UC-NRI I ^ GIFT OF STRIKE INVESTIGATION BY THE COMMITTEE OF THE COPPER COUNTRY COM- MERCIAL CLUB OF MICHIGAN 1913 . : - : His Excellency, Woodbridge N. Ferris, Governor of Michigan, Lansing, Mich. Dear Sir: Herewith the Special Committee, appointed by the Copper Country Commercial Club to investigate strike conditions in the Copper Mining District of Michigan, begs leave to present to you its report. This committee was appointed at a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Commercial Club, held on the thirteenth day of September, 1913, for purposes as stated in the following resolution, which was adopted at that time : Resolution. The Copper Country Commercial Club is an organization of 500 business men and others of Houghton and Keweenaw counties, whose purposes, as stated in the constitution of the club, are as follows : "To instill, cultivate and develop a spirit of civic pride among the people of the Copper Country, and an abiding confidence in the business and future greatness of the locality. To upbuild, develop and improve manufacturing, mercantile, agricultural and other economic conditions. To cooperate in and centralize all our efforts for general pub- licity. To induce people to come to the Copper Country and make their homes among us, and To take every possible means to promote the welfare of all of the people of this community." For upwards of seven weeks a condition of affairs has existed and today exists in the copper country which is nullifying every effort and every purpose of this organization. On July 23 the Western Federation of Miners called a general strike of all of its members employed in the mines of this district, and within a few hours, by forcible means and otherwise, every man employed in or about the mines, whether a member of the federation or not, was deprived of his work, thus throwing out of employment an immense body of men. From the day of its inception the strike has been attended with rioting and bloodshed. Every day riotous mobs roam through the 272340 streets of our communities and are held in check only by the force of the National Guard of the state. Attacks on workingmen are of daily occurrence; our jails are filled with persons awaiting- trial for violent acts during the strike; our children daily have before their eyes the spectacle of men acting in absolute disregard of law and order; all of which creates a deplorable and disgraceful condi- tion which should not be tolerated in a civilized community. The expense already incurred for maintaining the troops and the augmented civil authorities is enormous. The mine managers have refused to recognize the Western Federation of Miners and have refused to treat with them; media- tion and arbitration have been offered from various sources and refused. The press has been filled with the claims and counter-claims of the opposing parties, none, of which have been verified. Reports of working conditions, wages and hours of labor in the mines of the copper country have been spread broadcast throughout the land, which, if taken for true, are a lasting shame and disgrace to the community. To avoid above conditions, many of our best people have left the copper country some permanently, others to await the end of the struggle; business is demoralized; the enormous loss in wages to the men can never be regained ; the damage to the copper coun- try in its reputation for prosperity and well-being cannot be esti- mated. In view of the above, therefore, we believe that the time has come when this organization, whose every purpose is thus being de- stroyed, should rise up and demand that violence, rioting and blood- shed must cease in this community, and that the rights of the thou- sands of people who are not directly involved in this strike must be recognized and respected. We believe that the Copper Country Commercial Club should, through a committee of its members, conduct an investigation to ascertain the facts and truth as to wages, hours and labor and working conditions in general in the copper country, and when the truth has been ascertained, should publish it to the people of this county, of this state and of the nation. We believe that inasmuch as every attempt to bring about a cessation of strike conditions has failed, this organization should, through such committee, offer its services to both employer and STRIKE INVESTIGATION 3 employee so that order may be restored and a resumption of work brought about. It is therefore resolved, That the chairman of this meeting be authorized to appoint a committee of three members of the com- mercial club, which committee is hereby instructed to take every means to carry out the purposes herein mentioned with all possible speed. That such committee may employ clerical help, and incur such expense in connection with their work as may be necessary. That such committee report the result of its work, and that it be authorized to make such report public by publishing the same in the press of this community and of the state. The Committee's Procedure. The committee felt that in order to make this report of any value whatever it should preserve throughout its entire investigation an unbiased attitude, and should harbor no prejudice for or against any of the parties in- volved in the strike. The committee recognized from the begin- ning that in this dispute, as in every other industrial dispute, there were many sides and factions to be considered. There were the men who were on strike, who were supposedly members of the Western Federation of Miners; there were the mine operators; there were the men, if any, who did not belong to the Western Federation of Miners, but who were not at work; there were the men who had either remained at work or had gone to work after the strike was declared, and there were the interests of the general public cf Houghton and Keweenaw counties. In order to obtain the fullest information from every source and to get all the facts that were available, the committee decided to place itself at the disposal of all of these parties, to hear all complaints, to investi- gate every fact in connection with the strike that might be brought to its attention, to familiarize itself with the actual labor and living conditions in the district, and to assemble these facts, if possible, in such a manner that they might be easily comprehended by the general public. The work has been of considerable magnitude because of the length of the territory to be covered, the number of mining com- panies operating, and the varying conditions in the different mines. Within a day or two after its appointment, the committee waited upon the managers of the various mines in the district, with the request that they throw open to the committee all the informa- 4 STRIKE INVESTIGATION tion that they might have relative to working conditions in their mines, and with the further request that the committee might have free access to the books and documents, the plants and under- ground workings of the various companies, so that it might verify and prove for itself any statements that it might embody in its report. These requests were at once cheerfully granted by every manager in the district. The committee then located an office at Calumet, that being understood to be the center of the strike zone and being