**. v *y:*v* * **** " ?7 .7* v * * * .V **.**** \ ' ^ ' \ J , > '^ $%^%%L,. iVy SrfVWTrf'<"4>Vj4%Vr vXvXvXvXw ' APPENDIX. 235 ing more just the recent tonnage duties on French vessels. South American affairs are, as usual, men- tioned. The rapid reduction of the public debt is noted, as showing the extent of the national re- sources. The President then recommends legisla- tion to relieve those who have bought public lands on credit in days of higher prices. He reports prog- ress in the preparation of the extensive system of fortifications, and sets forth the great advantages to be expected from them, and, more briefly, those de- rivable from the frontier posts among the Indians and the naval squadrons abroad. In his second inaugural address, delivered March 4, 1821, President Monroe first expresses his grati- tude for the confidence of his fellow-citizens, and his satisfaction at the general accord with which it has been expressed. " Having no pretensions," says he, " to the high and commanding claims of my prede- cessors, whose names are so much more conspicu- ously identified with our Revolution, and who con- tributed so preeminently to promote its success, I consider myself rather as the instrument than the cause of the union which has prevailed in the late election. ... It is obvious that other powerful causes, indicating the great strength and stability of our Union, have essentially contributed to draw you together." He then reviews the acts of the govern- ment in the previous term, and, first of all, the prog- ress made in fortification. Upon matters of foreign policy, the chief opinions expressed by him are, that 236 APPENDIX. our neutrality in the South American conflict should by all means be preserved, that the troubles in Florida could not be ended in any other way than that pur- sued, that the treaty with Spain and the acquisition of the Peninsula will prove highly advantageous to our country, and that our naval squadrons in foreign waters have been most efficient in suppressing the slave-trade and piracy. He recommends, in view of the public exigencies, the restoration of the internal duties and excises, the removal of which he had, under other circumstances, suggested in a former message. He further recommends that the Indians, instead of being treated as independent nations, be settled upon lands granted to them as individuals, and helped to improvement in agriculture and civil- ization ; and that measures be taken to make us al- ways capable of self-defence. He then compares the excellence and success of our government with the defects and failures of those of the ancient republics, and expresses the belief " that our system will soon attain the highest degree of perfection of which hu- man institutions are capable." The address closes with remarks upon the increase of the area and pop- ulation of the United States, and with acknowledg- ments of the ability and uprightness of the Presi- dent's cabinet advisers. The principal subjects of the fifth annual message, that of December 3, 1821, are, commercial relations arising under the act of March 3, 1815, and the trans- ference and government of Florida. Beside these, the President briefly discusses Portuguese and South APPENDIX. 237 American affairs, the treasury and revenue, incidental protection to manufactures, internal taxation, now no longer deemed necessary, surveys, fortifications, and war vessels, and the efficiency of the Mediterranean squadron in restraining the Barbary powers, and of the naval forces elsewhere in suppressing piracy and the slave-trade. The act of March 3, 1815, had pro- vided that the manufactures and productions of any foreign nation, imported into the United States in vessels of the same nation, should, whenever the Ex- ecutive should be satisfied that the nation in question nad conferred the same privilege upon our commerce, be exempted from the payment of any further duties than would be paid upon the same merchandise if imported in our ships. It was thought, says the President, that the proposal was liberal, and that any power acceding to it would also throw open the trade of its colonies to foreign vessels on a similar basis. But England, while accepting it for her Euro- pean dominions, has declined it for the West Indies, and France has declined it altogether ; direct trade with the West Indies and France in our vessels and theirs has therefore ceased. He expresses regret at the extreme interpretation put by the French gov- ernment upon the most-favored-nation clause in the treaty of 1803, and defends the seizure of the Apollo, on the nominally Spanish side of the St. Mary's River, on the ground that the sole purpose of its presence there was to elude our revenue laws. He reports the extension of the reciprocity system of the act of 1815 by treaties with several powers. In 238 APPENDIX. announcing the transfer of Florida, he comments se- verely upon the refusal of the Spanish officials in charge to transfer the land records of the province. He describes the measures taken for the provisional government of the district, regrets the dissensions which have occurred in it, recommends the prompt establishment of a territorial government for it, and reports progress in the satisfaction of the claims of our citizens against Spain. During this same session several special messages were sent to Congress. The first, on February 25, 1822, suggests a larger appropriation for a treaty with the Cherokees ; the second, dated March 8, 1822, relates to the contest between Spain and her colonies. The opinion is expressed that recent events have made it manifest that the colonies not only possess independence, but are certain to retain it, and that the recognition of their independence by us should now be made, that it cannot be regarded by Spain as improper, and may help to shorten the struggle. A longer special message of March 26 refers to the for- tifications at Dauphin Island at the mouth of Mobile Bay, and, incidentally, to the subject of fortifications in general. The President demonstrates the necessity of extensive fortifications at that point for the protec- tion not only of Mobile but of New Orleans, and thus of the whole valley of the Mississippi. He ends the message with a strong vindication of the policy of fortification adopted by Congress soon after the late destructive war with England ; he shows that the amount of loss which, in any similar emergency, APPENDIX. 239 would be thus prevented, far exceeds the cost of the works themselves, and that the latter has been, and is being, defrayed without sensibly iucreasing the burdens vesting upon the people. By far the most important of the special messages of President Monroe are those vetoing the Cumber- land Road Bill, and giving the reasons therefor. In the former he briefly declares his opinion that the power to pass such a law implies the power to adopt and execute a complete system of internal improve- ment, and that such a power is neither specifically nor incidentally granted by the Constitution. The session being too advanced to permit him to include his reasons in this message, he instead transmits to Congress an exposition of his views on the subject previously committed to paper, and having a form somewhat different from that which would have been adopted in a message. The paper so transmitted forms a special message of great length, setting forth fully the President's views on internal improve- ments. This message may be divided into four parts. In the first he discusses the general subject of the divi- sion of powers between the general government and the State governments ; in the second he describes the powers which the general government