus was struck witli a thunderbolt, and placed in th*" infernal regions near his brodier Sisyphus. Homer. Od. 11, V. Ii35. — ApoUod. 1, c. 9. — i/Vifin- fab. 60. — Diid. 4. — Virg. JEn. 6, V.585. Salmonis a name given to Olympix [ Vid. .Salmone.J 'llie peironymic of Tyro, daughter of Saltaoueuf . Oiid. am. Z, el. 6, V. 45. Salmis (u;i(u, ) a town of Asia near die Red Sea, where .Alexander saw a theatrical representation. I)u>d. IT. Salmvdessl's, u bay on the Euiine sea. Salo, now Xidiin. a river in Spain, falling into tlie Iberus. Mart. 10, fp. '_'0. SALObuai M, now Solfure, a town of tlie Helvetii. Salomk, a queen of Judaea. Tliis name wxs common to some of the princesses in the family of Herod, &c. Salon, a country of Uithynia. Salo.n'a or Salom.. a town of Dalmatia, alKiut 10 miles distant from tlie coast of the .\driatic, conqueied by PoUio, who on that account called his sun Saloninus, in honor of tile victory. It wa^ tiie native place of die euipernr Uioclesian, and he retired there to enjoy peace and tranquillity, alur he had ab- dicated the imp>.rial purple, ujid Lailt a stately palace, the ruins of which were still seen in tlie I6l1i century. A small village of tK> same naiuc preserves the traces of its falJtii grandeur. Near is Spalatro. Lucan. 4, t. 404. — L\rs. btlL dv. 9. — Mfla, 2, c. 5. Salo.vIna, acclebrated matron who married the emperor Gallienus, and distinguished her- self by her private as well as public virtues. She was a patroness of all the fine arts, and to her clemency, tnildncss, attd benevolence, Rome w.ts indebted some time for her peace and prosperity. She accompaniecncd Ix-fore the age of the Argonauts, was owing to the sudden overflow of the waters of tlie Kuxine, which the ancients considered merely as a late. The SamothracJans were very religious ; and as all mysteries were suppose*! to have taken tlieir origin there, the Island receiveart of tlie country which was in the hands of S».'leu- cus. JuMin. 15, c. 4. ■Sane, or Saxa, a town of Macedonia. [I'ld. Sana.] SakcAla, a town of India destroyed by Alexander. Arrian. 5. Saxcaku-s, or .Saxoakis. a river of Phrygia. rising in mount Dindymus, onj falling into the Kuxine. . Tlie daughter of tlic Sangarius became jiregnant of .\ltes only from gathering the lK)uglii« of an almond tree on die banks of tiie river. Hi-cuba. according to some, was daughter of this river. Some of tJic poets call it Sagaris. Oi'U. cz Pont. 4, El. 10. —Ciaudian. in Eutrop.'2. — Pnus. 7, c. 17. Saxgl'inius 8 man condemned fur ill language, tec. Tacit. Ann. fi, c. 7. SANXTiiioy, a tragic })oet of .Athens. He composed many dramatical pieces, one of which was called lo. and another Oonae. Athen. 9. Saxtoxxs, & Saxtoxi, now Saiiit'ynge, a people widi a town of the same name in Gaul. Lucan. 1, v. 422. — Martial. 3, £/». 96. Saox, an hi»>tori.in. Dim. Hal. — — A man who first discovertti the oracle of Tro- phonius. Paus. 9, c -lO. Sap.ci, or SAru.ei. a people of TTiracc. called also Sintii. Oi-ul. Fast. I, v. 389. SArioEXE, an island of the Aral)ic gulph. Pliiu 6, c. 29. Sapis, now SavLi, a river of Gaul Cispa- danM, tailing into the .Adriatic. Lucan. U T. XOCu Safor. a king of Persia who succeeded his fadier Artaxerxes about the 23Sth year of the Christian era. Naturally fierce and ambitions Sapor wished to increase his palirnal dominions by conquest ; and a.s the indolence of the emperors of Rome seemed favorable to his views, he laid waste the pro- vinces of Mesopotamia, .Syri.i, and Cilicia; and he might have become master of all .Asi.v if Odenatus ha < for; S A SA forts were weak, and Philip, who succeeded him on the imperial throne, bought the peace of .Sapor with money. Valerian, who was afterwards invested with the purple, marched against the Persian monarch, but he was defeated and taken prisoner. Ode- natus no sooner lieard that the Roman em- peror was a captive in the hands of Sapor, than he attempted to release him by force of arms. The forces of Persia were cut to pieces, the wives and the treasures of the monarch fell into the hands of the conqueror, and Odenatus penetrated, with little oppo- sition, into the very heart of the kingdom. Sapor, soon after this defeat, was assassinated by his subjects, A. D. 275, after a reign of 32 years. He was succeeded by his son called Hormisdas. Marccllin. ^c. • The 2d of that name succeeded his father Honnisdas on the throne of Persia. He was as great as his ancestor of the same name ; and by undertaking a war against the Romans, he attempted to enlarge his dominions, and to add the provinces on the we^t of the Eu- phrates to his empire. His victories alarmed the Roman emperors, and Julian would have perhaps seized him in the capital of his dominions, if he had not received a mortal wound. Jovian, who succeeded Ju- lian, made peace with Sapor; but the mo- narch, always restless and indefatigable, renewed hostilities, invaded Armenia, and defeated the emperor Valens. Sapor died A. D. 380, after a reign of 70 years, in which he had often been the sport of fortune. He was succeeded by Artaxerxes, and Ar- taxerxes, by Sapor the third, a prince who died after a reign of five years, A. D. 389, in the age of Theodosius the Great. Mar- celli'i. ^c. Sappho, or Satho, celebrated for her beauty, her poetical talents, and her amo- rous disposition, was born in the island of Lesbos, about GOO years before Christ. Her father's name, according to Herodotus, was Scamandronymus, or, according to others, Symon, or Semus or Etarchus, and her mother's name was Cleis. Her tehder passions were so violent, that some have represented lier attachments to three of her female companions, Telesiphe, At- this, and Mcgara, as criminal, and, on that account, have given her the surname of Tribas. She conceived such a passion for Phaon, a youth of Mitylene, that upon his refusal to gratify her desires, she threw her- self into the sea from mount Leucas. She had composed nine books in lyric verses, besides epigrams, elegies, &c. Of all these compositions, nothing now remains but two fragments whose uncommon sweetness and elegance show how meritoriously the praises of the ancients have been bestowed upon a poetess, who for the sublimity of her genius was called the tenth Muse. Her composi- tions were all extant in the age of Ho- G87 race. The Lesbians were so sensible of the merit of Sappho, tliat after her death, they paid her divine honors, and raised her tem- ples and altars, and stamped their money with her image. I'he poetess has been cen- sured for writing witli tl)at licentiousness and freedom which so much disgraced her character as a woman. The Sapphic verse has been called after her name. Ovid. He- roid. 15. Trist. 2,' v, 565. — Horat. 2, Od. 15, — Herodot. '2, c. 135. — Stat. 5, St/lv. o V. 155 JElian. V. H. \2, c. 18 & 29. — Plin. 22, c. 8. Saptine, a daughter of Darius, the last king of Persia, offered in marriage to Alex- ander. Saiiacene, part of Arabia Petrsea, the country of the Saracens who embraced the religion of Mahomet. Saracori, a people who go to war riding on asses. jElian. V. II. 12. Sakangje, a people near Caucasus. Plin. G, c. IG. Saranges, a river of India, falling into the Hydraotes, and thence into tlie Indus. Sarapani, a people of Colchis. Slntli. Sarapus, a surname of Pittacus, one of the seven wise men of Greece. Sarasa, a fortified place of MesopotamLi, on the Tigris. AYrai. Saraspades, a son of Phraates king of Parthia, sent as an hostage to Augustus, &c. Slrab. Sara vus, now the Soar, a river of Belgium, falling into the Moselle. Saruanap.alus, the 40th and last ting of Assyria, celebrated for his luxury and voluptuousness. The greatest part of his time was spent in the company of his eunuchs, and the monarch generally appeared in the midst of his concubines disguised in the habit of a Icmale, and spinning wool for his amusement. This eH'eminacy ir- ritated his officers ; Uelesis and Arsaces conspired against him, and collected a nu- merous force to dethrone him. Sardana- palus quitted his voluptuousness for a while, and appeared ;it tlie head of his armies. The rebels w>'re defeated in three successive battles, but at last Sardanapalus was l)eaten and besieged in the city of Ninus for two years. When he despaired of success, he burned himself in his palace, with his eu- nuchs, concubines, and all his treasures, and the empire of Assyria was divided among the conspirators. This famous event hap- pened li. C. 820, according to Eusebius though Justin and others, with less probabi- lity, place it 80 years earlier. Sardanapalus was made a god after death. Herodot. 2, c. 150. — Biod. 2. — Slrab. 14. — Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 55. Sakdi, the inhabitants of Sardinia. [Vid. Sardinia.] Sakues. [Vid. Sardis.] Sarwnia, SA SA Sardinia, the greatest island in the Me- diterranean after Sicily, is situate between Italy and Africa, at the south of Corsica. It w?.s originally called Sandaliotis, or Jchnusa, frn.n its resembling the human foot, {i-^im,) and it received the name of Sardinia from Sard(i«, a son of Hercules, who settled there 'riih a colony m liich he had brought w ith him from Libya. (Jther colonies, under Arist«us, N'nrax, and lolas. also settled there. TTie C'ardiaginians were long masters of it, and were dispossessed by tlie Romans in iJie Punic " ars, B. C. 23 1 . Some call it, with Sicily, (jne of the granaries of Home. The air was very unwholesome, tliough the soil was ferule m corn, in wine, and oil. Neither wolves nor serpents arc found in Sardinia, nor any poisonous herb, except one, which when cAten, Contracts _tl»c ncnres, and is attended with a paroxysm of laugiiter, ilic forerunner of death, hence risut S4, ^^tiiih became the cause of tlie invasion of Attica by Darius. Flut. in Alex. — Ovid. M(t. 11. v. I,-;:. 15'.'. hc — Strab. 13.— Ilrrodr't. 1, c. 7, Ac SAkDOsrs, the people of Ruussilon in France, at the foot of the Pyrenees. Plin. 3, c. 4. Sarui s, a son of Hercules, who led a co- lony to S^irdinia and gave it his name. .SAarrMTA, a town of Pha-nicia between Tyre and Sidun, now Sarfatid. SAKiAsTrR, a son ot Tigranes king of Armenia, who conspired against his father. Sic. Val. Max. 0. c. 11. SARiriii, mountains at tlie cast of the Caspian. Sahmat^s, or Sauromat.k, the inhabitant* of Sonnati.-u [ I'ui Sarmatia.] Sakmatia, an extensive lountry at the liortli vf Kuro|H' and .■Xsia, divided into Euro- pean ;irid Asiatic. The European was bounded by the I'Cean on the iiortii, (.itmiany and die VistuI;'. on the west, the Jaiygw on die south, and till* 'i'linaison the ea.st. 'ilie Asiatic was 668 bounded by Hyrcania, the Tanais, and the Euxine sea. The former contains the mo- dern kingdoms of Russia, Poland, Lithuania. and LUtU: Tartary ; and the latter. Great Tar- tan/, Circassia, and the neighbouring country. The SarmatLan:i were a savage uncivilized na- tion, often confounded with the Scytliians naturally warlike, and famous for painting tlieir bodies to appear more terrible in the field of battle. They were well known for their lewdness, and ^ey passed among the Creeks and Latins by the name of barbarians. In the time of the emperors they became very powerful, tliey disturbed die peace of Rome by their frequent incursions ; till at last, increased by the savage hordes of Scytliia. under the barbarout names of Huns, Vandals. GoUis, Alans, &c. ; tliey successfully invaded and ruined the empire in tlie 3d and 4th cen- turies of the Christian era. They generally lived or. tlie mountains witliout any habita- tion, except their d^ariots, whence they hart been called Hamarobti. They lived upon plunder, and fed upon milk mixed with Use blood of horeas. StraL. 7, &c. — Mda, 2, c. 4. —Diod. 2.—Flor. 4, c I'J. — Lucan. 1, Ac. Juv. 2. — Ovid. Trist. 3, Ac. SarmatIclm mark, a name given to th<- Euxine sea, because on die coa^t of Sannatla. Oi-id. 4. fx Punt. ep. 10, v. 38. Sarmintis, a scurrilous penon, men- tioned by Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 56. Sarxks, a river of Asia, near Hyr- cania. Sarsi's, a river of Picenum, dividing it from Campania, and falling into Uie Tuscan sea. Slat. I. Stflv. 2, v. 'J65. — ^'trg. A^n. 7. V. 73S. — Strab. 5. Sarow. a king of Trtexene, unusually fo:.d of hunting. He was drowned in die scu where he had swum for some miles in pursuit of a stag. He was made a sea god by Nep- tune, and divine honor^ were paid to him by the Troezenians. It was customary for sailors to offer him sarrifices before tiiey embarked. Tliat part of Uie sea w-here he w.is druwiiid was called Sar.'uicut sinus, on tlie coa>t of .\diaia, near the isthmus of Corinth. Soron built a temple to Diana at Tr«zenc, and in- stituted festivals to her honor,called from him- self Saronia. Paus. 2, c. 50. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Sircb. 8. Saronjcus Sisi's, now the gulj'k ff En- gia, a L'.iy of the Jt'gvun sea, lying at the south of .\ttiea, and on the north of the Peloponnesus The entrance into it is be- tween the promontory of Suiiiuni and tiia: of .Vyllxum. Some suppose tliat diis pari of the sea received its name from Saroo. who w.Ts drowned there, or from a tmaii river which tliseharged itself on the coast, cr from a small harltour of Uie sam • name. T^ie Saronic bay is about 62 niilt ^ in cir«*umfercncc, 2.3 miles in its broadest. and 2.1 in its longcil part, according to mo- dern calculation. SaaraBON, I S A S A Sarpedon, a son of Jupiter by Europa the daughter of Agencr. He banished him- self from Crete, after he had in vain attempted to make himself king in preference to his elder brother Minos, and he retired to Caria, v/here he built tlie town of Miletus. He went to the I'rojan war to assist Priam against the Greeks, where he was attended by his friend and companion Glaucus. He was at last killed ijy Patroclus, after he had made a great slaughter of the enemy, and his body by order of Jupiter was conveyed to Lycia by Apollo, where his friends and relations paid him funeral honors, and raised a monument to perpetuate his valor. According to some mythologists, the brother of king Minos, and the prince who assisted Priam, were two dif- ferent persons. This last was king of Lycia, and son of Jupiter, by Laodamia, the daughter of. Bellerophon, and lived about a hundred years after the age of the son of Europa, Apollod. 5, c. 1. — Hcrodot. 1, c. 175. — Slrab. 12. — Homer. 11. 16. A son of Neptune killed by Hercules, for his barbarous treat- ment of strangers A learned preceptor of Cato of Utica. Fhd. in Cat. A town of Ciljcia, famous for a temple sacred to Apollo and Diana. Also a promontory of the same name in Cilicia, beyond which Antiochus was not permitted to sail by a treaty of peace which he had made with the Romans. Liv. 58, c. 38. — Mela, 1, c. 13. A promontory of Thrace. A Syrian general who florished B. C. 143. Sarra, a town of Phcenicia, the same as Tyre. It receives its name from a small shell-fish of the same name which was found in the neighbourhood, and with whose blood garments were dyed. Hence came the epithet of sarranus, so often applied to Ty- nan colors, as well as to the inhabitants of the colonies of the Tyrians, particularly Car- thage. tlU. 6, V. 662. I. 13, V. •205. — Firg. G. 2, v. 506. — Festus de V. sig. Sarrastes, a people of Campania on the Sarnus, who assisted Turnus against jiEneas. Virg. uEn. 7, v. 738. . Sarron, a king of the Celtae, so famous for his learning, that from him philosophers were called Sarronidee. Diod. 6, c. 9. Sars, a town of Spain, near cape Finis- terre. Sarsina, an ancient town of Umbria, where the poet Plautus was born. The inha- bitants ai'e called Sarsinates. Martial. 9, ep. S9.—Plin. 3, c. 14. — Ital. 8. v. 462. Sarus, a river of Cappadocia. Liv. 33, C.41. Sasanda, a town of Caria. Diod. 14. Sason, an island at the entrance of the Adriatic sea, lying between Brundusium and Aulon on the coast of Greece. It is barren and inhospitable. Strab. 6. — Lucan. 2, v. 627. & 5, V. 650 Sil. It. 7, V. 480 A river falling into tiie Adriatic. 689 Satarch^, a people near the Pains M«- otis. Mela, 2, c. 1 Flacc. 6, v. 144. Sataspes, a Persian hung on a cross by order of Xerxes, for offering violence to tha daughter of Megabyzus. His fathers name was Theaspes. Hcrodot. 4. Satibarzanes, a Persian made satrap of the Arians by Alexander, from whom he af- terwards revolted. Curt. 6 & 7. Saticula & Saticulus, a town near Capua. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 729. — Ltv. 9, c. 21. 1. 23, c. 39. Satis, a town of Macedonia. Satr.«;, a people of Thrace. Herodot. 7, c. 111. Satrapeni, a people of Media, under Tigranes. Phit. Satricum, a town of Italy, taken by Ca- millus. Liv. 6, c. 8. Satropaces, an oflRcer in the army of Darius, &c. Curt. 4, c. 9. Satura, a lake of Latium, forming part of the Pontine lakes. Sil. 8, v. 582. — Virg. ^£«. 7, v. 801. Satureium, or Satureum, a town of Calabria, near Tarentum, with famous pas- tures and horses, whence the epithet of sa- tureianus in Iloraf. 1, Sat. 6. Satureius, one of Doraitian's mur- derers. Saturnalia, festivals in honor of Sa- turn, celebrated the 1 6th or the 1 7th, or ac- cording to others, the 18th of December. ITiey were instituted long before the found- ation of Rome, in commemoration of the freedom and equality which prevailed on earth in the golden reign of Saturn. Some how- ever suppose, that the Saturnalia were first observed at Rome in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, after a victory obtained over the Sabines; while others support, that Janus first instituted them in gratitude to Saturn, from whom he had learnt agriculture. Others suppose, that they were first celebrated in the year of Rome 257, after a victory obtained over the Latins by the dictator Posthumius. The Saturnalia were originally celebrated only for one day, but afterwards the solemnity con- tinued for 3, 4, 5, and at last for 7 days. The celebration was remarkable for the liberty which universally prevailed. The slaves wer« permitted to ridicule their masters, and to speak with freedom upon every subject. It was usual for friends to make presents one to another, all animosity ceased, no criminala were executed, schools were shut, war was never declared, but all was mirth, riot, and de- bauchery. In the sacrifices the priests made their offerings with their heads uncovered, a custom which was never observed at other festivals. Senec. ep. 18. — Cato de R. R.57. — Sucton. in Vesp. 19. — Cic. ad Attic. 5, ep. 20. Saturnia, a name given to Italy, because Saturn had reigned there during the goldeu a-re. Virg. G. 2, v. 173. A name given S A S A to Juno, as b»ng the daughter of Saturn. I'irg. G. '2, V. 173. .En. 3, v. 80. An ancient town of Itaiy, supix>r*d to be built by Saturn, on the 'I'arpeian rock.. /'iV^'. .,£«. N, V. 358. — A colony of iitruria. Lw. 39, c. 55. Saturnjml's, p. Sempronius, a general of Valerian, proclaimed e;n|. His integrity, lii^ cumpluisanco and allabiility, liad gained him the aHection of tiie people, but his fondness fur uiicient dis- cipline |)ruvok.ed his soldiers, who wantonly murdered him in the IGd year of Iuh age. A. U. '2G'2. .Settius Julius, a (iaul, inu- niate with Aurelian. Tlie emperor ti>teemed him greatly, not only f«r hi> private virtues, but for his abilities as a general, and for the victories which he had obtained in dif- ferent parts of tlie empire. He was saluted emperor at Alexandria, and compelled by the clamorous army to accept of the purple, which he rejected with disdain and horror. Probu*, who was tlien emperor, inarchi-tl his forces against him, and besieged him in Apamea, where he destroyed himself when unable to make head against bis powerful •fdversary. Appulcius, a tribune of the people who raised a sedition at Home, inti- midated the senate, and tyrannized for three years. Meeting at last with opposition, h« seised the capitol, but Inking induced by the hopoti of a reconciliation tu trust himi«lf amidst the peo[)le, he was suddenly torn to pieces. His sedition has received Uio name of Appxdciana in the lloman annals. Flor. Lucius, a seditious tribune, who sup- ported the oppreasion of Marius. He was at last put to douth on account of bis tumul- tuous di-sposition. IHut. i»t Maiio. — Ftor. 3, c 16. An officer in the court of 'llieo- dosius, murdered for obeying th<' empcrur'ft orders, &c. •— Pompeius, a writer in tlie roign of Trajan. He was greatly ost»( Jupiter, Pluto, and Neptune, as being tJie tons of Saturn. SAtuRNUs, a "«on of Ccelus, or Uranus, by Term, colled also Titca, 'lliea, or Titheia. He was naturally artful, and by means of his motlier, he revenged liimwlf on his fallier, whose cruelty to his children had provoked the anpiT of Thea. The mother armed her son with n scythe, which w«s fabricated with the metals drawn from her IhjwcIs, and as 690 Ceelus was going to uiutc himself to Thea .Saturn mutilated him, and for ever preventi^i him from cncreasing tlie number of his child- ren, whom he treated witli unkindness and confined in tiie infernal regions. Attcr this tlic sons of C'uelus were restored to liberty, and Saturn wbtaincil his father's kingdom bv tile consent of his brotlier, provided he did not bring up any male children. Pursuant to this agrvcnieut, Saturn always devoureiit tliis barbarous cus- tom was .-ibttlisheil by Hercules, who substi- tuted snudl images of tiay. In tiie sacriticeK of Saturn, the priest always pertornii>d tin- ceremony witJi liis head uncovered, which w.os unusual at other solemnities. The god is gc- ner.iliy represented as an old man l>eni through agi' and inilnnity. He holds a scythe in his right hand, with a serpent which bites it« own tail, which Ls an emblem of time and of the revolution of t!ie yenr. In his left hand Ik holcLi a child, which he rai'^es up as if instantly to devour it. latius, king of tlie Sahines, first built a temple to .Soturit on the Capitolinu hill, a second was after- wards added by Tullus Hostilius, and a third ly tlic frjt consuU. On his statues were S A SC were geneitiUy liung iu fetters in commemo- ration of the chains he had worn when im- prisoned by Jupiter. From this circum- stance all slaves that obtained their liberty, generally dedicated their fetters to him. During the celebration of the Saturnalia, the chains were taken from the statues to inti- mate the freedom and the independence which mankind enjoyed during the golden age. One of his temples at Rome was ap- propriated for the public treasury, and it was there also that the names of foreign ambassadors were enrolled. Hesiod. Theog. — Apulkd. 1, c. 1. — Virg. jEn. 8, v. 319. — Pans. 8, c. 8. — Tibull. El. 5, v. 55. — — Horn. II. — Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 197. Met. I, V. 125. Saturum, a town of Calabria, where stuffs of all kinds were dyed in different colors with great success. Virg. G. % v, 197. L 4, T. OOO. Satyui, demigods of the country, whose origin is unknown. They are represented like men, but with the feet and the legs of goats, short horns on the head, and the whole body covered with thick hair. They chiefly attended upon Eacchus, and rendered them- .stives known in his orgies by their riot and lasciviousness. The first fruits of eveiy thing were generally offered to them. The Romans promiscuously called them Fauni, Panes, and Sylvaiii. It is said that a Satyr was brought to Sylla, as that general returned from Thes- saly. The monster had been surprised asleep in a cave ; but his voice was inarticulate when brought into the presence of the Roman ge- neral, and Sylla was so disgusted with it, that he ordered it to be instantly removed. The monster answered in every degree the de- scription which the poets and painters have given of the Satyrs. Paus. 1, c. ti5. — Plut. ill Sylt. — Virg. Ed. 5, v. IS. — Ovid. Heroid. 4, V. 171. Satyrus, a king of Bosphorus, ^who reigned 14 years, &c. His father's name was Spartacus. Diod. '20. An Athenian who attempted to eject the garrison of Demetrius from the citadel, &c. Polyceii. A Greek actor who instructed Demosthenes, and taught liim how to have a good and strong delivery. A man who assisted in murdering Timo- phanes, by order of his brother Timoleon. A Khodian sent by his countrymen to Rome, when Eumenes had accused some of the allies of intentions to favor the interest of Macedonia against the republic. A peri- patetic philosopher and historian, who Horished B. C. 148. A tyrant of Heraclea, 546' B. C. -^— — An architect who together with Petus is said to have planned and built the celebrated tomb M'hich /irlemisia erected to the memory of i^iausolus, and which became one of tne wondejs of tiie world. The honor of erecting it is ascribed to others. Savera, a village of Lycaonia. 691 Saufeius Tkogijs, one of Messalina's favorites, punished by Cbudius, &c. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 55. Appius, a Roman, who died on his return from tlie bath upon taking mead, &c. Plin. 7, c. 55. Savo, or Savona, a town with a small river of the same name in Campania. Stat, -i., — Plin. 3, c. 5. A town of Liguria, Sauromat.*;, a people in the nortliern parts of Europe and Asia. I'hey are called &Yr/;(«;fi7 by the Latins. [Firf. Sarmatia.] Saur[ s, a famous robber of Elis, killed by Hei-cules. Paus. G, c. 21. A statuary. Plin. 56, c. 5. Saviis, a river of Pannonia, rising in No- ricum, at the north of Aquileia, and falling into the Danube, after flowing through I'an- nonia, in an eastern direction. Claudius, de Stil. 2. A small river of Numidia, falling into the Mediterranean. Saxones, a people of Germany, near tlie Chersonesus Cimbrica. Ptolem. 5, 11. — . Claud. 1, Eutr. v. 592. Saziches, an ancient legislator of Eg\i)t. ScjEa, one of the gates of Troy, where the tomb of Laomedon was seen. The name is derived by some from a-Kocioi, [sinister,) be- cause it was through this avenue that tlie fatal horse was introduced. Homer. II. — &U. 15, V. 75. One of the Danaides. Her hus- band's name was Dayphron. Apollod. SciEVA, a soldier in Caesar's amiy, who be- haved with great courage at Dyrracliium. Lucan. 6, v. 144. Memor, a Latin poet in the reign of Titus and Domitian. A man who poisoned his own mother. Horat. 2, Sat. 1, V. 53. A friend of Horace, to whom the poet addiessed 1 Ep. 17. He was a Roman knight. ScaivoLA. \_Vid. Mutius.] Scalabis, now >S'/. Irene, a town of ancient Spain. Scaldis, or ScALDiuM, a river of Bel- giuiTi, now called The Scheld, and dividing the modern country of the Netherlands from Holland. Cccs. G. 6, v. 33. Pons, a town on the same river, now called Conde. Cces. ScAMAKDER. or ScAJiANDRos, a Cele- brated river of 'I'roas, rising at the east of mount Ida, and falling into the sea below Sigaum. It receives the Simois in its course, and towards its mouth it is very muddy, and flows through marslies. This river, accord- ing to Homer, was called Xcnitkus, by the gods, and Scamander by men. The waters of the Scamander had the singular property of giving a beautiful color to the hair, or the wool of such animals a» bathed in them ; and from this circumstance the three goddesses, Minerva, Juno, and Venus batlied there before they appeared before I'aris, to obtain the golden apple. It was usual among all the virgins of Troas to bathe in the .Scaman- der, when they were arrived to nubile years, Y y 2 and sc s c and to offer to the god tlioir virginity in tliese words, Aa^! uou, "ZKau-utifi, cxv Txo^lymi, The god of the Scainandcr liad a regular priest, and sacrifices ttiercd to liim. Some su^jpose that tliu river received its uanie from 8camander, the sou of Corybas. ^Etian. jlinni. 8, c. til. — Strab. 1 & 15. — I'liit. 3, c. 30. — MJa, I. c. li. — Homer. It. .5. — I'hit. — ^Eichin. I'j>. 10. A son of Cory- bss and Demodicc, who broii^jlit a colony from Crete into I'hrygia, at; ! settled at the foot of mouitt Ida, whire he ii:iriducetl tlic i'ebtivals of Cybele, and the ilancis of the Corybantcs. lie some time after lost the use of iiis senses and threw himself into tlie river Xanthus, which over after bore liis name. His son-in-law Teucer succeeded him in tlie government of tiie coUmy. lie had two daughters, Thvmo, and Callirhoc. ApJlod. 3, t. Vl. — ULd. -1. ScAMANDHiA, u towH OD thc Scamsnder. P/i«. -1, c. JU. ScAMANOKiL's, one of tlie generals of Priam, son of Strophius. He was killed by Menclaus. Homer. 11. .5, v. 49. ScaaDai w, a promontory in thc island of Cos. Hi: a,. 11. SrAKj)i.vAviA, a name given by thc ancients ii> that tract of territory which contains tlie modern kingdoms of Norway, S\ve. ad ^-iltic. 5, &c. His brother was a 'nerchant of Cuppadocia. ScArf'LA, a native of Cordubi, who defended that town against ( ssar, after the battle of INIundu. When he saw that all his ellbrts were useless against tlie Roman general, he desti-oyed himself. Cas. Beii. H. 55. An usurper. Cic- ad Alt. 12, Ep. 57. ScANuoN, a town on the confines of Dalmatia. ScAumi, a ridge of mountains of Macc- doiua, which separates it from Il]\'Ticum. Lii>. 43, c. 20. ScARPHiA, or ScARruE. a town near lliermopyliB, on the confines of Phthious. SciiLC. in Tr. 60-2 Scatinia lex de pudicUid, by C. Sca- tinius ..Vricinus. the tribune, was enacted against tI:ose who kept catamites, and such .as prostituted themselves to any vile or un- natural service. 'I'hc penalty was originally a fine, but it w;is afterwards made a capital crime under Augustus. It is sometimes called ScaiUinia from a certain Scanlinius upon whom it Wis first executed. S<-.v( Rts, M. -Emylius. a Rom.in consul who distinguIsJied liiin>elf by his eloquence at tiie bar, and by his successes in .Spain, in the capacity of cuuimaiider. He was sent against J ugurtiia, and sometime after accused of suffering himself to be bribed by the Nu- midian prince. Scaurus coiujuered the Li- gui"ians, and in his censorship he built the .Milvian bridge at Rome, and began to pave the road, which from him was c;dled thc .^mylian. He was originally very poor. He wrote some books, and among tliese an history of his own life, all now lost. His son of the same name, made liimself known by the large theatre which he built during his edilesliip. This theatre, which could contain .■30,tKH.) spectators, was supporteil by 56U columns of marble, 58 feet in height, and adorned with 5000 brazen statues. This Celebrated edifice, according to Pliny, proveil more fatal to the manners and die simplicity of the Romans, tlian thc proscriptions and wars of Sylla had done to the inhabitants of tlie city. .Scaurus married Murciu. Cic. «/• Brut. — ral Mai. -i, c. 4. — I'lin. 34, c. 7. I. 56, c. 2. A Roman of consular dig- nity. When tlie Cimbri invaded Italy, the son of .Scaurus behaved witli great cowar- dice, ujjon which thc father sternly onlcred him never to appear again in tlie field of bat- tle. The severity of tJiis command rcndere<( young Scaurus melancholy, and he plunged a sword into his own heart, to free hinLself lio.;i farther ignominy. .\urelius, a Ri"*- inan consul taken prisoner by the Uauls. He was put to a cruel deadi because he told thu king of the enemy not to cross the Alps to invade Italy, which was universally dci-med unconquerable. M. yKroilins ■ nian in tlie reign of Tiberius accused of adultery with I.ivia, and put to deatli. He was an eliKpicnt orator, but very lascivious and de- bauched in his morals,— —Mainercus, a man put to death by Tiberius. MatimiV', a man who conspired against Nero. Teren- tius a Latin grammarian. He had been pre- ceptor to Uie emperor Adrian. A. GeUiut, II, c. 15. ScEDAsis, a native of Leuctra in Boeolia. Hisiwodaughters, Meletia and Molpia, whom some called Theanoand Mippo,jWere ratishe. Iiad been slaughtered, and im- mediately young Scipi»> was .nppointed to avenge tJie ileadi of his fatlier, and of his un- cle, and to vinn as a proper general to en- counter Annihal in Italy ; but .Vipio oppose*! the measures which his countrymen wished to pursue, and he declared in the senate that if Annibal was to be conijuercd he must be ronquered in Africa. These boUl measures were immeed. and the ac- cusers silcnre that Asiaticus was enabled to celebrate games in honor of his victory over An- tiochus, for ten successive days, at his own expence. Liv. 58, c. 55, Sec. — Eutrop. 4. Nasica was son of Cneus Scipio, and cousin to Scipio Africanus. He was refused the consulship, though supported by the in- terest and the fame of the conqueror of Anni- bal ; but heaftci-wards obtained it, and in that honorable office conquered the Boii, and gained a triumph. Ho was also successful in an expedition which he imdertook in Spain. When the statue of Cybele was brought to Rome from Phiygia, the Roman senate dele- gated one of their body, who was the most remarkable for the purity of his manners and the innocence of his life, to go and meet the goddess in the harbour of Ostia. Nasica was the object of their choice, and as such he was enjoined to bring the statue of the goddess to Rome with the gi'catest pomp and solemnity. Nasica also ui^ti-igiiished himself by the active Y y 4 part s c sc part w liich lie took in confuting the accusations laid against the two Scipio's, Africanus and Asiaticus. There was also another of the Sana* name, who distinguislied himself by his enmity against the Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related. PaUrc. '2, c. 1, &c. — Flor. 2, c. 15. — Lit: '2!>, c. M, ivc. Publ. JCniilianus, son of Paulus, the con- queror of Perseus, was adopted by tlie son of Scipio Africanus. He received the same surname as his grandfat'.ier, and was calleil Africuniis Ike ifounti,tr, on account of his victories o\er Carthage. ."Emilianus first appeared in the Roman armies under his father, and afterwards distinguished hinxself as a legionary tribune in llie Spanish pro- vinces, where he killed a Spaniard of gigantic stature, and obtained a mural crown at the siege of Intercatia. He passed into Africa to demand a reinforcement from king Masinissa, the ally of Home, and he was the spectator of a long and bloody battle which was fought between that monarch and the Cartliaginians, and which soon produced the third Punic war. .Sometime after ..tmilianus Wiis made edile, and next appointed consul, though under the age ren- portant office, 'llie surname which he had received from his grandfather, he was doomed lawfully to claim as liis owni. He was em- powered to finish the war witli Cartilage, and as he was permitted by the senate to choose his colleague, he took with him his friend La'- lius, whose father of tlie same name had fonnerly enjoyed the confidence and shaied the victories of die first Africanus. The siege of ("arthage was already begun, but the ope- nrtions of tlie Komans were not continued with vigor. Scipio had no sooner appeared before the wjills of tlie enemy, tliiii every I omiiiunication with the land w.-is cut off, and that they might not liave the command of the sea, a stupendous mole was tlirown across tlie harbour with Immense labor and eipence. 'lliis, which might have .neil tlie most active enemy, rendered the Carthaginians more eager in thecau..e t)f freedom and inde- pendence ; all tlie inhabitants, without dis- tinction of rank, age, or sex, employed tliein- selves without cessation to dig another har- bour, and to build and e(|uip another fleet. In a short time, in spite of the vigilance and activity of 0 gallies suddenly issuing under sail, ready for the engagement. This unexpected fleet, by immediately atLicking the Koman ships, might have gaine above 50.000 men was followed by the re- duction of the citadel, and the total submission of Cartilage, B.C. 147. The captive city was set on fire, and though Scipio was obliged to (Icuiolish its very walls to ol^y the orders of the Komans, yet he wept bitterly over the melancholy and tragical scene ; iind in be- wailing the miseries of Cartha'.;e, he ex- pressed his fears lest Rome, in her turn, in some future age, should exhibit such a dread- ful conflagration. The return of .limilianus to Rome was that of another con(|ueror of .\nni- bai, and like him he was honored with a mag- nificent triumph, and received the surname of Afrkauns. He was not long left in llie en- joyment of his glory, before he was called to obtain fresh honors. He w.is cho>cn consul a second time, and appointed to fiiii-.li the war which the Romans had hitherto c.arrietl on without success or vigorous exertions against Nuiuantia Tlie fall of Numantia wiis more noble than that of the capiul of Africa, and the conqueror of Carthage obtained the victory only when the enemies had been consumed by famine or by *clf-destruction, B. C. 153. From his conquests in Spain, .iTvmilianus was honored wiili a second triumph, and with the surname of iVii//iaH/i/M/*. Vet his popu- larity was short, and. by telling the people that the murder of their favorhe, his brother-in-law Gracchus, was lawful, since he was turbu- lent and inimical to tlie peace of the republic, Scipio incurred thedispleiisurcof the tribunes, and was received with hisses. His authority for a moment quelled tlieir sedition, when he reproached them for tljcir cowardice, and ex- claimed. Factious wretches, do you thirUc that y')ur clumori can inliinidatf me ; mt, whom the fuiy (J' your enemies ncirr Jaunted .' It this the j^ratitudc l/inl you owe to my father 2'auius uft~i tonqutreit Macedonia, and to me .' Without ini/f.niiUy you were slaws. Is this the respect yon ouv to your de/ivfrcrs ? It this your affection ? This firmness silenced tlie murmurs of tli« assembly, and some time aAer Scipio retired from tlie clamors of Rome to Caieta, where, with his friend I.«,'lius, he passed tlie rest of bis time in innocent pleasure and amusemeot, in diversions which had pleased tliem when child- ren ; and the two greatest men tliat ruled the state, were often seen on the sea-sliore picking up light pebbles and throwing them on the smooth surface of tlie waters. Tliough fond of retirement and literary ease, yet Scipio often interested himself in the affairs of tli« state. His enemies accused him of nspiring to die dictatorship, and the clamors were most I loud against him, when he had opposed the Semproiiian law, and declared himself tlie patron of the inhabitmits of the provinces of I taly. 'Iliis active part of Scipio was seen with pleasure by llie friends of the republic, and not only Uie senate, but also tlie citizens, the Latins, and neighbouring ttttes conducted their illustrious friend ami p.ntron to his house. It seemed also the univcnol wisli that the uoubln sc s c troubles might be quieted by tlic election of Scipio to the dictatorship, and many presumed that that honor would be on the morrow con- ferred upon him. In this, however, the ex- pectations of Rome were frustrated, Scipio was found dead in his bed to the astonishment of the world ; and those who inquax'd for the causes of this sudden death, perceived violent marks on his neck, and concluded that he had been strangled, B. C. 1 28. This assassination, as it was then generally believed, was com- mitted by the triumvirs, Papirius Carbo, C. Gracchus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who supported the Seraprouian law, and by his wife Sempro- nia, who is charged with having introduced the mvu'derers into his room. No inquiries were made after the autliors of his death ; Gracchus was the favorite of the mob, and the only atonement which the populace made for the death •f Scipio was to attend his fune- ral, and to shew their concern by their cries and loud lamentations. The second Africanus has often been compared to the fii st of that name ; they seemed to be equally great and equally meritorious, and the Romans were unable to distinguish which of the two was entitled to a greater share of their regard and admiration. ^EmiRanus, like his grandfather, was fond of literature, and lie saved from the flames of Carthage many valuable composi- tions, written by Phoenician and Punic au- thors. In the midst of his greatness he died poor, and liis nephew, Q,. Fabius Maximus, who inherited his estate, scarce found in his house thirty-two pounds weight of silver, and two and a half of gold. His liberality to liis brother and to his sisters deserves the greatest commendations, and indeed no higher enco- mium can be passed upon his character, pri- vate as well as public, than the words of his rival Metellus, who told his sons, at the death of Scipio, to go and attend the funeral of the greatest man that ever lived or should live in Rome. Liv. 44, &c. — Cic. de Setiec. Oral, in Brut. ^c. — Polyb. — Apphm. — Pater c. 1, c. ]2, &c. — Flw. —A son of the first Africa- nus, taken captive by Antiochus king of Sy- ria, and restored to his father without a ransom. He adopted as his son young .^milianus, tiie son of Paulus TEmilius, who was afterwards sumamed Africanus. Like his father Scipio, he distinguished himself by his fondness for literature, and his valor in the Roman armies. - Metellus, tlie father-in-law of Pompey, appointed commander in Macedonia. He was present at the battle of Pharsalia, and after- wards retired to Africa, with Cato. He was defeated by Caesar at Thapsus. Plul. Salutio, a mean person in Ca;sar's army in Africa. The general appointed liim his chief commander, either to ridicule him, or because there was an ancient oracle that declared that the Scipios would ever be victorious in Africa. Tint. L. Cornelius, a consul who opposed Sylla. He was at last deserted by his array, 697 and proscribed The commander of a co- hort in the reign of Vitellius. SciRA, an annual solemnity observed at Athens in honor of Minerva, or, according to others, of Ceres and Prosei-pine. It received its name either from Sciras, a small tovm of Attica, or from a native of Eleusis, called Scirus. SczRADiuM, a promontory of Attica, on the Saronicus sinus. Sciras, a name of .'.' 'Ihere were al>o two brothers of that name, who did notliing .without each ollicr's consent. Id. 4, c. 41. ScRiBONris, a man who made Iiinisdf uKisti-r iif the kingdom of Ho'iphnrns. A physician in the jige of .\upustus and Tihe- riux. —— A man who wrote annals, A. I): '2'2. llie best edition of .Scribonius is that of Patav. Ito. le.'i.'i. .A friend of Pom- pey. Sec. SiTi.TKNNA, a river of Caul ('{"iMdaiia, falling into ihc Po, now called I'lrnnrj. Liv. 41. c. 1'.' it IS. — Plin. .". c. 16. ScYi.A( Ei'M. a town of the Bnitii, built ay Mnestlieus at the he.nd of an .Athenian co- /ony. .\s Virgil has applied the epithet A'u fab. 198.— rir^'. G.\,y. 405, &c. A daughter of Typhon, or, as some say, of Phorcys. who was greatly loved by Glaucus, one of tl:e deities of the sea. Scylla scorned the ad- dresses iif Glaucus, and tlje god, to under htr more propitious, applied to Circe, whos« kiio«letlge of heibs and incantations v-as. universally admircil. Circe no sooner saw him than she became enamourtni of liiut, and instead of gixing him the re<|uired assist- ance, she attempted to make him forget Se\ll:i. but in v:un. I'o punish her rival, Circe poured tlic juice of scune poisonous herbs into t!ie waters of the fountain whert- .Vylla Iwithed. and no sooner had the nymph touched the place than she found every part of her body below Uie waist, changed into frightful monsters like dogs, which never erased barking. 'Die rest of her body assuiiird an equally hitli-ous form. She found herself supported by twelve feel, and she had six dif- ferent heads, each with throe rtiwa of teeth. This sutlden metamorphosis so terrified her, that she threw herself into that p.irt o[ the sea which separates the coast of Italy and Si- cily, where she wa.s changed into rocks, which continued to hear her name, and which were universally deemed by the ancients as very ilangerous to sailors, a.s well as the whirlpool of CharylKlis on tlie coast of Sicily. Duitng a temjK-st the waves are described by modem navigators as roaring dreadfully wheecanie Tnother of (Ebalus by Telon. Virg. ^En. 7, T. 7.34. SsBi'^iASt, or SzGt'siANi, 3. people of Celtic Gaul. .SitcTANt's, an infiunous debauchee in the :M^e of I lorace. I , Sat. 4, v. 1 1 2. SEcrNDLs Ji;lii;s, a man M-ho pul)- lished Sonne harangues and orations in the a^o of the emperor Titus. A favorite •f Nero. One of the av>ociatc9 of Se- janus. SroiTANi, or Seoevtani, a people of Spain, flal. .", V. .37'.'. SrnuM, an ancient nation of Belgic Gaul. Cat. DeU. G. 3. Sedusii, a people of Germany near the Sueri. Cas. •Seuesta, a town of .Sicily founded by yEneas, or according to Mime, by Crinisus. [Vid. /Tigesta,] SeoESTrs a German, friendly to the llo- man interest in the lime of Germanicus. H^t dau^iter married Anniniiis. Tacit. A. 1, c.r,r,. Seoetia, a divinity at Home, invoked by the husbandmen that tlie harvest might bo plentiful. Auf^. de Civ. D. 4, c 8. — Ma- erob. 1, c. \(>. — Plin. 18, c. V. Seom, a people witli a town of the same rname in Belgic Gaul. Cat. B. G. 6. .SEcomiiCA, a town of i>pain near Sagun- tum. FUh. 3, c 3. •SrcoNAx, a prince in t)ie soutliem parts of Britain, who opposed CmvkT by order of Cassivelaunus, &c. Cii, a people of Gaul on the Loire. Celf in the court of I'il.criuB. Ilis fatlicr's name *as Stuis .Strabo, a l{oman knight, com- mander of tlie prxtorian guards. I li< mo- ther was descL-nded from the Juni.in family. Sejanus first gained tlie f.ivors of Caius C«- far, the grandson of Augustus, but after- wards lie nttaclied luinself to the interest and the views of Tiberiu*. who then sat on the imperial throne. 'i"he emperor, 700 who was naturally of a suspicious teinjx.r, was free and open witli Sejanus, and whil« he distrusted others, he coninuirurated his greatest secrets to this fawning favorite. &- janus improved Uiis confidence, and when iu had found that ho possess(.d the esteem ct Tiberius, he next endeavoured to bccoiBe the favorite of the soldiers and the darling of tlie senate. As commander of the prnr- torian guards he was the second man in Romr, and in that important office he made use of insinuations and every mean artifice to make hims«.-lf beloved and revered. His af- fability and condescension gained him the hearts of the common soldiers, and by ap- pointing his own favorites and adherents to ploci-s of trust and honor, all the officers and centurions of the army became dcvotod t«> his interest- The views of Sejanus in this were well known ; yet to advance witii more success, he attempted to gain the al- fection of the senators. In tliis he met with no op|x>sition. A man who has tlie dispo- sal of placet of honor .ind dignity, and who has the command of tlie public money, can- not but be tlie favorite of tiiose who are in need of hi-i .assistance. It is even said, that Sejanus gained to bis riews all tiie wives of tlie senators, by a private and most secret promise of marriage to each of them, when- ever he bad made himself independent ana sovereign of Home. Yet however success- ful with the best and noblest families in the empire, Sejanus had to combat num- bers in Uie house of the emperor ; but (hese seeming obstacles were soon removed. All the chihiren and grandchildren of 'J'iberius Were sacrificed tu the ambition of the fa- vorite under various pretences ; and Drusus, tlie son of the emperor, by striking Sejanus, made his destruction sure and inevita)>le. Livia, Uie wife of IMjsus, was gained by Sejanus and though the mother of many children, she was prevaike ; but .Sejaiiu'. otlended the whole empire when he declared that S E S E that he was emperoi- of Roaie, and Tibeiiiis only the dependent prince of the island of Caprese, where he had retired. Tiberius was upon this fully convinced of the designs of Sejanus ; and when he had been informed that his favorite had had the meanness and audacity to ridicule him by introducing him on the stage, the emperor ordered him to be accused before the senate. Sqanus was deserted by all his pretended • friends, as soon as by fortune ; and the man who aspired to the empire, and who called himself the favorite of the people, the darling of the praetorian guards, and the companion of Tiberius, was seized without resistance, and the same day strangled in prison, A. D. 31. His remains were exposed to the fury and insolence of the populace, and afterwards thrown into the Tiber. His children and all his relations were involved in his ruin, and Tiberius sacrificed to his resentment and suspicions, all those who were even connected with Sejanus, or had shared his favors and enjoyed his confidence. Tacit. 3, Ann. &c. — Dio. 58. — Suet, in Tib. Cs. Seius, a Roman who had a famous horse of large size and uncommon beauty. He was put to death by Antony, and it was observed, that whoever obtained possession of his horse, which was supposed to be of the same race as the horses of Diomedes de- stroyed by Hercules, and which was called Sejanus equus, became unfortunate and lost all his property, with every member of his family. Hence arose the proverb, Ule homo habet Sejanum equum, applied to such as were oppressed with misfortunes. Au. Gel- lius, 5, c. 9. Seius Straeo, the father of Sejanus, was a Roman knight, and commander of the prastorian guards. Selasia. [Vid. Sellasia.] Selemniis, a river of Achaia. Paus. 7, c. 23. [Vid. Selimnus.] Selene, the wife of Antiochus, king of Syria, put to death by Tigranes, king of Ar- menia. She was daughter of Physcon, king of Egypt, and had first married her brother Lathurus, according to the custom of her country, and afterwards by desire of her mother, her other brotlier Gryphus. At the death of Gryphus she had married Antiochus, •urnamed Eusebes, the son of Antiochus Cyzi«enus, by whom she had two sons. Ac- cording to Appian, she first married the father, and after his death, his son Eusebes. Appian. Syr. &c. Seleucena, or Seleucis, a country of Syria, in Asia. [Vid. Seleucis.] Seleucia, a town of Syria, on the sea shore, generally called Pieria, to distinguish it from others of the same name. There were no less tlian eight other cities which were called^Seleucia, and which had all re- ceived their name from Seleucus Nicator. 701 'Kiey were all situate in the Kingdom oi Syria, in Cilicia, and near the Euphrates. Flor. 3, c. 11. — Plut. in Bern. — Mela, I, c. 1 2. — Strab. 11 & 15. — Plifi. 6, c. 26. Also the residence of the Parthian kings. Cic. 8,fam. 14. SeleucTd^, a surname given to those monarchs who sat on the throne of Syria, which was founded by Seleucus, the son of Antiochus. from whom the word is derived. The era of the Seleucidse begins with the taking of Babylon by Seleucus, B. C. 312, and ends at the conquest of Syria by Pom- pey, B. C. 65. The order in which these monarchs reigned, is shown in the account of Syria. [Vid. Syria.] Seleccis, a division of Syria, which re- ceived its name from Seleucus, the founder of the Syrian empire, after the death of Alexander the Great. It was also called Te~ trapolis, from the four cities which it contained, called also sister cities ; Seleucia called after Seleucus, Antioch called after his father, Laodicea after his mother, and Apamea after his wife. Strab. 16. Seleucus, 1st, one of the captains of Alexander the Great, sumamed locator, or Victorious, was son of Antiochus. After the king's death, he received Babylon as his province ; but his ambitious views, and his attempt to destroy Eumenes as he passed through his territories, rendered him so unpopular, that he fled for safety to the court of his friend Ptolemy, king of Egypt. He was soon after enabled to recover Babylon, which Antigonus had seized in his absence, and he encreased his dominions by the immediate conquest of Media, and some of the neighbouring provinces. When he had strengthened him- self in his empire, Seleucus imitated the example of the rest of the generals of Alexander, and assumed the title of inde- pendent monarch. He afterwards made war against Antigonus, with the united forces of Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus ; and after this monarch had been conquered and slain, his territories were divided among his victorious enemies. When Seleucus be- came master of SjTia, he built a city there, which he called Antioch, in honor of his father, and made it the capital of his domi- nions. He also made war against Demetrius and .Lysimachus, though he had originally married Stratonice, the daughter of the former, and had lived in the closest friendship with the latter. Seleucus vras at last mur- dered by one of his servants called Ptolemy Ceraunus, a man on whom he bestowed the greatest favors, and whom he had distinguished by acts of the most unbounded confidence. According to Arrian, Seleucus was the greatMt and most powerful of the princes who in- herited the Macedonian empire after the deatk of Alexander, His benevolence has been commended ; and it lias been observed, that he •S E S E be conquered not to enslave nations, Lut to make them more ?ia|jpy. He fouii'lcd no less than 34 cities in (litTl')ent 'parf; of his empire, which he peoi)ii'd with GrLvk colo- nies, wliose national industry, learning, re- ligion, and spirit, were conimu.'iitated to the indolent and luxurious inhabitants of Asia. •Sdencus was a great bemtaitor to the Greeks; he rcstxjred to the Atlunians iho library and statues which Xfrxes had car- ried away from their city when he invaded Greece, and among them were those of Harmodius, and Aristogiton. S-leucus was murdered 'jso years iK'fore the Christian era, in the 3-2d year of his reign, and the "8th, or according to others the T.^tl yenr of his age, as he was goin;j to con<(iiir Macedonia, where he intende«l to finish his dttys in peact* and trantjuillity in that province where he was l)<»m. lie was succeeded by Antiochus Soter. Justin. 13, c. 4. I. 15, c. 4. 1. 16, c. 3, Ac. — FiiU. in Dem. — Pint, fi, c. 17. — Paus. f. c. 51. — Justfih, Jn!. \'2. The 2d, sumanned Callinicus, succeeded his father Antiochus Theus on the throne of .Syiia. lie at- tempted to make war n;:(unst Ptolemy, king of Ej^ypt, but his tlcet was shipwr«.vked in a violent storm, and his armies s«H)n after conquered by hi* enemy. He was at last taken prisoner by Arsaces, an officer who made himself powerful by the dis-^onsions which reigned in the lioiisc- t.f the Sfkiicida-, l>etween the two brotlwrs, .Seleiicus mid .\n- tiochus; and after Ik- hofl iK-tn a prisoner for some time in Parll;i:i, he died of a fall from his liorse, H. C. '_'•.'<". after a reign of -'0 years. .Seleucus had received the sur- name of 1*0^71, from his long In-ard, and that of CaUinicxii, ironically to express his very unfortunate reign. lie had married Lamiice. the sister of one of his ^^cnirals, by whom he had U\q sens, .Selinicns and Anti- ochus, and a daughter whom he gave in mar- riage to IMithridatesking of Ponttis, Sirab. 16. — Justin. '_'7. — Apfrinn. ilc Si/r. The 3d, succeedetl his father Seleucus 'Jd, on the throne of Syria, and received tlie surname of Ceraunus. by antiphrasis, as he was a very weak, timid, and irresolute monarch. lie was murdered by two of his officers, after a reign of three years, H. C. '_"_'3, and his brother Antiochus, though only l/) years old, ascended tlie throne, and rendered hiresflf so celebrated that he acqnirvti tJie name of the Great. Appiitn. 'Die 4th, succcef Syria. He was >-urn.\ined Philnj\atrr, or, according to Josephu-., Soter. His em|)ire had be< n weakened by the Uomans wheti he became inonareh, and tti« yearly fribtite of a th(!usand talents to those victorious enen;ies, concurred in lessening his power and ctnisc- cjuence among nations. Selcunis was poi- soned after a reign of It.' years, P. G. 175. His son Demetrius had ivcn sent lo Home, 702 tliere to receive his edncat'on, and be becanu 3 prince of great abilities. StraK \('>. — Juitin. 3'i. — Appim. — — The 5lh, suc- coeiled his father Demetrius Nicator on the throne of Syria, in the 'iC)tJi year of his age. He was put to death in the fii - year of fiis reign by Cleopatra his moll who had also sacrificed her husband to her ambition. He is not reckoned by many historians in the number of the SyriMf monarchs. The 6th, one of the St-k- cidte, son of Antiochus Gryphus ki;:>^ ' his uncle Antiochus Cyziccnns, who wislitd tn obtain th» crown of Syria. He was some time after banished from his king- dom hy Antiochus Pius son of Cyxice- nus, and fled to Cilicia, where he was burnt in a pal.tce by tlie inhabitants. H. C. y.3. A}t]ivin. — Jih. .\ prince of Syria, to whom the Kgyptians ofttred the crown of which they had roliln-d Auletes. -Seleucus accepted it, but he soon disgusted his sub- jects, and received the surname of Cybto- sactes, or ScuHvm, for his meanness ar ' 3varic4f. He wai> at last murdered bv 1' renice, whom he had mariied. — — A sei\; of Cleojiatra, the last (pieen of Mgv who accnstd his mistress before Oci-iviaaiu of having secruied \mn of her jewels and treasures. A mathematician intimari- with \'v>-| asiaa the Roman emperor. A part of the Alps. A Homan con- . — ^— .\ celebrated singer. Juv. lo, v. '.^11. .A king of th« Uosphorus, whu died B. r. 4-29. SKLdE, 3 town of Pamphylia, made a colony by the LaoxUemonL-ins. Lii. .3i>. C. 1«.' — Straha. StLiMNTs, a flicpherd of Achaia. \>'. for some time enjoyed tlie favors of t' nyinpb Argyra without interruption. .\ gyra was at last disgusted with lier lover, and the shepherd died through melancholy, and was cliangcd intu a river of the s^une raiiie. Argyr.i was also changi-d into x fountain, and vnn fond of mingling her waters witit tltosc of the Solimnus. Paui c •-'.'5. Sklim Ns, or Su.ixus, (un/tt.) a to" on the southern parts of Sicily, found A. T'. C. I'J7, by a colony from .Slegara. Ii rece'ivi'«l its namo from r». ptirsi t/, which grew there in abunJance. The marks of it' ancient conse*]iiencv are visible in the vei rat)le ruins now found in its nei^hliourboo' f'irg. ^f'li. .3, V. 70.5. — PttUf. h", c. 19. A river of F.lis iat Pelo|K>nnesus, irbich watered the town of Scillus. Pauu 3. c. ft .\nother in .^chaia. Another in .Sicilv. A river and t«iwn of Cilicii where Tr.njan died. J ic. 5.3, c W. - Sirtili. 14. Two small rivers n> Diana's tctnple at Ephesus. PUh. Ji. c. : A lake at the entrance of the Cayst Stml: 14. Skilama, a town of Laconia, where t n nic\ i S E SE nienes was defeated by the Achaeans, B. C. 222. Scarce 200 of a body of 5000 Lacedae- monians survived the battle. Plat. Selleis, a river of Peloponnesus falling into the Ionian sea. Homer. II. Selt.et^e, a people of Thrace near mount Haemus. Liv. 38, c. 40. Selm, an ancient nation of E^irus near Dodona. Lucan. 5, v. 180. — Si rah. 7. Selymbria, a tovrn of Thrace on the Pro- pontis. Liv. 59, c. 59. Semele, a daughter of Cadmus, by Her- mione, the daughter of Mars and Venus. She was tenderly beloved by Jupiter ; but Juno, who was always jealous of her hus- band's amours, and who hated the house of Cadmus because they were related to the goddess of beauty, detemiined to punish this successful rival. She borrowed the girdle of Ate, which contained every wickedness, de- ceit, and perfidy, and in the form of Beroe, Semele's nurse, she visited the house of Ju- piter's mistress. Semele listened with atten- tion to the artful admonitions of the false Beroe, and was at last persuaded to entreat her lover to come to her arms with the same majesty as he approached Juno. This rash request was heard with horror by Jupi- ter ; but as he had sworn by the Styx to grant Semele whatever she required, he came to her bed attended by the clouds, the light- ning, and thunderbolts. The mortal nature of Semele could not endure so much majesty, and she was instantly consumed with fire. The child, however, of which she was pregnant, was saved from the flames by Mercury, or according to others by Dirce, one of the nymphs of the Achelous, and Jupiter placed him in his thigh the rest of the time which he ought to have been in his mother's womb. This child was called Bacchus, or Dionysius. Semele immediately after death was honored with immortality under the name of Tliyone. Some, how- ever, suppose that she remained in the in- fernal regions till Bacchus her son was per- mitted to bring her back. There were in the temple of Diana, at Troezene, two altars raised to the infernal gods, one of which was over an aperture, through which, as Pausanias reports, Bacchus returned from hell with his naother. Semele was parti- cularly worshipped at Brasiae in Laconia, where, according to a certain tradition, she had been driven by the winds with her son, after Cadmus had exposed her on the sea on account of her incontinent amour with Jupiter. The mother of Bacchus, though she received divine honors, had no temples ; she had a statue in a temple of Ceres, at Thebes, in Boeotia. Paus. 5, c. 24. I. 9, c. 5. — Hesiod. Theog. — Homei: II. 14, V. 323. — Orpheus. Hymn. — Eurip, in Bacch. — ApoUod. 5, c. 4. — Ovid. Met. 5, V. 254, Fcut. 5, v. 715. — I)iod. S & 4. 705 Semiqermani, a nani/a given to the Helvetii, a people of Germany. Liv. 21, c. 58. Semiguxtus, a general of the Cherusci, taken prisoner by Germanicus, &c. Sirab. 7. Semiramis, a celebrated queen of As- syria, daughter of the goddess Derceto, by a young Assyrian. She was exposed tn a desart, but her life was preserved by doves for one whole year, till Simmas, one of the shepherds of Niiius, found her and brought her up as his own f hild. Semiramis, when grown up, married Menones the governor otf Nineveh, and accompanied him to the siege of Bactra, where by her advice and pru- dent directions, she hastened the king's ope- rations and took tlic city. These eminent services, but chiefly her imcommon beauty, endeared her to Ninus. The monarch asked, her of her husband, and offered him in- stead, his daughter Sosana ; but Menones, who tenderly loved Semiramis, refused, and when Ninus had added threats to intrea- ties, he hung himself. No sooner was Me- nones dead than Semiramis, who was of an aspiring soul, married Ninus, by whom she had a son called Ninyas. Ninus wjis so fond of Semiramis, that at lier request he re- signed the crown to her, and commanded her to be proclaimed queen and sole em- press of Assyria. Of this, however, he ha^ cause to repent ; Semiramis put him to death, the better to establish herself on tlie throne, and when she had no enemies to fear at home, she began to repair the capital of her empire, and by her means Babylon became the most superb and magnificent city in the world. She visited every part of her dominions, and left every where immor- tal monuments of her greatness and benevo- lence. To render the roads passable and communication easy, she hollowed mountains and filled up vallies ; and water was con- veyed at a great expence, by large and convenient aqueducts, to barren desarts and unfruitful plains. She was not less distin- guished as a waiTior, many of the neigh- bouring nations Avere conquered ; and when Semiramis was once told as she was dressing her hair, that Babylon had revolted, she left her toilette with precipitation, and though only half dressed, she refused to have the rest of her head adorned before the sedition was quelled and tranquillity re-established. Semiramis has been accused of licentious- ness, and some authors have observed that she regularly called die strongest and stoutest men in her army to her arms, and afterwards put them to death that they might not be living witnesses of her incon- tinence. Her jjassion for her son was also unnatural, and it was this criminal propen- sity which induced Ninyas to dcitro}- his mother with his own hands. Some say that Semiramis was changed into n dove after death, SE SE i«ath, and received immortal honors in As- syria. It is supposed that she lived about 1965 years before the Christian era, and that she died in the 62d year of lier nge, and the 25tl» of her reign. Many fabulous reports have been propagated about Somira- mis, and some have declared thai for some time lihe disguised herself and passed for her son Ninyxs, r«/. Max. 9, c. -j. — Ilcrodut. 1, c. lH4.—Diod. il.—Mdn, 1, c. 3. — Strab. 5. — Palerc. 1, c. 6. — Jtislin. 1, C. 1, Ac. — Propert. 3, el. 11, v. 21. — Piut. dc Fort. Jj[C. — Olid. Amur. 1, el. 5, v. 11. ilet. 4, V. 53. — Marcell. 14. c. G. Semnones, a people of Italy on the bor- »kr» of Umbria. Of Germany on the Elbe and Oder. Semones, inferior deities of Rome, that were not in the number of the l'_* great j{oNiA LEX de inafsistratibus, by C. Sempronius (inuchus the tribune. A. U. C. 630, ordainen who had been kgally deprived of a magistracy for misile- meanors, should be capalile of bearing an office again. This law was after^^ards re- I>ealeil by the author. Another, de ciii- tuU, by the same, A. U. C". 6.3O. It or- dainetl diat no capital judgment should be passed over a Roman citizen without the concurrence and authority of the senate. There were also some other regulations, in- cluded in this law. .\notlvtr, dc comitii^. by the same, A. U. C. 635. h ordained that in giving their votes, the centuries should be cliosen by lot, and not give it ac- cording to the order of their classes. An- ether, dr comitiis, by the same, the same year, which granted to the Latin allies of Rome, the privilege of giving votes at elections, as if they were Rom.in citizens. Another, dr jirDiiticiis, by the same. A. II. C. 630. It enacted that the senators should be permitted !)efore the assembly of the consular rornihn, to determine as thov pleased the particular pr^vinoea whidi should be proposed to the consuls, to be divided by lot, and that the tribunes should be de- prived of the power of interposing against a decree of the senate. .