the place where the Western Federation of Miners had established its head- quarters. Notices were inserted in the various newspapers in the county, calling attention to the general public, to the strikers, and to workingmen of all conditions, that the committee would be in attendance at its offices for the purpose of hearing the statements and complaints of the various parties. This notice was inserted in six newspapers printed in the following languages : English, Fin- nish and Austrian. NOTICE. COPPER COUNTRY COMMERCIAL CLUB INVESTI- GATING COMMITTEE. In order to get the fullest information in the shortest time from all parties interested in the present strike, we have decided to select certain places convenient to all parties interested that they may appear before the committee. Our first meeting place will be on the second floor, Quello Block, Red Jacket, Michigan. The office will be open on Septem- ber 19 from 10 o'clock a. m. till 4 o'clock p. m., and thereafter until further notice. EDWARD ULSETH, HENRY L. BAER, JOHN W. BLACK, Committee. In addition to the publication of this notice an invitation was personally extended by the committee, through one of its mem- bers, to the Vice-President of the Western Federation of Miners, Mr. C. E. Mahoney, who has been in Calumet in charge of the strike since its inception, to present by himself or through any of the members of his organization, all the facts and grievances and demands upon which were based the calling of the strike. Later on a second invitation was personally extended to Mr. Mahoney STRIKE INVESTIGATION 5 to furnish to the committee the above data and a statement of con- ditions in the Copper Country, which the Western Federation of Miners was seeking to better. This information has not been fur- nished to the committee and the particular reason for refusing, as given by Mr. Mahoney, was his objection to the wording of the resolution by which the committee was appointed. The committee, during its investigation, visited the plants and mine locations of the various companies; the entire committee, with its secretary, went underground in the Calumet & Hecla Mines, both the Amygdaloid and Conglomerate workings, in the Quincy Mine and in the Trimountain Mine, one of the mines of the Copper Range Consolidated Mining Company. On its trips underground the committee inspected the various appliances used by miners and trammers, made such study of the one-man drill, which was one of the alleged grievances, as was possible within the limited time, interviewed many men who were at work in the various mines at their working places, and gathered much valuable data, which it has tried to embody in the following report. In its visits to the various mining locations the committee has interviewed a great many men belonging to the various factions, some of them being members of the Western Federation of Miners, some of them being non-union men. The committee took occasion to examine the pay rolls of the various companies and to check over and verify the wage statements and the other data, which are included in this report, in order that any statements made herein could be relied upon as being absolutely correct. In all of its proceedings the committee has tried to act with exact fairness to all parties, and in its report to set out the facts as they exist in the Copper Country of Michigan today, without color- ing the same in the interest of any of the parties. SOME DATA IN REGARD TO THE DISTRICT INVOLVED IN THE STRIKE. Inasmuch as the committee has felt that its report in this matter would be of interest and of value, not only to the contending parties in the strike now pending in the Copper Country, but to the general public of the state as well, it is thought wise to embody a very brief history of the district in order that a clearer com- prehension may be had of the conditions now existing and of the atmosphere of this particular mining community, which is peculiar in many respects. 6 STRIKE INVESTIGATION The copper mining industry of Michigan has existed from an early date. In Keweenaw county it has been carried on since 1844. A great many companies since that time have operated in the dis- trict. Most of them have made no success and have been a source of loss to those who had invested their money in the enterprise. Few of the companies have paid dividends and at the present time, of all of the mines that are operating, seven have paid dividends regularly within recent years. The copper deposits of the Keweenaw Peninsula lie in well defined veins or lodes, dipping at different angles in the various mines, from 35 degrees from the horizontal at the north end of the Mohawk Mine to 70-72 degrees from the horizontal in the mines of the Copper Range Consolidated Company. The copper rock is mined by means of shafts, some of which are sunk on the vein, and some vertically, and which are of varying depths in the different mines, the deepest shafts in vertical depth in the district being those of the Tamarack Mining Company, which have reached a dis- tance of about 5,500 feet. From these shafts, drifts or levels are run, which also vary in length at the different mines and in the different shafts. On account of the difference in the conditions in the different mines, it is, therefore, impossible to treat the ques- tions involved in the controversy in a general way as applying to all of them, and it will be necessary to consider these questions in some instances with particular reference to the peculiar conditions of each mine. Attitude Toward Organized Labor. During the time that mining operations have been carried on in this district, the industry has been singularly free from strike troubles. The entire district has been carried on on the open shop principle, as nearly as the committee has been able to ascertain. At no time has any part of the district been thoroughly unionized, and at no time during the history of the district has any mining company treated directly with any labor organization. At the same time, men have been employed by the various companies without discrimination on account of union affiliations. At the present time there are em- ployed by the various mining companies on surface, machinists, molders, railway engineers, brakemen and others who belong to the various unions or labor organizations of their particular crafts. Up to the time of the present strike men were not discriminated against because of their membership in the Western Federation of STRIKE INVESTIGATION 7 Miners or any. other miners' union, and many men, undoubtedly, were at work in the district, underground, who belonged to the Western Federation of Miners. Since the beginning of the present strike, however, every one of the managers of the mining com- panies operating in the district has announced that hereafter no member of the Western Federation will be employed, and it may be stated at this point that each of the managers of the various com- panies has also stated, both to this committee and to representatives of the Federal Department of Labor and the Governor of the State, that they will under no circumstances recognize in any manner that particular organization. When requested by this committee to give their reasons for this arbitrary attitude, the mining managers stated as their reason