■r'^i,, ,<="~^'K L A A ittiJti -Mr -t ;- l; 1 If I! m m ill: !?!' THE ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY KARL POMEROY HARRINGTON PROFESSOR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO Copyright, 1914, by KARL POMEROY HARRINGTON. Copyright, 1914, in Great Britain. HARRINGTON. ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS. w. P.6 ■ C 'y A A n -r> PATRIS • MEMORIAE • QUI • INCEPIT • IDEMQUE MENTEM • MEAM • AD • OPUS • PERSEQUENDUM EXCITAVIT. c o 323351 PREFACE The need of a college textbook containing a judicious selec- tion from the whole field of Roman elegy with suitable introduc- tory matter and English comments has long been evidenced by the announcements of various publishers that such books were in preparation. The present edition was undertaken many years ago by my father, the plan as then conceived being somewhat less comprehensive than that which has now been worked out. At the time of his death he had already written some notes on Propertius for the contemplated book, the last words appearing in his manuscript, penned amid increasing feebleness, being, by a touching coincidence, one of his happy English versions, read- ing, ' Ah me ! that the strain should be so feeble in my mouth ! ' (4, I, 58). Such of those first-draft notes as were available have been included in this edition under the signature "(C. S.)." The magnitude of the task has grown with the years, as the vast amount of material published in connection with the four authors from which these selections are taken has increased. Moreover, the classes in which a book of this kind will be used require in many cases a relatively advanced grade of comment ; yet the linguistic basis for higher scholarship is too often in America sadly wanting, and, incongruous as it may appear, the somewhat elementary note seems to be required, side by side with one that stimulates to original research. It is with a full appreciation of the impossibility of meeting equally well all the possible varieties of demands made by the different users of the book that the editor ventures at length to give it to the public. The arrangement of both the commentary and a carefully selected conspectus of variant textual readings on the same page with the text will, in practice, commend itself as the most practical one for the kind of classes for which the book is in- tended. Special effort has been made by running analysis to make the outline of the elegy clear to the student. 5 6 PREFACE The text of the elegiac poets has been severely handled b} editors, new and old, suffering with the ancient Athenian lust foi " some new thing." To reconstruct a text to-day which shoulc take seriously all the transpositions, divisions, combinations, and smart conjectures of the German, English, and American " Athenians " of this, and the preceding, generation, would be a task from which even a modern Hercules might well shrink. Propertius, in particular, is a battle ground for the critics, and it is too much to hope that any text accepted and any views adopted about Propertius will receive unanimous approval. In advance of the complete publication of the Codex Romanus of Catullus, Professor Hale has kindly given me several im- portant readings from his collation, and desires me in publishing them to call attention to their importance in establishing the character of R, and the age in general of such variants in G and R as were written by the first corrector of each. It has also been my privilege to make a personal examination of R and of several other important Mss. of the various authors repre- sented in this volume. The text as now presented will show that, while conservative, it has been given the benefit of the results of recent critical Tesearch. By confining the selections strictly to poems written in the elegiac measure, by the choice of elegies, and by many cross- references to the four authors included, I have hoped to assist the student to obtain a general acquaintance with the develop- ment of this type of poetry at Rome. In citations from elegies printed in some part of this book, it has been thought best to refer to the passage without quoting in full. I desire to make grateful acknowledgments to the various friends that have so kindly assisted my labors, especially to my colleague, Professor Joseph W. Hewitt, for his invaluable aid and suggestions in reading a large part of the manuscript before publication. KARL POMEROY HARRINGTON. Wesleyan University. CONTENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS FREQUENTLY CITED 9 INTRODUCTION: Elegy 15 Pre-Roman Elegy 15 Roman Elegy 20 Catullus , , . „ 25 tibullus 31 Propertius 43 Ovid 55 The Elp:giac Distich , ... 61 I. Hexameters , 63 II. Pentameters 65 a/' J CATVLLI CARMINA PAGE Mss. signs 68 Carmen 65 69 Carmen 66 IX* 72 Carmen 68 83 Carmen 70 ... ...... 99 Carmen 72 99 Carmen 73 100 Carmen 75 loi Carmen 76 102 Carmen 82 104 Carmen 83 ..... ^ .. . 105 Carmen 84 105 Carmen 8t; 107 ALBII TIBVLLI Mss. signs 120 Liber Primus : Elegia !.''...,..... 121 Elegia 3 ......... . 130 Elegia 7 . T . . 140 Elegia 10 .' . 147 Liber Secundus : Elegia i . T 154 Elegia 2 . ._^ ,...„... 163 Elegia 5.7 • 165 Elegia 6 , .^ .,....,. 177 Carmen 86 107 Carmen 87 108 Carmen 92 108 Carmen 93 109 Carmen 95 109 Carmen 96 m Carmen 99 112 Carmen loi . 113 Carmen 102 115 Carmen 107 115 Carmen 108 116 Carmen 109 . 117 Carmen 116 118 ELEGIAE Liber Tertius : Elegia 2 . . . 182 Elegia 3 = . . . . 185 Elegia 5 187 Liber Quartus : Elegia 2 190 Elegia 4 . 192 Elegia 6 194 Elegia 8 195 Elegia 9 . 196 Elegia 11 196 Elegia 13 197 8 CONTENTS SEXTI PROPERIl ELEGIAE PAGE Mss. signs ......... 200 Liber Primus : Elegia i 201 Elegia 2 204 Elegia 6 . 207 Elegia 7 211 Elegia 8 214 Elegia 8b 217 Elegia 9 219 Elegia 12 223 Elegia 14 . 224 Elegia 17 227 Elegia 18 231 Elegia 19 235 Elegia 22 237 Liber Secundus : Elegia 10 239 Elegia 11 242 Elegia 12 243 Elegia 13 246 Elegia 26 253 Elegia 27 259 PAGE Elegia 28 . 261 Elegia 31 267 Liber 'lertius : Elegia i 270 Elegia 2 274 Elegia 3 276 Elegia 4 282 Elegia 5 285 Elegia 7 290 Elegia 9 297 Elegia 11 303 Elegia 16 312 Elegia 18 , 314 Elegia 21 318 Elegia 24 322 Elegia 25 324 Liber Quartus : Elegia i 326 Elegia 3 339 Elegia 4 347 Elegia b 355 Elegia 11 363 P. OVIDI NASONIS Mss. signs 374 Amores : Liber Primus : Elegia i 375 Elegia 3 . . 377 Elegia 15 379 Liber Secundus : Elegia 6 383 Elegia 11 387 INDEX OF FIRST LINES . . . GENERAL INDEX Elegia 16 390 Elegia 17 393 Liber Tertius : Elegia 9 395 Elegia 15 ........ 400 Heroidum Epistula 13 .... 402 Tristia : Liber Primus, Elegia 3 . . . . 410 Liber Quartus, Elegia 10 ... 415 424 429 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS FREQUENTLY CITED, ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY BY ABBREVIATIONS A. = Allen and Greenough, New Latin Grammar, Boston. 1903. AJA. = American Journal of Archaeology. AJP. = American Journal of Philology. Aid. = Catullus, et in eum commentarius M. Antonii Mureti. Ab eodem correcti, et scholiis illustrati, Tibullus, et Propertius. Venice, 1562. Baehrens = Baehrens, Aemilius : Albii Tibulli Elegiarum Libri Duo. Accedunt Pseudo-Tibulliana, Leipzig, 1878. Baehrens Cat. = Catulli Veronensis Liber. Recensuit Aemilius Baehrens. Vol. I, Leipzig, 1876; Vol. II, Commentarium continens, 1885; Nova editio a K. P. Schulze curata, 1893. Baehrens PLM. = Poetae Latini Minores. Recensuit et emendavit Aemilius Baehrens, Leipzig, 1879—1883. Baehrens Prop. = Sex. Propertii Elegiarum Libri IV. Recensuit Aemilius Baehrens, Leipzig, 1880. Baehrens Tib. Bl. = Baehrens, Emil : Tibullische Blatter, Jena, 1876. Baum. Denk. = Baumeister, A. : Denkmiiler des klassischen Altertums, Munich and Leipzig, 1887. Bell. = Belling, H. : Albius Tibullus, Untersuchung und Text, Berlin, 1897. Bell. Prol. = Belling, H. : Kritische Prolegomena zu Tibull, Berlin, 1893. B.G. = Becker, W. A. : Gallus, or Roman Scenes of the Time of Augus- tus, translated by Frederick Metcalfe. 7th ed., London, 1882. BPW. = Berliner Philologische Wochenschrift. Brandt = P- Ovidi Nasonis Amorum Libri Tres erklart von Paul Brandt, Leipzig, 1911. Burn, RL. and RA. = Burn, Robert: Roman Literature in Relation to Roman Art, London, 1888. Bursian's JB. = Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der klassischen Alter- tumswissenschaft, begriindet von Conrad Bursian, Leipzig. Butler = Sexti Properti Opera Omnia, with a Commentary, by H. E. Butler, London, 1905. Cartault = Cartault, A. : Tibulle et les Auteurs du Corpus Tibullianum, Paris, 1909. Cart. Corp. Tib. = Cartault, A. : Apropos du Corpus Tibullianum, un Siecle de Philologie Latine Classique, Paris, 1906. 9 lO ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS Cart. Dist. El. = Cartault, A. : Le Distique Elegiaque chez Tibulle, Sul- picia, Lygdamus, Paris, 1911. Carter = Carter, Jesse Benedict : Selections from the Roman Elegiac Poets, with Introduction and Notes, New York, 1900. Champney = Champney, Elizabeth W. : Romance of Imperial Rome, New York, 1910. Cranst. = Cranstoun, James : The Elegies of Albius Tibullus, translated into English verse, London, 1872. Deutsch = Deutsch, Monroe E. : Notes on the Text of the Corpus Tibul- lianum, Berkeley, 1912. Dissen = Dissennus, Ludolphus : Albii Tibulli Carmina ex recensione Car. Lachmanni passim mutata, Gottingen, 1835. Draeger= Draeger, A. : Ilistorische Syntax der Lateinischen Sprache, 2d ed., Leipzig, 1878. Duff = Duff, J. W. : A Literary History of Rome, London, 1909. Ellis, Com. = Commentary on Catullus, by Robinson Ellis, Oxford, 1876 (2d ed., 1889). Ellis, Text = Catulli Carmina recognovit Robinson Ellis, Oxford, 1904. Ellis, Trans. = Ellis, Robinson : The Poems and Fragments of Catullus translated in the Metres of the Original, London, 1871. Enc. Brit. = The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., Cambridge, 1911. Enk = P. J. Enk : Ad Propertii Carmina Commentarius Criticus, Zutphen, 1911. Fowler, Rom. Fest. = Fowler, W. Warde : The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic, London, 1899. Friedrich = Catulli Veronensis Liber, erklart von Gustav Friedrich, Leip- zig and Berlin, 1908. G. = Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar, 3d ed., by B. L. Gildersleeve and Gon- zalez Lodge, New York, 1894. Geikie = Geikie, Archibald : The Love of Nature among the Romans, etc., London, 1912. Gruppe = Gruppe, Otto F. : Die romische Elegie, Leipzig, 1838. H. = Harkness, Albert: A Complete Latin Grammar, New York. 1898. H. & T. = Harrington, K. P., and Tolman, H. C. : Greek and Roman Mythology, Boston, 1897. Hansen = Hansen, Marx : De Tropis et Figuris apud Tibullum, Kiel, 1881. Haupt, Op. = Haupt, Moritz : Opuscula, edidit U. v. Wilamowitz-Moellen- dorff, Leipzig, 1875. Hertzberg = Sex. Aurelii Propertii Elegiarum Libri Quattuor. Illustravit Guil. Ad. B. Hertzberg, Halle, 1843-1845. ABBREVIATIONS II HejnQe-Wunderlich = Albii Tibulli Carmina Libri Tres cum libro quarto Sulpiciae et aliorum. Chr. G. Heynii editio quarta nunc aucta notis et observationibus Ern. Car. Frid. Wunderlichii, Leipzig, 1817. Hiller = Hiller, Eduardus : Albii Tibulli Elegiac cum Carminibus Pseudo- Tibullianis, Leipzig, 1885. Hosius = Sex. Propertii Elegiarum Libri IV. Recensuit Carolus Hosius, Leipzig, 1911. Howe = Howe, George : Nature Similes in Catullus, in Vol. VII of Studies in Philology, Chapel Hill, N. C, 1911. H.-V. = Catulli Tibulli Propertii Carmina a Mauricio Hauptio recognita. Editio Septima ab lohanne Vahleno curata et a Rudolfo Helmio edita, Leipzig, 1912. Jacoby = Jacoby, Karl : Anthologie aus den Elegikern der Romer, fiir den Schulgebrauch erklart, Leipzig. L. = Lane, G. M. : A Latin Grammar, rev. by M. H. Morgan, New York, 1903. Lachmann = Sex. Aurelii Propertii Carmina emendavit et annotavit Caro- lus Lachmannus, Leipzig, 1816. Lachmann, Cat. = Q. Valerii Catulli Veronensis Liber ex recensione Caroli Lachmanni, Berlin, 1829. Lachmann, Prop. = Sex. Aurelii Propertii Elegiac ex recognitione Caroli Lachmanni, Berlin, 1829. Lachmann, Tib. = Albii Tibulli Libri Quattuor ex recensione Caroli Lach- manni, Berlin, 1829. Lamarre = Lamarre, Clovis : Histoire de la Litterature Latine, Paris, 1901. Leo = Leo, F. : Ueber einigen Elegien Tibulls : Philologische Untersuchun- gen, 2tes Heft, Berlin, 1881. LSHLG = Lindsay, W. M. : A Short Historical Latin Grammar, Oxford. 1895. Madv. = Madvig, J. N. : A Latin Grammar for the Use of Schools, trans- lated by Rev. George Woods. Edited by Thomas A. Thacher, Boston, 1880. Martinengo = Martinengo-Cesaresco, Evelyn : The Outdoor Life in Greek and Roman Poets, London, 1911. Merrill = Catullus, edited by Fllmer Truesdell Merrill, Boston, 189^. Monatsber. = Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1881. Munro = Munro, H. A. J. : Criticisms and Elucidations of Catullus, Cam- bridge, 1878. Nageotte = Nageotte, E. : Histoire de la Poesie Lyrique, Paris, 1888- 12 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS Nemethy = Albii Tibulli Carmina, accedunt Sulpiciae Elegidia, edidit, etc., Geyza Nemethy, Budapest, 1905. Nemethy, Lyg. = Nemethy, Geyza : Lygdami Carmina, Budapest, 1906. Neue = Neue, Friedrich : Formenlehre der Lateinischen Sprache, 3te Aufl. von C. Wagener, Berlin, 1892. Palmer = P. Ovidi Nasonis Heroides, edited by Arthur Palmer, Oxford, 1898. PAPA. = Proceedings of the American Philological Association. Pbillimore = Sexti Properti Carmina recognovit loannes S. Phillimore, Oxford, 1901. Phill. Ind. V. = Index Verborum Propertianus. Fecit loannes S. Philli- more, Oxford, 1905. Pichon = Pichon, Rene : De Sermone Amatorio apud Latinos Elegiarum Scriptores, Paris, 1902. Platner = Platner, Samuel Ball : The Topography and Monuments of An- cient Rome, Boston, 1904 (2d ed., 1911). Plessis = Plessis, Frederic : Etudes critiques sur Properce et ses elegies, Paris, 1884. Plessis, Calvus = Calvus, Edition Complete des Fragments, etc., par F. Plessis, Paris, 1896. Postgate = Postgate, J. P. : Tibulli Aliorumque Carminum libri tres, Oxford, 1905. Postgate, Prop. = Select Elegies of Propertius, edited by J. P. Postgate, London, 1881. Postgate, Sel. = Selections from Tibullus and others, edited by J. P. Post- gate, London, 1903. Preller' = Preller, L. : Romische Mythologie, Dritter Auflage von H. Jor- dan, Berlin, 1881. P. W. = Pauly, A. F. : Real-Encyclopaedie d. klass. Altertumswissenschaft, rev. by G. Wissowa, Stuttgart, 1894. R. = Roby, Henry John : A Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius, London, 1871-73. Ramsay = Selections from Tibullus and Propertius, edited by George G. Ramsay, Oxford, 1900. Riese = Die Gedichte des Catullus, herausgegeben u. erklart von Alexan- der Riese, Leipzig, 1884. Rothstein = Die Elegien des Sextus Propertius erklart von Max Roth- stein, Berlin, 1898. Sandys = Sandys, John Edwin: A Companion to Latin Studies, Cam- bridge, 1910. ABBREVIATIONS 1 3 Schanz = Schanz, Martin : Geschichte der Romischen Litteratur, Munich, 1890-1913. Schulze = Schulze, K. P. : Romische Elegiker : eine Auswahl aus Catull, Tibull, Properz und Ovid, fur den Schulgebrauch bearbeitet, 5te Auflage, Berlin, 1910. Schwabe = Catulli Veronensis Liber. Ludovicus Schwabius recognovit, Berlin, 1886. Sellar = Sellar, W. Y. : Horace and the Elegiac Poets, Oxford, 1892. Sellar', Rep. = Sellar, W. Y. : The Roman Poets of the Republic, 3d ed., Oxford, 1905. Shuckburgh = P. Ovidii Nasonis Heroidum Epistulae XIII, edited with notes and indices by Evelyn S. Shuckburgh, London, 1879 (2d edi- tion reprinted, 1896). Simpson = Select Poems of Catullus, ed. by Francis P. Simpson, London, 1879. Sitzungsber. = Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Smith = The Elegies of Albius Tibullus, edited by Kirby Flower Smith, New York, 1913. Stolz-Schmalz = Stolz, Friedrich, und Schmalz, J. H. : Lateinische Gram- matik (Miiller's Handbuch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, II, 2), 3te Aufl., Munich, 1900. TAPA. = Transactions of the American Philological Association. Teuffel^ = Teuffel, W. S. : History of Roman Literature, 5th ed., trans, by G. C. W. Warr, London, 1900. Uhlmann = Uhlmann, Guilelmus : De Sex. Properti Genere Dicendi, Borna, 1909. UUman = Ullman, B. L. : The Manuscripts of Propertius, Class. Phil. VI, 3, 282-301. Von Sybel = Von Sybel, L. : Weltgeschichte d. Kunst, Marburg, 1888. Williams = WilHams, Theodore C. : The Elegies of Tibullus, done in English Verse, Boston, 1905. Wiss. = Wissowa, Georg: Religion und Kultus der Romer, Munich, 1902. Wolff, de Enunt. Int. = Wolff, Oscar : De Enuntiatis Interrogativis apud Catullum, TibuUum, Propertium, Leipzig, 1886. INTRODUCTION ELEGY 1. In the broad sense Latin Elegy may be said to include everything in Latin written in the elegiac distich, which was a popular metrical form from the days of the Roman republic down to the later medieval epoch. But Roman elegy, in the more restricted and commonly accepted use of the term, refers to the elegiac verse of a noteworthy group of poets whose literary activity belongs chiefly to that most interesting half century of Rome preceding the Christian era, when the Republic fell and the Empire was built upon its ruins. The works of at least two or three of these elegiac poets have almost entirely disappeared. Posterity, however, has been more kind to four of them, Catullus, TibuUus, Propertius, and Ovidius (Ovid). The first and last of these did not confine their literary composition to the elegiac distich, as in all probability the second and third of the group did ; but it is with elegy only that we are now con- cerned. Pre-Roman Elegy 2. Like most other forms of Roman literature, elegy is deeply indebted to Greece for both its form and its content, though the origin of this type of poetry is beyond the reach of the literary historian, and most of its Greek masterpieces during the centuries succeeding such origin have long since vanished. Horace {A. P. 75-78) wrote : — versibus imp ar iter iundis guerimonia primiim post etiam indiisa est voti seiitentia cotnpos ; quis tamen exiguos elegos emiserit auctor, grammatici certant, et adhuc sub iudice lis est. 15 1 6 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS This case is still on the calendar, and doubtless many courts will adjourn sine die before an ultimate decision is rendered. Perhaps of barbarian origin, the rhythm of the pentameter was \certainly used in early Ionian Asia in dirges or other songs of mournful remembrance, before the advent of the earliest writers of the elegy as a literary type. The regular accompaniment to these early songs was the flute. Possibly two parts of the verse were sung responsively by a double chorus.^ The original names for this mournful pentameter, l\i.yCiov {eiro<;), eAcyeia (Ittt;), have been variously explained as derived from « Ae'ye c Ae'ye 1 = ' Woe ! Woe ! cry woe ! ' (Suidas) or e e Ae'y' e e Ae'ye (Wilamo- witz) ; but from the beginning it was probably associated with the hexameter, either as an occasional verse after a group of hexameters, or in the form of a couplet, and the terms were in early times used also to designate this couplet, or distich. The form eAeyeta (ttoii/o-is or - age, dedicated his De Rerum Natura ; cf. Lucr. i, a6 and 42. 28 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS 1 6. Although Ovid does not inckide Catullus in his well- known canon of the Roman elegists/ he elsewhere recognizes him as belonging to the same group ^ and Properlius^ names as his series of erotic elegists, Varro Atacinus, Catullus, Calvus, Gallus, and himself/ If there was any reason why his con- temporaries should omit Catullus from any list of the leading Roman elegists, it was doubtless because even thus early it was realized that it was the rest of his poems rather than his elegies that formed his surest title to immortality. But the evidence is clearly ample that even then he belonged to the group in which the logic of fate has confirmed his membership, and that not mere accident has from the time of the renaissance produced successive editions of Catullus, TibuUus, and Propertius. If in the more exact use of terms Catullus is a greater lyric than elegiac poet, nevertheless the elegies that he has left us form an invaluable link between the poetry of Alexandria and that of Tibullus and Propertius. Something of the debt owed him directly by his successors in the field of elegy will be seen from a study of the selections in this book. The genius of Horace led him mostly in other lines, so that his literary connection with Catullus is relatively slight. Vergil, on the other hand, had evidently been a careful student of Catullus, as is clear not merely from those disputed poems of the so-called Appendix Vergiliana, but from many parallels in his certainly authentic works. ^ And in Martial reminiscences of Catullus abound. On the other hand, the influence of the Alexandrian school is 1 Successor fuit hie [ Tibullus] ttbi, Galle, Propertius illi ; quartus ab his serie temper is ipse fui. — Trist. 4, 10, 53. 2 E.g. Am. 3, 9, 59-65 ; Trist. 2, 427 sqq. 3 2, 34, 85 sqq. ■1 Propertius nowhere names Tibullus, though he surely owed much to him. Cf. also Mart. 8, 73, 8, where Catullus is grouped with Gallus, Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid. 6 Cf. E. K. Rand, in Harvard Stud, in Class. Phil., Vol. 17 (1906), pp. 15 sqq. For a list of real or assumed parallel passages in the Augustan poets cf. Simpson, pp. xxxvii sqq. For a list of authors that mention or cite Catullus, cf. Schwabe, pp. vii sqq. INTRODUCTION 29 nowhere so definite and obvious in Roman poetry as in Catullus. The mere fact that of the 116 poems in the extant Catullus collection, nearly one half (Nos. 65-116) are in the elegiac meter is unique in a poet of essentially lyric tastes and genius. The forms of his measure constantly betray Alexandrian influence (cf. §§42, 43). Not merely the considerable proportion of epi- grams and the subjects of various elegies but also the wealth of mythological learning displayed in such poems as No. 68 show that even in treating a matter of deep personal interest he at that period of his work believed it necessary to assume the Alexandrian manner. And finally the translation of the Coma Berenices of Callimachus (No. 66) brings us straight back to Alexandria as no other existing poem in Latin does. In some of those elegies we have a young poet trying his hand at the new style of verse just imported ; while in the later elegists, even in Propertius, the influence of their models is much more artfully concealed, if indeed it is ever as direct. This is not the place to discuss the first 60 (shorter) poems of the Catullus collection, in various meters, or the group of four longer poems (61-64) — the two epithalamia, the " Attis " and the epyllion of Peleus and Thetis, which precede the elegies in the existing collection. 17. "Other Roman poets have produced works ot more elaborate composition, and have shown themselves greater interpreters of nature and of human life : none have expressed so directly and truthfully the great elemental affections, or have uttered with such vital sincerity the happiness or the pain of the passing hour."^ The fire of youth burned into furious love or furious hate, according to the fuel of the hour. Whether he admires a beautiful lake or a beautiful woman, or hates a vulgar society villain, the language of Catullus is that of absolute frank- ness — a frankness sometimes too complete for our tastes, yet compelling by its perfect revelation of every mood and tense of the writer. It is therefore natural that in the instrument of ISellarS, /?^/>., p.436. 30 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS such expression we find less artificial refinement in versification, a closer approximation to the language of everyday life, and a simplicity of expression that makes his language usually as transparent as his thought. The diction of Catullus has been analyzed by Simpson/ who shows the prominent elements in it to be the language of everyday life and of society, a well- developed lover's vocabulary, a remarkable mastery over di- minutives with their varying shades of meaning,^ some archaisms and contracted forms, some new descriptive terms coined with a poet's facility, and an abundance of inceptive, frequentative, and prepositionally-compounded verbs.^ Some of these features are, however, better illustrated elsewhere than in the elegies.* While most of the familiar grammatical and rhetorical figures are amply illustrated in Catullus, his skill in the employment of simile, metaphor, and metonymy is especially noteworthy.* 1 8. Since Lachmann in 1829 brought out his epoch-making edition of Catullus, basing it upon two Berlin Mss., the Datanus (D) and the Laurentianus (L), both of the fifteenth century, great progress has been made in establishing the text of this author. In 1830 the Sangermanensis (G), No. 14137 of the National Library at Paris, written at Verona in 1375, was described by J. Sillig; ® and in 1867 Robinson Ellis published the Oxqniensis (O), No. 30 of the Canonici Latin Mss. of the Bodleian Library. In 1896 W. G. Hale discovered the Ro- manus (R) in the Vatican (Cod. Ottob. 1829), a Ms. which he believes to be of about the same age as G and O, viz., the latter part of the fourteenth century.'^ A complete collation of R has not yet been published. Meanwhile the controversy that has arisen over the relative value of these various important Mss. and their relation to a lost archetype and to the host of 1 Pp. 180 sqq. 2 cf. Plainer in AJP., Vol. i6 (1895), p. 186. 3 Index verborum in Schwabe. * Cf. Riese, pp. xxiv sqq. 6 Cf. e.g. No. 68, vv. 53, 57, 63, 73, 109, 119, 125. ^Jahrb.f. Phil., Vol. 13 (1830), pp. 261 sqq. 7 Cf. PAPA., Vol. 28 (1897), p. liii; Class. Rev., Vol. 20 ^1906), p. 160; Mag- ausin BPW., Vol. 30 (1910), p. 780; etc. INTRODUCTION 3 1 later copies from one source or another, has resulted in more diligent search for Catullus Mss.^ The result up to the present appears to be that our text must be constituted chietiy on the three Mss., O G R, which are all derived from a lost Ms., V (Veronensis), which was seen by Petrarch and other scholars of his day ; and that all the other existing Mss. were derived from these. O may have been a direct copy of V ; G and R were copied probably from an intervening copy of V. 19. Besides the editions of Lachmann (1S29) and Ellis (1867 and 1878) before mentioned, the most important editions in modern times have been those of Haupt (1853) (published with Tibullus and Propertius, and several times revised by Vahlen — 7th ed., 1912), Schwabe (1866 and 1886), Baehrens (1876; revised by K. P. Schulze, 1893), Riese (1884), Merrill (1893), the large commentary of Ellis (1876) and his later Oxford text (1904), and Friedrich (1908). The editions of Baehrens, Schulze, Riese, Merrill, and J'riedrich have full exegetical com- mentaries. Several of the most important elegies are annotated in the selections made by Simpson, Jacoby, Schulze, and others ; and the critical and epexegetical activity still centered upon Catullus remains unabated. The translations by Martin (1861), Ellis (1871), and Cornish (1912) deserve mention. TIBULLUS 20. Although at first sight it would seem that we have a con- siderable body of valuable data for the life of Tibullus, careful sifting of the authorities makes these sources appear rather sterile. At the end of the Mss. is a brief epigram attributed to Domitms Marsus, as follows : — Te quoqiie Vergilio com item non aeqiia, Tibiille, mors wve?iem campos misit ad £Iysios, neforet, aut elegis moUes qui Jieret afnores aut caneret forti regia bella pede. 1 Cf. Class. Phil., Vol. 3 (1908), p. 233. 32 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS The Mss. also include a short vita, which has been uncon- vincingly attributed to Suetonius.^ The text of this vita is plainly corrupt,^ and some of its statements are hardly intel- ligible (e.g. eques regalis), and others quite unsatisfactory (e.g. militaribus donis donatus est, which is out of harmony with the character of the poet, so far as revealed in his elegies). Perhaps some of the statements were invented from the elegies.^ Both the epigram and the vita are believed to have been in the archetype of our Mss.'' A longer vita ^ is evidently the work of a comparatively late hand and has little worth. The testimony of classical writers, especially Ovid, to certain features of the life, work, and character of Tibullus, is important so far as it goes.^ Even more valuable than all these are the few allusions to his life found in the poet's own writings. 2 1. From a judicious use of this material it is safe to draw the following conclusions. The poet's name was Albius Tibullus, no praenomen being known. ^ The end of his life came at about the same time as that of Vergil, who died, we know, September 21, 19 B.C.* As the only definite statement that could be used to determine the date of his birth (3, 5, 17) evidently applies not to Tibullus himself, but to Lygdamus (cf. § 25), we are forced to resort to conjecture, which has commonly accepted c;4 b.c . as a probable approximation to the truth. The editor's reasons for believing this too early (as given in PAPA., Vol. 32 (1901), pp. cxxxvii-cxxxviii) are that it would make Tibullus relatively too old a man while he was engaged in writing elegies ; that he would have been likely to go on an expedition like the Aquita- nian campaign (31 B.C.) soon after assuming the manly toga, 1 Baehrens, Tib. BL, p. 6. 2 For two forms of it cf. Baehrens, Tib. BL, p. 5, and Hiller, p. 60, 3 Cf. Magnus in Bursian's //?., Vol. 51 (1887), p. 340. * Cf. Hiller in Hermes, Vol. 18 (1883), pp. 349 sqq. 6 Cf. Dissen, Vol. i, p. x. •» The references are collected in Hiller, pp. xx-xxiv. 7 He never speaks of himself by any other name than Tibullus; cf. I, 3, 55-, I, 9, 83 ; 4, 13, 13. 8 Cf. the epigram of Marsus, and Ovid, Trisi. 4, 10, 51. INTRODUCTION 33 i.e. at about seventeen years of age, according to Roman custom ; that the smallness of the amount of his poetr}^ would be difficult to explain if he died at the age of thirty-five ; and that his being confused with Lygdamus would have been more natural if he were himself more nearly of the age of Lygdamus (b. 4.^ B.C.). In view of these considerations \ 2>JB.c seems a not unreaso nable conjectural date to assign for the birth of Tibullus. 22. Whether or not the statement that he was of equestrian rank is founded on fact, it is clear from various passages in his elegies that he was of respectable family, and comfortably endowed, although he had lost part of his ancestral estates, per- haps through confiscations similar to those suffered by Vergil.^ Horace, in Epistle i, 4, which, there seems no good reason to doubt, refers to this Albius," says that the gods had blessed Tibullus with wealth, beauty, and the art of enjoying life, and indicates that his home was in the district of Pedum, which was in Latium, not very far from Praeneste. The indications also are that he lost his father quite early but was survived by his mother and a sister.^ Much weight in determining the poet's character and station must be given to the long intimacy between Tibullus and Messalla, the orator, statesman, warrior, litterateur, and trusted councilor of Augustus. It is not clear just when Messalla began to realize the qualities of the poet and foster an acquaintance that made Tibullus the central figure of the literary group that gathered around this accomplished patron of polite letters. It is not improbable that the tastes of Tibullus led him while getting an education at Rome into close touch with Horace, among others, that the older poet introduced him to Messalla not long before the battle of Actium, and that the last elegy of the first book was written about this time. Vergil must at least have been known and admired by Tibullus.'' iCf. I, I, 19, 41, imdyy; 2, 4, 53, etc. 2 Cf. Ullman in AJP., Vol. 33 (1912), pp. 149 sqq., and the rejoinders, pp. 450 sqq. ^ Cf. I, 3, 5 ; Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 50. ^ Cf. Tib. 2, 5, 39 sqq. ROM. EL. I'OICIS — ; 34 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS 23. At any rate, when after Actium Messalla was sent to Aquitania by Augustus, the young poet went with him to get his first taste of mihtary Ufe.^ After that brief campaign he started with Messalla for the east, but, seized with a serious ill- ness, was necessarily left behind on the island of Corcyra, his life trembling in the balance. These circumstances furnish the occasion of the earliest elegy which we can date with any cer- tainty (i, 3), which was accordingly written in 30 B.C., perhaps in the latter part of the summer. This ended the military experiences of the poet,^ who returned, as soon as health per- mitted, to his estate in the country, there to spend, apparently, most of the rest of his life. Certainly we have no indications that he took any prominent part in public affairs, although he was doubtless ever and anon in the city on occasions of special interest.^ His tastes were gentle, he preferred the quiet of the fields to the excitement of the city ; and for the remaining ten years of his life we can easily picture him enjoying the regio Pedana, surrounded by a small circle of close friends, and fre- quently visiting his patron, Messalla, in town, where he was wel- comed as the most gifted member of Messalla's select coterie.'' 24. Prominent members of this circle of friends were Sul- picia,^ probably a niece of Messalla and daughter of Servius Sulpicius Rufus, Cornutus, probably another member of the same Sulpician family,*^ and Macer,^ all of whom were destined to play a part in the collection of elegies bearing the name of Tibullus. But a far more important influence in determining the character of his poetry was exerted by the several persons, probably all of a lower rank, for whom he formed successive 1 There is still controversy over the date of the Aquitanian Expedition; for a review of the case cf. Hiller in BPIV., Vol. 8 (1888), Sp. 808; R. Schultz, Quaestiones in Tibiilli Librum I. Chronologicae, pp. 7 sqq. 2 For another view cf. Bell., pp. 181 sqq. sCf. 1,7; 2,5- ^For charming fancy pictures of his home life at Pedum, cf. Martinengo, pp. 144 sqq. ; Champney, Chap. I. 5 Cf. 4, 2. 6 Cf. 2, 2, Intr. 1 Cf. 2, 6, 1. n. INTRODUCTION 35 attachments. The first of these, upon whom he lavished his fresh poetic vows of undying affection, was a lad)- named Plania (cf. § 14), whom Tibullus called Delia, doubtless be- cause ^Xo'i = planus, and at the same time suggests her qualities as an inspirer of poetry, from the divine pair born at Delos. Delia's standing is somewhat obscure. She was hardly a patrician, although the suggestion has been made that she was identical with Sulpicia.^ Neither is it clear that she was a libertina. Probably a plebeian, she seems to have occupied a dubious position. She had a mother living.^ Either this mother or some other chaperon is characterized as anus^ and again as Icna.* We hear also of a coniunx,^ but in ex- actly what sense the word is used is not easy to decide. For several years, beginning about the time when he first went away to the wars, Tibullus was her devoted, but not very suc- cessful, lover; and her figure dominates the first book of the elegies. To divert his attention from her fickleness the poet was for a short period deeply interested in a pretty boy whom he calls Marathus, and who corresponds to the Juventius whom Catullus has made famous. A second lady love was called by the significant name of Nemesis, though in exactly what sense she was to Tibullus as an avenging goddess is open to question. Certain it is that his passionate love for her met with but a poor response. Moreover, she was avaricious, and another lena appears as her guardian.*^ This attachment did not last as long as that to Delia, and the poet probably lived to publish his sec- ond book, of which she is the central theme, before his sorrows and his frail constitution brought him to an early death. The Glycera mentioned by Horace {Car. i, 2>3) as faithless to Albius may be set down as another flame of Tibullus, as she cannot be identified with either Delia or Nemesis. 25. Besides the Delia book and the Nemesis book, the Tibullus collection as it has been handed down to us contains, 1 Champney, Chap. I. 3 i_ 3, 84. ^ i, 2, 41. 2 I, 6. 57. 4 I, s„ 48. 6 Cf. 2, 6, 44. 36 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS in addition to a hexameter paneg}Tic on Messalla, a number of other elegies, some of which are evidently not the work of Tibullus, while controversy as to the authorship of the rest has not ceased to rage. For convenience this group of poems has long since been divided into a third and fourth book of the Tibullus collection, an arrangement which practical considera- tions have led the present editor to maintain. The third book is evidently the work of an unknown poet who calls himself Lygdamus, and who sings especially of his love for a Neaera. While critics are pretty generally agreed ^ that the work of Lygdamus is in manner, meter, and thought inferior to the gen- uine work of Tibullus,^ a wide diversity of views has been expressed with regard to the personality of the author. Plessis thinks he was the older brother of Ovid, while their somewhat trifling and cold-blooded manner suggests even the possibility that these poems might have been a youthful work of Ovid himself. The many parallels between Lygdamus and Ovid in language might be taken in confirmation of this hypothesis,^ and especially the identity of statement as regards the birth of the 'two occurring in Tib. 3, 5, 18, and Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 6: cum cecidit fato consul iiterqiie pari, referring to the death of both Hirtius and Pansa in battle in 43 b.c.^ But Propertius also has many parallels with both Tibullus and Ovid,* and this line of argument is inconclusive. Lygdamus may have imitated Ovid, or Ovid have copied Lygdamus, or both have used a com- mon original. Several other interesting identifications have been suggested.*' The question as to whether Lygdamus lived 1 Cf. Dissen, Vol. 2, p. 324 ; Postgate, Sel., pp. xliii sqq. 2 For a contrary view cf. Cranstoun, p. xxi. 3 Cf. Hiller in Hermes, Vol. 18 (1883), p. 356, who believes Lygdamus to have been a contemporary of Ovid and to have added 3, 5, 15-20 at a later time to his own elegy. ■* Cf. Gruppe, pp. 127-143 ; Kleemann : De libri tertii carminibus quae Tibulli nomine circtimferiintur. 5 Cf. Burger in Hermes, Vol. 40 (1905), pp. 321 sqq. 8 Cf. Magnus in Bursian's JB., Vol. 51 (1887), p. 340; Lamarre, Vol. 2, pp. 482- 483- INTRODUCTION 37 before Ovid or after him is still unsettled.^ So is the problem as to whether his name is a real one or a pseudonym referring to the first name of Tibullus,^ cunningly devised to lend coun- tenance to the place of these elegies in the Tibulkis collection. But a most reasonable explanation of the existing Tibullus col- lection would appear to be that all of the poems in it were writ- ten by members of the Messalla circle, and were sooner or later published together on that account. One theory is that Lygda- mus may have been the editor. Certain indications of language and style argue that he was not a native Roman, and may have been a learned freedman.'' 26. The fourth book opens with a panegyric on Messalla, which is so crude that it is generally agreed that, whatever ad- herent of that munificent patron was guilty of its composition, we must not lay it to the charge of Tibullus. (N^methy thinks it a youthful effusion of I^ropertius !) The next five poems are short elegies dealing with the love of Sulpicia and one Cerinthus.* In spite of all arguments to the contrary^ no adequate considera- tions seem to have been advanced to remove them from the list of TibuUus's own composition, and the parallels with his other writings (cf. N^methy, pp. 334-335) and general tone of these little elegies make strongly for their genuineness. They are sometimes spoken of as the " Garland of Sulpicia." The follow- ing six little elegies (4, 7 to 4, 12, inclusive^), sometimes called Ekgidia like the preceding group, are evidently the work of Sulpicia herself, and are very interesting and unique in Roman literature as the work of a woman. They betray a warmth of 1 Marx in P. W., i, 1327, dates the origin of the Tibullus collection between 'I'iljerius and Domitian. - Cf. Xiy75os and albus. 3 But cf. Nemethy, Lyg., p. 29 ; Marx in P. W., i, 1325. 4Cf. 4, 2, Intr. 5 E.g. Burger in Hermes, Vol. 40 (1905), \). 333; Postgate in Class. Rev., Vol. 9 (1895), p. 77. 6 Butcf. Magnus in Bursian's //y., Vol. 51 (1887), pp. 262-263, for the view that No. 7 belongs to the preceding " Garland." 323351 38 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS feeling and a certain disregard of conventionalities that are note- worthy, and probably significant of the social tendencies of the day. The last two poems of the collection (4, 13 and 14) are of indeterminate authorship, but may be ascribed to Tibullus.' A couple of Priapea ascribed to TibuUus are of doubtful authen- ticity.^ 27. Tibullus, the country gentleman, was a gentle man. Even in his bitterest disappointment as a lover he could sing : ■'' — ' Thy sorrows let me not unseal ! I am not worth that thou shoulilst lose a smile, Nor that th' expressive light thine eyes reveal A single bitter tear-drop should defile." (Williams.) The subjective value of love he could try to reveal to heartless Nemesis thus : ■* — ■ 'This whole year have I lain Wounded to death, yet cherishing the pain, And counting my delicious anguish gain.' {Ibid.') And even for the sister of his cruel mistress — that sister who had come so sadly to an early grave — he wept affection's tears : ^ — 'and, as my sorrow flows, Unto that voiceless dust my grief confide.' {Ibid.) Not that he habitually sits beneath the cypress ! His sym- pathetic nature leads him to join enthusiastically in the joy of his friends, whether at some special occasion like the triumph of Messalla (i, 7) or the installation of Messalinus into the college of the Quindecimviri (2, 5), or at one of the regularly recurring festivals like the Ambarvalia (2, i). He shares in the simple pleasures of the home-born slaves (2, i, 23), encourages the merry games of the rustics (2, 5, 83 sqq.), and has a word of in- dulgence for the swain who goes home " right mellow," not for- iPostgate {Sel., pp. 191-199) makes an elaborate argument against the genuine- ness of the former. 2Cf. Hiller in Hermes, Vol. 18 (1885), pp. 343 sqq.; Teuffel 5, 254, 5. 82,6,41. 42,5,109. ^2,6,33. INTRODUCTION 39 getting to plead for gentleness towards the fair ones who might suffer rudeness from such a lover (i, lo, 51 sqq.). And while the course of his own love fails to run smoothly, he can express a generous wish for better luck to his more fortunate friends (2, 2). More than this, TibuUus prefers the quiet and gentle life and loves the peaceful world of nature best. " No other poet, with the exception of Vergil, is so possessed by the spirit of Italy, the love of the country and of the labor of the fields, and the piety associated with that sentiment." ^ It is natural, therefore, for him to express these primitive sentiments of love of home and friends and native land, of reverence for his gods and devo- tion to the scenes where these rustic divinities especially held sway, with a simplicity and directness that are worthy of his themes. That he was master of his art. to be sure, has come to be generally recognized ; and this was the same art that had produced the Alexandrian elegy. But no poet has suc- ceeded better in exemplifying the dictum that the highest art consists in the concealment of art. He never obtrudes his learning upon the reader, as Propertius did, and in spite of many attempts to show a highly artificial structure in his elegies, the most patent fact about them is their utterly natural flow of a perfectly simple thought, oft-repeated, after the manner of one absorbed in the genuineness of his feeling.^ The deliberate estimate of the master Quintilian (10, i, 93), mihi tersus atque elegans maxime vidctnr auctor Tibt/I/ns, is confirmed by the sober judgment of the present day.'' The relative merit of good poets is like that of oysters, a matter of taste. If one is bent on a fat capon, nothing else suits him. Within his field it is rash to assert that TibuUus is a second-rate poet, who just missed great- ness. His wonderfully pure Latinity, in the Augustan age, his perfection in handling the elegiac distich, and his success in 1 Sellar, p. 239. For TibuUus as a poet of nature cf. K. P. H. in PAPA., Vol.31 (1900), pp. xxxiv-xxxix; Geikie, pp. 85-86, et passim. 2 Cf. PAPA., Vol. 26 (1895), pp. v-viii. 3 Cf. Kirby F. Smith in Johns Hopkins Univ. Circular No. 6 (1910), pp. 26-31. 40 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS touching the human heart with a gentle sympathy place him among the masters of his art. 28. The means by which Tibullus achieved this result seem to have been relatively simple and direct ; but no poet has been more successful in clearing away the rubbish of his workshop, so that we cannot be sure that we are entirely acquainted with his methods. That he had studied the earlier Greek, as well as the Alexandrian, models we cannot doubt. While we are not warranted in pressing too far our zeal to discover traces of elab- orate symmetry in the composition of the elegies, traces of such symmetry appear.^ Though it is impossible to discover all of the intimate connections with the Greek comedy, the earlier elegy, the pastoral of Theocritus, the leading Alexandrian elegists, and the lost elegies of Gallus, the debt of Tibullus to these predecessors w^as certainly a heavy one. Neither is it possible to estimate accurately the mutual indebtedness of the practically contemporary poets, Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid.^ But whatever the sources of Tibullus may have been, he used them so as to manifest a simple diction, a syntax essentially without individuality, a modest use of figurative language, and in the choice of expressions a taste that almost uniformly attains the elegant.'' His tendency to repeat words and expressions, to postpone an epithet and to postpone -que, his scrupulous prefer- ence for the forms at, seu, neu, 7iec, for sic rather than ita, nam rather than enim, his care in the forms of declension, his avoidance of forms belonging properly to the sermo cottidianiis, his slight use of diminutives, and his skill in placing words are among the palpable qualities of his style."* Such poems as 2,5 illustrate the 1 Cf. Bell., p. 293; P. W., Vol. 5, pp. 2291 sqq. ; Bubendey, Die Symmetrie der romiscken Elegie. 2 Cf. Hiller in Rh. Mus.,^o\. 60 (1905), pp. 38-105; Skutsch, Aus Vergih Fruhzeit, passim ; Cartault, Chap. IV; Jacoby in BPW., Vol. 29 (1909), Sp. 1464; Richard Burger in Bursian's //?., Vol. 153 (1911), pp. 135-144. 8 Index verhorum in Hiller. ^ Cf. Postgate, Scl., pp. 27 sqq.; Hansen, De tropis ct figuris apud Tibullum ; Sellar, pp. 245 sqq. ; Richard Burger, Deitrdge zur Elegantia Tibulls, in Xdptres INTRODUCTION 4 1 " national and historical tendency " of literature in the Augustan age.^ Especially noticeable is the great advance in the tech- nical refinement of the handling of the elegiac verse seen in Tibullus ; for some details cf. § 42. 29. The best Tibullus Mss. known to us are the Ambrosianus (A), written in 1374, discovered by Baehrens in the Ambrosian library at Milan in 1876, comparatively free from interpolations; and the Vaticanus (V), discovered in the Vatican library by Gustav Loewe at the suggestion of Baehrens, a Ms. agreeing remarkably with A, and thus having less independent value, written probably at the end of the fourteenth, or the beginning of rhe fifteenth century. These two Mss. coming from a common archetype, their consensus furnishes the most reliable authority. A third Ms., the Guelferbytanus (G), found by Baehrens in the ducal library at Wolfenbiittel, was probably overestimated by him when he believed it to be derived from a different archetype. It is apparently somewhat interpolated. Its date, according to Baehrens, is about 1425 a.d. Lachmann had also, in the prep- aration of his edition of 1829, knowledge of the Parisinus (B), written in 1423, somewhat interpolated, and of little independent value ; Eboracensis (Y), now lost, and used only in part and at second hand ; and the consensus of three younger and inferior Mss. (C), viz., the Wittianus (c), the Datanus (d), and the Aske- wianus (e). All the Mss. thus far mentioned are believed to come from a common archetype. Besides these complete Mss. the Fragmentum Cuiacianum (F) was an important, older Ms., which began with 3, 4, 65, known by Scaliger, and collated by him on the margin of a Plantinian edition of 1569. This colla- tion, which was known to Lachmann only at second hand, was long lost, but is now in the University library at Leyden ; F itself has been lost for centuries. There are also two series of excerpts which contain Tibullus passages. The Excerpta F. Leo . . . dargebracht, pp. 371-394; Linke, Tibullus quantum in poesi elegiaca profecerit comparato Catullo, 1877. 1 Cf. Burn, RL and RA., p. 79. 42 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS Parisina (P) were made by some unknown monk, perhaps about I GOO A.D., with an evident purpose to emphasize certain moral precepts or to cull passages of special beauty. The Codex Thuaneus copy of these excerpts contains 266 vv. from the Tibullus collection, about 100 of which differ materially from the form in which they appear in the complete Mss. The readings of P were copied by Scaliger, whose copy was copied by Heinsius. Lachmann used the copy of Heinsius. The Excerpta Frisingensia (M) were not seen by Lachmann till after his edition was completed. They are in a Ms. which goes back to the eleventh century and are apparently copied from a purer original than the archetype of the complete Mss. More- over, the purposes in the mind of the excerptor were not appar- ently such as to lead him to make arbitrary alterations in the text. F and M therefore may be regarded as of considerable value in correcting the readings of A and V.^ 30. Combined editions of Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius have been common for centuries, such as the Aldine edition of 1562 with learned comments by Muretus ; the Paris edition by Scaliger in 1577 ; the Bonn edition of 1680 edited by Graevius and containing notes by many famous scholars ; and the Haupt- Vahlen text edition (see § 19). The fourth edition of Heyne (improved by Wunderlich, 181 7) contains much exegetical material. The first critical edition was that of Lachmann in 1829. This was followed by Dissen in 1835, with elaborate introduction and commentary. After the discovery of the Mss. A, V, and G, Baehrens brought out his text in 1878. E. Hiller produced a good text with index vcrbomm in 1885. Belling's UntcrsHchung und Text appeared in 1897, Postgate's selections in 1903, and his Oxford text edition in 1905 (much more con- servative than that of 1903). N^methy's edition of Tibullus and Sulpicia in 1905 was followed by a separate edition of iCf. Rothstein, De Tibulli Codicibus, Berlin, i88o; Protzen, De Excerptis Tibul- lianis, Gieifsvvald, 1869; Magnus in Bursian's JH., Vol. 51 (1887), pp.311 sqq. ; Postgate, Sel., pp. 200-208. INTRODUCTION 43 Lygdamus in 1906, the latter with an index verboriim. Like Belling, he has attempted to rearrange the elegies in chrono- logical order.' After completing his important review of the work done on TibuUus during the last century (Cartault, Corp. T//).), A. Cartault in 1909 published an edition of his author (or authors) with introduction and a conservative text." The edition by Kirby Flower Smith (1913) includes an introduction and full commentary on Books i, 2, and 4, 2-14. For editions of selections by Jacoby and Schulze see § 19. Cranstoun's transla- tion Is perhaps the best. A more recent one by Williams omits most of Book 4. The latest is Postgate's, in the Loeb library. PROPERTIUS 31. Our information concerning the life of Propertius must be drawn almost entirely from his own elegies, especially 1,22, and 4, I. Such knowledge is but limited, not including, e.g., even his full name. Donatus in his -life of Vergil calls him Sextus Pro- pertius, and the use of the same praenomen in the Codex Sal- masianus of the Latin Anthology is probably derived from the same source. Some of the Mss. have Aurelius Propertius Nauta^ plainly the product of pedantry. " Aurelius " may have been accepted from a confusion with the name of Prudentius ; while " Nauta " has been explained as derived from the Mss. reading navita of 2, 24, 38.^ From these passages, i, 22, 9-10 ; 4, i, 63-66 and 121-126, it is certain that Propertius was born in Umbria, but whether at As- sisium, Hispellum, Mevania, or at some other neighboring place has been the subject of much discussion. The first of these, the Assisi of to-day, or at least its vicinity, is now generally accepted iCf. Jacoby in DPW., Vol. 26 (1906), Sp. 141. 2Cf. /iJ/a'., ¥01.29(1909), Sp. 1460, for a detailed statement of its weaknesses. 3 The inscription in honor of Sextus Aurelius Propertius, said to have been dis- covered at Hispellum (6]#^//(;), reproduced on p. 3 of Burmann's edition of Pro- pertius, is clearly one of many similar forgeries. 44 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS as best entitled to the honor.^ His father died while the poet was still young," and his mother brought him up and in- tended him for a public career.^ He had no special ground for pride in his family,'' and whatever landed possessions he may have inherited suffered the common fate of large confiscations, as in the case of Vergil and Tibullus.^ The confiscation prob- ably was in connection with the allotment of lands to the veterans of Octavian in 41 B.C., just before the Perusine war. At the time of this war, then, Propertius, who lost a relative at that time (cf. I, 22, 7), was a boy whose father had recently died. If we compare the youth of the poet at this date with the state- ments of Ovid {Trist. 4, 10, 41-54; 2, 463-468) that Propertius was older than himself, though in some sense a successor of Tibullus, we find ground for conjecture that Propertius was born not before 48 B.C., perhaps a little later. As no reference to a date later than 16 B.C. can be discovered in the elegies, it is believed that he died not later than the year 15, perhaps after attending himself to the publication of the last book. Many hints in his poems would incline us to imagine him as having a rather frail constitution, and we can picture him as pale and thin, if we are to take seriously his expressions, mco palleat ore (i, I, 22), si exiles video r tenuatus in art us (2, 22, 21), and pallorem totiens fnirabere nostrum (1, 5, 21). But he was particular about his personal appearance.*^ 32. It is easy to see that such a temperament did not promise much success in the prosaic profession of the law. Though well educated under his mother's direction, whose remaining fortune 1 Cf. 4, I, 125 ; Sellar, pp. 268-276; Plin. Ep. 6, 15, i, and the Assisi inscription in honor of C. Passennus Sergius Paulus Propertius Blaesus. -4. I. 127- «4, I, 131 sqq. * Nullus et antiquo Marte triu7nphus avi (2, 34, 56) ; quamvis nee sanguine avito nobilis (2, 24, 37). °4, I, 129-130; 2, 24, 38: quamvis haud ita dives eras ; 2, 34, 55: cui parva domi fortuna relictast. 6 Cf. 2, 4, 5 : nequiquam per/usa ?neis unguenta capillis, ibat et expenso planta morata gradu. INTRODUCTION 45 was still ample, evidently, to provide for all the boy's needs, he early discovered his poetic gift, and turned his back on a Forum which seemed to him a madman's paradise (4, i, 133-134). But he was no recluse. He loved good-fellowship, and was ambitious to rise into the highest literary circles. Among his best friends were Tullus, a nephew of the consul of ^T, B.c.,^ Ponticus (i, 7), and Bassus (i, 4). Lynceus (2, 34) may be a pseudonym for some tragic writer. Of the better known literary men, Ovid and Vergil were certainly included in his circle of friends. Tibullus and Propertius do not mention each other ; but evidently they were well acquainted each with the work of the other. The relation of Propertius to Horace has been a subject for interesting discussions. There is no sign that they were friends, although belonging to the same literary circle, that of Maecenas. More than that, quite a case can be made out for thinking that Horace turned up his nose at the poetic aspirations as well as the personality of the ambitious young elegist. Postgate {Prop., p. t,^ has an elaborate argument for identifying the passage in Horace's Epistles, 2, 2, 87 sqq., as a direct attack upon Propertius. It was probably the publica- tion of Book I of the elegies that won recognition and friendship from Maecenas, and placed Propertius in the most coveted posi- tion in Rome. Elegies 2,1, and 3, 9 are addressed to Maecenas.^ The friendship of Maecenas implied more or less direct rela- tions with Augustus. The emperor is duly praised in various places.^ Propertius seems to have lived a social life at Rome, seldom leaving it, and always anxious to return, when away. He was able to live on the Esquiline, ■* and occasionally we find him at Tibur, or back in Umbria for a brief sojourn. 33. But as with Catullus, the career of Propertius, as well as iCf. I, I ; I, 6; I, 14; I, 22; 3, 22. 2 for a fascinating fancy sketch of the poet's relations to this group of men of letters cf. Anne C. E. AUinson, " A Poet's Toll," Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 106 (1910), PP- 774-784- 33, 4, i; II, 66; 4, 6, 14; II, 60 ■*3, 23, 24. 46 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS his failure to realize all his possibilities, is largely due to one woman. True, his ardent nature led him when but a slip of a boy into an attachment to one Lycinna.^ Who she was we can hardly guess ; but when he protested to his jealous mistress later (v. 43) that Lycinna had been but a passing fancy of two or three early years (vv. 7-10) and added, aincta tuns sepelivit amor, we may believe that he spoke as near the truth as forgetful lovers ever can. For when Cynthia dawned upon his life he became for the time being essentially a man of one idea. Her real name was Hostia,^ the pseudonym suggesting not merely the qualities of an ordinary lover's "divinity," but more espe- cially her function as an inspirer of his poetry ; for she was not only herself a doda puella, but came of literary ancestry, her grandfather Hostius having written, it is believed, a poem on the Illyrian war.^ Her fine literary tastes and elegant accom- plishments were enhanced by all the feminine arts and graces and by a beauty which made the susceptible young poet her willing slave. Her birthplace was at Tibur, where she seems to have lived at times, while commonly maintaining a consider- able establishment at Rome. It was she who made the first advances, partly, perhaps, because she admired the gifts of the young student of poetic promise. Indeed, she may have been more or less responsible for his forsaking the Forum and fre- quenting the salon. Immediately the Alexandrian impetus which is seen in his earliest work was concentrated on this absorbing affection and its object, and he tells the world of her golden hair, her taper fingers, her sparkling black eyes, and her stately carriage.'* But Cynthia was older than Propertius ^ and more artful. As a meretrix she could not contract a legal marriage ; and there Jvere other lovers to whom at times she gave more attention 1 3, 15, 3-6. 2 cf. ^^ 14. 3 Splendidaque a dodo fama refulget avo (3, 20, 8). 4 2, 2, 5 ; 2, 3, 9 sqq. ; 2, 12, 23-24. 5Cf. 2, 18, 19. INTRODUCTION 47 than the ardent poet lover could well endure.^ There were quarrels and reconciliations. For some fault he was banished for a whole year from her presence^; yet much later, m his bitter leave-taking^ he reminds her that he had been her devoted slave for five years.'' The chronology of the poems appears to agree with this five-year period ; for none of those referring to Cynthia appears to have been written earlier than 28 or later than 23 B.C. Yet the question of the relative order of the elegies and the determination of the exact years included in the five are unsolved problems. When the year of separation occurred, and whether the five years were interrupted or not, are moot questions.'^ The publication of the poet's first book ot elegies,^ probably in the year 25, dealing almost exclusively with his love, must have flattered the lady and cemented their affec- tion for the time. But its genius won for Propertius also a place in the friendship of Maecenas, prince of patrons, and opened the way for the development of other interests and for increasing ambition to write on other themes. While about two thirds of all the elegies are connected in some way with Cynthia, there may be noted an increasing restlessness on the part of the poet, a sense of dissatisfaction that his work is confined within so narrow a circle, which feeling was probably fostered by his friends, who saw higher possibilities in him. He defends him- self from time to time for not launching out on a broader sea, and tries his hand a little on a certain patriotic type of poetry. Meanwhile his liaison was running the natural course of all such attachments. The lover became tired of the imperiousness and the fickleness of the beloved ; love was supplanted by disgust, 1 Cf. I, 8. 2 3, 16, 9. 3 3_ 25. 3. ■* Cf. 2, 8, 13 : ergo tarn multos nimium temerarius an?ios, iiiproba, qui tuierim teque tua?nque domum, ecquandone tibi liber sum visas ? 5 Cf. Schanz, 287 ; Plessis, pp. 210 sqq. ; Postgate, /^/■o;>., pp. xxi sqq. ; Ramsay, p. xlvi; Otto, "Die Reihenfolge der Gedichte des Properz," in Hermes, Wo\.20 (1885), pp. 552-572. B The Cynthia Monobiblos of Martial's epigram 14, 189 : Cynthia, /acundi carTueri iuvenale Properti, accepit famam, nee minus ipsa dedit. 48 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS and, probably in the year 23, Propertius renounced his mistress in two bitter elegies (3, 24 and 25), in which his hatred seems as intense as his earlier love had been. Whether there was any sort of a reconciliation before her death (which may be put not later than the year 18) seems very doubtful.^ It is not impossi- ble that in conformity with the wishes of Augustus the poet may have married some time before his death and become the father of offspring.'^ 34. That the Cynthia book was published first, and as a whole, is clear.^ Book 2 is somewhat larger, with thirty-four elegies ; but they are still mostly on the same subject, and the first and last poems are well adapted to open and close re- spectively such a book. Lachmann, however, introduced appar- ently endless confusion into Propertius texts by deciding that a third book begins with 2,10. His argument is based chiefly on an assumed lacuna before 2, 10 ; on the apparent fitness of this elegy to open a new book dedicated to Augustus ; and on the use of the expression tres Ubelli in 2, 13, 25/ On the other hand, it may be urged (i) that it is not certain that 2, 10 is in- complete, or is preceded by any important omission. (2) This poem is not very suitable as an introduction to a book contain- ing little but love elegies. (3) Libellus does not necessarily mean a ' book ' of poems at all.^ Propertius in the passage in question ^ does not appear to be thinking of near approaching death, and might easily have been expecting to complete other books of elegies before that should occur. Perhaps a conven- tional number is suggested by the fact that Horace published 1 But cf. Postgate's elaborate argument in his Selections, pp. xxiv-xxvii. 2 Cf. Plin. Ep. 6, 15 : Passennus Paulus . . . scribit elegos. Gentilicium hoc nil : est enim municeps Properti atqiie etiam inter maiores suos Propertiutn numeral. 3 Cf. 2, 3, 3-4 : vix unum pates, infelix, reguiescere mensem, et turpis de te iam liber alter erit ; 2, 24, 1-2 : cum sis iam nolo fabula libro et tua sit toto Cynthia lecta foro. ■1 Cf. Lachmann, pp. xx sqq. 5 Cf. for its use as referring to a single poem, i, 11, 19; 2, 25, 3 ; 3, 9, 43. ^ 2, 13, 25. INTRODUCTION 49 three books of odes just about this time.^ Although there are still found scholars to defend the theory of Lachmann, the grow- ing disposition seems to be to return to the Ms. division into four books. ^ Book 2 was probably published about 24 B.c.,^ but some of its elegies were written at least several years earlier.'* The third book is still on the whole largely concerned with Cynthia. There are, however, in this book a number of more general love poems,'' and a third group, including the first five elegies, in which he only starts with love, if love figures at all in these, and branches off into other subjects. The book must have been published as late as, or later than, 23 B.C., as is evidenced by 3, 18, on the death of Marcellus. In fact, 3, 4 seems to be of the year 22. In the fourth book elegies Nos. 7 and 8 at least refer to Cynthia. Nos. 3 and 1 1 are of the type of the Heroides of Ovid, while the others are of the aetiological type which Propertius, following in the wake of Callimachus, was evidently ambitiously planning to develop.^ The last elegy of the collection was written in the year 16, and was probably the last one he penned. There is no cogent reason for doubting that he attended himself to the publication of all these books. 35. ' Propertius is the greater genius, Tibullus the greater artist.' ^ There are many points of similarity between Propertius and Catullus. Both undertook to follow the Alexandrian school of elegy. Both were gifted with the genuine poetic fire.* Each in the years of youthfully exuberant passions fell under the spell of a somewhat older, yet commanding belle, who knew how 1 For still other possibilities of. Lachmann himself, I.e., p. xxii. 2 For the view that Boq1< i was long lost and that the grammarians were wont to cite from an edition of Books 2-4, cf. Ullm m in Class. Phil., Vol. 4 (1909), pp. 45-51, and Birt in Rk. Mas., Vol. 64 (1909), pp. 393 sqq. 3 Cf. 2, 10, Intr. "* E.g. 2, 31, which belongs to the year 28. 5 E.g. II and 13. 6 Cf. 4, i, Intr. 7 Leo, in Die Kultur der Gegenwart, " Die Romische Literatur," p 350. 8 For Propertius as a poet of nature cf. K. P. H. in PAPA., Vol. 32 (1901), pp. xx-xxii ; Geikie, pp. 96-97, el passim. aOM. EL. POETS 4. 50 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS to enthrall her lover and practically drove any more serious career for the time from his life. Both died prematurely, before the work that might have been expected in their maturity could materialize. But Propertius confined himself entirely to elegy and in that field not merely produced a remarkable group of erotic poems revealing the passion of his life, but worked out the beginnings, so far as Roman literature is concerned, of two new types which were to be developed more elaborately by his successor Ovid, the amatory epistle and the aetiological poem. The intensity of Propertius goes far to explain his work and its manner. When love holds him he forgets everything else, and pictures for the reader every changing mood and fortune of his passion. When ambition rules, he hesitates at no literarj' device to win and keep the attention and admiration of his audience. He believed thoroughly in the merits of the Alexandrian manner, and therefore almost outdid the Alexandrians themselves. This unrestrained temper as a poet brings about the strange juxtaposi- tion of simple human passion and pedantic learning. It also leads the poet to an extreme recklessness of the conventionalities of the Latin language. He does not care to speak by the book, but uses often an idiom all his own. His desire to be considered the Roman Callimachus was doubtless responsible for much of the abstruse mythological lore that burdens his pages ; but his poetic imagination enabled him in spite of this pedantry to be a great poet. He carries the reader with him as he breaks abruptly in upon his own course of thought to ejaculate a question, or utter a reproach, or enunciate a principle. We follow him into the contagious gladness of love's heyday, and the next moment share his despair and forecast of death. Yet there are many indications that he studied carefully many models, not merely those of the Alexandrian epoch, but throughout the broader field of classic Greek. Modern scholarship has not yet fully worked out the intricate relations of Roman elegy. But among the interesting questions discussed in recent times are those of the amatory epistle as an intermediate type leading up to subjective- INTRODUCTION 5 I erotic elegy, the part played by the epigram as a seed thought for such elegy, and the whole matter of the actual existence in the Alexandrian epoch of anything corresponding to the Roman subjective-erotic elegy as we know it in Propertius. Doubtless the elements that Propertius combined in his effective product were gathered from many sources ; but there is little proof that anything closely resembling these elegies ever existed in Alex- andria.^ Attention should also be called to the skillful arrange- ment of two or more elegies of Propertius in various instances.^ In his use of the elegiac distich Propertius manifests both the skill and the freedom characterizing his work in other respects. A growing care in its treatment is seen in the frequency of his rimes and dissyllabic pentameter endings, and his treatment of the pentameter in general was epoch-making.^ The language and style of Propertius furnish a subject worthy of most careful investigation and analysis. Considering his devotion to Greek models, his diction is notably free from Gre- cisms.'* The large freedom of treatment of many familiar words like cogo, venio, duco, and the poetic abandon with which he ranges through the language for unexpected expressions for such familiar ideas as death, for example, have been carefully investigated, as well as his unusual handling of various classes of words.^ The syntax of Propertius is remarkable for its reck- iCf. Jacoby in h'/i. Mus., Vol. 60 (1905), pp. 38-105; 64 (1909), pp. 601 sqq. ; 65 (i9io),pp. 22 sqq.; and in /iPW., Vol. 31 (1911), Sp. 169 sqq. ; Heineniann, Ephtidae Amatoriae quo modo cokaereant cum eiei^iis Alexandrhi'n (1910) ; Reitzen- stein in P.W., article Epigramm ; Crusius in P.W., article Elegie ; Biirgcr in Bur- sian's /Z?., Vol. 153, pp 135-145; Hermann Peter, Der Brief in der romiscken Litteratur,Y>Y>. 188 sqq.; Fridericus Mallet, Quaestiones Propertianae, Gdttingen, 1882; Maas, " Untersuchungen zu Properz und seinen Griechischen Vorbildern," in Hermes, Vol. 31 (1896), pp. 375 sqq. 2Cf. Ites, De Propertii Elegiis inter se conexis, Gottingen, 1908. 8Cf. Sellar, pp. 306-310; Foster in TAPA., Vol. 40 (1909). pp. 31-62; Ramsay, p. xlvii. * J. S. Philliniore has published an Index Verboruiu Propertianus, O.xford, 1905. 5Cf. Uhlmann, pp. 83-88; Frahnert, Z«;« Sprachgebrauch des Properz, Halle, 1874 ; Kuttner, De Propertii Elocutione Quaestiones, Halle, 1878 ; Postgate, Prop., pp. xxxviii-xl. 52 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS lessness, vagueness, looseness, sometimes its intricacy, and often its obscurity. No better instance can be cited than his omnibus use of the Ablative, which, however, only exaggerates in charac- teristic manner a tendency long dormant in the language.^ With the inconsistency of a lover, brevity wrestles with a fondness for periphrasis; e.g. in infinitive expressions.- What Postgate' acutely calls the " polarization of an idea " so as to treat it immediately from another standpoint, may be compared with his " love of symmetry and correspondence " in arrangement* If his metaphors are often far-fetched, they are nevertheless tell- ing. In short, the poetry of Propertius is the work of a bril- liant young man, hardly more than a boy, unrestrained, unpruned, full of the marks of genius, and overcrowded with much as yet unassimilated learning. His "faculty of evoking a dim con- sciousness of awe in lines which present an indefinable stimulus to the imagination "^ is doubtless partly due to what Sellar calls his " desperate sincerity," and partly to an imagination that in its sweep leaves most Latin poets out of the race. 36. The history of Propertian text criticism has been, and still is, a stormy one ; and probably no important Latin author still labors under so much uncertainty as to what he actually wrote, or is so overburdened with the learned attempts of scholars in many lands to suggest what they surmise he may have written. The areas of arid wastes abandoned to Propertius text conjec- tures in the various periodicals in the field of classical philology are growing with alarming rapidity, and it will not be long, apparently, before an attempt to enumerate the suggested changes in a page of the text will occupy more space than the text itself. Lachmann correctly decided that the Codex Neapolitanus (N), written about 1200 a.d. in the vicinity of Metz, now at Wolfen- ICf. Wagner, De Syntaxi Propertiana, Passau, 1888; Hoerle, De Casuum usu Propertiano, Halle, 1887; Postgate, Prop.,lniT., pp. Ivii sqq.; the Index Gramma- ticus in Hosius ; and the recent comprehensive study of Uhlmann. 2Cf. Postgate, Prop., p. xlii ; Uhlmann, p. 94. ^ L.c, p. Ixvii. 4 Postgate, Prop., p. Ixxi. 5 Duff, p. 578. INTRODUCTION 53 biittel, was the most nearly correct and trustworthy of all the Pro- pertius Mss. known in his day, although he overestimated sadly another Ms., now generally considered as of little worth (Gronin- ganus, fifteenth century). After a half century of controversy over the relative merits of N, Baehrens in 1880 preferred to base his edi- tion chiefly on four other Mss. belonging to two different families. These were the Vossianus (A) of Leyden, probably written in France in the latter part of the thirteenth or early part of the four- teenth century ; the Laurentianus (F), a Milan Ms. of the four- teenth century, evidently of the same family and even believed by Ullman ^ to be " a granddaughter of A," the Ottobonianus Vati- canus 15 14 (V), written in the fourteenth or fifteenth century; and the Daventriensis (D), of the same family as the last, written in the fifteenth century. More recent scholar- ship has rejected Baehrens's judgment and confirmed Lach- mann's view that N is far the best of known Propertius Mss. Propertian criticism, however, is apparently ever increasingly active. The history of the Mss. already men- tioned, and their relation to each other and to many others, mostly apparently inferior Mss., are the subject of vigorous dis- cussion. New Mss. have been discovered, like the Codex Holk- hamicus (L), written in Italy in 142 1, and belonging to the same general class as the preferred Mss. of Baehrens, and several other Italian Mss., including the Codex Lusaticus (L), written in 1469 at Padua, which Paul Kohler^ attempted to exalt to an important place beside N. But Postgate ^ has argued convinc- ingly to show this last to have little independent value. O. L, Richmond'' has in connection with a review of the known Mss. of Propertius compared five fifteenth century Mss. that appear to come from a common origin, which he denominates C, and thinks may have been written by an Irish scholar, and that it presented 1 Class. Phil., Vol. 6 (1911), p. c88. 2 Philologus, Vol. 64 (1905), pp. 414-437. 3 Class. Rev., Vol. 20 (1906), pp 349-352. * Jour, of Phil., Vol. 31 (1908-1910), pp. 162-196. 54 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS a " corrupt, but ancient tradition " of much importance, and was probably written earlier than any other of our Mss. This view, however, is not shared by B. L. Ullman,^ who in discussing the Mss. of Propertius finds after examining as many as a hundred Mss. that none are earlier than the fifteenth century except N, A, and F, and gives an interesting chain of evidence to show that all our Mss. come from A and N, that a famous lost Ms. of Petrarch was copied from A, and that this lost Ms. was the arche- type of F. Among the most prolific inventors of emendations to the text has been A. E. Housman.^ 37. The first edition of Lachmann in 1816, with introduction and critical notes, was followed in 1829 by his text edition, in which he receded from his positions in many instances, but gave no explanation of the changes. Hertzberg's edition of 1843-1845 contains a wealth of material in the introductory Quaestioties and the elaborate commentary. Baehrens's text in 1880 was characteristically marred by the liberties he took with its tradi- tional form. In 1898 Rothstein produced a masterly commen- tary, with up-to-date introduction and various happy textual emendations. Butler's edition with English commentary (1905) is somewhat disputatious and perhaps reactionary, but offers many valuable suggestions. The latest text editions are the Oxford text of Phillimore (1901) and the Teubner text of Hosius (19 11).' Postgate's Select Elegies has a very useful introduction and analysis of Propertius's style, and a commentary rich in its illustrative material and its literary appreciation. Besides the Haupt-Vahlen text with Catullus and Tibullus, the elegiac selections of Ramsay, Schulze, Jacoby, and Carter should be noted (cf. § 19). Cranstoun's metrical translation in 1876 has been followed by Phillimore's prose version, aftc thirty years. Still more recent is Butler's, in the Loeb library. 1 Class. Phil., Vol. 6 (1911), pp. 282-301. 2Cf. Heydenreich in Bursian's //?., Vol. 55 (1888), pp. 144-152. A good de- tailed description of the most important Mss. is found in Ramsay's introduction, pp. Vlvii ; cf. Plessis, pp. 1-4^; Housman in Class. Rev., Vol. 9 (1895), pp. 19-29. 3 Cf. Foster in AJP., Vol. 33 (1912), pp. 330-342. INTRODUCTION 55 OVID 38. The wealth of material left us in the works of Ovid makes it possible to write his biography and estimate the value of his literary product with more ease and greater complete- ness than is the case with either of the other elegiac writers, his Tristia in particular furnishing us detailed information about his life. Publius Ovidius Naso was born at Sulmo {So/mo/ia) on March 20, 43 b.c./ the second son of a noble equestrian father. He repeatedly refers to his native place and evidently appre- ciated the natural beauties and advantages of the well-watered valley.^ As his family was in comfortable circumstances, all the educational advantages of the day were given him, including extensive privileges of travel, according to the growing tendency under the empire. With various embellishments we have essen- tially in Ovid a repetition of the early years of the other elegiac poets, so far as we know them, only with more detailed knowl- edge. He enjoyed the companionship and tutelage of the best rhetoricians of his day, especially Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro. He studied in Athens and extended his travels to the East and to Sicily. He, too, was intended for a lawyer and the public career open to an equestrian. He, too, was of an easy- going disposition and preferred poetry to official humdrum. He, too, liked gay society and knew the town as other young men with well-lined purses knew it. He filled one or two minor offices, and cared little for such duties. But his native poetic ability was even more remarkable than that of any of his predecessors. He must indeed have " lisped in numbers." We cannot imagine that Ovid ever had to labor to write poetry. Such genius could not fail of recognition ; and even as a young man he began to know and associate with Propertius, Horace, Ponticus, Bassus, Macer, and other less known poets, and was 1 Trist. 4, 10, 5-6. 2 Ct. .Im. 2, 16, I sqq.; Trist. 4, 10, 3; Martinengo, p. 163, 56 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS even in a fair way to have an intimate acquaintance with Vergil and Tibullus, had not too early death removed them from the brilliant literary set that graced the court of Augustus. Welcomed thus in young manhood as a brilliant and compan- ionable acquisition to the best society of Rome, he lived till past fifty as its idol, and produced a large body of verse especially adapted to the temper of the writer and to the time and manners of which he was so prominent a part. Twice married and divorced in young manhood, he was happily mar- ried later to a lady of the Fabian family, and had a daughter. Suddenly and without warning, probably in the year 8 a. p., while Ovid was away from Rome at Elba, an imperial decree of rekgatio required him to take up his residence at Tomi on the Black Sea. Speculation has never been able to arrive at a cer- tain solution of the riddle of this banishment. Ovid himself mentions carmen et crror'^ as explanations. We are certain that the Ars Amatoria was the ' poem ' ; but that alone, and years after its composition, could hardly have been a sufficient reason. What ' mistake ' Ovid made we shall never know. He was not a political intriguer, nor, at this time in his life at least, can we believe him to have been a party of the first part in any scandal. His family acquaintance with the two Julias, the daughter and the granddaughter of the emperor, has led to various guesses, one of the least unlikely of which is that Ovid knew about the younger Julia's adulterous relation with Silanus.^ What it meant for this favorite ornament of metropolitan society to be com- pelled thus to hurry home, take leave of his devoted family, and hasten to the provincial and bleak northwestern frontier of the empire can hardly be imagined. No wonder that he spent most of his time during the next ten years in writing mournful elegies to persuade Augustus to take pity on him by a recall, and that he died a broken-hearted man in the year i8. 39. The literary activity of Ovid began probably with the Amores, mostly erotic elegies dealing with the love relations 1 Trist. 2, 207. 2 Cf. Schanz, ^ 291. INTRODUCTION 57 between Ovid and Corinna (probably a type rather than a real person), which were published in an edition of five books but later pruned to three books. Meanwhile some of the Epistles {Heroides) of fair heroines of the mythical world to the corre- sponding heroes had been produced, and a group of them was probably published before the second edition of the Amoves appeared. To whatever the original idea of the Heroides is to be traced,^ they at least are modeled to a considerable degree on the only parallel that preceded them in Roman literature, viz. the elegy of Propertius (4, 3) written in the form of a love letter of Arethusa to Lycotas.^ Much controversy has raged over the genuineness of some of the twenty-one extant epistles, and the question is hardly yet settled. In the Ars Amatoria, in three books, published 2, or i, b.c, Ovid still keeps the elegiac verse, but assumes a didactic tone, though often plainly ironical, as he gives advice to lovers how to win and retain affection. This advice is addressed to men in Books 1-2, to women in Book 3. The Remedia Anion's, in one book, counsels those who would rid themselves of love. The Medicaniina Faciei, addressed to the ladies who would possess the fairest complexions, is incomplete, and was apparently writ- ten before the publication of the Ars Amatoria. The Fasti, a poetic elaboration of the Roman calendar, especially of the festivals, was to have contained twelve books, one for every month. Of them six had been written at the time of his relegatio and the work had been dedicated to Augustus. The other six were never written. After the death of Augustus the poet re-dedicated the work to Germanicus and began a revision of it which affected little except the first book. The Fasti are a systematic treatment based on a similar idea to that of the aetiological elegies of the fourth book of Propertius, for which, of course, there were interesting Alexandrian models. Ovid also had the important calendar of Verrius Flaccus as a model, which he seems to have followed quite closely in places. ICf. § 35. 2Cf. Rohde, Der Grieckische Roman, p. 112, n. 4. 58 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS An even more fascinating field for Ovid's story-telling art was afforded by his master work, the Metamorphoses, written in hexameters, in fifteen books, in which with consummate skill he weaves together in continuous narrative a large part of the tales of classical mythology, emphasizing particularly the marvelous transformations which were so common in that mythology. Although on the eve of his departure for Tomi he consigned his copy of this work to the flames, it was already known in other copies and thus spared to posterity. The five books of Tristia and the four following {Ep/s/itlae) Ex Pflnfo, written during his exile, were addressed to his wife, to Augustus, to various friends, and in many cases to nobody in particular, uttering his complaints upon his sad lot, his petitions for its alleviation, his flattery of the emperor. Naturally the variations on this theme grow increasingly feeble towards the end of the long series. These are written in elegiac verse, as is the Ibis, an attack upon some enemy, modeled after the similar poem of Callimachus addressed to Apollonius. There is also a fragment in hexameter called Haliciitica, dealing with the fishes of the Euxine. Besides this large amount of the extant literary product of Ovid's genius, he wrote a tragedy under the title Medea, an epithalamium for Fabius Maximus, an elegy on the death of Messalla, an astronomical work called Phaenomena, certain epigrams, a cento on bad poets, and some other occa- sional poems. Still other poems were falsely attributed to him, particularly an elegy entitled Nux and a Cotisolatio ad Liviam. 40. We see already in Ovid traces of a tendency in Roman elegy to recur from the subjective-erotic to the objective-erotic elegy. The poet is too facile to be sincere. The Amoves have, to be sure, the form of personal experience, and undoubtedly they represent a composite of many personal experiences, as well as the knowledge and imagination of many others such as Ovid's world could furnish. Corinna, too, is apparently but a composite photograph of many brilliant and fascinating Roman girls. A theory that Corinna was only another name for the INTRODUCTION 50 imperial Julia was long since exploded. In the FTeroides and the Ars Amatoria the feeling becomes, of course, quite objective, although (;)vid betrays constantly his intimate and discerning knowledge of the feminine nature. The Fast: are the elaboration of the aetiological elegy. The fatal facility of Ovid is a sign of a rather shallow nature, or at any rate of one whose genuine quali- ties were polished off in the easy society of the capital into monotonous smoothness. Nowhere does this appear more con- clusively than in relation to the ethical significance of his work. It is not probable that his personal character was any more de- graded than that of the other poets of this brilliant group of elegiac writers. But his lack of sincerity leads him to deal with questionable themes in so cold-blooded and intimate a way as to shock even those who would not be accused of prudish senti- ments. The Ars Amatoria has been bluntly described as a manual of seduction, and estimated as the most immoral book ever written ; and even if we grant that it is not so unfair a mirror of the society that called it forth and that read it with avidity, we cannot pardon its author for the lightness with which he could project such a weapon for evil into a world of unknown dimensions. Occasionally we get what seem to be touches of genuine feeling, and such elegies as that on the death of Tibullus are among the world's treasures. It is form, however, rather than substance that is ever before Ovid's mind. He dresses up his thought in immaculate Latin, and writes without apparent ef- fort a perfected form of the elegiac distich which is faulty only in exhibiting too obviously an unusual refinement. As a student in the rhetorical schools he had been fond of the Siiasoriae ; in his poetry he elaborates these in impeccable metrical form. A rare gift of imagination and a love for every- thing beautiful made it possible for him to describe the beautiful in nature in the most telling way, and to people the natural world with all sorts of fairy and mythical beings in fascinating pictures in a perfect setting.^ Not only are all the arts of the 1 Cf. Martinengo, Chap. IX. 6o ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS rhetorician at his command, but he also has the benefit of all that has preceded him in Roman literature, as well as in that of Greece, and makes good use of it.^ No Latin author probably has borrowed as freely and extensively from his contemporaries and immediate predecessors.^ But Ovid does not lack the genuine poetic power of coining new words to meet his necessi- ties. Something like half a thousand of these we probably owe to his invention.^ No noteworthy syntactical peculiarities worry the student of Ovid. His style is perfectly transparent, and as a rule the thought of each distich is complete in itself. But his even regularity was fatal to the life of elegy. " Tibul- lus had written naturally and feelingly on love, old age, and the country. But themes which had been by him treated simply soon became fixed conventions. Ovid, despite his clearness, con- tributed to the progress of artificiality. The loss of the true Tibullian simplicity in theme and the loss of the true Ovidian ease in movement are evident many generations before the elegies, at once sensuous and frigid, which were written by Maximianus in the sixth century."