\nother, called y^jrorirt prima, by T. Sempronius Gracchus the tribune, A. U. C. een assigned to the Senatorian order by Rtonulus, khould be transferred from them to the Itoman knights. .Another, militiris, by the same, .A. U. C 63<">. It enacteil that the soldiers sliould he clothed at the public eipence without any diminution of their usual pay. It also ordered that no person sliould be obliged to serve in tlie array before the age of 1 7. Sempronius, A. Atrativus, a senator who opposed the Agraaan law, which was proposed by the consul Cassius, soon after the election of the tribunes. L. .Atra- tinus. a consul .A. U. C. 310. He was one of the first censors with his colleague in the consulship, Papirius. C'aiut, a consul summoned before an assembly of the people because he h.id fought with ill success against the Volsci. Blssus, a consul who obtained a triumph for some victories gained in Sicily. Sophus a consul against the .'Equi. He also fought •against the Piccntes, and during the en- gagement there was a dreadful earthquake. The soldiers were terrified, but Sophus en- couraged I SE SE couraged diem, and observed that the earth trembled only for fear of changing its old masters. A man who proposed a law that no person should dedicate a temple or altar, without the previous approbation of the magistrates, A. U. C. 449. He repu- diated his wife because she had gone to see a spectacle without his permission or know- ledge. Rufus, a senator, banished from the senate, because he had killed a crane to serve him as food. Tuditanus, a man sent against Sardinia by the Romans. A legionary tribune, who led away from CannsB the remaining part of the soldiers who had not been killed by the Carthagi- nians. He was afterwards consul, and fought in the field against Annibal with great success. He was liilled in Spain. Tiberius Longus, a Roman consul defeated by the Carthaginians in an engagement which he had begun against the approbation of his colleague C. Scipio. He afterwards obtained victories over Hanno and the Gauls. Tiberius Gracchus, a consul who defeated the Carthaginians and the Campa- nians. He was afterwards betrayed by Ful- vius, a Lucanian, into the hands of the Carthaginians, and was killed, after he had made a long and bloody resistance against the enemy. Annibal showed great honor to his remains ; a funeral pile was raised at the head of the camp, and the enemy's ca- valry walked round it in solemn procession. Gracchus, a man who had debauched Julia. [ Fid. Gracchus.] y\n eunuch, made governor of Rome by Caracalla. Densus, a centurion of a pretorian cohort who defended the person of Galba against his assassins. He was killed in the at- tempt. The father of the Gracchi. [Ftrf. Gracchus.] A censor, who was also sent as ambassador to the court of Egypt. ^— A tribune of the people, &:c. Tacit. — Flor. — Liv. — Plut, Cess. — Ap- jiian. An emperor. \_Vid. Satur- ninus.] Skmurium, a place near Rome, where Apollo had a temple. Cic. Phil. 6, C. Sena, or Senogallia, a town of Um- bria in Italy, on the Adriatic, built by the Senones, after they had made an irruption into Italy, A. U. C. 596 ; and on that ac- count called Gallica. There was also a small river in the neighbourhood which bore the name of Sena. It was near it that Asdrubal was defeated by CI. Nero. €■ Nep. in Ca- tone. — SU. 8, v. 454 Liv. 27, c. 46. — Cic. Brut. 18. Senatus, the chief * council of the state among the Romans. The members of this body, called senatores on account of their age, and patres on account of their milkonli/, were of the greatest consequence in the re- public. The senate was first instituted by Romulus, to govern the city, and to preside over the affairs of the state during his absence. "OS This was continued by his successors; but Tfirquia the Second disdained to consult them, and by having his own council chosen from his favorites, and from men who were totally devoted to his interest, he diminished the authority and the consequence of the senators, and slighted the concurrence of the people. The senators whom Romulus cre- ated were an hundred, to whom he after- wards added the same number when the Sabines had migrated to Rome. Tai-quin the ancient made the senate consist of 300, and this number remained fixed for a long time. After the expulsion of the last Tarquin whose tyranny had thinned the patricians as well as the plebeians, 164 new senators were chosen to complete the 500 ; and as they were called conscripts, the senate ever afterwards consisted of members who were denominated pafres, and conscripti. The number conti- nued to fluctuate during the times of the republic, but gradually increased to 700, and afterwards to 900 under Julius Csesar, who filled the senate with men of every rank and order. Under Augustus, the senators amounted to 1000, but this number was re- duced to 300, which being the cause of complaints, induced the emperor to limit the number to 600. The place of a senator was always bestowed upon merit; the monarchs had the privilege of choosing the members, and after the expulsion of the Tarquins, it was one of the rights of the consuls, till the election of the censors, who, from their ofiSce, seemed most capable of making choice of men >vhose character was irreproachable, whose morals were pure, and relations honorable. Sometimes the assembly of the people elected senators, but it was only upon some extraordinary occasions; there was also a dictator chosen to fill up the number of the senate after the battle of Canna;. Only particular families were admit- ted into the senate; and when the plebeians were permitted to share the honors of the state, it was then reqiured that they should be born of free citizens. It was also required that the candidates should be knights be- fore their admission into the senate. They were to be above the age of 25, and to have previously passed through the inferior ofiices of quEBstor, tribune of the people, edile, prse- tor, and consul. Some, however, suppose that the senators whom Romulus chose were all old men ; yet his successors ne- glected fhis, and often men who were be- low the age of 25 were admitted by cour- tesy into the senate. The dignity of a senator could not be supported without the possession of 80,000 sesterces, or about 70001. English money; and therefore such as squandered away their money, and whose fortune was reduced below this sum, were generally struck out of the list of senators. This regulation was not made in the first ages of the republic, when Z z the SE SE the Romans boasted of their poverty. The senators were not permitted to be of any trade or profession. TTiey were distinguished from the rest of the people by their dress ; they wore tlie laticlave, half boots of a black color, with a crescent or silver buckle in the form of C ; but tliis last honor was con- fined only to the descendants of those hun- dred senators who had been elected by Ro- mulus, as the letter C seems to imply. They had the sole right of feasting publicly in the capitol in ceremonial habits; they sat in curulc chairs, and at the representation of plays and public spectacles, they were ho- nored with particular seats. Whenever tlicy travelled abroad, even on their own busi- ness, tJiey were maintained at the public expence, and always found jirovisions for tiiemselvcs and their attendants ready pre- pared on the ro.id ; a privilege that was ge- nerally termed fnr Ugatum. On public fes- tivals they wore the pra-lcxta, or long white robe, with purple borders. The right of convooating the senate belonged only to the monarchs ; and after the expulsion of die Tarquins, to the consuls, the dictator, master of the hors4', governor of Rome, and tribunes of the people ; but no magistrate could ex- ercise this priviloge except in tlu; absence of a superior officer, tlic tribunes excepted. Tlie time of meeting was generally three tin>es a month, on the calends, nones, and ides. Under Augustus they were not as- sembled on tlic nones. It was requisite tlmt the place where they assembled ^ould have been previously consecrated by the augur. This was generally in tlie temple of Concord, of Jupiter Capitolinus Apollo, Castor and Pollux, &c. or in the Curia! called Hostilia, Julia, Pompeia, fitc. VMjen audience was given to foreign ambassadors, the senators assembled witliout the walls of the city, eiilier in the temples of Belluiia or of Apollo ; and the same cvreinony as to their meeting was also observed when they transacted business witli their generals, as the ambassailors of foreign nations, and the comm:uiders of armies, while in com- mission, were not pcimitted to appear with- in the walls of the city. To render their decrees valid and authentic, a certain num- ber of members was requisite and such as were absent without some proper cause, were always fined. In the reign of Augustus, 4(X) senators were requisite to make a se- nate. Nothing was transacted before sun- rise, or after sun-set In tlieir oflice the senators were the guardians of religion, they disposed of ilie provinces as they pleased, they prorogued the asscmi)lies of the people, they appointed tli.-mksgivings. nominated their ambassadors, distributctl Uie public money, and in short, had tlie management of every thing political or civil in the rej.ublic, ex- cept the creating of magistrates, the enact- 706 ing of laws and the declarations of war or peace, which were confined to the assemblies of the people. Rank was always regardeti in tlieir meetings : the chief magistrates of the state, such as the consuls, the pnxtors, and censors, sat first; after these the inferior magistrates, such as tlie ediles and quajstor^. and last of all, those that then exercised no office in the state. Their opinions were ori- ginally collected, each according to Us age ; but when the office of censor was instituted, tlie opinion of the princejis senatus, or the person whose name stood fiirst on die censor's list, was first consulted, and afterwards those who were of consular dignity, each in their respective order. In tlie age of Cicero tlie consuls elect were first consulted ; and in the age of Ca^sar, he was permitted to sjK-ak first till the end of the year, on whom the consul had originally conferred that ho- nor. Under the emperors the same rules were observed, but the consuls were gene- rally c-onsulted before all others. When any public matter was introduced into tlie senate, which was always called refcrre ad senatum, any senator whose opinion was asked, was peniiilted to sj>oak upon it as long as he pleased ; and on that account it was often usual for the senators to'protract their speeches till it was too late to determine. When the question was put, the)' passed to the side of that speaker whose opinion they approved, and a majority of \otes was easily collected, without the trouble of counting the numbers. This mode of proceeding was called j>cdibus in ulicujus sentcntiam ire ; and therefor* sr tliat account, the senators who had not tlie privilege of speaking, but only tlie right of giving a silent vote, such as bore some curule honors, and on that account were permitted to .sit in the senate, but not to de- liberate, were denominated pedarii scnatjrvs. .-Vftcr tlie majority Jiad been known, the matter was detemiincd, and a scnntus co7i- sidlum was immediately written by the clerks of tlie house, at the feet of the chief ma- gistrates, and it was signed by all tlie prin- cipal members of the house. When there was not a suSicient number of members to inajcc a senate, the decision was called sciialus autoriias; but it was of 1:0 conse- quence if it did not afterwards pass intp a s.-natus conxultvm. The tribunes of the peo- ple, by tlie word rrto, could stop the de- bates, and the decrees of the assembled se- nate, .-vs aL'o any one who was of equal audiority witii him who had proposed the matter. The s,'natus consulta were left in tlie custody of the consuls, who could sup- press or preserve them ; but about tlie year of Rome 504, they were always deposited in the temple of Ceres, and afterwanis in the treasury, by tlie ediles of tlie people. The degradation of tJic senators was made by tlie censor, by OQiitting their names when SE SE he called over the list of the senate. Tliis was called prceterire. A senator could Ije again introduced into the senate if he could repair his character, or fortune, which had been the causes why the censor had law- fully called him unqualified, and had chal- lenged his opposition. The meeting of the senate was often sudden, except the parti- cular times already mentioned, upon any emergency. After the death of J. Ca;sar, they \vere not permitted to meet on the ides of ^Marcli, which were called panicidium, because on that day the dictator had been assassinated. The sons of senators, after they had put on the toga viriUs, were permitted to come into the senate, but this was after- wards limited. [Tm/. Papirius.] The rank and authority of the senators, which were so conspicuous in the first ages of the re- public, and which caused the minister of Pyrrhus to declare, that the Roman senate was a venerable assembly of kings, dwindled into nothing under the emperors. Men of the lowest character were admitted into the senate ; the emperors took pleasure in robbing this illustrious body of their privi- leges and authority, and the senators them- selves, by their manners and servility, con- tributed as much as the tyranny of the sove- reign to diminish their own consequence; and by applauding the follies of a Ntro, and the cruelties of a Domitian, they convinced the world that they no longer possessed sufficient prudence or authority to be consulted on matters of weight and importance. In the election of successors to the imperial purple after Augustus, the approbation of the se- nate was consulted, but it was only a mat- ter of courtesy, and the concurrence of a body of men was little regarded who were with- out power, and under the controul of a mer- cenary army. The title of Clarissimus was given to the senators under the emperors, and indeed this was the only distinction which they had in compensation for the loss of their independence. The senate was abolished by Justinian, 1 -5 centuries after its first institution by Romulus. Sexeca, M. Axn^us, a native of Cor- duba in Spain, who married Helvia, a wo- man of Spain, by whom he had three sons, Seneca, the philosopher, Annaeus Novatus, and Annaeus Mela, the father of the poet Lucan. Seneca made himself known by some declamations, of which he made a col- lection from the most celebrated orators of riie age ; and from that circimistance, and for distinction, he obtained the appellation of dedamatnr. He left Corduba, and wont to Rome, where he became a Roman knight. His son L. Annajus Seneca, who was born about six years before Christ, was early dis- tinguished by his extraordinary talents. He was taught eloquence by his father, and re- ceived lessons in philosophy from the best 707 and most celebrated stoics of the age. Ab one of the followers of the Pythagorean doc- trines, Seneca observed the most reserved ab- stinence, and in his meals never ate the flesh of animals ; but this he abandoned at the re- presentation of his father, when Til)eriu3- threatened to pimish some Je\\'s and Egyp- tians, who abstained from ccrt;un moats. Jn the character of a pleader, Seneca appeared with great advantage, but the fear of Cali- gula, who aspired to the name of an elo- quent speaker, and who consequently was jealous of his fame, deterred him from pursu- ing his favorite study, and he sought a safer employment in canvassing for the honors and oflices of the state. He was made quaestor, but the aspersions which were thrown upon him on accouht of a shameful amour with .Julia Livilla, removed him from Rome, and the emperor banished him for some time into Corsica. During his banishment, the philo- sopher wTote some spirited epistles to his mother, remarkable for elegance of language and for sublimity ; but he soon forgot his phi- losophy and disgraced him-iclf by his flatteries to the emperor, and in wishing to be recalled, even at the expence of his innocence and character. The disgrace of Mcssalina at Rome, and the marriage of Agrippina with Claudius, proved favorable to Seneca ; and after he^ had remained five years in Corsica, he was recalled by the empress ta take care of the education of her son Nero, who was destined to succeed to the empire. In the honorable duty of preceptor, Seneca gained applause ; and as long as Nero followed his advice, Rome enjoyed tranquillity, and be- lieved herself safe and happy under the admi- nistration of the son of Agrippina. Some, however are clamorous against the philoso-' pher, and obsene that Seneca initiated his pupil in those unnatural vices, and abomina- ble indulgences, which disgraced him as a monarch and as a man. This may be the language of malevolence, or the insinuation of jealousy. In the conupted age of Ntro, the preceptor had to withstand tlie clamors of many v.icked and profligate ministers ; and if he had been the favorite of the em- peror, and shared his pleasures, his debaudiery and extravagance, Nero would not perhaps have been so anxious of destroying a man whose example, from vicious inclinations, he could not follow, and whose salutary pre- cepts his licentious associates forbad him to obey. Seneca was too well acquainted with the natural disposition of Nero to think him~ self secure ; he had been accused of hav- ing amassed the most ample riches, and of having built sumptuous houses, and adorned beautiful gardens, during the four years in which he had attended Nero as a preceptor, and therefore he desired his imperial pupil to accept of the riches, and die possessions which his atteudatice on his person had procured,. Z z 2 and SE SE and to permit him to retire to solitude and study. Nero refused with artful duplicity, and Seueca, to avoid further suspicions, kept himself at home for some time as if lal)oring under a disease. In tlie conspiracy of Piso, which happened some time after, and in which some of the most noble of the Roman scuators were concerned, Seneca's name was mentioned by Natal is, and Xero, who was glad of an opportunity of sacrificing him to his secret jealousy, ordered him to destroy himself. Seneca very probably was not ac- cessary to the conspiracy, and tlio only thing which could be produced against liim as a crimination, was trivial and unsaUsfactory. Piso, as Natalis declared, iiad complained that he never saw Seneca, and the philosopher bad observed in answer, that it was not pro- per or conducive to their common interest, to see one another often. He further pleaded indisposition, and said that his own life de- pended upon the safety of Piso's person. Seneca was at table with his wife Paulina and two of his friends, when the messenger from Nero arrived. He heard the words which commanded him to destroy himself, widi philosophical firmness, and even witli joy ; and observed, that such a mandate might have long been cxjiected from a man who hod murdered his own mother, and assassinated all hLs friends, lie wisiicd to dispose of his possessions as he pleased, but this was refus«.-d ; and when he heard tliis, he turned to his friends wiio were weeping at his melancholy fate, and told them, Uiut since he could nut leave tliem what he bulieved his own, he would leave them at least his own life for an example, an innocent conduct wliicli they Slight imitate, and by which they might ac(]uire immortal fame. Against their tears and waitings he exclaimed witli hrnmevs, and asked them whether tliey had not learnt better to witlistand the attacks of fortune, and the violence of tymnny i* As for hi-, wife, he attempted to calm hir emotions, and wlien slic seemed resolved to die with him, he s-oid he was ghul to Hnd his cxaniple followed with so much constancy. Their veins were opened at the same moment, but tlie life of Paulina was preserved, and Xero, who was partial to her, ordered tlie blood to be stopped ; and from tiiat moment, according to some autliors, die pliilosopher's wife seemed to rejoice tliut she could still enjoy the comforts of life. Seneca's veins bled but slowly, and it has been obser\etl, that tlie sensible and animated conversation of his dying moments was collected by his friends, and that it has been preserved among his works. To hasten his death he cLaiik a dose of poison, but it had no elllct, and therefore ho ordered him- self to becturicd into a hot bath, to accelerate the operation of liie draught, and to make tJie blood riow more freely, lliis was at- Usndcd with no hotter success; and as the sol- 708 diers were clamorous, he was carried into a. stove, and sufibcated by the Eteam, on the 12»h of April, in the 6jth year of the Chri-- tian era, in his 53d year. His body was burnt without pomp or funeral ceremony, ac- cording to his will, which he had made when he enjoyed the most unbounded favors of Nero. The compositions of Seneca are nu- mero_s, and chiefly on moral subjects. He is so much admired for his refined sentiments and virtuous precepts, for his morality, his constancy, and his innocence of manners, that St. Jerome has not hesitated to rank him among Christian writers. His style is ner- vous, it abounds witli ornament, and seems well suited to tlie taste of the age in which he lived. The desire of recommending him- self and his writings to the world, obliged him too often to depreciate the merit of the ancients, and to sink into obscurity. His treatises are di ird, de cunsolalione, de Prviideu- tiu, de tranguillilale animi, di: clevitrrUid, dc injiientis coiistantiu, de otio sayienlis, de brevi- tatc vita, dc beiiejiciis, de vita bcald, besides his naturales qu, and die associate of his pleasures and debauchery. Tullius, a man who con- .spired against Xero, and was put to deadi thou;;h he turned informer against the rest of the ciinspirators .\ man put to death by Doinitian, for writing an account of tlie life of Helvidiu>, one of tiie emperor's eneraios. One of ConsUuitine's enemies .\ man who from a restless and a.spiring disposi- tion acquircni the surname of Grandij. Seneca stias. 1. Se.ma, a town of LIburnia, now Segna. Plin. 3, c. 21. Sesna, or Sena, a river of "Umbria. [;■(,/. Sena.] Luean. 2, v. 107. SrNoNEs, an uncivilized nation of Gal- lia Transalpina, who left tlieir native pos- sessions, and under the conduct of ISrennus invaded Italy, and pillaged Uome. 'ITiey afterwards united with the l'ml)ri, Latins and ttrurians to make war against the Ro- mans, till they were totally desfroj'cii by Dolabella. 'ITie chief of their towns in that pait of Italy where they settled near Umbri.i, and which from them was callwl Senogalli:u were Faiuim Fortuna;, Sena, Pisaurum, and Ariminuin. SE SE Arlminutn. [Fid. Cimhri.] Lucan. 1, \. 254. — Sil. 8, V. 454. — Liv. 5, c. 35, &c. — Fior. A people of Germany near the Suevi. Sentia lex de senatu, by C Sentius the consul, A. U. C 754, enacted the choosing of proper persons to fill up the number of senators. Sentinum, a town of Umbria. Liu. 10, c. 27 & 7)0. Sentius Cn. a governor of Syria, under the emperors. A governor of IVIacc- donia Septimius, one of the soldiers of Pompey, who assisted the Egyptians in mur- dering him. A Roman emperor. [ Vid. Severus.] A writer in the reign of the emperor Alexander, of whose life he wrote an account in Latin, or, according to others, in Greek. Sepias, a cape of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the north of Euboea, now St. George. Seplasia, a place of Capua, where oint- ments were sold. Cic. Pis. 7 & 11. Septem aqu^, a_portion of the lake near Reatc. Cic. 4. Att. 15. Fratres, a moun- tain of Mauritania, now Gebel-Moum. Strab. 1 7. Maria, the entrance of the seven mouths of the Po. SEPTEMPEnA, a town of Picenum. Septekion, a festival observed once in nine years at Delphi, in honor of Apollo. It was a representation of the pursuit of Py- thon, by Apollo, and of the victory obtained tw the god. Tit. Septimius, a Roman knight distin- guished by his poetical compositions both lyric and tragic. He was intimate with Au- gustus as well as Horace, who has addressed the 6 of his 2 lib. of Odes to him. A cen- turion put to death, &c. Tacit. A. I, c. 32. A native of Africa, who distinguished himself at Rome as a poeL He wrote among other things an hymn in praise of Janus. Only 11 of his verses are preserved, il/. Te- rent. — Crinitus in vita. L. Septimuleius, a friend of C. Grac- chus. He suffered himself to be bribed by Opimius, and had the meanness to carry his friend's head fixed to a pole through the streets of Rome. Septra, a town of Cilicia, taken by Cicero when he presided over that province. Cic. ad Div. 15, c. 4. Sequana, a river of Gaul, which separates the territories of the Belgae and the Celtse, and is now called la Seine. Strab. 4. — Mela, 3, c. 2. — Lucan. 1 , v. 425. Sequani, a people of Gaul near the ter- ritories of the .^dui, between the Soane and mount Jura, famous for their wars against Rome, &c. [Vid. JEdu'u] Tlie country which they inhabited is now called Franche Campte, or Upper Burgundy. Cccs. bell. G. Sequinius, a native of Alba, wlio mar- ried one of his daughter* to Curiatius of 709 Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen of Rome. The t\vo daughters were brought to bed on the same day, each of three male children. Serapio, a surname given to one of the Scipios, because he resembled a swine-herd of that name A Greek poet who florished in the age of Trajan. He was intimate with Plutarch. An Eg3'ptian put to death by Achillas, when he came at the head of an embassy from Ptolemy, who was a prisoner in the hands of J. Cassar. A painter. Plin. 35, c. 10. Serapis, one of the Egj'ptian deities, sup- posed to be the same as Osiris. He had a magnificent temple at Blemphis, another very rich at Alexandria, and a third at Canopus. The worship of Serapis was introduced at Rome, by the emperor Antoninus Pius, A. D. 146, and the mysteries celebrated on the 6th of May, but with so much licentiousness that the senate were soon after obliged to abolish them. Herodotus, wlio speaks in a very cir- cumstantial manner of the deities, and of the religion of the Egyptians, makes no mention of the god Serapis. Apollodorus says it is the same as tlie bull Apis. Paus. 1, c. 18. 1. 2, c. 34. — Tacit. Hist. 4, c. 85. — Strab. 17. — Martial. 9, ep. 30. Serbonis, a lake between Egypt and Pa- lestine. Serena, a daughter of Theodosius who married Stilicho. She was put to death, &c. Claudian. Serenianus, a favorite of Gallus, the bro- ther of Julian. He was put to death. SERE^^Js Samonicus, a physician in the age of the emperor Severus and Caracalla. There remains a poem of his composition on medicine, the last edition of which is that of 1 706, in 8vo. Amst. Vibius, a governor of Spain, accused of cruelty in the govem- m^ent of his province, and put to death by order of Tiberius. Seres, a nation of Asia, according to Pto- lemy, between the Ganges and the eastern ocean in the modern Tliibet. They were na- turally of a meek disposition. Silk, of which the fabrication was unknown to the ancients, who imagined that tlie materials were collected from tlie leaves of trees, was brought to Rome from their country, and on that account it received the name of Scricum, and thence a garment or dress of silk is called serica vestis. Heliogabalus the Roman emperor, was the first who wore a silk dress, which at that time was sold for its weight in gold. It after- wards became very cheap, and consequently was the common dress among tlie Romans. Some suppose that the Seres are the same as the Chinese. Piol. 6, c. 16. — Horat. 1, od. 29, V. 9. — Lucan. 1, v. 19. 1. 10, v. 142 & 292 Ovid. Am. 1, el. 14, v. 6 Vitg. G. 2, V. 121. Sergestus, a sailor in the fleet of ./Eneas, Z z 3 f.om S E o E from whom the family t»f the SDrgii at Rome were descended. ^'ir;;. jEn. 5, v. I'il. ScHcf A, a Roman niatroo* She couspired witli otliers to poison tlicir husbands. The plot vvas on and died. Seiigius. one of the names of Catiline. A military tribune at the siege of Veii. The family of the Sergii was patrician, and branched out into the several fainiiies of tlie Fidenales, Sili, CcUiiina:, NiUta, Ocella, and Planci. Skruu's and Sercioli;$, a deformed youth, greatly admired by the lioman ladies in Juvenal's age. Juv. 6, v. 105 & iei]. Seiiifuus, an island in tlie ^Hgean sea, about 36 miles in circumference, according to I'iiny only IL', very barren, and unculti- vated. The Romans geuerally sent their cri- minals there in banishment, and it was there that Caseins Severus the orator was exiled, and there he ilied. According to /Klian, tlie frogs of tills i-iiaml never croaked, but when they were removed from the island to anodier jilace, tliey were more noisy and clamorous than others, hence tlie proverb of s-rljthui rnna, applied to a mail who neither speaks nor sings, 'i'liis however is found to be a mistake by n>udern travellers. It was on tlie coast of Seriplios that the chest was discovereil in >Yhich .Aciisius had expose of i^uintus and Rhea, burn at N'ursia. His first campaign was under the great ^la- rius, .igainst tJie Teuioiies and Cimbri. He visited the enemy's camp as u spy. and h.id the misfortuntf to lose one eye in the tirst battle he fought. Wlun Mariiis and Cinna entered Rome .md slaughtered all tlieir ene- mies Scrtorius accompanied them, but he exprcs'^ed his sorrow and concern at the me- l.incholy death of so many of his countrymen. Tie afterwards Hed for safety info Spain, when Sjlla had proscribed him, and in iliis di.stant 710 province he behaved himself with so much address and v.-ilor tJiat he was looked upon as tlie prince of the country. The Lusita- niaiis universally roeretl and loved him, and tlie Roman general did not show him- self less attentive to their interest, by esta- blisliing public schools, and etlucating the children of the country in the polite arts, and tile literature of Greece and Rome. He had established a senate, over which he presided with consular authority, and the Romans, who followed his standard, paid equal rever- ence to his person. They were exjierimcn- tally convinced of his valor and magnanimity as a general, anil the artful manner in which he imposed upon the credulity iif his adhe- rents in the garb i>f religion, did not diminish his reputation. He pretended to held com- merce witli heaven by nuans of a white hind which he had tamed with great success, and which followed him every where, even in the field of battle. The success of Sertorius in .Spain, and his popularity among the na- tives ahumed tJie Romans. They sent some troops to oppose him, but with little suc- cess. Four armies were found insufiicient to crush or even hurt Serlorius ; and Pomiwy and Metcllus, who never engngetl an enemy without obtiiining the victory, were driven with dishonor fr«>in the field. Rut the favorite of tlie Lusitaniaiis was exposes! to llie ilan- gers which iisu:illy attend greatiic-ss. Per- penna, one of his officers who was jealous of his fame and tired of a sujK-rior, con- spired agiunst him. .\t a banquet the con- spirators began to open tlieir intentions by speaking wiili freedom and licentiousness in tlie presence of Sertorius whose age and cha- racter had hitherto claimed defereni-« from otliers. I'er}>enna overturned aglasa of wine, as a sign^i! for tlie rest of tlie conspirators, and imnu'diateiy Antonius, one of his officers sialibeil Scrtorius, and the example w-ai> fol- lowed by all the rest, 73 years l>efore Christ. Sertorius h.is been commended for his love of justice and moderation. The flattering de- scription which he heard of the FortunMe Islands when he past into the wi>st of .\fricii, almost U.'mpted him to bid adieu to the world, and iK'rhiips he would have retired from the iioist" of war, and the clamors of envy, to end his days in the l>osom of a peaceful and solit.vy island, had not the stronger calls of ambition and Uie love of fame prevailed over tlie intruding reflections of a moment It has l'<-en observed, that in his latter days .Sertorius became indolent, and fond of luxury ami wanton cruelty ; yet we must confess that in alhibility, clemency, complaisance, genero- sity, anil military valor, he not only surpassed his contemporaries, but the rest of the Ro- mans. Plut. in vita. — Paten. 2. c. 30, ^c. — I'lor. 3, c. 2 1 . ^c. — Aitjtian. dc Cu: — i'oL Mar. 1, C. 2. 1. 7, C. 3 — £ulrvj>. — Aiil. Cell. 15, c. 22. Sekv.bi'S S£ S£ Serv^os, a man accused by Tiberius of being privy to tlie conspiracy of Sejanus. Tacit. A. 6, c. 7. Servianus, a consul in the reign of Adrian, He was a great favorite of the emperor Trajan. Servilia, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly enamoured of J. Caesar, though her brother was one of the most inveterate enemies of her lover. To convince Caesar of her affec- tion, she sent him a letter filled with tlie most tender expressions of regard for his per- son. The letter was delivered to Caesar in the senate house, while they were debating about punishing the associates of Catiline's conspi- racy ; and when Cato saw it, he exclaimed tliat it was a letter from the conspirators, and insisted immediately on its being made public. Upon this Cassar gave it to Cato, and the stern senator had no sooner read its contents, than he threw it back with the words of take it drunkard. From the intimacy which existed between Ser\'ilia and Caesar, some have supposed that the dictator was the father of iM. Brutus. Pint, in Ctss. — C Nep. in Attic. An- otiier sister of Cato, who married Silanus. /(/ A daughter of Thrasea, put to death by order of Nero \nt\\ her father. Her crime was the consulting of magicians only to know what would happen in her family. Servilia lex, de pecuniis rejiHvJidishy C Servilius the prastor, A. U. C. 655. It pu- nished severely such as were guilty of pecu- lation and extortion in the provinces. Its particulars are not precisely known. — — Another dejudicibus, by Q. Servilius Caepio, the consul, A. U. C. 648. It divided the right of judging between the senators and the equites, a privilege, which though origi- nally belonging to the senators, had been taken from them and given to the equites. Another, de'^ civitate, by C. Servilius ordained that if a Latin accused a Roman senator, so that he was condemned, the ac- cuser should be honored witn the name and the privileges of a Roman citizen. Another aip-aria, l)y P. Servilius Rullus, the tribune, A. U. C. 690. It required the immediate sale of certain houses and lands which belonged to the people, for the pur- chase of others in a different part of Italy. It required that ten commissioners should be appointed to see it carried into execution, but Cicero prevented its passing into a law by the three orations which he pronounced against it. Servilianus, a Roman consul defeated by Viriathus, in Spain, &c. Servilius Qi'intus, a Roman who in his dictatorsliip defeated the jEqui. Fub- lius, a consul who supported the cause of the people against the nobles, and obtained a tri- umph in spite of the opposition of the senate, after defeating the Volsxi. He afterwards 711 changed his opinions, and very violently op- posed the people because tliey had illiberally treated him. A proconsul killed at the battle of Cannae by Annibal. Abala, a master of horse to the dictator Cincirmatus. ^Vhen Maelius refused to appear before the dictator to answer the accusations which were brought against him on suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, Ahala slew him in the midst of the people whose protection he claimed. Ahala was accused for this murder and banished, but his sentence was after- wards repealed. He was raised to the dic- tatorship. Marcus, a man who pleaded in favor of Paulus .^milius, &c. — An augur prosecuted ^y Lucullus for his inat- tention in his office. He was acquitted. A praetor ordered by the senate to for- bid Sylla to approach Rome. He was ridi- culed and insulted by the conqueror's sol- diers. A man appointed to guard the sea-coast of Pontus, by Pompey. Pub- lius, a proconsul of Asia during the age of Mithridates. He conquered Isauna, for which service he was sumamed Isauricus, and rewarded with a triumph. A Roman general who defeated an army of Etrurians. An informer in tlie court of Tiberius. A favorite of Augustus. Geminus, a Roman consul who opposed Annibal with success. Nonianus, a Latin historian, who wrote an history of Rome, in the reign of Nero. There were more than one writer of this name, as Pliny speaks of a Servilius remarkable for his eloquence and learning ; and Quintilian mentions another also il- lustrious for his genius and literary merit. Casca, one of Cajsar's murderers. The family of the ServUii was of patrician rank, and came to settle at Rome after the de- struction of Alba, where they were promoted to the highest offices of the state. To the several branches of this family were attached the different surnames of Ahala, Axilla, Pris- cas, Ccspio, Structus, Gemimis, Puler, Vatia, Casca, Fidenas, Longus, and Tucca Lacus, a lake near Rome. Cic. S. Ros. 32. Servius Ti'LLiis, the sixth king of Rome, was son of Ocrisia, a slave of Comiculum, by Tullius, a man slain in the defence of his country against the Romans. Ocrisia was given by Tarquin to Tanaquil his wife, and she brought up her son in the king's fa- mily, and added the name of Servius to that which he had inherited from his father, to denote his slavery. Young Servius was edu- cated in the palace of the monarch with great care, and though originally a slave, he raised himself so much to consequence, that Tarquin gave him his daughter in marriage. His own private merit and virtues recom- mended him to notice not less than the royal favors, and Servius, become the favorite of the people and the darling of the soldiers, by his liberality and complaisance, was easily raised to the throne on the death of liis Z z 1 father- S E S E falher-in-law. Rome had no rcas6n to re- pent of her choice. Servius eudeareil hhn- *elf still more as a warrior and as a Ujjislator. He defeated the Veicntes and the Tuscans, and by a proptr act of poliiy he established ti>e census, which told him thai Uonie con- tained about «4 tliousand inlubitanls. lie increased tlje number of the tribes, he beau- tified and adorned tJie city, and enlarj^cd its boundaries by taking within its wails the hills Quirinalis. Viminaiis, and Kfcquilinus, He also dividL'd the Uoniaa |a-ople into tribes, and that he might not seem to ne- glect the worship of tlic gods, he built seve- ral temples to the goddevi of fortune, to whom lie deemed himself particularly in- debted for obtaining tlic lungdom. He al»o built a temple to Diana on mount .Vrentine, and raised hiin.self a palace on the hill t»- (juilinus. Sorvius married liLs two dau;;liter9 to tlie grandions of his father-in-law ; the elder to i'anjuin, and the younger to .A runs, 'lliis union, as might lie supposed, tended to eiisun' the piace of his family ; but if sucli were his expectations, he was unhttppily de- ceived. I'he wife of Anms naturally lierce and impetuous, murdered her own husband to unite herself to Tartjuin, who had like- wise assassinatetl his wife. 'llieke bloo>s towards the conquered has been admired, while some have upbraided hiin for his cruelty and insolence in causing his chariot to be drawn by some of tlie monarchs whom he had conquervd. 'I'he age of Sesostris is so remote from every authentic record, that many have supported that the actions and conquests ascribed to tliis monarch are uncertain and totally fabulous, lleritdot. 2, c. 10 J, c^c. — DiiHi. 1. — i'aL I'lacc. 5, t. 419. — I'lin. 33, c 3. — Lucan. 10, v. 276. ■^ Slrab. 16. Se-ssitcs, now Sc-ssia, a river of Cisal- pine (jaul, falling into the Po. Pttn. 5. c. lb'. SxsTiAS, a name applied to Hero, as bom at Sestos. Slat. 6, Thi'b. 547. Sestius, a friend of Brutus, with whom he fought at the battle of Philippi. Augustus resigned the consulship in hit faTor, SE S E favor, though he still continued to reverence the memory of Brutus. A governor of Syria. Sestos, or Sestus, a town of Thrace on the shores of the Hellespont, exactly op- posite Abydos on the Asiatic side. It is ce- lebrated for the bridge which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont, as also for being the seat of the amours of Hero and Leander. ]\[ela, 2, c. 2. — Strah, 15. — Mu&ceus, de L. A'- H. — rir^. G. 5, V. 258. — Ovid. Heroid. 18, V. 2. Sesuvii, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cas. Bell. G. Setaeis, a town of Spain between New Carthage and Saguntum, famous for the ma- nufacture of linen. There was also a sinall river of the same name in the neighbour- hood. Sil. 16, V. 4'14.—Slrab. 2.— Mela, 2, c. 6. — Plin. o, c. 3. 1. 19, c. 1. Sethon, a priest of Vulcan who made himself king of Egypt after the death of Anysis. He wat attacked by the Assyrians and delivered from this powerful enemy by an immense ninnber of rats, which in one night gnawed their bow strings and thongs so that on the moiTow their anns were found to be useless. From this wonderful cir- cumstance Sethon had a statue which re- presented him with a rat in his hand, with the inscription of. Whoever Jiies his eyes upon me, let him be pious. Herodot. 4, c. 141. Setia, a town of Latium above the Pon- tine marshes, celebrated for its wines, I'ch.ich Augustus is said to have preferred to all others. Flin. 14, c. 6. — Juv. 5, v. 34. Sat. 10, V. 27. — Martial, 13, ep. 112. Severa, Julia Aquilia, a Roman lady, whom the emperor Heliogabalus married. She was soon after repudiated, though pos- sessed of all the charms of the mind and body which could captivate the most virtuous. Valeria, the wife of Valentinian, and the mo- ther of Gratian, was well known for her avarice and ambition. The emperor, her husband, repudiated her and afterwards took her again. Her prudent advice at last ensured her son Gratian on the imperial throne. The wife of Philip the Roman emperor. Sevekianus, a governor of Macedonia, father-in-law to the emperor Philip. A general of the Roman armies in the reign of Valentinian, defeated by the Germans. A son of the emperor Severus. SrvEaus, Lucius Septimius, a Roman emperor born at Leptis in Africa, of a noble family. He gradually exercised all the of- fices of the state, and recommended him- self to the notice of the world by an ambi- tious mind and a restless activity, that could, for the gratification of avarice, endure the most complicated hardships. After the mur- der of Pertinax, Severus resolved to remove Didius Julianus who had bought theimpe- 713 rial purple when exposed to sale by tha licentiousness of the pretorians, and there- fore he proclaimed himself emperor on the borders of Illyricum, where he was stationed against the barbarians. To support himself in this bold measure, he took as his partner in the empire Albinus, who was at the head of the Roman forces in Britain, and imme- diately marched towards Rome, to crush Di- dius and all his parti;,ans. He was received as he advanced through the country with universal acclamations, and Julianus him- self was soon deserted by his favorites, and assassinated by his own soldiers. The recep- tion of Severus at Rome was sufficient to gratify his pride ; the streets were strewed with flowers, and the submissive senate were ever ready to grant whatever honors or titles the conqueror claimed. In professing that he had assumed the purple only to revenge the death of the virtuous Pertinax, Severus gained many adherents, and was enabled not only to disarm, but to banish the pretorians, whose insolence and avarice were become alarming not only to the citizens, but to the emperor. But while he was victorious at Rome, Severus did not forget that there was another competitor for the imperial pur- ple. Pescennius Niger was in the east at the head of a powerful army, and with the name and ensigns of Augustus. Many obstinate battles were fought between the troops and officers of the imperial rivals, till on the plains of Issus, which had been above five centuries before covered with the blood of the Persian soldiers of Darius, Niger was totally ruined by the loss of 20,000 men. The head of Niger was cut off and sent to the conqueror, who punished in a most cruel manner all the partisans of his unfortunate rival. Severus afterwards pillaged Byzan- tium, which liad shut her gates against him ; and after he had conquered several nations in the east, he returned to Rome, resolved to destroy Albinus, with whom he had hither- to reluctantly shared the imperial power. He attempted to assassinate him by his emis- saries ; but when this had failed of success, Severus had recourse to arms, and the fate of the empire was again decided on the plains of Gaul. Albinus was defeated, and the conqueror was so elated with the recol- lection that he had now no longer a compe- titor for the purple, that he insulted the dead body of his rival, and ordered it to be thrown into the Rhone, after he had suffered it to putrify before the door of his tent, and to be torn to pieces by his dogs. 1'he family and the adherents of Albinus, shared his fate; and the return of Severus to the capital ex- hil-itcd the bloody triumphs of Marius and ^y! The richest of the citizens were sa- crificed, and their money became the pro- perty of the en^.peror. The wicked Com- niodus i-eceivcd divine honors, and his mur- derers S E S E dcrers were punished in the most wanton manner. Tired of the inactive life which he led in Kome, Severus marched into the east, with his two sons Caracalla and Geta, and with uncommon success made himself master of Seleucia, Babylon, and Ctesiplion ; and ad- vanced without opposition far into the Par- thian territories. From Parthia the emperor marched towards the more soutJiern provinces of Asia; after he had visited the tomb of I'ompcy the Great, he entered .Alexandria; and after he had granted m senate to that celebrated city, he viewed with the most cri- ticising and inquisitive curiosity the several monuments and ruins which that ancient kingdom contains. The revolt of Britain recalled him from tlie east, .•\fter he liad reduced it under his power, he buLlt a wall acrosi the northern part of the bland, to defend it against the frequent invasions of Uie Caledonians. Hitlierto successful against his enemies, Severus now found tiie peace of his family disturbed. Caracalla atti-mpted to nuinler his father as he was concluding a treaty of peace with the Britons ; and the t>Jii|)eror was so shocked at the iindutifuliies^ of his son, that on his return home lie culled Ivini into liis pri>seiice. and after he had tip- braidetl him for his ingratitude and pi-riiily, he oHlred him a drawn sword adiljng, Jf ttL>ii are so anibili'Uis of reigning alone, now imhrue ymir hands in llie blood of your f-.itlier, r.nd let not the ej/es i^f the teorlU be u-unesses nf \jOHT tfutit (yfjUial tnidtruefs. If these words checked Caracalla, yet he did not Rliew luinself concerned, and .Severus. worn out witli infirmities which the gout and thv.* uneasiness of his mind encreased, soon after al shouts of the army, and the congratuLitions of the senate. He had not long l>een on the throne before the peace of &, and .AlexajKlcr was murdered in his tent, in the midst uf his camp, after a reign of 13 years and nine days, on the 18tti of March, A. D. ti35. His mother Mammisa shared his fate wit!; all his friends ; but this was no sooner kiiuwn tliaii tlie soldiers punished witii iinme- ciiate death all such as had been concerned in the murdi.-r except Maximinus. Alex- ander has been admired for his many virtues, and ever}- historian, except Herodian, is bold to a.ssert, tJiat if he had lived, tlie Koman empire luight s more generally given to Sicily. [Vid. Si- cani.] Sicca, a town of Numidia at the west of Carthago. Sal. in Jug. 56. SicKLi";, (SiciuDEs, plur.) an epithet ap- plied to the inhabitantsof Sicily. 'JTlie Muses are called SicclitLs by Virgil, because Tlieo- critus was a native of Sicily, whom the Latin poet, as a writer of Bucolic poetry, profe«ed to imitate, t'irg. Eel- 4. SicH^us, called also Sicharbas and Acrr- bas, was a priest of the temple of Her- cules in Phoenici.i. His father's name was I'listhcncs. He married Elisa, the daughter of IJelus and sister to king P*ygmalion, bet- ter known by the name of Dido. He was so extjremelv S I SI extremely rich, that his brother-in-law mur- dered iiftn to obtain his possessions. This murder Pygmalion concealed from his sister Dido ; and he amused her by telling her, tliat her husband had gone upon an affair of im- portance, and that he would soon return. This would have perhaps succeeded had not the shades of Sichaeus appeared to Dido, and related to her the cruelty of Pygmalion, and advised her to fly from Tyre, after she had previously secured some treasures, which, as he mentioned, were concealed in an obscure and unknown place. According to Justin, Acerbas was the uncle of Dido. Virg. JEn. 1, V. 547, &c. — Paterc. 1, c. 6. — Justin. 18, c. 4. SiciLiA, the largest and most celebrated island in the Mediterranean sea, at the bot- tom of Italy. It was anciently called Sicania, Trinacria, and Triquclra. It is of a trian- gular fonn, and has three celebrated promon- tories, one looking towards Africa, called Lilybseuni ; Pachynum looking towards Greece ; and Pelorum towards Italy. Sicily is about 600 miles in circumference, cele- brated for its fertility, so much tliat it was called one of the granaries of Rome, and Pliny says that it rewards the husbandman an hun- dred fold. Its most famous cities were Syra- cuse, Messana, Leontini, Lilybaeum, Agri- gentum, Gela, Drepanum, Eryx, &c. The highest and most famous mountain in the is- land is iEtna, whose frequent eruptions are dangerous, and often fatal to tlie country and its inhabitants, from which circumstance the ancients supposed that the forges of Vulcan and the Cyclops were placed there. The poets feign that the Cyclops were f%e original inha- bitants of this island, and that after them it came into the possession of the Stcani, a people of Spain, and at last of the Siculi, a nation of Italy. [Firf. Siculi.] The plains of Enna are well known for their excellent honey ; and, according to Diodorus, the hounds lost their scent in hunting on account of the many odoriferous plants that profusely perfumed the air. Ceres and Proserpine were the chief deities of the place, and, it was there, according to poetical tradition, that the latter was carried away by Pluto. The Phoenicians and Greeks settled some colonies there, and at last the Carthaginians became masters of the whole island till they were dispossessed of it by the Romans in the Punic wars. Some authors suppose that Sicily was originally joined to the continent, and that it was sepa- rated from Italy by an earthquake, and tliat the streights of the Charybdis were formed. The inliabitants of Sicily were so fond of luxury, that Siculce mensa: became proverbial. The rights of cidzens of Rome were ex- tended to them by M. Antony. Cic. H. ^tt. 12. Verr. % c. 13 Homer. Od. 9, &.C. — Justin. 4, c. I, &c. — Virg, jEn. 3, V. 414, &c. — Ital. 14, V. II, &c. — PHk. ~, 717 c. 8, &c. The island of Naxos in the yEgean, was called Little Sicily on account ot its fruitfulness. L. SiciNius Dentatus, a tribune of Rome, celebrated for his valor and the ho- nors he obtained in the field of battle, dur- ing the period of 40 years, in which he "Aaj engaged in the Roman armies. He was pre- sent in 121 battles: he obtained 14 civic cro-«rns ; 3 mural crowns ; 8 crowns of gold ; 83 golden collars ; 60 bracelets; 18 lances; 25 horses with all their ornaments ; and all as the reward of his uncommon services. He could show the scars of 45 wounds, which he had received all in his breast, particularly in opposing the Sabines when they took the Capitol. The popularity of Sicinius became odious to Appius Claudius, who wished to make himself absolute at Rome, and there- fore to remove him from the capital, he sent him to the army, ))y which, soon after his arrival, he was attacked and murdered. Of 100 men who were ordered to fall upon him, Sicinius killed 15, and wounded 30; and according to Dionysius, the surviving num- ber had recourse to artifice to overpower him, by killing him with a shower of stones and darts thrown at a distance, about 405 years before the Christian era. For his uncommon courage Sicinius has been called the Roman Achilles. Val. Max. 5, c. 2. — Dionys. 8. Vellutus, one of the first tribunes in Rome. He raised cabals against Coriolanus, and was one of his accusers. Plut. in Cor. Sabinus, a Roman general who defeated the Volsci. SiciNus, a man privately sent by Themis- tocles to deceive Xerxes, and to advise hun to attack the combined forces of the Greeks. He had been preceptor to Themistocles. Plut. ^An island, &c. SicoRus, now Segre, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, rising in the Pyrenean moun- tains, and falling into the Iberus, a little above its mouth. It was near this city that J. Csesar conquered Afranius and Petreius, the parti- zans of Pompey. Lucan. 4, v. 14, 130, &c. — Plin. 3, c. 3. Siculi, a people of Italy, driven from their possessions by the Opici. They fled into Si- cania, or Sicily, where they settled in the territories which the Sicani inhabited. They soon extended their borders, and after they had conquered their neighbours, the Sicani, they gave their name to the island. This, as some suppose, happened about 300 years before Greek colonies settled in the island, or about 1059 years before tlie Christian era. Diod. 5. — lyianys. Hal. — Strab. SituLUM FRETUM, the sea which separates Sicily from Italy, is 15 miles long, but in some places so narrow, that the barking of dogs can be heard from shore to shore. . This strcight is supposed to have been formed by an earthquake, which separated the island from the continent. Plin. 3, c. 8. Sicvov, SI S I SicTov, now BasUico, a town of Pelopon- nt'sus the capital of Sicyonia. It is celc- bratuci as being tl.e most ancient kingdom of Greece, which began B. C. 208°. and ended B. C. lO'^H, undi-r a succession of mo- narchs of whom little is known, except the name*. yEgialeus was the first king. Some time after, Agamemnon made )iin>self mas- ter of the place, and afterwards it fell into the liands of the Ilcraclid.i-. It liecame very powerfid in the time of tJie .\cha;an league, which it joined B. C. 'J.',\, at the persuasion of -Vratus. The inliabitiints of Si- cyon are mentioned by some authors as dis- iolute and fond of luxury, hence the Sicj/o- n'uin shoes, which were once very celebrated, were deemed marks of effeminacy. Apollod. 3, *:. 5.—Lucret. 1. v. Ills. — I.iv. 32, c. 16. I. 33, c. 1 J. — Strab. 8. — MeLi, 2, c. 3 Pint, in Dcm. — Pau$. 2, c 1, 8k. — Cic. dt Oral. 1, c. 54.— I'ir^. 0. -'. v. 519. SirvoNJA, ft province of Peloponnesu*;, on the bay of Corinth, of which Sicyon was the capital. It is the most eminent kingdom of Greece, and in its florisliing situation, not only its dependent states, but also the whole Peloponnesus were called Sicyonix Tlie ter- ritory is said to altound with corn, wine, and olives, and also with iron mines. It produced many celebrated men, particularly artists. [I'id. Sicyon.] Side, the wife of Orion, thrown into liell by Juno, for Injasting henself fairer than tlie goddes*. Jjtoi.lod. 1. C. 4. .\ daughter of lielus. A daughter of Danaus. A town of Pamphylia. Lu- 57, c. 2J. — Or. 3, fa/n. 0". SiOKRO, the slcpmotlicr of Tyro, killed by Pelias. SiDitiniM. a town of Campania, called also TrtiMum. [ Fri. Teanum.] Virg. ^En. 7. V. 727. SiDON, an ancient city of Plincr. Ud. 15, V. ■^^].—^^cta, i, c. 12. SiooNioRUM iNsuLiK, islands in tlic Per- biiin gulph. Strob. 16. SinoNis, is the country of which Sidon was 718 the capital, situate .it the west of .Syria, on the coast of the IMeditcrranean. (hid. Met. 2, J-'ab. 1 9. Dido, as a native of the country, is often called Sidonis. Oiid. Met. 14, V. 80. .SlDONItS CaIUS SoLLlLS .^nOLLINARIS, a Christian writer, bom A. D. ■I.jO. He died in the 52d year of his age. Tliere are remaining of his com]>ositiorts, some letters and different poems consisting chiefly of pa- negyrics on the great men of his time, written in heroic verse, and occasionally in oilier metre, of which tlie best edition is that of Lablucus, Paris. 4to. Iti52. — 'llie epi- tliet of Si-Liniut, is applied not only to the natives of Sidon, but it is used to express tlie excellence of any thing, especially embroidery or dyed garments. Carthage is callett ^iJ^'tna urb$, because built by Sidomans. i'lrg. ^Hn. I, V. 682. Si IN A Julia, a town of Etrtiria. Cu:. Brut. 18. — TacU. 4, His!. 45. Si DA, now \tJ-Homa, a town of Xumidia, famous as tlie residence of Syphax. Plin. J. c. 11. Sic.ccM, or SiUEiM, now cape Inci- hisnri, a town of Troas, on a promontory of tiie same name, where the SianiandiT falli into the sea, extending six miles along the shore. It was near .Sigiriiin that tlic gre.it- ' est part of tlie battles la-twcen tlie Greeks and 'i'rojans were fought, :is Homer men- tions, and there Achilles was buried. ''trj. .En. 2, V. 312. I. 7, v. 294. — Ovil. Met. 12, T. 71. — Lucan. 9, r. 962. — Ai./«, I. ?. 18. — Strab. lo.—Dictyt Crel. 5, c. 12. SiCN'iA, an ancient town of I>atium. whose inhabitants were called Ht^niiii. 'Hie vt ine of .Signia was used by the ancicntji for medicinal purpoik-s. Murtiil. 13, i/). 116. — — A mountain of nirygia. I'lin. 5. c. 29. Sir.ovEsscs, a prince among tlie Celtc, in the reign of Tarquin. I.ir. 5, c. 54. SicvNi, Sici'NiC, or SiGr>iN.K, a nation of F.uroptan Scytliia, beyond die Danulie. //<-- riHitt. ',, c. y. Sii.A, or .Syla, a large wood in the country of tlie Brutii near the Api-nnincs. alniunding with much pitcii. Strab. 6. — I'irg. ..En- 12, V. 7 1 .5. .Sii.ASA Jii.iA, a woman at tlie court of Nero, remarkable for hir licenti«)usness and impurities. She had married C. Julius, by whom she was divorced. 1). SiLA.vts, a son of T. ^lanlius Tor- quatus, accused of extortion in the manage- ment of the province of AI.icedoni.i. 'Hie father himself desired to hear the complaints laid against his son, and alter he li.vl spent two days in examining the charge's of the .Mncetlonians, he pronounced on the third day Iiis son guilty of rxtortion, and unworthy to bo called n citizen of Koine. He aX>o banished him from his presence, and to struck was SI SI was the son at the severity of liis father, that he hanged himself On the following night. Liv. 54. — Cic. de Finih. — Val. Max. 5, ,c. 8. C. Junius a consul under Tiberius, accused of extortion, and banished to the island of Cy there. Tacit. Marcus, a lieu- tenant of Casar's armies in Gaul. The father-in-law of Caligula. Suet. Cal. 22 A proprastor in Spain, who routed the Car- thaginian forces there, while Annibal was in Italy. Turpilius, a lieutenant of Me- tellus against Jugurtha. He was accused by Marius though totilly innocent, and con- demned by the malice of his judges. Torquatus, a man put to death by Nero. Lucius, a man betrothed to Octavia, the daughter of Claudius. Nero took Oc- tavia away from him, and on the day of her nuptials, Silanus killed himself. An augur in the army of the 10,000 Greeks, at their return from Cunaxa. Silahus, a river of Piccnum, rising in the Apennine mountains, and falling into the Tyrrhene sea. Its waters, as it is reported, petrified all leaves that fell into it. Strah. 5. — Afr/a, 2, c. 4. — Virg. G. 5, v. 146. — P!in. 2, c. IQo.—SiL It.2, v. 582. SiLENi, a people on the banks of the Indus. Plin. 6. c. 20. SiLENus, a demi-god, who became the nurse, the preceptor, and attendant of the god Bacchus. He was, as some suppose, son of Pan, or according to others of Mer- cury, or of TeiTa. Malea in Lesbos was tlie place of his birth. After deaA he received divine honors, and had a temple in Elis. Silenus is generally represented as a fat and jolly old man, riding on an ass, crowned with flowers, and always intoxicated. He was once found by some peasants in Phrygia, after he had lost his way, and could not follow Bacchus and he was carried to king Midas, who received him with great atten- tion. He detained him for ten days, and afterwards restored him to Bacchus, for which he was ri&warded with the power of turning into gold whatever he touched. Some authors assert, that Silenus was a philosopher, who accompanied Bacchus in his Indian expedition, and assisted him by the soundness of his counsels. From this circumstance, therefore, he is often intro- duced speaking vriih all the gravity of a philosoplier concerning the formation of the world, and the nature of things. The Fauns in general, and the Satyrs arc often called Sileni. Pans. S, c. 25. 1. 6, c. 24. — Philost. ^5. — Ovid. Met. 4. — Ht/gin. fab. 191.— ZHod. 3, &c. — Cic. Tusc. 1, c. 48. — Mlian. r. H. .3, c. 18 Virg. Eel. 6, v. 13. A Carthaginian historian who wrote an ac- count of the affairs of his country in the Greek language.— —An historian who wrote an account of Sicily. SiLiCENSE, a river of Spain. 719 SiLicis MONs, a town near Padua. SiLis, a river of Venetia in Italy, falling into the Adriatic. Pirn. 3, c. 18. C. SiLius Italicus, a Latin poet, who was originally at the bar, where he for some time distinguished himself, till he retired from Rome more particularly to consecrate his- time to study. He was consul the year that Nero was murdered. Pliny has observed, that when Trajan was invested with the im- perial purple, Silius refused to come to Rome, and congratulate him like the rest of his fel- low citizens, a neglect which was never re- sented by the emperor, or insolently men- tioned by the poet. Silius was in possession of a house where Cicero had lived, and an- other in which was tlie tomb of Virgil, and it has been justly remarked, that he looked upon no temple with greater reverence than upon the sepulchre of the immortal poet, whose steps he followed, but whose fame he could not equal. The birth-day of Virgil w^ yearly celebr.-ited with unusual pomp and solemnity by Silius; and for his parti- ality, not only to the memory, but to the compositions of the Mantuan poet, h.e lias been called the ape of Virgil, Silius starved himself when laboring under an impost- hume which his physicians were unable to remove, in the beginning of Trajan's reig% about the 75th year of his age. There re- mains a poem of Italicus, on the second Punic war, divided into 17 books, greatly commended by Martial. Tlie moderns have not been so favorable in their opinions con- cerning its merit. The poetry is weak and. inelegant, yet the author deserves to be com- mended for his purity, the authenticity of his narrations, and his interesting descriptions. He has every wlwre imitated Virgil, but with little success. Silius was a great collector of antiquities. His son was honored with the consulship during his life-time. Tlie best editions of Itahcus will be found to be Drakenborch's in 'jto. Utr. 1717, and that of Cellarius, 8vo. Lips. 1695. — Mart. 11. ep. 49, &c. Caius, a man of consular dig- nity, greatly beloved by Messalipa for his comely appearance and elegant address. Messalina obliged him to divorce his wife that she might enjoy his company witliout intermission. Silius was forced to comply though with reluctance, and he was at last put to death for the adulteries which the empress obliged him to commit. Tacit. — Suet. — Dio. — — A tribune in Caesar's le- gions in Gaul. A commander in Ger- many, put to death by Sejanus. Tacit. Ann. 3& 4. SiLPHiuM, a part of Libya. SiLPiA, a town of Spain. Liv. 28, c. 12. SiLVANus, a rural deity, son of an Ita- lian shepherd by a goat. . From this cir- cumstance he is generally represented as half a man SI SI a luai) and half a, goat. According to Virgil, he was son of Picus, or, as others report, of Mars, or according to Plutarch, of Valeria Tusculanaria, a young woman, who introduced herself into her father's bed, and became pregnant by him. The worship of Silvanus was established only in Italy, where, as some authors have- imagined, he reigned in the age of Evantier. 'i'his deity was sometimes represented holding a cypress in his hand, because ho l)ocame en- amoured of a beautiful youth called t'ypa- rissus. who was changed into a tree of the same name. Silvanus presided over gardens and limits, and he is often confoundesassinated by his soldiers. SiLviuM, a town of Apulia, now ^^jr^o- tiane. IHin. Z, c. II. A town of Is- tria. SiLCHEs, tlie people of South Wales in Britain. .SniBRivii's, or .Sijubri'viui, a lake of Latium, formed by the Anio. Tacit. II, An. 2'i. SiMENA, a town of Lycia near Chima!l. '-V c. 14. -Vnother who wrote on rhetoric. Id. — — .\. sculptor. Id. Tlie name of Simon was common among the Jews. SiMoNiDis, a celebrated poet of. Cos, who florished .^3s years B. C. His father's name was Leoprepis, or Theoprepis. He wrote elegies, epigramis and dran.atical pieces, esteemed for their elegance and sweet- nes.s, and com^iosed also epic poems, one on Cambvses king of Persia, Stc. Simunides was universally courted by the princes of Greece and Sicily, and according to one of the fables of Pha-drus, he was such a favorite of the gods, that his life was miraculously preserved in an entertainment when the roof of tlie house fell upon all diose who were feasting. He obtained a po«tical prize in the yoth year of his age, and he live/., to the alphabet of the Greeks, Some fragments of his poetry are extant. According to some the grandson of tlie elegiac poet of Cos was ids*i called Sinio- nidos. He florished a few years before the Pcioponnesian war, and was ilie autlior of some iKioks of inventions, genealogies, &c. UuinlU. 10, c. 1. — I'lurong. This was a ' alutary precaution. Ulysf-es made signs for his companions to stop, but they were dis- regarded, and the faul coast was passed witli *aJ'ety. Upon this artifice of Ulyssca, the Si- rens were so disippoiiife«l. that they threw themselves into the Mia, and perished. Some authors »Jiy, that the Sirens chalk-ugc J tlie Muses to a trial of skill in sinpir". ->' ' ''">» the latter proved victorious and feathers from she wings of their i with which they made themselves cruwns. J'he place where the Sirens destroyed them- selves was nl'terwards called Sirenis, on the (oast of Sicily. Virgil, however, yEn. 5, V. 8C4, place;, the Slr<•nur^ ScuJ'mU on the I'UObt of Italy, near the island of Coprcru Some suppobtf that t!io Siretis were a num- ber of lascivious women in Si:i!y, who pros- tituted themselves to stran^-ers, .ind made ihem forget their pursuits T\hilc drowned in unlawful pleasures. 'Ilic Sirens xk often icpresented holding, one a lyre, a second a ttute, ;uid the thin! singing. Pans. 10, c. 6. — Horner. Od. I'J, v. 167. — Sfrn*. 6. — Jimnian. 'J9, e. '2. — Hygin. fah. HI.— - ApoUod. '2, c. -I. — Lhtd.' Met. '^, v. 553. posed to reside. Sims, a town of Magna Grjeda, founded by u Grecian colony after the Trojan war, at the mouth of the river of the same name. There was a battle fought near it between Pyrrhus and the Rom.ans. Dion;/:-. Ptru^j. V. i.".'l. The j^tbiopians gave that n;uno to the Nile before its divided Ureams united into one current. PJin. 5, c. D. A town of Pa?onia in Thrace. SiRirr, or Canicula, the dog-star, whose ajipearancc, ar. the ancicnu. iuj^JOicd. alwavs cau:>ed great heat on Uic eartii. yirg. ..En. 5, V. HI. 722 SiaMio, now Sermunf, a pcnibMiia in the lake Besacus, where Catullus had a viUa. Carm. 29. SikMK S(. the capital pf Pannonia, at thr confluence of the Savus and Bacuntius. very celebrated during tlie reign of the Roman emperors. SisAMNES, a judge flayed alive for his par- tiality, by order of Cambyses. His skin w. nailed on the benches of tlie other judge*, t . incite them to act with candor and impar. tiality. Herodot. 5. c. 25. Sis.vriio, a Corinthian, who had murJ.er^ . his broUier, becausa be had put his chtlrl.'. to death. Ovid, in lb. Sis.\i-o, a town in Spain, famous f.T 1' Vermillion mines, whose situation is 1:0*. ve . ascertained. Ptin, 33, c. 7. — Cic. Pliil. 1.'. c. If. Sizcix, a town of Pannonia, now S'ut-fj. Sjseves, a Persian de^serter, who con^rj^rc.l 3g,-uni.t .\lcxander, Lc. Curt. rj. c. T. L. SisENNA, an ancient historian 3.\r.u: the Romans, f^l B. C. He wrote nn ai count of the republic, of which Ci^'e: speaks witli great warmth, ami also t.'an laled frcm the Greek the Milesin:\ li'. of Arlstides. Some fragments oi' I compositions are quoted by ditfi-rent ai - tliors. Odd. Tnsl. '2, v. 4 13. Ci: i f- ' « .'. «7. — P.iUrc. 2, c. 9. Con :. who on being reprimand .'J °.e fur the ill conduct aiid c - pruvid manners of his wife, accused p;^; licly Augustus of unlawful commerce wi: her. JJio. 5*1. Tlie family of the Coi - nelii and Apronii rcceiveil the surnanr.e oi Siscnna. llicy are accused of intenipemti loi^uacity in tlie .\ugusian age, by Horcr. : &'. 7, V. 8. Si£ir..«MBis. or SkyoaIlIbis, the molhi' of Darius the last king of Persia. Sit wa^ taken prisoner by Alexander the C re.-: at the brittle of Istus, with the rest cf t!> roy.il family. T>.e conijueror treate.i ! ■ ■ wit.'i uncommon timlerneits and auen; -: he siilutcd her .is his own mother, ar: J >> !• . he had sternly denied to tbo petltioas • favorites and ministers he often j;' to the intercession of Sisygarobi*. I'b? i gard of the queen for .Alexander was urucii mon, !Uid, indeed, she no sooner heara th he was dead, than slie killed herself, ui willing to survive the loss of so generous ;. enemy ; though she h.nd seen, with leie co:' ccrn, the fall of her son's kingdom, the rui: cf his Kul^ects, and Ilin:^- !:' murdered by li servants. She had alst' lost in one day. hi ' husband and 80 cf iitr brothers, »ho:i Ochus had assassinated to make l.in-.M'. master of the kingdom of Persia. Curt. -*. c. 9. 1. 10. c. .■;. Sri.>!iTn;tA, a fcrtiuvl place of Bactri.ir.,! 1 5 f t.idia higl», }>0 i.. circumference, an plain at tlje top. Alei.inder married Ro» ana there. Strab. II. Sivo- SI S M SisocosTiJS, one of the friends of Alex- ander, entrusted with the care of tiie rook Aornus. Curt. 8, c. 11. Sis\i'Hus, a brother of Athamas and Sal- monciis, son of iEolus and Enaretta, the most crafty prince of the heroic ages. He mar- ried JMerope the daughter of Atlas, or ac- cording to others, of Pandareus, by whom he had several children. He built Ephyre, called afterwards Corinth, and he debauched Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus, because he )uid been told by an oracle that his children by his brother's daughter would avenge the injuries which he had suffered from ilie male- volence of Salmoneus. Tyro, however, as Hyginus says, destroyed the two sons whom she had had by her uncle. ]t is reported that Sisyphus, mistrusting Autolycus, who stole the neighbouring liocks, marked his bulls under the feet, and \^■hcn ibey had been carried away by the dishonesty of his friend, he confounded and astonished the thief by selecting from his nmnerous flocks those bjills, which by the mark he knew to be his own. The artifice of Sisyphus was so pleasing to Autolycus, who had now found one more cunning than himself, that he permitted him to enjoy the company of his daughter Anti- clea, whom a few days after he gave in mar- riage to Laertes of Ithaca. After his death, Sisyphus was condemed in hell, to roll to the top of a hill a large stone, which had no sooner reached the summit than it fell back into the plain with impetuosity, and rendered his punishment eternal. The causes of this rigorous sentence arc variously reported. Some attribute it to his continual depreda- , tions in the neighbouring country, and his cruelty in laying heaps of stones on those whom he had jjlundered, and suffering them to expire in the most agonizing torments. Others, to the insult offered to Pluto, in chaining death in his palace, and detaining her till Mars, at the request of the king of hell, went to deliver her from confinement. Others suppose that Jupiter inflicted this pu- nishment because he told Asopus where his daughter vEgina had been carried away by her ravisher. 