the record of the Western Federation, as they understood it, in other camps previous to the trouble in this district. They pointed out in particular the record of the Federation in the strike carried on by it in the Coeur d'Alene district in Idaho in 1894, the strike carried on by it in the Cripple Creek and other mining districts of Colorado from 1894 to 1904, and took the stand that in their refusal to recognize or treat with the Federation they were justified by the fact, as stated by them, that every labor dispute in which the Western Federation had taken a part was accompanied by blood- shed and violence. The District Involved in This Strike. The district involved in the present strike extends from the Mohawk mine, which is situated in Keweenaw county, south for a distance of approxi- mately twenty-eight miles to the mines of the Copper Range Con- solidated Company in Houghton county. The mining companies involved, commencing at the north end of the district with the Mo- hawk mine, are as follows : The Mohawk Mining Company, The Ahmeek Mining Company, The Allouez Mining Company, all of which are located in Keweenaw county. The Osceola Consolidated Mining Company, which operates the North Kearsarge Mine, the South Kearsage Mine and the Osceola Mine, The Wolverine Copper Mining Company, The Centennial Copper Mining Company, The Calumet & Hecla Mining Company, 8 STRIKE INVESTIGATION The Tamarack Mining Company, The Laurium Mining Company, The La Salle Copper Company, The Oneco Copper Company, The Franklin Mining Company, The Quincy Mining Company, The Hancock Consolidated Mining Company, The Isle Royale Copper Company, The Superior Copper Company, The Copper Range Consolidated Company, which controls the Baltic Mining Company, the Trimountain Min- ing Company and the Champion Copper Company, The Winona Copper Company. The following table gives the number of employees of all classes, surface and underground, of each company on July 22, 1913, the day before the strike: The Mohawk Mining Company 851 The Ahmeek Mining Company 830 The Allouez Mining Company 308 The Osceola Consolidated Mining Company 1,143 The Wolverine Copper Mining Company 387 The Centennial Copper Mining Company 118 The Calumet & Hecla Mining Company 4,107 The Tamarack Mining Company 610 The Laurium Mining Company. . 25 The La Salle Copper Company 43 The Oneco Copper Company 25 The Franklin Mining Company 322 The Quincy Mining Company 1,483 The Hancock Consolidated Mining Company 161 The Isle Royale Copper Company 709 The Superior Copper Company 162 The Copper Range Consolidated Company 2,716 The Winona Copper Company 300 Total 14,300 The men employed in the various mines reside partly at the mining locations, which are unincorporated villages having only the township government, and partly in the several incorporated STRIKE INVESTIGATION 9 villages in the two counties, and in the city of Hancock. The accompanying map shows in detail the location of the various mines and mining locations, incorporated villages and the city of Hancock. The entire population of the county of Keweenaw, according to the last census, was 7,156; that of Houghton county 88,098. The district depends entirely upon the mining industry for its existence, there being no other industry of importance carried on, and there- fore the entire population of the two counties above mentioned are directly affected by the present strike. The following tables (as far as the committee has been able to complete them) show in detail the average copper contents per ton of rock, of the rock mined by the various companies during the year 1912, the number of pounds of refined copper produced in 1912, the amount of money paid out in wages to employees, and the average cost per pound of copper produced : A\ pe I Name. r< Mohawk Mining Company.. Ahmeek Mining Co Allouez Mining Co 1912. r erage cop' r contents >er ton of uck mined. 13.81 Ibs. 25.229 Ibs. 16.56 Ibs. 12.8 Ibs. 12.8 Ibs. 18.2 Ibs. 21.86 Ibs. 16.36 Ibs. 24.18 Ibs. 18.76 Ibs. 9.8 Ibs. 15.73 Ibs. 15.43 Ibs. 22.76 Ibs. 20.50 Ibs. 19.04 Ibs. 22.50 Ibs. 12.73 Ibs. 1912. 1912. 1 Cc Pounds of Amount proc refined copper paid per produced. in wages, of < 11,995,598 $ 765,820.06 ^ 16,455,769 543,817.37 J 5,525,455 163,615.68 5 1,479,642 135,097.27 8,611,720 468,226.13 8,322,025 255,585.54 142,659.68 9,120,485 378,875.75 $ 1,742,338 60,591.70 i 67,856,429 3,983,013.05 i 7,908,745 633,842.19 i 3,614.71 27,183.49 1,710,651 219,724.95 21,501.76 141,123.34 20,634,800 1,436,781.90 $ 8,186,957 555,205.55 $ 3,921,974 164.220.57 < 2,208,537.62 13,373,961 6,980,713 17,225,508 2,307,237 297,371.03 912. >stof luction pound :opper. 5.1061 5.0785 M352 5.1036 5.08665 5.1346 5.0986 5.1315 B B B B 5.1148 .1189 1.1275 Osceola Consolidated Mining Company Osceola Mine North Kearsarge Mine.. South Kearsarge Mine... Stamp Mill Wolverine Copper Mng. Co Centennial Copper Mng. Co Calumet & Hecla Mng. Co, Tamarack Alining Co . . . . La Salle Copper Co Laurium Mining Co Franklin Mining Co . . . . Oneco Copper Mining Co. . . Hancock Consol. Mng. Co.. Quincy Mining Co Isle Royale Copper Co Superior Copper Co Copper Range Cons. Co.... Baltic Mining Co Trimountain Mining Co.. Champion Copper Co ^Vinona Copper Co Totals , 213,360,007 12,606,409.34 B No copper production during 1912. Exploratory and development work only. 10 STRIKE INVESTIGATION The average copper contents for the district per ton of rock mined is 19.33 Ibs. The average copper contents for the Butte district per ton of rock mined is 61.75 Ibs. The average copper contents for the Bisbee district per ton of rock mined is 74.5 Ibs. The average price of copper per pound, over a period of 20 years, from 1891 to 1910, as given by Stevens Copper Handbook, is $0.13768 per pound. Of the above mining companies in the district, seven paid divi- dends during the year 1912, namely : Mohawk Mining Company, Ahmeek Mining Company, Wolverine Copper Mining Company, Calumet & Hecla Mining Company, Osceola Consolidated Mining Company, Quincy Mining Company and Copper Range Consoli- dated Mining Company. The Isle Royale Copper Company in 1913 paid one dividend of one dollar per share, being the first divi- dend since its operation, which commenced previous to 1860. Dividends and Assessments of Lake Superior Mines. In view of the claim that has been made that the Lake Superior Copper District is the richest in the world, the following table, taken from Stevens' Copper Handbook, will be of interest. The table lists something over seventy mining companies that have operated in the Lake Superior Copper District from 1849 to 1910- Of the entire list only fourteen mines have paid back the money invested. If the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company is taken from the list the table will show that, in all those years, the copper industry has just about paid back the money invested in it: 1849-1910 Company. Assessments. Dividends. Adventure Cons $2,450,000 $ Ahmeek 850,000 Albany & Boston 840,000 Allouez 2,225,000 Atlantic 1,180,000 990,000 Arcadian 1,800,000 Arnold 810,000 Ashbed 40,000 Aztec 150,000 Baltic . 