would have to exercise if it possessed the right claimed for it ; in the third he controverts in detail the arguments of those who seek to derive the power in question from va rious powers conceded to Congress by the Constitu- 240 APPENDIX. tion ; in the fourth he declares the advantages of the possession of such a power by them, if carefully con- fined to great works of national importance, and rec- ommends an amendment to secure that end. The subjects of the first portion are, the origin of the State governments and their endowments when first formed ; the origin of the national government and the powers vested in it, and the powers which are admitted to have remained to the State govern- ments. The views disclosed in it are substantially the following: When the power of the crown was ab- rogated, the authority which had been held by it vested exclusively in the people of the colonies. These appointed a Congress. They also formed State governments, to .which all necessary powers of government, not vested in Congress, were imparted, the sovereignty still residing in the people. Mean- while the powers of Congress, though vast, were un- defined. Hence the plan of confederation ratified in 1781. Now it may fairly be presumed that where grants of certain powers were transferred in the same terms from this to the Constitution of 1788, they should be construed in the same sense in the latter which they bore in the former. Its principal provisions are therefore here inserted. Its incompe- tence being demonstrated, the new Constitution was formed and ratified, the State governments them- selves taking the lead in this forward movement. A compact was thus formed, which cannot be altered except by those who formed it, and in the mode in it described. Thus there were two separate and itide- APPENDIX. 241 pendent governments established over the Union, one for local purposes over each State, by the people of the State ; the other for national purposes over all the States, by the people of the United States. Both governments have a common origin or sovereign, the people, whose whole power, on the representative prin- ciple, is divided between them. As a result of this survey, two important facts are disclosed ; the first is, that the power or sovereignty passed from the crown directly to the people ; the second, that it passed to the people of each colony, and not to the people of all the colonies in the aggregate. Had it been other- wise, had the people not had equal rights and a com- mon interest in the struggle, or had the sovereignty passed to the aggregate, the Revolution might not have succeeded. But, clearly, power passed to the people of each colony, for the chartered rights whose violation produced the Revolution were those secured by the charters of each colony ; and the composition and conduct of Congress confirm this position. The powers granted by the Constitution to the govern- ment of the United States are then detailed. On the powers remaining to the governments of the States, it is observed, that the territory contemplated by the Constitution is the territory of the several States, and under their jurisdiction ; the people, the people of the several States ; the militia, the holding of property, the administration of justice, the criminal code, are all under the control of the State govern- ments, except in cases otherwise specially provided for. The right of the general government is, in 16 242 APPENDIX. short, a power to perform certain specified acts and those only. The second division of the message discusses briefly the nature and extent of the powers requisite to the general government in order to adopt and execute a system of internal improvement, a necessary prelim- inary to the decision whether it has this power. First, says the President, it must be able to buy the land even in spite of the owner's refusal to sell ; secondly, it must be able to punish those who injure the road or canal, by having not only jurisdiction over it but power to bring them to justice, wherever caught ; thirdly, it must be able to establish tolls and provide for their collection and for the punishment of those infringing such regulations. If, he continues, the United States possess this power, it must, since it has not been specifically granted, be derived from one of the following sources : First, the right to establish post-offices and post- roads ; second, to declare war ; third, to regulate com- merce among the several States ; fourth, from the power to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States ; fifth, from the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution all the powers vested by the Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof ; sixth, from the power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations respecting, the territory and other property of the United States. From some one or other of these the advocates of the power derive APPENDIX. 243 it, and all these the President proceeds, in this third part of his message, to consider in detail. As to the first grant, it is contended that it cannot, in the ordinary sense of the word "establish," be held to mean anything more than the use of exist- ing roads by the mail-carrier in passing over them as others do ; that the phrase must be held to mean just what it did in the Articles of Confederation ; that, its object being the carriage of the mails, only what is absolutely necessary to that object is conceded ; and that the proposed interpretation would give Congress the same jurisdiction over all the roads already ex- isting in every State. The claim under the second grant mentioned would extend to canals as well as to roads. If internal im- provements are to be carried to the full extent to which they may be useful for military purposes, the power must extend to all roads in the Union. Further, the Constitution makes a special grant of several rights, like that of raising an army, which might much more certainly be derived from that of declaring war than could the power in question ; omission to mention the latter, therefore, proves that it is not granted, as does also the specification of a grant of jurisdiction over land ceded for fortifica- tions ; we are obliged to infer that in this case alone is the power given. Next, the President takes up the third argument, from the power to regulate commerce between the States. The history of this grant and of the discus- sions which preceded it make it evident, he says, that 244 APPENDIX. it was intended merely to give power to impose duties on foreign trade and to prevent any on trade between the States. The fourth claim is founded on the second part of the first clause of Art. I. Sec. 9 of the Constitution, which reads, " The Congress shall have power, to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ; to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States." The reasoning upon this point is in substance the following : The second phrase here used gives a right to appropriate the public money, and it gives this power alone. For, first, if the right of appropriation is not given by this clause it is not given at all ; secondly, this part of the grant has none of the characteristics of a distinct and original power, but is manifestly incidental to the first part ; thirdly, if this is not its real meaning it has a scope so wide as to make unnecessary all the other grants in the Constitution, for they would be included in this ; further, the place which this phrase occupies is ex- actly the one most fitting for a grant of the right of appropriation. If, then, this is the power here granted, it remains to inquire what is the extent of this power. One construction is, that the government has no right to expend money except in the performance of acts authorized by the other specific grants, according to a strict construction of their nature. " To this con- struction," says President Monroe, " I was inclined in the more early stage of our government ; but, on APPENDIX. 