^ 41 . This is not the place to discuss the Mss. and editions of all of Ovid's works in detail. The Mss. of the Amores and Heroides are somewhat fragmentary. The Codex Parisinus (Puteanus) 8242 (P), of the eleventh (or ninth ?) century, contains most of the Atnores and the larger part of the Heroides. The Parisinus Regius 73 1 1 (R), of the tenth century, has, besides several others of the erotic works, y^W(?r. i, 1,3-2, 49. The Sangallensis 864 (S), of the eleventh century, contains the Amores as far as 3, 9, 10, with the omission of 1,6, 46-8, 74. The Guelferbytanus (G), of the twelfth century, much corrected by a later hand (thirteenth 1 Cf. Zielinski in Philologus , Vol. 64 (1905), p. 16. 2Cf. E. K. Rand in TAP A., Vol. 35 (1904), pp. 143 sqq. ; Gansemiiller in Philologus, Vol. 70 (1911), pp. 274-311 and 397-437. 3 Linse, De P. Ovidio Nasone, Vocabulorutn Inventore, allows him 487 ; Schiitte. in BPM'., Vol. 12 (1892), Sp. 12, thinks the number may be increased to 514. * Duff, p. 611. INTRODUCTION 6 1 century) contains the Heroides. An Eton fragment (E) of the eleventh century contains the Heroides up to 7, 157 only. Other excerpts or fragments may be passed over at this time except the Schedae Vindobonenses (V), beginning at 10, 14. For the Tristia and Ex Fon/o, the chief Mss. besides the corrupt Laurentianus (L), eleventh century, are the Guelferbytanus (G), thirteenth century, Holkhamicus (H), thirteenth century, Palatinus (P), fifteenth century, and Vaticanus (V), thirteenth century, besides a lost Marcianus Politiani (A).' The chief text editions of all of Ovid's works are those of Riese (2d ed.,1889 sqq.), Ehwald-Merkel (4th ed., 1888 sqq.), and Postgate's Corpus Poetariitn Latinortim. The Atnores have been edited in German with valuable introduction, commentary, and appendices (including useful bibliography) by P. Brandt. The editions of Palmer (1898) and Sedlmayer (1886) are most important for the Heroides. Thirteen Heroides are in the con- venient English edition of Shuckburgh, with introduction and commentary. For the Tristia Owen's edition (1889) is valu- able. The Epistles Ex Ponio are in a critical edition by Korn ^ (1868). Ovid's works have metrical English versions by Dryden and other poets. THE ELEGIAC DISTICH 42. The laws governing the relatively simple metrical form composed of a single dactylic hexameter followed by a single dactylic pentameter — so-called — are but few; and at first sight it would seem as if there were only a narrow margin for the exercise of originality in treatment. In the hexameter there are certain positions between which the writer must choose for his verse caesura ; he is expected to employ a fair proportion of dactyls, one being regularly found in the fifth foot ; the verse 1 Cf. Postgate's Corpus Poetarum Latinorum, Ehwald's Praefatio, Shuckburgh's Introduction; Owen's edition. 2 Cf. BPW., Vol. 16 (1896), Sp. 1 163 sqq. 62 ROMAN ELEGIAC POETS should end preferably with a word of either two or three syl- lables; harsh elisions should be avoided. In the pentameter the end of a word should always coincide with the end of the first half of the verse ; the last half of the verse must always consist of two dactyls followed by a single syllable ; elisions should be sparingly employed, and at any rate harsh ones avoided. But besides such few simple principles for the government of the meter, we find that in practice there grew up various other rules, and many refinements came into vogue, so that we can trace a very interesting progress in the mode of the verse from Catullus to Ovid and can see many indications of individuality in its treatment by the various authors. The subject is toe large to be discussed exhaustively here ; but the student may be referred to a large body of studies, which is constantly growing, with reference to it, and encouraged to pursue his own investiga- tions along this line. The growth of new conventional usages in this verse is seen especially in the endings of the hexameter and of the pentameter, the treatment of the verse caesura, the relative proportion of dactyls and spondees and their arrangement, in care in avoiding harsh elisions, especially those of a long vowel before a short one,^ middle and end rime in both hexameter and pentameter, in alliteration, repeated sounds and syllables, and other euphonic embellishments,'^ and in the tendency, culminating in Ovid, to make each distich a complete thought in itself. Some of the results of studies along some of these various lines are given below, virtually in the form in which they were published in PAPA., Vol. 34 (1903), pp. xxviii-xxx. 1 Cf. the exhaustive studies in Hosius, p. 180. Ovid avoids eliding monosylla- bles almost entirely ; cf. Winboldt, Latin Hexa?neter Verse, p. 177. 2Cf. the richly illustrated article of B. O. Foster "On Certain Euphonic Em- bellishments in the Verse of Propertius " in TAPA., Vol. 40 (1909), pp. 31-62. INTRODUCTION 63 I Hexameters (i) Monosyllabic endings : Catullus and Propertius employ them frequently ; Tibullus and Ovid, very rarely. (a) Catullus has 13 examples, including pronouns, forms oi esse. and forms of res. Four times his verse ends in two monosyllables. (J)) Of the 31 cases in Propertius, 20 are a singular form of the first or second personal pronoun, 5 are forms of gut ; 4, forms of esse ; fies occurs once, and iam once. ( Gesetze der Wortstellung im Pentameter dcs Ovid ; Horn- stein, Die Wortstellung im Pentameter des Tibull und Ps.-'Ubull, Czernovitch, 1909 ; Petrus Rasi, De Elegiae Latinae Compositione et Forma, Padua, 1894; Smith, pp. 103 sqq. 3 For the instances of the same in Propertius cf. Hosius, p. 184. 4Cf. Rasi, de positione debili, etc.; Brenner, Die prosodischen Funktionen inlau- tender muta cum liquida im Hexameter und Pentameter des Catull, Tibull, und Properz; Winbolt, Latin Hexameter Verse, 1903. CATULLUS MSS. SIGNS V = Codex" Veronensis" = the con- sensus of and G. = Codex Oxoniensis. G = Codex Sangermanensis. R = Codex Romanus. M = Codex Venetus. D = Codex Datanus. w = late or inferior Mss., or correc° tions. 68 CATVLLI CARMINA 65 Etsi me adsiduo confectum cura dolore sevocat a doctis, Ortale, virginibus, nee potis est dulcis musarum expromere fetus mens animi : tantis fluctuat ipsa malis : 65. I. confectum G defectu 0. 65 The Ortalus to whom this elegy is addressed was probably the cele- brated orator, Quintus Hortensius (H)Ortalus, the friend and rival of Cicero. It was written to ac- company some other poem or poems, particularly, as seems most likely, No. 66. Written about 60 B.C. For Hortensius as a poet cf. 95, 3 (written at a later period) ; Cell. 19, 9, 7 ; Ovid, Trist. 2, 441 ; Plin. Ep. 5, 3, 5. The elegy is in one long para- graph, with parenthetical address to his brother, who has lately died. Catullus is in no mood to write in his usual vein, he says ; but, that Ortalus may not think him forget- ful of his request, he sends the ac- companying translation from Cal- limachus. 1 . Etsi : the apodosis begins at V. 15 ; cf. Ciris^ i-ii. 2. doctis . . . virginibus : the Muses; cf. 35, 16: Sapphka paella miisa doctior ; Tib. 3, 4, 45 ; Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 6_ : Mart, i, 61, I. At this (Alexandrian) period of his poetry Catullus with special fitness calls his muse '■'■ dochis''^ ; cf. Intr. § 16. 3. potis est : for other examples of the uncontracted form of potest cf. 76, 24; Lachmann's Lucr. 5, 880. — fetus : for the same idea of literary creations cf. Quint. 10, 4, 2 : scripta nostra ta/nqnam re- tentes fetus. 4. mens animi ; cf. Lucr. 3, 61 5 ; Cic. De Fin. 5, 36 : animi partis^ quae princeps est, quaeque mens nominatur . — On the form of this verse and v. 8 note Intr. § 42, II (6). 69 65. 5] CATVLLl 5 namque mei nuper Lethaeo gurgite fratris pallidulum manans adltiit unda pedem, Troia Rhoeteo quern subter litore tellus ereptuni nostris obterit ex oculis. adloquar, audiero numquam tua facta loquentem, lo numquam ego te, vita frater amabilior, adspiciam posthac. at carte semper amabo, semper maesta tua carmina morte canam, qualia sub densis ramorum concinit umbris g. omitted in VR adloquar audiero numquam tua loquentem Dw the lacuna between in^ «« religans V. 7. in lumine Foss celesti numine V, 9. multis ilia dearum VR cunctis ilia deorum Haupt, Hor. Car. 3, i, 27; and Verg. Aeti. 3, 516, where pbiviasque Hyadas refers to the usual bad weather at the season of the year when the Hyades are in a certain position. 5. Triviam: the goddess of the crossroads, the Latin name for the Greek Hecate, i.e. the moon as goddess of the night. ^Latmia saxa : the grotto on Mt. Latmus in Caria, where Selene used to meet her loved Endymion. For the significance of the myth cf. H. and T. §61. 7. Conon : a native of Samos ; astronomer of the court of Ptol- emy ; friend of Archimedes ; re- puted author of several astronomi- cal works, which are not extant. The rather fulsome flattery of the court poet is responsible, however, for so many things being attrib- uted to him in vv. 1-6. As a matter of fact, he was of minor importance as an astronomer, compared with such famous Alexandrians as Aristarchus and Hipparchus. Cf. Verg. Ec. 3, 40-42 : in medio duo signa, Conon ct — qiiis fuit alter., descripsit radio totian qui gentibus orbeni, tenipora quae messor, quae curvus arator haberet ? 8. e . . . vertice : sc. detonsum. 9. multis . . . dearum : cf. v. 33 ; it was the custom for women to offer their hair to certain god- desses ; then in making the vow all the divinities would be included ; so there is no contradiction be- tween the two verses ; cf. Serv. Georg. I, 21 : more pontificum . . . post speciales deos . . . generalitcr omnia numina invoca- bantur. Cf. Friedrich's note on this passage. 10. protendens bracchia: for the position see that of the 'praying boy' in the Berlin Mu- seum ; cf. Von Sybel, p. 297. 11. novo I auctus hymenaeo : cf. Intr. § 43. 12. kssyixo^ = Syrios ; cf. the introduction to this elegy ; also v. 36 ; Tib. I, 3, 7, n. 74 CARMINA [66, 27 ^dulcia nocturnae portans vestigia rixae quam de virgineis gcsserat exuviis. 15 estne novis nuptis odio Venus? atine parentum frustrantur falsis gaudia lacrimulis, ubertim thalami quas intra limina fundunt? non, ita me divi, vera gemiint, iuerint. id mea me multis docuit regina querellis 20 invisente novo proelia torva viro. at tu non orbum luxti deserta cubile, sed fratris cari flebile discidium ? quam penitus maestas exedit cura medullas ! ut tibi tum toto pectore sollicitae 25 sensibus ereptis mens excidit ! at te ego certe cognoram a parva virgine magnanimam. anne bonum oblita es facinus quo regium adepta's 25. te AvatUius ; omitted in V. 26. magnanimam D magnanima V. 14. de : ' for.'' 16. frustrantur: sc. nitptae.— lacrimulis : the contemptuous di- minutive : ' crocodile tears.' 17. ubertim: the stock adverb with verbs of weeping. t8. ita . . . iiierint : cf. Tib. 2, 5, 63, n. Propertius has the .same shortened form of this verb in 2, 23, 22 ; cf. L. 891. 20. invisente : he ' saw ' the struggle as we say a soldier ' saw service.' 21. at tu : 'Do you say?' — luxti = luxisti; similar shortened forms in Catullus are tristi (v. 30), duxti (91, 9), prornisti (no, 3), etc. 22. fratris cari : a bantering reference to the custom whereby the Egyptian kings sometimes married their sisters. As a matter of fact, Berenice and her husband were cousins. Cf. P.W. 284. 23. The reply to the preceding question extends through v. 32 ; it was not sisterly, but conjugal love. — cura : ' love ' (for thy hus- band). — medullas: cf. 35, 15: igties interiorem edu7it )/iednlla>/i ; 45, 16: 7g)n's inoUibiis urdet in medtdlis; Verg. Aen. 4, 66: est mollis flamma niedullas. 26. a parva virgine : ' from girlhood ' ; cf. Ter. Andr. 35 : a parvolo. — magnanimam : ' cour- ageous.' 27. facinus: the story is found in Justinus 26, 3. 2 : Apama, the mother of Berenice, wished to ,75 66, 28] CATVLLI coniugium, quod non fortior ausit alis ? sed turn maesta virum mittens quae verba locuta's ! 30 luppiter, ut tristi lumina saepe manu ! quis te mutavit tantus deus ? an quod amantes non longe a caro corpore abesse volunt ? atque ibi me cunctis pro dulci coniuge divis non sine taurino sanguine pollicita's, 35 si reditum tetulisset. is haut in tempore longo captam Asiam Aegypti finibus addiderat. quis ego pro factis caelesti reddita coetu pristina vota novo munere dissoluo. 28. quod non fortior VR quo D fortius Muretus. marry her to Demetrius, a brother of king Antigonus of Macedonia, instead of regarding her previous betrothal to Ptolemy. But soon after the arrival of Demetrius at Cyrene he became the paramour of the mother, furnishing Berenice an opportunity to head a band of soldiers who took the life of her would-be husband, and so left her free to marry Ptolemy. Apama was probably spared. 28. quod . . . alis : ' which many another better adapted for deeds of manly prowess would not ven- ture.' — fortior is essentially a word of masculine hardihood, and is here contrasted with }nagna7ii- niam (v. 26). — alis = alius: the form occurs only here in classical literature; alid (29, 15) is quite common in Lucretius. 30. luppiter: cf. v. 48 ; i, 7; Hor. Sat. 2, 1,43. — tristi = tri- visti; cf. V. 21, n. 31. an: the first part of the question is omitted, as commonly : ' Was it indeed any god at all, or rather the fact that,' etc. ? 33. ibi: temporal, taking up the thread of the story broken off with V. 14. — cunctis . . . divis: cf. V. 9, n. 34. taurino sanguine : probably a part of the promise. 35. tetulisset : the usual early Latin form for iiilisset ; cf. LSHLG, p. 99; redttum tetulis- set — rediisset. — in tempore longo : A. Tif^^t^ '-^'l-- ''^ -» 36. Asiam : with the notorious geographical vagueness of the Ro- man poets. The famous inscrip- tion discovered at the Ethiopian city Adule states that not only Asia Minor, but also other parts of the continent, even beyond the Euphrates, were subdued. 37. coetu : dat. ; a form found only here and in 64, 385. 38. dissoliio : cf. exioluam, v. 74; Intr. § 43. 76 CARMINA [66, 50 invita, o regina, tuo de vertice cessi, 40 invita : adiuro teque tuumque caput, digna ferat quod siquis inaniter adiurarit : sed qui se ferro postulet esse parem ? ille quoque eversus mons est quern maximum in orbe progenies Thiae clara supervehitur, 45 cum Medi peperere novum mare cumque inventus per medium classi barbara navit Athon. quid facient crines, cum ferro talia cedant? luppiter, ut Chalybon omne genus pereat, et qui principio sub terra quaerere venas 50 institit ac ferri frangere duritiem ! 39. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6, 460 : in- vitus, regina, tuo de litore cessi. 40. adiuro . . . caput : the fragment of Callimachus (35 b, Schneider), ctt^v re Kaprjv w/xocra aov re /3iW, shows how closely Catullus here followed his original, preserving the ace. with adiuro, a construction that does not appear again before Vergil (Aen. 12, 816: adiuro Stygii capid implacabile font is) . 41. Note the inverted order. — digna (ace.) : i.e. poenani. 42. qui : for the regular sub- stantive ioxx^qtiis. — ferro: refer- ring to the shears that clipped the lock. 43. ille . . . mons : ' that famous mountain,' Athos. — quoque: i.e. as well as I, a hapless lock of hair. — eversus : sc. ferro. The hyper- boles in this sentence are uttered naively by the lock. 44. progenies Thiae : Helios. 45. Medi : the hosts of Xerxes. — novum mare : the canal cut through the isthmus of Athos at the time of the invasion of Greece. 46. navit : cf. 64, i : pitius di- cuntur liquidas Neptuni nasse per undas. 47. That the mood in such questions depends on the feeling of the writer is shown clearly by a comparison of Verg. Ec. 3, 16: qiiid doiinni faciatit, audent cum talia fur es? Livy, 21, 10, 11 : dedeiims ergo Hannibalevi ? dicet aliquis. 48. luppiter: cf. v. 30, n. ; Hor. Sat. 2, i, 42: o pater et rex luppiter, ut pereat positum robigine telum. — Chalybon : a peo- ple of Pontus, celebrated for their skill in mining and iron-working. 50. ferri . . . duritiem : = fer- rujH durum ; cf. Lucr. 5, 1241 : aes atqjie aurum ferrumque reper- tumst et simul argenti pondus ; 77 66. 51] CATVLLI abiunctae paullo ante comae mea fata sorores lugebant, cum se Memnonis Aethiopis unigena inpellens nictantibus aera pennis obtulit Arsinoes Locridos ales equus, 55 isque per aetherias me tollens avolat umbras et Veneris casto collocat in gremio. ipsa suum Zephyritis eo famulum legarat, 53. nictantibus Bentley nutantibus V mutantibus M mitantibus, motantibus, natantibus, various minor aut/iorities. 54. Locridos Bentley elocridicos VR Cypridos Bergk. ales D alis VR. 2, 449 : validi silices ac duri robora ferri aeraque. 51. paullo ante: to be taken with abiunctae (sc. a me). The bereavement had but just oc- curred, that very day. For the meter see Intr. § 42, I (5) {b). 52. Aethiopis : the epithet may have significance as referring to the dark color of Memnon's brother, the ales equus of v. 54. Cf. also umbras (v. 55). 53. unigena : ' own brother,' l.e. Emathion, who, like Memnon, was a son of Eos and Tithonus ; cf. 64, 300. The rendering, ' only- begotten ' does not agree with Ovid, Alet. 13, 608-609: par iter sonuere sorores inn7imerae. — nic- tantibus : the imagery has a rare charm. 54. Arsinoes: Arsinoe II, daughter of Ptolemy I ; wife first of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, later of her brother, Ptolemy Phila- delphus (cf. V. 22, n.). Among other honors, she was identified with Venus, and a temple was erected in her name on the prom- ontory of Zephyrion, near Alexan- dria, whence is derived also the name Zephyritis (v. 57). — Locri- dos : it is possible that the ap- pearance of this obscure epithet here may be due to confusion or comparison of this particular Zephyrion with the more famous Italian promontory of the same name in Bruttii, which from early times was settled by the Locrians. The term Cypridos, if it can be justified critically as the correct reading here, is more appropriate and more accurate historically. Cf. P. W. 2, 1286. — ales equus: probably the ostrich, here identi- fied with Emathion (cf. n. on v. 52) ; Pausanias(9, 31, i) describes the service rendered to Arsinoe by an ostrich : rrjv Se ^Apcnvo-qv (TTpOvdo'i €p€L ^a\Krj TWV OLTTTrj- vwv. Others understand the phrase to refer to Zephyrus. 57. Zephyritis : cf. n. on v. 54. — famulum : i.e. the ales equus of V. 54, the ostrich. Cf. Ovid, A/et. 3, 229, where Actaeon's hounds are his famuli ; and Manil. 4, 760, 78 CARMINA [66, 6s Graia Canopiis incola litoribus. hie iuveni Ismario ne solum in lumine caeli 60 ex Ariadneis aurea temporibus fixa corona foret, sed nos quoque fulgeremus devotae flavi vertieis exuviae, uvidulam a fletu cedentem ad templa deum me sidus in antiquis diva novum posuit : 65 virginis et saevi contingens namque leonis 59. hie iuveni Isiimrio Ellis hi dii ven ibi vario V hi , as in v. 90. 80. unanimis: ' in mutual affec- tion.' 82. onyx: an ointment vase made of ony.x. They were even more common, especially in Egypt, of alabaster (a/adastrou). For typical shapes v. Dennis, Cdies and Cemeteries of Etrjtria, p. cxxv, ill. -]•] and 78. Cf. Hor. Car. 4, 12, 17 : nardi parvus onyx eliciat cadiim ; Prop. 2, 13, 30 ; St. Mark 14, 3 : "alabaster box (R.V. " cruse ") of ointment." 66, 83] CATVLLI vester onyx, casto petitis quae iura cubili. sed quae se inpuro dedit adulterio, 85 illius ah mala dona levis bibat inrita pulvis : namque ego ab indignis praemia nulla peto. sed magis, o nuptae, semper concordia vestras, semper amor sedes incolat adsiduus. tu vero, regina, tuens cum sidera divam 90 placabis festis luminibus Venerem, unguinis expertem non siris esse tuam me, sed potius largis adfice muneribus. sidera corruerint utinam ! coma regia fiam : proximus hydrochoi fulgeret Oarion. 91. unguinis ^i?^//!?/ sanguinis V. non siris LacAmann ne siyeris Sca/iger non vestris V. tuam Avantius tuum V. 83. vester : emphatic, ' only yours,' and containing the im- plied antecedent of quae. — iura : i.e. those of a iustiim matrimo- ntum. 87. sed magis : ' but rather,' i.e. than experience in any unholy union the shame and disappoint- ments just referred to. For this essentially adversative use oi magis cf. 68, 30. Cf. also V. 92. 9 1 . unguinis = unguent i, a co m - paratively rare equivalent. — ex- pertem : here in the passive sense, 'lacking in.' — non: cf. v. 80 ; Ovid, A. A.\, 389 : aut non temp- taris aut perfice. — siris = siveris. — tuam : cf. Hor. Car. i, 25, 7 : me tuo longas pereunte noctes, Lydia, dormis. 93. Throwing off the grand tone of the previous verses, the lock bursts forth once more at the close with an ejaculation of its real feelings. 94. In the illogical petulance of youth it forgets that it has just wished the destruction of the whole stellar system, and gayly imagines a complete confusion of the established order in the sky. — proximus : though the distance between the two constellations Aquarius and Orion is now at least 90°. — hydrochoi : dat. — Oarion : the Greek form 'Uapiwv was not only the sign of the doctus poeta, but was preferred here, as undoubtedly in the original, for metrical reasons. 8? CARMINA [68, 2 68 Quod mihi fortuna casuque oppressus acerbo conscriptum hoc lacrimis mittis epistolium, 68. Title Ad Mallium RM Ad Mallium, Malium, Manlium «. 68 Many editors have believed this elegy made up of two or more sep- arate poems, and it appears accord- ingly in various editions as 68" (vv. 1-40), 68''(4i-i6o), or68''(4i-i48), and68'^(i4g-i6o). The arguments for such mutilation are shrewdly stated by Riese in his annotated edition of 1884, and by Merrill (1893). For the defense of the poem's unity, however, see Magnus in Bursian's JB., Vol. 87 (1887) pp. 151 sqq., and Vol. 126(1906) pp. 139 sqq., and Jahrb'iklier f. Phil. u. Pad. ,Wol. 3 (1875), pp 849 sqq. ; Kiessling, Analecta CatuUiana (Greifswald Program, 1877 ) ; Harnecker, Das 6S Gedicht des Catullus (Friedeberg Program, 1 881) ; Friedrich (who, however, puts the worst construction upon it) ; Schanz, and his bibliography ; etc. The difficulties of interpreta- tion do not seem to be removed, but rather enhanced, by the pro- posed division ; and the elegy is best considered as one, a carefully evolved and acutely involved product of the poet's Alexandrian period. The hopeless confusion, in the Mss., of the name of the person to whom the elegy is addressed may be most simply explained by adopting Lachmann's conjecture that he was M\ Allius. It is then very easy to see how the title Ad Mallmm, and the various readings in vv. II, 30, 41, 66, arose. For an acute discussion of the origin of these variants, cf. Friedrich, pp. 44 sqq. No editor has ven- tured to follow the Mss. implicitly in this matter. In the main part of the elegy (vv. 41-148) Allius is spoken of in the third person as the subject of the eulogy which is pronounced upon him for his friendly services ; in the introduc- tion (vv. 1-40) it is not unnatural, but in harmony with the direct (second personal) address of the epistolary style employed, that the more familiar praenomen Manius should be used. But in v. 150 of the epilogistic close (vv. 148-160) the same name would naturally be employed as that to which refer- ence is made in the same sentence by the word nomen (v. 151). From the passage beginning at V. 27 it is seen that Catullus was at Verona, while Allius was doubt- less at Rome, as was also Lesbia. It can scarcely be doubted that the poet expected, nay, probably in- 83 68, 3] CATVLLI naufragum ut eiectum spumantibus aequoris undis sublevem et a mortis limine restituam, 5 quem neque sancta Venus molli requiescere somno tended, the elegy to come to the attention of his mistress ; and it should be read with this in mind. 1 / Briefly, the argument of the ^ poem is developed as follows : i-io: 'You write that you have neither love nor poetry which soothes your sorrowing heart, and ask for both these sources of com- fort from me; 11-32: but you do not know that my brother's death has plunged me into such grief that I am in no mood to write of love's dalliance, and my sadness is enhanced by what you write of my mistress's faithlessness ; 33-40 : neither can I send you any other poems, for they are all at Rome ; you must not blame me then for not doing what I cannot. 41-69: I must not, however, let the oppor- tunity pass to hand down to eternal fame the name of such a friend as Allius, and his kind ofifices in open- ing to Lesbia and me a home for our lover's meetings; 70-130: thither came my mistress, aflame with a love like that of Laodamia for her bridegroom when that short-lived home was established upon which the Fates had already caused to fall the blighting spell of Troy, accursed Troy, which has taken from me too all joy. as it did from her, whose love was deeper than the storied abyss by Pheneus, more joyous than the grandsire's on the birth of his anxiously awaited heir, fonder than a dove's for her mate ; 131-148 : thus came Lesbia ; and if sometimes she has wavered in her devotion, I will bear it as Juno does the fickleness of Jove, and will remember the wondrous joys of those golden days. 149-160: Such is the gift of poetic praise which I could off"er, my friend ; may the gods bless thee too, and thine, and mine, wh« is still the light of my life ! ' 1. Quod . . . mittis : this pro- saic epistolary form occurs thrice in this part of the poem, appearing again in vv. 27 and 33. — casu . . . acerbo : speculation has been rife as to its nature, whether political or domestic : cf. v. 6. n. 2. lacrimis : instrumental. The hyperbole may be considered as quoted from the letter of Allius to Catullus. — epistolium : this Gk. diminutive occurs nowhere else in Lat. before Apuleius. 3. naufragum: shipwreck as a figure of ruined fortunes is a literary commonplace. 4. Cf. Plin. IV. H. 7,44, 143: a limine ipso tnortis revocatiis ; Cu/cr, 224 : restitui super is left iaiH limine ab ipso. 5-8. These verses evidently are the reasons given by Allius for his request. 84 CARMINA [68, 17 10 '5 desertum in lecto caelibe perpetitur, nee veterum dulei seriptorum earmine musae oblectant, eum mens anxia pervigilat, id gratuni est mihi, me quoniam tibi dicis amicum, muneraque et musarum hinc petis et Veneris : sed tibi ne mea sint ignota incommoda, Mani, neu me odisse putes hospitis officium, accipe, quis merser fortunae fluctibus ipse, ne amplius a misero dona beata petas. tempore quo primum vestis mihi tradita purast, iucundum cum aetas florida ver ageret, multa satis lusi : non est dea nescia nostri 1 1, incommoda Deo commoda VM comoda R, Mani J.acJimann mali VRM al' mauli sec. man. in M margin of R mauli or nialli Dw. 6. desertum in lecto caelibe : of the various theories advanced to explain the sadness of Allius, e.g. that he had quarreled with his wife or with his mistress, that one or the other of them was seriously ill, or separated from him suddenly for some other reason, or had recently died, only the last is irrec- oncilable with V. 155. A remi- niscence of the phrase is found in Ovid's Laodaniia epistle {Her. 13, 107). 7. veterum . . . seriptorum: either Greek or Roman. 8. cum: temporal. 10. muneraque . . . musarum: poems to serve in place of those of the veternjn seriptorum of v. 7. — hinc : ' from me.' — [munera] Veneris : erotic poetry (cf. lusi, v. 17), referring back to vv. 5 and 6. The last request is answered first, in vv. 11-32; the first one, last, in vv. 33-36. 12. hospitis ofS*cium: i.e. grat- itude. Allius had indeed proved himself a genuine old Roman hospes, as is evidenced by vv. 67- 72, and 156. If, however, hospitis — ' host,' we must suppose that Allius means by munera . . . Ven- eris (v. 10) that Catullus should open his house as a lover's ren- dezvous. 13. quis : abl. 14. dona beata = dona beati. 15. tempore : abl. of source. — vestis . . . pura = toga pura, toga libera, toga virilis, the as- sumption of which marked tlie be- ginning of young manhood 16. The conditions under which erotic poetry thrives. 17. lusi: i.e. especially in writ- ing love poems. Cf. 50, 2 : mult urn 85 68, 1 8] CATVLLI 20 25 quae dulcem curis miscet amaritiem : sed totum hoc studium luctu fraterna mihi mors abstulit. o misero frater adempte mihi, tu mea tu moriens fregisti commoda, frater, tecum una tota est nostra sepulta domus, omnia tecum una perierunt gaudia nostra, quae tuus in vita dulcis alebat amor, cuius ego interitu tota de mente fugavi haec studia atque omnis delicias animi. quare, quod scribis Veronae turpe Catullo 27. Catullo D« Catulle VR. lusimus; 61, 232: lusinms satis \ Hor. Car. i, 32, i : Si quid vaaii sub umbra lusimus tecum. — dea : Venus. 18. dulcem . . . amaritiem: an oxymoron familiar to all literature, as to all human experience ; cf. 64.95 • sande puer.,curis hominum qui gaudia misces ; Sappho, Frag. 40 : yXvKVTTiKpov aixd)(avov opirerov ; Plaut. CisL I, I, 69: ecastor a>/ior et melle et fellest fec7i>idissu//ius : gustu dat dulce, amarum ad satieiatem usque oggerit ; Ben Jon- son, Sad Shepherd, 1,2: "I have known some few, And read of more, who have had their dose, and deep. Of these sharp bitter-sweets." This parallel archaic form of the noun (amaritiem), though of a common type, occurs nowhere else. 19. totum hoc studium: i.e. both love's dalliance and the poetry that accompanies it, including both ideas expressed in v. 26. — fra- terna . . . mors: cf. 65. 5, n. ; loi. 21. moriens: instrumental. 22. tota . . . sepulta domus : to be understood in no literal sense, but as the natural extravagant ex- pression of poignant grief. The next verse repeats the thought in different form. 26. haec studia : the writing of love poetry. — omnis delicias animi: the joys of love itself. This phrase reminds Catullus of a remark in the letter of Allius, to which he replies parenthetically in vv. 27-30, resuming the main argument in v. 31. 27. Veronae : the quotation from the letter of Allius begins here and includes the next two verses, quoting, as is common in literature, not the whole sentence of Allius, but the important part, something like est, or credo esse, evidently being omitted. Catullus after his brother's death is tarry- ing at his old home in Verona, while (so Allius writes) Lesbia's lovers are taking advantage of him in his absence from Rome. 86 CARMINA [68, 37 esse, quod hie quisquis de meliore nota frigida deserto tepefactat membra cubili, 30 id, Mani, non est turpe, magis miserumst. ignosces igitur, si, quae mihi luctus ademit, haec tibi non tribuo munera, cum nequeo. nam quod scriptorum non magna est copia apud me, hoc fit quod Romae vivimus : ilia domus, 35 ilia mihi sedes, illic mea carpitur aetas : hue una ex multis capsula me sequitur. quod cum ita sit, nolim statuas nos mente maligna 28. quisquis V quivis Lachviann. 29. tepefactat altered frotn tepefacit RM tepefacit V tepefaxit Lachmann tepefactet Bergk. 30. Mani Lachtnann mali VRM mauli or malli Da>. 28. hie : i.e. Rome, whence Allius wrote. — quisquis : appar- ently used {ovguisque without est; cf. Cic. Ad Fain. 6, i , i : quocuin- que in loco quisquis est ; Tusc. Disp. 5, 34, 98 ; also the legal phrase, quod quemquam hac lege profiterei oportebit., which Lach- mann quotes on Lucr. 5, 264, from the Lex Iidia Alunicipalis, 13. — meliore nota : Clodia and her various paramours belonged to an aristocratic circle of society. 29. deserto: i.e. by Catullus when he went to Verona. — tepe- factat : this expressive frequenta- tive form is a aira^ Xeyofjuvov, as is one other of the two dozen frequentatives used by Catullus, trusante/n (56, 6). But the pres- ent instance, it should be noted, is a quotation from Allius. 30. magis : cf. 66. 87, n. — miserumst : i.e. a reason to pity me, a further cause for such sorrow as to prevent me from complying with your request. 31. ignosces: mild command. 32. haec . . . munera : the love poetry. — cum : a good illustration of the narrow line dividing the temporal from the causal. Per- haps both ideas were in the mind of the poet. 33. nam anticipates the ques- tion why Catullus cannot comply with the first part of the request in v. 10, i.e. send him some books of poetry (scriptorum), not neces- sarily erotic ; perhaps translations from Callimachus, like No. 66, perhaps of a different character. 34. vivimus : here in Verona I am merely temporarily managing to exist ; real life, with all that makes it worth living, is only at Rome, for me. 36. hue : to Verona. — capsula : for books. — sequitur = secuta est. 37. statuas: 'conclude.' 87 68, 38] CATVLLI 40 45 id facere aut animo non satis ingenuo, quod tibi non utriusque petenti copia postast : ultro ego deferrem, copia siqua foret. non possum reticere, deae, qua me Allius in re iuverit aut quantis iuverit officiis, ne fugiens saeclis obliviscentibus aetas illius hoc caeca nocte tegat studium, sed dicam vobis, vos porro dicite multis milibus et facite haec charta loquatur anus * notescatque magis mortuus atque magis, nee tenuem texens sublimis aranea telam 39. posta VRM facta Diercator ad Itidos. 102. penetralis : where were the shrines of the household gods, the most sacred, and so the dearest spot of home. 103. moecha: Catullus refers to Helen with characteristic blunt- ness, the more remarkable when we consider Lesbians own charac- ter and vv. 135-148. But only a Catullus, love-blinded, could write this elaborate parallel between the constant Laodamia and the incon- stant Lesbia. 105. casu: the chronological coincidence of the expedition against Troy with the marriage of Protesilaus and Laodamia. 107. tanto. etc. : in confirma- tion of the preceding comparison. — absorbens vertice . . . aestus: the imagery suggests an irresisti- ble force, combining the undertow of ebb-tide with the concentration of the whirlpoors vortex. Cf. Cic. Brut. 81, 282 : hunc qtioqiie absor- bjtit acstiis . . . glon'ae ; Verg. Aeti. 3. 421 : vast OS sorbet in ab- rupt 11 m fludus . 108. barathrum : this Greek word is especially applicable to an underground channel. 93 68, I09] CATVLLI quale ferunt Grai Pheneum prope Cylleneum no siccare emulsa pingue palude solum, quod quondam caesis montis fodisse medullis audit falsiparens Amphitryoniades, tempore quo certa Stymphalia monstra sagitta perculit imperio deterioris eri, 115 pluribus ut caeli tereretur ianua divis, Hebe nee longa virginitate foret. sed tuus altus amor barathro fuit altior illo, qui durum domitam ferre iugum docuit. 118. durum domitam Lachmann tuum domitum VM tantum indomitam Siatius tunc indomitam Conr. de Allio tamen indomitam Heyse tum te indo- mitam Riese actutum domitum Ellis te tum domitam Macnagkten tum te do- mitam Friedrich. 109. Pheneum : an Arcadian town near the base of Mt. Cyl- lene, in a plain which was some- times so inundated as to become a troublesome lake. no. pingue: 'heavy,' because saturated and enriched by the abundant moisture. 111. quod refers to bara- thrum. 112. axi^\\. — dicitur ] cf. Hon Ep. I, 16, 17: tji rede vivis, si airas esse quod aitdis. The con- struction is like the similar use of cliieo and cikoijoj, but this is the only case extant where audio is so used with an infinitive. — falsi- parens Amphitryoniades : Hera- cles, really the son of Juppiter, was reputed to be the son of Amphitruo. 113. Several other feats of Heracles belonging to this time and region are by nature closely allied to this story of the draining of the plain of Pheneos : the tale of the Stymphalian birds, also that of the Hydra, the Eryman- thian boar, and the stables of Au- geas. Cf. H. & T. §§ 138-140. 114. deterioris eri : Eurystheus. 115. pluribus . . . divis: their number being increased by the addition of Heracles. The action of the verb being involuntary (and even unconscious) rather than voluntary, di7iis is best considered an instrumental abl. ; a less con- vincinoj instance is Hor. Sat. I, 6, 116: ce)ia ministratur pueris tri\ btis. 116. Hebe: the bride of the deified Heracles. Her Roman name was luventas. 117. Even this comparison does not duly represent the in- tensity of Laodamia's affection. 118. durum: i.e. for maidenly 94 CARMINA [68, 126 120 125 nam nee tarn earum eonfecto aetate parenti una caput seri nata nepotis alit, qui, eum divitiis vix tandem inventus avitis nomen testatas intulit in tabulas, inpia derisi gentilis gaudia tollens suscitat a cano volturium capiti : nee tantum niveo gavisa est ulla columbo conpar, quae multo dicitur inprobius modesty to assume. This idea, whicii is emphasized to prove the truth of amor . . . alitor, appears prominently in both of the epitha- lamia of Catullus; cf. 61, 81, 83, 95 ; 62, 20-24 ; ^Iso Hor. Car. 3, 9, 1 7 : redi( Venus, didnctosque iugo cogit aeneo. — iugum: cf. 61, 45: coniugator amoris. 1 19-124. A second parallel to the intensity of Laodamia's love is found in that of an old man for his long-hoped-for grandson.— carum . . . caput . . . alit = caru/n est caput seri nepotis quod nata alit. 120. caput : ' life.' Cf. Prop. 4, II, 10, n. — seri: and therefore long-expected. 121. qui refers to «^/(?//j. — in- ventus : the heir so long awaited, when at length he arrives, is said to have been ' found,' as if the ob- ject of careful search. 122. testatas . . . tabulas: the last will and testament of the grandfather. The participle is best regarded as from the active form of the verb, and so used here in the passive sense, i.e. the will is duly signed and witnessed. 123. inpia : because pietas es- pecially implies loyalty to the high- est interests and wishes of the older members of one's family, in the broad or narrow sense of the word family ; and here a more distant relative had selfishly and greedily hoped for disappointment of the grandsire's fondest hopes. — derisi gentilis : now in turn mocked by the rotation of For- tune's wheel. The Laws of the XII Tables provided: si paterfa- milias intestato moritur, familia pecuniaque eius agnatum genti- liumque esto (Cic. De Inv. 2,50). 124. volturium: the gentilis. Cf. Sen. Ep. 95, 43 : amico aegro aliquis adsidet ; probamus : at hoc si hereditatis causa facit, vol- tur est, cadaver exspectat ; Plant. Trin. loi : sutit alii qui te voltu- rium vocant. — capiti: an abl. form unparalleled in the classical period, and exceedingly rare even in the postclassical period. Cf. Neue, Vol. i, p. 366. 125-128. A third comparison is found in the proverbial fond- ness of a dove for its mate. 126. conpar: 'mate.' 95 68, 127] CATVLLI oscula mordenti semper decerpere rostro quam quae praecipue multivola est mulier : sed tu horum magnos vicisti sola furores, 130 ut semel es flavo conciliata viro. aut nihil aut paullo cui turn concedere digna lux mea se nostrum contulit in gremium, quam circumcursans hinc illinc saepe Cupido fulgebat crocina candidus in tunica, 135 quae tamen etsi uno non est contenta Catullo, rara verecundae furta feremus erae, ne nimium simus stultorum more molesti. saepe etiam luno, maxima caelicolum, 127. mordenti: cf. 2. 2-4; ad priinmn digit iim adpeteiiti et acris solet incitare jnorsus ; Plaut. A/eu. 195. 12S. multivola: a-rra^ Xey. in classical Latin. The mult a form- ing tlie first part of the compound refers to oscula. 129. tu : Laodamia. — furores : cf. 2. 8 : uti gravis acquiescat ardor; Verg. Aen. 4, loi : ardet aiiums Dido traxitque per ossa fuiort'm ; Prop, i, 13, 20: tari- tus erat deniens inter utrosque furor. 130. flavo: of a typical ancient hero. 131. Reverting to the com- parison in vv. 70-74, Catullus takes up again the theme of Lesbia's love and entrancing love- liness. 132. lux mea: cf. v. 160 ; Tib. 4. 3, 15: tuni placeant silvae, si, lux mea, tecu/u ar- guarr. Prop. 2, 14, 29 : 7tunc ad te, ffiea lux, veniat mea litori navis. 133. Lesbia seems a very Venus to her enthralled lover ; cf. vv. 70- 72 ; Hor. Car. i, 2, 33 : Erycina . . . quam . . . circum volat et Cupido. 134. crocina : the same color as the bridal veil ; so Hymen is rep- resented in this color in 61, 8: flammeum cape, etc. 135. Catullus has heard enough of Lesbia's frailties to disturb his peace of mind ; but, in no mood yet to cast her off, would excuse her as even in this respect also like the immortals. 136. verecundae : that Lesbia did not reveal her amours to the world is considered an extenuating circumstance. — furta : see Lex. Cf. V. 145; Prov. 9, 17: "Stolen waters are sweet." — erae: used also by Ovid in Her. 9. 78, for the more usual domina. 137. molesti : i.e. jealous. 96 CARMINA [68, 147 coniugis in culpa flagrantem concoquit iram, 140 noscens omnivoli plurima furta lovis. atqui nee divis homines conponier aequumst : ingratum tremuli toUe parentis onus. nee tamen ilia mihi dextra deducta paterna fragrantem Assyrio venit odore domum, 145 sed furtiva dedit mira munuseula nocte, ipsius ex ipso dempta viri gremio. quare illud satis est, si nobis is datur unis 139. concoquit Lackmann cotidiana quotidiana GM contudit Hertzberg concipit Baehrens continet Santen. 140. furta u facta VM. 141. atqui (i> atque VM at quia IX. There, is no gap in the Mss, after this verse. 139. in: 'in cases of.' — con- coquit : cf. the slang phrase, " sim- mer down." 140. omnivoli : another aira^ \ty. of the same pattern as uiulii- vola (v. 128) ; but the first part of the compound in this instance refers to persons {pnellas f) ; and an important part of classical my- thology deals with their history. 141. conponier: the three othe;' instances of the archaic infin. end- ing in Catullus are all in No. 61 (vv. 42, 65, 68). 142. 'Have done with the se- nile vexatiousness of over-jealousy' (Ellis). As men and gods are Incomparable, a comedy scene is suggested as a parallel, the irritable old man enraged at the amorous escapades of a son. The thought essentially repeats that of v. 137, and is addressed to himself, like frop. 2, 5, 14 : subtrahe colla iugo, without any expressed vocative. ROM. EL. POETS — 7 g-r 143. nec tamen : ' And, after all, she was not,' etc. Cf. Prop. 3. 16, 11; Munro on Lucr. 5, 1177. — deducta : in the wedding proces- sion. — paterna : in a figurative sense only, referring to the fact that the father gave away the bride /;/ Dianus of the bride- groom. 145. Cf. V. 136, n. — dedit: Lesbia gave the voluntary offering of passionate affection, as con- trasted with the reluctance of the bride whose father had arranged a marriage, perhaps without consult- ing her wishes. The moral for Catullus seems to be, " You shouldn't look a gift horse in the mouth," but be judiciously blind to some failings. 147. is : the antecedent dieui is incorporated in the following relative clause. — unis : ' only ' ; Catullus is most favored, of all the lovers of Lesbia. 68, 148] CATVLLI quern lapide ilia diem candidiore notet. hoc tibi quod potui confectum carmine munus 150 pro multis, AUi, redditur officiis, ne vestrum scabra tangat robigine nomen haec atque ilia dies atque alia atque alia, hue addent divi quam plurima, quae Themis olim antiquis solita est munera ferre piis. 15s sitis felices et tu simul et tua vita, et domus ipsa in qua lusimus, et domina, t et qui principio nobis terram dedit aufert, a quo sunt primo omnia nata bona, 148. notet D notat V. 150. Alii Scaliger aliis VM alys R Manli w. 157. terram VRM teneram Statins te et eram Munro. aufert VRM Anser Heyse Mer Munro ZMdens Friedrich. 158. bona « bono VM. 148. lapide . . . diem candidi- ore : corresponding to our phrase, *a red-letter day.' The custom was said to be a Cretan one, to count prosperous days by white pebbles. Cf. 107, 6; Plin. Ep.6, II, 2,: o diem . . . laetuni notan- diimque mihi candidissimo calculo ! Hor. Car. i, 36, 10: Cressa ne careat pulchra dies nota ; Pers. 2, I : diem numera meliore lapillo. 149. The panegyric now com- pleted, Catullus turns in personal address to his friend with the final words of goodwill ; cf. Intr. to the poem. 151. vestrum: i.e. the family name. — scabra . . . robigine : cf. Latimer, Misc. : " a new canker to rust and corrupt the old truth." 152. The flight of time ; cf. 64, 16. 153. hue : i.e. to this mtinns which 1 have offered. — Themis : the divinity that represented " law." Her attributes were the horn of plenty, symbolizing bless- ing, and the balance, indicating exact justice. 155. vita = domina, but whether a parallel to Lesbia or a lawful wife it is impossible to de- termine. 156. domus : cf. v. 68. — do- mina is the same person as domi- nam in v. 68. — sit felix is to be supplied several times in w. 156- 157, and in v. 160. 157-158. These verses are still an unsolved puzzle for commenta- tors. Perhaps they refer to a third person who assisted in the merry plot, terram being taken in the sense of a basis of undertaking, a footing from which to carry on the intrigue, a terra firma of ref- uge after being tossed on the waves of doubt, and omnia refer- 98 CARMINA et longe ante omnes mihi quae me carior ipsost, i6o lux mea, qua viva vivere dulce mihist. [72. 2 Nulli se dicit mulier mea nubere malle quam mihi, non si se luppiter ipse petat. dicit : sed mulier cupido quod dicit amanti, in vento et rapida scribere oportet aqua. 72 Dicebas quondam solum te nosse Catullum, Lesbia, nee prae me velle tenere lovem. ring to the love affair as a whole. Vahlen's proposition to change et at the beginning of v. 157 to dum and understand both verses to refer to Jove has met with little favor. — primo I omnia: cf. Intr. §43. 160. lux = Lesbia. 70 The first of the shorter, epigram- matic poems which end the Catullus collection. Probably ad- dressed to Lesbia. A comparison with 72, 2 suggests that Catullus had already begun to have sus- picions of Lesbia, and that this was intended as a playful warning to her. I. mulier mea : a lover's term, found only here in the elegists, in this sense, though paella is often so used; but cf. Hor. Epod. 12, 23 : magis quern diligeret Jiiulier sua quam te. — nubere = tenere in 72, 2. Cf. Plaut. Cist. 43 : haec q7iidetn ecastor cottidie viro nubit. 2. luppiter: cf. 72, 2. — petat: '■ come to woo.' 3. dicit: the repetition of this word suggests epigram 25 of Cal- limachus as a probable model : — "fi/Aocre KuAAtyi'WTos lojvt'oi, ^r\- TTOT €Ketvr;s efeiv ixy']r(. cf>L\ov Kpiaaova, /J-rJTe cjiLXrji'. w/xocrev. dAAo, Xiyovcriv aXrjOea, Tous ev IpwTi opKOVi fir] 8vv€LV ovaT £S dda- varwv; etc. — cupido: cf. 107, i. 4. Cf. Tib. 4, 4, 8; Prop. 2, 28,8. 72 Catullus is now well aware of Lesbia's true character; and, though his passion is not quenched, he cannot longer respect her. Cf. Nos. 73 and 85. I . Dicebas . . . lovem : cf . di- cit luppiter, 70, I . — nosse : 99 72, 3] CATVLLI dilexi turn te non tantum ut vulgus amicam, sed pater ut gnatos diligit et generos. nunc te cognovi : quare etsi inpensius uror, multo mi tamen es vilior et levior. qui potis est ? inquis. quod amantem iniuria talis cogit amare magis, sed bene velle minus. Desine de quoquam quicquam bene velle mereri aut aliquem fieri posse putare pium. 73. I. quicquam D quisquam VM. i.e. as an accepted lover; the his- tory of Lesbia's career before this makes it impossible to believe that Catullus ever understood her to use the word in sensu venerio. Cf such expressions as *' this one thing I do," " I am resolved to know only,'" etc. 2. tenere: cf. ii, i8: conplexa tenet; 64, 28. 3. dilexi : love mingled with esteem is meant, as compared with the merely sensual amare. Cf' bene velle, v. 8. 4. gnatos . . . generos : by way of contrast to aiiiicaiii, those in the family circle toward whom there is the least element of that amor here in mind; and so a more emphatic expression than even iixorem or filia>n would be. 5. inpensius uror : the flames of passion are all the hotter, though my esteem is gone. Cf Ter. Eim. 72 : et taedet et ainore ardeo. 7. qui: cf67, 17: qui possum. — potis est = potest. Cf 76, 24, 16; potis early became common in gender, and its perfect com- position with esse was but slowly accomplished ; cf. the following passages in Lucr. 3, 1079 {pote) ; I, 452 {potis est); i, 661, {pot esse) ; 5, 881 {potissit) ; i, 652 {posse) ; I, 546 {possint) ; etc. 8. bene velle : cf. 75, 3. 73 An outburst of^ J^itterness against the ingratitude of a friend, possibly the Alphenus of No. 30, or the Rufus of No. 77. 1. quicquam: adverbial ace. with bene mereri. — velle: to be taken with desine. 2. aliquem : for quemquam. — The alliteration expresses the pas- sionate disappointment of Catullus. — pium: 'appreciative.' 100 CARMINA [75. 4 omnia sunt ingrata, nihil fecisse benigne: immo etiam taedet, taedet obestque magis, ut mihi, quern nemo gravius nee acerbius urget quam modo qui me unum atque unicum amicum habuit. 75 Hue est mens deducta tua, mea Lesbia, culpa, atque ita se officio perdidit ipsa suo, ut iam nee bene velle queat tibi, si optima fias, nee desistere amare, omnia si facias. 73. 3. benigne V Friedrich adds est. 4. Guyetus prefixed pr(jdest to the verse. taedet, taedet Avantiits taedet obestque magisque magis V taedet, si fit Lachmann. 75. I. hue VRM nunc Codex Ciiiacianiis, accepted by Scaliger, ■jv/io trans- posed the poem and joined it to 87. deducta VRM diducta Lachmann. 3. ingrata: 'unthanked' ; for a similar use in the passive sense cf. 76, 6; Plant. True. 535: ht- gratiitn doniivt. — nihil fecisse benigne : sc. est ; ' t o hav e done a . favor counts for naught .' Cf. Fl uit. Capt. 344 : at nil est igno- tiiin ad illuiii jiiittere. 4. taedet : ' 'tis a bore.' — magis = potius. 5. mihi: sc. obest. 6. The unusual phraseology and the recklessness in regard to elision suggest that perhaps Catul- lus is quoting the very expression of his friend. Cf. Intr. §43; Cell. 18, 4, 2 : se unum et unicum led or em esse. — habuit: i.e. pro- fessed to feel so. 75 A poem of similar tone to that of No. 72. 1 . hue . . . deducta : ' has reached such a point.' — mea : this sign of affection helps illustrate the state of Catullus's feel- ings. 2. officio : ' the bonds of de- votion.' 3. benovclle: contrasted with amare in v. 4; cf 72. 8. 4. omnia : i.e. any imaginable kind of excess. lOI 76, CATVLLl 76 Siqua recordanti benefacta priora voluptas est homini, cum se cogitat esse pium, nee sanctam violasse fidem nee foedere in ullo divum ad fallendos numine abusum homines, 5 multa parata manent in longa aetate, Catulle, ex hoc ingrato gaudia amore tibi. nam quaecumque homines bene cuiquam aut dicere possunt aut facere, haec a te dictaque factaque sunt. 76. Folhnvs 75 in the Mss. ifnmediately, and u-as therefore also transposed after 87-75 by Lachinann. 3. in ullo b> nuUo VRM, 76 Realizing t horoughly the entire unworthiness of Lesbia ajid bit - terly conscious of the faithlessness^ wjth which she has re\varded_his constant devotion, Catullus has resolved to cureMmself ofhislOYfi- But, finding reason powerless to cope witli passion, he summons the aid of the gods to ridjiim. of his infatuation. 1. benefacta: cf. vv. 7, 8. 2. pium : ' conscientious ' ; ex- plained by the next two verses. Several such expressions in this elegy are to be explained only from the point of view of the poet consumed by the one thought al- ready stated in the introduction to the poem. 3. fidem: to men, as contrasted with that obligation towards the gods which is referred to in the following clause. 4. divum . . . numine: 'an oath in the name of the gods ' ; cf. 64, 134: neglecto numine divum; Ovid, Met. \o. 430: promissaque numine firmat. 5. longa aetate : ' during a long life ' ; i.e. he has enough memories of this kind (cf. multa) to last him a lifetime. 6. ingrato: cf. 73, 3, n. 7. cuiquam : this indefinite, more common in universal nega- tives, is sometimes employed also in universal affirmatives, usually in expressed, or implied, condi- tions ; cf Cic. Ad Fam. 6, 14, i : si quisquam est timidus . . . is ego sum. 102 CAR M IN A [76, 20 ro 15 20 omnia quae ingratae perierunt credita menti. quare cur te iam amplius excrucies ? quin tu animo offirmas atque istinc teque reducis, et dis invitis desinis esse miser ? difficile est longum subito deponere amorem. difficile est, verum hoc qua lubet efficias : una salus haec est, hoc est tibi pervincendum : hoc facias, sive id non pote sive pote. o di, si vestrum est misereri, aut si quibus umquam extremam iam ipsa morte tulistis opem, me miserum adspicite et, si vitam puriter egi, eripite banc pestem perniciemque mihi. 10. cur te iam VM iam te cur Dw cur tu te iam Schoell. 1 1. istinc teque Heinsius instincteque instinctoque GM istinc te ipsa Ellis. g. ingratae : here in the act. sense, ' thankless.'' — perierunt : 'have been wasted.' 11. offirmas: for a similar in- trans. use of this verb cf. Plaut. Stick. 68 : offirmabit pater advor- sum )ios. — istinc : a scornful ex- pression : ' from that unworthy love.' 12. dis invitis: best taken in the causal sense with desinis. Cf. 68, 78. — esse miser: *to make yourself unhappy.' 13. Catullus the lover makes answer to Catullus the reasoner. — longum: not absolutely long was the period covered by the love of Catullus for Lesbia, but rela- tively long, as it absorbed the best years of his life. 14. Reason again gets the upper hand. Cf. the struggle of Propertius, 3, 21, 5. 15. haec refers to the same thing as hoc in vv. 14, 15, 16 ; the gender here conforms to that of sahis. 16. pote : sc est. Cf. v. 24 ; 72, 7, n.; Prop. 3,7, 10; Pers. i, 56: qtiipote? 18. extremam iam ipsa morte : 'in the last article of death.' Ca- tullus feels that his is a desperate, life-and-death struggle. 19. puriter : in the sense elab- orated in the opening verses of this elegy. The form is one of the poet's archaisms ; cf. 39, 14; Cato, R. R. 23, 2. 20. pestem perniciemque : this expression, found in various other writers, was doubtless considered especially emphatic from its al- literation and assonance. Cf. " beastly bore," " plaguey particu- lar," and the like. 103 76 21] CATVLLI 25 hei mihi, subrepens imos ut torpor in artus expulit ex omni pectore laetitias ! non iam illud qiiaero, contra ut me diligat ilia, aut, quod non potis est, esse pudica velit : ipse valere opto et taetrum hunc deponere morbum. o di, reddite mi hoc pro pietate mea. 82 Quinti, si tibi vis oculos debere Catullum aut aliud siquid carius est oculis, eripere ei noli, multo quod carius illi est oculis seu quid carius est oculis. 21. hei Larhmann seu VM sei Ellis. 22. ex omni pectore laetitias : 'every joyful feeling from my heart.' 23. contra ... me diligat : ' re- ciprocate my love ' ; diligere stands here for a higher type of affection than atnare, as usual. Cf. 72, 3, n. 24. potis est : cf. 72, 7, n. 25. ipse : ' it is for myself that I pray.' The emphasis is by con- trast with ilia (v. 23). A. 195, b; L. 2376. 26. pietate : cf. v. 2, n. 82 Catullus beseeches Quintius (probably the same person men- tioned in 100. i) not to wrest from him his greatest treasure (presum- ably Lesbia). If this is the correct interpretation, it must have been written at an earlier period than Nos. 72 and 76, while the poet still felt that Lesbia was his to lose, and still experienced the pangs of jealousy at the mention of other lovers. 2. carius . . . oculis : cf. 104, 2 : ambohus mihi quae carior est oculis ; 3, 5 : quern plus ilia oculis suis ainabat. 3. ei : synizesis. 4. seu quid . . . oculis : the phrase takes the place of another substantive in the same construc- tion as the preceding oculis. Cf. 13, 9 : sed contra accipies meros amorcs seu quid suavius clegantiusve est ; 23, 12 : corpora siccioracornu aut siquid inagis aridum est. 104 CARMINA [84, 2 83 Lesbia mi praesente viro mala plurima dicit : hoc illi fatuo maxima laetitiast. mule, nihil sentis. si nostri oblita taceret, Sana esset : nunc quod gannit et obloquitur, non solum meminit, sed, quae multo acrior est res, irata est, hoc est, uritur et coquitur. 84 Chommoda dicebat, si quando commoda vellet dicere, et insidias Arrius hinsidias, 83. 6. coquitur Lipsius loquitur VRM. 83 " The lady doth protest too much, methinks." Cf. No. 92. Written jiot later than i;QB.c.,t he year^n which Lesbians husband, Q. Caecilius Metelhis Celer, died. 1. praesente : Catullus, how- ever, seems not himself to have been there on the occasion referred to, as is indicated by oblita (v. 3), jneminit (v. 5). 2. fatuo: the derivation of the word ifdri) makes it peculiarly appropriate to one expressing ill- grounded boasts. 3. mule: much less frequent as a term of abuse than asiiuts. 4. Sana : i.e. not wounded by Cupid's darts. Cf. Tib. 4. 6. 18. 5. acrior : * more important.' because to the possessor of subtle discernment it implies much more. 6. irata : cf. Ter. Ancir. 555 : am ant ill in irae a maris ititegra- tiost. — uritur : i.e. with love. Cf. Verg. Aen. 4, 68 : uritur in- felix Dido ; Tib. 2, 6, 5 ; 4, 6, 17. — coquitur : 'is tormented,' i.e by her passion. 84 The u^e_ .^L-t he_ aspirate __was m uch restricte d in ea rly J-atin ; but by the beginning of the first century B.C. tlie increasing fre- quency of Greek loan-words led to a tendency to go to the other ex- treme and apply the aspirate to both vowels and consonants where it had no etymological justifica- tion. Cf. Quint. I. 5, 20 ; Cic Be Orat. 160. Devotion to such a 105 84, 3] CATVLLI lO et turn mirifice sperabat se esse locutum, cum quantum poterat dixerat hinsidias. credo, sic mater, sic liber avunculus eius, sic maternus avus dixerat atque avia. hoc misso in Syriam requierant omnibus aures audibant eadem haec leniter et leviter, nee sibi postilla metuebant talia verba, cum subito adfertur nuntius horribilis, lonios fluctus, postquam illuc Arrius isset, iam non lonios esse, sed Hionios. 84. s Politianus. •td 4, which stand as g and lo in the Mss., were transposed by fad becam e especially ridiculou s when found in a parvenu of meager education. Such a person apparently was ,the Arrius of this witty p pi gr^im (cf. vv. 5, 6), who seems to have beenjis extraiiao;ant witli' Trrs^^^sjisjijiiodern cockney. It has been conjectured, but with- out other than circumstantial evi- dence, that he may have been the Q. Arrius whom Cicero (/?;■«/. 242) mentions as a worthless orator, without ability or noble birth, who had gained some prom- inence by political methods. 1. Chommoda : ' whages.' — vellet : this is perhaps the earliest example of the Subjunct. of Indef. Frequency, a construction appear- ing about this time in isolated in- stances {^e-g- Caes. B.C. 3, 1 10. 4). but increasingly common in im- perial times. 2. hinsidias : 'hambuscade.'' 4. quantum poterat : • with as much emphasis as possible.' 5. credo: 'no doubt.' — liber: the implication plainly is that either this uncle or some other uncle of his had not been free, and thus that Arrius was at least connected with a family of liber- tini, apparently on his mother's side, from comparison of the list of relatives mentioned here. It is certain that ignorance of the proper use of the aspirate was especially common among the lower classes. Cf Cell. 13, 6, 3 : rusticiis fit senno, mqait, si adspires per- peram. 7. misso in Syriam : if the above identification of Arrius be correct, this mission to Syria was doubtless with his friend Crassus (Cic. End. 242). i.e. in 55 B.C., and this would give an approxi- mate date to the epigram. 8. audibant : cf. 68. 85, n. 9. postilla : the anteclassical equivalent of postea ; another of the many archaisms of Catullus. 106 CARMINA [86, 6 8S Odi et amo. quare id faciam, fortasse requiris. nescio, sed fieri sentio et excrucior, 86 Quintia formosa est multis, mihi Candida, longa, recta est. haec ego sic singula confiteor, totum illud " formosa " nego : nam nulla venustas, nulla in tarn magno est corpore mica salis. V Lesbia formosa est, quae cum pulcherrima totast, tum omnibus una omnes surripuit Veneres. 85 A brief and emphatic statement of the same theme as that of Nos. 72 and 75. 1. Odi et amo: cf. the imita- tion in Ovid, A/u. 2, 4, 5 : od/ nee possum eupiens non esse, quod odi. 2. nescio . . . sentio: the fact is determined not by the intellect, but by the emotions. 86 The superiority of Lesbians charms to those of an unknown beauty named Quintia. In No. 43 Catullus expressed his impatience of another such comparison. I. Candida, longa, recta: that these qualities were considered essential elements of female beauty is evident from such passages as the following : 13, 4 : eenain non sine Candida puella; Hor. Sat. i, 2, 123: Candida rectaque sit ; tnunda hactenus itt neqiie longa nee ntagis alba velit, quam dat natiira, videri ; Ovid, Am. 2, 4, 33 : quia tarn longa es, ve teres heroidas aequas, 2. sic : i.e. as in vv. i and 2. 3. totum illud " formosa " : i.e. the expression "formosa,''^ with all that the term properly implies. 4. nulla . . . mica salis : ' not a particle of wit' (sparkling fascina- tion, tirbanitas) ; cf. Mart. 7, 25, 3 : nullaque mica salis nee amari fellis in illis gutta. 5. pulcherrima : • very pretty ' ; of mere physical faultlessness, which might be true of a doll-like •' putty-face," such as Quintia ap- pears to be in the eyes of Catullus, without including at all the in- tellectual and emotional fascina- tions of an ideal "formosa."'^ 6. omnes . . . Veneres: 'every charm,' i.e. all Venus's gifts and graces. Cf. Quint. 10, i, 79: om- nes dicendi Veneres sectatus est. 107 87, I] CATVLLI §2 Nulla potest mulier tantum se dicere amatam vere, quantum a me Lesbia amata mea es?- nulla fides uUo fuit umquam foedere tanta, quanta in amore tuo ex parte reperta meast. 92 Lesbia mi dicit semper male nee tacet umquam de me : Lesbia me dispeream nisi amat. quo signo ? quia sunt totidem mea : deprecor illam adsidue, verum dispeream nisi amo. 87. 2. es Scaliger est VM. 3. ullo VM nullo to. 87 Perhaps a fragment, though not necessarily incomplete. The sup- position of Scaliger and other edi- tors that No. 75 should be used to complete it is entirely gratuitous. More in sorrow than in reproach. Catullus reminds his Lesbia of the singleness and intensity of his love, which he apparently now realizes has been trifled with. I. Cf. 8, 5 : amata nobis quan- tum amabitiir Jiulla ; 37, 12 ; 58. 2 : ilia Lesbia qitani Catullus unani plus quain se atque suos aniavit onines. 3. foedere: a common term for mutual plighted faith in the lover's vocabulary ; cf. Prop. 4, 3, 69 ; Pichon, s.v. 4. amore tuo ex parte reperta meast : '■ the love that I have be- stowed upon thee.' — tuo: objec- tive ; similarly, 64. 253. — mea : emphatic by contrast with that of the other lovers of Lesbia. 92 The theme is the same as that of No. 83. 2. dispeream nisi : cf. Prop. 2, 21, 9 : dispeream, si quicquam aliud quam gloria de te quaeritur. 3. quo signo : sc. hoc concludo ; cf. Plant. A/il. Gl. looi : quo ar- gument o. — sunt totidem mea : ' I have exactly the same two expe- riences,' viz. (i) curse her; (2) love her. — deprecor: 'de- nounce.' For this unusual sense of the word, see the discussion of this passage in Gell. 7 (6), 16. 08 CARMINA [95. 2 93 Nil nimiiim studeo, Caesar, tibi velle placere, nee scire utrum sis albus an ater homo. 95 Zmyrna mei Cinnae nonam post denique messem quam coepta est nonamque edita post hiemem, 93 Catullu s does not c are to be on g ood terms with C aesar. The same hatred towards the great " Imperator"" appears in Nos. 29, 54. 57, where the connection has given rise to Baehrens's conjecture that this passage and the others mentioned were written soon after the arrival of Caesar with his reti- nue at Verona after the campaign of 55 B.C., when the military licen- tiousness which naturally prevailed crossed the path of the poet's own private life at some point, perhaps in the pursuit of Ameana by the notorious Mamurra. I. Nil nimium studeo: 'I am not particularly anxious.' Some- body has apparently tried to rec- oncile Catullus to Caesar. A similar use of niinis is a favorite with Catullus ; cf. e.g. 64, 22 : nimis optato saeclormn tempore nati heroes ; cf. also Mart 9, 81, 3 : non nitniiim euro. — velle is super- fluous, as in Cic. Ahir. 25, 50 : nolite a me commoner i velle. 2. scire utrum sis albus an ater : a proverbial phrase ; cf. Cic. Phil. 2, 41 : vide quam te amarit is. qui albus aterne fuerit ignoras ; Apul. Apol. 1 6 : libenter te . . . albus an aier esses, ignoravi ', cf. also Quint. II, I, 38. 95 On the appearance of the Zuiyrna, a carefully elabora ted p oem by his friend C. Helvi us Cinna, Catullus compares this work favorably with the attempts of three inferior poets. There is no need of separating vv. 9-10 from the rest of the poem. I. Zmyrna: another name for Myrrha, whose unnatural love for her father, Cinyras, was the theme of the poem and gave it its name. The story is related in Ovid, Met. i9f 298 sqq. The inconsiderable fragments are collected in Baeh- rens's Frag. Poet. Rom., p. 324. — nonam : cf. Quint. 10, 4, 4 : Cinnae Zmyrtiam vovem annis accepimi/s scriptam. Horace is very likely alluding to this case when he rec- lOQ 95. 3] CATVLLI milia cum interea quingenta Hortensius uno Zmyrna cavas Satrachi penitus mittetur ad undas, Zmyrnam cana diu saecula pervoluent. at Volusi annales Paduam morientur ad ipsam et laxas scombris saepe dabunt tunicas. ommends that a book (A. P., V. 388) nonunique pre»iatJir in annum. Such exhaustive careful- ness was more a proof of the eru- dition to be expected from its Alexandrian tone than of great poetic power ; and we are not surprised to learn that the poem was so obscure even at the time of its appearance that scholars wrote learned commentaries to explain its meaning. For the construction, see A. 424 f 2. edita : sc. esi . 3. milia . . . quingenta : a mere hyperbole for an indefinitely large number. Cf. 9, i : I'erani, omni- bus e meis amicis antistans milii milibus irecentis. — Hortensius : cf. Intr. to No. 65. What caused Ca- tullus to feel so differently towards him at this time can only be conjectured. It may be remarked, however, in general, that to criti- cize the work of another poet is quite another thing from being invited to contribute one's own poetic effusions. — uno : anjiOr- m ense, a nd die hay£^ Jjaertlsiig- ge sted by different editors as_ probable nouns in the missing v^4,~vvhiclf may^be variously sup- .plied. In any case, the idea must Ihave been an unfavorable con- trast between the rapid work of Hortensius and the carefully fin- ished Zmyrna. Cf Hor. Sat. I, 4, 9-16. 5. cavas: 'deep'; cf. 17, 4: cavaque in palude ; Luc. i , 396 : cavo tentoria fixa Lemanno. — Satrachi : t he Satrachus was a n o bscure J nland stream in Cyprus . It was in this region that the story of Zmyrna was located. — penitus : ' far inland.'' 6. cana: 'hoary'; cf. iMart. 8, 80, 2 : nee pateris, Caesar, saecula cana mori. — pervoluent : cf. Intr. § 43- 7. Volusi : the same tiresome versifier is referred to in No. 36. For an elaborate argument to identify him with Tanusius Gemi- nus see Friedrich on this passage. — ipsam : the emphasis thus put upon Padua indicates this place as the home of Volusius, whose prosy verses will never travel farther than their birthplace, as contrasted with theimaginative workof Cinna, which is to penetrate to the remot- est parts of the earth. 8. laxas : because the material is abundant. — tunicas : i.e. wrap- ping paper. The idea is borrowed by Martial (4, 86. 8) : nee scombris tunicas dabis molestas. no CARMINA [96, 4 10 parva mei mihi sint cordi monumenta sodalis at populus tumido gaudeat Antimacho. 96 Si quicquam mutis gratum acceptumve sepulcris accidere a nostro, Calve, dolore potest, quo desiderio veteres renovamus amores atque olim missas flemus amicitias, 95. 9. sodalis -written by a rjth cent, hand at end of verse in R omitted inV. 9. parva : the Zmyrna was but a short poem. — sodalis: cf. 10, 29 : )neus sodalis Cinna est Gains. 10. populus : ' the multitude,' who, of course, lack literary appre- ciation of the best. — tumido : 'wordy.' — Antimacho: a volumi- nous epic and elegiac poet of Colo- phon, who lived about 400 B.C., and in popular esteem was ad- judged one of the greatest of Greek poets. Cf. Intr. § 6 ; Cic Brut. 191; Quint. 10, i, 53: ei secitndas fere gramtnaticorufn consensus defer at. 96 The brevit y and delicacy of thisjit tle eleg y to his dear friend Calvus on the death of his be- loved Quintilia pr ove Catullus a true poet and master of the art of rnn snl3tin n" To tlTe genuine com- radeship of these two early Roman elegiac writers such poems as Nos. 14, 50, and 53 bear ample testimony. We see from Prop. 2, 34, 89, that Calvus himself wrote of his lost Quintilia. 1. Si quicquam: this condi- tional statement of immortality is paralleled often in Roman litera- ture and inscriptions. Cf. Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 59; Cic. Ad Fa/fi. 4. 5, 6; Tac. Agr. 46, i; C/L. 10. 8 1 3 1 , 14: si sapiunt aliquid post funera Manes; C/L. 6, 6250: bene adqidescas, Hilara, si quid sapiunt inferi ; also K. P. H. on "Conceptions of Death and Im- mortality in Roman Sepulchral Inscriptions," PAPA., Vol. 30, pp. xxviii-xxxi. 2. nostro : i.e. of the living in general. 3. desiderio: in apposition with dolore. 4. missas : ' lost,' i.e. relin- quished of necessity. I I I 96, 5] CATVLLl certe non tanto mors inmatura dolori est Quintiliae, quantum gaudet amore tuo. 99 Surripui tibi, dum ludis, mellite luventi, saviolum dulci dulcius ambrosia, verum id non inpune tuli : namque amplius horam suffixum in summa me memini esse cruce, 5 dum tibi me purgo nee possum fletibus ullis tantillum vestrae demere saevitiae. 96. 5. dolori est D dolore est >(cf. Intr. §23), perhaps on his country estate at Pedum. This elegy stands at the head of the collection, not chrono- logically, but as a typical repre- gpnjafivf nf thp WOfl-' "f Tlhiillns, setting forth his tastes and ideals, and serving as a kind of a dedica- tion_of„BQ.Qk_i. to Delia, w ho i s h ere brought forward as_ the x^ji- te r of his hopes and jo ys. The poet signifies his prefereii£e_ibr li ving in peaceful retiremen t__Q" h i s family estates, enjoying the delights and freedom of ruraljife rather than encountering the hard- ships and perils of a soldier, even for the wealth that might be thus acquired. T he acme of his hope s, however, ist o be found in the con - tin uance of the favor nf his htj-inve d Delia till his dying clay:. Haase, Ribbeck. Baehrens, and others, by their transposition of verses, have wrought havoc with the gentle ebb and flow of the poetic thought so characteristic of Tibullus, which is illustrated in this poem as well as in any. The theme, briefly stated in vv. 1-14, is twice repeated in reverse order (15-36, 37-50), and the third time (51-78) the erotic element in his longing for a quiet stay-at-home life is expanded to the end of the elegy. Cf. Vahlen, Monatsber. d. Be?-. Akad. 1878, pp. 343 sqq. ; Leo, pp. 28 sqq. For a more artificial analysis cf. K. P. H. in PAPA.,Vo\. 26 (1895), p. viii. For an appreciation of the gen- uineness of its feeling, cf. Reit- zenstein in Hermes 47 (1912), pp. 60-1 16. 1-14 : • Let another endure the hardships and risks of a soldiers life for the wealth that he may thus gain : but let me rather pass my days in the quiet, humble 21 1.3] TIBVLLI quern labor adsiduus vicino terreat hoste, Martia cui somnos classica pulsa fugent country life of my own little farm, thanking the gods for a modest competence.' 15-36: (The pre- vious thought in reverse order), 'To you, rustic divinities of my now hurnble possessions, will 1 offer appropriate sacrifices, if only you will let me enjoy them in peace, be my own gardener, my own shepherd, and be undisturbed by either thieves or wolves.' 2>1~ 50 : The same thought expressed for the third time, in the same order as in the previous section. In V. 46 the erotic element is in- troduced, to be expanded in the last division of file elegy. 51-78: ' Yes, Messalla and his legions shall win their trophies on land and sea ; but as for me. let me en- joy my Delia's unfailing love while life endures, and live contented with my little store.' 1. f ulvo : cf. 3, I, 88. — con- gerat : hort. subj. — auro : abl. instr. 2. culti . . . soli: the well-tilled farms of other owners were often confiscated and allotted by victori- ous generals to their soldiers, as by Augustus more than once. The story of the loss and recovery of Vergil's estates near Mantua is well known ; it is not impossible that Tibullus may have had some similar experience, to which refer- ence is made in the various pas- sages suggesting that his wealth had been seriously diminished. such as vv. 5, ig-20, 37, 41. Gold and lands were the two sources of wealth for which Roman soldiers followed their profession. Ull- man, however, argues {AJP., Vol. 33 (1912), pp. 160 sqq.) that the property of Tibullus had been re- duced from its ancestral propor- tions more probably by extrav- agance on the part of his father ; cf. Hor. Sat. i, 4, 28: stupet Atbucs acre. - — iugera multa : cf. 2, 3, 42 : id mjilta inmunera iugera pascat oz>e ; 3, 3, 5 ; Ovid, I^^ast. 3, 192 : iugeraque . . . paiica tcnere soli; K. P. H. in Class. Rev., Vol. 9 (1895), p. 108. For indications that his iugera were not now /nulla, see previous note. 3. guem . . . terreat : best re - ga rded as subj- of chara c teristic , \\kQ__^ugciii~ in the next verse.— labor adsiduus : the various routine duties of a Roman soldier's life in camp, including foraging amid the peril of an attack, which naturally terreat. 4. somnos : the plural refers to the repeated instances of the experience which this verse de- scribes. Cf. v. 27, n. — classica: for the evolution of the word's meaning cf. R. 1097. From the ide a of bein g-a-meajis^-of distin- guishing or summoning \\\^ classes it came to refer to the thing so used, ie. the trumpe t. — pulsa: an expression transferred from stringed to wind instruments. 122 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [I. 9 me mea paupertas vita traducat inerti, dum meus adsiduo luceat igne focus. ipse seram teneras maturo tempore vites rusticus et facili grandia poma manu : nee Spes destituat, sed frugum semper acervos 5. vita PM vite (= vitae) A. 5. me : for the liberal use of personal pronouns cf. vv. 35, 41, 49. 53. 55. 57. 75' 11 \ 3. 3; etc. — paupertas : not to h£ _interp reted tOoJiteraHy, hnt rntlipr as a plnyfiil comparison with the divitias of the professional soldier. So Hor- ace in Sat. I, 6, 71 speaks of his father as f/iacro pauper agello, yet proceeds to tell how this same father was able to give him at Rome an education as good as the sons of rich men enjoyed, and adds : vestem servosqite seqieentes, in magno let popnlo, st qui indisset, avita ex 7'e praeberi suiiipius iiiilii Cfederet illos. And Horace says of Tibullus {Ep. I, 4, 7) : di tibi divitias dedentnt arteniqite fru- endi. — vita : abl. of the way by which: cf. Hirt. B.G.%,2'] : nisi fluinine Ligeri . . . copias tra- duxisset. For a different con- struction cf. C/Z, 6, 12072, 11: ut lottginn vitae liceat tra/isditcere tempiis. — traducat: i.e. through life. — inerti: cf. vv. 58, 71. It was on account of the prominence of this thought in this poem (the word does not occur in any other elegy of Tibullus) that Vahlen pro- posed to read iain modo iners in V. 25. I 6. adsiduo . . . igne : '■ with steady glow ' ; cf. v. 3. Such rep- etitions of a word are common enough in Tibullus (cf. previous note) . — focus : the hearth fire was essential to every Roman house ; indeed, the name for the hearth is often used by metonymy for the home; Ter. Eun. 815 : domi foci- qiie fac vicissim ut tnemineris ; Hor. Ep. I, 14, I : agei/i, qitein hi fastidis, liabitatuin qitiiique focis. The depth of poverty associated with the extinguished hearth fire is indicated in Cat. 23, 1-2 : Furi., cui neque servus neque area nee citnex neqiie araneus neque ignis ; cf. 2, 1, 22; Verg. Ee. 5, 70; Mart. 10, 47, 4 ; et passim. 7. ipse : ' with nijL.flwn hand.' — sera m: Vike _t£^[d ueat (v. /j/. i, 415; at ruber, hortoruni deciis et tntela, Priapus; Verg. Georg. 4, no: et custos furum atque avium cum falce saligna Hcllespontiaci servet tutela Priapi ; Hor. Sat. i, 8, 3-8. 18. falce: ' pruninghook,' the gardener's weapon. — Priapus : a god of fruitfulness in both plants and animals ; his worship was not indigenous in Italy, but imported from the Asian shores of the Hellespont. Translate in apposi- tion with ruber custos. 19. felicis quondam: cf. v. 2, n. ; Verg. Ec. i, 7S ■ He meae felix quondam pecus ite capellae. 20. fertis: the present of cus- tomary action. — munera vestra: i.e. those usually offered as most appropriate ; cf. Hor. Sat. 2, 5, 1 2 : dulcia poma et quoscumque feret cult us tibi futtdus honores, ante larem gustet vetterabilior tare dizies. — lares : here the lares r u rales ; for their nature see H. and T. § 189. At the festival of Ambarvalia (cf 2, i) they were honored with the other rural di- vinities. 21. tum : in the times referred iom felicis quondatn (v. 19). — lustrabat: cf. 2, 1,1; there were several festivals of purification, such as the Ambarvalia (2, i), the Palilia(2, 5, 85 sqq.), and the Feriae Sementivae {0\\di, Fast, i, 658); at any of these the customs de- scribed in vv. 21-24 might be wit- nessed annually. 25. iam iam : ' hence- forth ' ; the repetition emphasizes the idea of the actual completion of his military experiences and of 125 I, 26] TIBVLLI -V nec semper longae deditus esse viae, sed canis aestivos ortus vitare sub umbra arboris ad rivos praetereuntis aquae, nec tamen interdum pudeat tenuisse bidentes 30 aut stimulo tardos increpuisse boves, non agnamve sinu pigeat fetumve capellae desertum oblita matre referre domum. at vos exiguo pecori, furesque lupique, parcite : de magno est praeda petenda grege. 35 hie ego pastoremque meum lustrare quot annis being.' — his having obtained from now on, without interruption, that quiet life which he desires. For the repetition, with inserted word, cf. Verg. Aen. 12, 179. — modo = dwnmodo. — possim = mihi liceat. — vivere = vitam degere. — parvo : ' my modest competence.' 26. nec : ' without semper impHes the rather impa- tient memory of several expedi- tions already engaged in. — viae : ' marches.' 27. canis : i.e. the dog star, Sirius. The climax of summer heat is usually coincident with the days following the star's appear- ance in July, and the ancients re- garded it as a cause ; cf. the modern expression, '"dog days"; cf. 1,4, 6 : aestivi tempora sicca canis ; i , 7, 21 . — ortus : plural, referring to the daily rising of the sun (and the heat) during the period after the canis has appeared. Cf. Hor. Car. 4. 15, 15; I, 17, 17. — sub umbra: cf. Verg. Ec. 1,1,1 \ Hor. Car. i. 1, 21 30- Epod. Lucr. 2, I 28. ad rivos : cf Ovid, Rem. Am. 194: ipse pot es rivos ducere lenis aquae; Hor. Epod. 2. 25: labuntnr altis interini ripis aquae ; Lucr. 2, 29-30 : prostrati in gr amine molli propter aquae rivum sub ramis arboris altae. 29. tenuisse : there is no appre- ciable difference in meaning be- tween the perfect tense here, and in v. 30, and the present, in referre (v. 32). The perfect forms were sometimes more convenient met- rically. Cf. vv. 46 and 74 ; also i, 10, 61-63 ; Prop. I, I, 15 ; 17. I. — bidentes : a common garden implement. 31. agnamve sinu: cf. Isaiah, 40, II: "'He shall gather the lambs with his arm, and carry them in his bosom." 32. oblita matre : abl. abs. 35. hie : on my little farm, in contrast to the preceding verse. — -que ... at : cf. 1,3, 25. — lus- trare : the annual purification here referred to took place at the Palilia (or Parilia) on April 21 ; cf. nn. on 2, 5, 87, and 90. 26 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [i, 46 et placidam soleo spargere lacte Palem. adsitis, divi, nee vos e paupere mensa dona nee e puris spernite fictilibus. fietilia antiquus primum sibi feeit agrestis 40 pocula, de facili eonposuitque luto. non ego divitias patrum fructusque require quos tulit antiquo eondita niessis avo : parva seges satis est, satis est, requiescere lecto si licet et ^lito membra levare toro. 45 quam iuvat inmites ventos audire cubantem et dominam tenero continuisse sinu 46. continuisse detinuisse Y turn tenuisse Baehrens, 36. placidam : used prolepti- cally. 37. paupere mensa : in con- trast to the expensive tables of the rich, a kind of extravagance which was a special fad at Rome ; cf. B. G., pp. 294-296. 38. fictilibus : although Tibul- lus appears to be pleading his poverty as an excuse for using earthenware dishes instead of ves- sels ot silver and gold in sacrific- ing to the gods, as a matter of fact it was the well-known con- servatism always attaching to re- ligious rites which required that the old-fashioned sacrificial vessels of pottery should be retained even long after this time. Cf. Lanciani, Anc. Rome in the Light of Mod. Disc, p. 43 ; Pliny, N.H. 35, 46 : in sacris qiiidem etiain inter has opes hodie non mtirrinis crystal- linisve, sed fictilibus prolibatnr ; Juv. 6, 342-345. With the general idea of vv. 38-39 cf. i, 10, 17-18. 40. facili : in the passive sense, 'plastic' — For the position of ego cf. BPll''., Vol. 18 (1898). Sp. 213 ; for -que before a dissyllable ending a pentameter cf. v. 78 ; Intr. § 28. 42. eondita : ' ingathered.' 43. satis est : for similar repeti- tions, which are quite in the man- ner of Tibullus, cf. I, 3, 4-5 ; i, 2, 29-30 ; I, 5, 61-65 ; 2, 5, 100; Prop. 2, 13, 25. 44. solito : cf. Ovid, Trist. 3, 3, 39. — toro: properly the bedding or covering, the part upon which the body lies, as distinguished from lectus as a whole. 45. iuvat : with the thought cf. Lucr. 2, 1-2 : snave, mari fnagno tnrbantihus aequora ventis, e terra magnum alterius spectare labor em. — cubantem : sc. ali- quetn. 27 I. 47] TIBVLLI aut, gelidas hibernus aquas cum fuderit auster, \ securum somnos imbre iuvahte sequi ! hoc mihi contingat : sit dives iure, furorem 50 qui maris et tristes ferre potest pluvias. o quantum est auri pereat potiusque smaragdi, quam fleat ob nostras ulla puella vias. te bellare decet terra, Messalla, marique, ut domus hostiles praeferat exuvias : 55 me retinent vinctum formosae vincla puellae, 47. For the rime cf. Intr. §42,1 (5)('^)- 48. imbre iuvante : cf. Hor. Epod. 2, 28. 51. potius : belongs to both clauses. On the arrangement of words (synchysis) cf. i. 3. 56 ; Hansen, p. 36. — smaragdi : 'gems' ; for the collective use cf. Prop, i, 14, 12 ; Ovid, Am. 3. 13, 25 : tv>-- g/nei crhies auro goiiiitaque pre- 7HU)ltur. 52. Cf. Prop. 3, 20,4: iaiitine, itt lacriiiies, Africa iota fuit ? 53. terra . . . marique: cf i, 3, 56. Messalla is still away at war. — Messalla : Marcus Valerius Mes- salla Corvinus, b. 64 B.C., d. c. 8 A.D., the patron "of Tibullus. 'distinguished in public life and literary circles at Rome. In the civil wars he was successively allied with the fortunes of Brutus, Antony, and Octavian, and ren- dered the latter excellent service in the final struggle at Actium for the mastery of the Roman world. After this he was intrusted with several important military commis- sions by Augustus, among them the Aquitanian expedition, proba- bly in 31 B.C., and the ordering of affairs in various eastern provinces immediately thereafter (see Intr. to 1,3). He was the first to hold the office of Praefectus Urbi, which he soon resigned as inconsistent with his political opinions. As an orator he achieved much fame and earned the praise of Cicero. He wrote also poetry and historical works. The literary coterie of which he was the center included particularly Tibullus, Lygdamus, Sulpicia, and other minor poets ; and he was also the friend of Horace, Asinius Pollio, and Ovid; cf. I, 3, I ; 5, 31 ; I'l^ et passwi; 2. I, 31-34; 5- 119- 54. praeferat : it was the cus- tom to hang at the entrance of houses and temples the trophies won from vanquished enemies. Cf. Verg. Aen. 7, 183 sqq. : mul- taqite praeterea sacris in postibus arma. caption pendent currus cur- vaeque secures et cristae capitum et portarum ingentia clanstra spe- culaque clipeiqne ereptaqne rostra carinis ; Prop. 3, 9, 26. 28 4-.i ELEGIARVM LIBER I LI. 70 et sedeo duras ianitor ante fores, non ego laudari euro, mea Delia : tecum dum modo sim, quaeso segnis inersque vocer. te spectem, suprema mihi cum venerit hora, 60 te teneam moriens deficiente manu. flebis et arsuro positum me, Delia, lecto, tristibus et lacrimis oscula mixta dabis. flebis : non tua sunt duro praecordia ferro vincta, neque in tenero stat tibi corde silex. 65 illo non iuvenis poterit de funere quisquam lumina, non virgo, sicca referre domum. tu manes ne laede meos, sed parce solutis crinibus et teneris, Delia, parce genis, interea, dum fata sinunt, iungamus amores: 70 iam veniet tenebris Mors adoperta caput, 56. duras: as if the doors were to blame for shutting him out. — ianitor : doorkeepers were often kept chained to their positions at the entrance (cf. vinctunt). 57. laudari : of military hon- ors ; cf. Prop. I, 6, 29. "Here is the same 'linked sweetness long drawn out,' which gives such a charm to Gray's Elegy " (Crutt- well, Hist. Rom. Lit., p. 301). — euro : ' take pains.' 60. Ovid in his beautiful elegy on the death of Tibullus (^Am. 3, 9, 58) expresses historically the same idea that Tibullus here utters as prophetic longing. Cf. Shake- speare, So7i. 92 : " O what a happy title do I find, Happy to have thy love, happy to die!" 61. flebis et . . . et . . . dabis: the fut. of confident expectation. — ROM. EL. POETS — 9 ] lecto : ' my bier," which would be placed upon the funeral pyre and consumed with it. Cf. Prop. 4, 1 1, 10. 63-64. Cf. I. 10. 59; Ovid, ^w. 3, 6, 59 : ille habet et silices et vivum in pectore ferrnm. 67. tu: cf. 1,4, 39; Prop. I, 7, 25. — manes ne laede: the spirit of the departed is represented as being pained by too great grief on the part of loved ones left be- hind ; cf. Prop. 4. II, I. 69. dum . . . sinunt : cf. Prop. I, 19, 25 ; 2, 15. 23: dum nos fata sinunt, oculos satiemus amore. — iungamus amores : cf. Cat. 64, 372 : quare agite optatos animi con- iungite atnores. 70. iam: for this use of the word cf. Lex. s.v. C. 3 ; cf. 2, 5, 56. — Mors : the abstract idea is 29 1. 71] TIBVLLl 75 iam subrepet iners aetas, neque amare decebit, dicere nee eano blanditias eapite. nunc levis est tractanda Venus, dum frangere postes non pudet et rixas inseruisse iuvat. hie ego dux milesque bonus : vos, signa tubaeque, ite procul, cupidis vulnera ferte viris. ferte et opes : ego conposito securus acervo despiciam dites despiciamque famem. Ibitis Aegaeas sine me, Messalla, per undas, o utinam memores ipse cohorsque mei : 72. eapite OP capiti w. here personified according to Ro- man habit ; but the picture of the goddess thus formed inthe imagina- tion of the poet does not corre- spond at all to the Greek god Thanatos, commonly represented as a youth sinking down in sleep, with a reversed torch. The idea of such a being was too indistinct at Rome to be represented in any regular Roman type. Horace (SaL 2, I, 58) may be intending to liken Mors to an evil bird of prey : Mors atris circuvivolat all's. Per- haps the picture here painted by Tibullus takes its main character- istic of a veiled countenance from the Roman custom of concealing the face when applying the torch to a funeral pyre, or from the dim uncertainty shrouding the real nature of death and the future life. Cf. I, 10, 34. 71. aetas = setiectus. 72. cano . . . eapite: abl. abs. ; cf. for the construction 2, 6, 18; and for a similar idea, 1, 2, 90-92. — blanditias : ' soft noth- quarrels of rival inseruisse: 'engage in.' 74. nxas lovers. 75. hie: -in this field'; cf. the opening verses of the elegy with these closing ones. On the ellip- sis of sum cf. Deutsch, pp. 180- 181. 76. eupidis : i.e. for the opes of V. 77. viz. the same as described in vv. 1-2. 78. Cf. Hor. Car. 2, 10, 5-8. After the Aquitanian expedition (probably of 31 B.C.) Messalla was sent by Augustus to the East to settle affairs in Cilicia, Syria, and other districts. Tibuliu?, who had been in his retinue in Aqui- 130 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [3. 4 me tenet ignotis aegrum Phaeacia terris : abstineas avidas, Mors precor atra, mantis. 3. 4. Mors precor atra Y« Mors modo nigra Mors violenta Codex Wittianus. tania, decided to accompany him thither also. But before he had proceeded far on his journey, the poet fell sick and Messalla was obliged to leave him behind on the island of Corcyra. This elegy must have been written there some time during the year 30 B.C., per- haps in the late summer or the fall, and is the earliest of the col- lection to which a definite date can be assigned. Sick and lonesome, Tibullus in characteristic fashion at one moment fears imminent death, and the next hopes for a joyful return to his home and his Delia. Three times do gloomy forebod- ings give way to hope, in each case the ground of his pleasant antici- pations being a different one, approached in a very skillful man- ner. 1-34. 'Alas! I am left alone, with none to perform the last offices at my grave ; how much better it would have been, had I heeded the omens and forebod- ings which we both had before my departure ! How faithful was Delia to thy service, O Isis! Surely thou wilt save me for her sake. 35-52 : How much pleasanter it would have been to live in the golden age, when I should not have tempted Providence by sail- ing the sea, — before, under Jove's rule, war, the messenger of death, had been invented ! But thou, Juppiter, shouldst save me, a re- ligious man. 53-94: But if I must die, let me be duly honored, and let my spirit fly to Elysium. If any have taken advantage of my absence from my love, let his abode be amidst the horrors of Tartarus. But do thou, Delia, remain true to me: and oh ! after all, may I live to return unexpect- edly and find you waiting for me in your chaste home.' I. Ibitis : although Messalla, his patron, stands alone for em- phasis at the beginning of the elegy, the verb is in the plural re- ferring to the idea of ipse cohorsque in the next verse; cf. Hor. Epod. I, I. 2. me mores : sc. sitis, or vi- vatis ; cf. 3, 5, 31- Such an omis- sion is unusual, but begins to be more common in Tacitus. — cohors: 'retinue,' composed of not only the necessary officials, but also usually, in such a case, of many young men of rank, just getting thus their first taste of military life; cf. Intr. §§ 21 and 23. 