'The more followed opinion however is, that Sisyphus, on his death -bed, intreated his wife to leave his body imburied, and when he came into Pluto's kingdom, he received the permission of returning upon earth to punish this seeming negligence of his wife, but, liowever, on promise of imme- diately returning. But he was no sooner out of the inlernal regions, than he violated his engagements, and when he was at last brought back to hell by Mars, Pluto, to pu- nish his want of fidelity and honor, con- demned him to roll a huge stone to the top of a mountain. The institution of the Pythian games is attributed by some to Sisyphus. To be of the blood of Sisyphus was deemed disgraceful among the ancients. Homer. Od.ll, v. 592.— Firg. jEn. 6, v. olO. 725 — Ovid. Mel. 4, v. 459. 1. !~, v. 32. Fas!. 4, V. 175. in Ibid. 191. — Fans. 2, &c Hygin.ft'.b. 60. — Homt. 2, od. 1-1, v. SO. — ■ Apnllod. .", c. 'I. A son of ?»I. Antony, v.'ho was born deformed, and received tiie name of Sisyphus, because he was endowed with genius and an excellent understanding. Ilorat. 1. !S(U. 3, v. 47. SiTALCEn, one of Alexander's generals, imprisonea for his cruelty and avarice in die government of his province. Curt. 10, c. I. A king of Thrace, B. C. 436. SiTHNiDES, certain nymphs of a fountain in Megara. Faus. 1, c. 40. SiTHox, a king of Thrace. — — An island- in the iEgean. SiTHoNiA, a country of Thrace between mount Hsemus and the Danube. Sitlionia is often applied to all Thrace, and thence the epithet Sithonis, so often used by the poets. It received its name from king Sithon. Horut. ], od. 18, V. 9. — Olid. Met. o, I.ysiinachus, rebuilt it -100 years after it had been destroyed by the Lydians. It was one of the richest iind most powerful cities of .\sia, and became ono of tJie twelve cities of the Ionian confederacy. 'Die inh.-ibitants were given much to luxury and indolence, but they were universally esteemed for Uieir \j\oT and intre])idity when called to action. Marcus Aurelius repaired it after it had iKtn destroyed by an earthquake, al>out the Ismh year of the Christian era. Smyrna still con- tinues to be a very commercial totvn. The liver Melcs flows near its walls. 'Ilie inha- bitants of Smyrna believed that Homer was born among them, and to confirm this opi- iiion tiiey not oidy paid him divine honors, l)Ut (Jiowed a place which bore the poet's name, and al>o had a brass coin in circulation wliidi was cullifl JfofHi-rium. Some suppose that it was called .Smyrna from an .Amazon of the sanie name who took possc&:uon of it. H:mdot. !, c. \Q, s, and he acquired that serenii) of mind and finnness of countenance, which the most alarming dangers could iK'ver de- stroy, or the most sudden cal-.imiiies alter. If he was jM>or, it was from choice. anJ rot Uie ell'ects of vanity, or the wish ol' appe iriii^ singular. He bore injuries with patience. and the insults of malice or resentment, he not only treated writh contempt, but even ri-ceived with a mind that expressed some concern, and felt compassion for the depravity of human nature. So singular and so venerable a character was admire- 1 by the most enlightened of the .Athenians. Socrates wns .■ittendi-d by a immbtr of il- lustrious pupUv whom he instructed by hi-, exemplary life, as well as by his doctrine-;. He had no particular place where to deliver his lectures, but as the good of his coun- trymen, and the reformation of their corrupted morals, anil not the aggregation of ri. ' was the object of his study, he was pr. every where, and drew the attention ol' .... auditors cither in the groves of Acadcmus, the Lyceum, or on the banks of the Ilys- sus. He spoke with frewlom on every sub ject, religious as well as ci%il; and had tli. courage to condemn the violence of lii> countrymen, and to withstand tlie torren'. of ri>sentment, by which tlic .Athenian ^-. • rals were capitiUly punislied for not bi.i\ the dead at tlie battle of .Arginusaf. 1 independence of spirit, and tliat visible su- periority of mind and genius over the rest of his countrymen, created many enemies to Socrates; but as his character was irre- proachable, and his doctrines pure, and void of all obscurity, the voice of malevolence w.i-; silent. Vet .Vristophanes soon undertook, a', the instigation i>f Mehtus, in his corned) of the CIoikIs, to ridicule the venerable cha- racter of Socrates on tl»c st-age ; and when once tlie way was open to calumny and det'amalion, the fickle and licentious popu- lace paid no reverence to the philosophc- whoni they had before regarded as a bcinc of a sup* rior order. When this had sue - ceedcil, ;\lelitus stoori .e, or what calamities vrould fiiHow an ill manageti administration. As a supporter of the immortality of the sold, he allowed the perfection of a supreme knowledge, from wliich he deduced the go- Tcmment of the universe. From the re- sources of experience as well as nature and observation, he jierccived the indibcriminale dispensation of good and tvil to mankind by the hand of heuvcii, and lie was convinced tiiat none but tlie most inconsiderate would incur Uie displeasure of their Creator to avoid poverty or sickness, or gratify a sensual ap- petite, which must at the end harass their soul with remorse and the consciousness of guilt. From this natural view of things, he perceived tlie relation of one nation witli an- other, and liow much the tranquillity of civil society depended upon tJ:c proper ilischarge of these respective duties. The actions of men furnished materials also lor his discourse ; to instruct tliem was his aim, and to render them happy was die ulumate object of his daily lessons. From principles like these, which were intbrctd by the unparalleled ex- ample of an affectionate husband, a tender parent, a warlike soldier, and a patriotic citizen in Socrates, soon after the celebrated sects of the Platonist„ the Peripatetics, the Academics, Cyrenaics, Stoics, &c. arose. So- crates never wrote for the public eye, yet many support that the tragedies of his pupil iluripides were partly composed by him. 1-Ie was natunilly of a licentious disposition, and a physiognomist observed, in looking in the face of the philor.opher, tiiat his heart was the most depraved, immodest, and corrupted that ever was in the human breast. This liearly cost the satirist his life, but Socrates upl)raided his disciples, who wished to punish the physiognomist, and declared that his as- sertions were tmc, hut that all his vicious propensities had been duly corrected and curbed by means of reaon. Socrates made 72« a poetical version of .^sop's fables, while in prison. Laerl. — Xenop/i, — Pint n.— -Pans. 1 , c. 22 Plul. de op. Phil, ^c Cic. dcorat. \, c. 54. Tusc. 1, c. 41, giv€r, he began to make a reform in every department. The complaints of the poorer citizens found redress, all debts were remitted, and no one was permitted to seize the person of his debtor if unable to make a restoration of his money. After he had made the most salutary regula- tions in the state, and bound the Athenians by a solemn oath that they would faith- fully observe his laws for the space of 100 years, Solon resigned the office of legislator and removed himself from Athens. He visited Egypt, and in the court of Croesus king of Lydia, he convinced die monarch of the instability of fortune, and told him, when he wished to know whether he was not tlie happiest of mortals, that Tellus, an Athenian, M-ho had always seen his country in a florishing state, who had seen his children lead a virtuous life, and who had himself follen in defence of his country, was more 727 entitled to happiness than the possessor of riches, aild the master of empires. After ten years' absence Solon returned to Atlions, but he had the mortification to find ti;e greatest part of liis regulations disregarded by the factious spirit of his countrymen, and the usurpation of Pisistratus. Kot to be longer a spectator of the divisions that reigned in his country, he retired to Cyprus, where he died at the court of king Philocyprus., in tlie SOdj year of his age, 5:iS years before the Christian era. The jialutsiry consequences of tlie laws of Solon can be discovered in the length of time they were in force in the re- piiblic of Athens. For above 400 years they florished in full vigor, and Cicero, who was himself a witness of their benign influence, passes the highest encomiums upon the legis- lator, whose superior v.isdom framed such a code of regulations. It was tl:e intention of Solon to protect the poorer citizens, and by dividing the whole body of the Athenifina into four classes, three of which were per- mitted to discharge the most important offices and magistracies of the state, and the List to give their Opinion in the assemblies, but not have a share in the distinctions and honors of their superiors, the legislator gave the populace a privilege ivhich, though at first small and inconsiderable, soon rendered them masters of the republic, and of all the affairs of government. He made a reforma- tion in the Areopagus, he encreased tlie au- thority of the members, and permitted them yeai'ly to enquire how every citizen main- tained himself, and to punish such as lived in idleness, and were not employed in some honorable and lucrative profession. He also regulated the Prytaneum, and fixed the num- ber of its judges to 400. 'ihe sanguinary laws of Draco were all cancelled, except that against murder, andthepuiiishment denounced against every oft'ender wsis proportioned to his crime ; but Solon made no Jaw against parricide or sacrilege. The former of these crimes, he said, was too horrible to human nature for a man to be guiltj" c,'' it, and the latter could never be conunitted, because the histor}- of Athens had never furnished a sin- gle instance. Such as liad died in the service of their country, were buried with great pomp, and their family was maintained at the public cxpence ; but iuch as had squan- dered away tlieir estates, such as refused to bear arms in defence of their country, or paid no attention to the inlirmities and dis- tress of their parents, were branded with in- famy. 'Hie laws of miirriage were newly regulated, it became an union of affection and tenderncKs, and no longer a mercenary contract. I'o speak with ill language against the dead as M'ell as the living, was made a crime, and tlie legislator wished that the cha- racter of his fellow-citizens should be freed from the aspersions of m;Jevolence and envy. 3 A 4 A per- so so A person that liad no children -was permitted to dispose of his estates as he pleased, and the females were not allowed to be extrava- gant in their dress or cxpences. To be guilty of adultery was a capital crime, and the friend and associate of lewdness and debauch- ery was never permitted to speak in pub- lic, for, as the pliilosojilier ob-^erved, a man who has no shame, is not c,ii)able of bcinj^ intrusted wiili the people. Thtse celebrateii laws were engraven on several tables, and that they might be better known and more familiar to the Athenians they were writ- ten in verse. The indignation which Solon expressed on seeing the tragical representa- tions of The^pis, is well known, and he stern- ly observed, that if falsehood and tiction were tolerated on the stage-, thiy would soon find their way among the common occupation-. of men. .According to I'liitiirch, Solon was reconciled to I'isistratus but tliis seems to be false, as the legislator refused to live in a country where tlie privileges of his fellow- citizens were trampled upon by tlie usurjjation cf a tyrant- [»'«/. Lycurgus. J J'tut. in Sot. — Herodut. 1, c. 29. — Diog. 1. — Paus. 1, c. 40. — Ck. SoLo.NA, a town of Gaul Cispatlana on the Utens. Soi.oMi-.M, a town of Latium on tlie borders of Etruria. I'ltil. in Mar. — Cic. dc Div. 1. SoLVA, a town of Xoricum. .Solus, (untLs,) a maritime town of Sicily. [rid. Soloeis.] Slrak II. SoLv.MA, and Solvm-u, a town of I.y- cia. The inhabitants, called .Sn/j/mi, wire anciently called Milyadcs, and afterwards Tt-rmUi and l.i/riiiiu. Sar])edon settled among tliem. Strab. 14. — JL'mi-r. II. 6. — Plin. 5, c. 'J7 & "jy. .\n antient name of Jerusalem. [I'id. Hicrosoljina.] Jui.O, V. 5-15. SiNus, son of Erebus and Nox, was one of tlie iiifimal deities, and pri-sided over sleep. His palace, accoriling to some inytliologists, is a dark cave where the sun never penetrates. At the entrance are a number of poppies and somniferous herbs. Tlie ginl liiinself is re- presented as asleep on a bed of feathers with black curtains. 'Hie dreams stand by him, and Morpheus as his |>rincipal minister watches to prevent the noise from awaking him. The Lacedtcmonians always placed tlie image of Soninus neiu- that of death. Ile- siod. Theog. — lloimr. II. 1 I. — rir^. ^T.n. 6, V. 81)3. — Oik/. Met. II. SoscHis, an Egyptian priest, in tlie age of Solon. It was he who told that celebrated philosopher a number of traditions, particu- larly about the .\tlantic isles, which he repre- sented as more extensive tlian the continent of Africa and .\sia united. This island disap- peared, as it is said, in one day and one night. Plut in Isid. See. 7i.'8 SoNTiATBs, a people in Gaul. SoPATEK, a philosopher of Apamea, in the age of the emperor Constantine. He was one of the disciples of lamblicus, and after his deatli he was at the head of the Pla- tonic philosophers. .SoPHAX, a son of Hercules and Tinga, the widow of Anta'us, who founded the kingdom of Tingis, in Mauritania, and from whom were descended Diodorus, and Juba king of Mauritania. Strab. 3. SopiiENF, a country of Armenia, on the borders of Mesopotamia. I.ucan. '2, v. 595. Sophocles, a celebrated tragic poet of ,A thens. educated in the school of .Eschylus. He distinguished himself not only as a poet, but also as a statesman. He commanded the .Athenian armies, and in several battles he shared the supreme command witli Pericles, and exercised the office of arclion wiUi credit and honor. The first appearance of Sopho- cles as a poet reflects great honor on his abi- litic-s. 'ITie .Athenians h.id taken the island of Scyros, and to celebrate that memorable event, a yearly contest for tragedy was in- stituted. .Sophocles on this occasion obtained the prize over many competitors, in tlie num- ber of whom was -Eschylus, his friend and his master, 'lliis success contributed to en- courage the poet, he wrote for tlie stage with .ipplause, and obtained the poetical prize 20 dillerent times. .Sophocles was the rival of lliiripides for public praise, they divided the applause of the populace, and \\hile the former surpassed in the sublime and ma- jestic, the otlier was not inferior in the tender and patlietic. 'Hie -Athenians were plea-sed with their contention, and as the theatre was at tlial time an object of impor- tance and magnitude, and deemed an essen- tial and most magnificent p.irt of the religious worship, each had his admirers and adherents ; l>ut the two pcHts, captivated at last by po- juilar apjilause, gave w .ly o jealousy and rival- ship. Of l-O tragedies which .Sophocles com- posed, only seven are extant ; Ajax, Electra, (Edipus tlie tyrant. Antigone, tlie Tradiiniae, Philoctetes, and CEdipus at Colonos. The ingratitude of the children of Sophocles is well known. 'ITiey wished to become im- mediate m.>isters of their father's possessions, and therefore tired of his long life, they ac- cused him l>eforc the -Areopagus of insanity. 'Hie only defence the poet mais in the f d satyr, verse the 10th, of Juvenal, the word ; fadicos should be inserted, as the poet Sot.-.dcs, and not the philosopher Socrates, descncd the appellation of Cinsedus. Obscene verses were generally called Soladea caryy\ina from him. They could be turned and read different ways witliouf losing their measure or sense, such as (he following, which can be read back- wards : Roma tihi sttbito molibus ibit amor. Si baic le tua lam taxeU, sua lante tenfbii. Sole vicdcre pcdc, t de, percde melos. Quintil. I, c. 8. 1. 9, c. 4.— Plin. 5. ep. 3— Auson. eji. 17, v. 29. SoTER, a surname of the first Ptole- my. It was also common to other mo- narchs. SoTERiA, d.iy5 appointed for thanksgivings and the offerings of sacrifices for deliverance from danger. One of these was observed at Sicjon, to commemorate the deliverance of that citj' from the hands of the Macedonians, hy Araf'.is. SoTERiri >. .<» poet and hh-torinn in the age of Piorlcsian. He wrote a panegyric 730 on that emperor, a* aJso a life of Apollo- nius Thyanajus. His works, greatly es- teemed, are now lost, except some few fragments preserved by the scholiast of Ly- cophron. SoTHis, an Egyptian name of the constel- lation called Sirius, which received div-ne honors in tliat country-. SoTiATEs, a people of Gaul, concjuered by Cajsar. Cess. Bell. G. 5, c. 20 & 21. SoTiON', a grammarian and philosopher of Alexandria, preceptor to Seneca. Seruc. ep. 49 and 58. SoTiLs, a philosoplier in the reign of Ti- berius. Sous, a king of Sparta, who made himself known by his valor, &c. SozoM£K, an ecclesiastical historian who died 450 A. D. His history extends from the year 324 to 429, and is dedicated to Theodosius the younger, being written in a style of inelegance and mediocrity. "Ilie best edition is that of Reading, fol. CarUab. 1720. Spaco, the nurse of Cyrus. Justin. I, c 4. — Herodot. Sparta, a celebrated city of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia, situate on the Eurotas. at the distance of about 30 miles from its mouth. It received its name from Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas, who married Laceds- mon. It was also called Laccdaemon. [Vid. Lacediemon.] Spaktaccs, a kinj of Pontus. An- other, king of Bosphorus, who died B. C. 433. His son and successor of the tame name died B. C. 407. Another, who died 2S4 B. C. A Thracian shepherd. celebrated for his abilities and the victories Vifliich he obtained over the Romans. Being one of the gladiators who were kept at Capua in the how^s cf Lentulus, he e-^aped from the place ct' his confinenaent, widi 50 of his companions, and took up arms against the Romans. He soon found himself with 10,000 men equally resolute with him- self, and though at first obliged to hide himself in die woods and solitary' retreats ' of Camjiania. he soon laid waste the coun- try : and when his followers were encreased by additional numbers, and better disci- plined, and more completely armed, he at- tacked the Roman generals in the field of battle. Two consuls and other officers were defeated with much loss, and Spartacus supe- rior in counsel and abilities, appeared more terrible though often deserted by his fickle attendants. Crassus was sent against him, but this celebrated general at first d«s- paiied of success. A bloody battle was fought, in which, at last the gladiators we:e defeated. Spartacus behaved widi great valor ; when wounded in the log, he fought on his knees, covering himself with his buckler in one hand, and using hi« sword with the other ; and when .<: last S P S P last he fell, lie fell upon a heap of Romans, \vhom he had sacrificed to his fury, B. C. ■. I. In this battle no less than 40,000 of the rebels were slain, and the war totally rinished. Flor. o, c. 20. — Liv. 93. — Eutrop. o, c- 2. — Flut. in Crass. — Paterc. 2, c. SO. — jippian. Spart-3j, or Sparti, a name given to tliose men who sprang from the diagon's ti.cth which Cadmus sowed. Tliey all de- stroyed one another, except five, who sur- vived and assisted Cadmus in building Thebes. Spartani, or SpARTiATiE, the inha- bitants of Sparta. [Firf. Sparta, Lacedae- nion.] Spartianus, iELius, a Latin historian who wTote the lives of all the Roman emperors, from J. Cassar to Dioclesian. He dedicated them to Dioclesian, to whom, ac- cording to some, he was related. Of these compositions only the life of Adrian, Ve- rus, Didius Julianus, Septimus Severus, Caracalla, and Geta, are extant, published among the Scriptores Historian Augustsc. Spartianus is not esteemed as an historian or biographer. Spechia, an ancient name of the island of Cyprus. Spendius, a Campanian deserter who re- belled against the Romans and raised tumults, and made war against Amilcar, the Carthagi- nian general. Spbndon, a poet of Lacedaemon. Sperchia, a town of Thessaly, on the banks of tlie Sperchius. Ptol. Sperchius, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount CEta, and falling into the sea in the bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name is supposed to be derived from its rapidity (e'TSfA;*'"' fistinare). Peleus vowed to tlie god of tRis river, the hair of his son Achilles, if ever he returned safe from the Trojan war. Herodot. 7, c. 198. — Strab. 9. — Hmncr. 11.23, V. 144. — Apollod. 5, c. 15. — Mela, 2, c. 3. — Ow(/. Met. 1, V. 557. 1. 2, v. 250. 1. 7, V. 230. Spejimatophagi, a people who lived in the extremest parts of Egypt. They fed upon the fruits that fcU from the trees. Sfeusij-pus, an Athenian philosopher, nephew, as also successor, of Plato. His father's name, was Eurymedon, and his mo- ther's Potone. He presided in Plato's school for eight years, and disgraced himself by his extravagance and debauchery. Plato at- tempted to check him, but to no purpose. He died of the lousy sickness, or killed him- self according to some accounts, B. C. 539. Plut. in Lys Diog . 4. — Vol. Max. 4, c. 1. Sphacteria;, three small islands opposite Pylos, on the coast of Messcnia. They are also called Spha^uc. SrHERus, an arm-Ijearer of Pel ops, son 731 of Tantalus. He was bim'ed in a small island near the isthmus of Corintli, which, from him, was called Sphfna. Pans. 5. c. 10. A Greek philosopher, disciple to Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B. C. He came to Spaita in the age of Agis and Cleomenes. and opened a school there. Plat, in A<'. — Biod. Sphinx, a monster which had the heaii and breasts of a woman, the body of a dog. the tail of a serpent, the wings of a bird, the paws of a lion, and an human voice, ir sprang from the union of Orthos witli the Chimasra, or of Typhon witli Echidna. The Sphinx had been sent into die neigh- bourhood of Thebes by Juno, who wished to punish the family of Cadmus, which she persecuted with immortal hatred, and it laid this part of Bceotia imder continual alarms by proposing enigmas, and devouring the inhabitants if unable to explain them. In the midst of their consternation the Thebar.s were told by the oracle, that the Sphinx would destroy herself as soon as one of the enigmas she proposed was explained. In this enigma she wished to know what animal walked on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the evening. Upon this. Creon king of Thebes, promised his crown and his sister Jocasta in marriage to him who could deliver his country from the monster by a successful explanation of tlie enigma. It was at last happily explained by CEdipus. who observed tliat man walked on his han(U and feet when young, or in the morning of life, at tlie noon of life he walked erect, and in the evening of his days he supported lii« infirmities upon a stick. [Vid. (Edipus.J The Sphinx no sooner heard this explanation than she dashed her head against a rock, and immediately expired. Some mythologists wish to unriddle the fabulous traditions about the Sphinx, by tlie supposition that one of the daughters of Cadmus, or Laius, infested the country of Thebes by her con- tinual depredations, because she had been re- fused a part of her father's possessions. Tlie lion's paw expressed, as they observe, her cruelty, the body of the dog her lascivi- ousness, her enigmas the snares she laid for strangers and travellers, and her wings the dispatch she used in her expeditions. Plvt. — Hcsiod. Theog. v. 326. — IJ'/gin. fab. 68. — Apollod. 5, c. 5. — Diod. 4. — Omd, in lb. 578. — Strab. 9. — SophocL in (Edip. tyr. Sphodrias, a Spartan who, at the instiga- tion of Cleombrotusr attempted to seize the Pirajus. Diod. 15. Sphragidium, a retired cave on raoun( Citliajron in Bceotia. The nymphs of th- place, called Sphragitidcs, were yearly honored with a sacrifice by the Atlienians, by or- der of the oracle of Delphi, because tliey had loHt few men at tlie battle of Platae.n. P/iv. ST ST riin. 35, c. 6. — Paus. 9, c. 3. — Plvl, in AriH. SprciLLiis, a favorite of Nero. He re- fused to assassinate his master, for which he was put to (leatli in a cruel inanner. Spina, now I'rimnro, a town on the most southern mouth of the I'o. Flin. 3, c. 16. SpiNTHARiTs, d Corinthian architect, who built Apollo's temple at Delphi. Paus. 10, c. 5. A freedman of Cicero. Ad Alt. 13, ep. 25. Spisther, a Roman consul. lie was one of Pompey's friends, and accompanied him at tlie battle of Pharsalia, where he bf- trajed his meanness by being too confident of victory, and contending for the possession of Caesar's oHices and gardens before the ac- tion. Pint. Spio, one of the Nereidef. Virg. A^n. 5. V. 826. SpiTAMKNrs, one of the officers of king Darius, who conspired against the murderer Bessus, and delivered him to Alexander. Curt. 7, c. 5. .SpiTiiniiATFs, a satrap of Ionia, son-in- law of Darius. He was killed at the battle of tlie Granicus. JJixt. IT. SpiTHRinATF.s, A Persian killed by Cli- tus as he was going to strike Alexander dead. A Persian satrap in the age of I.y- sandcr. SpoLmf.M, now 5'/),aT. B. G. An avaricious fellow who wished it to be known that he was uncommonly rich. Horat. 2, Sat. ~, T. 89 SxABiiB, a maritime town of Campania on the bay of Puteoli, destroyed by Sylla. and converted into a villa, whither Pliny en- deavoured to escape from the eruption of Vesuvius, in which he perished. Plin. 3, c. J, <7>. 6, c. 16. Stabulum, a place in the Pyrenees, where a communication was open from Gaul iiifc Spain. Stagira a town on the borders of Mace- donia, near the bay into which the Strytnon discharges itself, at the south of Amphipolis ; founded ee/J years before Christ. Aristotle was born there, from which circumstance he is called Stagiriiet. Thuci/d. 4. — Paus. 6. c. 4. — La'ert. in SoL — jEliati. V. H. 5, c. 46. Staii's, an imprincipled wTetch in Nero's age, who murdered all his relations. Paus. 2, v. 19. SfAi-tsus, a senator who sat as judge in tlie trial of Cluentius, &c. Cic. pm Clufiu SrAPUVLUs, one of the Argonauts, son of I'heseus, or according to oLiiers, of Bacchus and .\riadne. • Apollod. 1, c. 9. Stasander, an uflicer of Alexanoer, who had .\ria ut the general division of the pro- vinces. Curt. 8, c. 3 Staskas, a peripatetic philosopher, enga^^cd to instruct young M. Piso in philosophy. 1 1< . in Orat. 1 , c 22. Stasicrates, a statuary and architect in tlie w.-irs cif .\Iexander, who oflercd to make a statue of mount .\tlios, which was rejected by the conqueror, \c. Stami.eis, an Athenian killed at llie battle of Marathon. He was'oae of the 10 prwtors. Statilli, a people of Liguria, between the Tanarus and the Apennines. Liv. 42, c. l. — Cic. 11. /«"!. 11. Statilia, a woman who lived to a great age, as mentioned bv Seneca, ejt. 77. An- oUier. {I'id. Messahna-J Statilius, a young Roman celebrated for his courage aud ccmstancy. He was an inveterate enemy to Caesar, and wlien Cato murdered himself, he attempted to follow his example, but was prevented by his friends. The conspirators against Capsar wished him to be in tlieir number, but tlib answer which he gave displeased llrutU5. He was at last killed by llie army of the triumvirs. I'lut. Lucius, one of the friends of Catiline. He joined in his con- spir.ity, and was put to death. Cic. Cat. 2. \ joung general in the war which the Latins undertook against the Romans. He was killed, with 25,000 of his lroci:i. — — S T ST A general who fought against Antony. Taurus, a pro-consul of Africa. , He was accused of consulting magicians, upon which he put himself to death. Tacii. Ann. 12, c. .59. SxATiK^iE, islands on the coast of Campania, raised from the sea by an eartliquake. Plin. '2, c. 88. Statira, a daughter of Darius, who mar- ried Alexander. The conqueror had for- merly refused her, but when she had fallen into his hands at Issus, the nuptials were ce- lebrated with uncommon splendor. No less than 9000 persons attended, to each of whom Alexander gave a golden cup, to be offered to the gods. Statira had no children by Alexander. She was cruelly put to death by Roxana, after the conqueror's duatli. Justin. 1 3, c. 1 2. A sister of Darius, the last king of Persia. She also became his wife, according to the manners of the I'er- sians. She died after an abortion in Alex- ander's camp, where she was detained as a prisoner. She was buried with great pomp by the conqueror. Flut. in Alex. A wife of Artaxerxes Memnon, poisoned by her mother-in-law, queen Parysatis. Pint, in Art. A sister of iMithridates the Great. Plot. Statius, (Caecilius,) a comic poet in the age of Ennius. He was a native of Gaul, and originally a slave. His latinity was bad, yet he acquired great reputation by his come- dies. He died a little after Ennius. Cic. de sen. Annasus, a physician, the friend of the philosopher Seneca. Tacit. Ann. 1 5. c. 64. P. Papinius, a poet born at Naples, in the reign of the emperor Domitian. His father's name was Statins of Epirus, and his mother's Agelina. Statius has made himself known by two epic poems, the Tliebuis in 12 books, and the Achilleis in two books, which remained unfinished on account of his pre- mature death. There are besides other pieces composed on several subjects, which are ex- tant, and well known under the name of SylvcB, divided into four books. The two epic poems of Statius are dedicated to Domi- tian, whom the poet ranks among the gods. Tiiey were universally admired in his age at Rome, but the taste of the times was cor- njpted, though some of the moderns have called them inferior to no Latin compositions except Virgil's. The style of Statius is bom- bastic and alfecled, and he often forgets the poet to become the declaimer and the his- torian. In his Sylvce, which were written generally extempore, are many beautiful ex- pressions and strokes of genius. Statius, as some suppose, was poor, and he was obliged to maintain himself by writing for the stage. None of his dramatic pieces are extant. Mar- tial has satirized him, and what Juvenal has WTitten in his praise, some have interpreted as an illiberal reflection upon him. Statius 755 died about the 100th year of the Christian era. The best editions of his works are that of P.arthius, 2 vols. 4to. Ct/g. \GCA, and that of the Variorum, 8vo. L. Bat. 1(571 ; and of the Thebais, separate, that of War- rington, 2 vols. 12mo. 177S. Domi- tius, a tribune in the age of Nero, deprived of his office when Piso's conspiracy was discovered. Tacit. Ann. \5, c. 17. A general of the Samnites. An officer of the praetorian guards, who conspired against Nero. Stator, a surname of Jupiter given him by Romulus, because he stopped [sto) the flight of the Romans in a battle against the Sabines. The conqueror erected him a temple under that name. Liv. 1, c. 12. Stellates, a field remarkable for its fer- tility, , in Campania. Cic. Ag. 1, c. 70.— Suet. t'ai. 20. Steli.10, a youth turned into an elf by Ceres, because he derided the goddess, who drank with avidity when tired and afflicted in l-.er vain pursuit of her daughter Proserpine. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 445. Stena, a narrow passage on the moun- tains near Antigonia, in Chaonia. Liv. 32, c. 5. Stenobcea. Vid. Sthenoboea. Stenocrates, an Athenian, who con- spired to murder the commander of the garri- son which Demetrius had placed in the cita- del, &c. Polyecn. 5. Stentor, one of the Greeks who went to the Trojan war. His voice alone was louder than that of 50 men together. Homer. 11. 5, v. 784. — Juv. 13, V. 112. Stentoris LAcis, a lake near Enos in Tln-ace. Herodot. 7, c. 58. Stephanus, a musician of Llcdia, upon whose body Alexander made an experiment in burning a certain sort of bitumen called naplithe. Strab. \G. — Pint, in Alex. A Greek writer of Byzantium, known for his dictionary giving an account of the towns and places of the ancient world, of which the best edition is that of Gronovius, 2 vols. fol. L. Bat. 1694. Sxerope, one of the Pleiades, daughteris of Atlas. She married (Enomaus king of Pisa, by whom she had Hippodamia, &c. A daughter of Parthaon, supposed by some to be the mother ef the Sirens. A daughter of Cepheus. A daughter of Pleuron,— — of Acastus, of Danaus, of Cebrion. Steropes, one of tlie Cyclops. Virg. ^n. 8, V. 425. Stersichorus, a lyric Greek poet of" Himera, in Sicily. He was originally called Tisias, and obtained the name of Stersicho- rus, from the alterations whicli he made in music and dancing. His compositions were written in the Doric dialect, and comprised in 26 books, all now lost, except a few frag- ments. ST S T I'lttiii-. StMii." say he lost lii-. eye-sigh, ivi- writing iiivoftivei against Helen, ami that he received it only upon making a recanta- tion of wliat he iiJ'l said. II j w.m the first inventor of lliat fable of tlie horsj and llie stag, which Ilorotii and soni- otiier poets have imitated, and this he wrote to prevent ids countrymen from making an alliance witli Ph:Uaris. Accordiii.:; to some, he was tlie lirst who wrote an epithalaiuium. Ho fioriiiied 55'* ii. C. and died at Catana, in tlie 85Ui year of his age. Isiicr-it. in Hd. — .Iriitot. rhet Slrub. 3. — Lucmn. in Macr. — C'tc. in Verr. 2, c. 53. — Flut. de Mut. — iluitUU. 10, c. I Fixus. 3, c. 19. 1. 10, c. C'J. SrcRTiMi's, a stoic philosopher, ridiculed ')y Horace, ~ Sat. 3. He wrote in Latin \trse 220 books on the philosophy of tlie btoics. Stkaookas, a brother of Miltiadcs. [ Vid. Miltiades.] SruiUA, a beautiful woman of AtliCQs, vie. SxEsiLtfs, a beautiful youth of Cos, loved hy Thcmistoclej nnd Aristitles, and the cause of jealousy and dissension lH:twccn tliesc cele- hrated men. Plut. m Ciin. STEsiMBRoris, aji historian very incon- sistent in his n.irralion>i. He wrote an ac- lount of Cinion's exploits. I'ltit. m c'i'i. — — A son of Kpaiiiinondiis put to deatli by his father, because he had fought tlie enemy u idiout his orders, Ac. Piut A masicinn of Tbaso^■. Stiiknele, a dau<;hter of Acastus, wife of .Menoetius. .Ifhtllod. 3, c. 13. — — A fiiughtcr of Danaus, by Memptxis. Id. 2, .-. 1. SrHKNitLiis. a tinj; of Myccna;, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He married Ni- eippe tlii- daughter of I'elops, by whom he had two ilu.ughters, and a son called Lury>- theus, who was Iwrn by Juno's influence, two months before the natural time, that he might obtain a superiority over Hercules, .ts l;ei;ii; nlder. Stlicmliis made war .igainst Amphi'.ryon, who hatl killed Electryon and seiztttl his kingdom. He fought with suc- cess, and took his enemy prisoner, whom he tran^mitted to Eurystlieus. Jfonur. IL 19, V. yi. — AfhULiil. 2,' c. 4. One of the •.ons of -tgyptus by 'ryria. A son of C'apaneus. He was one of the Epigoni, jud of the suitors of Helen. He went to the TroJAii war, and wa^ one of those who were ^iuit up in tho wooden horse, according to Virgil. Pans. 2, c. 18. — ;":>„-. .fc'.i. 2 4 10. A >on of Androgens, tJie son of Minos. Hercules made him king of ilir-ce. AjxA- lud. 2, c. 5 .•V king of Argos. who suc- ceeded his t'ather Crotopus. I'aus. 2, c. 1 6. — — A son of Actor, who acco' ipaiiiod Her- cules in his expedition against the Amazons. He ws,. killed by one of these females. 7H A son of Melas, killed by Tydeus. ApoUod. 1 , c. 8. Sthems, a statuary oi Olynthus. — — .An orator of Himera, in Sicily, during tlie civi' wars of Pompey. Plut. in Pom/'. Sthexo, one of tlie three Gorgons. Sthesobcea, a daughter of Jobates king of Lycia, who married Prcetus, king of .\rgos. Slie became cnamouretl of Uellerophon, who had taken refuge at her husband's court, after the murder of his brother, and when he re- fused to gratify her criminal passion, she ac- cused him before I'rcctus of attempts upon lici virtue. According lo some slie killed herself after his departure. Jfoincr. II. 6, v. I*j2. — I It/gin. fab. 57. Many mythologists ca!i her Antoia. Stilue, or Stilbia, a daughter of I'e- neus by Creusa, who became mother or' Centaurus and Lapithus, by Apollo. nio3ithiopia, Carthage, and other places of Africa. Among the books t>f Strabo which have been lost, Vy-ere histo- rical commentaries. This celebrated ge-o- grapher died A. D. 25. The best editions cf hie geography are those of Casaubon, fol. Paris, "l620; and cf Amst. 2 vols. fol. 1707. A Sicilian, so clear sighted that Jie could distinguish objects at the distance of 150 miles, with the same ease as if they had been near. Stratakchas, the grandfather of the geo- grapher Strabo. His fatlier's name was Dorylaus. Strab. 10. Strato, or Stratov, a king of the island Aradus, received into alliance by Alexan- der. Curt. 4, c. 1.- A i:ing cf Sidon, dependent upon Darius. Alexander de- posed him, because ihe refused to surrender. Curt. ib. A philosopher of Lampsacus, disciple and successor in the school of Theo- phrastus, about 2S9 years before the Chris- tian era. He applied himself with un- common industry to the study of nature, and was suraamed Phj/sicus ; and after the n^.ost mature investigations, he supported that na- ture was inanimate, and that there was no god bat nature. He was appointed precep- tor to Ptolemy Phi-adeiphus, who net oidy revered his abilities and learning,, but also re- v;arded his labors with unbounded liberality. He wrote dirlerent treatises, all now lost, Biog. 5. — Cic. Acad. I, c. 9. 1. 4, c. 38, &c. A physician. A peripatetic i>hi- losopher. A native of Epirus, very intimate with Brutus, the murderer of Cssar. He killed his friend at his own request. A rich Orchomenian who de- stroyed himself, because he could not obtain in marriage a young woman of Haliartus. Plut. A Greek historian who wrote the life of some of the Mace- donian kings. An athlete of Achaia, twice crowned at the Olympic games. Paus. 7, c. 23. Stratocles, an Athenian general at the battle of Cherona2a, &c. Polyeen. A stage -player in Doraitian's reign. Juv. 3, v. 99. Stratox. [Fid. Strato.] Steatokice, a daughter of Thespius. Apolhd. A daughter of Pleuron. Id. — — A daughter of Ariarathes, king of Cappadocia, who married Eumenes king of Pergamus, and became mother cf Attalus. Strab. 15. A daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who married Seleucus, king of Syria. Antiochus, her husband's son by a former wife, became enamoured of her, and man-ied her with his father's consent, when the physicians had told him that if he did not comply, his son's heaUh would be impaired. Flut. ill Dem. — Va/. Max. 3, c. 7. A concubine of Mithridates, king of Pontus. Flut. in Pomp. The wife of Antigonus, mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes. A town of Caria, made a Macedonian- colony. Slrab. 14. — Liv. 33, c. IS & 35. An- other in Mesopotamia. ■■ And a third near mount Taurus. Stra- ST ST SthatonIcl's, aa opulent person in Uie reign of Philip, and of his son Alexander, wiiose riches became proverbial. Flut. A musician of Athens in the age of Ucmostlienes. Jllien. 0, c. 6. 1. 8, c. 12. Stratonis TUKRis, a city of J udea, after- wards called Caesarea by Ilerod in honor of* .\ugustus. SiKATOs, a city of -Eolia. Lii: 36, c. 11. I. jM, c. 4. Of Acarnania. Stuenua, a goddess at Home, who gave vigor and energy to the weak and indo- lent. Aug. de Cn: Z?. 1. c. 1 1 & 16. Strongyle, now Stromboio, one of the inlands called .'Eolides in the Tyrrhene sea, mar the coast of Sicily. It has a volcano, 1 miles in circumference, which throws up Hamc continually, and of which the crater is on the side of the mountain. Mela, 2, c. 7. — Slrab. 6. — I'iJUi. 10, c. 1 1. •SiRurtLADEs, two islands in the Ionian sea, oa the westirn coasts of tlie Pelopon- nesus. They were anciently called Plolcr, ujid received tlic name of Strophndes from rraipu, lerto, because Zi'thes and Calais, the son< of Boreas, returned from thence by or- der of Jupiter, after they had driven the llarpyies then- from the tables of Phineus. The tieel of .'Lni-as stopped near tlie .Stro- phades. The largest of these two islands i> not above five miles in circumference. Htfg'tn. fill. 19. — Mda, 2, c. 7. — Ovid. Met. J 3, v. 709. — Virg. j£n. 3, v. 210. — Sirab 8. SrHoriiiLS, a son of Crisus, king of Phocis. lie married a sister of .\gamcm- nun, called .\naxibia, or Astyochi.i, or, ac- cording to otlicrs, Cyndragora, by whom he had Pylades, celebrated for his friend>hip witli l)rtstes. After the murder of .\ga- nuinnon by Clytenmestra and .I'.gysthns the kin^ of Phocis, educated at his own house, witii the greatest care, his nephew whom Electra had secretly removed \'ro:n the ilaggir of his mother, and her adulterer. Or^-sles was enabled, by means of .Stro- pliius, to revenge the death of his father. r.ius. •-', c. 29. — Hyi^in.fiib. 1.17. A son of Pylades by Eltctra lh« sister of Orestes. .SrRUTUOPHACi, a people of ^^tliiopia, who fed on sparrows, as their oaiue sig- nilies. .Sthlthus, a general of Artaxerxes against the Lacedemonians, 13. C. 393. .SfKYMA, a town of Thrace, founded by a Tha^ian colony. Hnodot. 7, c. 109. Stk.tm.no, a daughter of the Seaman- dor, who married Laomodou. J}>oUmL 3, c. I.'. S^!lY.^^o^f, a river which separates Thrace from Macedonia, and falls into a part of the ill;;uaii sea, which has been tailed Stry- rioni us si>ins. A number of cranes, as the poets say, resorted on its banks in the nmnmer- titnp. it-- eeU were CTcellcnf. M:-'.i. C. 730 c. 2. — JpoUod. 2, C. 5. — Virg. a. 1, v. 120. 4, V. 5G8. .En. 10, v. 265. — Ovid. Met. 2, V. 251. Stubfka, a town of Macedom'a, be- tween the Axius and Erigon. Lit, 31, c. 39. Sti RA, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po. Sti hm. a town of Calabria. Stimphama, or SttmpuIlis, a part of Macedonia. lAv. 45, c. 30. >^— A surname of Diana. Stvmphai I's, a king of Arcadia, son of Elatus and Laodice. He made war against Pelops, and was killed in a truce. Apol- lo J, 3, c. 9. — Pnus. 8, c. 4. A town, river, lake, and fountain of .\rcadia. which receives its name from king .Stymphalus. The neighbourhood of tlie lake Stym- phalus was infested with a number of vo- racious birds like cranes or storks, whicli fed upon human flesh, and which were called Stymphalitlcs. They were at last destroyed by Hercules, with the assistance of Minerv.T. Some liavc confounded them with the llarpyies, while others pretend that they never existed but in the imagination of the poets. Pausania*, however, sup- ports that there were cariiivoruus birds like the Stpnph.alides in .\rabia. Pnus. 8, c. 4. — Stat. Theb. 4, v. 298. A lofty mountain of Peloponnesus in .Arcadia. Sttgni, a daughter of Danaus. Stat. Syt. 4. 0". — Ai>olU.d. Sttra, a town of Eubora. Srf'Ri s, a king of Albania, to whom .Tleti-s promised his daughter Me ihey wcr* deprived of the ambrosi.'* su su Rr.-brosia, and the nectar of the gods, and af- ter the expiration of the years of their pun- ishment, they were restored to the assembly cf the deities, and to all their original privi- leges. It is Siiid that this veneration was shown to the Styx, because it received its name from the nymph Styx, who with her three daughters, assisted Jupiter in his war against the Titans. Hesiod. Theog. v. 384, n5. — Homtr: Od. 10, T. 513. — Herodot. 6, C. 74. — Virg. jEn. 6, v, 325. 439, &c. Apollod. 1, c. 5. — Ovid. Met. 5, v. 29, &c. — Lvcan. 6, v. 378, &c. — Paus. 8, c. 17 & 18. — Curt. 10, c. 10. SuADA, the goddess of persuasion, called Pitho by the Greeks. She had a form of worship established to her honor first by The- seus. She had a statue in the temple of Ve- nus Praxis at Megara. Cic. de cl. orat. 15. — Paus. 1, c. 22 & 43. 1. 9, c. 35. SuANA, a town of Etruria. SuARDONES, a people of Gennany. Tadt. G. 40. SuASA, a town of Umbria. SuBAXRii, a people of Gennany, over whom Drusus triumphed. Strab. 7. SuBi, a small river of Catalonia. SuBLic'ii s, tlie fir^t bridge erected at Rome over the Tiber. [Vid. Pons.] SuBMONTORiuM, a town of Vindelicia, now Augsburg. SuBOTA, small islands at the east of Atlios. Liv. 44, c. 28. SuBUR, a river of Mauritania. A town cf Spain. SuBURRA, a street in Rome where all the licentious, dissolute, and lascivious Romans and courtezans resorted. It was situate be- tween mount Viminalis and Quirinaiis, and was remarkable as having been the residence of the obscurer years of J. Cassar. Suet, in Cees. — Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 8. — Martial. 6, eju 66. — Juv. 3, v. 5. SuoRo, now Xucar, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, celebrated for a battle fought there between Sertorius and Fompey. in which the former obtained the victory. Plut. . A Rutulian killed by JEneas. Virg. ASn. 12, V. 505. SoDERTUM, a town of Etruria. Liv. 26, z. 23. Shessa, a town of Campania, called also Aurunca, to distinguish it from Suessa Po- metia, tlie capital of the Volsci. Strab. 5. — Piin. 3, c. 5. — Dumys. Hal. 4. — Liv. 1 & 2. — Virg. jEn,.6, v. 775. — Cic. Phil. 3, c. 4. 1. 4, c. 2. SuEssiTANi, a people of Spain. Liv. 25, c. 34. SuESSoNES, a powerful nation of Belgic Gaul, reduced by J. Casar. C(BS. Bell. G. 2. SuEssuLA, a town of Campania. Liv. 7, c. 57. 1. 23, c. 14. SuETOHios, C. PauUnus, the first Ro- 737 man general who crossed mount Atlas with an army, of which expedition he wrote an account. He presided over Britain as gover- nor for about 20 years, and was afterward* made consul. He forsook the interest of Otho, and attached himself to VitelHus. C. Tranquillus, a Latin historian, son of a Roman knight of the same name. He was favored by Adrian, and becam« his secre- tary, but he was afterwards banished from the court for want of attention and respect to the empress Sabina. In his retirement Suetonius enjoyed the friendship and cor- respondence of Pliny the younger, and de- dicated his time to study. He wrote an history of the Roman kings, divided into three books ; a catalogue of all the illustrious men of Rome, a book on the games and spectacles of the Greeks, &c. which are all now lost. The only one of his compositions extant, is the lives of the twelve first Caesars, and some fragments of his catalogue of cele- brated grammarians. Suetonius, in his lives, is praised for his impartiality and correctness. His expressions, however, are often too inde- licate, and it has been justly observed, that while he exposed the deformities of the Cae- sars, he wrote with all the licentiousness and extravagance with which they lived. The best editions of Suetonius are that of Pitiscus, 4to. 2 vols. Leovard. 1714; that of Ouden- dorp, 2 vols. 8vo. L. Bat. 1751 ; and that of Ernesti, 8vo. Lips. 1775. Plin. 1, ep. II. 1. 5, qu 11, &c. Slietri, a people of Gaul near the Alps. SuEvi, a people of Germany, between the Elbe and the Vistula, who made frequent in- cursions upon the territories of Rome under the emperors. Lucan. 2, v. 51. SuEvius, a Latin poet in the age of Ennius. SuFFETALA, an inland town of Mauri- tania. SuFFENUs, a Latin poet in the age of Catullus. He was but of moderate abilities, but puiFed up with a high idea of his own excellence, and therefcre deservedly exposed to the ridicule of his contemporaries. Cti- tull. 22. StiFFETiLs, or SuFETius. \_Vid. Metius.] SuiDAs, a Greek writer who florished A. D. 1100. The best edition of his ex- cellent Lexicon, is that of Kuster, 3 vols. fol. Cantab. 1705. Pub. Stinus, an informer in the court of Claudius, banished under Nero, by means of Seneca, and sent to the Baleares. Ta- cit. A. 14, c. 42, &c. Caesorinus, a guilty favorite of Messalina. Id. lb. 11, c. 36. SmoNEs, a nation of Germany, sup- posed the modern Swedes. Tacit, de GerrtH c. 44. SuLCHi, a town at the south of Sardinia. Mela, 2. c. 7. — Claudian. de Gild. 518.. — Strab. 5. ,s R Suicius, su &l) SiLCiLS, an informer whom Horace de- scribt^ «•* hoarse with the number of de- fainatiuns which lio daily gave. Jlonit. 1. Sat- 4, V. <'>j. SuLGA, now Si/rgue, a small river of Gaul, tailing into tht- Itlione. Strab. 4. SvMU, [rUl. Sylla-l SuLMo. now Saiinona, an ancient town of Uu" Peligni, at the diKianrc of about yO milea from Iloine, founded by Solymus, one of the followers of .'tneas. Ovid was born tliere. Grid, jtassim. — Ital. H. v. 511. Strab. 3. A Latin thief killed in the night by NLsu», ns he was going with his oompanioni. to destroy Kuryalus. Hr,-. ^En. 9, V. M'i. SuLriTiA, a daughter oi raterculus who married Knlviii* I'iacois. Stu- was so famous for her ilniiiiiy. tli.U nlie «oii«ivratcil a umple to \'enu« \crtin)rdi.-», a goudi-xn nho wa. im- plored to turn thu heart* i>f the Uomaii wo- men to virtue. I'Ut. T, c. "SI. A poetess in tile age of IX>mitiaii, against uhoiii Uie wrote a poem, because he hail baui^hed tlie philosophen. from Rome. 'Ihis composition i« still exUiit. Site had also written a poem ou coiijiignl afi'ection, commended by .Mar- tial, f/>. ~<'<, now Iwit ■ A (laughter o» Serv. Sulpilius, mentioned in the 4tli book of elegit-s, falsely attributed to TibuUus. SuiriTiA i.Ex, mihiaru, by C. Sulpi- cius the iribune, A. L". C. (,<;.>, invesdtl Marius nitli the full power of tlie war against Mrtliridati-., of which Sylla was to Ik- deprived. AiMJthcr, (U senaiH, by .Sir- vius Sulpiciu* the lfH)une, A. U. i.'. *Hi'>. It required tJiat no senator stiould owe more than ^.tXX) ibachm*- .Xnotiier, A- atu.ttr, bv P. Sulpiiius tJie tribune, A. U. ('. t(i.>. It ,. ' ' •' it the n -w citizeiik who com • trilxs lately created, th«mld I* ,liv ^ the .".5 old txibei, as a greater honor. Anotlur. calletl also Scmproaia , consuls. A. I]. C 4-1?). It fu rbad an) jurson to consecmte a temple or altar without tiie permission of the senate and the majority of the tribunes. An- otiier to empower llie Konutns to make war against Philip of Macedonia. ScLPiTits, or Soiruits, an illustrious family at Uome. of whom the most cele- brated art ' Peticus. a man chosen tlic- tator against the Gauls. His troops muti- nied when he first took the held, but soon after he engaged ttie enemy and totally de- flated them. Lw. '■ — .Saverrio, a consul who gained a victory over the .llqui. Id. 9, c. 15. C. i'aterculiis, n consul sent against tlie Carthaginians. He con- quered Sardinia and Cor&fca. and obtained a complete victory over the enemy's fleet. He was honored with a triumjih at his re- turn to Home. lil. IT. Suurius. one of the three commissioners wliom the Kotnans 7.38 sent to i^ilcct the best laws which could !>• found in the ditlcrent cities aixl republic^ nl' Greece. Id- 3. c. lO. One of the first consuls who received intelligence that a con- spiracy was formed in Rome to restore the Tanjuins to power, &c. — — A priest who dicil of the pl.ogue in the first ai^i-s of the re- public ut Rome. ——I*. Galba, a Roman con- sul w!io s'^nali/ed himself greatly during tho war which i:is countrv-imn waged against the .\chreans and :' ^' ' lians. Severus, a writer. [ J Publius one of the a.ssociau- .■. ■. ....is, well known for his intrigues and cruelty. He made some laws in favor of the allies of Rome, and he kept about ."JOOO young men in continual poy, whom he called his anti-senatorial band, and with these he had often the impertinence to attack the consul in the ]>opular ass«m- blii->. He became at last so s^-ditious, that he was proscribed by Sylla's a.lhervnts, and im- mediately murdered. His head w-as fixed on a pole in tlie n>-.trum, where he had often nuide many seditious Hpoeches in the capa- city of tribune. JAv. 77. — — A Roman coniul vtho fought ap;ainst Pyrrhns and de- feate.0<*) of thiir men. He obtained a tri- umpii for this celi-brated victory. He was afterwards made ilicL'itor to conduct a war against the Ktruri.jns. Ilufus, a lieute- n.ini of (.'.n*s."u in Gaul. ^^— One of Me««sa- Ima's favorite*, put to death by C'lause ot' the rrtoiTt. This explanation en- couraged ih«- - vfiich on the con&ary would have ' them, if not prc- si ' ' s of it- .s nnd ht* u ,,. .. ,>.. _. ivith the conmlsliip. Iav. 14, c. ."57. — /'.'»«. •_'. c 1-. .VpoUinaris a gramiiiarian in the age of the emjieror >I. .\urelius. Ho leA some let- tei-k and a few grammatical obsonrations now lost. Cic. — Lie. — Ptut. — Polj/b. — Fhr. — Eutrop. Si MsjAvt Vii' of Pluto, as prince of the dead, turn. He had a tem- ple at Rome. I ; :uig the wars with Pyr- rliiis. and the Romans l>eliev(.;j), a sheep (_ovis), and a bull Qaurus,) whence the name. It was genferaily observed eveiy fifth year. Super LTM mare, a name of the Adriatic sea, because it was situate above Italy. The name of Mare Inferum wa? applied for the opposite reasons to the sea below Italy. Cic. pro Cluent. &c. Sura, /Emylius, a Latin writer, &c. ^^. Pal. I, c. 6 - L. Licinius, a favorite of Trajan, honored with the consulship. A writer in the age of theemperor Gallienus. He wrBte an history of the reign of the em- peror. A city on tiie Euphrates An- other in Iberia. A river of Germany, whose waters fall into the Moselle. Aus. in Mos. SuRENA, a powerful officer in the armies of Orodes king of Parthia. His family had the privilege of crowning the kings of Par- thia. He was appointed to conduct the war against the Romans, and to jirotect the king- dom of Parthia against C'rassus, who wished to conquer it. He defeated the Roman tri- umvir, and after he had drawn him perfidi- ously to a conference, he ordered his head to be cut olF He afterwards returned to Par- thia, mimicking the triumphs of the Romans. Orodes ordered him to be put to death, B. C. 52. Surena has been admired for his valor, his sagacity as a general, and his prudence and firmness in the execution of his plans ; but his perfidy, his efi'eminate manners, and his lasciviousncss have been deservedly cen- sured. PolycBJi. 7. — Pint, in Crass. SuRiLM, a town at the south of Col- chis. SuRRENTUsi, a town of Campania, on the bay of Naples, famous for the wine which was made in the neighbourhood. Mela, 2, c. 4. — Strab. 5. — Horat. 1, ep. 17, V. 5'J Ovid. Met. 15, v. 710. — Mart. 13, ep. 110. SoRLS, one of the ./Edui, who made war against Cfesar. C'iBS. G. S, c. 45. SusA (_orum) now Snster, a celebrated city of Asia, tiie chief town of Susiana, and the capital of the Persian empire, built by Tithonus the father of Memnon. Cyrus took it. The walls of Susa were above 1 20 stadia in circumference. The treasures of the kings of Persia were generally kept there, and the royal palace was built with white marble, and its pillars were covered with gold and precious stones. It was usual with 739 the kings of Persia to spend the summer at Ecbatana, and the winter at Susa, I)ecause the climate was mofe warm there than at any other royal residence. It has been called Memnonia, or the palace of Memnon, because that prince reigned there. Flin. 6, c. 26, &.C. — Lucan. 2, v. 49. — Strab. 15. — Xenoph. Cyr. — Propert. 2, el. 1.5. — Ciandian. SusAjfA, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. SU. o, v. 534. SusARioN, a Greek poet of Megara, who is supposed with Dolon to be the inventor of comedy, and to have first introduced it at Athens on a m.oveable stage, B. C. 562. Susiana, or Susis. a country of Asia, of which the capital was called Susa, situate at the east of Assyria. Lilies grow in great abundance in Susiana, and it is from that plant that the province received its name, accord- ing to so'iie, as Susan is the name of a lily in Hebrew. SusiD^ VYhJE., nan-ow passes over moun- tains, from Susiana into Persia. Curt. 5, c. 5. SuTHUL, a town of Numidia, where the king's treasures were kept. Sail. Jug. 57. SuTRiTjM, a town of Etruria, about 24 miles north-west of Rome, Spme suppose that the phrase Ire Sutriiim, to act witli dis- patch, arises froiii the celerity with which Camillus recovered the place, but Festus ex- plains it differently. FlauL. Cos. 3, 1, v. 10. — Liu. 26, c. 54. — Paterc, 1, c. 14. — Liv. 9, c. 52. Syagrus, an ancient poet, the first whp wrote on the Trojan war. He is called Sagaris, by Diogenes Laertius,. who adds, that he lived in Homer's age, of whom he was the rival. ^4,'&(m. V. II. 14, c. 21. Sybaris, a river of Lucania, in Italy, whose waters were said to render men more strong and robust. — Strab. G.—Plin. 5, c. 11. 1. 51, c. 2. There was a town of the same name on its banks on the Ijay of Ta- rentum, which liad been founded by a colony of Achseans. Sybaris became veiy power- ful, and in its most fiorishing situation it had the command of 4 neighbouring nations, of 25 towns, and could send an army of three hundred thousand men into the field. The walls of the city were said to extend 6 miles and a half in circumference, and tlie suburbs ccfvered the b.u,ks of tlie Crathis for the space of 7 miles. It made a Joog ami vigorous resistance against the neighbouring town of Crotona, till it was at last totally re- duced by the discip'es of Pytliagoras, li. C. 50S. Sybai-is was destroyed no less t:,an five times, and always repaired. In a snor recent age the inhabitant.) beciivueso efaminate, that the word SyhariU Ijicanie proverJi;il to inti- mate a man devoted to pk;a;,ure. There was a small town built in tue neig'nbourhocd about 444 years before the Christian era, and called 3 I? 2 Thurium, sy S Y Tliurititn, froin a small fountain called Thu- ria, where it was built. Diod. 12. — Strab. 6- — .r.lian. V. H. 9, C. 2A. — Martial. 12, €■;). 96. — Plut. in Pelop. Sec. — Plin. 3, c. 10, &c. A friend of JEneas, killed by Tur- iius. Vir'4. jiln. 1 2, v. 363. .\ youth enamoured of Lydia, &c. Hurat. 1, od. 8, V. 2. SybarIta, an inhabitant of Sybaris. [Fid. Svbaris.J SrBOTA, a harbour of £pirus. Cic. 5. Alt. 9. — Strab. 7. Sybotas, a king of the Messenians in the age of Lycurgus, the Spartan legislator. Paus. 4, c. 4. Syci.vNus, a slare of Themistocles, sent by his master to engage Xerxes to fight against the fleet of the Peloponnesian-;. Stcurjum, a to-*n of T'lcssaly at the foot of Ossa. Liv. 42, c. 54. Sysdra, a town of Cilicia. SrsNE, now Asntan, a toim of Thebais, on the extremities of Egypt. Juvenal the poet was banished tliere on pretence of com- manding a pr«torian cohort stationed in the neighbourhood. It was famous for its quarries of marble. Strab. 1. & 2. — Mela, 1, c. 9. — Plin. 3G, c. 8. — Ovid, ex Pont. i.ci. 5, v. 79. Mel. 5, V. 74.— Zucan. 2, v. 587. 1. 8, v. 851. 1. 10, V. 234. Stenesics, a Cilician who, with Labinctus of Babylon, concluded a peace between Aly- attes, king of Lydia and Cyararcs. king of M«dia, while both armies were terrified by a sudden eclipse of the sun, B. C. 585. Hero- dot. 1, c. 74. Si-KNvesi.s, a satrap <^ Cilicia. when Cy- rus made war against bis brother Artaierxcs. He wished to fa»or both the brothers by send- ing one of his sons into the army of Cyrus and another to Artaxecxes. Stlia, a daughter of C«riiithuSi Stlki'm, a town of I'arophylio. Smtrs, a king of Aulis. Stlla, (L. Cornelius) a celebrated Ro- man of a noble family. l"he poverty of his early years was relieved by the liberality of the courtezan Nicopolis, who left him heir to a large fortune ; and with the addition of tlie immen.se wealth of his mother-in-law, he »oon appeared one of the most opulent of the Romans. He first entered the army under the great Mariu^, whom he accom- pacued in Numidia in the capacity of questor. He rendered himself conspicuous in militar}' affairs ; and Bocchus, one of tlie princes of Numidia, delivered Jugurtlia into his haiids for the Roman consul. The rising fame of Sylla gave umbrage to Marius, who was always jealous of an equal, as well as of a superior ; but the ill language which he might use, rather indamed tlian extinguished the ambition of Syila. He left tlic conqueror of . Jugurtha, and carried amis under Catidlu^. Sometime after he obtained the pnrtarship, 740 and was appointed by the Roman senate tr place Ariobartanes on the throne of Cappa- docia, against the views and interest of Mi - thridates, king of Pontus. This he easil; effected, one battle left him victorious ; and before he quitted the plains of Asia, the Re- man prstor had the satisfaction to receiv in his camp the ambassadors of the king u'' Parthia, who wished to make a treaty o: alliance with the Romans. Sylla receive . them with haughtiness and behaved with sue:, arrogance, that one of them exclaimed, Sure y this man is master of the world, or do^in<. ! to be stich ! At his return to Rome, he wa-< commissioned to finish the war with tin- Marsi, and when this was successfully cndeci. he was rewarded with the consulship, in tlie 50th year of his age. In this capacity hi wished to have the administration of thi Mithridatic war; but he found an obstinati adversary in Marius, and be attained the sum- mit of his wishes only when he had entered Rome sword in hand. After he had slaugh- tered all his enemies, set a price upon the head of Marius, and put to deatli the tribunt Sulpitius, who had continually opposed \i.^ views, he marched towards .Asia, and dis- regarded the flames of discord which he left behind him unextinguislied. Mithridates was already master of tlie greatest part of Greece ; and Sylla, when he reo^^heil the coast of Pe- loponnesus, was delayed by the siege of Athens, and of the Pirvus. His operations were carried on with vigor, and when he found his money fail, lie made no scruple to take the riches of tlie temples of the gods, to bril)e his soldiers, and render them devoted to his service. *His boldness suc- ceeded, the I'irxus surrendered ; and the con(|ueror, as if struck with reverence at tl>e beautiful porticoes where the philo^phic fol- lowers of .Socrates and Plato had often di<- puteil, spared tlie city of .Athens, which he had devoted to destruction, and forgave the living for the sake of tlie dead. Two cele- hraletl* battles at Cheronara and Orchomenos. rendered him master of Greece. He crossed the Hellespont, and attacked Mithridates in the very heart of his kingdom. 'Die .artful monarch, who well knew the valor and per- severance of his adversary, made proposals of peace ; and Sylla, whose interest at home was then decreasing, did not hesitate to put an end to a war which had rendered him master of so much territory, and which ena- bled him to return to Rome like a conqueror . and to dispute with his rival the sovereignty of tile republic with a victorious army. Mu- ra'ua was left at the head of the Roman forces in Asia, and Sylla hastened to Italy. In the plains of Campania, he was met by a few of hi> adherents whom the success of his rivals had banished from the racial, and he was soon informed, that if he wislied to con- tend with Marius, he must encounter fil'tecti generals, I SY S Y genetals, followed by 25 well disciplined iegions. In these critical circumstanees he liad recourse to artifice, and while he proposed terms of accommodation to his adversaries, he secretly strengthened himself, and saw, with pleasure, his annies daily increase by the revolt of soldiers whom his bribes or pro- mises had corrupted. Pompey, who after- wards merited the surname of Great, em- braced his cause, and marched to his camp with three legions. Soon after he appeared in the field with advantage ; the confidence of Marius decayed with his power, and Sylla entered Rome like a tyrant and a conqueror. Tlie streets were daily filled with dead bodies, and 7000 citizens, to whom the con- queror had promised pardon, were suddenly massacred in the circus. The senate, at that time assembled in the temple of Bellona, heard the shrieks of their dying countrymen ; and when they enquired into the cause of it, Sylla coolly replied, They are. otilt/ a few 7-ebels ivhom I have ordered to be chastised. If this had been the last and most dismal scene, Rome might have been called happy ; but it was only the beginning of her misfortunes, each succeeding day exhibited a great num- ber of slaughtered bodies, and when one of the senators had the boldness to ask the tyrant when he meant to stop his cruelties, Sylla, with an air of unconcern, answered, that he had not yet determined, but that he would take it into his consideration. The slaughter was continued, a list of such as were proscribed was daily stuck in the public streets, and the slave was rewarded to bring his master's head, and the son was not ashamed to imbrue his hands in the blood of his father for money. No less than 4700 of the most powerful and opulent were slain, and Sylla wished the Romans to forget hie cruelties in aspiring to the title of perpetual dictator. In this capacity he made new laws, abrogated such as were inimical to his views, and changed every regulation where his ambition was obstructed. After he had finished whatever the most absolute sovereign may do from his own will and authority, Sylia abdicated the dictatorial power, and retired to a solitary retreat at Puteoli, where he spent the rest of his days, if not in lite- vary- ease and tranquillity, yet far from the noise of arms, in the midst of riot and de- bauchery. The companions of his retire- ment were the most base and licentious of the populace, and Sylla took pleasure still to wallow in voluptuousness, though on the verge of life, and covered with infirmities. His intemperance hastened his end, his blood was corrupted, and an imposthume was bred in his bowels. He at last died in the greatest torments of the lousy disease, about 78 years before Christ, in the 60th year of his age ; «md it has been observed, that, like Marius, on his death-bed, he wished to drown the 741 stings of conscience and remorse by continual intbxication. His funeral was very magnifi- cent ; his body was attended by the senate and the vestal virgins, and hymns were sung to celebrate his exploits and to honor his me- mory. A monument was erected in the field of Mars, on wliich appeared an inscription written by himself, in which he said, that the good services he had received from his friends, and the injuries of his enemies had been re- turned with unexampled usury. The cha- racter of Sylla is that of an ambitious, dis- simulating, credulous, tyrannical, debauched, and resolute commander. He was revenge- ful in tlie highest degree, and the surname of Feiir, or the Fortu7iate, which he assumed, shewed that he was more indebted to fortune than to valor for the great fame which he had acquired. But in the midst of all this, wlio cannot admire the moderation and philosophy of a man, who when absolute master of a re- public, which he had procured by his ci-uelty and avarice, silently abdicates the sovereign power, challenges a critical examination of his administration, and retires to live securely in the midst of thousands whom he has ij»- jured and offended ? The Romans were pleased and astonished at his abdication ; and when the insolence of a young man had been vented against the dictator, he calmly an- swered, This usage mag perhaps deter another to resign his power to follow my example, if ever he becomes absolute. Sylla has been com- mended for the patronage which he gave to tlie arts and sciences. He brought from Asia the extensive library of Apellicon, the Peri- patetic philosopher, in which were the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, and he him- self composed 22 books of memoirs concern- ing himself. Cic. in Verr. ^c C. Nep. in Auic. — Paterc. 2, c. 1 7, &c. — Liv. 75, &c. — Pans. 1, c. 20. — ^lor. 5, c. 5, &c. 1. 4, c. 2, &c.— Val. Max. VJ, &c. — Polyb. 5 Justin. 31 8c 38 Eutrop. 5, c. 2. — Pint, in ritd. —— A nephew of the dictator, who conspired against his country because he had been deprived of his consulship for bribery. — — — Another relation who also joined in the same conspiracy. A man put to death by Nero at Marseilles, where he had been banished. A friend of Cato, defeated and killed by one of Cfesar's lieutenants. ^— A senator banished from the senate for his pro- digality by Tiberius. Syllis, a nymph, mother of Zeuxippus by Apollo. Pans. 2, c. 6. Syloes, a promontory of a frica. Syloson, a man who gave a splendid garment to Darius, son of Hystaspes, when a private man. Darius, when raised to the throne of Persia, remembered the gift of Syloson with gratitude. i>trab. 14. Sylvanus, a god of the woods. [Vid. Silvanus.] Sylvia or Ilia, the mother of Romulus, 5 B 5 [ Vid^ SY SY [ Vitl. Rhea. J A daughter of Tynrhenus, whose favorite stag was w ounded by Ascaniuk. Virf;. ^En. 7, v. .505. Stlvkv a son of .^neas by Lavinia, | from whom afuTwnrds all the kings of .\lba wtru called Sylvii. lir^- -f"- ti. v. 76.". SrMA, or SvjiK, a town of Asia. .