245 further reflection and observation, my mind has un- dergone a change, for reasons which I will frankly unfold." The power to raise money and the power to appropriate it are both, in this grant, conveyed in terms as general and unqualified as, for instance, those conceding to Congress the power to declare war. More comprehensive terms than " to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and gen- eral welfare " could not have been used. And so intimately connected with and dependent on each other are the two branches of power granted, that a limitation of one would have had the like effect upon the other. But indeed it was impossible to have created a power within the government, distinct from Congress and the Executive, which should control the movement of the government in respect to expendi- tures, and not destroy it. This, then, must be the nature of the grant of appropriation. Have Con- gress, then, a right to raise and appropriate the public money to any and to every purpose, according to their will and pleasure? They certainly have not. The government of the United States is a limited government, instituted for great national purposes, and for those only. Good roads and canals will, however, promote many very important national pur- poses. To the appropriation of the public money to such improvements there seems to be no well-founded constitutional objection ; to do anything further than this the general government is not competent. This has also been the practice of our government ; for in- stance, in the case of the Cumberland Road, all the 246 APPENDIX. acts of the United States have been based on the principle that the sovereignty and jurisdiction be- longed not to the general government but to the States ; Congress has simply appropriated money from the public treasury, thus aiding a work of great national utility. The conclusion reached upon this point is, there- fore, that the right to make internal improvements has not been granted by the power to " provide for the common defence and general welfare," but only the right to appropriate the public money ; that the government itself being limited, the power to appro- priate is also limited, the extent of the government, as designated by the specific grants, marking the ex- tent of the power, which should, however, be ex- tended to every object embraced by the fair scope of those grants, and not confined to a strict construc- tion of their respective powers (it being safer to aid the purposes of those grants by the appropriation of money than to extend, by a forced construction, the grant itself) ; and that, though the right to appropri- ate is indispensable, it is insufficient as a power if a great scheme of improvements is contemplated. Against the fifth source suggested, the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution all powers vested by the Constitution in the general government, it is urged that such a power is not by that instrument so vested. Sixthly, the second clause of Art. II. Sec. 3 of the Constitution is shown, by the first clause and by the history of the cessions of land to the United States APPENDIX. 247 by the States, to refer to such lands only. The power to make all needful regulations respecting the terri- tory and other property of the United States has, therefore, no bearing upon the subject of internal im- provements to be made by the general government Therefore it is concluded that the desired power is not possessed. Much more than the right to appro- priate is required ; territorial jurisdiction over the roads is not, however, necessary, but may be left to the States, if the government have the power to pro- tect its works. The great advantages of such improvements are easily seen, while no other region can, from its config- uration, be improved so vastly by roads and canals at so slight expense. The interchange of our varied pro- ductions would be rendered more easy and commerce increased ; the efficiency of both the general and the State governments, the intelligence of the people, the strength of the Union, and the expansion of our system, would be greatly promoted. It cannot be doubted that such improvements can be made by the general government better than by the local govern- ments, liable to jealousies and influences not felt by the former. The Cumberland Road, in particular, has a pressing need of the use of this power by the national government. " If it is thought proper," concludes the President, " to vest this power in the United States, the only mode in which it can be done is by an amendment of the Constitution. On full consideration, therefore, of the whole subject, I am of opinion that such an 248 APPENDIX. amendment ought to be recommended to the sev- eral States for their adoption. It is, however, my opinion that the power should be confined to great national works only, since, if it were unlimited, it would be liable to abuse and might be productive of evil." President Monroe in his sixth annual message, O ' dated December 3, 1822, touches upon a great variety of subjects. He reports the conclusion of a satisfac- tory commercial convention with France, the opening of trade with the British Colonies, and a decision by the Emperor of Russia upon Article I. of the Treaty of Ghent, and recommends the legislation which these events require. He announces the formation of a territorial government for Florida ; states the prosperous condition of the finances ; summarizes the report of the Secretary of War, especially as to the Academy at West Point, and that of the Secretary of the Navy ; and recommends the removal of the Semi- noles. Referring to his message upon the Cumber- land Road, he suggests that if Congress do not see fit to propose the amendment there advised, it can certainly take measures to repair and protect the road ; he further recommends increased protective duties. The remainder of the message deals with foreign affairs. The President expresses his hope that Spain will soon give up the contest with her colonies, and exhibits strong sympathy with the cause of Greece. In view of the complications in Europe which make war imminent, he exhorts the nation, APPENDIX. 249 while it congratulates itself upon its exemption from the causes which disturb peace elsewhere, to keep itself ever in a position to defend its liberties in any emergency. At the beginning of his seventh annual message, December 2, 1823, the President explains the pur- pose of his messages, declaring that, as with us the people are exclusively the sovereigns, they should be informed on all public matters, especially foreign affairs and finance. Progress is reported in various negotiations. Our government having begun to nego- tiate with the Russian emperor and with England in regard to the northwest boundary, " the occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have as- sumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be con- sidered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers." He mentions the proposals of our government that the slave-trade be declared pi- racy, and that privateering be abolished, and expresses strong approval of both these measures. The con- dition of the finances, the War Department, the mili- tia, the navy, piracies in the Gulf, the Post-Office Department, the tariff, the public accounts, and the Cumberland Road, is described, without