3. Phaeacia : this mythical isle of Homer's Odyssey was identified by later writers with Corcyra. It was a terra incognita to the poet's friends ; cf. Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 47. 4. Mors . . . atra: cf. i, 10,33. 131 3. 5] TIBVLLI lO abstineas, Mors atra, precor : non hie mihi mater quae legat in maestos ossa perusta sinus, non soror, Assyrios cineri quae dedat odores et fleat effusis ante sepulcra comis, Delia non usquam ; quae me cum mitteret urbe, dicitur ante omnes consuluisse deos. ilia sacras pueri sortes ter sustulit, illi rettulit e trinis omina certa puer. cuncta dabant reditus : tamen est deterrita numquam, 12. trinis Mure/us triviis 0. omina over an erasure A omnia Y, appar- entlv V. 5. For the repetition cf. i, i, 43, n. Similar chiastic repetition in Ovid, Ex P. 1,2, 58. — non hie : cf. Ovid, Trist. i, 2, 53: est ali- qm'd . . . mandare suis aliq7ia et sperare sep7ilcriti)i. 6. For the details of the os- silegiuin, which it was the duty of the nearest relative to perform, cf 3, 2, 9-26 and nn. 7. Assyrios = Syrios, by a com- mon confusion due partly to the similarity in sound, and partly to the haziness of geographical knowledge at Rome. All the products of the East were fre- quently called Syrtos, because shipped to Rome from Antioch. or other Syrian ports. So " Port " wine from Oporto ; see Taylor, Wordsand Places, p. 282 ; cf. Cat. 68. 144; Prop. 2. 13. 30. — dedat: 'devote.' 8. sepulcra: poetic plural. 9. cum mitteret: with conative force : ' when she was trying to make up her mind to let me go.' I 11. pueri sortes: little tablets of wood or bronze which would be managed by a puer sortilegits ; they were inscribed with some sentiment and drawn one at a time, as a method of divination. All sorts of fortune tellers, astrologers, and soothsayers flourished at Rome, plying their trade especially in certain quarters of the city ; cf. Hor. Sat. i, 6, 113: fallaceiu circujH 7)espertinniiiqiie pererro saepe forum; adsisto divinis ; Cic. De Div. 2, 41 . — ter : to make the matter sure. 12. rettulit: 'interpreted. ' — trinis : referring to ter in v. 11; the word is not a distributive here. 13. cuncta : referring not only to (vnitia in the preceding verse, but also to the omina implied in v. 10. — dabant : ' foretold.' — reditus : the plural refers to the repeated instances where a safe return was prophesied; cf. i, i, 4, n; Ovid, Fast. I, 279: ut populo reditus pateant ad bella profecto. 32 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [3. 23 quin fleret nostras respiceretque vias. 1$ ipse ego solator, cum iam mandata dedissem, quaerebam tardas anxius usque moras ; aut ego sum causatus aves aut omina dira, Saturnive sacram me tenuisse diem. o quotiens ingressus iter mihi tristia dixi 20 offensum in porta signa dedisse pedem ! audeat invito nequis discedere A more, aut sciat egressum se prohibente deo. quid tua nunc Isis mihi, Delia, quid mihi prosunt 14. respiceretque respueretque co despueretque Hatipt. 17. aves aut (i> aves dant 0. 18. Saturnive accepted by Broiikhiisius from a certain scholar Saturni 0. 22. sciat sciet Doering. 15. solator: the appositive is here equivalent to a concessive clause: 'though I tried to console her'; cf. Madv. 220. — mandata: 'parting injunctions'; cf. Ovid, Trist. I, 3' 59- 16. tardas : in the active sense ; cf. Hor. Sat. i, 9, 32: tarda podagra . 17. Cf. Ovid, Her. 5, 49-52; Met. 9, 767 ; Ter. Fhorm. 705 sqq. 18. Saturnive . . . diem: sub- ject oi tenuisse. The Jewish Sab- bath ( the seventh day of the week) was known to the Romans as Saturn's day (Saturday). Of this use of the term in literature this is one of the earliest instances, perhaps the earliest. Many pas- sages show that Jewish customs had their share of respectful ob- servance at Rome along with the host of foreign superstitions by this time introduced into Roman life ; cf. Edwin Post in Meth. Rev., Vol. 79 (1897), p. 81 ; Ovid, A. A. 1,415: q Hague die redeunt re- bus minus apt a gerendis cult a Pal- aestino septinia fesla Syro ; Rem. Am. 219; Hor. Sat. i, 9, 69. — sacram: TibuUus's rule in regard to this word's quantity seems to be that when one syllable is long the other is short ; cf. e.g. sacra in v. 25. But cf. BPIV., Vol. 32 (1912), Sp. 394. 22. sciat: i.e. 'let him learn' from sad experience like my own. — Ato = A/nore : i.e. even if the gods seem propitious, here is a really opposing divinity. 23. tua . . . Isis: the worship of the Egyptian goddess Isis had become common at Rome, and was especially popuhir among women. As the patroness ot navi- gation there would have been particular appropriateness in her being besought by Delia to give Tibullus a safe return. ^Zl 3. 24] TIBVLLI ilia tua totiens aera repulsa manu, 25 quidve, pie dum sacra colis, pureque lavari te (memini) et puro secubuisse toro ? nunc, dea, nunc succurre mihi (nam posse mederi picta docet templis multa tabella tuis), ut mea votivas persolvens Delia voces 30 ante sacras lino tecta fores sedeat bisque die resoluta comas tibi dicere laudes insignis turba debeat in Pharia, 24. aera : the sistrtmi^ a rattle composed commonly of several pieces of metal (hence the plural), the usual accompaniment of Isis- worship; cf. Ovid, A. A. 3, 635. 25. dum sacra colis : especially at the two more important annual festivals of the goddess. — pureque lavari . . . et . . . secubuisse: sc. prostint ; the two principal require- ments of the devotees of Isis at these festivals ; cf. Prop. 2, 33, 1-4 ; also Tib. 2, i, 1 1 ; Ovid, Am. 3, 9» 33- 27. posse mederi : sc. fe. Cf. Stolz-Schmalz, 162, 2; Draeger, 454; Ter. Phorm. 610: venire salvo in vol up est . 28. picta . . . tabella : the cus- tom of placing a votive picture in the temple of a deity after escape from sickness, shipwreck, or other danger, was a common one, es- pecially in temples of Isis ; cf. Juv. 12, 27 : votiva testantur fana tabella pliirinia ; pidores qiiis nescit ab /side pasci ; Hor. Car. I, 5, 13; Sat. 2, I, 33. The cus- tom still persists in some churches in Italy. 29. votivas . . . voces = vota., i.e. those of Tibullus himself, viz. vv. 30-32. 30. lino tecta: 'clotlied in linen.' The priests and devotees of Isis wore linen so much as to have the standing epithet liniger, like the goddess herself; cf. Ovid, Met. I, 747 : liniger a . . . turba ; Ex P. I, I, 51 : linigerae . . . Isidis. Linen raiment was worn also by those consulting the sub- terranean oracle of Trophonius (Paus. 9, 39, 8), in the cult of earth gods (Dieterich, Abraxas, 158 A), in magic rites (ib. 179,9, etc.), and in incubation (Deubner, De Incitbat. p. 25). — sedeat: cf. Prop. 2, 28. 45. 31. bisque die: in the early morning, before sunrise, and to- wards evening. — resoluta comas : cf. 2, 5, 66. where the Sibyl is like- wise engaged in serving a deity. 32. insignis: i.e. for her un- usual beauty. — Pharia = Aegyptia ; Pharos was the island on which stood the famous lighthouse at the entrance to the harbor of Alex- andria. 134 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [3. 45 at mihi contingat patrios celebrare penates reddereque antique menstrua tura lari. 35 quam bene Saturno vivebant rege, prius quam tellus in longas est patefacta vias ! nondum caeruleas pinus contempserat undas, effusum ventis praebueratque sinum, nee vagus ignotis repetens conpendia terris 40 presserat externa navita merce ratem. illo non validus subiit iuga tempore taurus, non domito frenos ore momordit equus, non domus ulla fores habuit, non fixus in agris, qui regeret certis finibus arva, lapis. 45 ipsae mella dabant quercus, ultroque ferebant 33. contingat : like sedeat (v. 30), and debeat (v. 32), introduced by td (v. 29) . — celebrare penates : the usual custom on returning from a journey ; cf. Ter. Phorin. 311- 34. antique : in comparison with such new-fangled cults as that of Isis. — menstrua: the lar was worshiped especially on the Calends, as well as the Ides, the Nones, and festival occasions. — • lari : up to the time of Augustus the lar familiaris was spoken of properly only in the singular, in- dicating the protector of the fa- milia as a whole ; cf. Wissowa, Rel. u. Knit. d. R'dmer, p. 149. 35. The following description of " the good old days " of the "golden age" under Saturn's rule is worthy to be compared with the many similar passages in the Ro- man poets, such as Ovid, Met. i. 89-112; Am. 3, 8, 35'-44; Fast. 2, 289-298 ; Hor. Epod. 16, 41-66 ; Verg. Ec. 4, 9 sqq ; Georg. i, 125 sqq. Like Vergil, Tibullus dis- tinguishes but two ages ; Horace and Aratus have three ; Ovid, four; Hesiod, five. The golden age was already recognized as a trite theme in the Aetna,vv. 9-15. 36. longas . . . vias: cf. i, i, 26. Ace. of purpose. 37. contempserat : cf. Hor. Car. I, 3, 21-24; Tibullus is wishing that he had never set sail on this expedition ; the idea of 'spurning the billows' has be- come a commonplace even among English poets. 38. On the position of -que cf. 2, 5, 72, n. 45. ipsae . . . quercus : ' the very oaks'; the emphasis is on quer- cus. a kind of tree which does not ordinarily give honey, but was be- 135 3. 46] TIBVLLI obvia securis ubera lactis oves. non acies, non ira fuit, non bella, nee ensem inmiti saevus duxerat arte faber. nunc love sub domino caedes et vulnera semper, 50 nunc mare, nunc leti mille repente viae. parce, pater, timidum non me periuria terrent, non dicta in sanctos inpia verba deos. quod si fatales iam nunc explevimus annos, fac lapis inscriptis stet super ossa notis : 55 ' hie iacet inmiti consumptus morte Tibullus, Messallam terra dum sequiturque mari.' sed me, quod facilis tenero sum semper Amori, ipsa Venus campos ducet in Elysios. hie choreae cantusque vigent, passimque vagantes 50. repente G reperte AV multa reperta via w. lieved to have done so in this fab- ulous age ; cf. Verg. Ec. 4, 29-30 : incidtisqiie rubens pendebit senti- bus uva, et durae querciis sjida- biint roscida 7>iella ; Ovid, Mel. I, 1 1 i-i 12 : flumina iam lactis, iaui fluniina iieclaris ibant, flavaque de iiiridi slillabanl ilice mella ; also the Lsraelitish " land flowing with milk and honey." 46. securis : sc. dominis. They were free even from the ordinary care of providing themselves daily food. 48. duxerat : i.e. on the anvil ; cf. Eng. " ductile " ; Verg. Aen. 7' ^33- 50. repente : with adjectival force ; cf. A. 321, d. ; mare is one of these new ways of sudden death ; cf. Prop. 3, 7. 31, n. 51. pater: Juppiter. — timi- dum: a predicate adjective here: cf. the English " strike him dead." 52. Clearly Tibullus does not consider the sentiment of v. 49 any sacrilege. 53. fatales : which fate has al- lotted. 54. notis : sc. litterarum. 55. Cf. 3, 2,29; Prop. 2, 13,35. 56. Note favorite position o' the -que ; cf. i, i, 51, n. 57. me : in contrast to lapis (V- 54)- 58. Cf. Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 60. — ipsa Venus: this function was usually ascribed to Mercury. 59. For the description cf. Verg. Aen. 6, 637 sqq. — choreae : instead of the usual choreae ; cf. Prop. 2, 19, 15. 1.36 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [3. 69 60 dulce sonant tenui gutture carmen aves, fert casiam non culta seges, totosque per agros floret odoratis terra benigna rosis : at iuvenum series teneris inmixta puellis ludit, et adsidue proelia miscet Amor. 65 illic est, cuicumque rapax mors venit amanti, et gerit insigni myrtea serta coma, at scelerata iacet sedes in nocte profunda abdita, quam circum flumina nigra sonant : Tisiphoneque inpexa feros pro crinibus angues 61. casiam: not the common casta of Italy referred to in Verg. Ec. 2, 49 ; but the imported pro- duct, corresponding to our com- mon cinnamon bark. — non culta: A. 496, note 3 ; H. 636, 3. — seges : for a similar use of the word cf. 4, 2, 18. 63. at : used often by Tibullus without any adversative force ; cf V. 87, n. ; also i. 7, 7 ; 10, 41 ; in 2, 5, 7 sed is used in the same sense. 64. proelia: cf. 1,10,53; Hor. Car. I, 6, 17: proelia virginnm. With these military terms in con- nection with lovers cf. the Eng- lish " conquest," " win," " lay siege," etc. The idea here is not that of a falling out. 65. cuicumque : the antecedent is amanti ( = amatori). 66. insigni belongs to the pred- icate. — myrtea : cf. Verg. Ec. 7, 61 : gratissima . . . formosae myrtiis Vetieri. 67. at : here used with its reg- ular adversative force. — scelerata = sceleratorutn ; cf. Verg. A en. 6, 543 : inpia Tartara ; Ovid, Met. 4, 456 sqq. 68. circum : this preposition is always postpositive in Tibullus ; cf. I, 1,23. — flumina nigra: the rivers that may properly be said to surround Tartarus are Phlege- thon and Pyriphlegethon. the rivers of fire; cf. Verg. Aen. 6, 550-551: quae rapidiis flam mis ambit torreiitibiis amnis, Tarta- reiis Phlegethon, torqiietque sonan- tia saxa. The poets' conceptions of the details of the lower world were naturally vague and differed widely. Cf. Cat. 65, 6, n. 69. Tisiphone, with her wrig- gling locks of serpents, is a familiar figure in descriptions of the horrors of Tartarus ; cf. Prop. 3, 5, 40 ; Verg. Aen. 6, 570-572 ; Ovid, Met. 4-474-475; Hor. Car. 2. 13, 35- 36. The expression pro crinibus is a modifier of angues, equivalent to a relative clause. — angues : for the construction cL capillos, v. 91. Serpents are particularly connected 137 3. 7o] TIBVLLI 70 saevit, et hue illuc inpia turba fugit : turn niger in porta serpentum Cerberus ore stridet, et aeratas excubat ante fores, illic lunonem temptare Ixionis ausi versantur celeri noxia membra rota, 75 porrectusque novem Tityos per iugera terrae adsiduas atro viscere pascit aves. Tantalus est illic, et circum stagna, sed acrem iam iam poturi deserit unda sitim : with earth gods and beings of the lower world, eg. Furies, Giants, and Cerberus. Souls of the dead were often represented as ser- pents. 70. Cf. Cidex, 219. 71. turn: cf. Verg. Aen. 4,250, for similar use of the conj. to add another detail. — in porta : of Tartarus, as in Verg. Georg. 4, 483 ; but Cerberus is usually the keeper of the entrance to the lower world as a whole ; cf. Verg. Aen. 6,417. — serpentum . . . ore stri- det : 'visage of hissing serpents ' ; cf. Ovid, Met. 11, 597: noti vigil ales ibi cristati cantibus oris evocat Auroravi ; Plin. N.H. 10, 56. 77 : ore r libit undo (of a hen); tiie ex- pression gives us no definite infor- mation as to whether Tibullus conceived Cerberus as with one head or more, or with the snakes on his head (Hor. Car. 3, 11, 18), around his neck {Culex. 221), or composing his head, or heads. For the idea that Cerbeinis really was a snake cf. Paus. 3, 25. 5. Honey cakes were thrown to the snakes of Trophonius in Boeotia, as to Cerberus. Hence the vary- ing conceptions, perhaps. 73. illic belongs to the next distich as well as to this one ; sim- ilarly the force of illic in v. •]'] ex- tends as far as v. 80. So the examples of condemned wretches in Tartarus are arranged in pairs. The first two, Ixion and Tityos, were guilty of unbridled lust, and Tibullus wishes vv. 71-82 to be taken as a parallel to these. Tan- talus and the Danaides were pun- ished for presumptuous ingratitude and lack of appreciation of the good gifts of the gods, which in the latter case were represented by good husbands ; these exam- ples are quoted rather as a warn- ing to Delia herself, and are to be compared with vv. 83-84. 77. circum : adverb ; sc. sunt ; cf. Caes. B. C 2, 10 : ubiexea turri quae circiiiii essent opera tueri se posse sunt confisi. 78. iam iam : the repetition makes more vivid the picture of the sufferer's palpitating hope ever just on the verge of realization Cf. Verg. Aen. 6, 602. 138 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [3. 92 et Danai proles, Veneris quod numina laesit, 80 in cava Lethaeas dolia portat aquas, illic sit quicumque meos violavit amores, optavit lentas et mihi militias, at tu casta precor maneas, sanctique pudoris adsideat custos sedula semper anus. 85 haec tibi fabellas referat positaque lucerna deducat plena stamina longa colu. at circa gravibus pensis adfixa puella pauUatim somno fessa remittat opus, tunc veniam subito, nee quisquam nuntiet ante, 90 sed videar caelo missus adesse tibi. tunc mihi, qualis eris, longos turbata capillos, obvia nudato, Delia, curre pede. { 86. colu M colo OP. nunc A. 87. at P ac 0. 89. tunc turn w. 91. tunc GV 80. cava = cavata = 'perfo- rated'; cf. Ovid, A. A. I, 432: elapsHsqiie cava Jingiinr aiire lapis; Met. 12, 130: parmani gladio galea/nqite cavari certiit. 81. quicumque: a comprehen- sive term for potential or actual rivals. 83. tu : the same as jiieos amores in V. 81, i.e. Delia. 84. anus : either Delia's mother (cf. I, 6, 57-66) or nurse (cf. Prop. 4. 3, 41). For the picture cf. Ter. Haitt. 275 sqq. 85. fabellas referat: the older woman is to 'spin yarns' to the maidens while they all spin yarn, — their evening's task. Cf. the story of Lucretia's occupation in Livy, I, 57, 9. — lucerna: the fact that lights were necessary so early indicates perhaps that this elegy was written in the fall of the year. 87. at = ac. Tibullus is par- ticular not to use ac before a pala- tal ; cf. Haupt. Opusc. I, 109; cf. V. 63, n. — puella: the collective use for pnellae ; cf Lachmann on Prop. 3, 3, 29. 90. caelo : Tibullus uses the preposition in a similar phrase in 4, I3» 13- 92. nudato: Delia, surprised at her quiet evening's work, not only will leave her hair unconfined. but also will not even stop to put on her sandals as she runs to meet her lover. It is clear from this idyllic picture of Delia's modest home life that she was not a married woman. 139 3. 93] TIBVLLI hoc precor, hunc ilium nobis Aurora nitentem Luciferum roseis Candida portet equis. f r Hunc cecinere diem Parcae fatalia nentes stamina non ulli dissoluenda deo ; 93. hunc: 'such as this.' — ilium . . . Luciferum : ' that happy day.' I, 7 After Messalla's brief but vic- torious campaign in Aquitania, probably in B c. 31, he was sum- moned by Augustus to help settle affairs in the East (cf. i, 3. Intr.). and his triumph over the Aquitani was therefore delayed until his return to Rome in B.C. 27, when it was celebrated on Sept. 25. His birthdav occurring a few davs thereafter, he received from Ti- bullus for the occasion this con- gratulatory poem. Belling (^Un- tersuchung, pp. 174-175) has collected an interesting series of parallelisms from VergiFs Georgics. 1-12 : ' The Fates decreed that this should be the birthday of one who should subdue proud Aqui- tania. That has come true, Mes- salla : the Romans have seen thy triumph ; I was a witness of thy glorious deeds, as were the ocean, strange rivers, and people. 13- 22 : Witnesses, too, of thy victo- rious progress are such eastern lands as Cilicia, Syria, and Egypt. 23-42 : Egypt ! 'Tis to thee, father Nile, and to thee, great Osiris, that she owes her preemi- nence in agriculture, especially in thefruit of the vine, whichgladdens the heart of man and drives dull care away. 43-54: Yea, Osiris, thou lovest the festal day, with dance and song and beauty. Come then, and join in the cele- bration of this glad natal day! Come thou, Genius of the day, and let me offer thee appropriate offerings! 55-64: And, Messalla, may thy sons live to emulate thy deeds and bring honor to thy declining years! Let not men forget thy blessings conferred upon them ! And may this day many times return, with ever-increasing joy!' I. Hunc . . . diem: Messalla's birthday. — Parcae : the three sis- ters, Clotho ('spinner'), Lachesis (•allotter '), and Atropos ('inevit- able'). — nentes: so the fates sang as they spun before the birth of Pollio's son in Verg. Ec. 4,46- 47 : ' tab'a saecla^ suis dixerunt, '■ao-rite'' fusts Concordes stabili fatornm nuuiine Parcae. In Cat. 64, 323 sqq the prophecy is uttered 140 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [7. 9 hunc fore, Aquitanas posset qui fundere gentes, quem tremeret forti milite victus Atax. evenere : novos pubes Romana triumphos vidit et evinctos bracchia capta duces : at te victrices lauros, Messalla, gerentem portabat niveis currus eburnus equis. non sine me est tibi partus honos : Tarbella Pyrene 7. 8. niveis o> nitidis 0. 9. Tarbella Scaliger tua bella 0. at the wedding of the father and mother, with the oft-recurring re- frain, * currite ditcentes subtegt/iina, currite,f!isi.^ In Tib. 4, 5, 3, the Parcae are represented as singing the fates at the time of birth : te nasceute novuDi Parcae cccinere puellis. servitimii . In this case the time is undefined. Ovid seems to have had this passage in mind when he wrote {Trist. 5, 3, 25), scilicet hanc legem nentes /ala- lia Parcae stainina bis geiiito his cccinere tibi. 2. dissoluenda : cf. v. 40; Cat. 66, 38, n. — deo : emphatic; not even the gods can escape the de- crees of fate. 3. hunc : best taken as referring to Messalla himself: for a simi- lar ambiguity in pronouns cf. tibi (vv. 53 and 55) referring to different persons, and haec (Prop. I1 13. 9» 11^ 13); Prop. 3, II, 37, n. 4. milite: instrumental. — Atax: this river (the modern Aude) was in Gallia Narbonensis ; but Roman geography was notoriously in- exact; moreover vv. 9-12 show that the poet is not confining the account of the victorious ]:)rogress of Messalla to tlie limits of Aqui- tania proper. As the Atax was directly in the line of march from the ' Province ' to Aquitania, very likely it was the scene of the first conflict between the armies. 5. evenere : i.e. the predictions of the preceding verses. — tri- umphos : like lauros (v. 7), merely a poetic plural. Cf. 2, 5, 117. 6. capta : by hypallage for cap- tos. — duces : among the features of Roman triumphal processions was a selection of the noblest cap- tives led, bound, to death (com- monly inflicted at the Tullianum) ; cf. Ovid, A. A. J, 215: ibunt ante duces onerati colla catenis. 8. portabat : descriptive imper- fect. — niveis: cf. Ovid, A. .1. i, 214: quattuor in niveis aureus ibis equis ! — currus eburnus : the triumphal car was richly adorned with gold and ivory, and drawn by four horses, often, but not always, white. For details of the Roman triumph see Pohlmey's Der ro- mische Triumph. Cf. 2, 5, 120. 9. non sine me : i.e. Tibullus was present in the Aquitanian cam- 141 7. »o] TIBVLLI lo testis et Oceani litora Santonici, testis Arar Rhodanusque celer magnusque Garumna, Carnuti et flavi caerula lympha Liger. an te, Cydne, canam, tacitis qui leniter undis caeruleus placidis per vada serpis aquis, 15 quantus et aetherio contingens vertice nubes frigidus intonsos Taurus alat Cilicas ? 12. Carnuti w Carnoti Carnutis M. 13. an w at 0. paign. — Tarbella Pyrene : the Tarbelli were an Aquitanian tribe living close up under the Pyrenees, near the ocean. 10. Santonici : the Santoncs occupied the territory on the coast just north of the river Garonne. IX. Arar: the modern Saone. 12. Carnuti . . . flavi: gen. sing, used in the collective sense : ' of the fair-haired Carnute.' The Carnuti lived between the Seine and the Loire. — et : the trajection of this copula occurs more often in this elegy than in any other of Tibullus ; cf. vv. 15, 21, 38, 39. 54. Propertius is equally free in this respect ; Ovid, more cautious ; no example occurs in Catullus. Cf. Haupt, Opusc. I, p. 122. — caerula lympha : in apposition with Liger : the epithet must refer to the bay at the mouth of the river, if it has any meaning. 13. an . . . canam : the missing first member of this double ques- tion might be supplied thus : utrum taceam quod non ipse vidi. — Cydne : though not the largest river of Cilicia. the Cydnus was important because Tarsus was situ- ated upon it, and interesting be- cause of the peculiarity possibly referred to in these verses and described by Strabo, viz. that be- fore actually reaching the sea it flows into a kind of lake (p^y/Aa). 14. placidis: 'Thy placid stream, thine azure glearti^ and thy wavelet's noiseless flow ' (Cranstoun). Such tautologies are not uncommon in the poets ; cf. aestiva in v. 22 following the same idea in v. 21 ; Sen. Here. Fur. 680 : placido quiet a labitur Lethe vado. — vada : ' course.' 15. quantus . . . contingens . . . Taurus alat - quantus sit Taurus qui contingit et alit ; cf. qua/is . . . adundet (vv. 21-22). The Taurus furnished support to the Cilicians by its cultivated slopes and its grazing grounds. 16 intonsos : here a sign of rude barbarity : cf. Liv. 21, 32, 7 : homines ititonsi et inciclti ; Ovid, Ex P. 4, 2, 2 : intonsis . . . Geti^. But the early Romans had not been so particular ; barbers first came to Rome in the year 300 B c. ; cf. F. W. Nicolson's discussion of Greek and Roman Barbers in Harvard 142 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [7. 27 20 25 quid referam, ut volitet crebras intacta per urbes alba Palaestino sancta columba Syro, utque maris vastum prospectet turribus aequor prima ratem vends credere docta Tyros, qualis et, arentes cum findit Sirius agros, fertilis aestiva Nilus abundet aqua ? Nile pater, quanam possim te dicere causa aut quibus in terris occuluisse caput ? te propter nullos tellus tua postulat imbres, arida nee pluvio supplicat herba lovi. te canit atque suum pubes miratur Osirim Stud, in Class. Philology, Vol. 2, pp.4isqq.; Varro, A'. 7?. 2, 11, 10. 18. Palaestino: an adjective, used with no well-defined meaning by Tibullus. Palestine was a part of Syria, 10 be sure ; but the fact referred to here was no more characteristic of Palestine than of other parts of the general region. — sancta : because the dove was sacred to Astarte, as well as to her Greek counterpart, Aphrodite. — Syro : dat. of ref. : ' in the eyes of the Syrian.' 19. turribus: Mofty palaces'; a vague word; cf Prop. 3, 21, 15. The modern term is " skyscraper," at least in American cities. 21. qualis, etc. : cf. note on v. 15. — Sirius: cf. i, i, 27, n. 22. fertilis : active, ' fertilizing.' — abundet: the annual overflow of the Nile begins about the time of the rising of Sirius. 23. pater: cf. Ennius, Atiti. (Vahlen) i, 54: teqiie pater Ti- berine tuo cumflwnine sancto. The epithet is particularly appropriate to the Nile, without which Egypt would not exist except as a part of the desert ; it befits a Roman poet well, too, for Egypt was one of the principal granaries of Rome. No doubt Tibullus was well acquainted with the beautiful statue of father Nile, the type of which was imi- tated in representations of the Tiber; cf. Baum. Denk., p. 1028. — causa : the question is answered by Ovid, Met. 2, 254-255 : A'ilus in extretnnm fiigit perterritus orbem occuliiitqne caput, quod adhuc latet. ■2.A,. occuluisse caput : only in recent times has the source been discovered. The Nile problem was discussed by Herodotus in Bk. 2, by Seneca, Nat. Quaest. 4, I sqq. and elsewhere. 26. pluvio . . . lovi : cf H. & T. § 207. 27. Osirim: as the greatest male divinity of the Egyptians, Osiris, the representative of the 143 7. 28J TIBVLLI barbara, Memphiten plangere docta bovem. primus aratra manu sollerti fecit Osiris 30 et teiieram ferro sollicitavit humum, primus inexpertae commisit semina terrae pomaque non notis legit ab arboribus. hie docuit teneram palis adiungere vitem, hie viridem dura eaedere falee eomam : 35 illi iueundos primum matura sapores expressa ineultis uva dedit pedibus. ille liquor doeuit voces inflectere cantu, movit et ad certos nescia membra modos, ■Bacchus et agricolae magno confecta labore principle of fructification, was sup- posed to be responsible for the annual overflow of the Nile, and so Ills worship is here coupled ap- propriately with that of father Nile; cf. Fraser, Adonis, Attis, aiul Osiris. 28. Memphiten . . . bovem: the sacred bull. Apis, the incarnation of Osiris, kept at Memphis. — plangere : the method of mourning, used for the general idea of mourn- ing for one ; rare with an object. On the death of Apis the whole people went into mourning until a new bull was found to take his place; cf. Plin. N. H. 8, 46; Cumont, Oriental Relig. in Roman Paganism, pp. 97 sqq. 29. aratra : Osiris, in many re- spects the counterpart of the Greek Dionysus, was credited also with the invention of the plow, and of the culture of various fruits besides that of the vine. The in- vention of the plow was usually attributed to Ceres. For another point of view, cf. i, 10, 45. 30. teneram : by way of con- trast \o ferro sollicitavit . — sollici- tavit : cf. Ovid, Fast. 4, 396 : quas tellits niillo sollicitante da bat ; Verg. Georg. 2,418: sollicitanda tanien tellus pulvisqiie movendus. 32. non notis : i.e. those with the edible qualities of whose fruit men were as yet unacquainted. 33. teneram: cf. i, i, 7; Cic. Cat. Mai. 15, 52: vitis . . . nisi f Jilt a est, fertiir ad terram. — palis adiungere : the so-called al- ligatio and amputatio referred to in these two verses were the most important arts in connection with viticulture. 35. illi: Osiris. — sapores: cf. V. 5, n. 36. ineultis: 'inexperienced.' 37. ille: adjectival, 'such.' 38. certos : ■ regular.' — nescia : 'unaccustomed.' 39. Bacchus = vinum. 144 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [7. 49 40 pectora tristitiae dissoluenda dedit. Bacchus et adflictis requiem mortalibus adfert, crura licet dura compede pulsa sonent. non tibi sunt tristes curae nee luctus, Osiri, sed chorus et cantus et levis aptus amor, 45 sed varii flores et frons redimita corymbis, fusa sed ad teneros lutea palla pedes et Tyriae vestes et dulcis tibia cantu et levis occultis conscia cista sacris. hue ades et genium ludo geniumque choreis 49. genium ludo Heyne centum ludos ludis «. 40. tristitiae: the gen. after ^he analogy of the Greek, instead of the regular abl. Cf. Hor. Car. 3, 17, 16: cum famulis operuvi solid is; Plant. Rud. 247: ine om- nium iam labor um levas. A reg- ular epithet of Bacchus is Lyaeus (' freer ' from care) . — dissoliienda dedit = fecit id dissolverentur ; cf. also V. 2, n. 42. compede : the idea of a ' chain gang ' of workers is not modern ; cf. 2, 6, 25-26. 43. sunt: sc. apii ; as the ad- jective is expressed only in v. 44, it agrees with the nearest noun. 45. corymbis: usually, as here, of a cluster of ivy berries, the ivy being especially sacred to Bacchus and to Osiiis; cf. Ovid, Fast. I, 393: festa corymbiferi celebrabas Graecia Bacchi; Fraser, Adonis, Attis, and Osi'ris, p. 279 ; Creuzer, Symbolik u. Mythologie, Vol. 4, pp. 10 sqq. 46. sed : for the pc>sition cf. V. 12, n. — lutea palla: a long saffron robe was appropriate to Bacchus — the woman's garment being suggestive of his almost feminine beauty, and the color being suitable for festive occa- sions ; cf. Prop. 3, 17, 32 : et feries iindos veste fluoite pedes ; Sen. Ofd. 422 : lidea 7 'est em retinente zona. The combination of such an effeminate garment with the insignia of Hercules is ridiculed in the Frogs of Aristophanes, v. 46. 47. Tyriae vestes : a cloak of Tyrian purple. 48. cista : the box containing the mystic emblems of the god, which was carried in the proces- sions of the festivals of Bacchus ; cf. Cat. 64, 259 : cavis celebrabant orgia cist is. 49. hue ades : with consum- mate skill the thought has been developed from the Aquitanian triumph to this summons to Osiris to be present on this festal day as the wine god whose worship (in a ROM. EL. POETS — lO 145 1> 50] TIBVLLI 50 concelebra et multo tempora funde mero : illius et nitido stillent unguenta capillo, et capite et coUo moUia serta gerat. sic venias hodierne : tibi dem turis honores, liba et Mopsopio dulcia melle feram. 55 at tibi succrescat proles, quae facta parentis augeat et circa stet veneranda senem. nee taceat monumenta viae, quern Tuscula tellug 54. liba AV libein G. melle w mella 0. feram AV favo G. figurative sense) will necessarily be prominent. — genium : i.e. Mes- salla's. The Genius was the indi- vidual man's tutelary divinity (cor- responding to the Juno of each woman; cf. H. & T. § 188), pre- siding over his life from birth to death (cf. ^^«^). Each man had his own Genius, who was wor- shiped, especially on his birtluiay, with offerings of wine, cakes, per- fumes, and garlands ; cf. 2, 2, i, sqq. ; B.G., p. 78, n. 15. For the form of the verse cf. i, 10, 28. 50. Cf. I, 2, 3 : neit qtcisquain multo percussiim te»ipora Bacc/io excitet. 51. illius: i.e. Genii. It was appropriate on such occasions to decorate the image of the divinity honored. In this case, however, we must not forget that the Genius is closely identified with the man himself. Evidently the poet is here not thinking of the serpent form of Genius representations. — stillent: cf. 2, 2, 7. 53. hodierne: sc. dens ^ i.e. the Genius, who was the particu- lar divinity of a birthday, and to whom the ne.xt word refers ; cf. 2, 2, 5 ; 5» 5 : 4. 5- 9- 54. Mopsopio : honey from Mt. Hymettus. Mopsopus was a myth- ical king of Attica, in which Hymettus stands. 55. tibi: Messalla ; for the sud- den change in meaning from the tibi in v. 53 cf. v. 3, n. — proles: Messalla had two sons and a daughter. Cf. 2, 5. 56. augeat: cf. 2, 5, 11 5-1 20, and especially v. 119, n. — vene- randa : ' worthy of honor.' — senem : sc. te. 57. taceat : sc. ille from the following relative clause. — monu- menta : ' monumental work.' — - viae : the Via Latina, which Mes- salla had repaired, paying the expense from the spoils of war ac- cording to the command of Augus- tus. CitizensofTusculum and Alba would reach Rome by this road. Cf. Burn, /i?Z,. and RA., p. 252. 146 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [lO, 2 candidaque antique detinet Alba lare. namque opibus congesta tuis hie glarea dura 60 sternitur, hie apta iungitur arte silex. te eanit agricola, e magna cum venerit urbe serus inoffensum rettuleritque pedem. at tu, natalis multos celebrande per annos, candidior semper candidiorque veni. 10 Quis fuit, horrendos primus qui protulit enses ? quam ferus et vere ferreus ille f uit ! 58. Candida : the reference is to the same appearance in the lime- stone rock which had originally given the name Alba. Cf. Taylor, IVords and Places, pp. 1 4 1 -i 42. — lare: 'home.' 59. glarea : the broken rock and gravel used for foundation, while the silex was the polygonal flint {selce^ regularly used for the surface, as still to-day in many Italian cities. 60. apta . . . arte : how neat the joints were can still be seen from many extant examples on various ancient Roman roads, e.g. the Via Praenestina. 62. serus: 'though late,' and therefore presumably rather mel- low. Cf. Cic. Ad Fatn. 7, 22 : bene pot lis seroqne redierain. — inoffen- sum : 'without stumbling.' 63. natalis : sc. dies. 64. candidior semper candidior- que : ' more and more joyous.' Cf. I, 10, 45; Ovid, Trist. 5, 5, 13: optinie A^atalis . . . Candidas hue veni as. I, 10 This is generally considered the earliest of Tibullus's elegies. 1. It contains no definite hints at any relations between the poet and either his patron, Messalla, or his mistress, Delia, with both of whom they were established by the latter part of the year 31 B.C. 2. The reference to war in vv. 13 and 14 can hardly be to any war later than the Aquitanian expedi- tion in 31 B.C., and therefore, if not to an earlier one, expresses a vague premonition of the ap- proaching conflict of which the events of 31 B.C. were a part. 3. The simplicity of the form of composition, and the frequent re- currence of similar thoughts in different connections, while be- longing to the genuine manner of Tibullus, are so marked here as 47 lo. 3] TIBVLLI turn caedes hominum generi, turn proelia nata, turn brevior dirae mortis aperta viast. an nihil ille miser meruit, nos ad mala nostra 10. 5. an AV at G forsan et ille nihil P. to suggest early work. Belling, through a series of parallel pas- sages in other elegies of this first book, has sought to show that this was written last, as a climax (Bell, p. 244 sqq.) ; but the examples may as easily be considered imita- tions of this, as imitated by this elegy. The early part of B.C. 31, or possibly the end of b.c. 32, is, therefore, the most probable date when the poet fears that he will be drawn into the impending conflict If the expectation is based on his liability to serve the usual campaign as a young man of seventeen years, this may be an important poem in determining the date of the author's birth. Cf. Intr § 21. The elegy forms a fitting close to Bk. i, from its striking similarity in theme and many points of treatment to the opening poem of the book. I -14: 'War is a hateful tiling. a child of avarice ; the good old days knew it not. It would have been pleasanter to live then ! 15- 32 : Preserve me, Lares, as you did in my childhood ; things were better in the days of simplicity which you represent ; spare me, and I will render you your due. Let another be a doughty warrior ! 33-44: What madness to covet a violent death on the battlefield ! All is gloom in Acheron ; how much better to lead a humble, peaceful life on a little farm ! 45- 68 : Let peace hold sway, under wliose rule happy home life flour- ishes, and there are no battles save those of love, and even these but playful contests ! Come, Peace, and bless us ! ' 1. enses : the words lead up to the idea oiferreus, ' iron-hearted.' 2. ferus . . . ferreus : allitera- tion and assonance, which played an important r61e in early Latin poetry, survived in the classical period mainly in certain formulas or stereotyped expressions. This one, for example, occurs in Cic. Ad Q. Fr. 1,3, 3 ; qiie?)i ego ferns ac ferreus e complexu ; cf. Cat. 76, 20. The same process has been gone through in other lan- guages ; cf. Eng. •' weal and woe," '• slow and sure," " fun and frolic," etc. Other instances of ferreus in this sense in Tibullus may be seen : i. 2, 65 : ferreus ille fuit ; 2, 3, 2; 3, 2, 2. 4. mortis . . . via : cf. i, 3, 50 ; Ovid, Af^/. II, 792: letique via/n sine fine reteuiptat ; Prop. 3, 7, 2 ; Hor. Car. i. 3, 32 : tarda tiecessitas leti corripuit gradum. 5. miser : ' unfortunate ' in be- ing blamed rather than really re- sponsible. Note the asyndeton ia8 ELEGIARVM LIBER I C'o. 13 10 vertimus in saevas quod dedit ille feras ? divitis hoc vitium est auri, nee bella fuerunt, faginus adstabat cum scyphus ante dapes. non arces, non vallus erat, somnumque petebat securus varias dux gregis inter oves. tunc mihi vita foret, vulgi nee tristia nossem arma nee audissem corde micante tubam : nunc ad bella trahor, et iam quis forsitan hostis II. vu]g[ du\c\s //euisius. in the contrast with the emphatic 6. in . . . feras : the prepo- sition here expresses purpose ; cf. Prop. 1, 7, 6, n. 7. divitis: 'precious'; cf. i, 9, 3 1 : non nllo divitis auri pon- dere ; 3, 3, 1 1 : nam grave quid prodest pondus mihi divitis auri ; Prop. 3, 5, 4. —vitium est auri: cf. I, I, I ; Prop. 3, 7, 1-2. 8. faginus : a token of primitive simplicity in Rome, before the advent of cups made of silver and gold, or precious stones ; cf. Prop. 3, 5, 4; Plin. JV. H. 16, 38: Manias Curius iuravit se iii/iil ex praeda attigisse praeter guttum faginuin quo sacrificaret ; Ovid, A/et. 8, 669; J^asr. 5, 522: pocula fagus erant ; Verg. Ec. 3, 36.. The same general idea is brought out in Tib. i, i, 37-4O1 where the picti/ia pocula (of com- mon pottery) are praised; cf. i, I, 38, n. — scyphus: cf. Varro, apud Gell 3, 14, 3. 9. vallus : the rarer masc. form for ihe sake of the meter. 10. varias : no effort was made to separate sheep of different col- ors, but all were allowed to run in the same flock. — dux gregis = 'the shepherd' ; but in 2, i, 58, dux pecoris = ' the ram' ; cf Ovid, A 1)1. 3. 13, 17: duxque gregis cor nil per t em par a dura recurve. 11. foret: for the more exact puis set, i.e. o si tum vixissem ! The tense makes the picture more vivid. An unfulf:lled wish in this form is rare; cf. G. 261, N. 2. — vulgi : it is an everyday passion, fit for the rabble, to fight and win sordid gain ; Tibullus thinks his tastes purer and higher. 13. nunc = vvv Se, 'as it is,' re- ferring to the actual state of affairs by way of contrast to the previ- ous condition contrary to fact. — trahor : the syllable is lengthened in this thesis before the following caesura. Cf. Intr. §43; Verg. Aen. II, 323: co/isidant si tantus amor, et moenia condant. — quis : for the more usual a/iquis, be- cause taken closely with forsitan, a compound of a?i. 149 10, 14] TIBVLLl 15 20 haesura in nostro tela gerit latere, sed patrii servate lares : aluistis et idem, cursarem vestros cum tener ante pedes, neu pudeat prisco vos esse e stipite factos : sic veteris sedes incoluistis avi. tunc melius tenuere fidem, cum paupere cultu stabat in exigua ligneus aede deus. hie placatus erat, seu quis libaverat uvam seu dederat sanctae spicea serta comae : atque aliquis voti compos liba ipse ferebat postque comes purum filia parva favum. 14. haesura : ' destined to rankle.' 15. servate: i.e. from wiix, not in war. — et idem : pleonastic. 16. tener: 'in tender youth.' — ante pedes: because the little images of the Lares used to stand in a shrine called the Larariia/i over the hearth ; cf. 2, 2, 22. 17. neu pudeat : cf. i, i, 38. — prisco : ' old-fashioned ' ; cf v. 15; I, 3, 34; 2, I, 60: I, 7, 58. The frequent use of such epithets for the Lares implies a conscious- ness that the}' no longer enjoyed the universal veneration of former days. — stipite : in early times the images of the Lares were made of wood ; later, of stone or metal, often of silver. See Preller'', 2, p. 108; Baum. Denk., Vol. 2, p. 810; I. p. 77, fig. 79. 18. sic: i.e. when your images were fashioned of such humble material as wood. 19. tenuere : sc. homines. — paupere cultu : ' slight adorn- ment.' 20. exigua . . . aede: 'humble shrine,' as contrasted with the more elaborate Lararia of later times. — deus: the reference is here apparently to the Lares ; but a similar simplicity prevailed in early times in the form of other images of divinities ; cf. Ovid, Fast. I, 201-202 : luppiter atigusta vix totus stabat in aede inque lovis dextra fictile fitlmen erat ; Verg. Aen. 7, 177 sqq. : veterwn effigies ex ordi)ie avorum antigua e cedro, Italusqiie paterque Sabiniis . . . vestibido adstabant. 21. placatus: 'gracious.' — uvam = vininn. 22. spicea serta: cf. i, i, 15. 23. aliquis = si qtiis erat. 24. filia parva : cf. Ovid, Fast. 2, 652 : porrigit incisos filia parva favos. On the propitiatory power of honey, especially for the souls of the dead, cf. Porph. De Ant. A^w///. i6and 28. Wissowa (/?^/. u. Kidt. d.Romer., p. 153) con- siders the Lares to be the souls of the dead. 150 .ci_C ELEGIARVM LIBER I [lo. 37 25 at nobis aerata, lares, depellite tela, hostiaque e plena rustica porcus hara. banc pura cum veste sequar myrtoque canistra vincta geram, myrto vinctus et ipse caput, sic placeam vobis : alius sit fortis in armis, 30 sternat et adversos Marte favente duces, ut mihi potanti possit sua dicere facta miles et in mensa pingere castra mero. quis furor est atram bellis arcessere mortem ? inminet et tacito clam venit ilia pede. 35 non seges est infra, non vinea culta, sed audax Cerberus et Stygiae navita turpis aquae : illic percussisque genis ustoque capillo 26. Pontaniis conjectured a lacuna before this, and stipplied 4 vv. hostiaque e hostia erit w. 37. percussisque perscissisque P peitusisque Livineius rescissisque Lachmann (parcel) ustisque Deutsch. 25. nobis : emphatic ; ' but in my case ' the petition is, " depellite tela ! " 26. porcus : and so an extraor- dinary thankoffering is promised instead of the usual trifling gifts mentioned in vv. 21-24. Sc. er/t. For similar omissions of the copula of. I, 3. 49- 50; Prop. 3. 16, 8. This verse is practically the con- clusion of the condition implied in the impv. depellite ; for the thought cf. I, 1,22. 27. myrtoque: cf. Hor. Car. 3, 23, 16. — canistra: these con- tained sacrificial utensils and offer- ings. 29. sic: by such offerings. — alius : cf . 1,1, i . 32. pingere . . . mero: cf. Ovid, Her. I, 31-32: atque aliquis po- sit a monstrat /era proelia j/ieiisa pingit et exiguo Pergaina tola mero. 34. inminet : note the contrast to arcessere. — tacito . . . pede : cf. Ovid, ^. ^. 3, 712 : ipsa nemns tacito cla»! pede fortis in it. 35. non seges . . . culta : cf. I, 3, 61. The whole description of the lower world following i, 3, 61 is to be compared with this passage. 36. navita turpis : Charon : cf. Verg. Aeit. 6, 315: navita sed trtstis ; 299 : terribili sqnalore Charon ; Prop. 3, 18, 24. 37. percussisque genis : the im- agination of the ancients pictured the dead as continuing in the same state as that in which they were last seen in the flesh, i.e. on the 151 lo, 38] TIBVLLI errat ad obscuros pallida turba lacus. quam potius laudandus hie est quern prole parata 40 occupat in parva pigra senecta casa ! ipse suas sectatur oves, at filius agnos, et calidam fesso conparat uxor aquam. sic ego sim, liceatque caput candescere canis, temporis et prisci facta referre senem. 45 interea Pax arva colat. Pax Candida primum duxit araturos sub iuga curva boves, Pax aluit vites et sucos condidit uvae, funderet ut nato testa paterna merum : pace bidens vomerque nitent — at tristia duri 50 militis in tenebris occupat arma situs — 39. quam GP quin AV. 40. occupat occulit P. 46. curva AV panda P. 49. bidens PV nitens A. vomerque PV vomer A. nitent Guyetus nitet P vident A viderit V vigent sec. man. V w. funeral pyre. Cf. 2, 6. 39-40. Hence the idea of shades • with smitten cheeks and singed locks' (• sunken chaps.' — Cranst.). 38. lacus : the rivers of the lower world are continually repre- sented as sluggish, like standing water; cf. 3, 5, 24; Prop. 4, 11, 15; Verg. Aen. 6, 323: Cocyti stagna alta vides Stygiamque pa- in de in. 39. laudandus : ' to be deemed happy.' — hie: rare quantity. 40. occupat: 'overtakes.' — pigra : cf. i, i, 58. 42. aquam: for bathing. Cf. Hor. Epod. 2, 43 : exstniat lignis focu7n lassi sub adventuiii I'iri. 43. sic ego sim: cf. the close of the previous paragraph, v. 29 ; the poet recurs to the main wish, viz. to avoid war and enjoy peace. — candescere: cf. Prop. 2, 18, 5 : quid inea si canis aetas candesceret annis. — canis: ?>z. capillis. 44. temporis . . . prisci : cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 3, 173; laudator temporis acti, a tendency characteristic of old age. 45. interea: i.e. till I reach old age. Cf. I, I. 69. 46. araturos : A. 499, 2. Cf. i, 7, 29. — curva : cf. Ovid, Ex P. 1 , 8, 54 : ducaJH ruricolas sub iuga curiia boves. 48. testa: i.e. amphora; cf. note on 2, 5. 85. — merum: see B. G., p. 128, n. 7. 49. nitent: cf. Ov'\6., Fast. 4, 927 : sarcula mine durusque bidens \i.2 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [lo, 63 rusticus e lucoque vehit, male sobrius ipse, uxorem plaustro progeniemque domum. sed Veneris turn bella calent, scissosque capillos femina perfractas conqueriturque fores : 55 flet teneras subtusa genas, sed victor et ipse flet sibi dementes tarn valuisse manus. at lascivus Amor rixae mala verba ministrat, inter et iratum lentus utrumque sedet. ah lapis est ferrumque, suam quicumque puellam 60 verberat : e caelo deripit ille decs. sit satis e membris tenuem rescindere vestem, sit satis ornatus dissoluisse comae, sit lacrimas movisse satis : quater ille beatus 51. IFaupt conjectured the loss of a distich before this v. 55. subtusa obttisa Nemethy. 61. rescindere « perscindere AV. et vofiier aduncus, ruris opes, ni- ieant ; inqiihiet anna situs. 51. lucoque: the sacred grove where the reHgious rites of a rural holiday would be celebrated, fol- lowed by the festive amusements of the day. Cf. Prop. 4, 6, 71 ; Ovid, Fast. 3, 525 sqq. ; Hor. Ep. 2, I, 140-144. For the position of the -que, cf. Intr. §28; Munro\s note on Lucr. 2, 1050 ; Ovid, Fast. 2, 177, etc. — male = «(^« .• cf. Ovid, Fa.st . 6, 785 : ecce suhurbana rediens male sobrius aede ; Her. 7, 27 : ille quidem male gratus ; Verg. Aen. 2, 23 : statio male fida carinis. — ipse: as distinguished from the wife and children. Cf. for the customary indulgence 2, I, 29. 52. Cf. Livy, 5, 40, 10. 53. scissosque capillos : with this passage cf. Prop. 2, 5, 21 sqq.; Hor. Car. 1,1"], 26-28. 56. flet : cf. 2. 5, 103. 58. iratum . . . utrumque: 'the angry pair' (Cranst.). — lentus: ' calmly ' ; cf. Ovid, Am. 3, 6. 59- 60 : ///(■ Jtahet et silices et Tiinn/i ill pectore ferriim. qui tenero lacri- >nas lentus in ore videt. 59. Cf. V. 2; I, I, 63. 60. deripit: cf i, 2, 82: ser- taque de Sanctis deripuisse focis. The idea here is borrowed from the attack of the Giants upon heaven. 62. sit satis : cf. the repetition in I, I, 43. — dissoliiisse : for the tense cf. i, i, 46. n. 63. For another point of view see I, I, 51. — quater: a variation 153 ro, 64] TIBVLLI quo tenera irato flere puella potest. 65 sed manibus qui saevus erit, scutumque sudemque is gerat et miti sit procul a Venere. at nobis, Pax alma, veni spicamque teneto, perfluat et pomis candidus ante sinus. LIBER SECVNDVS I Quisquis adest, faveat : fruges lustramus et agros, ritus ut a prisco traditus extat avo. 68. perfluat w prefluat AV profluat G. on the common formula, terqiie qiiaierque ; cf. 3, 3, 26 ; Verg. Ae/i. 1.94. 65. scutumque . . . gerat : i.e. let him rather than me go to war. 67. Representations of Pax (found mostly on coins) commonly have not only an olive branch and a cornucopia, but also a bundle of ears of corn in one hand. — teneto : the colloquial impv. in -^0 without special fut. force. Cf. PAPA., Vol. 26 (1895), p. Ixi. 68. ante : adv. of place. As different Roman festivals had certain features in common, it is not always easy to decide posi- tively which occasion may be in the mind of a poet like Vergil or Tibullus. Some of the features in the following description have led editors to suppose the poet to refer to the Sementivae, or Paga- nalia, celebrated in January ; cf. Ovkl FasL I. 657-680; Fowler, Pfl///. p£s/.. pp. 294 sqq. But the poet is more commonly supposed to be describing the Ambarvalia. Cf. Fowler, /?(^w/. PesL^pp. 124 sqq. Cf. also Fowler, Class. Re7>.^\'o\. 22 (1908). pp. 37-40. Besides the public festival of the Ambarvalia, celebrated annually in May, every Roman possessor of a farm used to perform similar rites of purifica- tion for his own fields and crops about the last of April or first of May. The name of the festival is derived from the custom of lead- ing thrice around the estate {arva and ambire) the sacrificial victim or victims before slaying them. At the greater celebration the vic- tims were a boar, a ram, and a bull {suovetjurilia) ; but private citi- 154 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [I, 6 Bacche, veni, dulcisque tuis e cornibus uva pendeat, et spicis tempora cinge, Ceres. luce sacra requiescat humus, requiescat arator, et grave suspense vomere cesset opus. zens might employ the lesser siio- vetaiirilia (pig, lamb, calf), or offer only one of these. The di- vinities especially worshiped were Mars (in early times), Ceres, and Bacchus. This description of the Ambarvalia must have been writ- ten after 27 B.C. (cf. V. 33), per- haps the next spring. Another picture of tlie same festival may be seen in Verg. Georg. i, 338 sqq. For a modern description see Walter Pater's Marius the Epicurean, pp. 3 sqq. I-14: Invitation to the feast: ' Keep silence all ! Come, Bac- chus ! Come, Ceres ! This is a sacred day, a day of rest for man and beast. Come purified to the sacred altars! 15-26: The sol- emn procession advances. Gods of my father, accept this offering, defend field and flock, and grant prosperity to my estate. Lo! the prayer is heard. 27-36: Now let us enjoy the festal banquet, and drinli our fill ; and while each pledges thy health, Messalla, come thyself and inspire my song of praise. 37-66 : My theme is agri- culture and its gods. They taught men to lead a civilized life. How delightful is rustic life, with its plenty and its joys! Hence came the drama, the forms of worship, and the art of weaving. 67-90 : Cupid, too, they say, is a child of the fields. How skillful and bold he has grown ! Neither old man, youth, nor maid is safe from his darts. Yet happy he who wins his favor ! Come then, Cupid, to the feast, but leave thy quiver behind. Invoke, friends, the favor of this God for the flocks ; for yourself too, if you will. Make merry ! for night comes on apace.' I. faveat : sc. Ihiffaa, i.e. let no inauspicious word fall. Cf. 2, 2, I ; Hor. Car. 3. 1,2: favete Un- guis. — fruges lustramus : i.e. by anticipation. 3. cornibus : Bacchus was some- times represented with horns, as an emblem of power and abun- dance (cf. cornucopia) ; cf. Baum. Denk., p. 435; Prop. 3. 17, 19: per te et tua cornua., vivam ; Hor. Car. 2, 19, 29: te vidit insons Cerberus aureo cornit decorum ; K. P. H. in A/^., Vol. 5 (1901), p. 7. 4. spicis . . . cinge : the wreath of ears of corn was a stated attri- bute of Ceres; cf. i. i. 15 ; i, 10, 22 ; Hor. Car. Saec. 30 : spicea donet Cerereiii corona. Baum. Deiik., p. 417. 5. luce = die. — 5 sqq. : cf. Ovid, Fast. 1,663-665. 6. suspenso : so slight and sim- ple an affair was the ancient plow 155 ». 7j TIBVLLI 10 15 solvite vincla iugis : nunc ad praesepia debent plena coronato stare boves capite. omnia sint operata deo : non audeat ulla lanificam pensis inposuisse manum. vos quoque abesse procul iubeo, discedat ab aris, cui tulit hesternaTgaudia nocte Venus, casta placent superis : pura cum veste venite et manibus puris sumite fontis aquam. cernite, fulgentes ut eat sacer agnus ad aras vinctaque post olea Candida turba comas, di patrii, purgamus agros, purgamus agrestes : (for a description see Verg. Georg. 1, 169-175) that this word is Hter- ally correct. The plow was often hung on a limb in the same posi- tion as that of a sc3the to-day. 7. iugis : • the team,' just as we say, "a yoke of oxen ■' Best con- sidered as a dat. ; for the connec- tion shows that everything is to be done on this occasion for the comfort and well-being of the cattle, as well as that of their owners. This does not prevent the emphasizing of the idea of separation in translation. Cf. A 229; H. 427. 8. Wreathing of cattle was practiced not merely when the animals were to be sacrificed. One of the most familiar decora- tive features in art is garlanded ox skulls. 9. operata : ' be performed in honor of,' i.e. ' praise ' ; cf. v. 65 ; 2, 5. 95 ; Prop. 2, 28, 45 ; Verg. Geotg. I. 339. — non: instead of the regular ne, because it belongs ,to ulla ; fiullus is quite often di- vided in poetry. — ulla : sc. piiella ; cf. I, 3. 87. Woman's work is to stop, as well as man's. 10. lanificam : a poetic adjec- tive, perhaps first found in this passage. 11. vos: explained by the fol- lowing clause, where the construc- tion changes ; for a similar change from plural to singular, cf. i, 6, 39 : i/i/u procul absitis, qjiisquis col it arte capillos. 14. fontis: only living water would do for purposes of purifi- cation. 15. agnus : the victim had been led three times around the farm, and is now about to be sacrificed. 16. Candida: cf. i, 10, 27. — turba : the \\\\o\& fa/fiilia, agrestes, etc. 17. di patrii: an indefinite term, including doubtless Mars, Bacchus, and Ceres, and all others under whose protection the an- cestral estate had hitherto thrived. 56 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [i. 27 20 25 vos mala de nostris pellite limitibus, neu seges eludat messem fallacibus herbis, neu timeat celeres tardior agna lupos. turn nitidus plenis confisus rusticus agris ingeret ardenti grandia ligna foco, turbaque vernarum, saturi bona signa coloni. ludet et ex virgis extruet ante casas. eventura precor : viden ut felicibus extis significet placidos nuntia fibra deos ? nunc mihi fumosos veteris proferte Falernos 18. pellite: 'avert': used in- stead of the obsolete averruncare of the ancient formula. 19. eludat: originally a gladi- atorial term, to 'parry' an enemy's thrust ; hence to ' disappoint.' We should have expected nies- sore/n ; but the ' crop ' is repre- sented as disappointed because it cannot fulfill i's promise. — herbis : the green blades which make only a fair show. 21. turn: 'in that case,' /.^. if my prayers are granted . — nitidus : ' trim.' 22. Cf. Hor. Epod. 2, 43: sacrian vetiistis exstniat lignis focuvi. 24. ante : adverb, sc. fores. — casas : leafy bowers such as were often woven together on festal oc- casions, in which to enjoy the luxuries of idleness and wine- drinking. Cf. 2, 5. 97; Pervigi- liiDii Ven. 6-7 : inter umbras arbornm inplicat casas vireniis de flagello ttiyrteo ; Copa 8 : et tridia utnbrosis frigida harimdin- ibiis ; Ovid, Fast. 3, 528: c minis frondea facta casa est ; C7ass. J?ev., Vol. 22 (1908), p. 39. 25. extis: including theoreti- cally the liver, heart, lungs, gall, and caul of the victims ; but we need not suppose that a minute examination was made, if there were signs of a propitious omen. 26. fibra : here in the proper signification of the filament ter- minating the exta ; often by syn- ecdoche for exta itself, as in i, 8, 3 : nee tnihi sunt sortes nee conscia fibra deoruni. 27. fumosos: wine was com- monl}- left in a fieinariit/n, or smoke-chamber, where it gathered a flavor much relished by the ancients; cf. Ov\d, Fast. 5, 518: funwso condita vina cado. B. G., p. 489. — Falernos : sc. cados. Falernian and Chian wines are types of the choicest vintages, native and foreign. As the former was acid and the latter sweet, they were favorites for mixing. Cf. Intr. § 42, I (4). 157 1, 28] TIBVLLI consulis et Chio solvite vincla cado. vina diem celebrent : non festa luce madere 30 est rubor, errantes et male ferre pedes. sed ' bene Messallam ' sua quisque ad pocula dicat, nomen et absentis singula verba sonent. gentis Aquitanae celeber Messalla triumphis et magna intonsis gloria victor avis, 35 hue ades adspiraque mihi, dum carmine nostro redditur agricolis gratia caelitibus. rura cano rurisque deos. his vita magistris desuevit querna pellere glande famem : 1. 29. celebrent AV celebrant P. 38. glande GP grande AV. 28. consulis : the age of the wine was indicated by the name, on the jar or the tag attached to it. of the consul under whom it was made. Good Falernian, ac- cording to Plin. A^. H. 23, 34, should be not less than 15 years old. ^vincla: botli the stopper and the gypsum or pitch with which it was sealed. 29. madere : sc. vitio. Cf. 2, 2, 8 ; 5, 87 ; Plaut. Most. 319: ecquid tibi videor iiia-iua-ina- dere f 30. errantes : • unsteady.' 31 . bene Messallam : sc. valere iuheo ; cf. our own abbreviated form of toasts, " Here's to," etc. Cf. Ovid, J^asL 2. 637 : 'dene vos, bene te, patriae pater, optime Caesar ! ' 32. absentis: sc. Messallae ] the participle has concessive force. — singula : a hyperbole : let his name recur at almost every word spoken, i.e. be constantly on the lips of the banqueters ! 33. celeber: this may be the first instance of the use of the word in the sense of ' famous.' — triumphis : for the plural cf. i, 7, 5 ; the occasion is the same there referred to. 34. intonsis : a common epithet cf the Romans of early times, be- fore the tonsorial art was in vogue. Cf. Hor. Car. i, 12, 41 : intojtsis Curium ca pi II is. Cf. i, 7, 16. n. 35. ades adspiraque: Messalla is invoked, as if he were one of the Muses. So Vergil called upon Maecenas in Georg. 2, 39 : tuque ades, inceptuntque una decurre laborem, decus . . . Maecenas. 36. agricolis: 'patrons of hus- bandry.' 38. glande : for acorns as a staple of food in the Golden Age, cf. Ovid, Met. i, 106; Atn. 3, 10, 9; Fast. I, 676; Tib. 2, 3, 68: 158 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [I. 52 illi conpositis primum docuere tigillis 40 exiguam viridi fronde operire domum, illi etiam tauros primi docuisse feruntur servitium et plaustro supposuisse rotam. turn victus abiere feri, turn consita pomus, turn bibit inriguas fertilis hortus aquas, 45 aurea turn presses pedibus dedit uva liquores mixtaque securo est sobria lympha rnero. rure terunt messes, calidi cum sideris aestu deponit flavas annua terra comas, rure levis verno flores apis ingerit alveo, 50 conpleat ut dulci sedula melle favos. agricola adsiduo primum satiatus aratro cantavit certo rustica verba pede 43. turn consita AG tunc consita V tunc insita w. glans alat, et prisco more bibantur aquae, glans ah/it veteres. 41. Ovid. A)n. 3, 10, 13 : prima iugis tauros supponere colla coegtt et veterem cu>-7'0 deiite revellit tuDniDH. — illi : for the elision cf. Intr. § 42. 44. inriguas: in the active sense, as in Ovid, A7)i. 2, 16. 2 : inriguis ora salubris aqiiis. 46. securo : another poetical active instead of the ordinary pas- sive use ; cf. Verg. Aen. 6, 715: securos latices et longa obliina potant. 47. rure : abl. without a prepo- sition for the more usual locative ruri. — terunt : the subject is in- definite = agricolae. — sideris : ac- cording to the usage of the Roman p>oets Tibullus can scarcely escape here the charge of ambiguity, as sidiis might refer either to the sun, or to Sirius ; most editors refer this passage to the sun, but without any very good reason think Hor- ace is referring to the dog star in Epod. I, 27: ante sidus fervidum. So Ovid, Met. i, 424, aetherioque recens exarsit sidere limus, is quoted as referring to the sun ; but Tibullus, I, 7. 21, attributes the same result to Sirius as Vergil does in Aett. 3, 141 : tum steriles exurere Sirius agros. 48. annua = qitotatinis, an odd adverbial use. with sucli a noun as terra. — comas: here used of the grain itself. 49. verno: agreeing with alveo, but used in the adverbial sense. — alveo: synizesis. 52. certo . . . pede: 'regular rhythm.' IS9 I' 53j TIBVLLI et satur arenti primum est modulatus avena carmen, ut ornatos diceret ante deos, 55 agricola et minio suffusus, Bacche, rubenti primus inexperta duxit ab arte chores, huic datus a pleno, memorabile munus, ovili dux pecoris curtas auxerat hircus opes, rure puer verno primum de flore coronam 60 fecit et antiquis inposuit laribus. rure etiam teneris curam exhibitura puellis molle gerit tergo lucida vellus ovis. hinc et femineus labor est, hinc pensa colusque, tusus et adposito pollice versat opus : 58. curtas auxerat hircus opes IVaardenburg yrcus hauxerat yrcus oves A hauserat VG hiitas duxerat hircus oves Heinsitts. 53. satur: 'after eating his fill.'' — avena: for a similar scene cf. Verg. Ec. i, 1-2. 54. ornatos : with wreaths. 55. minio : originally, doubt- less, made of the lees of wine, the most convenient substance on such occasions. Cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 3, 277 : quae canerent agerentqiie peruiicti faecibiis or a. Later a prepared vermilion was used for botli man and god; cf. i, i, 17. From this custom masks came to be used in the dramatic representations origi- nating in the same rustic festivals. — Bacche : it was at the festivals of Dionysus that the Greek drama began, just as such native Italian dramatic forms as the Fescenninae and Saturae came from similar celebrations in Etruria. 56 ab : used to make it clear that the idea is one of source here. Cf. Prop. 2, 27, II, n. 1 57. huic : i.e. agricolae, in rec- ognition of his skill as leader of the chorus. — ovili: we might have expected caprili ; but this word seems to have been little used and ovile elsewhere does duty for both sheep and goats ; cf. Ovid, Met. 13, 828 : aliis in ovilibus Jiaedi. Cf. Bentley, Horace,Yo\. 2, p. 33. 58. auxerat : for the tense cf. Prop. I, 12, II ;■ 2, 13,38, n ; Ovid, Trist. 3, 1 1, 25 : non sum ego quod fueram. 62. lucida : an unusual adjective in the sense of ' white,' indicating a glistening effect, and correspond- ing to our familiar expression, * as white as snow.' used of wool. 63. hinc refers to the wool. 64. pollice : the thumb of the right hand, while the left hand holds the distaff; Cat. 64. 313: tu7H prono in pollice iorquens 60 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [i, 80 65 atque aliqua adsiduae textrix operata Minervae cantat, et adplauso tela sonat latere, ipse quoque inter agros interque armenta Cupido natus et indomitas dicitur inter equas. illic indocto primum se exercuit arcu : 70 hei mihi, quam doctas nunc habet ille manus ! nee pecudes, velut ante, petit : fixisse puellas gestit et audaces perdomuisse viros. hie iuveni detraxit opes, hie dicere iussit limen ad iratae verba pudenda senem : 75 hoc duce custodes furtim transgressa iacentes ad iuvenem tenebris sola puella venit et pedibus praetemptat iter suspensa timore, explorat caecas cui manus ante vias. ah miseri, quos hie graviter deus urget ! at ille ""^ 80 felix, cui placidus leniter adflat Amor. 67. quoque inter agros A quoque inter greges V interque greges G apros R. Klotz. libratjim tereti versatat tiirbhie 67. Cf. Pervigiliton Ven. yj : fusum; Ovid, Met. 6, 22: sive ipse Amor piier Dionae r2ire natus levi teretem versabat poUice fustiin. dicitur. Tibulius is fond of using 65. aliqua : i.e. here and there ipse with the name of a divinity ; one. — operata: 'engaged in the cf. e.g. i, 3, 58; 2, 2, 5 ; i, 8, 5. service of ; cf. note on v. 9. — 73. The perfect tenses express Minervae : the patroness of weav- customary action. ing ; cf. H. & T. § 39. This is best 74. iratae : sc. puellae. considered ;/f;/ a case of metonymy. 76. iuvenem: ' her lover.' 66. latere : used collectively, 77. pedibus praetemptat iter : referring to the pieces of brick by ' her way on tiptoe feels' which the threads of the warp were (Cranst. ). weighted to keep them taut, and 78. ante: adverb, which would often strike together 80. adflat : cf. 2, 4, 57 : ubi as the web was moved back and indomitis gregibus Venus adflat forth for the passage of the shuttle ; afnores. — Amor: the more com- ' rings the web beneath the driven mon name of this god in Tibul- lay' (Cranst.). lus. ROM. EL. POKTS II l6l I. 8i] TIBVLLI sancte, veni dapibus festis, sed pone sagittas et procul ardentes hinc precor abde faces, vos celebrem cantate deum pecoriqiie vocate voce : palam pecori, clam sibi quisque vocet. 85 aut etiam sibi quisque palam : nam turba iocosa obstrepit et Phrygio tibia curva sono. ludite : iam Nox iungit equos, currumque sequuntur matris lascivo sidera fulva choro, postque venit tacitus furvis circumdatus alls 90 Somnus et incerto Somnia nigra pede. 81. sancte: cf. Cat. 64, 95: sancte puer, air is hominum qui gaudia f/iisces. — veni : followed by the dat., as if it were ades. 83. celebrem : ' to whom many resort '; cf. 4, 4, 23 ; Hor. Car. 2, 12. 20 : Dianae Celebris die. 86. obstrepit : i.e. the noise is so great that there is no danger of being overheard. — tibia curva: the Phrygian pipe was bent only at its mouth, where it terminated in a broadening curve. Cf. Rich's Diet. s.7>. tibia. 6 ; Howard in Harv. Stud. 10. 19. As it was associated with the worship of Cybele, the playing is here referred to as wild and noisy, such as to drown other sounds. Cf. Cat. 63, 22 : tibicen ubi canit Phryx curvo grave c alamo. 87. Nox : among the Greeks and Romans night was not regarded as a negative idea, but was as defi- nitely conceived of as moving through the heavens once every twenty-four hours as was day. So, as the sun drove his chariot, and the moon rode backward on her steed, the personified Night is spoken of as driving over the heavenly course a chariot, some- times with two horses, as in Ver'g. Aeti. 5, 721 : et Nox atra poluin bigis subvecta tenebat ; at others, with four horses, as in Tib. 3, 4, 1 7 : iam Nox aetheriuvi nigris emensa quadrigis. 88. matris : the idea that the stars are children of night is sev- eral times expressed by the Greek poets, e.g. Or ph. Hymn. 7. 3 : a(ni.pf.% oipdvLOL, Nijktos <^tAu T€Kva fjuXalvr]^ ; but of the Ro- mans Tibullus alone seems to have imitated the figure. 89. circumdatus alls : Tibullus evidently has in mind the con- ception of the god of sleep most common in the art of his own time, viz. that of a bearded man with large wings on the shoulders, and others on the head, which together seem almost to envelop the rest of the figure. Cf. Baum. Denk., p. 707. 90. Dreams may be regarded as the children of Sleep. — nigra • 'gloom-wrapt' (Cranst.). 162 ELEGIARVM LIBER II Us Dicamus bona verba : venit Natalis ad aras : quisquis ades, lingua, vir mulierque, fave. urantur pia tura focis, urantur odores quos tener e terra divite mittit Arabs. ipse suos Genius adsit visurus honores, 2. 5. Genius adsit adsit Genius w. 2, 2 To his friend Cornutus, whose first birtliday since his marriage is being celebrated, Tibullus sends this dainty poem, with good wishes appropriate to the occasion. Cor- nutus is. perhaps, the M. Caecilius Cornutus wlio became a member of the Arval College about 20 B.C., and may be identical with the Cerinthus of Bk. 4, the latter name being then a poetic pseudonym. His bride in that case is Sulpicia. Cf. Intr. § 26; Bell. U., pp. 292, 297 sqq. i-io : ' While all keep a propi- tious silence, let acceptable offer- ings be made to your Genius, and let him graciously draw nigh to enjoy your worship and listen to your petitions. Lo ! Our prayer is granted. Make known your re- quest. 11-22: My guess is that you will ask for the unchanging love of your beloved wife, which is better than all other earthly wealth. Your wish is fulfilled. Now let Amor seal the bond, never to be broken, and thus, in your old age, may a numerous progeny gladden the hearts of their grandparents.' 1. bona: • of good omen'; cf. Ovid, Fast. 2, 638 : snffuso per bona verba niero. — Natalis = Genius ; cf. 4, 5, 19 : «/ //n bona verba loqui. 3. pia: adverbial, Muly.' 4. tener : ' effeminate ' ; cf. Verg. Georg. i, 57: India mittit ebitr, molles sua tura Sabaei ; by the Romans this character was attributed to the people of the East (not very logically) because they produced the things that wo- men and fops admired. — terra . divite : Arabia Felix, the country x'^-^ of the Sabaeans ; cf. 4, 2, 18. 5. Genius: cf. i, 7, 49, n. For the quantity cf. Intr. §43. — vi- surus expresses pure purpose. — honores : such as have been al- ready described, i, 7, 49 sqq., and 163 2, 6] TIBVLLI cui decorent sanctas mollia serta comas, illius puro destillent tempora nardo, atque satur libo sit madeatque mero, adnuat et, Cornute, tibi, quodcumque rogabis. lo en age, quid cessas ? adnuit ille : roga. auguror, uxoris fidos optabis amores : iam reor hoc ipsos edidicisse deos. nee tibi malueris, totum quaecumque per orbem fortis arat valido rusticus arva bove, IS nee tibi, gemmarum quidquid felicibus Indis nascitur, eoi qua maris unda rubet. vota cadunt : utinam strepitantibus advolet alis flavaque coniugio vincula portet Amor, vincula, quae maneant semper, dum tarda senectus 17. utinam viden ut Guyetus ut iam Baehrens. are here referred to in the follow- ing verses. 7. puro : the costly nard oil of Arabia was commonly diluted, but is to be used ' unmixed ' in the worship of the Genius. 8. libo: cf. I, 7, 54. — madeat : not in the sense of 2, i. 29; but the word corresponds for potables to the use oi satur for edibles. 12. edidicisse: because they have heard this same prayer so often. 14. fortis : ' honest ' ; cf. French brave; and the obsolete English vague use of " brave " : e.g. "It being a brave day, I walked to Whitehall" (Pepys). 15. gemmarum: 'pearls'; cf. 4, 2, 19; Prop. I, 14, 12. 16. eoi : the Indian Ocean is vaguely referred to, although its richnessin abundanceof pearls was doubtless exaggerated in the im- agination of classical writers ; cf. Curtius, 8, 9, 19 : gemmas margari- tasque mare litoribus infiitidit. — rubet : the characteristic hues of the Red Sea proper are extended to the whole Erythraean Sea, or Indian Ocean ; they were largely due to coral formations ; cf. 4, 2, 19. 17. cadunt: 'are fulfilled'; cf. Eng " fall to the lot of." — strepi- tantibus : 'rustling.' 18. flava : 'flame-colored,' the color of the bridal veil, in token of the kindling ardor of love's passion. Cf Cat. 61, 121 : iollite, o piieri, faces: flamtiieuni video 7'etiirc — vincula : the god is not besought to grant prayers already answered, but to confirm the 164 ELEGIARVM LlBER 11 ts. 2 20 inducat rugas inficiatque comas, hie veniat Natalis avis prolemque rainistret, ludat et ante tuos turba novella pedes. 5 c^ Phoebe, fave : novus ingreditur tua templa sacerdos : hue age cum cithara carminibusque veni. 21. hie A hec Vhaec G hac Heinsius sic Belling. Natalis genialis Raeh- rens. avis avi Heinsius. prolemque prolesque Baehrens. 22. et ut a>. answer by personally sealing the bond of passionate marital affec- tion. 21. hie = talis, i.e. may he con- tinue to come attended by Amor, as the years pass. — prolemque: the noun is collective. Cf. i, 7 55. For copula, cf. the position I, 10, 51, n. 2, 5 of the Written in honor of the instal- lation of iVIessalla's elder son, M. Valerius Corvinus Messalla Mes- salinus, as a member of the sacred college of Sibylline priests {qicin- decimviri sacris faciuiuiis et sibyl- linis libris inspiciendis'). For further information about this man cf. Tac. Ann. 3, 34 ; i, 8; Teuffel, § 267, 6. The number of priests, origi- nally two, was later increased to ten. and, probably in Sulla's time, to fifteen. Under the Caesars the number was indefinitely enlarged, though the appellation Qiiinde- ci)nviri was not again changed. The addition of Messalinus at this time brought the number up to twenty-one. The honor of becom- ing a member of this priestly col- lege was much sought by noble Roman youth. The Valerian ^^wj prided itself on its prominence in the Roman religion ; cf. Preller^, Vol. 2, p. 86. In the inscription V c^ A <**«x^'^t;ommemorating the Secular Games in 17 B.C. {Eph. Epig. 1891, pp. 222, 274) the name of Messalinus occurs last in the list of members of the college. Cf. Lanciani, Pa- gan and Christian Rome, Appen- dix. For the legend concerning the origin of the Sibylline books, cf. Cell. I, 19; Preller\ Vol. i, pp. 299 sqq. ; Diels, Die SibyUinische Blatter. For their subsequent history, cf. Lanciani in Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 69, p. 150 (cf. his Pagan and Christian Rome, p. 75) ; Preller', Vol. i, pp. 306-312, passim; Lact. Itist. i. 6; and the bibliography in M. S. Terry's The Sibylline Oracles. Momm-| sen fixes the date of this poem as J i^j.c. (cf. Eph. Epig. 8, 2, 241). 16; 5' 3] TIBVLLI nunc te vocales inpellere pollice chordas, nunc precor ad laudes flectere verba meas. 5. 4. meas tuas w mea Lackmajin novas Vahlen. 1-18: 'Apollo, accept the new priest who to-day enters thy shrine, and show thine approval by thy presence, decked in festal attire. 19-66 : It was this Sibyl, who to Aeneas, on his arrival in Italy, when naught but rural simplicity reigned wliere now is great Rome, prophesied the city's future great- ness and his own deification. 67-82 : All these things are ac- complished ; likewise the greater prodigies prophesied by other Sibyls. But, Apollo, let dreadful portents now cease ; and give us a favorable omen for the future. 83-104: If the omen is propi- tious, let rustic merriment abound, and all its simple and uncon- strained joys, even to the petty quarrel of the " lover and his lass." 105-122: But perish Cupid's darts! And may my Nemesis spare me till the joyous day when I can sing the praises of Messali- nus celebrating a proud triumph over conquered cities!' (For a more artificial analysis, cf. FAPA., Vol. 26 (1895), p.'vii.) I . Phoebe : Apollo apparently is addressed under the form in which he appeared in the famous statue by Scopas, the Apollo Citharoedus, imported by Augustus from Rham- nus expressly for the temple of Apollo which he built on the Palatine (cf. vv. 2, 5, 7, 8). Rep- resentations of this statue are found on coins of Augustus, and a very similar type on some of Nero, to which corresponds the well-known statue in the Vatican, found at Tivoli. Cf. 3, 4, 23-40; Prop. 2, 31, 15-16; Ovid, Met. II, 165; Fast. 2, 106; Am. 1,8, 59; Baum. Detik.^WoX. i, p. 99; von Sybel, p. 236. Friedlander, Das Kgl. M'lhiz Kabiiiet, No. 992; k. P. H. in A/A., Vol. 5 (i90i),p. 7. — templa : although we have no record of the transfer of the Sibylline books to the Palatine temple of Apollo earlier than 12 B.C. (Suet. Oct. 31), it is probable that they were deposited there much earlier; certainly the only appropriate place accordant with the picture here presented would be that temple. Built by Augustus in honor of his special protecting deity at the battle of Actium, it was dedicated in B.C. 28, and with its surrounding porti- coes and adjacent library was one of the most noted specimens of temple magnificence. Cf. Prop, 4. 6; 2, 31 ; Hon Ca?-. 1,31 ; Suet. Oct. 29; Preller^, Vol. i, pp. 309- 310; Lanciani, Ancient Rome, pp. 109-115. The books were de- posited in the basis on which stood the statue. 3. te : emphatic. Apollo is besought himself to supply the 166 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [5- 15 10 15 ipse triumphali devinctus tempora lauro, dum cumulant aras, ad tua sacra veni. sed nitidus pulcherque veni : nunc indue vestem sepositam, longas nunc bene pecte comas, qualem te memorant Saturno rege fugato victori laudes concinuisse lovi. tu procul eventura vides, tibi deditus augur scit bene quid fati provida cantet avis, tuque regis sortes, per te praesentit aruspex, lubrica signavit cum deus exta notis : te duce Romanes numquam frustrata Sibylla, poet with the prelude to the main part of the song sung by the poet {jiicas), cf. 3, 4, 39-42 : /lanc primuin veniens plectro moditlatiis eburno feliccs cautiis ore sonatite dedit: sed postqnam fiieratit digit i cum voce locuti, edidit liaec didci tristia verba 7iiodo ; cf. Bell. U., p. 163, Anm. — vocales . . . chordas : '• eloquent strains.' — inpellere : the inf. with precor is found no- where else in Tibullus except here (and in the next verse — flectere') though it occasionally occurs in Ovid. 4. flectere verba : 'sing in well- modulated tones.' 5. triumphali : Apollo would appropriately wear the emblems of his own triumphs (cf. vv. 9- 10, n.) when assisting in honor- ing the son of Messalla. For the father's triumph, cf. i. 7; for the son's, yet to come, cf. vv. 115 sqq. — devinctus: cf. v. 117. 7. sed . . . veni : ' not only come, .but come in festal attire'; cf. 1 , 3, 63, n. — nitidus pulcherque : ' in all thy radiant beauty.' 8. sepositam : kept laid aside for special occasions, and so = ' sumptuous.' — longas . . . comas : cf. Ovid, Am. i, 1, 11. 9-10 : explanatory of tri- ti?npJiali in v. 5 ; the reference is to Apollo's triumphant strains on the occasion of Juppiter's van- quishing the Titans. Cf. Sen. AgatH. 332; Verg. Aeii. 8, 319. II. tu : Apollo's personal con- trol is affirmed over each of the four well-known methods of seek- ing prophetic knowledge: (i) the characteristic Roman augury by the flight of birds ; (2) sortes, 'lots'; cf. r, 3, II ; (3) the Etruscan method of divination by examining the entrails of newly slain animals ; (4) the Sibylline books. 15. Sibylla: the Cumaean Sibyl, tlie prophetess from whom, according to the tradition, came the Sibylline books themselves. 167 5. i6] TIBVLLI 20 25 abdita quae senis fata canit pedibus. Phoebe, sacras Messalinum sine tangere chartas vatis, et ipse precor quid canat ilia doce. haec dedit Aeneae sortes, postquam ille parentem dicitur et raptos sustinuisse lares, nee fore credebat Romam, cum maestus ab alto Ilion ardentes respiceretque decs. Romulus aeternae nondum firmaverat urbis moenia, consorti non habitanda Remo, sed tum pascebant herbosa Palatia vaccae et stabant humiles in lovis arce casae. lacte madens illic suberat Pan ilicis umbrae et facta agresti lignea falce Pales, pendebatque vagi pastoris in arbore votum, garrula silvestri fistula sacra deo, fistula, cui semper decrescit arundinis ordo : 116. senis . . . pedibus : dactylic hexameters in which the oracles were expressed. 18. ilia = Sibylla vates. 20. Cf. Verg. Aen. i, 378. 22. ardentes : ' in flames,' ap- plies to both Ilio7i and deos {i.e. the images of the gods). 23. Cf. Verg. Aen. i, 278: his ego nee metas rerion nee tein- pora pono, imperiuni sine fine dedi. — aeternae . . . urbis : ' the eternal city' is no modern name for Rome : cf. F. G. Moore in TAPA., Vol.25 (1894), pp. 34-60. — firma- verat : cf. Prop. 3, 9, 50. With the description of Rome's site in prehistoric times (a favorite sub- ject for Roman poets) cf. Prop. 4, 1 ; Verg. Aen. 8,313-368 ; Ovid, Fast. 1, 509 sqq., 243; A. A. 3, 119. 27. Cf. I, I, 36. — ^Pan: cor- responding in many ways to the Italian Faunus. Cf. Hor. Car. I, 17- 28. Cf. I. I, 18 ; I, 10, 20. 29. votum : a votive offering, the fis/ula of v. 30. 30. silvestri . . . deo = Silva- nus, who was identified with Pan. 31. fistula: the pandean pipe composed of several (usually 7-9) reeds of carefully graded lengths, \ a prototype of the organ, common ) among shepherds. Cf. Ovid, A/eL 2, 682. For its Greek name (syrinx) and origin, cf Ovid, Mel. i. 705-712. For its form see Rich's /?icL s.v. arundo. 168 ELliCIAKVM LIBER II [5. 42 nam calamus cera iungitur usque minor. at qua Velabri regio patet, ire solebat exiguus pulsa per vada linter aqua. 35 ilia saepe gregis diti placitura magistro ad iuvenem festa est vecta puella die, cum qua fecundi fedierunt munera ruris, caseus et niveae candidus agnus ovis. 'inpiger Aenea, volitantis frater Amoris, 40 Troica qui profugis sacra vehis ratibus, iam tibi Laurentes adsignat luppiter agros, iam vocat errantes hospita terra lares. It is described by Ovid, Met. 8, 189-195. Cf. Verg. Ec. 2, 36: disparibiis septem co}ipacta ci- cut is fistula ; Hor. G?r. 4, 12, 10. 32. usque minor: 'constantly decreasing.' 33. at : cf. I, 3, 63, n. — Velabri: the low, swampy valley between the Capitoline, Palatine, and Aven- tine hills, bordering on the Tiber, which was continually overflowing into it. One of the first great engineering enterprises at Rome was the draining of this valley, in- cluding the Forum Romanum site, farther back from the river. This was accomplished by an early sewer along the general line of the present Cloaca Maxima, which still performs its ancient functions and can be inspected at several points. See Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 54; cf. Prop. 4, 9, 5-6: qua Velabra sua stas^nabant flu- mine qiiaqiie nanta per Jirbanas velificabat aquas ; Ovid, East. 6, 405-406. 34. pulsa . . . aqua: cf. Cat. 64, 58 : iuvenis . . . pellit vada remis ; Prop. 4, 2, 8 : remorum auditos per vada pulsa sonos. 35. ilia: i.e. aqua {= via.) — placitura : ' to delight ' ; cf. R. 1115. (3)- 36. iuvenem = g>'^gis . ■ . ma- gistro of the preceding verse. — festa ... die : probably the Pa- lilia (April 21) ; cf v. 87. 39. The speech cf the Sibyl here takes up the thread of thought broken off at v. 20. — frater Amoris : Venus was the mother of Aeneas by Anchises, and of Cupid by Ares (as is usu- ally assumed) ; cf. Verg. Aen. i, 667 : frater ut Aeneas. 40. Troica . . . sacra : the Penates; cf. Verg. Aen. i, 68: portans victosque Penates. 41. Aeneas landed near Lau- rentum, the ancient city near the mouth of the Tiber, where he was hospitably received by Lati- nus. 169 5. 43] TIBVLLI illic sanctus eris, cum te veneranda Numici unda deum caelo miserit indigetem. 45 ecce super fessas volitat Victoria puppes ; tandem ad Troianos diva superba venit ecce mihi lucent Rutulis incendia castris : iam tibi praedico, barbare Turne, necem. ante oculos Laurens castrum murusque Lavinist 50 Albaque ab Ascanio condita longa duce. * te quoque iam video, Marti placitura sacerdos Ilia, Vestales deseruisse focos. 43-44 : The Numicius (or Nu- micus) was the little stream (per- haps the modern Rio Torto) near Lavinium, on whose banks Ae- neas was victorious over the Rutuli and their allies. The legend was that he immediately thereafter disappeared in its waters, and was then deified as Juppiter Indiges, as Romukis afterwards similarly be- came Quirinus. The local genii of places seem to have been rec- ognized originally as their Indi- getes {iiidu + gigno). So the Pater Indiges or Deus Indiges of this spot became identified with Aeneas. Cf. Preller^, pp. 91-94. For the story cf Ovid, Afet. 14, 581-608; Liv. I, 2. 6. Vergil's version of the legend is different. 44. caelo: Madv. §251. Cf. Ytrg.Aeii. 9.785 : tot /niserit Oreo. 45. fessas : cf Aeti. i, 168 : fes- sas non vineula na^'es ulla tenent. — Victoria: referring to the con- quest of the Rutuli. The goddess Victoria (Gr. Nike) was a favorite at Rome, and often represented in art. The most celebrated of all her statues was the Nike of Samo- thrace, which stood on a ship's bow. Perhaps this familiar con- ception suggests to the poet this expression, as if the goddess were now at length hovering above the ship of Aeneas and about to alight on the prow and guide it into a haven of victory. Cf. Baum. Denk., pp. 1019-1023. 48. Turnus, his great enemy, was finally overcome by Aeneas in mortal combat. 49. The first home of the Tro- jan exiles in Italy was a perma- nent camp near Laurentum ; then Aeneas founded Lavinium ; Alba Longa was built years later by Ascanius. 52. Ilia : mother of Romulus and Remus by Mars ; daughter of Aeneas and Lavinia according to the older tradition ; later, in order to weave in the Alban legends, said to be the daughter of Numitor. the Alban king, and, as such, a vestal virgin, usually called Rea Silvia. 170 v»_ ELEGIARVM I.IBER II [5. 63 concubitusque tuos furtim vittasque iacentes et cupidi ad ripas arma relicta dei. 55 carpite nunc, tauri, de septem montibus herbas, dum licet : hie magnae iam locus urbis erit. Roma, tuum nomen terris fatale regendis, qua sua de caelo prospicit arva Ceres, quaque patent ortus et qua fluitantibus undis 60 Solis anhelantes abluit amnis equos. Troia quidem turn se mirabitur et sibi dicet vos bene tarn longa consuluisse via. vera cano : sic usque sacras innoxia laurus 53. furtim modifies the im- plied participle agreeing with co}i- cnbitiis (Heyne suggests /i^/'rt:;;/^;^-). The motive was a favorite one in Roman art, and has survived in various mural paintings and bas- reliefs. See Preller^, Vol. 2, p. 347 ; Friedrichs-Wolters, Antike Bildwerke,]^o. 2141 ; B^inm. Deuk., p. 886 ; Ovid, Fast. 3, 1 1 sqq. 55. septem montibus : rather a conventional than an exact de- scription of the site of Rome. The seven principal elevations now reckoned in the list do not coincide with those of the origi- nal "Septimontium," some of which were "hills" scarcely now distinguishable as such. Cf. Richter-, Topog. 7>nn Rom., pp. 36-38 ; Enc. Brit.. Vol. 23, p. 589 ; Sandys, p. 35; Plainer, pp. 39 sqq. 56. iam : cf. i. i. 70. n. 57. nomen : whatever be its true origin, the name Roma had certainly long before this become identified in the minds of Greek and Roman writers with the Greek 'FiofjLT] (= 'strength \), and was therefore in itseU /ata/e, 'porten- tous.' — terris . . . regendis : cf. Madv. § 415. 58. Cf. Ovid, Fast, i, 85-86; Tuppiter arce sua tot urn cum spec- tet ill orbem, nil nisi Ro?/iannm, quod tueatnr, habet. 59. quaque . . . et qua: 'both where . . . and where.' 60. amnis = Oceaiiiis, which, according to the generally accepted notion, was a stream whose current never ceased to move around the earth. Cf. 3, 4. 17-18 : iain No.v aether imn nigris emeiisa qiiadrigis ninudum caendeo la- verat amne rotas: Horn. //. 14, 245. The river motion is implied also in Cat. 66, 69-70. 61. se: i.e. at her new and greater self, reproduced in mightier Rome. 63. vera cano : sic : to make the form of the adjuration com- plete an ut should be supplied at 171 5. 64] TIBVLLl vescar, et aeternum sit mihi virginitas.' 65 haec cecinit vates et te sibi, Phoebe, vocavit, iactavit fusas et caput ante comas, quidquid Amalthea, quidquid Marpesia dixit Herophile, Phyto Graia quod admonuit, quasque Aniena sacras Tiburs per flumina sortes 68. Phyto Huschke Phebo A Phoebo V Phoeto Lachmann. Graia Lnch- mann grata 0- quod admonuit grataque quod monuit m. 69. quasque w quodque AV quaeque Belling. the beginning to correspond with the sic. Cf. Ter. Haul. 463 ; Prop. I, 18, II. But when the first part of the expression is of an imper- ative or optative nature, sic is equivalent to si with that verb idea repeated in a different form ; e.g. in v. 121 : ad nice : sic tibi stnt = si adiiues, tibi sint. Such expressions are very common in the poets of this period. Cf. 2, 6, 30; Prop. 3, 15, I ; Verg. Ec. 9, 30; Hor. Car. i, 3, i ; Ovid, Her. 3, 135. The fundamental idea of the Roman religion was that of a bargain between men and the gods. A trace of it still survives in our own form of oath, " So help rne.God." — innoxia : in thT^as- sive sense. Cf. Lucr. 6, 394 : volvi- tur in Jia)n»iis innox ins. — laurus : Tibullus uses this noun in the ace. pi. twice elsewhere, but each time in the 2d declension form (v. 117 and I, 7, 7). 64. vescar, like the other de- ^ponent verbs commonly used with the ablative, sometimes governs jthe accusative in early Latin, and 'this is occasionally imitated by 172 writers in all periods. Cf. Tac. Agr. 28. The prophets chewed the laurel leaves^ sacredTcrSpollo", for the sake of inspiration. 66. caput ante: i.e. 'before her forehead.' 67. Amalthea : (quantity the same in Ovid, Fast. 5, 115) best understood as the Cumaean Sibyl herself, following whom three other celebrated Sibyls are men- tioned. Certainly the name of the woman who brought the Sibyl- line books to Tarquin was Amal- thea. Cf. Lact. I, 6; Serv. on Verg. Aen. 6, 72. — Marpesia . . . Herophile : the Erythraean Sibyl, who dwelt at Marpesus, on Mt. Ida, near Troy. 68. Phyto Graia: the Sibyl of Samos, called Greek by contrast with the last mentioned. 69. Tiburs : the famous Sibyl of Tibur, whose name was Albu- nea ; cf. Hor. Car. i, 7, 12. The little church of S. Giorgio at Tivoli, perched on the edge of the precipice above the Anio ravine, is thought to be the temple of Albunea. ELEGIARVM LIBER 11 [5. 