^ nymph, mother of Chthoiiius by Neptune. ir^d. -,. Symbolum, a place of MacedonLi, near Philippi on the confines of llirace. SYiiMA(Mis, an ollirer in the army of Ageiilaus. \ f-lcl-rnttd orator in the aap of niLOtlosius the Great. His father wfc jirefett of home. He wrote apiinst the ChristJ<'.ns. and ten btwks o4' his letters are extant, which have been refot'.-d by .Ambrose and i ru hntiun. The belt editions of Sym- inachiis ait tliat of GentT. ^-vo. l.V.S, and that of Paris, -Ito. 160-1. \ writer in the Miond ct-ntury. He translnU>d the Hibli- into Greek, of which few fragments remain. .SY>iri.ti;.\Di.», or CvAxr^, two i»land^. or roouni:un of .\nnenia, from hith the .•\r:.»ts Hows. SvKCM.ii s, one of the Fyrantine histo- ri m», vhcise work> were edited in fol. Paris, l'J.5'.>. Stsksii";, a bishop of (yrene in the age of llitodos'us the younger, iis convpicuou* for his learning as li* pitly- He wrote l.>i epi.Htk-s l>esidc> odur tre.itiMs in Greek in a style jiure and elep.^nt, untl liorderinj^ much npon the ptielic. The la-t edition i« in J^vo. I'liriv 10>.t; inferior, however, to the . t^.'iu jiniiaps by I'etuvius, fol. I'ariu, l«l.>. The 1)1- t edition of .^)nl•MU!. (/•• frhriims is that of lUrnard. AmM. I74f». S\NSAi.A\is, a njmph of Ionia, who li 1,1 .1 I. inpif at Hcratlea, in Klis. 7'/i/r.) a town of I'hrjRia, famous for its nuu^de quarries. Sirab. >'_'. — (Inuiiinn. in Kutr. •_'. — Mnrlinl f>. .71. 77. — Stat. 1, Stflv. 5, v. 41. Synwis, a famous robber of Attica. [Fi-/. Scinis.] SvNovr, a town on tlie borders of the I::i.xinc. \^Vid. Sinope.] .Svi-ii.Kusi, a town of the Brutii in Italy. I I,. .50, c. lit. .SvruAX, a king of ihi- Masa^ylii in Li- l>v:i. who married .Sophoiiisha, the daughter 'Irulial, and forsjwk tli»» alliance of the 1 lis to ji)iu himsL'lf to the iutenst of his ; .i..^f-in-law. anil of ' " He was cor.ijuerctl in a battle i. the ally of Kome, and giviii • ■ ■ '-• Houian general. Tlic conqui-ror enrrivti dun to Uome, where he adonied his trnunph. .S pnax died in pri^n 201 years bei'orc Christ, and his 742 possessions were given to Ma.sinissa. Ac- cording to some, the descendants of Sy^ihax reii^etl for some time over a piulof Xumidia, and continue. — F.W. •_'. c. fi. — Foljfb. — Ilai. l€, V. 171 & ISS. — (Mnd. J-'atl. 6, r. 709. SvKACES, one of the Sacc who muti- lated himiielf, and by pretending to be a desert I. r, brought Darius, who made war against his country, into many difiicuUies. i'oluttii. 7. Stracosia, festivals at Syracuse celebrated durinj; ten days, in which women were busily employed in oflerinjj sacnfices. -Vnother yearly observed near the laKe of Syracuke, where, as they supposed, Pluto had disap^K'ared with I'rostrpine .SvaACLs.K, a celebrated city of Sicily, founded about 732 years before the C'hris- tiau em. by Archias, a C'orintliian, and one of tlio lieraclida?. In iLs tlo- ■ • ■•? it extended '.''.-V Kn^lish miles i ice. and was divided mto 4 di--" '.'':?i'^' Acradina. Tycha, and NL-a|K>iis to winch some add a fiftii division, Kpi|M)la'. a district little inhabited. lliese were of themselves tc{>arate cities and were fortified witli three li- ' '! ihree-folded walls. Jjyracuse had 'IS harlnturs s«.-parateii from one ^1 1,. . iiie island of Ortygia. The greatest burliour was al>out .^ikxt paces in ctrcum- fereiue, and its i;ntraiice .7 ., ....... ;.> , were vinuous. hut the most wicked and depraved win II addiited to villous pursuits. The wo- men of .siyracus<.- were not permitted to adorn themselves witli gold, or wear costly gar- ments, except such as prostituted themselves;. .Syr.icusc gave hirtli to 1 heocritus and Archi- HK^lcs. It was under dilterent governments ; aiul after being freed from the tyranny of 'Hirasyliulus, 1>. C 44(.. it enjoyed security' for '.1 years, till Uie usurpatioii of the IWo- nysii, who were ex|)elletl by 1 imoleun, U. ('. 34.'). 1 n the age of the elder Dion)-sius, an army of KK'.Chkj foot and 10,U(X) horse, and KX) sliips, were kept in constant pay. It fell into tlie hands of the Romans, under the comul Marcel lus after a tiege ol' 5 years. 15. G. >.'l'i. flic. »'i yerr. 4, c. j--' & 53. — Strah. 1 & S. — C. -Vf7». — Meia, *J. c l.-^Lie. -'.>, kc.—PNt. in Marcttl. &c. — Flor. S, C. «. — //<(/. 1-!, V. i.'7S. S^kiA, a large country of .Asia, whose bouodorie* are not acoi'r'ely rfcertnined by the ancients. &\Tia ' »a» bounded on the e.ist I r.orth by mount Taurus ^- .\jiuiten«- nean, S Y 8 Y hean, and south by Arabia. It was lUvided into several districts and provinces, among which were Phoenicia, Seleiicis, Jiideea or Palestine, Mesopotamia, Babylon, and A ssyria. It was also called Assyria; and tlie words Syria and Assyria, though distinguished and defined by some authors, were often used indifferently. • Syria was subjected to the monarchs ot' Persia ; but after the death of Alexander the Great, Seleucus, surnamed Nicator, who had received this province as his lot in the division of the Macedonian dominions, raised it into an empire, known in history by the naiKC of the kingdom of Syria or Babylon, B. C. 312. Seleucus died af'ttr a reign of 52 years, and his successors, surnamed the Seleucidie, ascended the thro^ie : in the following m-der : Antiochus surnamed i Soter, L'SOB. C. ; Antiochus Theos, IGl ; Seleucus Callinicus, 246; Seleucus Ceraunus, 226; Antiochus the Great, 223; Seleucus Philopator, 187; Antiochus Epiphanes, 175; Antiochus Eupator, 1 64 ; Demetrius Soter, 162; Alex. Balas, 150; Demetrius Nicator, 146; Antiochus the Sixth. 144; Diodotus Tryphon, 147; Antiochus Sidetes, 139; De- metrius Nicator restored, 130; Alexander Zebina, 127, who was dethroned by Antiochus Grypus, 123; Antiochus Cyzicenus, 112, vvho takes part of Syria, vvhicii he calls Ccele- syria; Philip and Demetrius Eucerus, 93, and in Ccelesyria, Antiochus Pius; Aretas was king of Coelesyria, 85 ; Tigranes, king of Armenia, 83; and Antiochus Asiaticus, 69, who was dethroned by Pompey, 13. C. Q5; in consequence of which Syria became a Roman province- Herodot. 2, 5 & 7. — Apollod. 1 , Arg. — Strab. 12 & 16. — C. Nep. in Dct. — Mela, 1, c. 2. — Ptol. 5, c. 6 Curt. 6. — Didiiys. Perieg. SvRiAcuM MARE, that part of the Medi- terranean sea which is on tlie coast of Phoe- nicia and Syria. Sykinx. a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of the river Ladon. Pan became enamoured of her, and attempted to offer her violence ; but Syiinx escaped, and at her own request was changed by the gods into 2, c. 7 A town of Caria. Pans. 3, .c. 26. Syiites, two large sand banks in the Mediterranean on the coast of Africa, one of which was near Leptis, and the other near Carthage. As they often changed places, and were sometimes very higii or very low under the water, they were deemed most dangerous in navigation, and proved fatal to whatever ships touched upon them. From this circumstance, therefore, the word has been used to denote any part of the sea of which the navigation was attended with dan- ger, either from whirlpools or hidden rocks. Mela, 1, c. 7. 1. 2, c. 7. — p^irg. JEn. 4, v. 41. — Liican. 9, 303. — Sallust. in J. Sykus, an island, f ViJ. Syros.] A son of Apollo, by Sinope, the daughter of the Asopus, who gave his name to Syria. Pint. in Lite. A writer. [ Vid. Publius. ) Sy'sigambis, the mother of Darius. [ Vid. Sisygambis.J Sysimethres, a Persian satrap, who had tv.'o children by his mother, an incestuous commerce tolerated by the laws of Persia. He opposed Alexander with 2000 men. but soon surrendered. He was greatly honored by the conqueror. Curt. 8, c. 4. Sysinas, the elder son of Datames, wlw) revolted from his father to Artaxerxes. Sythas, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing through Sicyonia into the bay of Corinth. Pans. 2, c. 7. TA TA TAx\UTES, a Phoenician deity, the same as the Saturn of the Latins, and proba- bly the Tlioth or Thaut, the Mercury of the Egyptians. Cic. de N. D. 3, c. 22. — Varro.^ Tab^, a town of Pisidia. Liv. 38, c. 13. Tabei.laui^ leges, laws made by suf- frages delivered upon tables (labdltv) and not viva voce. There were four of these laws, the Gabinia lex, A. U. C. 614, by 'Gabiniirs ; the Cassia, by Cassius, A.U. C. 616; the P.;- piria, by Carbo, A.U. C. 622; and tlie Ca/ia, 743 by Caslius, A. U. C. C46. Cic. de Leg. 3, c. 16. Taberxa; novjE, a street in Picme where shops were built. Liv. 3, c. 48. Rhc- nanaj, a town of Gciinany on 'the confluence of the Fclbach and the Rhine, now Rkin- Zabern. Rigua;, now Bcm-Castel, on tlie ^loselle. Triboccorum, a town of Alsace in France, now Saverne. Tabor, a mountain of Palestine, Tabraca, a maritime town of Africa, p.ear Hippo, made a Roman colony. The 3 B 4 neigh- T A T A neighbouring forests abounded with monkcvs. Juv. 10, V. 104. —Flin. 5, c. 3. —Meia,'l, c. 7. — Ital. 5, V. 256. Tabuda, a river of Germany, now the Scheldt. PtoL Tabi RNi's, a mountain of Campania, which abounded with olives. Virg. G. 2, v. 58. ^■En. 12, V. 715. Tacape, a town of Africa. Tacatua, a maritime town of Numi- dia. Tactarinas, a Numidinn who com- manded an army against the Romans in the reign of Tiberius. He had formerly ».erved in the Roman legion';, but in the character of an enemy, lie displayed the most invete- rate hatred ngain^^t his benefactor. After he had severally defeated the officers of Tiberius lie was at l.xst routed and killed in the field of l)attie, fighting wiih uncommon fury, by Do- Inbella. Tadl. Ann. 2, Ac. Tachampso, an island in the Nil"*, near Thtbais. The Egyptians held one half of this island, and tlic rest wa^ in the hands of the .'Ethiopians. Hrrmtot. 2. Taciios, or Tachus, a lung of Egypt, ill the rc\j\\ of Artaxerxcs Ochus, against whom Jic >ustaini' a.s much the friend of a republican govern- ment, as Pliny was an admirer of the im- perial power, and of Uie short-lived virtues of his patron Trajan. Pliny gained the heart of his adherents by ofTalnlity. and all thn elegant graces which became the courtier and the favorite, while Tacitus conciliated the esteem of ilie world by his virtuous conduct, which prudence and love of honor ever guided. The friendship of Tacitus and of I'liiiy almost became proveriiial, and one «as scarce mentioned without tlie other, as the following instance may Indicate. At the exhibition of the spectacles in the circus, Tacitus held a lor.g conversation on different subjects with a Roman knight, with whom hv was unacquainted; and when the knight asked him whetlier he was a native of Italy, the historian told him that he was not un- known to him, and that for their distant acquaintance, he was indebted to literature. 7'4e'/i ifou are, rvplied the knight, either Ticiliis or Plint/. The time of Tacitus was not employed in trivial pursuits, the orator might ha\e been forgotten if the hiktorian bad rot florished. Tacitus »Totc a treatise on the manners of the Germans, a com- position admired for tlie fidelity and exact- nevi with M'hich it is executed, though sonu; have declared that the historian delincatca and Tra- jan, and he also uropo^ed to give to the world an account of the inferestinj.' admini- stration of .\u(^u»tus ; but these important subjects never employed the pen of the his- torian, II ^1 TA t;e *orian, nml as some of the ancientr. obsen-e, the only compositions of Tacitus were con- tained in .50 books, of which we have now jeft only 16 of his annals, and five of his history. The style of Tacitus has always been admired for peculiar beauties ; the thoughts are great, there is a sublimity, force, ■v^eight, and energy ; every thing is treated wth precision and dignity, yet many have called him obscure, because he was fond of expresbiiig his ideas in few words. This was the fruit of experience and judgment; the history appears copious and diffuse, while the annals, which were written in his old age, are less flowing, as to style, more concise, and more heavily labored. His Latin is re- markable for being pure and classical ; and though a writer in the decline of the Roman empire, he has not used obsolete words, an- tiquated phrases, or barbarous expressions, but witli liim every thing is sanctioned by the authority of tlie writers of the Augustan age. In his biographical sketches he displays an uncommon knowledge of human nature, he paints evei-y scene with a masterly hand, and gives each object its proper size and be- coming colors. Affairs of importance are treated with dignify, the secret causes of events and revolutions are investigated from their primeval source, and the historian every where shows his reader that he was a friend of public liberty and national independence, a iover of truth, and of the general good and welfare of mankind, and an inveterate enemy to oppression, and to a tyrannical government. The history of the reign of Tiberius is his master-piece : the deep policy, the dissimu- lation and various intrigues of this celebrated prince, are painted with all the fidelity of the historian ; and Tacitus boasted in saying, that he neither would flatter the follies, or ma- liciously or partially represent tlie extrava- gance of the several characters he delineated. Candor and impartiality were his standard, and his claim to thciC essential qualifications of an historian have never been disputed. It is said that the emperor Tacitus, who boasted in being one of the descendants of the histo- rian, ordered the works of his ancestor to be placed in all public libraries, and directed that ten copies, well ascertained for accuracy and exactness, should be yearly written, that so great and so valuable a work might not be lost. Some ecclesiastical writers have ex- claimed against Tacitus for the partial man- ner in which he speaks of the Jews and Christians ; but it should be remembered, that he spoke the language of the Romans, and that the peculiarities of tlie Christians could not but draw upon them the odium .and the ridicule of the i^agans, and the im- putation of superstition. Among the many excellent editions of i'acitus, these may pass for the best ; that of Rome, fol. 1515 ; that in Svo. 2 vols. L. Bat. 1673; that in usuui 745 DelphinJ, 4 vols. 4to. Paris 1682 ; that of Lips. 2 vol.s. Svo. 1714; of Gronovius, 2 vols. 4to. 1721 ; that of Brotier, 7 vols. 12mo. Paris, 1776; that of Erncsti, 2 vols. Svo. Lips. 1777 ; and Barbou's, 5 vols. 12mo. Paris, 17C0. M. Claudius, aRomaii chosen emperor by the senate, after the death of Aurelian. He would have refused this important and dangerous office, but tlie pres- sing solicitations of the senate prevailed, and in the 70th year of his age he complied with the wishes of his countrymen, and ac- cepted the purple. The time of his admi- nistration was very popular, the good of the people was his care, and as a pattern of mo- deration, economy, temperance, regularity, and impartiality, Tacitus found no equal. He abolished the several brothels which un- der the preceding reigns had filled Rome with licentiousness and obscenity ; and by ordering all the public baths to be shut at sun-set, he prevented tlie commission of many irregularities, which the darkness of the night had hitherto sanctioned. The se- nators under Tacitus seemed to have reco- vered their ancient dignity, and long lost privileges. They were not only the coun- sellors of the emperor, but they even seem- ed to be his masters ; and when Florianus, the brother-in-law of Tacitus, was refused the consulship, the emperor said, that tiie senate, no doubt, could fix upon a ntiore deserving object. As a waiTior, Tacitus ii inferior to few of the Romans ; and during a. short reign of about six months, he not only repelled the barbai'ians who had invaded the territories of Rome in Asia, but he prepared to make wai- against the Persians and Scy- thians. He died in Cilicia as he was on his expedition, of a violent distemper, or, accord- ing to some, he was destroyed by the secret dagger of an assassin, on the 15th of April, in the 276th year of the Christian era. Ta- citus has been commended for his love of learning ; and it has been observed, that he never passed a day vidthout consecrating soma part of his time to reading or writing. He has been accused of superstition, and authors have recorded, that he never studied on the second day of each month, a day which he deemed inauspicious and unlucky. Tacit, vitd. — Zuzim. Tader, a river of Spain, near New Car- thage. TiEDiA, a prostitute at Ribme, &c. Juv. 2, V. 49. T^NARUs, now Matapan, a promontory of Laconia, the most southern point of Eu- rope, %vhere Neptune had a temple. There was there a lai-ge and deep cavern, whence issued a black and unwholesome vapor, from which circumstance the poets have imagined that it was one of the entrances of hell, through which Hercules di-agged Cerberus from the infernal regions. This fabulous tradit'.ow T A T A tmtlition arises, according to Pausanias, from the continual resort of a large serpent near tiie cavern of Taenarus, vrhose bite was mortal. 'l"he serpent, as the gjeographer ob- serves, was at last killed by Hercules, and carried to Eurysthcus. The town of Tsna- rus was at the distance of about 40 stadia from the promontory, and was famous for marbleof al)eautjful preen cclor. The town as well as the promontory, jxccived its name from Ta-nirus, a son of Neptune. There were some festivals celebrated there, called Teenaria, in honor of Neptune, surnamcd Teenarius. Homer. Hymn, in jii>oU. 413. — Pans. 3, c. 14. — I.ucan. 6, v. 648. — Oeul. Met. "2, V. 247. 1. 10, v. 15 & 83. — Paus. 3, c. 25. — ytjmllod. 'J, c. 5. — Afcla, 1.', c. 3. — Slrab. 8. part of the lake Mwotis. a town of Nuniidia. J'lin. TiBNIAS, Slriih. Tacasth, C.4. Taof."!, a son of {•eiiius. grandson of Ju- piter, was the first who taught the I'J nations of the Ktruriaiis the science of augury and divination. It is said that he wils found by a Tuscan plonglinian in the fonn of a clod, and tliat he assumed an human sliape to instruct this natii-n. which became so celebrated for their knowledge of omens and incantations. Cic. de Dio. 2, c. 23. — Uvid. Met. IJ, v. 53ii. — Lucnti. I, V. G73. Tae.] TALrrcM, a temple sacred to the sun on mount Taygetus in Laconia. Horses were generally offered tliere for sacrifice. Paus. Taithybivs, a herald in the Grecian camp during the Trojan war, the particular minister aVid friend ot" .\gamemnon. He brought away Priscis frcm the tent of Achilles by order^of his master. 'I'althybius died at jligimn in Acliaia. Homer. It. I , v. 5_'0, &c.-—Paus. 7, c. '.'5. " . Tahs, a youth, son of the sister of Da*- dnlus, who invented the saw, compasses, and other mechanicnl instruments. His uncle be- came jealous of his growing fame, and mur- 74G dered him privately ; or, accoriliug to otliers, he threw him down from tlie citadel of Athens. Talus was changed into a partridge by the gods. He is also called Calus, Acalus, Perdu:, and Taliris. AjioUod. 3, c. 1. — Pcui. 1, c. ■Jl. — Ovid. Mil. 6. A son of (Enopion. Pavs. 7, c. 4. A son of Ores, the founder of die Creten nation. Pans. 8, c. 53. A friend of JEncas killed by Turnus. Tir^. jEn. 12, V.513. Tamakis, a river of Spain. TAMAJit's, a mountain of Epirus, called also Tnu > as And To/iutnu. Strab. Tamasea, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, sacred to the goddcs.-, i^f bea\ity. It was in this place diat Venus <,'atliered the golden apples widi which Hippuiuanes was enabled to over- take Atalaiita. Oiid. Met. 10, v. 644. — Piin. 5. — Strtih. 14. Tamesis, a river of Britaiii, now tlie I'liames. Ctcs. C. 5, c. 11. Tamos, a native of Memphis, made gov- ernor of Ionia by young Cyrus. After tlie death of Cyrus, 'lamos ded into Egypt, where he was murdered on account of his inunenso tre.-xsures. JJiod. 14. A promontory of India in tlie Ganges. Tampk s, a Human historian. TAMVKAi. a river of I'hoenicia, between Tyre and Sidon. Tamyhis. a queen. [ Vid. 'ITiomyris,] Tan.vcra, a town of lloeotia, noar tlic Euripus, between the .\sopus and Thennodon, famous »or *t '•itin;^ cvH-lcs. 1 1 w.ts founded by IVemandros a • ■ '" < ' -rvsilaus, die son of Jasius, who ma ; i, the- daughter of -■i-^olus; or, acc^i ., .le, of the .\sopus. Corinna was a native of 1 anagra. Utrab. *.\ — Paus. 9, c. 20 At 23. — Julian. T. H. 15. V. 2J. Tavacruu, or TawAckr. now A'yrc>, a river of Lucanio, in Italy. re-.narUuble for its oa^eades, and the beautiful TUear.ders of its streams through a fine pictures^juc co«.iiry. rirtf. (,'. 3, V. 151. '1'anais, an eunuch, frec:'fore the Gods, whose divinity and power he wished to try, when they had stopped at his house as they passed over Phrygia. Tliers were also others who impute it to his lasciviousness in carrying away Ganymedes to gratify the most unnatural of passions. I Pindar. Olymp. 1. — Homer. Od. II, v. 581. — Cic. Tusc. 1 , c. 5. 1. 4, c. 16. — Eunp. in I Iphiii. — Propcrt. 2, el. 1, v. 65. — Horat. 1, I Sat. 1 , v. 6S. A son of Tliyestes, the I fiist husband of Clytemnestra. Pai(s. 2. ' One of Niobe's children. Ovid. Met. 6, 'fab. 6. T^Nusis Germinus, a Latin historian intimate with Cicero. Seneca. 95. — Suet. C-here a stone is found called Taphiusius. Plin. 56, c. 21. Taphr.*, a town on tiie isthmus of the Taurica Chersonesus, now Precop. Mela, 2, c. I. — Plin. 4, c. 12. Taphxos, the strait between Corsica and Sai-dinia, now Bonifacio. Tapp.osane, an island in the Indian ocean, now called Ceijlon. Its inliabitants v/are verj rich and lived to a great age. Their coun- try was visited by two summers and twr- winters. Hercules was their chief deity, and as the sovereignty was elective, and only from among unmarried men, the monarch was immediately deposed if he became 3 fadiLT. Ptol. 6. — Strab. 2. — Ovid, ex Po7it. 8. el. 5, V. 80. Taps'js, a maritime town of Africa. S>il. It. 3. A small and lowly situated penin- sula on the eastern coast of Sicily. Virg. JEn. 5, V. 619. A man of Cyricus, killed by Pollux. V. Flacc. 2, v. 191. Tafvri, T A T A Tapyri, a people near Ilvrcaiiia. I)io. J'trieg. Tarams, a name of Jupiter among the Gauls, to whom human sacrifices were ofiered. Lucaji. I. V. •146. Taras, a son of Neptune, who built Ta- rentuiu, as som? suppose. Tarasco, a to«-n of Gaul, now Tarascon in Provence. TARAXirpi's, a deity worshipped at Elis. His statue was placed near the race ground, and his protei'tion was implored that no haini might happen to the horses during the games. Paus. 6, c. 20, &c. — Dionys. Hal. 2. Tarbm.li, a people of G;.ul, at the foot of the Pyrenees, which from thence are sometimes called Tarbellte. Ttbull. 1, cl. 7, V. 13. — Lucan. -i, v. 121. — Cirt. G. .7, c. 27. TARCHmuK, an impious king of Alba. Plut. in Rom. T.vRCHON, an Etrurian chief, who assisted JBneas against the Rutuli. Some suppose that he founded Mantua. ^irg. jEii. 8, s. G93. A prince of Cilicia. Lucan. y, T. 219. Tarchondimutos, a prince of Cilicia. Lu- can. 1 I. V. 219. Taiu mum, Tarentos, or Taras, a town of Calalvri.i, situat«.- An a bay of the Kamc name, near the mouth of the river Galesus. It wai fouTdcil, or railier repaired, by a La- ceda."inoni.m colony, about TOT years before Christ, under tlic conduct of llialanthus. Long independent, it maintainctl ii^ superi- ority over l.> tributiry cities ; aiul could ancc arm lOO.CXXt foot, and ."UOO horse. The jK'ople of 'rareutuiii were viry indolent, and as they were ijsily suj'plied with all necessaries as well as luxuries froui Greece, they gave iliemsclves up to voluptui>usnes.s, to that r/jc delights nf TantUuin became pro- verbial. The war which tliey supporte(. < :iar r- 74f trr cf their forefathers in idlenes« and eflc- minacy, and live chiefly by fishing, yior. 1, c. 18 Vol. Max. 2, c. 2. — Plut. m Pyr. — Pirn. 8, c. 6. 1. 15, c. 10. 1. 54. c. 7 Uv. 1 2, c. 13, ^c. — Mela, % c. 4 Sirab. 6. — Horai. 1. ep.l, v. 45 ^tum, V. U. 5, c. 20. TARicHiEijM, a fortified town of Juda>a. Cic. ad Liv. 12, c. 11. Several towns on the coast of Egypt bore this name from their pickling fish. Herodot. 2, c. 15, &c. Tarn^s, a town mentioned by Homer, IL 5. A fountain of Lydia, near Tmolus. Strab. — — A river of Aquitania. Tarpa, (Spurius M«tius.) a critic at Rome in the age of Augustus. He was ap- pointed with four others in the temple of Apollo, to exaniine the merit of every poeti- cal composition, which was to be deposited in the temple of the Muses. In this office he acted *> itli great impartiality, though many taxed him with want of candor. .\11 tlie pieces that were reprc-sented on the Roman stage had previously received his approbation. Horat. 1, Sal. 10, v. 3^i. Tarpeia, the daughter of Tarpeius, the governor of the cit."ulel of Rome, promised to open the gates of the city to the Sabints, provided they r^ave her tlieir gold bracelets, or a.s she expressed it, what they carried on their lel't hands. Tatius, the k'ng of die Sabines, consented, and as he entered tlie gates, to punish her perfidy, he threw not only his bracelet but his shield upon Tarpeia. His followers imitated his example, and Tar- peia was crushed under the weight of the bracelets and shielcis of the Sabine army. She was buried in the capitol, nhich from her lia« been called the Tarpei.^n rock, and tliere afterwards man) of the Roman male- factors were thrown down a deep precipice. IHut. in Rom. — Ovid. Fast. 1. v. 2C1. Amor. 1, H. 10, V. 5a — Liv. 1, c. II. — Pro]>fTl. 4, el. 4. ^— A vestal virgin in tiie reign of Numa. One of the warlike fa- male attendants of Camilla in the Rutulian war. I'irg. jEn. 11, v. 665. Tarpeia lex, was enacted A. U. C. 269, by Sp. Tarjteins to em[>ower all the magis- trates of die repubUc to lay fines on offenders. 'Iliis powt-r belonged before only to the con- suls. 'i1iis fine was not to exceed two sheep and thirty oxen. Sp. Tarpeids tlie govemar of the citadel of Rome, under Romulus. His descendants were called Montani and Cajiilolini. TARfEii's Mos's a hill .it Rome about 80 feet in perpendicular height, from whence the Romans threw down their condemned criminals. It received its name from Tar- peia, who was buried there, and is the same as the Capitolinf hill. Liv. 6, c. 20. —Lu- can. 7, V. 758. — Virg. ^F.n. 8, v. 547 ic 652. 'J'arqlimi, now Turthnui, a town of Etruria, T A TA Etixiria, built by Tarchon, who assisted JEn^as against Turnus. Tarquinius Priscus was born or educated there, and he made it a Roman colony when he ascended the throne. Strab. 5. — Plin. 2, c. 95. — Liv. 2, c. 34. 1. 27, c. 4. TARQtriNiA, a daughter of Tarquinius Priscus, who married Servius Tullius. When her husband was murdered by Tarquinius Superbus, she privately conveyed away his body by night, and buried it. This preyed upon her mind, and the night following she died. Some have attributed her death to excess of grief, or to suicide, while others, perhaps more justly, Ijave suspected Tullia, the wife of young Tarquin, of the murder. A vestal virgin, who, as some suppose, gave the Roman people a large piece of land, which was afterwards called the Campus Martins. Tarquinius Priscus, the 5th king of Rome, was son of Demaratus, a native of Greece. His first name was Lucumon, but this he changed when by the advice of his wife Tanaquil he had come to Rome. He called himself Lucius, and assumed the sur- name of Tarquinius, because born in the town of Tarquinii, in Etruria. At Rome he distinguished himself so much by his libe- rality and engaging manners, tliat Ancus Mar- tins, the reigning monarch, nominated him, at his death, tlie guardian of his children. This was insufficient to giatify the ambition of Tarquin ; the princes were young, and an artful oration delivered to the people im- mediately transferred the crown of the de- ceased monarch on the head of Lucumon. The people had every reason to be satisfied with their choice. Tarquin reigned with moderation and popularity. He increased the number of the senate, and made himself friends by electing 100 new senators from the plebeians, whom he distinguished by the appellation of Patres mhiorum gentium, from those of the patrician body, who were called Patres majorum- geniium. The glory of the Roman arms, which was supported with so much dignity by the former monarchs, was not neglected in this reign, and Tarquin showed that he possessed vigor and military prudence in the victories which he obtained over the united forces of the Latins and Sa- bines, and in the conquest of the 12 nations of Etruria. He repaired, in the time of peace, the walls of the capital, the public places were adorned with elegant buildings and useful ornaments, and many centuries after, such as were spectators of the stately mansions and golden palaces of Nero, viewed wth more admiration and greater pleasure the more simple, though not less magnificent edifices of Tarquin. He laid the foundations of the capitol, and to the industry and the public spirit of this monarch, the Ro- mano were indebted for their aqueducts 749 and subterraneous sewers, whi fntiier hesjcged Gubii. young 'i'arquin publicly decL-u-iil tliat lie was at variance with tlie monarch, and the rrport was tlie more easily btlicveti when he came before (inbii witli hik body all nian^led and bloody with stripes. 'I'his was an agree- ment Ixtween tlie fallur and tl.e son, and I'arquin had no sooner declared that tliis proceeded from the tyranny and oppression of his father, tiian the people of Ciahii en- trusted him with the command of tiieir ar- mies, fully convinced that Home cmild never have a more inveterate enemy. \S hen he had Urns succeedet pop- pies in his gardt-n, the son followed llie ex- ample by putting todeatli tlic most noble and powerful citizens of (Jabii. 1 he town soon fell into tlie hands of the Homans. i he violence which some time after 'i'arquinius oH'ered to Lucretia. was tlie cause of his I'ather's exile, and the total expulsion of hi^ family from Home. [I ul. Lucreti.-i.] Sex- tius was at last killed, bravely tigliting in a battle during tlie war which the Latins sus- tained against Koine in the attempt of re- tKtablisliing the Tartjuins on tlieir throne. Oviii. Fast — Liv. — — A Roman senator who was accessary to Cauline"«i conspiracy. 'rARvjuiTirs C'rxscexs, a centurion un- der C'Ksennius I'a-tus. T-ct:. A. \5, c. II. I'riscus, an officer in Africa, who ac- cused tlie proconsul, &c. d. i'-,cS'i, 1. H, c. 4t>. TARgcTTis, a son of Faunas and Dry- ope, who assisted iurnus against .Eneas. He was killed by ..Lneas, f'jr^. A:n. 10, V. J50. Takracina, a town of tlie Vokci in Latium, between Rome and Is'eapolis. It 750 was also called Anxur. because the infant Jupiter w,i6 worshipped there under th.it name, wliich signifies beardless. Liv. 4, c. i.'9. — Strab. 5. — Mela, "J., c. 4. — Feitm de V. Takraco, now Tarragona, a city of Spain, situate on the shores of the .Medi- terranean, founded by the two .Scipios, who planted a Reman colony there. Ihe pro- vince of which it was tlie cipital was called '1 arracoiiensis, and was famous for its wines. H ispania Tnrr'. coM^fSti ; which Mas aiM) called by the Romans Hispania Citrrior, was bounded on the east by the ^lediterra- nean, the ocean on tfae west, the Pyrenean mountains and the sea ul' the (.'antahri on the nortli. and Lusitania and lia-tica on the south. Martial. iO, cp. 104. L 15, cp. 118. — Mda. 2, c. 6. — SA o, v. o'JS. L 15. v. 177. 'rAEBimcs. [Vid. Acca Laurentix Tabsa, a Thracian. who relielled under 'iiberius, ice. 'I\icU. Ann. 4, c. 50. 'I'arul's, a river of Troas. Smb. Tarsis. now Turufso, a town of Cilicia. on the Cydnus founded by 'Iriptolemus and a colony of .\rgives, or, as others say, by SardanapaJus, or by Rerscus. Tarsus was ctlehrated fkir the great men it produced. It was once the rival of .Mcxandria and .\thens in literature and tlie study of tlie polite- arts. Ihe people of 'I'arsus wi-Jicd to ingratiate tJiems«lve>s into tlie favor of J. Ca-sar by giving the name of Juliolis to tlieir city, but It was soon lott. Lucan. 5, v. '2'25. — Mclo, 1, c. 15. — Simb. 14. i'ARTiaus (pi- a, onim.) one of the regions of hell, where, according to Uie an- cients, the most impious and guilty among mankind were jiutii&lied. It was surrounded wiili a braicn wall, and its entrance was con- tinually hidden from the .sight by :i cloud of darkness, which is represt ntvd thn.*e times more gloomy llian Uie obscurest night. Ac- cording to llesiod it was a separate prison at a greater distance from tlie earth ihaii the earth is from tlie heavens. Virgil says, tJiat it was surrounded by three im^KMietrahle walls, and by tlie impetuous and buriung streams of Uie river llUegethon. I'hc entrance was by a large and lofty tower, whose gates were supported by columns of adamant, whicli iH'itluT gods nor men could open. In Tarta- rus aii'ording to Virgil, were punislie-d such as had been disobe'dieiit t«, tlieir parents, traitors, adulterers, faitlile:»s ministers, and such as had uiidcrtiiken unju.st and cruel wars, or had betrayed tiieir friends fur Uie sake of money. It v»as also the place where Ixion, Tilyus, the ilaiiaiileii, 'iantalus, Si- syphus, &C. were puiiislied, according to Uvid. Hesiad. TJUog. v. 120,— Sil. 13, v. 591. — Iir^'. .din. G. — Hor.it r. Od. II. — Ovid. Mel. 4, /(ih. 1,~. A small river of Italy, near Verona, lad:. U. 5, c. 9. Xabtkssvs, TA TA Tartessus, a town in Spain near the columns of Hercules, on the Mediterranean. Some suppose tliat it was afterwards called Carl.da, and it was better known by the name of Gades, when Hercules had set up his columns on the extremity o£ Spain and Africa. There is also a town called Tar- tessus, in a small island formed by the river of the same name, near Gades in Iberia. Tartessus has been called the most distant town in the extremities of Spain, by the Ro- ir?.ns, as also the place where the poets imagined the sun unliarnessed his tired horses. Sil. 3, v. 399 & 411. 1. 10, v. 538. Mela, 2, c. 6. — Pans. G, c 1 9. — Ovid. Met. 14, V. 416. — Slrnb. o. Taruana, a town of Gaul, now Tefrouen in Artois. L. Taruntius Spurina, a mathematician who florished G 1 years B. C. Cic. dc Div. 2, c. 47. Tarus, a river of Gaul, falling into the Po. Tarusat-es, a people of Gaul, now Tiir- -an. Cees. G. o, c. 23 & 27. Taruscum, a town of Gaul. Tarvisium, a town of Italy, now Tre- viso, in the Venetian states. Tasgetius Cornotus, a prince of Gaul, assassinated in the age of Caesar. Cfcs. S.'G. 5, c. 25. Tatian, one of the Greek fathers, A. D. 1 72. The best edition of his works is that of Worth, 8vo. Oxon. ITOO. Tatienses, a name given to one of the tribes of the Roman people by Romulus, in honor of Tatius, king of the Sabines. The Tatienses, who were partly the ancient sub- jects of the king of the Sabines, lived on mounts Capitolinus and Quirinalis, Tatius, (Titus) king of Cures among the Sabines, made war against the Romans after the rape of the Sabines. The gates of the city were betrayed into his hands by Tar- peia, and the army of the Sabines advanced as far as the Roman forum, where a bloody battle was fought. The cries of the Sabine virgins at last stopped the fury of the com- batants, and an agreement was made be- tween the two nations. Tatius conseii ted to leave his ancient possessions, and with his subjects of Cures, to come and live in Rome, which, as stipulated, was permitted still to bear the name of its founder, whilst the inhabitants adopted the name of Quirites in compliment to tlie new citizens. After he had for six years shared the royal au- thority with Romulus, in the greatest imion, he was murdered at Lanuvium, B. C. 742, for an act of cruelty to the ambassadors of the Laurentes. This was done by order of his royal colleague, according to some au- thors. Liv. 1, c. 10, <^c. — Phit. in Eo)u. — Cic.proJBalb Ovid. Met. 14, v. 804. — Flor. 1, c. 1. Tatta, a large lake of Pluygia, on the confines of Pisitlia. 751 Tavola, a river of Corsica. Taua, a town of the Delta in Egypt. Tau-lantii, a people of lilyricum on the Adriatic. Liv. 45, c. 26. — L-ucan. 6, V. 16. Taunus, a mountain in Geirnany, now Heyrich or Hoclie, opposite Mentz. Tacii. 1 , Ann. c. 56. Tauhania, a to\ra of Italy in tlie country of tJie Brutii. Taurantes, a people of Armenia, between Artaxata and Tigrandcerta. Tacit. Ann. 14) c. 24. Tauri, a people of European Sarmatia, ■who inhabited Taurica Chersonesus, and sacrificed all stivingers to Diana. The statue of this goddess, -which they believed to have fallen down from heaven, was carried away to Sparta by Iphigenia and Orestes. Slrab. 12. — Herodot. 4, c. 99,cjc. ■ — Mela, 2, c. 1. — Pans. S, c. 16. — Hu- rip. Iphi^. — Ovid, ex Pont. 1, d. 2, v. 80. — S!il. 14, V. 260. — Juv. 15, V. 116. Taurica Chersonesus, a large penin- sula of Europe at the soutli-west of the Palus Meeotis, now called the Cnmea. It is joined by an isthmus to Scythia, and is bounded by tlie Cimmerian Bospliorus, the Euxine sea, and the Palus I>Ia'otis. The inhabitants, called Tauri, were a savage and uncivilized nation. Strab. 4. — l^liu, 4, c. 12. [Fid. Tauri.] Taurica, a surname of Diana, because she was worshipped by the inhabitants of Taurica Chersonesus. Taurini, the inhabitants of Taurinum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called Turin, in Piedmont. 51'. 5, t. G4G. — Plin. 3, c. 17. Taurisci, a people cf Mysia. Slrcb. 7. Of Noricum, among the Alps. /(/. 4. Tauriscus, a sculptor. [ Vid. ApoUo- nius.] Taurium, a town of tlie Peloponnesus. Polt/b. TAUROMiNtuM, a toivn of Sicily, between Messana and Catana, built by- the Zancleans, Sicilians, and Ilybleans, in the age of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse. The hills in the neighi;ourhcod were famous for the fine grapes v/hicli they produced, and they surpassed almost the whole world for the ex- tent and beauty of their prospects. There is a small river near it called Taurominius. Diod. 16. Taurus, the largest mountain of Asia, as to extent. One of its extremities is in Caria, and it extends not only as istr as the most eastern extremities of Asia, but it also brandies in several parts, and runs far into tlic north. Mount Taurus was kno^^•n by- several names, particularly in dilFercnt coun- tries. In Cilicia, where it reaches as far as the Euphrates, it was called Taurus. It was knov.'n by the names of Avmniis from t.he bay of Is?«s rs far as the Euphrate-i ; oiAn- tiUnr.its TE TE titaurus from the western boundaries of Cili- cia up to Armenia ; of Monies Matieni in ihe country of the Lc-ucosyrians ; of ^fons yfcichicus at the south of the river Phasis ; of Amaranta at the north of the Phasis ; of CauaiSHi between the Hyrcanian and Euxine seas ; of H'jicanii Jfontcs near Hyrcania ; of Imaus in the more eastern parts of Asia. The word T*urus wis more properly confined to the mountains which separate Phrygia and Pamphylia from Ci- licia. The several pas<»es v. liith were opened in the mountains were c.illed Ft/ltr, and hence frequent mention is made in ancient authors of the Armenian l*)lae, C'ilician Pyl«.&c Mel-:, 1. c. 15. 1. 3. c. 7 & 8. — Flin. 5, c. 27. — — A mountain in Ger- many. Tacit. Ann. 6. c. 41. Of Sicily. Titus Sutilius, a consul distinguished by his intimacy with Augustus, as well as by a theatre which he built, and the triumph which he obtained after a prosperous cam- paign in Africa. lie was made prefect of Italy by his imperial friend. A pro- consul of .Africa, accused by .Agrippina, who wished him to be condemned, that she might Ix-come mi»tre^s of his gardens. Tucit. Ann. \2, c. 59. An officer of Minos, king of Crete. He had an amour witli Pasiphae, whence arose tlie fable of tlie ^linoUiur, from the son. who was born some time after. [177. .Minotaurua.] Tuii- rus was vanquisiied by Theseus, in the games which Minos exliibited in Crete. I'litt. in T/irs. Taxila, []>lur.) a large coimtn.- in India ))etween the Indus and the llydaopcs. Strab. 1.7. TaxIli-^ or Taiii.fs a king of Taxila, in the age of .Viexander, called also tjmphis. He siibiniiled to the conqueror, who re- warded hiiM widi grvat liberality. Dtod. IT. — Pint, in AUx. — ^fc\wn. — I'. H. 5, c. 6. — Curt. 8, c. 14. A gentral of Mith- ridiitcs, who assisted Archelaus against the Romans in Greece. He was afterwards con- quered by .Muriena, tlie lieutenant of Sylla. T.vxiviAyLiLcs, a king in ilic southern ]>arts of Britain when Ca>sar invaded it. Ctrs. .5, I',, c. 22. TAVorrK. or TAVcrrA, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione. mother of I.,aced»mon by Jupiter. .Slie became one of the Pleiades after deatli. Hyginfab. 1 55 & 1 92. — Faux, in Cic. 1 & 18. Taycktus, or Taycet*, {orum) a moun- tain of I^aconia. in Peloponnesus, at Uic west of the river Eurotas. It hung over the city of I.acedKmon, and it is said that once a part of it fell down by an earthquake, and destroyed tlie suburbs. It was on this moun- tain that the Lacedemonian women celc- bratetl the orgies of Bacchus. Mela, 2, c. 5* — Fails. 3, c. 1. — Strub. 8. — Lucan. 5, V. 5J. — i'irg. <;. 2, V. 488. 'J'eanum, a town of Campania, on the Appian road, at the east of the Liri^, cailei! also Sidictnum, to be distinguished from anotlier town of the same name at the west of Apulia, at a small distance from the coast of the Adriatic. Tlie rights of citizenship were extended to it under Au- gustus. Cic. Ciuent. Sc 69. Phil. J 2. c. 11. — Horat.A, ej). 1. — Piin. 51, c. 2. — Lio. 22, c. 27. Tearis, a river of Thrace, rising in the same rock from 38 different sources, some ci which are hot, and others cold. Darius raised a column there when be marched against the Scytliians, a.s if to denote tiie sweetness and salubrity of tiie waters of tliat river. Hendot. 4, 5. 90. &c. -> Flin. 4, c. 11. Tratba, Tfate, or Tfciate, a tow.n of Latium. Sil. It. 8, v. 522. L 17, v. 457. Tecues, a mountain of Ponlus, from which tlie 10,000 Greeks had first a view of the sea. Xeno]>h. Anub. 4. Techmessa. tlie daughter of a Phrygian prince called by some Teuthras, and by others Teleutas. When her father was killed i:i war by .\jax, son of Telamon, the young princess became the property of the conqueror, and by liiin she had a son called llurysace^ Sophocles, in one of his tragedies, repre- sents Techmessa as moving her husband to pity by her tears and entreaties, when lie wisJied to stab himself. Horat. i, Od. \, V. tj. — Bictyt Cret. — Sojthocl. ri AJac. Tkcmon, a town of Epirus. Liv. 45, c. 2(5. TtCNATis, a king of Eg^pt. Tectami s, a son of Dorus, grandson of Ili'llen, the son of Deucalion, went to Crete with the .Ltoliansand Pelxsgians, and reigned there. He had a son called .\sterius, by the daughter of Cretheus. TErio>AOts, or TEcrotlciK. a people of Gallia Narbonensis, whose capital was the ino lir> jiillaged Home under Dreimus, and >< 'lo attempte & \'i5.—0iid. Hirroul. I, v. 98. — //oro/. J, -7'. 7, V. 4\.— Homer. Od. 2, &c. — L^- cojihr. in Cass. Tii iMi's, a Cyclops who was acquainted with futurity. He foretold to Polyphemus all the evils which he some lime after suffered froui Ulysses. Ovid. Met. 1", v. 771. TELtriiASSA, the mother of Cadmus, Pha-- ni\, and Cilix by Agenor. She dietl in Tlirace, as she was seeking her daughter Europo, whom Jupiter luid carried away. Ai^MchL 3, c 1 & 4. Tei.ephls, a king of Mysia, son of Her- cules and .Auge, the daughter of .-Meus. He was exposed as soon as born on mount Par- thenius, but his life was preserved by a ;:;oat, and by some shepherds. .According to Apol- lodoni*, he was cxposetl not on a mountain, but m the temple of Minerva, at Tegea, or according to a tradition mentioned by Pausa- nias, he was left to llie mercy of tJie waves with his motlier, by the cruelty of Aleus and qirrie\\ him. and woundetl him so severely, that he was carried away from the battle. The wound was mortal, but Tele- phus was informed by the oracle, that he alone who hiul inflicte Achilles, but in vain; the hero observe»od. 4. — Odd. Fast. I, d. 1. SiC. — Phil 'Sir. Her. — piiu. .A friend of Horace, n.narkable for his beauty and the elegance of his person. He was the favorite of Lydia, the mistress of Horuie, &c. Hnrat. 1. nd. 12. I. 4, od. II. V. 21. .\ sl.ive who conspired against Au- gUStUA TE TE gustus. Sueton. in Aug. L. Verus \rrote a book on the rhetoric of Homer, as also a comparison of that poet with Plato, and other treatises, all lost. Telesia, a town of Campania taken by Annibal. Liv. 21, c. ]3. 1. 24, c. 20. Telesicles, a Parian, father to the poet Archilochus, by a slave called Enippo. JEliun. V. H. 10, c. 15. Telesilla, a lyric poetess of Argos, who bravely defended her country against the La- cedcemonians, and obliged them to raise the siege. A statue was raised to her honor in the tenaple of Venus. Paus. 2, c. 20. Telesinicus, a Corinthian auxiliary at Sy- racuse, &c. Fohjcen. 5. Telesinds, a general of the Samnites, who joined the interest of Marius, and fought against the generals of Sylla. He m.arched towards Rome and defeated Sylla with great loss. He was afterwards routed in a bloody battle, and left in the number of the slain after he had given repeated proofs of valor and courage. Plut. in j\lar. &c. A poet of considerable merit in Domitian's reign. Juv. 7, V. 25. Telesippus, a poor man of Pherae, father to the tyrant Dinias. Polyeen. 2. Telestagokas, a man of Naxos, whose daughters were ravished by some of the no- bles of the island, in consequence of which they were expelled by tlie direction of Lyg- darnis, &c. Athen. 8. Telestas, a son of Priam. Apollod. 3, c. 12. An athlete of Messenia. Paus. 6, c. 14. A king of Corinth, who died 779 B.C. Telestes, a dithyrambic poet, who flo- rished B. C. 402. Tiii.ESTo, one of tiie Oceanides. Hesiud. Theog. Telethes, a mountain in Euboea. Telethusa, the wife of Lygdus or Lyc- lus, a native of Crete. She became mother of a daughter, who was afterwards changed in- to a boy. iVid. Iphis.] Ovid. Met. 9, 681. Teleurias, a prince of Macedonia, &c. Xenophon. Teleutias, the brother of Agesilaus who was killed by the Olynthians, &c. Teleute, a surname of Venus among the Egyptians. Plut. de Is. ^- Os. Tellen^,, a town of I^atiura, now destroy- ed. Liv. 1, c. 33. Telles, akingof Achaia, son of Tisamenes. Paus. 7, c. B. Tellias, a famous soothsayer, of Elis, in the age of Xerxes. He xvas greatly honored in Phocis, where he had settled, and the inlia- bitants raised him a statue in the temple of Apollo, at Delphi. Paus. 10, v. 1. — Hero- dot. 8, c. 27. Tellis, a Greek lyric poet, the father of Brasidas. Tellus, a divinity, the same as tlie earth, 755 the most ancient of all tlie gods after Chaos. She was mother by Coelus of Oceanus, Hy- perion, Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Themis, Sa- turn, Phoebe, Tcthys, &c. Tellus is the same as the divinity, who is honored under the several names of Cybele, Rhea, Vesta, Ceres, Tithea, Bona Dea, Proserpine, &c. She was generally represented in the charac- ter of Tellus, as a woman witlt many breasts, distended with milk, to express the fecun- dity of the earth. She also appeared cro\vned with turrets, holding a sceptre in one hand, and a key in the other ; while at her feet was lying a tame lion witliout chains, as if to intimate that every part of the earth can be made fruitful by means of cultivation. Hesiod. Theog. V. 130. — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 137. — Apollod. I, c. 1. A poor man, whom So- lon called happier than Croesus the rich and ambitious king of Lydia. Tellus had the happiness to see a strong and healthy family of children, and at last to fall in the defence of his country. Herodot. 1, c. 30. An Italian who is said to have had commerce with his mares, and to have had a daughter called Hippone, who became the goddess of horses. Tei.messus, or Telmissus, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were skilled in augury and the interpretation of ' dreams. Cic. de div. 1 . — Strab. 14. — Liv. 51, c. 16. Another in Lycia. A third in Pisiflia. Telo Martius, a town at the south of Gaul, now Toulon. Telon, a skilful pilot of Massilia, killer' during the siege of that city by Csesar. Lucan. 3, V. 592. A king of the Telebooe, who married Sebethis, by whom he had QEbp.lu^. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 734. Telos, a small island near Rhodes. Telphtjsa, a nymph of Arcadia, daught^ of the Ladon, who gave her name to a town and fountain of that place. The waters of the fountain Telphusa were so cold, that Tiresias died by diinking them. Diod. 4. — Strab. 9. — Lycophron, 1040. Telxiope, one of the muses according to Cic. deN.D.3, c. 21. Telts, a tyrant of Sybaris. Tejiathea, a mountain of Messenia. Paus. 4, c. 54. Temenium, a place in Messene, where Te- znenus was buried. Temekites, a surname of Apollo, which he received at Temenos, a small place near Syracuse, where he was worshipped. Cic. in Verr. Temenos, a placeof Syracuse, where Apol- lo, called Temenites, had a statue. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 55. — Suet. Tib. 74. Tesienus, the son of Aristomachus, wa.s the first of the Heraclidas who returned to Peloponnesus with his brother Ctcsiphontes in the reigp of Tisamenes, king of Argos. Temcnus made himself master of the throne 3 C H of T E TE of Argos from which he expelled the reign- ing sovereign. After death he was succeeded by his son-in-law Deiphon, who had married liis daugliter Hyrnetho, and tliis succession w-as in preference to his own son. ApoUutL ii, c. l.—l'aus. 2, c. IH & 19.- A son of Pc- lasgus, who was entrusted with the care of Juno's infancy. Puus. 8, c. 22. Tkmerinda, the name of the Palus Msotis among the natives. Te.mIsa, a town of Cyprus. Another in Calabrio in Italy, famous for its mines of copper, which were cxhaustetl in the age of Strabo. Ck. Vcrr. 5, c. 15. — Liv. 34, V. 35.—Hi>mer. Od. 1, v. 184. — Ovid. Fast. 5, V. 441. Met. 7, V. 207. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — illrab. C. Temnss, a king of .Sidon. Te.vnos, a town of i^olia, at the moutli of the Hermus. Henidot. I, c. 49. — Cic. Flacc. 18. Tempk, [jiLur.) a valley in Thcssaiy, be- tween mount Olympus at the north, and Ossa at the ■w>ut)i, through which the river Peneus flow s into the .Egi-an. The poets hate described it as the most delightful spot on tlie eurtli, with continually cool shades, and ver- dant walks, which Uie warbling of birds ren- dereti more pleasant and romantic, and which tlie goda often honore*! with tlieir presence. Tempc extended alMdit five miles in leiigtii but varied in Uie dimensions of its breiulth so OS to be in some places si'arce one acre and a half wide. .Ml \allies that are ple.isant, either for their situation or the mildness of tlieir cli- mate, are called Tnnjie by the |XM:ts. StrtiL. y.—Mela, 2, c. .3. — l)i'KA, a part of Corinth. Mela, "J, c 3. TENtDiA srciKi<;. \Vid. Teiies.] Te.sedos, a small and fertile island of the .Sgean sea, opposite 'I'roy, at Uie distance of about 12 mHes from Sigaum, and .'»()" miles north from Lesbos. It was anciently called Lf-ucoplirys. till Tenes, tlie son of Cycnus, set- tled there and built a town, which he called Tenedos, trom which the wliole island re- cei»ed its name. It became famous during the Trojan war, as it was there tliat the Greeks concealed themselves the more effec- tually to jnake tlie Trojans be! iuto tliat they were returned home, without finishing the siege. Homer. Od. 3, v. 59 Diod. 5. — Slrab. 13. — Virg. ^En. 2, v. 21. — Oi-id. Mtt. I, T. 540. 1. 12, v. 109 Melo, 2, c. 7 756 Tenerl's, son of Apollo and Melia, re- ceived from his father the knowledge of fu- turity. Paus. 9, c 10. Ten'es, a son of Cycnus and Proclea. He was exposed on the sea on the coast of Tro3b, by his father, who credulously believed his wife Philonome, who had fallen in love with Cycnus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue, when he refused to gratify her pas- sion. Tenes arrived safe in Leucophrys, which he called Tenedos, and of which he became the sovereign. Some time after Cycnus dis- covered the guilt of his wife Philonome, and as he wished to be reconciled to his son whom he had so grossly injured, he went to Tenedos. ISut when he had tied his ship to the shore. Tenes cut off the cable with a hatchet, and suli'eree pacified. Some, however, suppose that the proverb arose from tlic severity of a law made by a king of Te- nedos against adultery, by which the guilty were both put to death witli a hatchet. The hatchet of Tenes was carefully preserved at Tenedos, and afterwards deposited by Peri- clytus son of Eutymachus, in the temple of Delphi, where it was still seen in the age »)f Pausanias. Tenes, as some suppose, waskill- eesieged by the Persians, burnt himself and the city togetlier, U. C. 351. Te.n'si M, a town of .Eolia. TxNos, a small island in the .TIgean, near .\ndros, called Ophiussa, and also Ili/dmsta. from die numlK'r of its fountains. It was very mountainous, but it prinluced excellent wines, universally esteemed by the ancients. Tenot> was about 15 miles in extent. The capital was also called Tenos Strab. 10. — Mda, 2, c. 7. — (hid. Met. 7, V. 409. T«ntJ*a, {i>iur.) and Tentyris a small town of Egypt, on the Nile, whose inhabitants were at enmity with the crocodiles, and made- war against those who paid them adoration. Sc'wca, J\'. U- 4, c. 2. — Strab. 17 Juv. 15. — Plin. 25, c. 8. Testvra, (melius Tempj-ra.) a place of nirace, opposite Samothrace. Omd. Trijt. J. el. 9. V. 21. Teos, or Teios, now SigasiA, a maritime town on tlic coast of Ionia in Asia Minor, op|)osite Samos. It was one of the 12 cities of the Ionian confederacy, and gave birth to .\iiacreon and Ilecat.TUs, -who is by some dc>;med a native of 3Iilctus. Accortiing ti> Pbnv. TE TE Pliny, Teos was an island. Augustus re- paired Teos, whence ho is often called the founder of it on ancient medals. Strab, 14. — Mela, 1, c. 17. — Pans. 7, c. 3 ^lian. V. H. 8, c. 5. — Horat. \, Od. 17, v. 18. — Plin. 5, c. 31. Teredon, a town on the Arabian gulf. Bio. Per. 982. Terentia, the wife of Cicero. She be- came mother of M. Cicero, and of a daughter called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her be- cause she had been faithless to his bed, when he was banished in Asia. Terentia married Sallust, Cicero's enemy, and afterwards Mes- sala Corvinus. She lived to her 105d, or, ac- cording to Pliny, to her 1 1 7th year. Ptut. in Cic. — Val. Max. 8, c. 13. — Cic. ad Attic. 11. ep. 16, &c. The wife of Scipio Afri- canus. The wife of M ecaenas, with whom it was said that Augustus carried on an in- trigue. Terentia lex, called also Cassia, fru- mentaria, by M. Terentius Varro LucuUus, and C. Cassius, A. U. C. 6<80. It ordered that the same price should be given for all corn bought in the provinces, to hinder the exactions of the quaestors. Another by Terentius the tribune, A. U. C. 291, to elect five persons to define the power of the con- suls, lest they should abuse the public confi- dence by violence or rapine. Terentianus, a Roman to whom Longi- nus dedicated his treatise on the sublime. — Maurus, a writer who florished A. D. 240. The last edition of his treatise de Uteris, syllabis, et metris Horatii, is by Mycillus, Francof. 8vo. 1584. Martial. 1, cp. 70. Terentius Publhis, a native of Carthage in Africa, celebrated for the comedies which he wrote. He was sold as a slave to Teren- tius Lucanus, a Roman senator, who edu- cated him with great care, and manumitted him for the brilliancy of his genius. He bore the name of his master and benefactor, and was called Terentius. He applied him- self to the study of Greek comedy \vith un- common assiduity, and merited the friend- ship and patronage of the learned and powerful. Scipio, the elder Africanus, and his friend Lselius. have been suspected on account of their intimacy, of assisting the poet in the composition of his comedies ; and the fine language, the pure expressions, and delicate sentiments with which the plays of Terence abound, seem perhaps to favor the supposition. Terence was in the 25th year of his age, when his first play appeared on the Roman stage. All his compositions were received with great applause, but when the words Homo sum, kumani nil a vie alienum puio, were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated, and the audience, though composed of fo- reigners, conquered nations, allies, and citi- zens of Rome, wore unanimous in applauding 757 the poet, who spoke with such elegance and simplicity, the language of nature, and sup- ported the native independence of man; The talents of Terence were employed rather in translation than in the effusions of origina- lity. It is said that he translated 108 of- the comedies of the poet Menander, six of which only are extant, his Andria, Eunuch, Heautontimorumenos, Adelphi, Phormio, and Hecyra. Terence is admired for the purity of his language, and the artless ele- gance and simplicity of his diction, and for a continual delicacy of sentiment. There is more originality in Plautus, more vivacity in the intrigues, and more surprize in the catastrophes of his plays; but Terence will ever be admired for his taste, his expressions, and his faithful pictures of nature and man- ■ ners, and the becoming dignity of his several characters. Quintilian, who candidly ac- knowledges the deficiencies of the Roman comedy, declares that Terence was the most elegant and refined of all the comedians whose writings appeared on the stage. The time and the manner of his death are un- known. He left Rome in the 35th year of his age, and never after appeared there. Some suppose tliat he was drowned in a storm as he returned from Greece, about 159 years before Christ, though others imagine he died in Arcadia or Leucadia, and that his death was accelerated by the loss of his property, and particularly of his plays which perished in a shipwreck. Tlie best editions of Terence are those of Westerhovius, 2 vols. 4to. Amst. 1726; of Edinb. 12mo. 1758; of Cambridge, 4to. 1723; Hawkey's, ISino. Dublin; 1745; and that oi Zeunius, 8vo. Lips. ) 774. Cic ad Attic. 7, ep. 3. — Paterc. 1, c. 17. — Quiiitil. 10, c. 1 Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 59. — — Culeo, a Roman senator, taken by the Cartliaginians, and redeemed by Africanus. When Africa- nus triumphed, Culeo followed his chariot with a pileus on his head. He was sometime after appointed judge between his deliverer, and the people of Asia, and had the meanness to condemn him and his brother Asiaticus, though both innocent. I.iv- 30, c. 45 ~ A tribune who wished the number of the ci- tizens of Rome to be increased. Evocatus, a man who, as it was supposed, murdered Galba. — Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 41. Lentinus, a Roman knight condemned for perjury. Varro, a writer, [FjcZ. Varro.] A consul with jEmilius Paulus at the battle of Cannje. He was the son of a butcher and had followed for some time the profession of his father. He placed himself totally in the power of Hanni- bal, by making an improper disposition of his array. After he had been defeated, and his colleague slain, he retired to Canusium, widi the remains of his slaughtered country- men, and sent word to the Roman senate of his defeat. He received the tlianks of this venerable body, because he had engaged the enemy, however improperly, and not despaired 5 C 3 oC , TE TE of the affairs of the republic. He was offered the dictatorsJiip, which ho declined. Plut. — lAv. 22, &c. An ainbas.sador sent fo Philip king of Mac«djnia. Mas^iora, an edile of tiie people, &c. Marcus, a friend of Sejanus, accused before tJie senate for his intimacy with that dibcardcd favorite. lie made a noble defence, and was acquitted. Tacit. Ann. 6. Terentus, a place in the Campus Mar- tius near the capitol where the infernal deities had an altar. Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 504. Terels, a king of Thrace, son of Mar« and Bistonis. He married I'rogne, tlie daugh- ter of I'aiidion king of .Atiiins, whom he had assisted in a war against Megara. lie offered violence to his sistcr-iri-law I'hilomcla, whom lie conducted to Thrace by desire of I'rogiic. [Vid. Philomela k Prognc. ] .\ friend of yEneas, killed by Camilla. Tir^'. ^tu. II, V. 675. Terceste & Tebcestum, now TritsU, a town of Italy on the .Adriatic sem, roade a Roman colutiy. MrUi, 2, c. 3, Kc. — Dui- 111/ i. Fcri'-::. V. 380. — Paterc. 2, c. lia — FUn. 3. c. 18. Terias, a rirer of Sicily near CmUna. 'I'ERiBAZrs, a nobleman of Persia, sent with a fleet against Kvagoras, king of Cypruv He was accused of treason, and remoTcd from office, &c. Fot>/trn. 7. TriiiDAr, a concubine of Menclaus. Teridates, a favorite eunuch at the court of Artaxcrxes. At his deatli tlie mo- narch wa* in teafN for three days, and was consoled at last only by the arts and the per- suasion of .As|>asia one of his faTorites. JElian. r. H. 12, c. 1. Teriui'M, a town of Macedonia. Terina, a town of the Hrutii. Tekioli, now Txritl, a fortified town at the nortJi of Italy, in the country of the Grisons. Termkntia, or Tekmes, a town of Hisp»- nia Tarraconcnsis. Termera, a town of Caria. Termeki's, a robber of Peloponnesus, who killed people by crushing their head against his own. He was slain l)y Hercules in the same manner. Plut. in Thru. Termescs, a ri^er of Arcadia. TrRMiLJt, a name given to the Lycians. Termimai.ia, annual festivals at Rome, observed in honor of tlie god Terminus, in tJie month of February. It was then usual for peasants to assemble near the principal land-marks which separated their fields, and .iftrr they hafl crowned them with garlands and flowers, to make libations of milk and wine, and to sacrifice a lamb or a young pig. They were originally established by Numa, and though at first it was forbidden to shed the blood of victims, yet in process of time land-marks were plentifully sprinkled with it. Ovtii. Fuild a temple on llic Tnr})eian rock to Jupiter, the god Terminus refused Ui give way, though the oilier gods resigned their seats with cheerfulness; whence Ovid has said, RestitU, et mapio cum Jove Itmitla taut. Dionits. Hal. 2. Ovid. FaM. 2, v. 641. — Plut. in Num. — Liv. 5, — Virg. .£«. 9. TERMisars, or TEKMessi;s, a town of Pisidia. Terpaxder. a lyric poet and musician of Lesbos, C75, B. C. It is haica.seotM- 2, c. 7. Terra, one of the most ancient deities in mythology, wife of I'ranus, and motlier of Oceanus, the Titans Cyclop.s. Giants. Tlic.1, Rhea, Tliemis. Phoebe. ITietys and Mnemosyne. By the .\ir she had Grief, Mourning, Oblivion, Vengeance, ftc. Ac cording to Hyginu*. she is tlie same as T^l- lus. [fV. fellus.1 TRRRACisA. [Vid. Tarricina.] Terkamdics, a Roman knight in Ce- sar's army in Gaul. Cts. B- Co, c. 7 AS. Terror- an emotion of the mind which the ancient j have made a deity, and one ol the T E TE the attendants of the god I\Iars, and of Bel- k>na. Tertia, a sister of Clodius the tribune, &c. A daughter of Pauhis, the con- querer of Perseus. Cic. ad Div. 1, c. 46. A daugliter of Isidorus. Cic. in Verr. 3, c. 34. A sister of Brutus who mar- ried Cassias. She was also called Tertulla and Junta, Tacit. A. 5, c. 76. —~Suet, C. 'JG. — Plm. I. c. II. Thabensa, an inland town of Africa. Hist. Jfru: 77. TuABiisR'M, a fortified place of Phrygia. Lu<. 38, c. 11. Thais, a famous courtezan of Alliens, who accompanied .Alexander in his Asiatic conquests, and gained such an ascendant over liim, that she miule him burn tlie royal palace of Persepolis. After ,\lexander's cKnuIi, she married rtoicmy king of I'.gypt. Meiiander celebrated her cimnns both mental and per- sonal, which were of a superior nature, and on this account she is called Metmndrtu, by Propcrt. 2, fl. G. — Oviit. ilc art. am. 3, v. GO-1. dc" rt'wj. am. v. 3H4. — Plut. in AUx. — Juv. 3, V. 93. — Athcn. 15, c. 13. Thala, a town of Africa. Tacit. Ann. 5, c. '21. TuALAME, a town of ^lessenia, famous for a temple and oracle of Pasiphae. Plut. in Agid. Thai.assus, a beautiful young Uoman in the reign of Romidus. At the rape of the Sabincs, one of tliese virgins appeared remarkable for beauty and elegance, and her r.avisher, afraid of many competitors, exclaim- ed as he carried her away, that it was for Thalafcsius. Ilic name of Thalas&ius was no 7t>0 sooner mentioned, than all were ea^er to pre- serve so beautiful a prize for him. Their union was attended with so much happiness, that it was ever after usual at Rome to make use of tlie word Thulasaiiis iit nuptials, and to wish diosc tliat were married the felicity of Tlia- Ixssius. He is supposed by some to lie the same as I It/men, as he was made a deity. Plut. in It Jilt. — Martial. 3, q>. 92. — Liv 1, c. 9 TiiALES, one of tlic seven wise men of (Jreece, Ixjm at ^lilelus in Ionia. He w:is descended from Cadmus: his fatlier's name was Kxamius, and his mother's Cleobula. Like the rest of the ancients, he travelled in quest of knowletlge, and for some time re- sided in Crete, Phunicia. and Egypt. Under the priests of Memphis he was taught geo- metry, astronomy, and philosophy, and en- abled to measure with exactness the vast height and extent of a pyramid merely by its shadow. Hiii discoveries in .istronomy were great and ingenious ; and he was tJie first who calculated with accuracy a solar eclipse. He discoveri-d the solstices and equinoxes, he di- vided tlie heavens into five'zones, and recom- mended the division of the year into 365 days, which w.is universally adopted by tlie Egyp- tian philosophy. Like Homer, he looked upon water as the principle of every thing. He waslhe lounder - tcr of Socrat*-*. Thales was never marritnl ; and when his mother pressed him to chusc a wit'e, he s.iid he was too young, 'llie same exhortations were afterwanis repealed, but the philosopher eluded them by observing, tliat he was tlien too olil to enter the matri- monial stale. He dietl in tlie '.Kitli year of his age, .-ilKiut 5IH years l>efore tlie Christian era. His compositions on philosophical sub- jects arc lost. Jlcri'dul. 1, c. 7. — Plato. — J)i^>^. l.—Cic. de \at. D.&c. A Iwic poet of Crete, intimate with Lycurgus. He prep.ared by his rhapsodies the minds of tiie Spartans to receive tlie rigorous institutions of his friend, and inculcated a reverence for the peace of civil society. Thai.esthia, or Thalestris, a queen of the Amazons who accompanied by 300 wo- men, came 3,'> days' journey to meet .-Mexan- der in his .Asiatic conquests to raise chil- dren by a man whose fame was so great, and courage so uncommon. Curl. 6, c. 5. — Strah. 11. — Justin. 2, c. 4. TiiAi.ETEs. a Greek poet of Crete, 900 B. C. Thalia, one of tlic Muses, who presided over festivals, and over p.istoral and comic poetry. She is represi-nted leaning on a co- lumn, holding a mask in her right hand, by which slie is distinguished from her sisters, as also by a shepherd's crook. Her dress ap- pears shorter, and not so ornamented as that of TH TH of the other IVfuses. Horat. 4, od. C, v. 25. — Mart. 9, cp. 75. — Pint, in Syvip. ^c. — Virg. Ec. C, V. 2. One of tlie Nereides. Hesiod. Theog. — Virg. Mn. 5, v. 826 An island in the Tyrrhene sea. Thallo, one of the Hora; or Seasons, who presided over the spring. Paus. 9, c. 35. Thalpius, a son of Eurj-tus, one of He- len's suitors, ylpollod. 5, C. 10. Thalyssia. Greek festivals celebrated by the people of the country in honor of Ceres, to whom tlie fir^st fruits were regularly of- fered. Sc/iul. T/ieocr. 3. Thamikas, a Cilician who first introduced the art of augury in Cyprus, where it was re- ligiously preserved in his family for many years. Tacit. 2, Ilixl. c. 3. Thamlda. a part of Arabia Felix. Thamyras, or Thamyris, a celebrated musician of Thrace. His father's name was Philammon, aTld Ids mother's Argiope. He became enamoured of the Muses, and chal- lenged them to a trial of skill. His challenge was accepted, and it was mutually agreed, that the conqueror should be totally at the disposal of his victorious adversary. He was conquered, and the Muses deprived him of his eye-sight and his melodious voice, and broke his lyre. His poetical compositions are lost. Some accused him of having first intro- duced into the world the unnatural vice of which Sotades is accused. Homer. Jl. 2, V. £94. 1. 5, v. 599. — ApolLd. \, c. 3. — Odd. Amor. 3, el. 7, v. 62. Art. Am. 5, v. 399 Paus. 4, c. 33. Thajivris, one of the petty princes of tlie Dacfo, in the age of Darius, &c. A queen of the Massageta>. [^Vid. Thomyris.] — A Trojan killed by Turnus. Virg. ^En. 12, V. 541. Thapsacus, a city on the Euphrates. Thapsus, a town of Africa Propria, where Scipio and Juba were defeated by Cassar. Sil. 3, v. 261. — Lio. 29, c 30. I. 33, c. 48. A town at the north of Sy- racuse in Sicily. Thargelia, festivals in Greece, in honor of Apollo and Diana. They lasted two days, and the youngest of both sexes carried olive branches, on which were suspended cakes and fruits. Allien. 12. Thariades, one of the generals of An- tioc!ius, &c. Tharops, the father of OEager, to whom Bacchus gave the kingdom of Thrace, after the death of Lycurgus. Eiod. 4. Thasius, or Thrasius, a famous sooth- sayer of Cyprus, who told Busiris, king of Egypt, that to stop a dreadful plague which afflicted his country, he must offer a foreigner to Jupiter. Upon this the tyrant ordered him to be seized and sacrificed to the god, as he was not a native of Egypt. Ovid, de art. am. ': , V. 549. • A surname of Hercules who was worshipped at Tliasos. 