recommen- dations of special significance. The project for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is mentioned with ap- proval, and an appropriation for a survey is recom- mended, as well as for other public works. The 250 APPENDIX. most ardent wishes for the success of Greece in win- ning independence are expressed. Then follows a celebrated passage, already reproduced in the text of this book. See p. 158. The message closes with a comparison of the pres- ent state of the country with that at the close of the Revolution, touching upon the additions to our terri- tory, the expansion of our population, the accession of new States, and the strengthening of our system to such an extent that consolidation and disunion are both impracticable. A special message, sent to Congress on February 24, 1824, submitted to their consideration the claim of a portion of the Massachusetts militia to compen- sation for services in the late war. The decision of the Governor of Massachusetts, that the power to call out the militia of a State was conditional upon the consent of its Executive, and that when called out they could not be placed under the command of an officer of the regular army, had previously made it impossible for the national Executive to make such compensation. Now, however, the principle in dis- pute being conceded by that State, favorable action is recommended to Congress. The important matters mentioned in the last an- nual message of President Monroe, that of Decem- ber 7, 1824, aside from those which appear in the same form in previous messages, are : the slave- trade, the rights of neutrals, the engineers' surveys, the visit of General Lafayette, the relations of our government with those of South America, the Su- APPENDIX. 251 preme Court, and the Indians. A convention between the United States and Great Britain, declaring the slave-trade piratical, has been concluded but not yet ratified. An effort has been made, on occasion of the war between France and Spain, to put upon a more just basis the rights of neutral vessels in time of war, and it is hoped will prove successful. In view of the extensive roads and canals now projected, it is rec- ommended that the corps of engineers be increased. The arrival of General Lafayette and his warm wel- come are mentioned, and it is suggested that in consideration of his services a suitable provision be tendered him by Congress. The independent States of South America are reported to be following the example of our prosperity, in spite of some presum- ably temporary disturbances; the most friendly feel- ings toward them are expressed. The President recommends au organization of the Supreme Court which will relieve the judges of that court from any duties not connected with it, and will be more suited to the requirements of the present day ; that some wise and humane arrangement be made for the In- dians (perhaps settling them in the territory toward the Rocky Mountains), which will lead to their per- manent settlement in agricultural pursuits, and ulti- mately to their civilization, for which it is our solemn duty to provide ; and that the propriety of establish- ing a military station on the Pacific Coast be consid- ered. He again reminds the nation of the many blessings it enjoys, and exhorts it to preserve them from dangers without and dissensions within, and 252 APPENDIX. concludes this, his last annual message, with expres- sions of gratitude for the public confidence and the generous support received from his fellow-citizens. During the session of 1825 several brief special messages were sent to Congress. In the first, dated January 5, the President requests a full investigation of his accounts with the government during his long public service, with a view to a decision upon them hereafter. In the second, dated January 10, he gives reasons for withholding the documents, called for by the House of Representatives, concerning the conduct of Commodore Stewart and Mr. Provost in South America. With the third, also addressed to the House and dated January 27, he transmits a report of the Secretary of War in regard to the removal of Indians to the West, and recommends that some scheme of good government for them be adopted. With the fourth, of February 14, he transmits to the House a report of the Secretary of War on certain surveys for internal improvements. The fifth, of February 17, concerns special affairs of the District of Columbia. The sixth, of February 21, again refers the claims of the Massachusetts militia to Con- gress, to whom, and not to the Executive, belongs the decision of the matter. The last message, dated February 26, 1825, concerns a matter of mere rou- tine, the unintentional neglect to sign a certain bill. APPENDIX. 253 IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY OP MONROE, AND THE MONROE DOCTRINE. PREPARED FOR THIS WORK BY J. F. JAMESON, PH. D. THE following bibliography has been prepared with a view to the needs of persons specially study- ing the career of Monroe, rather than to those of the general reader. Hence it does not ordinarily in- clude references to the most familiar sources, such as the State Papers, the published correspondence of Washington, etc., and the standard histories. It aims to include nothing that does not bear directly upon Monroe or the Monroe Doctrine; nor, in even the limited area thus marked out, can it hope to be complete. The titles under A are arranged alpha- betically by authors ; those under B chronologically ; those under C first chronologically, according to the period of Monroe's public life to which they refer, and then alphabetically by authors. At least one locality of a book or pamphlet, unless it be a common one, has been designated when known. In such des- ignations, at the end of the title, A indicates the existence of a copy in the Astor Library ; B, in the Boston Public Library ; BA, in that of the Boston Athenaeum; C, in the library of Congress; H, in that of Harvard College ; JCB, in the John Carter Brown Library ; JH, in that of the Johns Hopkins University ; M, in the Massachusetts State Library ; 254 APPENDIX. MH, in that of the Massachusetts Historical Society ; N, in the New York State Library ; NH, in that of the New York Historical Society ; P, in that of the Philadelphia Library Company ; S, in that of the Department of State ; W, in that of the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester. The Maryland Historical Society is supplied with most of the works to which reference has been made in the preparation of this volume. SYNOPSIS. A. BIOGRAPHICAL. B. PUBLISHED WRITINGS OF MONROB. C. PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO THE PUBLIC CAREER OB THE WRITINGS OF MONROE. 1. First Diplomatic Service and the " View." 2. Louisiana Purchase and Spanish Mission. 3. Diplomatic Efforts in England. 4. Period of Cabinet Office. 5. Presidency. 6. Subsequent Period. D. THE MONROE DOCTRINE. 1. Its Immediate Origin. 2. Discussion of it in Treatises on International Law. 3. In more Special Treatises and Articles. o. American. b. European. 4. Occasions on which it has been applied. a. The Panama Congress. b. Yucatan. c. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. d. Central America, 1845-1860. e. Cuba, etc., 1850-1860. f. French Intervention in Mexico. g. The Inter-oceanic CanaL A. America North of the United States. APPENDIX. 255 BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. BIOGRAPHICAL. John Quincy Adams : An Eulogy on the Life and Character of James Monroe, Fifth President of the United States, . . . delivered at ... Boston, August 25, 1831. Boston, 1831. 