1,800,000 6,550,000 Belt 1,300,000 Bohemian 180,000 Caledonia 140,000 Calumet & Hecla 1,200,000 112,500,000 Centennial (Old) 1,135,000 Centennial (New) 1,755,000 Central 100,000 2,130,000 Champion 2,500,000 6,600,000 Dr. Balance. Cr. Balance $ 2,450,000 $ 850,000 840,000 2,225,000 190,000 1,800,000 810,000 40,000 150,000 1,300,000 180,000 140,000 1,135,000 1,755,000 4,750,000 111,300,000 2,030,000 4,100,000 STRIKE INVESTIGATION 11 1849-1910 Company. Assessments Dividends Dr. Balance. Cr. Balance Cliff (Old) $ 111,000 $ 2,518,620 $ $2,407,620 Conglomerate 1,300,000 1,300,000 Copper Falls . .... 1,000,000 100,000 900,000 Copper Range Cons 2,300,000 10,756,526 8,456,526 Delaware 2,000,000 2,000,000 Elm River 1,200,000 1,200,000 Evergreen Bluff 225,000 225,000 Flint Steel 264,000 264,000 Forrest , 180,000 180,000 Franklin . 1,020,000 1,240,000 220,000 Hancock 1,800,000 1,800,000 Humbolt 120,000 120,000 Huron 240,000 240,000 Indiana (Old) 200,000 200,000 Isle Royale 2,750,000 2,750,000 Kearsarge 180,000 160,000 20,000 Keweenaw 2,800,000 2,800,000 King Philip 800,000 800,000 Lake 300,000 300,000 La Salle 1,000,000 1,000,000 Mass. Cons 2,100,000 2,100,000 Mayflower 800,000 800,000 Michigan 2,000,000 2,000,000 Miners 2,000,000 2,000,000 Minnesota 456,000 1,820,000 1,364,000 Mohawk 1,800.000 2,150,000 350,000 National 350,000 320,000 30,000 New Arcadian 75,000 75,000 Nonesuch 400,000 400,000 Northwest 283,000 283,000 Norwich 230,000 230,000 Ohio Trap Rock 150,000 150,000 Ojibway 1,008,000 1,008,000 Old Colony 1,100,000 1,100,000 Osceola 1,700,000 9,343,250 7,643,250 Pennsylvania 126,000 126,000 Peninsula 400,000 400,000 Pewabic 585,200 1,000,000 414,800 Phoenix (Old) 1,037,500 20,000 1,017,500 Phoenix Cons 1,350,000 1,350,000 Quincy 200,000 19,302,500 19,102,500 Ridge 470,000 100,000 370,000 Rhode Island 1,000,000 1,000,000 Superior 100,000 100,000 Tamarack. 780,000 9,420,000 8,640,000 Tamarack Junior 640,000 640,000 Tecumseh 500,000 500,000 Trimountain 2,000,000 800,000 1,200,000 Toltec 500,000 500,000 Victoria 1,200,000 1,200,000 Winona 2,200,000 2,200,000 Wolverine 780,000 6,300,000 5,520,000 Wyandot 1,000,000 1,000,000 Miscellaneous 10,000,000 10,000,000 Totals $79,565,700 $194,120,896 $61,843,500 $176,298,696 12 STRIKE INVESTIGATION Blacklists. The committee has investigated, as thoroughly as was possible, the question as to whether or not the mining com- panies in the Michigan district or the mine operators had formed any combination or had acted with any concerted plan previous to the present strike, and from such investigation the committee is convinced that, previous to the present strike, there has been no concerted action or combination among the mine managers or oper- ators at any time until after the strike had commenced. Since the strike has been in progress the committee finds that the mine opera- tors have adopted a uniform policy in regard to the recognition of the Western Federation of Miners, and the re-employment of mem- bers of that organization. The committee has also investigated thoroughly the question as to whether or not there existed in the Copper District of Michigan a "blacklist" of any kind, and whether discharge from one company would affect the possibility of obtaining re-employment with some other company. On this point the committee finds that, beyond any question, there has never existed, in recent years at least, any agreement of any kind between trie various companies, nor has there existed any blacklist of employees. The committee has found, as a matter of fact, that, employees discharged by one company have found ready employment with the other companies, and in one instance found that an employee discharged by a mining captain in one shaft of a mine, within a few days was re-employed by a captain of another shaft of the same mine. Living Conditions in the Michigan Copper District. Inasmuch as the present strike has brought about a discussion of living con- ditions in the Michigan Copper District, and various reports, some of which have been grossly exaggerated, have been published, the committee deems it essential to the completeness of its report that it present some of the facts as to the living conditions in Houghton and Keweenaw counties. A number of the statements hereinafter made are statements of facts known to the members of the com- mittee from their own residence in the district, while, in order to obtain other facts, it was necessary to make a thorough investiga- tion, both from the standpoint of the mine operators and the mine workers. The illustrations included in this report of miners' dwell- ing houses are pictures of typical houses, as far as the committee was able to obtain them. Housing. In the Michigan Copper District, as in most other STRIKE INVESTIGATION 13 mining camps, whenever a company begins to operate, one of the problems that presents itself is the housing of its men, in most cases the mine location being situated some distance away from any village or city. It has been the policy of the mining companies operating in the Michigan Copper District to build whatever houses were necessary upon their own land and to lease or rent the houses to their employees. In no case is an employee compelled to live in a company house, on the contrary, because of the very moderate rents that are charged in the Copper Country, company houses are in such great demand that the mining companies have a great many applications for each house. On account of the severity of the win- ters in the Lake Superior District, dwelling houses are built sub- stantially and with a view toward comfort in extremely cold weather. The type of houses, the rent charged, and the accommo- dations afforded to the tenants are about the same in all the mining locations. In the early days of the mining industry many of the houses built were log houses, a few of which may still be seen in the various mining locations. Of late years the log houses have gradually disappeared and have been replaced by frame dwelling houses, similar to those in the illustrations. In some instances, where the company has not a sufficient number of houses to accom- modate all of its employees and in some instances where employees have desired to own their own homes, the companies have rented lots to employees who have built their own houses thereon. The following is a table showing the number of houses owned by employees paying ground rent to the company, the usual size of the lots and the annual ground rent for the various companies. No. of Houses Size of Rent Per Name. Owned. Lots. Year. Mohawk Mining Company 120 100x125 $6.00 Ahmeek Mining Company None Allouez Mining Company 15 75x100 5.00 Osceola Cons. Mining Company 81 50x100 5.00 Wolverine Copper Mining Co 64 100x100 6.00 to 10. Centennial Copper Mining Co 27 75x150 5.00 Calumet & Hecla Mining Co About 1000 60x120 5.00 Tamarack Mining Company 30 5300 sq. ft. 5.00 LaSalle Copper Company None Laurium Mining Company None Franklin Mining Company 30 50x125 5.00 Oneco Copper Mining Company None Quincy Mining Company 202 50x100 and up 5.00 Hancock Cons. Mining Co 2 50x100 5.00 Isle Royale Copper Company None The Superior Copper Company None Copper Range Consolidated Co 144 50x100 5.00 75x100 6.00 Wmona Copper Company 36 50x100 1.00 14 STRIKE INVESTIGATION Rents. The following is some data with reference to each com- pany as to the houses rented, the size, the rents charged, and the improvements and accommodations to tenants. The Mohawk Mining Company rents 53 single frame houses, with 5 and 6 rooms and a barn, for $5.50 per month. It rents 63 double frame houses with ten rooms and a barn for $5.50 for each side of the house. Water is supplied to the location by wells. The Ahmeek Mining Company has 7 4 room frame dwelling houses at 2 4 room frame dwelling houses at i 20 5 room frame dwelling houses at J 1 7 room frame dwelling house at 28 7 room frame dwelling houses at I >4.00 per month. 