8i 70 portarit sicco pertuleritque sinu (hae fore dixerunt belli mala signa cometen, multus Lit in terras deplueretque lapis : atque tubas atque arma ferunt strepitantia caelo audita et lucos praecinuisse fugam, 75 ipsum etiam Solem defectum lumine vidit iungere pallentes nubilus annus equos et simulacra deum lacrimas fudisse tepentes fataque vocales praemonuisse boves), haec fuerunt olim : sed tu iam mitis, Apollo, 80 prodigia indomitis merge sub aequoribus, et succensa sacris crepitet bene laurea flammis, 70. portarit portarat Belling, pertuleritque o) perlueritque pertulerat- que Belling. 71. hae . Macer's. — volet: the mood changes to correspond with the verb of the protasis, du- cent, which expresses a probability. 5. ure : the allusion is to the custom of branding runaway slaves, with all the torture thus implied. — puer: Amor. 7. hie = ego. Cf. Plant. Trin. 2 1 1 5 : hie homost onmium horni- Eng. don't catch this chicken," etc. 8. ipse : Tibullus proposes to enlist merely as a private, and would perform every service, how- ever menial, for himself. — levem : in the same sense in which the word is used of food, i.e. ' easy to digest ' ; so the plain, hard fare of a soldier's life is thought of. Cf. Hor. Od. 1,31, 16; cicJiorea le- vesqiee vialvae. — galea : the handi- est cup a soldier had ; cf. Prop. 3, 12, 8: potabis galea fessus Ara.xts aqua/)!. 10. facta tubast : i.e. not only have I strength in general, but an especial opportunity now open, to go. 11. magna: cf. Ovid, Met. i, 751 : qjiem quondam magna lo- quentein ; 6, 151: cedere caelitibus, verbisqiie /nitioribus iiti. 12. fores: i.e. of the house of Nemesis ; to find her door closed against him takes all the starch out of his brave resolve. 178 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [6, 26 iuravi quotiens rediturum ad limina numquam ! cum bene iuravi, pes tamen ipse redit. 15 acer Amor, fractas utinam tua tela sagittas, si licet, extinctas adspiciamque faces ! tu miserum torques, tu me mihi dira precari (yu^^^^ cogis et insana mente nel^^a loqui. iam mala finissem leto, sed credula vitam 20 Spes f^et et fore eras semper ait melius. Spe^^it agricolas, Spes sulcis credit aratis semina, quae magno fenore reddat ager : haec laqueo volucres, haec captat aruiidine pisces, cum tenues hamos abdidit ante cibus : 25 Spes etiam valida solatur compede vinctum (crura sonant ferro, sed canit inter opus): 14. bene : * finely,' i.e. with great apparent bravado. Cf. Plant. Pers. 495 : it'/ie dictis tuis bene facta mires meae aiixiliitm exposcuitt. — iuravi : H. 599, i . — pes . . . ipse : for the reverse idea cf. Prop. 2, 25. 20 : invitis ipse redit pedi- bus. 15. acer Amor: cf. 4, 2, 6. — sagittas . . . faces : H. & T. § 1 1 1 . 16. adspiciamque : on the posi- tion of the copula cf. 2, 5, 72, n. 18. nefanda : not merely such as have just been spoken (vv. 15- 16), but more serious blasphemies. Cf. 3, 5, 14; 4, 16. 19. finissem: we should expect nisi Spes idtai)i foveret ; but the apodosis becomes an indicative clause, to state the fact more em- phatically. Cf. Ovid, A. A. 3, 43 : nunc quoqiie nescirentl sed ine Cytherea docere iitssit. 20. eras : a scrawler on the walls of the basilica at Pompeii evidently had this verse in mind wlien he wrote {C/L. 4, 1837) : cier gaudia differs speinque foves et eras usque redire iitbes. 22. magno fenore : this modal ablative is really more exact than the corresponding abl. of accomp. in Ovid. Rem. Am. 173: semina . . . quae tibi cum mitlto faenore reddat ager ; for the original seed is not itself returned to the sower with others at all, but comes back to him only by the ' increase.' Cf. I Ep. to the Corinthians 15, 36-3^- 24. tenues : ' slender,' i.e. in comparison to the creatures which are caught on them. 26. crura sonant ferro : the sub- ject is different in English : ' the iron fetters clank upon his legs.' 179 6, 27] TIBVLLI Spes facilem Nemesim spondet mihi, sed negat ilia'. hei mihi, ne vincas, dura puella, deam. parce, per inmatura tuae precor ossa sororis : 30 sic bene sub tenera parva quiescat humo. ilia mihi sancta est, illius dona sepulcro at madefacta meis serta feram lacrimis, illius ad turaulum fugiam supplexque sedebo et mea cum muto fata querar cinere. 35 non feret usque suum te propter flere clientem : illius ut verbis, sis mihi lenta veto, ne tibi neglecti mittant mala somnia manes, — canit : the subject is violently changed to a personal one easily imagined from the context {jiincium^. 27. Nemesim : see Intr. § 24. 28. deam: Spes. 29. inmatura : ' not yet due to death,' so 'untimely.' — ossa: by metonomy for jnors. Cf Prop. I, 19, I, n. — sororis: this rather shadowy person is nameless, but from the definiteness of the details given below seems to be real rather than fictitious. 30. sic . . . quiescat : cf. 2, 5, 63, n. — sub tenera . . . humo: the petition will be that the ground shall rest tenderly upon the ashes of her dead sister as if it had con- sciousness to appreciate the con- ventional request, sit tibi terra levis. The belief that the soul of the dead rested eternally in the grave, while by no means univer- sal among the Romans, is clearly indicated in many epitaphs. Cf. K.P.H. in PAPA., Vol. 30 (1899), p. XXX. 31. dona: besides garlands, these included offerings of blood, oil, milk, honey, and perfumes. B.G^.,p. 521; H.&T. §3. — sepul- cro : not a terminal dat. ; ' in honor of her tomb.' 34. cum: the word implies the poet's expectation of finding sym- pathy with him in his woes. — muto : equivalent to a concessive clause. 35. clientem: he claims her as a patroness, just as in v. 33 he has played the part of a fugitive slave seeking refuge at her tomb. 36. illius ut verbis : ' as if I were using her own words.' — sis : the rare subjv. instead of the regu- lar inf. with veto H. 642, 5. — lenta: 'indifferent.' 37. Cf. H. & T. § 3; Verg. Aen. 6, 896: and J. W. Hewitt in Har7'ard Studies, 19, 92, n. 6. The Manes might also send good 80 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [6, 51 maestaque sopitae stet soror ante torum, qualis ab excelsa praeceps delapsa fenestra 40 venit ad infernos sanguinolenta lacus. desino, ne dominae luctus renoventur acerbi : non ego sum tanti, ploret ut ilia semel. nee lacrimis ociilos digna est foedare loquaces : lena nocet nobis, ipsa puella bonast. 45 lena necat miserum Phryne furtimque tabellas occulto portans itque reditque sinu : saepe, ego cum dominae dulces a limine duro agnosco voces, haec negat esse domi : saepe, ubi nox promissa mihi est, languere puellam 50 nuntiat aut aliquas extimuisse minas. turn morior curis, turn mens mihi perdita fingit, 45. necat G vetat AV vocat Lachmann suggests. dreams. ' Her sweet forg^otten puellae flendo turgiduli rubent shade ' (Williams). ocelli. 39. qualis: cf. i, 10,37,11. 44. lena: 'her old hag of a 40. lacus: cf. Verg. Aen. 6, guardian.' Tibullus feels obliged 134: bis Stygiosin7iare lacus. to vent his feelings upon some- 41. desinS : the only instance body. of the short final syllable in this 45. tabellas: 'billets-doux.' word. Tibullus has also nescio. 47. cum : concessive, with ind. Similar shortenings are rare up to Cf. note on Cat. 68, 32. — duro : it the time of Ovid. Cf. L. 2443. — is called hard-hearted because it luctus: over her sister's untimely will not let him pass to his ladylove, death. 48. haec: letta. Cf. the story 42. Cf. I, I, 51, 52. Thestand- of Nasica and Ennius, Cic. De point of I, 10, 63-64 is a differ- Orat. 2, ch. 68. ent one. Cf. also Ovid, Trist. 49. ' Often when a meeting has 2, 209 : nam non sum tanti, reno- been arranged.' vem ut tua vulnera. 50. aliquas : made by some 43. digna est: 'it is not meet unnamed rival perhaps. that she.' — foedare loquaces: cf. 51. perdita: 'desperately jeal- Cat. 3, 17: tua nunc opera meae ous.' 181 6. 52] riBVLLI qiiisve meam teneat, quot teneatve modis. turn tibi, lena, precor diras : satis anxia vivas, moverit e votis pars quotacumque deos. LIBER TERTIVS Qui primus caram iuveni carumque puellae eripuit iuvenem, ferreus ille fuit. durus et ille fuit, qui tantum ferre dolorem, vivere et erepta coniuge qui potuit. non ego firmus in hoc, non haec patientia nostro ingenio : f rangit fortia corda dolor : nee mihi vera loqui pudor est vitaeque fateri tot mala perpessae taedia nata meae. 52. meam teneat : • is caressing my darling.'' 53. satis : sarcastically ; cf. Eng., ' You'll get all you want of it.' — vivas = s!s. 54. ' Should even the least little bit of my prayers be answered.' A. 519. 3' 2 On the authorship and poetic merit of Book 3. cf. Intr. § 25. 1-8: 'A heartless wretch has stolen my promised bride ; I no longer care to live ; 9-30 : my wish is that Neaera and her mother may duly perform for me all the last sad offices.' 2. ferreus ille fuit: cf. i, 10, 2. Similar imitations of the gen- uine work of Tibullus are frequent in tliis hook. 4. coniuge: 'betrothed'; prob- ably a coniunx by anticipation only ; cf. Verg. Aen. 3. 330 : ereptae magna flinuviatns amare coiiiitgis ; 2. 344 : gener au^iliiDii Priama . . . ferebat. — qui : of the same antecedent as the qui in v. 3 ; cf. Cat. 64. 96 : qiiaegue regis Golgos quaeque Idaliiiiii frandosiun. 5. in hoc = iisqite adeo ; ' to this extent.' 6. For a similarly sententious verse, cf. 3, 4. 76 : vincimhir molh iiectora dura prece. 182 ELEC.TARVM I.lliF.R III [2. 21 10 15 20 ergo cum tenuem fiiero mutatus in umbram candidaque ossa super nigra favilla teget, ante meum veniat longos incompta capillos et fleat ante meum maesta Neaera rogum. sed veniat carae matris comitata dolore : maereat haec genero, maereat ilia viro. praefatae ante meos manes animamque precatae perfusaeque pias ante liquore man us, pars quae sola mei superabit corporis, ossa incinctae nigra Candida veste legent, et primum annoso spargent collecta Lyaeo, mox etiam niveo fundere lacte parent, post haec carbaseis umorem tollere velis 2. 15. precatae w rogate A rogatae V recentem Postgate. 9. ergo: cf. Prop 2, 13, 17. — tenuem ... in umbram : cf. Verof. Ae)i. 4, 278: ill temtetn ex ocnlis evamiit auram. 10. The details of the Roman burial customs here following are given with varying degrees of completeness in several other note- worthy passages ; e.g. Prop. 2, 13 ; I, 17, 19-24; 4, I, 127; Ovid, 7>-/,v/. 3, 3 ; Verg. Aen. 6. 202- 235. See B. G. Excursus, Scene 12; Guhl und Koner*', p. 857. — super . . . teget: tmesis. 12. fleat: of the lament just as the pyre was lighted. — Neaera: cf Intr. § 25 ; also i, i, 61 sqq. 13. matris . . . dolore = a tnatre dolente ; cf. Cat. 66, 50, n. 14. genero . . . viro : dat. ; cf. V. 4, n. 15. sqq.: cf. B.(J. 519. — prae- fatae ante : pleonastic. 16. liquore : i.e. aqua. 18. incinctae : • enveloped ' (in the black mourning robe) . — nigra Candida : the juxtaposition of the words is intended to heighten the effect of the contrast. — veste : in- strumental abl. ; the ashes are gathered into the robe itself. — legent, like spargent in v. 19. ex- presses greater confidence than the following optative subjunc- tives. 20. fundere: cf. 1, 7, 50. — lacte : for its appropriateness as an offering to earth powers, cf. Fowler, Roman Festi7 (lives 0. 22. marmorea . . . domo : i.e. sepulcro ; cf. tlie epitaph in Bue- cheler's Car. Epig. 434, v. 15 : haec dovms aeterna est., hie sum situs, hie ero semper ; also PAPA., Vol. 30, p. XXX ; Prop. 2, 13, 32, n. — sicca: "when dry.' — Only one in every three pentameters in this Elegy opens with a spondee ; and one in every three contains onlv dactyls, e.g. v. 2. Cf. Intr. §42,11(5)- 23. Panchaia : a fabulous island supposed to be in the Erythraean Sea. — merces : perfumes. Cf. Ovid. Fast. 3. 561 : uiixta bibunt tiiflllcs lacriniis itnguenta favillae. 24. Assyria: on the form of the verse cf. Intr. § 42, II (2). 25. lacrimae: cf. i. 3. 8. 26. sic : i.e. as just described. — conponi : ' to be consigned to the tomb'; cf. Prop. 2, 24, 35: tu mea coti pones et dices, * ossa, Pro- perti, haec tua sunt.' — versus in I ossa : ' when I have become " dust to dust."' 27. littera : ' inscription ' ; cf. Ovid, Met. 1 1, 705 : inque sepulcro si non urna, tanien iunget nos littera. 28. celebri : ' upon the thronged highway.' This is exactly the situation that Propertius (3, 16. 25) prays his tomb may not have. 29. Lygdamus : the word oc- curs nowhere else in the book. A comparison of the Greek AvySos suggests the probability that it was formed to furnish an equiva- lent for Albius (Tibullus). 30. perire : poetic with causa ; cf. Verg. Aen. i o, 90 : quae causa fuit, consurgere in arma. As other commentators have re- marked, this was about the last reason Neaera would have as- signed in an epitaph upon a re jectedlover or husband! Tibullus would hardly have been so absurd. 84 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [3. 14 10 Quid prodest caelum votis inplesse, Neaera, blandaque cum multa tura dedisse prece, non ut marmorei prodirem e limine tecti, insignis clara conspicuusque domo, aut ut multa mei renovarent iugera tauri et magnas messes terra benigna daret, sed tecum ut longae sociarem gaudia vitae inque tuo caderet nostra senecta sinu turn cum permenso defunctus tempore lucis nudus Lethaea cogerer ire rate ? nam grave quid prodest pondus mihi divitis auri, arvaque si findant pinguia mille boves ? quidve domus prodest Phrygiis innixa columnis, Taenare sive tuis, sive Caryste tuis, 3. 3 1-26 : ' Alas ! Neaera, what does it profit that I pray continually — not for wealth, for that were idle — but for thy return to me, even though poverty be our lot ? 27- 38 : Without thee not all the riches of the world can satisfy me. Let me have my beloved, or let me die!' 2. blandaque . . . tura : cf. Prop. 4, 6, 5. 3. prodirem: i.e. as the owner. 5. multa: cf i, i, 2. — renova- rent : i.e. by plowing ; cf. Ovid, Trist. 5, 12, 23: assidno si non renovatur aratro. 8. caderet nostra senecta — ego senex occidere>n. lo. nudus : cf Job i, 21 ; Prop. 3, 5, 14. — Lethaea: cf. 3, 5, 24. We might have expected Stygia ; but the poets are not particular to distinguish the in- fernal streams. Mention of the river Lethe does not appear till after the classical Greek period. 12. Sc guid prosit. 13. Phrygiis : a popular marble at Rome ; white with purple streaks. 14. Taenare : the marble quar- ried on this promontory was black. — Caryste : in Euboea ; here a marble combining white and green tints was obtained. The remains of ancient structures in Rome abound in fragments of rare mar- bles, and the interior of such a 18; 3. 15] TIBVLLI 15 20 25 30 et nemora in domibiis sacros imitantia lucos aurataeque trabes marmoreumque solum ? quidve in Erythraeo legitur quae litore concha tinctaque Sidonio murice Ian a iuvat, et quae praeterea populus miratur ? in illis invidia est : falso plurima vulgus amat. non opibus mentes hominum curaeque levantur nam Fortuna sua tempora lege regit. sit mihi paupertas tecum iucunda, Neaera: at sine te regum munera nulla volo. o niveam, quae te poterit mihi reddere, lucem ! o mihi felicem terque quaterque diem ! at si, pro dulci reditu quaecumque voventur, audiat aversa non meus aure deus, nee me regna iuvant nee Lydius aurifer amnis nee quas terrarum sustinet orbis opes, haec alii cupiant, liceat mihi paupere cultu building as the basilica of S. Paolo Fiiori le Miira gives us a slight hint as to the magnificence in that respect that must have been com- mon in Rome's best days. The poets frequently refer to this ; cf. Hor. Car. 2, 18, 3-5; 2, 15, 20; Statius Silv. i, 5, 34 sqq. ; Prop. 3. 2, 9. 15. nemora : in the peristyles of luxurious houses, and the great villas of the wealthy- 16. aurataeque : cf. Hor. Car. 2, 18, I : IVon ebier neqiie aiireicm mea renidet in dome lacunar. 17. concha: by metonomy for the pearl within the concha. Cf. 2, 4, 30 : e rubra hicida concha mart. 20. invidia : i.e. causa invidiae. — falso : * without reason." 21. levantur: a zeugma; the minds are not ' relieved,' and cares are not 'removed.' 23. Cf. I, I, 57-58. — tecum: i.e. ditmntfldo tecum .tim. 25. niveam: cf. Cat. 107, 6, n. This is, however, an unusual ad- jective. Cf. the current slang, " Treated him white." The op- posite is atra (or nigra) dies ; cf. 3. 5. 5, n. ; Ovid, A. A. i. 418. 28. non meus : ' unfriendly.' 29. Lydius aurifer amnis : the Pactolus. Cf. Prop, i, 14, 11. 30. quas = quascumque. 31. Cf. I. I. passim. — paupere cultu : cf. I, 10. 19. 186 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [5. 2 seciiro cara coniuge posse frui. adsis et timidis faveas, Saturnia, votis, et faveas concha, Cypria, vecta tua. 35 aut si fata negant reditum tristesque sorores stamina quae ducunt quaeque futura neunt, me vocet in vastos amnes nigramque paludem dives in ignava luridus Orcus aqua. Vos tenet Etruscis manat quae fontibus unda, unda sub aestivum non adeunda canem, 3. 36. neunt canunt Heinsius regunt Dissen. 38. dives in Ditis et (i>. 33. Saturnia : Juno, the pa- troness of wedlock. 34. concha: cf. Baum. Denk., p. 94. — Cypria : Venus, who might aid the poet's suit for a return of Neaera's favor. 35. sorores = Parcae. 36. Cf. I. 7, I. — quaeque: for the repetition cf. 3, 2, 4. — neunt = nent ; the form occurs only here ; cf. L. 837. 37. vastos : ' desolate.' 38. dives : the Latinized epithet of the Greek Hade:s (Plouton) is here applied to the more vague equivalent, Orcus ; H.&T. § loi. Translate in this order : e/njcs Orcus, lurid Its in ignava aqua. 3> 5 1-20: 'While you. my friends, are seeking health at the Etruscan springs, I am languishing at home, near death. Spare me, Perseph- one! I have done no crime, nor committed sacrilege, and I am still a young man. 21- 34 : Spare me, all ye gods of the nether world, till old age shall ripen me for death! I hope my fears are groundless ; but, friends, while you enjoy yourselves at the springs, do not forget to offer sacrifices for my recovery.' 1. Vos : we have no clue to the namesofhis friends here addressed. — Etruscis . . . fontibus : there are said to have been hot springs of a considerable reputation at various places in Etruria, e.g. Caere, Pisae, and Centumcellae. — VLX^^di — aqua. 2. non adeunda : on account of the unhealthy climate, which is still notorious all along this coast. 187 5- 3] TIBVLLI nunc autem sacris Baiarum proxima lymphis, cum se purpureo vere remittit humus: 5 at mihi Persephone nigram denuntiat horam : inmerito iuveni parce nocere, dea. non ego temptavi nuUi temeranda virorum audax laudandae sacra docere deae, nee mea mortiferis infecit pocula sucis lo dextera nee cuiquam trita venena dedit, nee nos sacrilegos templis admovimus ignes, nee cor solHcitant facta nefanda meum, nee nos insanae meditantes iurgia mentis inpia in adversos solvimus ora deos : 15 et nondum cani nigros laesere capillos, nee venit tardo curva senecta pede. natalem primo nostrum videre parentes, 5. 7. virorum w deorum piorum //a//. il. sacrilegos G sacrilegis AV sacrilegi a>. 12. facta furta Baehrens. 16. tardo tacito P. 3. nunc : at this time of year. — autem : the word is not used by TibuUus, and occurs only here in the whole Tibullus collection. — proxima : in popularity. 4. remittit : i.e. from the frosts of winter. 5. nigram . . . horam : i.e. of death; of. i, 3, 4-5; 3, 3, 25, n. ; Prop.. 2, 24, 34 : non niger tile dies. 7. virorum : the presence of any of the male sex at the rites of the Bona Dea was strictly for- bidden. Cf. I, 6, 22 : sacra bonae niaribiis non adennda deae ; Ovid, A. A. 3,637: Fasi. 5, 153; Plut. Cic. 19; Macr. i, 12, 26; Prop. 4, 9, 25 ; Paus. 8, 31, 8. Men were excluded from the temples of 'great goddesses.' 8. laudandae : i.e. bonae. — docere : • to divulge.' 10. dextera . . . dedit : mix- ing poison, and offering it to anybody, are distinguished. Both were far too common in this age. Cf. Aristoph. Frogs, 123 sqq. 15. cani: cf. i, 8, 42: cutn veins infecit cana senecta caput ; Prop. 3, 5, 24. For the close par- allels, to this and the following vv., in Ovid cf. A. A. 2, 669; Trist. 4. 10, 5 ; Am. 2, 14, 23. For theories in explanation cf. Intr. § 25. 16. tardo . . . pede : to be taken with senecta. Cf. Ovid, A. A. 2, 670 : iant veniet tacito curva senecta pede. 188 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [5. 32 20 25 30 cum cecidit fato consul uterque pari, quid fraudare iuvat vitem crescentibus uvis et modo nata mala vellere poma manu ? parcite, pallentes undas quicumque tenetis duraque sortiti tertia regna dei. Elysios olim liceat cognoscere campos Lethaeamque ratem Cimmeriosque lacus, cum mea rugosa pallebunt ora senecta et referam pueris tempora prisca senex. atque utinam vano nequiquam terrear aestu ! languent ter quinos sed mea membra dies, at vobis Tuscae celebrantur numina lymphae et facilis lenta pellitur unda manu. vivite felices, memores et vivite nostri, sive erimus sen nos fata fuisse velint. 18. consul uterque: the con- suls Hirtius and Pansa both fell in battle at Mutina, B.C. 43. This verse occurs again in Ovid, Trisl. 4, 10, 6. For a discussion of the chronological and other difficulties which thus arise cf. Intr. §§ 21, 25. 19. Cf. Ovid, A>n. 2, 14, 23. 21. pallentes: cf. 3, i, 28: pallida Ditis aqua. 22. duraque : the use of the two adjectives with regua is permissible in view of the fact that tertia regna is practically equivalent to Orcutn. The three kingdoms were those of the three brothers, Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades. 23. olim : 'at some future time.' 5.4. Lethaeamque : cf. 3, 3, 10, n. — Cimmeriosque lacus: cf. i, 10. 38, n. The Cimmerii were a fabulous people whom Homer located only vaguely in the far west, where they were supposed to live in the midst of perpetual clouds and darkness. But later writers endeavored to localize them more definitely in different places, among others, in caves near Cumae, where they dwelt in per- petual darkness : cf. 4, 1,64; Cic. Acad. 2, 19, 61. Hence 'Cimme- rian ' darkness became proverbial, and the epithet was easily applied to the regions (here, lacus') of the lower world. 27. aestu — febri. 30. manu : i.e. of the swim- mers. 32. fuisse : the well-known eu- phemism for death. Cf. Verg. Aen. 2, 325 : fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium. 189 5. 33^ TIBVLLI interea nigras pecudes promittite Diti et nivei lactis pocula mixta mero. LIBER QVARTVS Sulpicia est tibi culta tuis, Mars magne, kalendis : spectatum e caelo, si sapis; ipse veni. hoc Venus ignoscet ; at tu, violente, caveto 33. nigras: as the most appro- priate sacrifices to the gods of the lower world, to whom (e.j^: Dis. Vejovis, and Manes) black sheep were offered. The same idea ap- pears in the folklore of other nations. 34. lactis : cf. 3, 2, 20, n. 4, 2 On the authorship of Book 4, see Intr. § 26. The old Roman year began on March i, on which day it was cus- tomary to give presents, even after the reformation of the calen- dar in 46 B.C. by Julius Caesar, which established Jan. i as New Year's day. As March i was the festival of the Matronalia (the femineae kalendae of Juv. 9.53), it was especially appropriate for husbands to give presents to their wives. This poem seems to have been written to accompany such a gift made by Cerinthus to Sulpicia, — a lover to a prospective wife, — ■ which may have been, as Belling believes it was (Bell. ^., p. 3). the following group of poems (4, 3-6), or they may have accompanied other gifts. On the personality of Cerinthus (whose name does not, indeed, appear in this elegy) and of Sulpicia, cf. Intr. § 24, and 2, 2, Intr. 1-14 : ' On thy festal day, great Mars, Sulpicia's native beauty is so heightened by her adornment as to make her fit to be com- pared with the divine Vertumnus. 15-24: She is the only maiden worthy to receive all costly gifts. Therefore, ye Muses, sing of her your choicest praises.' 1. tibi culta : ' arrayed in thine honor.' 2. ipse veni : cf. 2, 5, 5. 3. Venus : the beloved of Mars. — ignoscet : on account of Sulpi- cia's remarkable beauty. Cf. Prop. 2, 28, 33. For the quantity of the last syllable cf. i, 10. 13, n.- — caveto : the tense implies the usual colloquial familiarity : " You"d better look out." Cf. PAPA., Vol. 26 (1895). p. Ixi. 90 ELEGIARVM LIBER I\ [2, i6 lO 15 ne tibi miranti turpiter arma cadant. illius ex oculis, cum vult exurere divos, accendit geminas lampadas acer Amor, illam, quidquid agit, quoquo vestigia movit, conponit furtim subsequiturque Decor, sen solvit crines, fusis decet esse capillis ; seu compsit, comptis est veneranda comis. urit, seu Tyria voluit procedere palla ; urit, seu nivea Candida veste venit. talis in aeterno felix Vertumnus Olympo mille habet ornatus, mille decenter habet. sola puellarum digna est, cui mollia caris vellera det sucis bis madefacta Tyros, 4. miranti: 'as you gaze in admiration.' — arma cadant : sev- eral ancient works of art represent Mars thus forgetful of all but the amorous intentions of the moment. Cf. Baum. Denk., p. 886. 5. oculis : cf. Propertius, of Cynthia (2, 3, 14) : oculi,ge/iii>iae, sidera nostra, faces. 6. geminas lampadas : cf. 2, 6, 16; Prop. 3, 16, 16. 8. conponit = ornat. 9. solvit crines : as was often the case in the retirement of the home; cf. i, 3, 91 ; Prop. 2, i, 7 : vidi ad frotttem sparsos errare capillos; Ten Haiit. 288 sq. : ornataiii ita iiti quae oniantiir sibi, nulla mala re os expolitant muliebri. 10. compsit : as was more ap- propriate when she appeared in public places. — veneranda : ' ador- able,' in the slang use of the word. 1 1 . Tyria : for outdoor wear. 12. Candida: for indoor use. 13. Vertumnus: the changing {verier e) god of gardens and fruits exhibited varying phases of beauty as the seasons advanced. Cf. Prop. 4, 2, a poem devoted to this god, his origin, name, and statue. 14. Cf. Prop. 4, 2, 22 : in quai/icu/nque- voles verte, decor us ero ; Ovid, A/n. 2, 5, 43 : spectabat terrain : t err am sped are decebat ; maesta erat in vultu : maesta de- center erat. 16. sucis bis madefacta : ' double-dyed.' The most costly Tyrian purple was thus prepared (dibap/ia), first with scarlet, then with \k\& purpura. Cf. Hor. Car. 2, i6, 35 : te bis Afro murice tinc- tae vestiunt lanae ; Pliny, JV. H. 9, 39, 137: dibapha tunc dice- batur quae bis tincta esset. 191 ill TIBVLLI 20 possideatque, metit quidquid bene olentibus arvis cultor odoratae dives Arabs segetis et quascumque niger rubro de litore gemmas proximus eois colligit Indus aquis. banc vos, Pierides, festis cantate kalendis, et testudinea Phoebe superbe lyra. hoc solemne sacrum multos haec sumet in annos ; dignior est vestro nulla puella choro. Hue ades et tenerae morbos expelle puellae, hue ades, intonsa Phoebe superbe coma. crede mihi, propera, nee te iam, Phoebe, pigebit formosae medicas adplicuisse manus. 2. 23. haec sumet F hoc sumet sumat w. 24. vestro festo Cariault. choro w toro G thoro AV. 17. Cf. 2, 2, 3-4; 3, 2, 23-24. 19. Cf. 2, 2, 15-16, n. — niger: cf. 2, 3, 55: sint comites fusci, quos India torret. 21. Pierides: 'daughters of Pieria' = Muses. 22. Cf. 4, 4. 2. — testudinea . . . lyra : which Hermes invented and presented to Phoebus ; cf. Prop. 4, 6, 32. 23. sacrum : that performed by women in honor of Juno, the mother of Mars, on the feast of the Matronalia, March i, his birthday. — haec : Sulpicia. — sumet : ' shall undertake.' 4, 4 Consolation to Cerinthus, dur- ing Sulpicia's illness. 1-14: 'Help, Phoebus! Lay healing hands upon Sulpicia, and restore her to her anxious lover. 15-20: Cerinthus, your fears are groundless. 21-26: Hear my prayer, Phoebus: and you shall win surpassing praise.' 1. Hue ades : cf. i, 7. 49. 2. intonsa : i.e. ever youthful ; cf. 2, 5, 121 ; I, 4, 37 : solis aeterna est Baccho Fhoeboqjie iuventas : ftam decet intonsus crinis tdrum- qiie deion. — Phoebe superbe : cf. 4, 2, 22. 3. propera: the imperative, as commonly, stands in the relation of protasis to the following verb (^pigebit). 4. medicas . . . manus : natu- rally the god who sends disease can ward it off. Cf. H.&T. §51. 192 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [4, 26 5 effice ne macies pallentes occupet artus, neu notet informis Candida membra color, et quodcumque malist et quidquid triste timemus, in pelagus rapidis evehat amnis aquis. sancte, veni, tecumque feras, quicumque sapores 10 quicumque et cantus corpora fessa levant : neu iuvenem torque, metuit qui fata puellae votaque pro domina vix numeranda facit. interdum vovet, interdum, quod langueat ilia, dicit in aeternos aspera verba deos. 15 pone metum, Cerinthe : deus non laedit amantes. tu modo semper ama : salva puella tibist. 21 nil opus est fletu : lacrimis erit aptius uti, si quando fuerit tristior ilia tibi. 17 at nunc tota tua est, te solum Candida secum cogitat, et frustra credula turba sedet. Phoebe, fave : laus magna tibi tribuetur in uno 20 corpore servato restituisse duos. 23 iam celeber, iam laetus eris, cum debita reddet certatim Sanctis laetus uterque focis. 25 tum te felicem dicet pia turba deorum, optabunt artes et sibi quisque tuas. 4. 5. pallentes tabentes Heinsius. 6. Candida (o pallida languida Rigler. 23. laetus lautus Haupt gratus Martignon lotus Broukhusius. 8. in pelagus: cf. 2, 5, 80, n. 18. turba: of suitors. 9. sapores: 'medicines.' 20. corpore :* life.' — restituisse 10. cantus : ' incantations.' duos : cf. Prop. 2, 28, 41 ; Ovid, 14. aspera verba : cf. i, 3, 52. Am. 2, 13, 15 : hue adhibe vttltus, 15. Cf. Prop. 3, 16, II. et in una puree duobus. 21-22. This distich has clearly 23. celeber . . . eris: 'thy tem- been misplaced in the Mss. pie shall be thronged,' and there- 22. tristior: cf. Prop. i. 6, 10. fore, as a derived meaning, ' thou 17. Candida: i.e. in heart, 'sin- shalt be renowned'; cf. 2. i, 83; cere.' 3, 2, 28. ROM. EL. POETS — 1 3 1 03 6, I] TIBVLLI lO Natalis luno, sanctos cape turis acervos, quos tibi dat tenera docta puella manu. tota tibi est hodie, tibi se laetissima compsit, staret ut ante tuos conspicienda focos. ilia quidem ornandi causas tibi, diva, relegat: est tamen, occulte cui placuisse velit. at tu, sancta, fave, neu quis divellat amantes, sed iuveni quaeso mutua vincla para, sic bene conpones : ullae non ille puellae servire aut cuiquam dignior ilia viro. nee possit cupidos vigilans deprendere custos, fallendique vias mille ministret Amor, adnue purpureaque veni perlucida palla : 6. 3. tota lota o>. 4, 6 On Sulpicia's birthday the poet wishes for her the fulfillment of her greatest desire. 1-4: 'Juno of Sulpicia, may she and her offerings be accepta- ble to thee this day! 5-20: She has adorned herself ostensibly for thee, but really to please her lover ; Juno, they are both worthy ; assist her, that their love may be mutual and may triumph over every obstacle.' I. Natalis luno: the tutelary spirit of each woman, correspond- ing to the Genius of each man, worshiped especially on birthdays. a. I, 7, 49; H. &T. § 188.- sanctos: the adjective really be- longs with turis. 2. docta : cf. note on Prop. I, 7, 11; 2, 13, II; Ovid, TrisL 3, 7, 31 ; etc. 5. relegat : ' ascribes,' a poetic meaning. 6. cui : /.e. Cerinthus. 8. vincla: sc Amoris. 9. sic : • by so doing,' refers to the previous verse. — ullae = jilli: the only instance of this form ; cf. Prop. I, 20, 35 : nullae pendebant debit a ctirae . . . poma ; 3, 1 1, 57 : toto . . . jirbi. II. nee: correlative with -que in V. 12. — possit: optative. 13. The vagueness of the line of demarcation between the lady 194 ELEGIARVM LII5KR IV [8, 5 ter tibi fit libo, ter, dea casta, mero ; 15 praecipit et natae mater studiosa quod optat: ilia aliud tacita, iam sua, mente rogat. uritur, ut celeres urunt altaria flammae, nee, liceat quamvis, sana fuisse velit. sit iuveni grata, et veniet cum proximus annus, 20 hie idem votis iam vetus adsit amor. 8 Invisus natalis adest, qui rure molesto et sine Cerintho tristis agendus erit. dulcius urbe quid est ? an villa sit apta puellae atque Arretino frigidus amnis agro ? 5 iam, nimium Messalla mei studiose, quiescas, 15. praecipit et praecipit en //ifz«52V«. optat optet w. 19. sit iuveni (I) si iuveni sis iuveni F sis, luno, Gruppe. grata et w grata gratae Lach- tnann grata ut Eberz gratum Rigler. veniet adveniet « vertet Baehrens. 20. votis vobis CartauU. adsit « esset exstet Cartault (^suggested by Baehrens). and her Juno is here well illus- trated. — perlucida : the famous '^' diaphanous garments of Coan silk, For the authorship of this and which served to drape rather than the two following elegies, see Intr. to conceal a graceful form and fair § 26. In a poetic billet-doux skin. Sulplcia protests against a pro- 14. fit: /.^. sacrifice is offered. posed journey with Messalla which 15. praecipit: perhaps a whis- will take her away from Rome on pered suggestion. — optat: sc. the birthday of her lover Cerin- mater. She may have picked out thus, very possibly the same day a rich lover, or may prefer some referred to in 4, 5. one else for an unknown reason. i. molesto: 'tiresome.' 16. sua: nom.; ' independ- 3. Qi.C\c. Ad Att. ^, \\, \. — ently,' 'according to her own an ... sit : cf. 2, 6, 2, n. choice.' 5, studiose : Messalla was prob- 18. liceat: sc sana fuisse. ably her uncle, and may well have 20. iam vetus : and so, been her guardian since the death stronger. of her father. 8,6] TIBVLLI non tempestivae saepe propinque viae, hie animum sensusque meos abducta relinquo, arbitrio quamvis non sinis esse meo. Scis iter ex animo sublatum triste puellae ? natali Romae iam licet esse tuo. ' c c ^ omnibus ille dies nobis natalis agatur, qui nee opinanti nunc tibi forte venit. I I Estne tibi, Cerinthe, tuae pia cura puellae, quod mea nunc vexat corpora fessa calor? 8. 6. non <>> neu seu Cartaiilt. saepe saeve Unger perge monere adopted from Baehrens by Hiller tempestivast sive Cartault, 8. quamvis AV quoniam G quam vis Statins, sinis Osinit Statins. 9. 2. tuo OF suo 0) meo Huschke. 3. natalis genialis « tarn latt us Baehrens. 4. qui quam Baehrens quod Drenckhahn. 6. non tempestivae : ' inoppor- tuoe ' ; from the standpoint of the young lady. — saepe propinque : 'prone to undertake ' ; an odd ex- pression, in which editors discover a feminine style. 7. hie : at Rome. — abducta : with concessive force. 8. quamvis : a characteristically feminine petulance. 4, 9 The journey is called off, she writes, and they can celebrate at home after all. I. Scis: cf. L. 1502. —ex animo : i.e. it has ceased to be a cause for anxiety. 3. omnibus : in youthful exu- berance of spirits she p'ans a family celebration. 4. qui : i.e. in its present phase, with the unexpected pres- ence of Sulpicia, and a general merrymaking, it will be almost a surprise party for Cerinthus. 4, II Sulpicia is ill and lonely. In a fit of the blues she tells Cerinthus that if he doesn't care about her suffering, she doesn't care to re- cover. Cf. Cat. 38. 1. Estne: Sulpicia really hopes for an affirmative answer. Cf. L. 1504. 196 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [13. 2 ah ego non aliter tristes evincere morbos optarim, quam te si quoque velle putem. at mihi quid prosit morbos evincere, si tu nostra potes lento pectore ferre mala ? 13 Nulla tuum nobis subducet femina lectum : hoc primum iuncta est foedere nostra Venus. 11. 5. at F Ha A Ah V an Cartault cum w. quid A quod w. si u. o.*-*-*-^^ 2. quod . . . vexat : the reason is Sulpicia's ; perhaps Cerinthus does not know the situation. — calor : 'fever.' 3. non aliter : ' under no other conditions.' 4. optarim . . . putem : a mere possibility. — te . . . velle: note the emphatic position of the sub- ject. 6. lento: cf. 2. 6, 36, n. He • would surely be a lover ' slow of heart' that would not be moved by such an appeal as this! Addressed to an unknown lady, possibly the ' Glycera ' mentioned by Horace, Car. i, 33, 1-3: Albi, ne doleas plus nimio »iemor inmitis Glyceiae, neii rniserabilis decantes elegos. The perfection of form, the characteristic mannerisms and sentiments, and the beautiful sim- plicity and intensity of its spirit of devotion, mark it as a certainly genuine poem of Tibulius. (Cf. Magnus in Bursian's JB., Vol. 51 (1887), p. 359. For the opposite view cf. Postgate, Sel., Appendix C.) The composite character and authorship of this fourth book of the Tibulius collection permits us only to conjecture to what original series of elegies this gem may have belonged. 1-4 : ' Thou only in my eyes art fair. 5-16: May thy beauty not appeal to others; my love needs not the stimulus of envy ; thou art my all in all — so swear I by great Juno. 17-24 : Foolish oath ! Henceforth I'm at thy mercy. Yet will I ever faithful be, and pray for Venus's favor.' 1. subducet: < steal away.' — lectum : i.e. amoretn. Cf. the similar use of \i\o'i and kUrpov by the Greeks for ' wife ' ; this same form of usage occurs, e.g. 29 times in the Helena of Eurip- ides. 2. iuncta est: cf. i, i, 69. 197 13. 3] TIBVLLI lO tu mihi sola places, nee iam te praeter in urbe formosa est oculis ulla puella meis. atque utinam posses uni mihi bella videri ! displiceas aliis : sic ego tutus ero. nil opus invidia est, procul absit gloria vulgi : qui sapit, in tacito gaudeat ille sinu. sic ego secretis possum bene vivere silvis, qua nulla humano sit via trita pede. tu mihi curarum requies, tu nocte vel atra lumen, et in solis tu mihi tuiba locis. nunc licet e caelo mittatur amica TibuUo, mittetur frustra, deficietque Venus. 13. 8. ille « ipse 0. 3. Cf. Prop. 2, 7, 19: tu mihi sola places : placeam tibi, Cynthia., solus; Ovid, A. A.\, ^2: elige cui dicas ' tu viihi sola places.'' 4. formosa: cf. Cat. 86. 6. sic: 'only in that case." — ero: the rapid increase of hope, as Tibullus dwells on the thought, is expressed by the changing tenses and moods : posses (impos- sible), displiceas (possible), ero (probable, taken for granted). 7. opus : sc. 7nihi. — gloria : sc. tiia. 8. Cf. Prop. 2, 25, 30 : in tacito cohibe gaudia clausa sinu; Ne- methy, pp. 297, 339. 9. sic : i.e. if safe in the pos- session of thy love. II. Cf. Prop. I. II, 23-24; Horn. //. 6, 429-430 : 'ExTop. drap (tv jiol ecrat irarrjp /cat TTorvia fXT^Trjp, rjSk KucrtyvT^TOS, crv Si fioi paXepos TrapaKotrr;?' A similar mood appears in Shakespeare, Sonnets, 91 : " Thy love is better than high birth to me, Richer than wealth, prouder than garments' cost, Of more de- light than hawks or horses be : And having thee, of all men's pride I boast." 43 : " All days are nights to see till I see thee. And nights bright days when dreams do show thee me." 112: '" You are my all the world." 13. e caelo: i.e. even a god- dess. —Tibullo : the use of his own name emphasizes the con- trast between his humble self (poor Tibullus) and the divine mistress from the skies. Cf. Hor. Sat. 2, I, 18: Flacci verba per attentam non ibunt Caesaris aurem. IQ8 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [13.24 '5 20 hoc tibi sancta tuae lunonis numina iuro, quae sola ante alios est mihi magna deos. quid facio demens ? heu heu mea pignora cedo. iuravi stulte : proderat iste timor. nunc tu fortis eris, nunc tu me audacius ures : hoc peperit misero garrula lingua malum, iam faciam quodcumque voles, tuus usque manebo, nee fugiam notae servitium dominae, sed Veneris sanctae considam vinctus ad aras. haec notat iniustos supplicibusque favet. 15. hoc A hec V. 15. lunonis: cf. 4, 6, i, n. — numina : the omission of per occurs mostly in the poets. 17. pignora: i.e. iste timor of V. 18 ('that anxiety of yours' for fear of losing my affection), which acts as a safeguard to your constancy. 19. nunc : ' now ' that I have declared myself thus. 23. vinctus : as a willing slave. 24. notat: cf. i, 8, 5: ipsa Venus magi CO religatum bracchia nodo perdocuit multis non sine verberibus. fgg PROPERTIUS MSS. SIGNS N = Codex Neapolitanus (or Guelferbytanus). A = Codex Vossianus (ends with 2, I, 63). F = Codex Laurentianus (or Florentiiius). L = Codex Holkhamicus (begins with 2, 21, 3). D = Codex Daventriensis (bej^ins with i, 2, 14). V = Codex Ottoboniano-Vaticanus. = consensus of the foregoing, as a rule, of all, so far as extant. Ni, N2, N3, N4, Ai, Ao, etc., = the ist, 2d, 3d, etc., hands in the respec- tive Mss. o> = late or inferior Mss.. or corrections. 200 SEXTI PROPERTI ELEGIARVM LIBER PRIMVS Cynthia prima suis miserum me cepit ocellis, contactum nullis ante cupidinibus. turn mihi constantis deiecit lumina fastus Apparently written as an intro- duction to this "Cynthia Mo- nobiblos." 1-8: 'Cynthia was the first woman to bring me to her feet. 9-18: Milanion won Atalanta by persistence and by enduring hard- ships for her sake ; but Cupid has failed to teach me to succeed. ig-28 : I would resort to any- thing to rid myself of my anguish, magic rites to win the affections of my mistress, or heroic treat- ment to be free from her power. 29-38 : Bear me away, friends, where no woman can ever come ; remain, you who are well matched, but see that you escape the torture under which I suffer, or you will wish you had heeded my warn- Note the riming endings of the two halves of vv. I, 6, 7, 8, 12, etc.; for other metrical features cf Intr. §42. 1. Cynthia: cf. Intr. § 23- This first word furnishes a correct keynote to the whole book. — prima : only in the usual sense of lover's protestations; cf. 3, 15, 3-6. Propertius. however, doubt- less never had been so completely enthralled by any other mistress. — ocellis = ocuh's ; not at all a fond lover's diminutive ; Proper- tius is not in a flattering mood. 2. ante : used as an adjective. Cf. I, 22, 2, n. 3-4 : Cupid is represented as engaging in an actual struggle with the poet, as in an arena, wherein the victor's success is marked by the actions indicated by deiecit and pressit. — constantis . . .fastus: gen. of description; his former pride is now broken- 201 -A 1 I, 4] PROPERTI et caput inpositis pressit Amor pedibus, 5 donee me docuit castas odisse puellas inprobus et nullo vivere consilio : et mihi iam toto furor hie non deficit anno, cum tamen adversos cogor habere deos. Milanion nullos fugiendo, Tulle, labores lo saevitiam' durae contudit lasidos. nam modo Partheniis amens errabat in antris, ibat et hirsutas ille. videre feras : _ ^ ille eti'am Hylaei percussus vulnere rami saucius Arcadiis rupibus ingemuity 15 ergo velocem potuit domuisse puellam : tantum in amore preces et benefacta valent. in me tardus Amor non ullas cogitat artes, nee meminit notas, ut prius, ire vias. 6. inprobus: 'the naughty wretch.' — nullo vivere consilio : i.e. a reckless life of wantonness. 7. mihi : emphatic ; the case may be different with Cynthia. — anno: this is apparently written at the end of a year of enforced sep- aration from Cynthia, perhaps that referred to in 3, 16, g. 8. cum : concessive, with the indicative mood; cf. H. 599, i. 9. Tulle: cf. I, 6, Intr. 10. lasidos : Atalanta of Ar- cadia (not to be confused with the Boeotian heroine of the same name), whose suitor was Milan- ion. 11. modo : we should expect a corresponding modo in v. 13, where etiam is substituted. — Par- theniis : the slopes of Mt. Parthe- nium (or Parthenius) were on the border between Arcadia and Ar- golis. — antris : a popular word with Propertius, with rather vague signification ; cf. i, 2, 1 1 ; 4, 4, 3 ; not found in Tibullus. 12. videre : purpose inf. ; cf. i, 6,33- 13. Hylaei : probably an adjec- tive. Hylaeus was a centaur. — rami : centaurs are represented as using rude clubs for weapons ; the more hasty their preparation, the more nearly would these clubs ap- proximate the unformed branch of a tree. 15. domuisse: cf. Tib. i, i, 29, n. 17. in me: 'in my case.' — tardus : belongs closely with cogi- tat ; 'is slow to think of.' 202 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [i, 35 at vos, deductae quibus est fallacia lunae 20 et labor in magicis sacra piare focis, en agedum dominae mentem convertite nostrae, et facite ilia meo palleat ore magis. tunc ego crediderim vobis et sidera et amnes posse Cytaeines ducere carminibus. 25 aut vos, qui^ero lapsum revocatis, amici, quaerite non sani pectoris auxilia. '^ fortiter et ferrum, saevos patiemur et ignes, '' sit modo libertas quae velit ira loqui. ferte per extremas gentes et ferte per undas, 30 qua non ulla meum femina norit iter. vos remanete, quibus facili deus adnuit aure, sitis et in tuto semper amore pares. in me nostra Venus noctes exercet amaras, et nullo vacuus tempore defit amor. 35 hoc, moneo, vitate malum : sua quemque moretur 1. 24. Cytaeines or Cytaines Hertzherg Cytaeinis (o Cythalinis N Cytalinis V Citalinis F Cythainis No Cytaeaeis Guyetus. 25. aut Hemsterhusius at F2 et 0. T)},. noctes voces Postgate. 19. fallacia : ' the pretense ' ; a 25. lapsum: ' a ruined man.' common one; cf. 2, 28, 37 ; Hor. 26. non: 'no longer.' — au- Epod. 5, 45 ; Verg. Ec. 8, 69 : xilia : ' remedy.' carmina vel caelo possunt de- 27. ferrum . . . ignes : the sur- ducere Lunam. geon's knife, or the physician's 22. palleat: a common token cauterization. of being in love. The masks in 28. loqui : for the inf. with ancient comedy are said to have libertas, cf. 3, 15, 4: data libertas represented lovers thus. noscere amoris iter. 23. \\xx\c — si id feceritis. 32. tuto: 'faithful'; cf. Hor. 24. posse: the expected sub- Car. 1,27, 18: depone tidis auri- ject, vos, is found in the dative bus. — pares: 'well-mated.' with crediderim. — Cytaeines = 33. in me : cf. v. 17. — nostra: Medea, who was born at Cytae; she cf. nobis, i, 12, 2. — exercet: is the typical witch. The form is ' makes restless.' a patronymic. 34. vacuus: 'unsatisfied.' 203 h 36] PROPERTI cura, neque adsueto mutet amore locum, quod siquis monitis tardas adverterit aures, heu referet quantq verba dolore mea ! Quid iuvat ornato procedere, vita, capillo et tenues Coa veste movere sinus, aut quid Orontea crines perfundere murra, teque peregrinis vendere muneribus, naturaeque decus mercato perdere cultu, nee sinere in propriis membra nitere bonis ? 36. cura = arnica', frequently cf. B. G.. p. 739; Baum., pp. 619, so; cf. Verg. Ec. 10, 22: tna cura 792. — procedere: 'appear,' i.e. Lycoris ; Ovid, A/n. 3, 9, 32; to "show off"; cf. Tib. 4, 2, 11 Piclion s.v. 38. referet : ' recall.' Hor. Epod. 4, 7-8. — vita: cf. I, 2 1-6: 'Why prefer borrowed finery to your native beauty, Cyn- thia? 7-24: Neither Cupid him- self, nor the flowers and birds, nor the heroines of the olden days have ever done so. 25-32: Surely you do not think me less worthy than the lovers of those days ; if you are perfect in one lover's eyes, it is enough ; of course you are ; for have you not all the gifts bestowed by Phoebus, Venus, and Minerva?' I. ornato . . . capillo: for the highly artificial methods of wear- ing and adorning the hair at Rome, 204 Cat. 109, I. 2. Coa . . . sinus : ' rustle the delicate folds of your Coan robe ' (C. S.). These notorious gauzy silken fabrics were adopted to re- veal rather than conceal the per- son of their wearer. Cf. 2, i, 5-6; Tib. 2, 3, 53. 3. Orontea : i.e. from Antioch on the Orontes, an important center of this trade. 4. te : the emphasis is on this word : ' to sell (exchange) your own sweet self for foreign-bought adornments.' The idea is repeated under different forms in vv. 5 and 6. L. 1492. . . bonis : ' nat- 5. mercato 6. propriis ural charms.' ELEGIARVM LIBER I [2. »7 lO 15 crede mihi, non ulla tuae est medicina figurae : nudus Amor formae non amat artificem. adspice quos submittat humus formosa colores, ut veniant hederae sponte sua melius, surgat et in solis formosius arbutus antris, et sciat indociles currere lympha vias. litora nativis persuadent picta lapillis, et volucres nulla dulcius arte canunt. non sic Leucippis succendit Castora Phoebe, Pollucem cultu non Hilafra soror, non Idae et cupido quondam discordia Phoebo 2. 7. tuae est DV tua est ( Lachmann. 10. ut Itali et 0. u praefulgent Baehrens praelucent Hertzberg, tuaest ?) AFN. 9. quos quot a> quo "3. persuadent persudant Vo collucent 7. medicina figurae : /.^. it can- not be improved upon. 8. nudus Amor: the highest type of beauty, and therefore in need of no artificial adornment. 9. Cf. Matt. 6, 28-29 : " Con- sider the Hlies," etc. 10. veniant : ' come,' in the sense of ' shoot,' or ' grow,' is good English ; cf. Cent. Diet. s.v. 4 ; Verg. Georg. 2, 11 ; i, 54. 11. antris: here nearly equal \.o coiivallibus (C. S.) ; cf. i, i, 11, n. Did Gray have this in mind in the Elegy, 54 : " The dark, unfathom'd caves of ocean bear: Full many a flower is born to blush unseen," etc? 12. indociles : antithetic with sciat (C. S.) ; it here = noti doctas, a ttTra^ Aeyo/xevov- Cf- Cic Acad. 2, I, 2. 13. persuadent : used abso- lutely; 'allure,' it may be to wan- der along the beach, it may be to slumber; cf. Hor. Epod. 2, 25-28. Note the admirable onomatopo- etic alliteration of the verse. Cf. Ovid, A»t. 2, II, 13: nee viedius teiiitis conchas pictosqne lapillos pontus habet : bibuli litoris ilia niorast. 14. nulla . . . arte : * because art is lacking' (C. S.). The abl. abs. expresses the cause. 15. sic: explained by the epexegetical cultu in v. 16. — The two daughters of Leucippus, Phoebe and Hilaira, having been betrothed to Lynceus and Idas, were carried off by Castor and Pollux (C. S.). 17. non: i.e. non sic. — discor- dia. See Harper's Lex. s.v. B. i. 205 2, 18 J / PROPERTI 20 25 Eueni patriis filia litoribus, nee Phrygiuni falso traxit eandore maritum aveeta externis Hippodamia rotis : sed facies aderat nuUis obnoxia gemmis, qualis Apelleis est color in tabulis. ? non illis studium vulgo conquirere amantes : illis ampla satis forma pudicitia. non ego nunc vereor ne sim tibi vilior istis : /ia- tronae . . . cetera, quae . . . dolor . . . subicit. — serus : the reason. 21. non humilem : /.^. the rela- tive situation of Ponticus and Propertius will be reversed. 22. ingeniis : ' men of genius ' ; cf. English, ' a genius.'' Rare in this concrete sense. 23. reticere: 'keep from ex- claiming.'' 26. fenore tardus : cf. Ovid, Her. 4, 19: venit Amor gravius^ quo seriics. 213 8, il PROPERTI X.'>-»^ c S Tune igitur demens, nee te mea cura moratur ? an tibi sum gelida vilior Illyria, et tibi iam tanti, quicumque est, iste videtur, ut sine me vento quolibet ire velis ? tune audire potes vesani murmura ponti fortis, et in dura nave iacere potes ? tu pedibus teneris positas fulcire pruinas, tu potes insolitas, Cynthia, ferre nives ? Illyria : poetic tor ///)/■ 1,8 1-8 : ' Are you beside yourself, Cynthia, to abandon me for such a fellow, and with him to brave wind and weather? 9-16: May the tempests of winter prevent your sailing and my grieving. 17-26 : But if you go, may safety attend you ; for I shall ever be faithful, and know that you are still destined for me.' Cf. Vahlen, " Ueber zwei Elegien des Proper- tius," in Siiz. d. Kgl. Pr. Akad. d. Wiss. 1882. pp. 262-280. 1. igitur: we are introduced to the situation not at the begin- ning, but toward the conclusion of the poet's meditations. Cf 3, 7, I . — mea : better taken in the ob- jective sense. Cf i, 15, 31 : tua sub nostra . . . pedore cura. 2. tibi: 'in your eyes.' — ge- lida : a stock epithet of deprecia- tion ; cf. Hor. Car. 4, 5, 25 : quis Parthum paveat, quis geliduni Scythen. Propertius naturally de- sires to exaggerate the severity of the climate as he does further in vv. 7-9. rico. 3. iam : implying a sudden de- velopment of the passion. — qui- cumque est, iste : an assumption of contemptuous ignorance. Of course the person is the " praetor." Cf. 2, 16, I. 4. vento quolibet : the abandon of the lover. 5. tune : the emphatic pronoun used here and repeatedly in the following verses calls attention to tlie absurdity of the idea that so luxurious a lady as Cynthia should plan so rough an experience. 6. dura : Propertius seems to be thinking of the planks as the only bed on shipboard. But the sailors' comforts would contrast sharply with the pampered life of Cynthia. Cf. Hor. Car. 2, 13, 27 : dura tiavis., dura fugae fnala, dura belli. 7. pedibus teneris : cf. Verg. Ec. 10, 49: ah, tibi ne teneras glacies secet asp era plant as'. — positas . . . pruinas : the fallen snow, as distinguished from the 214 ELEGIARVM LUiER I [8, 17 10 15 o utinam hibernae duplicentur tempora brumae, et sit iners tardis navita vergiliis, nee tibi Tyrrhena solvatur funis harena, neve inimica meas elevet aura preces, atque ego non videam tales subsidere ventos, cum tibi provectas auferet unda rates, - ut me defixum vacua patiatur in ora crudelem infesta saepe vocare manu. sed quocumque modo de me, periura, mereris, 8. 15. ut Hemsterhusius et 0. falling snow (tiives) in the next verse. — fulcire : 'tread firmly.' For an attempted justification of this unique usage see Postgate, Prop., Appendix B. 9. hibernae : 'stormy'; cf. Verg. Aen. 5, 126; hibenii con- dun t tibi sidera Cori ; Hor. Epod. 1 5, 8 : tiirbaret hibermnn mare. 10. tardis . . . vergiliis : causal ; the adjective has a predicate force. The rising of the Pleiades was the signal for the safe opening of the navigation season. 11. Tyrrhena: the praetor, a Roman official, would be more apt to sail from the station of the Roman fleet at Ostia, than from Brindisi. — For the meter, cf. Intr. § 42, I (4). In imagination the poet sees the whole picture of the proposed departure, and utters a succession of wishes that the va- rious details of it one by one may not be realized in fact. 12. inimica : used as a part of the predicate. — elevet: 'mock' (make light of). 13. ego . . . videam: if it must happen, may / never live to see the day. — tales: i.e. such as are described or implied in the preced- ing verses. 14. This verse is equivalent to a coordinate clause with the pre- ceding. 15. defixum: petrified with grief and despair, as he watches the receding fleet. — patiatur: i.e. be obliged to hear (sc. undo) ; cf. Vahlen, /. r., pp. 263 sqq. 16. crudelem probably refers to iindain to be supplied. It is out of harmony with the general absence of reproaches throughout the poem that it should refer to a te. Cf. Verg. Ec. 5, 23 : deos at que astra 7>ocat crtcdelia mater. — infesta . . . manu: the angry shaking of the fist would have no place here, if it referred to Cynthia instead of the waves. 17. Under no conditions will a like feeling of enmity {infesta^ be treasured against his darling, no matter how he hates the cruel sea. 215 8, i8] PROPERTI 20 25 sit Galatea tuae non aliena viae, ut te, felici praevecta Ceraunia remo, accipiat placidis Oricos aequoribus. nam me non uUae poterunt corrumpere de te, quin ego, vita, tuo limine verba querar : nee me deficiet nautas rogitare citatos ' dicite, quo portu clausa puella meast ? ' et dicam ' licet Atraciis considat in oris, et licet Hylleis : ilia futura meast.' 19. ut te NAFV2 utere DV. 21. de te taedae w. — periura : with concessive force : ' though you go back on all your protestations.' 18. Galatea: a friendly sea divinity, as were all the Nereids, appropriately invoked as a type of female beauty, and so pre- sumably especially interested in Cynthia. Cf. H. & T. 70; Ovid, Am. 2, II, 34 (this whole poem is strongly imitative). 19. praevecta : voc for ace, an extreme example of Propertius's fondness for the vocative. Pos- sibly cfliifisa is a parallel, in i, 11, 9. Cf. also 3. 22, 30 : nee tremts Ausonias, Phoebe fugate, dapes. Cf. Vahlen. I.e., pp. 266 sqq. — Ceraunia : the dangerous promon- tory Acroceraunia, behind which lay the haven of Oricos (Ori- cus, Oricum). Cf. Hor. Car. I, 3, 20: infamis seopidos, Acro- ceraunia. 21. non ullae : ^z. feminae ; a unique use of the fem. plur. ; but cf. 4. II, 50. — corrumpere de te : cf. Plaut. As. 883 : tne ex amore huius corruptmn oppido. 21. 22. verba querar : cf. Ovid, Met. 9, 303 : jnoiuraqiie duros verba queror siliees. 23. deficiet with subject inf. clause is a poet's way of saying ' I shall not fail to,' etc., a lover's hyperbole. — citatos : ' hurrying ' ; cf. Sen. Here. Fur. 178 : proper at cursii vita citato ; Phaedra. \ 049 : pistrix citatas sorbet aid frangit rates. 25. dicam : i.e. in reply to the answer of the sailors, whatever it may be. — Atraciis : the only Atrax historically known was in central Thessaly. Either Propertius is implying that it makes no differ- ence whether Cynthia is in lllyria or elsewhere, or in poetic hyper- bole, or the usual geographical in- exactness, he is stretching the limits of lllyria as far eastward as possible for the effect desired in this contrast. 26. Hylleis : the name of a not definitely located lUyrian tribe, who traced their descent from Hyllus, a son of Heracles by the water nymph Melite. Cf Apollon. 316 rV ELEGIARVM LIBER I [8 b, 33 8b Hie erit, hie iiirata manet. rumpantur iniquil vieimus : adsiduas non tulit ilia preces, falsa licet eupidus deponat gaudia livor : destitit ire novas Cynthia nostra vias. illi earns ego et per me carissima Roma dicitur, et sine me dulcia regna negat. ilia vel angusto mecum requiescere lecto 27. Divided from the foregoing by I.ipsius. No break in 0- Rhod. 4, 535-539 : a/x<^i TToAti' dyav^v 'YA.A.7jtoa . . . YAAov, bv €vei8^9 MeAtVr; TiKf-V 'HpaKA^i St^/xw ^aiy]Kwv. — ilia f utura meast : 'she is destined for me.' I, 8 b The sequel to the preceding poem, written as soon as Proper- tins learns the successful result of his petitions. 27-38: 'Victory! Cynthia stays, and says she prefers me to all that kings could give. 39-42 : It was not by such offers that she was won, but by my potent verse. 43-46 : Now she is mine so long as life shall last.' 27. Hie ... hie : the emphasis in the first overjoyed exclamations of delight is upon the thought that instead of wandering in the remote and vague regions just mentioned in the preceding poem, she is to be 'here.' — iurata: 'she has taken her oath to.' Cf. v. 17 for the unrealized fear. — rumpantur : cf. Hor. Sat. i, 3, 135 : iniserque rum peris. 28. adsiduas: 'importunate.' — non tulit : since they were ir- resistible. 29. falsa: 'groundless,' be- cause based on a fear which is now not to become fact. — gaudia : jealousy dotes on every opportu- nity to gratify its passion. — livor : Propertius gloats over the livor, as if it had a personal and separate existence. 30. destitit : ' has given up her purpose.' — nostra: emphatic. 31. ego: sc. dicor : note the triumphant repetitions of the per- sonal pronoun in these three verses. 32. sine me : cf. v. 4. — dulcia : sc. esse. 33. angusto : it is the slender- ness of the circumstances of the owner that the poet means to im- ply. Cf. Sen. T/iyestes, 452: scelern non intrant casas, tut usque mensa capitiir angusta cibus. 17 8 b, 34] PROPERTI et quocumque modo maluit esse mea, 35 quam sibi dotatae regnum vetus Hippodamiae, et quas Elis opes ante pararat equis. quamvis magna daret, quamvis maiora daturus, non tamen ilia meos fugit avara sinus, banc ego non auro, non Indis flectere concbis, 40 sed potui blandi carminis obsequio. sunt igitur musae, neque amanti tardus Apollo ; quis ego fretus amo : Cynthia rara meast. nunc mibi summa licet contingere sidera plantis 34. quocumque modo : cf. the phraseology of the marriage ritual : " for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer." Observe the triple rime ; cf. Cholmeley, Theocritus^ pp. 44 sq. 35. sibi : the force of the esse in the preceding verse is continued here. — dotatae : lier dos was the regnum of her father, Oenomaus. 36. et : ' namely ' ; the verse explains further the meaning of dotatae. Cf. for tliis et 3, 7, 29. — ante pararat: 'has ever won.' Cf. 3, 1 1, 65 for the tense. — equis : as if Pelops and the other kings of Elis had owned all the horses which during the centuries won the Olympian prizes! 37. daret : the rival. — daturus : so. esset ; ' would probably have given,' perhaps even ' promised to give.' 38. avara belongs to the predi- cate. 39. conchis : by metonymy for the pearl within. Cf. 3, 13, 6: et vend e rubro concha Erythraea 2 salo : Tib. 3, 3, 17 ; 2, 4, 30 : e rubro lucida concha mart; Ovid, Am. 2, 1 1, 13. 40. blandi carminis : the pre- vious poem answers the descrip- tion, in its remarkable self-restraint and irresistible attraction. But Propertius may not refer to this poem alone. — obsequio : ' through obedience to the compelling power!' It is not the poet, but his mistress, that has obeyed. 41. sunt igitur musae: cf. 4, 7, I : Sunt aliquid manes. 42. quis = quibus. — rara : cf. I, 17, 16. 43. summa: for there is noth- ing higher to mortal vision, or mortal ken. — contingere sidera plantis : Propertius outdoes his predecessors and his successors. We are content to be ''on the mountain top." Horace's phrase for his hoped-for triumph is only subiu/n'fcriam sidera vert ice (Car. I, I, 36). But Propertius, the favored lover, is among the im- mortals, and, like theirs, his celes- 18 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [9. 4 sive dies seu nox venerit, ilia meast, 45 nee mihi rivalis certos subducit amores. ista nieam norit gloria canitiem. Dicebam tibi venturos, inrisor, amores, nee tibi perpetuo libera verba fore : ecce iaces supplexque venis ad iura puellae, et tibi nunc quaevis imperat empta modo. 9. 4. quaevis quovis Vo quidvis Postgate. tial steps are planted on the stars ; cf. Cat. 66, 69. 46. ista : the scornful pronoun refers to the praetor's failure to accompHsh exactly what Propertius had achieved : that glory which my rival hoped for, viz. subdjicere amores, is to be mine forever, in having won it away from him for all time. I, 9 The sequel to i, 7. Ponticus has indeed succumbed to Amor, and Propertius prescribes elegiac composition as likely to offer relief. 1-8: 'I told you so; you're dead in love, and all too well I know what that means. 9-16 : Of what avail are now your epics? turn to elegy, for which, fortunately, you are well equipped. 17-22: Your troubles are but just begun. 23-32 : Don't imagine that you are master of the situ- The for- warning. Dicebam ation ; Cupid is all-powerful, and can do with you as he will. 33-34 : So .speak your woes in verse.' 1. Dicebam : in 1,7. mula for recalling a Cf. Ovid, Am. i, 14, i : ' medicare ttios desist e capillos ' ; Plant. As. 938 : dicebam, pater, tibi lie matri consuleres male. 2. libera: i.e. because not re- strained from scoffing by any consciousness of being himself vulnerable to a like attack. 3. iaces: 'are humbled.' — venis ad iura : a legal formula, of ' coming to court ' (the pun is English only), indicating, with supple.w a complete dependence upon the decision (or sentence.'') of the fair judge. 4. quaevis : Propertian ambi- guity ; best taken as ace. plur. — modo : ' but yesterday ' ; i.e. the girl is a libertitia, or possibly still even a slave. 219 9. 5] PROPERTI 5 non me Chaoniae vincant in amore columbae dicere quos iuvenes quaeque puella domet me dolor et lacrimae merito fecere peritum : atque utinam posito dicar amore rudis ! quid tibi nunc misero prodest grave dicere carmen lo aut Amphioniae moenia flere lyrae ? \ plus in amore valet Mimnermi versus Homero : carmina mansuetus lenia quaerit Amor. i quaeso et tristis istos conpone libellos, et cane quod quaevis nosse puella velit. 12. lenia w levia 0. 5. me: emphatic. — Chaoniae = Epiroticae. At Dodona in Epi- rus was a very celebrated ancient oracle of Zeus, to whom doves were originally sacred ; cf. Joiir. Hellen. Stud., Vol. 21 (1901), p. 105. — vincant: 'exceP; poten- tial. — columbae: as sacred to Venus these oracular birds would be especially sure to hit the truth in matters of love. 6. dicere : poetic construction with vincant : cf. Sil. Ital. 6, 141 : noti ullo Libycis in Jinibiis annie victus limosas extendere latins undas. 7. merito : i.e. 1 have nobody to blame but myself. 8. atque : adversative. — rudis : cf. 2, 34, 82 : sive in amore rudis sive perittis erit. 9. grave : i.e. an epic. 10. Cf. I, 7, I. n. Amphion, one of the twin kings of Thebes, played so skillfully on the lyre given him by Hermes that the buije stones arranged themselves to form the city wall. — flere : cf. 3, 9, 37 ; Hor. Epod. 14, 1 1 : cava t est n dine fJevit am or em . II. Mimnermi: a venerable figure in the field of elegy, and the elegist who originated the erotic type. Cf. Intr. § 4. For his relation to Propertius cf. Wila- mowitz in the Sitz. d. Kgl. Pr. Akad. d. IJ'iss. 1912, pp. 100 sqq. — versus Homero: the juxtapo- sition heightens the contrast be- tween the single verse of the master of love elegies and Homer, epics and all ! 13. tristis: oi. flere, v. 10. — istos : those worthless for the purpose to which you have been devoting yourself. — conpone : i.e. roll together and put away in their case. Cf. Hor. Car. 4, 14, 51 : Sygavibri conpositis venerantur arjnis ; Cic. Ad Fatn. 16, 20: libros conpone. This verse, how- ever, affords an elegant example oi the characteristic ambiguity of our poet ; in another interpretation 20 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [9. 24 15 20 quid si iion esset facilis tibi copia ? nunc tu insanus medio flumine quaeris aquam. necdum etiam palles, vero nee tangeris igni : haec est venturi prima favilla mali. turn magis Armenias cupies accedere tigres et magis infernae vincula nosse rotae, quam pueri totiens arcum sentire medullis et nihil iratae posse negare tuae. nullus Amor cuiquam facilis ita praebuit alas, ut non alterna presserit ille manu. conpone = ' write,'' cf. i, 7, 19; then with tristis cf. Hor. Car. i, 33, 2 : miserabiles elegos ; and istos = ' those which you have scorned.' — libellos : more com- mon of a short poem. Cf. 2, 13, 25, n. 15. In such a case you would have more excuse for hesitation. — copia : /.e. ' facility ' in compo- sition. 16. The famlHar fable of the thirsty sailors at the mouth of the Amazon Is but a later adaptation of a classical commonplace. Cf. Ovid, Tr/sL 5,4, 9 : ncc frondetn in silvis, nee aperto mollia prato gramma, nee plena fliimine cernit aqt(am. 17. palles: cf. i, I, 22, n. — igni: of love. 18. prima favilla mali : the expression would well suit the usual phenomenon of a prelimi- nary shower of ashes before a great volcanic eruption, familiar to the Romans of this period from frequent instances at Aetna and 22 Stromboli. But probably Pro- pertius is thinking only of the apparently lifeless ashes under which still lie dangerous fires, which may burn the curious meddler. 19. Armenias: a stock epithet to indicate ferocity. Cf. Tib. 3, 6, 15: Verg. Ec. 5,29: Ovid, Mel. 8,121: Armeniae ligres austroque agitata Charybdis. 20. vincula : the brazen band with which Ixion was bound to the wheel. — nosse: i.e. experience. 21. pueri: Cupid. 22. iratae : i.e. whenever you are out of favor. 23. nullus: Mn no case.' — ■ facilis . . . alas : the successful lover proverbially " treads on air." It is unnecessary to look for a reference to Cupid's own wings. 24. alterna (not altera): 'in turn.' The 'ups and downs' of love are equally certain. One moment the lover soars above the heads of ordinary mortals ; the next, he falls to the ground in hu- 9. 25] PROPERTI 25 nec te decipiat, quod sit satis ilia parata : acrius ilia subit, Pontice, siqua tuast ; tf' quippe ubi non liceat vacuos seducere ocellos, nec vigilare alio nomine cedat Amor, qui non ante patet, donee manus attigit ossa. 30 quisquis es, adsiduas ah fuge blanditias, illis et silices possunt et cedere quercus^ nedum tu possis, spiritus iste levis. quare, si pudor est, quam primum errata fatere dicere, quo pereas, saepe in amore levat. 31. possunt et m et possunt DV et possint NAF. miliation and dejection. Which- ever one of the figures suggested by various commentators Pro- pertius had in mind, the parallel quoted from Shak. Ro}ji. and Jul. 2, 2, 177 is interesting: " I would have thee gone : And yet no further than a wanton's bird ; Who lets it hop a little from her hand, Like a poor prisoner in his twisted gyves, And with a silk thread plucks it back again. So loving- jealous of his liberty." 25. quod sit : ' the idea that she is.' — parata : ' responsive.' 26. acrius . . . subit refers to soul-suffering. 27. quippe ubi : ' for this is a case where.' — vacuos: 'to relieve the tension ' ; the word belongs to thepredicate by a proleptic use. 28. vigilare : 'keep love's vigil' ; the object of cedat: i.e. to suffer the anxieties of a lover. — alio nomine : ' for the sake of any other loved one.' 29. The correlation ante . . . donee is unique. 30. adsiduas: like those just described. 31. An ancient proverbial thought; cf. Ovid, y^w. 3. 7, 57: ilia graves potuit quercus adanian- taquc durum surdaque blanditiis saxa //lovere suis ; Plaut. Poeti. 290 : ilia mulier lapidein silicem subigere, ut se amet, potest. 32. Note the subtle sarcasm in possis. — iste : ' such as thou art.' 33. quare: not found in Tib. ; used si.x times in Prop. — pudor: the sense of shame is due to having boasted (but idly) to Pro- pertius that he was immune from love. 34. quo pereas: * for whom thou languishest.' The gender of the pronoun is purposely indefinite. Cf. Hor. Car. i, 27, 10: dicat . . . quo beatus volnere, qua per eat sagitta. 222 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [12, 9 12 Quid mihi desidiae non cessas fingere crimen, quod facial nobis conscia Roma moram ? tam multa ilia meo divisa est milia lecto, quantum Hypanis Veneto dissidet Eridano, nee mihi consuetos amplexu nutrit amores^ Cynthia nee nostra dulcis in aure sonat. dim gratus eram : non illo tempore cuiquam contigit ut simili posset amare fide. invidiae fuimus: num me deus obruit ? an quae 12. 9. num DV non NAF nunc w. I, 12 To the reproaches of an un- known friend for his spiritless life, • — especially, it would seem, his lack of interest in an invitation to travel, — Propertius replies (1-6) that it is not Cynthia who re- strains him, for she is estranged ; 7-14: once a favored lover, he is now for some unknown reason cast off, and lonely in his bitter sorrow; 15-20: though unable to touch her heart with sympathy, or to transfer his affection to another, he can at least be faithful to her unto death. 1. mihi : cf. 3, il, 3. 2. conscia: 'which knows the secret of my love.' Cf. 2, 13, 42. — Roma : i.e. Rome and its fas- cination, including Cynthia. 3. tam multa . . . milia : that there was a literal separation at this time may be indicated by the preceding poem, in which Cynthia is amusing herself in the gay life of Baiae. But the comparison in v. 4 shows that it is of the spiritual separation that the poet is espe- cially thinking. — ilia : for Pro- pertius there was but one 'she,' and he is unconscious of any am- biguity. 4. Cf. " as far as the east is from the west." It may be doubted whether Propertius had any clear idea of the location of the Hypanis, and authorities are divided as to its location. If there was one in India, it would suit the context best. 6. Cynthia : i.e. the name. Cf. I, 18, 22. 7. Cf. Cat. 87. 9. invidiae: pred. dat. : 'an object of envy ' ; i.e. on account of his good fortune in possessing the favor of Cynthia. — num : the poet cannot believe his enemy 223 12, lO] PROPERTI ro IS 20 lecta Prometheis dividit herba iugis ? non sum ego qui fueram : mutat via longa puellas : quantus in exiguo tempore fugit amor! nunc primum longas solus cognoscere noctes cogor et ipse meis auribus esse gravis, felix qui potuit praesenti flere puellae : non nihil adspersis gaudet Amor lacrimis ; aut si despectus potuit mutare calores : sunt quoque translato gaudia servitio. mi neque amare aliam neque ab hac discedere fas est: Cynthia prima fuit, Cynthia finis erit. 14 Tu licet abiectus Tiberina molliter unda Lesbia Mentoreo vina bibas opere, has been a god ; rather the witch- craft or magic potions of a human rival. — quae: indef. 10. Prometheis. . . iugis : Pro- metheus was bound on the Cau- casus. — dividit : sc. tne ab ilia. — herba : apparently the cf)dpfj.aKov Upoixi'jOeLov, said to have sprung from the blood of Prometheus and to have an unenviable efficacy in magic potions. Cf. Apollon. Rhod. 3, 845; Val. Flac. 7, 356-7: Prometheae florem de sanguine florae Caiicaseum promit nutri- taqiie gramina ponti. 11. Cf. Hon Car. 4, 1,3: non sum qualis cram bonae sub regno Cinarae. For the tense cf. 2, 13, 38, n. 224 13. solus : to be taken with cog- it seer e. 14. meis: instead of those of his puella (v. 15). 15. puellae: for the dat. cf. Tib. 2, 5, 103. 17. S c . felix qui. — calores : i.e. the person exciting the passion. 19. neque . . . fas : wrong in the sight of the powers that be, perhaps especially Venus and Cupid. I, 14 The joys of love are far supe- rior to those of luxurious wealth (C.S.). The third in the group of elegies dealing intimately with the experiences and feelings of the ELEGIARVM LIBER I [14, 6 et modo tam celeres mireris currere lintres et modo tam tardas funibus ire rates, et nemus omne satas intendat vertice silvas, urgetur quantis Caucasus arboribus : 14. 5. omne unde Lachmann utque nemus tantas Kuehlewein. tendat ut tendat Rothstein ut nemus amne satas incingat Fonteinius. in- lover is addressed to his friend Tullus. 1-14: 'AH your luxury is no match for that love which makes me a Croesus and a king. 15- 24 : Venus is the mistress of every heart. Without herijosses- sions are futile ; with her I can disdain them.'' 1. Tu: the name of Tullus does not occur till v. 20. — abiectus . . . molliter : ' having thrown yourself down in the aban- don of easy luxury, on the banks of Tiber's stream.' It is an ele- gant expression for utter freedom from care and restraint (C. S.). — unda : this locative abl. seems to be a mixture of the ideas, ripa and ad undam, either of which would have been more exact. Tullus probably owned a suburban villa on the Tiber below Rome. Cf. Mart. 4. 64. 2. Lesbia . . . vina : the Les- bian was one of the best of the Ae- gean wines, noted for its sweetness and harmlessness. It could be drunk freely without intoxication. Hence Hor. Car. i, 17. 21 : hie innocentis pociila Lesbii duces sub umbra. It was sometimes called Methymnaean from a city of ROM. EL. POETS — 1 5 22 Lesbos (C. S.). — Mentoreo . . . opera : Mentor was the most cele- brated silver-chaser among the Greeks. None of his larger works were extant in Pliny's time, but smaller cups existed and were very costly (C. S.). Cf. 3, 9, 13. 3. mireris: 'see with admira- tion.' — lintres: passenger boats, probably, the swiftest known then, corresponding to our best motor boats to-day. 4. rates is contrasted with lintres. The allusion is to the heavily laden canal boats or the raft-like vessels called caudicariae. Tliese boats were towed from Ostia to Rome by means of oxen. They brought to the two principal docks of Rome, the Marmorata and the Emporium, vast quantities of merchandise, corn, and building materials (C. S.)- Cf. Lanciani, Anc. Rome in the Light of Mod. Dist., p. 236. 5. nemus omne, etc. : ' a whole grove spreads out its planted shade trees with top as high as the trees with which Caucasus is clothed.' The courts of the Roman villas were often planted with shrubbery and watered with fountains on a magnificent scale 14. 7] PROPERTI lO 15 20 non tamen ista meo valeant contendere amori : nescit Amor magnis cedere divitiis. nam sive optatam mecum trahit ilia quietem, seu facili totum ducit amore diem, tum mihi Pactoli veniunt sub tecta liquores, at legitur rubris gemma sub aequoribus : tum mihi cessuros spondent mea gaudia reges : quae maneant, dum me fata perire volent. nam quis divitiis. adverso gaudet Amore ? nulla mihi tristi praemia sint Venere ! ilia potest magnas heroum infringere vires, ilia etiam duris mentibus esse dolor : ilia neque Arabium metuit transcendere limen, nee timet ostrino, Tulle, subire toro. (C. S.). Cf. Tib. 3, 3, 15. — in- tendat goes with licet ^ v. i. — vertice : instrumental, referring to nemus. The editors abound in other explanations such as: abl. of source with satas, loc. abl., dat. {= caelo, i.e. the zenith) (Rothstein). 7. ista refers to Tn in v. i and to the following description. — contendere : i.e. ' to vie with.' — amori: cf. i, 7, 3, n. 9. trahit: 'prolongs" (C. S.). — ilia : cf. I, 12, 3, n. 10. facili: ' willing.'/.^, mutual. — ducit: 'spends' (C. S.). 11. Pactoli: cf. I. 6, 32, n. 12. Cf. Tib. 2, 2. 15-16, nn. 13. cessuros: sc esse. — spon- dent: 'assure' (C. S.). 14. dum . . . volent: the fut. with dum in the sense of ' until ' is very rare in the classical period. L. 1996. 15-16. The sentiment is as old as Mimnermus (^Frag. i) : rt's Se /3to?, Tt Se repTTvov arep xpvcrir)^ 'A<^po8trr;s ; Cf. Hor. Ep. I, 6. 65 : si, Mimnermus uti censet, sine amore iocisqiie nil est incundum (C.S.). 19. The allusion seems to be to some of the beautiful stones of the east, sometimes used for the posts and thresholds of houses. Ala- baster and onyx were so used in the dwellings of the wealthy ; cf. Pliny, N. H. 36, 3, 7_(C. S.). Cf. Tib. 3, 3, 14-16. — Arabium: similar quantity may be observed in 2. 10, 16. et passitn. 20. subire : ' to steal into.' — toro: poetic dat. Cf. Ovid, Ex P. 4, 15, 30: ne subeant 226 ELEGIARVM IJBKR I [I7i 2 et miserum toto iuvenem versare cubili : quid relevant variis serica textilibus ? quae mihi dum placata aderit, non ulla verebor regna vel Alcinoi munera despicere. 17 Et merito, quoniam potui fugisse puellam ! nunc ego desertas adloquor alcyonas. 24. vel nee at aut Mueller. animo taedia ius/a tuo. Perliaps this construction may here be partly due to the influence of ostrino, which refers, of course, to the covering, as toro does prin- cipally to the cushion. Love steals under the gorgeous couch and cover, and the youth suddenly finds that even there he is not safe from such attacks. 21. versare: 'to make him toss ' ; cf. 2, 22, 47 : quanta ilium toto versant suspiria lecto. 22. quid relevant : cf. Lucr. 2, 34 : nee calidae citius decediint corpore febres textilibus si in pic- turis ostroque rubenti iacteris. — variis . . . textilibus: abl. of qual- ity, to be rendered as one phrase with serica: ' variety of silken fab- rics.' —serica : the Seres, the modern Chinese, furnished textile fabrics in large variety : garments, tapestries, bedspreads, and even carpets. Several words in this elegy indicate the wide range of Roman commerce in search of rich and rare luxuries (C S.). The 22: material used by the Seres gave the generic name, 'silks.' 24. vel: we should expect nee; but we have such sequences as nee . . . vel, e.g. in Tib. i, 9, 59. — Alcinoi : the king of the Phaea- cians, who gave such liberal gifts {munera) to Odysseus (C S.) ; 'gifts like those of Alcinous.' I. 17 In the perils of a storm at sea Propertius bewails his folly and fate and contrasts his death with what it would have been had he died at Rome amid the lamenta- tions of his mistress (C. 8.). Whether the scene was real or imaginary we have no means of knowing. If it was real the anxie- ties caused by the perils of the sea were unnecessary, as the trip did not terminate fatally. The poet seems in 3, 21, to be really plan- ning flight over the sea to Athens ; but the situation here cannot be identified with one at that late 17. 3] PROPERTI nec mihi Cassiope solito visura carinam, omniaque ingrato litore vota cadunt. 5 quin etiam absent! prosunt tibi, Cynthia, venti : adspice, quam saevas increpat aura minas. 17. 3. solito solo Palmer. Stage of the progress of his rela- tions with Cynthia. In his loneli- ness, his hatred of the sea, his longing for his loved one, as well as in the geographical situation, he is like Tibullus in 1,3. 1-4 : 'I deserve it all, for having forsaken my darling. 5-12: The storm does your will, Cynthia, upon me ; can you not relent ? Can you really bear that I should perish thus? 13-18: Cursed be he who first learned to sail the sea! Better anything than its cruel pitilessness! 19-24: Had I only stayed at home, even to die, my love would have shown her heart in the last sad offices. 25- 28 : Yet, daughters of the sea, come to my help, and spare me ! ' 1. Et merito : Propertius u.su- ally plunges hi inedias res at once in his elegies, several times, as here, apparently presupposing a con- siderable process of thought ; cf. I, 9; 2, 10; 3, 7; 3, 23; 4, 7. This habit may serve to justify the divisions of the poems in some cases. Cf. e.g. i. 81^. — fugisse: of. Tib. I, I, 29, n. 2. desertas : 'lonely' (C S). — alcyonas : ' sea birds ' ; strictly, kingfishers. There was a fancy that they were connected with the sea, aAs : hence, halcedo. ' halcyon.'' The " halcyon days " were the fourteen days of the bird's incuba- tion, during which the sea was supposed to be more calm and navigable (C. S.) ; cf. 3, 10, 9: alcyonum positis reqiiiescant ora querellis. 3. Cassiope: a port on the northern end of the island of Corcyra, the first made on the regular course from Brundusium to Greece, and the last at which navigators called on the return voyage. Cf. Cic. Ad Fam. 16, 9, I ; Cell. 19, I, i; Suet. Nero^ 22; Pliny, N. H. 4. 12, 52.— solito: 'as usual ' (C. S.). This absolute use of the participle is an easy ex- tension of the more common one after comparatives, eg. Livy, 24, 9 : plus solito. — visura : sc. est. 4. cadunt: 'fall unnoticed,' i.e. fail. Cf. the modern colloquial "fall down." 5. prosunt: 'take your part' (C.S.). 6. increpat : the indicative is used because the dependent clause has more the nature of an exclama- tion than of an indirect question. Such constructions are found even in Cicero, and quite often in the poets, both early and classical 228 ELEGlARVM LlBER I [«7. >5 nullane placatae veniet fortuna procellae ? haecine parva meum funus arena teget ? tu tamen in melius saevas converte querellas lo sat tibi sit poenae nox et iniqua vada. an poteris siccis mea fata reponere ocellis, ossaque nulla tuo nostra tenere sinu ? ah pereat, quicumque rates et vela paravit primus et invito gurgite fecit iter. 15 nonne fuit levius dominae pervincere mores II. reponere opponere w reposcere Baehrens. They follow especially verbs of seeing and saying. Cf. Draeger, i55(C. S.). 7. placatae . . . procellae : epexegetical gen. with fortuna. 8. haecine : cf. LSHLG., p. 80. — funus : the vocabulary of death is rich in Propertius, and the variations in usage manifold. This word here means ' dead body,' as in 4, II, 3 (but body and soul are there identified), and 2i?, fata does in V. II. Cf. Verg. Aen. 9, 491 : funus laceriim tellus Jtabet. 9. Unless Cynthia's curses cease soon Propertius believes his doom will be certain death. 10. nox : ' the blackness of the tempest ' (C S.). 11. fata: cf. v. 8, n. — repo- nere : ' lay away ' i.e. in the tomb ; but here in the more general sense (cf. 'consign to earth'), as the place and circumstances are thought of as beyond the ken of Cynthia. Propertius means to say, ' Could you bear to have me die where you couldn't bury me ? ' 12. ossaque . . . tenere: 'and yet not be able to clasp to your bosom.' — sinu: for the burial custom in this particular see B. G. Exc. 12, p. 519 (C. S.) ; cf. Tib. I, 3. 6. 13. pereat, quicumque : naviga- tion was an exceedingly perilous business in those days, and Roman poetry abounds in curses on the folly of tempting Providence by venturing oiT the land. E.g. Tib. 1,3, 50; Prop. 3,7,29-32; Hor. Car. I, 3, 9 sqq. : illi robur . . . erat, qui . . . com»iisit pelago rat em. 14. primus : the invention of ships and the beginnings of naviga- tion are variously ascribed to'Jason, Semiramis, Danaus, Erythras. The Phoenicians are thought to be the first nation that engaged extensively in commerce. But cf. Tib. i', 7, 20 (C. S.). 15. Cf. Verg. Ec. 2, 14: nonne fuit satius, tristes Amaryllidis iras atque superba pati fastidia f For fuit cf- Madv. 348, c. 229 17, i6] PROPERTI 20 (quamvis dura, tamen rara puella fuit), quam sic ignotis circumdata litora silvis cernere et optatos quaerere Tyndaridas ? illic siqua meum sepelissent fata dolorem, ultimus et posito staret amore lapis, ilia meo caros donasset funere crines. 16. rara : cf. i, 8. 42. 18. optatos . . . Tyndaridas : Castor and Pollux, whose favor as bringing fair weather was con- stantly sought by sailors ; cf. BPli'., Vol. 30 (1910). Sp. 517. Perhaps the origin of the idea is to be traced to the convenience of their constellation, Gemini, as a guide for pilots, which would re- quire fair weather, of course, to be useful, and the desire for this would cause petitions to the deified twins. But besides this the phe- nomenon known as St. Elmo's fire, at the masthead, was early recognized as an indication of the favor of Castor and Pollux. Cf. Pliny. N. H. 2. 37, loi ; Hor. Car. 1,3,2; 1,12,27; 4,8,31 ; Cat. 68, 65; Geikie, p. 341. The mother of the twins was Leda, wife of Tyndareus ; but legend and litera- ture more often regard Juppiter as their father. 19. illic: at Rome, which now seems so remote as to suggest this adverb. There, moreover, •she' {illas v. 21) is, the poet is thinking; cf. i. 12, 3, n. 20. amore may be taken as practically equivalent to amatore (•her dead lover'); cf. 2,28,39, n. — lapis : the sepulchral stone (C.S.). 21. meo . . . funere : with characteristic vagueness in both words and syntax, as again in e.xtremo . . . piilvere in v. 23, Propertius leaves us in doubt whether he refers especially to time or to place. Fortunately for poets, they are not required to parse what they write ; we may render the expressions respec- tively, ' would have presented her dead lover,' and ' would have called my name aloud when life had forever left this clay.' — crines : the friends of the dead often cut off their hair and laid it sometimes on the breast and sometimes on the tomb of the deceased. Cf. Ovid. Met. 3, 505 : planxere sorores Naideset sectos fratri posn- ere capillos. Several of the bur- ial customs of the Romans are indicated in this and the following lines. To decorate the graves of the dead with flowers seems to be a natural expression of the heart in all ages, but probably has some significance of a magic or mystical character also. Cf. Siebourg in Archiv. f. Religiotiswissensc/iaft, Vol. 8, pp. 390, sqq. To call upon 230 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [i8, 2 molliter et tenera poneret ossa rosa : ilia meum extremo clamasset pulvere nomen, ut mihi non ullo pondere terra foret. 25 at vos aequoreae formosa Doride natae, Candida felici solvite vela choro : si quando vestras labens Amor attigit undas, mansuetis socio parcite litoribus. 18 Haec certe deserta loca et taciturna querenti, et vacuum zephyri possidet aura nemus : the name of the deceased was usual among the Romans. S- T- T- L (^sit iibi terra levis) was often inscribed on the tomb as well as uttered among the last farewells. See B. G. Exc. 12 (C. S.) . The conclainatio. or cus- tom of having all present shout loudly the name of the deceased as soon as death appears to have taken place, is still practiced on the death of a Pope of Rome. 25. Doride natae : Doris was the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married Nereus and was the mother of Nereids. Pro- pertius appeals to them by the fellowship of love to spare him and give him tranquil waters (C.S.). 28. mansuetis . . . litoribus: instrumental. — socio : i-e- because they could then have a fellow-feel- ing for his distress. I, 18 In the silent solitude of the for- est Propertius bitterly laments the hardheartedness of Cynthia. 1-8: ' Here at least I may utter my complaint ; but where shall I begin to rehearse my sad es- tate? 9-16: What have I done to merit thy disdain ? Have I been unfaithful ? I swear I have not, richly as thou deservest to be for- saken. 17-22: Or do I not protest enough ? the very trees shall wit- ness my devotion. 23-26: Or have I revealed thy infidelities ? I have borne all in silence. 27-32 And for all this my only reward is to wander lonely in the wildwood and make it vocal with the echoes of thy name ?' I. Haec certe: the poet has been almost bursting with grief, and only here at last does he find 231 1 8, 3] PROrERTI lO hie licet oceultos proferre inpune dolores, si modo sola queant saxa tenere fidem. unde tuos primum repetam, mea Cynthia, f astus ? quod mihi das flendi, Cynthia, principium ? qui modo felices inter numerabar amantes, nunc in amore tuo cogor habere notam. quid tantum merui ? quae te mihi crimina mutant? an nova tristitiae causa puella tuae ? sic mihi te referas, levis, ut non altera nostro limine formosos intulit ulla pedes, quamvis multa tibi dolor hie mens aspera debet, non ita saeva tamen venerit ira mea 18. g. crimina (o carmina 0. relief in voicing his feelings. — querent! : dat. of ref. 2. Cf. Martial 6, 76, 6 : ei famuliim vidrix possidet umbra neinits. 3. oceultos : i.e. up to this time. — inpung : note the shortening of the final vowel. 4. Perhaps the poet recalls the legend of King Midas and his serv- ant, whose secret was not safe even when confided only to a hole in the ground. Cf Pers. i, 119. 5. 'At what point shall I begin to rehearse the long story of thy proud disdain ? ' 7. modo : • but yesterday,' it seemed to Propertius, as he re- called the heyday of his love. 8. in : cf. 3, 2. 2, n. — notam: known to the world as Cynthia's discarded love, he looks upon this knowledge as a stigma, like the mark of disgrace affixed by the 23 censors to a citizen degraded from his former rank. 9. crimina : ' charges ' brought by Cynthia herself 10. an: A, 335, b. — tristi- tiae : ' coldness.' 11. sic . . . ut : cf. Tib. 2, 5, 63, n. — levis: 'O madam light- of-love' (Phillimore). 12. Cf. Cat. 68, 70-72. — li- mine is best considered instru- mental, but rendered 'over my threshold.' 13: aspera: substantive use: ' bitter experiences ' (cf. colloquial 'bad quarter of an hour'). — debet: poetic indie, with quam- v/s ; cf. L. 1906; H. 586, 2, 2; A. 527, e. 14. venerit : vem'o and eo are not infrequent equivalents of sum in Propertius; cf. i, 15, 4: /« nostro lenta timore vents ; i, 4, I o : inferior dura iudice turpis eat. ELEGIARVM LIBER I [i8, 23 -X 20 "VyJUC? ut tibi sim merito semper furor et tua flendo lumina deiectis turpia sint lacrimis. an quia parva damus mutato signa colore et non ulla meo clamat in ore fides ? vos eritis testes, siquos habet arbor amores, fagus et Arcadio pinus arnica deo. ah quotiens teneras resonant mea verba sub umbras, ^ scribitur et vestris Cynthia corticibus ! -^an tua quod peperit nobis iniuria curas, 17. colore calore V2. 15. furor: cf. HaqDer's Lex. s.v. 2 ; Pichon s.71. at the end. 16. Cf. Tib. I, I, 51-52; 2, 6, 41-43; Ovid, Am. 3, 6, 57-60: qjtid fles et madidos lacrimis cor- rumpis ocellos pectoraqiie iiisana plangis aperta majiu ? ille habet et silices et vivion in pectore fer- rum, qui tenero lacrimas lent us in ore videt. 