761 Thasos, or Thasus, a small island in the jEgcan, on the coast of Thrace, opposite the mouth of the Nestus, anciently known by the name of yEria, Odonis, jEt/iria, Acte, Ogygia, Chryse, and Cerrsis. It received that of Thasos from Tliasus the son of Agenor. v/ho settled there when he despaired of finding his sister Europa. It was about 40 miles in circumference, and so uncommonly fruitful, that the fertility of Thasos became proverbial. Its wine was universally esteemed, and its marble quarries were also in great repute, as well as its mines of gold and silver. The capi- tal of the island was also called Thasos. Lie- 33, c. 30 & 55. — Herodot. 2, c. 44. — Mela. 2, c. 7. — Paus. 5, c. 25. — JElian. V. H. 4. Sec — Virg. G. 2, v. 91.— C. A^ep. Cim. 2. Thasus, a son of Neptune, who went witli Cad.Ttius to seek Europa. He built the town of Thasus in Thrace. Some make him bro- ther of Cadmus. Apollod. 3, c. I. TiiAuiiACi, a town of Thessaly on the Maliac gulf. Liv. 32, c. 4. Thadmantias, and Thaumantis, a name given to Iris, the messenger of Juno, be- cause she was the daughter of Thaumas, the son of Oceanus and Terra, by one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. Theog. — Virg. yEn. 9, V. 5. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 479. 1. 14, v. 845. Thaumas, a son of Neptune and Terra, who married Electra, one of the Oceanides, by whom he had Iris and the Harpyies, & c. Apollod. 1, c. 2. Thaujiasius, a mountain of Arcadia, on whose top, according to some accounts, Ju- piter was born. Thea, a daughter of Uranus and Terra. She married her brother Hyperion, by whom she had the sun, the moon, Aurora, &c. She is also called Thia, Titsea, Rhea, Tethys, &c. — — One of the Sporades. Theagenes, a man who made himself master of Megai-a, &c. An athlete of Thasos, famous for his strength. His father's name was Timosthenes, a friend of Hercules. He was crowned above a thousand times at the public games of the Greeks, and became a god after death. Paus. 6, c. 6 & 11. — Plut. A Theban officer, who distin- guished himself at the battle of Cheronsa. Plut. A writer who published commen- taries on Homer's works. Theages, a Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates. Plato. — ^Elian. V. H. 4, &c. Theangela, a town of Caria. The.\ko, the wife of Metapontus son of Sisyphus, presented some twins to her hus- band, when he wished to repudiate her for her barrenness. The children were educated with the greatest care, and some time after- wards, Theano herself became mother of twins. A\'hcn they were grown up, she en- couraged them to murder the supposititious children who were to succeed to their fa- ther's throne, in preference to them. They were TH TH vrere botli killed in the attempt, and tlie fa- ther, displeased with the toixliict of Theaiio, repudiated her to marr\- tlie mother of the children whom lie had long considered as his own. Hi/gin. fab. 186'. A daughter of Cijfieus, sister to Hfcuba, who married An- tenor, and was supposed to liave betrayed tlie Palladium to the Greeks, as she was priestess of Minervii. Homer. II. 6, v. '296. — Pa\i$. 10, c. -21. — Dictys Cret. .'>, c. S. One of the Danaides. Her husband's name was Phantes. Apollod. '2, c. 1. The wift of the philosopher Pythagoras, daii;'litcr of Py- thanax of Crete, or, according to others, of Urontinus of Crotona. Dio^- K, c. 4-. 'ITie daughter of Pythagoras. A poetess of Locris. A priestess of Athens, daughter of Mcnon, who refused to pronounce a curse upon Alcibiades when he was accused of having mutilated all the stnlnes of Mercury. riul. 'Hie mother of I'ausanias. She was the first, as il is rcjiorted. who brought a stone to the entrance of Minerva's temple, to shut up her son when slic hc«rd of liis crimes and perfidy to his country. I'l-lif- ttn, 8. \ daughter of .Scedasus, to whom some of the Laceda-monians offered violence at Leuctra. A Trojan matron, who be- came mother of IMimas by Amycus, the same night that Paris was born. 'V^. ..En. 10, V. 703. TnK,vNLM, a town of Italy. [Vid. Tc»- num.J TiiEARioAs, a lirotlier of J)ionysin« the elder. He was made admiral of his fleet. Ditxl. H. TjiEAHiis, a surn.-ime of Apollo at Tro.-- zone. Pa iLi. '2, c. ,5 1 . Theatetes, a Greek epigrammatist. TiiEn.v, or TnEM, a town of Cilicia. [ t'id. ThelMc.] TiiEa-E, (arum,) a celebrateig, became proverbial to express a man remarkable for stupidity and inattention. Tliis, however, was not literally true ; under Epaminondiis, the Tliebans, tliough before dependent, iKCime mxsters of Greece, and every thing was done according to their will and pleasure. When .Alexander invaded fJrcccc, be ordered Thebes to be totally de- 762 molished. because it had tevolted against '..i.', except the house where the poet Piji iar Ixad been born and educated. In this dread; .il period 6000 of its inhabiunts w ere slain, and 30,000 sold for slaves. Thebes waa after- wards repaired by Cassander, the son of Anti- pater, but it never rose to its original con- sequence, and Strabo, in his age, mentions it merely as an inconsiderable village. The mv- narchical government was abolished there at tiic death of Xanthus, about 1190 years bt- fore Christ, and Thebes became a republic It received its name from Thebe the daugh- ter of .\sopus, to whom the founder Am- pliion was nearly related. A]>iMod. 2, c. 4, &c. — ytela, 2, c. 3 Faus. 2, c 6. 1. 9, c. 5. — Strab. 9. — PliU. iu Pd. Flam. .J- AUx. — C Xqi. in Pel. Epam. ntp^ii, on account of its hundred gates, and Diospolis, as being sacn-dto Jupiter. In the time of its splendor, it extended above U.3 miles, an! upon any emergency could send into the field by each of its bundritl gates 20,000 fighfiii;.; men, and 200 chariots. 'ITiebes was ruined by Cambyses king of Persia, and few tracer of it were seen in the age of Juvenal. T^in. 5, c. 9 Jul. \5, V. \6.— TacU. Ann. 2. — Ilfr^-doi. 2 & 3. — Di.id. 2. — Homer. 11. 0. V. 381. —Strab. 17. — Mela, 1, c. 9. A town of .Africa, built by Bacchua. An- other in Tbesaaly. l.tr. 28, c. 7. ■ An- other in Ititliiotis. TuEaAis. a country in the southern part& of Egypt, of which ITiebes was the capital. 'lliere have been some poems which have Uiriie the name of Thebais but of these tlie only one extant is tlie 'lliebais of Statius. It gives an account of the war of the The- ba lis against the .Argives, in consequence of the di->st-nsion of Eteocle* with bis brother Polyniccs. The jxiet was twelve years in composing it. .A river of Lydia. — — A name given to a native of Thebes. TiiEBE, a daughter of the Asopus, who married Zethus. ApoUod. 3, c. 5. — Paus. 2, c. :'>. The wife of .Alexander, tyrant of Phera-. .She was persuaded by Pelopidas to murder her husband. Theia, a goddess. [Vid. Tlica-j Theias, a son of Belus, who had an inces- tuous intercourse widi his daughter Smyrna. THELEfHAssA, the sccoiid wife of Agmor, called also Telajihassa. Thzltv&x, a nvmph of Arcadia. [FW. Telpusa.] TuELXioK, a son of .Apis who conspired against his fatlicr who was king of Pelopon- nesus. Paui. 2. c. 5. — Ajftllod 2, c. 1. Thils TH TH Theixiope, one of the Muses, according to some writers. Cic. defin. Themenus, a son of Aristomachus, better known by the name of Temenus. Themesion, a tyrant of Eretria. Diod. 15. Themillas, a Trojan, &c. Virg. JEn. 9, V. 376. Themis, a daughter of Calus and Terra who married Jupiter against her own inclina- tion. She became mother of Dice, Irene, Eunomia, the Parcae and Horse ; and was the tirst to whom the inhabitants of tlie earth raised temples. Her oracle was famous in Attica in the age of Deucalion, who consulted it with great solemnity, and was instructed how to repair the loss of mankind. She was gene- rally attended by the seasons. Among the mo- derns she is represented as holding a sword in one hand, and a pair of scales in the other. OxM. Met. 1, V. 521. A daughter of Ilus who married Capys, and became mother of Anchises. Apottod.o, c. 12. Themiscyra, a town of Cappadocia, at the mouth of the Thermodon, belonging to the Amazons. The territories round it bore the same name. Themison, a famous physician of Laodicea, disciple to Asclepiades. He was founder of a sect called metliodists, because he wished to introduce methods to facilitate the learning and the practice of physic. He florished in the Augustan age. Pliri' 29, c. 1. — Juv. 10. One of the generals and ministers of Antiochus the Great. He was born at Cy- prus, ^lian. V. H.2, c. 41. Themista, or Themistis, a goddess, the same as Themis. Themistius, a celebrated philosopher of Paphlagonia in the age of Constantius, greatly esteemed by the Roman emperors, and called Euphrades, the fine speaker, from his elo- quent and commanding delivery. He was made a Roman senator, and always distin- guished for his liberality and munificence. His school was greatly frequented. He wrote when young, some commentaries on Aristo- tle, fragments of which are still extant, and 53 of his orations. He professed himself to be an enemy to flattery, aud though he often deviates from this genei-al rule in his addresses to the emperors, yet he strongly recommends humanity, wisdom, and clemency. The best edition of Themistius, is that of Harduin, fol. Paris, 1684. Themisto, a daughter of Hypseus, was the third wife of Athamas king of Thebes, by whom she had four sons called Ptous, Leu- con, Schoeneus, and Erythroes. She endea- voured to kill the children of Ino, her husband's second wife, but she killed her own by means of Ino, who lived in her house in the disguise of a servant maid, and to whom she entrusted her bloody intentions, upon which she destroyed herself. Paws. 9, c. 25. 763 —'Ai}oUod. 1, c. 9. A woman mentioned by Polyjenus. The mother of tlie poet Homer, according to a tradition mentioned by Pausanias, 10, c. 24. TuEMisTOCLEs, a celebrated general born at Athens. His father's name was Neocles, and his mother's Euterpe, or Abrotonum, a native of Halicarnassus, or of Thrace, or Acai'- nania. The beginning of his youth was marked by vices so flagrant, and an incli- nation so incorrigible, that his father disin- herited him. This, which might have dis- heartened others, roused the ambition of Themistocles, and the protection whicli he wijs denied at home, he souglit in courting the fa- vors of the populace, and in sh.iring the ad- ministration of public atl'airs. When Xerxes invaded Greece, Themistocles was at the head of the Athenian )'epublic, and in this ca- pacity the fleet was entrusted to his care. ^\^lile the Lacedemonians under Leonidas were opposing the Persians at Thermopylae. the naval operations of Themistocles, and of the combined fleet of the Peloponnesians were directed to destroy the armament of Xerxes, and to ruin his maritime power. The ob- stinate wish of the generals to command the Grecian fleet, might have proved fatal to the interest of the allies^ had not Themisto- cles freely relinquished his pretensions, and by nominating his rival Eurybiades master of the expedition, shown the world that his ambition could stoop when his country de- manded his assistance. The Persian fleet was distressed at Artemisium by a violent storm, and the feeble attack of the Greeks ; but a decisive battle had never been fought if Tliemistocles had not used threats and entreaties, and even called religion to his aid, and the favorable answers of the ora- cle, to second his measures. The Greeks, actuated by different views, were unwilling to make head by sea against an enemy whom they saw victorious by land, plundering their cities and destroying all by fire and sword, but before they were dispersed, Themistocles sent intelligence of their intentions to the Persian monarch. Xerxes, by immediately blocking them witli his fleet, in the bay of Salamis, prevented their escape, and while he wished to crush them all at one blow, he obliged them to tight for their safety, as well as for tlie honor of their countrj'. This battle, which was fought near the island of Salamis. B. C. 480, was decisive, the Greeks obtained the victory, and Themistocles the honor of having destroyed the formidable navy of Xerxes. Further to ensure the peace of his country, Themistocles informed the Asiatic monarch, that the Greeks>had conspired to cut the bridge which he had built across the Hel- lespont, and to prevent his retreat into Asia. This met with equal success, Xerxes hasten- ed away from Greece, and while he believ- ed on the words of Themistocles, that his return T H TH return would be dispuUnl, he l«l't hib force-. M'itliout a general, and his fleets an easy conquest to tlie victorious Greeks. . These signal services to Iiis countrj', endeared The- mLstocies to the Athenians, and he was uni> versally calleer in the city of Magnesia, where he had tixptl his residence, while in the , c. IS. 1. 15, c. 4a A writer, some of whose letters are exianL TioMisTocitjJEs, an historian of Syra- cuse, in the age of .\rt;ixcrxe-- I^Icmnon. 761 He wrote on tiic wars of Cyrus tJie yoimger, a subject ably treated afterwards by Xeno- phon. Theocles, an opulent citizen of Corinth, who liberally divided his riches among the poor. Thrasonidcs, a man equally rich with himself, followed the example. JElian. V. H. 11, c. 2-1. .\ Greek statuary. Pans. 6, c. 19. Theutli's, a Messenian poet and sooth- sayer, who died B. C. 671. Pauj. 4, c. 15, &c. THEoci.vMENt's, a soollisayfr of Argo- lis, ili'scended from Melampus. His father's name was Thestor. He foretold the speedy return of I'lysses to Penelope and Tcleina- chtis. Homer. Od. l.i, v. •2*J5, Sec. — Hygin. fab. I'JR. Theocritcs, a Greek poet who florished at SjTacuse, in Sicily, '-'82 B. C. His father's name was Praiagoras or Simichus. and his mother's Philina. He lived in the age of Ptolemy Philatlelphus, whose praises he sung, and w Ik)«* favors he enjoyed. The«>critus dis- tinguishexo«i. \i'>99 ; that of V'alkenaer. 8vo. L. Bat. I7.SI ; and that of Keiske, 2 vols. 4lo. Lips. 17!K). QuinttL lO, c. 1. — Laetl. 5. A Greek lli^torinn of Chios, who wrote an ac- count of Libya. I'lut. TiioiiA.MAs, or TmoDA.MAs, a king of Mysiii. in .Asia ."Minor. He was killeil by Hercules, be<'ause he refuseil to treat him and his son Hyllus witli hospitality. Ovui. in lb. V. 438. — ^j>oUo(i. 2, c. 7. — Hygin./ah. 271. TtironFrTKS, a Greek orator and poet of Ph.Tselis in Pamphylia, son of .Aristander, and disciple of Isocrates. He wroU.- .W irage, 1769 to 1774. Theodoritits, a Greek ecclesiastical his- torian, whose works have been best edited by Reading, fol. Cantab. 1720. Theodorus, a Syracusan of great autho- rity among his countrymen, who severely in- veighed against the tyranny of Dionysius. A philosopher, disciple to Aristippus. He denied the existence of a God. He was banished from Cyrene, and fled to Athens, where the friendship of Demetrius Phalereus saved him from the accusations which were carried to the Areopagus against him. Some suppose that he was at last condemned to death for his impiety, and that he di-ank poi- son. A preceptor to one of the sons of Antony, whom he betrayed to Augustus. A consul in the reign of Honorius. Claudian wrote a poem upon him, in which he praises him with great liberality A secretary of Valens. He conspired against the emperor, and was beheaded. ' A man who compiled an history of Rome. Of this nothing but his histoi y of the reigns of Con- stantine and Constantius, is extant. — — A comic actor. A player on the flute in tlie age of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who con- temptuously rejected the favors of Lamia the mistress of the monarch. A Greek poet of Colophon, whose compositions are lost. A sophist of Byzantium called Logodai- dalos by Plato. A Greek poet in the age of Cleopatra. He wrote a book of meta- morphoses, which Ovid imitated, as some suppose. An artist of Samos about 700 years B. C. He was the first who found out the art of melting iron, with which he made statues. A priest, father of Isocrates. A Greek writer, called also Prodromus. 'i"he time in which he lived is unknown. There is a romance of his composition ex- tant, called the amours of Rhodanthe and Dosicles, the only edition of which was by Gaulminus, 8vo. Paris, 1625. Theodosia, now Cafa, a town in the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Mda, 2, c. 1. Theodosiopolis, a town of Armenia, built by Theodosius, &c. Theodosius Flavil's, a Roman emperor sui-named Mafrjius, from the greatness of iris exploits. He was invested with the ini- ueri;ii purple by Gratiaii, and appoinled over 76 J I Thrace and the eastern provinces, which had been in the possession of Valentinian. The first years of his reign were marked by dif- ferent conquests over the barbarians. The Goths were defeated in Thrace, and 4000 of their chariots, with an immense number of prisoners of both sexes, were the reward of the victory. This glorious campaign intimi- dated the inveterate enemies of Rome ; they sued for peace, and treaties of alliance were made with distant nations, who wished to gain the favors and the friendship of a prince whose military virtues were so conspicuous. Some conspiracies were formed against the emperor, but Tlicodosius totally disregarded them ; and while he punished his competi- tors for tlie imperial purple, he thought him- self sufliciently secure in the love and the affection of his subjects. His reception at Rome was that of a conqueror ; he triumphed over the barbarians, and restored peace in every part of the empire. He died of a dropsy at Milan, in the 60th year of his age, after a reign of 16 years, the 17th of January, A. D. 395. His body was con- veyed to Constantinople, and buried by his son Arcadius, in the tomb of Constantine. Theodosius was the last of the emperors who was the sole master of the whole Ro- man empire. He left three children, Ar- cadius and Honorius who succeeded liim, and Pulcheria. Theodosius has been com- mended by ancient writers as a prince blessed with every virtue, and debased by no vicious propensity. Though master of the world he was a stranger to that pride and arro- gance which too often disgrace the monarch ; he was affable in his behaviour, benevolent and compassionate, and it was his v/ish to treat his subjects as himself was treated when a private man, and a dependant. Men of merit were promoted to places of trust and honor, and the emperor was fond of pa- tronizing the cause of virtue and learning. His zeal as a follower of Christianity has been applauded by all the ecclesiastical wri- ters, and it was the wish of Theodosius to support the revealed religion, as much by his example, meekness and Christian charity, as by his edicts and ecclesiastical institutions. His want of clemency, however, in one in- stance, was too openly betrayed, and when the people of Thessalonica hacl unmean- ingly, perhaps, killed one of his officers, the emperor ordered his soldiers to put all the inhabitants to the sword, and no less than 6000 persons, without distinction of rank, age, or sex, were cruelly butchered in that town in the space of three hours. This violence irritated the ecclesiastics, and Theodosius was compelled by St. Ambrose to do open penance in the church, and publicly to make atonement for an act of barbarity which had excluded him from the bosom of the church, and the com- TH TH munion of tlic faithful. In hi* private cha- racter 'nicaclosius was an example of sober- ness and temperance, his pakacn displayed bc- conn'n;4 (grandeur, but still with moderation. lie nt'vcr indulged luxury, or countenanced superfluities. He was fond of bodily exer- cise, and never gave himself up to pleasure and enervating cnjojTnents. The laws and rejfulafions which he introduced in the Ro- man empire, were of the most salutary na- tlirc. Socral. 5, ^c. — Zonm. 4, tjc. — ^//n- brns. — Augustin. — Claudian. ^-c. The 'id. succeeded his father Arcadius as em- peror of the western Roman empire, though only in the eighth year of his age. He was ;4overned by his sister Pulcheria, and by liis ministers and eunuchs in w-hose hands was the disposal of the oflices of state, and all places of trust and honor. He married Eudnxia, the daughter of a philosopher called Leontius, a woroaji remarkable for her vir- tues and piety. The territories ^{ Thco- dosius were invadc-d by the Persians, but the emperor soon appeared at the head of .1 numerous force, and the two l!o^•ile armies met on the frontiers of the empire. The consternation was universal on botli sides; without even a b.-ittic, the Persians fled, and no less than 1(X>,000 wire lost in the waters of the Euphrates. The<>dosiiis raised the siege of Nisibis where his operations failed of success and he averted the fury of the Huns and Vandals by bribes and promises. He died on the :,'!>th of July, in the 4901 year of his age, .\. I). -l.iO, .leav- ing only one daughter, Licinia Kudoxia, whom he married to the eminror N'alen- rinian jd. The carclessnc*; and inattention o£ Theodosius to publicaflkirs are wt-ll known. He sif^netl all the papers lliat were brought to him without even openint^ them or read- ing them, till his sister apprized him of his negligence, and rendered him more care- ful and diligent, by making him sign a paper, in which he deliverenician historian. One of the generals of .Vlexander. TnEocNiTEs, a Greek tragic poet. W- thiTi. TirrocKis, a Greek poet of Megara. who florished about 5-iO years before Christ. He wrote several poems of which only few sen- tences arc now extant. quotelie affairs at .\thens Sirab. M. A statu.-u-y of Sardinia. I'atis.ft. c. 1.1. An .■Athenian philosopher, among the followers of PLito's doctrines He had Brutus, Cjpsar's murderer, among his pupils ■ A painter. I'/m. 35. Throx, a philosopher, who used fre- quently to walk in his sleep. Diog. .\n lUitronumer of Smyrna, in the reign of Ad- rian. A painter of Samos jElian. r. 11. 3, c. 44. Another pliilosopher. IHi^si. An infajnous reviler. Horat. 1, e}>. 19. Theonoi, a (laughter of Tliestor, sister to Calchas. She was carried away by sea pirates, and sold to Icarus, king of ('aria. &c. Hvisirt. fah. 190. A daughter of Proteus and a Nereid who became enamoured ' of Canobus the pilot of a Trojan vessel. I &c. I TnEOPr, one of the daughters of I.eos Theopuane, a daughter of Bisaltus whom Neptune changed info a sheep, to remove her from her numerous suitors, and conveyed j»' the island Cnimissa. The pod afterward' assumed the shape of a ram, and under thi< tf.onsformation he had by the nymph a ram with TH TH with a golden fleece, which carried Phryxus to Colchis. Quid. Met. 6, v. 177. — Hi/gin. fab. 188. Theophanes, a Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He was very intimate with Pompey, and from his friendship with the Roman general, his countrymen derived many advantages. After the battle of Pharsalia, he advised Pompey to retire to the court of Egypt. Cic. pro Arch. &c. — Paterc. — Plut. in Cic. & Pomp. His son M. Pompeiiis Theophanes was made go- vernor of Asia, and enjoyed the intimacy of Tiberius. The only edition of Theo- phanes, the Byzantine historian, is that of Paris, fol. 1649. Theophania, festivals celebrated at Delphi in honor of Apollo. Theophilus, a comic poet of Athens. A governor of Syria in the age of Julian. A friend of Piso. A physician, whose treatise rfe f/rj/j is is best. edited by Guidotius, L. Bat. 1728, and another by Mor6ll, 8vo. Paris, 1556. One of the Greek fathers, whose work ad Autolycum is best edited in 13mo. by Wolf, Hamb. 1724. The name of Theophilus is common among the primitive Christians. Theophrastus, a native of Eresus in Lesbos, son of a fuller. He studied under Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, whose friendship he gained, and whose wannest commendations he deserved. His original name was Tyrtamus, but this the philosopher made him exchange for that of Euphrastus, to intimate his excellence in speaking, and afterw^ards for that of Theophrastus, which he deemed still more expressive of his eloquence, the brilliancy of his genius, and the elegance of his language. After the death of Socrates, when the malevolence of the Athenians droTe all the philosopher's friends from the- city, Theophrastus succeeded Aristotle in the Ly- ceum, and rendered liimself so conspicuous, tliat in a short time the number of his auditors was increased to two thousand. Not only his countrymen courted his applause, but kings and princes were desirous of his friendship : and Cassander and Ptolemy, two of the most powerful of the successors of Alexander, regarded him with more than usual partiality. Theophrastus composed many books, and Diogenes has enumerated the titles of above 200 treatises, which he wrote with great elegance and copiousness. About 20 of these are extant, among which are his history of stones, his treatise on plants, on the winds, on the signs of fair weather, &c. and his Characters, an excel- lent moral treatise, which was begun in the 99th year of his age. He died loaded with jrears and infirmities in the 107 year of hLs age, B. C. 288, lamenting the shortness of life, and complaining of the partiality of nature in granting longevity to the crow 767 and to the stag, but not to man. To his care we are indebted for the works of Aris- totle, wiiich the dying philosopher entrusted to him. The best edition of Theophrastus, is that of Heinsius, fol. L. Bat. 1613; and of his Characters, that of Necdham, 8vo. Cantab. 1712, and that of Fischer, 8vo. Coburg, 1765. Cic. Tusc. 5, c. 28. in Brut. c. 31. in Oral. 19, &c Strab. 13. — Diog. in vita. — Ailian. V. H. 2, c. 8. 1. 34, c. 20. 1. 8, c. 12.— Quintil. 10, c. 1 Plut. adv. colot. An officer entrusted with the care of the citadel of Corinth by Antigonus. FolycBji. Theopoi.emus, a man who, with his bro- tlier Hiero, plundered Apollo's temple at Del- phi, and fled away for fear of being punished. Cic. ill Verr. 5. Theopoi.is, a name given to Antioch, be- cause the Christians first received their name there. Theopompus, a king of Sparta, of tlie family of the Proclida;, who succeeded his father Nicander, and distinguislied himself by the many new regulations which he introduced. He created the Ephori, and died after a long and peaceful reign, B. C. 723. While he sat on the throne, the Spar- tans made war against Messenia. Phit. in Lye. — Paus. 3, c. 7. A famous Greek historian of Chios, disciple of Isocratcs, who florished B. C. 354. All his com- positions are lost, except a few fragments quoted by ancient writers. He is com- pared to Thucydides and Herodotus, as an historian, yet he is severely censured for his satirical remarks and illiberal reflec- tions. He obtained a prize in which his master was a competitor, and he was liberally rewarded for composing the best funeral oration in honor of Mausolus. His father'^ name was Damasistratus. Dionys. Hal. 1.* — Pint, in Lys. — C. Nep. 7. — Paus. G, c. 18, — Quintil. 10, c. 1 An Athenian, who attempted to deliver his country- men from the tyranny of Demetrius. Po- lyan. 5. A comic poet in the age of Menander. He wrote 24 plays, all lost. A son of Demaratus, who obtained se- veral crowns at the Olympic games. Pans. 6, c. 10. An orator and historian of Cnidus, very intimate with J. Cncsar. Strab. 14. A Spartan general, killed at tlie battle of Tegyra. A philosopher of Cheroniea, in the reign of the emperor Philip. Theophylactus Simocatta, a Byzan- tine historian, whose works were edited fol. Paris, ] 647. One of the Greek fa- thers who ilorishcd A. D. 1070. His works were edited at Venice, 4 vols. 1754 to 1763. TiiEORius, a surname of Apollo at Troe- zene, where he had a very ancient temple. It signifies clear-sighted. Thiotimus, T H TH Thf.otimus, a wrestler of Elis, in the age of Alexander. Paus. 6, c. 17 A Greek who wrote an history of Italy. Theoxesa, a noble lady of Thessaly who threw herself into the sea, when unable to escjpe from the soldiers of king Pliilip, who pursued her. Lir. 40, c. 4. Theoxknia, a festival celebrated in ho- nor of all the gods in every city of Greece, but especially at .\thens. Gaines were then observed, and the conqueror who obtained the prize, received a large sum of money, or according to others, a vest beautifully or- namented. The Dioscuri established a fes- tival of the same name, in honor of the god:> who had visited ttann at one of their enter- tainments. Theoxemis, a surname of Apollo. Theka. a daughter of Amphion and Ni- oje. llygin. ft!: 09. One of the Spo- rades in the iEgcan sea, anciently called Cal- iista, now Sanlortri. It was first inhabited by the Phccnicians, who were left there under -Membliares by Cadmus, whwi he went in • juest of hissister Europa. It wascalled Tliera by Theras the son of Autesion, who settled there witli a colony from Lacediienion. I'uut. ."5, c. l.-~Herodoi. 4. — Sirab. 8. A town of Caria. Therambus, a town near Pallene. Hero- dot. 7, c. 123. Theramenes, an Athenian philosopher :ind general in the age of Alcihiades. His father's name was Agnon. He was one of tiie 30 tyrants of Athens, but he had no share in the cruelties, and oppression which disgraced their administration. He was ac- cused by Critias. one of his colleagues, be- cau.sophcr Socrafe-». He drank llie poison with great composure, and poured some of it on the ground, with tlie sarca';tical exclamation of. This is In thr heulih of Critics. This happened about 404 yearn before the Christian era. Tlicramenes, on account of the fickleness of his dispo- Hitiou, has been called Ciihumus, a part of the dress used both by rr>en and women. O'-. dg Oral. 3, c. }6.—Flut. in Akih. Scc—C. Nt-p. THERArNE, or Terapse, a town of La- conia, at tlie west of the EuruUis, where Apollo had a temple called I'ha-I>eum. It wa^ but a very short distance from Laceda;- mo:i, and indeed feme authors have con- founded it with the capital of Laconia. It received its name from Therapne, a daugh- ter of Lelex. Castor and Pollux were Iwm there, snd on that account they are some- times called Therapnm fratres. Paus. 3, c. 14. -- Ovid. Fast. 5, t. '^23. —SU. 6, v. 30o. J. 8, v. 414. 1. 13, V. 43. — Liv. 2, c 16— Ihony^Hal. 2, C. 49 i'tal. 7, Thcb. ». 793. 768 Thzra!>, a son of Autesion of Laced»- laoii, who conducted a colony to Callista. to which he ga\e the name of Thera. He re- ceived divine honors after death. Paus. 3. c. 1 & 15. Thebjmachus, a son of Hetcules by Me- gara. AitoUod. 2, c. 4 & 7. TiiERipriDAs, a Lacedasmonian, iS:l. Diod. l.S. TiKRiTAs, a surname of ^lars in Lac>. - Ilia. Thebma, a town of .\frica. Sirabo A town of Macedonia, afterwards called ThessaLtnica, in honor of the wife of Cassan- der, and now SaJonichi. Tlie bay in tlu neighbourhood of Therraa is called Ther. vuFus, or Titt-rmaicus sinus, and advances fjr into the country, >o much, that Pliny lir^s named it Mac<:donu:i:J sinus, by way of emi- nence, to intimate its extent. Str::b. — Tiicr. Jni. 5, c. 10. — Herodi!. Tnz%yi.r., {baths) a town of Sicily, where were the baths of Selinus, now Sciaccn .Another near Panonniis, now T/ierminu Si'. 1 4, v. 25. — Cic. y,-r. J, c. 35. TiiERMonoN, now Ttrrmeli, a famous river of Cappadocia, in the ancient country of the •Amazons, falling into the Euxine sea nt-.i. Themiscyra. There was also a small riviT of the same name in Baotia, near Tanagra. which was aAerwards called H. \ town of ..Etolia, the ca{Mtal of tJie country. Therou.vhas, a king of Scythia, who. as some report fed lions witti liuman blood that they might bo nyjre cruul. Ovid. lb. 383. Thiroj*, II TH Therok, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who died 472 B. C He was a native of Bceotia, and son of jEnesidamus, and he married De- marete the daughter of Gelon of Sicily. He- rodot. 7. — Find. Olymp. 2. One of Ac- tseon's dogs. Ovid. A Rutulian who attempted to kill iEneas. He perished in the attempt. Virg. xEn. 10, v. 312. A priest in the temple of Hei'cules at Sagun- tum, &c. Sa. 2, V. 149. A Theban de- scended from the Spartae. Slct. Theb. 2, Y. 572. A daughter of Phylas beloved by Apollo. Faus. 9, c. 40. Therpander, a celebrated poet and mu- sician of Lesbos. [Firf. Terpander,] Thersander, a son of Polynices and Argia. He accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, but he was killed in Mysia by Telephus, before the confederate army reached the enemy's country. Virg. JE-w. % V. 261. — Apollod. 5, c. 7. A son of Sisyphus, king of Corinth. A musician of Ionia. TiiERsjLOCHUs, a leader of tlie Paeonians in tlie Trojan war, killed by Achilles. Virg. ^Eu. 6, V. 4 S3. A friend of TEneas, killed by Turnus. Id. 12, v. 365. An atldete at Corcyra, crowned at the Olympic games. Faus. 6, c. 13. Tni.Ksippus, a son of Agrius, who drove CEheus from the throne of Calydon. A man who carried a letter from Alexander to Darius. Curt. An Athenian author who died 954 B. C. ThersItes, an officer the most deformed and illiberal of the Greeks during the Trojan war. He v\ as fond of ridiculing his fellow- soldiers, particularly Agamemnon, Achilles, and Ulysses. Achilles killed him with one blow of his fist, because he laughed at his mourning the death of Penthesilea. Ovid, ex Font. 4, cl. 17, v. 15. — JpoUod. I, c. 8. — Homer. II. 2, v. 212, &c. Theseid^, a patronym.ic given to the Athenians from Theseus, one of dieir kings. Virg. G. 2, V. 385. Theseis, a poem written by Codrus. con- taining an account of the life and actions of Theseus, and now lost. Juv. I, v. 2. Theseus, a king of Athens, and son of ^geus, by iEthra, the daughter of Pittheus, was one of the most celebrated of t'.ie heroes of antiquity. He was educated at Trcezene iii the house of Pittheus, and as he was not publicly acknowledged to be the son of the king of Athens, he passed for the son of Neptune. When he came to years of ma- turity, he was sent by his mother to his father, and a sword was given him, by which he might make himself known to ^geus in a private manner. \_Vid. jEgeus.] His journey to Athens was not across the sea, as it was usual with travellers, but Theseus determined to signalize himself in going by land, and encountering difficulties. The road which led from Troezene to Athens 769 TH was infested with robbers and wild beasts, and almost impassable ; but these ob- stacles were easily removed by the cou- rageous son of yEgeus. He destroyed Corynetes, Synnis, Sciron, Cercyon, Pro- cuites, and the celebrated Phaa. At Athens, however, his reception was not cor- dial ; Medea lived there witli iEgeus, and as she knew that her influence would fall to the ground, if Theseus was received in liis father's house, she attempted to destroy him before his arrival was made public. iEgeus was himself to give the cup of poison to tliis unknown stranger at a feast, but tlie sight of his sword on the side of Theseus reminded him of his amours with ^thra. He knew luni to be his son, and the people of Athens were glad to find that this illustrious stranger, who had cleared Attica from robbers and pirates, was the son of their monarch. The Pal- lantides, who expected to succeed their uncle iEgeus on the throne, as he apparently had no children, attempted to assassinate The- seus, but they fell a prey to their own baibarity, and were all put to death by the young prince. The bull of Blaiathon next engaged the attention of 'J heseus. The labor seemed arduous, but he caught the animal alive, and after he had led it through the streets of Athens, he sacrificed it to Minerva, or the god of Delphi. After this Theseus went to Crete among the seven cliosen youths whom the Athenians yearly sent to be devoured by the Minotaur. The wish to deliver his country from so dreadful a tribute, engaged him to under- take this expedition. He was successful by means of Ariadne, the daughter of iWinos, who was enamoured of him, and after he had escaped from the labyrinth witli a clue of tliread, and killed the Minotaur, [Vid. Mino- taurus] he sailed from Crete witli the six boys and seven maidens, whom his victory had equally redeemed from death. In the island of Naxos, where he was driven by the winds, he had the meanness to abandon Ariadne, to whom he was indebted for his safety. The rejoicings which his return might have occa- sioned at Athens, were interrupted by the death of yEgeus, who threw himself into the sea when he saw his son's ship return with black sails, which was the signal of ill success. IVid. yEgeus.] His ascension on his fatJier b throne was universally applauded, li. C Va5j. The Athenians were governed with mildness, and Theseus made new regulations, and en- acted new laws. The number of the inhabit- ants of Athens was increased by tlie liberaliti' of the monarch, religious worship was at- tended with more than usual solemnity, a court was instituted which had the care of all civil affairs, and Theseus made the govern- ment democratical, while he reserved for liiin- self only the command of the -armies.. The fame which he had gained by his victories and 5 D policy TH TH policy, made bis alliance courted ; but l:*iri- thous, king of the Lapithse, alone uished to gain his friendship, by meeting him in the field of battle. He invaded the territories of Attica, and when The-.ous had morched out to meet him, the two enemies strucl: at the sight of each other, rushed between their two armies, to embrace one another in the most cordial and aifectionate manner, and from that time began liie most sincere and admired friendi>bip. which has become pro- verbial. Theseus was present at tlie nuptials of his friend, and was the mos( eager and courageous of tlic Lapithse, in tJie defence of Hippodamia and her female attendaiitii, agxinst ihe brutal attempts of the (\ntaurs. When I'irithous had lust HiiipiKlamia, he agreed with Theseus, whose wife Phaedra "us also dead, to carry away some of the daughters of the gods. Their first attempt was upon Helen, (he daughter of Leda, and after they had obtJiined this beautiful prize, they cast lots, and she became the property of Theseus. Tlie Athenian monarch entrusted her to the core of his mother .llthra, at Aphidnje, till she was of nubile years, but the resentment of Cuftoraiid Pollux soon obliged him to restore her safe into tlieir hands. Helen, before she reached Sparta, became mother of a daughter by Tlicseus, but this tradition, confinned by some ancient mythologists, is confuted by others, who attirm, that she was but nine yoars old when carriitl away by the two royal friends, and Ovid introduces her in one of his epistles, saying, Eici-pto rtdii jxiua timon- niliU. Some time after 'ijheseus assisted his friend in procuring a wife, and they both de- scended into the infernal regions to carry away Proserpine. Pluto, apprized of their in- tentions, stopped them. Pirithous was placed on his father's wheel, and Theseus was tietl to a huge stone on which he had sat to rest him- self. Virgil represents him in this eternal state of punishment repeating to the shades in Tartarus the v/ords of JMicitc juslUiutn montti, ^ 71011 temuiTt- divos- ApoUodorus, however, •nd others declare that he was not long de- tained in hell ; when Hercules came to steal the dog Cerberus, be tore liim away from the stone, but witli such violence, Uiat his skin was left behind. 'I"he same as&i.stancc was given to Pirithous, and the two friends re- turned upon the earth by tlia favor of Her- cules, and Uie consent of tlie infernal deities, not, however, widiout suffering tlie most ex- cruciating torments. During the captivity of Tlieseiis in tlie kingdom of Pluto, .Miu-s- theus, one of tlie descendants of Lretlithcu.s, ingratiated himself into the favor of the ]H>oplc of .Athens, and obtained the crown in prafcrence to tiie children of the alwcnt monarch. At his return 'Diescus attempted to eject the usurin-r, but to no purpose. UTie Athenians had forgotten his many ser- vices and he retired with great mortification to the court of Lycomcdes, king of the island 770 of Scyros. AfVer paying him much attention. Lycomedes. eitherjealous ofhis fame, (^ bribed by die pi e,sente of Mnestheus, carried him to a hio;li rock, on pretence of shewing him the ex- tent of bis dominions, and direw him down a deep precipice. Some suppose tliat Theseus inadvertently fell down tliis precipice, and that he was crushed to deadi without receiving any violence from Lycomedes. ITie children of Theseus, after the death of ^Inestheus, re- covered tlie Athenian throne, and that the me- mory of dieir father might not be without the honors due to a hero, they broughthis remains from Scyros, and gave them a magnificent burial. They also raised him statues and a temple, and festivals and games were publicly instituted to commemorate die actions of a hero who tiail rendered such services to the petipl» of .Athens. These festivals were stiiV celebrated with original solemnity in the age of Pausaniasand Plutan^ about I .'OO years after the death of 'llicseik.' I'he historians disagree from the poets in their a< counts about this hero, and they uU suppose, Uiat instead of attempting to carry away the wife of lluto. the two friends wished to seduce a daughter of .Aiduneus. kingof the Moloski. 'Iliis daughter, as they say, bore the name of Proserpine, aiul the dog which kept the gates of Uie palace w.is called Cerberus, and hence perliaps ariaet tho fiction of tlie poets. Pirithous was torn to pieces by the dog, but 'ITieseus was confined in prison, from wliencc he made hit oscape some time after by tlie aiksistancc of Hcrcule*. Some autliors place Theseus and his friend in the number of the .Argonauts, but they were both detained, either in the infernal regions, or in the country of the .Molos&i, in the time of Jason's expedition to Colchis. I'lui. invii4. — JjioUod. 3. — Ill/gin. fab. H& 79. — Pauf. I. c. ii, &c. — Ovid. Met. 7, v. 433. lb. 41?. Fai/. 3, V. 475 & -191. Heroid. — IJutL ) St 4. — Lvran. 2, v. 61 ^ Uomer. Od. 21, v. 293. Httiod. in Scut. Uerc. — jLlian. T. H- ^, c. 5. — Stat. Tkcb. 5,T. 432. — Prvjxri. 3. — Laclant. ad Tkeh. Stat. — rhilost. Iron. I . Flae. •-'. — ApoUon. I. — Virg. Aln. 6, v. 617. — Srnfca, in Htjrft'il. — Stat. AchiU. 1 . TtiitsiD.^, a name given to the poople- of Athens, because they were governed by Thoscu*. TiiE-sirxs, a patronymic applied to the children of Theseus, especially Hippolytus. Ovid. Urr. 4, v. 65. Thesmophora, a surname of Ceres, »m law-giver, in whose honor festivals were in- stituted called Thesm'jp/ioTvi. The Thwmo- phoria were instituted by Triptolemus, or ac- cording to some, by Orpheus, or the daugbten of Danaus. The grcaust part of the Grecian cities, especially Athens observed them with great solemnity. The worshippers were free- born women, whose husbands were obliged to defray the cxpences of the festival. I'Hiey werv a5«isted by a priest called rif«"f «(•(> becauee he carried a cro^n on bis head. There were ab» TH TH albo certain' virgins who officiated, and were laaintained at the public expence. The free- born women were dressed in white robes to intimate their spotless innocence ; they were charged to observe the strictest chastity during three or five days before the celebration, and during the four days of the solemnity; and on that account it was usual for them to strew their bed with agnt's castas, jleabane, and all such herbs as were supposed to have the power of expelling all venereal propensities. They \yere also charged not to eat pomegranates, or to wear garlands on their heads, as the whole was to be observed with the greatest signs of seriousness and gravity, without any display of wantonness or levity. It was however usual to jest at one another, as the goddess Ceres had been made to smile by a merry expression when she was sad and melancholy for the recent loss of her daughter Proserpine. Three days were required for the preparation, and upoti the 1 1 th of the month called Pyanep- sion, the women went to Eleusis, carrying l)Ooks on their heads, in which the laws which the goddess had invented were contained. On the nth of the same month the festival ijegan, on the 1 6th day a fast was obsei-ved, and the women sat on the ground in token of humiliation. It was usual during the festival to offer prayers to Ceres, Proserpine, Pluto, and (alligenia, whom some suppose to be the iiurse or favorite maid of the goddess of corn, or perhaps one of her surnames. There were some sacrifices of a mysterious nature, and all persons whose offence was small were released from confinement. Such as were initiated at the festivals of Eleusis assisted at the Thesmophoria. The place of high priest was hereditary in the family of Eumolpus. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 431. Fast. 4, T. 619. — ApoLlod. 1, c. 4 Virg. JEn. 4, v. 5S.—Siip'wd. in (Edip. Col. — Ciem. Alei. The iMOTHETvK, a name given to the last six Arclions among the Athenians, because they took particular care to enforce the laVvs, and to set' justice impartially administered. They were at that time nine in number. Thkm'ia. now N,'ocon«, a town of Boeotia, at the foot of mount Helicon, which received its nanv from Thespia, the daughter of Aso- pus, or from Thespius. Flin. 4, c. 7. — Paus. 9, c. -^H. — Strab. 9. Thespiab^, the sons of the Thespiades. [Vid. l^espius.] Thespiades, a name given to the 50 daughters of Thespius. \Vid. Thespius.] IHad. ;. — Seneca, in Here. (Et. 569. — Also a surname of the nine muses, because they were held in great veneration in Thes- pia. Flncc. 2, v. 368. — Olid. Met. J, v. 310. Thesws, a Greek poet of Attica, supposed by some to be the inventor of tragedy, .;5ti years W fore C hrist. His representations were \tty rustic and imperfect. He went from 1 town to town upon a cart, on which was erec^- I 771 ed a temporary stage, where two actors, who=;e faces were daubed with the lees of wine, enter- tained the audience with choral songs, &c. Solon was a great enemy to his dramatic re- presentations. Horat. Art. P. -JIG. — Biog. THEFri s, a king of ITiespia, in Bceotia, son of Erochthtus, ac^-ording to some authors. He was desirous that nis fifty daughters should havo children by Hercules, and therefore when that hero was at his court he permitted him to enjoy their company. This, which, accord- ing to some, was efliected in one niglit, passes for the IJth and most arduous of the labors' of Hercules, as the two following lines from' the arcana arcunissima indicate : Tcrtiiis hinc decini us labor est diirissi??! us, h«cJ Quini^ua'^intu sliind stupravir Hoclt" puellos. All the daughters of Thespius brought male children into the world, and some of them twins, purticularly Procris the eldest, and the youn^fsf,. Some suppo e that one of the Thespiaotis, and Phthiotis, to which some add Magnesia. It has been severally called yEmonta, Idusgicum, Argos, Hellas, Argt'ia, Drtjojis, I'dasgia, Pyrrhaa, yEmalhia, &c. The name of ITies- salia is derived from Thessalus, one of its monarchs. Thessaly is famous for a deluge which happened there in the age of Deucalion. Its mountains and cities are also celebrated, such as Olympus, Pelion, Ossa, Larissa, &c. 'llie Argonauts were j.artly natives of Thes- saly. 'Ihe inliabitr.r.tb of the country passed for a treacherous nation, so that false money was called Thessalian coin, and a perfidious ? D 5; ^tion, T H T H action, Tlicbaliaa deceit. Thessaly was go- vernL^il by kings till it became subject to the Mattclonian monarchs. The cav-alry was universally estec:nc'ant of Mentor, of Sidon, in tlie age of Artixerxcs Ochiis, &c. Dui'I. IS. Thessaliotis, a part of lliesi^Iy a: the south of the river Peneus. THi:ssAix)!alonica. the wife of Cassander. According to ancient wriu-rs it was once \ery powerful, and it still continues to l>c a place eX note. Strab. 7. — Dionys. — Cic- in Ih*. c 17. — Liv. 29. c. 17. I. 40, c. 4. 1. 44. c. 10 & 4.1. — ^fela, 2, c 3, A daugh- ter of rhilip, king of Macedonia, liwter to Alexander the Gieat. She married Cassan- der, by whom she hat! a son called Anlipater, who put lier to death. Piius. 8, c. 7. Tiitss.vLus, n son of .tmon. .\ son of Hercules and Calliope, daughter of Euryphi- lus. 'I'hessaly receiveil its name from one oftlies<-. yli'oUod. 2. — Dicli/t i'rrt. 2. A physician who invitcc mysteries of Ceres. A son of Pisiv- Ixatus. — — A plaver in the age of Alexander. Thestai.is, a son of Hercules and Epi- costc Jji^tLod. 2, c. 7. TiiFsTr, a sister of Dionysius the elder, tyrant of Syracuse. She married Philoxenus, and was greatly esteemed by tlic Sicilians. TiiKSTiA. a town of .Etolia, between the Evcnus and .Vchelous. Polyb. 5. THEsTiAn.K & THtSTiiBt*. [ Tirf. Thes- piad.T & 'ITjcjipiades. ] TwEsTiin.*, tlic sons of Thesliu.*, Tox- eus and Plexippu*. On/. Met. S. v. 286. 'Iiu.sTiAs, a patronymic of .Mthca, daughter of 'nicstiw^. OriiL Md. fi. TjitsTis, a fountain in llic country of Cjrreno. Thkstiis, king of Pleuron, and son of Partliaon, was father to Toxens, Plexippus and Altha-a. .\ king of 'nu-spia. [\'i'l. The.-.pius.] The sons of lliestius called Thratiiida;, were killed by Meleagcr at tlie chase of the Calydonian boar. .l^ioHnri. 1, o. 7 Thkstor, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, father to Calchas. From hipi Calchas is often 773 called TkeiUmdn. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 19. — Stat. 1, Ach. V. 497. — Aixdlon. 1, v. 259 lloiner. II. 1, V. 69. TursTvi.is a country woman mentioned in Tlieocritus and Virgil. THrTi^ one of the sea deities, daughter of Kerens and Doris, often confounded with Tethys her grandmother. " .She was courted by Neptune and .lupiter; but when tlie gods were informed that tlie sun she sliould brin^ forth nnist become greater than his father, tlieir addresses were stopped, and Peleus, tlie son of .Eacus, was permitted to solicit her hand. Thetis refused him. but the lover had the artitice to catch her when asleep, and by bintling her strongly, he prevented her from escaping from liis grasp, in asauming different forms. When ITictis found that she couhl not elude tlie vigilance of hei lover, she coiis«MUed to marry him. thougii much against her imlination. 'Ilieir nuptials were celebrate which she haii promis4.-d him. When Achlilisvtas killed by Paris. Thetis issued out of ilie sea \«ith the NereiiU^s to mourn hi* death, and after she hod collected hui aslies in a golden urn, she raised a monument to his memory, and instituted festivals in his honor. Hrtifxl'. Tluog. V. 244, &c. — ApoUod. 1, c. 2 & 9. 1. 3. c. 13. — Hifgi>ufab. 54. — Homer. II. 1, &.C. Od. 24, V." .6.7. — Paut. 5, c- 18, Ac. — Ond. Met. W. fib. 7. I. 12, fab. 1, Sec. Tun Tis, or TriTiiis. a prince of a town of the same name in .\rcadia, who went to the Trojan war. I le quarrelled w ith Agamemnoc at .\ulis, and when Minerva under the fomt of INIelas son of Ops attempted to paciff him. he stnick thcgoddcss and returned home. .Some say that tlicgotldess aftcrv*-ards appeared to hiiii and showed him tlie wound which he had given her in the thigh, and that he died soon after. Paiu. 8. c. 2M. Tkia, the mother of the sun, moon, and .\urora. by Hyperion. [>V. Thca.] HttiA. Tkcog. TH TH Theog. r. 371. One of the Sporades, that rose out of the sea in the age of Pliny. Plin. 27, c. 12. Thias, a king of Assyria. Thimbron, a Lacedasmcnian, chosen ge- neral to conduct a war against Persia. He was recalled, and afterwards re-appointed. He died B. C. 591. Diod. 17. A friend of Harpalus. Thiodamas, the father of Hylae. [Vid. Theodamus.] Thirmidia, a town of Nuniidia where Hiempsal was slain. Sal. Jug. 2. Thisbe, a beautiful woman of Babylon. IVid. Pyramus. ] A town of Boeotia, be- tween two mountains. Paus. 9, c. 32. Thisias, a Sicilian wTiter. Thisoa, one of the three nymphs who fed Jupiter in Arcadia. She built a town which bore her name in Arcadia. Paus. 8, c. 38. Thistie, a town of Boeotia. Plin. 4, c. 7. Thoantium, a place on the sea coast at Rhodes. Thoas, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in the age of Orestes and Pylades. He would have immolated these two celebrated strangers on Diana's altars, according to the barbarous customs of the country, had they not been delivered by Iphigenia. [FifZ^ Iphigenia.] According to some, Tlioas was the son of Borysthenes. Ovid. Po7it. 3, el. 2. A king of Lemnos, son of Bacchus and Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, and husband to Myrine. He had been made king of Lem- nos by Khadamanthus. He was still alive when the Lemnian women conspired to kill all the males in the island, but his life was spared by his only daughter Hipsipyle, in wliose favor he had resigned the crown. Hipsipyle obliged her father to depart se- cretly from Lemnos, to escape from the fury of the women, and he arrived safe in a neigh- iiouring island, which some call Chios, though many suppose that Thoas was assassinated by the enraged females before he had left Lem- nos. Some mythologists confound the king of Lemnos ■^^•ith that of Chersonesus, and suppose that they were one and the same man. According to their opinion, Thoas ■ras very young when he retired from Lem- nos, and after that he went to Taurica Cher- sonesus -w here he settled, place. 8, v. 208. — Hygin. fab. 74, 120. — Ovid, in Jb. 384. Heroid. 6, v. 1 14. — Slat. Theb. 6, v. 262 & 486 Apollon. Rhod. 1, v. 209 & 615 jipollod. 1, c. 9. 1. 3, c. 6. — Eurip. in Iphig. — — A son of Andremon and Gorge, the daughter of QEneus. He went to the Trojan war with 15 or rather 40 ships. Homer. II. 2, &c. — Ihctys Crct. 1 Hygin. fab. 97. \ famous huntsirvan. Diod. 4. A son of icarius. Jpnllod. 5, c. 10 A son of Jason and Hipsipyle queen of Lemnos. Stat. Theb. 6, V. 342. ■ ■ A son of Ornytion, grandson 775 of Sisyphus. A king of Assyria, father of Adonis and Myrrha, according to Apnl- lod. 3, c. 14. A man who made himself master of Miletus. An officer of ^tolia, who strongly opposed the views of the Ro- mans, and favored the interest of Antiochus, B. C. 193. One of the friends of ^neas in Italy, killed by Halesus. Virg. JEn. 10, V. 415. Thoe, one of the Nereides. Hcsiod. Th. 245. One of the horses of Admetus. One of the Amazons, &c. Val. Fl. 6, V. 576. Tholus, a town of Africa. Thomtuis, called also Tamyris, Tameris, Thamyris and Tomeris, was queen of the Massageta;. After her husband's death she marched against Cyrus, who wished to in- vade her territories, cut his army to pieces, and killed him on the spot. The barbarous queen ordered the head of the fallen monarch to be cut off and thrown into a vessel full of human blood with the insulting words of satia te sanguine quern sitisli. Her son had been conquered by Cyrus before she marched herself at the head of her armies. Herodot. 1, c. 205. — Justin. 1, c. 8. — Tibull. 4, el. 1, V. 143. Thon, an Egyptian physician, &c. Thonjs, a courtezan of Egypt. Thoon, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 259. One of the giants who made war against Jupiter. Apollod. 1, c. 6. Thoosa, a sea nymph, daughter of Phor- cys, and mother of Polyphemus, by Nep- tune. Hesiod. Theog. v. 236. — Homer. Od. 1, v. 71. TiiooTES, one of the Grecian heralds. Thoranius, a general of Metellus, killed by Sertorius. Plut. Thorax, a mountain near Magnesia in Ionia, where the grammarian Daphitas was suspended on a cross for his abusive language against kings and absolute princes, whence the proverb cave a Thorace. Slrab. 14. — — A Lacedaemonian officer who served under Lysander, and was put to death by the Ephori. Plut. in Lys. A man of Larissa, who paid mvich attention to the dead body of Antigonus, &c. Plut. in Lys. S(c. Thoria lex, agrnria, by Sp. Thorius, the tribune. It ordained that no person should pay any rent for the land which he possessed. It also made some regulations about grazing and pastures. Cic. in Jirut. Thornax, a mountain of Argolis. It re- ceived its name from Thornax, a nymph who became mother of Buphagus, by Japetus. The mountain was after wai-ds called Coccygia, because Jupiter changed himself there into a cuckoo. Paus. 8, c. 27. Thorsus, a river of Sardinia. Pcnts. 10, ' c. 17. Thoth, an Egyptian deity, the same as Mercury, ^ 3 D 3 Thou5» T H 1 II Tmoui, a Trojan thief, it:. One of (power in the JEgcun, and on the roa*t cf ■ A name Actcoi Thrack, a daughter of Titan. of ITirice. [ Vid. Thracia. ] Thiiaces, liiL inhabitanu of Thrace. [Fid. Thracia. J Thracia, a large country of Europe, at Asia. After he had gained many advantagcn. thi-. great man «a. killed in hih camp by the inIiiU>itant^ of Aspendus, whom l]i>> suldiers had plundered without his knowlt-dge, H. C. 301. JMod. 14. — C. A'.;). iVi lUd. ~Cu: I'hii. — VuL Max. 4, c. 1 A tyrant of Mile- the south of .Scythia, bounded by mount Ha-- tus li. C. 634. A soothsayer dei>ccnded mus. It liad tlie -Egcan sea on the south, on I from AjmjMo. Paus. 6, c. 'J. A wn of the west .Macedonia and the river Stryinon, I Gelon, b;inj-.he«J from Syracuse, of which he and on theea.st the Euxine sea. tlic Propontis, I was tlie tyrai t. I}. C. 46fi An Athenian and tJic Hellespont. Its northern l>oundarics extended as far as the Isier, according to I'lioy and otherji. The 'Iliracians were looked upon as a cruel and barliarous nation ; they u t-re naturally brave .and warlike, .addicted to drink- ing and venereal pUasures, and th«.y sacrificed without the smallest humanity their enemies on the idiars of their gods. Their government was originally monarchical, and divided among a numln-r of independent princes. Tlirace is barren as to its voil. It received its name from Thrax, the son of ."Mars, the chief deity of tlie country. 'Jlie first inhabiuints lived upon plunder, and on the milk and flesh of hli^ep. It fonns now tlic province of Romania. Ile- rodut. i, c. 99. 1. 5, C. 3. — Strab. I, &c t'irff. ^r.n. 3, &c. — .Vffci, 2, c. 2. &c J'aus. U, c. 29, Sic. — OivL M,i. 1 1, ». 92. J. 13, V. 565, &c. — C. Sep. in Ale. 1 1. Thka( in.K, an illu0 tyrants of his country though he was only assisted by 30 •f his IVii nds. His efl'orfs were attended with success. H. C. 4()l, and the only reward he received for tliii, patriotic action was a cn^wn made with t»o twi^s of an olive branch ; a proof of his own disinlerestwlness and if the ▼irtiies of his countrymen. 'ITie .Athenians employcfl a man whose abilities and humnnity were so conspiomus, and 'Ilirasybuhis was | acusT jetit widi a powerful fleet to tccovcr their lost 774 in the amjy of the Persians who supported the siege of Halicarna.ssus THRAfcVDj;: s a king of Thessaly, &c. Thkasvll 8, a man of Attica, so dis- ordered in his mind tliat he believed all the ships which entered t!ic ''ira-us to be his own. He was cu: -d by nnun-, of his brother, whom he liberally reproaclnd for depriving him oi iliat happy illusion of niincL .'Elvm. V. II. 4, c. 2J. A general of the .-Vthe- nians in the age of .Mcibiades, with whom he obtained a victorj- over the Persiaiis. Thu- (yd. 8. A Greek Pjthagorejii philoso- )>her and mathematician, who enjoyed the favors and the friendship of Augustus and Tiberius. Stul. in Tib. 'i'iiRAsvMA< MI'S, a native of Cinliage who became tlie pupil of Isucrates and of Plato. Though he was a public teacher at Alliens, he surged for want of bread, ami at last hanged himself Jui: 7, v. 'AJ4. A man who abolished democracy at Cums. Anst. Pot. -,. c. .5. TuRASYMrnKs, a son of Nctor, king cf Pyios by Anaxibia, the daugnter of Uiaj. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during liie Trojan war. t/vjt'i./ub. 27. — Pnu.'.. 2, c. 26. ■ ■■ A >oii of Pbiloinclus, who carrii-d away a daughter of Pi«istTStus whom be married. Po/i/ikm's. • lake of Italy near Peru- sium, celebrated for a battle fought there between Aniiibal and the Romans under Flaminiii*. B. C 217. No les* than Ij.OOrj Romans were left dead on the field of battle, and lO.iXX) taken prisoners or according to Li»y6000. or Polybius 15,000 The li>ss of .\iinibal was about 1500 men. About 10,01)0 Romans nituie tlieur escape all cohered with wouodk This lake is rK>w called tlie lake of Verti^n. Strab. 5. — Olid. Fast. 6 v. 765. — Vlut. THRruirs, of Tlirare. Orpheus is called by way of eminence Tbrfu.iut Sacmlos. Firg. AUn. 6, T. 645. TMarissA, an cpitliet applied to Harpalyce, a native of 'llirace. I'irfi. jf^n. I, v. .310. THHEi-siPrAk, a son of Hercules .*nd -Pa- ru>pe. Apo/Lul. Thrja.mbi 8, one of the surnames of Bar* chus. Thromi"m, a town cf Phocis where the lioogrius falls into the sea, in the Sinus Mali- Ui: ."id, c. 20. — Strab. 9. — Plitt. 4, — .^nether of Thwptotia. Tl»»Tt)?i, TH TH Thrton, a town of Messenia, near the Alpheus. St7-ab. 8. — Homer. 11. 2. Thryus, a town of Peloponjiesus, near Elis. Thucydides, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Athens. His father's name was Olorus, and among his ancestors he reck- oned the great Miitiadcs. His youtli was distinguished by an eager desire to excel in the vigorous exercises and gymnastic amuse- ments, which called the attention of his con- temporaries, and when he had reached the years of manhood, he appeared in the Athe- nian armies. During the I'eloponnesian war he was commissioned by his countrymen to relieve Amphipolis ; bnt the quick march of Brasidas, tlie Lacedaemonian general, de- feated his operations, and Thucydides, un- successful in his expedition, was banished from Athens, lliis happened in the eighth year of this celebrated war, and in the place of his banishment the general began to write an impartial history of the important events which had happened during his administra- tion, and which still continued to agitate the several states of Greece. This famous his- tory is continued only to the 21st year of the war, and tlie remaining part of the time till the demolition of the walls of Athens, was described by the pen of Theopompus and Xenophon. Thucydides wrote in the Attic dialect, as possessed of more vigor, purity, elegance, and energy. He spared neither time nor money to procure authentic mate- rials ; and the Athenians, as well as their enemies, furnished him with many valuable communications, which contributed to throw great light on the different transactions of the war. His history has been divided into eight books, the last of which is imperfect, and supposed to have been written by his daughter. The character of this interesting history is well known, and the noble emula- tion of the writer will eter be admired, who shod tears when he heard Herodotus re- peat his history of the Persian wars at the pubhc festivals of Greece. Ulie historian of Halicamassus has been compared with the son of Olorus, but each has his peculiar excellence. Sweetness of style, grace, and elegance of expression, may be called the characteristics of the former, while Thucy- dides stands unequalled for the fire of his de- scriptions, the conciseness, and at the same time, the strong and energetic matter of his narratives. His relations are authentic, as he himself was interested in the events he mentions ; his impartiality is indubitable, as he no where betrays the least resentment against his countrymen, and the factious par- tisans of Cleon, who had banished him from Athens. Many have blamed the historian for the injudicious distribution of his subject, and while, for the sake of accuracy, the whole is divided into summers and winters, the thread of the history is intemtpted, tho scene continually shifted ; and the reader, unable to pursue events to the end, is trans- ported from Persia to Peloponnesus, or from the walls of Syracuse to the coast of Corcyra. The animated harangues of Thucydides have been universally admiied ; he found a model in Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed the original; and succeeding historians have adopted, with success, a peculiar mode of writing which introduces a general address- ing himself to the passions and feelings of his armies. The history of Thucydides was so admired, that Demosthenes, to perfect him- self as an orator, transcribed it eight differ- ent times, and read it with such attention, that he could almost repeat it by heart. Thucydides died at Athens where he had been recalled from his exile, in his 80th year, 591 years before Christ. The best editions of Thu- cydides are those of Duker, fol. Amst. 1 731 ; of Glasgow, 1 2mo. 8 vols. 1 759 ; of Hudson, fol. Oxon. 1796, and the 8vo. of Bipont. 1788. Cic.de Orat. &c. — Diod. 12. — Dionys. Hal. de Tliuc. —jElian. V. H. 12, c. SO. — QuintU. A son of Milesias, in the age of Pericles. He was banished for his opposition to the measures of Pericles, &c. Thuisto, one of the deities of the Ger- mans. Tacit. Thule, an island in the most northern parte of the German ocean, to which, on account of its great distance from the continent, the an- cients gave the epithet of ultima. Its situ- ation was never accurately ascertained, henc« its present name is unknown by modern histo- rians. Some suppose that it is the island now called Iceland or part of Greenland, whilst others imagine it to be the Shetland isles. Slat. 3, Si/l. 5, V. 20.— Strab. I. — Mela, J, c. 6. — Tacit. Ag,ric. 10. — Plin. % c. IS. 1. 4, c. 16. — Virg. G. l,v. 50. — Juv. 15, v. 112. Thuri^, — II or IL M, a town of Lucania in Italy, built by a colony of Athenians, near the ruins of Sybaris, B. C. 444. In the num- ber of this Athenian colony were Lysias and Herodotus. Sirab. 6. — Plin. 12, c. 4. — Mela, 2, c. 4. A town of Messenia, Pans. 4, c. 31. — Strab. 8. Thurinus, a name given to Augustus vrfaen he was young, either because some of bia progenitors were natives of Thurium, or be- cause they had distinguished themselves there. Sueton. Aug. 7. Thuscia, a country of Italy, the ta&& as Etruria. {f^id. Etruria.] Thya, a daughter of the Cephisus. A place near Delphi. ThyXoes, {sing. Thyas,) a name of tli« Bacchanals. They received it from Thyas, daughter of Castalius, and mother of Delphui by Apollo. She was the first woman who was priestess of the god Bacchus. VWg. ^n. 4, V. 302. — Pans. 10, c. 4. Thyamis, a river of Epirus falling ilMb the Ionian aeo. Pans. 1, c. 11. — Cic. 7, Alt. 2. 3 D 4 Thyana, TH TH Tktana, a town of Ca])padocia. Si rah. Thtatika, a town of Lydia, now .■^kuar. l.iv. 37, c. 8 & 4-1. Thtbabni, a people near Sardes. Jlutd. 27. . Thy£sta, a sister of Dionysius thj tyrant of Syracuse. TiiYESfEs, a son of Pelops and Hippo- dainia, and grandson of Tantalus debauched /Erope, tiie wife of his bntlier Atreus because lit refused to tal:e him as bis col- lenf^ue on tlie throne of Argos. This was no sooner known, tlian Atreus divoreed .^ro])*, and banii.hed 'J'hycitcs from his kin>;doiTi; but soon after, tlie more effectually to punish liis infidelity, he expre^-.ed a wish to be re- conciled to Lim, and recalled him to Argos. 'Ihjotes was receivetl by his brother at iin elegant entertainment, luit be was soon in- formed that he bad been fi-ediiijj uixin the flesh of one of bis own ebihiren. 'i'bis Atreus took care to comnuinicatc to him by showinjj him the remains of his son"-- bcnly. This action appeared so bari)ari)us, tlial, ac- cording to the ancient mythologists, the sun changed bis usual course, not to l>e a spectator of so bloody a scene. Tbyestes esi-aped from his brother, and tied to I'pirus. Some time after he met his diugliter IViopea in a grove sacred to Alinerva, and be offered her vio- lence without knowing who she was. 'I'bis incest, however, according to some, was in- tentionally conuniited by tiie father, as he hwl been told by an oracle, that the inju- ries he had receivt-d from .\treus would be ^avenged by a son born from Iiimsflf and I'e- lopea. The daughter, pregnant by her fa- ther, was scci» by her uncle Atreus ami mairied, and soine time after she brought into tlie world a son, whom she expo>ed in the woods. The life of the child waN pre- served by goats; he was called A^gysthu^, and presented to his mother, and eilucated in the family of Atreus. When grown to years of maturity, tlie mother gave her sou ^Lgysthus a suord, which she had taken I'rom her unknown ravisher in the gro>e of Minerva, with hopes of discovering who he was. Meantime .Vtreus, intent to punish his brodier, sent .Agamemnon and ."Menelaus to pursue him, and when at last they found him, he was dragged to Argos, and thrown int>.) a clo>e prison. .llgysUms was went to murder 'llnVstes but tlie father recollected the sword, which was raised to slab him, and a few questions convinced him that bis assassin was his own son. Pelopea was pre- sent at this discovery, and when sJie found that she had committed incest with her father, she asked .i^gysilms to examine the sword, and iimnedi.ilfly plunged it into hir own breast. . .Egysthus rushed from tlie prison to Atreus, with tlie bloody weapon, and mur- dered him near an altar, as he wished to offer tliunks to the gods on the supposed death of Tbyestes. At thedca'.li of Atreus, Thv- 776 esles was placed on his brother's throne by -Kgysthus, from which he was soon after driven by Agamemnon and Menelaus. He retired frotn Argos, and was banished into the island of C'ylliera by Agamemnon, where he dietl. JpuUod. 