3.50 per month. 5.00 per month. >4.00 per month. >6.00 per month. Each house has a 12 by 12 barn. There is no water system under pressure but most of the families have piped water from wells to force pumps in their kitchens. The company charges five cents per kilowatt per hour for electric light, and the rent includes the removal of garbage whenever necessary. The company has supplied its employees with fuel, when requested, at the following prices : Pittsburg soft coal in lump, delivered to house, five dollars per ton ; four foot hard wood, delivered to house, five dollars per cord. All houses are kept in repair by the company. The Allouez Mining Company owns 17 log houses for which charges are made as follows : 4 5 room log houses at $2.00 per month. 10 5 room log houses at $2.50 per month. 3 6 room log houses at $4.00 per month. This company has 66 frame houses which it rents at the follow- ing rates: room frame dwelling houses at $4.00 per month. 8 4 room frame dwelling houses at $5.00 per month. 2 5 room frame dwelling houses at $4.00 per month. 18 5 room frame dwelling houses at $5.00 per month. 2 5 room frame dwelling houses at $6.00 per month. 2 6 room frame dwelling houses at $5.00 per month. 2 6 room frame dwelling houses at $6.00 per month. 2 7 room frame dwelling houses at $7.00 per month. 26 7 room frame dwelling houses at $7.50 per month. The rent includes the weekly removal of garbage and the repair of the house. Water is supplied from wells and the company has sup- plied its emplo/ - is with soft coal, when requested, at $5.25 per ton, delivered STRIKE INVESTIGATION 15 The Osceola Consolidated Mining Company owns 79 log houses for which it charges rent as follows : 1 4 room log dwelling house at $3.00 per month. 61 5 room log dwelling houses at $3.00 to $4.00 per month. 12 6 room log dwelling houses at $4.00 per month. 3 8 room log dwelling houses at $5.00 per month. 2 10 room log dwelling houses at $6.00 per month. This company owns 267 frame houses which it rents as follows: 3 3 room frame dwelling houses at $3.00 per month. 29 4 room frame dwelling houses at $4.00 per month. 129 5 room frame dwelling houses at $4.00 to $5.00 per month. 65 6 room frame dwelling houses at $5.00 per month. 41 7 room frame dwelling houses at $6.00 per month. Sixty-five of the above houses are supplied with Lake Superior water from the Calumet Water System, for which a charge of fifty cents per month is made. The other houses are supplied from wells. The rent includes removal of garbage, whenever necessary, and the repair of the house. The company sells to its employees, when requested, scrap wood at two dollars per wagon load, delivered, and steam coal at five dollars per ton, delivered. Wherever electric light is used the charge is ten cents per kilowatt per hour. The Wolverine Copper Mining Company. This company has one log house of three rooms which it rents at $3.00 per month. This company has 65 frame houses, from 3 rooms up to 7 rooms in each house, which it rents from $3.50 per month for the 3-room house up to $7.00 per month for the 7-room house, or an average of one dollar per room per month. Water is supplied from wells, and the rent includes the removal of garbage and the general repair of the house. This company supplies its employees, when requested, with fuel at the following rates : hard wood at six dollars per cord, soft coal at five dollars per ton. The Centennial Copper Mining Company owns 4 4-room log houses which it rents at $2.50 per month and one 5-room log house which it rents at $5.00 per month. It owns 44 frame houses which it rents to employees at an average rent of one dollar per room, per month. Water is supplied from wells and the company has sup- plied employees, when requested, with soft coal at five dollars per ton. The Calumet & Hecla Mining Company. This company owns 40 log houses of 4 and 5 rooms each, which it rents at from fifty cents to $3.00 per month. The company owns 764 frame houses for 16 STRIKE INVESTIGATION which it charges an average rent of $6.74 per month. None of the houses have less than 4 rooms ; 425 of the houses have stone founda- tions and cement floors in the basements. Lake Superior water is piped to each house by the Calumet & Hecla water system, for which there is no charge, and the rent includes the removal of gar- bage, and the entire repair of the house. This company sells no fuel to its employees except in charity cases, when it is free. The employees who own their own houses, located on lots rented from the company, pay five dollars per year, rental, for the lot, which includes water, taxes and garbage removal. The Tamarack Mining Company. This company owns 78 log houses and 327 frame houses for which it charges a rental of one dollar per room per month. Most of its houses are supplied with Lake Superior water for which a charge is made of fifty cents per family, per month. Rent includes removal of garbage, and wherever electric light is furnished, a charge of six cents per kilowatt hour is made. This company does not supply its employees with fuel, The La Salle Copper Company owns 4 log houses for which it charges $3.00 per month for a 5-room house, and 6 frame houses for which it charges as follows : 1 g room frame dwelling house at $5.00 per month. 2 4 room frame dwelling houses at $3.00 per month. 3 6 room frame dwelling houses at $6.00 per month. Water is supplied from wells and the company keeps the houses in repair. The company has furnished to employees, when requested, coal at five dollars per ton, delivered. The Laurium Mining Company. This company owns no dwell- ing houses. The Franklin Mining Company. This company owns 13 log houses for which no rent is charged. It owns frame houses for which it charges as follows: 2 3 room frame dwelling houses at J 12 4 room frame dwelling houses at i 13 5 room frame dwelling houses at 5 2 6 room frame dwelling houses at i 19 6 room frame dwelling houses at J 2 8 room frame dwelling houses at 5 53.00 per month. 53.00 per month. 54.00 oer month. 54.00 per month. 55.00 per month. 55.00 per month. Rent includes removal of garbage and the general repair of the house. This company has supplied its workmen, whenever re- quested, with soft coal at $4.50 per ton. STRIKE INVESTIGATION 17 The Oneco Copper Mining Company. This company has 8 frame houses which it rents as follows : 7 5 room frame dwelling houses at $4.00 per month. 