17. The second possible charge against the poet-lover, — ifiere again, as in the previous instance, in the form of an indignant question, im- plying a negative answer, — is that he gives little external manifesta- tion of his passion, such as young and ardent lovers usually exhibit, viz. in countenance and in words. — mutato . . . colore : cf. i, 6, 6, n. Probably both the temporary change of the occasional blush, and the more permanent change from normal color to the habitual paleness traditionally ascribed to lovers are in the mind of the poet. 18. in ore fides: 'pledge on my lips'; cf Ovid, Her. 2, 31 : iura^ fides uhi nunc commissaque dextera dextrae, quique erat in falso plurimus ore dens ? 19. Propertius answers that much more enduring signs are on the trees, and that the woods are vocal with his ' protestations of fidelity. 20. fagus : the tree that stili serves best for the carving of sweethearts' names. — pinus arnica deo: Pitys^ a nymph beloved by Pan, was changed into a pine. This tree would thus easily be thought of as especially sympa- thetic with lovers' confidences. 23. The third possible charge. — peperit : ' brought forth ' = ' re- vealed.' — iniuria: 'the wrongs you have done me' ; a regular word for infidelity in the elegiac writers ; cf. 3, 25. 7 ; Cat. 72, 7. — curas : the bitterness of heart that lovers know. * 233 1 8, 24] PROPERTI \., quae solum tacitis cognita sunt foribus ? 25 omnia consuevi timidus perferre superbae iussa, neque arguto facta dolore queri. pro quo divini fontes et frigida rupes et datur inculto tramite dura quies : et quodcumque meae possunt narrare querellae, 30 cogor ad argutas dicere solus aves. sed qualiscumque es, resonant mihi ' Cynthia ' silvae nee deserta tuo nomine saxa vacent. 27. divini fontes dumosi monies Heinsius mi duri monies Enk suggests. 24. quae: the gender may be explained by noting that it refers here not so much to curas (its ap- parent antecedent) as to the ex- pression of them, which would be in verba. — solum . . . cognita sunt : i.e. hitherto have been ; Cynthia fears now that in desperation they may have been uttered. — foribus : the doors of his mistress's house have told no tales of what had happened there, — all too well known to Propertius, shut out while others were admitted. 25. perferre: 'to endure in silence.' — superbae: of. 3, 24, 2, et passim. 26. arguto : 'loud-mouthed,' ' blabbing.' 27. quo : refers to the whole pa- tient and discreet conduct of the poet as described above. — divini : a mere variation from the more common epithet, sacri : cf. Verg. Ec. 1,52: hie inter fluntina not a et fontes sacros frigus captabis opacunt] Hor. Car. 1,1, 22 : ad aquae Icne caput sacrae; Milton, Ode on the Morning of Chrisfs Natinity : " The lonely mountains o'er. And the resounding shore, A voice of weeping heard, and loud lament ; From haunted spring, and dale, Edg'd with poplar pale." 30. Cf. I, 17, 2. 31. qualiscumque: though the poet was rash enough, in this tem- porary estrangement in the earlier period of his passion, to risk such a universal declaration, we see from 3, 24, 18, and other passages in that and the following poem that his eyes were entirely opened, and a complete revulsion of senti- ment took place. — Cynthia : voc This is the cry uttered repeatedly by the poet, as he wanders to and fro, and as such is used without change of form, in apposition to an implied verburn. Cf. Verg. Ae)i. 4, 383 : nomine Dido saepe vocaturutn. 234 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [19, 7 19 Non ego nunc tristes vereor, mea Cynthia, nianes, nee moror extreme debita fata rogo : sed ne forte tuo careat mihi funus amore, hie timor est ipsis durior exequiis. non adeo leviter nostris puer haesit ocellis, ut mens oblito pulvis amore vacet. illic Phyiacides iucundae coniugis heros With a lover's forebodings, Propertius anticipates an early death, but dreads only the pos- sibility that Cynthia's love will vthen die too. /1-4: 'I fear not death, only that you will cease to love me when I am in the tomb; 5-10: for my own love defies death, like the love of Protesilaus, 11-18: and will remain absolutely true t-o you in the spirit-world. 19-24: O that you may be conscious of this fidelity! that I may be spared my fear that your love will be stolen away from me. 25-26: Then let us love here while we may! ' I. nunc seems to imply a reconciliation with Cynthia. — manes : the development of the meaning is: 'spirits of the dead,' then 'association with these spirits,' therefore ' condition of death.' In nothing does Pro- pertius show a wider imagination than in his treatment of the idea of death, for which his metonymic expressions in this poem alone include, besides this word, fata (2,),fu7ius (3), exequiis {i\), fail {12), favilla (19). Only at length in V. 20 does the poet reach the point of speaking plainly the ill- omened word 7/iors. Cf. also pulvis (6), and pulvere (22), and ossa (18). 2. moror: see Lex. s.v. 2, B. 2. — fata: the word includes the ideas of necessity, death, and burning (C. S.). 5. puer: Cupid. — haesit: cf. 2, 12, 13-15. — ocellis: where love first enters. 6. meus . . . pulvis: 'even when I am but dust and ashes.' — oblito : pass. — vacet : the an- tithesis oi haesit : 'forget my love and again be unpossessed.' 7. illic : the unseen world sug- gested by pulvis^ and further specified in the next verse. — Phyiacides: Protesilaus; cf. Cat. 68, 74, n. 235 19, 8] PROPERTI lO '5 non potuit caecis inmemor esse locis, sed cupidus falsis attingere gaudia palmis, Thessalis antiquam venerat umbra domum. illic quidquid ero, semper tua dicar imago : traicit et fati litora magnus amor, illic formosae veniant chorus heroinae, quas dedit Argivis Dardana praeda viris ; quarum nulla tua fuerit mihi, Cynthia, forma gratior, et (Tellus hoc ita iusta sinat) quamvis te longae remorentur fata senectae, cara tamen lacrimis ossa futura meis. 19. lo. Thessalis DV Thessalus NAF. g. falsis . . . palmis : ' with his mere semblances of hands ' ; cf. Verg. Aen. 6, 292 : ietnies sine corpore vitas. — gaudia : ' his dar- ling'; cf. Cat. 2, 5: desiderio meo nitenti (C. S.). 10. Thessalis . . . umbra: 'a mere ghost of a Thessalian,' predicate use. 11. At first sight the certainty of the second part of the verse seems inconsistent with the in- definiteness of the first. But the poet means to doubt only with reference to the conditions of ex- istence in the world of shades ; that he as a shade will still be known to all as her lover he can- not doubt. 12. A noble line, where the longing for immortality defies the narrow confines of the senses. 13. chorus: in apposition with heroinae : ' the band of beautiful heroines,' Helen, Andromache, Cassandra, Briseis, Tecmessa, etc. (C. S.). 15. fuerit: the poet uses the most positive mood and tense (fut. perf.) possible, regardless of the form of the implied con- dition in V. 13. 16. Tellus: as goddess of the underworld. CfH.&T. §213. — hoc : the long life for Cynthia referred to in the next verse, here unselfishly asked of the goddess who sooner or later claims all for her own. To refer /loc to the same confident assurance of eternal fidelity already expressed in the previous verses would be bathos. — ita = /tac condicione and belongs to insta ; i.e. Tellus would be just only in case she grants this per- mission. 18. Cf I, 6, 24. — ossa : sc. tim. Propertius asserts again that no matter how long it may be before Cynthia's bones shall lie beside 236 ELEGIARVM LIBER I [22, a 20 25 quae tu viva mea possis sentire favilla ! turn mihi non ullo mors sit amara loco, quam vereor ne te contempto, Cynthia, busto abstrahat a nostro pulvere iniquus Amor, cogat et invitam lacrimas siccare cadentes ! flectitur adsiduis certa puella minis, quare, dum licet, inter nos laetemur amantes: non satis est ullo tempore longus amor. 22 Qualis et unde genus, qui sint mihi, Tulle, penates, quaeris pro nostra semper amicitia. iiis own in the common receptacle of all mankind, lie shall ever re- main faithful to her, and this verse seems vaguely to foreshadow an affectionate reunion. There was no general uniformity of belief among the Romans as to the future state. Cf H. & T. § 9 ; Cat. 96, I, n. 19. mea . . . favilla : ' when I am already but dust and ashes.' The expression is one of the extreme liberties which Propertius takes with the language. Cf. i, 17, 21, n. 21. contempto: /V. by you. 24. certa : ' however constant ' (C. S.) . The poet courteously for- gets his past experiences with his inconstant mistress. 25. dum licet . . . laetemur amantes: cf. Tib. i, i, 69 sqq. ; Cat. 5, I : Vivatnus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus. 26. noti est ullum tempus ubi dtcas, amor est satis longus. I, 22 Following the fashion of Angus- _ tan poets (cf. Verg. Georg. 4, 559- 566; Hot; Ep. i, 20, 19-28; Ov\di,Amor. 3, 15. and Trist. 4, 10) Propertius closes this first book, which was independently published, with an autobiograph- ical statement, a statement chiefly remarkable for its vagueness. For the author gives the public (for whom, of course, the poem w^as really intended) no definite in- formation as to his name or his birthplace, and very httle as to / his family. i-io: 'Tullus, as a friend you ask me of my origin. If you know accursed Perugia, you know the neighboring part of Umbria, my birthplace.' I. Qualis: of what general stock, e.g. whether Campanian, Etruscan, Latin, or Umbrian. — 23; 22, 3] PROPERTI lo si Perusina tibi patriae sunt nota sepulcra, Italiae duris funera temporibus, cum Romana suos egit discordia cives (sic, mihi praecipue, puivis Etrusca, dolor, tu proiecta mei perpessa es membra propinqui, tu nullo miseri contegis ossa solo), proxima supposito contingens Umbria campo me genuit terris fertilis uberibus. unde : referring to birthplace. — genus : ace. of specification be- longing to both quail's and unde. sc. sim from the shit; cf. for similar omission of the subjunc- tive I, 8, 2)7 ■ — Tulle: the book suitably closes with an envoy addressed to the same friend to whom he speaks in the opening poem. Cf. Intr. §32. — penates : the gods of the household store evidently here connote the circum- stances, social rank, etc, of the family. The poet reserves his answer to this question altogether for the present, to be given in 4, 1, 129-134 in connection with more exact information as to his birth- place. 2. semper : an adverb with ad- jectival force is not an uncommon phenomenon in good prose as well as poetry, being especially fre- quent in Livy ; cf. i, 1,2; Livy, 21, 8, 5 : tres deinceps tnrres ; Ter. Andr. 175; eri semper lenitas : Cic. De N. D. 2, 66, 166 : deoriim saepe praesertttae. 3. si . . . sunt nota : the apodosis is in the ellipsis to be supplied in connection with vv. 9-10. — Perusina . . . sepulcra: the gruesome mortality of the civil conflict known as the helhan Penisinion (41-40 B.C.) impressed the Romans unusually. Cf. Cat. 68, 89-90. 4. Italiae : best taken with funera, which unmodified would seem vague. 5. Romana : the identity of meaning between this word, patriae (v. 3), and Italiae (v. 4) at this period is noteworthy. — egit : ' pursued," as in Hor. Epod. 7, 1 7 : acerbafata Ronianos agunt. 6. sic : ' hence,' i.e. due to the discordia. — puivis Etrusca : for the gender cf. 2, 13, 35. 7. proiecta: i.e. rather than conposita, as they would naturally be. — propinqui: very likely the Callus of the preceding elegy. 9. supposito . . . campo : dat. with proxima ; supposito refers to the hilltop of Perugia. — con- tingens : adjective : ' the neigh- boring part of Umbria, adjacent to the plain at the foot of Perugia's hill.' This makes Assisi possi- ble, or any other of the proposed sites. 238 ELEGIAKVM LIBER II [lo, 4 LIBER SECVNDVS lO Sed tempus lustrare aliis Helicona choreis, et campum Haemonio iam dare tempus equo. iam libet et fortes memorare ad proelia turmas, et Romana mei dicere castra ducis. 2, lO The poet, possibly inspired by a hint from court, tries to raise himself to the epic level and sing of the contemporary triumphs of Roman arms, but finding the task beyond his strength, falls back upon his familiar erotic verse. Cf. 3, 3, Intr. I-I2: 'It is time to try my hand at celebrating military tri- umphs ; 13-18: and the glory of Caesar's arms furnishes abundant material. 19-26: Some day! — My humble Muse dares not yet essay so lofty themes." It was this poem that Lachmann, on insufiicient grounds, thought began a new (third) book. See Intr. § 34. From the various historical references in vv. 13-18 it appears that the elegy must have been written after the Indian envoys came to Augustus in 26 or 25 B.C., but not later than the early part of 24 B.C., in the latter part of which year the Arabian expedi- tion came to grief. 1. Sed: cf. i, 17, i, n. There is no need of assuming a preceding lacuna in the Mss. — choreis : the poet elsewhere also imagines him- self joining in the round dance of the inspiring Muses at their favorite haunts ; cf. 3, 1,4. 2. campum : i.e. free scope. From the association with the following words we can readily conjure up the long line of events worthy of epic treatment associated by the poets with the plains of Thessaly, from the battles of gods and giants, Centaurs, and Lapi- thae to the critical day of Phar- salus. — Haemonio . . . equo: the famous horses of Thessaly were adapted for battle, or for the chariot- race deeds of glory. 3- fortes ... ad : cf. Ovid, Fast. 2, 688 : fortis ad arma. 4. Romana: the glory of Rome is the first consideration. — mei . . . ducis : the glorification of Augustus is inseparably joined to the prosperity of the empire. 239 lo, 5] PROPERTI \o 15 quod si deficiant vires, audacia certe laus erit : in raagnis et voluisse sat est. aetas prima canat Veneres, extrema tumultus : bella canam, quando scripta puella meast. nunc volo subducto gravior procedere vultu, nunc aliam citharam me mea musa docet. surge, anima, ex humili iam carmine: sumite vires, Pierides: magni nunc erit oris opus, iam negat Euphrates equitem post terga tueri Parthorum, et Crassos se tenuisse dolet : ^ India quin, Auguste, tuo dat colla triumpho, e^Ay 5. audacia : ' courage,' a rela- tively rare usage. With these two verses cf. Tib. 4. i, 3-7: a jneritis si carinina laudes, defi- ciant . . . est nobis voluisse satis. 6. laus : ' a ground for praise ' ; ' praiseworthy.' 7. extrema: a poetic hyperbole, as Propertius was still a young man of less than thirty years. 8. quando : causal, a Cicero- nian, yet comparatively rare use. — scripta puella : as a matter of fact, however, practically the whole of this book is as completely devoted to Cynthia and the theme of love, as is the preceding book. 9. subducto . . - vultu prob- ably refers to elevating the eye- brows, in scornful disdain of the erotic follies of youth ; • with frowning visage.' 10. aliam citharam : 'different strains,' i.e. poetry in a loftier style. 12. magni . . . oris: 'sono- rous tone ' ; cf. Verg. Georg. 3, 294 : magna nunc ore sonandum. For the case cf. Livy, 22, 51, 3: ad coiisiliitin pensandum temporis opus esse. — nunc : i.e. from now on. 13. Euphrates: practically the western boundary of the Parthian sway in its period of greatest ex- tent. — post terga tueri : the char- acteristic strategy of the Parthians. Cf. 3. 9, 54- 14. Parthorum : this elegy was written about the time of that con- test for the Parthian throne be- tween Phraates and Tiridates which gave Augustus opportunity for effective diplomacy in dealing with this people. Cf. Hor. Car. I, 26, 5 : quid Tiridaten t err eat . — Crassos . . . tenuisse : both father and son lost their lives through Parthian treachery in 53 B.C., and neither their ashes nor their stand- ards had yet been restored. The latter were finally recovered in 20 B.C. 15. India: an embassy from India is said to have found Augus- 240 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [lo, 26 et domus intactae te tremit Arabiae : et siqua extremis tellus se subtrahit oris, sentiat ilia tuas post modo capta manus. haec ego castra sequar. vates tua castra canendo 20 magnus ero. servent hunc mihi fata diem ! ut caput in magnis ubi non est tangere signis, ponitur hie imos ante corona pedes, sic nos nunc, inopes laudis conscendere culmen, pauperibus sacris vilia tura damns. 25 nondum etiam Ascraeos norunt mea carmina fontes, sed modo Permessi flumine lavit Amor. 10. 22, hie DV hac NF. 23. culmen n effetum et sterile 7ion spargimus. 3. omnia : cf. Lucian, Dial. Mart. 18, I sqq. ; 24, 2; Shak. Hamlet, 5,1: " to this favour she must come." — crede mihi: Pro- pertius finds Cynthia an unwilling listener. — munera : ' gifts and graces.' Cf i, 2, passim ; 2, 12, 23-24; 3. 20, 7. These munera are both physical and mental. — lecto : ' bier.' 4. extremi : ' which ends all. ' — atra: cf. Tib. i, 3,4; Verg. Aen. 6, 429 : abstulit atra dies et funere mersit acerbo. 6. docta puella : cf. 1,7, 11, n.; 2, 13, II, n. 242 ELKGIARVM LIBER II [12, 5 12 QuicLimque ille fuit puerum qui pinxit Amorem, nonne putas miras hunc habuisse manus ? is primum vidit sine sensu vivere amantes et levibus curis magna perire bona. idem non frustra ventosas addidit alas, 12. 3. is NDV hie F. 2, 12 The genius of the inventor of a familiar art type of Eros, the usual one from the Hellenistic period ; cf. Gardner, Greek Sculpt., p. 364. Propertius appears to be speaking of a painting or paintings quite well known to his readers, per- haps wall frescoes in Rome. The thought is not original. For paral- lels cf. e.g. Mosclius, Id. 1,16 sqq. ; Meleager, pa.'tsv/i ; Quint. 2, 4, 26. 1-12: 'It was a clever con- ception to paint Cupid as a thought- less, winged boy, with quiver full of barbed arrows, flitting about from heart to heart, and swiftly wounding his victims. 13-16: The picture is true to life in my case, except that the wings are apparently lacking, and the god remains, in incessant warfare against my peace. 17-24: Why, Cupid, not try your weapons on another ? I am reduced already to a mere shadow of myself. If you destroy me utterly, who will sing the claims of my lady?' 1 . puerum : ' as a boy.' — qui : sc pi'imus. 2. miras: in imagination more than technique ; a transfer of the work of the brain to the hands. 3. primum . . . sine sensu: referring to the quality of puerili- tas implied in v. i. Cupid has the boyish lack of wisdom in esti- mating values (as well as a dis- regard of the suffering of others), a motive that predominates in clas- sical comedy — " Love is blind.' Cf Shak. Mids. Night's Dream, i, 1,236-239: "Nor hath Love's mind of any judgment taste ; Wings and no eyes figure unheedy haste : And therefore is Love said to be a child. Because in choice he is so oft beguiled." 4. curis : i.e. ajnoribiis. Cf. 3, 21,3. — bona: e.g. wealth, social connections, etc. 5. ventosas : 'like those of the wind.' Vergil {Aen. 12, 848) uses exactly the same phrase of the Furies : ventosasque addidit alas. Swiftness and fickleness are both in the mind of the poet. 243 12, 6] PROPERTI lo IS fecit et humano corde volare deum ; scilicet alterna quoniam iactamur in unda, nostraque non iillis permanet aura locis. et merito hamatis manus est armata sagittis et pharetra ex umero Gnosia utroque iacet ; ante ferit quoniam, tuti quam cernimus hostem, nee quisquam ex illo vulnere sanus abit. in me tela manent, manet et puerilis imago : sed certe pennas perdidit ille suas, evolat heu nostro quoniam de pectore nusquam, adsiduusque meo sanguine bella gerit. 15. heu Muretus e N e DFV. Cf. Ovid, Am. 2, 9, 49 : iu levis es inultoque tiiis ventosior alts. 6. fecit : 'represented.'' — hu- mano corde volare deum : ' the god as flying from a human heart.' This is the picture. Cupid has just shot his arrow and is flying away to a new victim. To inter- pret corde as a locative is not only artistically unlikely, but robs the whole poem of its point, as brought out in vv. 14-18. Cf. also Mos- chus, 2, 16: Koi TTTtjOoeis ws opvt? €LTrraTaL aXXov iv aXAo), dve/aa; T^Se yvva'iKa<;. 7. alterna . . . unda : up and down, like the crests and troughs of alternate waves. The change of figure would seem harsh but for aura., of the following verse, which is naturally suggested by ventosas. Love's boat rises and sinks before a fitful breeze like a bird on the wing (C. S.). 8. nostra: 'fair.' 9. merito : cf. 7ton fnistra., v. 5. — • hamatis : ' barbed.' 10. Gnosia : because the Cre- tans were renowned archers (C S.). The expression comes from the important town on the north coast now famous for archaeological dis- coveries. — utroque : the god is in flight ; and his quiver is nat- urally in the position where gener- ally carried when not in use. Cf. Hom. //. I, 45 : Tof wfioccnv t)(wv d/x(f)rjp€ 12 ro iussit et Ascraeum sic habitare nemus, non ut Pieriae quercus mea verba sequantur, aut possim Ismaria ducere valle feras, sed magis ut nostro stupefiat Cynthia versu : tunc ego sim Inachio notior arte Lino. non ego sum formae tantum mirator honestae, nee siqua inlustrcs femina iactat avos : me iuvet in gremio doctae legisse puellae, auribus et puris scripta probasse mea. 4. Ascraeum . . . habitare nemus : i.e. to practice the poet's art ; cf. 2, 10, 25, n. 5. Pieriae : the Thracian Pieria was probably originally referred to, as that belongs to the same general region as Ismaria valle (v. 6). Perhaps Propertius did not know the difference between this district and the more famous Macedonian district of the same name near Mt. Olympus, which was especially associated with the Muses. On poetic geography cf. V. I, n ; Tib. i, 3, 7, n. — se- quantur: the legendary effect of the playing and singing of Or- pheus. Cf. ducere . . . feras (v. 6). Propertius is not seeking a large following, only Cynthia. 6. Ismaria : cf. Verg. Ec. 6, 30 : nee tantiiiii Rhodope miratur et Ismariis Orphea. 7. magis = potiiis, as several times in Propertius, e.g. 2, 3, 53. — stupefiat : 'be fascinated." 8. tunc: 'in that case.' — In- achio = Argivo : Inachus was the mythical first king of Argos, really a mere personification of a type. — Lino : a famous legendary singer of Argos, said to have taught Orpheus, and to have perished in a musical contest with Apollo himself. 9. tantum = A7W .• instead of the expected correlative qtiantiivi at the beginning of V. n, the poet permits himself an emphatic ana- coluthon. — mirator: cf. 3, 1,33, n. — honestae: 'noble.' 10. femina : the incorporated antecedent of siqtia. 11. doctae: cf. i, 7, 11, n. That Cynthia possessed all three of the attractions enumerated in vv. 9-1 1, beauty, rank, and educa- tion, we are abundantly assured in other passages. Cf. 3, 20. 7-8 : est tihi fortna poteiis, sunt castae Palladis artes, spleiididaqiie a dfltto fain a refiilget avo. — le- gisse : cf. probasse (v. 12), tenu- isse, Tib. i, i, 29, n. The object to be supplied is scripta . . . mea in the next verse, and Propertius is thinking of reading aloud. 12. puris: of literary taste : un- corrupted, undefiled by any uu- 247 13. i3j PROPERTI 15 20 haec ubi contigerint, populi confusa valeto fabula: nam domina iudice tutus ero. quae si forte bonas ad pacem verterit aures, possum inimicitias tunc ego ferre lovis. quandocumque igitur nostros mors claudet ocellos, accipe quae serves funeris acta mei. nee mea turn longa spatietur imagine pompa, nee tuba sit fati vana querella mei, nee mihi tum fulcro sternatur lectus eburno, nee sit in Attalico mors mea nixa toro. worthy models of style, unlike the ears of the poptiliis of v. 13. 14. fabula: 'babble,'' i.e. 'talk of the town'; cf. Hor. Epod. 11, 8 : fabula quanta fail The per- sonality of Propertius and the peculiarities of his style doubtless aroused contemporary criticism. 15. bonas: 'kindly ' (C S.)- — ad pacem: ' with favor ' ; (C S.) ; purpose ace. ; sc vieatn. 16. tunc: cf. V. 8, n. 18. accipe : the change from the 3d to the 2d person, henceforth maintained throughout the elegy, is an instance of a very common phenomenon in Propertius. Cf. e.g. I, 3, vv. 8 and 22 ; Hertzberg, pp. 115, 116. — acta : like the Eng- lish " programme." A somewhat peculiar use of the past participle for what would be, more accu- rately, agenda (C S.). 19. mea: 'forme.' — longa. . . imagine : collective use for longa serie honiinuni imagines geren- tiuni. — spatietur: men wearing the wax masks of the ancestors in noble families, and dressed other- wise to represent them, with their insignia, preceded the bier of a member of such a family. Cf. B. G. Exc. 12, p. 512. 20. tuba: the Twelve Tables permitted as many as ten tubicines at funerals. Cf. Hor. Sat. i, 6, 42 : hie, si plostra diicenta concur- rantque foro tria funera magna, sonabit cornua quod Tincatqiie tubas. For details of funeral cus- toms see Tib. 3, 2, 10. n. ; Prop. I. 17, 21, n. 21. fulcro . . . eburno : the rich coverings of the lectus funebris hid a large part of it from view, and the legs, being thus the most prominent part of it, were some- times made of ivory. 22. Attalico : not merely was the name of the Attalidae, kings of Pergamum, proverbial for mag- nificence, but in particular Attalus III is said by Pliny the elder {N. H. 8, 74, 196) to have invented a new luxury in fabrics, by interweaving threads of gold. Cf. 2, 32, 12: 248 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [13. 26 25 desit odoriferis ordo mihi lancibus, adsint plebei parvae funeris exequiae. sat mea sat magna est si tres sint pompa libelli, quos ego Persephonae maxima dona feram. 25. sat magna est w sit magna sic magnast Baehrens sit magno Philli- more sed magna est Otto. portictis, aulaeis nobilis Attalicis. — mors mea = ego /noriuns, i.e. as cadaver. Cf. i, 19, 19, n. Cic Pro Milone, 32, 86 : mortem eiiis lacerari. 23. odoriferis . . . lancibus: abl. with or do., a Propertian phrase. Cf. 2, 32, 13: platanis creber pariter sitrgejitibits ordo. The reference is probably to in- cense, which was burned in the atrium beside the body lying in state, and during the procession. Strangely enough, only here in the three authors, Catullus, Tibul- lus, and Propertius does the word odorifer occur. — mihi, midway between desit and the strongly contrasted adsint, belongs to both. 24. plebei . . . funeris : the exequiae, or funeral rites, of a poor man were conducted in the night, without parade, by persons hired for the purpose (C S.). Cf. Mar- quardt u. Mommsen, Vol. 7, p. 343. — parvae. . .exequiae: 'humble ceremonies ^ ; exequiae primarily refers to the procession {exsequor), and that this is especially in the poet's mind may be seen from the following verses. 25. sat mea sat: cf. Tib. i, I, 43, n. — tres . . . libelli: the perverted wisdom of scholars has based partly upon these words the confusion still existing in the numbering of the poems in the Propertius collection. For the various interpretations that may be put upon this expression see Intr. § 34. It is sufficient here to remark that the question whether libellus be taken in the sense of a poem or a book of poems makes no difficulty. The poet is not looking for immediate dissolution, and if at this time he had not completed three books of collected poems, he might thus express his hope to do so. The lover's despondency in this elegy must be compared with his ela- tion in the next one to show that it is rather moods than mathe- matics with which we are dealing here. 26. Persephonae . . . dona : Postgate suggests that Propertius may have in mind Aeneas and the golden branch, Verg. Aen. 6, 142. — maxima : elegies excel all other gifts in the honor they carry, as well to the queen of the under- world as to the queen of the poet's heart. Literary modesty does not characterize Propertius. 249 13. 27] PROPERTI tu vero nudum pectus lacerata sequeris, nee fueris nomen lassa vocare meum, osculaque in gelidis pones suprema labellis, 30 cum dabitur Syrio munere plenus onyx. deinde, ubi suppositus cinerem me fecerit ardor, accipiat manes parvula testa meos, et sit in exiguo laurus super addita busto, quae tegat extincti funeris umbra locum. 35 et duo sint versus, ' qui nunc iacet horrida pulvis, unius hie quondam servus Amoris erat.' 27. tu vero : instead of the stately procession referred to in vv. ig sqq., Propertius expects Cynthia ; and that will be a greater joy to him. — nudum . . . lacerata: one of the many forms of outward mourning; cf. Tib. i, i, 67-68, n. TibuUus thinks less of self and more of his ladylove. 28. fueris : fut. perf., to cor- respond with sequeris, expressing confident expectation. — vocare: the infinitive with lassjis'x?, entirely Propertian. See Draeger, 434, d. It is found here and in 2, 15, 46; 2, 33, 26. The gerund would be the more natural construction (C. S.). For the practice cf. i, 17, 23; Tib. I, I, 61 sqq.; 3, 2, 10-12, nn. 30. Syrio . . . onyx: cf. Cat. 66, 82, n. The perfumes used for anointing the body before burning would naturally have come from Antioch, in Syria, the chief eastern mart for this trade. 32. manes = ciiieres : the iden- tification of the physical and the spiritual is common in Roman epitaphs, e.g. CIL. 6, 10969: sede sub Jiac parva titulo parvoqiie tetietiir parva anitna ; cf. Tib. 3, 2, 22, n. ; Verg. Aen. 4, 427 : nee pat r is Anchisae cineres nianesve revelli. 33. laurus : not the funereal cypress which Horace speaks of. Car. 2, 14, 23 (prae/er invisas cnpressos), but the poet's badge of immortality (C. S.). On the "ecstatic and maddening power" of laurel, cf. Farnell, Ctdis of the Greek States, Vol. 4, p. 188, a. — busto: 'tomb.'' 34. extincti funeris: cf. Serv. on Aen. 2. 539 : funeris est iain ardens cadaver. — umbra : epexegetical with quae, which is practically rendered equivalent to citiiis. 35. duo . . . versus : incom- plete, and so better fitted for this passage than to stand alone as an epitaph . 36. unius . . . Amoris : but cf. I, I, n. 250 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [13. 46 nec minus haec nostri notescet fama sepulcri, quam fuerant Phthii busta cruenta viri. tu quoqiie si quando venies ad fata, memento, 40 hoc iter ad lapides cana veni memores. interea cave sis nos adspernata sepultos : non nihil ad veriim conscia terra sapit. atque utinam primis animam me ponere cunis iussisset quaevis de tribus una soror! 45 nam quo tam dubiae servetur spiritus horae? Nestoris est visus post tria saecla cinis. 37. haec . . . fama : i.e. the fame that shall rise from my unique devotion to Cynthia. 38. fuerant: sc. nota from notescet. The plup. for the imp. is a favorite use of Propertius. Cf. I, 12, II ; the iiota to be sup- plied does not check Propertius from indulging his mannerism. — Phthii . . . viri: Achilles. — cruenta : referring to the death of Polyxena, beloved of Achilles, at his tomb. It would help the com- parison here to assume that the poet is thinking of the version of the story in which Polyxena com- mitted suicide at the grave of her lever ; then the emphasis will fall on the fact that his constancy to Cyntliia, though expressed only in elegies, will make him as famous as Polyxena became by giving her life in a more spectacular way for her lover. 39. si quando : the poet gal- lantly puts off the evil day to a remote future. 40. hoc iter : Propertius hopes Cynthia's tomb will be near his 251 own. — cana: 'in hoary age.' — ■ memores : ' that ever call to mind ' ; probably the poet is thinking both of the ordinary function of a tomb- stone and of the undying memory of Cynthia connected with his own. 41. sis . . . adspernata: the present tense is the usual construc- tion ; but for the poet's fondness for tenses of completed action, cf. V. 38, n. ; I, 17, I, n. — sepultos: the ashes may be said to be ' buried ' in the tomb. 42. ' Not all unconscious is the clay ; it has some notion of the truth.' — verum : the end toward which the dull earth is groping. 43. atque: adversative. — po- nere = depouere. 44. tribus : sc. Paras. 45. quo: 'to what end?' — horae : ' duration ; ' genitive. 46. Nestoris: the proverbial old man of wisdom and experi- ence ; yet even he would better have died earlier. — tria saecla: cf. Hom. //. I, 250 sqq 13. 47 J PROPERTI quis tam longaevae minuisset fata senectae Gallicus Iliacis miles in aggeribus ! non iile Antilochi vidisset corpus humari, so diceret aut ' o mors, cur mihi sera venis ? ' tu tamen amisso non numquam flebis amico : fas est praeteritos semper amare viros. testis, cui niveum quondam percussit Adonem venantem Idalio vertice durus aper : 47. quis tam longaevae cui si tam longae I.jvineius quoi stamen longae renuisset Baehrens. 53. cui Huschke qui 0. 47. quis : interrogative used in exclamation; i.e. 'how mary a soldier might have cut shor' his career ! ' 48. Gallicus = 7>wrt;/7/.r ; per- haps from Callus, a river of Phrygia in the vicinity of Troy (C. S.) ; a contemptuous term. 49. Antilochi: son of Nestor, killed in the Trojan War. Cf. Juv. 10, 250 sqq. for a similar reference (C. S.) ; also Hor. Car. 2, 9, 13 : at tion ter aevo fimcttis amabileiii ploravit o»inis Antilochiim senex annos ; Hom. Od. 3, 1 1 1 sqq. 50. diceret : the tense repre- sents vividly the ever-sounding wail of Nestor. — aut : for the po- sition, cf. 3, 21, 27. The sequence non . . . aut is rare and poetic ; cf. 2, I, 19 sqq. for the reck- lessness of Propertius in such matters. 51. tu tamen: after the anxi- ety expressed in vv. 41-42 has prompted the fit of despair in which the poet wishes he had 2 never been born, he reverts again to the hope of vv. 27-30. The transition is not abrupt from Nestor bemoaning his son to Cynthia weeping for her lover. 52. praeteritos = tnoriuos, like the idiomatic use of oixo/JLevovi. — viros : in the sense of ' lovers,' common in the elegiac writers. Cf. Pichon, s.7f. 53. testis: sc. esi ea, i.e. Venus. — niveum : of ideal beauty. Cf. I, 2, 19; Bion, Epit. Adon. 7 sqq. : Keirut kuAos "ASojvis ev wpttTi iXTjpov 666vTi, XevKov /Jirjpov 686vTL TVTret's. — Adonem : the fa- miliar story is told at length in Ovid, MeLBk. 10. 54. Idalio vertice : Cyprus in general, and the town of Idalium in particular, were favorite abodes of Venus ; but vertice seems a mere poetic vagueness, especially when taken with paludibus in V. 55. Some other writers who venture to localize the tragedy place it in Syria. 52 ELEGIARVM LIRER II [26, 2 55 illis formosum iacuisse paludibus, illuc diceris effusa tu Venus isse coma, sed frustra mutos revocabis, Cynthia, manes: nam mea quid poterunt ossa minuta loqui? 26 Vidi te in somnis fracta, mea vita, carina lonio lassas ducere rore manus, 55. foTmosnm iovmosus Pos/ga/e. iacuisse lavisse tr flevisse w. 58. quid FDV qui N. 55 . illis = i//ms regionis : cf. Hertzbeig, Vol. i. p. 144. — for- mosum : sc die nut from diceris (v. 56) ; a Propertian harshness. 56. effusa . . . coma : cf. Tib. 3. 2, II. 2, 26 The poet probably tells a real dream, and takes the opportunity to prove his devotion to Cynthia by expressing his willingness to share the danger of a real voyage and lose his own life, if need be, in saving hers (C. S.). There seems to be no valid reason for beginning a new poem, as some editors do, at V. 21. Hertzberg rightly says that it would be absurd to have the story of the dream lead up to nothing. i-io: 'I dreamed you were shipwrecked, darling, and nearly exhausted with swimming. How 1 prayed for your rescue ! 1 1-20 : You called me to help ; had the sea divinities spied you, you would have been included in their com- pany ; but, while I was struggling to plunge to your relief, a dolphin rushed to your aid. 21-28: Now isn't it plain why my mistress clings to me ? No wealth could draw her from her poet-lover ; lav- ish gifts do not imply constancy in love. 29-44 : I will follow my mistress through every peril of the sea. even to death — will even re- linquish my own happiness in a future life for hers. 45-58 : But neither sea, nor sky, gods would harm lovers, witness many an example ! Yet if I can but die for thee, it will be a glorious death.' I. Vidi: of belief, not actual sight ; hence the following infini- tives, instead of participles. — mea vita: cf. 2, 20, 11; Cat. 104, i; without mea, \, 2, \, et passim; the latter form is the more common in Propertius. — carina : a favor- ite synecdoche of Propertius, who employs it about a dozen times. !53 26, 3] PROPERTI lO et quaecumque in me fueras mentita fateri, nee iam umore graves tollere posse comas, qualem purpureis agitatam iiuctibus Hellen, aurea quam molli tergore vexit ovis. quam timui ne forte tuum mare nomen haberet atque tua labens navita fleret aqua ! quae turn ego Neptuno, quae tum cum Castore fratri, quaeque tibi excepi, iam dea Leucothoe ! 2. lonio : perhaps because it was by this route that Cynthia had planned to leave Propertius (i,8). — ducere : the motion of swimming ; cf. Ovid, Met. 4, 353 : alternaque bracchia ducens in liquidis trans- lucet aquis. — rore : cf. Lucr. 4. 438 ; quaecumque supra rorem salis edita pars est renwrum, recta est. 3. in me : ' against me/ — fue- ras mentita: cf. 2, 13. 38, n. 5. qualem . . . agitatam . . . Hellen : after the analogy of the Greek, the participle, which refers both to te (v. i) and to Hellen, is used here only, and, like qualem and Hellen, attracted into the case of /^. For the myth. cf. H. & T. § 163. — purpureis = the Homeric epithet 7ropcf>vptos {eg. II. 16. 391); cf. Verg. Georg. 4, 373; Cic. Ac. Pr. 2. 105. In the last passage its comparison with other phases of the sea expressed by the words caeruleu>n, ravum, etc., in- dicates the appearance of the water when dark and rough from the wind, evidently the poet's thought in this verse. 6. tergore : poetic for the more usual neuter form tergo. 7. quam timui: the excla- mation contains a most delicate compliment as well as a strong expression of his love. Her loss would be unbearable even though she were immortalized by a mare Cynthiacu/n {CS.). — tuum . . . nomen : i.e. as the Hellespont bore that of Helle. A similar deriva- tion of • Aegean ' from the drown- ing of Aegeus, father of Theseus, was current. Cf. also mare Ica- ri'u/n. 8. labens: 'gliding along'; cf. 1,20, 19: lahente?n . . . Mysorutn scopulis adplicuisse ratem ; 4, 6, 48. — fleret : at the memory of her fate. 9. quae: sc. vota. — cum Cas- tore fratri = Castori fratrique. Cf. I. 17. 18. n. 10. excepi : for the more usual suscepi. — iam dea : Leucothoe had been changed from a mortal to a goddess under similar circum- stances, and could sympathize (C. S.). Cf. 2. 28. 19. n. — Leuco- thoe : the variation in form (cf. also 2. 28, 20) from the etymologi- cally correct Leucothea (AevKoOea =:' white goddess'), may be due 54 ELEGIARVM LIHKR II [26. 19 at tu vix primas extollens gurgite palmas saepe meum nomen iam peritura vocas. quod si forte tuos vidisset Glaucus ocellos, esses lonii facta puella maris 15 et tibi ob invidiam Nereides increpitarent, Candida Nesaee, caerula Cymothoe, sed tibi subsidio delphinum currere vidi, qui, puto, Arioniam vexerat ante lyram. iamque ego conabar summo me mittere saxo, to the analogy of the group of names represented by Cytnoihoe (v. 16); cf. H. & T. §70. 11. primas . . . palmas : 'thy finger tips ' ; cf. Cat. 2, 3 ; prinuini digitiiDi dare; Cynthia is appar- ently doomed to drown. 12. saepe : ' again and again.' — meum nomen . . . vocas : less for succor than in remorse ; cf. Verg. Aen. 4, 382 sqq. : spero . . . siipplicia hausitruin scopulis et nomhie Dido saepe vocaturuju. 13. Glaucus: 'the glittering' sea god ; cf. H. & T. § 69. — ocel- los : ' dear eyes.' 14. puella: ' mistress,' the /«- ella of this sea. 15. invidiam: caused particu- larly by the beauty of Cynthia, which would rival even that of im- mortals. 16. The two Nereids mentioned are typical beauties whose partic- ular charms to the eye are indicated by the epithets Candida and cae- rula, referring to familiar phases of marine loveliness. 17. Greek and Roman litera- ture are full of myths and tales of 25 the friendliness of the dolphin to gods and men. Cf. P. W., s.v. Indeed, the dolphin was said to be a metamorphosed man. It was a devotee of Aphrodite, and as such was said to have brought her first to land after her birth from the sea foam. Its association with Eros was familiar in legend and in art (cf. the Augustus of Prima- porta). It is therefore most ap- propriate that a dolphin should rescue Cynthia in her lover's dream, as told in an ideal erotic elegy, by one inspired by Apollo, to whom likewise the dolphin was sacred. 18. puto: not to be taken too seriously, but more like the Yan- kee ' guess.' — Arioniam . . . lyram = Arionefn lyranique eius. For the familiar myth see Class. Diet. 19. iamque . . . conabar: i.e. * for some time I had been trying,' as is usual in a nightmare. — me mittere saxo : Propertius may be thinking of the tale told by Plu- tarch {Mor. 984, E.) of the lover Enalos, who actually threw himself 5 26, 20j PROPERTI 20 25 cum mihi discussit talia visa metus. nunc admirentur quod tam mihi pulchra puella serviat et tota dicar in urbe potens. non, si Cambysae redeant et flumina Croesi, dicat 'de nostro surge, poeta, toro.' nam mea cum recitat, dicit se odisse beatos : carmina tam sancte nulla puella colit. multum in amore fides, multum constantia prodest qui dare multa potest, multa et amare potest, seu mare per longum mea cogitet ire puella, into the sea to save his sweet- heart, and was himself rescued by a dolphin. 20. discussit : a strong word, as if the mirror were shattered in which the vision was seen (C. S.). The growing intensity of the experience finally wakens the dreamer with a start 21. nunc: emphatic; i.e. now that I have related such a dream as that. Two elements must be noted in the transition to the second part of the poem : i . The fideHty of the lover in his dream. 2. His poetic skill in describing it. 'Can anybody wonder any longer,' he cries, ' that a lover who loves thus unto death and can tell his love with such inspiration should be preferred to all others ? ' Upon these two thoughts are built the remainder of the argument. — admirentur : the subject is indefi- nite, referring to his rivals and detractors. 23. Cambysae . . . flumina : plurals expressing a type ; kings as wealthy as Cambyses, and riv- ers of gold like the Pactolus, which made Croesus a proverb of wealth. — redeant : those kings of fabu- lous wealth were gone long before this. 24. poeta : who had just pre- sented her with so elegant a sam- ple of his art and proof of his devotion, and is therefore pre- ferred to the most boundless wealth. 25. beatOs : • rich lovers.' 28. qui : e.g. the praetor of 2, 16. — multa et amare: concen- tration of affection on the one object cannot be expected under these circumstances ; and the multa doubtless includes the idea of mjiltas. 29. seu : something of err.pha- sis is added to the correlative from the omission of the first seu: 'even if (C. S.). — mare per longum : ' a long voyage over the sea' (C. S.). 256 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [26, 39 30 banc sequar, et fidos una aget aura duos, unum litus erit sopitis unaque tecto arbor, et ex una saepe bibemus aqua, et tabula una duos poterit conponere amantes, prora cubile mihi seu mihi puppis erit. 35 omnia perpetiar : saevus licet urgeat eurus, velaque in incertum frigidus auster agat, quicumque et venti miserum vexastis Ulixen et Danaum Euboico litore mille rates, et qui movistis duo litora, cum rudis Argus 26. 39. rudis F2 ratis 0. Argus w Argo 0. 30. hanc : emphatic pronoun, excluding all other loves. — se- quar : probably, like aget, future ; more positive than the pres. subj. would have been. 33. conponere: 'nestle' (Phil- limore) . 36. frigidus auster: auster is normally a hot wind ; but the poets enjoy much freedom of im- agination in applying epithets to winds, which are indeed variable in temperature as well as in direc- tion. Cf. 2, 9, 34 : nee folia Iii- derno tarn treniefacta noto ; 4. 3. 48 ; Verg. Georg. 4, 261 : frigidus ut quondam si/vis imtnurmurat Auster ; J. E. Church in Univ. of Nev. Studies 2, 4, pp. 92-98. 38. Euboico litore: i.e. on the promontory of Caphareus, where the Grecian fleet was shipwrecked on the return from Troy. Cf. 3, 7, 39; 4, I, 114; Verg. Aen. 11, 260 : Euboicae cautes ultorque Caphareus. — mille : not literally a thousand ; cf H. 163, 2 ; though Homer says there were 1186 Gre- cian ships in the expedition against Troy, Dares, the impostor, says 1 140; Dio, 1200; the Scholiast of Euripides, 11 70 (C. S.). What- ever the original number, it was doubtless reduced on the return. Cf. Class. Jour., Vol. 4 (1909), p. 165. 39. duo litora : the Symple- gades, the two notorious rocky islands near the entrance to the Bosporus, which were reputed to float hither and thither and to crush unlucky vessels between them. Cf. Apollon. Rhod. 2, 317 sqq. For an explanation of the phe- nomenon see Smith, Diet. Geog., article "Bosporus." — cum rudis Argus: cf. 3, 22, 13: qua rudis Argoa natat ititer saxa colutnba ; Luc. 3, 193: inde lacessitum prima mare, cum rttdis Argo. By be- ing first sent through the peril- ous passage the dove became the pathfinder of the ship. Cf. the dove sent by Noah. ROM KL. POETS — I 7 2 5/ 26, 4°] PROPERTI 40 dux erat ignoto missa columba mari. ilia meis tantum non umquam desit ocellis, incendat navem luppiter ipse licet, certe isdem nudi pariter iactabimur oris : me licet unda ferat, te modo terra tegat. 45 sed non Neptunus tanto crudelis amori, Neptunus fratri par in amore lovi. testis Amymone, latices cum ferret, in Argis conpressa, et Lernae pulsa tridente palus. iam deus amplexu votum persolvit : at illi 50 aurea divinas urna profudit aquas. crudelem et Boream rapta Orithyia negavit : hie deus et terras et maria alta domat. crede mihi, nobis mitescet Scylla nee umquam 47. Argis ; cf. i, 17, 8, n. 3. Phoenicum : the Roman's indistinct knowledge of eastern affairs appears here again : the Chaldaeans were the inventors of astrology, probably; the Phoeni- cians were good astronomers cer- tainly, so far as the art of navigation was concerned, and doubtless practiced astrology like other eastern nations. — inventa : to be taken in apposition with v. 4. Cf. Job 38, 33 : "■ Knowest thou the ordinances of heaven?" 259 37.5] PROPERTI lO sen pedibus Parthos sequitur seu classe Britannos, et maris et terrae caeca pericla viae, rursus et obiectum fletis capiti esse tumultum, cum Mavors dubias miscet utrimque manus, praeterea domibus flammam domibusque ruinas, neu subeant labris pocula nigra tuis. solus amans novit quando periturus et a qua morte, neque hie boreae flabra neque arma timet, iam licet et Stygia sedeat sub arundine remex, 5. sequitur « sequimur 0. 7. fletis w fletus N flemus FLDV fles tu Nous- man, capiti LDVF2 caput NF. tumultum tumultu w. 10. labris . . . tuis suis Broukktisius vestris . . . labris Foster. 5. Parthos . . . Britannos : the two widely remote objects of the ambition of Augustus, constantly reappearing in the literature of the period. — sequitur : the subject is supplied from ho/niiii. 6. Epexegetical of v. 5 ; vtaris et terrae modify Ttae. 7. fletis : here followed by three different constructions : ace. and inf. (v. 7), ace. alone (v. 9), and subj. with tie (v. 10). In the last two instances the idea of fear is the prominent one in fietis. 8. Mavors : this longer and perhaps more impressive, because more sonorous, form occurs only here in Propertius, though he uses the shorter usual form six times. 9. Cf. Juv. 3. 190-202. 10. nigra: 'deadly'; cf. Verg. Aen . 4, 514: tiigri cum lade veneni. — tuis : for a similar ex- ample of the individualizing singu- lar instead of the expected general plural cf. 2, 25, 41-47: vidistis . . . tuis . . . ocellis. 11. periturus: sc. sit: cf. i, 8, 37. — a qua: cf. for the use of the preposition, 3. 2, 25 ; 4, 3, 39; Tib. 2, 1,56; Uhlmann, p. 40. 12. morte: i.e. the disfavor of his darling. 13. sub: cf. 3, 9, 36. — arun- dine : characteristic of the banks of sluggish streams like those in the infernal world ; cf. Verg. Georg. 4, 478 : qiios circitm limns niger et deformis arundo Cocyti tardaque pains inamahilis unda alligat, et noviens Styx ititerfuso coercet. — remex : Aristophanes {Frogs, 197 sqq.) represents the dead as paddling their own canoe ; and Vergil {Aen. 6, 320: illae remis vada livida verrunt) proba- bly implies the same. 260 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [28, 2 cernat et infernae tristia vela ratis : 15 si modo clamantis revocaverit aura puellae, concessum nulla lege redibit iter. 28 luppiter, adfectae tandem miserere puellae: tam formosa tuum mortua crimen erit. 15. clamantis damnatis W> damnatum w. 14. tristia vela ratis : the phan- tom ferryboat of Charon appears to be equipped not merely with oars but also with sails to catch any shadow of a breeze that may stir in that calm locality ! 15. clamantis: it might be at the concla)natio just after death, at the funeral pyre, or perhaps at the tomb. — aura : the faintest whisper only might reach the Styx, indeed only the breath of the voice might fan tlie ghostly cheeks of the lover. 16. Cf. 4, II, 4. 2, 28 Cynthia is dangerously ill. Propertius utters fervent, and ul- timately effectual, prayers for her recovery. The arguments ad- vanced by diiferent editors for dividing this elegy variously into two or three separate poems seem insufficient. The natural vacilla- tions of anxiety, despair, hope, and ultimate confidence pass swiftly before the sympathies of the reader. For various parallels, cf. Ovid, Am. 2, 13. 1-4: 'Juppiter, show pity in my darling's hour of need; 5-14: true, she may have brought her affliction upon herself by offend- ing some divinity, perhaps through perjury or overweening pride. 15-24: Yet, like other famous beauties who had offended some divinity, you too, Cynthia, may ultimately triumph over your difiS- culties ; 25-30 : but if you must die, glory and fame will be yours in death; 31-34: humble yourself, however, before the gods ; and hesitate not, Jove, to grant our petition. 35-46: All the omens and incantations fail to give us any encouragement ; my life is bound up in hers ; pity us both, and both of us will pay thee our vows ; 47-58 : Persephone and Pluto, confirm my hope ; already fair ones enough are in your realms, and sooner or later must we all come to you. 59-62 : And, light of my life, forget not to pay 261 28, 3] PROPERTI lo IS venit enim tempus quo torridus aestuat aer, incipit et sicco fervere terra cane, sed non tarn ardoris culpa est neque crimina caeli quam totiens sanctos non habuisse deos. hoc perdit miseras, hoc perdidit ante, puellas : quidquid iurarunt, ventus et unda rapit. num sibi collatam doluit Venus ? ilia peraeque prae se formosis invidiosa deast. an contempta tibi lunonis templa Pelasgae, Palladis aut oculos ansa negare bonos ? semper, formosae, non nostis parcere verbis : hoc tibi lingua nocens, hoc tibi forma dedit. sed tibi vexatae per multa pericula vitae 28. 9. num DFL nun V non N. your vows.' (Cf. 2, 9. 25 : haec niihi vota tteam propter siiscepta salutem, etc., for an interesting "parallel column.") 2. formosa . . . mortua =for- mosatn mortuatn esse; see Hertz- berg I, p. 155 ; cf. Ovid's imitation (^A)n. 2, II, 35) : vest r not crimen erit talis iactura pnellae. 3. Summer and early fall were the dangerous months at Rome, although the ancients knew but vaguely the causes of the diseases here attributed to torridns aer. 4. Cf. Tib. I. 7, 21. —fervere: the same quantity occurs. 2, 8, 32, the only oth^ place in Propertius where this verb is used. 8. Cf. Cat. 70, 3-4; Tib. 4, 4, 8; Ovid, A?n. 2, 16, 45. 9. num: the poet hesitates to suggest the thought that Cynthia had ventured such a comparison. — peraeque : to be taken with invidiosa. II. This is no occasion for offending any divinity; and Pro- pertius hastens to add the names of the other two fair goddesses whom Paris had slighted in his famous decision. — Pelasgae : as a favorer of Greeks, here in contrast es- pecially to the Trojans. U2. oculos : the special physical feature of Athena, referred to in the stock epithet yXavKWTrt?. Yet this feature seems to have been the object of ridicule on the part of her rival goddesses and criti- cism by others; cf. Hygin. 165; luno et Venus cum eam irriderent, quod et caesia erat et buccas in- flarct . . . 7'idit se merito irrisam. — ausa : sc. es. 262 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [28, 25 20 25 extremo veniet mollior hora die. lo versa caput primes mugiverat annos : nunc dea, quae Nili flumina vacca bibit. Ino etiam prima terris aetate vagata'st : banc miser inplorat navita Leucothoen. Andromede monstris fuerat devota marinis : haec eadem Persei nobilis uxor erat. Callisto Arcadios erraverat ursa per agros : haec nocturna suo sidere vela regit, quod si forte tibi properarint fata quietem, 16. veniet V2 veniat w venit 0. 16. extremo: 'ultimately'; cf. 2, 10, 7, n. 17. lo versa: on account of the jealousy of Hera. — caput: Pro- pertius is following two types of her representation in the same sentence; she was frequently represented as a beautiful wo- man with only the horns of a heifer to call attention to the myth ; but both Greek and Egyp- tian art also represented her as a heifer throughout. A type repre- senting her as a cow-headed maiden was, perhaps, invented to identify lo with Isis. Cf. Harv. SiHd.,Yo\. 12, pp. 335 sqq. 18. dea : Isis, with whom lo was ultimately identified. — bibit: perfect tense. 19. Ino : daughter of Cadmus. When pursued by her insane hus- band Athamas, she leaped into the sea, and becoming a marine divinity was known as Leuco- thea (Leucothoe in v. 20 and in 2, 26, 10, q.v.). — terris: as con- trasted with her later home in the sea. 21. Andromede: daughter of Cassiope (or lope) and Cepheus. Her mother's proud boast of being more beautiful than the sea nymphs brought upon the unhappy girl the fate of being exposed on the shore to a sea monster. Cf. v. 51, n. — monstris : poetic plural. 22. Persei : Perseus rescued the maiden and became her hus- band. Ultimately she found a place among the stars. 23. Callisto : daughter of Ly- caon, the Arcadian king ; an at- tendant of Artemis ; beloved of Zeus ; changed by Artemis or Hera in anger into a bear; trans- lated by Zeus to the skies as Ursa Maior ; mother of Areas and the Arcadian race. 25. properarint : ' prove to have decreed a premature (death).' — quietem: cf. Verg. Aen. 10, 745: 263 28, 26] PROPERTI ilia sepulturae fata beata tuae. narrabis Semelae, quo sit formosa periclo : credet et ilia, suo docta puella malo : et tibi Maeonias inter heroidas omnis 30 primus erit nulla non tribuente locus. nunc, utcumque potes, fato gere saucia morem et deus et durus vertitur ipse dies, hoc tibi vel poterit, coniunx, ignoscere luno : frangitur et luno, siqua puella perit. 35 deficiunt magico torti sub carmine rhombi, et iacet extincto laurus adusta foco, et iam Luna negat totiens descendere caelo, nigraque funestum concinit omen avis. olli dura qiites oculos et ferreus urget somnus, in aetertiam clau- dunttir lumina nodem. 26. ilia . . . fata : in apposi- tion with fata (v. 25). — beata: anticipating the description in the following verses. 27. formosa: substantive : ' the perils of a beauty.' — periclo : abl. of quality. 28. suo . . . malo : Semele, be- loved of Zeus, was nevertheless destroyed by his lightning, when she craved his companionship as the sky god. 29. Maeonias = H o m e r i c, as Maeonia was an old name for Lydia, the birthplace of Homer. — inter: for the poetic lengthening of the final syllable as the ictus syllable where the following word begins with h, cf. 2, 8, 8 : vin- ceres aut vincis, haec in atnore rotast. 31. nunc: imagination gives place to fact ; dreams to the needs of the present moment. 33. tibi : Juppiter, addressed in coniunx. — ignoscere : cf. Tib. 4, 2, 3- 34. Cf. Tib. 4, 4, 15. 35. rhombi : a magic wheel, ap- parently used in different ways for purposes of divination. Cf. 3, 6, 26 : statninca rhombi ducitur tile rota ; Tib. i, 3, 1 1, n. 36. adusta : ' but singed,' in- stead of entirely consumed : a bad sign, sharp Cf. Tib. 2, 5, 81, n. The crackle of the burning laurel was considered a good omen. 37. descendere: cf. i, i, 19, n. 38. nigra: 'ill-omened.' — avis : the owl. Cf. Ovid, Am. 3, 12, 2 : omina non albae conci- nuistis aves ; Verg. Aen. 4.462: solaque cubninibus ferali carmine bubo; Hor. Sat. i, 9, 73. 264 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [28, 50 una ratis fati nostros portabit amores 40 caerula ad infernos velificata lacus. si non unius, quaeso, miserere duorum. vivam, si vivet : si cadet ilia, cadam. pro quibus optatis sacro me carmine damno : scribam ego ' per magnum salva puella lovem,* 45 ante tuosque pedes ilia ipsa operata sedebit, narrabitque sedens longa pericla sua. haec tua, Persephone, maneat dementia, nee tu, Persephones coniunx, saevior esse velis. sunt apud infernos tot milia fbrmosarum : 50 pulchra sit in superis, si licet, una locis. 41. si FLDV set N. 39. ratis fati : Charon's skiff. — nostros . . . amores = Jios aman- tes; cf. 4, 4, 37, n. 40. caerula: cf. Verg. Aen. 6, 410 : caeruleatn advert it puppiin ; but in V. 303 the cymba is '•' fcrj-ti- ginea.''^ 41. Cf. Tib. 4, 4, 19; Ovid, Ajh. 2, 13, 15: in una parce duobiis. 43. carmine: cf. 2, 13, 35, n. 44. This may be the abstract of a prepared poem or hymn ; cf. Tib. 1,3, 31- 45. tuosque: here it is Jup- piter, in v. 60 it is Diana, and in V. 61 it is Isis, to whom special thanksgiving is paid, although it is Persephone by whose favor the sick one is represented (vv. 47, sqq.) as being relieved from her dangerous position. The poet does not find it necessary to give us all the intermediate steps of his thought. — operata: cf. Tib. 2, i, 9, n. — sedebit: for the custom cf. Tib. I, 3, 30. 47. After the encouraging vision of vv. 45-46 the poet turns hope- fully to Jove's brother, Pluto, to whom all must ultimately come (v. 58), and to his fair bride Per- sephone, to whom the youth and beauty of Cynthia should especially appeal, and realizing that the very lingering of the sick one on this side the grave implies dementia on their part, urges that this mercy be continued for the present, since they do not need another beauty in the lower world. There is no confidence expressed till v. 59. — tu: Pluto. 49. For infer ni = inferi in Prop. cf. BPIV., Vol. 28 (1908), Sp. 541. — f ormosariim : cf. Intr. §42,1(3). 50. superis . . . locis : i.e. on earth, as contrasted with inferis locis, the underworld. 265 28, 51] PROPERTI vobiscum est lope, vobiscum Candida Tyro, vobiscuin Europe, nee proba Pasiphae, et quot Troia tulit vetus et quot Achaia formas, et Phoebi et Priami diruta regna senis : 55 et qiiaecumque erat in numero Romana puella, occidit: has omnis ignis avarus habet. nee forma aeternum aut cuiquam est fortuna per- ennis : longius aut propius mors sua quemque manet. tu quoniam es, mea lux, magno dimissa periclo, 6o munera Dianae debita redde choros, 54. Phoebi Thebae Scaliger. 51. lope: sometimes identified with Cassiepeia (Cassiope). daugh- ter of Aeolus. It was from her that the city of Jopi>a was sup- posed to have been named. A fa- mous mythological beauty, whom (as Cassiepeia) tradition placed ultimately among the stars, as it did her daughter Andromeda. Cf. V. 21. n. — Tyro: wife of Cre- theus ; in love with the Thessalian river god Enipeus, and beloved by Poseidon. Odysseus held con- verse with her in the lower world ; cf. Hom. Od. II, 235 sqq. 52. Europe : daughter of Phoe- nician Agenor; Zeus in the form of a white bull carried her off to Crete to woo her. — nee proba = et inproba. — Pasiphae: wife of Minos, and mother of the Minotaur. 54. Phoebi : Phoebus and Posei- don helped Laomedon build the walls of Troy. Hesione, daughter of Laomedon. was given by Hera- cles to Telamon as the prize for help in the sack of this city. — Priami : the later city of Priam was taken by the Greeks in the famous ten years' war. and the fair Helen was then the chief prize. — regna : in apposition only with Troia, if the text is correct ; for the awkward arrangement cf. Cat. 68, 68-69. 55. in numero: 'worth men- tioning' {i.e. in this list). 56. ignis : i.e. of the funeral pyre. 58. Cf. Hor. Car. 2, 3, 25 : omnes eodem cogimur, omniutn vcrsatiir urn a serins ocius. 59. If this elegy was written after Cynthia's recovery, this verse represents the actual condition of things at the time of composition ; if it was penned during the progress of the disease, it expresses a more or less well-grounded faith tliat his prayers are heard. But cf. v. 47. n. 60. munera . . . debita : thank- offerings to the deity: for proces- 266 ELEGIARVM LIBER II L31, 2 redde etiam excubias divae nunc, ante iuvencae, votivas noctes et mihi solve decern. 31 Quaeris, cur veniam tibi tardior. aurea Phoebi porticus a magno Caesare aperta fuit. sions as thank-offerings cf. Arr. Anab. 2, 24, 6. — chores : perhaps Propertius refers to the torchlight processions at the temple of Diana Nemorensis, near Aricia, in which a woman whose prayer had been granted would be especially likely to join; see Preller'', Vol. r, p. 317 ; cf. Ovid, Fast. 3, 269 : saepe potens voti, frontein 7-edi»iita coronis, femina lucent es portat ab urbe faces . That Cynthia was ac- customed to take part in these rites is seen from 2, 32, 9 : acceitsis de- votam currere taedis in neiniis et Triviae Ininina ferre deae. More- over the chief annual occasion of this practice was on the Ides of August ; cf. vv. 3-4. But Wchoros means merely ' dances.'' cf. Tib. I. 3'3i- 61. excubias : cf. 2, 33, 1-2 ; Tib. I, 3. 25. n. — divae ... iu- vencae : cf. vv. 17. 18. nn. 62. decern : the same number as ritual prescribed for the god- dess. Cf. Cumont, Oriental Relig. in Rom. Paganism, p. go. 2, 31 Propertius apologizes for his tardiness in meeting an engage- ment (presumably with Cynthia) with the excuse that the fascina- tion of the newly opened temple of Apollo on the Palatine, includ- ing the sacred inclosure and its ?,\xxxo\xx\^\xigporticns, had detained him. Beginning with the porticus and its decorations he describes what he had seen in proceeding even to the image of the god in the cella of the temple itself. The brevity of this description may be explained by the facts that in excusing tardiness pro- lixity is out of place, and that up to this period in the poet's compositions this was an unusual type of subject, which he might attack with some hesitation. The impression made upon him by the whole architectural and decorative scheme is clearly that produced by a novelty, and we mu.st date the poem on the day of opening the temple, Oct. 9, 28 B.C. The work of building had com- menced soon after the return of Augustus from the defeat of Sextus Pompey in 36 B.C. But the temple was known as that of Apollo Actius through whose favor Octavian in 31 B.C. had won his final victory 267 31. 3] PROPERTI tota erat in speciem Poenis digesta columnis, inter quas Danai femina turba senis. hie equidem Phoebo visus mihi pulchrior ipso marmoreus tacita carmen hiare lyra, atque aram circum steterant armenta Myronis, 31. 3. tota w tanta 0. over all rivals. It was the most magnificent thing of its kind that Rome had ever seen, situated on the northeast corner of the Pala- tine hill, adjacent to the Domus Augustana. The Sibylline books were transferred hither at an un- certain date. Cf. Tib. 2, ^, i. n. ; Jordan, Top. i. 3, pp. 66 sqq. ; Plainer, Top. p. 142. 1. tibi: "ethical" dative. — aurea : because made of the golden yellow Numidian marble now C2\\t6. giallo antico (cf. v. 3). 2. aperta fait : this form com- bines the thoughts of aperta erat (plup.) and aperta erat (adj. and imp.). ' The opening had just oc- curred, and there it stood open to invite me in as I passed.' Cf. G. 250, R. I. Note the following series of descriptive secondary tenses. 3. in speciem : purpose ace. ; i.e. to make an especially fine ap- pearance. Cf. PAPA., Vol. 28 (1897), p. xxiv. 4. femina : used here as an adj. — turba: the fifty Danaides, whose statues stood in the inter- columnar spaces. Cf. Ovid, A. A. 1 , 73 : q Hague par are iieceui mi- ser is patriielibus ansae B elides et stricto stat ferns ense pater. Acron, quoted by the Scholiast at Persius i, 56, states that (bronze) equestrian statues of their ill-fated husbands stood in front of them in the open space of the .sacred inclosure. 5. hie: adv. Propertius un- consciously assumes that the reader has followed him through the colonnade and out into the area where stood this famous statue of Apollo near the altar in front of the temple. — equidem: emphasizes »ii/ii. — pulchrior ipso: cf. the slang phrase, "as big as life and twice as natural." 6. marmoreus : sc. Phoebus. — tacita . . . lyra : with concessive force. — hiare : active ; ' to be opening his lips in song.' The type of this Apollo has not been certainly identified. 7. steterant : had taken their stand, and so 'were standing.' — armenta Myronis : Myron, a sculptor contemporary with Poly- clitus and Phidias, worked mostly in bronze, and achieved special distinction for his realistic repre- sentations of animals as well as hu- man figures. Cf. Gardner, Hand- book of Greek Sculpture, p. 287. 268 ELEGIARVM LIBER II [31. 16 10 15 quattuor artifices, vivida signa, boves. turn medium claro surgebat marmore templum, et patria Phoebo carius Ortygia. in quo Solis erat supra fastigia currus, et valvae, Libyci nobile dentis opus, altera deiectos Parnasi vertice Gallos, altera maerebat funera Tantalidos. deinde inter matrem deus ipse interque sororem Pythius in longa carmina veste sonat. 8. vivida signa : probably bronze. Cf. 3, 9, 9. 9. claro . . . marmore : white Luna (Carrara) marble was the material ; cf. Verg. Aen. 8, 720 : niveo candentis limine Phoebi. 10. Ortygia : the one identified with Delos, the birthplace of Phoebus. 11. Solis . . . currus: as an acroterium ornament at the apex of the pediment. How many others were on this roof is un- known; PHny {N.H. 36, 5. 13) states that there were at any rate statues of Bupalus and Athenis. This kind of architectural adorn- ment grew in popularity. In a corresponding position on the temple of the Capitoline Juppiter, which Octavian restored in this same year, stood a statue of Jove in a quadriga. On the next Cap- itoline-Juppiter temple, built after the fire of 69 a. D., stood not only a similar .statue, but also two other chariots, two eagles, and statues of the Capitoline trinity of gods, Juppiter, Juno, and Minerva; cf Plainer, p. 283. 12. dentis : ' ivory.' 13. altera : in partitive apposi- tion with valvae: sc. maerebat from v. 14. The Gauls under Brennus attacked Delphi in 279 B.C., but were routed through the interposition of Apollo himself. Cf. 3, 13. 51 : torrida sacrilegum tcstantitr li//iina Bretinum, dum petit hitonsi Fythia regna del; Pans, r, 4, 4. 14. maerebat : ' pictured the pitiful story of.' — funera Tantali- dos: the death of the children of Niobe, whom Apollo and his sister Artemis punished for her presump- tuous pride in them. 15. deinde : i.e. leaving the outside of the temple, and entering the ivory-carven doors, we are face to face with the object of su- preme interest, the famous statue of Apollo Citharoedus by Scopas. — matrem : the statue of Leto was by the younger Cephisodotus ; cf. Piiny, V. H. 36, 5, 24. — sororem: the Artemis was a work of Timotheus ; cf. Pliny, N. H. 36, 5. 32- 16. Cf. Tib. 2, 5, I, n. 269 »J PROPERTI LIBER TERTIVS Callimachi manes et Coi sacra Philetae, in vestrum, quaeso, me sinite ire nemus. primus ego ingredior puro de fonte sacerdos 1. I. Philetae N Philitae FLDV. 3, I (and 2) At the beginning of Book 3 the poet magnifies his ofiice, and defines its scope. In the Mss. a new poem begins with v. 39; but it is probably best to regard the two elegies as originally a unit, since neither seems quite complete without the other. 1-6: 'Callimachus and Phi- letas, let me be your representa- tive successor as the Roman elegist, and reveal to me the sources of your inspiration ; 7-20 : already in my chosen field I am leaving far behind those who essay epic strains ; so. Muses, wreath me with your own garlands ; 21-38: what care I for the en- vious detractor of to-day ? I fore- see that after death I shall be to elegy as Homer is to the epic art ; i-io : so let me return to my own sphere, that many a fair lady may dote upon my verses — what wonder if they do, when we re- member Orpheus, Amphion, and Galatea! 11-16: For I must win my friends not by wealth, but by the aid of the Muses ; 17-26 : and so, fortunate indeed is she who gains a name through my pen ! The splendors of the external world will perish by fire and flood, but the glory of genius dieth not.'' I. Callimachi: the two great Alexandrian elegists are named in the order of their importance ; cf. Intr. §§ 7-9. — manes . . . sacra: both words are to be taken with both genitives. ' Propertius asks to enter the sacred grove {netfuis, V. 2) where as the accepted priest he can perform the sacred rites in honor of the souls of his great models. 3. primus ; the claim is that he is the first to measure up to the standards of the Alexandrian tradition ; Propertius has not al- ready forgotten the list of his predecessors in Roman elegy with which the previous poem in the collection closes ; hut his temper here is essentially that of 4, I, 64. In this sort of self-conceit Pro- pertius is perhaps primus ititer pares among the Romans ; but cf. Hor. Car. 3, 30, 13: princeps 270 ELEGIARVM LIBER III ['. 15 10 IS Itala per Graios orgia ferre chores, dicite, quo paritcr carmen tenuastis in antro ? quove pede ingressi ? quamvc bibistis aquam ? ah valeat, Phoebum quicumque moratur in armis ! exactus tenui pumice versus eat. quo me Fama levat terra sublimis, et a me nata coronatis musa triumphat equis, et mecum in curru parvi vectantur A mores, scriptorumque meas turba secuta rotas. quid frustra missis in me certatis habenis .'' non datur ad musas currere lata via. multi, Roma, tuas laudes annalibus addent, Aeolhim carmen ad Italos dedu- .\isse ifiodos ; Foster in Matzke Memorial Vol. pp. 104 sqq. — puro — integro. 4. The figure of carrying Ital- ian mysteries tlirough the mazes of Greek dances means the treat- ing of the secrets of love among the Italians in the Greek style. Cf. Cat. 64, 259 : obsciira cavis celebrabant orgia cistis ; Sen. Here. Aet. 594 : nos Cadmeis orgia ferre tecum solitae coiidita cistis ; Enk, ad loc. 5. pariter : of the two elegists in V. I . — carmen tenuastis : ' spin your fine thread of song.' 6. pede : if this refers to meter at all, it is to refinement in treat- ment. The poet's questions have an eye to his initiation into the deeper mysteries of the elegiac art as practiced by Callimachus and Philetas. 7. valeat : Propertius will soon leave such a poet far behind. — moratur : ' tries to hold the atten- tion of; cf. Hor. A. P. 321 : 7>al- dius oblectat populum meliusque moratur. 8. Polish, rather than a great theme, is his boast. 9. quo : i.e. such a versus. 10. coronatis . . . equis : cf. Ovid, Trist. 4, 2, 22 : aide coro- nal os ire videbit equos. 11. Amores : as children ot triumphing generals, who some- times took their children with them, e.g. Germanicus ; cf. Tac Ann. 2, 41, 4: currusque quift- que liberis omisttis. 14. currere : purpose inf = ad currendum. — lata via : where it is easy for a number to vie in reaching a goal. The particular Via Lata at Rome was identical with the modern Corso, whose name is significant in this con- nection. 271 I, i6] PROPERTI 20 25 qui finem imperii Bactra futura canent : sed, quod pace legas, opus hoc de monte sororum detulit intacta pagina nostra via. mollia, Pegasides, date vestro serta poetae : non faciet capiti dura corona meo. at mihi quod vivo detraxerit invida turba, post obitum duplici fenore reddet Honos. omnia post obitum iingit maiora vetustas : mains ab exequiis nomen in ora venit. nam quis equo pulsas abiegno nosceret arces. fluminaque Haemonio cominus isse viro, 23. omnia FLDV Famae N. vetustas FLDV vetustae N {cf. Enk ad loc.) 16. Bactra : on the outskirts of Roman geographical knowledge beyond Parthia. Cf. 2, 10, 13- 16, nn. 17. sororum = Musarwn. 18. Propertius affects for the moment an air of superiority as compared to the epic poets ; but the real reason why he writes elegy appears shortly in v. 20 ; and we have only to compare 2,10; 3,3; and 3, 9 to realize that he would gladly have sung epic strains, had he not known himself unfit for the task. 19. mollia: cf. 4, i, 61-62. — Pegasides : this name for the Muses is derived from the horse whose hoof stamped out their fountain Hippocrene. Cf. 3. 3, 2. 20. non faciet corresponds here exactly to the English idiom, * will not do.' For a similar sense with the ace. cf. Ovid, Her. 15, 190 : ad talent for mam non facit iste locus. 21. Cf. Hor. Car. 2, 20, 4 sqq. : invidiaqjie maior iirbes relinquam . . . non ego . . . obibo nee Stygia cohibebor inula . . . me Colchus et, qui dissi>nulat metum Marsae cohortls, DacHS et idtimi fioscent Geloni ; Ovid, Am. i, 15, 39-40. 24. ab: 'from the time of.' Cf. Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 121 : vivo sub- lime dedisti nomen, ab exequiis quod dare faiua solet. 25. pulsas: the walls of Troy were literally battered down to let in the wooden horse ; but the broader, figurative sense is prob- ably intended here. 26. Haemonio.. .viro: Achilles was the most famous Thessalian, for which Haemonian is a synony- mous term. For the dat. with isse, cf. 4, I, 148; Uhlmann, p, 38. 272 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [i. 34 Idaeum Simoenta lovis cum prole Scamandro, Hectora per carnpos ter maculasse rotas? Deiphobumque Helenumque et Polydamanta et in arm is 30 qualemcumque Parin vix sua nosset humus, exiguo sermone fores nunc, Ilion et tu Troia bis Oetaei numine capta dei. nee non ille tui casus memorator Homerus posteritate suum crescere sensit opus. 27. cum prole Scamandro G. Wolff a lacuna in N lovis cunabula parvi FLDV Idaeos monies lovis incunabula Palmer. 29. Polydamanta Lachmann Polydamantis Phillimore Polilidamantas changed to — es N {unchanged in NFL). 27. Cf. Horn. //. 21, 2; 223, and the context. The attempts to justify the Mss. reading here can hardly be convincing, as the sense is thus widely interrupted ; and the silence of N is significant ; cf. Butler and Enk, ad loc. 28. Cf. Verg. A en. i, 483 : ter circiim Iliacos 7-aptaverat Hectora imtros. 29. Polydamanta: this group- ing of Polydamas, son of Panthous, with three famous sons of Priam is justified by his close association with leading Trojans in Homer and in Latin poetry; cf. i, 14, 19, n. ; Ovid, Met. 12, 547. 30. qualemcumque: 'sorry war- rior as he was.' — vix . . . humus: cf. Ovid, Trist. 5. 5, 54 : for sit an Evadnen vix sua nosset hiimiis. 31. Ilion: Vergil similarly uses this name several times in juxta- position with Troia, e.g. Aen. 2, 625 : Ilitim et ex imo verti Nep- ROM. EL. POETS — 1 8 2 tutiia Troia. What distinction, if any, was intended by the poets, is uncertain. 32. bis . . . capta : Heracles took Troy in person in revenge for the perjury of Laomedon ; and the Greeks took it in the famous ten years' war, but only, according to prophecy, by using the arrows of Heracles (which Philoctetes had inherited) with which to kill Paris, whose death indirectly caused the fall of tlie city. — Oetaei . . . dei; Heracles, who ascended from Mt. Oeta to his place among the gods. 33. memorator: Propertius is fond of rare verbal nouns in -tor ; cf. 2, 13, 9. 34. posteritate : one of the poet's vague ablatives, apparently expressing means ; cf. vetiistas (v. 23). — sensit: perf. def., im- plying the conscious existence of the soul of Homer after death. 73 I. 35] PROPERTI 35 meque inter seros laudabit Roma nepotes : ilium post cineres auguror ipse diem. ne mea contempto lapis indicet ossa sepulcro provisum est Lycio vota probante deo. Carminis interea nostri redeamus in orbem : gaudeat in solito tacta puella sono. Orphea detinuisse feras et concita dicunt w^ flumina Threicia sustinuisse lyra : saxa Cithaeronis Thiebas agitata per artem sponte sua in muri membra coisse ferunt : quin etiam, Polypheme, fera Galatea sub Aetna ad tua rorantes carmina fiexit equos: io)ui>iientnni acre per- enniits regaliqite situ pyraiiiidiiin altiiis, quod itou iinber edax, non Aqiiilo i)npoteiis possit din/ere aut innumerabilis annorum series et ftiga temporjun. 19. pyramidum sumptus . . . ducti : poetic for pyramides siuiip- tuosae ductae. 20. The Zeus-temple at Olympia had no roof over the cella, which was itself of large proportions ; so Zeus might seem to the worshiper literally enthroned in the sky. 21. For the construction cf. v. 19, n. The tomb of King Mauso- lus of Halicarnassus, built by his wife, Artemisia, was of such size and grandeur that it was consid- ered one of the seven wonders of the world, and has given the name ever since to any tomb of unusual size or beauty. Cf. Pliny, N. H. 36. 5» 30- 24. annorum . . . ietu : like the steady stroke of the battering-ram. 25. ab aevo exeidet : the cause is represented under its original guise of source. It may be thought of as the agent, and the verb rendered as a passive. L. 1318 ; A. & G. 404 ; 405, a. 3. 3 The idea of the previous elegy that the poet is divinely called to this field of his art rather than to epic strains is here repeated in the form of a dream. The fre- 276 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [3, 6 reges, Alba, tuos et regum facta tuorum, tantum operis, nervis hiscere posse meis, parvaque tam magnis admoram fontibus ora, unde pater sitiens Ennius ante bibit, quent recurrence of a similar theme, e.g. in 2, lo ; 3, 9 ; and his more elaborate apology in 3, 11, betray a restless longing on the part of Propertius to essay more serious writing, a consummation which he had already begun to reach in Book 4, and might well have fully realized, had he enjoyed long life. 1-12: ' Methought on Helicon I sang the glorious past of Rome ; 13-24: but Phoebus chid me for wandering from my province ; 25-36: and, leading me to the Muses' grot, showed me how they were busy each with her appointed function; 37-52: thenoneof them, — I think. Calliope, — appointed me my lot, to sing of love, and gave me an inspiring draught from the spring whence drank Philetas.' I. Visus eram : the tense in- dicates that he had already entered upon the themes he mentions, when he was interrupted by Apollo, v. 13 (C. S.). Reference to the famous dream of Ennius on Heli- con is a commonplace in Roman literature ; cf. Pers. Prol. i : nee foii/e labra prolui caballino, nee in bieipiti soinniasse Parnaso me- mini ; Cic. Som. Scip. i, 2: Variant aliquid in sonino tale quale de Homero seribit Ennius ; Fronto, 4 : Ennium nostrum, qitcin til ais ex somno et somnio inititiin sibi feeisse. — Heliconis : the favorite haunt of the Muses ; cf. 2, ID, I ; 3, 5, 19. 2. Bellerophontei . . . umor equi : Hippocrene. It is said to have been produced by the hoof of Pegasus, the horse which carried Bellerophon in the fight against Chimaera (C. S.). 4. tantum operis : for the ex- pression cf. 3, II, 70; for the syntax, an apposition with the rest of vv. 3 and 4, cf. L. loSi. Coming between the verb and its object, this expression serves somewhat to tone down the harsh- ness of the construction. — his- cere: c^ 2, 31, 6; Browning, The Glove, i : " ' Heigh o ! ' yawned one day King Francis, ' Distance all value enhances ! ' " Still better, in the sense of speak- ing in a braggart or presumptuous ' manner, cf. Ayenbite of Inwyt : '' Yelpth other of his wyth, other of his kenne, other of his workes." Cf. also Walt Whitman, Song of Myself, 52 : ^' I sound my barbaric yawp over the roofs of the world." 6. pater: Ennius is tradi- tionally the 'father' of Roman poetry; cf. Hor. Ep. i, 19, 7. 277 3. 7] PROPERTl lo et cecini Curios fratres et Horatia pila, regiaque Aemilia vecta tropaea rate, victricesque moras Fabii pugnamque sinistram Cannensem et versos ad pia vota deos, Hannibalemque lares Romana sede fugantes, anseris et tutum voce fuisse lovem, cum me Castalia speculans ex arbore Phoebus 3. 7. cecini u cecinit 0. 7. Curios = Curiatios ; for similar poetic shortenings in Propertius, besides Horatia and Aemilia in this passage, cf. Baiae (i, II, 30). Tatiae (4. 4. 31). etc. This unusually violent abbrevia- tion may have been supported in the mind of Propertius by the idea that the Roman Curii were de- scended from the Curiatii, there being some doubt in antiquity whether the latter were Alban or Roman champions. Cf. Livy, I, 24. I {nomintim error viaiiet^ at the beginning of the descrip- tion of this famous combat. — pila : the spoils of the Curiatii taken by Horatius were probably placed upon a memorial column. At any rate there was a pila Horatia in the Forum at the corner of the Basilica Julia; cf. Platner, Top. p. 258. Cf. 3, 4, 6, n. 8. regia . . . tropaea : refer- ring to the victory at Pydna over Perseus, King of Macedonia, by Aemilius Paulus in 168 B.C. 9. moras Fabii: the success- ful policy of Fabius Cunctator against Hannibal. 10. versos . . . deos : after the battle of Cannae the gods lis- tened to the prayers of the Ro- mans and became propitious (C.S.). 11. lares: the mysterious failure of Hannibal to take Rome in 211 B.C. was attributed to divine interposition ; cf Varro, Sat. Men. {Here. T. F.) : iioetii Hannibalis cum fitgavi ex- ereitiini^ Tiitaniis hoc Tiitaiuim Roiitae niineupor ; and for another tradition, Paulus, Epit. Festi, p. 283 ; Rediciili fanum extra portam Capena/n fitit, quia accedens ad (J r be in Hannibal ex eo loco redierit quibusdam perterritus visis. 12. anseris . . . tutum voce refers to the historic (?) cackling which saved Jove's temple from the Gauls ; cf. Livy, 5, 47. 13. Castalia : more poetic ge- ography ! Cf Tib. I, 3,7, n. Pro- pertius speaks of a Pierian spring, a Castalian wood, or the shades of Helicon, in a conventional sense, much as we do to-day. Castalia is, of course, on Parnassus in Phocis, while the poet is supposed to be dreaming on Helicon in 278 ELEGIAKVM LIP.ER III [3. 27 sic ait, aurata nixus ad antra lyra, 15 ' quid tibi cum tali, demens, est flumine ? quis te carminis heroi tangere iussit opus ? non hie ulla tibi speranda est fama, Properti : mollia sunt parvis prata terenda rotis, ut tuus in scamno iactetur saepe libellus, ^o quern legat expectans sola puella virum. cur tua praescripto sevecta est pagina gyro ? non est ingenii cymba gravanda tui. alter remus aquas, alter tibi radat arenas : tutus eris : medio maxima turba marist.' 25 dixerat, et plectro sedem mihi monstrat eburno, qua nova muscoso semita facta solost. hie erat adfixis viridis spelunca lapillis, Boeotia ' — arbore : laurel; here used collectively. 15. flumine : i.e. fontibus, v. 5(C.S.). 17. hie : ' in this field.' 18. • Thy tiny wheels must press the velvet mead ' : a pretty metaphor for the simple prose, ' Elegy is your proper field ' ; yours are no chariot wheels to rut the battlefield (C. S.). 19. iactetur saepe : Decause of the impatient restlessness of the piiella under these conditions. Postgate recalls Strato '' address- ing his book " : TroAAaKi oiT7]TeL.). Cf. v. 2, n. ; 3, i, 19, n. — punica: 'purple-red,' the adjective referring more to their famous dye than to the people who produced it. Cf. Ovid, Am. 2, 6, 22 (of a parrot) . 33. diversae : in dilTerent parts of the cave. The nine Muses are represented as each engaged in her allotted sphere (C. S.). But this does not necessarily refer to the stereotyped functions of later times. 35. in thyrsos : purpose ace. The Muse is given the function of a Bacchante, in harmony with the spirit of the passage. Cf. v. 28, n.; 2, 30, 38: me dins do eta ciispide Bacchus erit ; Lucr. i , 922 : acri percuss/t thyrso laudis spes tnagna meu?)! cor et simul incussit suavem mi in pectus amor em Musarum. 280 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [3, 48 ut reor a facie, Calliopea fuit. * contentus niveis semper vectabere cycnis, 40 nee te fortis equi ducet ad arma sonus. nil tibi sit rauco praeconia classica cornu flare, nee Aonium tinguere Marte nemus, aut quibus in campis Mariano proelia signo stent et Teutonicas Roma refringat opes, 45 barbarus aut Suevo perfusus sanguine Rhenus saucia maerenti corpora vectet aqua, quippe coronatos alienum ad limen amantes nocturnaeque canes ebria signa fugae, 42. flare Frulerius flere 0. 38. Calliopea: cf. 3. 2, 16, n. While Propertius uses this form in these two passages and in i, 2, 28, he employs the shorter form in V. 51, and in two other passages : 2, 1,3; 4,6, 12. 39. vectabere cycnis : Proper- tius as an erotic poet fancies him- self riding in the car of Venus herself, as Ovid did, ./. A. 3, 809 : cygnis desceiidere ie/npiis, diixe- runt collo qui mga nostra siw. Sometimes it is drawn by doves, and again by swans ; cf. Hor. Car. 3, 28, 14: Paphttm iunctis visit flloribus. 40. arma : i.e. epic poetry. Cf. I, 7, I, n. 41. * Be it not yours to blare with hoarse trumpet the praise of naval fights' (C. S.). — tibi : adte would be rather more regular, but the construction varies widely, and Propertius is fond of the dative ; cf. Lucr. 3. 830 : nil igitiir mors est ad nos ; Tib. 4, 3, 3 : nee tibi sit diiros acuisse in proelia denies ; Plant. Stic/i. 718: hand tuom istuc est te vereri. 42. Aonium . . . nemus : cf. i, 2, 28, n. 43. The construction shifts from the infinitive clause to the substantive clause of ind. quest. — quibus in campis : Marius defeated the Teutons at Aquae Sextiae in 102 B.C., and the Cimbri near Vercellae, a year later. — Mariano . . . signo : Marius made the eagle the exclusive mark of the Roman legions. Wolves, mino- taurs, horses, and boars had pre- viously also been used (C. S.). 45. It is most natural to sup- pose that the poet refers to the victory of Caesar over Ariovistus in 58 B.C., cf. Caes. /?. G. i, 53. 47. coronatos : still wearing the garlands of this evening's revel. — alienum: cf. I'iros (v. 50). 48. ebria signa fugae : in hu- morous contrast with v. 43. We 281 3. 49] PROPERTI ut per te clausas sciat excantare puellas, 50 qui volet austeros arte ferire viros.' talia Calliope, lymphisque a fonte petitis ora Philetaea nostra rigavit aqua. Arma deus Caesar dites meditatur ad Indos, et freta gemmiferi findere classe maris. see here the picture of the torches borne with unsteady hand by tlie roisterers who disturb domestic peace, hurrying this way and that to escape just punishment for their insults. The adjective be- longs more Vo fiigae than to sigiia. 49-50. A task worthy of Ovid ! Cf. also Tib. i, i, ']->y \ 2, i, 75-78. 50. ferire: 'to trick'; a slang use which reminds the reader of Plant. Trill. 247 : il>i ilia peiiden- tem ferit ; also of our colloquial " strike the old man for fifty dol- lars " ; cf. Ter. Phorin. 47, fcrietiir alio fiit/fiere. — viros : ' husbands.' 52. Philetaea: cf. 3, i, i, n. 3' 4 Propertius expresses confidence that the projected expedition against the Parthians will achieve great success. In harmony with the spirit of the preceding elegy he disclaims any direct interest in the expected spoils of victory won by heroic deeds, but hopes as a lover to gaze with his lady upon the expected triumph of Augustus. i-io: 'The expedition that Caesar is planning will surely bring victory, revenge, and rich booty; 11-22: ye gods, let me live to see with my darling the glorious triumph on his return.' I. deus: starting with the wor- ship of the city of Rome, which had begun here and there in the East in republican times, Augustus organized throughout the prov- inces of the empire a regular wor- ship of Rojiia et Augustus. The direct worship of Augustus in his lifetime sprang up here and there in Italy where individuals or com- munities were under some special obligation to him, or for some similar reason. In Cumae a temple was erected to him. In the city of Rome itself he deemed it politic to permit only the in- direct worship under the form of the Lares Augusti and the Genius Caesaris. The poets, however, do not hesitate to use the word deus of their patron. Cf. 4, 11, 60; Rusliforth, Latin Historical In- 282 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [4, 9 magna, viri, merces. parat ultima terra triumphos : Tigris ct Euphrates sub tua iura fluent: sera, sed Ausoniis veniet provincia virgis : adsuescent Latio Partha tropaea lovi. ite agite, expertae bello date lintea prorae, et solitum armigeri ducite munus equi. omina fausta cano. Crassos clademque piate: scriptions, pp. 44-46 ; Shuck- burgh, Aiigusins, p. 196; Hor. Car. 4, 5, 32-35: Ep. 2, I, 16; Verg. Ec. i, 6. — meditatur : Rome had long been restless to recover from the Parthians its lost military standards, and once for all to settle the supremacy of the East. In 22 b c. Augustus finally started with an army for the East via Sicily. Ikit the victory was a bloodless one, for in 20 B.C., the Parthian king Phraates sent back the Roman standards and such prisoners as did not prefer to remain. — Indos : poetic enthusiasm is largely re- sponsible for the word here. The Indians represent the far East, but the Parthians were the real limit of the martial plans of the hour. Cf. 2, 10, 15, n. 2. gemmiferi . . . maris : cf. Tib. 2, 2, 15 16, nn. ; 4, 2, ig-20. 3. viri: those planning to ac- company Augustus on the expetli- tion ; cf. v. 21. — parat: sc. /ibi {i.e. Augustus) from the tita in v. 4. 4. Cf. Hor. Car. 2, 9, 21 : MediiJiiqiie flujiien gentibits ad- ditiun victis jnijiores ^lolvere vertices. 5. provincia: i.e. the ulti)na terra of v. 3. — virgis : dative ; the fasces, an emblem of Roman authority. 6. Partha: it is common in poetry to use the gentile name for the adjective (here Parthica) ; cf. 3, 3, 7. — tropaea: the poet fore- sees not merely the return of the lost Roman standards, but also the placing of Parthian emblems in the temple of the Capitoline Jove. 7-8. While Propertius has laid himself open to the charge of ambiguity as to the synta.x of prorae and eqiiiy it seems most likely that he is intending to ad- dress ite agite to the viri of v. 3, and that the same vocative is in mind in vv. 9 and 10 ; prorae as dative is also more logical than as a vocative ; while ducite is natural for the rider, but not for the horse. ' Guide the accustomed task of the war horse ' is Propertian for ' Guide the war horse to perform his familiar function.' 