8vo, pp. 100. BA, N. (See [John Armstrong] under C. 6, p. 268.) John Quiiicy Adams : Lives of Celebrated Statesmen. [Madi- son, Lafayette, and Monroe.] New York, 1846. 8vo, pp. 105. N. John Quincy Adams : The Lives of James Madison and James Monroe, Fourth and Fifth Presidents of the United States. With Historical Notices of their Administrations. Buffalo, 1850. 12mo, pp. 432. C. + Philadelphia, 1854. M. 1 S. L. Gouverneur : Introduction to " The People, the Sover- eigns," by James Monroe. See under B. S. L. K[napp] : in James B. Longacre and James Herring, National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans, vol. 3. Philadelphia, 1836. 8vo. [S. L. Knapp] : James Monroe, [n. p. n. d.] 8vo, pp. 10. (Portrait.) Joshua Leavitt: The Administration of Monroe. Harper's Monthly Magazine, vol. 29, p. 461. September, 1864. Lippiucott's Magazine, first series, vol. 9, p. 359. A Narrative of a Tour of Observation, made during the Sum- mer of 1817, by James Monroe, President of the United States, through the North-Eastern and North- Western De- partments of the Union ; with a View to the Examination of their several Military Defences. With an Appendix. Phila- delphia, 1818. 12mo, pp. 228, xxxvi. B, C, N. New England Magazine, vol. 1, p. 178. New York Mirror, vol. 12 [1834-5], p. 41. (Portrait.) Niles' Register, vol. 10, p. 4, March 2, 1816; from the National Advocate. Also, December 3, 1825, and vol. 35, p. 68. Also, vol. 40, p. 369, July 23, 1831. i The sign -f indicates another edition. 256 APPENDIX. Order of Exercises at the Old South Church. Commemora- tive of . . . James Monroe. . . . August 25, 1831. Boston, 1831. 8vo, pp. 8. B. T. Paine : Anecdote of James Monroe and Rufus King, in Political Writings. London, 1344. BA, C. Portfolio, vol. 19, p. 251 ; fourth Series, vol. 5. Philadelphia, April, 1818. (Portrait.) S. Putnam Waldo : Tour of James Monroe, President of the United States, in the Year 1817, through the States of Mary- land, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Ohio; together with a Sketch of his Life. Hartford, 1818. 12mo, pp. 300. BA. S. P. Waldo : Tour of James Monroe, President of the United States, through the Northern and Eastern States, in 1817 ; his Tour in 1818, with a Sketch of his Life. Hartford, 1819. 12mo. C. In Edwin Williams : The Statesman's Manual. New York, 1847. 8vo, vol. 1. Udolpho Wolfe : Grand Civic and Military Demonstration in Honor of the Removal of the Remains of James Monroe, Fifth President of the United Slates, from New York to Vir- ginia. New York, 1858. 12mo, pp. 324. C. (And numerous unimportant notices in lives of the presi- dents, cyclopaedias, and biographical dictionaries.) B. PUBLISHED WRITINGS OF MONROE, (in addition to the messages, dispatches, and letters which may be found in familiar sources. Manuscripts of Monroe's public papers are in the possession of the Department of State ; much of his private correspondence is in the posses- sion of Mrs. S. L. Gouverneur, Jr., of Washington.) A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States, connected with the Mission to the French Republic in the years 1794, '5, and '6. By James Monroe. . . . Illustrated by his Instructions and Correspond- APPENDIX. 257 ence and other Authentic Documents. Philadelphia, 1797. 8vo, pp. Ixvi., 407. -j- Same, the Second Edition. London, 1798. 8vo, pp. viii., 117. + Same, the Third Edition. Lon- don, 1798. 8vo, pp. xvi., 117. [See London Monthly Review, vol 25, p. 232.1 Governor's Letter to the Speaker and House of Delegates of Virginia, 6th December, 1802. Richmond, 1802. 12mo. C. A Letter from the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States to Lord Mulgrave, late Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. With [James Madison] : An Examination of the British Doctrine which subjects to Capture a Neutral Trade not open iu Time of Peace, [n. p.] 1806. 8vo, pp. 204. -f- Second Edition. London, 1806. B, C. Correspondence between . . . Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, and James Monroe, Esq. . . . Boston, 1808. 4to, pp. 8. BA. Letter from the Secretary of State to Mr. Monroe, on the sub- ject of the attack on the Chesapeake. The Correspondence of Mr. Monroe with the British Government; and also, Mr. Madison's Correspondence with Mr. Rose, on the same subject. Washington, 1808. 8vo. (Peabody Library, Bal- timore.) Letters of James Madison ... to Mr. Monroe on ... Im- pressments, etc. Also Extracts from, and Enclosures in, the Letters of Mr. Monroe to the Secretary of State. Washing- ton, 1808. 8vo, pp. 130. B, MH. Defence of the Mission to England. . . . Washington, 1808. 8vo. Letters between James Monroe, Esq., Secretary of State of the United States, and Augustus J. Foster, Esq Minister Plenipotentiary of His Britannic Majesty ; in rela- tion to the Orders in Council, and the Affair of the Little Belt. To which is added, the Declaration of War. New York, 1812. 12mo, pp. 59. B. To all who are honestly searching after the Truth. Mr. Mon- roe's Letter on the Rejected Treaty between the United States and Great Britain, concluded by Messrs. Monroe and 17 258 APPENDIX. Pinkney. Also the Treaty itself, and Documents connected with it. Portland, 1813. 8vo, pp. 52. BA, C. Commercial Regulations of Foreign Countries. [Message.] Washington, 1819. BA. Message from the President, transmitting Sundry Papers relating to Transactions in East and West Florida. April 19,1822. [Washington, 1822] Pp.46. P. Message transmitting a Digest of the Commercial Regula- tions of the Different Foreign Nations. Washington, 1 824. 18th Congress, 1st Session, House Doc. No. 130. BA, M. Message transmitting a Report of the Secretary of the Navy. Washington, 1824. 8vo. C. Correspondence between Gen. Jackson and Mr. Monroe, as published in the National Intelligencer. Washington, 1 824. 12mo. N. The Memoir of James Monroe, Esq., relating to his Unsettled Claims upon the People and Government of the United States. [With documents.] Charlottesville, Va., 1828. 8vo, pp. 60. BA, C, NH. A Letter from James Monroe, in Answer to ... Questions [on War and Slavery, etc.] . . . [n. p. 1863?]. 8vo, pp. 32. H. The People, the Sovereigns, Being a Comparison of the Gov- ernment of the United States with those of the Republicks, which have existed before, with the Causes of their Deca- dence and Fall. By James Monroe. Edited by S. L. Gou- verneur. Philadelphia, 1867. 12mo, pp. 274. (See, under C 6, C. C. HazeweU, p. 267.) C. PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO THE PUBLIC CAREER OR THE WRITINGS OF MONROE. 1. First Diplomatic Service and the " View." Alexander Addison : Observations on the Speech of Albert Gallatin on the Foreign Intercourse Bill. Washington, Pa., 1798. 8vo. An Address on the Past, Present, and Eventual Relations oi APPENDIX. 259 the United States to France. By Anticipation. New York, [1803]. 8vo. pp. 20. A. P. A. Adet: Notes adressees par le citoyen Adet, Ministre Plenipotentiaire de la Re'publique Fran9aise pres les Etats- Unis d'Ame'rique, Au Secretaire d'Etat des Etats-Unis. Philadelphia, 1796. 8vo, pp 95. -|- Same, translated. [P. A. Adet] : Authentic Translation of a Note from the Min- ister of the French Republic to the Secretary of State of the United States. New York, 1796. 8vo, pp. 38. N. (See, also, Wm. Cobbett.) The Anti-Gallican ; or, The Lover of his own Country ; in a Series of Pieces . . . wherein French Influence, and False Patriotism, are fully and fairly displayed. By a Citizen of New England. Philadelphia, 1797. 