'i, c. 4. — Sophocl- in Ajac. — Z/yifi/i. fab. 86, &c. — Ovid, in lb. 359. — I.iican. 1, V. 544. 1. 7, v. 451. — Senfc. in T/ijysl. Tnv.MBRA, a small town of Lydia near Sardi's, celebrated for a battle which was foutriit there between Cyrus and Croesus, in which the latter was defeated. ITie troops of Cyrus amounti'd to 1 !)6,(XX1 men, besides chariots, and those of Croesus were twice as numerous. A pLiin in Troas, through which a small river, called Thymbrius, falls in its course to the .Seamander. .A|>ollo had ther« a temple, and from thence be is cal led Thi/m- breeuf. .\chilles was killed there by Paris, according to some. Strab. 13. — Stcl. 4. S>/l. 7, V. '2'2. — Dutt/s Crct. '2, c. 52. 1. 2. c I . ThtmbujF.cs, a surname of Apollo. I'irs. r;. 4, V. 323. ^n.3, v. 85. [Tk/. Thymbra. ] Tmtmbris, a concubine of Jupiter, said to be mother of Pan. Ajmlljd. A foun- tain and river of Sicily. Tluoc. \; v. 100. Thtm-irok. [Vid. Tliimbron.] Thvmfle, a celebrate.. TiivMdTFs, a king of .Athens, son of Oxinthas, tJie last of the descendant-^ of Theseus, who reigned at .Athens. He was depo-.etl because he refused to accept a chal- lenge sent by Xaiithu>.kiiigof Uffiotia, and whs succeeiletl by a Messcnian, B. C. 1 1 iJS, who repaired Uie honor of .Athens by figlrting the Uainian king. Plius. -', c. 1 S. .A 'i'rojan prince, » hose wife and son were put to dcatli by order of I'riam. It was to revenge tiie king's cruelty that ho persuaded his country- men to bring the wooden horse within tlicir city. He was son of Laomedon, according to some. Vir<;. jKn. 2, v. 3 J. Dictifs Ctrl. 4, c. 4 .A son of Ilicetaon who acttompa- nied .Eneas into Italy, and was killed by Tumus. I'irs- .Eu. Id. v. 125. 1. 12, v. 3i,-i. Thysi, or BvTHYM, a people of Hitb\nia. henceihe word Thyna mcrx applictl to their commodities. Horal. 3, Od. 7, v. 3. — PUn. 4, c. 11. TiiYonAMAs. [ TiV/. Theodamus. ] TicYosr, a name given to Semele aAer she had been presented with immortality by her son Bacchus. ApolLxi. 3, c. 5. Thyo.nei's, a surname of Bacchus frotn his mother Semele, who was called Th^onr. A]H)Uod. 3, c. .5. — Jfi'rat. 1, Ud. 17, v. lo. — Omd. 4, Met. V. 13. Thyotes, a |)riest of the Cobiri, iii Sanio- thrace. Fluix. 2, v. 43JJ. Thyhs., TI TI Thyre, a town of the Messenians, famous • ^r a battle fouglU there bctvecn the Argives and the Lact'dannonians. Ilcrodot. 1, c. 82. — Stat. Theb 4, v. 48. Thy HE A, an island on the coast of Pe- '■oponnesus, near Hemiione. Iferodot. 6, ^. 76. Thyreum, a town ,of Acarnania, whose inhabitants are called Tliyiienses. Liv. 36, c. 11. 1. 58, c. 9. Thtreus, a son of Lycaon, king of Arca- dia. Pans. 8, c. 3. A son of Uineus, king of Calydon. Ajmllod. 1, c. 8. ThykIdes, three small islands at the point of Taenarus. I'lin, 4, c. 1 2. Thyusagktjb, a people of Sarmatia, who live upon hunting. Piin. 4, t. \2. Tin'Rsus, a river of Sardinia, now Orh- . tagni. "i^HYsos, a town near mount Athos. Tutus, a satrap of Paphlagonia, who re- volted from Aitaxerxcs, and was seized by Datames. C- Ncp. in Dat. TiASA, a dauglittr of the Eurotas, who gave her name to a river in Laconia. Faus. 3, c. 18. TrBARiiKi, a people of Cappadoeia, on the borders of the Thermodou. A people of Pontus. Alela, "2, c. 20. Tiberias, a town of Galilee, built by Herod, near a lake of the same name, and called after Tiberius. J'Hk. 5, c. 16. — Jo- xph. A. 18, c. 3. Tiberinls, son of Capetus, and king of Alba, was drowned in the river Albula, which on that account assumed tlie name of Tibcris, of which lie became the protecting god. Liv. 1, c. 5. — Cic. de Not. D. -, c. 20. — Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 5, &c. — Ovi i. Fast. 2, V. 389. 1. 4, V. 47. TiBERis, Tyberis, Tiber, or Tibris, a river of Italy on whose banks the city of Rome was built. It was originally called Albida, from the whiteness of its waters, 'and afterwards Tiberis, when Tiberinus, king of Alba, had been drowned there. It was also named Ti/rrhcnus, because it wa- tered Etruria, and Lydius, because the in- nabitants of the neighbourhood were sup- posed to be of Lydian origin. The Tiber rises in the Apennines, and falls into the Tyrrhene sea, 16 miles below Rome, after dividing Latium from Etruria. Ovid. Fast. 4, v. 47, 329, &c. 1. 5, v. 641. in lb. 514. — Lucan. 1, v. 381, &c. — Varro. de L. L. 4, c. .5. — Virg. JEn. 7, v. 50. — Hor-at. 1, Od. 2, V. 13. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — I.iv. 1. c. 3. Tiberius, (Claudius Drusus Nero,) a Roman emperor after the death (^f Augustus, was descended from the family of t!ie Claudii. In his early years he commanded popularity by entertaining the populace with magnifi- cent shows and fights of gladiators, and he gained some applause in the funeral oration 777 which he pronounced over his father, though only nine years old. His first ap- pearance in the Roman armies was under Augustus, in the war against the Cantabri, and afterwards in the capacity of general, he obtained victories in diti'erent parts of the empire, and was rewarded with a tri- umph. Yet, in the midst of liis glory, Tiberius fell under the displeasure of Au- gustus, and retired to Rhodes, where he continued for seven years as an exile, till by the influence of his moiher Livia with the emperor he was recalled. His return to Rome was the more glorious ; he had the command of the Roman armies in Illy- ricum, Pannonia, a«d Dalmatia, and seemed to divide the sovereign power witli Augustus. At the death of this celebrated emperor, Ti- berius, who had been adopted, assumed the reins of government ; and while with dissimu- lation and affected modesty he wished to de- cline the dangerous office, he found time to try the fidelity of his friends, and to make tlie greatest part of the Romans believe that he was invested with the purple, not from his own choice, but by the recommendation of Augustus, and the urgent entreaties of the Roman senate. The beginning of his reign seemed to promise tranquillity to the world ; Tiberius was a watchful guardian of the pub- lic peace, he was the friend of justice ; and never assumed the sounding titles which must disgust a free nation, but he was satisfied to saj' of himself that he was the master of his slaves, tlic general of his soldiers, and the father of the citizens of Rome. Tiiat seeming moderation, however, which was but the fruit of the deepest policy, soon disappeared, and Tiberius was viewed in his real character. His ingratitude to his mother Livia, to whose intrigues he was indebted for the purple, his cruelty to his wife Ju- lia, and his tj^rannical oppression and mur- der of many noble senators, rendered him odious to the people, and suspected eve» by his most intimate favorites. I'lie ar- mies mutinied in Pannonia and Germany, but the tumults were silenced by the pru- dence of the generals and the fidelity of the officers, and the factious demagogues were abandoned to their condign punishment. Thi.', acted as a check upon Tiberius in Rome ; he knew from thence, as his successors experienced, that his power was precarious, and his very existence in perpetual dan- ger. He continued as he had begun, to pay the greatest deference to the senate ; aL libels against him he disregarded, and he ol>- scrved, that, in a free city, the thought* and the tongue of every man should be free. The taxes were gradually lessened, and luxury restrained by the salutary regulations, a.f well as by the prevailing example and fruga- lity of the emperor. AVhile Rome exhibited a scene of peace and public tranquillity, the barbarians Tl Tl barbiu'aas v.ere severally defeated <»n the borders of tlic empire, and Tiberius gained new honors, by the activity and %alor of Gcrmanicus and lii> other faitliful lieute- nants. Yet the triumphs of Ciirmaiiicus were beheld widi jealousy. Tiberius dreaded his power, he was envious of his popularity, and tlie death of that celebrated general in Antioch was, as some suppo>*, acce- lerated by poison, and the secret rcbcntnient of the emperor. Not only his relations and friends, but the great and opulent were sao-ificed to his ambition, cruelty, and avarice ; and there was scarce in Rome one single family that did not reproach Tiberius for the loss of a brother, a father, or a hus- band. He at last retired to the island of Caprox, on the toast of Canipunia. where he buried himself in unlawful pleasures. 'Ilie care of the empire was entrustearians, and Tiberius found himself insultetl by those entmies whom hitherto he had seen fall prostrate at his feet with every mark of submissive adu- lation. At last grown weak and helpless tlirough infinnitics, he thought of his ap- proaching dissolution; and as he well knew that Rome could not exist without a head, he nominated, as his successor, Caius Cali- gula. Many might enquire, why a youth naturally so vicious and abandoned as Caius was chosen to be the master of an esiensive empire ; but 'Til>erius wished his own cruel- ties to be forgotten in the barbarities which might be displayetl in the reign of his suc- cessor, whose natunil propensities he had well defined, in saying of Caligula that he bred a serpent for tlie Roman people, and a Phaeton for the rest of the empire. Ti- berius died at MisL-num the 16th of Mardi, A. D. ."57, in the Tf^tli year of his age, af- ter a reign of '.''_' years, six months, and 26 davs. Caligula was accused of having hastened his end by sutfocating him. The joy was universal when his death was known ; and the people of Rome, in the midst of sorrow had a moment to rejoice, heedless of the calamities which awaiteii tlicm in the succeeding reigns. 'The body of Tiberius was conveyed to Rome, and burnt with great solemnity. \ funeral ora- tion was pronounced by CiUigula. who seem- ed to forget his benefactor while he ex- patiated on the praises of Augustus Gcr- 7^78 irianiciis, and his own. 'The cliarmcter of 'Tiberius has been exatnined with particular attention by historians, and his reign is the subject of the most perfect and elegant of ail the compositions of Tacitus. When a pri- vate man, 'Tiberius was universally esteem- ed ; when he had no superior, he was proud, arrogant, jealous, and revengeful. Jf he found his military operations conducted by a warlike general, he affected moderation and virtue ; but when he got rid of the powerful influence of a favorite, he was tr- raiuiical and dissolute. If. as some observe, he had lived in the times of the Homan re- public, he might have been aa conspicuous as his gre-.it ancestors ; but tlie sovereign power lodged in his hands, rendered him vicious and oppressive. Yet, though he en- courageven s, and all iiiish from , .,, .;,.,. V . . ; .lis huma- recorded tliat be was uncommonly liberal to tJie people of .AtJa Minor, whose cities had been destroyed by a violent earthquake. A. D. 17. Uo» of hL> officers wisl>ed him to increase the taxc^h iW, said 'liberius, a g>>od sJt<'j>Mml hiiut ituer, uUjLtj/, his %luq). 'HiC senators wished to call the month of November, in which he was bom, by lii> name, in imita- tion of J. Casar and Augustus, in die months of July and .\ugxist ; but this he refused, saying, H' Uat uill you do, cuiucrifU faUur}, \f t/ou have thirteen Ctrtars f Like the rest of tlie emperors, he received divine honors after dtwth, and even during bis life. It has been wittily observed by Seneca, that he ne»«r was intoxicated but once all his life, for hf continued in a perpetual state of intoxicatio:i troiii tiie lime he gave himself to drinking till tlie last moment of his life. Sucton. ii lita, rcalope 'I'anjuin to kis throne. A Tliracun made taptntr TJ TI emperor of Rome in the latter ages of tlie tmpire. TiBfisis, a river of Scythia flowing from mount Haemus into the Ister. Herodot. 4, e. 49. Tmisc s. now Teisse, a river of Dacia, with a town of the same name, now Temes- war. It falls into the Danube. TiBRi« [Vid Tiberis.] TiBULA, a town of Sardinia, now Lango Sardo. TiBULLus (Aulus Albius), a Roman knight celebrated for his poetical compo- sitions. He followed Messala Corvinus info the island of Corcyra, but he was soon dissatisfied with the toils of war, and retired to Rome, where he gave himself up to literary ease, and to all the effe- minate indolence of an Italian climate. His first composition was to celebrate the virtues of his friend Messala ; but his more favorite study was writing love verses, in praise of his mistresses Delia and Plautia, of Nemesis and Neaera, and in these elegant effusions he showed himself the most correct of the Roman jjoets. As he had espoused the cause of Brutus, he lost his possessions when the soldier, of the triumvirate were rewarded with lands; but he might have recovered them if he had condescended, like Virgil, to make his court to Augustus. Four b(Joks of elegies are the only remaining pieces of his composition. They are uncommonly elegant and beautiful, and possessed witl' 60 much grace and purity of sentiment, that the writer is deservedly ranked as the prince of elegiac poets. TibuUus was intimate with the literary men of his a-^c, and for some time he had a po^'tital contest with Horace, in gaining the favors of an adn.ued courtezan. Ovid has writ- ten a beautiful elegy on the death of his friend. The poems of Tibullus are gene- rally published with those of Propertius jmd Catullus, of which the best editions are tbaft of Vulpius, Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755 ; that of Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1755; and that by Heyne, 8vo. Lips. 177S. Ovid. 5, am. el. 9. Trist. 2, v. 487. — Ho- rat. 1, ep. 4. 1. 1, od. 33, v. 1. — Quintil. 10, c. 1. TreuR, an ancient town of the Sabines, about 20 miles north of Rome, built as somo say by Tiburtus the son of Amphiaraus. It •was watered by the Anio, and Hercules was the chief deity of tlie place, from which circum- stance it has been called Herciilei micri. In the neighbourhood, the Romans, on account of the salubrity of the air, had their Si;veral villas where they retired ; and there also Ho- race had his favorite country seat, though some pfece it nine miles higher. Stmb. 3. — C'ic. 2, Oral. 65. — Suet. CW. 21.— Virg. .-En. 7, V. eSO.^Horat. 3, Od. 4, Sac — (hiid. Fcst. 6, V. 61, &p. 779 L. TiuiRTius, a centurion in Caesar'sarmv, wounded by Pompey's soldiers. Tiburtus, the founder of Tibur, often called Tiburtia ma-nia. He was one of the sons of Amphiaraus. Hrg. JEn- 7, v. 670. TicHis, now Tech, a river of Spain, falling into the Mediterranean. TicHius, a name given to the top of mount CEta. Lw. oS, c. \G. TicirA, a Roman poet a few years before the age of Cicero, who wrote epigrams, and praised his mistress Metelia under the ficti- tious name of Petilla. Ovid. Trist. 2, v. 453. TiciNus, now Tesmo, a river near Tid- num, a small town of Italy, where tlie Ro- mans were defeated by Annibal. The town of Ticinum was also called Pavia. The Ti- cinus falls into the Po. Strab. 5. — Ital. 4, V. 81. Tinius, a man who joined Pompey, &c. TiEssA, a river of Laconia, falling into the Eurotas. Pans. 5, c. 18. TiFATA, a mountain of Campania, near Capua. Slat. Si/lv. 4. Tii-ERNu'ii, a name common to three towns of Italy. One of ther.i for distinc- tion's sake is called Metauraise, near the Metaurus, in Unibiia ; the other, Tibcri- num, on the Tiber; and the third, iSawm- ticuin, in the country of the Sabines. Lit:. 10, c. 14. — l''liti. 3, c. 14 Plin. sea. 4, ep. 1. TiFERNus, a mountain and river in His country of the Samnites. Plin. 3, c. 11. — Liv. 10, c. 30. — Mela, 3, c. 4. TiGAsis, a son of Hercules. TiGELLiNi s, a Roman celebrated for bi« intrigues and perfidy in the court of Nero. He was appointed judge at the trial of the conspirators who had leagued against Nero, for which he was iiberally rewarded with tri- umphal honors. He afterwards betrayed the emperor, and was ordered to destroy himself, 6H A. D. Tacit. Hist. 1, c. 72. — Plut. .— Juv. 1. TiGELLU's, a native of Sardinia, wlio became the favorite of J. Cassar, of Cleo- patra and Augustus, by his mimicry and faceticusness. He was celebrated for the me- lody of his voice, yet he waj of a mean and ungenerous disposition, and of unpleasmg manners, as Horace, 1 Sat. 2, v. 5, & scq. insinuates. TiGRANES, a king of Armenia, who made himself master of Assyria and Cap- padocia. He married Cleopatra, the daughter of Mitliridatcs, and by the advice of his father-in-law, he declared war against the Romans. He despised these distant enemies, and even ordered the head of the mes53ngar to be cut off who first told h:ni that the Roman general TI TI was boldly advancing towards lils capital. 7 lis pride, however, \ras sooti abatod, and though lie ordered the lloman consul Lu- Cullus to be brought alive into his presence, De fled with precipitation from his ca))ital, and was soon after ilcfeated near mount Taifrus. This totally dislieartened him ; he refused to receive Milliridates into his pa- lace, and even set a price upon his heacL His n-;ian Kuhniission to I'ompev, the succes- sor of r.ucidliis in Asia, and a bribe of 60,0. Anil. c. 40. — One of the royal family of the Cappadocians, chosen by Tiberius to as- cend the throne of Armenia. .\ general of the ^Medes. A man appointed king of Armenia by Nero. Tucit. A. 14, c. 26. A prince of .\rmenia in the age of Thetxlosius. TicaxNocrRT*. now Sertd, tlie capital of Amienia, was built by Tigranes, during the >Iittiridatic war, on a hill l>etween the springs of the Tigris, and mount Taurus. !Lucullus. during the Mitliriiches, and no less than SOOO talents in -vady money. TacU. Ann. 15, c. 4. — Pfin. 6, c. 9.' Ticars, a river of Pelopoanesus, called also Har]iif$, from a person of the same name drowned in it. Apollod. 1, c. P. Tigris, now liasilrnsn, a river of .Asia, rising on mount Niphates in Armenia, and falling into the Persian gulf. It is the east- ern l)Oundary of Mesopotamia. The Tigris now falls into the Euphrates, though in the age of Pliny the two separate channels of these rivers could be easily traced. Plin. 6, c. '27. — Jtislin. 42. c. 3. — Lucan. 3, v. 256. TiGURiNi, a warlike people among Uie Helvetii, now forming the moRiPis. a Spartan celebrated for liis virtues. ..Eltan. V. H. 14, c. 32. TocA Ktuxa* TI TI TisiANTHKs, a painter of Sicyon, in the reign of Philip, the father of Alexander the Creat. In his celebrated painting of Iphi- genia going to be immolated, he represented all the attendants overwhelmed with grief; but his superior genius, by covering the face of Agamemnon, left to the conception of the imagination the deep sorrows of the father. He obtained a prize, for which the celebrated Parrhasius was a competitor. This was in painting an Ajax with all the fury which his disappointments could occasion, when de- prived -of the arms of Achilles. Cic. de Orat. — Val. Max. 8, c. 11— uElian. V. H. 9, c. U. An athlete of Cleone, who burnt himself when he perceived that his strength began to fail. Pans. 6, c. 8. TiMARCHus, a philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Lamprocles, the disciple of So- crates. Diog. A rhetorician, who hung himself when accused of licentiousness by vEschines. A Cretan, accused before Nero of oppression. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 20. An officer in .^tolia, who burnt his ships to prevent the flight of his companions, and to ensure himself the victory. Polyeen. 5. A king of Salamis. A tyrant of IVliletus, in the age of Antioclius, &c. TiMAREiA, a priestess of the oracle of Do- dona. Herodot. 2, c. 94. ' TiMAsioN, one of the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks, &c. TiMASiTHEiis, a prince of Lipara, who ob- liged a number of pirates to spare some Ro- mans who were going to make an oflering of the spoils of Veil to the god of Delphi. The Roman senate rew arded him very liber- ally, and 137 years after, when the Cartha- ginians were dispossessed of Lipara, the same generosity was nobly extended to his descend- ants in the island. — I)iod. 14. — Plut. in Cam. TiMAVus, a broad river of Italy rising from a mountain, and after running a short space, falling by seven moutlis, or according to some by one, into the Adriatic sea. There are, at the mouth of the Timavus, small islands with hot springs of water. Mela, 2, c. 4. — Virg. Ed. S, V. 6. ^n. 1, v. 44 & 248. — Strab. 5. — Plin. 2, c. 105. TiMEsius, a native of Clazomense, who began to build Abdera. He was prevented by the Thracians, but honored as a hero at Abdera. Herodot. 1, c. 168. TiMocHARis, an astronomer of Alexan- dria, 294 B.C. [Vid. Aristillus.] TisiocLEA, a Theban lady, sister to Theo-^ genes, who was killed at Cheronaea. One of Alexander's soldiers offered her violence, after which she led her ravisher to a well, and while he believed tliat immense treasures were concealed there, Timoclea threw him into it. Alexander commended her virtue, and forbad his soldiers to hurt the Theban females. Plut. in Alex. TiMocLis, two Greek poets of Athens, 781 who wrote some theatrical pieces, the one 6, and the other 11, some verses of which are extant. Atheru 6. A statuary of Atliens. Pans. 10, c. 34. TiJiocRATES, a Greek philosopher of im- common austerity. A Syracusan who married Arete when Dion had been banished into Greece by Dionysius. He commanded the forces of the tyrant. TiMocREON, a comic poet of Rhodes, who obtained poetical, as well as gymnastic prizes at Olympia. He lived about 476 years be- fore Christ, distinguished for his voracity, and for his resentment against Simonides and The- mistocles. The following epitaph was written on his grave : Multa bibens, ^ multa vorans, mala deniqiie dicens Multis, hicjaceo Timocreon Rhodius. TiMODEMUs, the father of Timoleon. TiMOLAts, a Spartan, intimate with Phi- lopoemen, &c. A son of the celebrated Zenobia. A general of Alexander, put to death by the Thebans. Timoleon, a celebrated Corinthian, son of Timodemus and Demariste. He was such an enemy to tyranny, that he did not hesi- tate to murder his own brother Timophanes, when he attempted, against his rejA-esent- ations, to make himself absolute in Corinth. I'his was viewed with pleasure by the friends of liberty ; but the mother of Timoleon con- ceived the most inveterate aversion for her son, and for ever banished him from her sight. This proved painful to Timoleon ; a settled melancholy dwelt upon his mind, and he refused to accept of any offices in the state. When the Syracusans, oppressed witli the tyranny of Dionysius the younger, and of tlie Carthaginians, had solicited the assistance of the Corintliians, all looked upon Timoleon as a proper deliverer, but all applications would have been disregarded, if one of the magis- trates had not awakened in him the sense of natural liberty. Timoleon, says he, if you accept of the command of this ex^teditiiin, ivc will believe that you have killed a tyrant; but if not, we cannot but call i/ou your brother'' s murderer. 'Hiis had due effect, and Timo- leon sailed for Syracuse in ten ships, accom- panied by about 1000 men. The Carthagi- nians attempted to oppose him, but Timoleon eluded their vigilance. Icetas, who had the possession of the city, was defeated, and Dio- nysius, who despaired of success, gave himself up into the hands of the Corinthian gene- ral. This success gained Timoleon adherents in Sicily, many cities which hitherto had looked upon him as an impostor, claimed his protection, and when he was at last master of Syracuse by the total overthrow of Icetas, and of the Carthaginians, he razed the citadel which had been the seat of tyranny, and erected on the spot a common hall. Sy- racuse was almost destitute of inhabitants, and at T r TI at iht soJicitation of Timoleon. a Corinthian colony was seiU to Sicily ; tho lands were equally divided amoirj; the citizens, and tlu- hoases were sold for a thousand talents, which were appropriated to the us«> of the state, and Hepo«.ited in tlie treasury. When Syrnctise was thus delivered from tyranny, tbe conqueror extended his benevolence to the otiier states of Sicily, and alt the petty trrants were rivluceil and haniahed from the Island. A cotle of salutary- laws was framed for the Syracusa»»s ; and the armies of Car- thage, which hait afte-.npted again to raise commotions in Sicily, w^re defeated, and peace was :xt last re-establisiied. The gra- titude of the Sicilians was Uiewn erery where to their deliverer. Timolcon was received with repeatetl applause in the public assem- blies, and though a private mi>n, uncon- nected with tlic govemnunt, he continuixl to •njoy his former influence at Syracuse ; his aifcvice was consulted on matters of imjjort- aocv, and his authority respected. He rig. — ./(/V 7J. C h 13. An atlilete of Ells, Paus. n. e. 12, TiMoriiA.vrs. a Corinthian, brother to Tinioleon. He attempted to make himself tyrant of his co.intry, hy means of thi mercenary soldiers witli whom he had fought against the Argivcs and C'leoineiu's. Tinio- leon wislicd to convince him of the impro- priety of his measures, and when he fount! him unmoved, he rauset) him to be assas- sinated. Piui. ^- C. Nf]'. in Tim. A man of Mitylene, celebrated for his riches- Ac. TiMOTHds. a poet and musicia-i of Mile- tus son of Thersander or I'hilopo.is. Hr was received witli hisses the fir^t time hr exhibitetl as musician in the asti'mbly of the people ; and further applications would have totally been abandoned, had not liuri- pide-. diiioovercii his aliilities. and encouraged him to follow a profession in whidi he aAer- w:u-ds gained so much applause. Me re- ceivetl the immense sum of l(XK> pieces of gold from tlie Ephetjans, because he bad composed a poem in honor of Diana. He dii-d about the iKXh yiar of his age. two years l>efore the birth of .Alexander the Great. lliere was also another musician of Boeotis in the age of .Vlexander. often confounded witli tlie musician of .Miletus, He was a great favorite of the conqueror of Darius. Cu: !iort-hand writing among tlie Ru:nans. He wrote the life of Cicero, and other treatises now lost. Cic. nl All. Sec. TiRVVTKiA, a nnnie given to Alcmena, because she lived at Tiryuthus. Oiiti. Mr't. •J. TiRYNTHis, a town of Argolis in the Pe- lopipiinesus, founded by Tyrinx, son of Argus. Hercules generally reside.— ^£/wn, V. H. .>. c. 1 5 & 49. — Virg. jEn. 7, v. 602. — SU. 8, v. -'17. Tis«t'M, a mountain of TheNe. Som>: su|»- puse him to be the same as Thers^nder, tlie son of l*olynice. 1, v. 5y. — Vir^. C. 3, 5J2. .,£«. 6, T. 555.—Harat. I, Sal. 8, V. 34. .\ daughter of Alcmvon and Manto. TuirHONUs, a man who conspired agsinst 784 .\lexonder, tyrant of Pherae, and seicad tlie sovereign power. Sec. DLxl. 16. TissA, now Jtaiidoi^, a town of Sicily. ST.. 14, v. 2«s. — Cic. IWr. 3. c 3K. TissAMLNt's. [/'u/. Tisainenus.] TissAfui HNEs, an ofhcer of Darius. .\ satrap of Persia, commander of the force* of .\rtaxcrxes, at Uie battle of Ciinaxa, against Cyrus. It was by his valor and in- treiii.llty tiiat the king's forces gained tlic victory, and fur this he nb^iued the daugh- ter of .\rtaxerxes in marriage, and all tic provinces of which Cyrus was governor. His popularity did not long continue, and the king ordered him to Ix- put to death when he had been conqueretl by .Agevilaus, 395 B. C. C. Xrj). An oflicer in the army of Cyrus, killed by .\rtaxerxc> at tlie battle of Cutiaxa. Plut. TiT.KA, tlie mother of the Titans. She i-> supp<>.'>ed to be thu same as Thea, llhea. Terra, Sec. Titan, or Titasts, a son of Ccrlus and Terra, brother to Saturn and Hyperion. He was tlie elde*t of the diildrcn of Ctclus ; but he gave his brother Saturn the kingdom of the wurld, provided he raised no malechildn-n. When the birth of Jupiter was concealed. Titan niadi' war again-.t S.iturn. and with the assistance of his brothers, the Titans, he impri- soned him till he was replaceositiuiis of Knnius now lust. None of tlie ancient mythologists, such a« .\poilodorus, Hesiod. Hygiiius, &c. have made mention of Titan. Titan is a name applied to Saturn by Orpheus and I.u- cian ; to the sun by \'irgil and Ovid; and to I'rumcUieus by Juvenal ihiJ. Mel. 1. V. 10.—J'tv. 14, ». 35. — DiMl. 5.—Paus. 2. c. 1 1 ..— OrpheiiS Jfymiu 13. ^Tir^'. Jin. 4, V. 119. TitI.sa, a town of SiiTronia in Pelupon. nesus. Titanus reigned there. .\ man lil.illed in astronomy. Pous. 2, c. ] I. I'lTAsrs. a name given to the sons of Codus and Terra. They \*ere 4 j in number, according to ilie >• ..n mm ,..^. Apollodorus mentions 13, H). :ui Hesiod 20, among whom ."Uv . . lis. 'ITie most kno^vn of Uie ritaos oiv Saturn, Hyperion. Oceanus Japctus Cottus. and Briareus, to whom Horace adds. Typhosus Mimas, !'or- phyrion. Uhaitus, and i-^nccladus, who are by otlier m^tliologists reckoned among the giaius. They were all of a gi;;antic stature and with proportionable strength. Tbey were treated with great cruelly by Cceliu, .^nd confined in the bowel* of Uie earUi, tiil their mother pitied their misfortuncSi and armed them against their faUier. Saturn, w ith a scyUie, cut of) the genitals of hi» fathei; as he was going to unite him.scif t*) Terra, and threw them into the sea, .ind from tlic froUi TI TI froth sprang a new deity, called Venus ; as also Alecto, ■ Tisiphone, and Megasra, ac- cording to ApoUodorus. When Saturn suc- ceeded his father, he married Rhea ; but he devoured all his male children, as he had been informed by an oracle, that he should be dethroned by them as a punishment for his cruelty to his father. The wars of the Titans against the gods are very celebrated in mythology. They are often confounded with that of the giants ; but it is to be ob- served, that the war of the Titans was against Saturn, and that of the giants against Ju- piter. Hesiod. Theog. 155, &c. — Apol- loci. 1, c 1. — ^schyl. in Prom. — Callim. in Del. 17. — Diod. 1. — Hygin. pref. fab. TiTANiA, a patronymic applied to Pyrrha, as grand-daughter of Titan, and likewise to Diana. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 395. 1. 2, &'C. TitanIdes, the daughters of Coclus and Terra : reduced in number to six according to Orpheus. The most celebrated were Te- thys, Themis, Dione, Thea, Mnemosyne, Ops, Cybele, Vesta, Phoebe, and Rhea. Hesiod. Theog. 155, &c. — Apollod. 1, c. 1. TiTANUs, a river in Peloponnesus, with a town and mountain of the same name. TiTAREsus, a river of Thessaly, called also Eurotas, flowing into the] Peneus, but without mingling its thick and turbid waters with the transparent stream. From the un- wholesomeness of its water, it was considered as deriving its source from the Styx. Lucan. 6, V. 576. — Homer. II. 2, en. 258. — Strab. S Pans. 8, c. 1 8. TitInus, a river of Colchis falling into the Euxine sea. Ajwllon. 4. TiTHENiDiA, a festival of Sparta, in which nurses, rtS-nvxi, conveyed male infants en- trusted to their charge, to the temple of Diana, where they sacrificed young pigs. During the time of the solemnity, they generally danced and exposed themselves in ridiculous postures ; there were also some entertainments given near the temple, where tents were erected. Each had a sepa- rate portion allotted him, together with a small loaf, a piece of new cheese, part of the entrails of the victims, and figs, beans, and green vetches, instead of sweetmeats. TiTHONus, a son of Laomedon, king of Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the Sca- mander. He was so beautiful that Aurora became enamoured of him, and carried him away. He had by her Memnon and JEma- thion. He begged of Aurora to be immor- tal, and the goddess granted it ; but as he had forgotten to ask the vigoi-, youth, and beauty which he then enjoyed, he soon grew old, infirm, and decrepid ; and as life be- came insupportable to him, he prayed Aurora to remove him from the world. As he could not die, the goddess changed him into a ci- cada, or grasshopper. Apollod. 3, c. 5. — Virg. G. 1, v. 447. ^n. 4, v. 585. 1. 8, v, 785 584. — Hesiod. Theog. 984. — Diod. 1 Ovid. Fast. 1, v. 461. 1. 9, v. 405. — Horat. 1, od. 28. 1. 2, od. 16. TiTHOREA, one of the tops of Parnassus. Herodot. 8, c. 32. TiTHRAusTEs, a Persian satrap, B. C. 395, ordered to murder Tissaphernes by Ar- taxerxes. He succeeded to the offices which the slaughtered favorite enjc^j-ed. He w-as defeated by the Athenians under Cimon. An officer in the Persian court, &c. The name was common to some of the superior officers of state in the court of Artaxerxes. Plut. — C. Nqu in Dat. ^ Conon. TiTiA, a deity among the Milesians. TiTiA LEX de magistratibus, by P. Titius, the tribune, A. U. C. 710. It ordained that a triumvirate of magistrates should be invested with consular power to preside over the republic for five years. The persons chosen were Octavius, Antony and Lepidus. Another, de provinciis, which required that the provincial questors, like the consuls and praetors, should receive their provinces by lot. TiTiANA FLA VIA, the wifc of the emperor Pertinax, disgraced herself by her debauch- eries and incontinence. After the murder of her husband she was reduced to poverty, and spent the rest of her life in an obscure retreat. TiTiANus, Attil. a noble Roman, put to death A. D. 156, by the senate for aspiring to the purple. He was the only one pro- scribed during the reign of Antoninus Pius. A brother of Otho. TiTii, priests of Apollo at Rome, who observed the flight of doves, and drew omens from it. Yarro. deL.L. 4, c. 15. — Lucan. 1, V. 602. TiTiNius, a tribune of the people in the first ages of the republic. A friend of Cassius, who killed himself. One of the slaves who revolted at Capua. He betrayed his trust to the Roman generals. Titius Proculus, a Roman knight, ap- pointed to watch Messalina. Tacit. 11, Ann. c. 55. A tribune of the people who enacted the Titian law, An orator of a very dissolute character. One of Pom- pey's murderers. One of Antony's of- ficers. A man who foretold a victory to Sylla. Septiminus, a poet in the Au- gustan age, who distinguished himself by his lyric and tragic compositions, now lost. Herat. 1, ep. o, v. 9. Tito RM us, a shepherd of M\.o\\H called another Hercules, on account of his prodi- gious strength. He was stronger than his contemporary, Milo of Crotona, as he could lift on his shoulders a stone which the Croto- nian moved with difficulty. JElian. V. H. 12, c. 22. — Herodot. 6, c. 127. TiTURius, a friend of Julia Silana, who informed against Agrippina, &c. Tacit. Ann. 3 E 13.—— T I T I l.T. A lieutenant of Caesar in Gaul, killed by Ambiotix. Can. bell. G. 5, c. 29, &c. Titus V'rsrAsiANL's, son of Vespasian .■»nJ Havia Domitilla, became known by his valor in the Roman armies, particularly at the siege of Jerusalem. In the 7!, and tiials were no longer })ermitteil to be postponed for years, llie public edifices were repaired, and baths were erected for the convenience of the people, ijpettades were exliil)itcd, and the Homan poptdace were gratified with the sight of a navid combat in the ancient naumachi.i, and the sudden appearance of 5(.)iX) wild beasts brought into the circus for their amusinient. To do good to his subjects was tlie ambition of Titus, and it was at the recollection that he had done no service, or granteil no favor one day. that he exclaimi-d In the memorable words of Mi/fru'ii(is, I ha iv lost a day f A lontinual wi^h to be benevolent and kind, u.ade him populiir ; and it will not l)c won- jlered, that he who could s;iy that he had ra- ther die himself, thnn be thecaii,.' of the de- struction of one of his suiyects, w as called the love anil delight of mankind. Two cf the s' iintors conspired against his life, but the emperor di-re^ardervation of the whole. The Romans, however, had not long to enjoy tlie favors of this magniticent prince. Titus wa-- laken ill. and a.s he retired into the countr> of the .S.il)ines to his father's house, his in- disposition was increa-sed by a burning fever. Ifc liftitl his eyes to heaven, anil witli modi-s: submission compUtinevI of the severity of fate which removed him from tlie world when young, where he Iiad been employed in mak- ing a grateful people happy. He dieil tin- l.">rh of .SepteralHT, \. I). 81, in tlie 4 1st year of his iige, after a reign of two years, two months, and 'JO days. ' The news of hi-- death was received widi latnentations ; Rome was filled with te.irs, and all looked U{H>n - as deprived of the most benevolent Alter him Domitian ascended the iiTjni', nor without incurring the suspicion of li;iving b.isteiied his brother's end, by ordering hitii to be pLced, during his agony, in a tub full of snow, where he expiri'd. Domitian has also been accuse, c. : 787 Toi.r.iAcuir, a town of Gallia Eclgica, south of .Juliers. ToLENus, a river of Latium, now Salto, falling into the Velinus. Ovid. Fast. 9, V. 561. ToLETUJi, now Toledo, a town of Spain on the Tagus. TorjsTOBoii, a people of Galatia in Asia, descended from the Boii of Gaul. Pliii. 5, 52. — Liv. 58, c. 15 & IG. Toi.lentInum, a town of I'icenum. Plin. 3, c. 1.5. Toi-MiDEs, an Athenian officer, defeated and killed in a battle in Boeotia, 477 B. C. Poly fen. 7. ToLclsA, now Tonloxise, tlie capital of Lan- guedoc, a town of Gallia Narbonensis, which became a Roman colony under Augustus, and was afterwards celebrated for the cul- tivation of the sciences. Minerva had there a rich temple, which Csspio the consul plun- dered, and as he, was never after fortunate, the words anrum Tolosauiini !)ecame pro- verbial. Cats. Pell. G. — Mela, 2, c. 5. — Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 20. Toi.uJiNus, an augur in the army of Tur- nus against /Eneas. Virg. JEn. 11, v. 429. A king of Veil, killed by Cor. Cossus after lie had ordered the ambassadors of Rome to be assassinated. Liv. 4, c. 1 9. ToLus, a man whose head was found in digging for the foundation of the capitol, in the reign of Tarquin, whence the Romans concluded that their city should become the head or mistress of the world. ToM.EUM, a mountain of Peloponnesus. Thucyd. ToMAEUs or TjMarL's. [Fi'rf. Tmarus.] ToMisA, a country between Cappadocia and Taurus. Straho. ToMos, or ToMi, a town situate on the western shores of tlie Euxine sea, about 5G miles from the moutli of tiie Danube. The word is derived from ts^vw, seco, because Medea, as it is said, exit to piecei the body of her brother Absyrtus there. Tt is celebrated as being the place where Ovid was banished by Augustus. Tomos was the capital of lower I\Joesia, founded by a Milesian colony, B. C. 633. — Strab. 7 Apollod. 1, c. 9. — Mela, 2, c. 2. — Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 14, v. 59. — Trist. 5, el. 9, v. 55, &c. ToMYRis. [ Firf. Thomyris.] Tone A, a solemnity observed at Samos. It was usual to carry Juno's statue to the sea sliore, and to oiler cakes before it, aiid after- wards to replace it again in the temple. This was in commemoration of the theft of the Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry away the statue of the goddess, but were detained in the harbour by an invisible force. ToNGiLLius, an avaricious lawyer, &c. Jav. 7, V. 130. TopAZOS, an island in the Arabian gulf, andently called Ophiodes from the (juantity 3 E 2 of TR T R of serpents that were there. The valuable stone called topaze is found there. Plin. 6, c. 20. ToriRis, or Toprls, a town of Thrace. ToRisi, a people of Scythia. Valer. 6. TorShe, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 3 1 , c, 4'j, Of Epirus. ToRQUATA, one of the vestal virgins, daugh- ter of C. Silanus. She was a vestal for 64 years. Tacit. 5, An. c. 69. ToRQiATUs, a surname of Titus Manlius. [Vid. Manlius.] Silanus. an officer put to death hy Nero. A governor of Ori- cum, in the interest of Pompey. He surren- dered to J. Ca-sar, end was killed in Africa. Hirt. Jfric. 90. An officer in Sylla's armv. A lloman sent ambassador to die court of Ptolemy I'hilometor of Kgypt. ToRTOR. a surname of Apollo. He had a statue at Home under that name. ToRis, a mountain of Sicily, near .\gri- pcntum. ToRVKE, a small town near .\ctJum. The word in the language of the country signifies a ladle, which gave Cleopatra occasion to make a pun when it fell into the hands of Augustus. Pint, in Ant- ToxANDRi, a people of Gallia Belgica. Plin. 4, c. Z ToxARiDiA, a festival at Athens, in ho- nor of Toxaris, a Scythian hero who died there. ToxEUs, a son of CEncus, killed by his fa- ther. Apollod. 1, c. 8. ToxicRATE, a daughter of Thespius. Q. Trabka, a comic poet at Home, in the age of Uegulus. Some fragments of his poetry remain. Cic in Tusc. 4, c 51. Fin. 2, c. 4. Trachah s, M. Galerius, a consul in the reign of Nero, celebrated for his eloquence as an orator, and for a majestic and command- ing aspect. Quintil. — Tacit. One of ttie friends and ministers of Otlio. Trachas, a town of Latium. Ovid. Met. 15, V. 717. Tka(-hInia, a small countrj* of Phthiotis, on the bay <>f Malea, near mount CEta. Tlie capital was called Trachis, or Trachina, where Hercules went after he had killed Eunomus. Strab. 9.—ApoUod. 2, c. l.—Ovul. Met. 1 1, V. 269. Trachonitis, a part of Judwa, on the Other side of the Jordan. I'lin. .'>, c. 14. Tragiirii'M, a town of Dalmatia on the Tragus, a river of Arcadia, falling into tlie Alpheus. Pavs. 8, c. 3^. Trajanopolis, a town of Thrace. A name given to Sclinus of Cilicia, where Trajan died. Trajanos, (M. Ulpius Crinitus"> a Ro- man emperor, born at Italica in Spain. His great virtues, and his private a-, well :is piil>- lic character, and his services to tlic en>i>ire, 788 both as an officer, a governor, and a consul. recommended him to the notice of Nerva, who solemnly adopted him as his son ; in- vested him during his life-time with tlie im- perial purple, and gave him the name of Cae- sar and of Germanicus. A little time after Nerva died, and the election of Trajan to the vacant throne was confinned by the una- nimous rejoicings of the people, and the free concurrence of tlie armies on the con- fines of Germany and die banks of the Da- nube. The noble and independent beha- viour of Trajan evinced the propriety and goodness of Nerva's choice, and the attach- ment of the legions ; and the new emperor seemed calculated to ensure peace and do- mestic tranquillity to the extensive empire of Rome. All the actions of Trajan showed a good and benevolent prince, whose virtues truly merited the encomiums which die pen of an elegant and courteous panegyrist has paid The barbarians continued (juiet, and the hostilities which they generally displayed at the election of a new emperor whose mili- tary abilities tliey distrusted, were no\v few. Trajan, however, could not behold w ith satis- faction and unconcern, the insolence of the Dacians, who claimed from the Roman people a tribute which the cowardice of Domitian had offered. The sudden appearance of the emperor on the frontiers awed the barbarians to peace ; but Decebalus, their warlike mo- narch, sope;ux'd again in ami5, nnd tlie Roiii.iu empire did not ac(]uirc one single acre of territory from the conquests of TR TR of her sovereign in the east. The return of the emperor towards Home was hastened by indisposition, he stopped in Ciiicia, and in the town of Selinus, which afterwai'ds was called Trajanopolis, he was scixed with a flux, and a few days after expired, in the begin- ning of August, A. D. 117, after a reign of 19 years, six months, and 15 days, in the 64th year of his age. He was succeeded on the throne by Adrian, whom the empress Plotina introduced to the Roman armies, as the adopted son of her husband. The ashes of Trajan were carried to Rome, and deposited under the stately column which lie liad erect- ed a few years before. Under this emperor the Romans enjoyed tranquillity, and for a moment supposed that their prosperity was complete under a good and virtuous sovereign. Trajan was fond of popularity, and he merited it. The sounding titles of Optimus, and the father of his country, were not unworthily bestowed upon a prince who was equal to the greatest generals of antiquity, and who, to indicate his affability, and his wish to listen to the just complaints of his subjects, distin- guished his palace by the inscription of the public palucc. Like other emperors he did not receive with an air of unconcern the homage of his friends, but rose from his seat and went cordially to salute them. He re- fused the statues which the flattery of favo- rites wished to erect to him, and he ridi- culed the follies of an enlightened nation, that could pay adoration to cold inanimate pieces of marble. His public entry into Rome gained him the hearts of the people, he ap- peared on foot, and shewed himself an ene- my to parade and an ostentatious equipage. When in his camp, he exposed himself to the fatigues of war, like the meanest soldier, and crossed the most barren desarts and ex- tensive pi iins on foot, and in his dress and food displayed all the simplicity which once gained the approbation of the Romans in their countryman Fabricius. All the oldest soldiers he knew by their own name, he con- versed with them with great familiarity, and never retired to his tent before he had vi- ^ted the camp, and by a personal attendance convinced himself of the vigilance and the security of his army. As a friend he was not less distinguished than as a general. He had a select number of intimates, whom he visited with freedom and openness, and at whose tables he partook many a moderate repast without fonn or ceremony. His con- fidence, however, in the good intentions of others, was, perhaps, carried to excess. His favorite Sura had once Ijeen accused of at- tempts upon his life, but Trajan disregarded the informer, and as he was that same day invited to the house of the supposed conspi- rator, he went thither early. To try farther tlie sincerity of Sura, he ordered himself to be shaved by his barber, to have a medici- 789 nal application made to his eyes by the hand of his surgeon, and to bathe together with him. The public works of Trajan are also celebrated, he opened free and easy com- munications between the cities of his pro- vinces, he pkinted many colonies, and fur- nished Rome with all the corn and provisions which could prevent a famine in the time of calamity. It was by his directions, that tlie architect ApoUodorus built that celebrated column which is still to be seen at Rome. under the name of Trajan's column. "Rie area on which it stands was made by the labors of men, and the height of the pillar proves that a large hill 144 feet high was removed at a great expence, A. D. 114, to commemorate the victories of the reigning prince. His persecutions of the Christians were stopped by the interference of the hu- mane Pliny, but he was unusually se- vere upon the Jews, who had barbarously murdered 200,000 of his subjects, and even fed upon the flesh of the dead. His vices have been obscurely seen through a reign of continued splendor and popularity, yet he is accused of incontinence and many unnatural indulgences. He was too much addicted to drinking, and his wish to be styled lord has been censured by those who admired the dissimulated moderation, and the modest claims of an Augustus. Plin. paneg. , c. 39. TatBELLiis. PoLi.io, a I^atin historian, who wroti" nri account of the lives of the em- perors. Thi- beginning of tiiis history is lost; part of lilt-- reign of N'aleriiUJ, luid the life of the two Gallieui. with the 50 tyrants, arc tlie only fragments remaining. He Ho- rislied A. U. 50.j. Tkebia, a river of t'isalpine Gaul, rising In the Api>enines, and falling into tlie I'o, at tlie west of I'lacenlia. It is celebrated for the victory which .\nnibal obtained there over tlje forces of I^. Sempronius, t!ie Ronian con- sul. Sil. •}, v. 'IS'). — I.ucan. 'J, v. -Ii.. — l.u: '21, c. 'rl & 56. A town of Latiuui. Lit: '2, c 39. of C'am]>ama. Id. '23, c. H. of Umbria. I'Un. 3, c. H. Trkbius, an ofticer in Ca?s;ir's army in Gaul. A parasite in Doioitian's reign. Juv. 4. TaEBiiNiA i.EJt, dtf provinciis, by L. Tre- honius the tribune, \. V. C 6y.-i. It g;ive Carsar the chief command in Gaid for five Tears longer than was enact^ by tJie \ ati- nian law, and in this manner prevent«.' yeju's. JJii. Cass. 31t. .Vnother by 1-. Trehonius, the tribune. \. U. L". ."SuJ, which conltrmed (he election of die tribunes in the liands of tlie Romuu (Hjople. l.iv. o tk 5. 'ruKKOMi-s. a soldier reniarkabio for Jiis continence, &c. — C'aius, one of Ca-sar's friends, made through his interest prxturand con«iul. He wa> afterwards one of liis bene- factor's murderers. He was killed by Do- labella at Smyrna. Cat. licll. 5, c. IT. — Ck. in Fill/. 11 , c. i. — Pnii-rc. :>r, {k 69. — Lit. 119. — Di". IT. — Horat. I. A"a/.H, ▼. 14. Garucianus a governor of Africa, ■who put to death the proconsul Clodius Ma- ccr, by Galba's orders. Tncil. II. 1. c. T. A tribune who proposed a law at Rome. 790 and imprisoned C'ato, because he opposed it, One of the adherents of Marius. A man caught in adultery, and severely pu- nished in tlie age of Horace. TueoOla, a town of the Sabincs, cele- brated for cheese. The inhabitants were called Trebulani. Cic. in A fir. 2, c. 2.i. — Lie. 23. — Flin. 3, c. .> & 12. — Martial. 5, cp. T2. — .\notlier in Campuuia. Liv. 23, c. 31). Trekus. a river of Lauum, fulling into the Lin's. Trfs Taukks.k, a place on the Appian road, where travellers took rcfre!>hment. Cic. A. I, ,/). 13. 1. '2, q>. U)& 11. Tkevilui, a town and people of Belgium, now called Trurs. Mela, 3, c. 'J. Triakia, a woman well known for her cruelty. She was the wile of L. V'itellius. Tacit'. H. I & 5. C. TaiAHitis. an orator conunended by Cicero. A friend of I'ompey. He had for some time the care of tlie war in Abia Mgainst MitliricLttes, whom he defeated, and liy whom be was al'terManls Ixaten. He w;is killed in the civil uars of I'ompey and C^x-sar. fa-.*, lull. Cu. 5, c. .'>. 'i'KiBAi.Li, a people of 'Hirace ; or, ac- cording to some, of Lower Mcesia. 'l"bey were conquered by I'hilip. tlie father of .Alex- ander ; and some ages after, they maintaiue to ap|xuu>e the mo- mentary seditious of die populace, soon be- came formidable, and tlie .senators repented loo late of ha\iug consented to elect magis- trali-s. who not only preM.Tveseniblics, propose laws, stop the consultations of the se- nate, and even abolish tlieir decrees by the \«onl Wto. Their approbation was also ne- cessary tu conlinn tlie ac'iiu/ii« cousuUa, and tliis was done by allising tlie letter T under it. If any im.guliu'ity happened in the state, their )>ower was almost absolute ; they criti- cized the conduct of all Uie public magistrate^ and even dragged a consul to prison, if the measures he pursued were ho.-- pease tlic anger of Diana Triclaria, whose temple hod beeiidefiletl by thu adulterous com- merce of Mtnalippus and Cometlio. It was usual to sacrifice a boy and a girl, but tliis barbarous custom was abolished by Kurypilus. The thre« cities were .\roe, Mesaatis, and Antliea, whose united labors hwl erected the temple of the goddess. /'m/j. 7, l!>. Tricohii, a people uf Gaul, now Dauphint'. Liv. '_M. c. 31. Tricorythus, a town of Attiau Trickkna, a place of Arcadia, where ac- cording to bome, Mercury was born. Faus. 8. c. IG. Tridentum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called Trnit, and f.imous in history for the ecclesiastical council which tutt there IH years to regulate the atl'.nrsof the church, .\. I). \5\Tu TaiETERiCA, festivals in honor of Bacchus celebrated every three yearv Virg- .En. 4, y. 302. TRirlNOsi, a place of Latium near Si- nuesss. /.tc. 8, c 11. TmroLiNt's, a mountain of Campania fa- mous for wine. Mart. 13, ep. 104. — ritn- 14, c. 7. TrigemIsa, one of the Roman galas, so called because the three Horatii went through it against the Curiatii. Ln: 4,c. 16. I. 35, C. 41. I. 40, c. 51. Trinacria, or TeinXcris, one of the an- cient names of Sicily from its triangular form. Ftrg. yf/i. 3, V. 3S4, &c. Trinium, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic. Trinobantes, a people of Britain in mo- dem Essex and ^Middlesex. Tacit. .4 nu. 14, c. 31.— Corn at Eleusis in Attica, and was cured in his youtli of a severe illness by the care of Ceres, who liad been invited into the house of Celeus, by the monarch's children, as slie travelled over the country in quest of her daughter. To repay the kindness of Celeus, the goddess took particular notice of his son. .She t'ed him with her own milk, and pLiced him on burning coals during tlie uight, to (L-stroy whatever |>article« of mortality he had received from his i>arents. Tlic motlier was astonislied at the uncommon growth of her stJii, and she had the curiosity to watch Ceres. She disturlnnl the goddess by a suore her name. Paus. 7, c. 22. Triti>cenia, a surname of Pallas. Ilcuod. — Festus de V. stp. Triton, a sea deity, son of Neptune, by Afiophitritc ; TR TR Amphitrite; or, according to some, by Ce- leno, or Salacia. He was very powerful among the sea deities, and could calm the ocean and abate storms at pleasure. He is generally represented as blowing a shell, his body above the waist is like that of a man, and below a dolphin. Some represent him with the fore feet of a horse. Many of the sea deities are called Tritons, but the name is generally applied to those only who are half men and half fishes. Apollod. 1, c. 4. Hesiod. Thcog. v. 930. — Ovid. Met. 1, v. ."33. — Cic. de Nat. I). I, c. 28. — Virg. \^n. 1, V. 148. 1. 6, V. 173. — Pans. 9, c. 20. A river of Africa falling into the lake Tritonis, One of the names of the Nile. — — A small river of Boeotia, or Thessaly. Tritonis, a lake and river of Africa, near which Minerva had a temple, whence she is surnamed Tritonis, or Tritonia. He- rodot. 4, c. 178. — Paus. 9, c. 33. — Virg. jEn. 2, v. 171. — Mela, 1, c. 7. Athens is also called Tritonis, because dedicated to Mi- nerva Ovid. Met. 5. Tritonon, a town of Doris. Liv. 28, c. 7. Trivemtum, a town of the Samnites. Trivia, a surname given to Diana, because she presided over all places where three roads met. At the new moon the Athenians offered her sacrifices, and a sumptuous entertainment which was generally distributed among the poor. Virg. jEn. 6, v. 13. 1. 7, v. 774. — Ovid. Met. 2, v. 416. Fast. 1, v. 389. Trivia antrum, a place in the valley of Aricia, where the nymph Egeria resided. Mart. 6, ep. 47. Trivi^e lucus, a place of Campania, in the bay of Cumse. Virg. JEn. 6, v. 13. Trivicum, a town in the country of the Hirpini in Italy. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 79. Triumviri, reipublicce cnnstitueiulce, were three magistrates appointed equally to go- vern the Roman state with absolute power. These officers gave a fatal blow to the ex- piring independence of the Roman people, and became celebrated for their different pursuits, their ambition, and their various fortunes. The first triumvirate, B. C. 60, was in the hands of J. Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, who at the expiration of their office, kindled a civil war. The second and last triumvirate, B. C. 45, was under Au- gustus, M. Antony, and Lepidus, and through them the Romans totally lost their liberty. Augustus disagreed with his colleagues, and after he had defeated them, he made himself absolute in Rome. The triumvi- rate was in full force at Rome for the space of about 12 years. There were also officers who were called Iriuinviri capi- tales, created A. U. C. 464. 'They took cognizance of murders and robberies, and every thing in which slaves were con- cerned. Criminals under sentence of death were entrusted to their care, and thcv 'viH 793 them executed according to the commands of the prtEtors. Tlie triumviri vocturni watched over the safety of Rome in thi- night time, and in case of fire were erer ready to give orders, and to take the most effectual measures to extinguish it. The triumviri agrarii had tiie care of colonics, that were sent to settle in different parts of the empire. They made a fair division of the lands among the citizens, and exercised over the new colony all the power which was placed in the hands of the consuls at Rome. The triumviri monetales were masters of the mint, and had the care of the coin, hence their office was generally intimated by the following letters often seen on ancient coins and medals : III VI R. A. A. A. F. F. i. c. Triumviri auro, cr- gento, eere Jlando, feriendo. Some suppose that they were created only in the age of Cicero, as those who were employed be- fore them, were called iJenariorum Jlando- rum curatores. — — The triumviri valetudinis were chosen when Rome was visited by a plague or some pestiferous distemper, and they took particular care of the temples of health and virtue. The triumviri se- natas legendi, were appointed to name those that Avere most worthy to be made senators from among the plebeians. They were first chosen in the age of Augustus, as before, this privilege belonged to tlie kings, and af- terwards devolved upon the consuls, and the censors, A. U. C. 310. The triumviri mensarii were chosen in the second Punic war, to take care of the coin and prices of exchange. Triumvirorum insula, a place on the Rhine which falls into the Po, where the triumvirs Antony, Lepidus, and Augustus, met to divide the Roman empire after the battle of Mutina. Dio. 46, c. 55.—Appian. Cic. 4. Troades, the inhabitants of Troas. Troas, a country of Phrygia, in Asia Minor, of which Troy was the capital. When Troas is taken for the whole kingdom of Priam, it may be said to contain Mysia and Phrygia Minor ; but if only applied to that part of the country where Troy was situate, its extent is confined within very narrow limits. Troas was anciently called Dardaniu. [Vid. Troja.] Trochois, a lake in the island of Delos, near which Apollo and Diana were bom. Trocmi, a people of Galatia. Liv. 58, c. 16. Trcezene, a town of Argolis, in Pelo- ponnesus, near the Saronicus Sinus, which received its name from Trcezen, the son of Pelops who reigned there for some time. It is often called Theseis, because Theseus was born there ; and Posidonia, because Nep- tune was worshipped there. Stat. Theb. 4, V. 81. — Patis.^2, c. 50. — Pint, in Thes. — Ovid. Met. 8, v. 556. 1. 15, v. 296. An- other town at die south of the Peloponnesus. . Trocilij^ T n I K iii.t., liiree unall i uuiiu nil- TiiociLiuM, a part of mount Mycale, projecting; intu the Mra. Strab. 14. TaociLis, a liarbour uf Sicily. Sil. M, V. y. 59. TaocLouira:. a people of .Kt)iiu|>ia. who dwelt in ca\ci» (rj»»y>.ii sj>.' us, Ijui niA,o). 'iliey were all olK-piii-rds, aiirl )>m\ ttivir Mivi-R ill common. Sirah. I. — .Vcia, 1, c. -I & H. J'Un. 1. c. H. I. .^7, c. 10. '] li ,,:' . I'ii\irriis, a l.,aiin lii%(t'rtan. '■ in (.iuiil. Ill* f^rlit-r wa.'v Mils anil adlim-nia of J. L'artor, and lii> aiict-siunt lia Koinanv Troi^ut wrote an unn % of ail the mo»i iniportani itt > i hajijicned fnni ' in 13. one ■ WMfUl into ^■l the cauae tliat tbc Jutttn. -IT, r. J. til the a^'i- of niirvd fur it% | totuiaetl \i> Ju%i ■iippose that lli ori)(inal of !>••. — Aug, dt ("is. iJ. J, I. ii. Tauf A. a citj, llie capiial of Troaa. or .u- cording to otlicrx. a roufllry of ^ ' ' Uiutn \va% till- capiLt!. It wa» bun •man ■■"-' ••• '■' ■ pro ..• of .thru' . D.r- dai)u« till- lirM kin;> ui t:- ami tallol It /;>r./<.*,ii. a (>f his »ui~ri-v-t>(^ it wa» > from litis IU.ni. Nrtiiiiii liave huili, ui walU. in the u, city has N - ■■ • iiu-r and \ have lift : I tiiat of 'I'roy i jan war w.i. i. recover lIcUii, ttttoui I'aria i, . kinijr uf Vrttv hoil carried ■»*»» !>•■ Hl^ All . *• of Me. I'"" -.--,.- and (irevka t>^ TTii ntinn» !,' ^ itiut tlivv wifi- i z\A) III nutntx-r. ■ iT of f.icn wliich tlie>e »}iip^ r:«r. r.> 1 1* iinkntiwn ; yet i» llic I > l.iiiicd aliout IJt) itK*n each. a:.< «bt .>'). it may Ik* NuppoM,«XX.) men were enj^a,;!-*! m bratetl (■(iH'dition V-'inunino]! v. general of ull i Ixit the princtn and king* of ( : adniittinl among hi» coiinaelloiv jiiii l»y titt^iall tin- oi«eration« of the war wen* din-ctt'd. The nio»t cc- lrl>rat<<us, Patroclu>. .igtuncin- nou, Nestor, N'.-optolenius, &c. 'ilte Gre- cian army hiu opposed by a more numerou:> force. The king of Ttoy retiivi-d aMiA^ iiiK'f from the m-ighUniring prim i-> in Akia .Minor, and rvikoned among his mot uctive ;;enenl\, U1k-%u> king of Tlinice, and .Me«n- non, who entered tiie field witii 'JU,UO() .\uy riant and y'Ltiiiopianik. Many of the adjoient cttie« were reduced and plundered Infori- tiie Greeks approachcvl tlteir walU ; but uhcn tlic liiy. 'I'he army of tlie (ireekt, how- tver. wa» visited Itjr a plague, and iIm u|>eration» were not levt n-tardetl by tbe ijuarrvl of Agamemnon and Achilles. 'I'he liMs u.is pn-at t>n both %iile^ : tlie must valiaot of tJu- Tr>>ians. a ' of the Mint of I'riani. an l.oi*ovir, I l.'H Ms. UcH • if to n The _>t t!.> V into lireekt of the . .u-» ,1 .'I liiiir i lie I tlie iiil < le put .,.1 tl..- , ..I away ovcortl- , out 1184 ilir i Urt^tui era. in llie f the Julian period, on llie ■ he nth and I'.th of June. c the ArU olympiad. .Some ' about Iroy : ., jiul expedition, yet it cootiuued to tiv kiiiall, and in the a^v of Strabo it was nearly in ruinv It ii said that J. ( aMU", who wikhc i .. i ai.'. .F.nen.. TR TU ."Eneas, Antenor, Agamemnon, Ilium, La- omedon, Menelaus, &c.] Firg. jEiu — Ho- rner. — Ovid. — i)iod. Ik- >iriven over the body of bcr aged fdUier, nhicli had be«-n thrown all mangled ami liKxxly into one of the . M',7>. .VnoUior daughter of .S»T«iu\ Tulliuv who married T.in|iiin the proud She uajsmunlrred liy her own huNlMincl. ilial he might marry her amhiiiou* Mnicr of the »«me name. .\ daughter of C'icero. [ fui. Tulliola. j -^— .\ defoauciieil wiAnan. Jut. 6. V. .106. TuLUA i.Ki, lie tenatu. by M. Tulliu^ Cicero, A. U. C. i',f<9, enactrcnce, as if they were employed in tlie afTairt of the state. .\notlier, dr nm- *di«. Iiy the vune, the tame year. It forf, a subterraneous prison in Rome, built by Ser%ius Tuliius, and added to the other called Robur, where criminals were confined. Sailutt. tn B. Catii. ^ Ti Liioi.A, or Ti LLiA, a daughter of Cicero by Terentia. Slie married Caius I'iso, and afterwards Furius Crassipisi, and lastly P. Com. Dolabeiia. With this last husband slie had every reason to be diaatisfied. Dola- beiia was turbulent, and conseijuently tb« cause of much grief to Tullia and her father. Tullia died in child-bed. about -t-i years b^ fore Christ. Cicero was so inconsolable on this occasion, that some have aotii'.ed him at an unnatural panialiiy for hi> d.iu^hter. Ac* curding to a ridicuUms story wtiu-h some of the toodems report, in the age of pope I'aol ■'>d, a OMMitUDent was discovered on the Ap> pian road with the superscription of TuUui^ Jiiut mt^. The body of a woman was found in it. which was reduced to ashes as soon at touched ; there was also a lamp bumiog, which was ritinguiahrd as soon as the air gained admission there, and which was sup- posed to have been lighted above 1500 years. Cir PltU. in Cic. Ti'Luts CiMua, tbe aon of a frccd-man, rose to great honors, and followed the intereit of I'omptry. He was reconciled to J. C«sar, whom be murdered witlt lirutuv. Jiul. Cicero, a celebrated orator. [ Tirf. Cicer^ The ioD of the orator Cicero. [ t'id. CicsTo. ] Servius, a king at Rome. [ h'id. sw— s • - 1 .Senecio, a man accused of cn- . .gainst N'crowitli IHso. .\ fru : '' One of tJ»e kings of Hon ■ i t'td. Servius.] Ti LLi * HosTtui's. the 3d king of Rome aAirr the death of N'uma. He was of a warlike and active dis{M>sition, and signalized hiins«'lf by his eip<.: '.■^^t the people of .Alba, whom lii :. and whose rity he de^tro^Td aiu r ti.. i.unout battle of the Horatii and Ciiristii. He aAerwarda carried his arms against the I.,«tins and the neighlM>uring statc» with succcas, and enforced revrrrnce for majesty amcmg his subjects. He dit>d Mith all his family, about f>40 years bs-fore ilie Christian era. aAer a reign of 35 yearv Tlie numner of hb death is nut prr- rist-ly known. Some suppose diat he was killed hy ' ' •- \«hile he was {Hrfumiing v)ine II uinies iii his own house; or aecm...^ . :..l more probable accounts of otliers, he wss murdere«i by .\ncus Mar- tins who s<-t fire to the palace, to make it iH'lieved that Uio impiety of Tullus had been punished by heaven. J'ltir. I. c. .'?. — Diin»>. Hal. \ c. I,— Tir^. .£n. 6, t. 814— Zir r. 2-2. — rauu A coiMuL A. U. C 6> //..rrt/. .3, Od. «, V. 12. TocTA, Of TcNlm, a town of Africa, n«nr TU T Y near which Regulus was defeated and taken by Xanthippus. Liv. 30, c. 9. TuNGRi, a name given to some of the Ger- mans, supposed to live on the banks of the Maese, whose chief city, called Atuatuca, is now Tnngeren. The river of the country is now the Spaw. Tacit, de Germ. 2. C. TuRANius, a Latin tragic poet in the age of Augustus. Ovid, ex Pont. 4, el. 16, V, 29. TuRBA, a town of Gaul. Turbo, a gladiator, mentioned Horat. 2, Sat. 3, V. 310. He was of a small stature, but uncommonly courageous A governor of Pannonia, under the emperors. TuRDETANi, or TuRDUTi, a people of Spain, inhabiting both sides of the Bastis. Liv. 21, c. 6. I. 28, c. 39. 1. 34, c. 17. TuREsis, a Thracian who revolted from Tiberius. TuRiAS, a river of Spain falling into the Mediterranean near Valentia, now the Gua- dalavier. TuAicuM, a town of Gau«, now Zurich, in Switzerland. TuRiosA, a town of Spain. TuRius, a corrupt judge in the Augustan age. Horat. 2, Sat. 1, v. 49. TuRNCJs, a king of the Rutuli, son of Daunus and Venilia. He made war against ^neas, , and attempted to drive him away from Italy, that he might not marry the daughter of Latinus, who had been previously engaged to him. His efforts were attended with no success, though supported with great courage, and a numerous army. He was con- quered and at last killed in a single combat by jEneas. He is represented as a man of uncommon strength. Virg. jEn. 7, v. 56, &c. — Tibull. 2, el. 5, v. 49. — Ovid. Fast. 4, V. 879. Met. 14, v. 451. TuRONEs, a people of Gaul, whose capital Ca'sarodunum, is the modern Tours. TuRPio. [ r7(/. Ambivius. ] TuRRus, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic. TuRULLius, one of Caesar's murderers. Tu RUNT us, a river of Sarmatia, supposed to be the Dwina, or Duna TuscANiA and Tuscia, a large country at the west of Rome, the same as Etruria. [ Vid. Etruria. ] Tusci, the inhabitants of Etruria. — —The villa of Pliny the younger near the sources of the Tiber. Pliti. ep. 5 & 6. Tusculanum, a country house of Cicero, near Tusculum, where among other books the orator corriposed his quajstiones concern- ing the contempt of death, &c. in five books. Ctc. Tusc. 1, c. 4. Alt. 15, ep. 2. iJiv. 2, c. 1. TuscuEUM, a town of Latium on the de- clivity of a hill, about 12 miles from Rome, founded by Telegonus thu son of Ulysses and Circe. It is now called Frescati, and is fa- mous for the magnificent villas in its neigh- 797 bourhood, Cic. ad Attic. — Slrab. 5. — Ho- tat. 3, Od. 23, v. 8, &c. Tuscus, belonging to Etruria. .The Tiber is called Tuscus Amnis, from hs' situation. Virg. Mn. 10, V. 199. Tuscus VIC us, a small village near Rome. It received this name from the Etrurians'of Porsenna's army that settled there. Liv. 2, c. 14. TuseuM MARE, a part of the Mediter- ranean on the coast of Etruria. [ Vid. Tyr- rhenum. ] TuTA, a queen of Illyricum, &c. \_Vid. Teuta.] TuxiA, a vestal virgin accused of inconti. nence. She proved herself to be innocent by caiTying water from the Tiber to the tem- ple of Vesta in a sieve, after a solemn invoca- tion to the goddess. Liv. 20. A small river six miles from Rome, where Annibal pitched his camp, when he retreated from the city. Liv. 26, c. 11. TuTiciiM, a town of the Hirpini. Tyana, a town at the foot of mount Tau- rus in Cappadocia, where Apollonius was born, whence he is called Tyanens. Ovid, Met. 8, v. 719. — Strab. 12. TyanItis, a province of Asia Minor, near Cappadocia. Tybris. [ Vid. Tiberis. "1 A Trojan who fought in Italy with .(Eneas against Turnus. Virg. jEn. 10, V. 124. Tybur, a town of Latium on the Anio. [Vid. Tibur.J Tyche, one of the Oceanides. Hesiod. Theog. V. 360. A part of the town of Syracuse. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 53. Tychius, a celebrated artist of Hyle in Boeotia, who made Hector's shield, Avhich was covered with the hides of seven oxen. Ovid. Fast. 3, v. 823. — Strab. 