9. omina . . . cano : cf. Tib. 2, I, 25. — Crassos: cf. 2, 10, 14, n. While the great defeat at Carrhae in 53 B.C. loomed largest 283 4, lo] PROPERTI 10 IS ite et Romanae consulite historiae. Mars pater et sacrae fatalia lumina Vestae, ante meos obitus sit, precor, ilia dies qua videam spoliis oneratos Caesaris axes, ad vulgi plausus saepe resistere equos, inque sinu carae nixus spectare puellae incipiam, et titulis oppida capta legam, tela fugacis equi et bracati militis arcus et subter captos arma sedere duces. in Roman thought, the standards returned to Augustus included also those lost by Decidius Saxa in 40 B.C. and by Antony in 36 B.C. II. Mars pater: Mars as the father of Romulus and Remus had a clear title to this designation, but he and Jove did not enjoy a monopoly of the distinction ; cf Lucil. 1,9 (Mueller) : nemo 7tt sii nostrum^ qiiht aid pater optiu/iit' divom aiit Neptiinit' pater, Liber, Sat urn Ji ' pater. Mars, /aiiu\ Qnirinii'' pater siet ac dicatitr ad nnuifi. — fatalia : the Romans believed the destiny of Rome was closely linked with the life or extinction of the sacred lire of Vesta; cf. Livy, 26, 27. 14: aeternos ignes, et conditiiin in penetrali fatale pigniis iifiperii Ro»iani. 13. oneratos . . . axes: figur- atively the triumphal car of tlie emperor would be loaded with spoils : literally they were carried before him in a long procession. See Pohlmey, Der r'dmische Tri- umph, pp. 15 sqq., where the various features of the triumph referred to in the following verses are described. 14. ad . . . plausus: purpose ace. The triumphal car stopped ever and anon for the trim/ip/iator to receive and acknowledge the plaudits of the multitude ; and the line-spirited horses might seem themselves to .share in this appreciation. Cf. Ovid, Trist. 4, 2, 53 : ipse soiio plaitS7tqtte sitnul f remit iiqiie ca>tente quadriiugos cenies saepe resistere equos. 16. titulis : the inscription upon the representations of conquered towns carried in the procession ; cf Tib. 2. 5. 116, n. ^ — oppida: object of both spectare and legam, while in vv. 17-18 the force of spectare only is continued. 17. fugacis equi: referring to the Parthians' characteristic method of warfare. — bracati: a feature of Oriental dress; cf. Pers. 3, 53 : bra cat is iidita Medis por ticus. 18. subter : with arwfl. It was beneath a trophy that the eminent captives would be sitting in chains. 284 ELEGIARVM LIBER TTI [5. 3 20 ipsa tuam serva prolem, Venus : hoc sit in aevum, cernis ab Aenea quod superesse caput. praeda sit haec illis quorum meruere labores : me sat erit sacra plaudere posse via. Pacis Amor deus est, pacem veneramur amantes : sat mihi cum domina proelia dura mea. nee tantum inviso pectus mihi carpitur auro, Cf. Ovid, Ex P. 3, 4, 104 : sietitquc super victos triinca tropaea viros. ig. prolem : Augustus, as the adopted son of Julius Caesar. 21. Cf. Tib. I, I, i; 49-50; 75-77- 22. sacra. . .via: the regular route of a triumphal procession ; cf. 2, I, 34: Act tag lie in sacra cjirrere rostra via. 3^5 The poet once again defines his mission and states his ambition. Though not, probably, as various eminent scholars have believed, one with the previous elegy, this may be regarded as a medita- tion suggested by the text found in the final couplet of 3, 4, and written shortly afterward. Indeed it forms the final poem of the closely connected group that opens this book, and that is also con- nected in thought with the end of Book 2. Cf Ites, De Properti Ele- ^iis inter se Conexis, pp. 51-56, 285 where a large number of parallels in this group is cited. The thought is similar to that in Tib. 1,1, and various passages in Horace, e.g. in Epod. i, i ; Car. 2, 18 ; 2, 3 ; I, 4; etc. With vv. 25-38, cf. Aetna., 219-251. Curiously at variance with modern ideas is the inclusion under scien- tific investigation of speculation with regard to the future life. 1-18 : * As a poet of love, I pre- fer peace to war and all its prizes for which men struggle, only to leave them behind when death comes. 19-22 : In youth I have p'ayed the lover and sung the songs of love ; 23-46 : but when advancing age has cooled love's ardor, let it be my delight to delve into the secrets of nature and try to solve the problems of the after- world. 47-48 : You who love war, bring home the standards of Crassus.' 1-2. Cf. Tib. I, 10, 49-56; I, I, 73-76- 5. 4J PROPERTI lO nec bibit e gemma divite nostra sitis, nee mihi mille iugis Campania pinguis aratur, nec miser aera paro clade, Corinthe, tua. o prima infelix fingenti terra Prometheo ! ille parum caute pectoris egit opus : corpora disponens mentem non vidit in arte. recta animi primum debuit esse via. nunc maris in tantura vento iactamur, et hostem quaerimus, atque armis nectimus arma nova, baud uUas portabis opes Acberontis ad undas : 5. 8. caute cauti oj. 4. gemma: cf. Verg. Ge(»x. 2, 506 : lit gemma bibat ; Cic. In Ver. 4, 62 : erat eliam vas vinariitiii, ex una gemma pergrandi tntlla excavata manubrio ajireo. — nos- tra sitis : the thing for the per- son ; cf. 3, 16, 17. 5. Campania : the most fertile and valuable land in Italy was, and still is, in this district. For the thought, cf. Hor. Sat. 2, 6, i : Hoc erat in 7>otis : modus agri non ita magnus ; i, 6, 58 : non ego circ2im me Satureiano vectari r7ira caballo . . . narro. 6. miser: in his present temper Propertius views the avaricious man as a truly pitiable object ; cf. Hor. Sat. i, i, 63 : iubeas miserum esse, libe?iier quatenus id facit. — aera . . . clade, Corinthe : the es- pecially valuable alloy known as Corinthian bronze was said to have been accidentally produced at the destruction of Corinth by Mummius in 146 B.C. Cf Pliny, N. H. 34, 2, 6 ; hoc casus miscuit Corint/io, cum caperetur, incensa. For the craze for the genuine arti- cle at Rome cf. Hor. Sat. 1,4, 27 : stupet Albius acre ; 2, 3, 20 : quae- rere amabam., quo vafer ille pedes lavisset Sisyphus aere, quid sculp- tum infabre, quid fusum durius esset. 7. infelix : i.e. because avarice was one of the elements included in the composition of man ; cf. Hor. Car. i, 16, 13 : fertur Prome- theus adder e principi limo coactus particulam undique. — Prome- theo : for representations of Pro- metheus creating man, cf. Baurn. Den/c, p. 1413. For the syni- zesis, cf. Tib. 2, i, 49. 8. parum caute : i.e. he ill de- served his name "Prometheus" (' man of forethought ' ) = provi- dens (cf. noti vidit, v. 9) . — pectoris: 'the heart'; cf. vv. g-io. II. nunc: referring to the ac- tual state of things in contrast with what ought to have been {debuit) . 286 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [5. 25 niJdus at inferna, stulte, vehere rate. 15 victor cum victis pariter miscebitur umbris : consule cum Mario, capte lugurtha, secies. Lydus Dulichio non distat Croesus ab Iro. optima mors, parca quae venit acta die. me iuvat in prima coluisse Helicona iuventa, 20 musarumque choris inplicuisse manus : me iuvat et multo mentem vincire Lyaeo et caput in verna semper habere rosa. atque ubi iam Venerem gravis interceperit aetas, sparserit et nigras alba senecta comas, 25 turn mihi naturae libeat perdiscere mores, 14. at inferna , . . rate Schroder ad infernas . . . rates ab . . . rate « ad infernos . . . rate Palmer. 18. parca Parcae Lachinann car|ita Baehrens. 21. iuvat DV iuvet NFL. 24. sparserit et N sparserit DV sparsit et FL. et nigras w integras DV et integras NFL. 14. nudus . . . stulte : numer- ous parallels from Holy Scripture will occur to the reader, e.g. Job I, 21: "naked shall I return thither"; Luke 12, 20: "Thou fool, . . . then whose shall those things be, which thou hast pro- vided ?" Lucian, Dial. Mort. 10. i5. lugurtha and his captor, Marius, illustrate victis and victor of V. 15. 17. Dulichio ... Iro: the fa- mous beggar in the Odyssey (18 init.), a type of poverty, as the more famous Croesus is a type of wealth. For the thought, cf. Hon Car. 2, 14, 9: Hilda scilicet om- nibus . . . enaviganda, sive reges sive inopes erimiis coloni ; i, 4, 13; 2, 18,32. 287 18. parca : this word .sums up the thought of the elegy thus far: the climax of the best life is that which comes in the natural course of human events to the man of humble means. 19. Cf. 4, I, 131 sqq. — Heli- cona : cf. 3, 3, I. 20. Cf. 3, 3, 37. 21. Cf. 2, 10,7. — vincire Lyaeo : literally ' to bind with the loo.sener ' is an oxymoron indicating that Pro- pertius realizes the real nature of the much-vaunted freedom that is given by wine. Cf. Verg. Georg. 2, 94 : icDiptatura pedes oliin vinc- t It r ague lingna^n. 25. mor&s = leges ; cf. Verg. A en. I, 264: tnoresque viris et vioenia ponet. S, 261 PROPERTI quis deus banc mundi temperet arte domum, qua venit exoriens, qua deficit, unde coactis cornibus in plenum menstrua luna redit, unde salo superant venti, quid flamine captet 30 eurus, et in nubes unde perennis aqua, sit Ventura dies, mundi quae subruat arces, purpureus pluvias cur bibit arcus aquas, aut cur Perrbaebi tremuere cacumina Pindi, solis et atratis luxerit orbis equis, 35 cur serus versare boves et plaustra Bootes, 26. deus . . . temperet : the Epicurean idea that it is necessary to eliminate the divine element from natural law is not followed by Propertius, any more than by Horace; cf. Hor. Car. i, 12, 15: qui mare et terras variisque mun- ditm temperat horis ; but Horace leaves the gods out in Ep. i, 12, 16 {quid temperet annum), where questions similar to those in this passage are suggested. Cf also Ovid, Met. 15, 66 sqq. Vergil, on the other hand, does not raise the question of theism in his two well-known passages that suggest questions similar to those broached here, Georg. 2, 477 sqq., and Aen. I, 742-746. — temperet: 'con- trols.' 27. venit : there is a character- istically Propertian disregard of mood throughout this series of a score of indirect questions, the in- dicatives somewhat outnumbering the subjunctives. — coactis : cf. Ovid, Her. 2, 3 : cornua cum lunae plena semel orbe coissent , Met. 10, 295 : coactis cornibus in ple7iuvi. 31. Cf. Lucr. 5, 95 : una dies dabit exitio, quoted by Ovid, Am. I, 15, 24. Indeed the inspiration given by Lucretius to his succes- sors in similar queries is incalcula- ble. 32. bibit: a common poetic conception ; cf. Verg. Georg. i, 380 : bibit ingens arcus. 33. The origin of earthquakes is treated under a typical case. viz. that of the Pindus range between Thessaly and Epirus. Tribes called Perrhaebi were located on either side of this range. 34. luxerit : ' puts on mourn- ing.' 35. serus : sc. sit. As a mat- ter of fact Ursa Major does not set at all in the latitude of the Romans. Cf. Ovid, Met. 2, 528 : gurgite caeruleo Septem prohibete triones. — versare: i.e. to set. Used with the adjective serus. — boves et plaustra : the constella- tion of the Wain, or wagon, i.e. 288 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [5.4^ Pleiadum spisso cur coit igne chorus, curve suos fines altum non exeat aequor, plenus et in partes quattuor annus eat, sub terris sint iura deutYi et tormenta nocentum, 40 Tisiphones atro si furit angue caput, aut Alcmaeoniae furiae aut ieiunia Phinei, num rota, num scopuli, num sitis inter aquas, num tribus infernum custodit faucibus antrum Cerberus, et Tityo iugera pauca novem, 45 an ficta in miseras descendit fabula gentis, et timor baud ultra quam rogus esse potest. 39. nocentum Haupt Gigantum FLDV omitted in N reorum Housman. Ursa Major, or the Septemtrioties, the seven oxen. Cf. 2, 33, 24: flectant Icarii sidera tarda boves. — Bootes : the ox-driver, or plowman, whose constellation, otherwise known as Ursa Minor, is so situated that it seems to be driving the oxen in Ursa Major. 36. Cf. Germanicus, Arat. 256 : Pleiades suberunt brevis et locus occitpat o/nnes, nee faciles cerni, nisi quod coeuntia plura sidera conmnmem ostenditnt ex ontnibiis ignem ; Hor. Car. 4, 14, 21: Pleiadum choro scindente nubes. 37. Cf. Hor. Ep. I, 12, 16; Psalms 104, g. 39. nocentum: it is the question of future punishment for guilty mortals that the poet is proposing to tackle, cf. Statius, Silv. 2, 7, 117: nescis Tartar on et procul nocentum audis verbera. 40. Cf. Tib. I, 3, 69, n. ROM. EL. POETS — I9 2 41. furiae: Alcmaeon was pur- sued by the furies for having slain his mother Eriphyle. — ieiunia: caused by the Harpies, who were sent to steal his food, after he had put out his sons' eyes. Neither of the punishments mentioned in this verse was ordinarily supposed to have been suffered after death. 42. rota: of Ixion. — scopuli: of Sisyphus. — sitis: of Tantalus. 44. pauca : ' scant.' — Proper- tius exaggerates the usual form of the myth willflilly, showing that he has reached the reductio ad absur- ditin in his catalogue, and is ready for the probable alternative of the next verse. Cf. Tib. i. 3, 75. 45. Read Lucr. 3, 978-1023 for the Epicurean explanation of all the foregoing myths. 46. We should have expected ultra rogum in place of this il- logical statement. 89 5. 47] PROPERTI exitus hie vitae superest mihi : vos, quibus arma grata magis, Crassi signa referte domum. Ergo sollicitae tu causa, pecunia, vitae, per te inmaturum mortis adimus iter. 47. superest superet «. 7. I. vitae NFL vitae es DVF2. 47. exitus hie : ie. one busy with such discussions. 3> 7 The drowning of Paetus with its sad lessons and reflections (C. S.)- It is not improbable that this sympathetic elegy was written to comfort the sorrowing mother of the ill-fated youth, of whose personality we know nothing that is not contained in the poem itself. Pedantic efforts to rearrange, in what has seemed to individual scholars a more logical order, the spontaneous expression of poetic feeling in this typical elegy have been as futile as unnecessary. Cf. Tib. i, i, Intr. ; J. Vahlen {Siizungsber. d. Kgl. Preiiss. Akad. d. W'issen- schaften, 1883, pp. 69-90) has made a careful, and in most re- spects, convincing study of the development of the thought. 1-12: 'O money, source of many woes, 'tis thou hast over- whelmed Paetus in the waters, and left to his sad mother not even a corse to bury! 13-28: Ye winds, ye waves, how could you destroy so innocent, so con- fiding a youth ? Alas! Agamem- non knew your ruthlessness too well. And since you have the life of Paetus, restore his body for burial, that his tomb may warn others against like rashness. 29- 42: But nay! Foolish men will not cease to venture on the deep, though certain ruin awaits them, as Ulysses learned. 43-66: Pae- tus, too, had he not thirsted for wealth, might now be alive. How delicate a youth for so ter- rible a deatli! So did he tell the gods of wind and wave, as the waters closed over him. 67-72: Why did you not save him, Nereids, Thetis? A lesson to me, never to trust myself off the land ! ' 1. Ergo: cf. 1,8, I, n. — Note the middle rime in this and many other hexameter verses here. 2. inmaturum : hypallage ; in thought it belongs to mortis. — The verse ends in a favorite rhythm for Book 3 ; cf. vv. 10, 290 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [7. 16 lo 15 tu vitiis hominum crudelia pabula praebes : semina curarum de capite orta tuo. tu Paetum ad Pharios tendentem lintea portus obruis insano terque quaterque mari. nam dum te sequitur, primo miser excidit aevo, et nova longinquis piscibiis esca natat : et mater non iusta piae dare debita terrae, nee pote cognates inter humare rogos, sed tua nunc volucres adstant super ossa marinae, nunc tibi pro tumulo Carpathium omne marest. infelix Aquilo, raptae timor Orithyiae, quae spolia ex illo tanta fuere tibi ? aut quidnam fracta gaudes, Neptune, carina ? portabat sanctos alveus ille viros. 22 ; see Kuttner, De Propertii Eloaitione Quaestiones, p. 42. 3. crudelia : i.e. in the result. 4. de c«^*fee . . . tuo = de te capite; cf. Cat. 55, 2: ubi si /it tieae tenebrae. 5. Pharios . . . portus : cf. Tib. I, 3, 32, n. 6. insano . . . mari: cf. i, 8, 5 ; Verg. Ec. 9, 43 : iiisani feriaut sine lit or a fluctus. — terque qua- terque : a common expression for an indefinitely large number. Propertius is thinking of the body of Paetus floating long in the sea. 7. dum te sequitur : Paetus \vent on a commercial venture. — primo . . . aevo : temporal. — ex- cidit : used absolutely, as in 3, 2. 26. 8. Ovid imitates (^Ibis. 148) thus : nostraqiee lotiginqjius viscera piscis edet. It rouses the poet's wrath to think that fish in foreign seas must have new delicacies while thus the mother of Paetus cannot bury her dead. 9. piae . . . terrae : dative ; otherwise debita is superfluous ; ' the earthly remains of her dutiful son.' Cf. 2, 13, 42. Cf. English "pious dust of the martyrs.'' 10. pote : cf. Cat. 72, 7, n. ; 76, 16, n. — cognates . . . rogos: cf. Cat. 68, 98. 11. Cf. Ovid, Her. 10, 123: ossa superstabmit volticres iiihit- fnata marinae. 12. Carpathium : Horatian par- ticularity ; cf. V. 57. 13. infelix: 'disastrous' (C.S.) ; cf. Verg. Aen. 2, 245: tnonstriiin infelix sacrata sistinius arce. — timor: 'terror' (C. S.). — Orithyiae : cf. 2, 26, n. 16. sanctos : involves a protest (C. S.) ; 'innocent'; akin to the 291 7. 17] PROPERTI 20 25 Paete, quid aetatem numeras ? quid cara natanti mater in ore tibi est? non habet unda deos. nam tibi nocturnis ad saxa ligata procellis omnia detrito vincula fune cadunt. sunt Agamemnonias testantia litora curas, quae notat Argynni poena minantis aquae, hoc iuvene amisso classem non solvit Atrides, pro qua mactata est Ipbigenia mora, reddite corpus humo : posita est in gurgite vita : 22. quae FV qua NLD. notat natat Fo nota w. Argynni V2 Ag)'nni N Arginni L Argivum DV Argium F Argynnus Waardenburg Argynnum Otto. poena minantis aquae praeda morantis Thompson praeda minantis Enk Athamantiadae Hertzherg Mimantis aquae Ellis. " royal plural " ; cf. 4, 9, 34 : pan- dite defessis Iwspita fana viris (of Hercules), and Verg. Aen. 7, 98 : externi venieiit generi (of Aeneas). 17. aetatem numeras: 'plead thy youth' (C. S.)- 18. non . . . deos : t.e. Aquilo and Neptunus. just addressed, must be mere myths ; the world is too much out of joint to accept theism. Cf. Ennius, Tela /no, fr. I, (Ribbeck) : nam si cureiit, bene bonis sil, male malis, quod nunc abest. But cf. vv. 57 and 62. 19. nam: proof of the forego- ing assertion; the poet thinks it incredible that real gods should violate the helpless trustfulness of pious men. — ad saxa ligata : cf. 4, I, no. But I, 20, 20 has scopulis adplicuisse 7- at em. 20. detrito . . . fune : i.e. an essential part of the vinada was worn away by the storm during the night. 21. sunt: emphatic. — testan- tia : ' that can call to witness,' i.e. can witness to the treachery of water, as expressed in v. 18. — curas : ' grief.' 22. ' Which gained notoriety through the penalty that Argynnus paid to the threatening waters.' The penalty was for the same misplaced confidence that Paetus had in the waters. The circum- stances were different, for Argyn- nus. the youth beloved of Agamemnon, was drowned in the Cephisus River. Agamemnon was said to have founded there a temple in memory of the beautiful youth. — Argynni: obj. gen. — aquae : subj. gen. 24. Cf. 4, I, II 1-112. 25. reddite : Propertius is ad- dressing the waves, but does not 292 i^ ELEGIARVM LIBER III [7. 37 Pactum sponte tua, vilis arena, tegas : et quotiens Paeti transibit nauta sepulcrum, dicat ' et audaci tu timor esse potes.' ite, rates curvas et leti texite causas : 30 ista per humanas mors venit acta manus. terra parum fuerat fatis : adiecimus undas, fortunae miseras auximus arte vias. ancora te teneat, quem non tenucre penates ? quid meritum dicas, cui sua terra parumst ? 35 ventorum est quodcumque paras : haut ulla carina consenuit, fallit portus et ipse fidem. natura insidians pontum substravit avaris : 29. curvas Passer at curvae 0. feel it necessary to specify them to the reader; cf. 2, 11, i, n. 26. vilis : the poet does not hesitate to address the sand by this bitter expression of his feel- ings, because he does not think it necessary to conciliate, but assumes the service asked as due. 28. timor: cf. v. 13. 29. ite . . . texite : here the address is to the fatuous children of men. Cf. 3, 18, 17. For the rapid change of persons cf. Tib. I, 7, 55, n.— et: cf. i, 8, 36, n.— leti . . . causas : i.e. rates. 31. Cf. Sen. Q. N. 5, 18, 8: par Jim videlicet ad Dwrtes nostras terra late patet ; Hor. Car. i, 3, 21-26; Tib. I, 3, 50. 32. fortunae: evil fortune, in this case. She has been biased to their harm by human folly (C. S.). The expression is only a variation on ///(^r/Zi- . . . iier{y. 2) ^nd fatis (v. 31). 33. te : the singular is used merely to individualize the ad- dress. The poet is still speaking to the foolish men who venture upon the sea. 34. sua terra : cf Ovid. Am. 2, 1 1 , 30 : et ^felix ' dicas, ' quem sua terra tenet .' ' 35. haut ulla carina: not so much of a hyperbole then as it would be now. But commentators recall the yacht of Catullus ; and even Propertius himself draws the picture he here refuses to recognize in 2, 25, 7 : putris et i?t vacua requiescit navis arena. 36. Cf. 2, 25, 23 : an quisquam in mediis persolvit vota procellis, cum saepe in portu fracta carina natet. 293 7. 3S] PROPERTI ut tibi succedat, vix semel esse potest, saxa triumphales fregere Capharea puppes, 40 naufraga cum vasto Graecia tracta salost. pauUatim socium iacturam flevit Ulixes, in mare cui soliti non valuere doli. quod si contentus patrio bove verteret agros verbaque duxisset pondus habere mea, 45 viveret ante suos dulcis conviva penates, pauper, at in terra, nil ubi flere potest, non tulit hie Paetus stridorem audire procellae et duro teneras laedere fune manus, 42. soliti w soli solum w. 46. flere ^a.r& Jacob. hunc DVL hoc F. 47. hie « haec N 38. One prosperous voyage is great good luck (C. S.). 39. triumphales . . . puppes: the Greek fleet on its return after the sack of Troy. — Capharea : the promontory of Caphareus, or Cephereus, on the southeast coast of Euboea, where Nauplius, father of Falamedes, set false signals in revenge for the loss of his son, and wrecked the fleet. Cf. 4, i, 1 1 3- 1 16. 40. Graecia: a strong expres- sion for the catastrophe suflfered by the fleet by whose loss Greece herself was overwhelmed in the briny waste (C. S.). 41 . paullatim : to be taken with iacturatn (C. S.). — socium: the short form of the genitive, found in many words, was regular for socins in the formula, sociii/n et noniinis Latini. 42. in here = 'against.' — doli: 'wiles.' 43. contentus: the subject in the Propertian manner abruptly returns to Paetus, the poet un- consciously assuming that the reader is following the intensity of his own thought. 45. dulcis: i.e. to the other convivae. 46. pauper: relatively, as com- l)ared with the wealth he hoped to achieve by his voyage. — nil . . . potest : the disastrous, sor- row-causing, heart-breaking sea is the theme, and the land, in com- parison, can bring no tears (C. S. ). Render, ' where one may live a tearless life,' i.e. relatively. None of the proposed emendations avoids hyperbole. 47. hie : so long as he remained on shore (C. S.). 294 ELEGIARVM LIBER 111 L7. 59 sed Chio thalamo aut Oricia terebintho 50 et fultum pluma versicolore caput. huic fluctus vivo radicitus abstullt ungues, et miser invisam traxit hiatus aquam ; hunc parvo ferri vidit nox inproba ligno : Paetus ut occideret, tot coiere mala- 55 flens tamen extremis dedit haec mandata querellis, cum moribunda niger clauderet ora liquor. * di maris Aegaei quos sunt penes aequora, venti, et quaecumque meum degravat unda caput, quo rapitis miseros primae lanuginis annos? 49. Chio Thyio Snnten Thyiae Itali. 49. A positive verb to corre- spond with the negative iion tiilit must be supplied, in the Proper- tian manner; the editors suggest amabat. Cf. i, 2, 30, n. — Chio . . . terebintho : in a chamber finished in marble from Chios or turpentine-wood from Oricum ; cf. " I dreamt I dwelt in marble halls."' Propertius is again reck- less of his syntax, and we can speculate as to whether Oricia tcrchiiitlw is thought of as express- ing material, quality, or place. Note the hiatus before the caesura ; cf. Intr. § 43. 50. pluma versicolore : i.e. a feather pillow with a bright- colored cover. 51. huic: 'from so delicate a youth as this ! ' — vivo : to enhance the horror of the contrast, the poet imagines that instead of losing his nails from the disintegrating effect of the water after many days, he wears them down to the roots in the vain attempt to climb upon the wreck or up some sharp rock against which he is dashed by the waves. Cf. Hom. Od. 5, 432, sqq. 52. miser . . . hiatus — Jutiiis iiiiseri os hians. 53. parvo . . . ligno : the poet imagines Paetus clinging to a frag- ment of the wreck. 54. Paetus: after the huic and hitnc of the preceding verses the repetition of the name here achieves a climax of emphasis, in contrast to tot coiere mala. Only the deli- cate Paetus, and yet all the power of the cruel sea trained upon him! 55. mandata: these are found in vv. 63-64 after the qnerellae proper. 57. di: i.e. venti. 59. primae lanuginis: i.e. of my early youth (C. S.). 295 7, 6o] PROPERTI 60 attulimus longas in freta vestra manus. ah miser alcyonum scopulis adfligar acutis : in me caeruleo fuscina sumpta deost. at saltem Italiae regionibus evehat aestus : hoc de me sat erit si modo matris erit.' 65 subtrahit haec fantem torta vertigine fluctus ; ultima quae Paeto voxque diesque fuit. o centum aequoreae Nereo genitore puellae, et tu raaterno tacta dolore Thetis, vos decuit lasso supponere bracchia mento : 70 non poterat vestras ille gravare manus. at tu, saeve Aquilo, riumquam mea vela videbis ante fores dominae condar oportet iners. 60. longas sanctas Waardenburg. 61. adfligar NFL affiigor DV affigar ». 63. evehat advehat w. 68. tacta Vj tracta fracta Heinsius, 60. longas: a mark of beauty and gentility ; cf. 2, 2, 5 : fiihui coma est longaeque tuanus ; Cat. 43' 3 : ^('"A^'^'i- digitis. 61. alcyonum: i.e. the clift's about which they fly. Cf. i, 17, 2, n. 62. caeruleo . . . deo: Neptune; cf. Ovid. Trist. i, 2, 59: virides- que dez, quibus aequora curae. 63. evehat : 'yield mc up.' Cf. Ovid, He}-. 18, 197: optabo tainen ut partis expellar in iUas et teneant partus naufraga membra tuos. 64. hoc de me : my corpse ; cf. 3, 12, 13 : neve aliqiiid de te flendutn referatur ; Verg. Aen. 9, 491: hoc mihi de te, ftate, refers ? hoc sum terraque mariqiie seciita ? — 296 sat: i.e. all that can be expected under the circumstances, and as such affording satisfaction to his mother. — matris erit: i.e. shall come into her hands. 67. centum : the orthodox num- ber was fifty ; cf. Hygin. Fab., where the names are given. But there are some variations ; cf. Ovid, Fast. 6, 499 : Fanope cen- tiimque sorores ; Plato, Critias, 116 E. 68. materno Achilles. 69. lasso . . Fx P. 2, 3, 39 : . . dolore : i.e. for mento : cf. Ovid, )nitiHS est lasso digitum supponere mento. 72. iners: even though it in- volve a life of inactivity (C S.). Cf. Tib. I, I, 58. ELEGIARVM LIBER III [9. 6 Maecenas eques Etrusco de sanguine regum, intra fortunam qui cupis esse tuam, quid me scribendi tarn vastum mittis in aequor ? non sunt apta meae grandia vela rati, turpe est, quod nequeas, capiti committere pondus, et pressum inflexo mox dare terga genu. 3. 9 In reply to a request from Maecenas to essay the grand style of poetry. Propertius says that thus far he has tried to imitate his patron's modesty, and hints that he must continue to do so until Maecenas shows him the way to heroic strains. That this is, how- ever, only an arguineiiiitui ad homine/n is evident from a com- parison of 3, I, 7 and 9; 2, i, and various other elegies indicating clearly the poet's own taste. Cf. Mallet, (2uaestumes Propertianae, p. II. 1-6: 'Noble, yet modest Mae- cenas, why do you urge me be- yond my strength ? 7-20 : Men differ in their gifts. Non onuiia possumns omnes. 21-34: I have imitated your own modesty of achievement. 35-46 : Rather than venture into the epic field, I have been satisfied with the themes of elegy; 47-60: but, if you will set the pace, perhaps I may yet relate great deeds.' 297 1. eques ... regum : Maecenas voluntarily chose to remain in the rank of the Equites rather than undertake a senatorial ca- reer. Horace frequently refers to this fact, and to the royal ancestry of his patron, e.g. Car. i, 20, 5: care Maecenas eques ; i , i , i : Maecenas atavis edite regibns ; Sat. I, 6, 1-13; Car. 3, 16, 20; 29, I. 2. Cf. Veil. Pat. 2, 88, 2 : C. Maecenas eqiiestri, sed splendido gen ere iiatus . . . nee ini>iora con- seqid potiiit., sed noti tain concu- pivit ; Ovid, Trist. 3, 4, 25 : intra fortunam debet quisqjie vianere suani. 3. scribendi . . . aequor: cf 3, 3, 23. Commentators note that the use of the gerund with aequor is like a modern use of the verbal noun. 5. nequeas: sc. ferre, implied from the following clause. — capiti : the ancient, as well as the modern, place for bearing burdens, in Italy. 6. pressum agrees with te to be supplied from nequeas. — dare 9. 7] PROPERTI omnia non pariter rerum sunt omnibus apta, - fama nee ex aequo ducitur ulla iugo. gloria Lysippo est animosa effingere signa, lo exactis Calamis se mihi iactat equis, in Veneris tabula summum sibi poscit Apelles, Parrhasius parva vindicat arte locum, 9. 8. fama to flamma (flamina LD) {cf. Erik) palma /tali, ulla una w, II. summum Rothstein suma L summam NFDV. terga : Propertius mixes metaphors here ; for this phrase belongs to military life. 7. omnia . . . rerum: stronger than omnes res, just as opaca locorjim (Verg. Aen. 2, 725) is stronger than opaca loca, implying minuter detail. The idea of the verse is a commonplace. 8. The thought of this mucli- discussed verse (cf. B. O. Foster in Matzke Meuwrial Voha/ie, pp. 103 sqq.) is closely connected by nee to that of the preceding verse. Men have their individual ex- cellencies, and cannot excel if compelled to do exactly as their neighbors, i.e. to trot in pairs ; for in a pair, team-work is desired, as in a single hitch individual superi- ority is striven for. — aequo may perhaps be rendered 'equalizing.' g. Lysippo : his specialty was bronze statuary and his portrait work was so celebrated that Alex- ander the Great gave him the ex- clusive right to represent him in statuary; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, i, 239: edicto vetutt^ ne quis se . . . alius Lysippo duceret a era ; Cic. Ad Fam. 5, 1 2, 7 : Alexander ille . . . potissi)}iu7ii . . . a Lysippo fingi volcbat. — animosa . . . signa : cf. 2, 31.8. 10. exactis: 'perfect.' — Cala- mis: a contemporary of Phidias. His subjects were general ; but the .same superiority in modeling horses that is here emphasized is suggested by other passages ; cf. Ovid, Ex P. 4, I, 33 : vindicat nt Calamis laiedem, quos fecit, equoriim. — mihi : •• in my opinion.' 11. Veneris tabula: the cele- brated painting of the Venus (Aphrodite) Anadyomene, often referred to in Roman literature, e.g. Ovid, Ex P. 4, i, 29 : ut Venus artijicis labor est et gloria Coi, aequoreo madidas quae premit inibrc comas ; Pliny, A^. H. 35,91- — summum: sc. locittn from v. 12. — Apelles : grouped with Lysippus in Cic. Ad Earn. 5, 1 2, 7 (cited at v. 9) as the only painter whom Alex- ander the Great would permit to paint his portrait. This portrait brought the sum of twenty talents, and was placed in the temple of Diana (Artemis) at Ephesus. 12. Parrhasius : a contemporary and rival of Zeuxis, who flourished 298 ELEGIARVM liber III [9. 19 argumenta magis sunt Mentoris addita formae, at Myos exiguum flectit acanthus iter, 15 Phidiacus signo se luppiter ornat eburno, Praxitelen propria vindicat urbe lapis. est quibus Eleae concurrit palma quadrigae, est quibus in celeres gloria nata pedes. hie satus ad pacem, hie castrensibus utilis armis. 16. propria Paria Broukhusius Parius w patria Hertzberg. about 400 B.C. — parva . . . arte : as Parrhasius excelled in accurate drawing, correct proportion, and the representation of fine shades of expression, it seems best to take these words in the sense of ' his skill in details,' or ' fine points of excellence.' 13. After comparing two sculp- tors of differing tastes and two painters, Propertius compares two silver chasers. — argumenta : ' sub- ration, cf. Verg. Georg. 4. 123: fleX! tacuissem vivien acanthi. jects ' ; i-e. the artistic conception and arrangement of his groups or scenes. Cf. Ovid, Met. 13, 683 : fabricaverat Alcon Hyleits, et longo caelaverat arginnento. — Mentoris : cf. i, 14, 2, n. — formae : ' design.' 14. Myos: Mys, the other to- reutic artist, did his greatest work a generation after Phidias, when he engraved on the inside of the shield of Athene Promachos the battle of the Centaurs after a de- sign of Parrhasius (cf- v. 12) ; evi- dently he excelled in workmanship and graceful finish. — exiguum: probably the more slender, spiny acanthus was used in such deco- — iter : 15. Phidiacus a cognate ace . . luppiter : the most famous work of Phidias was the chryselephantine statue of Zeus made for the temple at Olympia about 435 B.C. Render, ' atthe bidding of Phidias,Juppiter,' etc. 16. Praxitelen: one of the greatest Greek sculptors, of the later Attic school, who flourished in the fourth century B.C. — pro- pria . . . urbe lapis : Pentelic marble, in which he worked rather than in gold and ivory, and which is abundant in Athens. With the abl. of source some participle is customary. 17. est quibus = trrriv oTs. for the regular Latin, stint gitibus ; cf. Hor. Car. i, i, 3. — Eleae . . . quadrigae : chariot racing was a feature of the Olympic games after 680 B.C. — concurrit = contingit. 18. Propertius has turned the thought inside out ; he means : 'there are others whose swift feet are destined for glory.' 299 9, 2o] PROPERTl 20 naturae sequitur semina quisque suae, at tua, Maecenas, vitae praecepta recepi, cogor et exemplis te superare tuis. cum tibi Romano dominas in honore secures et liceat medio ponere iura foro, 25 vel tibi Medorum pugnaces ire per hastas atque onerare tuam fixa per arma domum, et tibi ad effectum vires det Caesar, et omni tempore tam faciles insinuentur opes, parcis, et in tenues humilem te coUigis umbras, 30 velorum. plenos subtrahis ipse sinus. crede mihi, magnos aequabunt ista Camillos iudicia, et venies tu quoque in ora virum, Caesaris et famae vestigia iuncta tenebis : Maecenatis erunt vera tropaea fides. 35 non ego velifera tumidum mare findo carina: 25. hastas Markland hostes astus Lachniann. 21. recepi: < I have adopted as 29. parcis: the intransitive use my own.' isveryrare. — tecolligis: 'shrink.' 22. exemplis: Maecenas re- 30. subtrahis: 'furl.' The peatedly decHned honors. — supe- mere usual word is conirakere ; rare: 'confute.' cf. Hor. Car. 2, 10, 22: sapiettter 23. dominas: here used adjec- idem contrahes vettto niiniiim se- tivally : ' emblems of power ' = ' im- cundo turgida vela. perial.' — honore : 'official position.' 31. Camillos: tradition attrib- — secures: those of the lictors. uted to the famous M. Furius 24. ponere : used by zeugma. Camillus a contentment which be- Hor. Sat. i, 3, 105 uses the ex- came proverbial. Cf. L. 1105. pression /('//^/v A'.^t'.s-, as in English 32. iudicia: cf. L. mo. we say "lay down the law," but 33. famae: dative with z««c/fl. dare leges is more usual. — tenebis i.e. through all time. 26. Cf. Tib. I, I. 54- — per 34. fides: to friends, partic- arma : poetic for armis : cf. Ovid, ularly to Augustus, next to his Her. 18, 7 : freta ventis tiirbida poetic proteges. perque cavas vix adeimda rates. 35. Cf. 3, 3, 23, n. — findS is 28. insinuentur = //; siitus ca- one of the early examples of the dant, i.e. 'pour into your lap.' shortening of the final which so 300 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [9. 46 tuta sub exiguo flumine nostra morast. non flebo in cineres arcem sedisse paternos Cadmi, nee septem proclia clade pari, nee referam Scaeas et Pergama Apollinis areas, 40 et Danaum deeimo vere redisse rates, nioenia euni Graio Neptunia pressit aratro vietor Palladiae iigneus artis equus. inter Callimachi sat erit placuisse libellos et cecinisse modis, Coe poeta, tuis. 45 haec urant pueros, haec urant scripta puellas, meque deum clament et mihi sacra ferant. 36. tuta (4 tota 0. 44. Coe Beroaldus dure Dore Scriverius dare Ayrmann docte Foster. Philita is accepted for poeta by Hosiusfrom an anony- mous source. soon became general in all verbs. Cf. Intr. § 43. 36. sub : ' under the protection of; the poet is thinking of his surroundings in the imagined pic- ture. 37. flebo : 'tell the harrowing tale'; cf. i, 7, 18. — arcem . . . Cadmi: cf. i, 7, i, n. — paternos: Propertius is ambiguous, as often ; he seems to be referring to the city-state of Thebes, the father- land, and trying to indicate its com- plete destruction, in which the fall of the citadel involved the whole. 38. septem proelia: the war- fare waged by the Seven against Thebes; cf. H. & T. § 171.— clade pari: all the heroes (except Adrastus) met the same fate. Many literary masterpieces were composed upon the legends of Thebes. As an epic theme it attracted many; cf. i, 7 ; H. & T. § 167 ; the only surviving work of this nature is the TJiebaid of Statius. 39. The poet refers to the story of the Iliad. — Scaeas : sc. portas ; the famous western gate of Troy, where Homer represents Helen coming to meet the oldest coun- cilors of the city (//. 3, 149). — Apollinis: Apollo and Neptune (Poseidon) built the walls (cf. Neptunia, v. 41). 41. pressit aratro : /^. the ulti- mate result to which the ruse of the wooden horse led. 42. Palladiae . . . artis: 'con- trived by Pallas'; gen. of the author. 43. Cf. 3. I, I. 46. Cf. Ovid, Rem. Am. 813: postinodo reddetis sacro pia vota poetae. 301 9. 47] PROPERTI te duce vel lovis arma canam caeloque minantem Coeum et Phlegraeis Oromedonta iugis, celsaque Romanis decerpta Palatia tauris so ordiar et caeso moenia firma Rerao, eductosque pares silvestri ex ubere reges, crescet et ingenium sub tua iussa raeum, prosequar et currus utroque ab litore ovantes, Parthorum astutae tela remissa fugae, 55 castraque Pelusi Romano subruta ferro, Antonique graves in sua fata manus. mollis ta coeptae fautor cape lora iuventae 48. Oromedonta Eurvmedonla Uiischke. 47. te duce : the fair presump- tion is that Propertius suggests a more aggressive public career for his patron. — lovis arma: the Gigantomachia is the first possible epic subject to be mentioned. 48. Coeum: a Titan: but the distinction between Giant and Titan is often overlooked. — Phle- graeis . . . iugis : the place where the mythical struggle occurred ; it was localized sometimes in Thrace, sometimes in Campania. The most magnificent representation of the scene in art vv'as that which has been found on the Zeus altar at Pergamon. 49. Cf. 4. I, 1-4 : Tib. 2, 5. 25. 50. firma = finnata. — Remo : tke abl. abs. expresses means; probably there was some more occult meaning to the tradition, perhaps a connection with such human sacrifices as are believed to have been made in connection with bridge building. 51. pares . . . reges : Romulus and Remus. — silvestri . . . ubere: the famous bronze group in the Capitoline (Conservatori) Museum followed the tradition. 52. crescet . . . sub : ' shall come to measure up to.' 53. prosequar: i.e. metaphori- cally. — utroque ab litore : quoted from Verg. Georg. 3, 33. The reference is a hyperbolical one to the shores of the ocean at the east and west boundaries of the world. 54. Cf. 3, 4, 17, n. 55. Propertius is probably ro- mancing here for effect. Pelusium surrendered to Octavian, accord* ing to the accepted version of history, promptly after the appear- ance of the hero of Actium in its harbor. 56. in sua fata: ace. of pur- pose : we should expect in se. 57. mollis: 'kindly.' — coeptae . . . iuventae : * my youthful under- 3 OP- ELEGIARVM LIBER III [II, 2 60 clexteraque inmissis da mihi signa rotis. hoc mihi, Maecenas, laudis concedis, et a test quod ferar in partes ipse fuisse tuas. I I Quid mirare, meam si versat femina vitam et trahit addictum sub sua iura virum. takings.' — fautor: Maecenas is usually like the partisan at the races cheering on his favorite team. But here the poet suggests that he come for the nonce to the chariot itself, and guide it where it may undertake a new course. 58. inmissis . . . rotis : as an elegiac poet Propertius is already far on in the race. — da . . . signa : but as patron Maecenas will now give the starter's signal for a new course, i.e. in epic poetry, to which he must, however, liave himself conducted the poet, as indicated in v. 57. 59. hoc . . • laudis: i.e. that I look to you for inspiration and suggestion. 60. in partes ipse fuisse tuas : ' that even I have belonged to thy followers,' i.e. those recognized by Maecenas. The ace. is due to the implied motion which must have preceded fuisse ; cf. Plant. Amph. 180: Jiii ill meiitcui fuit. The good fortune of Rome in escaping from the power ofa woman through the merit of Augustus. An elegy beginning with the commonplace, for our poet, of the thralldom of woman's love, and ending with the glories of Rome and the Emperor, seems almost like a playful supplement to 3. 9, a hint of what Propertius might do under proper conditions, in the epic style. 1-8: 'Do you think it strange that I bow to a woman? Men learn by experience and so may you. 9-26 : Remember the power of Medea, Penthesilea, Omphale, Semiramis ! 27-49 : Yea, come nearer home, and think of Cleo- patra and how great was the danger that she would bring glorious Rome under the sway of shameless Egypt ! 49-72 : But, thanks to Augustus, Rome was spared such humiliation and the gods still smile upon us as of old. So let every sailor on the Ionian Sea give thanks to Augustus ! ' 1. versat: my life is 'at the beck and call ' of a woman. Cf. Tib. 2, I. 64. The verb has frequentative force. 2. addictum: an insolvent debtor was called addictus when 303 '^ 3J PROPERTI lo 15 criminaque ignavi capitis mihi turpia fingis, quod nequeam fracto rumpere vincla iugo ? venturam melius praesagit navita noctem, vulneribus didicit miles habere metum. ista ego praeterita iactavi verba iuventa : tu nunc exemplo disce timere meo. Colchis fiagrantis adamantina sub iuga tauros egit et armigera proelia se^it humo, custodisque feros clausit serpentis hiatus, iret ut Aesonias aurea lana domos. ausa ferox ab equo quondam oppugnare sagittis Maeotis Danaum Penthesilea rates ; aurea cui postquam nudavit cassida frontem, vicit victorem Candida forma virum. he was formally delivered by the praetor to his creditor (C. S.). Formal bondage, as compared with informal slavery of v. i. 3. Cf. I, 12, I. 5. melius: the sailor foretells the promise of the coming night better than a landsman. The poet justifies his own judgment on love matters by a comparison with the sailor and soldier (C S. ) . 7. ista: 'such as yours.' 9. Colchis: Propertius refers to Medea four times by this word. — fiagrantis: 'fire-breathing.' 10. egit . . . sevit: i.e. she made it possible for Jason to accomplish these feats. — armi- gera: cf. H. & T. §§ 123, 166. 11. serpentis: the dragon. 12. lana: this less usual word for ' fleece ' is used by Ovid also, Her. 12, 128; Fast. 3, 876. 13. ferox belongs to the predi- cate. — ab equo: like the Greek 14. Maeotis : unusual employ- ment of the word to imply the region from which, i.e. the vicinity of Lake Maeotis, the modern sea of Azov. Other writers located the Amazons on the Thermodon, or more vaguely. — Penthesilea : the handsome daughter of Ares and queen of the Amazons, who was slain in battle by Achilles. Cf. Verg. A en. i. 491. 15. nudavit cassida : 'the re- moval of the helmet disclosed,' by a kind of brachyology (C S.). Another instance of this rare by- form of the nom. occurs in Verg. Aen. II. 775. 16. Cf. Horace's well-known expression : Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit {Ep. 2, i, 156). 304 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [". 25 20 25 Omphale in tantum formae processit honorem, Lydia Gygaeo tincta puella lacu, ut, qui pacato statuisset in orbe coluranas, tam dura traheret mollia pensa manu. Persarum statuit Babylona Semiramis urbem, ut solidum cocto tolleret aggere opus, et duo in adversum missi per moenia currus ne possent tacto stringere ab axe latus, duxit et Euphratem medium, qua condidit arces. 11. 23. missi mitti Tyrrell. 24. ne DV nee NFL. 17. Omphale: note quantity and hiatus. Omphale was said to be the queen of Lydia, and daugh- ter of King lardanus. Cf. H. & T. § 145- 18. Gygaeo . . . lacu : nearSar- dis, named after the well-known Lydian king. — tincta ~ lauta, with an increment of poetic im- agination. Cf. Verg. Aen. 3, 665 : fliictits lalera ardua tinxit. Propertius means merely to in- dicate the region from which she came. — puella : she was the young widow of Tmolus. 19. columnas: 'the pillars of Hercules,' on both sides the fre- tum Herctdeion ; Abyla in Africa, and Calpe (Gibraltar) in Europe, said to have been one mountain till sundered by the power of Hercules. 20. traheret . . . pensa : the customary occupation of a female slave. Cf. Tib. i, 3, 85-88. 21. Persarum: from whom the Parthians got their empire ; but Propertius neglects any reference to the older empires under which Babylon flourished. — Semiramis : the Babylonian queen who was, according to one prevalent tradi- tion, the founder of the city. Cf. Strabo, 16, i, 2 ; Ovid, Met. 4, 58. 22. cocto: 'baked,'/.!?, of brick. — tolleret: consecutive. 23. Fabulous accounts of the walls of Babylon have survived. Herodotus (i, 178) says they were 337 feet high and 84 feet wide. 24. ne : instead of the expected completion of his consecutive phrase, Propertius loosely tries to combine a purpose and a result idea in the same clause. What he means is that Semiramis had in mind a wall so broad that two chariots could pass without con- tact. Cf. A. & G. 537, 2, a, n. — tacto . . . ab axe : ' through the grazing of a hub' (C. S.) ; cf. 3, 2. 25, n. ROM. EL. POETS — 20 305 II, 26] PROPERTI 30 iussit et imperio subdere Bactra caput, nam quid ego heroas, quid raptem in crimina divos ? luppiter infamat seque suamque domum : quid, modo quae nostris opprobria vexerit armis et famulos inter femina trita suos coniugis obsceni pretium Romana poposcit moenia et addictos in sua regna patres? noxia Alexandria, dolis aptissima tellus, 27, crimina V2 crimine 0. 31. coniugis coniugii /'ajj^ra/'. 26. imperio subdere . . . caput : • to bow its head to her sway.' While the poet in leading up to the power of Cleopatra apparently intends to neglect the erotic ele- ment in the case of Semiramis, we must assume that he probably knew, and expected his readers to know, the story of the personal charms of the queen, her earlier marriage to Ormes. a general of Ninus, and the infatuation of Ninus himself for her, which led to the death of Ormes. 27. nam quid : there is an ellipsis : ' Enough such examples. Why need I dwell on ancient he- roes, or even gods, to illustrate love and crime ? Jiippiter himself might furnish an instance. But we have one bad enough right at home in Antony and Cleopatra' (C. S.). 29. quid . . . quae : i-e. quid de ea dicam quae. — modo : ' but yesterday.' — opprobria : because of the character of the woman, as well as the very f;\ct that it was a woman with whom they were matched, it was an insult to the Roman army to engage in the fiasco at Actium. 30. et = etiam. — femina : scorn- ful term. — trita : ' too familiar.' Propertius regards Cleopatra merely as an abandoned woman, distinguished from others of her cla.ss only in that she demanded the empire as her price (C. S.). He disdains to name her. 31. coniugis obsceni : subj. gen. Propertius, like Horace, is ashamed to mention the name of Antony. — pretium: cf. Eleg. in Maec. I. 53 : hie modo miles erat, lie posset femina Romam dotalem stupri tiDpis habere sui. 33. noxia Alexandria : the poet apostrophizes Egypt through her two chief cities, Memphis and Alexandria, as the bane of Rome, most apt in treachery, and source of bloodshed and disgrace (C. S.). — dolis aptissima: cf. Bell. Alex. 7, 3 : aptissitnum esse hoc genus ad proditione)n diibitare nemo potest. 306 ELEGIARVM LIBER III fn. 39 et totiens nostro Mem phi cruenta malo, 35 tres ubi Pompeio dctraxit harena triumphos! toilet nulla dies banc tibi, Roma, notam. issent Phlegraeo melius tibi funera campo, vel tua si socero colla daturus eras, scilicet incesti meretrix regina Canopi, 34. totiens: in particular, in the Alexandrian war of Caesar, tlie various engagements during the struggle of Octavian against the power of Cleopatra, and the event to which reference is made in V. 35. — nostro . . . malo : one of Propertius's vague ablatives: ' to our hurt.' 35. tres . . . triumphos : over Numidia (80 B.C.), Spain (71 B.C.), and Mithridates (61 B.C.); of. Cic. Pro Sest. 61, 129: vir is, giii tripertitas or bis f err arum or as atque regiones tribus triui/iphis adiuiictas huic imperio notavit. — ubi : used loosely of tcllus in gen- eral. — detraxit harena: Pompey was murdered in the little boat in which he was proceeding to land, and his corpse was left upon the sandy beach, naked and headless. 37. issent = fiiissent : cf. Juv. 7, 29 : dignus 7'enias hederis ; G^r- ma.n ^' IVie ge/ifs P'' — Phlegraeo . . . campo : a willful or careless ambi- guity. The expression may refer to Campania, where Pompey was dangerously ill at Naples, in 50 B.C. (cf. Cic. Thsc. Disp. i, 86) ; or to Pharsalus, where he was finally defeated by Caesar, in a battle which might be poetically com- pared to that of the Giants on the neighboring Phlegraean plains of Macedonia. The former interpre- tation seems to have been accepted by Juvenal (10, 283 sqq.); the latter, which suits better the de- velopment of the thought here, was apparently in the mind of Lucan (7. 144 sqq. ; 8, 530, 531). — tibi : Pompey, though there is no new vocative to change the person addressed from that in the previous verse ; cf. Tib. i, 7, 3, n. 38. vel . . .si: 'even if = 'even though,' if the second inter- pretation of v. T^i is accepted. — socero : Julius Caesar, whose daughter Julia became Pompey's wife in 59 B.C. — daturus eras: i.e. in losing in the battle of Phar- salus, if we accept the second inter- pretation of V. 37. 39. scilicet : a sarcastic intro- duction to a most bitterly scornful passage. — incesti . . . Canopi: Canopus, a notorious resort twelve miles east of Alexandria, was re- puted far to outdo the excesses of Baiae ; Juvenal, who knew Egypt at first hand, speaks (15, 46) of fai/ioso ■ . ■ Canopo ; and Kavw- yStV/ios became proverbial. — meretrix regina: so also Pliny, 307 II, 4o] PROPERTI 40 una Philippeo sanguine adusta nota, ausa lovi nostro latrantem opponere Anubim, et Tiberim Nili cogere ferre minas, Romanamque tubam crepitant! pellere sistro, baridos et contis rostra Liburna sequi, 45 foedaque Tarpeio conopia tendere saxo, iura dare et statuas inter et arma Marl. N'. H. 9, II g. With fine irony Cleopatra is called queen of Ca- nopus, rather than of Egypt. 40. una : the poet speaks rela- tively rather than absolutely.-— Philippeo sanguine : source, the customary preposition being omit- ted. The Ptolemies claimed to trace their descent from Philip of Macedon. — nota: ablative. No infamy like Cleopatra's had ever overtaken the Ptolemies. 41 . ausa : sc. est. — latrantem : the Egyptian god Anubis was rep- resented with a jackal's, or dog's, head ; Vergil (^Ach. 8. 698) and Ovid {Met- 9, 6go) use the ex- pression latrator Annbis. The inferiority of Egypt to Rome is implied in the series of compar- isons : (i) great gods ; (2) local river gods ; (3) army; (4) navy; (5) national character; (6) laws. 42. Cf. 2, 33. 20 : cinn Tiberi Nilo gratia nulla fuit. 43. crepitanti : 'jingling.' To rouse them to deeds of battle they must rely on the barbarian sis- trum, a mere adjunct of their characteristic worship. 44. baridos : it was like match- ing our canal boat with the steam war vessel (C. S.). The /Sapts was a clumsy river transport pro- pelled by poles {contis) . — Liburna : swiftly moving galleys like those used by the Illyrian pirates. They had played an important part in the victory of Actium. 45. Tarpeio . . . saxO : where the heroic Roman character had been so often exhibited, and death scorned. — conOpia : to a Roman soldier mosquito netting would be the extreme of effeminacy. Cf. Hor. Epod. 9, 15 : interque signa tiD'pe militaria sol adspicit cono- piinn. 46. iura dare : what a feminine regime like that of Cleopatra would be at Rome is hinted from the previous verse, and the effect of the imaginary picture is height- ened by the contrast with the rule of the most virile heroes in Roman history, like Marius. — statuas : of the great gods of Rome and of famous Romans. They grew so numerous that they began to be removed by the State from the Capitol as early as 179 B.C., from the Forum in 158 B.C. — arma Mari : the trophies that Marius won from Jugurtha, and 308 ELEGIARVM LIBER III C". 54 quid nunc Tarquinii fractas iuvat esse secures, nomine quern simili vita superba notat, si mulier patienda fuit ? cape, Roma, triumphum, 50 et longum Augusto salva precare diem. fugisti tamen in timidi vaga flumina Nili : accepere tuae Romula vincla manus. bracchia spectavi sacris admorsa colubris, et trahere occultum membra soporis iter. 51. vaga DV vada NFL. from the Cimbri and Teutons, set up on the Capitohne hill, were torn down by Sulla, but restored by Julius Caesar. Cf. Suet. lul. II. 47. quid: ace of inner obj. (cognate). — nunc: i.e. if such conditions are to prevail ; referring to the first clause in v. 49. — Tarquinii : the last king of Rome. — iuvat : sc. Romam. — secures : the sign of absolute power, per- petuated in the insignia of the consuls, the fasces. 48. nomine : i.e. Tarquinius Superbus. 49. cape: 'rejoice, O Rome, in thy triumph ' (C. S.). 50. diem = vitam. 51. The subject is Cleopatra, with another of Propertius's sud- den transitions, and unannounced. — tamen : i.e. in spite of the pre- sumptuous pride voiced in vv. 39-46. — timidi: the epithet is transferred from Cleopatra by metaphor (C. S.). The fleeing fleet is included also. — vaga : ' wandering' through various mouths in its course to the sea. 52. accepere . . . manus : fig- uratively. — Romula : this adjec- tive is used also in 4, 4, 26 ; the usual prose form is Roniulea = Ro)iia)ia ; cf Hor. Carin. Saec. 4"/: RoiHuIae ge}iti. 53. bracchia: cf. Intr. § 43. — spectavi : Propertius doubtless saw in the triumphal procession an effigy of Cleopatra with the asp that common tradition in lit- erature and art has accepted as the means of her death, though here, as often, the tradition rests on an uncertain basis. Cf. Hor. Car. I, 37, 26; Plut. Ant. 86. — sacris : i.e. to Isis ; cf. Ovid, Am. 2. 13, 13: pigraqne dabatur circa doitaria serpens : Juv. 6, 538 : et niovissc caput visa est argetitea serpens. 54. Propertius mixes his meta- phors, the last sleep, and that journey from which there is no re- turn. The frame drinks in the poison wliich causes the queen to start on the journey to the world of the dead. Only Propertius would dare to speak of ' draining a draught of journey ! ' 309 ". 55J PROPERTI 55 'non hoc, Roma, fui tanto tibi cive verenda' dixit 'et adsiduo lingua sepulta mere' septem urbs alta iugis, toto quae praesidet orbi, femineas timuit territa Marte minas. Hannibalis spolia et victi monimenta Syphacis 60 et Pyrrhi ad nostros gloria fracta pedes ! Curtius expletis statuit monimenta lacunis, at Decius misso proelia rupit equo, Coclitis abscissos testatur semita pontes, est cui cognomen corvus habere dedit. 55. fui w fuit 0. 55. hoc . . . tanto . . . cive : Augustus is complimented by being referred to under his favorite title oi Princeps. The abl. abs. is equivalent to a clause of proviso- — fui: Cleopatra is speaking. 56. Sc. non fiat verenda with lingua^ referring to Antony. 57. toto: cf. 2, I, 47 {jino)\ Tib. 4, 6, 9, n. 58. Marte = bello. 59. The general sense of this fine outburst is that in Augustus Rome had a hero far greater than in all her past history, and pos- sessing him she scarcely need fear Jove himself (C. S.), much less a woman. The glory of defeating Hannibal, Syphax (a Numidian king who helped Hannibal), and Pyrrhus. as representing masculine warriors from Greece and Africa, the countries that Cleopatra repre- sented, is appropriately contrasted here with the terrorizing influence she had over Rome, expressed in V. 58. The animadversions of the critics and the transpositions by the editors in the latter part of this poem are incomprehensible. Cf. Vahlen, Ind. Lect. 1886-87, Berlin. 61. Here follow instances of self-sacrificing heroism to save the State in earlier days. — Curtius: the story is told in Livy, 7, 6. — monimenta : such word repetitions are not uncommon in the Roman elegy; cf. vv. 16, 17; 19, 21 ; 36, 40 ; Vahlen, I.e. 62. at : the method of Decius was a different one ; see Livy, 8, 9 ; 10, 28 ; Cic. Titsc. Disp. i, 37, 89. 63. Coclitis : Horatius Codes, the hero of the bridge ; cf. Livy, 2, 10. — semita : the location of the street named after Horatius is not known. 64. est cui: M. Valerius Cor- vus ; see Livy, 7. 26. — habere = habendain ; cf. Verg. Aen. 5, 260: loricai>i qnam Demoleo detraxerat ipse victor . . . donat habere viro ; R. 1363. 10 ELKHIARVM LIBER Til [II, 72 65 haec di condiderant, haec di quoque moenia servant; vix timeat salvo Caesare Roma lovem. nunc ubi Scipiadae classes, ubi signa Camilli, aut modo Pompeia Bospore capta manu ? Leucadius versas acies memorabit Apollo. 70 tantum operis belli sustulit una dies. at tu, sive petes portus seu, navita, linques, Caesaris in toto sis memor lonio. 65. condiderant : even before these heroic deeds the gods had established Rome. 66. salvo Caesare : the con- struction is a repetition of hoc tanto . . . cive (v. 55). The thought of the verse is contrasted with that of V. 58. 67. nunc ubi : i-c. in compari- son with the glorious victory of Augustus at Actium. — Scipiadae : the regular patronymic formation in this family. — classes: the fa- mous fleet prepared in 45 days in 205 15. c. to bring the second Punic war to a close. The plural, like pontes, in v. 63, is purely rhetorical. Cf. L. mo. — signa Camilli : taken from the Gauls in 390 B.C. ; cf. Livy, 5, 49, 7 : dictator . . . tri- umphans in Jirbein rediit ; Verg. A en. 6, 825 : referent em signa Camillnin. 68. modo : ' but recently/ con- trasted with the other great Roman victories mentioned. — Bospore : vocative. It was from Pantica- paeum on the Cimmerian Bosporus, which Pliny {N. H. 4, 78) calls the edge of Europe, that the body of the dead Mithridates was sent to Pompey at Amisus ; but Proper- tius flatters the memory of Pompey by intimating that the latter con- quered a region that he probably never saw. 69. Leucadius . . . Apollo : the celebrated temple of Apollo on the north promontory of the island of Leucas looked down upon the battle of Actium. The Leucadian Apollo was frequently invoked by sailors. — versas acies : cf Hor. Epod. 9, 17-20. 70. tantum operis belli : i.e. the fleet of Cleopatra. — una dies : that of the battle of Actium. 72. Augustus has cleared the seas of all the enemies of Rome, including pirates. Cf. Hor. Car. 4, 5, 19: pacatum volitant per mare navitae. 311 «6, I] PROPERTI lo i6 Nox media, et dominae mihi venit epistula nostrae : Tibure me missa iussit adesse mora, Candida qua geminas ostendunt culmina turres et cadit in patulos lympha Aniena lacus. quid faciam? obductis committam mene tenebris, ut timeam audaces in mea membra manus ? at si distulero haec nostro mandata timore, nocturno fletus saevior hoste mihi. peccaram semel, et totum sum pulsus in annum: in me mansuetas non habet ilia manus. 16. 9. pulsus FLDV portus N postus Phillimore tortus Gwynn. 3, 16 i-io: 'A summons from Cyn- thia at midnight to come to Tibur at once ! Which alternative is to be accepted — to risk the perils of the journey, or to risk her dis- pleasure? 11-20: But all the world loves a lover, and I shall be safe; 21-30: even if I die in the attempt, it will be worth while ; she will honor my tomb — and may it be "far from the madding crowd!"' 2. Tibure: locative. Cynthia probably spent a considerable part of her time in this beautiful and popular suburban resort (cf. 2, 32, 5), and was buried there (4, 7, 81-86). Cf. Lanciani, IVan- derings hi the Roman Campagna, pp. 88 sqq. 3. Candida . . . culmina: hill- tops on either side the Anio covered with villas and temples which would glisten in the moonlight as well as in the sunshine. — geminas . . . turres : high buildings on the two sides of the river. Cf. Tib. i, 7, 19. 4. On these famous falls cf. Hor. Car. i, 7, 12 : domus Albuneae resonantis et praeceps Anio ac Tibur ni Incus et uda niobilibus poinaria rivis. 5. ohdiuctis- ?'C. caelo or terrae. — mene: for a similar position of the interrogative particle, cf. 3, 6, 1 2 : ornabat tiiveas nullane genitna manus ? 6. audaces in mea membra : for the dangers from highway robbers, cf. Juv. 3, 302-308; 10, 20-21. 9. Cf. Intr. §33. 10. in me : cf. in mea membra (v. 6). — mansuetas non . . . manus : the phrase justifies the ex- pression pulsus in v. 9. 312 ELEGIARVM LIEER III [i6, 23 '5 nee tamen est quisquam, sacros qui laedat amantes Scironis media sic licet ire via. quisquis amator erit, Scythicis licet ambulet oris : nemo adeo ut noceat barbarus esse volet, luna ministrat iter, demonstrant astra salebras, ipse Amor accensas percutit ante faces, saeva canum rabies morsus avertit hiantis : huic generi quovis tempore tuta viast. sanguine tarn parvo quis enim spargatur amantis inprobus ? exclusis fit comes ipsa Venus, quod si certa meos sequerentur funera casus, talis mors pretio vel sit emenda mihi. adferet haec unguenta mihi sertisque sepulcrum 16. percutit praecutit Guyetus. 22. talis tali V2. 23. haec Guyetus hue 0. 20 11. nee tamen est: 'and, after all, there isn't.' For the sentiment, cf. 2, 26, 45 sqq.; Tib. I, 2, 27: qiiisqjiis atjiore tenetiit\ eat tii- tusqtie sacerque qiialibet: insidias no7i titmiisse decet. 12. Scironis : Sciron was a fa- mous robber who haunted the road leading from the isthmus into Megaraand Attica. He was slain by Theseus (C. S ). 13. This couplet, with unim- portant variations, was found scratched upon the wall of the basilica in Pompeii; cf. C I L. \, 1950. 16. ipse Amor : Cupid in person performs the duty of the slave that lights the way. — accensas per- cutit : ' kindles up and bran- dishes ' ; percutit is here an inten- sive form of quatit. 17. saeva canum rabies . . . avertit = canes saevirabiosique . . . avertunt. — morsus : i.e. os inor- deiis. 18. huic generi : lovers (C. S.). 19. The masks of lovers were conventionally pale, indicating a traditional belief that their blood was thin or scanty. 20. exclusis . . . ipsa : even Vi'hen the lover is unlucky enough to be denied admission to his be- loved, Venus watches over him ; much more, it is implied, when he is on his way to an expectant mis- tress. 23. haec : as usual, the one and only 'she' for Propertius. — un- guenta : cf. 2, 13, 30. — sertisque . . . ornabit : cf. i, 17, 22. There was a special day for such decora- tion, known as 7-osales escae. Si3 1 6, 24] PROPERTI 25 30 ornabit custos ad mea busta sedens. di faciant, mea ne terra locet ossa frequenti, qua facit adsiduo tramite vulgus iter, post mortem tumuli sic infamantur amantum. me tegat arborea devia terra coma, aut humer ignotae cumulis vallatus harenae. non iuvat in media nomen habere via. 18 Clausus ab umbroso qua ludit pontus Averno, fumida Baiarum stagna tepentis aquae, 18. 2. fumida Scaliger humida 0. 25. Lygdamus's wish was just the opposite: cf. Tib. 3, 2, 29, n. And Cynthia's tomb is represented as beside a road, the favorite cus- tom in Roman sepulture. 28. arborea . . • coma can well be taken as a descriptive ablative with terra : cf. also 2, 13, 33. 29. Rather than lie in a public place he would prefer to be cast on an unknown shore, like Paetus (3» 7, 26). 3' ^8 The deatli of M. Claudius Mar- cellus, son of Octavia. the sister of Augustus, at Baiae in 23 B.C., in the twentieth year of his age, dis- appointed many hopes. By his marriage in 25 B.C. to his cousin Julia, the daughter of Augustus, he had become the heir apparent, and as such was very acceptable to the Romans. Vergil immortalized his memory in the famous verses Aoi. 6, 860-886, at the recited of which Octavia is said to have swooned. Propertius, however, takes pains not to mention the name of Mar- cellus anywhere. The elegy was evidently written soon after the event. i-io: 'In Baiae, home of myths and marvels, he is dead. 11-16: Yes, dead ! in spite of all he had to live for; 17-30: wealth and fame save none from death — wit- ness kings and heroes of old ; 31-34: but while Marcellus " goes the way of all the earth," it is for him a gathering to the gods.' 1. Clausus: i.e. by the narrow strip referred to in v. 4. — umbroso . . . Averno: cf. Verg. Ac/i. 3, 442 : divinosque laciis et Averna sonatttia sih'is ; 6, 136-139; 238- 242. — pontus : the bay of Baiae. 2. fumida . . . stagna : in ap- position with pontus. — tepentis aquae : the hot springs of this vol- 3H ELEGIARVM LIBER III [i8, 9 qua iacet et Troiae tubicen Misenus arena, et sonat Herculeo structa labore via, hie ubi, mortales dexter cum quaereret urbes, cymbala Thebano concrepuere deo, (at nunc, invisae magno cum crimine Baiae, quis deus in vestra constitit hostis aqua ?) his pressus Stygias vultura demisit in undas, 5. mortales N mortalis FLDV. dexter NFL dextra DV. canic region appear not only on land but also here and there in the bay. 3. iacet . . . arena : cf. Verg. Aen. 6, 162: Misenuin in litore sicca. The remarkable promon- tory at* the outer western limit of the bay of Baiae was traditionally the tomb of the drowned Misenus, and is still called by his name, Capo di Miseno. 4. sonat: i.e. from the surf. — Herculeo structa labore via : this was a narrow strip of sand just wide enough for a carriage road separating the bay from the Lu- crine Lake. The myth attributed its construction to Hercules (C. S.). Cf . I , II, 2 : qua iacet Herculeis semita litoj'ibiis. 5. hie: adverb. — mortales per- haps merely = jnortaliii/ii here by contrast to deo in the next verse ; but it is possible that the poet meant to emphasize the perishable nature of the cities, as well as of their inhabitants in this vicinity ; as this would be in harmony with the spirit of this passage, and with history both before and after he penned these words. For the cities of these campi phlegraeih2i6. been devastated by early wars, and were ever in danger of earth- quake or volcanic cataclysm. — dexter . . . quaereret : ' visited with beneficent intent,' i.e. in introduc- ing the vine which flourishes es- pecially in Campania. The west- ern progress of Dionysus is less celebrated than that in the east ; cf.. however, Sil. Ital. 3, loi : tetn- pore quo Bacchus populos doniita- bat H iter OS. 6. Thebano . . . deo : Bacchus, who, according to the prevailing tradition, was born in Thebes ; so, too, was Hercules. — concrepuere: cf. Lucian, Bacch. 4; Cat. 64, 262. Bacchus follows Hercules similarly in Verg. Aen. 6, 801-807. 7. invisae . . . Baiae : vocative. — crimine : the charge was that of responsibility for the death of Marcellus. 8. hostis belongs to the predi- cate, and is contrasted with the previously mentioned kindly visits of Hercules and Bacchus. g. his : one of the vague abla- tives of Propertius referring ap- parently to Baiae and its malign 15 i8, lo] PROPERTI lo 15 errat et in vestro spiritus ille lacu. quid genus aut virtus aut optima profuit illi mater, et amplexum Caesaris esse focos, aut modo tarn pleno fluitantia vela theatro, et per maternas omnia gesta manus ? occidit, et misero steterat vigesimus annus : tot bona tarn parvo clausit in orbe dies. i nunc, tolle animos et tecum finge triumphos, influence, yet possibly to i/ndas. — pressus : 'overwhelmed.'' The lan- guage of this verse would apply to drowning, malarial fever, sulphur- ous gases, or any other of the deadly ills which may have caused the demise of the young man. Perhaps Propertius is intentionally vague, in view of the conflicting rumors at that time as to the cause of his death. 10. errat . . . spiritus ille : 'he flits a spirit ' (C. S.). This use of spiritus is very rare till later Latin. — vestro : i-e. of Baiae. 11. quid . . . profuit: cf. 4, 11, II. — genus: for the fame of the Claudian family cf. v. 33. 12. mater: Octavia retired henceforth to private life. — Cae- saris . . . focos : Marcellus became not only the son-in-law of Augus- tus, but his son by formal adop- tion. 13. modo : ' but yesterday.' — vela: the awnings stretched over the theater by Marcellus at the shows he gave as Curule Aedile in the year of his death. He even stretched awnings over the Forum. Cf. Pliny, N. H. 19, 24. The word gives one illustration of the lavish- ness with which he performed his official duties. Cf. also 4, i, 15. 14. omnia perhaps includes all that Octavia did for her son before and after his death. Plutarch says she built the library in the Porticus Octaviae as a memorial to him. 15. 'And for the unfortunate youth his twentieth year suddenly stood stiir (C. S.) ; i.e. the pas- sage of the year is thought of as like that of the sun or the moon, which should halt in the midst of its course. The tense is the famil- iar Propertian pluperfect. 16. dies : 'his brief day' (C. S.). 17. Cf. 3, 7. 29; Ovid, Her. 9, 105 : / nunc, tolle animos et fortia gesta rece7ise. The pointing in this passage of the familiar moral that death is inevitable and im- partial gives opportunity to com- pare the manner of Propertius with that of his contemporary Horace in such passages as Car. I. 4, 13-20; I, 28, 7-16; 4, 7, 14-28. 16 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [18, 30 20 25 30 stantiaque in plausum tota theatra iuvent, Attalicas supera vestes, atque omnia magnis gemmea sint ludis : ignibus ista dabis. sed tamen hue omnes, hue primus et ultimus ordo : est malarsed cunetis ista terenda viast : exoranda eanis tria sunt latrantia colla, seandenda est torvi pubUea eymba senis. ille lieet ferro cautus se condat et aere : mors tamen inclusum protrahit inde caput. Nirea non facies, non vis exemit Achillem, - Croesum aut Pactoli quas parit uraor opes, hie olim ignaros luctus populavit Achivos, '' Atridae magno cum stetit alter amor. 21. hue . . . hue Beroaldiis hoc . . . hue hoc . . . hoc Lachmann. 18. Cf. Ovid, Ex Pont. 2, 6, 28 : i)i quorum plausiis tota theatra sonant. For instances of such ap- plause cf. Cic. Ad Att. 2, 19, 3; Hor. Car. i, 20, 3-8. 19. Attalicas: cf. 2, 13, 22. n. — magnis : probably not to be taken in the technical sense (= Ro- fnanis), but in general. 20. gemmea : a mere hyper- bole. — ignibus = rogo. 21. hue: sc. tendimus (C. S.). Cf. Ovid, Met. 10, 34: tendimus hue omnes, haec est damns ultima. 22. Cf. 2. 30, 14: nos modo propositum, vita, teramtis iter. 23. canis : Cerberus is men- tioned four times by Propertius ; cf. e.g. 4, II, 25. Note the hypal- lage. 24. publica : ' that ferries all ' (C. S.). — senis: Propertius does not mention Charon by name ; cf. V. 31 ; 4, II, 7. 25. ille: the man trying to es- cape death, referred to in the next verse under the term inclusum ca- put. 27. Nirea : the handsomest but one of all the Greeks at the siege of Troy. Cf. Horn. //. 2. 673-674. 28. Pactoli . . . umor: cf. 1,6, 32, nn. 29. hie . . . luctus : i.e. the sorrows of inevitable death (C. S.). — ignaros: 'unconscious of the cause of their trouble ' (C. S.). Men are only in modern times beginning to understand the causes of pestilence ; the Greeks before Troy could only ascribe it to the wrath of Apollo. 30. An excellent example of Propertian ambiguity: Atridae 317 18, 30 PROPERTI at tibi, nauta, pias hominum qui traicis umbras, hue animae portent eorpus inane tuae : qua Siculae victor telluris Claudius et qua Caesar, ab humana cessit in astra via. 21 Magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas, ut me longa gravi solvat amore via. 32. tuae suae Markland. may be either gen. or dat. ; /nagno, dat. or abl. (of price) ; stetit may = erat or mean ' cost ' (with magna) ; and alter a»tor may refer to Chryseis or Briseis, accord- ing as the primus amor is sup- posed to be Clytemnaestra, Argyn- nus, or Chryseis. 31. nauta : cf. v. 24. n. 32. hue : i.e. to the place of entombment, which is at the same time that of departure for the other world. — animae . . . corpus inane : cf. Ovid, Met. 13. 488: quae cor- pus conplexa ani)iiae tain fortis inatte. — tuae : 'for which it is thy special function to care'; usually; in this case, the poet goes on to explain, Charon has no duty to perform, as the soul itself has been translated among the celestials ; animae is thus gen. Those who prefer to take animae . . . tuae as nom. explain the meaning as = flabra, the unseen messen- gers that waft the soul to Charon, the word being used as in Hor. Car. 4, 12, 2: inpellunt animae lintea Thraciae. In this case corpus = manes by a common confusion in Propertius ; cf. e.g. 2, I3> 32- 33. qua: of the route by which. — Claudius: M. Claudius Marcel- lus, the most illustrious of his direct ancestors, five times consul, and the conqueror of Syracuse in 212 B c. It would have been highly inappropriate to deify Cae- sar and the 3'oung Marcellus, and omit his famous progenitor ! 34. Caesar : his grandfather by adoption, ^-humana . . . via: that via teti, which by all calcanda semel {Hor. Car. i, 28, 16). 3? 21 The poet, in desperate anxiety to rid himself of his love for Cyn- thia, proposes to leave Rome and take up his abode in Athens. There is no proof that the plan was ever carried out; cf. I. 17, Intr. Catullus, when in a :im- ilar state of mind (No. 76). pro- poses only to conquer his passion 318 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [21, 12 10 crescit enim adsidue spectando cura puellae : ipse alimenta sibi maxima praebet amor, omnia sunt temptata mihi, quacumque fugari possit : at ex omni me premit iste deus. t- vix tamen aut semel admittit, cum saepe negarit sen venit, extreme dormit amicta toro. unum erit auxilium : mutatis Cynthia terris quantum oculis, animo tam procul ibit amor, nunc agite, o socii, propellite in aequora navem, remorumque pares ducite sorte vices, 21. 6. iste w ille DV ipse NFL. II. aequora F aequore NLDV. 8. amicta Scaliger arnica 0. on the ground, instead of running away. i-io : * I must get out of sight of Cynthia ; and away from the tortures she inflicts on me. 11- 30 : I will sail away to Athens and engross myself in new studies and other interests; 31-34: thus I shall be cured of my passion, or die an honorable death.'' I. doctas : cf. I, 6, 13, n. — cogor : an intense expression fre- quent in Propertius ; cf. i, I, 8 ; i, 16, 13, etc.; Intr. §35. 3. crescit . . . spectando : cf. Cat. 51, 6: na}n simid te, Lesbia, adspexi, iii/iil est supo- t/ii ; Shakespeare, Sonnets, 75 : '* Some- time, all full with feasting on your sight, And by and by clean starved for a look." — cura = amor, as in 2, 12, 4. 5. mihi: A. 375. — quacumque . . . possit : the poet's thought runs faster than his language, so that he combines the question of manner of conquering {qua . . . possit) with the resolve to con- quer, no matter how {qnaaiinque . . . possit . . . fitgandus'). Ca- tullus emphasizes the second part of the thought in 76, 14-16, where qua = quacumque. 6. ex omni : ?,c. parte. Cf. Ovid, Rem. Am. 358: ex omni est parte fugandus amor. — premit: cf I, I, 4; I, g, 24; Ovid Retn. Am. 530 : saez'ns Amor sub pede colla premit. 7. admittit : Propertius takes it for granted that the reader knows the subject. Cf. 3, 16, 23, n. 11. propellite: -launch.' 12. pares: 'pair by pair,' that the rowing may be well balanced. — sorte : cf Verg. Aen. 3, 5 10 : sor- titi remos, upon which Servius comments: sortiti, per sortem di- visi ad officia remigandi, qjii esset proreta, qnis pedem teneret. 319 21, 13] PROPERTI IS 20 iungiteque extremo felicia lintea malo : iam liquidum nautis aura secundat iter. Romanae turres et vos valeatis amici, qualiscumque mihi tuque puella vale. ' ergo ego nunc rudis Adriaci vehar aequoris hospes, cogar et undisonos nunc prece adire deos deinde per Ionium vectus cum fessa Lechaeo sedarit placida vela phaselus aqua, quod superest, sufferre, pedes, properate laborem, Isthmos qua terris arcet utrumque mare. ^ inde ubi Piraei capient me litora portus, scandam ego Theseae bracchia longa viae. I CK>A^ 14. secundat: cf. Ovid. Ner. 13, 136: blandaqne coiipositas aura secundet aquas. 15. turres: cf. Tib. i, 7, 19. n. 16. qualiscumque mihi : ' un- kind as you have been to me'; cf. 3, I, 30. — tuque : on the position of the conjunction, cf. Intr. § 28. 17. rudis . . . hospes : this is to be the poet's first voyage on the Adriatic. 18. undisonos: Propertius here apparently tried his hand at a kind of picturesque epithet more commonly met in Catullus and Lucretius. 19. fessa : cf. Tib. 2, 5, 45. — Lechaeo: sc. Diari (and sc viare with Ioju'uj?!). Lechaeum was the port of Corinth on the Corinthian Gulf, as Cenchreae was its port on the east side of the isthmus. 20 phaselus : the term, origi- nally derived from its similarity in shape to the kidney bean, is used 3 somewhat loosely by the poets for any swift-sailing vessel, e.g. Cat, 4, I ; Hor. Car. 3, 2, 29. 21. quod superest refers to the remainder of the trip, which the poet in imagination is now, at Lechaeum, eager to accomplish. But while he starts across the isthmus on foot, it is only to take ship on the Saronic Gulf for Athens. 22. terris: abl. of inst. 24. Theseae . . . viae : i.e. the road that the poet thinks of as trodden by Theseus of old up to Athens, the city of which he is the mythical hero. — bracchia longa: the 'long walls' extending from Athens to the Piraeus, here called 'arms,' after the Roman military terminology, were called • legs ' {(TKiXtj) by the Athenians. Within these the via Thesea had become a fine street be- tween four and five miles long, and this is what Propertius pro 20 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [21, 34 25 30 illic vel studiis animum emendare Platonis incipiam aut hortis, docte Epicure, tuis, persequar aut studium linguae, Demosthenis anna, librorumque tuos, docte Menandre, sales, aut certe tabulae capient mea lumina pictae, sive ebore exactae seu magis aere manus. aut spatia annorum aut longa intervalla profundi lenibunt tacito vulnera nostra sinu. seu moriar, fato, non turpi fractus amore : atque erit ilia mihi mortis honesta dies. poses to climb {scandani) . But in his time, as a matter of fact, the walls were not only a ruin, but had to a considerable degree been removed. 25. illic : i.e. at Athens. — vel : instead of a corresponding vel we have a series of clauses each intro- duced by aut. The poets abound in Instances of similar careless- ness, e.g. Ovid, Met. 15. 601 : veU si digitus erit, gravibiis viiicite catenis, ant finite inetn/ti fatalis Diorte tyranni. — studiis . . . Pla- tonis: the Academic philosophy. 26. hortis : Epicurus taught his disciples in a celebrated garden at Athens, and left it to be used by his successors for the same purpose. 27. linguae : i.e. ars dice/idi, which became most powerful ariiia for Demosthenes. 28. librorum tuos . . . sales : hy- pallage for librontin tiioruin sales. — Menandre : from the unusual ViornxviTiXXx^ Menandrus ; the most celebrated writer of the new Attic KO.M. EL. I'OETS 21 '\2\ comedy, to whom, as compared with his nearest rivals, the epithet doctits is not inappropriately ap- plied ; for he was a pupil of Theo- phrastus, and had a philosophical training. 29. aut certe: 'or at any rate' ; if he cannot concentrate his thought on intense philosophical study, he can at least divert his attention with the abundant works of art at Athens. 30. manus handiwork ' (works of art) ; cf. Aetna, 598: vacca Myronis et ianiniille manus. Similarly x"/°^5 in Greek (rarely and late). 31. profundi : sc maris. 32. lenibunt : the only case of the archaic future in the Augustan poets. But the corresponding forms of the imperfect occur in i, 3, 25, and 3, 13. 35. 33. Propertius has changed his tune since he wrote 2, 13. and 3, 16, 22. Cf. also 2, 26, 58. 34. Cf. 2, 8. 27 : ista 7nihi mors est itihonesta ftitura. 24. PROPERTl 24 Falsa est ista tuae, mulier, fiducia formae, olim oculis nimium facta superba nieis. noster amor tales tribuit tibi, Cynthia, laudes: versibus insignem te pudet esse meis. mixtam te varia laudavi saepe figura, ut quod non esses esse putaret amor: et color est totiens roseo collatus Eoo, 3' 24 The harshness and bitterness with which, in this and the suc- ceeding poem, Propertius re- nounces Cynthia differ from any- thing in the other elegiac poets. Catullus still loves after he has learned to hate. The gentle Tibullus cannot bear to hurt the feelings even of one who has jilted him. Ovid is not to be taken seriously when he undertakes to break with his imaginary Corinna. But Propertius. when he ceases to love, transforms his passion into a burning hatred. Cynthia is by name held up to scorn, and the angry poet can explain his former admiration and love as only pure insanity, while he gloats over the misery in which, he prophesies, she will end her days. This elegy should be carefully compared as a kind of palinode with the opening one of the collection. Cf. also Schiller's An Mintia. 1-8: 'It was under a delusive fascination that I called you beau- .3 tiful ; 9-20 : but what no powei could compel me to do, I now do of my own will, acknowledge my madness, and pray for sanity henceforth.' 1. Falsa: 'groundless.' — mu- llet : the term, which is seldom used by the elegists as compared with fetnina and pitella, and no- where else in Propertius as an ad- dress, is significant of his changed attitude toward his mistress. 2. oculis : i.e. the admiration of the observer. — facta : vocative. 4. pudet : sc. vie. For a simi- lar thought cf. Tib. i, 9, 47: at- ionita laudes tibi inetite canebam, et me mine nostri Pieriduinqtie pudet. 5. mixtam . . . varia . . . figura : 'as combining' various types of beauty, or ' beautiful features,' es- pecially in the early poems of the first two books. 6. By such repeated flattery Propertius had actually fooled himself into believing it true. 7. roseo . . . Eoo: cf. Homer's ' rosy-fingered morn.' 22 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [24, 16 cum tibi quaesitus candor in ore foret. quod mihi non patrii poterant avertere amici, 10 eluere aut vasto Thessala saga mari. haec ego, non ferro non igne coactus, et ipsa naufragus Aegaea verba fatebor aqua, correptus saevo Veneris torrebar aheno, vinctus eram versas in mea terga manus, 15 ecce coronatae portum tetigere carinae, traiectae Syrtes, ancora iacta mihist. 24. 12. verba vera Passer at. 8. quaesitus: 'procured by artifice.' The contrast suggested in the two verses could only arise in the case of one completely blinded by love. 9. quod: the infatuation de- scribed in the previous eight verses. Tlie various possible agencies for relief from it following here, — the persuasion of friends, witchcraft, steel, fire, travel over the seas, — are the same that are enumerated in I, I, 19-30. 10. saga mari: Medea, wife of the Thessalian Jason, was the typi- cal witch. The sea is the great purifier in nature. Cf. Schoemann, Gr. Alt. 2, 374 ; De Jong, Antike Mysterienivesen, 136; Conybeare and Howson, St. Paul, i, 294. 11. haec, although referring to some general idea, such as quod (v. 9), has its form determined by the verba in v. 12. — non . . . coactus : i.e. without being obliged to resort to the heroic treatment of I, I, 27, he is now free to tell the simple truth about Cynthia, voluntarily. 12. Even if life were at stake in the journey he has already (3, 21) projected, he is confident he would still stick to the truth, viz. that all his previous raptures were ' empty words ' {verba). Perhaps he also recalls i, 17, with its far different state of mind. 13. The poet's obsession is here illustrated from the picture of a victim dragged to the witches' caldron for torture. Cf. i, 3, 13: duplici correptuui arciore ; 3, 6, 39 : consimili inposituni torquerier . — torrebar : of a habitual condition. 14. Cf. Ovid, Ex P. 3, 2, 72 : eviiicti geminas ad sua terga manus. 15. coronatae : cf. Verg. 6^^flrj3-. 1 , 303 : ecu prcssae cujii iam portum tetigere carinae puppibus et laeti nautae inposuere coronas. 16. Syrtes : among the most familiar and most dreaded perils of ancient navigators. ,23 24' 17] PROPERTI nunc demum vasto fessi resipiscimus aestu, vulneraque ad sanum nunc coiere mea. Mens Bona, siqua dea es, tua me in sacraria dono. «o exciderant surdo tot mea vota lovi. 25 Risus eram positis inter cotivivia mensis, et de me poterat quilibet esse loquax. quinque tibi potui servire fideliter annos : ungue meam morso saepe querere fidem. 17. resipiscimus : a word pe- culiarly appropriate for recovery from amorous )ital de »ie>\ in view of the thought to which it leads in V. 19. 18. ad sanum . . . coiere : j.e. ' heal ' {sa}iu))i = sanifaiein) ; cf. Ovid, Irist. 4, 4, 41 : neve re- tractando nondiun coeuniia riifupe vulnera. 19. A temple was indeed dedi- cated to Mens on the Capitoline, in accordance with a vow of T. Otacilius made after the battle of Lake Trasimenus, and the fes- tival of this personified quality was held on June 8th. Mens Bona as such we do not hear of elsewhere. 20. exciderant : the poet had wasted many prayers on Jove be- fore he successfully tried the appeal to Mens Bona. 3' 25 The denouement. Intr. See 3- 24, I -10: 'For years I was fool- ishly faithful. You will recall it with regret, but no arts can win me back. You are to blame. Farewell. 11-18: As you grow old, may your lot be that of the ugly hag, and may you know yourself how it felt to be dis- dained! This is my curse.' I. Risus : 'laughing-stock.'' For a similar use of this noun cf. Ovid, Fast, i, 438: omnibus ad litnae lit/nina n'sits erat. Proper- tius uses iocns in the same way in 2, 24, 16 : me . . . piidet esse ioctim. — positis . . . mensis : cf. Plant. Most. 308 : appone hie >/iensulani : Verg. Aen. i, 216: exenipta fames epulis mensaeque remotae. Cf. also the expressions niensa prima, and mensa secunda, which originally had a literal signification. 3. Cf. Intr. §33. 4. ungue . . . morso : cf. 2. 4, 3 : saepe inmeritos corrumpas dcntibus ungues. — querere : ' la- ment the loss of.' ^24 ELEGIARVM LIBER III [25, 18 5 nil moveor lacrimis : ista sum captus ab arte, semper ab insidiis, Cynthia, flere soles, flebo ego discedens, sed fletum iniuria vincit : tu bene conveniens non sinis ire iugum. limina iam nostris valeant lacrimantia verbis, 10 nee tamen irata ianua fracta manu. at te celatis aetas gravis urgeat annis, et veniat formae ruga sinistra tuae. vellere tum cupias albos a stirpe capillos ah speculo rugas increpitante tibi, 15 exclusa inque vicem fastus patiare superbos, et quae fecisti facta queraris anus. has tibi fatalis cecinit mea pagina diras. eventum formae disce timere tuae. 25. 7. vincit vincet w. 5. ab arte : cf. 2, 27, 11, n. 6. ab insidiis : adverbial, like Tib. I, 5, 4: adsueta versat ab arte puer. 7. Cf. Cat. 76, 14; 85. Ego is emphatic : ' I shall weep as well as you.' 8. tu : 'but it is you who.' — conveniens . . . iugum : ' the well- matched span'; cf. i, 5, 2; sine nos ci/rsu, quo sianus, ire pares. — ire: i.e. to trot in '"near-" matri- monial harness. 9. lacrimantia: cf. i, 16, 13, where the door represents itself as driven to tears by the pitiful complaints of a lover : grai'ibus cogor deflere querellis. 10. nee tamen : i.e. in spite of the fact that the hand was that of an angry man. This verse is a reminiscence probably of 2, 5, 22 : 7iec mea praeclusas fregerit ira fores. 1 1 . celatis : ' which you have tried to conceal.' — annis : to be taken with gravis. 13. Ovid, A. A. 2,117 ; tibi iam veiierit cani, for/nose, capilli, iam venieiit rugae, quae tibi corpus arent. — stirpe: cf. Tib. i, 8, 45 : tollere tu/n ciira est albos a stirpe capillos. 15. fastus : the shoe is to be on the other foot, as compared with I, 18, 5. 16. quae fecisti facta : i.e. com- plain, when they are done to you, of the very things you have done to others. 17. fatalis: best taken with diras, which is here a substantive (as in Tib. 2, 6, 53) = 'curses.' — pagina : used five times by Prop. 125 ». PROPERTI LIBER QVARTVS Hoc, quodcumque vides, hospes, qua maxima Romast, ante Phrygem Aenean coUis et herba fuit : 1. I. qua Scioppius quam 0. 4, I Propertius had been often urged to give his attention to a more serious type of poetry, and had several times {e.g. 2, i ; 3, i ; 3, 3) pleaded his inability to do so, yet with various hints that he would really like to try his hand on some- thing else. In this elegy he dal- lies with the temptation longer than usual, and thus practically makes it a fitting introduction for this last book of his poems. For the first part of the elegy dwells at length on the earlier history and character of the city of Rome, and Nos. 2, 4, 6, 9, and 10 in tliis book likewise deal with the origins of legends or worships connected with particular localities in Rome. It is evident that Propertius was ambitious to imitate the Ainu of his great model Callimachus, and planned to treat in topographical manner the various noteworthy places in Rome, as Ovid in his Fasti afterwards explained in chrono- logical order the religious cus- toms of the Roman year. In the first half of this elegy, the poet starts to act as guide to a stranger who wants to know Rome, and expresses aspiration to write what will serve a similar purpose for all men ; in the second half the stranger reveals himself as a Chal- daean astrologer, who, after mag- nifying his office and incidentally giving a history of the poet's life thus far, prophesies that Propertius will always be a slave to one wo- man and fit only to write amatory elegies. The date of this elegy seems thus to have been earlier than that of the other aetiological elegies of this book, before the final break with Cynthia occurred. Cf. Dieterich in Rh. Mns. 55 (1900), 191-221. 