1 8 room frame dwelling house at $5.00 per month. Water is supplied from wells and rent includes the removal of gar- bage, when required. Fuel is supplied to employees at cost to the company. The Quincy Mining Company. This company owns 25 log houses which it rents at $1.00 to $2.00 per month. It owns 443 frame houses with 4 to 10 rooms. The latest constructed houses rent at $1.00 per room per month. The average of all houses is 8oc per room per month. The Hancock Consolidated Mining Company. This company owns no houses. This company is located within the city of Han- cock, where most of its employees live. The city has an adequate water system and the company has supplied to its employees, when requested, fuel at cost to the company. The Isle Royale Copper Company. This company owns n 4- room log houses which it rents at three dollars per month. It owns 109 frame houses which it rents at an average of one dollar per room, per month. Water is supplied from wells and the rent in- cludes removal of garbage and the general repair of the house. This company has supplied soft coal to its employees, when requested, at five dollars per ton, delivered. The Superior Copper Company. This company owns no log houses. It owns 16 frame houses which it rents as follows : 2 5 room frame dwelling houses at $6.00 per month. 2 6 room frame dwelling houses at $5.00 per month. 12 7 room frame dwelling houses at $6.00 per month. All repairs are made at the expense of the company and the water supply is from wells. The company has supplied soft coal to its employees, when requested, at $4.50 per ton. The Copper Range Consolidated Company. This company owns no log houses. It owns 607 frame houses, which it rents as follows : 1.50 to $2.00 per month. 2.00 per month. 2 room frame dwelling houses at 5 14 3 room frame dwelling houses at 101 4 room frame dwelling houses at $2.25 to $4.00 per month. 182 5 room frame dwelling houses at $3.50 per month. 112 6 room frame dwelling houses at $5.00 to $7.00 per month. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, KEARSARGE MINE. LOG HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, AHMEEK MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, AHMEEK MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, OSCEOLA MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, OSCEOLA MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, CALUMET & HECLA MINE, COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, CALUMET & HECLA MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, CALUMET & HECLA MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, CALUMET & HECLA MINE. LOG HOUSES, CALUMET & HECLA MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, CALUMET & HECLA MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, CALUMET & HECLA MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, AHMEEK MINE. , I / f ll COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, SOUTH KEARSARGE MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, ALLOUEZ MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, OSCEOLA MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, COPPER RANGE CONSOLIDATED MINE. COMPANY HOUSES RENTED TO EMPLOYEES, COPPER RANGE CONSOLIDATED MINE. STRIKE INVESTIGATION 29 93 7 room frame dwelling houses at $4.00 to $6.00 per month. 89 8 room frame dwelling houses at $4.00 to $12.00 per month. 1 9 room frame dwelling house at $12.00 per month. 5 10 room frame dwelling houses at $6.00 to $10.00 per month. 1 11 room frame dwelling house at $6.00 per month. 5 12 room frame dwelling houses at $15.00 per month. All houses are supplied with water faucets for which no charge is made. Rent also includes the removal of garbage and the general repair of the house. Where electric light is used a charge of twelve cents per kilowatt hour is made. This company has supplied to its employees, when requested, wood at four dollars per cord and soft coal at $4.50 per ton. The Winona Copper Company. This company has five log houses of three rooms each, which it rents at $2.00 per month. It owns 115 frame houses which it rents as follows: 38 3 room frame dwelling houses at an average $3.30 per month. 9 4 room frame dwelling houses at an average $3.90 per month. 11 5 room frame dwelling houses at an average $4.00 per month. 45 6 room frame dwelling houses at an average $5.95 per month. 9 7 room frame dwelling houses at an average $7.45 per month. 3 8 room frame dwelling houses at an average $15.00 per month. Water is piped to most of the houses for which a charge of fifty cents per month is made. Electricity is supplied on a sliding scale of ten cents to seven cents per kilowatt hour. Rent includes re- moval of garbage, whenever necessary, and the general repair of the house. This company has supplied to its employees, when requested, four foot hardwood at $4.50 per cord. Company Boarding Houses. None of the companies operate boarding houses. Company Stores. With the exception of one of the smaller companies, none of the companies operate stores. The Question of Evictions. During the first month or six weeks of the strike no attempt was made by any of the companies to evict any of the tenants residing in company houses. The first move in this direction was made by one of the companies when it became apparent that the strike was going to last for a considerable time and when the houses were necessary for the men who were working or desired to go to work. At some of the locations men came to the companies who said they were willing to go to work if they could be located within the company lines where they would not be subject to interference or danger, and in order to provide 30 STRIKE INVESTIGATION places for such men, some of the striking occupants of company houses were notified that they would have to vacate. At the date of this report no attempt has been made to evict with the exception of three or four companies who have taken this step for the reasons above stated. At the present time no workman has actually been evicted. Comparative Table of Rents Charged in the Michigan and Butte, Montana, Districts. Type of House. Butte. On the flat, one to two miles from city. In the city. Michigan. Four rooms with small or no cellars. These are almost the sole type of houses available for families of miners. Six room houses. $15.00 to $20.00 Includes water. The few that exist are occupied by bosses, $28.00. $17.00 to $24.00 Includes water. $30.00 and higher. $3.00 for single houses with cel- lars. $2.50 for 4 room double houses with cellars. Wa- ter included. $5.00 with cellars includes water. Food Costs. Under the heading of living conditions in the Michigan Copper District and of value when considering the wages paid in the Michigan Copper District, will be the following table giving the prices of various food stuffs and staple articles. Inasmuch as the scale of wages that is demanded by the Western Federation of Miners is the scale which is in vogue in the Butte District, Mon- tana, a comparison of prices between the Michigan District and the Butte District is given. Meats. Articles. Steak, round Steak, sirloin Steak, portt Pork chops Veal steak, leg Lamb steak Roast beef Legs lamb Hamburger Pork sausage Mutton chops llib riast beef Mich. Price Mich. Price. 22c Butte Price Butte Price. 28c Butte Price Per Cent. Excess. 27 i 24c 30c 25 house .... 