8vo, pp. 82. [Includes Letters on Pseudo-Patriots, by Ascanius ; of which No. VI. is on James Monroe.] H. Camillus, pseud. : History of French Influence in the United States. Philadelphia, 1812. M. [William Cobbett] : A History of the American Jacobins, com- monly denominated Democrats. By Peter Porcupine. In Wm. Playfair, The History of Jacobinism. Philadelphia, 1795. P. [William Cobbett] : The Gros Mosqueton Diplomatique ; or, Diplomatic Blunderbuss, containing Citizen Adet's Notes to the Secretary of State, as also his Cockade Proclamation. With a Preface by Peter Porcupine. Philadelphia, 1796. 8vo, pp. 72. C. William Cobbett: Porcupine's Works. London, 1801. 8vo. [Vol. iv. contains The Diplomatic Blunderbuss (Oct. 31, 1796); Political Censor, No. vi. (Nov. 1796); A Brief Statement of the Injuries and Insults received from France (Feb. 1797). In vol. v. pp. 131-138 ; vol. vi. pp. 12, 13, 92- 98, 116-124, 358-376, 414-417 ; vol. vii. pp. 90-95, 151-156, are notices of Monroe's doings, from Porcupine's Gazette, 1797. Vol. x., Dr. Morse's Exposition of French Intrigue in America.] Coup d'oeil sur la situation des affaires entre la France et les Etats-Unis de 1'Amerique. 1798. 8vo, pp. 28. BA. 260 APPENDIX. J. Dennis : Address on the Origin, Progress, and Present State of French Aggression. Philadelphia, 1798. BA. Wm. Duane : A History of the French Revolution, with a free Examination of the Dispute between the French and American Republics. Philadelphia, 1798. 4to. Joseph Fauchet : Coup d'ceil sur 1'e'tat actuel de nos rapports politiques avec les Etats-Unis de 1'Amerique Septentrionale ; par J. Fauchet, Ex-ministre de la Republique a Philadelphie. Paris, an V. [1797.] 8vo, pp. 42. H. Joseph Fauchet : A Sketch of the Present State of our Polit- ical Relations with the United States of North America. . . . Translated by the Editor of the " Aurora." [Wm. J. Duane.] Philadelphia, 1797. 8vo, pp. 31. BA. A Five Minutes' Answer to Paine's Letter to Washington. London, 1797. 8vo, pp. 44. MH. (See below, T. Paine.) [Albert Gallatin] : An Examination of the Conduct of the Executive of the United States towards the French Repub- lic ; ... In a Series of Letters. By a Citizen of Pennsyl- vania. Philadelphia, 1797. 8vo, pp. vi., 72. BA. Albert Gallatin : The Speech of Albert Gallatin, delivered in the House of Representatives ... on the First of March, 1798. Upon the Foreign Intercourse Bill. [n. p. 1798.] 8vo, pp. 48. (And other editions.) BA, H, MH, P, JCB. [A. G. Gebhardt] : Actes et Memoires concernant les nego- ciations qui ont eu lieu entre la France et les Etats-UuU d'Ame'rique. [1793-1800.] Londres, 1807. 3 vols. 12mo. BA. A. G. Gebhardt : State Papers relating to the Diplomatick Transactions between the American and French Govern- ments. [1793-1800.] London, 1816. 3 vols. 8vo. BA. L. Goldsmith : An Exposition of the Conduct of France to America, illustrated by Cases decided in the Council of Prizes in Paris. [1793-1808.] London, 1810. 8 vo, pp. 133. (Various other editions.) B, BA, H. [Alexander Hamilton]. See [Uriah Tracy] below. B. G. Harper : Observations on the Dispute between the APPENDIX. 261 United States and France, addressed by Robert Goodloe Harper, Esq., of South Carolina, to his Constituents, in May, 1797. Philadelphia, 1797. 8vo, pp. 102. (And twenty other editions.) B, BA, H, NH, P. R. G. Harper : Mr. Harper's Speech on the Foreign Inter- course Bill, in Reply to Mr. Nicholas and Mr. Gallatin. De- livered in the House of Representatives of the United States, on the second of March, 1798. [n. p. n. d.] 8vo, pp. 43. (And other editions.) B, H, MH, NH, P. R. G. Harper: A short Account of the principal Proceedings of Congress in the late Session, and a Sketch of the State of Affairs between the United States and France, in July, 1798, in a Letter to one of his Constituents. Philadelphia, 1798. 8vo. P. Kennedy : An Answer to Mr. Paine's Letter to General Washington ; or, Mad Tom convicted of the Blackest In- gratitude. London, 1797. 8vo, pp. 55. JCB. A Letter to Thomas Paine, in Answer to his Scurrilous Epis- tle ... to Washington . . . By an American Citizen. New York, 1797. 8vo, pp. 24. L'Independance absolue des Ame'ricains des Etats-Unis, prou- ve'e par 1'e'tat actuel de leur Commerce avec les Nations Europe'ennes. Paris, 1798. 8vo, pp. 149. (Written by an American merchant, in answer to Fauchet, Coup d'oeil, above.) Thomas Paine : A Letter to George Washington, President of the United States, on Affairs Public and Private. Phila- delphia, 1796. 8vo, pp. 76. (And other editions.) B, BA, H. (Also in vol. i. of Works. Philadelphia, 1854. 12mo.) E. C. J. Pastoret : Conseil des Cinq-Cents : motion d'ordre sur Tetat de nos rapports politiques et commerciaux avec les Etats-Unis de 1'Ame'rique septentrionale. Paris, an V. [1797.] 8vo, pp. 26. BA. [Timothy Pickering] : Lettre du Secretaire d'Etat des Etata- Unis de 1'Amerique au Ge'ne'ral Charles C. Pinckney, Min- istre Plenipotentiaire des dits Etats-Unia pres la R_'. is'!, 191, I'.f.', 194, 1117, 220. Hay, Hortensia, 178, 183. Henry, Patrick, 9, i7. Hildreth, R., quoted, C8, 69, 71. Hoar, G. F., 8. Holland, Lord, 97 ; his account of negotiations with Monroe and Piukuey, 98. Hoist, von, quoted, 130. " Hoinoselle," 32. Hortense, Queen, 178, 183. Howiaon's " Virginia," quoted, 32. Illinois, admission of, 232. Imposts, Monroe's report on collec- tion of, 19, 20. Indians, relations with, 230-232, 236, 251, iVj. Internal improvements, Monroe's views on, 149, 230, 231, 250, 251, 252 ; message on, 239-248. Jackson, Andrew, 28, 126, 133, 134, 140, 141, 142, 144, 155; his hostil- ity to Monroe, 207 ; Monroe's re- lations to, 206. Jameson, J. F., compiles a Monroe bibliography, 253; notes by, 229. Jay, John, 26, 31, 37 ; Minister to England, 43, 57-65. Jay's treaty : see Treaty. Jefferson, Thomas, 2, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 22-24, 72, 74-77, 94, 102, 125, 126, 152, 156, 176, 194, 213 ; begin- ning of intimacy with Monroe, 16 ; estimate of Monroe, 209 ; letter to Livingston, quoted, 73 ; letters to Monroe, quoted, 18, 74 ; relations to the Monroe Doctrine, 163, 165, 166, 168, 170 ; withholds the Mon- roe treaty, 97, 100. Jennings, Edward, 6, 7. Jones, Joseph (Monroe's uncle). 4; correspondence with Monroe, 13, 14, 19, 58, 63, 71, 94, 175, 177. Kennedy, J. P., quoted, 131, 155. Kent, James, 135. King, Rufus, 24, 25, 125, 144, 145. Kingsbury, F. J., quoted, 5. Knox, General, 194. Kortwright, Eliza (Mrs. Monroe), 175, 177. Kortwright, Lawrence, 175. Lafayette, Marquis de,. 56 ; prisoner in Olmutz, 56, 150 ; visits Amer- ica, 136, 150-155, 250, 251 ; eti- quette as to his reception, 151 ; examples of his correspondence with Monroe, 151-153 ; offers pe- cuniary assistance to Monroe, 154. Lafayette, Madame, 56, 150. Lagrange, Americans welcomed at, by Lafayette, 152, 153. Land, good, promotes good society, 5, and note. Linds, public, sale of, 230, 235. Lawrence, W. B., translator of Mar- bois, 75. Lee, Dr., 7. Lee, Henry, 4. Lee, Richard Henry, 4, 7, 24. Lee, Robert E., 5. Lewis and Clarke's expedition, 76. Livingston, R. R., 37 ; Minister to France, 77 ; negotiates for Louis- iana, 76-90 ; writes to Monroe (April 10, 1803), 78; his midnight dispatch to Madison, 80 ; estimate of the treaty, 83 ; writes to Madi- son in respect to cession of Lou- isiana (November 15, 1803), 88. Louisiana, cession of, by France to the United States, 74-90 ; circum- stances which led to it, 90 ; results which came from it, 90 ; Monroe's satisfaction with, 86 ; Livingston's story of, 78, 83. Madison, James, 2, 5, 16, 21-23, 32, 34, 39, 93, 101, 102, 125, 126, 127, 149, 156, 163, 164, 176, 194, 213 ; in convention of 1788, 27 ; nom- inated as President, 102 ; Pres- ident, 104-124; cabinet of, 104; letter of Monroe to, in respect to the Secretary of War, 108 ; last letter from Monroe to, 196 ; last letter to Monroe, 198 ; his esti- mate of Monroe, 209. Marbois, IJarb'-, his work on the ces- sion of Louisiana, 74 ; Monroe's estimate of, 75 ; negotiations of, respecting the Louisiana cession, 74-90. Marriage of Monroe to Miss Kort- wright, 175-178. Marshall, John, 9, 23, 181, 213 ; in college with Monroe, 8; in Vir. giuia Convention (1788), 27. Mason, George, 2, 27. Mason, Thompson, 2. Massachusetts, boundary dispute, 26 ; claims of for compensation, 250, 2.7-'. McHenry, James, 20. McKean, Thomas, 63. 