1-56: 'Humble were the be- ginnings from which came all the wonders of Rome, the new Troy, according to prophecy. 57-70: It is of this Rome that I would sing and thus win glory as the Callimachus of Rome. 71-102: Hold! rash poet, the gods favor not your project, say I, Babylo- nian Horos, an infallible seer, . 326 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [I, II lO atque ubi navali stant sacra Palatia Phoebo, Euandri profugae concubuere boves. fictilibus crevere dels haec aurea templa, nee fuit opprobrio facta sine arte casa, Tarpeiusque pater nuda de rupe tonabat, et Tiberis nostris advena bubus erat. qua gradibus domus ista Remi se sustulit, olim unus erat fratrum maxima regna focus, curia, praetexto quae nunc nitet alta senatu, as I can prove by many in- stances of my skill, e.g. the cases of Arria and Cinara. 103-118: All other prophecy is fallible ; even Calchas failed. 1 19-134: Now then I will prophesy for your- self your own destiny, for I know, you see, the whole story of your life. 135-1 50 : Only the elegy in- spired by just one girl must be your theme, and you shall be her slave. But beware the Crab ! ' 1. quodcumque vides : the im- aginary position of the speaker might have been on the Palatine, the Capitoline, the Janiculan, or any other such height commanding all the city. — hospes : apparently identical with the seer Horos of the second part of the poem. 2. Cf. 4, 4. 3-14; Tib. 2, 5, 25-34- 3. navali . . . Phoebo : the ref- erence is to the great naval vic- tory at Actium and the naval de- feat of Sextus Pompey. Cf. 2, 31, Intr. ; 4, 6, Intr. — Palatia: cf. Tib. 2, 5, 25, and 87, n. 4. profugae : Euander was rep- resented in myth as an exile from Arcadia. Cf. Verg. Aen. 8, 333- 336- 5- Cf. 2, 31, I ; Tib. I, 10, 20, n. Augustus said he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble. 7. Tarpeiusque pater : Juppi- ter Capitolinus. — nuda: the bare rock without temple or building (C.S.). 8. advena : ' a visitor ' : for cattle only, rather than for a city full of people, and a passing visitor rather than a procession as now (C. S.). The Tiber came from Etruria ; cf. Ovid, Fast. 3, 524: hand prociil a ripis, advena Tliybri, tuis. 9. gradibus : the Scalae Caci, which led up the side of the Pala- tine to the damns. — domus . . . Remi : the Casa Roinuli, or tradi- tional home of the twin founders of Rome, which was long an object of veneration. Cf. Platner, p. 128. II. curia: cf. Ovid, A. A. 3, 117: curia consilio nunc est dig- nissima tanto: de stipida Tatio regna tenente fuit. The new Curia Julia was dedicated by Au- 327 I, 12] PROPERTI 15 20 pellitos habuit rustica corda patres. bucina cogebat priscos ad verba Quirites: centum illi in prato saepe senatus erat. nee sinuosa cavo pendebant vela theatro, pulpita sollemnis non oluere crocos. nulli cura fuit externos quaerere divos, cum tremeret patrio pendula turba sacro, annuaque accenso celebrare Parilia faeno, qualia nunc curto lustra novantur equo. Vesta coronatis pauper gaudebat asellis, ducebant macrae villa sacra boves. 19. annuaque annua at l.achinann. celebrare NFLV celebrate D cele- brante Iloiisman {cf. B. O. Foster in Class. Phil. 2, 2jy). gustus, 29 B.C. — praetexto . . . senatu : a large number of the senators bad held curule magis- tracies, and being thus entitled to wear the toga praetexta, gave a distinctive tone in garb to the whole assembly. 12. pellitos : the primitive method of clothing is contrasted with the modern ; the rural with the urban: cf. Theognis. 55. 13. ad verba : * to their delibera- tions ' (C. S.). 14. centum illi : the traditional original senate as created by Rom- ulus. Cf. Livy, I, 8,7: centiitn creat senatores. 15. cavo . . . theatro = cavea theatri. — vela : such as those spoken of in 3, 18, 13, n. 16. sollemnis: 'now custo- mary ' ; cf. Lucr. 2, 416 : ciuii scena croco Cilici perfusa recens est. 17. externos . . . divos: their name was legion in imperial times at Rome. 18. pendula: 'on tiptoe of emo- tion ' (Phillimore). 19. celebrare : sc. ciiiqiie cura fuit; cf. Hor. Sat. 1,1, i : Qui fit, Afaeceiias, id nemo . . . conteittus vi7mt, laiidet diver sa sequent is ? — Parilia faeno: cf. Tib. 2, 5, 90, n. 20. curto . . . equo : the ' Oc- tober horse.' annually sacrificed to Mars on the Ides of October. The blood which fell where its tail was cut off was used for suffi/nen. Cf. H. & T. § 205. 21. At the feast of Vesta, on June 9th, garlands of leaves were strung on asses. Cf. Ovid, Fast. 6, 311: ecce coronatis panis de- pendet asellis. 22. ducebant : ' drew.' — sacra : whatever was used in performing the sacrifice. 6. Cf. 2 Sam. 6. 3. and 328 ELECTARVM LIBER TV ['. 31 parva saginati lustrabant compita porci, pastor et ad calamos exta litabat ovis. 25 verbera pellitus saetosa movebat arator, unde licens Fabius sacra lupercus habet. nee rudis infestis miles radiabat in armis : miscebant usta proelia nuda sude. prima galeritus posuit praetoria Lyemon, 30 magnaque pars Tatio rerum erat inter oves. bine Titiens Ramnesque viri Luceresque Soloni, 31. Soloni N coloni FLDV. 23. lustrabant compita : at the Compitalia thus humbly celebrated in early days. Cf. Fowler, Rom. Fest., pp. 279-280. 24. ad calamos : ' to the sound of reed pipes.' 25. verbera pellitus: at the feast of Lupercalia, on Feb. 15th, the Luperci, clothed only with a girdle of goatskin, ran about striking with strips of goatskin the women they met. For the rites and their very early origin, cf. Fowler, Rojii. Fest.^ pp. 310 sqq. 26. Fabius : there were two collegia of the Luperci, the Fabii and the Quintilii. 28. miscebant with proelia is poetic, and perhaps an imitation of Callinus. 11. — nuda: i.e. with- out the protecting armor of later times. — sude: cf. Verg. Aen. 11, 894 : stipitibus ferrjim sjtdibusqiie imitantur obitstis ; 12, 298 sqq. 29. galeritus : ' in wolf-skin hel- met ' (C. S.); cf. Verg. Aen. 7, 688 : fulvosqiie lupi de pelle galeros. — Lyemon : a Greek form of the Etruscan Lucumo, who ac- cording to tradition helped Rom- ulus in battle against Titus Tatius and his Sabine warriors. 30. But Titus Tatius is repre- sented differently in 4, 4, 19-21. 31. hinc : i.e. from such humble origins as are indicated in the preceding verses. — Titiens : used here substantively and collectively in the singular to give variety. The Titienses represented the Sabine element in Roman citizenship, the followers of Titus Tatius. — Ram- nesque viri : the followers of Rom- ulus, the Latin element. — Luce- resque Soloni : the Etruscan ele- ment, who followed Lucumo. and crossed the Tiber to settle in Latium. These three groups formed the original tribus at Rome. The adjective Soloni refers to the city of Solonium from which Lu- cumo is said by Dionysius Hal. (2, 2,7, 2) to have come : cf. Dieterich in R/i. Afus., Vol. 55 (1900), pp. 201 sq. 329 I, 32] PROPERTI quattuor hinc albos Romulus egit equos. quippe suburbanae parva minus urbe Bovillae, et, qui nunc nuUi, maxima turba Gabi, 35 et stetit Alba potens, albae suis omine nata, hac, ubi Fidenas longe erat ire vias. nil patrium nisi nomen habet Romanus alumnus sanguinis altricem non pudet esse lupam. hue melius profugos misisti, Troia, penates. 40 o quali vecta est Dardana puppis ave ! 36. longe Olonga w. ire FLDV isse N. vias via w. 38. pudet w putet 0. 32. albos . . . equos : the poet ascribes to Romulus the privilege which had grown up by the time of the empire, of using white horses to draw the triumphal car; cf. Tib. I, 7, 8. Tradition said that Romulus had enjoyed three triumphs. 33. suburbanae . . . minus : i.e. farther from Rome itself when the city had not extended from its center. — parva . . . urbe: abl. abs. — Bovillae : the first of a series here named of four Latin towns which had by the time of Proper- tius become practically non-ex- istent, though flourishing in the early days of Rome. It was situated about nine miles from Rome on the Via Appia. 34. nuUi = non stant. — Gabi = Gabii ; cf. Verg. Aen. 7, 682 : arva Gabinae Junonis ; it was on the Via Praenestina. 35. stetit: the verb does duty for vv. 33-35. — Alba: the head of the Latin League until destroyed by Tullus Hostilius. — albae suis : cf. Verg. Aen. 3, 390; 8, 43-86. 36. The various arbitrary text alterations of different editors have given little relief to this verse. — hac : sc. v/a. — Fidenas : appar- ently used here as an adjec- tive agreeing with vms after the Propertian manner; cf. i, i, 13. Fidenae was five miles from Rome on the Via Salaria, in the opposite direction from Alba. — ire vias : cf. I, 20, 18: egressajn longe Pha- sidos isse viani. 37. nil patrium nisi nomen : i.e. their name as derived from Romulus had been retained, rather than the simple life of his day. — Romanus alumnus : the composite population, native and foreign, of the imperial city of Rome. 38. The Romans are not ashamed of the wolfs blood, for it made them warlike(C.S.), whence came their glorious history. 39. melius : i.e. for a better career than in their Trojan home. 30 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV Ih 55 iam bene spondebant tunc omina, quod nihil illam laeserat abiegni venter apertus equi, cum pater in gnati trepidus cervice pependit et verita est umeros urere flamma pios. 45 tunc animi venere Deci Brutique secures, vexit et ipsa sui Caesaris arma Venus, arma resurgentis portans victricia Troiae. felix terra tuos cepit, lule, deos, si modo Avernalis tremulae cortina Sibyllae 50 dixit Aventino rura pianda Remo, aut si Pergameae sero rata carmina vatis longaevum ad Priam i vera fuere caput, ' vertite equum, Danai ! male vincitis : Ilia tellus vivet et huic cineri luppiter arma dabit.' 55 optima nutricum nostris lupa Martia rebus, 4 1 . illam =puppim Dardanam. 42. venter apertus : i.e. ' the opening of, ' etc. 44. umeros . . . pios: umeros pa Aeneae. 45. animi . . . Deci: cf. 3, 11, 62, n. — Brutique secures : the patriotic sternness of Brutus against his own sons when they conspired to restore the Tarquins (C.S.). 46. vexit . . . ipsa . . . Venus : i.e. by guarding the fleet of Aeneas through all perils to Italy. Cf. Verg. Aeti., passim. 48. tuos . . . lule, deos : Pro- pertius, of course, wishes to em- phasize the thought that the domi- nant Julian family is largely re- sponsible for the imperial greatness of Rome. 49. si modo : the protasis here 33 and in V. 51 implies the actuality of the assumption. Cf. PAFA., Vol. 36 (1905), p. xlii, I {a). — Avernalis = Cuinaeae — cortina : an embellishment added to the de- scription given in Verg. Aeii. 6. The poet is thinking of the oracle of Apollo; cf. Verg. Aen. 3, 92. 50. dixit : Propertius prob- ably invented this statement. — Aventino: 'on the Aventine.' The usual place ascribed to Remus in ,the famous augury of the brothers (cf. Livy, i, 6, 4) ; but Enn. Ann. i, 81, gives this hill to Romulus. — rura pianda: merely as a preliminary to tlie augury. 51. vatis: Cassandra. 53. This prophecy in essence is found in Lycophron, 1226 sqq. 55. Martia: the she-wolf, sacred to Mars, was nurse of his I 1, 56] PROPERTI qualia creverunt moenia lacte tuo ! moenia namque pio coner disponere versu : hei mihi quod nostro est parvus in ore sonus! sed tamen exiguo quodcumque e pectore rivi 60 fluxerit, hoc patriae serviet omne meae. Ennius hirsuta cingat sua dicta corona : mi folia ex hedera porrige, Bacche, tua, ut nostris tumefacta superbiat Umbria libris, Umbria Romani patria Callimachi. 65 scandentes quisquis cernit de vallibus arces, ingenio muros aestimet ille meo. Roma, fave, tibi surgit opus : date Candida cives omina, et inceptis dextera cantet avis, sacra diesque canam et cognomina prisca locorum : 70 lias meus ad metas sudet oportet equus. — 65. cernit NLDV cernet F. twin sons, the founders of Rome ; 64. Umbria . . . patria: cf. cf. H. & T. § 205. Intr § 31. — Romani . . . Cal- 57. moenia: the theme now limachi : cf. 3, i, i. definitely proposed, after these 65. Cf. v. 125. preHminaries. — namque: for the 66. muros: like moenia in v. position cf. Uhlmann, p. 71. — 57; Propertius includes all that pio : cf. V. 60. — disponere = de- the walls inclose. For the idea scribere. cf. Ovid, A»i. 3, 15, 11. 58. 'Ah, me! that the strain 67. surgit: the poem is com- should be so feeble in my mouth ' pared to a structure. (C. S.). " 69. The enthusiasm of the 61. The spasm of modesty poet leads him to expand his past, Propertius proceeds to emu- scheme boldly, and announce a late the 'father of Roman poetry ' theme not unlike that actually and his own great Alexandrian treated by Ovid in the Fasti. model, Callimachus. — hirsuta: 70. Cf. Verg. Georg. -^^ 202 : cf. Ovid, Trist. 2, 259 : sumpserit ad Elei metas et maxima campi Annates, — nihil est hirsutius sudabit spaiia ; Hor. Car. i, 15, illis ; Am. i, 15, 19, n. But cf. 9: lieu Jieu, quant us eqHis,qnantus Prop. 3, 3, 6. adest viris sudor I 332 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [i, 82 'quo ruis inprudens, vage, dicere fata, Properti ? non sunt a dextro condita fila colo. accersis lacrimas cantans, aversus Apollo : poscis ab invita verba pigenda lyra. 75 certa feram certis auctoribus, aut ego vates nescius aerata signa movere pila. me creat Archytae suboles Babylonius Horops Horon, et a proavo ducta Cononc domus. di mihi sunt testes non degenerasse propinquos, 80 inque meis libris nil prius esse fide, nunc pretium fecere deos, et fallitur auro luppiter. obliquae signa iterata rotae 73. cantans Baehrens cantas 0. 75. aut baud u. 77. Horops en Horos N m. rec. Orops 0- 71. The Jwspes, unmasking himself, rudely interrupts the imaginative flight of the poet. 73. accersis: sc. tibi. — aver- sus : sc. est. 75. certa feram . . . aut . . . nescius : i.e. 1 will stake my repu- tation as an astrologer on the accuracy of my statements to you. 76. pila : such a planetarium, or machine for indicating the movements of the planets, as is described in Cic. De Re Pub. i, 22 ; sphaerae genus, in quo solis et lunae niotus inessent et earu/ji quinque stellaruni . . . iiiventuin Archiinedi, etc. 77. creat : for the tense cf. v. 121. — Archytae: the celebrated astronomer of Tarentum ; cf. Hor. Car. I, 28, 2. — Babylonius, like Chaldaeus, refers rather to the astrological skill of the man than to his nationality. — Horops : cf. a>|OOcrK07ro?. 78. Horon : the name is in- tended to be self-explanatory, as that of a professional astrologer, who casts one's nativity. — Conone : another distinguished Greek as- tronomer, from Samos ; cf. Verg. Ec. 3, 40 : C 0110)1 et — quis fuit alter, descripsit radio . . . orb em. 79. degenerasse : transitive. Cf. Ovid, Ex P. 3, I, 45 : hanc cave degeneres. 81. nunc: 'in these days.' — pretium: 'a means of gain.' — fecere : subject indef. — fallitur : ' is made a mockery of.' 82. The list of subjects that Horos can wisely discuss and in- terpret depends upon dicam (v. 87). — obliquae . . rotae : i e. the ecliptic. — signa : of the zodiac. — iterata : i.e. as the years pass. ;33 h 83] PROPERTI felicesque lovis Stellas Martisque rapacis et grave Saturni sidus in omtie caput, 85 quid moveant pisces animosaque signa leonis lotus et Hesperia quid capricornus aqua, dicam : Troia cades, et Troica Roma resurges ; et maris et terrae longa sepulcra canam. dixi ego, cum geminos produceret Arria natos, 90 (ilia dabat natis arma vetante dec) non posse ad patrios sua pila referre penates : nempe meam firmant nunc duo busta fidem. quippe Lupercus, equi dum saucia protegit ora, heu sibi prolapso non bene cavit equo : 95 Gallus at, in castris dum credita signa tuetur, concidit ante aquilae rostra cruenta suae, fatales pueri, duo funera matris avarae ! 83. Of the planets, Juppiter 89. dixi : proof of the justice was called lucky, Mars deadly, Saturn disastrous ; cf. Cic. De D/v. I, 85 : cur Stella hwis aut Veneris coniuncta cum Luna ad ortus pueroruin salutaris sit, Saturni Mariisve i out r aria. 86. lotus : ' when it dips ' ; cf. Hor. Car. 2, 17, 19: tyr annus Hesperiae Capricornus iindae. 87. Troia cades, etc. : an apodosis to the protasis implied in dicam ; i.e. if I speak such words of prophecy and wise interpreta- tion as have just been enumerated, they will all infallibly come true, even to the falling and rising again of Troy. 88. longa: 'distant.'' From Protesilaus onward through the long years of wanderings as told in the Iliad, Odyssey, and Aeneid. of his claims by actual success in the past is cited through two in- stances, which are not otherwise known to fame. — produceret: ie. in the train of the general de- parting for war. 90. deo : which deity is left indeterminate. 91. The hope of the mother was doomed to be disappointed, prophesied Horos. 92. nempe : ' as a matter of fact.' 93. The pathetic details of the death of the two sons seem to be descriptive of some actual events known to Propertius. 97. matris : the case implies the responsibility of the real author of their fate, in that she persisted against due warning. — avarae : a 334 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [I, 107 - vera, sed invito contigit ista fides, idem ego, cum Cmarae traheretLucma dolores 100 et facerent uteri pondera lenta moram, " lunonis facito votum inpetrabile " dixi : ilia parit, libris est data palma meis. hoc neque arenosum Libyae lovis explicat antrum, aut sibi commissos fibra locuta deos, 105 aut siquis motas cornicis senserit alas, umbrave quae magicis mortua prodit aquis : adspicienda via est caeli verusque per astra lOl. facito votum Lachmaym facite votum votum facite ». common motive, but vague in its application here, unless we could know more of the circumstances. Perhaps Propertius knew her mo- tive ; perhaps he only ascribes a general one. 98. fides: 'prophecy.' gg. Cinarae : a typical name of a Greek hetaera. — traheret : ' prolonged.'' 100. facerent. . .moram: 'lin- gered.' loi. lunonis : sc. Ltccinae. The case implies that the goddess can claim such worship as a right. Cf. Bursian's y. ^., Vol. 140, 3, 26. 103. lovis . . . antrum : the famous oracle of Juppiter Amnion in the Libyan Desert, By this time, however, its authority had been already much reduced ; cf. Strabo, 17, 813; yet Juvenal (6, 553-555) speaks of it as still held in reverence. 104. fibra : the entrails in- spected by the Etruscan haru- s pices. — deos : i.e. the secrets of the gods. Cf. Tib. i, 8, 3 : conscia fibra deoruni', 2, i, 26; Tac. Ger. I o : deorjtm illos \_eqiios\ conscios piitaiit. Cf. the Stoic idea of the immanence of God. 105. Old-fashioned Roman au- gury. The cortiix yc ning for the lacerna of v. 18. Puer fiirens inprcssit memorem 34. radios: 'shuttles/ with dentc labris notam. whicli the stuff will be woven 27. diceris : perhaps by some from the wool now dyed with tlie sympathetic fellow-soldier whose costly Tyrian purple. letters have reached home. 36. An important question for 28. color : by implication from the use of cavalry in the desert, made; cf. also i, i, 22, n. — meo : which the Parthians must often objective; cf. i, 8. i, n. traverse. 29. noctes induxit Vesper : cf. 37. tabula: 'a map.' — mun- Cat. 62, 7, Oetaeos ostendit Noctifer dos : in the same sense as we com- ignes', Verg. Geor^. 4, 552; suos monly quote Alexander's phrase, Aurora induxerat art us. ' new worlds to conquer.' 343 ?• 3S] PROPERTI _. qualis et haec docti sit positura dei, quae tellus sit lenta gelu, quae putris ab aestu, 40 ventus in Italiam qui bene vela ferat. adsidet una soror, curis et pallida nutrix peierat hiberni temporis esse moras, felix Hippolyte ! nuda tulit arma papilla et texit galea barbara molle caput. 45 Romanis utinam patuissent castra puellis ! essem militiae sarcina fida tuae, nee me tardarent Scythiae iuga, cum pater altas adstricto in glaciem frigore nectit aquas, omnis amor magnus, sed aperto in coniuge maior 50 banc Venus, ut vivat, ventilat ipsa facem. 38. docti . . . dei ediicti . . . Dai Ellis Arctoi . . . soli Fonteinius. 47. altas Atlas I tali. 48. a^lstricto Rotksteiti Affricus NFL aeris Rossberg Aeolus Fonteinius Arctoo Lachinaiin acrius Postgate. 38. haec . . . positura : ' the ar- rangement of this earth.' — docti . . . dei: sLibj. gen. The epithet sounds strangely modern and may perhaps be rendered, ' in his wise providence.' 39. ab aestu: cf. 3. 2, 25, n. 41. curis : the explanation of pallida. 42. peierat . . . esse moras : a remarkable construction. The reference is to delay in the return of Lycotas. 43. Hippolyte : a queen of the Amazons, conquered by Theseus, and taken to be his wife, who according to one form of the legend accompanied her husband to war ; cf. Statius, Theb. 12, 534 sqq. 44. molle : the poet cannot for- get her sex, and gives her the attributes of an ordinary woman. 46. sarcina : ' even though a burden ' ; cf. Ovid, Her. 3, 68 : 11071 ego sum classi sarcitia magna titae. 47. pater = luppiter. 48. adstricto . . . frigore : cf. 2, 26, 36, n. ; Ovid, Trist. 2, T96: » I oris adsfyicto quae coit mid a gelu. But cf. J. E. Church. Jr.. in Unii'. of Nevada Bulletin, Vol. 2 (igo8). No. 4, pp. 92-98. 49. aperto : i.e. acknowledge as legitimate; cf. Ovid, Her. 13, 30. 50. vivat: i.e. burn; cf. 4, 11, 54. — ventilat : cf. 3, 16. 16 ; Ovid, Am. I, 1,8. The alliteration may be regarded as onomatopoetic, im- itating the sound of rushing air. 344 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [3. 58 55 nam mihi quo ? Poenis tibi purpura fulgeat ostris crystallusque meas ornet aquosa manus. .^ omnia surda tacent, rarisque adsueta kalendis vix aperit clausos una puella lares. Glaucidos et catulae vox est mihi grata querentis : ilia tui partem vindicat una toro. flore sacella tego, verbenis compita velo, et crepat ad veteres herba Sabina focos. 51. tibi te N nunc Iloiisinan. 52. meas N tuas 0. 55. Puccius Craugidos Buecheler Graucidos NL Grancidos AFDV. Glaucidos 51. nam = eteniui. — mihi : em- phatic. — quo : 'to what end,'' sc aliqiiid facia III. — tibi : contrasted emphatically with niilii. — purpura : a festal garment such as would be appropriate for the home-coming of her husband. 52. crystallusque . . . aquosa : a ring made of, or set with, a white transparent stone. Such stones were supposed to have been de- rived from ice. Cf. Sen. Q.N. 3, 25, 12; Pliny, A^.//. 37, 23. The attractions of personal adornment mentioned in this passage corre- spond to those named by Catullus ( 69, 3 ) : si illaiii 7'arae labefactes inunere nestis aut perhiciduli de- liciis lapidis. 53. omnia surda : the stupid stillness of her home at present is contrasted with the glad celebra- tion hinted at in the previous distich. ^ rarisque : i.e. as com- pared with the many other oc- casions when it would happen if the household were in a normal state, on the Nones, the Ides, and holidays. — adsueta : one long ac- quainted with the routine forms of the ceremony. All such matters were turned over to her, as a matter of course, now, and were an empty form. 54. clausos: in the larariutn. Cf. Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, pp. 252 sqq. 55. Glaucidos : the Greek name of the lap-dog appropriately re- fers to its color. — at: 'even.' — querentis: 'whining.' 56. tui partem : ' a part of thy place.' 57. flore . . . verbenis : any herba sacra ; cf. Servius on Aeii 1 2, 120. Propertius does not hesitate to use the sing, collective in one word, and the plur. in the other. — compita: /.f. the shrines of the Lares Compitales at the compita. 58. crepat: cf. Tib. 2. 5, 81, n. — herba Sabina: savin or ju- niper, commonly used for incense ; cf. Ovid, Fast, i, 343: ara dabat fmnos herbis contenta Sabinis, et lion c.xiguo laurus adusta sono. 345 3. 59] PROPERTI sive in finitimo gemiiit stans noctua tigno, 60 seu voluit tangi parca lucerna mero, ilia dies hornis caedem denuntiat agnis, succinctique calent ad nova lucra popae. ne, precor, adscensis tanti sit gloria Bactris, raptave odorato carbasa lina duci, 65 plumbea cum tortae sparguntur pondera fundae, subdolus et versis increpat arcus equis. sed, tua sic domitis Parthae telluris alumnis pura triumphantis hasta sequatur equos, incorrupta mei conserva foedera lecti : 70 hac ego te sola lege redisse velim. armaque cum tulero portae votiva Capenae, subscribam ' salvo grata puella viro.' 59. noctua: cf. 2, 28, 38, n. 60. tangi . . . mero : the regu- lar method of meeting the omen of a sputtering lamp, which was a " sign " of " company," while mcruin was a token of hospitality ; cf. Ovid, Her. 19. 151 : stcrtiiiit et Intneti . . . et nobis pros per a siffiia dedit. ecce, meriiin nittrix faustos instillat in igties. ' eras- "" qjte ' eriiniis plures ' iiiquit et ipsa hihit. — parca : ' scantily fed.' 61. caedem: i.e. for sacrifice in honor of the hoped-for return of her lord. 62. succinctique . . . popae : the assistants of the priests at sacrifice were clad in a short garment suit- able for their office ; cf. Suet. Cat. ^2 : suecinetus popan/m habit 11. — ad nova lucra: this was their time to " make hay while the sun shines." 63. adscensis : ' of scaling the walls of.' 64. odorato : a conception of eastern princes as tenacious in modern times as in Roman.— carbasa lina : a typical spoil from this region. Carbasa signified linen of an especially fine quality, and so has practically adjectival force here with Una. 65. plumbea . . . pondera : for an illustration cf. Baum. Denk. Vol. 3, p. 2077. — sparguntur ' are flying.' 66. versis . . . equis : cf. 3, 4, 17. n. 67. sic: cf. Tib. 2, 5, 63, n. — alumnis : ' inhabitants.' 68. pura . . . hasta : the head- less spear customarily awarded for deeds of unusual bravery. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 760 : pura iuvenis qui nititnr hasta. 346 ELEGIARVM LIBLR IV [4, 2 Tarpeium nemus et Tarpeiae turpe sepulcrum fabor et antiqui limina capta lovis. 71. The proper place to dedi- cate the arms of the returning victorious warrior would be a temple of Mars. The temple most natural and convenient would be that about a mile outside the Porta Capena, near the Appian Way, along which the army would probably return from the east ; cf. Ovid, Fast. 6, 191 : lux eadein Marti festa est^ quern prospicit extra apposituni Tectae porta Capena iiiae. — portae : poetic dat. of place to which. 72. Cf. 2, 28, 44. — salvo = servato (abl.). 4»4 A typical aetiological elegy on the subject of the Tarpeia myth, with characteristic emphasis upon the erotic element. For the de- velopment of this myth, and its protean forms and later literary reminiscences cf. H. A. Sanders in Rom. Hist. Sources and Insti- tutions (Univ. of Mich. Studies), I, 1-47; and O. Rossbach in BPW., Vol. 25 (1905), Sp. 1563. Its origin is to be sought far back in Greek literature, and its first in- troduction into Roman legend probably was in connection with the sack of Rome by the Gauls, instead of the wars with the Sabines. Tarpeia's motive in Livy (I, 11) and Plutarch (Romu- lus) is avarice; but in making her motive, rather, love, Propertius has doubtless reverted to the original form of the myth as seen in Parthenius, Simylus, and others. 1-2: The theme; 3-6: the scene ; 7-20 : the circumstances : the Sabine camp near the spring; Tarpeia's duties as a Vestal take her to the spring ; she beholds Tatius below engaged in military exercises; 21-30: she conceives a violent passion for the handsome warrior, which becomes all-absorb- ing; 31-66: her soliloquy, in which she acknowledges that her love overrides all other considera- tions, plans to betray the city into the hands of her adored one. and dreams of wedding the Sabine King ; 67-88 : she sleeps, wakes on the festal day of Rome's birth, compacts with Tatius to deliver the city into his hand, accomplishes the betrayal. 89-94: Her reward. I. Tarpeium nemus: while we need not credit Varro's state- ment (/-. L. 5, 41) that the Capitoline hill was originally called Mons Tarpeius, that designation doubtless was often used even in 347 4, 3] PROPERTI lo lucus erat felix hederoso conditus antro, multaque nativis obstrepit arbor aquis, Silvani raniosa domus, quo dulcis ab aestu fistula poturas ire iubebat oves. hunc Tatius fontem vallo praecingit acerno, fidaque suggesta castra coronat humo. quid turn Roma fuit, tubicen vicina Curetis cum quateret lento murmure saxa lovis, atque ubi nunc terris dicuntur iura subactis, stabant Romano pila Sabina f oro ? conditus consitus u. the time of Propertius, and what- ever remnants of a sacred hicics were still left on the summit could be easily designated by the phrase with which this elegy opens. Cf. Verg. Aen. 8, 347 : hitic ad Ta?peia>n sedeiu et Capitolia ducit. — Tarpeiae . . . sepulcrum : her real or supposed tomb on the Capitol, still pointed out when Propertius wrote. Cf. 3, u. 45. 2. The first temple of Juppiter Capitolinus was built under the kings. The second temple, built by Sulla and Catulus. had been elegantly restored by Augustus in Propertius's own time. 3. lucus . . . felix : ' a grove of noble trees,' such as were con- nected with religious purposes and associations. — conditus: 'se- cluded.' — antro : cf. i, i, 11. n. Propertius is thinking, not of any one grotto, but of the curving slope of the hill on the side towards the Forum, where the rocks offered many a lurking- place. The abl. is locative. With the description cf. Ovid, A>n. 3, I, 3 : foHs sacer in tnedio speluncaque pumice pendens. 4. nativis: i.e. of springs. — obstrepit : the rustling of the trees vies with the murmur of the waters. 5. Silvani .... domus : any such grove might be considered sacred to the forest-god. 6. poturas : instead of the more usual supine. 7. The Sabine leader was Titus Tatius, ace. to Livy, i, 10. — praecingit: i.e. he runs the line of his fortification close to the spring, without including it. 8. fidaque belongs to the predicate. — coronat : ' encircles ' : cf. Ovid, Met. 9, 334 : est lacus . . . sumntiim ntyrteta coronant. 9. Curetis: adj. from Cures, the chief town of the Sabines. 10. lento : ' long-reverberat- saxa lovis : the Capitol. 348 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [4, 22 15 20 murus erant montes : ubi nunc est curia saepta, bellicus ex illo fonte bibebat equus. hinc Tarpeia deae fontem libavit : at illi urgebat medium fictilis urna caput, et satis una malae potuit mors esse puellae, quae voluit flammas fallere, Vesta, tuas? vidit arenosis Tatium proludere campis, pictaque per flavas arma levare iubas. obstupuit regis facie et regalibus armis, interque oblitas excidit urna manus. 13. monies : they alone sur- rounded the Forum valley like a wall, whatever the extent of the legendary wall of Romulus. — curia: the senate house on the north side of the Forum. — saepta : i.e. by temples and other public buildings. 14. illo fonte: there was a well-known spring in the Tullia- num, near the Curia. 15. hinc may possibly refer to Roma (v. 9), but seems naturally to refer to v. 14. But the spring in V. 15 must be identical with that in v. 7, which would seem necessarily far removed from that just mentioned in v. 14. Either Propertius is ambiguous here, or his topography must be declared as vague as the notorious geogra- phy of these poets. — deae: cf. v. 18 : the dramatic force of the myth is enhanced in the form which Propertius adopts, whereby Tar- peia is a Vestal, vowed to per- petual virginity. Water for the service of the goddess must be drawn from a running, open stream; cf. Preller'', Vol. 2, p. 167. — at : cf. Tib. i. 3, 63, n. 16. fictilis : cf. Tib. i, i, 38, n. ; and the picture of Silvia Vestalis going after water in Ovid, Fast. 3, 14: ponitur e siomna fictilis urna couia. 17. et : used often to introduce an exclamatory question ; cf. 2, 8, 2 : et tu me lacrimas fundere., amice, vet as I Cat. 29, 6; Fried- rich, p. 173. — una . . . mors: cf. Hor. Car. 3, 27, 37 : levis uua mors et virgiuum culpae. 20. picta . . . arma : the Sa- bine scutum became ultimately the characteristic legionary shield of the Romans. From early times it was painted and carried distinctive designs. — iubas: the flowing mane of the horse on which Tatius rode. Cf., however, 4, i, 30, n. 21. obstupuit: regularly used of love at first sight ; cf. Ovid, Met. 2, 726 : obstipuit for/na love natus. 22. interque : temporal ; as her hands forgot to maintain their grip, the pitcher fell. — excidit: 349 4, 23] PROPERTI saepe ilia inmeritae causata est omina lunae , et sibi tinguendas dixit in amne comas : 25 saepe tulit blandis argentea lilia nymphis, Romula ne faciem laederet hasta Tati, dumque subit primo Capitolia nubila fumo, rettulit hirsutis bracchia secta rubis, et sua Tarpeia residens ita flevit ab area 30 vulnera, vicino non patienda lovi : ' ignes castrorum et Tatiae praetoria turmae et formosa oculis arma Sabina meis, o utinam ad vestros sedeam captiva penates, dum captiva mei conspicer ora Tati. 35 Romani montes et montibus addita Roma et valeat probro Vesta pudenda meo. ille equus, ille meos in castra reportet; amores, 32. formosa DV famosa NFL. 34. ora Gronovius arma Vo esse 0. 37. reportet &> reponet 0. cf. Tib. 4, 2, 4 ; Ovid. ;!/<•/. 3, 39 : 28. In herabsorptionshe hardly effluxere urnae manibiis. noticed the brambles as she hurried 23. saepe . . . causata est: home. Tarpeia sought excuses to revisit 29. Tarpeia : a proleptic use. the spring and perhaps catch 30. vulnera . . . non patienda : sight of her hero. Cf. Tib. 1,3, such dereliction to her vows would 17. be intolerable in the eyes of Jove. 24. tinguendas ... in amne : The wounds are those inflicted by for purification in the morning. — Cupid's dart. amne =/r';//i?. 31. ignes castrorum : the eve- 25. blandis: 'gracious.' "iig shadows have fallen when 26. Romula: cf. 3. 11, 52, n. Tarpeia begins her soliloquy. — 27. primo . . . nubila fumo : praetoria seems inconsistent with i.e. the top of the hill is beclouded 4. i, 29. with smoke of the fires kindled in 34. captiva: 'even as a cap- jireparation for the evening meal; tive.' — conspicer: ' catch sight of.' cf. Verg. /if. 1.83: et iain siuiDna 36. pudenda: 'who will be procul villarnin ciilmina fioiiant, shocked.' inaioresqiie cadnnt altis de monti- 37. meos . . . amores = vie bus umbrae. amatitetn ; cf. 2, 28, 39, n. ELEGIARVM LIBER IV L4, 47 cui Tatius dextras collocat ipse iubas. quid mirum in patrios Scyllam saevisse capillos, io candidaque in saevos inguina versa canes ? prodita quid mirum fraterni cornua monstri, cum patuit lecto stamine torta via? quantum ego sum Ausoniis crimen factura puellis, inproba virgineo lecta ministra foco ! 45 Pallados extinctos siquis mirabitur ignes, ignoscat: lacrimis spargitur ara meis, eras, ut rumor ait, tota pugnabitur urbe : 47. pugnabitur purgabitur Huleatt pigrabitur Honsman potabitur Koss- berg cessabitur Palmer. 38. Tarpeia is already jealous of the caress given by Tatius to his horse when arranging the mane on the right side of his neck. 39. Tarpeia seeks for justifica- tion, or at least comfort, from examples of other maidens who had proved disloyal to family or country, for the sake of love. Other parallels are cited ])y San- ders {I.e. above). — Scylla : daugh- ter of Nisus, king of Megara. She fell in love with the besieging king Minos, and cut from her father's head the purple (or golden) lock upon which his life, and therefore the safety of the city, depended. But Minos despised her treachery, and caused her death, as Tarpeia's was caused by Tatius. 40. Propertius wrongly identi- fies the Scylla of verse 39 with the notorious sea monster in the straits of Messina. But there are several other examples of the same mis- take, e.g. Verg. Ec. 6, 74 ; and Ovid, Fast. 4, 500 and A. A. i, 331- 41. monstri : the Minotaur, half- brother of Ariadne, who for her love to Theseus assisted in the scheme for killing the monster by arranging the thread which served as a guide in the Cretan labyrinth. 42. lecto : ' by gathering up.' 43. ego : emphatic contrast. Tarpeia is to correspond in infamy among the Latins to Scylla and Ariadne among the Greeks. 45. Pallados : not only was it supposed that the sacred fire of Vesta had been brought to Rome from Troy, the city of Pallas (cf. Verg. Aen. 2, 297), but also an image of Pallas, also believed to have been brought from Troy, was kept in the temple of Vesta ; cf. Ovid. Fast. 6. 421-436. 46. Cf. 4, 3, ; 351 4, i;8] PROPERTI tu cape spinosi rorida terga iugi. lubrica tota via est et perfida: quippe tacentes 50 fallaci celat limite semper aquas. o utinam magicae nossem cantamina musae ! haec quoque formoso lingua tulisset opem. te toga picta decet, non quem sine matris honore nutrit inhumanae dura papilla lupae. 55 sic, hospes, pariamne tua regina sub aula? dos tibi non humilis prodita Roma venit. si minus, at raptae ne sint inpune Sabinae : me rape et alterna lege repende vices, commissas acies ego possum solvere: nuptae, 60 vos medium palla foedus inite mea. adde Hymenaee modos, tubicen fera murmura conde 48. cape cave F2. 48. tu : Tatius, whom Tarpeia's affection longs to save from the dangers of battle and direct by the secret path to the capture of the citadel in a bloodless victory. 49. perfida: •treacherous.'' 50. limite : •track.' — semper modifies fallaci. 52. haec quoque . . . lingua : as well as Medea's, e.g. — formoso : Tatius, cf. the original signification of" beau." 53. toga picta : the regulation robe of a triumphing Roman im- perator. — non quem : Romulus, contrasted with te. 54. Cf. 2, 6. 20 : nidritus duro^ Roviule, lacte lupae. 55. sic: 'if so,' i.e. if I help you to become King of Rome. 56. venit : more emphatic than the expected 7'^«/'^/ of this apodosis. 57. Cf. Cat. 64, 158 sqq. ; si tibi non cordi fuerant conubia nostra . . . tibi iiicundo fatmdarer serva labore. 58. alterna lege : 'by the rule of retaliation.' 59. ego : i.e. I, as well as the Sabine women, who rush into the thick of the combat to stop it. Tarpeia's plan depends on pre- vention. 60. medium . . . foedus : ' a compact between the combatants.' — palla: as a wedding gar- ment, here used by metonomy for marriage. 61. tubicen: in apposition with Hymenaee. Hymen as trumpeter 352 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [4i 72 credite, vestra mens molliet arma torus, et iam quarta canit venturam bucina lucem ipsaque in Oceanum sidcra lapsa cadunt. 65 experiar somnum, de te mihi somnia quaeram : fac venias oculis umbra benigna meis.' dixit, et incerto permisit bracchia somno, nescia vae furiis accubuisse novis. nam Vesta, Iliacae felix tutela favillae, 70 culpam alit et plures condit in ossa faces, ilia ruit, qualis celerem prope Thermodonta Strymonis abscisso fertur aperta sinu. 68. vae furiis Jacob se furiis Livineins nefariis 0. 72. abscisso DV absciso NFL abscissos . . . sinus Broukhusiiis. fertur pectus Hertzberg. will sound a very ditTerent note from that usually heard in camp. 63. quarta . . . bucina : the signal for the beginning of the last quarter of the night ; cf. Eng. "eight bells," etc. The bucina belongs to the simple manners of the early age here described : cf. 4, I. 13- 64. Cf. Verg. Ae7i. 2, 9 : stta- dentqiie cadentia sidera somnos. 65. te : Tatius. 69. Cf. verse 45, n ; Ovid, Fast. 6, 365 : vidimus Iliacae transferri pignora Vestae sede; 258: cui?i flatnmae custos aede recepta dea est. 70. alit : Vesta regards Tar- peia's case as hopeless, and pun- ishes her by hurrying her on to certain ruin. — faces : cf. 4, 3, 50. 71. Thermodonta: a river in Cappadocia, commonly regarded as the home of the Amazons ; but Propertius is thinking less of the geography than of the scene. Vergil confuses the geography similarly in Aen. 11, 659: quales Threiciae cwn flumina T/termo- dontis pulsant et pictis bellantiir A))iazo)ies ar>/iis. 72. Strymonis : a Thracian woman, here regarded less as a typical Amazon (like Penthesilea, who came from Thrace to her eastern home), than as a Maenad in Thrace itself, reveling in passionate frenzy. — abscisso . . . aperta sinu : 'exposed by the tearing away of her garment ' ; sinn is best con- sidered an abl. abs. The picture is that shown in the left-hand figure of illust. No. 929 in Baum. Denk. If we read absciso, the picture be- comes that of an Amazon whose characteristic mutilation is exposed as she rushes into battle. But this interpretation is less in har- mony with the mood of Tarpeia. — fertur : * is hurried along.' ROM. EL. POETS — 23 353 4, 73] PROPERTI urbi festus erat, dixere Parilia patres : hie primus coepit moenibus esse dies, 75 annua pastorum convivia, lusus in urbe, cum pagana madent fercula divitiis cumque super raros faeni flammantis acervos traicit inmundos ebria turba pedes. Romulus excubias decrevit in otia solvi 8o atque intermissa castra silere tuba. hoc Tarpeia suum tempus rata convenit hostem : pacta ligat, pactis ipsa futura comes, mons erat adscensu dubius, festoque remissus : nee mora, vocales occupat ense canes. 85 omnia praebebant somnos : sed luppiter unus decrevit poenis invigilare tuis. prodiderat portaeque fidem patriamque iacentem, nubendique petit, quern velit ipsa, diem. 76. divitiis delitiis Vj deliciis w. 86. tuis suis w. 88. ipsa ipse V2. 73. festus: sc. .$• from V. 74. ^///^«7/j) this may well be regarded — Parilia: April 21st, the birthday as a dat.. and it would be proper of Rome ; cf. Tib. 2, 5, 87. n. to class it as a supine. — festoque : 76. divitiis : ' rich viands.' the enclitic is pregnant in mean- 77. raros: 'here and there'; ing here : 'and accordingly, it be- ef. Tib. 2, 5, 89, n. ing a holiday.' 78. inmundos : because bare, 84. occupat : sc. Tarpeia ; she and of course increasingly black anticipates the alarm they would and smoky as the leaping pro- give. gresses. 85. Everything and everybody 81. suum: 'favorable to her was wrapped in slumber. — lup- plans.' piter: to whom especially this 82. pactis ipsa . . . comes : hill was sacred. Tarpeia expects to be a voluntary 86. tuis: Tarpeia's. part of the booty ; cf. the remark 87. portaeque fidem = portatn- of Scylla in Ovid, Met. 8, 48 : me que fidam. cofH2te7?i, j/ie pacts pigmis haberei. 88. ipsa : asking that the wed- 83. adscensu : with such an ad- ding day should be set accordmg jective as dubius (which suggests to her own choice was assuming 354 e ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [6, 2 90 at Tatius (neque enim sceleri dedit hostis honorem) 'nube' ait ' et regni scande cubile mei.' dixit, et ingestis comitum super obruit armis. haec, virgo, officiis dos erat apta tuis. a duce Tarpeia mons est cognomen adeptus ; o vigil, iniuste praemia sortis habes. Sacra facit vates : sint ora faventia sacris et cadat ante meos icta iuvenca focos. 93. Tarpeia. llo slow near Delphi. 36. lyrae = lyristae ; i.e. the Muses. 37. ab Alba : i.e. from lulus, the founder of Alba Longa. For the construction cf. Ovid, Am. 2, 6, i. 38. Hectoreis: ' like Hector,' as a typical Trojan, and so progenitor of Augustus. 39. terra tua est : relatively true ; sufficiently so for a poet. 40. onus : the quiver and its contents. 43. Romulus augur: according totlie familiar story in Livy, i, 6, 4. 44. Palatinas : • from the Pala- tine'; cf. Ovid, Fast. 5, 152: prima, Palatinac, sigiia ciedisiis, aves. Remus observed from the Aventine. 45. nimium . . . prope : i.e. too near to Rome. — audent: sc /lostes. 46. principe : it was in 28 B.C., however, that Octavian was of- ficially recognized as princeps senatus. 47. remiget alis : Propertius's use of this figure here is ambig- uous. Most of the commentators, disregarding the warning of Hertz- berg, interpret alis as = remis., 359 6, 48] PROPERTI terreat : invito labitur ilia mari; quodque vehunt prorae Centaurica saxa minantis, 50 tigna cava et pictos experiere metus. frangit et attollit vires in milite causa ; quae nisi iusta subest, excutit arma pudor. tempus adest, committe rates : ego temporis auctor ducam laurigera lulia rostra manu.' 55 clixerat, et pharetrae pondus consumit in arcus : proxima post arcus Caesaris hasta fuit. vincit Roma fide Phoebi : dat femina poenas : sceptra per lonias fracta vehuntur aquas, at pater Idalio miratur Caesar ab astro : and quote as a parallel Horn. Od. II, 125 : ovS evType ipeTfjidi, to. t€ TTTepa. vr}val TreAoi/rai; but there is no sufficient reason why we should not consider a//s — velis after the usual metaphor as seen so often, e.g. Verg. Aen. i, 301 : remigio alarum; Ovid, A. A. 2, 45 : remigiuin vol iter u in dispoiiit in oriihte pettnas ; Lucr.6, 743 : retnigi flblitae pennarum vela reJiiiitunt. 48. invito: cf. I, 16, 14. Asa matter of fact the heavy weather on the sea did much to interfere with the success of the Egyptian fleet; cf. Flor. 4. 11, 5: non sine geviitu maris el labore ventorum ferebaniiir. 49. Centaurica saxa minantis: ' forms threatening to cast rocks like those of the Centaurs.' The Centaurs in combat were a favorite subject of artistic representation, and made a good figurehead for the bulky ships of the ancients; mittantis is ace. 50. Cf. Hor. Car. i, 14. 14: nil pictis timidus navita pjippibus fidit. 53. committe rates = committe proeliiun navale. 54. laurigera : cf. Ovid, A. A. 3, 389 ; laurigera sacral a Falatia Fhoebo. 55. pharetrae pondus: cf. Jwc onus ojune (verse 40) — consumit : 'spent.' 56. proxima: cf. Hor. Car. \, 12, 18: nee viget quicquam simile ant secicndian, proximos illi tainen occupavit Pallas lion ores. 57. femina : Propertius declines to mention the name of Cleopatra as he had declined before, in 3, 1 1. 58. sceptra : a common emblem of royal power, here used of the fleet, another such emblem. . — per lonias . . . aquas : cf. Hor. Epod. 9. 29-32. 59. Idalio . . . astro : as Venus was especially w-orshiped at Cretan Idalium, this expression 360 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [6. n 60 ' sum deus : est nostri sanguinis ista fides.' prosequitur cantu Triton, omnesque marinae plauserunt circa libera signa deae. ilia petit Nilum cymba male nixa fugaci, hoc unum, iusso non moritura die. 65 di melius ! quantus mulier foret una triumphus, ductus erat per quas ante lugurtha vias ! Actius hinc traxit Phoebus monumenta, quod eius una decem vicit missa sagitta rates, bella satis cecini : citharam iam poscit Apollo 70 victor et ad placidos exuit arma choros. Candida nunc molli subeant convivia luco, would most naturally refer to her own star. But as Julius Caesar had a star of his own, the comet which appeared at the games given in his honor by Octavian (cf- Suet. /til. 88; Hor. Car. i, 12, 46: tnicat inter omiies luliuin sidas), Propertius ought to be referring to that ; if so, he is indulging his penchant for ambiguity. — raira- tur: ' looks on admiringly.' 60. nostri sanguinis ista fides : ' that prowess of yours is proof enough that you belong to my family,' i.e. are an heir to divinity. Of course Octavian was really only an adopted son. 61. Triton: it is appropriate that the marine divinities lead in proclaiming the triumph of Rome on the sea. 62. libera signa : ' standards of a free state.' 63. ilia : of. V. 57, n. — cymba : hyperbole ; Cleopatra's returning fleet consisted of sixty ships. 64. hoc unum: obj. of the pur- pose idea in moritura, so that the main idea of the verb becomes an appositive to this phrase ; a unique construction: 'with this one thing in view, namely not to die on the appointed day' (/ 6'. that of a Roman triumph). 65. melius : sc. consuluerunt, referring to the idea of the previous phrase. — quantus: ironical. 67. The poet hastens to add that it was not for a triumph over one woman that Apollo derived his glory on this occasion, but for his divine archery in overcoming the hostile fleet. 71. Candida: referring to the participants, who would be clad in fresh white garments; cf. Tib. I, 10,27 ; 2, 1, 13. — convivia: cf. Hor. Car. I. 37, I : Nunc est bihendutn^ opening the ode in celebration of this same victory. 361 6, 72] PROPERTI blanditiaeque fluant per mea colla rosae, vinaque fundantur praelis elisa Falernis, terque lavet nostras spica Cilissa comas. 75 - ingenium potis inritet musa poetis : Bacche, soles Phoebo fertilis esse tuo. ille paludosos memoret servire Sycambros, Cepheam hie Meroen fuscaque regna canat, hie referat sero confessum foedere Parthum, 8o ' reddat signa Remi : mox dabit ipse sua. sive aHquid pharetris Augustus pareet eois, 74. terque V2 perque 0. 75. potis DV positis NFL. 72. rosae: collective; gen. 73. Falernis : of the various favorite wines Propertius singles this variety out for mention by name twice (the other passage is 2, 33, 39), but nowhere mentions Caecuban, Massic, Chian, or the vintage of Cales, apparently not being such a connoisseur of wines as Horace. 74. spica Cilissa : (jiician saffron (cf. spikenard), which was especially choice when it came from Mt. Corycus (Plin. N.H. 21, 31); cf. Ov'xdi, Fast, i, 76: sonet accensis spica Cilissa focis. 75. Cf. Enn. Sat. 64: nmn- quam poctor nisi si podager ; Ovid, Met. 7, 432 : carmina vino inge- niuin faciente canunt. 76. Cf. 3, 2, 9; Tib. 3. 4, 43: casta nam rite poetae Phoebusque et Bacchus Pieridesque favent. 77. ille corresponds to iiic . . . hie below, thus dividing among different poets the gigantic task of celebrating all the victories of Au- gustus. — Sycambros : a powerful German tribe, north of the Rhine, who are said to have been subdued in 16 B.C. \ V- '■ , 78. Cepheam . . . Meroen : Me- roe was a famous Ethiopian island on the Nile. Cepheus, father of Andromeda, was king of Ethiopia. For the campaign of Petronius there in 22 B.C. cf. 4, 3, 10, n.— fusca : of the inhabitants. 79. referat: 'let him represent as . . . and say.' — confessum : 'acknowledging submission ' ; for this absolute use cf. Ovid, Met. 5, 215 : Cfliifcssasqiie /names obliqua- que bracchia tendens 'vincis^ ait. The Parthians had surrendered the standards of Crassus in 20 B.C., but Propertius, like other Romans, was anticipating a more complete subjugation. 80. Remi = Romuli; cf. 4, 1.9. 82. in: 'for'; purpose. — pueros : Gains and Lucius Caesar, grandsons of Augustus, whom he had adopted in 17 B.C. Gaius 362 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [II, 2 85 . differat in pueros ista tropaea suos. gaude, Crasse, nigras siquid sapis inter arenas ire per Euphraten ad tua busta licet.' sic noctem patera, sic ducam carmine, donee iniciat radios in mea vina dies. I I Desine, Paulle, meum lacrimis urgere sepulcrum : panditur ad nuUas ianua nigra preces. did actually lead an expedition against the Parthians in 2 a.d. 83. nigras : cf. 3, 7, 56. — sapis : cf. 2, 13, 42- 84. per : ' across ' to Carrhae, where Crassus was slain. 4, II This last and finest of the ele- gies of Propertius, long known as regiiia elegiarum^ was intended as a consolation to L. Aemilius Paul- lus Lepidus (consul suffectus 34 B.C.) nephew of the triumvir Lepi- dus. The occasion was the un- timely death in 16 B.C. of his wife Cornelia, daughter of P. Cornelius Scipio (said to have been of consular rank) and Scribonia, the second wife of Augustus. This connec- tion with the imperial family is doubtless responsible for the elegy. It is spoken by the deceased Cor- nelia herself at her tomb, and may have been intended as a sepul- chral inscription. The reference in verses 65 and 66 to her brother P. Cornelius Scipio, who was con- sul in 16 B.C., fixes the date. In dignity, nobility of tone, and genuine pathos this elegy is un- equaled. 1-14: ' Paullus, burden not my tomb with idle lamentations ; the -grave knows neither sentiment nor reason. 15-28: Ye powers below, listen to my apologia! 29-66 : I have never been un- worthy of my noble family and honored kin. 67-72: Daughter, follow thy mother's example, and win the most glorious reward possible for a woman. 73-84: To you, Paullus, I commend our children ; be to them henceforth both mother and father. Bear thy sorrow bravely, yet tenderly. 85-98 : And, my children, if your father bring you home a new mother, be kind and tactful ; but if I remain his only mate, keep him from a lonely old age; and may the years I have been denied be added to your lives ; that you all are spared is my con- solation. 99-102: I rest my case.' 363 II. 3] PROPERTI cum semel infernas intrarunt funera leges, non exorato stant adamante viae, te licet ornantem fuscae deus audiat aulae: nempe tuas lacrimas litora surda bibent. vota movent superos : ubi portitor aera recepit, obserat herbosos lurida porta rogos. sic maestae cecinere tubae, cum subdita nostrum I. urgere: cf. Tib. i, i, 67, n. — sepulcrum : i.e. the spirit that dwells there. Cf. Cat. 96, i ; PAPA., Vol. 30 (1899), p. x.xx, 3. 3. funera: cf. 1,17, 8, n. Body and soul are not distinguished here better than in our own com- mon parlance; cf., on the distinc- tion between natural and philo- sophical expression, W. A. Heidel in A.J. /'..Vol. 33 (1912). p. 94. — leges: 'jurisdiction.' 4. non exorato : ' never known to yield ,' and so presumably in- exorabili. — stant: cf. Tib. i, i, 64. — adamante viae: the poet is thinking particularly of the gates of the entrance to the world below, gates which never open outwards; cf. Verg. Aen. 6, 552 : porta adversa higens soli- doqiie adamante colitmnae vis itt nulla . . . exscindere, etc. 5. licet . . . audiat: a suppo- sition merely for the sake of argu- ment. — deus : Pluto. — aulae : cf. Hor. Car. 2, 18, 30: rapacis Orci . . . ajila. 6. bibent: cf. Cat. 66, 85. 7. portitor : Charon. — aera : the coin placed in the mouth of the deceased according to Greek custom, to pay the ferryman of the Styx. 8. herbosos: Propertius mixes his metaphors : here he is think- ing of the grass-covered mound of the tomb : ' beneath the sod.' — lurida porta : cf. verse 4, n. ; the adjective is a favorite epithet for places and things connected with death; cf. Tib. 3, 3, 38. — rogos: 'ashes ' (from the pyre where they are produced) ; cf. English " Peace to his ashes. " It is only another of the poet's euphemisms for ' the dead,' and we must not be literal in trying to conceive what he means when he says that the gates of the lower world (which for the living mourners are practically identical with the door of the tomb) bar the ashes under the sod from re- turning to living friends. 9. sic : ' this was the story.' — cecinere: cf. Tib. i, 7, 47. — tubae : used in various ways in connection with funeral cere- monies ; here represented as join- ing in the loud wailing customarily raised when the torch was applied to the bier. 364 ELEGIARVM LIBER IV [ll, 21 lO '5 20 detraheret lecto fax inimica caput, quid luihi coniugium Paulli, quid currus avorum profuit aut famae pignora tanta meae? num minus inmites habui Cornelia parcas ? en sum quod digitis quinque levatur onus, damnatae noctes, et vos vada lenta paludes, et quaecumque meos inplicat unda pedes, inmatura licet, tamen hue non noxia veni : det pater hie umbrae mollia iura meae. aut siquis posita iudex sedet Aeacus urna, in mea sortita vindicet ossa pila : adsideant fratres iuxta, Minoia sella, et 11. 13. num FL nun V non ND, habui Jtali habuit 0. 21. iuxta iuxta et Itali. Minoia Minoida u. sella et V« sella FLD sellani u. 10. lecto : sc. fitiiebri. — caput : ' my dear self ; cf. Hor. Car. i, 24, 2: tarn cart capitis : Cat. 68, 120. 11. quid . . . profuit: cf. 3, 18, 1 1 ; Ovid, Her. 11, 17 : quid iiivat admotatn per avorum no/nina, etc. — currus : i.e. triumphs. 12. pignora: Cornelia's three children. 13. Cornelia: 'for being a Cor- nelia.' The succession of ques- tions in the first person is most emphatic. 14. Cf. 2, 9, 14: in parva sKstidit ossa manu ; Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 40- 15. isLTanatae = dam;iafor7(;/i ; cf. Tib. I, 3, 67, n. — paludes: cf. Verg. Georg. 4, 478 : limus tiiger et deformis harutido Cocyti tardaqiie pahis inamabilis unda alligat. 17. inmatura: the same im- plication that an early deatli was commonly considered a judgment for wrong-doing is seen in Tib. i, 3,51- 18. pater: Dis, i.e. Pluto.; cf. Tac. Hist. 4, 84 : plurimi Ditem patrem. — hie : in Hades. — umbrae . . . meae : = mihi : so mea . . . ossa in v. 20. Cf. v. 3, n. 19. siquis . . . Aeacus: Cor- nelia speaks thus indefinitely as one who has yet learned practically nothing of the order of things in- fernal. It was from the time of Plato that the prevalent idea of this bench of triple judgment in the lower world dated. 20. sortita : passive. — vindi- cet: 'pass judgment.' — pila: in- strumental in force : ' in the use of the [white or black] ball.' 21. fratres: Minos and Rhad- amanthus. who were joint judges 365 II, 22] PROPERTI Eumenidiim intento turba severa foro. Sisyphe, mole vaces, taceant Ixionis orbes, fallax Tantaleus corripiare liquor, 25 Cerberus et nullas hodie petat inprobus umbras, et iaceat tacita lapsa catena sera. ipsa loquar pro me. si fallo, poena sororum infelix umeros urgeat urna meos. ~- sicui fama fuit per avita tropaea decori, 30 Afra Numantinos regna loquuntur avos, altera maternos exaequat turba Libones, 24. Tantaleus i lecto adverso sedet. — mutarit ianua: with poetic license Propertius makes the door responsible for the changes in- volved in arranging the furniture for a new marriage and admitting a new bride. 87. pueri: 'children.' 88. dabit . . . manus: the im- agery is military : ' will surrender' (^i.e. her heart). 89. conlata : hypothetical. I II. 90, PROPERTI 90 vertet in offensas libera verba suas. seu memor ille mea contentus manserit umbra et tanti cineres duxerit esse meos, discite venturam iam nunc sentire senectam, caelibis ad curas nee vacet ulla via. 95 quod mihi detractum est, vestros accedat ad annos : prole mea Paullum sic iuvet esse senem. et bene habet : numquam mater lugubria sumpsi : venit in exequias tota caterva meas. causa perorata est. flentes me surgite, testes, icxD dum pretium vitae grata rependit humus, moribus et caelum patuit : sim digna merendo, cuius honoratis ossa vehantur aquis. 93. sentire lenire Schrader. 102. aquis NFLVo equis DV avis Heinsius. 90. vertet in: 'will interpret them to imply." 93. nunc : with sentire. — sen- tire : '■ to realize ' ; cf. Ovid. A. A. 3, 59 : veiitiirae niemores iatn nunc eslote senectae. 94. nee vacet ulla via : ' and leave him no access.' 95. quod : so. tempus. Cf. Tib. I, 6. 63 : proprios ego tecum, sit modo fas, annos contribuisse velim. 96. prole mea : a Propertian abl. The idea is essentially causal, however the grammar is to be explained. — sic : i.e. if you are so spared to comfort him. 97. bene habet : ' I am con- tent.' — lugubria sumpsi : * put on mourning.' 99. flentes . . . testes : Cornelia seems at least to include her family with those previously cited. 100. dum : • while ' ; she assumes a favorable verdict. — humus : i.e. the lower world. 10 1. moribus = bene mar at is. — et : ' even.' 102. honoratis . . . vehantur aquis : ' to ride in triumph over the dark waters ' ; i.e. to the Elysian fields rather than to a place of punishment. Cf. 4, 7, 55 sqq. : na>/i gemina est secies turpem sor- tita per amtiem, turbaqiie diversa remigat omnis aqua, una Clytae- mttestrae stuprum vehit . . . ecce corofiato pars altera vecta phaselo, mulcet ubi Elysias aura beatarosas^ etc. 372 OVID MSS. SIGNS For the At/iores For the Heroides For the Trii/ia P = Codex Puteanus. R = Codex Regius. • S = Codex Sangallensis. = Consensus of PRS. (i> = late or inferior Mss., or corrections. P = Codex Puteanus. G = Codex Guelferbytanus. V = Schedae Vindobonenses. 01 == late or inferior Mss., or corrections. 'A = Codex Marcianus Politiani. L = Codex Laurentianus. G = Codex Guelferbytanus. H = Codex Holkhamicus. P = Codex Palatinus. V = Codex Vaticanus. (0 = late or inferior Mss., or corrections. 374 p. OVIDI NASONIS AMORVM LIBER PRIMVS EPIGRAMMA IPSIVS Qui modo Nasonis fueramus quinque libelli, tres sumus : hoc illi praetulit auctor opus ; ut iam nulla tibi nos sit legisse voluptas, at levior demptis poena duobus erit. Arma gravi numero violentaque bella parabam edere, materia conveniente modis ; AMORES Epigramma Ipsius : there is no reason tp doubt the genuineness of this epigram thus prefixed to the first book of the Ainores. — Na- sonis : Ovid is fond of callinsf himself by his cognomen ; cf. Am. 2, I, 2; Trist. §, 13, I ; etc. — quinque : an earlier edition of the Amoves was published in five books. Ovid later withdrew some of his more youthful efforts from circulation and published the existing edition in three books. Cf. Cicero's change of plan in the Academica. — libelli: a term of modesty. — hoc illi : ' the present to the earlier.' — ut : 'even if.' — I, I, 29, n. legisse : cf. Tib. I, 1 1-4 : ' I essayed heroic strains, but Cupid drove me to elegy. 5-20: " Who gave you the right to inter- fere?" I complained, "let every cobbler stick to his last." 21-26: But he drew his unerring bow at me, and now love rules my heart ; 27- 30 : so elegy is my province.' Cf. 2, I, II sqq. : Prop. 3, 3. 1 . gravi numero : the hexam- eter ; cf. modis (v. 2) (of the mel- ody) and inferior versus (v. 3) {i.e. the second of a couplet) for a variety of expression of the gen- eral idea. 2. edere: 'to produce.' 375 I, 3] P. OVIDI NASONIS lO 15 par erat inferior versus : risisse Cupido dicitur atque unum surripuisse pedem. 'quis tibi, saeve puer, dedit hoc in carmina iuris ? Pieridum vates, non tua turba sumus. quid, si praeripiat flavae Venus arma Minervae, ventilet accensas flava Minerva faces? quis probet in silvis Cererem regnare iugosis, lege pharetratae virginis arva coli ? crinibus insignem quis acuta cuspide Phoebum instruat, Aoniam Marte movente lyram ? sunt tibi magna, puer, nimiumque potentia regna : cur opus adfectas, ambitiose, novum ? an, quod ubique, tuum est ? tua sunt Heliconia Tempe ? vix etiam Phoebo iam lyra tuta suast ? cum bene surrexit versu nova pagina prime, attenuat nervos proximus ille meos ; 4. unum . . . pedem : i.e. the two half feet which the pentam- eter lacks, as compared with the hexameter. — surripuisse: the poet was taken unawares, like Apollo when Hermes stole his cattle. 5. saeve : a common epithet for Cupid in the elegiac writers ; cf. Tib. 3, 4, 65. — in carmina: this construction with ins is not infrequent in the poets. 6. vates : cf. Am. 3, 9. 17. 7. flavae : so Minerva is de- scribed, e.g. in Fast. 6, 652 ; Trist. I, 10, I. 8. ventilet . . . faces: cf. Prop. 4,3' 50- n- 9. in silvis . . . regnare : i.e. attempt the task of Diana. 11. crinibus: cf. Tib. 2, 5, 8; Prop. 3, 13, 52: intonsi Pythia regna dei. — cuspide : the spear (of Mars) ; the term is common in the poets. 12. Aoniam: cf. Prop, i, 2, 28, n. 13. nimiumque potentia : ' and all too powerful.'' 15. ' Do you" want the earth "?' — Heliconia Tempe : the beautiful Thessalian valley through which ran the Peneios here becomes typical, and the poet means the beautiful regions where dwell the Muses, who were commonly located on Helicon. 17. surrexit: i.e. 'started oflF.' — pagina : sc. jnea. 18. ille: Cupid. 376 AMORVM LIBER I [3, 2 20 25 3° nec mihi materia est numeris levioribus apta, aut puer, aut longas compta puella comas.' questus eram, pharetra cum protinus ille soluta legit in exitium spicula facta meum lunavitque genu sinuosum fortiter arcum, ' quod ' que ' canas, vates, accipe ' dixit ' opus ! * me miserum! certas habuit puer ille sagittas : uror, et in vacuo pectore regnat Amor, sex mihi surgat opus numeris, in quinque residat : ferrea cum vestris bella valete modis ! cingere litorea flaventia tempora myrto, Musa per undenos emodulanda pedes! lusta precor. quae me nuper praedata puellast, aut amet, aut faciat cur ego semper amem ! 19. nec : adversative ; the nega- tive force is carried over to the correlatives aut in the following verse. — numeris levioribus : elegy. 20. longas : cf. Am 3, 3, 3 : quain longos habuit nonduiii periura capillos. 22. in exitium : purpose ace. 25. Cf. Prop. 2, 12, 9-12 ; 13,2. 26. vacuo : ' hitherto fancy- free ' ; cf. Hor. Car. i, 6. 19: cantafiius, vacui, sive quid uritmir, 27. Cf. Schiller's couplet : fm Hexatfieter steigt des Spring- quells fl'ussige Sdule, Im Pentameter drajif f'dllt sie melodisch herab ; and Coleridge's Lnglish version : " In the hexameter rises the foun- tain's silvery column. In the pentameter aye falling in melody back." 29. cingere : the imperative used reflexively. — litorea: cf. Mart. 4, 13,6: lit or a myrius amat : for the myrtle as sacred to Venus cf. A. A. 3, 53: dixit ct e myrto {myrto nam vincta capillos consti- terat) folium granaque pauca dedit. I, 3 A model love letter of an ar- dent, though still somewhat shy lover, who does not even mention the name of his flame. 1-4: 'May Venus favor my suit! 4-10: Accept me, lady, as ^77 3. 3] P. OVIDI NASONIS ah, nimium volui ! tantum patiatur amari : audierit nostras tot Cytherea preces ! 5 accipe, per longos tibi qui deserviat annos, accipe, qui pura norit amare fide ! si me non veterum commendant magna parentum nomina, si nostri sanguinis auctor eques, nee meus innumeris renovatur campus aratris, lo temperat et sumptus parens uterque parens : at Phoebus comitesque novem vitisque repertor hinc faciunt at, me qui tibi donat, Amor, at nulH cessura fides, sine crimine mores nudaque simpUcitas purpureusque pudor. 3. 12. hinc Merkel h&tc PS hac Palmer, at me Aferkel ut me P et me S. 13. at Ehwald e.i 0. your lover, though I bring you neither nobility, nor wealth ; 1 1-16 : but I have the favor of the gods, fidelity and constancy. 17-26: Love me, live with me; and I will make your name as well known throughout the world as the names of the heroines of old.' 1. praedata ... est : ' has cap- tivated me'; cf. Ai>!. i, 2, 19: iua Slim nova praeda, Ciipido. 2. amet : his petition to Venus is in the third person, appropri- ately, in an address to his lady love. 3. tantum: 'simply.' 4. Cytherea: cf. At>i. 2. 17,4. 5. accipe: the poet addresses the unknown lady, whose shadowy personality receives the name Co- rinna first in i, 5, 9. 7. With this passage cf. Prop. 3, 2, II sqq. 8. eques : Ovid was proud that his equestrian rank was not of the parvenu type; cf. Am. 3, 15, 5; and Trist. 4, 10, 7, to which he adds : no)i modo fortunae tnunere fact lis eques. g. renovatur : cf. Tib. 3, 3, 5, n ; Prop. 3, 5, 5. 10. But the poet's biography in Trist. 4, 10, and the manner of his life at Rome do not indicate straitened circumstances. Cf. Tib. I. I. 5, n. 11. comitesque novem: the Muses. — ^ vitisque repertor: Bac- chus, who also inspired poetry and song; cf. Tib. i, 7, 29, n. ; Prop. 4, I, 62. 12. hinc faciunt: 'are on ray side ' ; cf. Cic. Ad Att. 7, 3, 5 : dignos illinc facere. 14. purpureusque pudor: i.e. modesty such as would cause a 'rosy blush'; cf. Am. 2, 5, 34- 2J^ AMORVM LIBER I [15. 2 15 non mihi mille placent, non sum desultor amoris : tu mihi, siqua fides, cura perennis eris. tecum, quos dederint annos mihi fila sororum, vivere contingat, teque dolente mori ; te mihi materiem felicem in carmina praebe : 20 provenient causa carmina digna sua. carmine nomen habent exterrita cornibus lo et quam fluminea lusit adulter ave quaeque super pontum simulate vecta iuvenco virginea tenuit cornua vara manu : 25 nos quoque per totum pariter cantabimur orbem, iunctaque semper erunt nomina nostra tuis. 15 Quid mihi, Livor edax, ignavos obicis annos ingeniique vocas carmen inertis opus ; conscia purpioeus venit in ora pit dor. 15. desultor: the figure is from the circus rider wlio leaped from one horse to another; cf. Prop. 4, 2, 36 : traicit alterno qui leve pon- dus eqiio. 16. cura : cf. 3, 3, 32, n. 17. fila sororum : cf. Hor. Car. 2,3,15: ditDt res et aetas et sorortt//! fila triiim patiioitur atra. 19. in carmina : purpose ace. 20. causa = mater ie : cf. Prop. 2, I, 12: iiivenio caitsas mille poeta novas. 21. cornibus lo : cf. Prop. 2, 28, 17, n. 22. quam : Leda, wooed by Jup- piter {adulter^ in the form of a swan (Jiuntinea . . . ave). 23. quaeque : Europa ; cf. Prop. 2, 28. 52, n. 25. Cf. A>n. I, 15, 8. I, 15 The poet justifies his profession. 1-6: ' Envy .says, I am wasting my time in poetry, which has no practical value. 7-30: Nay! my work will be immortal, like that of my great Greek and Roman pred- ecessors. 31-34: Then let all bow before poetry. 35-42 : The rabble may be wedded to their idols, but if Apollo fosters my art, I shall have undying fame after envious tongues have ceased to wag.' With the thought as a whole cf. Prop. 379 15. 3] P. OVIDI NASONIS lO »5 non me more patrum, dum strenua sustinet aetas, praemia militiae pulverulenta sequi, nee me verbosas leges ediscere, nee me ingrato vocem prostituisse foro ? mortale est, quod quaeris, opus ; mihi fama perennis quaeritur, in toto semper ut orbe canar. vivet Maeonides, Tenedos dum stabit et Ida, dum rapidas Simois in mare volvet aquas, vivet et Ascraeus, dum mustis uva tumebit, dum cadet incurva falce resecta Ceres. Battiades semper toto cantabitur orbe : quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet, nulla Sophocleo veniet iactura cothurno. cum sole et luna semper Aratus erit. dum fallax servus, durus pater, inproba lena cf. Prop. I, 8, . annos : cf. . ediscere : a reg- I. Livor edax 29. — ignavos . Prop. I, 12, I. 5. verbosas . . ular exercise for incipient Roman citizens, and recognized as a nec- essary part of tlieir education. 6. Cf. Prop. 4, I, 134. — prosti- tuisse probably implies not merely public use, but also venality. 8. Cf. I, 3. 25. 9. Maeonides : Homer ; cf Prop. 2, 28. 29. — Tenedos : it is on the Roman side of the legend that Tenedos becomes especially famous; cf. Verg. Aen. 2, 21 sqq. 10. Simois : cf. Prop. 3, i. 27. II. Ascraeus : Hesiod ; cf. Prop. 2, 10, 25, n. — uva tumebit: one of the favorite themes in the Works and Days of Hesiod. 12. Ceres = arista. 13. Battiades = Callimachus ; cf. Cat. 65, 16, n. 14. A most acute characteriza- tion of the weakness of Callima- chus and the other Alexandrians ; cf. Intr. § 7. 15. Sophocleo : Sophocles, chron- ologically the middle one of the great group of authors of Greek tragedy, may well typify this re- markable branch of Greek litera- ture. — cothurno : i.e. tragedy. 16. Aratus : an astronomical poet from Soli in Cilicia, who flourished in the third century B.C., and wrote $a6vd/u.eva koI ^Loa-qficla, a work much used by Roman authors, e.g. by Cicero, fragments of whose Arafea still survive. 17. fallax servus : with this group of representative characters 380 AMORVM LIBER I [15. 27 20 25 vivent et meretrix blanda, Menandros erit. Ennius arte carens animosique Accius oris casurum nuUo tempore nomen habent. Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciet aetas aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci? carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura Lucreti,. exitio terras cum dabit una dies. Tityrus et segetes Aeneiaque arma legentur, Roma triumphati dum caput orbis erit. donee erunt ignes arcusque Cupidinis arma, PS. 15. 19. Accius S Actius P. 25. segetes {restored by Bentley) /ui/n seiiis, Accius alti. 21. Varronem: Varro Atacinus, whose works included an imitation of a Greek epic on the Argonautic e.xpedition ; cf. Intr. § 12. 22. Aesonio : here used as a patronymic. 24. dabit una dies : the words of Lucretius himself in 5, 95. Cf. Ovid, Trist. 2, 426 : casurumque triplex vaticinatiir opus ; Prop. 3, 5. 31, n. 25. Tityrus: the opening word of the Eclogues of Vergil. — segetes : i.e. the Georgics, treating of this and similar themes. — arma : the first word of the Aeneid. 26. triumphati : i.e. victi, as commonly. — dum caput . . . erit: cf. Hor. Car. 3, 30, 8 : du7n Capi- tolium scandet cum tacita virgine pout if ex., dicar. 27. ignes = faces. — arcus : cf. Prop. 2, 12, 9. .^81 15. 28] P. OVIDI NASONIS discentur numeri, culte TibuUe, tui. Gallus et Hesperiis et Gallus notus Eois, 30 et sua cum Gallo nota Lycoris erit. ergo cum silices, cum dens patientis aratri depereant aevo, carmina morte carent. cedant carminibus reges regumque triumph! cedat et auriferi ripa benigna Tagi. 35 vilia miretur vulgus ; mihi flavus Apollo pocula Castalia plena ministret aqua, sustineamque coma metuentem frigora myrtum atque ita soUicito multus amante legar. pascitur in vivis Livor, post fata quiescit, 40 cum suus ex merito quemque tuetur honos. ergo etiam cum me supremus adederit ignis, vivam, parsque mei multa superstes erit. 38. atque aque Mueller. 29. Gallus: cf. Intr. § 12. — notus : cf. Ovid, ^. A. 3, 537 : Ves- per et Eoae novere Lycorida terrae. 30. Lycoris: cf. Intr. § 12. 31. cum : concessive. — silices . . . aratri: cf. Lucr. i, 313 : sti- licidi casus lapidei?i cavat, uncus aratri ferreus . . . decrescit vomer. 32. Cf. Prop. 3. 2. 26. 34. auriferi . . . Tagi : the gold- bearing stream of the West, in Spain, corresponding to the Pac- tolus in the East; cf Prop, i, 14, II; Cat. 29, 19: aiiinis aurifer Tagus. 35. vilia . . . vulgus : cf. Tib. 3,3.19-20. — flavus: cf. Atn. i. I, 7, n. 36. Castalia : of. Prop. 3, 3, 13- 37. myrtum : cf. Atn. i, i, 28, n. 38. multus : we should expect the adverb. Cf. plurimus in Trist. 4, 10, 128. With the whole idea cf. also Am. i. 3. 25 ; 2, i, 5 : me legal in sponsi facie non frigida virgo et rudis ignoto tactus amore puer ; atque . . . conposuit casus iste poeta meos ; Prop. 3, 3. 19. 39. fata: cf. Prop, i, 17, li. 40. Cf. Prop. 3, I, 22. 41. supremus . . . ignis: i.e. on the funeral pyre. 42. parsque mei multa : cf. Hor. Car. 3, 30, 6 : non omnis inoriar ?nultaque pars mei vitabit Libiti- nam. ^82 AMORVM LIBER 11 [6, 7 LIBER SECVNDVS Psittacus, eois imitatrix ales ab Indis, occidit : exequias ite frequenter, aves. ite, piae volucres, et plangite pectora pinnis, et rigido teneras ungue notate genas. horrida pro maestis lanietur pluma capillis, pro longa resonent carmina vestra tuba. quod scelus Ismarii quereris, Philomela, tyranni, 2, 6 The death of Corinna's parrot. The rhetorical wealth of elabora- tion employed by Ovid on this somewhat trifling theme furnishes an excellent commentary on his mind and art when the elegy is compared with the familiar little poem of Catullus on the death of Lesbia's pet sparrow. Ovid must have had Catullus in mind ; but the heartfelt simplicity of mourn- ing in the earlier poet was beyond the reach of his imitator. (Yet cf. Martinengo, p. 165 ; Mart, i, 7 ; Statins, Sih. 2, 4.) 1-6 : ' Come, all ye birds to mourn Corinna's parrot; 7-10: Philomela, never mind your old complaint; 11-16: all come! but especially you, turtledove, the parrot's dearest friend. 17-24: What gifts and graces you had, parrot ! 25-42 : It must have been envy that caused your death, — a bird so superior to others ; but death is always claiming the best. 43-48 : So he died, amid Corinna's grief; 49-58 : he has entered the bird's paradise ; 59-62 : and his tomb has a suitable inscription.' 1. imitatrix: cf. v. 37. — Indis: cf. Pliny, N. H. 10, 117: India hafic avem miiiits etc. 2. exequias: cf. Prop. 2, 13, 24, n. 3. plangite pectora pinnis : note the onomatopoetic alliteration. 4. Cf. Tib. I, I, 68. 5. capillis : tearing the hair was a common expression of human mourning. 7. Ismarii . . . tyranni : the Thraciin king Tereus, husband of Philomela and father of Itys. He betrayed Procne, his wife's sister, and in revenge Philomela killed Itys. When Tereus pur- sued the fleeing sisters, all three 383 6, 8] P. OVIDI NASONIS expleta est annis ista querella suis ; alitis in rarae miserum devertere funus : lo magna, set antiqua est causa doloris Itys. omnes, quae liquido libratis in aere cursus, tu tamen ante alios, turtur amice, dole, plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita, et stetit ad finem longa tenaxque fides. IS quod fuit Argolico iuvenis Phoceus Orestae, hoc tibi, dum licuit, psittace, turtur erat. quid tamen ista fides, quid rari forma coloris, quid vox mutandis ingeniosa sonis, quid iuvat, ut datus es, nostrae placuisse puellae? 20 infelix, avium gloria, nempe iaces ! tu poteras fragiles pinnis hebetare zmaragdos, tincta gerens rubro Punica rostra croco. non fuit in terris vocum simulantior ales : reddebas blaeso tam bene verba sono ! 25 raptus es invidia : non tu fera bella movebas ; garrulus et placidae pacis amator eras, ecce, coturnices inter sua proelia vivunt, 6. 9. devertere Heinsius devertite PR divertite S devertito Mueller. were metamorphosed into birds; 17 sqq. : a typical consolatio, cf. Cat. 65, 14, n. cf. Prop. 3, 18, 1 1 sqq. — fides : i.e. 11. libratis . . . cursus: 'poise to Corinna. yourselves ' ; cf. Verg. Georg. 4, 19. ut datus es : ' from the 196: sese per inania nubila moment you became hers.' librant. 21. hebetare: by contrast. 12. turtur amice: cf. Pliny, 22. Punica: cf. Prop. 3, 3, N. H. 10, 207 : amici pavones et 32, n. coluffibae, turtures I't psittaci. 23. Cf. v. i. 15. iuvenis Phoceus : Pylades, 26. garrulus : i.e. a mere talker, whose friendship with Orestes was as contrasted with a fighter, as celebrated as that of Damon 27. coturnices : notoriously quar and Pythias. relsome birds. 384 AMORVM LIBER II [6, 45 forsitan et fiant inde frequenter anus, plenus eras minimo, nee prae sermonis amore 30 in multos poteras ora vacare cibos. nux erat esca tibi causaque papavera somni, pellebatque sitim simplicis umor aquae. vivit edax voltur ducensque per aera gyros miluus et pluviae graculus auctor aquae; 35 vivit et armiferae cornix in visa Minervae, ilia quidem saeclis vix moritura novem : occidit ilia loquax humanae vocis imago, psittacus, extreme munus ab orbe datum, optima prima fere manibus rapiuntur avaris : 40 inplentur numeris deteriora suis. tristia Phylacidae Thersites funera vidit : iamque cinis, vivis fratribus, Hector erat, quid referam timidae pro te pia vota puellae, vota procelloso per mare rapta noto .'* 45 septima lux venit, non exhibitura sequentem, 28. fiant : the subjunctive of 36. Cf. v. 34, n. modesty adds a sly thrust to the 39. A familiar sentiment ; cf. irony. — inde: 'for that very Cat. 3, 13: rnalae tenebrae Orci, reason.' quae omnia bella devoratis. 29. minimo: so. cibo. The 41. Phylacidae : Protesilaus ; cf. parrot would rather talk than eat. Her. 13 ; Cat. 68, 74. n. — Ther- 31. causaque papavera somni: sites: the hateful figure of Horn, cf. Verg. Georg. i, 78: Lethaeo 11. 2, 212 sqq. perfiisa papavera sotntio, 42. fratribus: including the 34. graculus auctor aquae: cf. cowardly Paris, who brought on Prop. 4, 3, 32 ; but the crow is all the trouble of the Trojan War. more common as a messenger of 43. vota : offered during the ill- rain ; cf. Hor. Car. 3, 17, 12 : aquae ness of her parrot. nisi fallit augur atuiosa cornix. 45. septima: believed by the 35. invisa Minervae : the crow ancients to be a critical day in talked too much, and besides was certain diseases ; Cic. Ad Fam. at enmity with Minerva's favorite, 16, 9, 3 : 7ie in quartatn hcbdomada the owl ; cf. Met. 2, 535 sqq. incideres. ROM. EL. POETS 25 385 6, 46] f". OVIDI NASONIS et stabat vacuo iam tibi Parca colo, nee tamen ignavo stupuerunt verba palato : clamavit moriens lingua 'Corinna, vale ! ' colle sub Elysio nigra nemus ilice frondet, 50 udaque perpetuo gramine terra viret. siqua fides dubiis, volucrum locus ille piarum dicitur, obscenae quo prohibentur aves. illic innocui late pascuntur olores, et vivax phoenix, unica semper avis. 55 explicat ipsa suas ales lunonia pinnas, oscula dat cupido blanda columba mari. psittacus has inter nemorali sede receptus convertit volucres in sua verba pias. ossa tegit tumulus, tumulus pro corpore magnus, 60 quo lapis exiguus par sibi carmen habet : * colligor ex ipso dominae placuisse sepulcro; ora fuere mihi plus ave docta loqui.' 46. Parca : Clotho, the empti- 55. ales lunonia : the peacock ; ness of whose spindle signifies ci.A.A. 1,627: laiidatas ostendit that the thread of life has run out. avis lunonia pinnas. Pausanias 49 sqq. : an ideal scene in bird (2. 17, 6) tells of the golden pea- paradise. The poet's imagina- cock in the Hera temple at My- tion is helped by the memory of cenae. his boyhood home; cf. 2, 16. 5 56. Cf. Cat. 68, 125-127 ; Prop, sqq. 2. 15, 27: exetnplo iunctae tibi 51. siqua fides dubiis: sc. est. sint in amore columbae. For the thought cf. Cat. 96, i, n. 59. pro corpore magnus : 'cor- 52. obscenae: 'ill-boding'; cf. respondingly small.' Verg. Aett. 12, 875 : ne tne terrete 60. Cf. Prop. 2, i, 72 : breve in timentem, obscenae vol /teres. exiguo inannore nometi ero. 53. olores ; poetic for ri'^^-;//. 61. colligor: 'it may be in- 54. vivax phoenix: which, ac- ferred.' — ex ipso . . . sepulcro: cording to mythology, rose again i.e. the very existence of a tomb from its own ashes ; cf. the poems is a mark of unusual affection. on this subject by Claudian and 62. plus ave: i.e. like human Lactantius. beings. &- 386 AMORVM LIBER II [". '3 lO I I Prima malas docuit, mirantibus aequoris undis, Peliaco pinus vertice caesa vias, quae concurrentis inter temeraria cautes conspicuam fulvo vellere vexit ovem. o utinam, ne quis remo freta longa moveret, Argo funestas pressa bibisset aquas ! ecce, fugit notumque torum sociosque penates, fallacisque vias ire Corinna parat. quid tibi (me miserum !) Zephyros Eurosque timebo et gelidum Borean egelidumque Notum ? non illic urbes, non tu mirabere silvas : una est iniusti caerula forma maris, nee medius tenuis conchas pictosque lapillos Ovid would fain dissuade Co- rinna from her contemplated jour- ney by sea ; but, if siie is resolved to go, wishes her bon voyage, in the form of a propempticon. 1-8: 'Would that no Argo had ever taught the way of the sea! For now Corinna plans to sail away. 9-32: Dear me! How anxious I shall be! Why do you go? There is nothing on the sea to interest a girl ; the land is safe. Let others tell you of the perils of the deep ; when once you have embarked, 'tis too late to regret. 33-42 : But if you are resolved to go, may the gods protect you, and may you yourself long to return ! 43-56: I will be on the watch to welcome you royally : and you shall tell me of your adventures. Hasten the glad day ! ' I. Prima . . . pinus : the Argo ; cf. Cat. 64, I : Peliaco quondam prognatae vertice pitms. — miran- tibus . . . undis : cf. Cat. 64, 14-15 ; e giirgite vjiltus aequoreae tnon- striwi Nereides admir antes. 3. concurrentis . . . cautes: the Symplegades ; cf. Prop. 2, 26, 39' n- 9. quid nearly = quatitum or quantopere. 10. The tradition is that this verse was one of three which Ovid and his friends agreed upon as too artificial. 12. iniusti: cf. Prop. 3, 7, 18; 1,15: 1 2 : seder at iniusto salo. 387 II, 14] P. OVIDI NASONIS pontus habet : bibuli litoris ilia morast. 15 litora marmoreis pedibus signate, puellae : hactenus est tutum, cetera caeca viast. et vobis alii ventorum proelia narrent, quas Scylla infestet quasve Charybdis aquas, et quibus emineant violenta Ceraunia saxis, 20 quo lateant Syrtes magna minorque sinu. haec alii referant ; at vos quod quisque loquetur credite : quaerenti nulla procella nocet. sero respicitur tellus, ubi fune soluto currit in inmensum panda carina salum. 25 navita sollicitus quin ventos horret iniquos, et prope tarn latum quam prope cernit aquam ! quod si concussas Triton exasperet undas, quam tibi sit toto nullus in ore color ! tum generosa voces fecundae sidera Ledae 30 et ' felix,' dicas * quem sua terra tenet ! ' 11. 21. at vulg. ad PS. Eiese quia P qua Heinsius. 22. quaerenti P credenti vulg. 25. quin 14. Cf. Prop. 1,2, 13 ; Lucr. 2, 374-376 : concharuntque genus . . . qua tnollibus nndis litoris incurvi bibiilam pavit aequor harenam. — mora : i.e. cause for fnora . 15. marmoreis pedibus : cf. Cat. 68, 71 ; Verg. Georg. 4, 523 : niar- morea caput a cervice revulsum. 18. Cf. Am. 2, 16. 25. 19. Cerauuia : cf. Hor. Car. i, 3, 20 : ijifaniis scopulos, Acroce- raunia. Particularly dangerous because near the most natural track of navigation from Italy to the east, and vice versa. 20. Syrtes: cf. 2, 16, 21 ; Tib. 3, 4, 91 : Iwrrendave Syrtis. These dangerous shoals were dreaded as much, and were proba- bly quite as destructive of vessels, in the long run, as the cliffs of verse 19. 22. quaerenti : i.e. inquiring of others about their adventures. 23. respicitur: the "longing, lingering look behind." 27. Triton's power over the waves is described in Met. i, 330 sqq. 29. sidera Ledae : cf. Prop, i, 17. 18, n. 388 AMORVM LIBER II [ii, 51 tutius est fovisse torum, legisse libellos, Threiciam digitis increpuisse lyram. at si vana ferunt volucres mea dicta procellae, aequa tamen puppi sit Galatea tuae ! 35 vestrum crimen erit talis iactura puellae, Nereidesque deae Nereidunique pater, vade memor nostri vento reditura secundo, inpleat ilia tuos fortior aura sinus ! turn mare in haec magnus proclinet litora Nereus, 40 hue venti spirent, hue agat aestus aquas ! ipsa roges, Zephyri veniant in lintea soli, ipsa tua moveas turgida vela manu. primus ego adspiciam notam de litore puppim et dicam * nostros advehit ilia deos ' 45 excipiamque umeris et multa sine ordine carpam oscula : pro reditu victima vota cadet, inque tori formam molles sternentur harenae, et tumulus mensae quilibet instar erit. illic adposito narrabis multa Lyaeo : 50 paene sit ut mediis obruta navis aquis, dumque ad me properas, neque iniquae tempora noctis 40. aestus Merkel (from old Mss.) eurus PS. 41. soli vulg. pleni PS. 48. instar erit vulg. esse potest PS. 31. Cf. Tib. I, I, 43-48; the less of direction. But cf. also idea of this verse is repeated in v. 9. Her. 2,, 117-118. 45. excipiamque: sc ie. — 32. Threiciam: because Or- umeris: the landing is made pheus was from Thrace. through the surf; many harbors 34. Galatea: cf. Prop, i, 8, in Italy and the east are still with- 18, n. out facilities for landing voyagers 35. Cf. Prop. 2, 28, 2. on a pier. — multa sine ordine: 38. ilia . . . aura: the vetito cf. Cat. 5. 7-13. . . . secundo oi wer?,c 2>7 • 49- Lyaeo = vino, by meton- 41. Zephyri . . . soli: i.e. in ymy. their caoacity as fair winds, regard- 51. properas: note the mood. 389 ". 52] p. OVIDI NASONIS 55 nec te praecipites extimuisse Notos. omnia pro veris credam, sint ficta licebit : cur ego non votis blandiar ipse meis ? haec mihi quam primum caelo nitidissimus alto Lucifer admisso tempora portet equo ! i6 Pars me Sulmo tenet Paeligni tertia ruris, parva, sed inriguis ora salubris aquis, sol licet admoto tellurem sidere findat, et micet Icarii Stella proterva canis : arva pererrantur Paeligna liquentibus undis, et viret in tenero fertilis herba solo, terra ferax Cereris multoque feracior uvis, dat quoque baciferam Pallada rarus ager, 55. Cf. Tib. 1,3,93- 56. Cf. Prop. 3, I, 13- 2, 16 i-io : ' I am in lovely, well- watered Sulmo ; 11-14: but with- out you, my love, I should be discontented in the skies. 1 5-32 : Bad luck to those who invented journeys! — unless, indeed, lovers could ever accompany their lasses ; then 1 would not fear to brave every peril known to travelers, and if shipwreck should come, I would save us both, swimming as Leander did for his Hero. 33-4° : Away from you, even fair Sulmo seems a very Caucasus. 41-46: Why must I be without my mate? You swore to stay : why trust a woman's words? 47-52: Yet, if you care for me, come quickly, and may all obstacles to your progress vanish as you approach ! ' 1. Sulmo: the birthplace of the poet, in the fertile valley amons: the mountains of the Paelignian country. Cf. Trist. 4, 10, 3. — tertia: the two other dis- tricts were Corfinium and Super- aequium ; cf. Pliny, M. H. 3, 106. 2. parva: cf. 3, 15, 12 sqq. — salubris aquis : cf. 2, i, i : Pae- lignis iiatus aquosis. 3-4. Cf. Tib. I, 7. 21. — Icarii . . . canis : the faithful dog that discovered his master's corpse, and was metamorphosed by Dionysus into the star Sirius. 8. Pallada : by metonymy for the ohve, which Pallas gave to the Athenians. 390 AMORVM LIBER II [i6, 28 perque resurgentes rivis labentibus herbas 10 gramineus madidam caespes obumbrat humum, at meus ignis abest : verbo peccavimus uno ! quae movet ardores, est procul ; ardor adest. non ego, si medius Polluce et Castore ponar, in caeli sine te parte fuisse velim. 15 solliciti iaceant terraque premantur iniqua, in longas orbem qui secuere vias ; aut iuvenum comites iussissent ire puellas, si fuit in longas terra secanda vias ! turn mihi, si premerem ventosas horridus Alpes, 20 dummodo cum domina, molle fuisset iter, cum domina Libycas ausim perrumpere Syrtes et dare non acquis vela ferenda Notis. non quae virgineo portenta sub inguine latrant, nee timeam vestros, curva Malea, sinus : 25 non quas submersis ratibus saturata Charybdis fundit et effusas ore receptat aquas, quod si Neptuni ventosa potentia vincit, • et subventuros auferet unda deos, 16. 25. quas Postgate fro77i old ed. qua P quae S. 10. obumbrat : i.e. because of its luxuriance. 11. ignis: a familiar metaphor in the poets ; cf. 3, 9, 56. 13. medius . . . ponar: i.e. translated, like Castor and Pollux, to the skies ; cf. 2, 1 1, 29. n. 15. terraque premantur: the curse is the opposite of the cus- tomary wish, sit tibiterralevis ; cf. Tib. 2, 6, 30. 16. Cf. Tib. I, 3. 35-36. 17. The form of the wish im- plies an unfulfilled obligation. 19. There is no sign in Roman literature of any appreciation of the beauty and grandeur of the Alps, in the modern manner. 23. virgineo: ;>. of Scylla. 24. Malea : the promontory had a bad name for the stormy weather that was prevalent there. Cf. Prop. 3, 19, 8 : saeva Malea; and Cape Hatteras to-day. 28. subventuros:' who might be expected to come to the rescue.' — deos : perhaps the poet is think- 391 1 6, 29] P. OVIDI NASONIS tu nostris niveos umeris inpone lacertos : 30 corpore nos facili dulce feremus onus. saepe petens Heron iuvenis transnaverat undas: turn quoque transnasset, sed via caeca fuit. at sine te, quamvis operosi vitibus agri me teneant, quamvis amnibus arva natent 35 et vocet in rivos currentem rusticus undam, frigidaque arboreas mulceat aura comas, non ego Paelignos videor celebrare salubres, non ego natalem, rura paterna, locum, sed Scythiam Cilicasque feros viridesque Britannos, 40 quaeque Prometheo saxa cruore rubent. ulmus amat vitem, vitis non deserit ulmum: separor a domina cur ego saepe mea ? at mihi te comitem iuraras usque futuram per me perque oculos, sidera nostra, tuos. ing of the images of the gods carried on the afterpart of the ship. 31. iuvenis: Leander, who, ac- cording to the familiar story, swam the Hellespont every night to visit his beloved Hero; cf. Her. 17 and 18. 