25c 22c 30c 25c 20 13 J4 >g 30c 35c 16 2 / 3 25c 35c 40 24c 28c 16 2 A 25c 25c iteak 20c : 18c ,s 20c 25c 25c 25 c 25 38J 25 ef.. 22c 28c 27 STRIKE INVESTIGATION 31 Groceries. Actual prices of Michigan Copper District, com- pared with Butte, Montana, as of late summer and fall of 1913 : Articles. Mich. Price. Flour, 100 lbs..best $3.00 60 Ibs. potatoes (1 bu.) 75 Eggs, per dozen .28 100 Ib. sack gran, sugar 5.40 Kerosene oil, per gal .15 Lard, 5 Ibs. (Silver Leaf) 75 Karo syrup, 5 Ibs 25 Baked beans, best 10 Navy beans, per Ib 06 Red Kidney beans, Ib 06 Premium butter, per Ib 41 Barley (Pearl) 05 Bran, 100 Ibs 1.40 Codfish, per Ib 10 Cottolene, 4 Ib. tin 60 Salmon, 1 Ib. can .15 American cheese, per Ib .22 Molasses, per gal .45 English Breakfast Tea, per Ib. .50 1 bu. beets 1.00 Cabbage, 100 Ibs 2.75 Standard Cereals, per pkg. ... .10 Rolled Oats, 5 Ib. pkg 25 Tomatoes, 24 cans 2.35 Standard canned fruits .20 Dry raisins, per Ib .10 Prunes, per Ib 10 Currents, per Ib Dates, per 2 Ibs 25 Bananas, per dozen 25 Apples, 1 bu 2.00 Chocolate, Baker's, per Ib 40 Pepper, 16 czs 30 Bluing, 1 qt. bottle 10 Butte Price Butte Price. Per Cent. Excess. $3.75 1.05 .40 6.80 .30 .90 .35 08^ 08^ .45 .08^ 1.50 .70 .20 .26 .65 .60 2.00 3.25 25 40 43 26 100 20 40 25 39 39 93/4 66.67 7.14 25 .35 2.75 .25 .35 .35 3.25 .50 .40 .15 18.18 44.44 20 100 18 25 40 17 25 25 25 20 40 40 if* Average Excess 34.82 Note. In Michigan a discount of 2 to 3 per cent, on the prices listed above is given when bill is paid. The Butte prices are taken from a store that gives no such discount. Fuel. Butte Price. Mich. Price. Articles Per Ton. Per Ton. Hard coal $16.00 $8.00to$8.50 Soft coal 7.00 to 7.50 4.50 to 5.00 From the above tables it would appear that on a grocery and meat bill of thirty-five dollars, which is fairly approximate for an average miner's bill, there is a saving in Michigan of twenty-five per cent over the Butte prices ; in other w r ords, the same articles in Butte would cost $8.75 more. 32 .STRIKE INVESTIGATION The excess in rent of a four room house in Butte over that of the Michigan District is about fourteen dollars, or a total difference of $22.75, which in an average month of twenty-four shifts amounts to a difference of almost one dollar per shift. While the charge for medical service in Butte is the same as that made by the companies in Michigan, the charge in Michigan covers attendance to the family of the miner while the charge in Butte does not. Welfare Work. The copper mining companies of the Michi- gan Copper District have uniformly pursued the policy of attempt- ing to look after the welfare of their employees along certain well- defined lines. This committee recognizes the fact that there are two methods of paying wages used by employers of labor. One method, to pay the employee for his day's work, an adequate amount of cash and to assume no responsibility whatever for his living con- ditions or his welfare when not at work ; the other method is to pay the employee for his day's work in cash and in addition thereto to assume the responsibility of looking after his well-being and supply- ing him and his family with certain conveniences and necessities which assist in promoting his health and happiness. This com- mittee has nothing whatever to say as to the wisdom of either course. The companies operating in the Michigan Copper District have uniformly adopted the second policy, that of trying to do more or less for the welfare of the employees and their families, and, in- asmuch as this must all be taken into consideration when estimating the wages to employees, the committee has prepared the following data on the welfare work of the various companies. Medical Attendance and Hospital Service. All of the com- panies operating undertake to provide medical attendance and hos- pital service for their employees and their families. A charge of one dollar per month for married men and fifty cents per month for single men is made for this service. This service includes the attendance of physicians upon the employee and any member of his family, as required, the supplying of all medicines and prescriptions free of charge, and the use of a company hospital when required. This charge also pays for surgical operations for employees or mem- bers of their families, whenever necessary. Charges are made by the various companies for hospital service after a certain period of time at moderate rates. The companies have built and equipped STRIKE INVESTIGATION 33 splendid hospitals and have supplied corps of physicians against whom no complaint or charge has been made as far as the com- mittee has been able to ascertain. Without exception the medical attendance and hospital service has gone on to the men on strike during the entire time the strike has been on, without charge. At the present time a new hospital is being erected at Calumet by the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company at an estimated cost of $250,000. This hospital is to be equipped with every modern appliance con- ducive to efficiency and the comfort of the patients. Employees' Aid Fund. At almost all of the mines there have been established Employees' Aid Funds, the purpose being to assist employees in cases of injury or sickness. Employees become mem- bers by contributing to the fund monthly. The usual charge is fifty cents per month. The company administers the fund, usually through a committee of the members elected by the members them- selves. In some instances, the mining company has donated to the fund an amount equal to that contributed by the men. In case of disability through sickness or accident, the aid fund pays the mem- ber a stated amount, usually one dollar per day, during disability, and in case of death, a stated amount is paid to the widow or de- pendents. In the case of the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company and its subsidiary companies, the Ahmeek, Allouez, Osceola, Centennial, Tamarack, Laurium, La Salle, Isle Royale and Superior Companies, the aid fund rules were revised on September 1, 1912 (when the Michigan Workmen's Compensation Act went into effect), so as to apply only to cases of sickness or injury incurred not in the course of employment, and all these companies at that time also incor- porated a rule that in case of death from sickness or such injuries, the Company would donate two hundred and fifty dollars to the widow or dependents of the deceased. The Calumet & Hecla Mining Company is one of the oldest companies operating in the district and employs more men than any other company. The mine, itself, has been the richest that has ever operated in the Michigan district. For these reasons the Calu- met & Hecla Company has carried out the policy outlined above in regard to welfare work to a greater extent than any of the other companies. Most of the companies being younger and having less profitable territory to work have not been able to do as much in the way of welfare work as the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company. 