9. — Homer. II. 7, v. 220. Tw)e, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. Ital. 5, v. 367. Tydeus, a son of CEneus, king of Caly- don and Peribcea. He fled from his country after the accidental murder of one of his friends, and found a safe asylum in the court of Adrastus, king of Argos, whose daughter Deiphyle he married. When Adrastus wished to replace his son-in-law Polynices on the throne of Tliebes, Tydeus undertook to go and declare war against Eteocles, who usurped the crown. The reception he met provoked his resentment ; he challenged Eteocles and his officers to single combat, and defeated them. On his return to Argos he slew 50 of the Thebans who had conspired against his life, and lay in an ambush to surprize him ; and only one of the number was permitted to return to Thebes, to bear the tidings of the fate of his companions. He was one of the seven cliiefs of the army of Adrastus, and during the Theban war he behaved witL great courage. Many of the enemies expired T Y T Y uniler liis l»l.>«s, till lie wa- at la>.t wouiidcil by Mcnalippii*. I'lioupli the blow was t"a- tol, Tydciis liad the strength to dart at his fjnciuy, and to bring him to the ground, |)c- fore he was carried away *Voin the light by his eoinjKinioiis. At his own rcijucst, tlie dead boidy of IMcnalippus was l)rought to him, and after ho had orilered tlie head to be cut otT, he bc^an to tear out the brains with his teeth. 'ITje savag«" barliarity of Ty- deus dispittisetl IMiner\a, \v!io was toniiiig to bring liiin relief, and to make him immortal, and the goddew left him to his fate, and suf- fered him to die. Me was htiried at .\rgos, where his monument wa-s still to Ik* seen in the age of Pausania-s. He was father to Uio- iTiudes. Some sup|H>s« that t!ie c.iusc of his tliglit to Argos, was llie murder i>t the son of Meiiis, or according to others, of Alc-athous his fatlier'k brother, or periiaps his own bro- U»cr Olenius. J/nnttrr. li. 1, v. .><;J, .">ST. — .Ipoliiil. 1, c. S. 1.3, c. < . — JCschyl. f-j>l. 'iiUc Theb. — Patu. D, c. 18. — JJi^i. '-'. — * Euriji. ill Sh)). — Vtrg- -£'a- C, t. 479. — Ovid, in lb, ."J.jO, Ac. TrDinKs » patronymic of Diomciles. .-vs sun of I'ydeus. l'«r;'. ^En. I. v. 101. — //«- ,oo]ilu between Kpirus and lliessaly. TvMjiiuD*. a jiatroiiyiiiic of the cliil- .iren of Tyndjiru'. a-. C^'ior, Pollux, ;ind Helen, Ac Oiul. J.'w. :•• \ jjeople .-f I'olchis. TvNn.vRis, a {Kitronyinic t)f Helen, daugh- ter of Tyndarus. /'l>^'. A'n. -', V. .i',". — — A t«iwn of Sicily near Pelorus founded by :4 Messeninn colony. Stnib. 0. — I'lin. 'J, e. ^tl. — .Sj.'. 1-1, V. y09. — — Horace id\c this name to one of his mi '"^ ' oxpressiyo of all fmialc !•. . I Oil. IV, V. To. A u.uii^ ,....; ^iidiii. UifJ. .1. A. J. V. •llXs. .V town of CoKlus ou tlie lliasi^ J'Hiu Ty>u\:iis, son of G-^balus and Ciorgo- ^hon>.-, or, according to vime, of Periere*. 111! vvxs king of I^acedxmon, ;md m^trried the e«lel)rate bore him 'rimandra. PhiioiuK, \c. and .ilso In-came mother o\ Pollux and Helen by Jupiter. [ Tu/. Lcda, Castor, Pollux. Clytcmiu-.:ra. iS:c.J Tynmcius a general of Her.iclea. Po- Iffttn. Tvi"Hc«is, or TvruoN, ;» fumous giant, sou of Tartarus and TeiT.t, v. Iio had a hun- dred heads like tliose of a serpent or a dra- gon, l-'laines of devouring lire ^cio d.xned 7')a frotn his moutli and from his eyes, and he ut- tered horrid vl-IIs, like the dissonant shrieks of dirt'trent animals. He was no sooner boni. tlian, to avenge the deatli of his brothers the giants, he made w.-tr ag:iiiist heaven, and so frightened the gods that they tied awav and assumc^l different sliapes. Jupiter became a ram, Mercury an ibis, Apollo a crow, Juiv> n cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana a cat, Venu.sn fish, Ac. The fatlier of the gods at last re- sumed cotir.ige, tuid put Typbuus to flight with his thunderbolts, and crushed him un- der mount .TItna. in the island of Sicily, or according to some, under tiie island Inarime. Tv'phirus iK'canie filher of Geryon, Cerlie- rus and Ortlios by his union with Echidna. Hifgiu.fab. \52&. 196. — (hid. Met. 5, r. 325. — .En-hi/l. tt'jit. ante Theb. — HcsioH, T/mg. S20. — Hotmr. Hi/mn. — Herodot. 2, c. 156. — I'ir'^. ^En. 9, V. 716. TvpiioN, a giant whom Juno produced by striking the earth. .Some of the i)ei-ts make him i!:e sjmie .is the famous Typhccus. [J'n/. Typhctus.] —— .\ brollier of Osiris, whr. married N'cptliys. He laid snares for hi" brother during his expedition, and murderevi him at his return. Ilie deatli of Osiris wa • avengey his son Orus and Typhon was put to death. [ Vt'l. Osiris.] He was reckoned among the Kgyptiaiis to be Uie cause of every evil, and on that account generally reprx-- »enti^ OS :\ wolf and a crocodile. yVi/.*. i'l /<. cj- Ou—Dixl. 1. TraAKMoK, a gnunmiuian of Pontus ii>- limate with Cicero. His ori;ji::al name w.t i'hevphrastus and he receivc-il limt of 'l*yran- nion. frutn his austerity to IK- w;is token by Lucullus, ar l.i- lil»eriy by Miirwna. He Kpim.-'i .i -i...' 'i in the house of his friend Cicero, and t;ijo\e(l his friendsliip. He was extretiiely fi»nd of books, ami colleclul a library of about 3<>.(>.i.) volumes. To his care and industry tiie world is indebted for the preservation of Aristotle's works. There w.-vs also one of his di^- ciples calU-il nitH-li-s, who bore his name. He was a native of Phivnicia, and was mad.- pri.soner in t? e war of .A ugustus and .Antony, lie was lH)i:i;;:t by I)ynu-s one of tlie em- peror's favorites and afterwards by Terontia. who gave him his liberty. He wrote 6.S dif- ferent volumes, in one of v»hich he proved that tlie I.4itin tongue was derived frum tlie Gritk ; an I another in which Homcr"- pocms were corrected, &c. Tykaskvs, a son of Pterelau^. 'l'\ ' '!'■,« A. a river t)f Km niati .!■ the Kuxinesea. Dana: 1 ; .L Bon,-:>lhenes. anc tJie Xusirr. Ihid. Pout. •}. i^. JO, v. 5a TraEs, one of tlic comjianions of iEnea^ in his wars against Turnuv He »vas brotlier to Teuthras. JVr,-. Jit,. 10, v. 4Ci3. TrajDATts. a rich man in the ag« of .\lcx- ander, &c. Curl. Tv;..i, T Y T Y Tyrii, or Tyrus, a town of Magna Grajcia. Tyriotes, an eunuch of Darius, who fled from Alexander's camp, to inform his master of the queen's death. Curt. 4, c. 10. Tyro, a beautifid nymph, daughter of Sal- moneus, king of Elis and Alcidice. She was treated with great severity by her mother-in- law Sidero, and at last removed from htr fa- ther's house by her uncle Cretheus. She be- came enamoured of the Enipeus; and as she often walked on the banks of the river, Nep- tune assumed the shape of her favorite lover, and gained her aflfkctions. She had two sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune, whom she exposed, to conceal her incontinence from the world. The children %vere preserved by shep- herds, and when they had arrived to years of maturity, they avenged their mother's inju- ries by assassinating the cruel Sidero. Some time after her amour v.-ifh Neptune, Tyro married her uncle Cretheus, by whom she had Araythaon, Pheres, and JEson. Tyro is often called Salmo)iis from her father. Homer. Od. II, v. 234. — rindnr. Pyth. 4. — JlpoUod. i, c. 9. — Diod.4, — Propert. 1, el. 13, V. 20. 1. 2. cl. 30, V. 51. 1. 3, d. 19, v. 15. — Ovid. cm. 5, el. C, v. 43. — yEtian. V. H. 12, c. 42. Tyros, an island of Arabia. A city of Phoenicia. [/7i/. I'yrus.] Tykrheuuh, a patronymic given to the sons of 'J'yrrheus, who kept the Hocks of La- tinus. Virg. jEh. 7, v. 484. Tyrrheni, the inhabitants of Etruria. [Ti/. Etruria.] Tyrhhenum jiaue, that part of the Me- diterranean vr'hich lies on the coast of Etruria. It is also called Inf^rum, as being at the bot- tom or south of Italy. Tyrrhjcnus, a son of Atys king of Ly- dia, who came to Italy, Vvherc part of tJie country was called after him. Strub. 5 2\icit. Ann. 4, c. 55. — Paterc. 1, c. 1. A friend of ^Eneas. Virg. jEn. 11,' v. 612. Tyrrhi:l/s, a shepherd of king Latinus, whose stag being killed by the companions of Ascanius, was the first cause of war be- tween /Eneas and the inliabitants of La- tium. Hence the word Tyrrheides. Virg. ^n. T, v. 4K5. An Egyptian general, B. C. 91. Tyrsis, a place in the Balcaridcs, supposed to be the palace of Saturn. Tyrt^us, a Greek elegiac poet, born in Attica, son of Archimbrotus. In tlie second 799 Messenian war, the Lacedaemonians were di- rected by the oracle to apply to the Athenians for a general, if they wished to finish their expedition %vith success, and they were con- temptuously presented with Tyr(a?us. The poet, though ridiculed for his many deformities, and his ignorance of military affairs, animated the Lacedtemoninns witli martial songs, just as they wished to raise the siege of Ithome, and inspired them with soinucli courage, that they defeated the Messenians. For his ser- vices, he was made a citizen of Laceda?- mon, and treated with great atter.ticn. Of the compositions of Tyrtaus nothing is ex- tant but the fragments of four or five elegies. He florished about 684 B. C. Justin. 2, c. 5. — Strab. 8, — Aristot. Polit. 5, c 7. — Horat. de Art. P. 402. —JElian. V. 11. 12, c. 50. — Paus. 4, c. C, &c. Tyrus, or Tyros, a voi-y ancient city of Phoenicia, built by the Sidonians, on a small island at the south of Sidon, about 200 stadia from tlie shore, and now called Sur. There were proj)erly t.pcaking, two places of tliat name, the old I'yros, called I'ala-tyros, on the sea shore, and the other in the island. It was about 19 miles in circumference, including Palajtyros, but without it, about four miles. Tyre was destroyed by the princes of Assyria, and afterwards rebuilt. It maintained its in- dejjendence till the age of Alexander, who took, it with much difificulty, and only after he had joined the island to the continent by a mole, after a siege of seven months, on the 20th of August, B. C. Soti. The Tyrians ■w, frightened tJie new emperor ; and if his friends hud not interfered, he would have willingly resigiu-d all his preteiLsions to ti)e ejupire, which his brotlier had entrusted to his care. Hy per- severance, however, Valens was enabled to destroy his rival, and to distinguish himself in his wars against the northern barb.-u-ians. Uut his lenity to these savage intruders provetl fatal to the Roman power ; and by [K-nnitting sojne of the Goths to nettle in the provinces of 'llirace. and to have irxiK' access to every part of the country, V.ileJis encourngeJ tliem to inske depredations on liis subjects, hihI to distuil) theii tianqiiiilily. 800 His eyes were opened too late; he attempted to repel thejn, but he failed in die attempt. \ bloody battle was fought, in which tlie barbarians obtained some advantage, and Valens was hurried away by tlie obscurity of the night, and the affection of the sol- diers for his person, into a lonely house,, which die Godis set on fire. Valens, un- able to make his escape, was burnt alive in the 50th year of his age, after a reign of 15 years A. D. 378. He has been blamed for his superstition and cruelty, in putung to death all such of his subjects whose name iK'g-.m by Theod, because he had beeti in- formessoss any of the great qualities which distinguish a good and power- ful monarch. He was illiterate, and of a. disposition naturally indolent and inactive. Vet though timorous in the highest degree, he was w arlikc ; and though foiul of ease, he was aci|uainted with the character of bis officers, and preferred none but such as possessed merit. He was a great friend to discipline, a pattern of chastity and temper- ance, and he showctl himself always ready to listen to the just complaints of his sub- jects, though he gave an attentive ear to flattery and malevolent informations. Am- mian. Sec. ^'alerius, a proconsul of .\chaia, who proclaimed himself emperor of Home, when Marcian, who had been invested with the purple in the east, attemptcnl to assas- sinate him. He reigned only six months, and was murdered by his soldiers, A. D. 261. Fabius, a friend of Vilellius, whom he saluted emperor, in opposition to Otho. He «as greatly honored by Vitellius, Ac. :\ general of the emperor HonoriiM. The name of tlie second Mercury mentioned by CHc. de Nut. D. 3, c. 22, but considered as more properly belonging to Ju- piter. Valintia, one of the ancient names of Rome. \ town of Spain, a little below .Saguntum, founded by J. Rrutus. and for some time known by tlie name of Julia Co Ionia. A town of Italy. Another in Sardinia. VALENTiNiiiNUs 1st, a son of Gratian, raised to the imperial throne by bis merit and Talor. He kept the western part of the empire for himself, and appointed ovit the east his brother Valens. He gave the most convincing proof of his military valor in the victories which be obtained over die barbarians in the provinces of Gaul, the Jc>Mrt« V A V A desarts of Africa, and on the banks of the Rhine and tfie Danube. The insolence of the Qiiadi he punished with great severity ; and when these desperate and indigent bar- barians had deprecated the conqueror's mercy, Valentinian treated them with contempt, and upbraided them with every mark of resent- ment. While he spoke with such warmth, he broke a blood-vessel, and fell lifeless on the ground. He was conveyed into his palace by his attendants, and soon after died, after suffering the greatest agonies, from violent fits, and contortions of his limbs, on the 17th of November, A.D. 375. He was then in the 55th year of his age, and had reigned 12 years. He has been represented by some as cruel and covetous in the highest degree. He was naturally of an irascible disposition, and he gratified his pride in expressing a contempt for those who were his equals in military abilities, or who shone for graceful- ness or elegance of address. Ammian. About six days after the death of Valenti- nian, his second son, Valentinian the second, was proclaimed emperor, though only five years old. He succeeded his brother, Gra- tian, A. D. 383, but his youth seemed to favor dissension, and the attempts and the usurp- ations of rebels. He was robbed of his throne by Maximus, four years after the death of Gratian ; and in this helpless situation Jie had recourse to Theodosius, who was then emperor of the east. He was successfjl in his applications ; Maximus was conquered by Theodosius, and Valentinian entered Rome in triumph, accompanied by his benefactor. He was some time after strangled by one of his officers, a native of Gaul, called Arbo- gastes, in whom he had placed too much confidence, and from whom he expected more deference than the ambition of a barbarian could pay. Valentinian reigned nine years. This happened the 15th of May, A. D. 392. at Vienne, one of the modern towns of France. He has been commended for his many virtues, and the applause which the populace bestowed upon liim, was bestowed upon real merit. He abolished the greatest part of the taxes ; and because his subjects complained that he was too fond of the amusements of the circus, he ordered all such festivals to be abolished, and all the wild beasts that were kept for tiie enter- tainment of the people to be slain. He was remarkable for his benevolence and cle- mency, not only to his friends, but even to such as had conspired against his life ; aiid he used to say, that tyrants alone are sus- picious. He was fond of imitating the vir- tues and exemplary life of his friend and patron Tlieodosius, and if he had lived longer, the Romans might have enjoyed peace and security Valentinian the third, was son of Constantius and Placidia, the daughter of Theodosius the Great, and there- fore, as related to the imperial family, he was 801 saluted emperor in his youth, and publicly acknowledged as sucli at Rome, the 3d of October, A. D. 423, about tlie fitli year of his age. He was at first governed by his mother, and the intrigues of his generals and courtiers ; and when he came to years of discretion, he disgraced himself by violence, oppression, and incontinence. He was mur- dered in the midst of Rome, A. D. 454, in the 36th year of his age, and 31st of his reign, by Petronius Maximus, to whose wife he had oftered violence. The vices of Va- lentinian the third were conspicuous, every passion he wished to gratify at the expence of his honor, his health, and character; and as he lived without one single act of benevo- lence or kindness, he died lamented by none, though pitied for his imprudence and vicious propensities. He was the last of the family of Theodosius ■ A son of the emperor Gratian, who died when very young. Valeria, a sister of Publicola, who ad- vised the Roman matrons to go and depre- cate the resentment of Coriolanus. Plut. in Cor. A daughter of Publicola, given as an hostage to Porsenna, by the Romans. She fled from the enemy's country with Cloelia, and swam across the Tiber. Phit. de Virt. Mid. — — A daughter of Messala, sister to Hortensius, who married Sylla. The wife of the emperor Valentinian. The wife of the emperor Galerius, &c. A road in Sicily, which led from Messana to Lilybaeum. A town of Spain. Plin. 3, c. 3. Valeria lex, de provocaliom, by P. Va- lerius Poplicola, the sole consul, A. U. C. ii45. It permitted the appeal from a ma- gistrate to the people, and forbad the magis- trate to punish a citizen for making the ap- peal. It further made it a capital crime for a citizen to aspire to the sovereignty of Rome, or to exercise any oflice without the choice and approbation of the people. Val. Max. 4, c. 1, — T.iu. 2, c. 8. — Dion. Jlcd. 4. Another, de dcbitoiibus, by Valerius Flaccus. It required that all creditors should discharge their debtors, on receiving a fourth part of the whole sum. — — Another by M. Valerius Corvinus, A. U. C. 453, which confirmed the first Valerian law, enacted by Poplicola. Another called also Horatia, by L. Valerius and IM. Horatius the con- suls, A. U. C. 305. It revived tl;e first Valerian law, which under the triumvirate had lost its force. Another, de magis- tratibus, by P. Valerius Poplicola, sole con- sul, A. U. C. 245. It created two quaestors to take care of tlie public tieasure, which wa» for the future to be kept in the temple of Saturn. Plvt. in Pop- — Liv, 2. Valerianus, (Publius Licinius,") a Ro- man, proclaimed emperor by tlie armies in R!ia;tia, A. I). 254. The virtues which slione in him when a private man, were lost 3 F when V A V A wlit-(i li.- ascended the throne. Formerly dtslingui&hed for his tenipcraiict;, moderation, and many virtues, which fixed thr uiiin- fluenuc'd choice of all Rome ujwn him. Va- lerian invested with the purple, displayed iuability and mearmess. He wa.i cuwardly in his operations, and though acquainted with war, and die patron of science, he seldom acted with prudence, or favored men of true genius and merit. He tmik his son Gallitnus, h>> his collea:;ue in the empire, and showed the inaicvolenco of his heart by persecuting the Christians whom he had for a while tol'jratcd. He also made war against the Godis and ScvtJiians ; but in an expedi- tion which he undertook agaiast Sapor, king tif Persia, his arms were attended witli ill success. He was conquered in .Mesopotamia, :ind whon he wished to Ihm- a private con- ference witli Sapor, the conqueror seized his ]ierson, and carried him in triumph to his capitiil, where he exposed him, and in all the cities of his empire, to th^ ridicule and inso- lence (if liis subjects. When the Persian monarch mounted on horseback, Valerian servwl as a footstool, and the many other in- sults whiiii lie sudered. excited indignation •ivcn ajuong the courtiei^ of .Sapor, The munanli at last . 'J*h), after a reign of seven years. A grandson of Va- lerian the ejnpernr. He was put to death when his father, the emperor Ciallienus, was killed. One of the generals of the usuqier Niger. A worthy senator, put to iicrli, from his jKipularity. lid was very active in a^sisting lirutus to i'\jicl the Tarquins, and he was the first tl.ai took an oaih to suppon the Uberty and indepen- dence of hilt country. Though he had l>ct'n r«»fused Uie consulship, and had retired with great dissatisl'action from tlie direction of af- fairs, yet he regarded the public opinion ; and when the jealousy of the Itomans in- veighed agamst tlie towering appearance of his house, he acknowledged the reproof, and in making it lower, he showed his wisli to be on a lov^l with his fellow-citiaens, and not to erect what might be considered as a cita- del for the oppression of Ids country. He was afterwards honored with the consulshij), on the expulsion of CoUatiniis, and he tri- umphed over the Etrurians, after he had gained the victory in the battle in which Brutiis and tlie sons of Tarqutn had fallen. Valeriui died after he had been four times COOKil, and enjoyed the popnbritv, and re- «02 ceivod the thanks and the gratitude, which people redeemer! from slavery and oppres- sion usually pay to their patrons and deli- verers. He was so poor, that his body wa.> buried at the public cxpence. The Uoman matrons mourned his death a whole year. Plul. in vita. — llor. 1, c. 9. — liv. ^, C. S. Ac. Corvinu*, a tribune of tin* soldier.-. under Caniillus. When the Roman army were challenged by one i>f tlie .Senoncs, re- markable for his strength .ind stature, Xa- leriiis undertook to engage him, ami obtaiuod ;in easy victory, by means of a cn)w that as- sisted him, and attacked the face of the Gaul, whence his surname of Comnus- Valerius triuinpheit over the Etrurians, and the neigh- bouring slates tliat made war against Rome, and was six times honored witli tlie con- sulsliip. He died in the lOOth year of his .Tge, admired and regrettetl for many public and private virtues. I'al. Mui. 8. c. 13. — Lie. 7, c. 'J 7, &c — Piut- in Mar. — Cic. in Cat. .Vntias, an excellent Ro- man historian often quoted, :uid p.articularly by Livy. i .Marcus Corvinus Mcssala, a Roman, made consul with Augustus. He distinguished himself by his le.u-ning as «ell as military virtues. He lost his memory about two years before his death, and, ac- cording to some, he was even ignorant of his own name. Sutton, in Aug. — Cic. in Brut. — — .Soranus, a Latin poet in the age of Julius Ca»ar, put to death for betraying a secret. He acknowledged no god. but the soul of the universe. ^laximus, a brotlier of Poplicola. .\ I>atiii historian M ho carried anus under tlie sons of Pompey. lie dedicated his time to study, and wrote an account of all the most celebrated say- ings and actions of the Romans, and otlier illiisirious persons, which is still extant, and dividend into nine books. It is dedicated ta Til>erius. Some h.ive supposed that he lived after the age of Tiberius, from the w:uu of purity and elegance, which so con- spicuously appear in his writings, unworthy of the correctness of the golden age of tlie Roman literature. The best editions of Valerius are those of Torrenius, 'Ito. L. Rat. 172'), and of Vorstius, Svo. Berolin. 167-J. • Marcus, a brother of Poplicola, »ho defeated tlie army of the Sabines in two battles. He was honored witli a triumph, and tlie Romans, to show the sense of Lis gre.1t merit, built him a house on mount P.ilatine, at the public expence. Potitus. a general who stirred up tlie jieople and ar- my against the decemvirs, and Appius Clau* diifs in particular. He was chosen consul. and conquered the ^'olsci and .Equi. Fiaccus, a Roman, intimate with Cato the censor, whose friendsliip he honorably sli-Ve*!. He was consul with him, and cut »>ff an am'> of Ju,'XX> of the Iiiiubrcs and IJoii in Gaii.. in one battle. He wa5 also chosen cen-sor, and V A V A and prince of the senate, &c. —— A Latin poet who florished under Vespasian. He wrote a poem in eight books on the Argo- nautic expedition, but it remained unfinished on account of his premature death. The Argonauts were there left on the sea in their return home. Some critics have been lavish in their praises upon Flaccus, and have called him the second poet of Rome, after Virgil. His poetry, however, is deemed by some frigid and languishing, and his style uncouth and inelegant. The best editions of Flaccus are those of Burman, L. Bat. 1724, and 12mo. Utr. 1702. Asiaticus, a celebrated Roman, accused of having mur- dered one of the relations of the emperor Claudius. He was condemned by the in- trigues of Messalina, though innocent, and he opened his veins, and bled to death. Tacit, jinn. — — A friend of Vitellius. Fabianus, a youth condemned under Nero, for counterfeiting the will of one of his friends, &c. 2'acit. Ann. 14, c. 42. Laevinus, a consul who fought against Pyrrhus during the Tarentine war. [ Vid. Laevinus.] Praeconius, a lieutenant of Caesar's army in Gaul, slain in a skir- mish. PauUnus, a friend of Vespasian, &c. Valerus, a friend of Turnus against -Sneas. Virg. jEn. 10, v. 752. Valgius Rufus, a Roman poet in the Augustan age, celebrated for his writings. He was very intimate with Horace. Tibull, 3, I. 1, v. ISO. — Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 82. Vandalu, a people of Germany. Tacit. de Germ. c. 3. Vangiones, a people of Germany. Their capital, Borbetomagus, is now called V/orms. Lucan. 1, v. 431. — Cas. G. 1, c. 51. Vannia, a town of Italy, north of the Po, now called Civita. Vannius, a king of the Suevi, banished under Claudius, &c. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 29. Vapineum, a town of Gaul. Varanes, a name common to some of the Persian monarchs, in the age of the Roman emperors. Vaku^i, a people of Dalmatia. Cic. Fain. 5, ep. 9. Varia, a town of Latium. Varia lex, de majestate, by the tribune L. Varius, A. U. C. 662. It ordained that all such as had assisted the confederates in their war against Rome, should be publicly tried. Another, de civilute, by Q. Varius Hybrida. It punished all such as were sus- pected of having assisted or supported the people of Italy in their petition to become i'ree citizens of Rome. Cic. pro Mil. 36. in Brut. 56, 88, &c. Varini, a people of Germany. Tacit, de Ger. 40. Varisti, a people of Germany. Lucius Varius, or Varus, a tragic poet 803 intimate with Horace and Virgil. He was one of thos2 whom Augustus appointed to revise Virgil's .Ensid. Some fragments of his poetry are still extant. Besides trage- dies, he wrote a panegyric on the emperor. Quintilian says, 1. 10. that his Thyestes was equal to any composition of the Greek poets. Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 4<). A man who raised his reputation by the power of his oratory. Cic. ds Orat. 1, c. 25. One of the friends of Antony, surnamed Cotyloyi. A man in the reign of Otho, punished for his adulte- ries, &c. Vaxro, M. Terentius, a Roman consul defeated at Cannae, by Annibal. {Vid. Te- rentius.J A Latin writer, celebrated for his g?-eat learning. Pie wrote no less than 500 different volumes which are all now lost, except a treatise de Re Ruslicd, and another de Lingua Latind, in five books, written in his 80th year, and dedicated to the orator Cicero. He was Pompey's lieutenant in his piratical wars, and obtained a naval crown. In the civil wars he was taken by Casar, and proscribed, but he escaped. He has been greatly commended by Cicero for his erudi- tion, and St. Augustin says that it cannot but be wondered how Varro, who read such a number of books, could find time to com- pose so many volumes ; and how he who composed so many volumes, could be at lei- sure to peruse such a variety of books, and gain so much literary information. He died B. C. 28, in the 88th year of his age. The best edition of Varro is that of Dordrac, 8vo. ] 6 ] 9. Cic in Acad. &c. — Quintil. A'ta- cinus, a native of Gaul, in the age of J. Csesar. He tianslated into Latin verse the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius, with great correctness and elegance. He also wrote a poem intitled de Bella Sequanico, be- sides epigrams and elegies. Some fragments of his poetry are still extant. He failed in his attempt to write satire. Horat- 1, Sat. 10, V. 46. — Ovid. Am. 1, v. 15. — Quint. 10, c. 1. Varronis villa, now Vicovaro, was situate on the Anio, in the country of the Sabines. Cic. Phil. 2, ep. 41. Varus, (Quintilius) a Roman procon- sul, descended from an illustrious family. He was appointed governor of Syria, and afterwards made commander of the armies in Germany. He was surprised by the enemy, under Arminius, a crafty and dissimulating chief, and his army was cut to pieces. When he saw that every thing was lost, he killed himself, A. D. ) 0, and his example was fol- lowed by some of his officers. His head was afterwards sent to Augustus, at Rome, by one of the barbarian chiefs, as also his body ; and so great was the influence of this defeat upon the emperor, that lie con- tinued for whole months to shew all the marks of dejection, and of deep sorrow, often 3 F 2 exclaiming V A VE exclaimiiif^, "0 Varus, restore me my legions.'" The bodies of the slain WL-re left in the field of battle, where they were found six years after by Germanicus and buried with great pomp. Varus has been taxed wiUi indolence and cowardice, and some havi.- intimated, tliat if be had not trusted too much to tlie in- sinuations of the barbarian chiefs, he might have not only esca|>ee- try, and a great critic, as Horace, Art. P. 438, seems to insinuate. TTie poet has ad- dressed the 1 8th ode of his first book to him, and in the 'J4t]i he mourns patlietically his death. Some suppose this Varus to be the person killed in Gcnuany, while others be- lieve him to be a man who devoted his time more to the nmses than to war. [Vid. \'a- rius.] Lucius, an epicurean philttsopher, intimate with J. Ciesar. Some ,uppe paid out of the public treasury, and he was impowered to plant a Roman colony in tlie town of Novocomiun in Gaul. Another by P. Vatinius the tribune, A. U. C. 694. de rejtetutuii^, for the better management of tiie trial of tliose who were accused of ex- tortion. VATiMt's, an intimate friend of Cicero, once distinguished for his enmity to the ora- tor. He hated the people of Rome for their great vices and corruption, whence excessive hatred became proverbial in the words Vati- nianum oiiiuin. CatuU. 14, v. 3. A shoe - maker, ridiculed for his deformities, and tlie u. L'c .vi.icoN, a Trojan chief, remarkable for his great age and pniiscxl for the soundness of his counsels and hit good intentions, tliough accused by >onie of betraying his country to the eniiny. His house was first set on tire by tlie Creek.s. Virg. ^t';i. '2, v. 31'.'. — l{r,Vl,T. 11. 3, V. 14«<. I'cLTiA, a town of Gaul. I'Ci'nis, now Lucubi, a town of Spain. Ilirtius. I ULNA, or \'euikum, now Udino, a town of Italy. Vkctis, tlie isle of Wight, south of Britain. Suit. a. 3. Vectu's, a rhetorician, &c. Juv. 7, v. 150. Vkctones. [VU. Vettoncs.] VrauL s PoLuo, a friend of Augustus, very cruel to his servants &c. [lid. Pollio.] Aquila, an oflicer at the battle of liebriaciun, &c. Tacit. H. 2, c. 44. Vecftil's a Latin >vTiter, who flori&hed IJ. C. 586. The best edition of liis treatise de Re MUitari. together witli Modestus >s that of Paris, 4to. 1607. VxoiA, VE VE Vegia, an isiana cm tbe (?oast of Dalma- ta. Vkia, a sorceress, in the age of Horace. ep. 5, V. 29. Veianus, a gladiator, in the age of Ho- race, 1, ep. 1, V. 4. Veientes, the inhabitants of Veii. Tliey were carried to Rome, vhere the tribe they composed was called Veientina. [Vid. Veii. J Veiento, Fabr. a Roman, as arrogant as he was satirical. Nero banished him for his libellous writings. Jiiv. 3, v. 185. Veii, a powerful city of Etruria, at the distance of about 12 miles from Rome. It sustained many long wars against the Ro- mans, and was at last taken and destroyed by Camillus, after a siege of ten years. At the time of its destruction, Veii was larger and far more magnificent than the city of Rome. Its situation wan so eligible, that the Romans, after the burning of the city by the Gauls, were long inclined to mi- grate there, and totally abandon their na- tive home; and this would have been car- ried into execution, if not opposed by the authority and eloquence of Camillus. Ovid. 2, Fast. v. 195. — Cic. de Div. 1, c. 44. — Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 143. — Liv. 5, c. 21, &c. Vejovis, or Vejupiter, a deity of ill omen at Rome. He had a temple on the Capi- toline hill biiilt by Romulus. Some suppose that he was the same as Jupiter the infant, or in the cradle, because he was represented without thunder, or a sceptre, and had only by his side the goat Amalthaa, and the Cretan nymph who fed him when young. Ovid. Fast. 5, V. 430. Velabrum, a marshy piece of ground on the side of the Tiber, between the Aventine, Palatine, and Capitoline hills, which Augustus drained, and where he built houses. The place was frequented as a market, where oil, cheese, and other com- modities were exposed to sale. Horat. 2, Sat. 3, V. 229. — Otid. Fast. 6, v. 401. — Tibull. 2, el. 5, v. 33. — Plant. 3, cap. 1, V. 29. Velanil's, one of Ca;sar's officers in Gaul, &c. Velauni, a people of Gaul. Velia, a maritime town of Lucania, founded by a colony of Phoceans, about GOO years after the coming of jiilneas into Italy. Tl)e port in its neighbourhood was called 'Velinus partus. Strab. 6. — Mela, 2, c. 4. — Cic. Phil. iO, c. 4. — Virg. JEn. G, v. 366. An eminence near the Roman forum, -where Poplicola built himself a house. Liv. 2, c. 6. — Cic. 7, Mt. 15. Velica, or Vellica, a town of the Can- tabrL Velina, a part of the city of Rome, ad- joining mount Palatine. It was also one of the Roman tribes. Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. 5'2. — Cic. 4, ad Attic, ep. ] 5. 805 "V elInus, a lake in the country of the Sa- bines, formed by the stagnant waters of the Velinus, between some hills near Reate. The river Velinus rises in the Apennines, and after it has formed the lake, it falls into the Nar, near Spoletium. Virg. JEn. 7, v. 517. — Cic. Div. 1, c. 36. Veliocassi, a people of Gaul. Veliterna, or Vehtr^, an ancient town of Latium on the Appian road, 20 miles at the east of Rome. The inlial^itants were called Velitemi. It became a Roman colony. Liv. 8, c. 12, &c. — Sveton. in Aug. — Ital. 8, V. 378, &c. Vellari, a people of Gaul. VellaunodOnum, a town of the Senones, now Beaune. Cas. 7, c. 11. Velleda, a woman famous among the Germans, in the age of Vespasian, and wor- shipped as a deity. Tacit, de Germ. 8. Velleh's Paterculijs, a Roman histo- rian, descended from an equestrian family of Campania. He was at first a military tri- bune in the Roman armies, and for nine years served under Tiberius in the various expeditions which he undertook in Gaul and Germany. Velleius wrote an epitome of the history of Greece, and of Rome, and of other nations of the most remote antiquity, hut of this authentic composition there re- main only fragments of the history of Greece and Rome from the conquest of Perseus by Paulus, to the 17th year of the reign of Tiberius, in two books. It is a judicious account of celebrated men, and illustrious cities ; the historian is happy in his de- scriptions, and accurate in his dates, his pictures are true, and his narrations lively and interesting. The whole is candid and impartial, but only till the reign of the Caesars, when the writer began to be influ- enced by the presence of the emperor, or the power of his favorites. Paterculus is deservedly censured for his invectives against Cicero and Pompey, and his encomiums on the cruel Tiberius, and the imfortunate Sejanus. Some suppose that he was involved in the ruin of this disappointed courtier, whom he had extolled as a pattern of virtue and morality. The best editions of Paterculus are those of Ruhnkenius, 8vo. 2 vofs. L. Bat. 1779; of Barbou, Paris, 12mo. 1777, and of Burman, 8vo. L. Bat. 1719. — Cains, th« grandfather of the historian of that name, was one of the friends of Livia. He killed himself when old and unable to accompany Livia in her flight. Velocasses, the people of Vexin, in Nor- mandy. Cces. G. 2, c. 4. Venafrum, a town of Campania near Ar- pinum, abounding in olive trees. It be- came a Roman colony. It had been founded by Diomedes. Horat, 2, Od. 6, v. 16. — Martini. 13, ep. 98. — Juv. 5, v. 86. — Strab, 5, — Plin, 3, c, 5. Venkdi, a people of Germany, near th« 3 F J moutb VE VE niouih of the Vistula, or gulph of Daiitzic. Tnci!. de Germ. 46. — I'l'in. 4, c. 13. Veneli, a people of Gallia Celtica. Veneti. a people of Italy in Cisalpine Gaul, near the ntouths of the Po. They were descended from a nation of Paphla- goiii.!, who St tiled there under Antenor some lime alter the Trojan war. The Vene- tians, who have been lon;^ a powerful and commercial nation, were oriijinally very poor, wlience a writer in tlic aj^e of the Ro- man emperors wiid, they had no other fence against the waves of the sea hut hunlU-s, no food but ti^h, no wealth besides thi-ir fish- ing-boats, and no merchandize but salt. Strab. 1, &c J.ir. 1, c. I. — Meia, i; c. 2. 1. 2. c. 4. — Cees. liell. G. 3, c. 8. — J.u- can. 4, V. 13 I. — lUil. 8, v. «k)5. — — A na- tion of Gaul, at the *outh of Amiurics. oil tlie western coast, powerful by sea. Their chief city is uom called I'aiiius. Cat- S, G.S. Vesktia, a part of Gaul, on tlie mouths of the Po. I P'ld. \'eneli.] VesETi s i*Ati.fs, a centurion who con- .^pired against Nero with Pis«.>, &c. Ta- ci?. IJ, .inn. c. 50. A lake through which the Rhine passes, now Pudensee or Coiutnucf. Mela, 3, c. 2. Vt.siiiA. a nymph, sister to Amala, and motlier uf 'i'tirnus, by Daunus. Aniphitritc tlie sea goddess is also called Vcnilia. f'irg' yF.n. lu, V, 76. — Ovid. i{,l. H, v. oo4 Viirr.}, dt J.. L. -*, C. 10. VcNxoNES, a people of the Rhtrtian Alps. Vevomcs, nn historian mentioned by Of. ad Jtlic. IJ, <7>. 3, ;'.c. \'ENrA liELGAUru, a town of Britain, now H'iinhfstiT. — — • Siltirum, a town of iirituin, now Co'-rwrnt, in Moiimouthshiiv. Iceiiorum, now yoniich. VtNTi. 'Die aucients, and especially tlie .\tJieniaiis, paid particxdar attention to tlie winds, and offered tliei-i s;iciiHces as to deities iiit'-nt upon tlie destruction of mankind, by continually causing storms tempests, and eaithquakcs. The winds were represented in different attitudes and forms. The four princiiial winds were J-^uriis, tlie south-east ; \«ho is repre- sented as a yoiin^ man ilyinj» witli great impetuosity, aiid often apiieariiig in a play- bome :uid wanton hiuiior. Jiistcr, the south wind, appearc>wers. He married Flo- ra thiriis, or north- vest, drives clouds of snow before him, and Ai/iii/o. thf nortli-e&st, i; ujuaJly dreadful in ap|>earance. The wind ;, according to some mythologists were confined in a large cave, of which iEolus had the management ; and without this necevsary prec.nulion, they would haveove.-turned Uie earth, and reduced every thing to .'ts original chao.>. Virg. Aln. 1, v. 57. &u VE.NTinius Bassus a native of picenum, born of an obscurj family. Wln-n .\sculum was taken, he was carried bef«rc the tri- umphant chariot of Pompeiut Sirabo. hang- ing on his mother's bre.ist A boUl, aspiring soul, aided by die patronage of the family of Ca>sar, raised him from the mean occu- pation of a chainnan and muktet>r to dig- nity in the state. He displayed valor in the Roman armies, and gradually arose to the offices of tribune, prKtor, high-priest, .and consul. He made war against the I'arthians, and conquered tliem in three great battles, B. C. 39. He was the first R»)man ever honored with a triumph over I'arthia. He died greatly lamented by all the Roman people, and was buried at the public expence. PLut. m Jnh'n. — Juo. 7, v. 199. Cumanus governor <'f V •' '■— S.c. TncU. A. 15, c 5K 1 ;n tlie age of Pom- pey who favo. mtervst, &c. IHul. Vbni'i til s, a writer in the age of the em- peror .Alexander. A friend of Verre*. Of. i« r«T. 3, c. 42. V'enCli's, one of the Ijitin elders sent into Ml ' ' .md the assist- ance Ci" .En. >■, v. 9. Vkm -. k-.^k: >.. , ., i..-..L ^v.ottrated deities of tlie ancii-nts. She via* the goddcis of beauty, the mother of love, thequein of laugh- ter, the mistress of tlie graces and of plea.siures, and the p;!troness of courtesans. Some my- tliologist.s speak of more than one Venus. Plato mentions two, Venus L'rania, the daugh- ter of Uranus, and Venus Pi'pularia, tlie daughterof Jupiter aud Dione. Cicero speaks of four, a daughter of Coelus and Light, one sprung from the froth of the sea, a third, daughter of Jupiter and the Nereid Dione, aud a fourth born at Tyre, and the same as the Astartc of tlie Syrian^ Of these, however, the Venus sprung from th« froth of the SCI, after the mutil.itetl part of tlie i)pdy of Uranu' ' ' " thrown dicre by Saturn, is the : and of h#r if. particular, ancie; ^iis us well ts painters, make mention, fiitie arose !'m -.-i the sea near the island of Cyprus, or, acci..->ung to Hesiod, cf Cyihcra, whither slie «as wafted V E V E waftcvl by the zephyrs, and received on the se;i-shore by the seasons, daughters of Jupiter ar.d Therflis. She was soon after carried to heaven, %vhere all the gods admired her beau- ty, and all tlie goddesses became jealous of her personal cliarms. Jupiter attempted to gain her affections and even wished to offer her violence, but Venus refused, and the god to punish her obstinacy, gave her in marriage to his ugly and deformed son Vulcan. This marriage did not prevent the goddess of Love from gratii'^ang her favorite passions, and she defiled her husband's bed by her amours with the gods. Her intrigue with jMars is the most celebrated. She was caught in her lover's onns, and exposed to the ridicule and laughter of all the gods. [ Vid. Alectryon.] Ve:nis became mother of Hermione, Cupid, and Anteros, by Mars ; by jMercury she had Hcrmaphroditus ; by Bacchus, Priapus; and by Neptune, Eryx. Her great partiality for Adonis made her abandon the seats of Olyra- pin, [Vid. Adonis] and her regard for An- c'hises obliged her often to visit the woods and solitary retreats of moimt Ida. [ Vid. Anchises, -Eneas.] The power of Venus over the heart was supported and assisted by a celebrated girdle, called rj.ue by the Greeks, and ccstus by the Latins. This mysterious girdle gave beauty, grace, and elegance, when worn even by the most de- fonned ; and it excited love and rekindled extinguished flames, Juno herself was in- debted to this powerful ornament, to gain tlie favors of Jupiter, and Venus, though herself possessed of every charm, no sooner j)ut on her cestus, than Vulcan, unable to resist the influence of love, forgot all the in- trigues and infidelities of his wife, and fabri- cated arms even for her illegitimate children, 'ilie contc'st of Venus for the golden apple of Discord is well known. She gained the })r;z J over Pallas and Juno, [ Vid. Paris, Dis- cordia,] and rewarded her impartial judge with the hand of the fairest woman in the world. Tlic worship of Venus was univer- ssily established; statues and temples were t reeled to her in every kingdom, and the an- cients were fond of paying homage to a di- %inity who presided over generation, and by whose influence alone mankind existed. In her sacrifices and in the festivals celebrated in her honor, too much licentiousness pre- vailed, and public prostitution was often part of the ceremony. Victims were seldom of- fc-rid to her, or her altars stained with blood, lhcuj*!i we find Aspasia making repeated sa- crifices. No pigs, however, or male animals were deemed acceptable. I'he rose, the myr- tle, and the apple, were sacred to Venus, and among birds, the dove, the swan, and the sparrow, were her favorites ; and among fishes, those called the aphya and the lycostomus. The goddess of beauty was represented among the ancients in dififerent forms. At Eiis she 807 appeared seated on a goat, with one foot resting on a tortoise. .A.t Sparta and Cythcra, she was represented armed like jNIinerva, and sometimes wearing chains on her feet. In the temple of Jupiter Olympius, she was re- presented by Phidias, as rising from tlie sea, received by love, and crowned by the goddess of persuasion. At Cnidos her statue made by Praxiteles, represented her nsikcd, witli one hand hiding what modesty keeps con- cealed. Her statue at Elcphantis was the same, with only a naked Cupid by her side. In .''icyon she held a poppy in one hand, and in the other an apple, while on her head she had a crown, which tenninated in a point, to intimate the pole. She is generally repre- sented with her son Cupid, on a chariot drawn by doves, or at other times by swans and sparrows. The surnames of the goddess are numerous, and only serve to shew how well established her worship was all over the earth. She was called Ci/pria, because par- ticularly "worshipped in the island of Cyprus, and in that character she was often repre- sented with a beard, and the male paits of generation, with a sceptre in her hand, and the body and dress of a female.'whence she is called duplex Aniatliusia by Catullus. She received the name of Paphia, because wor- shipped at Paphos, where she had a temple with an altar, on which rain never fell, though exposed in the open air. Some of the ancients called her Aposiropkia or Epi- strophia, as also Venus Urania, and Venus Pandemos. The first of these she received as presiding over wantonness and incestuous enjoyments j the second because she patro- nized pure love, and chaste and moderate gratifications ; and the third because she fa- vored the propensities of the vulgar, and was fond of sensual pleasures. The Cnidians raised her temples under the name of Venus Acrtsa, of Doris, and of Euploea. In her temple under the name of Euploea, at Cnidos, was the most celebrated of her statues, being the most perfect piece of Praxiteles. It was made with white marble, and appeared so engaging, and so much like life, that, accord- ing to some historians, a youth of the place introduced himself in the night into her tem- ple, and attempted to gratify his passions on the lifeless image. Venus was also surnamed Cythercm, because she was the chief deity of Cythera ; Eiopolis, because her statue was without the city of Athens ; Phallommeda, from her aflTection for the phallus ; Philom- medis, because the queen of laughter ; Teleasi- gania, because she presided over marriage ; Coliada, Coloiis, or Colias, because worshipped on a promontorj' of the same name in Attica j Area, because armed like Mars; Vcrticordia, because she could turn the hearts of women to cultivate chastity; Apaturia, because she deceived ; Ccdva, because she was represented bald ; Erictpia, because worshipped at Eryx ; 5 F 4 Etuira, VE V E £taira, because tJie patroness of courU-zan« ; ^cuiiUia, because of a fountain of Orcho- menos ; JB'iiUca, because the queen of love ; Mi/rtea, because the myrtle was sacred to her ; Lihertinii, from her inclinations to gratify lust ; Mechnnitis, in allusion to t!ic many artifices practised in love, &c. itc As god- dess of U>e soa, because born in the boMjm of the waters, Venus was called I'ontia, Marina, IAinni'$ia, EpipiyiUin, J'l-Uigiii, Suli- genia, Fontoui-:nia, Aligtiui, Thalassia, A:c. and as rising from tlie sea, the name of j-lnady- omcnc \s applied to hir, and rendered immor- tal by die celebrated painting of Apelles, ■which represented her as issuing front tlie }josoin of tlie wavev, and wringing her tresses on her shoulder. [fW. Anadyumene. ] Cic. de Xut. U. 'J, c. 27. I. 3, c. I'j. — Drjihcns Hymn. .14. — Ifetiod. T/ifo>i. — Sajij^Uo. — Homer. Hymn, in Ven. fee. — '"trif. ^Kn. 5, y. HOO, Ac. — Olid. Hirviil. \', \C. I'J, &c. Met. 4, ftib. 5, &c. — Diod. 1 & 5 //y;?i/i. fab. 94, J- 1. — Fnui. 2, c. \. 1. -J, c. 50.' I. 5, c. 18. — Martial. 6, r)>. 13. — Euriji. in Hd. in Jping,. in Troad. — I'iut. in Erotic. — .Eiian. /'. //. 1'-'. c. 1. — W/Aivi. 12, See. CatuUut. — I.aclant. dc/nlsa re. — Calaber, 11. — Lu- cian. diid. &c. — Strab. H. — Tacit. ..Inn. .">, &c. — To/. Max. 8, c. 11 P/i;i. 3G. — //>- rat. 5, Od. '^r,. 1. 4, Ud. 1 1, Ac .\ planet called by the Greeks l^osphorus, and by the Latins l.ucifcr, when it rises before the sun, but when it follows if, IIes|>erus or Vesper. Cic. dc Xiit. 2, c. •_'■>, in tomn. Scip. Vrsi s I'vRrNiKA, a town of Spain near tlie borderi of (Jaul. VesiJMA, or VLNUsiirM, a town of Apulia, where Horace was iMirn. Part of the Roman army fled tJiilJicr afu-r the defeat at Canuir. The town, tJiough in ruins contains still many i)ieces of antiquity, especially a m;u1)le bust preserved in tJie great square, and said falsely to l>c im original represent.ition of Horace. Ven\isia was on the confines of Lucania, whence the poet said l.uctnus un ApiUus anci-jis, and it was founded by l)io- inedes wiio called it Venusia or Aphrodisia, after Venus, whose divinity he wished to ap- pease. .Strab. 51k li. — Hinii. 2. .Sat. 1, V. 33. — I.iv. -J J, c. M Hin. 3. c. II. Veuaohi. a pi-o|>le l>ctween the .Mps and tlie Aliobroges. J.io. 21, c. 38. — Ca-sar. G.3. c. I. Vkrania, the wife of Piso Licinianus whom Galba ad(ipte<). Vkramii^, a governor of Britain under Nero. He succeeded Didiu« Gallus. Tacit. 14. .Inn. Vekb.vkus l.vcls, now ^fnjor^1, a lake of Italy, from which tlje Tici;ius fli.ws. It i* in the moilern duchy of ."Milan, and extends 30 miles in lengili from soudi to north, and 5 or 6 in breaddi. Strab. 4. Vkrbicesus, a village in llic country of tJje Celta?. 808 VijRBixuM, a town in the north of Gaul. Vercell*, a town on the borders of Iii- subria, where Marius defeated the Chnbri. Plui. 3, c. 17. — Cic. Fain. 11, ep. ID Sd. 8, V. 59^. VKRciMcrroRis, a chief of the Gaul«, in the time of Ctesar. He was conquered and led in triumph, &c. Ctesar. Beli. G. 7, c. -i. — Flor. 3, c. 10. VcKcsis, a small river of Latium falling into the .\nio. Vfrcasii.launi'S, one of the generals and friends of Vercingetorix. Ctesar. Bell. G. VcRGiE, a town of the Brutii. Liv. 30, c. 19. Vercellus, a small river near Cannap, falling into the .\ufidus, o\M>liitc power which his soldiers of- fered to him. Tacit. I. //i.vf. c. 8. A rhetorician in the age of Nero, banialied on account of Ids great fame. Id. An. 15. c. 71. Vkrcil'M, a town of Spain. Vkhcobrctis, one ot tliu chiefs of the .ICdui, in the age of Cossar, &c. Ctt$ar. G. I, c. 16. VkrTtas, [truth.) was not only personi- fied by the ancients but also made a deity, and called tlic daughter of Saturn :uid the mother of Virtue. She wiis repre>ented like a young virgin, dressed in white apparel, with all the marks of youthful diffidence and mu, a town of Gaul, now £etan- jon. dfs. G. 38. ^'esektum, a town of Tuscany. ^'esERIs, a place or river near mount Ve- soAriiis. Liv. R. c. 8. — Cic. OJT- 5, c. 51. VESEVitiE& Vesevi's. [r/i. VesuTius.] Vesidia, a town of Tuscany. VE«;n.'«NA, a town of Gaul, now Peri- gXIfUT. VEsi-Ari.e, a small rillaj^e of I'mbria, near N'ursia. Suet. I'l-sp. I. V'r-;rA.siANi s, Titus Flavius, a Iloman emperor, descended from an oltscurc family at lU'ite. IK- was honored witli the con- KuUliip. not io much by the influence of the impi'ria! c(jurtieri, as by his own private merit, and iii; public services. lie accom- panied Nero into Grvecc, t>ut he ofTc^jled the prince by falling asleep wliilc he repeated one of 111 . y-jctical compositions. 'Iliis mo- menUuy ie>..ntinent of tlie ennnrror did not prevent Wspnsian from being sent to carry on a war aj^ainst die Jews. His operations were crowned wiili success ; many of tlie cities of Palestine surrendered, and Vespasian iM^jjan the sie;^e of JerusrJem. 'Illis was Imwcver, atdiieveii by the hands of his son Titus, and the death nf Vitellus and tlic afl'ection of his soldiers liastened his rise, and lie was pri>- claimed emperor at Alexandrix 'flie chrs«.' iloctor, he litl.a-. cd. when invested with tiie imperial purple, with all the dignity and greatness which bec.ime a successor of Augustus. In the beginning of his reign Vespasian attempt- ed to refor;n tlie manners of the Uoinans, ami he too!^ i ■pointmcnt wliich he had a few da;. nied to a young no- l>Icnian who „[., . .^...J him lo return liiin tii.-inks, all smelling uf perfumes and covered ^^ith ointment, adding, J had rather you had smelt of garlici. He repaired the public buildings, embellished the city, and mode the great roatls more spacious and convenient. .\fter he had reigned with gnat popularity foi 10 year.*, Vespasian died witli i. pain in his bowels, A. D. 79, in tl»e TOtJi year of his age. He was the first Itoman emperor that died a natural death, and he was also the l\r-.t who was succeeded by his own son on the lliione. Vespasian has been admired for his great virtues. He was clement, he gave no em. to flattery, and for a longtime 810 refused the title of father of his country, which was often bestowed upon the m«v>t worthless and tyrannical of the emperor-. He despised informers, and raLher than punish conspirators, he rewarded them with great liberality. When the king of Parthia ad- dressed him with the superscription of Arsn- ces king of (iings lo Flavins yespasianui, iJie emperor was no way dissatisfied with the pride and insolence of the monarch, and answered him again in his own words ; Flavius Ves]>asianus to Arsaces king of iings. To men of learning and merit, \ espasian was very liberal : one hundred thousand sesterces were aniuially paid from the public treasury to the ditfercnt professors tliat were appointed to encourage and promote the arrs and sciences. Yet in spite of this apparent generosity, some authors have taxed Vesj>asian with avarice, .\ccording to their accounts, he loaded tl»e 'provinces with new taxes, he bought commodities that he might sell them to u greater advantage, and even laid an int|>ost upon urine, %vhich gave octa-sinn to TitUi to ridicule the meanness of his father. Vespa.iian, regardless of his son's obsi-nration, was satibhcd to shew liirA fhe money that was raised from so productive a tax, askin;; him at the same liiue whether it smelt offensive •' His ministers were tlic most avaricious uf hi-. subjects, and the emperor useil Tcry properly to remark that he treated them as s|H>n(|es, by wetting tlietn when dry. and s<]ueeiin;^ tliein wIk-u they were wet. He has been accusetl of selling criminals tiieir lives, and of condemning tlie most opulent tu make himself master of their posseuions. If. however, he was guilty of these meaner practices they were all under the name of one of his concubines, who wislunl to enrich herself by tlie avarice and credulity of the emperor. Sueton. in viti. — Tacii. His;. 4. VcsfER, or Vcsrcaus, a name applied to the planet Venus when it was the evening star. yirg. Vessa, a town of Sicily. VtsTA, a goddess, daughter of Rhea and Saturn, sister to Ceres and .Funo. She i« ort.ii confounded by the mythologists witri liliea, Ceres Cybele. Proserpine. Hecate. ■.\s\d Tellus When considered as the mother of tlie gods site is the mother of Khea and Saturn ; and when considered as the patron- ess of the vc-stal virgins and the godde-s of fire, she is called the daughter of Saturn and Rhex Under this last name slie was wor- shipped by tJii Romans, .tneas was f; e first who introduced her mysteries iuto Italy, and Numa budt her a temple where no maics were permitted to go. The palladium of fl Troy was supposed to be preserved within ^ her sinctuary. and a fire was rontinually kept lighted by a certain number of virg»i»»» who h;id dedicated themselves to the •*ia.\.' ..f VE VE of the goddess. [Fiif. Vesta! es.] If the fire of Vesta was ever extinguished, it was sup- posed to threaten the republic with some sudden calamity. The virgin by whose negligence it had been extinguished, was severely punished, and it was kindled again by the rays of the sun. The temple of Vesta was- of a round form, and the goddess was represented in a long flowing robe, with a veil on her head, holding in one hand a lamp, or a two-eared vessel, and in the other a jave- lin, or sometimes a palladium. On some medals she appears holding a drum in one hand, and a small figure of victory in the other. Hesiod. Tlieog. v. 454. — Cic. de Leg. 2, c. 12. — Apollod. 1, c. 1 Vir^. /En. 2, V. 29G.—I>iod. 5.— Ovid. Fast. 6, Trist. 3. — Val. Max. 1, c. 1. — Flat, in Num. — Paus. 5, c. 14. Vestalfs, priestesses among the Romans, consecrated to the service of Vesta, as their name indicates. This office was very ancient, as the mother of Romulus was one of tlie vestals. .-Eneas is supposed to have first chosen the vestals. Numa first appointed four, to which number Tarquin added two. They were always chosen by the monarchs, but after the expulsion of the Tarquins, the high priest was entrusted with the care of them. As they were to be virgins, they were chosen young, from the age of six to ten ; and if there was not a sufficient number that pre- sented themselves as candidates for the office, twenty virgins were selected, and they upon whom the lot fell were obliged to become priestesses. Plebeians as well as patricians were permitted to propose themselves, but it was required that they should be born of a good family, and be without blemish or deformity, in every part of their body. For thirty years they were to remain in the greatest continence ; the ten Srst years were spent in learning the duties of the order ; the ten fol- lowing were employed in discharging them with fidelity and sanctity, and the ten last in instructing such as had entered the noviciate. When the thirty years were elapsed, they were permitted to marry, or if they still pre- ferred celibacy, they waited upon the rest of the vestals. As soon as festal was initiated, her head was shaved, to intimate the liberty of her person, as she was then free from the shackles of parental authority, and she was permitted to dispose of her possessions as she pleased. The employment of the vestals was to take care that the sacred fire of Vesta was r^ot extinguished, for if it ever happened, it was tleemed the prognostic of great calamities to the state ; the otiender was punished for her negligence, and severely scourged by the high priest. In such a case all was constern- ation at Rome, and the fire was again kindled by glasses with the rays of tlie sun. An- other equally particular charge of the vestals was to keep a sacred pledge, on which de- 811 pended the verj' existence of Rome, which according to some, was the palladium of Troy, or some of the mysteries of the gods of Samothrace. Tlie privileges of the vestals were great, they had the most honorable seats at public games and festivals, a lictor with the fasces always preceded them when they walked in public ; they were carried in chariots when tliey pleased ; and they had the power of pardoning crimmals when led to execution, if they declared that their meeting was accidental. Their declarations in trials were received without the formality of an oath ; they were chosen as arbiters in causes of moment, and in the execution of wills, and so great was the deference paid them by the magistrates, as well as by the people, that the consuls themselves made way for them, and bowed their fasces when they passed before them. To insult them was a capital crime, and whoever attempted to violate their chastity, was beaten to death with scourges, if any of them died while in office, their body was buried within the wails of the city, an honor granted to few. Such of the vestals as proved incontinent, were punished in the most rigorous manner. Numa ordered them to be stoned, but Tarquin the elder dug a large hole under the eartli, where a bed was placed with a little bread, wine, water, and oil, and a lighted lamp, and the guilty vesUil was stripped of the habit of her order, and compelled to descend into the subterra- neous cavity, which was immediately shut, and she was left to die tlircugh hunger. Few of the vestals wijre guilty of incontinence, and for tlie space of one thousand years, during which the order continued established from tiie reign of Numa, only 1 8 were pu- nished for the violation of their vow. The vestals were abolished by Theodosius the Great, and tJic fire of Vesta extinguished. The dress of tlie vestals was peculiar ; they wore a white vest with purple borders, a wliite linen suiplice called linteum supernvm, above wliich was a great purple mantle which riovi-ed to the ground, and whicli was tucked up wlten they offered Sacrifices. I'hey had a close covering on their head, called infida, from which hung rii bands, or litta;. 'ITieir mamier of living wan sumptuous, as they were maintained at the public expence, and though originally satisfied with the simple diet of the Romans, their tables soon after displayed the luxuries and the superfiuitios of the great and opulent Liv- 2, &c. — Plut. in A^MWJ. 4 c. — Val. Max. 1, c. 1. — Cic. de A'at. D. 3, C. 30. — Foor. 1. — Propert. 4, el. 11. — Tacit. 4, c. ] 0. Vestalia, festivals in honor of Vesta, observed at Rome on tlie 9tii of June. Banquets were then prepared before the houses, and meat was sent to the vestals to be offered to the gods ; millstones were decked with garlands, and the asses that turned V E U F tumcd them were led round the city co- vered with garlands, 'llio ladies walked in the proct>sioii bare-footed to tlie temple of tlie goddess, and an altar was erected to Jupiter surnamed Pistor. Oiid. Fast, fi, V. 305. Vestalium Mater, a title given by the senate ta Livia the mother of Tiberius, with the perniissjon to sit among the vestal virgins at plays. Tucit. 4. ^1n. c. 16. Vestia Oppia, a common prostitute of Capua. Vestichs Spurina, an officer sent by Otho to the borders of the Po, Sec. Tacit. Vehtimus Skxtus, a pretorian disgraced by Tiberius, because he was esteemed by Drusus. He killed himself. Tacit. An. -1, c. 16. Vkstii.la, a matron of a ])atncian fa- mily, who declared publicly Ix-fore the magiiy- trates that she was a common prutititute. She v. as banished to the islimd uf .Soriphos for her immodesty. Vestiki, a people of Italy near the Sa- bines, famous for the makin;^ of cheese. Plin. 3, c. 3. — Mnrtuil. 1.3, Cji. 31. — Strtib. 5. L. Vk^tim s, a Roinan knight appointed by Vespasian to repair tlie capitol. Ac Tacit. H. 4, c. .'i.^. — l.xv. s, c. 2;>. .A consid put to death by Nero in the time of Piso's conspiracy. Vesviis. [I'iJ. Vesuvius,] Vesulls, now Viso, a large mountain of Liguria, neiu* the Alps, wliere tlie Po takes iu rise. Vieen frequent, and there now exists an account of twenty-nine of these. Vesuvius continually throws up a smoke, and sfmictiines aslies and Hanies. The {K-rpendi- tular height of tliis mountain is 5~pO Jeet. Dio. Cass. k;. — I'arro. de R. 1, c. b'. — Liv. 13, c. 59.—Strab. 5. — Tacit. Hist. 1. c. 1.'. — Melo, 2. c. 4. — Flin. 6, e/>. 16. — Itnl. 1'2. T. 151.'. &c. — Virg. G. '2, v. '224. —Mart. 4, ep. 43 & 44. VETtRA CASTRA, a Roman encampment 812 in Germany, which became a town, now .5.1 .- Icn. near Cleves. Tacit. H. 4, c. 18. An, 1. c. 45. Vettils Sp. a Roman senator who wa< made interrex at tlie death of Ronnilus, ti.l the election of another king. He nominated Numa, and resigned his office. Ptut. in Xum. .\ man who accused Csesar of l>fin^' concerned in Catiline's conspiracy. Caio. one of the officers of the allies in the -Mar- sian war. He defeated the Romans, and was at last betrayed and murdwed. .\ Roman knight who became enamoured of a young female at Capua, and raised a tumult among the slaves who proclaimed him king. He was betrayed by one of his atUie- rents, upon which be laid violent hands upon himself. Vettona, a town of Umbria. Plin. o, c. 14. VrrroNEs, Vetones, or Vectones, an an- cient nation of Spain. Sd. 3, v. 378. — Plin. 25, c. 8. Vetc'lo.via, one of the chief cities of Etruria, wliose hot waters were famous, llie Romans were said to derive t)ie l>adges of tlieir magisterial offices from tlicnce. Plin. 'J, c. 103. 1. 3, c. 3. — Ital. 8, v. 484. X'eturia, one tif die Rorr.an tribes, divided into two branches of the Junii and Senii. It received its name from tlie I'l-liirian family, which was originally called Vilusiati. Lii . 3G. 'Die raoUier of Co- riolanus. .She was solicited by all the Roman matroiH to go to her son with her daughtev in-law, and intrcat him not to make war against his country. She went and prevailed over Coriolanus. and for her services to tla- state, the Roman senate offered to reward her as she pleased. She only asked to raise a 'cmple to the goddess of female fonuni. ivliieh was done on the very spot where slie had jiacificd her son. Liv. 2, c. 4u. — JJic-nut. Hal. 7, &c. \'ETL"Rtus, a Roman artist who made shields for Numa. [I'irf. Mamurius.] Caius, a Roman consul, accused before the people, and fined because he had acted with imprudence while in office. .\ Roinan wlio ccnspireil .igainst Galba. Tuiit. Hist- '.. c. '-'5. .V consul appointed one of the de- cemvirs. .Another consul defeated by the Samnites, .ind obliged to pass under the yoke witli great ignominy. .V tribune of the people. A c. ].. Vrrrs, a Roman who proposed to open a communicat.on Ixtwetn the Medi- terranean .and the German oiean by mean^ of a canal. He was put to death by order of Nero. — — A man accused of adultery, &c. IVbns, a river of Italy near Tarracina- Virg. ./En. 7, v. 89 J. .\nother ri\eT of Picenum. 1 m. 5, c, 55. A prince who assisted VI VI assisted Turnus against JEneas. The Trojan monarch made a vow to sacrifice his four sons to appease the manes of his friend Pallas, in the same manner as Achilles is represented killing some Trojan youths on the tomb of Patroclus. Virg. ^n. 7, v. 745. 1. 10, v. 5 1 8. He was afterwards killed by Gyas. Id. 12, V. 460. Ufentina, a Roman tribe first created A.U. C. 435, with the tribe Falerina, in con- sequence of the great increase of population at Rome. Liv. 9, c. 20. — Feshis. \'iA ^MYLiA, a celebrated road, made by tlie consul M. .'Emylius Lepidus, A. U. C. 567. It led with the Flaminian road to Aqui- leia. There was also another of the same name in Etruria, which led from PisEe to Dertona. — — Appia, was made by the censor Appius, and led from Rome to Capua, and from Capua to Brundnsium, to the distance of 350 miles, which the Romans call a five days' journey. It passed successively through the towns and stages of Aricia, Forum Appii, Tarracina, Fundi, Mintumae, Sinu- essa, Capua, Caudiiim, Beneventum, Equo- tuticum, Herdonia, Canusium, Barium, Eg- natia, to Brundusium. It was called by way of eminence rcgina viarum, made so strong, and the stones so well cemented together, that it remained entire for many hundred years. Some parts of it are still to be seen in the neighbourhood of Naples. Appius carried it only 130 miles, as far as Capua, A. U. C. 442, and it was finished as far as Brundusium by Augustus. There was also another road called Minucia or Numi-- cia, which led to Brundusium, but by what places is now uncertain. Flaminia was made by tlie censor Flaminius, A. U. C. 533. It led from the Campus Martius to the modern town of Rimini, on the Adriatic, through the country of the Osci and Etru- rians, at the distance of about 360 miles. Lata, one of the ancient streets of Rome, Valeria led from Rome to the country of the Marsi, through the teiTitories of the Sabines. There were besides many streets and roads of inferior note, such as the AureUa, Cassia, Campania, Ardentina, Labi- cana, Domitiana, Ostiensis, Prsnestina, &c. all of which were made and constantly kept in repair at the public expence. ViADRUs, the classical name of the Oder, which rises in Moravia, and falls by three mouths into the Baltic. Ptol. ViMDiA, one of the vestal virgins in the favor of Messalina, &c. Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 32. ViBiDius, a friend of Majcenas. Horat. 2, Sat. 8, V. 22. ViBius, a Roman who refused to pay any attention to Cicero when banished, though he had received from him the most unbounded favors Siculus. [ Vid. Sica.] A proconsul of Spain, banished for ill wnduct. A Roman knight accused of cx- 813 tortion in Africa, and banished . A man who poisoned himself at Capua. Seques. ter, a Latin writer, whose treatise de Flumi- nibus, &c. is best edited by Oberlin. 8vo. Argent. 1778. ViBO, a town of Lucania, anciently called Hipponium and Hippo. Cic. ad Att. 3, c. 3. — Plin. 3, c. 5 A town of Spain of the Brutii. ViBULENUs Agrippa, a Roman knight accused of treason. He attemped to poison himself, and was strangled in prison, though almost dead. Tacit. 