32. turn: on the fatal night when the storm extinguished his guiding light and he perished in the waves. 35. vocet . . . rusticus : the practice of artificial irrigation is no modern invention. 36. mulceat: 'caress'; cf. Cat. 62, 41 : '\^flos\ quern i}itilcent aurae ; Prop. 4, 7. 60 : iiiidcet ubi Elysias aura beata rosas. 39. A series of the most forbid- ding places, to Roman thought, in the cold and barren north. 40. saxa: i.e. the Caucasus Mountains; cf. Hor. Car. i, 22, 6 : inhospitalem Caucasum. 41. ulmus amat vitem : the elm was the favorite tree for a vine- prop ; the vine was said to be wedded to any tree so used, and other trees to be unwedded ; cf.| Hor. Epod. 2, 9-10 : adulta vitium propagine altas maritat populos ; Car. 2. 15. 4 : platanusque caelebs; Cat. 62, 49 sqq. : /// vidua . . . vitis . . . si forte eadem est ulmo coniuncta tnarito. 44. oculos, sidera nostra, tuos : cf. Tib. 4, 2, 5-6 ; Prop. 2, 3, 14 : non oculi, geniinae, sidera nostra, faces. 392 AMORVM LIBER II [17. 5 45 verba puellarum, foliis leviora caducis, inrita, qua visum est, ventus et unda ferunt. siqua mei tamen est in te pia cura relicti, incipe pollicitis addere facta tuis, parvaque quam primum rapientibus esseda mannis 50 ipsa per admissas concute lora iubas. at vos, qua veniet, tumidi subsidite montes, et faciles curvis vallibus este viae ! 17 Siquis erit, qui turpe putet servire puellae, illo convincar iudice turpis ego. sim licet infamis, dum me moderatius urat, quae Paphon et fluctu pulsa Cythera tenet, atque utinam dominae miti quoque praeda fuissem, 45. foliis leviora : cf. Her. 5, 109: tu levior foliis. 46. ventus et unda : cf. Cat. 70, 4. 47. Cf. Tib. 4, II, I. 49. rapientibus esseda mannis : a rig suitable for a stylish young lady. Cf Prop. 2, 32, 5 : cur tua te Herculeum deportant esseda Tibur? Hor. Epod. 4. 2, 17 i-io: 'I will gladly be known as Corinna's slave ; but I wish she were not so hard a mistress! Her beauty makes her overweening in pride. 11-22: You need not de- spise me. Calypso, Thetis, Egeria, loved mortal men ; and even lovely Venus gave herself to ugly Vulcan. Even my verse illustrates the happy union of greater and less. 23-34: So take me, darling; and you need not be ashamed of me ; my verse offers you an enviable glory, and you alone will I sing. ■" I. Cf. Prop. 3. II, I. 3. urat : cf 1,1, 26. 4. Paphon : Paphos, on the island of Cyprus, was a famous center of Aphrodite worship ; cf. Hor. Car. i, 30, i : Venus, regina Cnidi Faphique. — Cythera : this island, south of the promontory of Malea, was another celebrated home of Aphrodite, and according to one tradition she was born there from the waves of the sea. 5. Cf. Prop. I, 7, 5-8. 393 r% 6] P. OVIDI NASONIS formosae quoniam praeda futurus eram ! dat facies animos : facie violenta Corinnast. me miserum ! cur est tarn bene nota sibi ? scilicet a speculi sumuntur imagine fastus : 10 nee nisi conpositam se prius ilia videt. non tibi si facies nimium dat in omnia regni, — o facies oculos nata tenere meos ! — collatum idcirco tibi me contemnere debes : aptari magnis inferiora licet. IS traditur et nymphe mortalis amore Calypso capta recusantem detinuisse virum. creditur aequoream Phthio Nereida regi, Egeriam iusto concubuisse Numae: Volcano Venerem, quamvis incude relicta 20 turpiter obliquo claudicet ille pede. carminis hoc ipsum genus inpar : sed tamen apte 17. II. nimium 7/M^.animumP(?)S. in omnia z/w^. nomina PS et omina Oiven. 7. facies : ' beauty ' ; cf. v. 11; longed to return to his home and Prop. I, 2. 21; etc. — violenta: his faithful Penelope, 'presuming.' 17. Phthio . .. regi: Peleus ; 9. speculi . . . imagine : i.e. cf. Cat. 64. — Nereida : Thetis, from admiring one's self in the 18. Egeriam : the nymph whose mirror. — fastus :' proud disdain ' ; shrine was outside the Roman cf. Prop. I, 1,3. Porta Capena, where she used to 10. conpositam: 'when give counsel and love to Numa, adorned.'' Corinna, like Cynthia the early Roman lawgiver. (cf. Prop. I, 2, /flj-j/w), believed 20. Homer explains the lame- much finery essential to the sue- ness of Vulcan as caused by his cess of her charms. fall when thrown out of heaven 11. in omnia regni: cf i, i, down to Lemnos; cf. Hom. //. i, 13- 560 sqq.; later writers represented 12. tenere: poetic purpose in- Venus as making fiin of the physi- finitive with nata. cal defects of her divine spouse. 15. mortalis: Odysseus. 21. Cf. i, i, 3 sq. — inpar: sc. 16. recusantem : because he est. 394 AMORVM LIBER III [9. 3 iungitur herous cum breviore modo. tu quoque me, mea lux, in quaslibet accipe leges : te deceat medio iura dedisse foro. 25 non tibi crimen ero, nee quo laetere remote : non erit hie nobis infitiandus amor, sunt mihi pro magno felicia carmina censu, et multae per me nomen habere volunt. novi aliquam, quae se circumferat esse Corinnam : 30 ut fiat, quid non ilia dedisse velit ? sed neque diversi ripa labuntur eadem frigidus Eurotas populiferque Padus, nee, nisi tu, nostris cantabitur ulla libellis : ingenio causas tu dabis una meo. LIBER TERTIVS Memnona si mater, mater ploravit Achillem, et tangunt magnas tristia fata deas, flebilis indignos, Elegeia, solve capillos ! 22. herous : sc. modus ; the hexameter was recognized as the •^' regular vehicle of heroic poetical On the death of Tibullus, 19 narration; cf. i, i, 2. B.C. In this beautiful elegy Ovid, 23. lux: cf. Cat. 68, 132. whose acquaintance with Tibullus 24. deceat: concessive. — iura was all too short (cf. Intr. §38; dedisse : /.e. as my superior. Tri'sL 4, 10, 51), drops the conven- 25. crimen : ' cause for re- tional formality of most of the proach. ' A mores, and we seem to see the 27. Cf. Prop. I, 8, 39-40. genuine sorrow of a sympathetic 29. circumferat: * tells it soul. Moreover, when death around. ' touches the poets' guild, Ovid too 34. Cf. Prop. I, 12, 20. is touched, and aroused to claim 395 9. 4] P. OVIDI NASONIS lo ah, nimis ex vero nunc tibi nomen erit ! ille tui vates operis, tua fama, Tibullus ardet in extructo, corpus inane, rogo. ecce, puer Veneris fert eversamque pharetram et fractos arcus et sine luce facem. adspice, demissis ut eat miserabilis alis pectoraque infesta tundat aperta manu ! excipiunt lacrimas sparsi per colla capilli, oraque singultu concutiente sonant, fratris in Aeneae sic ilium funere dicunt immortality for his work. As a consolatio it may be compared with 2, 6, and Prop. 3,7; 18; 4, 11. 1-6: 'Mourn, Elegy! for thy chief exemplar is no more. 7-16 : Venus and Cupid are in tears. 17-32: What a mockery to sup- pose that poets bear charmed lives! think of Orpheus, Linus, Homer ! Nay, 'tis their work that is immortal. 33-46 : What availed thee all thy piety? the gods, if gods there be, heed not. 47-58 : Yet, how much worse it might have been! Thy mother and sister, Delia and Nemesis too, were by thy bedside, Tibullus. 59-66 : If there be an Elysium, Tibullus will be there with Calvus, bewail her wonderful son, who so narrowly escaped immortality. 3. flebilis: i.e. elegy of the threnetic type. — indignos : that have deserved no such bereave- ment as the early death of Tibul- lus. — Elegeia: here personified, to address. 4. ex vero . , . nomen: cf. Intr. §2. 6. corpus inane : cf. Prop. 3, 18,32. 7-8. Cupid's regular attributes are so disordered as to indicate mourning. 8. Cf. Tib. 2, 6, 15-16. 9. alis : cf. Prop. 2, 12, 5, n. 10. One of the signs of mourn- ing; cf. 2, 6, 3; 3, 6, 57: quid Catullus, and Callus. 67-68 : fles et ?nadidos lacrimis corrumpis Peace to thine ashes! ' ocellos pectoraque insana plangis I. Memnona : son of Tithonus aperta manu f and Eos. king of the Ethiopians. 11. For disheveled hair as a He went to the assistance of the sign of mourning cf. Tib. 3, 2, 11. Trojans after the death of Hector, 12. concutiente: 'convulsive.' and was killed by Achilles. Cf. 13. fratris: Aeneas, like Cupid, Met. 13, 621 sqq.— mater . . . was a son of Venus. Cf. Verg. Achillem: Thetis in turn had to Aen. i, 66-j -. /rater ut Aetieas. AMORVM LIBER III [9. 25 egressum tectis, pulcher lule, tuis. 15 nee minus est confusa Venus moriente Tibullo, quam iuveni rupit cum ferus inguen aper. at sacri vates et divum cura vocamur ! sunt etiam, qui nos numen habere patent! scilicet omne sacrum mors inportuna profanat, 20 omnibus obscuras inicit ilia manus. quid pater Ismario, quid mater profuit, Orpheo? carmine quid victas obstipuisse feras ? et Linon in silvis idem pater ' aelinon ! ' altis dicitur invita concinuisse lyra. 25 adice Maeoniden, a quo, ceu fonte perenni, 9. 23. et Linon P aelinon aelinon vulg. 14. pulcher lule : cf. Verg. Aen. I, 709: /nirantur luliim flagran- tesque dei vitltiis. 15. est confusa Venus : because Tibullus was a poet of love. 16. iuveni: Adonis, beloved of Venus, but mortally wounded in the hunt by a wild boar. 17. at . . . vocamur: ironical: ' yet they say that we are.' — vates : of. I, I, 6; Tib. 3, 4, 43: 'salve, cura deiivi : casio nam rite poetae Phoebusqjie et Bacchus Pieridesque favent.'' 18. numen : cf. our expression, "divine atHatus." 19. scilicet : not ironical, but here with conviction. — profanat: death made ceremonially unclean the place and the persons im- mediately concerned. The cypress at the door was the sign of the presence of this uncleanness ; cf. the ancient Hebrew law. 20. obscuras : cf. Tib. i, 3, 4. 21. pater: Apollo, who was also father of Linus (v. 23). — Ismario: i.e. Thracian, from Mt. Ismarus. — mater : Calliope. — Or- pheo : note the synizesis. 22. victas: 'captivated.' 23. Linon : son of Psamathe and Apollo. — aelinon = aiktvov : , * Ah ! Linus ! ' cf. the origin of the word elegeia, Intr. §2. It is a second accusative with con- cinuisse and Lition in a double accusative construction. 25. Maeoniden: cf. i, 15, 9; Trist. 4, 10, 22 ; Prop. 2, 28, 29. — fonte perenni : the debt of all the poets to Homer was recog- nized more and more in Roman times. 397 9, 26] P. OVIDI NASONIS vatum Pieriis ora rigantur aquis : hunc quoque summa dies nigro submersit Averno : defugiunt avidos carmina sola rogos. durat opus vatum, Troiani fama laboris, 30 tardaque nocturno tela retexta dolo. sic Nemesis longum, sic Delia nomen habebunt, altera cura recens, altera primus amor, quid vos sacra iuvant ? quid nunc Aegyptia prosunt sistra ? quid in vacuo secubuisse toro ? 35 cum rapiunt mala fata bonos, — ignoscite fasso ! — sollicitor nullos esse putare deos. viva pius : moriere plus, cole sacra : colentem mors gravis a templis in cava busta trahet. carminibus confide bonis : iacet ecce Tibullus ; 40 vix manet e toto, parva quod urna capit. tene, sacer vates, flammae rapuere rogales pectoribus pasci nee timuere tuis ? aurea sanctorum potuissent templa deorum 28. defugiunt y. C. Jahn from 2 Mss. 26. Pieriis . . . aquis: the in- likewise, may be designated the spiring springs of the Muses, Nemesis book. Aganippe, Hippocrene, Castaha. 32. cura = amor = amata ; cf. 27. Averno: the term is typical Prop. i. i, 36, n. fortheentrance to the lower world. 33. Cf. Tib. i, 3, 23-24. 28. Cf. I, 15, 32; Prop. 3. 2, 35. Cf. 2, 6, 39; Tib. 1,3,52; 25-26. Prop. 3, 7, 18. 29. Troiani fama laboris: the 37. The imperatives have con- Iliad. cessive force. 30. The Odyssey, represented 40. Cf. Met. 12, 610 sq. : iatn by Penelope's w ell-known trick to cinis est ; et de tarn magno restat put off the suitors. Achille nescio quid, parvam quod 31. The first book of Tibullus no7i bene conpleat urnatn. may be called a Delia book, though 41. tene: the question is ex- not with so good ground as the clamatory, expressing surprised Cynthia Monobiblos of Propertius incredulity, is so named. The =;econd book, 43. potuissent: %z. flammae. 398 AMORVM LIBER III [9, 62 urere, quae tantum sustinuere nefas. 45 avertit vultus, Erycis quae possidet arces : sunt quoque, qui lacrimas continuisse negant. sed tamen hoc melius, quam si Phaeacia tcllus ignotutn viJi supposuisset humo. hinc certe madidos fugientis pressit ocellos 50 mater et in cineres ultima dona tulit ; hinc soror in partem misera cum matre doloris venit inornatas dilaniata comas, cumque tuis sua iunxerunt Nemesisque priorque oscula nee solos destituere rogos. 55 Delia descendens ' felicius ' inquit ' amata sum tibi : vixisti, dum tuus ignis eram,' cui Nemesis 'quid' ait 'tibi sunt mea damna dolori? me tenuit moriens deficiente manu.' si tamen e nobis aliquid nisi noraen et umbra 60 restat, in Elysia valle TibuUus erit : obvius huic venias hedera iuvenalia cinctus tempora cum Calvo, docte Catulle, tuo ; 44. sustinuere : i.e. ventured. 45. quae : Venus Erycina.whose temple was on the heights of Mt. Eryx. 46. continuisse: sc. ie ; cf. Tib. 1,3. 27. 47. Cf. Tib. I, 3. 49. hinc . . . hinc : ' on one side . . . on the other.' — fugientis: 'as his spirit fled.'' — pressit: 'closed.' 52. inornatas dilaniata comas : cf. V. II, n. 53. tuis : sc. propinquis. — priorque: Delia; cf. Tib. i. i. 61, for the poetic prophecy of which this was the fulfillment. 55. descendens: from the fu- neral pyre. 56. vixisti: cf. Cat. 68, 34. n. — ignis: cf. 2, 16, II, n. 58. Thus Nemesis claims for herself the fulfillment of what Tibullus in i, i, 60, had wished might be the function of Delia. 59. Cf. Trist. 4, 10, 85 ; Cat. 96, I, n. ; Prop. 2, 34< 53 = ^i P'^^i Stygias aliquid restabimus undas. 61. hedera . . . cinctus: the ivy of Bacchus, inspirer of poetry, was appropriate for poets' wreaths. 62. Calvo: cf. Intr. § 12. — docte: cf. Intr. § 16. 399 9,63] P. OVIDI NASONIS tu quoque, si falsum est temerati crimen amid, sanguinis atque animae prodige Galle tuae. 65 his comes umbra tua est; siqua est modo corporis umbra, auxisti numeros, culte Tibulle, pios. ossa quieta, precor, tuta requiescite in urna, et sit humus cineri non onerosa tuo ! 15 Quaere novum vatem, tenerorum mater Amorum : raditur hie elegis ultima meta meis ; quos ego conposui, Paeligni ruris alumnus (nee me deliciae dedecuere meae), siquid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres, 63. amici : Augustus ; cf. Intr. § 12. — The form of the hypothesis implies the behef of Ovid, which was probably well grounded, that the particular accusation which drove Gallus to suicide was false. 65. Cf. V. 59, n. 67. Cf. Buecheler, Car. Epig. passim. 68. =S. T-T-L. Cf. Tib. 2,6, 30, n. In saying farewell to erotic elegy the poet takes occasion also to speak of his origin and to claim great fame for his work ; cf. Hor. Car. 3, 30; Prop, i, 22. 1-2: 'Venus, search for a new bard! 3-16: Sulmo shall hence- forth be known as the birthplace of Ovid, the poet of love; 17-20: but now Bacchus calls me on to broader fields.' 1. mater: Venus. 2. raditur . . . meta : this kind of poetic composition has run its course, and according to the figure of circus racing is now for the last time rounding the meta. In the race the driver's skill was shown by avoiding the />ieta as narrowly as possible. 3. alumnus : the relation of a native to his country. 4. deliciae : erotic poetry ; cf. Cat. 68. 26. — dedecuere: Ovid was more inclined to speak apolo- geticallv in after years, however. 5. The same verse occurs in Trist. 4. 10. 7 ; Ovid was proud that he was no parve7iii knight, 400 AMORVM LIBER III [15, 20 10 15 20 non modo militiae turbine factus eques. Mantua Vergilio gauclet, Verona CatuUo : Paelignae dicar gloria gentis ego, quam sua libertas ad honesta coegerat arma, cum timuit socias anxia Roma manus. atque aliquis spectans hospes Sulmonis aquosi moenia, quae campi iugera pauca tenent, ' quae tantum ' dicat ' potuistis ferre poetam, quantulacumque estis, vos ego magna voco.' culte puer, puerique parens Amathusia culti, aurea de campo vellite signa meo. corniger increpuit thyrso graviore Lyaeus : pulsanda est magnis area maior equis. inbelles elegi, genialis Musa, valete, post mea mansurum fata superstes opus ! but belonged to an old equestrian line ; cf. Intr. § 38. 6. As a slave was whirled around when formally freed, so the whirligig of military life often suddenly made an equestrian out of a man of ignoble birth. 7. Cf. Mart. 14, 195 : Tantum magna sno debet Verona Catiillo, qnantttm parva sno Mantua Ver- gilio. 8. gloria : ' pride.' 9. libertas : ' longing after free- dom.' 10. socias : the Paeligni were leaders in the bellum sociale. 11. Cf. Prop. 4, I, 65-66. — aquosi: cf. Trist. 4, 10, 3. 15. Amathusia : like Cytheris, Cypria, Erycina, and other similar proper adjectives, referring to a ROM. EL. POETS — 26 4^ favorite seat of the worship of Venus, here Amathus in Cyprus. i6. Decamp ! your campaign is finished. 17. corniger: cf. Tib. 2, i, 3, n. — thyrso graviore: an inspira- tion to more serious writing. Bacchus was responsible for tragedy as well as for comedy, and was looked upon as a patron of all poetry. Cf. Prop. 3, 2, 9, n. 18. area maior : the figure of verse 2 is repeated in another form; cf. 3, i, 26: '■'• liaec anijuo''"' dices " area facta meost^'' ; Prop. 2, 10, 2. 19. genialis : in the modern sense of the word; cf. 2, 13, 7: genialiaque arva Canopi. 20. fata: cf. Prop, i, 19, 1-2, n. «3. i] P. OVIDI NASONIS EPISTVLARVM HEROIDVM LIBER 13 LAODAMIA PROTESILAO Mittit et optat amans, quo mittitur, ire salutem Haemonis Haemonio Laodamia viro. Aulide te fama est vento retinente morari : ah, me cum fugeres, hie ubi ventus erat? tum freta debuerant vestris obsistere remis, illud erat saevis utile tempus aquis. oscula plura viro mandataque plura dedissem : HEROIDES, 13. For the Heroides cf. Intr. § 39; Prop. 4, 3, Intr. For the story of Laodamia cf. Cat. 68, 73, n ; Horn. //. 2. 698-702 ; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 23. The tradition that Protesi- laus, allowed to return to earth to visit his wife, found her embracine: his image, is here utilized by Ovid in another form (vv. 151-158). 1-2: ' Loving greetings ! 3-10: Why did you sail, against unwill- ing winds? 11-28: I said, "Good- bye," watched you out of sight, and swooned away; why did I not die? 29-42 : Since then I mourn ; 43-64 : Paris, Menelaos, ye gods, spare my husband ! How I dread those Trojan places and men! 65-92: Be careful ! you have no need to risk your life ; and the omens were unpropitious on your departure ; 93-106 : And that dreadful oracle! see that you don't fulfill it! but hurry back to comfort me. 107- 122: Why in my visions are you sad? When shall I see you in very truth, and embrace you as I listen to the story of your deeds? 123-136: Troy! gloomy thought! why should the Greeks hurry thither for such a cause? 137-150 : How I envy the women of Troy and their happy husbands, who can cheer each other before and after battle! 1 51-158: I can only comfort myself with your image. 159-164: I will follow you in life or death. 165-166: Again I say, be careful ! ' 2. Haemonis = Thessala ; cf. Prop. 2, 10, 2. 6. saevis : i.e. esse saevis (' for- bidding'). 7. dedissem: ■s.o.. si freta obsti- tissent. 402 EPISTVLARVM HEROIDVM LIBER [13, 33 et sunt quae volui dicere multa tibi. raptus es hinc praeceps, et qui tua vela vocaret, lo quem cuperent nautae, non ego, ventus erat. ventus erat nautis aptus, non aptus amanti : solvor ab amplexu, Protesilae, tuo, linguaque mandantis verba inperfecta reliquit : vix illud potui dicere triste ' vale.' is incubuit Boreas abreptaque vela tetendit, iamque meus longe Protesilaus erat. dum potui spectare virum, spectare iuvabat, sumque tuos oculos usque secuta meis. ut te non poteram, poteram tua vela videre, 20 vela diu vultus detinuere meos. at postquam nee te, nee vela fugacia vidi, et quod spectarem, nil nisi pontus erat, lux quoque tecum abiit, tenebrisque exanguis obortis succiduo dicor procubuisse genu. 25 vix socer Iphiclus, vix me grandaevus Acastus, vix mater gelida maesta refecit aqua, officium fecere pium, sed inutile nobis: indignor, miserae non licuisse mori ! ut rediit animus, pariter rediere dolores, 30 pectora legitimus casta momordit amor. nee mihi pectendos cura est praebere capillos, nee libet aurata corpora veste tegi. ut, quas pampinea tetigisse Bicorniger hasta, 13. mandantis: ?>z. )nei {^)nea) . 28. indignor: ' I feel abused.' 16. erat = aberat. 29. rediit : it is in compounds of 23. obortis: sc. wihi (= meis eo in Ovid that the long quantity oculis). is often found. 25. Iphiclus : king of Phylace ; 30. Cf. Prop. 4, 3, 49. cf. V. 35. — Acastus: Laodamia's 33. quas: the Bacchantes. — father ; according to one tradition, pampinea . . . Bicorniger hasta • one of the Argonauts. the thyrsus* cf. Am. 3, 15. 17. 403. 13. 34] P. OVIDI NASONIS creditur, hue illuc, qua furor egit, eo. 35 conveniunt matres Phylaceides et mihi clamant 'indue regales, Laodamia, sinus! ' scilicet ipsa geram saturatas murice lanas, bella sub Iliacis moenibus ille gerat ? ipsa comas pectar, galea caput ille prematur: 40 ipsa novas vestes, dura vir arma ferat ? qua possum, squalore tuos imitata labores dicar et haec belli tempora tristis agam. Dyspari Priamide, damno formose tuorum, tarn sis hostis iners, quam malus hospes eras! 45 aut te Taenariae faciem culpasse maritae, aut illi vellem displicuisse tuam. tu, qui pro rapta nimium, Menelae, laboras, ei mihi, quam multis flebilis ultor eris ! di, precor, a nobis omen removete sinistrum, 50 et sua det reduci vir mens arma lovi. sed timeo, quotiens subiit miserabile bellum : more nivis lacrimae sole madentis eunt. Ilion et Tenedos Simoisque et Xanthus et Ide nomina sunt ipso paene tinienda sono. 13. 37-40 are mostly lost from P. 37. lanas co vestes viilg. 38. gerat vulg. geret Gw. 40. ferat viilg. feret GV. 41. qua vulg. quo «. 35. Phylaceides : Laodamia is naturally in her husband's home at Phylace. 37. scilicet: ironical. 38. ille : Protesilaus ; cf. Prop. I, 8, 28, n. on ilia. 41. qua = qiioqito modo 43. Dyspari : ' Paris, ill-omened son of Priam ' ; cf. Horn. //. 3, 39 ; AvcTTrapi Ciho% apiarc, ywai/itavc? i^TTcpoTreuTa. 45. Taenariae . . . maritae : Helen. Taenarum is the dreaded cape at the southern extremity of Laconia. 46. vellem: of a vain wish. 48. flebilis : ' to cause tears ' ; cf. Hor. Car. i, 24, 9 : multis ille bimis flebilis occidit. 50. reduci . . . lovi: Juppiter as the author of safe return. 51. subiit : sc animo. 404 EPISTVLARVM HEROIDVM LIBER [13, 78 55 nec rapere ausurus, nisi se defendere posset, hospes erat : vires noverat ille suas. venerat, ut fama est, multo spectabilis auro, quique suo Phrygias corpore ferret opes, classe virisque potens, per quae fera bella geruntur : 60 et sequitur regni pars quota quemque sui ? his ego te victam, consors Ledaea gemellis, suspicor : haec Danais posse nocere puto. Hectora nescio quern timeo : Paris Hectora dixit ferrea sanguinea bella movere manu. 65 Hectora, quisquis is est, si sum tibi cara, caveto : signatum memori pectore nomen habe. hunc ubi vitaris, alios vitare memento et multos illic Hectoras esse puta et facito, ut dicas, quotiens pugnare parabis : 70 ' parcere me iussit Laodamia sibi.' si cadere Argolico fas est sub milite Troiam, te quoque non uUum vulnus habente cadat! pugnet et adversos tendat Menelaus in hostis : [ut rapiat Paridi, quae Paris ipsa sibi ! ' Tiijo-^ S 75 inruat et causa quem vicit, vincat et armis :] hostibus e mediis nupta petenda virost. causa tua est dispar : tu tantum vivere pugna inque pios dominae posse redire sinus ! 74-75. no/ in PG. 78. pios vu/g. pius P«. 59. quae refers to an antecedent sors cf. Afet. 8, 444 : consorti san- including classe virisque. gnine. 60. quota : ' how small ' ; i.e. in 63. Laodamia has apparently proportion to the vast wealth kept heard only a rumor of what Paris in reserve at home. said to Helen, and knows but 61. his: i.e. opibus. — consors vaguely of Hector. Ledaea: Helen, daughter of Leda, 71. fas est : ' is decreed.' and sister of the twins, Castor and 77. vivere : poetic infinitive of Pollux. For a similar use of con- purpose. 405 13, 79] P- OVIDI NASONIS parcite, Dardanidae, de tot, precor, hostibus uni, 80 ne meus ex illo corpore sanguis eat ! non est, quern deceat nudo concurrere ferro saevaque in oppositos pectora ferre viros ; fortius ille potest multo, quam pugnat, amare : bella gerant alii, Protesilaus amet ! S5 nunc fateor : volui revocare, animusque ferebat; substitit auspicii lingua timore mali. cum foribus velles ad Troiam exire paternis, pes tuus offenso limine signa dedit ; ut vidi, ingemui tacitoque in pectora dixi : 90 ' signa reversuri sint, precor, ista viri ! ' haec tibi nunc refero, ne sis animosus in armis ; fac, meus in ventos hie timor omnis eat ! sors quoque nescio quem fato designat iniquo, qui primus Danaum Troada tangat humum : 95 infelix, quae prima virum lugebit ademptum ! di faciant, ne tu strenuus esse velis ! inter mille rates tua sit millensima puppis iamque fatigatas ultima verset aquas ! hoc quoque praemoneo : de nave novissimus exi ! 100 non est, quo properes, terra paterna tibi. cum venies, remoque move veloque carinam inque tuo celerem litore siste gradum ! sive latet Phoebus seu terris altior exstat, tu mihi luce dolor, tu mihi nocte venis, 81. est: sc. Protesilaus. The word is used loosely, as if one 86. Laodamia hesitated to sort of divination was essentially speak, for fear she might add the same as another, some ill-omened word. 97. mille: 11 86 in Homer; cf. 88. Cf. Tib. I. 3. 19-20. Prop. 2, 26, 38. n. 90. Laodamia tried to interpret 104. dolor : almost the same as the omen as favorable. cura, i.e. a cause for worry. — 93. sors: 'an oracular response.' venis = es. 406 EPISTVLARVM HEROIDVM LIBER [13, 126 105 nocte tamen quam luce magis : nox grata pucllis, quarum suppositus colla lacertus habet. aucupor in lecto mendaces caelibe somnos : dum careo veris, gaudia falsa iuvant. sed tua cur nobis pallens occurrit imago ? no cur venit a verbis multa querella tuis ? excutior somno simulacraque noctis adoro, nulla caret fumo Thessalis ara meo : tura damus lacrimamque super, qua sparsa relucet, ut solet adfuso surgere flamma mero. 115 quando ego, te reducem cupidis amplexa lacertis, languida laetitia solvar ab ipsa mea ? quando erit, ut lecto mecum bene iunctus in uno militiae referas splendida facta tuae ? quae mihi dum referes, quamvis audire iuvabit, 120 multa tamen rapies oscula, multa dabis. semper in his apte narrantia verba resistunt : promptior est dulci lingua referre mora, sed cum Troia subit, subeunt ventique fretumque, spes bona sollicito victa timore cadit. 125 hoc quoque, quod venti prohibent exire carinas, me movet : invitis ire paratis aquis. 124. sollicito /l/^>->^ 10. 7. siquid id vtilg. si quis et Postgate. 8. modo vulg. sum Rie::. to put such poems at the close of some work (cf. Am. 3, 15, Intr.). Here Ovid at the end of Bk. 4 of his Tristia gives the most complete account of his life, though it is supplemented by many other pas- sages in other Tristia and other groups of poems. Written in the spring of the year 1 1 a.d. at Tomi. I. Ille ego: 'the well-known writer that I am.' — qui(= qualis) fuerim : indirect question. — tene- rorum . . . amorum : probably in- tended to include the Heroides as well as the three books of the Amores. — lusor: cf. Cat. 68, 17. 3. Sulmo : cf. Am. 2, 16, i. n. — gelidis . . . undis: cf. 3, 15, 11. 6. Cf. Tib. 3, 5, 18, n. 7. Cf. Am. 3, 15, 5. For a description of the opposite type of equestrian nobility, referred to in verse 8, cf. Hor. Epod. 4. 10. Ovid's older brother, Lu- cius, was exactly a year older than he. He died at the age of twenty (cf. v. 31). 12. liba: for the offerings on birthdays cf. Tib. 2, 2, 7-8. 13. festis de quinque : sc diebus. The festival of Quinquatrus or Quinquatria was sacred to Minerva, and was originally celebrated on the fifth day after the Ides of March. After 168 B.C., however, the original significance of the name being forgotten, the festival was extended to include five days. Ovid was born on the second 01 these, March 20. 16. Cf. Intr. § 38. 16 TRISTIVM LIBER IV [lo, 34 frater ad eloquium viridi tendebat ab aevo, fortia verbosi natus ad arma fori, at mihi iam puero caelestia sacra placebant, 20 inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus. saepe pater dixit 'studium quid inutile temptas? Maeonides nullas ipse reliquit opes.' motus eram dictis totoque Helicone relicto scribere conabar verba soluta modis : 25 sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos ; et quod temptabam dicere, versus erat. interea tacito passu labentibus annis liberior fratri sumpta mihique togast ; induiturque umeris cum lato purpura clavo : 30 et studium nobis, quod fuit ante, manet. iamque decem frater vitae geminaverat annos, cum perit, et coepi parte carere mei. cepimus et tenerae primos aetatis honores, eque viris quondam pars tribus una fui. 34. eque vulg. deque A. 17. eloquium = eloqiientia, a variation common after this time. 18. Cf. Prop. 4, I, 134. ig. caelestia sacra : i.e. the poetic art. 21. studium . . . inutile : poetry was not " practical," as the saying goes to-day of similar pursuits. 22. Maeonides : cf. Am. 3, 6, 25, n. 23. Helicone : the Boeotian mountain recognized as the abode of the Muses. 24. verba soluta modis : 'prose.' 27. labentibus annis : the date for the assumption of the toga virilis was not definitely fixed, but usually came on the Liberalia (March 17), and not often later than the boy's seventeenth year. 28. liberior : since it indicated a greater degree of freedom for the young man. 29. lato . . . clavo : instead of the usual tunica august iclavia of the knight. Sons of senators and of noble knights often in the Augustan epoch assumed the tunica laticlavia as a token that they were planning a higher of- ficial career. 32. Cf. Cat. 68, 22. 34. viris . . . tribus : either the tresviri capitales, who punished ROM. EL. POETS — 27 4^7 lo, 35] p. OVIDI NASONIS 35 curia restabat : clavi mensura coactast : maius erat nostris viribus illud onus, nee patiens corpus, nee mens fuit apta labori, sollicitaeque fugax ambitionis eram, et petere Aoniae suadebant tuta sorores 40 otia, iudicio semper amata meo. temporis illius colui fovique poetas, quotque aderant vates, rebar adesse decs, saepe suas volueres legit mihi grandior aevo, quaeque noeet serpens, quae iuvat herba, Macer. 45 saepe suos solitus recitare Propertius ignes, iure sodalicii quo mihi iunetus erat. Ponticus heroo, Bassus quoque clarus iambis dulcia convietus membra fuere mei ; et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures, 50 dum ferit Ausonia carmina eulta lyra. Vergilium vidi tantum ; nee amara Tibullo tempus amicitiae fata dedere meae. 44. iuvat vulg. iuvet AH. 46. quo vulg. qui A. 51. amara w avara vulg. slaves and criminals of low rank; the senatorial dress (cf. v. 29, n.). or the //wwW /w;/<;'A;/fj, who had 39. Aoniae: Boeotian; cf. charge of the coinage. Ovid was v. 23, n. also a member of the decemviri 43. volueres: W\& Ornithogania stlitibus iudicandis, and of the of Aemilius Macer. centumviral court ; but he never 44. Other works of Macer were really entered on the regular the Theriaca (on poisonous crea- senatorial offices, which properly tures) and a poem De Herbis. began with the quaestorship. 47- Ponticus heroo : for the 35. curia : the senate house, to epic Thebais of Ponticus, cf. Prop, which he would have naturally i, 7. — Bassus :... iambis : prob- looked forward, had he chosen to ably the Bassus referred to in follow the senatorial career. — Prop, i, 4. clavi mensura coactast: i.e. he 49. numerosus: 'tuneful.' was obliged, on giving up the 51- vidi tantum: Vergil lived senatorial career, to relinquish also at Naples, the latter part of his life. 418 TRISTIVM LIBER IV [lo, 68 successor fuit hie tibi, Gallc : Propertius illi : quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui. 55 utque ego maiores, sic me coluere minores, notaque non tarde facta Thalia meast. carmina cum primum populo iuvenalia legi, barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit. moverat ingenium totam cantata per urbem 60 nomine non vero dicta Corinna mihi. multa quidem scripsi : sed quae vitiosa putavi, 1^-' emendaturis ignibus ipse dedi. ^ tunc quoque, cum fugerem, quaedam placitura cremavi, iratus studio carminibusque meis. 65 molle Cupidineis nee inexpugnabile telis cor mihi, quodque levis causa moveret, erat. cum tamen hie essem minimoque accenderer igni, nomine sub nostro fabula nulla fuit. 53. Galle: cf Intr. § 12. Koprj. There was also a Boeotian 56. Thalia : 'Muse,' in general ; poetess of the same name. here for the product of the Muse. 63. fugerem: of going into 57. The custom of holding banishment; cf. Tac. Afi/i. 3, readings {recitationes) of one's 24. — placitura : " which would own works before publication, in probably have proved popular.' — the presence of a select company cremavi: cf. Intr. § 39; Trist. i, of invited guests, was introduced 7, 15 sqq. by Asinius Pollio. 64. iratus : ' grieving for.' 58. The first cutting of the 68. fabula: 'gossip.' Ovid's youthful beard was a festal occa- life, he maintains steadfastly, was sion; and the cuttings were pure, in spite of the impurity of offered to divinities (the depositio some of his writings. Cf. Trist. 2, barbae). 353~354 • crede i>!ihi, distant mores 60. nomine non vero: her real a carmine nostro: vita vereainda name is not known, if indeed there est, musa iocosa mea. Other Ro- was any real person involved. The man writers, e.g. Catullus, Martial, name may have been easily derived and even Pliny the younger, argued from the Greek name for girl, similarly. 419 lo, 69] p. OVIDI NASONIS paene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxor 70 est data, quae tempus per breve nupta fuit. illi successit quamvis sine crimine coniunx, non tamen in nostro firma futura toro. ultima, quae mecum seros permansit in annos, sustinuit coniunx exulis esse viri. 75 filia me mea bis prima fecunda iuventa, sed non ex uno coniuge, fecit avum. at iam conplerat genitor sua fata novemque addiderat lustris altera lustra novem ; non aliter flevi, quam me fleturus ademptum 80 ille fuit. matri proxima iusta tuli. felices ambo tempestiveque sepulti, ante diem poenae quod periere meae ! me quoque felicem, quod non viventibus illis sum miser, et de me quod doluere nihil ! 85 si tamen extinctis aliquid nisi nomina restat, et gracilis structos effugit umbra rogos : 85. restat vtilg. restant AV. 69. paene mihi puero : ' when I Rome, in the hope that she might was hardly more than a lioy.' A exert influence to secure his recall. Roman boy might marry as early 75. filia . . . mea : by his tirst as the age of fourteen, and a girl or his second wife. The daughter at twelve ; but a greater age was was herself twice married, more usual. — uxor : one of Ovid's 77. conplerat . , . sua fata: first two wives came from Falerii, cf. Horn. //. 4, 170: at Ke ^avj^s as we learn from Am. 3, 13. i. koi. -n-oTfj-ov avaTrXy(Tr]<: ^lotoio Both were divorced from him. 78. Ovid's father died at the 73. Ovid's third wife proved age of ninety, faithful and devoted through the 80. iusta tuli: 'paid the last long years of his banishment, and honors,' like tusia solvere and survived him. She belonged to htsta dare. the noble family of the Fabii. and 82. poenae : i.e. his relegatio. was a widow with one daughter 85. Cf. Am. 3, 9, 59, n. when married to the poet. He 86. gracilis: ' substanceless ' ; preferred to have her remain in cf. Tib. 3, 2, 9. 420 TRISTIVM LIBER IV [lo, lO? fama, parentales, si vos mea contigit, umbrae, et sunt in Stygio crimina nostra foro : scite, precor, causam — nee vos mihi fallere fas est — 90 errorem iussae, non scelus, esse fugae. manibus hoc satis est. ad vos, studiosa, reverter, pectora, qui vitae quaeritis acta meae. iam mihi canities pulsis mehoribus annis venerat, antiquas miscueratque comas, 95 postque meos ortus Pisaea vinctus oliva abstulerat decies praemia victor equus, cum maris Euxini positos ad laeva Tomitas quaerere me laesi principis ira iubet. causa meae cunctis nimium quoque nota ruinae 100 indicio non est testificanda meo. quid referam comitumque nefas famulosque nocentes ? ipsa multa tuli non leviora fuga. 96. equus Bentley eques Mss. equis Strachan. 88. Cf. Prop. 4, II, 19. fifth year. The lustrum was a 90. Cf. Intr. §38; Trist. i, common five-year period in reck- 3, 37-38 : qiiis me deceperit error, oning, which fostered the con- dicite, pro culpa ue scelus esse fusion. Cf. Alet. 14, 324-325 : putet. per annos quinquennein ; Tac. 91. studiosa ... pectora :* eager ^hi/i. 14. 20: qui)ique)ntale cer- souls.' tameti. Ovid was past fifty when 94. antiquas: 'of old age.' banished. — miscueratque : sc. some word for 97. positos ad laeva Tomitas: 'with that of youth.' For the Tomi was on the left side of the position of the enclitic, cf. Tib. 2. Euxine as one passed through the 5, 72, n. Bosporus. 95. Pisaea: the Olympic games 99. nimium quoque : 'only too were celebrated near Pisa in Elis. well.' — vinctus oliva : the victors were 100. Ovid consistently pre- crowned with wreaths of olive. serves this judicious silence. 96 The Olympic games were loi. Cf. Trist. i, 5, 63 sqq. ; held every four years, i.e. after Hor. Car. i. 35, 25. four years ; so Ovid calls it every 102. fuga : cf. v. 63. 421 lo, 103] p. OVIDI NASONIS indignata malis mens est succumbere seque praestitit invictam viribus usa suis. -, 105 oblitusque mei ductaeque per otia vitae insolita cepi temporis arma manu -^^li^i^t -^v^^:^-'"-^ totque tuli casus peiagoque terraque, quot inter occultum stellae conspicuumque polum. tacta mihi tandem longis erroribus acto no iuncta pharetratis Sarmatis ora Getis. hie ego finitimis quamvis circumsoner armis, tristia, quo possum, carmine fata levo. quod quamvis nemo est cuius referatur ad aures, sic tamen absumo decipioque diem. 115 ergo quod vivo durisque laboribus obsto, nee me soUicitae taedia lucis habent, gratia, Musa, tibi! nam tu solacia praebes, tu curae requies, tu medicina venis. tu dux et comes es, tu nos abducis ab Histro 120 in medioque mihi das Helicone locum. tu mihi, quod rarum est, vivo sublime dedisti nomen, ab exequiis quod dare fama solet. 106. temporis arma : i.e. pa- et tneridionalem, qui semper sub tience and hope. hortzontem est. 107. Both sorts of experiences no. The Sarmatae and Getae, are detailed for the reader here who dwelt near the Danube, used and there in the Tristia; cf. i, I, the bow and arrow as their special 42 sqq. ; I, 2, etc. weapons in war. 108. occultum . . . conspicu- 112. For Ovid's achievements umque : the north polar star and at Tomi cf Intr. § 39. its neighbors are visible to those n3. referatur ad aures: no dwelling in the northern hemi- recitationes of Latin poetry were sphere, while those stars near the in vogue at Tomi. and Ovid could south pole are invisible; cf. Hy- only guess what reception his com- ginus, the astronomer, i, 6: quod plaints had in Rome. stellae inter polum septentri- 122. ab exequiis : ' only after onalem, qui conspiciius ftobis est death'; cf. Prop. 3, i, 24. 422 TRISTIVM LIBER IV [lo, 132 nec qui detrectat praesentia, Livor, iniquo ulliim de nostris dente momordit opus. 125 nam tulerint magnos cum saecula nostra poetas, non fuit ingenio fama maligna meo, cumque ego praeponam mihi multos, non minor illis dicor et in toto plurimus orbe legor. siquid habent igitur vatum praesagia veri, 130 protinus ut moriar, non ero, terra, tuus. sive favore tuli, sive banc ego carmine famam, iure tibi grates, candide lector, ago. 125. cum: concessive. 128. plurimus: used adverbi- ally. 130. ut : concessive. With the thought of the verse cf. Hor. Car. 3, 30, 6 sq. : non omnis moriar, niultaqiie pars mei vitabit Libi- iijiai/i. 131. carmine: i.e. meritorious poetic achievement as contrasted with mere /aTore. 132. iure: i.e. I owe them. 42.3 J-, INDEX OF FIRST LINES Arma deus Caesar dites meditatur ad Indos . . . Prop. 3, 4 . Arma gravi numero violentaque hella parabam . . Ovid, Am. i At vos incerlam, mortales, funeris horam .... Prop. 2, 27 Callimachi manes et Coi sacra Philetae .... Prop. 3, i Carminis interea nostri redeamus in orbem . . . Prop. 3, 2 Castra Macer sequitur : tenero quid fiet Amori . . Tib. 2, 6 Chommoda dicebat, si quando commoda vellet . . Cat. 84 . Clausus ab umbroso qua ludit pontus Averno . . Prop. 3, 18 Cum subit illius tristissima noctis imago .... Ovid, Trist. Cynthia prima suis miserum me cepit ocellis . . Prop, i, i Desine de quoquam quicquam bene velle mereri . Cat. 73 . Desine, Paulle, meum lacrimis urgere sepulcrum . Prop. 4, 1 1 Dicamus bona verba: venit Natalis ad aras . . . Till. 2, 2. Dicel)am tibi venturos, inrisor, amores .... Prop, i, 9 Dicebas quondam solum te nosse Catullum . . . Cat. 72 . Divitias alius fulvo sibi congerat auro Tib. i, i Dum tibi Cadmeae dicuntur, Pontice, Thebae . . Prop, i, 7 Ergo sollicitae tu causa, pecunia, vitae .... Prop. 3, 7 Estne tibi, Cerinthe, tuae pia cura puellae . . . Tib. 4, 1 1 Et merit (), quoniam potui fugisse puellam . . . Prop. I, 17 Etsi me adsiduo confectum cura dolore .... Cat. 65 . Falsa est ista tuae, mulier, fiducia forinae . . . Prop. 3, 24 Haec Arethusa suo mittit mandata Lycotae . . . Prop. 4, 3 Haec certe deserta loca et taciturna querenti . . Prop. I, 18 Hie erit, hie iurata manet. rumpantur iniqui . . Prop. I, 8b Hoc,quodcumquevides,hospes, qua maxima Romast Prop. 4, i Hunc cecinere diem Parcae fatalia nentes . . . Tib. i, 7 Hue ades et tenerae morbos expelle puellae . . Tib. 4, 4 Hue est mens deducta tua, mea Lesbia, culpa . . Cat. 75 . Ibitis Aegaeas sine me, Messalla, per undas . . Tib. i, 3 llle ego qui fuerim, tenerorum lusor amorum . . Ovid, Trist. Invisus natalis adest, qui rure molesto .... Tib. 4, 8 lucundum, mea vita, mihi proponis amorem . . Cat. 109 . luppiter, adfectae tandem miserere puellae . . . Prop. 2, 28 lusta precor. quae me nuper praedata puellast . Ovid, Am. I Lesbia mi dicit semper male nee tacet umquam . Cat. 92 . , I 10 PAGE 2S2 375 259 270 274 177 105 3'4 410 201 100 2>^i 163 219 99 121 211 290 196 227 69 322 339 231 217 326 140 192 lOI 130 415 '95 117 261 377 108 INDEX OF FIRST LINES Lesbia mi praesente viro mala plurima dicit Maecenas eques Etrusco de sanguine regum Magnum iter ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas . Memnona si mater, mater ploravit Achillem Mittit et optat amans, quo mittitur, ire salutem . Multas per gentes et multa per aequora vectus . Natalis luno, sanctos cape turis acervos .... Nil nimium studeo, Caesar, tibi velle placere Non ego nunc Hadriae vereor mare noscere tecum Non ego nunc tristes vereor, mea Cynthia, manes Non tot Achaemeniis armantur Susa sagittis Nox media, et dominae mihi venit epistula nostrae Nulla potest mulier tantum se dicere amatam . Nulla tuum nobis subducet femina lectum . . . NuUi se dicit mulier mea nubere malle .... Odi et amo. quare id faciam, fortasse requiris . Omnia qui magni dispexit lumina mundi .... Pacis Amor dcus est, pacem veneramur amantes . Pars me Sulmo tenet Paeligni tertia ruris Phoebe, fave : novus ingreditur tua templa sacerdos Prima malas docuit, mirantibus aequoris undis . . Psittacus, eois imitatrix ales ab Indis Quaere novum vatem, tenerorum mater Amorum . Quaeris, cur veniam tibi tardior. aurea Phoebi Qualis et unde genus, qui sint mihi, Tulle, penates Qui modo Nasonis fueramus quinque libelli Qui primus caram iuveni carumque puellae . Quicumque ille fuit puerum qui pinxit Amorem Quid iuvat ornato procedere, vita, capillo Quid mihi desidiae non cessas fmgcre crimen . Quid mihi, Livor edax, ignavos obicis annos . Quid mirare, meam si versat femina vitam . Quid prodest caelum votis inplesse, Neaera . Quinti, si tibi vis oculos debere Catullum Quintia Formosa est multis, mihi Candida, longa Quis fuit, horrendos primus qui protulit enses . Quisquis adest, faveat : fruges lustramus et agros . Quod mihi fortuna casuque oppressus acerbo Risus eram positis inter convivia mensis .... Sacra facit vates : sint ora faventia sacris Saepe tibi studioso animo venante requirens Scis iter ex animo sublatum triste puellae Scribant de te alii vel sis ignota, licebit .... Sed tempus lustrare aliis Helicona choreis . . 426 Cat. 83 . . . 105 Prop. 3, 9 . . 297 Prop. 3, 21 . . 318 Ovid, Am. 3, 9 395 Ovid, Her. 13 . 402 Cat. loi . . "3 Tib. 4, 6 . . 194 Cat. 93 • • . 109 Prop. 1,6. . 207 Prop. I, 19 . 23s Prop. 2, 13 . . 246 Prop. 3, 16 312 Cat. 87 . . . 108 Tib. 4, 13 . . 197 Cat. 70 ... . 99 Cat. 85 . . . 107 Cat. 66 . . . 72 Prop. 3, 5 ■ • 285 Ovid, Am. 2, 16 390 Tib. 2, 5 165 Ovid, Am. 2, II 387 Ovid, Am. 2, 6 383 Ovid, Am. 3, 15 , 400 Prop. 2, 31 . . 267 Prop. I, 22 . . 237 Ovid, Am. Ep. Ips 375 Tib. 3, 2 . . 182 Prop. 2, 12 . . 243 Prop. 1, 2 . . 204 Prop. I, 12 . . . 223 Ovid, Am. I, 15 379 Prop. 3, II . . 303 Tib. T„i . . 185 Cat. 82 . . . . 104 Cat. 86 . . . . 107 Tib. I, 10 . . 147 Tib. 2, I • 154 Cat. 68 . . . ■ 83 Prop. 3, 25 . . 324 Prop. 4, 6 . 355 Cat. 116. . . . 118 Tib. 4, 9. . . . 196 Prop. 2, II . . . 242 Prop. 2, 10 . . • 239 INDEX OF FIRST LINES Si, Comini, populi arbitrio tua cana senectus Si quicquam mutis gratum acceptumve sepulcris Si quicquam tacito commissum est fulu ab amico Si quoi quid cupido optantique obtigit umquam Siqua recordanti benefacta priora voluplas . Siquis erit, qui lurpe putet servire puellae Sulpicia est tibi culta tuis, Mars magne, kalendi Surripui tibi, dum ludis, mellite luventi . Tarpeium nemus et Tarpeiae turpe sepulcrum Tu licet abiectus Tiberina molliter unda . Tune igitur demens, nee te mea cura muratur Vidi te in somnis fracta, mea vita, carina Visus eram molli recubans Heliconis in umbra Vos tenet Etruscis manat quae fontibus unda Zmyrna mei Cinnae nonam post denique messem . PAGE Cat. 1 08 . . 116 Cat. 96 . . . III Cat. 102 . . ••5 Cat. 107 . . . "5 Cat. 76 . . . 102 Ovid, Am. 2, 17 393 Tib. 4, 2 . . 190 Cat. 99 . . . 112 Prop. 4, 4 . . 347 Prop. I, 14 . 224 Prop. I, 8 . . 214 Prop. 2, 26 . . 253 Prop. 2,,^ . . 276 Tib. 3, 5 . . 187 Cat. 95 . . . 109 427 GENERAL INDEX ab insidiis, adverbial, Prop. 3, 25, 6 ablative, causal, with in, Prop. 3, 2, 2 ablatives, vague, Prop. 3, i, 34; 3. 18, 9; 4, II, 96 abstract nouns, plural, Tib. i, i, 4 Acastus, Ovid, Her. 13, 25 Accius, Ovid, Am. i, 15, 19 accusative, cognate, Prop, i, 7, 16; 3, II, 47 of purpose in Propertius, Prop, i, 7. 6 Achaemenes, Prop. 2, 13, i Achaia, Prop. 2, 28, 53 Achilles, Prop. 2, 13, 38; 3, i, 26; Ovid, ylw. 3, 9. I Acroceraunia, Prop, i, 8, 19; Ovid, Am. 2, II, 19 acroterium. Prop. 2, 31, 11 Actium, Prop. 4, 6, 15 battle of, Prop. 3, 11, 29 and 67 sqq. ; 4, I, 3 ; 4, 6, Intr. and 48 ad = apud, Cat. 68, 69 adiuro with accusative. Cat. 66, 40 adjectives in active sense, Tib. i, 3, 16; 2, I, 44 and 46 Adonis, Prop. 2, 13, 53 Adriatic, Prop. 3, 21, 17 adverbs, substitutes for. Prop. 4, i, 120 used adjectivally, Tib. i, 3, 50; Prop. I, I, 2; I, 22, 2 \eacus. Prop. 4, 11, 19 \egean. Prop. 3, 7. 57! 3, 24, 12 \emilia, a vestalis maxima, Prop. 4, 1 1 , 53 Aemilius Paulus, victor at Pydna, Prop. 3,3,8 Aeneas, Tib. 2, s, 19 and 39; Prop. 4, i, 2 and 44 ; Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 13 shield of. Prop. 4, 6, 27 letas = senectus, Tib. i, i, 71 Vethiopis, Cat. 66, 52 aetiological elegy. Prop. 4, i, Intr. ; 4, 4, Intr. ; 4, 6, Intr. aetiological series planned. Prop. 4, i, Intr. and 69 Aetna, Cat. 68, 53 ; Prop. 3, 2, 7 Agamemnon, Prop. 3, 7, 21 sqq. ; 4, 6, 33 Aganippe, Prop. 2, 10, 25 Ailia of C .llimachus, p. 19 a model for Propertius, p. 20 Ajax Oileus, Prop. 4, 1, 117 Alba Longa, Tib. i, 7, 57 sq. ; 2, s, 49; Prop. 4, I, 35; 4, 6, 37 Albunea, Tib. 2, 5, 69 sq. albus an ater, Cat. 93, 2 Alcinous, Prop, i, 14, 24; 3, 2, 13 Alcmaeon, Prop. 3, s, 41 Alexander the Aetolian, p. 20 Alexandria, Prop. 3, 11, a Alexandrian elegy, pp. 18 sqq. aliquis = quisquam, Cat. 73, 2 alHteration, Cat. 76, 20; Tib. i, 10, 2; Prop. 4, 3, 50 Alps, Ovid, Am. 2, 16, 19 Amalthea, Tib. 2, 5, 67 Amathus, Cat. 68, 51 Amathusia, Ovid, Am. 3, 15, is Amazons, Prop. 3, 11, 14; 4, 4, 72 Ambarvalia, Tib. i, i, 20 and 21; 2, i, Intr. ambiguity. Prop, i, 9, 4 and 13 ; 3. 4. 7 ; 3, II, 37 and 51 ; 3, 18, 30; 4, 6, 47 and 59 Amor, Tib. 2, i, 80; Prop, i, 1,4; i. 2, 8; 2, 12, I Amores, revision of the, Ovid, Am. Ep. Ips. Amphion, Prop. 1,9, 10 Amprfiitryoniades, Cat. 68, 112 Amymone, Prop. 2, 26, 47 Anchises, Tib. 2, 5, 39 Androroede. Prop. 2, 28, 21. 429 GENERAL, INDEX animi, pleonastic, Cat. 102, 2 Anio, Prop. 3, 16, 3 sq. ante . . . donee, Prop, i, g, 29 Antilochus, Prop. 2, 13, 49 Antimachus, Cat. 95, 10 Antimachus of Colophon, p. 18 author of the epic Thehais, p. 18 prototype of Alexandrian elegy, p. 18 Antioch, Prop. 2, 13, 30 Antony, p. 24; Prop. 3, 11, 31 antrum, Prop, i, i, 11 ; 4, 4, 3 Anubis, Prop. 3, 11, 41 Apama, Cat. 66, 27 Apelles, Prop, i, 2, 22; 3, 9, 11 Aphrodite Anadyomene, Prop, i, 2, 22 Apis, Tib. I, 7, 28 Apollo, Tib. 2, s, I ; Prop, i, 8b, 41 ; 2, 31, 5 and 13; 3, 9, 39; 4, 6, 67; Ovid, Am. i, 15, 35; 3, 9, 21 Citharoedus, Prop. 2, 31, 15; 4, 6, 69 Leucadian temple of. Prop. 3, 11, 69 Lycian, Prop. 3, i, 38 Palatine temple of. Prop. 2, 31, Intr. Appendix Vergiliana, p. 28 Aqua Marcia, Prop. 3, 2, 14 Aquarius, Cat. 66, 94 Aquilo, Prop. 3, 7, 13 and 71 Aquitanian campaign of TibuUus, p. 34, n. I ; Tib. i, 7, Intr. Arabes, Tib. 3, 2, 24 Arabia, Prop. 2, 10, 16 Arabs, Tib. 4, 2, 18 Arar, Tib. i, 7, 11 Aratus, Ovid, Am. i, 15, 16 Araxes, Prop. 4, 3, 35 archaisms. Cat. 84, 9 archers, the typical, Tib. 2, 5, 105 Archilochus, p. 16 Archytas, Prop. 4, i, 77 Arctos (Callisto), 0\ad, Trtst. i, 3, 48 Arellius Fuscus, p. 55 Arethusa, Prop. 4, 3, Intr. Arethusa and Lycotas, p. 57 Argo, Prop. 2, 26, 39; Ovid, Am. 2, II, I Argynnus, Prop. 3, 7, 22 Ariadne, Cat. 66, 60 ; Prop. 4, 4, 41 Arion, Prop. 2, 26, 18 Aristaeus, p. 24 Aristotle, p. 18 Armenian tigres, Prop, i, 9, 19 Arrius, p. 25 ; Cat. 84, passim Arsinoe, Cat. 66, 54 Ascanius, Tib. 2, 5, 49 Ascra, Prop. 2, 10, 25 Asinius Pollio, Tib. i, i, 53; Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 57 aspirate in Latin, Cat. 84, Intr. Assisi, Prop, i, 22, 9; 4, i, 124 sq. assonance, Tib. i, 10, 2 Assyria, Tib. 3, 2, 24 Assyrius = Syrius, Cat. 66, 12; Tib. I, 3, 7 astrology. Prop, i, 6, 36; 2, 27, 3; 4, i, 83 at, Tib. I, 3. 63 at = ac, Tib. i, 3, 87 -Atalanta of Arcadia, Prop, i, i, 10 .\tax, Tib. I, 7, 4 Athamanes, Prop. 4, 6, 15 Athena's eyes. Prop. 2, 28, 12 Athens, Prop, i, 6, 13 ; 3, 21, i .\thos, Cat. 66, 43 atqtic, adversative. Prop, i, 9, 8; 2, 13, 43 Atrax, Prop, i, 8, 25 Atrides, Prop. 3, 18, 30 Attains, Prop. 2, 13, 22 attitude in prayer. Cat. 66, 10 audit = dicitiir. Cat. 68, 112 augury, Roman, Tib. 2, 5, 11 Augustus, Prop. 2, 10, IS and 17; 2, 31, 2 ; 4. 6, 23 diplomacy of. Prop. 3, 4, i Prince ps. Prop. 3, 11, 55 worship of, Prop. 3, 4, I .\ulis. Prop. 4, I, 109 .\urora, Tib. i, 3, 93 autobiographies of the poets. Prop. 1,22, Intr. ; 0\ad, Trist. 4, 10, Intr. Aventine, Prop. 4, i, 50 Avernus, Prop. 3, 18, i ; Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 27 " Ayenbite of Inwyt," Prop. 3, 3, 4 B Babylon, walls of. Prop. 3, 11, 23 Bacchus, Tib. 2, i, Intr. ; 2, i, 3 and 55 ; Ovid, Am. i, 3, 11 effeminate garb of, Tib. i, 7, 46 festival processions of, Tib. i, 7, 48 430 GENERAL INDEX introducer of the vine, Prop. 3, 18, 5 ivy sacred to, Tib. i, 7, 45 patron of poetry, Prop. 3, 2, g; Ovid, Am. 3, 15. 17 Bactra, Prop. 3, i, 16; 3, 11, 26; 4, 3, 7 Baiae, Prop. 3, 18, 2 and 7 barbers, Tib. i, 7, 16 Bassus, p. 45 ; p. ss ; Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 47 Battiades, Cat. 116, 2 Battus, Cat. 65, 16 Bellerophon, Prop. 3, 3, 2 Berenice, Cat. 66, Intr. 'Berenice's Hair,' of Callimachus, p. 20 Bicorniger, Ovid, Her. 13, a Bion, Prop. 2, 13, 53 Bittis, p. ig body and soul confused. Prop. 4, 11, 3 Bona Dea, Tib. 3, 5, 7 Bootes, Cat. 66, 67 ; Prop. 3, s, 35 Boreas, Prop. 2, 26, 51 sq. ; Ovid, Her. 13. 15 Bosporus, Prop. 3, 11, 68 Bovillae, Prop. 4, i, 33 brachyology. Prop, i, 2, 30; 3, 11, 15 Britain, Prop. 4, 3, g Britanni, Prop. 2, 27, 5 bronze, Corinthian, Prop. 3, 5, 6 Browning, Prop. 3, 3> 4 Brutus, L. Junius, Prop. 4, i, 45 bucina, Prop. 4, 4, 63 building stones. Prop, i, 14, ig burial customs, Tib. 3, 2, 10 Cadmus, Prop, i, 7, i ; 3, g, 38 Caesar, Augustus, Prop. 4, 6, 17 Gaius and Lucius, Prop. 4, 6, 82 Julius, p. 27 ; Cat. g3, i ; Prop. 3, 3, 45 ; 3, 4. 19; 3, II, 34 and 38; 4. 6, 17 and Catullus, p. 25 portents at assassination of, Tib. 2, 5, 71 star of, Prop. 4, 6, sg caesura in hexameters, p. 64 Calamis, Prop. 3, g, 10 Calchas, Prop. 4, i, log Callimachus, p. ig; Prop. 3, i, i ; 3, g, 43 ; Ovid, Am. i, 15, 13 sq. and AfX)llonius, p. 58 Coma Berenices of, p. 2g imitated. Cat. 70, 3 Callinus, p. 16; Prop. 4, i, 28 CalUope, Prop. 3. 3, 5i ; 4.' 6, 12 Calhopea, Prop, i, 2, 28; 3, 2, 16; 3, 3, 38 Callisto, Cat. 66, 66; Prop. 2, 28, 23 Calvus, Licinius, pp. 23 and 25; Cat. g6, 2 ; Ovid, Am. 3, g, 62 place among elegists, p. 28 Calypso, Ovid, Am. 2, 17, 15 Cambyses, Prop. 2, 26, 23 Camillus, M. Furius, Prop. 3, g, 31; 3, II, 67 Campania, Prop. 3, s, 5 Cannae, Prop. 3, 3, 10 Canopus, Prop. 3, 11, 3g Capena (porta), Prop. 4, 3, 71 Caphareus, Prop. 2, 26, 38; 3, 7, 3g capiti (abl.), Cat. 68, 124 Capitoline hill. Prop. 4, 4, i CapitoUne-Juppiter temple, Prop. 2, 31, II ; 4, 4, 2 carmina, Cat. 65, 16 Carnuti, Tib. i, 7, 12 Carpathium mare. Prop. 3, 7, 12 Carrara marble, Prop. 2, 31, 9 Carrhae, Prop. 4, 6, 84 Carystus, Tib. 3, 3, 14 Casa RomuH, Prop. 4, i, g Cassandra, Prop. 4, i, 51 and 117 cassida (nom.). Prop. 3, 11, 15 Cassiepeia, Prop. 2, 28, 51 Cassiope, Prop, i, 17, 3 Castalia, Prop. 3, 3, 13 Castalian spring, Ovid, Am. i, 15, 36 Castor, Cat. 68, 65 ; Prop. 2, 26, g Castor and Pollux, Prop, i, 17, 18; Ovid, Am. 2, II, 2g; 2, 16, 13 Catullus, pp. 25 sqq. ; Ovid, Am. 3, g, 62; 3, IS, 7 authors citing, p. 28, n. 5 'Berenice's Hair' an imitation of CalUmachus, p. 20 early life, p. 25 editions, p. 31 education, p. 25 end of life, p. 27 influence of Alexandrian school on, p. 28 431 GENERAL INDEX influence on other Roman writers, p. 28 journey to the east, p. 27; Cat. loi, Intr. manuscripts, p. 30 oldest extant Roman elegies his, p. 22 place among elegists, p. 28 relations with Clodia, p. 26 Catulus, Q. Lutatius, p. 22 Caucasus, Prop, i, 14, 6; Ovid, Am. 2, 16, 40 celeber, Tib. 2, i, 33 and 83 ; 4, 4, 23 Centaurs, Prop. 4, 6, 4g Cepheus, Prop. 4, 6, 78 Cephisodotus, Prop. 2, 31, 15 Cephisus, Prop. 3, 7, 22 Cerberus, Tib. i, 3, 71 ; Prop. 3, 5, 44 ; 3, 18, 23; 4, II, 25 Ceres, Tib. i, i, 15; 2, i, Intr. and 4 ; 2, 5, 84; Ovid, Am. i, i, 9 Cerinthus, p. 37; Tib. 4, 2, Intr.; 4, 8, 2; 4, II, I Chaldaeans, Prop. 2, 27, 3 Chalybes, Cat. 66, 48 chariot racing. Prop. 3, 9, 57 sq. Charon, Prop. 2, 27, 14; 2, 28, 39; 3, 18, 24 and 32 ; 4, 11, 7 and 69 Charybdis. Prop. 2, 26, 54; Ovid, Am. 2,^ 16, 25 Chian vrine, Tib. 2, i, 27 sq. chiasmus. Cat. 66, 76; Tib. i, 3, 5 Chios, Prop. 3, 7, 49 Chryseis, Prop. 4, 6, 33 Cicero, as poet, pp. 18 and 22 his estimate of Roman literature, p. 21 Cilices, Tib. i, 7, 16 Cilician safiron. Prop. 4, 6, 74 Cimmerii, Tib. 3, 5, 24 Cinna, Helvius, p. 25 ; Cat. 95, Intr. Cinyras, Cat. 95, i circum in Tibullus, Tib. i, 3, 68 Cithaeron, Prop. 3, 2, 5 Claudia Quinta, Prop, 4, 11, 51 Clearistus, p. 17 Cleopatra, Prop. 3, 11, 29 et passim; 4. 6, 57 death of. Prop. 3, 11, 53 fleet of. Prop. 4, 6, 63 Cloaca Maxima, Tib. 2, 5, 33 Clodia, p. 26 her attempted reconciliation, p. 27 Clotho, Ovid, Am. 2, 6, 46 Coan silks, Tib. 4, 6, 13 ; Prop, i, 2, 2 coetu (dat.), Cat. 66, 37 Coeus, Prop. 3, 9, 48 cohors, Tib. i, 3, 2 Coleridge, Ovid, Am. 1, i, 27 collective use of nouns, Tib. i, i, 51 color, Prop, i, 18, 17 ; 4, 3, 28 color of lovers, Prop. 3, 16, 19 Coma Berenices, of Catullus, p. 29; Cat. 66, Intr. comedy, stock characters in, Ovid, Am, }' ^^' ^7 Cominius, of Spoletium, Cat. 108, i Compitalia, Prop. 4, i, 23 conative, impf., Tib. i, 3, 9 pres.. Cat. 99, 5 conclamatio. Prop, i, 17, 21 conditions, mixed, Prop. 2, 26, 58 Conon, Cat. 66, 7 ; Prop. 4, i, 78 Consolalio ad Liviam, p. 58 copula, omission of, Tib. i, 10, 26 Corinna, pp. 57 sq. ; Oxdd, Am. i, 3, 5 ; 2, II, 8; 2, 17, 7 and 10; Trist. 4, 10, 60 Corinth, Prop. 3, 5, 6 ComeUa, Prop. 4, 11, Intr. et Passim Cornelius, Cat. 102, 4 Cornelius, Gains, Cat. 108, Intr. CorneUus Fidus, Ovid, Trist. i, 3, 19 Cornutus, p. 34; Tib. 2, 2, Intr. Corvus, M. Valerius, Prop. 3, 11, 64 Crassi, Prop. 2, 10, 14; 3, 4, Q; 3. S. 48; 4, 6, 84 Cretans, Prop. 2, 12, 10 Critias, p. 18 Croesus, Prop. 2, 26, 23 ; 3, 5, 17 ; 3, 18, 28 crucifixion. Cat. 99, 4 cum concessive with indicative, Tib. 2, 6,47 Cumae, Tib. 3, 5, 24 Cupid, Tib. 2, i, 67 ; 2, 5, 39; Ovid, Am. I, I, 3 cura = amata, Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 32 Cures, Prop. 4, 4, 9 Curia, Prop. 4, i, 11 ; 4, 4, 13 Curiatii, Prop. 3, 3, 7 Curtius, Prop. 3, 11, 61 Cybele, Tib. 2, i, 86; Prop. 4, 11, 51 sq. Cydnus, Tib. i, 7, 13 Cyllene, Cat. 68, 109 432 GENERAL INDEX Cymothoe, Prop. 2, 26, 16 Cynthia, p. 46 ; Prop. 1,1,1; 3. 21. separated from Propertius for a year. Prop. I, I, 7 Cynthia Monobiblos, Ovid, Am. 3, g, 31 Cypria, Tib. 3, 3, 34 Cyrene, Prop. 4, 6, 4 Cyrnus, p. 18 Cytae, Prop, i, i, 24 Cythera, Ovid, Am. 2, 17, 4 Cytherea, Ovid, Am. 1, 3, 4 Cytheris, p. 24 D Damocles, p. 17 Danaides, Tib. i, 3, 70; Prop. 2, 31, 4; 4. II. 27 dative, Greek plural, Ovid, Her. 13, 137 poetic, Prop. 4, 3, 71 poetic with contendo, Prop, i, 7, 3 Daulias, Cat. 65, 14 dead, state of the, Tib. i, 10, 37 deae = Musae, Cat. 68, 41 death, early, regarded as a punishment. Prop. 4, n, 17 expressions for, Tib. 2, 6, 2g ; Prop. I, iQ, I ; 4, II, 8 Decius, Prop. 3, 11, 62 ; 4, i, 45 degenerasse, transitive use of, Prop. 4, i, 79 Deiphobus, Prop. 3, i, 29 Delia, p. 35 ; Tib. i, i, 61 ; i, 3, 9 ; Ovid, Am. 3, Q, 31 and 55 not married, Tib. i, 3, 92 Delos, Prop. 4, 6, 27 Demetrius, Cat. 66, 27 Demodocus, p. 17 Demosthenes, p. 17; Prop. 3, 21, 27 depositio barbae, Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 58 deprecor = 'denounce,' Cat. 92, 3 devotion of hair. Cat. 66, 9 diaeresis, p. 67 ; Tib. i, 7, 2 Diana, Ephesian temple of. Prop. 3, g, 11 Nemorensis, Prop. 2, 28, 60 diction (word-coinage), Prop. 3, 21, 18 diminutives. Cat. 65, 6 Dionysius Chalcus, p. 18 Dionysus, Tib. 2, i, 55 Dis, Tib. 3, 5, n divination. Prop. 4, i, 104 sqq. ROM. EL. POETS — 28 Prop docks of Rome, Prop, i, i4> 4 docta puella, p. 46 ; Tib. 4, 6, I, 7, II ; 2, 13, II doclae virgines. Cat. 65, 2 doclus poeta, p. 20 Dodona, Prop, i, 9, 5 dolphin. Prop. 2, 26, 17 Domitius Marsus, p. 31 Doris, Prop, i, 17, 25 doves, sacred to Venus and to Zeus, Prop. I, 9, 5 drama, origin of, Tib. 2, i, 55 dum with the future. Prop, i, 14, 14 Dysparis, Ovid, Her. 13, 43 E earthquakes. Prop. 3, 5, 33 eclipses. Prop. 3, 5, 34 Egeria, Ovid, Am. 2, 17, 18 Egypt compared with Rome, Prop. 3, 11, 41 elegiac distich, pp. 61 sq. ; Prop, i, 7, 19 adaptability to different subjects, p. 16 embelUshments, p. 62 tendency to make each complete, p. 62 elegidia, p. 37 elegists, Ovid's canon of the Roman, p. 28 elegy, pp. 15 sqq. aetiological, p. 59 Alexandrian, pp. 18, 28 character of, p. 21 different names of, p. 16 gnomic, p. 17 Greek origin of, p. 15 intended to be sung, p. 18 objective erotic, p. 18 pre-Roman, pp. 15 sqq. Roman, p. 20 sqq. subjective erotic, p. 18 subjects of, p. 16 Elis, Prop. I, 8b, 36 elision, pp. 62, 66 of long syllable, Tib. 2, i, 4T of s, Cat. 116, 8 ellipsis, Prop. 3, 7, 49 Elysian Fields, Tib. 3, 5, 23 ; Prop. 4, 11, 102 ; Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 60 Enalos, Prop. 2, 26, ig Ennius, p. 22; Prop. 3, 3, i and 6; 4, i, 61 ; Ovid, Am. i, 15, ig 433 GENERAL INDEX Eos, Prop. 3, 24, 7 Epicurean science, Prop. 3, 5, 45 Epicurus, Prop. 3, 21, 26 epistolium. Cat. 68, 2 epithets for winds. Prop. 2, 26, 36 Eridanus, Prop, i, 12, 4 ero5 = deos, Cat. 68, 76 Eros in art, Prop. 2, 12, Intr. Erythraeus, Tib. 3, 3, 17 ewe, ellipsis of, Tib. i, i, 75 ; i, 3. 2 with participle = finite verb, Prop. 4, 6,1 est quibus = sunt guibus, Prop. 3> Q. i7- Eteocles, Prop, i, 7, 2 'eternal city,' Tib. 2, 5, 23 et introducing exclamatory question, Prop. 4, 4, 17 Etruria, hot springs in, Tib. 3, 5, i Euenus, p. 18; Prop, i, 2, 18 Eumenides, Prop. 4, 11, 22 Euphorion, p. 19 translated by Callus, p. 24 Euphrates, Prop. 2, 10, 13 Europa, Ovid, Am. i, 3, 23 Europe, Prop. 2, 28, 52 Eurystheus, Cat. 68, 114 Euxine, Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 97 Evander, Prop. 4, i, 4 eviolasse, Prop, i, 7, 16 expers (active), Cat. 66, 77 exta, Tib. 2, i, 25 Fabii, Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 73 Fabius Cunctator, Prop. 3, 3, 9 Falemian wine, Tib. 2, i, 27 sq. Fama, Prop. 3. i, Feriae Sementivae, Tib. i, i, 21 Jerri duritiem. Cat. 66, 50 festival customs, Tib. 2, i, 24 festivals of purification, Tib. i, i, 21 Fidenae, Prop. 4, i, 36 figureheads on ships. Prop. 4, 6, 49 flattery, Prop. 3, 24, 6 fleet, size of Agamemnon's, in Homer, Ovid, Her. 13, 97 flute, origin of, Prop. 4, 6, 8 focus, Tib. I, I, 6 Fortuna, Tib. 3, 3, 22 ; Prop, i, 6, 25 Redux, Prop. 4, 3, 17 Forum Romanum, Prop. 4, 4, 13 fulcire, Prop, i, 8, 7 Jumarium, Tib. 2, i, 27 funeral customs. Cat. loi, 2 ; Tib. 3, 2, 10 sqq. ; Prop, i, 17, 21 ; 2, 13, 19 sqq. ; 4, 11, 9 sq. Furius Bibaculus, p. 25 future, archaic, Prop. 3, 21, 32 of mild command. Cat. 68, 31 future perfect = future. Cat. 65, 9 future punishment, Prop. 3, 5, 39 Gabii, Prop. 4, i, 34 Galatea, Prop, i, 8, 18; 3, 2, 7 ; Ovid, Am. 2, II, 34 Gallicus = Troianus, Prop. 2, 13, 48 Callus, C. Cornelius, p. 23; Ovid, Am. I, 15, 29 ; 3, 9, 64 ; Trist. 4, 10, S3 and Euphorion, p. 19 and Parthenius, p. 20 friend of Vergil, p. 24 his place among elegists, p. 28 Gellius, Cat. 116, Intr. genitive with dissolvo, Tib. i, 7, 40 Genius, a man's, Tib. i, 7, 49 sq. ; 2, 2, 5 geographical vagueness, Tib. i, 3, 7; Prop. 4. 3, 10 geography, poetic. Prop. 3, 3, 13; 4. 4, 71 Getae, Prop. 4, 3- 9 ; Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, no Gigantomachia, Prop. 3, 9, 47 Glaucus, Prop. 2, 26, 13 Glycera, p. 35 ; Tib. 4, 13, Intr. golden age, Tib. i, 3, 35 ; 2, i, 38 Gorgon, Prop. 3, 3, 32 Graecia, Prop. 3, 7, 40; 4, i, 116 Gray's Elegy, Tib. i, i, 57 Greek constructions. Prop. 3, 9, 17 Gyges, lake of. Prop. 3, 11, 18 H Hades, Tib. 3, 3, 38 Hadria, Prop, i, 6, i Haedi, Prop. 2, 26, 56 Haemonian, Prop. 2, 10, 2; 3, i, 26 "halcyon days," Prop, i, 17, 2 Hannibal, Prop. 3, 3. u ; 3, n, 59 434 GENERAL INDEX Harpies, Prop. 3, 5, 41 Harpocrates, Cat. 102, 4 hasta pura, Prop. 4, 3, 68 Hebe, Cat. 68, 1I6 Hector, Prop. 3, i, 28; 4, 6, 38; Ovid, Her. 13, 63 and 65 Helen, Prop. 3, 9, 39; Ovid, Her. 13, 45 and 61 Helenus, Prop. 3, i, 29 Helicon, Prop. 2, 10, i ; 3. 3. i ; Ovid, Am. I, I, 15 ; Trist. 4, 10, 23 Helle, Prop. 2, 26, 5 Heracles, Cat. 68, 112; Prop. 3, i, 32 Hercules, Pillars of. Prop. 3, 11, 19 the road of. Prop. 3, 18, 4 Hermesianax, p. 19 Hero and Leander, Ovid, Am. 2, 16, 29 Herophile, Tib. 2, 5, 67 Hesiod, Prop. 2, 10, 25 ; Ovid, Am. i, 15, II hexameter, caesura in, p. 64 dactylic beginning of, p. 63 endings in, p. 62 monosyllabic endings in, p. 63 polysyllabic endings in, p. 63 proportior of dactyls and spondees in, P- 63 rime in, p. 63 spondees in, p. 63 hiatus, p. 67 hie = ego, Tib. 2, 6, 7 hie temporal. Cat. 66, 59 Hilaira, Prop, i, 2, 15 Hippocrene, Prop. 2, 10, 25 origin of, Prop. 3, 3, 2 Hippodamia, Prop, i, 8b, 35 Hippolyte, Prop. 4, 3, 43 Hirtius and Pansa, Tib. 3, 5, 18 Homer, Tib. 4, 13, 11; Prop, i, 7- 3; 2, 28, 29; 3, I, 33 ; Ovid, Am. 1, IS, 9 ; 3, 9. 25 ; Trisi. 4, 10, 22 honey in sacrifices, Tib. i, 10, 24 Horace, Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 49 and Propertius, p. 45 and Tibullus, p. 33 his estimate of Roman poetry, p. 21 Horatii, Prop. 3, 3, 7 Horatius Codes, Prop. 3, 11, 63 Horops, Prop. 4, i, 77 Horos, Prop. 4, i, 78 Hortensius, Cat. 65, Intr. ; 95, 3 Horus, Cat. 102, 4 hospes, Cat. 68, 12 Hylacus, Prop, i, i, 13 Hyllus, Prop, x, 8, 26 Hymen, Cat. 68, 134; Prop. 4, 3, 16; 4, 4, 6x Hymettus, Tib. i, 7, 54 hypallage, Prop. 3. 7. 2 ; 3. 18, 23 Hypanis, Prop, i, 12, 4 hyperbole. Prop. 3, 7, 46; 4> 3. 6; 4, 6, 34 and 63 in Catullus, Cat. 108, 3 in Propertius, Prop. 3, 7, 35 iam . . . iam, Tib. i, i, 25 Ibis, of Callimachus, p. 20 Icarius, Cat. 66, 67 ; Ovid, Am. 2, 16, 4 Ida, Ovid, Am. i, 15, 9 Idalium, Prop. 2, 13, 54; 4, 6, 59 Idas, Prop, i, 2, 18 identifications, erroneous, Prop. 4 4, 40 Ilia, Tib. 2, 5, 52 Iliad, Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 29 Ilion, Tib. 2, 5, 22 ; Prop. 3, i, 31 Illyria, Prop, i, 8, 2 immortality conditionally stated. Cat. 96, I imperative, colloquial in -to, Tib. i, 10, 67; 4, 2. 3 Inachus, Prop. 2, 13, 8; Ovid, Her. 13, 134 incense, Prop. 2, 10, 24 India, Prop. 2, 10, 15 Indian Ocean, Tib. 2, 2, 16 Indians, Prop. 3, 4, i indicative in indirect questions, Prop. 3, S, 27 Indigetes, Tib. 2, 5, 44 inferni= inferi, Prop. 2, 28, 49 infinitive in -ier. Cat. 68, 141 of purpose. Prop. 3, i, 14; Ovid, Her. 13. 77 with eausa, Tib. 3, 2, 30 ingratus, passive. Cat. 73, 3 Ino, Prop. 2, 28, 19 lo. Prop. 2, 28, 17; Ovid, Am. i, 3, 21 Ionia, Prop. 1, 6, 31 lope. Prop. 2, 28, 51 435 GENERAL INDEX Iphiclus, Ovid, Her. 13, 25 Iphigenia, Prop. 3, 7, 24; 4, i, iii ipse with names of divinities, Tib. 2, i, 67 ire = esse, Prop. 3, 11, 37 Irus, Prop. 3. 5. 17 Isaiah, Tib. i, i, 31 Isis, Prop. 2, 28, 18 Isis worship at Rome, Tib. i, 3, 23 sqq. Ismarian, Cat. 66, 59; Prop. 2, 13, 6 Isthmos (of Corinth), Prop. 3, 21, 22 Itaha, Prop, i, 22, 4 Itylus, Cat. 65, 14 iuerint, Cat. 66, 18 lulus, Prop. 4, I, 48 ; 4, 6, 37 ; Ovid, Am. 3, Q, 14 ius trium liberoriim. Prop. 4, 11, 61 luventas, Cat. 68, 116 Ixion, Tib. i, 3, 73 ; Prop. 3. 5. 42 jeweled rings, Prop. 4, 3, 52 Jugurtha, Prop. 3, 5, 16 Julia, daughter of Agrippa, p. 56; Prop. 4. II. 63 daughter of Augustus, pp. 56, 59; Prop. 3. 18, Intr. ; 4, 11, 59 Juno, Tib. i, 3, 73; 4. i3, iS; Prop. 2, 28, II and 34 Juno, a woman's, Tib. i, 7, 49 ; 4, 6, i Juppiter, Cat. 70, 2; Prop. 3, 11, 28 Ammon, Prop. 4, i, 103 Capitolinus, Prop. 4, i, 7 Indiges, Tib. 2, 5, 43 temple, saved by geese. Prop. 2>, S, 12 jury ballots. Prop. 4, 11, 49 Juventius, p. 35 ; Cat. 99, i lacus Umber, Prop. 4, i , 124 Laevius, p. 22 Laodamia, Cat. 68, 74; Ovid, Her. 13 Laom.edon, Prop. 2, 28, 54; 3, i, 32 lap-dog, Prop. 4, 3, 55 lararium, Tib. i, 10, 16 Lares, Tib. i, 10, 15 sqq. Compitales, Prop. 4, 3, 57 worship of, Tib. i, 3, 34; Prop. 4. 3, 53 laticlavia {hinica), Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 29 Latinus, Tib. 2, 5, 41 Latmus, Cat. 66, 5 laurel burning, Tib. 2, 5, 81 laurel leaves and prophecy, Tib. 2, 5, 64 Laurentum, Tib. 2, 5, 41 find 49 lauriis, declension of, Tib. 2, 5, 63 Lavinium, Tib. 2, 5, 49 Lechaeum, Prop. 3, 21, 19 lectus fiinebris, Prop. 2, 13, 21 lectus gcnialis, Prop. 4, 11, 85 Leda, Ovid, y4»!. I, 3, 22; 2,11,29; Her. 13, 61 lengthening of final short syllables in thesis, p. 67, Tib. i, 10, 13 ; 2, 2, 5 Leo, Cat. 66, 65 Leontion, p. 19 Lepida, Prop. 4, 11, 67 Lepidus and PauUus, sons of Cornelia, Prop. 4, II, 63 Lema, Prop. 2, 26, 47 Lesbia = Clodia, p. 26 Lesbian wine. Prop, i, 14, 2 Lethe, Cat. 65, 5 ; Tib. 3, 3, 10; 3. 5, 24 Leto, Prop. 2, 31, 15 Leucothoe, Prop. 2, 26, 10; 2, 28, 20 libellus, Prop. 2, 13, 25 Libo, L. Scribonius, Prop. 4, 11, 31 Liburnian galleys, Prop. 3, 11, 44 Liger, Tib. i, 7, i2« linen, Prop. 4, 3, 64 Linus, Prop. 2, 13, 8; Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 23 literature, contemporary estimate of, p. 21 Locridos, Cat. 66, 54 lovers' gifts, Cat. 65, 19 lower world, rivers of the, Tib. i, 10, 38 Lucifer, Tib. i, 3. 94 Lucilius, p. 22 Lucina, Prop. 4, i, 99 lucky days, Cat. 107, 6 Lucretia, Prop. 4, 3, 18 Lucretius, Ovid, Am. i, 15, 23 sq. and Memmius, p. 27 n. debt of his successors to. Prop. 3, 5, 31 Lucrine lake, Prop. 3, 18, 4 ludi quinquennales. Prop. 4, 6, Intr. ludi saeculares, Tib. 2, 5, Intr. lumine = die, Cat. 66, 79 Lupercalia, Prop. 4, i, 25 sq. luridus. Prop. 4, 11, 8 lusi, Cat. 68, 17 436 GENERAL INDEX lustrum, Ovid, Trisl. 4, 10, g6 luxli and similar shortenings, Cat. 66, 21 Lyaeus, Tib. i, 7, 40; 3, 2, 19; Prop. 3, 5, 21 ; Ovid, .4w. 2, 11, 49 Lycinna, p. 46 Lycmon, Prop. 4, i, 29 Lycoris, p. 24; Ovid, Am. i, 15, 30 Lycotas, Prop. 4, 3, Intr. Lyde, p. 18 Lydia, Prop, i, 6, 32 Lydius, Tib. 3, 3, 29 Lygdamus, p. 36 ; Tib. 3, 2, 29 imitator of Tibullus, Tib. 3, 2, 2 Lynceus, p. 45 lyre, Tib. 4, 2, 22 Lysippus, Prop. 3, 9, 9 M 2,6, I ; Ovid Macer, pp. 34, 55; Tib. Trist. 4, 10, 43 sq. Maecenas, p. 45 ; Prop. 3, 9, i el passim Maenad, Prop. 4, 4, 72 Maeonia, Prop. 2, 28, 29 Maeonides, Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 25 Maeotis, Prop. 3, 11, 14 magis = potius, Cat. 73, 4; Prop. 2, 13, 7 magis, adversative, Cat. 66, 87 Malea, Ovid, Am. 2, 16, 24 Malian gulf. Cat. 68, 54 manes = cineres, Prop. 2, 13, 32 Mantua, Ovid, Am. 3, 15, 7 Marathus, p. 35 ; Cat. 99, Intr. marbles, building, in Rome, Tib. i, s, 14 Marcellus, M. Claudius, Prop. 3, 18, Intr. et passim shows given by, Prop. 3, 18, 13 Marcellus, M. Claudius, conqueror of Syracuse, Prop. 3, 18, 33 Marius, Prop. 3, 3. 43; 3. 5, 16; 3, 11, 46 Marpessa, Prop, i, 2, 18 marriage, age at, Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 69 Mars, Tib. 2, i, Intr.; 4, 2, 4; Ovid, Am. I, I, 12 pater. Prop. 3. 4, n temple of, near Porta Capena, Prop. 4. 3, 71 Martial, p. 28 masks, of ancestors. Prop. 4, 11, 32 of lovers, Prop, i, i, 22 origin of, Tib. 2, i, 55 Matronalia, Tib. 4, 2, Intr. and 23 mausoleum, Prop. 3, 2, 21 Mavors, Prop. 2, 27, 8 Maximianus, p. 60 Medea, Prop, i, i, 24; 3. n. 9; 3. 24, lo Medi, Cat. 66, 45 Medusa, Prop. 3, 3, 32 Memmius, C, p. 27 Memnon, Ovid, Am. 3, 9, I memorator, Prop. 3, i, 33 Memphis, Tib. i, 7, 28; Prop. 3, 11, 34 Menandrus, Prop. 3, 21, 28; Ovid, Am. I, IS, 18 Menelaus, Ovid, Her. 13, 73 mens animi, Cat. 65, 4 Mens Bona, Prop. 3, 24, 19 Mentor, Prop, i, 14, 2; 3, 9, 13 meretrix, p. 46 Meroe, Prop. 4, 6, 78 Messalinus, Tib. 2, 5, Intr. and 17 triumph of, Tib. 2, S, 119 Messalla, Tib. i, i, 53; i, 3, i and Tibullus, pp. 33 sq. Aquitanian campaign of, Tib. i, 3, Intr. panegyric on, p. 37 triumph of, Tib. 2, 5, 5 mela, Ovid, Am. 3, 15, 2 metaphors, mixed, in Propertius, Prop. 3, 9, 6 mixture of, Prop. 3, 11, 54; 4, 11, 8 Metellus Celer, Q., p. 26 Mettius Fufetius, Ovid, Trist. i, 3, 75 Mevania, Prop. 4, i, 123 Midas, Prop, i, 18, 4 Milanion, Prop, i, i, 9 milia . . . quingenta as a hjTjerbole, Cat. 95, 3 Milton, Prop, i, 18, 27 Mimnermus, p. 17 ; Prop, i, 9, 11 ; i, 14, IS Minerva, Tib. 2, i, 65; Prop, i, 2, 30; Ovid, Ai7i. I, I, 7 ; 2, 6, 35 Minos, Prop. 4, 4, 39; 4, 11, 21 Minotaur, Prop. 4, 4, 41 Misenus, Prop. 3, 18, 3 Monobiblos, p. 47, n. 6 monosyllabic endings in the hexameter, p. 63 moods in deliberative questions. Cat. 66, 47 Mopsopus, Tib. i, 7, 54 437 GENERAL INDEX Mors, Tib. i, i, 70; i, 3, 4 Moschus, Prop. 2, 12, Intr. and 6 mourning, tokens of, Ovid, Trist. i, 3, go mulier. Cat. 70, i ; Prop. 3, 24, i Muses, Prop. 3, i, 17 and 19; Ovid, Am. I, 3, II unrestricted functions of the, Prop. 3, 2, 16 ; 4, 6, 12 Myron, Prop. 2, 31, 7 Myrrha, Cat. 95, i Mys, Prop. 3, 9, 14 Mystes, p. 23 N nam = etenim, Prop. 4, 3, 51 nam elliptical, Tib. i, i, 11 namque elliptical. Cat. 99, 3 Nanno, p. 17 model for Propertius, p. 17 Naso, Ovid, Am. Ep. Ips. L. Ovidius, brother of Publius, Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 10 Natalis, Tib. 2, 2, i nature, Roman lack of appreciation of, Ovid, Am. 2, 16, 19 Nauplius, Prop. 4, i, 115 navigation, beginnings of. Prop, i, 17, 14 Neaera, p. 36; Tib. 3, 2, 12 Nemesis, mistress of Tibullus, p. 35 ; Tib. 2, 5, 109 sqq. ; Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 31 and S3 the sister of, Tib. 2, 6, Intr. Nemesis (Rhamniisia virgo), Cat. 66, 71 Neptune, Prop. 2, 26, 9 and 46; 3, 7, 15 and 62; 3, 9, 39; Ovid, Her. 13, 129 Nereids, Prop, i, 17, 25; 3, 7, 67; Ovid, Am. 2, II, 35 sq. Nereus, Ovid, Am. 2, 11, 36 and 39 Nesaee, Prop. 2, 26, 16 Nestor, Prop. 2, 13, 46 Neuricus, Prop. 4, 3, 8 New Year's in Rome, Tib. 4, 2, Intr. Nicopolis, Prop. 4, 6. 18 Nike of Samothrace, Tib. 2, 5, 45 Nile, Tib. i, 7, 22 sqq. ; Prop. 2, 28, 18; 3, II, 42 Ninus, Prop. 3, 11, 26 Nireus, Prop. 3, 18, 27 non . . . aut, Prop. 2, 13, 50 Nonnus, Prop. 3, 2, 8 non . . . utriusque = neutriusque, Cat. 68, 39 novissima verba, Cat. loi, 10 Nox, Tib. 2, I, 87 Numa, Ovid, Am. 2, 17, 18 Numantia, Prop. 4, 11, 30 Numicius, Tib. 2, s, 43 Numidian marble, Prop. 2, 31, i nunc = fvv 5^, Cat. 66, 79 Nux, p. 58 O Oarion, Cat. 66, 94 oaths, formula in. Prop. 4, 11, 27 oblitus (pass.). Prop, i, 19, 6 Oceanus, Tib. 2, 5, 60 Ocnus, Prop. 4, 3, 21 Octavia, Prop. 3, 18, 12 Octavian as princeps, Prop. 4, 6, 46 'October horse,' Prop. 4, i, 20 odorifer, Prop. 2, 13, 23 Odysseus, Ovid, Am. 2, 17, 15 Odyssey, Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 30 Oeta, Cat. 68, 54 ; Prop. 3, i, 32 Olympia, Zeus statue at, Prop. 3, 9, 15 Olympic games. Prop. 3, g, 17; Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 95 omens. Prop. 4, 3, 60 triple, most perfect. Prop. 4, 6, 30 Omphale, Prop. 3, 11, 17 onomatopoeia, Tib. 2, 5, 94 onyx. Cat. 66, 82 Orcus, Tib. 3, 3, 38 Orestes, Ovid, Am. 2, 6, 15 Oricum, Prop, i, 8, 20; 3, 7, 49 Orion, Prop. 2, 26, 56 Orithyia, Prop. 2, 26, 51 ; 3, 7, 13 Ormes, Prop. 3, 11, 26 Oromedon, Prop. 3, 9, 48 Orontes, Prop, i, 2, 3 Orpheus, Prop. 2, 13, 8 ; 3, 2, 3 ; Ovid, Am. 2, II, 32 ; 3, 9, 21 Ortalus, Cat. 65, Intr. Ortygia, Prop. 2, 31, 10 Osiris, Tib. i, 7, 27 sqq. ossilegium, Tib. i, 3, 6; 3, 2, 9 sqq. Ostia, Prop, i, 8, 11 Ovid, pp. 55 sqq. Amores, pp. 56, 58 438 GENERAL INDEX Ars Amatoria, pp. 56, 57, 59 associates, p. 55 banishment, p. 56 character, p. 58 sq. early life, p. 55 editions, p. 61 Ex Ponto, p. 58 family, p. 56 Fasti, p. 57 and his Propertius models, p. 57 Halieutica, p. 58 Her aides, pp. 57, S 9 Ibis, p. s8 an imitation of Callimachus, p. 20 manuscripts, p. 60 Medea, p. 58 Medicamina Faciei, p. 57 Metamorphoses, p. 58 minor works, p. 58 rank, Ovid, Am. i, 3, 8 ; 3, 15, 5 Remedia Amoris, p. 57 spurious poems, p. 58 style, p. 59 Tristia, p. 58 oxymoron, Cat. 68, 18 Pactolus, Tib. 3, 3, 29; Prop, i, 6, 32; I, 14, 11; 2, 26, 23; 3, 18, 28; Ovid, Am. i, 15, 34 Padua, Cat. 95, 7 Paeligni, Ovid, Am. 2, 16, 37 ; 3, 15, 8 Paetus, Prop. 3, 7, 5 el passim Palatine, Tib. 2, 5, 25; Prop. 3, 9, 49; 4. 1,3 Apollo-temple on the. Prop. 2, 31 passim; 4, 6, Intr. «;< passim Pales, Tib. 2, 5, 28 Palestine, Tib. i, 7, 18 Palilia (Parilia), Tib. i, i, 21 ; 2, 5, 87; Prop. 4, I, 19; 4,4, 73 palla, Prop. 4, 4, 60 Palladium, Prop. 4, 4, 45 Pallas, Prop. 2, 28, 12 ; 3, 9, 42 ; 4, 4, 45 ; Ovid, Am. 2, 16, 8 Pan, Til3. 2, 5, 27 ; Prop, i, 18, 20 ; 3, 3, 30 Panchaia, Tib. 3, 2, 23 pandean pipe, Tib. 2, 5, 31 Paphos, Ovid, Am. 2, 17, 4 Parcae, Tib. 1, 7, i Paris, Prop. 3, i, 30 and 32 ; Ovid, Am. 2, 6, 42 Parnassus, Prop. 3, 3, 13 Parrhasius, Prop. 3, 9, 12 Parthenium, Prop, i, i, 11 Parthenius, p. 20 and Callus, pp. 20, 24 and Vergil, p. 20 his writings, p. 20 Parthians, Prop. 2, 10, 14 ; 2, 13, i ; 3, 4, I et passim; 4, 6, 79 and 82 Pasiphae, Prop. 2, 28, 52 Paullus, Aemilius, conqueror of Perseus, Prop. 4, II, 39 Paullus, L. Aemilius, Lepidus, Prop. 4, II, Intr. et passim pavement, materials for, Tib. i, 7, 59 Pax, Tib. I, 10, 67 peacock, Ovid, Am. 2, 6, 55 Pedum, home of Tibullus, pp. 33 sq. Pegasides, Prop. 3, i, 19 Pegasus, Prop. 3, 3. 2 ; 3, 3, 32 peierat . . . esse. Prop. 4, 3, 42 Peleus, Ovid, Am. 2, 17, 17 Pelops, Prop. I, 2, 19 ; i, 8b, 36 ; 4, 6, 33 Pelusium, Prop. 3, 9, 55 Penelope, Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 30 pentameter, Ovid, Am. i, i, 4 character of, p. 16 endings of first half of, p. 65 end rime in, p. 66 middle rime in, p. 66 monosyllabic endings in, p. 65 origin of, p. 16 polysyllabic endings in, p. 65 proportion of dactyls and spondees in, p. 66 separation of the two halves of, p. 66 Pentelic marble, Prop. 3, 9, 16 Penthesilea, Prop. 3, 11, 14 perfect tense without perfect significa- tion. Cat. 108, 4 ; Tib. i, i, 29 Pergama, Prop. 3, 9, 39 Pergamon, Prop. 3, 9, 48 Permessus, Prop. 2, 10, 26 Perrhaebi, Prop. 3, 5, 33 Persephone, Tib. 3, 5, 5 ; Prop. 2, 13, 26; 2, 28, 47 Perseus, Prop. 2, 28, 22 Perseus of Macedonia, Prop. 3, 3> 8; 4, II, 39 439 GENERAL INDEX Persians, Prop. 3, 11, 21 personal pronouns, liberal use of, in Tib., Tib. I, I, 5 Perusina . . . scpidcra, Prop, i, 22, 3 Petronius in Ethiopia, Prop. 4, 6, 78 Phaeacia, Tib. i, 3, 3 Phanocles, p. 19 Pharos, Tib. i, 3, 32 ; Prop. 3, 7, 5 Pheneus, Cat. 68, 109 Phidias, Prop. 3. 9, 15 Philetas, p. 19 ; Prop. 3, i, i ; 3, 9, 44; 4, 6, 3 Philip of Macedon, Prop. 3, 11, 40 Philitas ( ?), p. 19, n. i ; Prop. 4, 6, 3 Philomela, Cat. 65, 14 ; Ovid, Am. 2, 6, 7 Phlegraean plains. Prop. 3, 9, 48; 3, 11, 37 ; 3, 18, 5 Phocylides, p. 17 Phoebe, Prop, i, 2, 15 Phoebus, Tib. 4, 2, 22 ; 4, 4, 2 ; 4. 4, 3 and 19 ; Prop. 4, 6, 27 ; Ovid, Atn. I, I, II Phoenix, Ovid, Am. 2, 6, 54 Phraates, Prop. 3, 4, i Phylace, Ovid, Her. 13, 35 Phylacides, Prop, i, 19, 7 Phyto, Tib. 2, 5, 68 Pieria, Prop. 2, 13, 5 Pierian springs, Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 26 Pierides, Tib. 4, 2, 21 ; Ovid, Am. 1, i, 6 Pindus, Prop. 3, s, 33 Piraeus, Prop. 3, 21, 23 sq. Pirithous, Ovid, Trist. i, 3, 66 Pisa, Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 95 "pitcher kiss," Tib. 2, 5, 92 Pitys, Prop, i, 18, 20 planetarium. Prop. 4, i, 76 Plato, p. 18; Prop. 3, 21, 25 Pleiades, Prop, i, 8, 10; 3, s, 36 Pliny as an elegist, pp. 18, 22 plow, Tib. 2, I, 6 invention of, Tib. i, 7, 29 pluperfect for imperfect. Prop. 2, 13, 38 Pluto, Prop. 2, 28, 47 ; 4, II, s find 18 poetic geography. Cat. 66, 36 poetic plural, Tib. i, 3, 13 PoUio, Asinius, p. 24 Pollux, Cat. 68, 6s Polydamas, Prop. 3, i, 29 Polygnotus, Prop. 4, 3, 21 Polynices, Prop, i, 7, 2 Polyphemus, Prop. 3, 2, 7 polysyllabic endings in the hexameter P- 63 Polyxena, Prop. 2, 13, 38 Pomona, Tib. i, i, 14 Pompey, Prop. 3, 11, 35, 38 and 68 pomum = pomus, Tib. i, i, 8 Ponticus, pp. 45. 55 ; Prop, i, 7. i ; Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 47 popae, garments of the. Prop. 4, 3, 62 Porcius Latro, p. 55 Porcius Licinus, p. 22 Porticus Octaviae, Prop. 3, 18, 14 Poseidippus, p. 20 postilla, Cat. 84, 9 post modo, original meaning of, Tib. 2, 5, 102 pote, Prop. 3, 7, 10 potis est, Cat. 72, 7 praelexta of childhood. Prop. 4, 11, 33 Praxiteles, Prop. 3, 9, 16 precor with inf., Tib. 2, 5, 3 Priam, Prop. 2, 28, 54 Priapea by Tibullus ( ?), p. 38 Priapus, Tib. i, i, 17 sq. Procne, Cat. 65, 14 Prometheus, Prop, i, 12, 10; 3, 5, 7 sq. ; Ovid, Am. 2, 16, 40 propempticon, Ovid, Am. 2, 11, Intr. proper names, short forms of. Prop. 3, 3, 7 Propertius, p. 43 sqq. ; Prop, i, 22 ; 3, 3, 17; Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 45 abruptness in, Prop. 3, 7, i and 43 adulation in, Prop. 3, 9, 55 birth and early hfe, p. 43 sq. character, p. 49 chronology of the poems, p. 49 connected elegies in. Prop. 3, 5, Intr. debt to Calhmachus, p. 20 division of the elegies into books, p. 48 editions, p. 54 estrangement for a year from Cynthia, Prop. 3, 16, 9 friends, p. 45 Horace and, p. 45 Maecenas and, p. 45 manuscripts of, p. 52 spontaneous sympathy in, Prop. 3, 7, Intr. 440 GENERAL INDEX style of, pp. 50-52 theism in, Prop. 3, 5, 26 prosody, p. 67 protasis of actuality, Prop. 4, i, 49 Protesilaus, Cat. 68, 74; Prop, i, 19, 7; Ovid, Am. 2, 6, 41 ; Her. 13, Intr. et passim pseudonyms of the mistresses of the elegists, p. 26, n. 2 Ptolemy II, p. 19 Ptolemy Euergetes, Cat. 66, Intr. pulvis Etrusca, Prop, i, 22, 6 puriter, Cat. 76, 19 Pylades, Ovid, Am. 2, 6, 15 Pyrrhus, Prop. 3, 11, 60 Python, Prop. 4, 6, 35 quaene, Cat. 68, 91 quamvis with indicative, Prop, i, 18, 13 quatido, Prop. 2, 10, 8 quantity, before mute and liquid, Tib. i, 3, 18 long in compounds of eo, Ovid, Her. 13, 29 shortening of final 0, Tib. 2, 6, 41 ; Prop. 3, 9, 35 gware. Prop. 1,9,33 quater = terque quaterque, Tib. i, 10, 63 -qiie, favorite position of, Tib. 2, 5, 72; Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 94 -que before dissyllabic pentameter ending, Tib. I, I, 40 -que . . . et, Tib. i, i, 35 questions, exclamatory, Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 41 Quinctius Atta, p. 22 Quindecimviri, Tib. 2, 5, Intr. Quinquatrus, Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 13 Quintia, Cat. 86, i Quintilia, Cat. 96, 6 Quintilian, his estimate of Roman elegy, p. 22 Quirinus, Tib. 2, 5, 43; Prop. 4, 6, 21 Quirites, Prop. 4, i, 13 quis = aliquis, Tib. i, 10, 13 quis — quibus, Prop, i, 8b, 42 quisquam as a universal affirmative, Cat. 76, 7 quisquis = quisque, Cat. 68, 28 Rea Silvia, Tib. 2, 5, 52 recitationes, introduction of, Ovid, Trist. 4. 10. 57 religious conservatism, Tib. i, i, 38 Remus, Tib. 2, 5, 24; Prop. 3, 9, 50; 4, I, 9 and so Remus for Romulus, Prop. 4, 6, 80 repetitions in TibuUus, Tib. i, i, 43 Rhadamanthus, Prop. 4, 11, 21 Rhine, Prop. 3, 3, 45 Rhoeteum, Cat. 65, 7 ; 101, Intr. rhombus. Prop. 2, 28, 35 rime. Prop, i, 8b, 34 in hexameter, pp. 63-65 middle, in hexameter. Prop. 3, 7, i rivers of Tartarus, Tib. i, 3, 68 Roma, Tib. 2, 5, 57 Romanus Callimachus, Prop. 4, i, 64 Romtda = Romana, Prop. 3, 11, 52 ; 4, 4,26 Romulus, Tib. 2, 5, 23 and Remus, bronze group. Prop. 3, 9, SI taking augury. Prop. 4, 6, 43 sq. rustic divinities, Tib. i, i, 11 rustic festivals, Tib. 2, i, Intr. Rutuli, Tib. 2, 5, 47 Sabina (herba), Prop. 4, 3, 58 Sabine women. Prop. 4, 4, 59 sacrificial forms. Prop. 4, 6, 5 sqq. sacrificial vessels, Tib. i, i, 38 Santones, Tib. i, 7, 10 Sappho, p. 26 Sarmatae, Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, no Satrachus, Cat. 95, 5 Saturn, Tib. i, 3, 35 Saturnia, Tib. 3, 3, 33 Salurni diem, Tib. i, 3, 18 saviolum. Cat. 99, 2 Scaean gate. Prop. 3, 9, 39 Scalae Caci, Prop. 4, i, 9 Scamander, Prop. 3, i, 27 Schiller, Prop. 3, 24, Intr. ; Ovid, Am. i, I, 27 scibant. Cat. 68, 85 Scipiadae, Prop. 3, 11, 67 441 GENERAL INDEX Scipio, P. Cornelius, Prop. 4, ii, Intr. Scipio Africanus, Prop. 4, 11, 30 Sdron, Prop. 3, 16, 12 Scopas, Prop. 2, 31, 15 Scribonia, Prop. 4, 11, Intr. and 55 scripture parallels, Prop. 3, 5, 14 scutum, Prop. 4, 4, 20 ScyUa, Prop. 2, 26, 53 ; Ovid, Am. 2, 16, 23 and Charybdis, Ovid, Am. 2, 11, 18 of Megara, Prop. 4, 4, 39 Scythia, Prop. 4, 3, 47 Semele, Prop. 2, 28, 27 Semiramis, Prop. 3, 11, 21 and 26 Senate, original Roman, Prop. 4, i, 14 Septemtriones, Prop. 3, 5, 35 Septimontium, Tib. 2, 5, 55 Seres, Prop, i, 14, 22 " Seven against Thebes," Prop. 3, 9, 38 seventh day in illness, Ovid, Am. 2, 6, 45 sex crines, Prop. 4, 11, 34 Sextus Pompey, Prop. 4, i, 3 Shakespeare, Cat. 68, 50 and 70 ; Tib. i, 1, 60; 4, 13, II ; Prop. I, 9, 24; 2, 11,3; 2, 12, 3; 3, 21,3 shortening of final syllable. Prop. 3, 11, 53 Sibyl, Cumaean, Tib. 2, 5, 15 and 67; Prop. 4. I, 49 SibyUine books, Tib. 2, 5, Intr. ; Prop. 2, 31, Intr. sic in adjurations, Tib. 2, 5, 63 Sidonius, Tib. 3, 3, 18 Silanus, p. 56 Silenus, Prop. 3, 3, 29 Silvanus, Tib. i, i, 14; Prop. 4, 4, 5 simile, Cat. 68, 57 Simois, Prop. 3, i, 27 ; Ovid, Am. i, 15, 10 Simonides, of Amorgos, p. 17 of Ceos, p. 18 friend of Theognis, p. 17 siris, Cat. 66, 91 Sinus, Tib. i, i, 27; i, 7, 21 ; 2, 1, 47; Ovid, Am. 2, 16, 3 sq. Sirmio, pp. 25, 27 Sisyphus, Prop. 3, 5, 42 slaves, branding of, Tib. 2, 6, 5 Socrates, Prop. 4, 3, 21 Sol, Prop. 2, 31, II Solon, p. 17 Solonium, Prop. 4, i, 31 Somnus, Tib. 2, i, 89 sq. sors, Tib. i, 3, 11 ; Ovid, Her. 13, 93 soul, abode of, after death, Tib. 2, 6, 30- 3, 2, 22 Spes, Tib. i, i, 9 and 14; 2, 6, 20 sqq. spinning, Tib. 2, i, 64 spondaic hexameter. Cat. 116, 3 spondees in hexameter, p. 63 statues at Rome, Prop. 3, 11, 46 stola, Prop. 4, II, 61 Strymon, Prop. 4, 4, 72 S- T- T- L, Tib. 2, 6, 30 ; Prop, i, 17, 21 ; Ovid, Am. 2, x6, 15 Styx, Prop. 3, 18, 9; 4- 3, IS subter with abl., Cat. 65, 7 Suetonius's life of TibuUus, p. 32 Suillius Rufus, P., Ovid, Trist. i, 3. 97 Sulmo, Ovid, Am. 2, 16, i ; Trist. 4, 10, 3 Suipicia, pp. 34, 37 ; Tib. 2, 2, Intr.; 4, 2, I " Garland of," p. 37 sun spots, Tib. 2, 5, 76 suovetaurilia, Tib. 2, i, Intr. Susa, Prop. 2, 13, i Sycambri, Prop. 4, 6, 77 Symplegades, Prop. 2, 26, 39 ; Ovid, Ani' 2, II, 3 synchysis, Tib. i, i, 51 sj-ncopated perfects, Prop, i, 7, S synecdoche, Prop. 2, 26, i synizesis, Cat. 82, 3 ; Ovid, Am. 3, 9, 21 syntax, Propertian, Prop, i, 19, 19; 2, 13, 28 and 55 ; 2, 27, 11 ; 3, 3, 4; 3, 5, 27; 3. 7, 49 vagueness in, Prop. 2, 12, 16 ; 3, 11, 34 ; 4, 3, 10 Syphax; Prop. 3, 11, 59 Syrtes, Prop. 3, 24, 16; Ovid, Am. 2, 11, 20 Tacitus, his estimate of elegy, p. 24 Taenarum, Ovid, Her. 13, 45 marble from. Prop. 3, 2, 11 Taenarus, Tib. 3, 3, 14 Tagus, Ovid, ^m. i, 15, 34 Tantalus, Tib. i, 3, 77 ; Prop. 3, 5. 42 TarbeUi, Tib. i, 7, 9 Tarpeia, Prop. 4, 4 passim a vestal virgin, Prop. 4, 4, 15 AA2 GENERAL INDEX Tarpeia myth, Prop. 4, 4, Intr. Tarpeiau Rock, Prop. 3, 11, 45 Tarpeia's tomb. Prop. 4, 4, i Tarpeius paler, Prop. 4, i, 7 Tarquinius Superbus, Prop. 3, 11, 47 sq. Taurus, Tib. i, 7, 15 Tegea, Prop. 3, 3, 30 Tellus, Prop, i, 19, 16 Tempe, Ovid, Am. i, i, 15 Tenedos, Ovid, Am. i, 15, g Tennyson, Cat. loi, Intr. tepefactat, Cat. 68, 29 Tereus, Ovid, Am. 2, 6, 7 Terminus, Tib. i, i, n tertia regna, Tib. 3, s, 22 fete. Cat. loi, s Tethys, Cat. 66, 70 Teucri, Prop. 4, 6, 21 Thalia, Ovid, Trisl. 4, 10, 56 'Thebaid,' Prop. 3, 9, 38 of Antimachus, p. 18 Thebes, Prop, i, 7. i ; 3, 2, s ; 3, 18, 6 Themis, Cat. 68, 153 Theocritus, pp. 19, 20; Prop. 2, 12, 17 ; 3 2, 8 Theognis, p. 17 Thermodon, Prop. 4, 4, 71 Thermopylae, Cat. 68, 54 Thersites, Ovid, Am. 2, 6, 41 Theseus, Prop. 4, 4, 41 ; Ovid, Trist. i, 3, 66 street of, Prop. 3, 21, 24 Thessalis, Prop, i, 19, 10 Thessaly, plains of. Prop. 2, 10, 2 Thetis, Prop. 3, 7, 68; Ovid, Am. 2, 17, 17 Thia, Cat. 66, 44 Tiber, Prop, i, 14, i ; 3, 11, 42 ; 4, i, 8 tibia, Tib. 2, i, 86 Tibullus, pp. 31 sqq. ; Tib. 4, 13, 13; Ovid, Am. i, 15, 28; 3, 9 passim; Trist. 4, 10, 51 character, p. 38 characteristic course of thought, Tib. I, I, Intr. date of birth, p. 32 sq. editions, p. 42 Horace and, p. ss manuscripts of, p. 41 mistresses of, p. 35 nature poet, p. 39, n. i property of, Tib. i, i, 2 and s Quintilian's estimate of, p. 39 repetitions in, Tib. i, i, 6; i, 3, 5 style, p. 40 Tibur, p. 25 ; Prop. 3, 16, 2 Cynthia's home, p. 46 Ticidas, pp. 22, 25 Timotheus, Prop. 2, 31, 15 Tisiphone, Tib. i, 3, 69 ; Prop. 3, s, 40 Titus Tatius, Prop. 4, i, 30; 4, 4, 7 ei passim Tityos, Tib. i, 3, 75 ; Prop. 3. 5, 44 Tmolus, Prop. 3, 11, 18 toasts, phrases in drinking, Tib. 2, i, 31 toga. Cat. 68, 15' toga picia. Prop. 4, 4, 53 toga virilis, assumption of the, Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 27 tombs, decoration of, Prop. 3, 16, 23 location of, Tib. 3, 2, 28; Prop. 3, 16, 25 offerings at, Tib. 2, 6, 31 Tomi, Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 97 and 113 topography, vague, Prop. 4, 4, 15 trajection, Tib. i, 7, 12 ; Prop. 4, i, 57 of at. Prop. I, 6, 22 tresviri, Ovid, Trist. 4, 10, 34 tribes, original Roman, Prop. 4, i, 31 Trinacria, Cat. 68, 53 Triton, Prop. 4, 6, 61 ; Ovid, Am. 2, 11, 27 triumph, Tib. i, 7, 8; 2, 5, 116; Prop. 3, 4. 13 sqq.; 4, i, 32; 4. 4. 531 4, 6, Intr. triumphs of Romulus, Prop. 4, i, 32 Trivia, Cat. 66, 5 Troia, Prop. 2, 28, 53 ; 4, i, 39 Trojan horse. Prop. 4, i, 42 trophies, Tib. i, i, 54 Tullianum, Prop. 4, 4, 14 Tullus, p. 45 ; Prop. 1,1,9; 1,6, Intr.: I, 22, I Tumus, Tib. 2, 5, 48 turpentine wood. Prop. 3, 7, 49 Tusculum, Tib. i, 7, 57 tympana, Prop. 3, 3, 28 Tyndaridae, Prop, i, 17, 18 Tyrian purple, Tib. 4, 2, 16 Tyro, Prop. 2, 28, 51 Tyrtaeus, p. 17 44.3 GENERAL INDEX U Ulixes, Prop. 3, 7, 41 ullae = ulli, Tib. 4, 6, g ulterius as a preposition, Prop, i, 6, 4 Umbria, Prop, i, 22, g ; 4, i, 121 birthplace of Propertius, Prop. 4, i, 64 uncleanness, ceremonial, Ovid, Am. 3, g, 19 unigena, Cat. 66, 53 Valerius Aedituus, p. 22 Valerius Cato, pp. 22, 25 Valgius Rufus, C, p. 23 vallus, Tib. i, 10, g Varro Atacinus, pp. 22, 28; Ovid, Am. I. 15. 21 Velabrum, Tib. 2, s, 33 Veneres, Cat. 86, 6 venio = sum, Prop, i, 18, 14 Venus, Tib. i, i, 73 ; 4, 2, 3 ; 4, 13, 23 ; Ovid, Am. 2, 17, ig Anadyomene, Prop. 3, g, 11 Erycina, Ovid, Am. 3, g, 45 the Julian family and. Prop. 4, i, 46 V^ergil, Ovid, Am. i, 15, 25; 3, 15, 7 ; Trist. 4, 10, SI fourth Georgic, GaJlus and the, p. 24 Callus and, p. 24 Parthenius and, p. 20 praiser of poets, p. 21 student of Catullus, p. 28 TibuUus and, p. 33 Verginius Rufus, p. 22 Verona, Cat. 68, 27 ; Ovid, Am. 3, 15, 7 Verrius Flaccus, p. 57 Vertumnus, Tib. i, i, 14; 4, 2, 13 vescar with ace, Tib. 2, 5, 64 Vesper, Prop. 4, 3, 29 Vesta, Prop. 3, 4, 11 ; 4, 4, 6g feast of. Prop. 4, i, 21 fire and temple of. Prop. 4, 4, 45 Vestal virgin. Prop. 4, 4, 15 veto with subjv., Tib. 2, 6, 36 Via Lata, Prop. 3, i, 14 Via Latina, Tib. 1, 7, 57 Victoria, Tib. 2, 5, 45 vine-props, Ovid, Am. 2, 16, 41 Virgo, Cat. 66, 65 vocative In Propertius, Prop, i, 8, 19 Volusius, Cat. gs, 7 Vulcan, Ovid, Am. 2, 17, 19 W wax likenesses, Ovid, Her. 13, 152 weaving, Tib. 2, i, 66 vertical, Prop. 4, 3, 15 wedding procession. Prop. 4, 3, 13 Whitman, Walt, Prop. 3, 3, 4 wine-making, Tib. i, i, 10; 2, 5, 85 wines. Prop. 4, 6, 73 wolf, of Mars, Prop. 4, i, 55 wooden cups, Tib. i, 10, 8 wooden horse. Prop. 3, g, 42 wreathing, of cattle, Tib. 2, i, 8 of cups and bowls, Tib. 2, 5, 98 Zenodotus, p. 19 Zephyritis, Cat. 66, 57 Zephyrus, Ovid, Am. 2, 11, 41 zeugma, Tib. 3, 3, 21 ; Prop. 3, 9, 24 Zeus-altar at Pergamum, Prop. 3, 9, 48 Zeus-temple at Olympia, Prop. 3, 2, 2C Zmyma, Cat. 95, i zones, Prop. 4, i, 108 444 I / ( >11A AT LC ANf^ELEF UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ^ REC'D LD-URU^ AU6:^4t97t' RtNtVV(\L 41986 SEP 19 19^3 ■" " ■v^'^-t'^fcn-,, LDl- t 1986 0CT25rc' ■^ 'i ^ > jkCi;> - J 1 ii« iJiiL M^ ^^ac LD UliL •111 Ly-Series 444 J p.h'. Wl ™^^^ITT OF CALmjRRu A7 4/> 3 1158 00517 9535 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 432 988 4 iiiii!iil!i|iiiiiij|iilii!iiliii!llllliiH^