34 STRIKE INVESTIGATION As the present strike seemed to be centered upon the Cain-met & Hecla Company and as most of the statements and claims made by the strikers have been directed against that company, the committee has investigated conditions at the Calumet & Hecla mine to a greater extent than at any of the other mines and can give a more detailed history of the welfare work carried on by that company. Some of the institutions maintained by the Calumet & Hecla Min- ing Company are duplicated by the other companies, but a resume of welfare work by the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company will give a fair idea of the policy of the mining companies in the Michigan Copper District. The Calumet & Hecla Mining Company main- tains the following institutions for the welfare of the employees. Public Library. The company has built a substantial library building and equipped it with some thirty-five thousand volumes. The books are carefully selected and comprise works in various lan- guages and literature which may be of interest to the employees. The library is free to any resident of Calumet Township, which includes not only the employees of the Calumet & Hecla mine but of several other mines, namely, North Kearsarge, South Kearsarge, Wolverine, Centennial and Laurium, besides the population in the two villages of Red Jacket and Laurium. Bath House. The company built at a cost of fifty thousand dollars, a modern bath house containing tubs, showers and a swim- ming pool twenty-six feet by forty feet. For the use of the bath house a charge of two and one-half cents per bath is made, except in the case of the women's department, which is free to women and also children, who must be accompanied by an adult attendant. The charge of two and one-half cents, it is claimed, covers merely the cost of washing the towels and in no way compensates for the operation of the bath house proper. The bath house is designed in two sections to take care of both the men and women of the com- munity. Pension Fund. In 1904 the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company started a pension fund. Certain employees who had attained the age of sixty years or more and who had been in the company's em- ploy twenty years or more, were retired on a pension proportionate to their length of service and their wages. These pensions have run from nine dollars per month to thirty-eight dollars per month. o S s O >** PQ 3 w s w H W a Hi < o STRIKE INVESTIGATION 41 The total amount paid to date is something over eighty-one thou- sand dollars. Free Fuel Distribution. The Calumet & Hecla Mining Com- pany has for many years given free wood, upon request, and in many cases coal when circumstances justified it, to employees who had been unfortunate in any of many different ways, and to any with a very large family to support and no income but the man's wages, and to the widows and orphans of deceased employees. The teaming cost alone of the wood delivered is in the neighborhood of one hundred dollars per month. Pasturage. Pasturage is furnished free to all employees for one cow, and for each additional cow a charge of one dollar per month is made. Electric Light. The company has a contract with the local electric light company whereby employees living in company houses are furnished with electricity at a reduced rate, namely, eight cents per kilowatt hour, the regular rate being twelve cents per kilo- watt hour. This reduction granted to the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company is given in consideration for the light company's pole lines running over its property. Voluntary Relief Fund. In May, 1892, the company initiated a voluntary relief fund from which monthly payments to widows or orphans of deceased employees who lost their lives from either sickness or accident while in the employ of the company, were made. The relief fund is started with each widow, whose circum- stances seem to require it, shortly after the death of the husband, and continues until it is not necessary. Payments have been made for as long as twelve years in one case, and in one case over twelve hundred dollars had been paid to a widow in less than four years, when she remarried. One hundred and eighty widows or orphans (only a few of the latter) have been paid from this fund, to date, $29,292.00. Churches and Schools. The Calumet & Hecla Mining Com- pany, as well as the other mining companies operating in the dis- trict, have donated liberally to the churches in the community. In the Calumet district there are some thirty odd churches to which the company has contributed the sum of $35,762.00. The companies 42 STRIKE INVESTIGATION have also given free sites for all churches on their locations, and in Calumet the Calumet & Hecla Mining Company has given a free site to the Young Men's Christian Association and has also made a donation to the association. The Calumet & Hecla Mining Company has built and now owns ten school buildings which it rents to the school district at Calumet at a moderate rental. It has built and equipped a high school and manual training school which is the equal of anything in the state. The cost of these school buildings and equipment is in excess of $350,000.00 and the rental charged amounts to a trifle over three per cent per annum on the investment. Other companies operating in the district have assisted in the upbuilding of the school system to a proportionate extent. The Calumet & Hecla Mining Company, many years ago, organized and equipped the Calumet & Hecla band, which has almost a nation-wide reputation. During the summer months this band gives open-air band concerts in the various mine locations in the two counties. The Calumet & Hecla Mining Company has built and equipped at a cost of $33,398.66, a large armory for the use of the Michigan National Guard, which it rents to the state at an annual rental amounting to 3 per cent on the investment. Club Houses. The committee was shown plans for club houses for the employees of various companies which had been determined upon long before the strike took place. These club houses are to be built for the purpose of giving the men a place in which to spend their leisure time and are to be equipped with bowling alleys, read- ing rooms, card rooms and meeting halls. The committee has been informed that the building of these club houses will go forward regardless of the present strike. Safety Measures. In the course of the investigation made by the committee it was made quite apparent that the managements of the different mines have given considerable attention to the prob- lem of prevention of accidents. Mining is, of course, a hazardous enterprise, and it is a generally accepted fact by those in control of the mining industries, that the matter of safeguarding the em- ployees is a good and sound business policy. The committee was particularly impressed by the efforts made by some of the manage- ments to convince all of their employees, bosses and workmen of o S - o T-* i i G5 CD O o C^ 00 5? Q CO C<> CO ( -rs o @ A OO^COCOOST-HOt^l>O5OOOT-H(NT-H^^iO^COOOOO5C^OSC^OO 00 (M COT-HaOT-HCOCOOO > 03 OCDt^OO5^CO CO TjH CO (N TJH 10 T-H lOi^COCOrHCOJ^rHrHlOCOCO(MO 10 CO rH O5 OS O5 t>- OS ^H C5 00 rH T-H rF CO O CO ^ T-H OS IO CO CO CD OS O ^ ^S g OCOOSOOGOOOb-OSrHCOOOS _ _. CO CO CO . _. iOT-H(Nr-lGOT-Ht>. T-I T-H CO l> OS (N CO CD CO T-H 10 T-H CO lOIMi-H CO 74 STRIKE INVESTIGATION Inasmuch as it has been claimed that the average pay, as shown by the foregoing table, is brought about by the payment of very high wages to some men and very low wages to others, the follow- ing table has been prepared to show the proportion of the men working for high and low wages. CD O 13 *O OT IO _ TjH CO O CO i i rH Tj< rH CO CO - oo i> co cq" ! ! ! o 05 -co oo CD H-I *O * COrH(N -O5OCOOO O 06 *' 06 OO TjH l 1 Tt* CO ^H O5t^rH O5 CO -^ O5 CO 00 t^COt- O5 CO O5 l> 10 00 00 CD "tf 1 O "* -^ (N CO *& lOCO (N O OH> i> co' co i> co o sss 3^ 1> -CO OO5T^ T^l> Tt rH 00 O -CO O5 CO rH CO -^ 00 rH rH CO CO O O -rH O -