284 INDEX. McLane, Louis, quoted. 173. McLean, John, 127, 209 ; Monroe's letter to, 202. Meade, Bishop, quoted, 7, 8. Meigs, R. J., 127. Mercer, Hugh, 9. Merlin de Douai, 49, 57. Mississippi, Monroe's memoir on, 26, 75 ; control and free navigation of, 25, 26, 28, 45, 76, 95, 211, 215 ; Spanish control of, 90, 163; de- fence of valley of, 238. Missouri, admission of, 144. Missouri Compromise, 92, 135, 144- 149. Monmouth, Battle of, 10. Monroe, Andrew, 72, 218. Monroe Doctrine, text of, 157-161 ; announcement of, 249-250 ; not a personal decree, 161 ; its grad- ual development in the utterances of American statesmen, 162-166 ; Canning's relations to, 171 ; re- ception of the message, 172 ; dis- cussion in Congress, 173 ; allusions to, 162-174 ; Bibliography of, 269. Monro, George, 218. Monroe, Hector, 4. Monroe, James. Sources of information, v. Manuscripts of, v. Bibliography of his life and writ- ings, by J. F. Jameson, 253. Synopsis of his career, xi, 1. Review of his career, 200-217. Birth, 4. Pedigree, 218, 219. Boyhood, 5-7. College life. 7-9. Revolutionary service, 9-12. Student of law, 13-16. Intimacy with Jefferson begins, 16. Civil service begins, 17. Delegate to Congress, 17-26. Views on collecting imports, 22. Tour to the West, 23. Views on territorial government, 24. Views on the Navigation of the Mississippi, 26. Commissioner on boundary dis- pute, 26. Member of the Virginian Consti- tutional Convention (1788), 27. Opposes the United States Con- stitution, 27-29. Speeches, in relation thereto, 27- 29. United States Senator, 30-32. Governor of Virginia, 32-35. Suppresses insurrection, 33. Envoy to France, 36-73. Instructions from . Randolph, 44. Presented to French Convention, 46-51. Aids Lafayette, Paine, and others, 56. Discusses Jay's treaty, 58. Recalled, 61-64. Publishes his "View," 62-66. Its reception, 66-68. Governor of Virginia, 32-35. Envoy to France, Spain, and Eng- land, 74-103. Negotiates for cession of Louisi- ana, 76, seq. Interview with Bonaparte, 84. Proceeds to England, 93. Visits Madrid, 95. Negotiates a treaty with England, 97. Which is not ratified by Jeffer- son, 97. Mission described by Lord Hol- land, 98. Returns to America, 101. Is talked of for the Presidency, 102. Becomes Secretary of State, 104. And of War, ad interim, 108. And again of War, 119. At the Battle of Bladensburg, 117. His narrative of capture and de- fence of Washington, 118-124. Insists on a vigorous prosecution of the war, 124. President of the United States, 125-155. Cabinet of, 126-132. Opponents of, 132. Important subjects of his admin- istration, 135. Tours to the North, East, West, and South, 136-140. Relations to Jackson, 142. Veto of Cumberland Road Bill, 149. Receives Lafayette, 150-155. Monroe Doctrine, origin and enunciation of, 156-174, 249- 250. See Monroe Doctrine. Personal appearance and domes- tic relations of, 175-199. Marriage, 175-178. Financial affairs of, 198, 252. Old age, 200. Retrospect of his life, 200. Estimates of, 209. INDEX. 285 Dominant political idea of, 215. Sketches and favorable estimates by A. lams. J. Q., 209. Benton, 210. Calhoun, 210. Lord Holland, 99. Jefferson, 209. Kennedy, J. P., 155. Lafayette, 154, 211. Madison, 209. McLean, J., 209. Lord Stirling, 11. Thiers, 70. Washington, 11, 209. Watson, 185. Webster, D., 210. Wirt, 181. Suggested by a review of his public and private papers, 213. Monroe, James, Bibliography of, by J. I-'. Jameson, 253. Biographies of, 255. Monroe, James, Letters of, to Joseph Jones, 13, 19, 71, 94. T. Jefferson, 18, 19, 20, 23, 176, 177. John Randolph, 33. Lord Stirling, 12, 16. Governor Harrison, 23. James Madison, 19, 21, 22, 23, 163, 176, 196. A. Jackson, 28. G. Washington, 55. Barbe Marbois, 86. A private correspondent, 145. His nephew, 179. Monroe James, Presidential mes- sages of, 229-252. Principal topie, Amelia Island, 231, 232. Apollo, seizure of the, 237. Capital, public buildings at the, 230. Cherokees, treaty with, 238. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 249. Commerce, regulation of, 237, 243. Commercial relations, 236. Congress, powers of, 239-247. Constitution, powers of, 242, 243. Cumberland Road Bill, veto of, 239, 249 ; exposition of his views on the subject, 239-248. Defence of coast and frontier. 229, 230, 23-2, 235, 237, 238. Diplomatic relations, 230, 231, 232, 234, 236, 237, 249. District of Columbia, 232, 262. Finance. See National Debt. Financial accounts of, 252. Florida, territorial government, 248 Florida, troubles in, 232. Florida, cession of. See Spain. France, commercial treaty with, 234. France, convention with, 248. Ghent, treaty of, 230, 248. Government, general, and of sepa- rate States, _':;'. i. Great Britain, convention with, 251. Illinois, admission of, 232. Indians, relations with. 230-232, 23C, 251, 252. Internal improvements, 230, 231, 239-248, 250-252. Lafayette, visit of, 250, 251. Massachusetts, claims of, for com- pensation, 2TiO, 252. Mississippi, Valley of, defence, 238. "Monroe Doctrine," 249, 250. National debt, 230, 235, 248, 249. Neutrals, rights of, 250, 251. Northwest Boundary, negotiations respecting, 249. Pacific Coast, military station on, 251. Pensions, 230. Privateering, 249. Protection to manufactures, 237. Public lands, sale of, 230, 235. Reciprocity system of 1815, 237. Seminaries of learning, 231. Seminoles, 248. Slave-trade, abolition of, 234, 236, 237, 249-251. South American revolutions, 232, 235, 236, 248, 251. Spain cedes Florida, 233, 234, 236, 238. Spain, relations with, 231-233, 236. Stewart, Commodore, 252. Supreme Court, 251. Taxes, internal, repeal of, 230, 23(5, 237. Union, prosperity of, 234, 236, 250, 251. West Point, Military Academy, 248. Monroe, John, 5, 218. Monroe, Joseph, 72. Monroe, Mrs. James, 175-178, 182, 183, 194, 195. Monroe, Spence, 4. Monroe's Creek, Virginia, 4. Monroes in Massachusetts, 218. Montesquieu, 152. 8mer(can Statesmen. A Serifs of Biographies of Men conspicuous in the Political History of the United States. EDITED BT JOHN T. MORSE, JR. The object of this series is not merely to give a number of unconnected narratives of men in Ameri- can political life, but to produce books which shall, when taken together, indicate the lines of political thought and development in American history. The volumes now ready are as follows. John Quincy Adams. By JOHN T. MORSE, JR. Alexander Hamilton. By HENRY CABOT LODGE. John C. Calhoun. By DR. H. VON HOLST. Andrew Jackson. By PROF. W. G. SUMNER. John Randolph. By HENRY ADAMS. James Monroe. By PRES. DANIEL C. GILMAN. Thomas Jefferson. By JOHN T. MORSE, JR. Daniel Webster. By HENRY CABOT LODGE. Albert Gallatin. By JOHN AUSTIN STEVENS. James Madison. By SYDNEY HOWARD GAY. John Adams. By JOHN T. MORSE, JR. John Marshall. By A. B. MAGRUDER. Samuel Adams. By JAMES K. HOSMER. Thomas H. Benton. By THEODORE ROOSEVELT. Henry Clay. By Hon. 