6, Ami. c. 40. A mutinous soldier in the army of Germanicus, &c. ViBUtLius Rurus, a friend of Pompey, taken by Cassar, &c. Plut. — Cic. in ep. -— A prastor in Nero's reign. VicA PoTA, a goddess at Rome, who presided over victory (jk vincere et potiri). Liv. 2, c. 7. ViCELtius, a friend of Galba, who brought him news of Nero's death. VicEKTiA, or VicETiA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, at the nortli-wast of the Adriatic. Tacit. Hist. 3. Victor Sext. Aurelius, a writer in the age of Constantius. He gave the world a concise history of the Roman emperors, from the age of Augustus to his own time, or A. p. 360. He also wrote an abridg- ment of the Roman history, before the age of Julius Caesar, which is now extant, and ascribed by different authors to C. Nepos, to Tacitus, Suetonius, Pliny, &c. Victor was greatly esteemed by the emperors, and honored with the consulship. The best editions of Victor are tliat of Pitiscus, 8to. Utr. 1696 ; and tliat of Artnzenius, 4to. Amst. 1733. Victoria, one of tlie deities of the Ro- mans, called by tlie Greeks Nice, supposed to be the daughter of the giant Pallas, or of Titan and Styx. nie goddess of victory was sister to Strengtji and Valor, and was one of the attendants of Jupiter. She was greatly honored by the Greeks, particularly at Athens. Sylla raised her a temple at Rome, and instituted festivals in her honor. She was represented witli wings, crowned with laurel, and holding the branch of a pabn tree in her hand. A golden statu* of this goddess, weighing 520 pounds, was presented to tlie Romans by Iliero king of Syracuse, and deposited in tlie temple of Jupiter, on the Capitoline hill. Liv. 22. — yarro, de L. L Hesiud. Theog Hygin. prof. fab. — Suet. VicxoRiiE MONs, a place of Spain at the mouth of the Iberus. Liv. 21, c 41. VicTORius, a man of Aquitain, who, A. D. 463, invented the paschal cycle of 532 yeais. VicTORiNA, a celebrated matron who placed herself at the head of the Roman annies, and made wai- against the emperor GaUienus. VI VI GalUenus. Her son Victorinus, and her grandson of the same name, were declared emperors, but when they were assassinated, Victorina invented with tJie imperial purple une of her favorites called Tetricus. She was some time aftir poisoned. A. D. 269, and according to some hy 'I'etricuj him- self. VicTORiNi's, a Christian writer, who composed a wortlilew epic poem on Uie death of the seren children inrntionMl in the Mac- cabcet, and di^ti^gui•ihed hitnsclf more l>y die active part be took in hi:> writings against the Arians. VjcTUMvijt, a small town of In.subria ucar riacti.ti.i. Lw. '21, C. -1.'. Vici % L. .Some maj'.ii'cripla read \u- midius and Umidiut. T. ViKius. a commander in the preto- rian gua- ' •• • • Galba. of whom he beca: I le was honor- ed with ' , . . I'l some time after murdereid. Taat. Ml, ell. 43 A 4S. — Plut. A man who revolted from Neru. ViMirii's, AsiLLA, a servant of Horace, to whom rn at .\nde<, a village near Mantua, about " > vears before Christ, on the 1.3th of Octt l>< r. His first ye«n> were spent at Cn'imiii.i, where hisors, and even whole lines from Ennius, yet he has had tlie happiness to moke it all his own. lie was uncommonly severe in revising his own poetry, and he used often to compare himself to a bear tliat licks her cubs into sliapc. In his connections. Virgil was remarkable, his friends enjoyed his unlH»iinde. Himiinghuin, 1757; of the Variorum, in fivo. L. ItaL IfiSI ; of Hcyne, 1 vols. Hvo. Lips.l7»;7; of Kdin- burgh, L' vols. l'.*mo. 1755; and of Glasgow, l2ino. 17.1N. I'nterc.'J, c. .'Jb". — Ilorat. I, Sat. />, T, MX ~Proi>ert. 'J. et. 3A. v. 61. — Ovid. Trut. 4. f{. ID. v. 51. — Mart. 8. q,. 56. — Juv. II, V. I7*<. — t^untlit. 10, c. 1. — Phn. 3. rj>. 'J\. Caius, a praetor of .Sicily. who, when t'icero was banislietl, refused to receive ilie exiled onitur, tliuugh his friend, for fear of the resentment of C'lodius. Cic. ad. (i. Fratr. ViKcisiA. a daughter of the centurion L. Virginius. Appius Claudius the decem- vir became enamuured of her, and attempted to remove her from the place where she re- sided. .She was claimed by one of his fa- vorites as the daughter of a slave, and .Ap- pius, in the capaiiiy nnil with the iiuihority of judge, had pronounced tlie sentence, and de- livered her into the hands of his friend, when Virginius, infonned of his violent proceed- ings, arrived from the camp. The father demanded to sec his daughter, and when this request w.is grant^l, he snatched a knife and plunged it into Virj^inia's breast, exclaiming. Tliii I* a//, mif it.iDvsl iliiiiahtrr, I run .tiir «/(cv, to prrtervc thif chastUy from the lust ami violence of a tyiant. \o sooner w.is tfic blow given, than X'irginiu-! ran to tlie (.imp with the hltHHiy knife in his hand. Hie soldiers ware astonished and incensed, not against the murderer, but tlie t}Tant that was the cause of Virginia's deatli, and they immediately marched to Rome. Appius was sei«?d, but he destroyed himself in prison, and prevented the execution of tlie law. Spurius Oppius. anutlier of tlie decemvirs who had not opposed the tjTant's views, killed himself also, and Marcus C'laudius the favorite of Appius, was put to death, aiid tiic decern viral power abo- lished, about 4-19 years before Christ. Lit. 3, c. 44, Itc. — Juv. 10. T. 'Jy4. ViRGisii's. the father of Virginia, made tribune of tlie people. [ i'ld. Virginia. , A tribune of tlie [teople who accused Q. Cieso the son of Cincinoatus. lie increased the inimlK-r of the tribunes to ten, and distin- guished himself by his seditions against tlie patricians. .\notlier tribune in tJie age of Camillus. fined for his opposition to a law which proposed going to VeiL \a augur wiio died of the plague. Caius a prstor of Sicily, who oppost-d the entrance of Cicero into hi*. proNince, tiiough under many obliga- tioiu to the orator. .Somo reail Virgilius. .\ tribune who encouragtxl Ciniva to criminate .Sylla. One of tlie generals of Nero in (leniiany. lie m^de war against \'indcx and con(|uercd him. He wxs treated with great coldni-vj by Gall>a, who-« interest he had supportetl with so much success. He refused ail dangerous stations, and though twice oflered the imptrial purple, he rejected it with diwlain. Plut. —~— A Roman orator and rhetorician. ViRiiTHi s, a mean shepherd of I.usitania, who gradually rose to power, and by first heading a gang of robbers, saw himself at last followed by a numerous array. He made war against the Romans witli uncommon suc- cess and for 14 years enjoyed the envied title of protector of public liberty in the provinces of Spain. Many );enerala were defeated, and l'om(H.-y hims«lf was a.shanied to lind himself l>eaten. Ccpio was at last sent against I im. but his despair of conquering him by force of arms, obliged linn to have recourse to arti- fice, and he had tiie meannevs to bribe the ser- taiits of Viriathus to murder their master. B. C. 4a Flor. 2, c 17. — ra>. Mom. C, c 4. — / tf. 5-2 & 54. ViRiDOMARi's, a young man of great power among the .lldui. Cnutr greatly honored him, but he fought at last .•v.;a;nst tJie Ro- mans. CVei. Jidl. (.'. 7. c. .■>^», fee. \'iairLACA. a goddess among the Romans who presided over the peace of families, whence her name [nrum jttacarr]. If any quarrel happened between a m.nn a'ui liLs wife, thev genera!!) ropairiHi to rhe tem^i.e of the gmldes!!, whicli was erected on the Palatine mount ; and came back reconciled. /W. Max. -J. c. 1. ViRRo, a fctitious name introduced in Juvenal's 5 Sr.t. ViRTis all rirtim ware made deities among VI VI among the Romans. Marcellus erected two temples one to Virtue, and the other to Ho- nor. Tliey were built in such a manner, that to see the temple of Honor it was necessary to pass through that of Virtue ; a happy alle- gory among a nation free and independent. The principal Virtues were distinguished, each by their attire. Prudence was known by her rule, and her pointing to a globe at her feet ; Temperance had a bridle ; Justice had an equal balance ; and Fortitude leant against her sword ; Honesty was clad in a transparent vest ; Modesty appeared veiled ; Clemency wore an olive branch, and Devotion threw incense upon an altar ; Tranquility was seen to lean on a column ; Healtli was known by her serpent. Liberty by her cap, and Gaiety by her myrtle. Cic. de N. D. 2, c. 23. — Plant, in amph. prol. — Liv. 29, c. 11. — Val. Max. 1, c. I.— Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 20. VisAKGis, a river of Germany now called the Wescr, and falling into the German ocean. Varus and his legions were cut to pieces there by the Germans. Veil. 2, c. 105. — Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 70. 1. 2, c. 9. ViscELL^, now Weltz, a town of No- ricum, between the Ens and Mure. Cic. Am. 11. VisET.nA LEX, was made by Visellius Varro, the consul. A. U. C. 776, to restrain the introduction of improper persons into the offices of the state. L. VisELiius Vauro, a lieutenant in Ger- many under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. o, c. 41. i. 4, c. 17. VisEi.LUS, a man whose father-in-law the commentators of Horace believe to have been afflicted with a hernia, on their observations on this verse, (1, Sat. I, v. 105,) Est inter Tanaim quiddam, socerurnqiie Viselli. VisTiJLA, a river falling into the Bal- tic, the eastern boundary of ancient Ger- many. ViTELi.iA, a Roman colony on the borders )f the ^5;qui. Liv. 5, c. 29. ViTELLius AuLus, a Roman raised by his vices to the throne. He was descended from one of the most illustrious families of Home, and as such he gained an easy admis- •iion to the palace of the emperors. The greatest part of his youth was spent at Ca- preae, where his willingness and compliance '■^o gratify the most vicious propensities of Tiberius raised his father to the dignity of consul and governor of Syria. The applause be gained in this school of debauchery, was too great and flattering to induce Vitellius to alter his conduct, and no longer to be one of the votaries of vice. Caligula was pleased '•yith his skill in driving a chariot. Claudius .'cved him l)ecause he was a great gamester, and he recommended himself to the favors of Nero by wishing him to sing publicly in the crouded theatre. With such an insinuating (disposition, it is not to be wondered that Vi- S17 tellius became so great. He did not fall with his patrons, like the other favoritM, but the death of an emperor seemed to raise him to greater honors, and to procure him fresh applause. He passed through all the offices of the state, and gained over the soldiery by donations and liberal promises. He was at the head of the Roman legions in Ger- many when Otho was proclaimed emperor, and the exaltation of his rival was no sooner heard in the camp, than he was likewise in- vested with the purple by his soldiers. He accepted with pleasure the dangerous office, and instantly marched against Otho. Three battles were fought, and in all Vitellius was conquered. A fourth however, in the plains between Mantua and Cremona, left hin> master of the field and of the Roman empire. He feasted his eyes in viewing the bodies of the slain and the ground covered with blood, and regardless of the insalubrity of the air, proceeding from so many carcases, he told his attendants that the smell of a dead enemy was always sweet. His first care %vas not like that of a true conqueror, to alleviate the distresses of the conquered, or patronize the friends of the dead, but it was to insult their misfortunes, and to intoxicate himself with the companions of his debauchery in the field of battle. Each sucessive day exhibited a scene of greater extravagance. Vitellius feasted four or five times a day, and such was his excess that he often made himself vomit to begin his repast afresh, and to gratify his palate with more luxury. His food was of the most rare and exquisite nature, tiie deserts of Libya, the shores of Spain, and the waters of the Carpathian sea, were dili- gently searched to supply the table of the emperor. The most celebrated of his feasts, was that with which he was treated by his brother Lucius. The tyble, among other meats, was covered with two thousand dif- ferent dishes of fish, and seven thousand of fowls, and so expensive was he in every thing, that above seven millions sterling were spent in maintaining his table in the space of four months, and Josephus has pro- perly observed tliat if Vitellius had reigned long, the great opulence of all the Roman empire would have been found insufficient to defray the cxpences of his banquets. This extravagance, which delighted the favorites, soon raised the indignation of the people. Vespasian was proclaimed emperor by the army, and his minister Primus was sent, to destroy the imperial glutton. Vitellius con- cealed himself under the bed of the porter of his palace, but this obscure retreat betrayed him, he was dragged naked through the streets, his hands were tied behind his back, and a drawn sword was placed under his chin to make him lift his head. After sufltr- ing the greatest insults from the populace, ha was at last carried to the place of execution, 3 G and U L TL Slid put to death with repeated blows. His head was cut ofT and fixed to a pole, and his mutilated body dragged with a hook and tlirown into the 'ril)er, A. D. G9, after a reign of one year, except ]'_' days. Suel. — Talk. Hut. '_'. — Eutmp. — D'w. — Plul. — Lucius, the falJier of the emperor ob- tained great honors by his flattery to tJie em- perors. He was made governor of Syria, and in this distant province he obliged die Parthians to sue for ))> nee. His adulation to Messalina is well known, and he obtained as ft particular ''avor the honorable office of pulling oft' the shoes of tlie empress, &c. .V)«r/. &c. A brother of the emperor, who enjoyed his favors by encouraging iiij glut- tony, &c. I'ublius an uncle of the em- peror of that name. He was accused under Nero of attempts to brii)c tJie people uith money from tlie treasury against tlie emperor. He killed himself before his trial. One of tlie flatterers of I'ihcrius. An «)fficer of the prelorians under Otiio. .V •.tin of the emperor Viiolliu.-., put to death by one of his father's frii-nds. Some of the family of the \'i[ellii runspired with the .\(juilii and other illustrious Koman^ to restore Tar- quin to his throne. 'Hieir conspiracy wasdis- fovercni by the consuls, and they were severely punished. I'liil, Sic. "ViTERBi.M, a town of Tuscany, where Fanum Volumno! stood. It is not men- tioned by classical writers. Liv. ■1, c. 'J3 & hi. 1. 5. c. 17. ViTiA, a mother put to death by Tiberius for weeping at the death of her son, &;c. Tacit. Ann. 7, c. 10. VitkIcus, a surname of Mars. Ovid. M. ViTRUvii-s PoUio, a celebrated archi- tect in the. age of Augustus, Iwrn at Formia*. He is known only by his writiaigs, and nothing is recorded in history <'f his life or private character. He wrote a treatise on his profession, which he dedicated to .'\ugus- tus. and it is tlie only book on .irchitecture now extant, written by the ancicnu. In this work he plainly shews that he was master of his profession, and that he pos-^essed l)Oth genius and abilities. The best edition of Virtruvius is that of Ue Laet, AmsU 16 19. ViTUf-A. a deity among the Romans who presided over festivals and rejoicings. Ma- crob, 3, c. '2. ViTtf.AHiA VIA, a road in the country of Arpinum. Cic. Q. /r. 3. qy. 1. Uli'Ia Trajana, a Roman colony planted in Sarmatia by Trajan. Ui.riANis, Domitius, a lawyer in the reign of .'Vlcxandcr Scvcrus, of wl'.om he became the secretary and principal minister. He rsiscd a persecution against the Christians, and was at last murdered l>y the prajtorian guards, of which lie had the command, A. D. 226. Tlicrc arc some fragments of his compositions on civil lav. iiil! ext.int. 816 The Greek commentaries of IJlpian on De- mosthenes were printed in fol. laiJ", nintil ylldum. IWarcellus an officer in the age of Commodus. Julianus, a man sent to oppose Heliogabalus, &c. U'.UHR^E, a small town of Latium on the river Astura, where Augustus was educated. JiiV. 10, V. 102 Horat. 1, ep. 11. Ulysses, a king of the islands cf Ithaca and Dulichium, son of Anticlea and La- ertes, or according to some, of Sisyphus. [I'id. Sisyphus & Anticlea.] He became, like the other princes of Greece, one of tJie suitors of Helen, but xs he despaired of success in his applications, on account of the great number of his competitors, he so- licited the hand of Penelope, the daughter of Icarius. Tyndarus, tlie fallier of Helen, favored ihe addresses of Ulysses, as l)y him he was directed to chuse one of his daugh- ter's suitors without offending the others, and to bind them all by a solemn oath, that tliey would unite together in protecting Helen if any violence was ever offiiTed to her |)erst)n. Ulysses had no sooner obtained llie hand of Penelope, than he returned to Ithuca, where his father resignetl him the crown, and retired to peace and rural soli- tude. The rape of Helen, however, by Paris, did not long pennit liim to remain in his kingdom, and as he was bound to defend her against every intruder, he wa.s sum- moned to tlie war with the other princes of Greece. Pretending to lie insane, not to leave his beloved Penelope, he yoked a horse and a bull together, and ploughed the sea shore, where he sowed salt instead of com. This dissimulation was soon discovered, and Palamedes by placing before tlie plough of Ulysses, his infant son Telemachus. coii- vinccil the world tliat the father was uot mad, who had the providence to turn away the plough from the furrow, not to hurt his child. I'lysses was therefore obliged to go to the war, but he did not forget him who had discovenxl his pretende-d insanity. [ ViiL Palamedes.] During the Trojan war, the king of Itlmca was courted for his superior prudence and sagacity. l>y his means .Achii- les was discovered among tlie daughters of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, [Vid. Achilles.] and PhiUKtctes was induced to abandon Lemnos, and to fight the Trojans with the arrows of Hercules. [ Vid. Philoctetes.] He was not less d^Minguished for his :ictivity and valor. With the .-ussistance of Diomede he miiniercd Rhesus, and sl.iughtered the sleeping Thraciansiu the midst of their camp. [i'ld. Rhesus & Dolon.j and he introduceti liimself into tlic city of I'riam. and carrievi j awav iJie P.-illadium of the Trojan*. {\'id. I Palladium.] For these eminent services hi was universally applauded by the Greeks. and he was rewaided with the arm.s oi .Achilles, which .Ajax had di^nited witli Mm. .\ (■;-■• U L UM After the Trojan war Ulysses embarked on board his ships, to return to Greece, but he was exposed to a number of misfortunes before he reached his native country- He was tlirown by the winds upon the coasts oi" Africa, and visited the country of the Lo- tophagi, and of the Cyclops in Sicily. Po- lyphemus, who was the king of the Cyclops, seized Ulysses with his companions, five of whom he devoured, [Vid. Polyphemus,] but the prince of Ithaca intoxicated him and put out his eye, and at last escaped from the dangerous cave where he was confined, by tying himself under the belly of the sheep of the Cyclops when led to pasture. In JEolia he met with a friendly reception, and .5^olus gave him confined in tegs, all the winds which could obstruct his return to Ithaca, but the curiosity of his companions to know what the bags contained, proved nearly fatal. The winds rushed with im- petuosity, and all the fleet was destroyed, except the ship which carried Ulysses. From thence he was thrown upon the coasts of the Laestrygones, and of the island ^ea, where the magician Circe changed all his com- panions into pigs for their voluptuousness. He escaped their fate by means of an herb which he had received from Mercury, and after he had obliged the magician by force of arms to restore his companions to their ori- ginal shape, he yielded to her charms, and made her mother of Telegonus. He visited the infernal regions and consulted Tirosias how to regain his country in safety ; and after he had received every necessary inform- ation, he returned on earth. He passed along the coasts of the Sirens unhurt, by the directions of Circe, [Vid. Sirenes,] and escaped the whirlpools and shoals of Scylla, and Carybdis. On the coasts of Sicily his companions stole and killed some oxen that were sacred to Apollo, for which the god destroyed the ships, and all were drowned, except Ulysses, who saved himself on a plank, and swam to the island of Calypso, in Ogygia. There, for seven years, he for- got Ithaca, in the arms of the goddess by whom he had two children. The gods at last interfered, and Calypso, by order of Mercury, suffered him to depart after she had furnished him with a ship, and every thing requisite for the voyage. He had almost reached the island of Corcyra, when Neptune, still mindful that his son Polyphemus had been robbed of his sight by the perfidy of Ulysses, raised a storm and sunk liis ship. Ulysses swam with difficulty to tlie islandof tiie Phaaacians, where the kindness of NauSicaa, and the humanity of her father, king Alcinous, entertained him for a while. He related the series of his misfortunes to the monarch, and at last, by his benevolence, he was conducted in a ship to Ithaca. The Phseacians laid him on the sea shore as he was asleep, and Ulysses 819 found himself safely restored to his country after a long absence of 20 years. He was well informed that his palace was besieged by a number of suitors, who continually disturbed the peace of Penelope, and therefore he as- sumed the habit of a beggar, by the advice of Minerv~a, and made himself known to his son, and his faithful sheplierd Eumaeus. With them he took measures to re-establish himself on his throne, he went to the palace, and was personally convinced of tiie virtues and of the fidelity of Penelope. Before his arrival was publicly known, all the importuning sui- tors were put to death, and Ulysses restored to the peace and bosom of his family. [ Vid. Laertes, Penelope, Telemachus, Eumaeus.] He lived about sixteen years after his re- turn, and was at last killed by his son Telegonus, who had landed in Ithaca, witli the hopes of making himself known to his father. This unfortunate event had been foretold to him by Tiresias, who assured him that he should die by the violence of some- thing that was to issue from the bosom of the sea. [ Vid. Telegonus.] According to some authors, Ulysses went to consult the oracle of Apollo after his return to Ithaca, and he had the meanness to seduce Erippe, the daughter of a king of Epirus, who had treated him with great kindness. . Erippe had a son by him Avhom she called Euryalus. When come to years of puberty, Euryalus was sent to Ithaca by his mother, but Pene- lope no sooner knew who he was than she resolved to destroy him. Tlierefore when Ulysses returned, he put to immediate death his unknown son on the crimination of Penelope his wife, who accused him of attempts upon her virtue. The adventures of Ulysses in his return to Ithaca from the Trojan war are the subject of Homer's Odyssey. Homer. II. ^; Od. — Virg. jEn. 2, 3, &c. —Dictys Cret. 1,' &c. — Uvid. Met. 13. Heroid. 1. — Hygin. fab. 201, 8cc. — Apollod. 3, c. 10. —Paus. 1, c. 17 & 22. 1. 3, c. 12. 1. 7, c. i.—JElian. V. H. 15, c. l^. — Horat. 3, Od. 29, V. 8. — Parthen. Erot. 5. — Pint. — Plin. 35. — Tzetz. ad Lye. Ulysseuji, a promontory of Sicily, weEl of Pachinus. Umber, a lake of Umbria near the Tiber. Fropert. 4, el. 1, v. 124. Umbra Pompeia, a portico of Pompey at Rome. Mart. 5, ep. 10. U.MHUIA, a country of Italy separated from Etruria by the liber, bounded on the north by the Adriatic sea, east by Picenum, and the counti7 of the Sabines, and south by the liver Nar. Some derive the word Um- bria ab imbribus, the frequent showers that were supposed to fall there, or from th« shadow (umbra) of the ApeJinines which hung over it. Umbria had many 'cities uf note. The Umbrians opposed the Romans in the infancy of thek empire, but afterwards 3 G 2 they VG vo they became their allies, about the year U. C. 434. CatuJl. 40, V. 11. — Strab. 5- — I'Un. 3, c. 12. — Dionys. Hal. Umbrigus, a soothsayer, who foretold approaching calamities to Galba. Juv. 3, V. 21.— Tacit. H. 1, c. 27. Umbro, a navigable river of Italy. Plin. 3, c. 5. — ^— A general who assisted Tumus against vEneas, and was killed during the yrax. He could assuage the fury of serpents by his songs, and counteract the poisonous effects of their bite. Virg. jEn. 7, v. 752. 1. 10, V. 544. Unca, a surname of Minerva among the Phanicians and Thebans. Unchje, a town of Mesopotamia. UsnEi EMviRi, magistrates at Athens, to whom such as were publicly condenmcd were delivered to be executed. C. Xep. in Phoc. Unem.i, a people of Cotantin in Gaul, conquered by Caesar. C^es. Bell. G. '_', c. 54. Umi;ena, a surname of Minerva, as sprung of Jupiter alone. Unxia, a surname of Juno, derived from ungere, to anoint, because it was usual among the Romans for the bride to anoint the threshold of her husband, and from tins neces- sary ceremony wives were called Unxorts, and afterwards Uioris, from L nxia, who presided o»er tliem. Arnob. 3. VocKTius, part of mount Jura in Gaul. Tacit. //. 1 , r. fiS. VocoNiA LK\, lie Itstanxentis, by Q. Vo- conius Saxa, the trit>une, .\.l'.C. 584, en- acted, tliat no woman should be left heiress to an estate, and that no rich person should leave by bis will more th.m the fourth purl of his fortune to u woinan. Tlus step was uLen to prevent thi- decay of the noblest and most illustrious of tin- families of Home. ITiis law was al)rog:ited by .\ugustus. VocoMi FORI M, a towu of Gaul. be- tween Antil)es and Marseilles. Cic. 10, fam. 17. VocoMus, Victor, a Latin poet, &c. Martial, 7, q>. 28. Saxa, a tribune who made a law. — — .An officer of Lucullus in Asia. VocoNTiA, now Vasio. Sil. 3, v. 167. Vor.tsrs, now Vnin:'; a mountain of Belgic Gaul, which separates the Sequani from the Lingones. Luran. I, v. 397. — Cas. G. 4, c. 10. VoL.«, a city of the iEqui. Lie 4, c. 49. Voi.AuiKius, a soldier who as.sa.ssinated one of his officers, Ac. Taril. H. '-', c. 75. VoLANA, a town of the .Samnites. VoLANDUM, a fortitietl place of Anne- nia. VoLATKRRA, an ancient town of Etruna. famous for hot baths. Perseus tlie satirist was born there. lAv. 10, c. 12. — Stmb. 5. Cic. \5,/am. 4. VoLC.K, or Voicji, a people of Gaul between the Garonne and the Rhone. La. 21, c. 26. — Afela, 2, c. 5. VoLCi, an inland town of Lucania, now- Lauria. Liv. 27, c, 15. A town of Etru- ria- Plin, 3, c. 5. VoLOcisEs, a name common to many of the kings of Parthia, who made war against the Roman emperors. Tacit. 12, Ann. 14. VoLscENS, a Latin chief who discovered Nisus and Euryalus as tliey returned from the Rutulian camp loaded with spoils. He killed Euryalus, and was himself immedi- ately stabbed by Nisus. flrg. J?n. 9, v. o70 &c 442. VoLsci, or VoLCi, a people of Latium, whose territories are bounded on the south by tlie Tyrrhene sea, north by the country of the I^ernici and Marsi, west by tlie La- tins and Rutulians, and east by Campania. 'ITieir chief cities were Antium, Circeii. .Amur. Corioli, Fregvllaf, .Arpinum, &c. •Ancus king of Rome made war against them, and in the lime of tlie republic they became formidable enemies, till they were at last conquered w ith the rest of the Latins. Lit, 3 & 4. — Virg. G. 2, V. 168. ^En. 9, T.«505. 1. 1 1, V. 546, &c — Strab. 5. — Mela, 2, C. 4 & 5. V01.SINIUM, a town of Etruria in Italy, destroyed, according to Pliny 2, c. 53, by fire from heaven. The inhabitants numbered tlieir years, by fixing nails in the temple of Nortia, a Tuscan goddess. Liv. 5, c 31. 1. 7, c. 3. —Jul. 15, V. 191. — Tbci/. .rffin. 4. VoLTiNiA, one of the Roman tribes. VoLi'iiLis, a town of .Africa, supposed Fez, tlie capital of Morocco. Plin. 5, c. I. VoLf-MN.* Fanu.m, a temple in Etruria, sacred to the goddess Volumna, who presided over the will and over complaisance, where the states of the country used to assemble. Viterbo now stands on the spot. Lii: 4, c. 23. 1. 5, c 17. 1. 6, c. 2. VoL( MNiA, the wife of Coriolanus. Liv. 2, c. 40. — The freedwoman of Volumnius Eutrapelus- Cic. PhU. 2, c. 24. VoLUMsus & Volumna, two deities who presided over the will. TTiey were chieriy invokeil at marriages to preserNC con- cord between the husband and wife. They were particularly worshipped by the Etrurians. Liv. 4, c. 61. T. Voi.r.MNii s, a Roman fmnous for his friendship towards M. Lucullus, whom M. .Antony had put to death. His great lamen- tations were tlie cause th.it he w.-is dragged to the triumvir, of whom he deiniUided to be conducted to the body of his friend, and there to be put to deatli. I lis request was easily grHiititl. Liv. 124, c. 2»1. .A mimic whom Brutus put to death. .An Etrurian who wrote tragedies in his own native lan- gua"e. A consul who defeatetl tlie Sam- nifes and the Etrurians, &c. Litf. 9. — - A friend of M. Drulus. He was preserved wb«t U R UT ■when that great republican killed himself, and he wrote an account of his death and of his actions, from which Plutarch selected some remarks. A prefect of Syria, B. C. 11. A Roman knight put to death by Catiline. VoLUPTAs & VoLupiA, the goddess of sensual pleasures, worshipped at Rome, where she had a temple. She was represemted as a young and beautiful woman, well dressed, and elegantly adorned, seated on a throne, and having virtue under her feet. Cic. de N. D. 2, c. 25. — Macrob. 1, c. 10. — Aug. de Civ. D. 4, c. 8. C. VoLUSENUs, a military tribune in Cae- sar's army, &c. C Af. 89. Uscudama, a town of Thrace. Eutrop. 6, c. 8. UsiPETEs, or UsiFii, a people of Ger- many. Cies. Belt. G. 4, c. 1, &c. UsTicA, a town in an island on the coast of Sicily, near Panormum. Horat. 1, od. 17, v. 11. Utens, a river of Gaul, now Montone, falling into the Adriatic by Ravenna. Liv> 5, c. 35. UiicA, now Satcor, a celebrated city of Africa, on tlie coast of the Mediterranean, on tlie same bay as Carthage, founded by a Tyrian colony above 287 years before Car- 5 G 3 thajzc. vu vu thagc. It had a large and commodious harbour, and it becamt the metropolis of Africa, after the destruction of Carthage in the od Punic war, and the Romans granted it all the lands situate l)etween Hippo and Carthage. It is ceiehrated for the death of Cato, wlio froni thence is called Uticenxu, or of Utita. Strab. 17. — Lucan. G, v. 50t]. — Juslin. 18, c 4. — Plin. 16, c. 40. — Liv. 25, c. 31. — ail. 3, V. 242. — Horat. 1, ep. iiO, V. .515. VirLtANAi.iA, festivals in honor of Vul- can, brought to Rome from I'rseneste, and observed in tlie month of August. The streets were illuminated, fires kindled every where, and animals thrown into the tlame^ as a sacrifice to tlie deity. Varro. de L. L. 5. —Dion. Hal. \.—ColumeU. 11. — Flin. 1», c. IS. VuLCANi ixsL'LA, OF Vulcanio, a name given to the islands between Sicily and Italy, now called Lipari. Vir'^. jEn. s, v. 4JJ. Iliey received it because there were tlure subterraneous fires, supposed to be excited by Vulcan, the god of fire. ^'ctrA>l of the goils, but his fatlier kicked hiin down from Olympus, when he altempte. lie however broke hi;, leg by the fall, and ever after remained lame of one foot. He fixed his residence in Lemnos, where he built himself a palace, and raised forges to work metals. Ihe inh.ihitaiu^i of the island became sensible of his industry, and were taught all the useful arts which could civilize tlieir rude manners, and ren- der tlicm serviceable to the goofl of society. The first work of \'ulcan was, according to .some, a tlirone of gold with secret springs, which he presented to his moUar to avenge himself for her want of afl'ecUon towards him. Juno no sooner was seated on tlie throne, than she found herself unable to move. The gods attempted to deliver her by breaking the chains which held her, but to no purpoee, and Vukan alone had the power to set her at liberty. Bacchus intoxi- cated him, and prevailed upon him to come to Olympus, where he was reconciled to his parents. Vulcan has been celebrated by the ancient poets for the ingenious works and automatical figures which he made, and many speak of two golden statues, which not only seemed animated, but which walked by his side, and even assisted him in tlic working of metals. It is said, that at tlie request of Jupiter, he made tlie first woman Uiut evt^r appeared on earth, well known un- der the name ot' Pandora. [I'iiL. Pandora.] The Cyclops of Sicily were his ministers and attendants, and with him they fabricatetl not only the thunderbolts of Jupiter, but also amis for tlie gods and the moat cele- brated heroes. His forges were supposed to be under mount .'Etna, in the island of Sicily. a.s well as in every part of the earth where there were volcanos. The most know-n of tfie works of Vulcan whidi were presented to mortals are the amis of .\chilles, those of .-Kneius. the shield of iiercuh-s de- scribed by Hesiod, a collar given to Uvi- mionu, tlie wife of Cadmus, and a sceptre, which was in tlie i>uss«.-ssion of Agamemnon, king of .\rgos and Mycens. 'Hie collar pro\ed fatal to all tliose tliat wore it, but the st^-eptre, after the dead) of .\ganiemnon, was carefully preserved at Cheronsa. and re- gal de die Gods by tier own husband. [. ... .iii.^ i.;,i>ii. I Ihe worsliip of Vulcan wa.-- wfll established, particularly in Kgypt. at Athens, and at Rome. It was usual in the sacrifices that were otfered to him, to bum the whole victim, and not reserve part of it. as in the immolations to the rest of the god-s. .\ calf and a boar pig were the prin- cipal victims offered. Vulcan was rcpre. sentcd as covered with sweat, blowing wnth his nervous :u-m the fires of his forges. His breast was hairy, and his forehead was blackened with smoke. Some reprcaent him lame and deformed, holding ■ hamour raised in the air, ready to strike ; while with the other hand he turns with pincurs, a thunderbolt on his anvil, for whirb an eagle waits V u vz waits by iiis side to carry it to Jupiter. He appears on some monuments with a long beard, dishevelled hair, half naked, and a small round cap on his head, while he holds 3 hammer and pincers in his hand. The Egyptians represented him under the figure of a monkey. Vulcan has received the names of Mulciber, Pamphanes, Clytotechnes, Fandamator, Cyllopodes, Chalaipoda, &c. all expressive of his lameness and his profession. He was father of Cupid, by Venus ; of Cse- culus, Cecrops, Cacus, Periphetes, Cercyon, Ocrisia, &c. Cicero speaks of more than one deity of the name of Vulcan. One he calls son of Ccelus and father of Apollo, by Minerva ; the second he mentions is son of the Nile, and called Phtas by the Egyp- tians ; the third was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and fixed his residence in Lemnos ; and the fourth who built his forges in the Lipari islands was son of Menalius. Vul- can seems to have been admitted into heaven more for ridicule than any other purpose. He seems to be the great cuckold of Olym- pus, and even his wfe is represented as laugh- ing at his deformities, and mimicking his lameness to gain the smiles of her lovers. Hesiod. Theog. c|- in Scut. Here. 140 & 320. — Apollod. 1, c. 3, &c. ^— Homer. II. 1, V. 57. & 1. 15, v. 18. 1. 11, v. 597, &c. — Bvod. 5. — Paus. 1, c. 20. 1. 3, c. 17. — Cic. de Nat. B. 3, c. 22 Herodot. 2 & 5. — Varro. de L. L. — Virg. jEn.\7, &c. VuLCATius, a Roman knight, who con- spired with Piso against Nero, &c. Tacit. — A senator in the reign of Dioclesian, who attempted to write an history of all such as had reigned at Rome, either as lawful so- vereigns or by usurpation. Of liis works nothing is extant but an account of Avidius Cassius, who revolted in the east during the reign of M. Aurelius, which some ascribe to Spartianus. VuLsiNUM, a town of Etruria. [Vid. Vol- sinium.j • Vui.so, a Roman consul who invaded Africa with Regulus. — - Another consul. He had the provinces of Asia while in office, and triumphed over the Galatians. VuLTURA, or VuLTURARiA, a mountain on the borders of Apulia. Ho7-at. 5, od. 4, v. 9. — Lucan. 9, v. 183. VuLTURius, a man who conspired against his country with CatUine. VuLTL'RNius, a surname of Apolla [Vid. Vulturnus.] VuLTURNUM, a town of Campania, neaV the mouth of the Vulturnus. Liv. 25, c. 20. — Plin. 3, c. 5. Also an ancient name of Capua. Liv. 4, c. 57. Vulturnus, a river, of Campania rising in the Apennines, and falling into the Tyr- rhene sea, after passing by the town of Capua. Lucret. 5, 664 Virg. jEri. 7, v. 729. The god of the Tiber was also known by that name. Varro. de L. L. 4, c. 5. The wind which received die name of Vulturnus when it blew from the side of the Vulturnus, highly incommoded the Romans at the battle of Canna. Liv. 22, c. 43 & 46. A sur- name of Apollo on mount Lissus in Ionia, near Ephesus. The god received this name from a shepherd who raised him a temple after he had been drawn out of a subterraneous tavern by vultures. VuLsiNi ji, a town of Etruria, where Se- jauus was born. UxAMA, a town of Spain on the Iberus. Sil. 5, V. 384. UxANTis, now Ushant, an island on the coast of Britany. UxELLODUNuai, a town of Gaul defended by steep rocks, now Puech d'Issoiu. Cess. B. G. 8, c. 33. UxENTuar, a town of Calabria, now Ugenlo. Uxii, mountains of Armenia, with a nation of the same name, conquered by Alexander. The Tigris rises in theii- country. Strab. — Biod. UxisAMA, an island in the western ocean. UziTA, an inland town of Africa destroyed by Caesar. Hirt. de Afric. 41, &c. X A X A XANTHE, one of the Oceanldes. He- siod. Theog. V. 556. Xanthi, a people of Thrace. Tlie inhabitants of Xanthus in Asia. [ Vid. Xan- ihus.J Xanthia Phoceus, a Roman whom Ho- lace addresses in his 2 od. 4, and of whom he speaks as enamoured' of a servant maid. Xa>4thTca, a festival observed by the IMa- cedonians in the month called Xanthicus, the same as April. It was then usual to make a lustration of the army with great 823 solemnity. A bitch was cut into two parts, and one half of the body placed on one side, and the other part on the other side, after which tlie soldiers marched between, and they imitated a real battle by a sham engage- ment. Xanthippe, a daughter of Dorus. Vid. Xantippe.] Xanthippus, a son of Melas killed by Tydeus. [Tirf. Xantippus.] Xantho, one of Cyrene's attendant nymphs. Virg. G. 4, v. 536. 3 G 4 Xanthus, X A XE Xanthus, or Xanthos, a river of Troas, m Asia Minor. It is the same as the Sca- viander, but according to Homer, it was called Xanthus by the gods and Scamander by men. {Vid. Scamander.] —— A river of Lycia, anciently called Sirbes. It was sacred to Apollo, and fell into the sea, near Patara. Homer. II. 6, v. 172. — Virg. .£«. 4, v. 145. — Mela, 1, c. 15. One of the horses of Achilles, who spoke to his master when chid ■with severity, and told him that he must soon be killed. Homer. II. 19. One of the horses given to Juno by Neptune, and after- wards to the sons of Leda. —— An historian of Sardcs in the reign of Darius. — — ^ \ Greek historian of Lydia who wTote an account of his country i)f which some fragments remain. Diont/s. Hill. A king of Lesbos. A king of Bccoti:i, who made war against the Athenians. He was killed by the artifice of Mclanthus. [^id. Apaturia-j A Greek poet. JSUan V. H. 4, c. 2f). — Suidas. A philosopher of Samos, in whose house .Esop lived some time as servant. A town of Lycia on the river of the same name, at the distance of about 15 miles from the sea shore. TTio inhabitants were celebrated for their love of liberty and national independence. Brutus laid siege to their city, and when at last they were unable longer to support themselves against the enemy, tlicy set fire to their houses and destroyed themselves. The conqueror wished to spare tliem, but though he offered rewards to his soldiers if they brought any of the Xanthians alive into his presence, only 150 were saved much against their will. y/y>- jyian. 4. — Plut. in Brut. ■ XastTcles, one of the leaders of tlie 10,000 Greeks, after the battle of Cunaxa. Xantipi'E, a daughter of Dorus who mar- ried Pleuron, by whom she had Agcnor, &c. Apolixi. 1, c. 7. Tlie wife of So- crates, remarkable for her ill humour and peevish disposition, which are become pro- verbial. .Some suppose that the philosopher was acquainted with her morosencss and in- solence before he marricti her, and that he took her for his wife to try his patience, and inure himself to tlie malevolent reflections of mankind. She continually tormented him with her impertinence ; and one day, not satisfied witli using the most bitter invectives, she emptied a vessel of dirty water on his head, upon which the philosopher coolly ob- served, After thuniL-r ihcrf gcneralltf falls rain. JElian V. H. 7, c. 10. 1. 9, c. 7. 1. II, c. 1 'J. — Diog. in Socrat. Xantipfus, a Lacedaemonian general who assisted the Carthaginians in the first Punic war. He defeated the Romans, •_».">6 B. C. and took the celebrated Regulus prisoner. Such aign.-il services deserved to be rewarded, but the Carthaginians looked with envious jealousy upon Xantippus, and he retired to Corinth after he had saved thciu from destruction. 821 Some authors support that the Cartbaginiana ordered him to be assassinated, and his body to be thrown into the sea as he was returning home ; while others say that they had pre^ pared a leaky ship to convey him to Corinth, which he artfully avoided. Lii. 18 & 28, c. 45. — Appian. de Pun. An Athe- nian general who defeated the Persian fleet at Mycale with Leotychides. A statue wa.s erected to his honor at the citadel of Athens. He made some conquests in ITirace, and en- creased the power of Athens. He was father to the celebrated Pericles, by Agariste the niece of Clisthenes, who expelled the Pisistra- tidfT from Athens. Pans. 5, c. 7. 1. 8, c. 52. A son of Pericles who disgraced his father by his disobedience, his ingratitude, and his extravagance. He died of the plague in the Peloponnesian war. I'iut. Xenacoras, an historian. Dion^t. Hal. A philosopher who measured the height of mount Olvmpus. XrvARfHL's, a comic poet. — A peri- (latelic philosopher of >Seleucia, who taught at .Mexandria and at Rome, and was intimate with Augustus. Slrnh. 14. A praetor of the .Aclur.m league who wished to favor the interest of Perseus, king of Macedonia, against the Romans. Xenares, an intimate friend of Cleomenes king of Sparta. XyNFTis, a rirh Locrian, whose daughter Doris married Dionysius of Sicily, &c. Arist. Pol. 5. c. 7. Xenei's, a Chian writer who composed an history of his country. XrviAHEs, a Corinthian who went to buy Diogc'iics tlie Cynic when sold as a slave. He aske leagm^'s from their native home, in a country surrounded on every side by a victorious enemy, without money, without provisions, and without a leader. Xenophon was selected from among the officers, to >uperintend the retreat of his countrymen, and though he was often op- posed by malevolence and envy, yet his per- suasive eloquence and iiis activity convinced the Greeks that no general could extricate them from every difficulty, better than tJie disciple of Socrales. He rose superior to danger, and though under contiimal alarms from the sudden attacks oC tlie Persians, he was enabled to cross rapid rivers, penetrate through vast deserts, gain the tops of moun- tains, till he could rest secure for a while, and refresli his tired companions. This cele- brated retreat w.is at last happily etli-cted, the Greeks retumeil home alter a march of 11.55 parasangs, or leagues, which was per- formed in '-M.j days, after an absence of 15 months. The whole perhaps might now he forgotten, or at least obscurely known, if the great philosopher who planned it, had not employed his pen in describing the dangers which he escaped, and the difficulties which he surmounted. He was no stwner returned from Cunaxa, tlian he souglit new honors in following tlie fortune of Agesilnus in Asia. He enjoyed his confidence, he fought under his staniiard. and conquered with him in the Asiatic provinces, as well as at the battle of Coronrea. His fame, however, did not es- cape the aspersions of jealousy, he was pul)- licly banislied from Athens for accompanying Cynis against his brother, and being now without a home, he retired to Scillus, a small .own of the Lacedaemonians, in the neigh- bourhood of Olympia. In this solitary re- treat he dedicated his time to literary pur- suits, and as he hatl ;;i(|uired riches in his Asiatic expeditions, he began to adorn and 826 variegate by the band of ait for his plea-, sure and enjoyment, the country which sur- rounded Scillus. He built a magnificent temple to Diana, in imitation of that of Ephesus, and spent part of his time in rural employments, or in bunting in die woods and mountains. His peaceful occupations, however, were soon disturbed. A war arose between the Lacedaemonians and Elis, and the sanctity of Diana's temple, and the venerable age of the philosopher, who lived in the de- lightful retreats of Scillus, were disregarded, and Xenophon, driven by the Elians from his favorite spot, where he had composed and written tor the information of posterity, and the honor of his countrj-, retired to the city of Corinth. In this place he died in the 90th year of his age, 359 years before the Christian era. The works of Xenophon are numerous. He wrote an account of the ex- pedition of Cyrus, called the Anabasis, and as he had no inconsiderable share in the en- terpriic, his description must Ix; authentic, as he wiis himself an eye witness. Many however have accuseil him of partiality. He appeared often too fond of extolling the virtues of his favorite Cjtus, and while he describes with contempt the imprudent operations of tiie I'ersians, he does not neglect to shew that he w.is a native of Greece. His Ci/rojur.li'i. divided into eight books, has given rise to much criticism, and while some warmly maintain tiiat it is a faithful account of the life and the actions of Cyrus the Great, and dechu-e that it is supported by the authority of scripture ; others as vehe- mently deny its authenticity. Accordrng to tlie opinions of Plato and of Cicero, the Cyropiedia of Xenophon was a moral ro- mance, and these venerable philosophers sup- port, that the historian did not so much write what Cyrus had been, as what every true, goml, and virtuous mon.orch ought to b«. His Hi-UL-iiica were written as a continuation of the history of Thucydides ; and in his Me- morabilia of Socrates, and in his Apology, he has shewn himself, as Valerius Maximus ob- serves, a perfect master of the philosophy of that great man, and he has explained bis doctrines and moral precepts with all the success of persuasive eloquence and conscious integrity. These are tlie most famous of his compositions, besides which there are other small tr.icts, his eulogium given on Agesilaus, his (economics, on the duties of domestic life, the dialogue entitled Hiero. in which he happily describes and compares the mi- sery which attendL-d the tyrant, witli the felicity of a virtuous prince ; a treatise on hunting, tlie symposium of die philosophers, on the government of -Athens and Sparta, a treatise on the revenues of Attica, Ac Tbe simplicity and the elegance of Xenophon's diction have pnx-ured him the name of the Athenian muse, and the bee of Greece, and they XE XE they have induced Quintilian to sny, that the graces dictattd his language, and that the goddess of persuasion dwelt upon his lips. His sentiments, as to the divinity and reli- gion, were the same as those of the vene- rable Socrates ; he supported the immor- tality of the soul, and exhorted his friends to cultivate those virtues which ensure the happiness of mankind, with all the zeal and fervor of a Christian. He has been quoted as an instance of tenderness and of resignation on Providence. As he was of- fering a sacrifice, he was informed that Gryllus, his eldest son, had been killed at the battle of Mantinea. Upon this he tore the garland from his head, but when he was told that his son had died like a Greek, ahd had given a mortal wound to Epaminondas the enemy's general, he re- placed the flowers on his head, and continued the sacrifice, exclaiming that the pleasure he derived from the valor of his son, was greater than the grief which his unfortunate death occasioned. The best editions of Xenophon are those of Leunclavius, fol. Francof. 1596, of Ernesti, 4 vols. Svo. JLips. 1765, and the Glasgow edition, 12mo. of the Cyropaedia 1767, the expedition of Cyrus 1764, the Memorabilia 1761, and the history of Greece 1 762, and likewise the edi- tion of Zeunius, published at Leipsic, in Svo. in 6 vols, between the years 1778 and 1791. Cic. in Or at. 19. — Vat. Max. 5, c. 10. — Quintil. 10, c. 2. — jElian. V. H. 3, c. 13. 1. 4, c. 5. — Diog. in Xenoph. — Seneca. A writer in the begiiming of the fourth cen- tury, known by his Greek romance in five books, De Amoribus Anthia; et Abrocoma, I)ublished in Svo. and 4to. by Cocceius, Lond. 1726. A physician of the em- peror Claudius, born in the island of Cos, and said to be descended from the Asclepiades. He enjoyed the emperor's favors, and through him the people of Cos were exempt from all taxes. He had the meanness to poison his benefactor at the instigation of Agrippina. Tacit. 12, Ann. c. 61 & 67 An officer under Adrian, &c. Xera, a town of Spain, now Xercx, where the Moors gained a battle over Roderic king of the Goths, and became masters of the country. Xerolibya, a part of Africa between Egypt and Cyrene. Xerxena, a part of Armenia. Slrab. 1 1 . Xerxes, 1st, succeeded his father Darius on the throne of Persia, and though but the second son of the monarch, he was preferred to his elder brother Artabazanes. The causes alleged for this preference were, tliat Arta- bazanes was son of Darius when a private man, and that Xerxes was born after his father had been raised on the Persian throne, of Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus. Xerxes continued the warlike preparations of his father, and added the revolted kingdom of 827 Egypt to his extensive possessions. He af- teswards invaded Europe, and entered Greece with an army, which, together with the numerous retinue of servants, eunuchs, and women, that attended it, amounted to no less than 5,285,220 souls. This multitude, which the fidelity of the historians has not ex- aggerated, was stop[)ed at 'I'hermopyla?, by the valor of 500 Spiu'tans, under king Leo- nidas. Xerxes, astonished that such a hand- ful of men shoukl dare to oppose his pro- gress, ordered some of his soldiers to bring tliem alive into his presence; but for three successive days the most valiant of the Persian troops were repeatedly defeated in attempting to execute the monarch's injunctions, and the courage of the Spar- tans might perhaps have triumphed longer, if a Trachinian had not led a detachment to the top of the mountain, and suddenly fallen upon the devoted I>eonidas. , llic king himself nearly perished on this occa- sion, and it has been reported, tliat in the night, the desperate Spartans sought, for a while, the royal tent, which they found de- serted, and wandered through the Persian army, slaughtering thousands before them. The battle of Thermopylse was the be- ginning of the disgrace of Xerxes; the move he advanced, it was to experience nevV disappointments ; his fleet was defeated at Artemisium and Salamis, and though he burnt tlie deserted city of Athens, and trusted to the artful insinuations of The- mistocles, yet he found his millions unable to conquer a nation that was superior to him in the knowledge of war and maritime af- fairs. Alortified with the ill success of his expedition, and apprehensive of imminent danger in an enemy's country, Xerxes hastened to Persia, and in 50 'days he marched over all that territory which before he had passed with much pomp and parade in the space ol" six months. iVlardonius, the best of his generals, was left behind with an army of 500,000 men, and the rest that had survived the ravages of wsx, of famine, aiKi pestilence, followed their timid monarch into Thrace, where his steps were marked by the numerous birds of prey that hovered round him, and fed upon the dead carcases of the Persians. When he reached the Hellespont, Xerxes found the bridge of boats which he had erected there, totally destroyed by the storms, and he crossed the streights in a small fishing vessel. Restored to his king- dom and safety, he forgot his dangei-s, his losses, and his defeats, and gave himself up to riot and debauchery. His indolence and luxurious voluptuousness offended his subjects, and Artabanus, the captain of his guards, conspiretl against him, and murdered hira inliis bed, in the 21st year of his reign, about 464 years before the Christian era. Tlie personal accomplishments of Xerxes have been commended by ancient authors, and X E X Y and Herodotus observes that there was not one man among the millions of his army, that was equal to the monarch in comeliness or stature, or that was as worthy to preside over a great and extensive empire. The picture is finished, and the character of Xerxes com- pletely known, when we liear Justin exclaim, that the vast armament which invaded Greece was without a head. Xerxes has been cited as an instance of humanity. When he re- viewed his millions from a stately throne in tlie plains of Asia, lie suddenly shed a torrent of tears on the recollection that the multitude of men he saw before hi* eyes, in one hundred years should be no more. His pride and in- solence have been deservedly censured ; he ordered chains to l>e thrown into the seii, and tJie waves to Ik- whipped, because the first bridge he had laid across the Hellespont had been destroyed by a stonn. He cut a chan- nel through mount .\tho», and saw his Hcet sail in a place which before was dry ground. The ver)- rivers were dried up by his army a.s he advanced towards Greece, and tJu- cities wliich lie entered reduced to want and poverty. Herodot. 1, c. 183. 1. 7, c. 2, &c. — Diml. I'l. — Strah. 9. — A-:iian. 3, V. H. 25. — Jus- tin. 2, c. 10, &c. — Pmti. 3, c. 4. 1. 8, c. 46. — Lucan. 2, V. 672. — Plut. in Them. &c. Vat. Max. — Isnrrat. in Punnth. — Sttuca de dmst. Sap. 4. 'Hie 2<1, succeeded his fatlier Artaxerxcs Longimanus on the throne of Persia, 4Jj B. C and was assassi- nated in the first year of his reign by his brother Sogdiunus. .\ painter of Heraclea, who made a beautiful representation of Venus. Xei'xes, anoffiter of Anliochusthe Great, king of Syria. X I LIKE, a town of Colchis. XiPHONiA, a promontory of Sicily at the nortli of SjTacuse, now Crucc. Slrab. 6. -^— Also a town near it, now Augusta. Xois, an island formed by the mouths of the Nile. Strab. 17. XiTHiA, tlie ancient name of the plains of Leontium in Sicily. Diod. 5. Xlthus, a son of Hellen, grandson of Deucalion. He was banished from Thessaly by his brothers and came to Athens, where ! he married Creusa, tlie daughter of king Erechtheiis by whom he had Achsus and ! Ion. He retired after the death of his father-in-law into .^chaia, where he died. According to some, he liatl no children, but ' adopted Ion, the son whom Creusa, before I her marriage, had bume to Apollo. jljtrJ- I lod. I. f. 7. — Pans. 7, c. 1. — Euripid. in ' Ion. \, sc. 1. Xychl's, a Macedonian who told Philip I of his cruelty when he had put his son De- metrius to death, at the instigation of Perseus. XvLENoroLis, a town at the mouth of ! tlio Indus, built by .Mexander, supposed to be Lnhen. Pltn. 6, c. 23. Xylimk, a town of Pamphylia. Liv. 38, c. 15. XvLoruLis, a town of Macedonia. Plin. 4, c. 10. XvNiAs, a lake of Thessaly, or, according to some, of T3ceotia. Liv. 52, c. 13. 1. 33, c 3. Xtsoichia, an anniversary day observed at Atliens in honor of Minerva, and in com- memoration of the time in which tlie people of Attica left their country seats and by advice of Theseus all united in one body. Z A Z A ZAHATUS, a river of Media, falling into the Tigris, near which the fen tlioiisand Greeks stopped in their return. Xffiiphon. Zabdicknt:, a province of Persia. Zabirna, a town of Libya, where Hac- rliu'j destroyed a large be.ist that infested tlie country. Diod. 3. Z.vBus, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris. Zactnthi/s a native of Boeotia, who accompanied Hercules when he went into Spain to destroy Gerj-oii. .\t the end of the expedition he w.as entnisteng the vhool oif Crater, and the &ame num- l>er under .Stilpn, Xenocrates, and I'olemon. Perfect in every branch of knowledge, and improvi-d from eiperience a> well as oJ>itT- • ation, Zeno «i[K-netd a school at .Athens, and ooii saw hini.rflf attended by the great, the learned, and the powerful. Ills followers wi-re railed Stoin, l>ecause they ri-ceiviti the in.tnictions of the philostipher in the portico rr.]\i-i\ r»«. He wan so r«»pecie«l during his 'line, that the .\lhet^ian^ publicly de- ; !iim a brareii statue and n crimn of trtijd. nnd engr.ivi«il tin Ir licity. «>n two coin •'••• ! Tceiim. Hi- ...» • and moderation, hiN mai . le, ond to his temj)crance ani! he was indebte«l for the coiitinu give w:iy to chili! ' >i:u. was unlxrconi- ing our nature fore, and anger. were to be banisliMt nu.n mi- heart, pro])r. more care. jii . .i.>».i» . ' ..il witiMrvi within hisownbr> the leading clia- racters of i. - ,)iiy. whose fol- lowt-rs were so i. • perfect, and m> numerous, and » '^ were productive of such exemplar)' vuiui-3 in die annals oi' thf hupian mind. '/.>-nr> in hi* maxiin> . t!»at witli ^ I U\ t I tlieniost 1 . He uuntKtaeii 1. c. H. I. :.. c- itc Oral. 3t^ SlC litui. — Arruxu. ! wiih their pro- v.indria, whiiit ap- io Liie ey«, tliough made of He acknowledged only M-si, iJie v'ul of tl)e universe, which he ived t.) Ix- the bodv, and therefore he i.. . ,, - of his doctr.ne. • w riters, may l«c 'irra, ihc emperor Ah~ . 1, c. I'J. <^.Va*. i» 1 A. 111. I. 3, C. li. yn Mar. J-inib. — iSfUf-ca. — Ejitc- -^ ..Elian. »'. J/. 0, c. 'J6. — Jtuig. — ^— .Kn Kpictiroan philosopher of .Sidou, who numbired among his pupiU Ci- cero. Pomponius Atticus ( otta, Pompvy. Ac. (■«<•. <.V .\al. J). 1, c. •_'! \ 5-1. A rhetorician, father to Polenion, who wasm*dr king of Pontns. 'Ilu- son of I'olemon. whi' was king of .Armenia, was also called Zrno. Slnib. !•_'. — 'J'adt. Ann. 'J, c. 5o". A na- tive of Lepreoa. son of C'alliteles, crownc«l at the Olympic games, and honored with a sta- tue in the grove of Jupiter, and at Olympi.-u J' tus. «.. c. l.'». —— -V general of .\ntiocliu>. A philodopher of J arsus H. C. ao7. Ilie name of /eno was common to soac of the Koman cnipeitjrs, on Uie throne of Con- siantino]>!e. in the 5(1) and bth centuries. ZryosiA. a queen of Ibtria. wife lo Hha. c. 5 & U). — H^- riU. 1, rp. 18, r. 41. b3'i Zelsis a portiuu of Africa, in which Carthage was Tlie other division was called Byzacium. Isidor. 14, c. 5. — Plin. 5, C 4. Zecc.ma, a town of Mesopotamia, on the western bank of the Euphrates where was a well known passage across the river. It was the eastern boundary of the Roman empire, and in Pliny's age a chain of iron was said to extend across it. Plin. 5, c. 24. — Slrab. H. —Curt. 3, c. "7.— Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 12 A town of Dacia. Zeus, a name of Jupiter among the Greeks, expressive of his being the fatlier of mankind, and by whom all things live. I>iod. 5. ZEfxinXMU.s, a king of Sparta, of tlie fainily of the Proclida-. He was father of Archidainus, and grandson of Theopompus, and was succeeded by his son Arcbidamus Putts. 3, c. 7. Zelxiuas a praetor of the Achaean league, dei>osed because he had promised to his coun- trymen an alliance with tlie Homans Zeuxippe. a daughter of Lridanus, mother of Botes, one of the .Vrgonauts &c. Apol- lod, 3, c. 15. A danghter of Laome- don. She married Sicyon, who after his fa- tlier-in-law's deatli became king of that city of Peloponnesus, which from him has been called Sicyon. Puus. '2, c. 6. ZiL'xis, a celebrated painter, born at He- raclea. which some sup(>ose to be the Hera- clea of Sicily. He ilorislied about 468 years before the Christian era, and was tlie disciple of ApoUodorus, ami contemporary with Par- rhasius In tlie art of painting he surpassed not only all his contemporaries, but also his master, and became so sensible, and at the same time so proud of the value of his pieces that he refused to sell tliem, observing tliat no sum of money, however great, was sufficient to buy tliem. His most celebrated paintings were his Jupiter sitting on a throne, surround- ed by the gixls; his Hercules strangling the serpents in the presence of his afl'righted pa- rents; his modest Penelope; and his Helen, which wax afterwards placed in the temple of Juno Lacinia, in Italy. This last piece he had painted at the request of the people of Crotona, and tliat he might not be without a model, tliey sent him the most beautiful of their virgins Zeuxis examined their naked beauties, and retained five, from whose ele- gance and graces united, he conceive*.! in his mind tlic form of the most perfect woman iti the universe, which his pencil at last executed with wonderful success His contest with Par- rhasius is well known ; [ I'id. Parrhasius;] but tliough he represented nature in such perfec- tion, and copied all her beauties with such ex- actness, he often found himself deceived. He painted grapes, and fonnetl an idea of ilie goodness of his piece from tlie birds which came to eat the fruit on the canvass. But be soon au- knowledged th.-^i tlie whole w.ts an iII-exeiMiti««l pitye. zo zo piece as the figure of the man who carried the grapes was not done with sufficient ex- pression to terrify the birds. According to some, Zeuxis died from laughing at a comi- cal picture which he had made of an old \vo- man. Cic. delnv. 2, c. 1. — Plut. in Par. ^-c. — Quintil. ^. Zeuxo, one of the Oceanides. HesioWi ZiLiA, or Zelis, a town in Mauritania, at the mouth of a river of the same name. Flin. 5, c. 1. ZiMARA, a town of Armenia Minor, 12 miles from the sources of the Euphrates. Flin. 5, c. 24. ZiNGis, a promontory of .Ethiopia, near the entrance of the Red Sea, now cape Orfui. ZioBERis, a river of Hyrcania, whose rapid course is described by Curt. 6, c. 4. Zip^TEs, a king of Bithynia, who died in his 70th year, B. C. 279. ZiTHA, a town of Mesopotamia. ZiZA, a town of Arabia. ZoiLis, a sophist and grammarian of Am- phipolis, B. C, 259. He rendered himself known by his severe criticisms on the works of Isocrates and Plato, and the poems of Homer, for which he received the name cf Jlomeroinaslic or the chastiser of Homer. He presented his criticisms to Ptolemy Phi- ladelphus, but they were rejected with indig- nation, though the author declared that he starved for want of bread. Some say, that Zoilus was cruelly stoned to death, or ex- posed on a cross by order of Ptolemy, while otliers support, that he was burnt alive at Smyrna. The name of Zoilus is generally applied to austere critics. The works of this unfortunate grammarian are lost. JElian. r. H. 11, c. ]0. — Dioii7/s. Hal. — Ovid. de Rem. Am. 266. An officer in the army of Alexander. Zoippus, a son-in-law of Hiero of Sicily. Zona, a town of Africa. Dio. 48. Of Thrace, on the JEgeaxi sea, where tlie woods are said to have followed the strains of OrjAeus. Mela, 2, c. 2. — Herodot. ZoNAKAs, one of the Byzantine historians, whose Greek Annales were edited, 2 vols, foi. Paris 1686. ZoPYRio, one of Alexander's officers left in Greece when the conqueror was in Asia, &c. Curt, 10, c. 1. ZopvKioN, a governor of Pontus, who made war against Scythia, &c. Justin. 2, c. .5. ZoPYRus, a Persian, son of Megabyzus, who, to shew his attachment to Darius, the son of Hysta^pcs, while he besieg«d Babylon, cut off his ears and nose, and fled to tlie ene- my, telling them that he had received such a treatment from his royal master because he had advistd him to raise the siege, as the city was imjtregnable. This was credited by the BabyUmians, and Zopyrus was appointed commander of all their forces. "When he had totally gained their confidence, he betrayed the city into the hands of Darius, for whif h 833 he was liberally rewarded. The regard of Darius for Zopyrus could never be more strongly expressed than in what he used often to say, that he had rather have Zopyrus not mutilated than twenty Babylons. Herodot. 3, c, 154. &c. —Plut. 171 Apoplt. reg. 3, —Jiis- Lin. 1, c. 10. An orator of Clazomena. Quintil. o, c. 6. A pliysician in the age of Mithridates. He gave the monarch a de- scription of an antidote which would pre- vail against all sorts of poisons. The ex- periment Avas tried upon criminals, and succeeded. A physician in the age of Plutarch. An officer of Argos, who cut off the head of Pyrrhus. Plut. A man appointed master of Alcibiadcs, by Pe- ricles. Plut. A physiognomist. Cic. de fat. 5. A rhetorician of Colophon. Diog. ZoROANDA, a part of Taurus between Me- sopotamia and Armenia, near which the Tigris flows. Piin. 6, c. 27. Zoroaster, a king of Bactria, supposed to have lived in the age of Ninus king of Assyria, some time before the Trojan war. According to Justin, he first invented magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, and rendered himself known by bis deep and acute re- searches in pLilosopLy, tlie origin of the world, and the study of astronomy. He was re- spected by his subjects and contemporaries for his abilities as a monarch, a lawgiver, and a philosopher, and though many of his doctrines are puerile and ridiculous, yet his followers are still found in numbers in the wilds of Persia, and the extensive provinces of India. Like Pythagoras, Zoroaster admitted no visible object of devotion except fire, which he considered as the most proper emblem of a supreme being ; which doctrines seem to have been preserved by Numa, in tlie woi-ship and ceremonies which he instituted in honor of Vesta. According to some of the moderns, the doctrines, the laws, and regulations of this celebrated Bactrian are still extant, and they have been lately introduced in Europe in a French translation by M. Anquetil. The age of Zoroaster is so little known that many speak of two, three, four, and even six law- givers of that name. Some authors, who support that two persons only of this name florished, describe the first as an astronomer living in Babylon, 2459 years B. G. whilst the era of the otlier, who is supposed to have been a native of Persia, and the restorer of the re- ligion of the Magi, is fixed 589, and by some 519 years B. C. Justin. 1, c. 1. — August, de Civ. 21, c. 14. — Oros. 1. —Plin. 7, c. 10. 1. 30, c. 1. ZosiMus, an officer in the reign of Theo- dosius the younger, about the year 410 of the Christian era. He wrote the history of the Roman emperors in Greek, from the age ot Augustus to the beginning of the 5th ccntuiy, of which only the five first books, and the beginning of the sixth, are extant. In the fii'st of those he is very succinct in his ac- 3 H ccunt z o ZY count from the time of Auj^ustus to the reign of Diocletian, but in the succeeding he be- comes more tlillusc and interesting. His cuiii|)0!>ition is written with elegance, but not niucli fiilility, and the author sliowed his nia- U'vokntf a^^jinst the Christians in hiiliistory ul' Con.-.Uiniine, and some of his successors. The l>est editions of Zosimns are tliat of Cel- iarius, hvo. Jinx lT2t<, and tliat of Rci teniier, Kvo. Lips. 1784. Zosisr, the wife of king Tigrancs, led in triuu^ph by Ponijjey. Plut. ZosTKH, a town, liarbour, and promontory of Attica. Cic. ad Alt. S, q>. 1-'. Z«»sTtKiA, a sum-oinc of Minerva. .She had two statues under that name in tlie city of Thebes, in Bccotia. llic » ord signified girt, or armed for battle, words synonimous among llie ancients. Paut. y, c. 17. — IIoiix. n. J, V. 178. I. 11, V. 15, 654 ace ntar^t^i i^JIa^^^Ba lochia in Mar- divided into ZoTAtc, a place giaita, where th small streams. ZoTniiAusTxs, a lawgiver among the Ari- maspi. Jhod. ZicHis a lake to tJie east of the Syrtis tl^^i 17. for a purple dye, and salt-fish. Stral: ZrcASiTEs, a people of .\frica. ZvciA, a Mirn.-une of Juno, because she presided <> ' i:,'e (a ^ivytuftJ jvngo). She is tlu Pronuba of the Ladns. Pindar. — / ., #j . .), i-. ."5. ZvGii, a savage nation at the north of Colchis. Strab. 1 1. ^vcon>Ms, a town of Cappadocia, on the borders of Colchis. Stmh. 12. ZY(,Rir.v, a nation of Libya. 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'S ^ J, o o 1^ c a^^ ^ S2 1 i ^ ..v>-a 0^ Pl, , ^ a> «s ex for ed af oftl: fl ■j: tj c c C3 2 S,o .y» 1 1^" ^ c The ch tertii ero's /^-^ 2!^ O m O _3 o S w oo Cti ■* in lO 0) O a duu rt DPCJ > ' • - OJ 23 •< ■< < ■3 ■- S ^ S -2 -oi - C "g-^- 5g s,^ o -2 ^ S - W5 5* I _aj rt R H -s 3 o S .2 h 2 a 3 O o Of > es a *j 3 u q^ o< ~ g -a TS ■< o r„3^*ni-S .so o S ^ 'S ^ S -3 g -^ •" tscs,^ea>a3 . '^ Z f, ^-B ■? -^ ^ o > > a ^ ?> c .»-;£'' •~ M t, _r u -^ C ^ J3 o» /t3 g^^ s ^^ c a a '^ ,^ JT 'S ^J° J3 g< o S 8 ^ 3 -2 a ^ .o r^ y !U ■ij C/J CJ "'ii^oi^!-.:« 2 -S « ffi ^ 1 £ o ^ S3 .-.S fe =" -^ S rt S)^S)ii i ° s.tiCB' - o ■^ T! -S •" is ' G !^ bS _ __j PI I— ■♦^ CO ^^ ^ c4 ts . — -!u«4-'■'■s'•''s:^'a^^^- i- 0*-'e S SM._>'^SJa cS-S O 3 2 K S°-S2Jt«3^i;4J--t;KC±^c«o'gS .. f. t«Cor^^=g^g2•=g-5j§2W0H fa3««£3.-,^_^-^^ " fcjD >:_S 2 CQ'^ ^ ^ .^ ^ ^ Si ii ■a n Si ■ S S ^ -TS a> <5 ca s I ^ f^ s o >S S < « >. u CO o C 01 J.4 c CL, 847 DK. LEMPRIERE'S DICTIONARIES, In Octavo and Quarto. 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