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It is more than a biography ; it is a study in the science of government. St. Paul Pioneer-Press, "JOHN C. CALHOUN." Nothing can exceed the skill with which the political career of the great South Carolinian is portrayed in these pages. The work is superior to any other number of the series thus far, and we do not think it can be surpassed by any of those that are to come. The whole discussion in relation to Calhoun's position is eminently philosophical and just. The Dial (Chicago). "ANDREW JACKSON." Prof. Sumner has, ... all in all, made the justest long esti- mate of Jackson that has had itself put between the covers of a book. New York Times. One of the most masterly monographs that we have ever had the pleasure of reading. It is calm and clear. Providence Journal, "JOHN RANDOLPH." The book has been to me intensely interesting. ... It is rich in new facts and side lights, and is worthy of its place m the already brilliant series of monographs on American States- men. Prof. MOSES COIT TYLER. Remarkably interesting. . . . The biography has all the ele- ments of popularity, and cannot fail to be widely read. Hart* ford Courant. "JAMES MONROE." In clearness of style, and in all points of literary workman- ship, from cover to cover, the volume is well-nigh perfect. There is also a calmness of judgment, a correctness of taste, and an absence of partisanship which are too frequently want- ing in biographies, and especially in political biographies.- American Literary Churchman (Baltimore). The most readable of all the lives that have ever been written of the great jurist. San Francisco Bulletin. "THOMAS JEFFERSON." The book is exceedingly interesting and readable. The at- tention of the reader is strongly seized at once, and he is carried along in spite of himself, sometimes protesting, sometimes doubting, yet unable to lay the book down. Chicago Standard. The requirements of political biography have rarely been met so satisfactorily as in this memoir of Jefferson. Boston journal. "DANIEL WEBSTER." It will be read by students of history ; it will be invaluable as a work of reference ; it will be an authority as regards matters of fact and criticism ; it hits the key-note of Webster's durable and ever-growing fame ; it is adequate, calm, impartial ; it is ad- mirable. Philadelphia Press. The task has been achieved ably, admirably, and faithfully. - Boston Transcript. "ALBERT GALLATIN." It is one of the most carefully prepared of these very vain- able volumes, . . . abounding in information not so readily ac- cessible as is that pertaining to men more often treated by the biographer. . . . The whole work covers a ground which the political student cannot afford to neglect. Boston Correspon* dent Hartford Courani. Frank, simple, and straightforward. New York Tribune, "JAMES MADISON." The execution of the work deserves the highest praise. 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A brilliant and enthusiastic book, which it will do every American much good to read. The Beacon (Boston). *% For sale by all booksellers. Sent, post-paid, on re- ceipt of price by the Publishers, HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY, BOSTON AND NEW YORK. American Commonvoeaitijs. EDITED BY HORACE E. SCUDDER. A series of volumes narrating the history of such States of the Union as have exerted a positive influ- ence in the shaping of the national government, or have a striking political, social, or economical history. The commonwealth has always been a positive force in American history, and it is believed that no better time could be found for a statement of the life inher- ent in the States than when the unity of the nation has been assured ; and it is hoped by this means to throw new light upon the development of the country, and to give a fresh point of view for the study of American history. This series is under the editorial care of Mr. Hor- ace E. 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A., Assistant Curator of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology. Ohio. By Hon. RUFUS KING. New Jersey. BY AUSTIN SCOTT, Ph. D. Professor of History in Rutgers College. Others to be announced hereafter. Each volume, with Maps, i6mo, gilt top, $1.25. PRESS NOTICES. "VIRGINIA." Mr. Cooke has made a fascinating volume one which it will be very difficult to surpass either in method or interest. . . . True historic insight appears through all these pages, and an earnest desire to do all parties and religions perfect justice. The story of the settlement of Virginia is told in full. ... It is made as interesting as a romance. The Critic (New York). No more acceptable writer could have been selected to tell the story of Virginia's history. Educational Journal of Virginia (Richmond, Va.). " OREGON." The long and interesting story of the struggle of five nations for the possession of Oregon is told in the graphic and reliable narrative of William Barrows. ... A more fascinating record has seldom been written. . . . Careful research and pictorial skill of narrative commend this book of antecedent history to all in- terested in the rapid march and wonderful development of our American civilization upon the Pacific coast. Springfield Re~ publican. There is so much that is new and informing embodied In this little volume that we commend it with enthusiasm. It is written with great ability. Magazine of American History (New York). " MARYLAND." With great care and labor he has sought out and studied origi- nal documents. By the aid of these he is able to give his work a value and interest that would have been impossible had he fol- lowed slavishly the commonly accepted authorities on his subject His investigation in regard to toleration in Maryland is particu- larly noticeable. New York Evening Post. A substantial contribution to the history of America. Maga- zine of American History. " KENTUCKY." Professor Shaler has made use of much valuable existing ma- terial, and by a patient, discriminating, and judicious choice has given us a complete and impartial record of the various stages through which this State has passed from its first settlement to the present time. No one will read this story of the building of one of the great commonwealths of this Union without feelings of deep interest, and that the author has done his work well and im- partially will be the general verdict Christian at Work (New York). A capital example of what a short State history should be. Hartford Courant. " KANSAS." In all respects one of the very best of the series. ... His work exhibits diligent research, discrimination in the selection of ma- terials, and skill in combining his chosen stuff into a narration that has unity, and order, and lucidity. It is an excellent presen- tation of the important aspects and vital principles of the Kansas struggle. Hartford Courant. MICHIGAN." An ably written and charmingly interesting volume. . . . For variety of incident, for transitions in experience, for importance of events, and for brilliancy and ability in the service of the lead- ing actors, the history of Michigan offers rare attractions ; and the writer of it has brought to his task the most excellent gifts and powers as a vigorous, impartial, and thoroughly accomplished historian. Christian Register (Boston). "CALIFORNIA." Mr. Royce has made an admirable study. He has established his view and fortified his position with a wealth of illustration from incident and reminiscence. The story is made altogether entertaining. ... Of the country and its productions, of pioneer life and character, of social and political questions, of business and industrial enterprises, he has given us full and intelligent ac- counts. Boston Transcript, It is the most truthful and graphic description that has been written of this wonderful history which has from time to time been written in scraps and sketches. Chicago Inter-Ocean. HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO., PUBLISHERS, BOSTON AND NEW YORK. UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY A 001 129 873 4 University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed.